How the British Isles Were Formed: A Calm Story of Lands, Peoples, and Time | Boring History

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Hello, there my fellow. 
This isn't a journey of battles 

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or conquests, but of quieter 
Mysteries. 

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Kind that live in the corners of
old pubs in the shadows of 

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standing stones. 
And in the memory of 

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grandmothers, who remember when 
people still believed If you're 

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new here as always joining the 
community is super cool and 

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easy, just tap subscribe and 
like the video. 

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And let me know where in the 
world, you're watching from and 

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what time it is for you. 
Now, find that cold part of your

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pillow and let's begin. 
The British Isles have been 

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collecting Stories, the way 
attics. 

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Collect dust gradually 
persistently, until every corner

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holds something unexpected. 
But unlike dust these stories, 

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served a purpose Beyond just 
accumulating over time, they 

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explained why certain Wells 
never ran dry. 

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While you should leave cream out
on specific nights and why some 

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paths through the woods felt 
welcoming While others made the 

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hair on your neck, stand up for 
reasons, you could not quite 

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articulate, picture the 
landscape as it was a 1000 years

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ago. 
Before motorways were carved 

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through hillsides and suburbs 
sprawled across Meadows. 

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The islands were a patchwork of 
small communities separated by 

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forests that seemed to stretch 
forever. 

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Connected by roads that were 
little more than mutual 

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agreements about which direction
to walk. 

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In this world stories weren't 
entertainment. 

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They were the original GPS 
warning system and weather 

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forecast all rolled into one. 
You'd learn from an early age 

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that the standing stones in the 
upper field weren't for leaning 

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against during lunch breaks. 
That the fairy ring of 

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mushrooms, near the old oak was 
best walked around rather than 

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through. 
And that the lady who lived in 

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the Cottage, By The Stream could
tell you when the rains would 

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come by watching. 
How her cat washed its face. 

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Whether these things were 
literally true mattered less 

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than the fact that they'd been 
true enough for long enough. 

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That people organized their 
lives around the genius of 

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British folklore is that it's 
profoundly practical beneath its

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Whimsical surface. 
Take the stories about fairy 

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stealing. 
Unbaptized babies terrified on 

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the surface but also a way to 
ensure new parents didn't leave 

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infants under 1 0. 0 0. 
Or consider the tales of 

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Travelers, being led astray by 
Will of the Wisps in martial 

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lands. 
Which conveniently kept people 

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from wandering into bogs where 
they'd sink up to their necks 

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and cold mud, while 
contemplating their poor 

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navigation. 
Choices, the British landscape 

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itself seems designed for 
storytelling with its abrupt 

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transitions between gentle, 
valleys and Windswept morelands.

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Its tendency toward missed, that
transforms, familiar Fields into

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something from a half-remembered
dream and it's weather patterns 

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that can shift from Sunny to 
trenching. 

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In the time, it takes to finish 
a couple of tea, even the light 

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has a particular quality here. 
Diffuse through clouds 

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reflecting off water, creating 
that soft gray. 

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Green atmosphere, that makes 
photographers pack extra memory 

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cards and Poets reach for their 
notebooks. 

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Every region developed its own 
flavor of folklore influenced by

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local geography dialect and 
presumably the varying levels of

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alcohol content in Regional 
beverages. 

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The Welsh valleys accumulated 
stories with a musical quality 

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that reflected their languages 
rhythm. 

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The Scottish Highlands bred 
Tails as rugged and 

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uncompromising as the terrain 
itself. 

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Irish story telling developed a 
labyrinth narrative structures. 

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That could turn a simple. 
Walk to the market in to an Epic

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Journey. 
Involving three generations and 

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a philosophical discourse on the
nature of happiness. 

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English folklore tended toward 
the Practical and slightly 

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domestic as if the supernatural 
beings themselves had absorb the

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national character and mostly 
wanted a quiet life with regular

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meals and minimal. 
Fuss, what United? 

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All these Regional variations 
was a sense that the visible 

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world would only part of the 
story. 

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Beneath the surface of ordinary 
life. 

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Ran deeper currents not 
necessarily dangerous but 

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requiring respect and awareness.
The old stories taught you to 

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notice things changes in animal 
behavior unusual, cloud. 

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Formations, the first Frost and 
the last Harvest They created a 

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framework for paying attention 
to the world around you, which 

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was probably the most valuable 
survival skill of available 

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before weather apps, and Google 
Maps, this interconnected 

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between land and story created 
something remarkable. 

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A landscape where every feature 
at accumulated layers of meaning

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over centuries. 
That Hill wasn't just a 

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geological formation. 
It was where the sleeping king 

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would wait when England needed 
in most or where the fairies 

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held their Revels on, Midsummer 
Eve away your 

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great-great-grandmother had 
courted. 

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Your great-great-grandfather 
while supposedly Gathering 

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blackberries The land remembered
and the stories helped people 

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remember to remember British 
forests aren't like the vast 

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Wilderness areas, you might find
in other countries. 

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They're more intimate, more 
domestic, the kind of woodlands 

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where you're never more than a 
few miles from someone's sheep 

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or a pub with decent meat pies. 
Yet they maintained an 

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atmosphere that suggested the 
trees were simply tolerating 

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human presence rather than 
welcoming it and might revoke 

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that tolerance at any moment, if
you prove sufficiently annoying 

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ancient Woodlands that survived 
agricultural expansion. 

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Patches of forest that had stood
since before the Norman Conquest

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developed reputations, as 
complex as any human community. 

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Locals knew which grows were 
friendly enough for berry 

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picking, and which required you 
to maintain a respectful 

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attitude and avoid loud singing.
This will wasn't superstitions 

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so much as a accumulated 
experience. 

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Something about certain wooded 
areas, made people 

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uncomfortable. 
Where the due to unusual 

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acoustic local Predators. 
All the fact that the trees 

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really were slightly judgmental 
oak. 

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Trees are particularly featured 
in folklore, as having stronger 

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personalities, and strictly 
necessary for organisms that 

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spend their entire existence in 
one location. 

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People believed the oldest Oaks 
harbored spirits that witnessed 

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centuries of human foolishness 
and weren't particularly 

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impressed by any of it. 
Sitting beneath a venerable Oak,

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you might receive wisdom or you 
might just get hit on the head 

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with an acorn. 
Trees way of suggesting. 

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You think about something other 
than your petty concerns? 

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For a moment green men, those 
faces carved in medieval 

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churches with foliage sprouting 
from their mouths represented. 

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This odd British relationship 
with forests half human half 

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vegetation. 
They won't quite nature spirits 

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and not exactly human, but 
something in between that 

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reflected, how thoroughly human 
communities and Woodland had 

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intermingled over millennia. 
They seem to suggest that if you

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spend enough time among trees, 
some of that tree-ness would rub

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off on you and you'd start 
thinking in terms of Seasons, 

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rather than schedule's Roots 
rather than Ambitions British, 

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folklore includes remarkably few
genuinely malevolent Forest 

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Spirits compared to other 
European traditions. 

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Mostly the woods. 
Just wanted you to behave. 

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Sensibly, stay on the paths, 
don't damage trees, without good

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reason. 
And For Heaven's Sake, don't 

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start fires during dry weather. 
Consequences for violation 

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weren't Supernatural curses so 
much as natural consequences 

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dressed up in story form. 
Get lost in the woods and you 

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might encounter the forest 
Spirit leading you in circles, 

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or you might simply have gotten 
turned around because you 

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weren't paying attention. 
And all those oak trees look 

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similar after a while, the idea 
of fairy paths or Spirit roads 

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through forests encoded, 
practical wisdom about animal 

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trails and natural Roots through
difficult Terrain, These paths 

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supposedly shouldn't be blocked 
because fairies needed them for 

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their travels. 
But practically speaking, they 

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were often the easiest ways 
through dense Woodland, used by 

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everything from Deer to wolves 
to humans, trying to avoid the 

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really thick underbrush. 
Respecting fairy paths meant 

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maintaining useful navigation 
routes which benefited everyone 

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except possibly the Browns 
certain trees, acquired specific

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reputation based on species 
characteristics. 

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Amplified through story. 
Hawthorn trees with their 

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vicious. 
Thorns and sweet, smelling 

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blossoms, became associated with
boundaries and protection. 

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Plant one knee or Cottage to 
keep away malevolent influence 

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is but never bring the flowers 
inside because that was inviting

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trouble. 
Practically Hawthorns made, 

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excellent natural fencing. 
That livestock wouldn't casually

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push through and the 
superstition about indoor 

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flowers might have originated 
from someone noticing that 

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Hawthorne blossoms in enclosed 
spaces can smell distinctly 

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unpleasant after a while with a 
scent sometimes compared to 

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Decay elder trees, earned 
special respect, bordering on 

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nervousness. folklore held at 
the Elder mother lived within 

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each tree and would take a 
fence, a careless cutting Before

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trimming an elder. 
He was supposed to ask 

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permission and explain your 
need. 

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This might sound excessive until
you learn that Elder wood when 

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burned. 
Produces toxic smoke and the 

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trees often grow near water 
sources where you'd particularly

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want to avoid contamination. 
Folkloric respect for elders was

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practical. 
Safety protocol in mythology, 

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the British Forest experience 
differs markedly from Deep 

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Wilderness and counters. 
These are Woodlands shaped by 

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human use over thousands of 
years. 

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Copyist Hazel's, providing 
materials for fence's and 

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wattle, cleared areas where pigs
once foraged and trees marked by

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generations of lovers carving 
initials that have since 

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stretched into a legible scars. 
The forest Spirits. 

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If they existed had long since 
learned to coexist with human 

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activity developing the same 
mild exasperation that neighbors

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feel when someone's music is 
slightly too loud but not quite 

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worth complaining. 
About walking through ancient 

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British Woodlands. 
Even today, you can understand 

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why stories accumulated in these
spaces. 

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The quality of light filtering 
through leaves creates ever 

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shifting patterns. 
Sounds behave. 

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Oddly muffled by vegetation, in 
ways that make it hard to judge 

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distance is The smells of 
decomposition and growth 

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simultaneously. 
That rich Earth and green scent.

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That suggests things are dying 
and being born in the same 

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breath. 
It's the kind of environment 

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that encourages reflection and 
reflection in turn encourages 

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story. 
British folks approached, to 

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Magic was refreshingly mundane 
compared to the elaborate ritual

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systems found in other 
traditions. 

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Most magical practices involved 
materials, readily available in 

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any kitchen or garden. 
Bread salt, iron Rowan, berries 

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and water from specific Wells. 
If you needed magical 

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protection, you didn't require 
rare ingredients, harvested 

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under specific moon phases. 
You just needed to remember what

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your grandmother told you, and 
where you'd put the Horseshoes, 

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the concept of cold iron as 
protection against supernatural,

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beings makes perfect practical 
sense. 

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When you consider that in 
pre-industrial, Britain, Iron 

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tools represented significant 
Investments that you definitely 

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didn't want Supernatural 
entities borrowing hanging ion 

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scissors over a baby's cradle 
protected against fairy 

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abduction. 
But also served as a constant 

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reminder, not to leave sharp 
objects where infants could 

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reach them magic and Common 
Sense occupied the same mental 

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space Wells and springs 
accumulated, folklore with the 

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dedication of modern websites 
accumulating user-generated 

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content. 
Each named spring had its 

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Specialties one, cured eye 
problems, and other helped with 

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romantic difficulties. 
And a third was excellent for 

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Life stock health. 
The ritual for accessing these 

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benefits typically involved 
leaving a small offering taking 

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water at a specific time and 
ideally believe in quite firmly 

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that it would work. 
Modern medicine would point to 

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the placebo effect, but folklore
would shrug and note that if it 

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works, does the mechanism really
matter, heeling charms, and 

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00:12:42,800 --> 00:12:45,300
remedies occupied that 
interesting space between 

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medicine and Magic, where they 
actually sometimes worked even, 

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if not for the reasons, people 
thought. 

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Doc leaves for Nettles genuinely
helpful due to their alkaline 

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properties cobwebs. 
Pressed into cuts to stop 

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bleeding accidentally affective 
because cobwebs can contain 

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antiseptic properties and help 
clotting. 

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Telling someone their warts 
would disappear if they rub them

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with a particular Stone, during 
a new moon, the power of 

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00:13:13,300 --> 00:13:16,300
suggestion is remarkable when 
combined with the fact that many

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warts resolve. 
Spontaneously anyway, British 

234
00:13:19,200 --> 00:13:22,100
magical Traditions showed a 
particular fondness for 

235
00:13:22,100 --> 00:13:25,400
protective rituals that cost 
nothing except remembering to 

236
00:13:25,400 --> 00:13:28,700
perform them. 
Crossing your fingers touching 

237
00:13:28,700 --> 00:13:33,400
would not walking under ladders 
these gestures persisted because

238
00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:35,700
they were required minimal 
effort while providing 

239
00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:39,600
psychological comfort. 
Whether they actually prevented 

240
00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:42,800
bad luck, was less important 
than the sense of agency. 

241
00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:46,000
They provided. 
Feeling that you have some small

242
00:13:46,000 --> 00:13:48,000
control over an unpredictable 
world. 

243
00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:51,900
The church is relationship with 
folk magic was complicated and 

244
00:13:51,900 --> 00:13:56,800
often hypocritical Officially 
such practices were condemned a 

245
00:13:56,800 --> 00:14:00,600
Superstition or Worse, 
unofficially priest frequently 

246
00:14:00,600 --> 00:14:04,400
Incorporated, local Traditions, 
into Christian practice, which 

247
00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:07,500
is why British churches have 
green men carved into their 

248
00:14:07,500 --> 00:14:11,000
architecture, and holy Wells. 
Dedicated to Saints, can 

249
00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:13,500
conveniently located at the same
spring Springs, where 

250
00:14:13,500 --> 00:14:17,700
pre-christian people's had left?
Offering's The result was a Rich

251
00:14:17,700 --> 00:14:20,400
Blend, where you might pray to 
Saint Brigid for protection. 

252
00:14:20,400 --> 00:14:24,500
While also hanging Rowan 
branches over your door hedging.

253
00:14:24,500 --> 00:14:27,200
Your bets across the leaf 
systems with admirable 

254
00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:30,100
pragmatism household magic was 
deeply. 

255
00:14:30,100 --> 00:14:32,900
Domestic. 
Concerned with ensuring bread 

256
00:14:32,900 --> 00:14:36,400
Rose properly. 
Milk didn't sour and butter 

257
00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:40,200
churned successfully. 
All matters of genuine economic 

258
00:14:40,200 --> 00:14:43,500
importance when your food supply
depended on these processes. 

259
00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:47,300
Working reliably You'd Place 
certain herbs and specific 

260
00:14:47,300 --> 00:14:51,500
locations, recite particular 
phrases, while working and 

261
00:14:51,500 --> 00:14:54,600
maintain good relationships with
the house Spirits believed to 

262
00:14:54,600 --> 00:14:56,400
influence, domestic 
productivity. 

263
00:14:57,600 --> 00:15:01,100
Whether the spirits existed or 
whether the rituals simply 

264
00:15:01,100 --> 00:15:04,500
helped people maintain attention
to detail during important tasks

265
00:15:04,500 --> 00:15:07,300
remained. 
Pleasantly ambiguous love magic,

266
00:15:07,300 --> 00:15:09,800
tended toward the Botanical and 
slightly awkward. 

267
00:15:10,600 --> 00:15:14,800
Carrying certain flowers, eating
apples and specific ways and 

268
00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:18,800
divination using cabbage storks 
or egg white British romance. 

269
00:15:18,800 --> 00:15:22,100
Apparently required impressive, 
determination and a high 

270
00:15:22,108 --> 00:15:24,300
tolerance for looking slightly, 
ridiculous. 

271
00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:28,500
Young women would perform 
elaborate rituals on specific 

272
00:15:28,500 --> 00:15:32,900
nights to dream of their future.
Husbands involving backwards, 

273
00:15:32,900 --> 00:15:36,600
activities, and unusual, food 
combinations that probably 

274
00:15:36,600 --> 00:15:39,700
caused dreams through 
indigestion as much as prophecy.

275
00:15:39,700 --> 00:15:43,800
The magical calendar aligned 
with agricultural Cycles, which 

276
00:15:43,800 --> 00:15:47,100
may perfect sense in societies, 
who survival depended on 

277
00:15:47,100 --> 00:15:51,600
successful farming, May Day, 
Midsummer Harvest home and 

278
00:15:51,608 --> 00:15:55,600
Yuletide each brought their own 
rituals and superstitions, most 

279
00:15:55,600 --> 00:15:59,100
of which boiled down to 
encouraging fertility protecting

280
00:15:59,100 --> 00:16:02,500
against Misfortune and marking 
the passage of time in 

281
00:16:02,500 --> 00:16:05,400
communities where Seasons 
mattered more than any other 

282
00:16:05,400 --> 00:16:08,700
calendar system. 
These were elaborate mystical 

283
00:16:08,700 --> 00:16:11,700
practices but acknowledgments of
the natural world rhythms 

284
00:16:11,700 --> 00:16:15,100
dressed in a tough ceremony to 
make the memorable whether the 

285
00:16:15,100 --> 00:16:19,200
magic occupied an important 
niche in Britain's notoriously 

286
00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:22,500
unpredictable climate. 
People watched animal behavior, 

287
00:16:22,500 --> 00:16:25,700
cloud formation, and plant 
growth for signs of coming, 

288
00:16:25,700 --> 00:16:29,100
whether then a tributed this 
knowledge to magical Insight 

289
00:16:29,100 --> 00:16:32,900
rather than careful observation.
the person who could predict 

290
00:16:32,900 --> 00:16:37,300
rain wasn't necessarily magical,
they just noticed that cows lie 

291
00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:41,600
down before storms birds fly 
lower in heavy are and certain 

292
00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:46,000
flowers closed their petals when
humidity Rises But calling it 

293
00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:48,700
magic made the knowledge sound 
more authoritative than 

294
00:16:48,700 --> 00:16:51,300
admitting you'd spent 40 years 
watching cows. 

295
00:16:51,300 --> 00:16:54,600
The British relationship with 
the sea combines dependents, 

296
00:16:54,600 --> 00:16:58,700
respect, and the kind of 
cautious affection, you'd show a

297
00:16:58,700 --> 00:17:01,800
large unpredictable animal, that
occasionally provides dinner, 

298
00:17:01,800 --> 00:17:06,700
but my also drown you without 
warning, Coastal communities, 

299
00:17:06,700 --> 00:17:11,000
develop their own Rich, folklore
Traditions distinct from Inland 

300
00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:16,000
stories shaped by the rhythm of 
Tides, the unpredictability of 

301
00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:19,500
fishing and the isolation of 
islands, scattered around the 

302
00:17:19,500 --> 00:17:23,200
mainland like afterthoughts seal
folk feature prominently in 

303
00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:25,900
Northern Tails, particularly 
around Scotland and Ireland. 

304
00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:30,100
These were seals that could shed
their skins and walk on land as 

305
00:17:30,100 --> 00:17:33,000
beautiful humans. 
Usually, with romantic 

306
00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:37,600
complications in suing The 
stories typically involved human

307
00:17:37,600 --> 00:17:41,700
hiding, the seal person skin to 
prevent their return to the Sea.

308
00:17:42,400 --> 00:17:45,400
Which sounds romantic until you 
think about it for more than 30 

309
00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:48,000
seconds and realize its 
basically kidnapping. 

310
00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:51,400
The better version of these 
Tales acknowledged. 

311
00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:54,800
This problem with the seal 
person of eventually finding 

312
00:17:54,800 --> 00:17:59,000
their skin and returning to the 
ocean choosing Freedom over 

313
00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:02,300
captured Domesticity the selkies
appeal makes sense. 

314
00:18:02,300 --> 00:18:05,700
When you understand how isolated
Coastal communities could be 

315
00:18:05,700 --> 00:18:10,600
especially on smaller Islands 
Strangers, rarely appeared, and 

316
00:18:10,600 --> 00:18:13,400
genetic diversity was a genuine 
concern. 

317
00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:18,400
Even if people didn't have those
exact terms for it, stories 

318
00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:21,500
about mysterious attractive 
Outsiders who arrived from the 

319
00:18:21,500 --> 00:18:23,400
sea and might eventually 
returned there. 

320
00:18:24,100 --> 00:18:28,000
Reflected both fantasy and 
practical acknowledgment, that 

321
00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:31,200
new blood in the community gene.
Pool was generally positive, 

322
00:18:31,200 --> 00:18:35,800
even if the circumstances were 
unusual mermaids in British 

323
00:18:35,800 --> 00:18:38,700
folklore rarely, resembled the 
friendly creatures from children

324
00:18:38,700 --> 00:18:41,400
stories. 
They were more often Omens. 

325
00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:45,600
Seeing one meant storms 
shipwrecks or other Maritime 

326
00:18:45,600 --> 00:18:48,600
disasters. 
This made sense given the 

327
00:18:48,600 --> 00:18:52,200
unusual Marine sightings often 
correlated with strange weather 

328
00:18:52,200 --> 00:18:55,500
patterns, or ocean conditions 
that also happen to be dangerous

329
00:18:55,500 --> 00:18:58,400
for fishing. 
Whether you actually saw a 

330
00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:02,300
mermaid or a combination of seal
Driftwood and Wishful, Thinking 

331
00:19:02,300 --> 00:19:05,700
mattered less than the warning 
to stay close to Harbor. 

332
00:19:05,700 --> 00:19:09,500
Coastal Villages developed 
elaborate rituals around fishing

333
00:19:09,500 --> 00:19:13,600
boats and the Seas temperament. 
You never whistle on a boat 

334
00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:17,000
because that called up wind, 
which sounds superstitious until

335
00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:19,100
you remember that whistling 
carries across water, 

336
00:19:19,100 --> 00:19:23,200
remarkably, well and could 
confuse verbal commands in 

337
00:19:23,208 --> 00:19:26,500
critical moments. 
Women want allowed on fishing 

338
00:19:26,500 --> 00:19:29,700
boats supposedly due to bad 
luck, though. 

339
00:19:29,700 --> 00:19:32,600
The Practical explanation might 
involve limiting, the number of 

340
00:19:32,600 --> 00:19:36,400
people on working vessels where 
space was at a premium and 

341
00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:40,700
everyone needed specific skills.
sometimes Superstition was just 

342
00:19:40,700 --> 00:19:44,200
tradition, explaining itself, 
badly Islands, accumulated, 

343
00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:47,400
folklore, with particular 
intensity, perhaps because 

344
00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:51,200
isolation amplifies storytelling
in the same way that small 

345
00:19:51,200 --> 00:19:56,100
spaces amplify sound The orkney 
and Shetland Islands developed 

346
00:19:56,100 --> 00:19:59,400
Rich Traditions about trials. 
And selkies, while the Isle of 

347
00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:02,400
Man claimed its own fairy 
Traditions distinct from either 

348
00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:07,500
Ireland or Britain, each Island 
community separated by water 

349
00:20:07,500 --> 00:20:09,600
that could turn impossible 
during storms. 

350
00:20:10,300 --> 00:20:13,900
Became its own cultural 
laboratory where stories of old 

351
00:20:13,900 --> 00:20:16,800
in slightly different directions
from their Mainland cousins, 

352
00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:20,100
Like Houses the relatively 
recent additions to the 

353
00:20:20,100 --> 00:20:23,400
landscape, quickly accumulated 
their own folklore. 

354
00:20:24,100 --> 00:20:27,400
Like housekeepers reported 
seeing impossible, things ships,

355
00:20:27,400 --> 00:20:30,900
that vanished lights were no 
lights should be and sound that 

356
00:20:30,900 --> 00:20:33,900
had no source. 
Whether these experiences 

357
00:20:33,900 --> 00:20:38,200
reflected genuine Supernatural, 
encounters isolation induced 

358
00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:41,900
hallucinations or just the 
strange behavior of lightning 

359
00:20:41,900 --> 00:20:44,200
sound around Coastal, rocks 
remains debatable. 

360
00:20:45,500 --> 00:20:48,700
What certain is that spending 
months in a small room 

361
00:20:48,700 --> 00:20:52,600
surrounded by rocks and water, 
does interesting thinks to human

362
00:20:52,600 --> 00:20:55,100
perception. 
Coastal weather forecasting, 

363
00:20:55,100 --> 00:20:59,700
relied on reading subtle signs, 
the color of the sunset The 

364
00:20:59,700 --> 00:21:02,300
behavior of seabirds and the 
feel of the Wind. 

365
00:21:03,100 --> 00:21:06,000
This knowledge was so valuable 
that it often got framed as 

366
00:21:06,008 --> 00:21:09,600
magical sight or Supernatural, 
sensitivity rather than 

367
00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:11,800
accumulated empirical 
observation. 

368
00:21:13,100 --> 00:21:16,000
The old man who knew and storms 
were coming wasn't magical. 

369
00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:20,500
It simply survived 70 years of 
watching The Sea and had learned

370
00:21:20,500 --> 00:21:24,900
to recognize patterns that 
preceded dangerous weather. but 

371
00:21:24,900 --> 00:21:27,800
attributing his accuracy to 
Second Sight, rather than 

372
00:21:27,800 --> 00:21:31,200
experience made the knowledge, 
seem more special worth 

373
00:21:31,200 --> 00:21:34,600
preserving and passing down 
smuggling operations and 

374
00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:37,800
naturally generated their own 
folklore often deliberately 

375
00:21:38,800 --> 00:21:41,500
Tales of ghost ships. 
Supernatural Guardians and 

376
00:21:41,500 --> 00:21:44,400
cursed coves helped. 
Keep curious locals away from 

377
00:21:44,400 --> 00:21:47,000
beaches where illegal goods were
being landed. 

378
00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:50,800
People believed to particular 
stretch of Coast was horned 

379
00:21:50,800 --> 00:21:54,500
they'd avoided after dark, which
was exactly when smuggle is 

380
00:21:54,500 --> 00:21:57,800
wanted privacy. 
Some of the most persistent 

381
00:21:57,800 --> 00:22:00,400
Coastal ghost stories. 
Might have originated, as 

382
00:22:00,400 --> 00:22:03,900
deliberately crafted 
misdirection that outlived. 

383
00:22:03,900 --> 00:22:07,100
The smuggling operations they 
were meant to protect the tides 

384
00:22:07,100 --> 00:22:10,300
Rhythm structured Coastal life. 
So completely that it influenced

385
00:22:10,300 --> 00:22:13,700
folklore in subtle ways. 
You learned to work with the 

386
00:22:13,700 --> 00:22:16,700
tide rather than against it to 
recognize that. 

387
00:22:16,700 --> 00:22:19,500
Some things could only happen 
during specific Windows of 

388
00:22:19,500 --> 00:22:23,200
opportunity, and that patients 
was less a virtue than a 

389
00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:26,900
survival requirement. 
Stories, reflected this reality.

390
00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:31,500
The fishermen who respected the 
Seas timing prospered, while the

391
00:22:31,500 --> 00:22:34,100
one who tried to force things on
his own schedule met. 

392
00:22:34,100 --> 00:22:38,000
Tossed her It was folklore as 
applied to Tidal mechanics. 

393
00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:41,700
The British Village that 
collection of cottages arranged 

394
00:22:41,700 --> 00:22:45,400
around a church and pub with 
perhaps a shop and post office. 

395
00:22:45,400 --> 00:22:48,700
If you were lucky served as 
folklores primary breeding 

396
00:22:48,700 --> 00:22:51,500
ground. 
These were small enough that 

397
00:22:51,500 --> 00:22:53,200
everyone knew everyone else's 
business. 

398
00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:57,900
Isolated enough that the wider 
World seem distant and slightly 

399
00:22:57,900 --> 00:23:01,700
theoretical and stable enough 
that Traditions could persist 

400
00:23:01,700 --> 00:23:04,100
for generations with only minor 
variations. 

401
00:23:04,100 --> 00:23:07,900
The Village Green that patch of 
common, land of the community's 

402
00:23:07,900 --> 00:23:11,800
heart witnessed most communal 
celebrations, and many folktale 

403
00:23:11,800 --> 00:23:14,500
events. 
May Day Celebrations with 

404
00:23:14,500 --> 00:23:18,400
dancing around the maypole, 
Harvest festivals, and bonfires 

405
00:23:18,400 --> 00:23:21,900
on specific calendar dates. 
These weren't just entertainment

406
00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:25,500
but vital social glue that 
reinforced Community bonds and 

407
00:23:25,500 --> 00:23:30,000
marked times passage the stories
told at these gatherings 

408
00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:33,600
transmitted cultural values more
effectively than any lecture 

409
00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:37,200
teaching, through entertainment,
what Behavior was expected? 

410
00:23:37,200 --> 00:23:39,800
What was tolerated? 
And what would get you 

411
00:23:39,800 --> 00:23:42,000
disgusting? 
Disapproving tones for the next 

412
00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:44,700
decade, every village had its 
character's. 

413
00:23:44,700 --> 00:23:48,900
The wise woman, who knew Herbal 
Remedies the blacksmith whose 

414
00:23:48,900 --> 00:23:51,000
Forge was the center of male 
social life. 

415
00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:54,600
The Publican who heard all 
gossip and the vicar who 

416
00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:57,700
pretended not to know about folk
practices while quietly 

417
00:23:57,700 --> 00:23:59,500
incorporating them into Parish 
life. 

418
00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:04,000
These individuals served as 
living libraries, repositories 

419
00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:06,400
of local knowledge, about 
everything from weather patterns

420
00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:10,600
to family history, to, which 
mushrooms would kill you and 

421
00:24:10,600 --> 00:24:14,300
which merely tasted terrible. 
The cottage half was where most 

422
00:24:14,300 --> 00:24:16,800
stories. 
Actually lived told during Long 

423
00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:20,200
Winter evenings, when darkness 
fell by mid-tone, and there 

424
00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:24,400
wasn't much to do, except by the
fire work, on manual tasks, that

425
00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:26,900
didn't require much light and 
torque. 

426
00:24:27,900 --> 00:24:31,700
Grandparents told grandchildren 
about local, Legends parents 

427
00:24:31,700 --> 00:24:34,800
warn children about dangerous 
places through Tales of 

428
00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:38,700
Supernatural Guardians and 
everyone shared stories that had

429
00:24:38,700 --> 00:24:41,600
been shared with them. 
Each telling adding small 

430
00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:44,600
variations that would eventually
become part of the tradition 

431
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:48,600
British folk tales from the 
domestic setting rarely involved

432
00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:52,500
Grand Adventures or epic quests.
They were more likely about the 

433
00:24:52,500 --> 00:24:56,900
farmer who outsmarted the devil.
Clever servant who outwitted a 

434
00:24:56,900 --> 00:24:59,700
difficult employer and the 
youngest daughter, whose 

435
00:24:59,700 --> 00:25:01,900
kindness brought unexpected 
Rewards. 

436
00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:05,700
These were aspirational stories 
for people whose lives involved 

437
00:25:05,700 --> 00:25:09,200
more practical concerns than 
dragon slaying getting crops to 

438
00:25:09,208 --> 00:25:12,600
grow keeping livestock healthy 
and maintaining good 

439
00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:15,700
relationships with neighbors. 
You'd be seen daily for the rest

440
00:25:15,700 --> 00:25:19,200
of your life, the village. 
Well, or pumps served as an 

441
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:23,800
informal new center where people
gathered gossiped and totally 

442
00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:27,200
told stories in an era before 
mass media. 

443
00:25:27,200 --> 00:25:32,100
This was how information spread 
slowly through personal contact 

444
00:25:32,100 --> 00:25:35,300
accumulating embellishments with
each retelling. 

445
00:25:36,300 --> 00:25:38,900
By the time news travel traveled
from one end of the village to 

446
00:25:38,900 --> 00:25:40,500
the other. 
It might have gained 

447
00:25:40,500 --> 00:25:44,500
considerable creative detail. 
Which is probably why so much 

448
00:25:44,500 --> 00:25:48,000
folklore involves exaggeration 
and unlikely coincidence is 

449
00:25:48,900 --> 00:25:53,200
reality was Bland retellings, 
added the necessary, seasoning 

450
00:25:53,200 --> 00:25:56,200
seasonal celebrations, 
structured Village, Life with 

451
00:25:56,200 --> 00:26:01,000
reassuring predictability, Each 
had its own Traditions foods and

452
00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:04,700
Associated folklore. 
Harvest suppers celebrated 

453
00:26:04,700 --> 00:26:08,600
successful crops with communal 
feasting that reinforced social 

454
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:12,400
bonds, while allowing people to 
relax after months of intense 

455
00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:14,700
labor. 
Christmas Incorporated. 

456
00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:19,000
So many pre-christian Traditions
that the church eventually gave 

457
00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:21,700
up trying to sort out which 
parts were properly religious, 

458
00:26:21,700 --> 00:26:24,800
and which were just people 
wanting an excuse to bring 

459
00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:28,200
Greenery indoors and eat special
foods during the darkest part of

460
00:26:28,200 --> 00:26:32,000
winter village Crafts. 
People, the Thatcher, the Hedge 

461
00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:35,000
layer and the hurdle maker 
possessed knowledge that 

462
00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:39,100
bordered on folklore itself. 
They understood their materials 

463
00:26:39,100 --> 00:26:41,900
with an intimacy that came from 
years of experience. 

464
00:26:42,900 --> 00:26:45,700
Knowing which would work best 
for specific purposes. 

465
00:26:45,700 --> 00:26:49,300
How different thatching, 
materials, whether and which 

466
00:26:49,300 --> 00:26:52,100
hedge plants made the most 
impenetrable barriers. 

467
00:26:53,100 --> 00:26:56,700
This practical wisdom often got 
mixed with folk beliefs about 

468
00:26:56,700 --> 00:27:00,600
appropriate time for harvesting 
materials and proper technique 

469
00:27:00,600 --> 00:27:03,500
that might or might not have 
rational bases but definitely 

470
00:27:03,500 --> 00:27:06,100
had tradition backing them. 
The relationship between 

471
00:27:06,100 --> 00:27:09,600
neighboring Villages could be 
surprisingly competitive with 

472
00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:12,800
each claiming Superior 
Traditions more authentic 

473
00:27:12,800 --> 00:27:17,900
folklore or more impressive, 
local Legends, This rivalry was 

474
00:27:17,900 --> 00:27:21,100
generally good-natured, but 
persistent expressing itself 

475
00:27:21,100 --> 00:27:24,700
through competing celebrations. 
Proud assertions about local 

476
00:27:24,700 --> 00:27:27,000
Ghost Stories, being more 
frightening than neighboring 

477
00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:29,300
ones. 
And the kind of petty 

478
00:27:29,300 --> 00:27:32,400
disagreements about correct 
procedure that can only arise 

479
00:27:32,400 --> 00:27:35,600
between communities that are 
fundamentally very similar, but 

480
00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:39,000
determined to emphasize their 
differences, The Village Pub 

481
00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:42,000
served multiple functions Social
Club. 

482
00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:46,500
Informal court for minor 
disputes, marriage market, news 

483
00:27:46,500 --> 00:27:48,500
exchange and archive for local 
memory. 

484
00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:51,900
The Publican often knew more 
about Village Affairs than the 

485
00:27:51,900 --> 00:27:55,800
vicar having heard, Confessions 
of a less spiritual but equally 

486
00:27:55,800 --> 00:27:59,300
revealing nature. 
Stories told him pubs tended 

487
00:27:59,300 --> 00:28:01,900
toward the humerus, the slightly
boardy. 

488
00:28:01,900 --> 00:28:04,900
And the cautionary tales about 
people who've done foolish 

489
00:28:04,900 --> 00:28:08,600
things often while drunk in that
same Pub, creating a 

490
00:28:08,600 --> 00:28:12,300
self-referential loop of 
entertainment and warning by the

491
00:28:12,300 --> 00:28:15,700
19th century, British folklore 
was already beginning, its long 

492
00:28:15,700 --> 00:28:19,700
Fade Into Nostalgia and 
preservation rather than living 

493
00:28:19,700 --> 00:28:22,700
practice. 
Industrial Revolution, Drew 

494
00:28:22,700 --> 00:28:26,800
people from villages to cities 
disrupting the continuity of 

495
00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:30,300
oral tradition. 
Railways connected, previously, 

496
00:28:30,300 --> 00:28:33,800
isolated communities, 
homogenizing Regional 

497
00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:37,200
variations. 
Education became standardized 

498
00:28:37,200 --> 00:28:40,300
teaching official history rather
than local Legend. 

499
00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:45,000
The old stories didn't disappear
overnight, but they began their 

500
00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:48,400
transformation from functional 
Community knowledge, into 

501
00:28:48,400 --> 00:28:50,600
quaint. 
Remnants of a simpler time, 

502
00:28:50,600 --> 00:28:54,000
folklorists, like Cecil sharp, 
and Francis James child 

503
00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:57,300
scrambled to record Traditions 
before they vanished completely 

504
00:28:57,300 --> 00:29:01,600
creating archives that preserve 
texts while inevitably losing 

505
00:29:01,600 --> 00:29:04,400
context. 
You can write down the words to 

506
00:29:04,400 --> 00:29:07,500
a folk song but you can't quite 
capture the way it sounded. 

507
00:29:07,500 --> 00:29:09,900
When sung by someone who's 
Grandmother Had taught it to 

508
00:29:09,900 --> 00:29:13,100
them or the specific occasion 
when it were traditionally be 

509
00:29:13,100 --> 00:29:15,900
performed or the small 
variations that different 

510
00:29:15,900 --> 00:29:20,700
Villages considered correct. 
What survived was often a kind 

511
00:29:20,708 --> 00:29:24,300
of folklore preserved in Amber 
technically accurate, but 

512
00:29:24,300 --> 00:29:27,700
missing the living quality, that
made it meaningful, the Romantic

513
00:29:27,700 --> 00:29:31,700
Movement, complicated folklore 
preservation by deciding that 

514
00:29:31,700 --> 00:29:35,200
rural Traditions were 
picturesque and Noble, rather 

515
00:29:35,200 --> 00:29:40,000
than simply practical artists, 
painted idealized version of 

516
00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:43,000
Village Life, where everyone 
looked healthy and happy. 

517
00:29:43,800 --> 00:29:47,200
Conveniently omitting. 
The harsh poverty, limited 

518
00:29:47,200 --> 00:29:49,900
Medical Care and minimal 
options. 

519
00:29:49,900 --> 00:29:54,900
The characterized actual rural 
existence This romanticization 

520
00:29:54,900 --> 00:29:59,100
created a strange situation 
where actual rural people were 

521
00:29:59,100 --> 00:30:02,100
abandoning their Traditions as 
quickly as possible to pursue 

522
00:30:02,100 --> 00:30:05,100
better opportunities. 
While Urban intellectuals were 

523
00:30:05,100 --> 00:30:07,900
frantically trying to preserve 
those same Traditions as 

524
00:30:07,900 --> 00:30:11,700
authentic cultural heritage, 
some traditions, adapted rather 

525
00:30:11,700 --> 00:30:16,100
than died. made a celebration 
shrank but persisted in schools 

526
00:30:16,100 --> 00:30:19,000
transformed into cute 
performance is for parents 

527
00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:24,000
rather than Community fertility 
rituals Harvest festivals move 

528
00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:27,500
from Fields into churches 
becoming Thanksgiving Services 

529
00:30:27,500 --> 00:30:29,500
rather than agricultural 
celebrations. 

530
00:30:30,500 --> 00:30:33,600
Ghost stories, transitioned from
cautionary, Community tales and 

531
00:30:33,608 --> 00:30:36,900
to entertainment for children, 
losing their original purpose, 

532
00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:40,500
while gaining new life, as 
seasonal scary fun, the world 

533
00:30:40,500 --> 00:30:42,700
wars, further disrupted, 
traditional life. 

534
00:30:42,700 --> 00:30:46,400
Pulling young men from Villages 
and introducing survivors to 

535
00:30:46,400 --> 00:30:49,400
experiences that made local 
folklore in parochial and 

536
00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:52,400
inadequate. 
How do you return to worrying 

537
00:30:52,400 --> 00:30:55,400
about fairy rings after 
experience in French Warfare? 

538
00:30:56,400 --> 00:30:59,000
The psychological distance 
traveled by those who served 

539
00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:01,600
made it difficult to re-engage 
with a slower rhythms and 

540
00:31:01,600 --> 00:31:05,900
smaller concerns of Rural Life. 
Many never returned at all, 

541
00:31:05,900 --> 00:31:08,900
their absence creating gaps in 
the transmission of traditional 

542
00:31:08,900 --> 00:31:12,300
knowledge that could never be 
fully bridged television, and 

543
00:31:12,300 --> 00:31:15,400
radio delivered, National 
culture directly into homes that

544
00:31:15,400 --> 00:31:17,500
had previously, relied on local 
entertainment. 

545
00:31:18,700 --> 00:31:20,900
Why listen to your grandfather's
stories? 

546
00:31:20,900 --> 00:31:22,900
When you could watch 
professional performers with 

547
00:31:22,900 --> 00:31:27,200
much better production values? 
Weiland traditional songs when 

548
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:28,900
you could hear the latest hits 
from London. 

549
00:31:29,900 --> 00:31:32,600
The homogenization of British 
culture through mass media 

550
00:31:32,600 --> 00:31:35,400
wasn't malicious or even 
consciously planned. 

551
00:31:36,200 --> 00:31:39,600
It was simply the inevitable 
result of technology that made 

552
00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:43,200
shared National experience as 
possible for the first time yet 

553
00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:46,600
folklore, proved remarkably 
resilient in unexpected ways 

554
00:31:46,600 --> 00:31:50,000
Customs that seemed dead would 
suddenly reappear when 

555
00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:52,300
communities wanted to assert 
local identity. 

556
00:31:53,500 --> 00:31:56,200
Villages would revive 
traditional celebrations as 

557
00:31:56,200 --> 00:32:00,000
tourist attractions, which felt 
inauthentic until you remembered

558
00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:03,500
that many Traditions had always 
been performative intended for 

559
00:32:03,500 --> 00:32:05,500
audiences as much as 
participants. 

560
00:32:06,500 --> 00:32:09,300
If the audience change from 
fellow villagers to visitors 

561
00:32:09,300 --> 00:32:12,300
from Birmingham, did that 
necessarily invalidate, the 

562
00:32:12,300 --> 00:32:16,000
performance academic folklorist 
preserved, enormous amounts of 

563
00:32:16,008 --> 00:32:19,100
material, but their efforts 
created their own problems. 

564
00:32:19,900 --> 00:32:24,100
Traditions that had existed as 
flexible living practices became

565
00:32:24,100 --> 00:32:28,500
fixed in authoritative versions.
Regional variations were 

566
00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:32,900
documented but also implicitly 
ranked with some designated 

567
00:32:32,900 --> 00:32:35,100
authentic and others as 
Corruptions. 

568
00:32:36,100 --> 00:32:38,600
The project of preservation. 
Sometimes contradicted. 

569
00:32:38,600 --> 00:32:43,300
The nature of folklore itself 
which had always evolved adapted

570
00:32:43,300 --> 00:32:46,300
and changed with these 
generational rather than 

571
00:32:46,300 --> 00:32:48,900
maintaining rigid adherence to 
original forms. 

572
00:32:48,900 --> 00:32:52,400
The British folk Revival of the 
mid-20th century, attempted to 

573
00:32:52,408 --> 00:32:55,700
resurrect, traditional music and
customs with mixed results. 

574
00:32:56,600 --> 00:32:59,500
Some revivalists approached the 
material with respect and 

575
00:32:59,500 --> 00:33:03,400
genuine love for the traditions.
Others Cherry Picked elements, 

576
00:33:03,400 --> 00:33:06,300
they found appealing while 
ignoring the broader cultural 

577
00:33:06,300 --> 00:33:08,800
context that had made those 
Traditions meaningful. 

578
00:33:09,700 --> 00:33:11,400
Folk music clubs. 
Sprouted. 

579
00:33:11,400 --> 00:33:14,800
In urban areas where performers 
sang songs about agricultural 

580
00:33:14,800 --> 00:33:19,400
labor to audiences, who'd never 
held a size creating a strange 

581
00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:23,000
disconnect between content and 
context that somehow worked. 

582
00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:27,200
Anyway, because the music itself
remained powerful immigration 

583
00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:29,800
and cultural. 
Exchange introduced new folklore

584
00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:32,600
Traditions to British 
communities while British 

585
00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:36,800
folklore traveled globally with 
emigrants, the result was a 

586
00:33:36,800 --> 00:33:39,800
complex web of influence, where 
Irish traditions in Boston 

587
00:33:39,800 --> 00:33:43,600
influenced, how Irish Americans 
thought about Irish culture 

588
00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:47,700
which in turn influenced, how 
Modern Irish people conceived of

589
00:33:47,700 --> 00:33:51,600
their heritage British folklore 
became simultaneously more 

590
00:33:51,600 --> 00:33:56,000
Global and more fragmented 
existing in multiple versions 

591
00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:59,300
that all claimed authenticity, 
while being demonstrably 

592
00:33:59,300 --> 00:34:02,000
different from each other, as 
you settle deeper into your 

593
00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:04,300
blankets. 
Consider what survives of 

594
00:34:04,308 --> 00:34:08,300
British folklore in the 21st 
century The answer is both less 

595
00:34:08,300 --> 00:34:12,300
and more than you might expect. 
The old traditions are gone in 

596
00:34:12,300 --> 00:34:16,500
their original forms, nobody 
seriously, avoids fairy paths or

597
00:34:16,500 --> 00:34:19,699
leaves offerings at Wells accept
as conscious recreational. 

598
00:34:20,500 --> 00:34:23,699
Yet the patterns, those 
Traditions established continue 

599
00:34:23,699 --> 00:34:27,699
influencing, how British people 
think about landscape community 

600
00:34:27,699 --> 00:34:31,400
and the natural world 
environmental Consciousness in 

601
00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:33,100
Britain. 
Often carries Echoes of 

602
00:34:33,100 --> 00:34:36,800
folklores fundamental message, 
Pay attention to the land, 

603
00:34:36,800 --> 00:34:41,199
respect and natural systems and 
recognize that human convenience

604
00:34:41,199 --> 00:34:46,100
isn't the only consideration. 
The modern conservation movement

605
00:34:46,100 --> 00:34:49,300
sounds remarkably like 
traditional folklore when it 

606
00:34:49,308 --> 00:34:52,000
argues for preserving ancient 
woodlands and protecting 

607
00:34:52,000 --> 00:34:54,800
wildlife. 
Habitats just with scientific 

608
00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:59,500
rationale, replacing 
Supernatural, justification, The

609
00:34:59,500 --> 00:35:02,608
impulse Remains the Same 
understanding that we're part of

610
00:35:02,616 --> 00:35:06,300
systems larger than ourselves 
that we ignore at our Peril 

611
00:35:06,300 --> 00:35:10,400
British children, still grow up 
with attenuated version of folk,

612
00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:15,500
Traditions tooth fairies Father,
Christmas Easter bunnies, that 

613
00:35:15,500 --> 00:35:18,200
preserve the structure of 
folklore while updating the 

614
00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:20,400
content for contemporary 
contexts. 

615
00:35:21,100 --> 00:35:24,300
These simplified Traditions 
teach the same lessons as their 

616
00:35:24,300 --> 00:35:28,000
more complex predecessors 
actions have consequences. 

617
00:35:28,000 --> 00:35:31,900
Kindness gets rewarded and 
there's more to the world than 

618
00:35:31,900 --> 00:35:34,900
meets the eye. 
Whether these modern versions 

619
00:35:34,900 --> 00:35:38,000
carry the same weight as 
traditional folklore remains 

620
00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:41,900
debatable, but they demonstrate 
that the human need for story 

621
00:35:41,900 --> 00:35:44,500
continues. 
Regardless of cultural changes 

622
00:35:44,500 --> 00:35:47,900
Place, based storytelling 
persists, and surprising ways 

623
00:35:47,900 --> 00:35:51,500
tourist boards, promote, local 
Legends as a tracks. 

624
00:35:51,500 --> 00:35:55,700
Communities celebrate historical
connections to Folklore figures 

625
00:35:55,700 --> 00:35:58,900
and property values, can be 
affected by proximity to 

626
00:35:58,900 --> 00:36:03,600
supposedly haunted sights. 
The stories May no longer be 

627
00:36:03,600 --> 00:36:06,900
believed in the literal ways, 
but they still shape how people 

628
00:36:06,900 --> 00:36:09,400
perceive and value particular 
locations. 

629
00:36:10,200 --> 00:36:13,300
A house with a ghost story 
attached might be hard to sell 

630
00:36:13,300 --> 00:36:16,700
or might command a premium from 
buyers who find the idea 

631
00:36:16,700 --> 00:36:19,600
appealing. 
Folklore continues exerting 

632
00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:22,900
economic influence, even when 
nobody treats it as factual. 

633
00:36:22,900 --> 00:36:26,600
The British tendency toward mild
self-mockery, owes something to 

634
00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:30,100
Folklore Traditions that 
celebrated clever tricksters and

635
00:36:30,100 --> 00:36:32,200
the little guy outwitting 
Authority. 

636
00:36:33,000 --> 00:36:35,600
That slightly irreverent 
attitude toward power and 

637
00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:39,100
pomposity the willingness to 
tell stories that make fun of 

638
00:36:39,100 --> 00:36:42,500
One's Own communities, and the 
comfort with ambiguity and 

639
00:36:42,500 --> 00:36:45,600
contradiction. 
These traits were all present in

640
00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:48,800
traditional folklore and remain 
characteristic of British 

641
00:36:48,800 --> 00:36:53,000
culture today. 
The stories changed medium, but 

642
00:36:53,000 --> 00:36:55,900
retained their essential 
functions fantasy. 

643
00:36:55,900 --> 00:36:57,800
Literature provides modern 
folklore. 

644
00:36:57,800 --> 00:37:02,100
Its most obvious continuation. 
writers from Tolkien through, 

645
00:37:02,100 --> 00:37:05,300
Guymon have drawn, deeply on 
British folk Traditions 

646
00:37:05,300 --> 00:37:08,800
translating them into forms that
contemporary audiences can 

647
00:37:08,800 --> 00:37:13,300
engage with These aren't pure 
preservations their creative 

648
00:37:13,300 --> 00:37:15,700
adaptations. 
That keep core ideas alive. 

649
00:37:15,700 --> 00:37:19,900
While updating contexts When 
modern readers and counter ents 

650
00:37:19,900 --> 00:37:23,400
or brownies or silkies and 
fantasy novels, their expiry 

651
00:37:23,400 --> 00:37:26,800
evolved version of traditional 
folklore adapted for audiences. 

652
00:37:26,800 --> 00:37:31,300
Who wouldn't necessarily read 
actual collections British folk 

653
00:37:31,300 --> 00:37:35,500
music experience and unexpected 
Renaissance with contemporary 

654
00:37:35,500 --> 00:37:38,600
musicians, discovering Rich 
material in traditional songs 

655
00:37:38,600 --> 00:37:43,100
and tunes. what makes this 
revival interesting is that 

656
00:37:43,100 --> 00:37:46,600
modern performers, often treat 
traditional music, as raw 

657
00:37:46,600 --> 00:37:50,700
material for Innovation, rather 
than as Museum pieces, requiring

658
00:37:50,700 --> 00:37:55,100
faithful reproduction The result
is folklore that continues 

659
00:37:55,100 --> 00:37:59,000
evolving rather than freezing 
into authorized versions, which 

660
00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:02,100
is arguably closer to how 
Traditions actually functioned 

661
00:38:02,100 --> 00:38:04,100
before. 
Folklorists started documenting,

662
00:38:04,100 --> 00:38:07,600
everything the psychological 
functions that folklore served 

663
00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:10,200
haven't disappeared, just 
because the stories changed. 

664
00:38:10,900 --> 00:38:13,500
People still need narratives. 
That help make sense of 

665
00:38:13,500 --> 00:38:16,900
inexplicable experience is 
Frameworks for understanding 

666
00:38:16,900 --> 00:38:20,700
their relationships with nature,
and community, and stories that 

667
00:38:20,700 --> 00:38:23,400
transmit values without 
heavy-handed preaching. 

668
00:38:24,400 --> 00:38:27,500
Modern urban legends serve, many
of the same functions as 

669
00:38:27,500 --> 00:38:31,200
traditional folklore warning 
about dangers, often 

670
00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:35,100
technological, rather than 
natural explaining unusual 

671
00:38:35,100 --> 00:38:38,500
phenomena and reinforcing social
norms through cautionary. 

672
00:38:38,500 --> 00:38:42,100
Tales Regional identity in 
Britain, still draws heavily on 

673
00:38:42,100 --> 00:38:47,500
folklore association's cornwalls
its piskies Wales, its dragons 

674
00:38:47,500 --> 00:38:51,200
and Scotland its various water 
spirits and Highland Legends 

675
00:38:52,100 --> 00:38:55,100
These connections might be 
marketed to tourists but they 

676
00:38:55,100 --> 00:38:58,500
also matter to locals as markers
of distinctiveness in an 

677
00:38:58,500 --> 00:39:02,600
increasingly homogeneous world. 
When someone from Yorkshire 

678
00:39:02,600 --> 00:39:05,800
insists their region has the 
best folklore their 

679
00:39:05,800 --> 00:39:08,600
participating in the same kind 
of local Pride, That animated 

680
00:39:08,600 --> 00:39:11,800
traditional storytelling just 
expressed through different 

681
00:39:11,800 --> 00:39:15,000
contexts, the British 
relationship with landscape 

682
00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:19,200
remains fundamentally storied. 
Ancient sites attract visitors, 

683
00:39:19,200 --> 00:39:22,000
not just because they're 
archaeologically interesting, 

684
00:39:22,000 --> 00:39:25,500
but because there are associated
with Legends where the 

685
00:39:25,508 --> 00:39:28,900
Stonehenge With Merlin 
Glastonbury, with Arthur, or 

686
00:39:28,900 --> 00:39:31,900
countless local site with their 
own smaller tails. 

687
00:39:32,700 --> 00:39:34,900
The land and its stories are 
still Inseparable. 

688
00:39:34,900 --> 00:39:38,600
Even if modern visitors are more
likely to access those stories 

689
00:39:38,600 --> 00:39:40,500
through phone apps than oral 
traditional. 

690
00:39:41,300 --> 00:39:43,300
Apps. 
Most significantly British 

691
00:39:43,300 --> 00:39:46,200
folklore established patterns 
for how Rural and natural 

692
00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:50,000
environments should feel. 
When people describe Woods as 

693
00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:53,200
magical or coastlines as 
mysterious, they are often 

694
00:39:53,200 --> 00:39:56,800
responding to subliminal 
cultural programming established

695
00:39:56,800 --> 00:40:00,700
through centuries of stories. 
Folklore trained people to see 

696
00:40:00,700 --> 00:40:04,800
certain landscapes in certain 
ways and to experience specific 

697
00:40:04,800 --> 00:40:07,600
emotional responses to 
particular environments. 

698
00:40:08,400 --> 00:40:12,700
Those patterns persist even when
their original context has faded

699
00:40:12,700 --> 00:40:15,700
shaping, how people relate to 
the Natural World in ways. 

700
00:40:15,700 --> 00:40:18,800
They're often not conscious of, 
as your eyes, grow heavy and the

701
00:40:18,800 --> 00:40:21,700
days concerns, begin Fading Into
that Pleasant priest. 

702
00:40:21,700 --> 00:40:24,900
Sleep Haze. 
Consider this, the British 

703
00:40:24,900 --> 00:40:26,700
Isles. 
Folklore Traditions, never 

704
00:40:26,700 --> 00:40:30,900
really died so much as they 
transformed adapted and found 

705
00:40:30,900 --> 00:40:33,400
new expressions for Timeless 
human needs. 

706
00:40:34,600 --> 00:40:37,600
The specific stories about 
fairies, and selkies might have 

707
00:40:37,608 --> 00:40:42,600
faded into historical curiosity.
But the impulse behind them to 

708
00:40:42,600 --> 00:40:46,400
understand our place in natural 
systems to create, meaning from 

709
00:40:46,400 --> 00:40:50,000
landscape to connect with 
something larger than individual

710
00:40:50,000 --> 00:40:53,300
experience, that impulse remains
as strong as ever. 

711
00:40:53,300 --> 00:40:56,200
When you walk through the 
British Countryside today, 

712
00:40:56,200 --> 00:40:58,700
you're still moving through 
story space. 

713
00:40:58,700 --> 00:41:02,700
Even if you don't know the 
specific Tales associated with 

714
00:41:02,700 --> 00:41:07,300
particular locations, the land 
remembers even when people 

715
00:41:07,300 --> 00:41:11,100
forget, Those ancient Oaks have 
stood through centuries of 

716
00:41:11,100 --> 00:41:14,600
cultural change weathering 
shifts from Pagan to Christian 

717
00:41:14,600 --> 00:41:18,700
to secular while remaining 
fundamentally unchanged, the 

718
00:41:18,700 --> 00:41:21,700
well still rise from the same 
aquifers that nourished them. 

719
00:41:21,700 --> 00:41:25,500
When people left offerings The 
coastlines continue their 

720
00:41:25,500 --> 00:41:29,000
Eternal conversation with the 
sea, indifferent to whether 

721
00:41:29,008 --> 00:41:31,700
humans interpret that 
interaction through folklore, 

722
00:41:31,700 --> 00:41:35,300
poetry or marine biology. 
What we've lost in literal 

723
00:41:35,300 --> 00:41:37,500
belief. 
We perhaps gained an 

724
00:41:37,500 --> 00:41:39,900
appreciation for the psychology 
behind folklore. 

725
00:41:39,900 --> 00:41:43,200
Understanding that traditional 
stories, served practical 

726
00:41:43,200 --> 00:41:45,800
purposes, teaching 
environmental, awareness, 

727
00:41:45,800 --> 00:41:49,800
encoding, safety knowledge. 
Maintaining social, cohesion 

728
00:41:49,800 --> 00:41:52,800
doesn't diminish them so much as
deep in our appreciation. 

729
00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:56,400
For their elegant, the old 
stories were multi-tasking 

730
00:41:56,400 --> 00:41:57,800
before. 
That was even a word 

731
00:41:57,800 --> 00:42:01,200
simultaneously entertaining, 
educating and binding 

732
00:42:01,200 --> 00:42:04,600
communities together. 
The gentlest of British folklore

733
00:42:04,600 --> 00:42:07,600
compared to many Traditions 
reflect something essential 

734
00:42:07,600 --> 00:42:09,000
about the culture of the 
created. 

735
00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:13,700
It These are stories from people
who valued practicality humor 

736
00:42:13,700 --> 00:42:16,300
and getting along with neighbors
you couldn't easily Escape. 

737
00:42:17,100 --> 00:42:20,300
The supernatural beings in 
British, Tales are rarely purely

738
00:42:20,300 --> 00:42:24,300
evil or purely good. 
They're complicated somewhat, 

739
00:42:24,300 --> 00:42:28,100
unpredictable, and best handled 
with courtesy and Common Sense, 

740
00:42:28,100 --> 00:42:32,600
which describes most human 
relationships fairly well, your 

741
00:42:32,600 --> 00:42:35,300
own relationship with folklore. 
Might be mostly unconscious. 

742
00:42:36,200 --> 00:42:40,200
A hesitation about walking under
ladders a fondness for stories 

743
00:42:40,200 --> 00:42:44,300
set in Misty Landscapes he 
sensed that certain places feel 

744
00:42:44,300 --> 00:42:46,200
special without quite knowing 
why. 

745
00:42:47,800 --> 00:42:50,200
Small influences. 
Demonstrate how thoroughly 

746
00:42:50,200 --> 00:42:52,900
traditional culture has woven 
itself into modern 

747
00:42:52,900 --> 00:42:56,000
consciousness. 
Creating patterns that persist 

748
00:42:56,000 --> 00:42:59,700
long after their origins of 
being forgotten as you drift 

749
00:42:59,700 --> 00:43:01,800
towards sleep. 
You might find yourself in 

750
00:43:01,800 --> 00:43:06,100
imagining those ancient British 
Landscapes, the oak forests were

751
00:43:06,100 --> 00:43:09,800
dappled like shifts between 
leaves the coastlines where 

752
00:43:09,800 --> 00:43:14,200
waves of smooth stones for 
Millennia and the village greens

753
00:43:14,200 --> 00:43:17,400
where Generations gathered for 
celebrations that marked times 

754
00:43:17,400 --> 00:43:20,200
passage. 
These places exist, both in 

755
00:43:20,200 --> 00:43:24,300
physical reality and in 
Collective imagination of shape,

756
00:43:24,300 --> 00:43:27,000
by centuries of stories that 
made them more than just 

757
00:43:27,000 --> 00:43:29,700
geography. 
The legacy of British folklore 

758
00:43:29,700 --> 00:43:32,900
isn't primarily in preserved 
texts or recorded custards 

759
00:43:32,900 --> 00:43:37,800
valuable as those archives are. 
It's real Legacy lives in the 

760
00:43:37,800 --> 00:43:40,000
ongoing. 
Human need for Wonder. 

761
00:43:40,700 --> 00:43:43,600
For stories that connect us to 
place and each other. 

762
00:43:44,500 --> 00:43:48,100
And for Frameworks that help us 
understand our small lives in 

763
00:43:48,100 --> 00:43:50,500
the context of much larger 
patterns. 

764
00:43:51,500 --> 00:43:57,000
The specific forms change, but 
the fundamental human practices 

765
00:43:57,000 --> 00:44:01,700
that created folklore. 
Storytelling meaning making and 

766
00:44:01,700 --> 00:44:04,900
Community bonding continuing new
guyses. 

767
00:44:04,900 --> 00:44:08,800
Perhaps that's enough. perhaps 
the point was, never the literal

768
00:44:08,800 --> 00:44:11,900
truth of any particular story, 
but the way those stories taught

769
00:44:11,900 --> 00:44:16,600
attention respect and 
connection, The fairies might 

770
00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:19,800
not steal babies, but new 
parents still benefit from 

771
00:44:19,800 --> 00:44:22,500
vigilantes. 
Wells might not have healing 

772
00:44:22,500 --> 00:44:26,300
magic but taking time to seek 
natural sources of water. 

773
00:44:26,300 --> 00:44:28,900
Teachers observation of 
landscape. 

774
00:44:29,800 --> 00:44:32,200
Walking carefully through 
forests might not prevent 

775
00:44:32,200 --> 00:44:36,400
Supernatural offense, but it 
prevents twisted ankles, which 

776
00:44:36,400 --> 00:44:38,900
arguably matters, more sleep 
well. 

777
00:44:38,900 --> 00:44:42,200
Knowing that your part of a 
continuous human story that 

778
00:44:42,200 --> 00:44:45,300
stretches back through, 
countless generation's and will 

779
00:44:45,300 --> 00:44:47,600
continue long. 
After we're all just names and 

780
00:44:47,600 --> 00:44:50,700
genealogies. 
The British Isles will keep 

781
00:44:50,708 --> 00:44:53,900
generating stories because 
that's what happens when land 

782
00:44:53,900 --> 00:44:57,200
water and human imagination 
interact across centuries. 

783
00:44:58,100 --> 00:45:02,400
The specific Tales will evolve, 
but the underlying wonder that 

784
00:45:02,400 --> 00:45:05,100
sense that the world contains 
more mystery than we can fully 

785
00:45:05,100 --> 00:45:10,000
comprehend that wander persists.
Tomorrow, when you see an 

786
00:45:10,000 --> 00:45:13,800
ancient tree or notice, Mis 
settling into a valley, you 

787
00:45:13,800 --> 00:45:16,300
might find yourself thinking 
about the layers of human 

788
00:45:16,300 --> 00:45:19,300
experience. 
Those scenes of witnessed you 

789
00:45:19,300 --> 00:45:22,600
might wonder what stories 
previous generations told about 

790
00:45:22,600 --> 00:45:26,700
those same places, what meanings
they constructed and what 

791
00:45:26,700 --> 00:45:32,400
patterns they saw that Curiosity
that willingness to imagine 

792
00:45:32,400 --> 00:45:37,700
deeper connections, is itself, a
form of folklore continuing, not

793
00:45:37,700 --> 00:45:41,500
as a fixed tradition, but as a 
living practice of Engagement 

794
00:45:41,500 --> 00:45:44,900
with the world around you, the 
British tradition of gentle, 

795
00:45:44,900 --> 00:45:49,100
folklore of stories that more 
often amused than terrified that

796
00:45:49,100 --> 00:45:52,600
taught practical wisdom while 
entertaining, that connected 

797
00:45:52,600 --> 00:45:54,800
communities. 
While respecting individual 

798
00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:57,600
experience. 
This tradition offers a 

799
00:45:57,600 --> 00:45:59,400
particular gift to the modern 
world. 

800
00:46:00,300 --> 00:46:03,300
It suggests that relating to 
Nature, doesn't require Grand 

801
00:46:03,300 --> 00:46:06,500
mystical experiences or dramatic
Revelations. 

802
00:46:07,400 --> 00:46:11,000
Sometimes, it's enough to Simply
pay attention to notice. 

803
00:46:11,000 --> 00:46:14,600
Patterns to remember that the 
land has been here, much longer 

804
00:46:14,600 --> 00:46:18,200
than we have and will be here 
long after we've gone, as you're

805
00:46:18,200 --> 00:46:20,800
breathing slows and 
Consciousness begins, its likely

806
00:46:20,800 --> 00:46:24,500
journey into dreams, you might 
imagine yourself walking those 

807
00:46:24,500 --> 00:46:28,300
old path through British 
Landscapes, not as they exist 

808
00:46:28,300 --> 00:46:31,900
now, with their car parks, and 
signage and carefully maintained

809
00:46:31,900 --> 00:46:34,600
Trails. 
But as they existed in those 

810
00:46:34,600 --> 00:46:38,700
centuries, when every Hill, had 
a name, every Springer story, 

811
00:46:38,700 --> 00:46:42,400
and every ancient tree a 
personality attributed, to it, 

812
00:46:42,400 --> 00:46:46,000
by people who saw them daily and
wove them into the fabric of 

813
00:46:46,000 --> 00:46:49,400
community life. 
In those imagined walks, you're 

814
00:46:49,400 --> 00:46:52,700
not alone, you're accompanied by
all the people who walk those 

815
00:46:52,700 --> 00:46:56,600
same paths before Farmers 
heading to feels lovers, seeking

816
00:46:56,600 --> 00:47:00,100
privacy children playing games, 
whose rules have been forgotten 

817
00:47:00,100 --> 00:47:02,700
and elderly. 
Folks, taking constitutional 

818
00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:05,400
strolls, while mentally 
reviewing Decades of local 

819
00:47:05,400 --> 00:47:07,300
history. 
The paths. 

820
00:47:07,300 --> 00:47:11,400
Remember those footsteps, even 
if individual memories of faded 

821
00:47:11,400 --> 00:47:15,100
into the general story of human 
Passage through landscape, the 

822
00:47:15,100 --> 00:47:18,500
folklore of the British Isles in
its gentlest and most enduring 

823
00:47:18,500 --> 00:47:23,300
4D, simple lesson. 
The world is worth noticing. 

824
00:47:24,200 --> 00:47:28,300
Not just in dramatic moments of 
natural beauty or crisis, but in

825
00:47:28,308 --> 00:47:31,600
the daily ordinary interactions 
between humans and their 

826
00:47:31,600 --> 00:47:34,600
environment. 
The way light falls through 

827
00:47:34,600 --> 00:47:37,500
trees, the pattern of ripples on
water. 

828
00:47:38,200 --> 00:47:40,100
The feeling of walking through 
mist. 

829
00:47:40,800 --> 00:47:45,000
Smell of Earth after rain. 
These experiences connected 

830
00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:47,900
people to something larger than 
themselves without requiring 

831
00:47:47,900 --> 00:47:50,500
elaborate theology or mystical 
Frameworks. 

832
00:47:50,500 --> 00:47:54,800
Perhaps this is folklores. 
Final gift, not answers, but 

833
00:47:54,800 --> 00:47:58,900
attention not certainly, but 
Wonder not Dogma. 

834
00:47:58,900 --> 00:48:02,200
But the gentle suggestion that 
the world contains more than we 

835
00:48:02,200 --> 00:48:04,800
can see. 
And that's perfectly fine. 

836
00:48:04,800 --> 00:48:08,200
You don't need to believe in 
fairies to appreciate ancient. 

837
00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:11,800
Woodlands don't need to credit 
supernatural beings to respect 

838
00:48:11,800 --> 00:48:15,700
natural systems and don't need 
literal magic to find the world 

839
00:48:15,700 --> 00:48:20,400
magical in its complexity and 
Beauty the stories persist 

840
00:48:20,400 --> 00:48:23,200
because they were never really 
about the supernatural elements.

841
00:48:23,200 --> 00:48:25,600
Anyway. 
They were always about how 

842
00:48:25,600 --> 00:48:29,500
humans relate to place to each 
other and to the mystery of 

843
00:48:29,508 --> 00:48:33,200
existence in a world that's both
familiar and strange both 

844
00:48:33,200 --> 00:48:37,400
comfortable and challenging. 
Fairies and selkies and Spirits 

845
00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:39,800
were just convenient Frameworks 
for discussing those 

846
00:48:39,800 --> 00:48:43,300
relationships. 
Memorable characters and stories

847
00:48:43,300 --> 00:48:47,200
whose real subject was always 
how to live well in a particular

848
00:48:47,200 --> 00:48:49,000
landscape with particular 
people. 

849
00:48:49,000 --> 00:48:53,000
So as you finally, let go of 
waking consciousness and allow 

850
00:48:53,000 --> 00:48:55,900
sleep to take you into its own 
mysterious territory. 

851
00:48:55,900 --> 00:48:59,200
That nightly Journey, we all 
make but never quite remember 

852
00:48:59,200 --> 00:49:03,800
you carry with you, the 
accumulated wisdom of centuries 

853
00:49:03,800 --> 00:49:06,800
of Storytelling. 
Not as a burden or obligation, 

854
00:49:06,800 --> 00:49:10,700
but as a gift freely, give him 
by Generations. 

855
00:49:10,700 --> 00:49:13,600
Who cared enough about their 
experiences to shake them into 

856
00:49:13,600 --> 00:49:16,300
stories. 
Polish them through repeated 

857
00:49:16,300 --> 00:49:19,500
telling and to pass them along 
and hope that future people 

858
00:49:19,500 --> 00:49:21,400
might find Value in their 
observations. 

859
00:49:21,400 --> 00:49:25,300
The British Isles sleep. 
Now, as use sleep, the 

860
00:49:25,300 --> 00:49:29,500
Landscapes dark under stars or 
clouds their forests silent. 

861
00:49:29,500 --> 00:49:31,900
Except for nocturnal creatures, 
going about their business, 

862
00:49:31,900 --> 00:49:35,700
their coastlines, continuing 
their Eternal, negotiation, with

863
00:49:35,700 --> 00:49:41,100
the sea. the land in dues 
patient and persistent waiting 

864
00:49:41,100 --> 00:49:43,800
for more morning when people 
will want to get move across its

865
00:49:43,800 --> 00:49:47,700
surface Creating new stories 
from new experiences while 

866
00:49:47,700 --> 00:49:51,200
unconsciously echoing patterns 
established by countless 

867
00:49:51,200 --> 00:49:54,900
predecessors your dreams. 
Tonight might feature missed 

868
00:49:54,900 --> 00:49:57,600
shrouded values. 
Ancient trees, with opinions, 

869
00:49:57,600 --> 00:50:02,000
Coastal paths, leading to 
uncertain, destinations or 

870
00:50:02,000 --> 00:50:04,600
simply the comfortable. 
Interior of a cottage where 

871
00:50:04,600 --> 00:50:06,500
stories are being shared around 
a warm half. 

872
00:50:07,600 --> 00:50:10,900
Or your dreams might be entirely
different drawn from your own 

873
00:50:10,900 --> 00:50:14,400
experience and concerns. 
Either way, you're participating

874
00:50:14,400 --> 00:50:18,000
in the same, basic human 
practice that generated all 

875
00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:22,100
these folk tales making sense of
experience through narrative 

876
00:50:22,100 --> 00:50:26,400
connecting disparate elements 
into meaningful patterns and 

877
00:50:26,400 --> 00:50:29,900
finding significance in the 
intersection of self and world. 

878
00:50:29,900 --> 00:50:32,800
The folklore Traditions. 
We've wandered through tonight 

879
00:50:32,800 --> 00:50:36,100
from forest spirits to Coastal 
legends from Village. 

880
00:50:36,100 --> 00:50:39,700
Customs to fading, Traditions, 
all emerge from that 

881
00:50:39,700 --> 00:50:43,000
fundamental, human capacity to 
story ourselves into 

882
00:50:43,000 --> 00:50:47,100
understanding We tell Tales not 
because we know the answers but 

883
00:50:47,100 --> 00:50:49,300
because stories help us live 
with uncertainty. 

884
00:50:50,200 --> 00:50:53,700
Find meaning in Randomness and 
maintain connection with each 

885
00:50:53,700 --> 00:50:56,400
other in the world. 
We inhabit, as the last threat 

886
00:50:56,400 --> 00:50:58,800
of waking, thought does all to 
proper sleep. 

887
00:50:58,800 --> 00:51:01,700
Let yourself rest in the 
knowledge that your part of 

888
00:51:01,700 --> 00:51:04,500
something much larger than 
individual existence. 

889
00:51:05,500 --> 00:51:07,400
Not in any mystical sense 
necessarily. 

890
00:51:07,400 --> 00:51:11,600
But in the simple fact that you 
share this planet with billions 

891
00:51:11,600 --> 00:51:14,400
of other humans, all trying to 
make sense of similar 

892
00:51:14,400 --> 00:51:17,800
experiences, all connected 
through the ongoing project of 

893
00:51:17,800 --> 00:51:21,100
being conscious creatures, 
trying to understand our place 

894
00:51:21,100 --> 00:51:24,800
in an incomprehensible Universe.
The gentle Legends of the 

895
00:51:24,808 --> 00:51:27,700
British Isles, never promised 
easy answers or dramatic 

896
00:51:27,700 --> 00:51:30,800
solutions. 
They offered instead of being in

897
00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:35,900
the world attentive, respectful,
humble and occasionally amused 

898
00:51:35,900 --> 00:51:38,000
by the absurdity of human 
pretensions. 

899
00:51:39,000 --> 00:51:41,800
That way of being remained 
available regardless of whether 

900
00:51:41,800 --> 00:51:44,900
you believe any particular story
or practice, any specific 

901
00:51:44,900 --> 00:51:49,300
traditional sweet dreams may 
they be as gentle as British 

902
00:51:49,300 --> 00:51:53,000
folklore at his best as 
mysterious as Morning Mist in 

903
00:51:53,000 --> 00:51:53,800
ancient. 
Valleys. 

904
00:51:53,800 --> 00:51:57,700
And as comforting, as stories 
told by Fireside Inn small 

905
00:51:57,700 --> 00:52:01,900
Cottages where the outside world
seems very far away, and the 

906
00:52:01,900 --> 00:52:05,100
immediate circle of warmth and 
companionship, feel sufficient 

907
00:52:05,100 --> 00:52:08,500
unto itself. 
The stories continue the land in

908
00:52:08,500 --> 00:52:12,100
jurors and somewhere in the 
British Isles, and ancient Oaks 

909
00:52:12,100 --> 00:52:15,600
and darkness having survived 
another day of the Endless 

910
00:52:15,600 --> 00:52:19,600
succession of days at witnessed,
Content in its tree-ness, 

911
00:52:19,600 --> 00:52:23,200
indifferent to human concerns. 
A silent reminder. 

912
00:52:23,200 --> 00:52:26,400
That some things persists, 
simply because they are what 

913
00:52:26,400 --> 00:52:29,400
they are unchanged by our 
stories about them. 

914
00:52:29,400 --> 00:52:32,400
Yet somehow enriched by the 
attention, those stories 

915
00:52:32,400 --> 00:52:34,600
encouraged rest. 
Well, in that knowledge, 

916
00:52:34,600 --> 00:52:37,000
tomorrow brings its own 
concerns. 

917
00:52:37,000 --> 00:52:40,800
Its own Small Wonders and its 
own opportunities to notice and 

918
00:52:40,800 --> 00:52:45,000
appreciate But tonight you've 
wandered through centuries of 

919
00:52:45,008 --> 00:52:49,000
gentle folklore encountered, 
Traditions shaped by ordinary 

920
00:52:49,000 --> 00:52:52,900
people trying to live well in 
extraordinary Landscapes and 

921
00:52:52,900 --> 00:52:56,200
connected. 
However, briefly with patterns 

922
00:52:56,200 --> 00:52:59,500
of human experience that 
transcend individual lifetimes. 

923
00:52:59,500 --> 00:53:04,100
That connection is folklore 
deepest magic, not Supernatural 

924
00:53:04,100 --> 00:53:06,300
intervention, but human 
continuity. 

925
00:53:06,300 --> 00:53:09,900
The recognition that our 
experiences Echo, those of 

926
00:53:09,900 --> 00:53:12,800
countless others that are 
questions have been asked before

927
00:53:12,800 --> 00:53:16,200
and that were part of an ongoing
conversation about what it means

928
00:53:16,200 --> 00:53:18,600
to be human in a world. 
We didn't create and don't 

929
00:53:18,600 --> 00:53:23,100
control, but must somehow 
navigate with Grace humor and 

930
00:53:23,100 --> 00:53:27,200
occasional Wonder sleep. 
Now, the British Isles will be 

931
00:53:27,200 --> 00:53:30,500
their tomorrow, still 
accumulating stories, still 

932
00:53:30,500 --> 00:53:32,800
bearing, the weight of human 
meaning while remaining 

933
00:53:32,800 --> 00:53:36,800
fundamentally themselves, The 
folklore Traditions may have 

934
00:53:36,800 --> 00:53:41,600
faded but the Landscapes that 
inspired them endure waiting for

935
00:53:41,600 --> 00:53:44,400
new generations. 
To notice their particular magic

936
00:53:44,400 --> 00:53:47,400
and create new stories 
appropriate to New Times. 

937
00:53:47,400 --> 00:53:50,900
And in that continuity the 
Eternal dance between human 

938
00:53:50,900 --> 00:53:55,000
imagination and the natural 
world between story and stone 

939
00:53:55,000 --> 00:53:57,200
between meaning-making and 
simple. 

940
00:53:57,200 --> 00:54:00,400
Existence lies. 
The True Legacy of British 

941
00:54:00,400 --> 00:54:04,800
folklore not in any particular 
tale or tradition, but in the 

942
00:54:04,800 --> 00:54:08,200
ongoing practice of paying 
attention finding one and 

943
00:54:08,200 --> 00:54:10,800
connecting through story to 
something larger than ourselves.

944
00:54:17,300 --> 00:54:19,200
you know that feeling when 
you're making dinner and you 

945
00:54:19,200 --> 00:54:22,000
realize you've forgotten to 
defrost the chicken Well, 

946
00:54:22,000 --> 00:54:26,100
imagine if I told you that back 
in 1851, someone invented a 

947
00:54:26,100 --> 00:54:28,800
machine that could have solved 
that problem and about 50 

948
00:54:28,800 --> 00:54:30,000
others. 
You didn't even know you had 

949
00:54:30,000 --> 00:54:33,100
pull up your favorite chair. 
Let me tell you about some 

950
00:54:33,100 --> 00:54:35,200
inventions that were so close to
changing everything. 

951
00:54:35,200 --> 00:54:37,800
They practically had their bags 
packed for fame. 

952
00:54:38,600 --> 00:54:41,100
Doctor, John Gorey was sweating 
bullets and Florida. 

953
00:54:41,100 --> 00:54:44,300
Literally. 
Not because he was nervous but 

954
00:54:44,300 --> 00:54:47,300
because it was 1842 and air 
conditioning was still a pipe 

955
00:54:47,300 --> 00:54:49,900
dream. 
This person was watching, 

956
00:54:49,900 --> 00:54:52,200
yellow, fever. 
Patients suffer in the humid 

957
00:54:52,200 --> 00:54:55,100
heat and he thought there's got 
to be a better way. 

958
00:54:55,100 --> 00:54:57,700
So he built the first ice making
machine. 

959
00:54:57,700 --> 00:55:00,900
This was not the type of 
machine, that simply drops ice 

960
00:55:00,900 --> 00:55:03,100
cubes into your glass with a 
satisfying plunk. 

961
00:55:03,100 --> 00:55:06,800
Instead, it was an actual Ice 
Factory capable of cooling. 

962
00:55:06,800 --> 00:55:10,500
Entire buildings picture. 
This gory's contraption looked 

963
00:55:10,500 --> 00:55:13,000
like someone had crossed a steam
engine with a grandfather clock 

964
00:55:13,000 --> 00:55:16,800
and fed it too much coffee it, 
compressed air that it expand 

965
00:55:16,800 --> 00:55:19,500
and well are ice appeared like 
magic. 

966
00:55:19,500 --> 00:55:23,300
He was basically performing 
Miracles with thermodynamics yet

967
00:55:23,300 --> 00:55:26,100
somehow nobody cared the timing 
was all wrong. 

968
00:55:26,900 --> 00:55:29,400
People thought I was supposed to
come from Frozen ponds in 

969
00:55:29,400 --> 00:55:32,400
Winter, not from some mechanical
beasts that made suspicious 

970
00:55:32,400 --> 00:55:34,900
noises the really heartbreaking 
part. 

971
00:55:35,900 --> 00:55:39,300
Gory died. 
Broken forgotten In 1855, just 

972
00:55:39,300 --> 00:55:42,500
as the world was starting to 
figure out that may be just, 

973
00:55:42,500 --> 00:55:45,400
maybe, controlling temperature 
might be useful. 

974
00:55:46,700 --> 00:55:49,800
If he'd invented his machine 50 
years later, he'd have been 

975
00:55:49,808 --> 00:55:52,200
richer than a chocolate fountain
at a weight loss convention. 

976
00:55:52,200 --> 00:55:56,600
Instead we had to wait until 
1902 for Willis carrier to 

977
00:55:56,600 --> 00:55:59,500
essentially reinvent. 
The same thing and become the 

978
00:55:59,500 --> 00:56:00,900
father of modern air 
conditioning. 

979
00:56:00,900 --> 00:56:02,700
But here's where it gets 
interesting. 

980
00:56:02,700 --> 00:56:06,300
Gorys ice machine could have 
changed everything about where 

981
00:56:06,300 --> 00:56:08,400
people lived how cities 
developed. 

982
00:56:08,400 --> 00:56:12,600
And even what we ate, Imagine 
the American South becoming a 

983
00:56:12,600 --> 00:56:16,000
population Center decades 
earlier or fresh food being 

984
00:56:16,000 --> 00:56:19,800
available year-round everywhere.
Instead of the Great Migration 

985
00:56:19,800 --> 00:56:23,500
North, maybe we'd have seen the 
Great Migration to Florida and 

986
00:56:23,500 --> 00:56:26,700
not just for retirement. 
The patent office didn't help 

987
00:56:26,700 --> 00:56:29,800
matters back then getting a 
patent was like trying to 

988
00:56:29,808 --> 00:56:33,500
convince your teenager to clean 
their room technically possible 

989
00:56:33,500 --> 00:56:35,800
but requiring supernatural 
patience. 

990
00:56:36,800 --> 00:56:41,100
Gorey got his patent in 1851 but
by then he was too exhausted and

991
00:56:41,100 --> 00:56:43,000
too poor to manufacture his 
machines. 

992
00:56:43,000 --> 00:56:46,500
It is akin to finally obtaining 
the recipe for the ideal 

993
00:56:46,500 --> 00:56:49,500
chocolate chip cookie only to 
discover that you lack, the 

994
00:56:49,500 --> 00:56:51,300
means to purchase the necessary 
ingredients. 

995
00:56:52,500 --> 00:56:54,000
What makes this scenario 
scenario? 

996
00:56:54,000 --> 00:56:57,100
Even more frustrating is that 
ice was already a big business. 

997
00:56:58,100 --> 00:57:00,600
Frederic Tudor. 
The Ice King was shipping ice 

998
00:57:00,600 --> 00:57:03,600
from Massachusetts to the 
Caribbean and making a fortune. 

999
00:57:03,600 --> 00:57:06,800
People knew ice was valuable, 
they just couldn't imagine 

1000
00:57:06,800 --> 00:57:09,600
making it themselves. 
It was like having a money tree 

1001
00:57:09,600 --> 00:57:12,600
in your backyard but insisting 
on walking to the bank instead, 

1002
00:57:12,600 --> 00:57:15,100
the Ripple effects of gory's 
failure. 

1003
00:57:15,100 --> 00:57:16,900
Touch everything around us 
today. 

1004
00:57:16,900 --> 00:57:20,800
Hospital design food storage, 
urban planning. 

1005
00:57:20,800 --> 00:57:25,300
All of it had to wait another 
half century to evolve Did the 

1006
00:57:25,300 --> 00:57:28,000
scorching Southern Summers force
people to migrate North? 

1007
00:57:29,200 --> 00:57:33,000
Been sold before the Civil War, 
did the seasonal food, shortages

1008
00:57:33,000 --> 00:57:36,400
that plagued Humanity for 
Millennia ever get resolved gory

1009
00:57:36,400 --> 00:57:39,400
had the key, but the world 
wasn't ready to turn the lock. 

1010
00:57:40,000 --> 00:57:43,000
Sometimes the best inventions 
arrived like party guests. 

1011
00:57:43,000 --> 00:57:46,600
Either too early, when you're 
still in your pajamas or too 

1012
00:57:46,600 --> 00:57:48,800
late, when you've already eaten,
all the delicious snacks. 

1013
00:57:49,600 --> 00:57:52,400
Gory's ice machine was 
definitely the pajamas scenario.

1014
00:57:52,400 --> 00:57:56,700
It was brilliant practical and 
absolutely ahead of its time 

1015
00:57:56,700 --> 00:58:00,100
which in the world of invention 
is sometimes the coolest fate of

1016
00:58:00,100 --> 00:58:02,200
all. 
Speaking of timing, let's drift 

1017
00:58:02,200 --> 00:58:05,400
over to 1838 when Samuel Morse 
was tapping out. 

1018
00:58:05,400 --> 00:58:08,700
His famous water, God, wrought 
message, but here's something 

1019
00:58:08,700 --> 00:58:11,900
that will keep you up at night 
and other Telegraph system was 

1020
00:58:11,900 --> 00:58:14,900
already working perfectly and it
might have prevented some of the

1021
00:58:14,900 --> 00:58:16,600
bloodiest conflicts in human 
history. 

1022
00:58:18,000 --> 00:58:20,100
Claude chappe had built 
something called the optical 

1023
00:58:20,100 --> 00:58:23,000
Telegraph across France in the 
1790s. 

1024
00:58:23,900 --> 00:58:26,100
Patron network of towers 
stretching across the 

1025
00:58:26,100 --> 00:58:28,700
countryside. 
Each one topped with mechanical 

1026
00:58:28,700 --> 00:58:31,100
arms that moved like a person 
doing semaphore. 

1027
00:58:32,000 --> 00:58:34,000
These were just quaint windmill 
decorations. 

1028
00:58:34,000 --> 00:58:37,000
They could send a message from 
Paris to the Mediterranean 

1029
00:58:37,000 --> 00:58:39,400
faster than a horse could Gallop
to the next Village. 

1030
00:58:40,200 --> 00:58:42,900
The entire system, functioned 
akin to a highly Advanced 

1031
00:58:42,900 --> 00:58:44,400
version of the childhood 
telephone game. 

1032
00:58:44,400 --> 00:58:48,100
But instead of mutilating 
whispered words these Tower 

1033
00:58:48,100 --> 00:58:51,300
operators utilize telescopes to 
interpret arm positions and 

1034
00:58:51,300 --> 00:58:54,600
transmit coded messages, a 
communication that would take 

1035
00:58:54,608 --> 00:58:56,600
weeks on Horseback. 
Could travel the length of 

1036
00:58:56,608 --> 00:58:59,300
France in hours. 
It was like having the internet,

1037
00:58:59,300 --> 00:59:02,700
except it ran on human eyeballs 
and mechanical precision. 

1038
00:59:03,700 --> 00:59:06,700
Now here's where your heart 
might break a little, the 

1039
00:59:06,700 --> 00:59:09,500
chappie telegraph was so 
effective that Napoleon used it 

1040
00:59:09,500 --> 00:59:11,400
to coordinate his military 
campaigns. 

1041
00:59:11,400 --> 00:59:14,800
However the French government 
kept the telegraph technology 

1042
00:59:14,800 --> 00:59:17,100
secret from other countries 
because they believed it 

1043
00:59:17,100 --> 00:59:19,300
provided them with two 
significant and advantage 

1044
00:59:20,000 --> 00:59:22,200
Imagine if they shared the 
technology instead. 

1045
00:59:22,900 --> 00:59:25,600
The Crimean War might have been 
settled over a cup of tea rather

1046
00:59:25,600 --> 00:59:28,500
than Fortune trenches. 
The American Civil War could 

1047
00:59:28,500 --> 00:59:31,000
have been a series of strongly 
worded telegrams, and stead of a

1048
00:59:31,008 --> 00:59:35,200
four year, Bloodbath The optical
telegraphed a minor issue that 

1049
00:59:35,208 --> 00:59:38,600
ultimately led to its demise, it
required, favorable weather 

1050
00:59:38,600 --> 00:59:40,400
conditions and daylight hours to
function. 

1051
00:59:41,300 --> 00:59:44,400
Fog, rain or nighttime. 
Turn the most sophisticated 

1052
00:59:44,400 --> 00:59:47,800
communication Network in the 
world into an expensive 

1053
00:59:47,800 --> 00:59:51,200
collection of wooden Towers. 
It was like having a sports car 

1054
00:59:51,200 --> 00:59:53,200
that only worked on Tuesdays 
when it wasn't cloudy. 

1055
00:59:54,100 --> 00:59:57,000
When morse's electrical 
Telegraph came along, it worked 

1056
00:59:57,000 --> 01:00:00,900
in any weather day or night, the
optical system became as 

1057
01:00:00,900 --> 01:00:03,200
obsolete as a sundial in a 
smartphone world. 

1058
01:00:04,300 --> 01:00:05,500
But here's the thing that should
make. 

1059
01:00:05,500 --> 01:00:08,300
You sit up in bed. 
If someone had figured out how 

1060
01:00:08,300 --> 01:00:11,100
to make the optical system work 
in the dark, we might have had 

1061
01:00:11,100 --> 01:00:13,600
instant Global Communication 
decades earlier. 

1062
01:00:14,600 --> 01:00:17,500
The French had over 5,000 
kilometers of optical Telegraph 

1063
01:00:17,500 --> 01:00:19,700
Lines. 
By the 1840s they could have 

1064
01:00:19,700 --> 01:00:21,600
connected every major city in 
Europe. 

1065
01:00:21,600 --> 01:00:24,700
If other countries had adopted 
the system, instead of treating 

1066
01:00:24,700 --> 01:00:28,100
it like a military secret. 
Imagine the Congress of Vienna 

1067
01:00:28,100 --> 01:00:31,700
in 1815 with delegates actually 
able to communicate with their 

1068
01:00:31,700 --> 01:00:35,500
home countries in real time. 
Diplomatic crises that escalated

1069
01:00:35,500 --> 01:00:38,500
due to slow instructions. 
From ambassadors might have been

1070
01:00:38,500 --> 01:00:42,300
resolved over lunch. 
But the real tragedy is what 

1071
01:00:42,300 --> 01:00:43,700
happened to Claude? 
Chappe himself. 

1072
01:00:44,500 --> 01:00:47,500
He watched his life's work at 
overtaken by electrical systems 

1073
01:00:47,500 --> 01:00:51,000
and fell into such despair that 
he took his life in 1805. 

1074
01:00:51,000 --> 01:00:54,600
He never got to see how his 
optical Network inspired the 

1075
01:00:54,600 --> 01:00:56,500
development of modern 
telecommunications. 

1076
01:00:56,500 --> 01:01:00,400
His Towers were the direct 
ancestors of every cell phone 

1077
01:01:00,400 --> 01:01:03,100
tower. 
Every fiber optic cable, and 

1078
01:01:03,100 --> 01:01:06,000
every satellite dish that keeps 
our world connected today. 

1079
01:01:07,400 --> 01:01:10,400
The optical telegraph was like a
bridge between the ancient world

1080
01:01:10,400 --> 01:01:14,000
of signal fires and smoke 
signals and our modern world of 

1081
01:01:14,000 --> 01:01:17,900
instant Global Communication. 
It proved that with enough 

1082
01:01:17,900 --> 01:01:21,200
clever engineering and human 
cooperation, you could shrink 

1083
01:01:21,200 --> 01:01:25,100
the world down to a manageable 
size, it took a century for that

1084
01:01:25,100 --> 01:01:28,500
lesson to sink in and by then 
we'd fought Wars that better 

1085
01:01:28,500 --> 01:01:31,400
communication might have 
prevented now recline into your 

1086
01:01:31,400 --> 01:01:33,500
pillows. 
As the upcoming story, May 

1087
01:01:33,500 --> 01:01:35,300
inspire you to rewrite history, 
books. 

1088
01:01:35,300 --> 01:01:38,100
Everyone knows the Wright 
brothers flew first at Kitty 

1089
01:01:38,100 --> 01:01:41,600
Hawk in 1903, right? 
Well, grab your favorite warm 

1090
01:01:41,600 --> 01:01:45,000
drink because I'm about to tell 
you about Gustav Whitehead, a 

1091
01:01:45,000 --> 01:01:46,800
guy who might have been soaring 
through the Connecticut. 

1092
01:01:46,800 --> 01:01:49,800
Sky two years before, Orville 
and Wilbur even got their Famous

1093
01:01:49,800 --> 01:01:53,200
12 seconds off the ground. 
Whitehead was one of those 

1094
01:01:53,200 --> 01:01:55,900
inventors who looked like he 
escaped from a steampunk novel. 

1095
01:01:56,800 --> 01:02:00,300
Born in Bavaria, he immigrated 
To America with nothing but Big 

1096
01:02:00,300 --> 01:02:03,200
Dreams and an obsessional with 
anything that could fly. 

1097
01:02:04,200 --> 01:02:06,700
While the Wright brothers were 
methodically, testing gliders, 

1098
01:02:06,700 --> 01:02:09,700
and keeping details notes 
Whitehead was building flying 

1099
01:02:09,700 --> 01:02:12,500
machines in his backyard, like 
he was assembling furniture from

1100
01:02:12,500 --> 01:02:17,800
a very complicated catalog on 
August 14th, 1901 Witnesses 

1101
01:02:17,800 --> 01:02:18,500
claim. 
They saw. 

1102
01:02:18,500 --> 01:02:22,000
Whiteheads number 21, aircraft 
fly for about half a mile at 50 

1103
01:02:22,000 --> 01:02:23,500
feet of the ground near 
Bridgeport. 

1104
01:02:24,500 --> 01:02:27,200
The local newspaper, reported it
the next day with the kind of 

1105
01:02:27,200 --> 01:02:30,200
casual enthusiasm, you might use
to describe a particularly 

1106
01:02:30,200 --> 01:02:34,100
excellent barbecue. 
Gustave Whitehead flew 

1107
01:02:34,100 --> 01:02:36,100
yesterday. 
They essentially said as if 

1108
01:02:36,100 --> 01:02:39,000
people took to the air every 
Tuesday, here's where it gets 

1109
01:02:39,000 --> 01:02:41,100
frustrating enough to make you 
kick your blankets. 

1110
01:02:41,900 --> 01:02:44,700
Unlike the Wright brothers, who 
documented everything? 

1111
01:02:44,700 --> 01:02:46,600
Like, they were preparing for a 
patent lawsuit. 

1112
01:02:46,600 --> 01:02:50,300
Whitehead was more of a, let's 
see what happens if I attach 

1113
01:02:50,300 --> 01:02:52,300
this engine to These Wings kind 
of guy. 

1114
01:02:52,900 --> 01:02:56,800
No, photographs, no official, 
records just eyewitness accounts

1115
01:02:56,800 --> 01:02:59,500
and one very enthusiastic 
newspaper article. 

1116
01:03:00,300 --> 01:03:03,200
The aircraft itself was a Marvel
of early 20th century, 

1117
01:03:03,200 --> 01:03:06,400
engineering optimism. 
It had a lightweight motor that 

1118
01:03:06,400 --> 01:03:10,200
Whitehead built himself 
silkwings and a control system 

1119
01:03:10,200 --> 01:03:12,700
that required the pilot to 
basically become one with the 

1120
01:03:12,700 --> 01:03:15,500
machine flying. 
It was less like driving a car 

1121
01:03:15,500 --> 01:03:18,900
and more like riding a very 
cooperative and The whole 

1122
01:03:18,900 --> 01:03:22,700
Contraption weighed about 800 
pounds and looked like, it had 

1123
01:03:22,700 --> 01:03:25,500
been designed by someone who'd 
seen birds flying, but had never

1124
01:03:25,500 --> 01:03:29,500
actually met one personally. 
What makes this story even more 

1125
01:03:29,500 --> 01:03:31,500
intriguing? 
Is that several Aviation 

1126
01:03:31,500 --> 01:03:35,500
Pioneers visited Whitehead and 
came away convinced he'd 

1127
01:03:35,500 --> 01:03:39,300
achieved powered flight. 
These individuals were Not Mere 

1128
01:03:39,300 --> 01:03:42,400
passes by, but rather serious 
engineers, and Aviation 

1129
01:03:42,400 --> 01:03:45,600
enthusiasts who understood the 
distinction between mere flight 

1130
01:03:45,600 --> 01:03:48,300
and True Flight. 
However, the Wright brothers, 

1131
01:03:48,300 --> 01:03:51,800
publicity overshadowed, their 
testimonies The problem was that

1132
01:03:51,800 --> 01:03:53,900
Whitehead couldn't repeat his 
success consistently. 

1133
01:03:54,800 --> 01:03:57,400
Whiteheads engines, exhibited 
temperamental Behavior. 

1134
01:03:57,400 --> 01:04:00,200
His aircraft designs, underwent 
constant changes. 

1135
01:04:00,200 --> 01:04:03,600
And his business Acumen was akin
to that of a golden retriever. 

1136
01:04:04,500 --> 01:04:06,000
While the Wright brothers were 
building? 

1137
01:04:06,000 --> 01:04:09,400
A sustainable flying program. 
Whitehead was having what you 

1138
01:04:09,400 --> 01:04:11,700
might charitably? 
Call Adventure flights 

1139
01:04:11,700 --> 01:04:14,700
impressive. 
When they worked spectacular 

1140
01:04:14,700 --> 01:04:17,600
when they didn't. 
Imagine if Whitehead had been a 

1141
01:04:17,600 --> 01:04:20,100
better record keeper, or if 
someone with a camera had been 

1142
01:04:20,100 --> 01:04:22,600
there, that August morning. 
We might be talking about 

1143
01:04:22,600 --> 01:04:25,000
Whitehead field, in stead of 
Wright, Patterson Air Force 

1144
01:04:25,000 --> 01:04:28,200
Base, the whole mythology of 
American Aviation might have 

1145
01:04:28,208 --> 01:04:31,400
started in Connecticut rather 
than North Carolina beach 

1146
01:04:31,400 --> 01:04:35,600
tourism of very differently. 
But here's the thing that might 

1147
01:04:35,600 --> 01:04:39,200
keep you staring at the ceiling.
Even if Whitehead did fly first,

1148
01:04:39,200 --> 01:04:41,700
the Wright Brothers, still 
deserve their Fame. 

1149
01:04:41,700 --> 01:04:45,100
They didn't just achieve flight,
they made it reproducible 

1150
01:04:45,100 --> 01:04:49,400
improvable and eventually 
practical Whitehead was like the

1151
01:04:49,400 --> 01:04:52,000
person who accidentally 
discovers a great recipe but 

1152
01:04:52,000 --> 01:04:54,800
forgets to write it down. 
The Wright brothers were the 

1153
01:04:54,800 --> 01:04:57,500
ones who turned flying into 
something more than a 

1154
01:04:57,500 --> 01:05:00,500
spectacular accident. 
The aviation World probably 

1155
01:05:00,500 --> 01:05:03,600
needed both approaches 
whiteheads, Fearless 

1156
01:05:03,600 --> 01:05:06,600
experimentation and the Wright 
brothers methodical development.

1157
01:05:07,500 --> 01:05:09,100
One, pushed the limits of what 
was possible. 

1158
01:05:09,100 --> 01:05:12,900
The other made sure those 
boundaries stayed pushed It's 

1159
01:05:12,900 --> 01:05:15,600
just a shame that history tends 
to remember the finishers better

1160
01:05:15,600 --> 01:05:17,300
than the Pioneers who cleared 
the path. 

1161
01:05:17,300 --> 01:05:20,000
Let's pull the covers up a bit 
higher and discuss something 

1162
01:05:20,000 --> 01:05:22,700
that might change how you think 
about World War Two entirely. 

1163
01:05:23,700 --> 01:05:26,800
While everyone was focused on 
radar and Rockets a brilliant. 

1164
01:05:26,800 --> 01:05:30,300
German engineer named Konrad 
zuse was quietly building the 

1165
01:05:30,300 --> 01:05:33,100
world's first programmable 
computer in his parents living 

1166
01:05:33,100 --> 01:05:35,400
room. 
Indeed, he was building the 

1167
01:05:35,400 --> 01:05:38,000
world's first programmable 
computer in his parents living 

1168
01:05:38,000 --> 01:05:40,300
room. 
Imagine trying to explain that 

1169
01:05:40,300 --> 01:05:45,800
to your homeowners insurance. 
The Z3 completed in 1941 was 

1170
01:05:45,800 --> 01:05:48,800
like someone had taken a pocket 
calculator and fed its steroids 

1171
01:05:48,800 --> 01:05:51,400
for two years. 
It could perform floating-point 

1172
01:05:51,400 --> 01:05:54,000
arithmetic. 
Handle conditional operations, 

1173
01:05:54,000 --> 01:05:56,600
and even run programs stored on 
punched film. 

1174
01:05:57,400 --> 01:05:59,200
This wasn't some glorified 
adding machine. 

1175
01:05:59,200 --> 01:06:03,000
This was a genuine computer 
complete with memory processing 

1176
01:06:03,000 --> 01:06:06,300
power and the ability to solve 
complex, mathematical problems, 

1177
01:06:06,300 --> 01:06:09,400
that would have taken human 
calculators weeks to figure out 

1178
01:06:10,200 --> 01:06:12,000
Zeus built this Marvel using 
telephone. 

1179
01:06:12,000 --> 01:06:15,200
Relays the kind of switches that
connected your long-distance 

1180
01:06:15,200 --> 01:06:17,600
calls back. 
When operators asked number 

1181
01:06:17,600 --> 01:06:23,300
please, The Z3 had about 2,600, 
relays clicking away like a 

1182
01:06:23,300 --> 01:06:27,000
mechanical Orchestra each one 
making tiny decisions that added

1183
01:06:27,000 --> 01:06:28,800
up to genuine computational 
power. 

1184
01:06:30,000 --> 01:06:33,200
The sound it made while working 
was probably like being inside a

1185
01:06:33,200 --> 01:06:36,200
huge, very busy typewriter. 
Here's where your mind might 

1186
01:06:36,200 --> 01:06:38,700
start racing. 
If the German military had 

1187
01:06:38,700 --> 01:06:41,500
recognized, what zucchi had 
created and funded it properly. 

1188
01:06:41,500 --> 01:06:44,200
They could have had 
computational advantages that 

1189
01:06:44,200 --> 01:06:47,700
might have changed the entire 
War, codebreaking ballistics 

1190
01:06:47,700 --> 01:06:51,300
calculations Logistics, 
optimization all the number 

1191
01:06:51,300 --> 01:06:53,800
crunching nightmares that bogged
down military operations. 

1192
01:06:53,800 --> 01:06:57,100
Could have been sold by 
machines, instead of rooms full 

1193
01:06:57,100 --> 01:06:58,700
of mathematicians with slide 
rules. 

1194
01:06:59,800 --> 01:07:02,400
But the German authorities 
looked at Zeus's computer and 

1195
01:07:02,400 --> 01:07:05,800
essentially Shrugged, they were 
more interested in bigger tanks 

1196
01:07:05,800 --> 01:07:09,100
and faster planes that in some 
clicking contraption that solved

1197
01:07:09,100 --> 01:07:11,900
math problems. 
It was like being offered a 

1198
01:07:11,900 --> 01:07:14,100
magic wand and asking if it came
in a different color. 

1199
01:07:14,800 --> 01:07:16,700
The military applications were 
so obvious. 

1200
01:07:16,700 --> 01:07:19,600
They were invisible. 
Meanwhile, on the other side of 

1201
01:07:19,600 --> 01:07:22,100
the Atlantic similar 
computational needs were driving

1202
01:07:22,100 --> 01:07:25,800
the development of machines, 
like any act and Colossus The 

1203
01:07:25,800 --> 01:07:28,400
difference was that the Allies 
understood, they were fighting a

1204
01:07:28,400 --> 01:07:30,600
war that would be won by whoever
could process information, 

1205
01:07:30,600 --> 01:07:35,400
faster and more accurately. 
The Germans had the technology 

1206
01:07:35,400 --> 01:07:38,100
first, we couldn't see past 
their traditional military 

1207
01:07:38,100 --> 01:07:40,700
thinking. 
Zeus's Workshop was eventually 

1208
01:07:40,700 --> 01:07:45,500
destroyed in an Allied bombing 
raid in 1943 taking the Z3 with 

1209
01:07:45,500 --> 01:07:47,800
it. 
By then he'd already started 

1210
01:07:47,800 --> 01:07:50,600
work on the Z4, which was even 
more advanced. 

1211
01:07:50,600 --> 01:07:54,500
But imagine if that bombing raid
had never happened or if Zeus 

1212
01:07:54,500 --> 01:07:56,900
had been working in a properly 
funded well protected government

1213
01:07:56,900 --> 01:07:58,900
facility instead of his parents 
living room. 

1214
01:07:59,800 --> 01:08:03,000
The computational revolution 
might have started in the 1940s 

1215
01:08:03,000 --> 01:08:05,700
Germany instead of the 1950s 
America. 

1216
01:08:06,600 --> 01:08:08,500
The real tragedy is the zoo's 
understood. 

1217
01:08:08,500 --> 01:08:11,600
Exactly what he'd wrote. 
The first algorithmic 

1218
01:08:11,600 --> 01:08:15,300
programming language developed 
floating Point arithmetic, and 

1219
01:08:15,300 --> 01:08:18,200
even theorized about artificial 
intelligence decades before 

1220
01:08:18,200 --> 01:08:20,399
anyone else was thinking 
seriously about machine 

1221
01:08:20,399 --> 01:08:24,100
thinking, He was like a time 
traveler who brought back 

1222
01:08:24,100 --> 01:08:27,000
blueprints from the future 
except nobody believed. 

1223
01:08:27,000 --> 01:08:30,899
The future was worth visiting. 
After the war, when the world 

1224
01:08:30,899 --> 01:08:34,000
finally caught up to what Zeus 
had been doing the computer 

1225
01:08:34,000 --> 01:08:37,600
Revolution exploded. 
But those crucial years, from 

1226
01:08:37,600 --> 01:08:42,600
1941 to 1945 represented, a lost
opportunity that might have 

1227
01:08:42,600 --> 01:08:45,399
reshaped everything, not just 
the war, but the entire 

1228
01:08:45,399 --> 01:08:48,100
development of computational 
Technology could have been 

1229
01:08:48,100 --> 01:08:52,200
accelerated by a decade or more.
This is one of those historical 

1230
01:08:52,200 --> 01:08:54,300
scenarios that can keep you 
awake at night. 

1231
01:08:55,200 --> 01:08:58,000
What if the side with the moral 
High Ground also had the best 

1232
01:08:58,000 --> 01:09:00,200
tech? 
What if the computational 

1233
01:09:00,200 --> 01:09:02,600
revolution had started earlier 
in developed differently? 

1234
01:09:03,399 --> 01:09:06,000
The most important battles in 
history are sometimes fought 

1235
01:09:06,000 --> 01:09:08,200
with ideas that don't get the 
attention they deserve. 

1236
01:09:08,200 --> 01:09:10,899
Now, let's talk about something 
that might make you grateful for

1237
01:09:10,899 --> 01:09:13,600
modern medicine, in a whole new 
way picture. 

1238
01:09:13,600 --> 01:09:17,700
This it's 1847, and women are 
dying in childbirth at 

1239
01:09:17,700 --> 01:09:20,899
horrifying rates, not from 
complications during delivery, 

1240
01:09:20,899 --> 01:09:23,700
but from something called 
childbed fever that strikes 

1241
01:09:23,700 --> 01:09:26,000
afterward in Vienna's General 
Hospital. 

1242
01:09:26,000 --> 01:09:30,100
One maternity ward has a death 
rate of 18% while another Ward 

1243
01:09:30,100 --> 01:09:33,300
right down the hall. 
Has a death rate of only 2% Same

1244
01:09:33,300 --> 01:09:37,500
Hospital, same city, same year 
but somehow one hallway is a 

1245
01:09:37,500 --> 01:09:39,500
death trap while the other is 
relatively safe. 

1246
01:09:40,600 --> 01:09:43,800
Enter Ignat Samuel, Vice a 
Hungarian Doctor, Who looked at 

1247
01:09:43,808 --> 01:09:47,000
the situation and thought. 
Something is very wrong here. 

1248
01:09:47,000 --> 01:09:50,300
He was like a medical detective 
in an era when most doctors 

1249
01:09:50,300 --> 01:09:52,899
thought disease was caused by 
bad air or moral failing. 

1250
01:09:53,800 --> 01:09:56,200
Symbolize notice something that 
should have been obvious, but 

1251
01:09:56,200 --> 01:09:59,800
somehow wasn't the deadly. 
Ward was staffed by doctors and 

1252
01:09:59,800 --> 01:10:03,100
medical students are the safe 
Ward was run by midwives. 

1253
01:10:03,100 --> 01:10:06,400
Here's where it gets intriguing 
enough to make you sit up in 

1254
01:10:06,400 --> 01:10:08,600
bed. 
The doctors and medical 

1255
01:10:08,600 --> 01:10:11,400
students, spent their mornings 
performing autopsies on women 

1256
01:10:11,400 --> 01:10:15,100
who had died from childbed fever
then walked directly to the 

1257
01:10:15,100 --> 01:10:18,500
Maternity Ward to deliver babies
without washing their hands. 

1258
01:10:18,500 --> 01:10:23,800
The Midwives, on the other hand 
didn't do autopsies Samurai, put

1259
01:10:23,800 --> 01:10:26,800
two and two together and got an 
answer that nobody wanted to 

1260
01:10:26,800 --> 01:10:29,800
hear. 
He instituted a simple policy. 

1261
01:10:29,800 --> 01:10:33,400
Everyone had to wash their hands
with chlorinated lime solution 

1262
01:10:33,400 --> 01:10:37,300
before examining patients. 
The death rate in the doctors 

1263
01:10:37,300 --> 01:10:40,600
Ward immediately dropped from 
18% to less than 2%. 

1264
01:10:40,600 --> 01:10:43,800
You'd think the change would 
have made semmel Vice the hero 

1265
01:10:43,800 --> 01:10:47,100
of Vienna General Hospital. 
Maybe even got him a statue in 

1266
01:10:47,100 --> 01:10:49,900
the courtyard. 
Instead it made him the most 

1267
01:10:49,900 --> 01:10:51,900
hated man in the medical 
establishment. 

1268
01:10:52,800 --> 01:10:56,100
The other doctors were Furious. 
The idea that gentleman's hands 

1269
01:10:56,100 --> 01:10:58,700
could be unclean was insulting 
to their social status. 

1270
01:10:59,500 --> 01:11:02,500
Doctors were supposed to be 
learning men of science, not 

1271
01:11:02,500 --> 01:11:05,200
common workers, who needed to 
scrub up like servers. 

1272
01:11:05,200 --> 01:11:08,200
The concept that invisible 
particles on their hands could 

1273
01:11:08,200 --> 01:11:11,700
cause disease was so absurd. 
It was practically offensive. 

1274
01:11:11,700 --> 01:11:15,000
They essentially told Samuel 
Vice that his germ theory was 

1275
01:11:15,000 --> 01:11:17,700
crazy talk. 
What makes this even more 

1276
01:11:17,700 --> 01:11:19,600
heartbreaking? 
Is that similar ways could prove

1277
01:11:19,600 --> 01:11:22,800
his point with numbers? 
Every month that hand washing 

1278
01:11:22,800 --> 01:11:26,300
was enforced, fewer women died. 
Every time the policy was 

1279
01:11:26,308 --> 01:11:29,600
relaxed, the death rate shot 
back up, it was caused and 

1280
01:11:29,600 --> 01:11:31,300
effect. 
So clear you could teach it to a

1281
01:11:31,300 --> 01:11:33,700
child yet the medical 
establishment treated it like 

1282
01:11:33,700 --> 01:11:37,200
dangerous nonsense. 
The pushback against samurais 

1283
01:11:37,200 --> 01:11:39,100
was so intense that he 
eventually suffered what? 

1284
01:11:39,100 --> 01:11:41,300
We'd now probably call a nervous
breakdown. 

1285
01:11:42,100 --> 01:11:44,900
He became increasingly 
frustrated, and confrontational 

1286
01:11:44,900 --> 01:11:48,000
writing bitter letters to 
prominent doctors, calling them 

1287
01:11:48,000 --> 01:11:50,600
murderers. 
Technically he was correct. 

1288
01:11:50,600 --> 01:11:54,400
They were killing patients due 
to ignorance but he never 

1289
01:11:54,400 --> 01:11:58,700
excelled intact. 
In 1865, he was committed to an 

1290
01:11:58,700 --> 01:12:01,600
asylum where he died. 
Just two weeks later, possibly 

1291
01:12:01,600 --> 01:12:04,200
from the same kind of infection.
He'd spent his career fighting. 

1292
01:12:05,400 --> 01:12:07,900
Here's the part that might keep 
you staring at the ceiling. 

1293
01:12:08,800 --> 01:12:11,000
If the medical world had 
accepted semmelweiss 

1294
01:12:11,000 --> 01:12:14,700
hand-washing protocol in 1847, 
millions of lives, could have 

1295
01:12:14,708 --> 01:12:17,500
been saved. 
The concept of antiseptic 

1296
01:12:17,500 --> 01:12:19,800
surgery wouldn't have had to 
wait for Joseph, Lister in the 

1297
01:12:19,800 --> 01:12:23,800
1860s, germ Theory wouldn't have
needed Louis Pasteur to make it 

1298
01:12:23,800 --> 01:12:26,700
respectable the entire 
development of modern medicine 

1299
01:12:26,700 --> 01:12:28,600
could have accelerated by 
decades. 

1300
01:12:29,400 --> 01:12:32,200
Imagine Civil War Field 
hospitals, where doctors wash 

1301
01:12:32,200 --> 01:12:36,300
their hands between patients 
Imagine surgery becoming safer 

1302
01:12:36,300 --> 01:12:38,500
20 years earlier than it 
actually did. 

1303
01:12:38,500 --> 01:12:41,800
Imagine all the mothers and 
babies who could have lived if 

1304
01:12:41,800 --> 01:12:44,200
the medical establishment had 
been willing to consider that. 

1305
01:12:44,200 --> 01:12:48,400
Maybe just maybe a Hungarian 
doctored figured out something 

1306
01:12:48,400 --> 01:12:50,200
important about invisible 
killers. 

1307
01:12:51,000 --> 01:12:55,500
Instead semmelweiss became a 
tragic footnote Vindicated only 

1308
01:12:55,500 --> 01:12:58,300
after his death when pastor and 
Lister made germ Theory 

1309
01:12:58,300 --> 01:13:00,700
fashionable. 
Occasionally the most important 

1310
01:13:00,700 --> 01:13:03,600
discoveries aren't rejected 
because they're wrong but 

1311
01:13:03,600 --> 01:13:06,100
because they're so right. 
They threaten everything. 

1312
01:13:06,100 --> 01:13:08,600
People think they know about how
the world Works. 

1313
01:13:08,600 --> 01:13:11,600
Let's shift gears again and talk
about something that could have 

1314
01:13:11,600 --> 01:13:14,800
made your daily commute. 
Look very different While 

1315
01:13:14,800 --> 01:13:17,200
everyone was getting excited 
about cars and airplanes. 

1316
01:13:17,200 --> 01:13:20,300
In the early 1900s, there was 
another Transportation 

1317
01:13:20,300 --> 01:13:23,700
Revolution Brewing that most 
people have never heard of It 

1318
01:13:23,700 --> 01:13:27,200
involved pneumatic tubes. 
Basically shooting capsules 

1319
01:13:27,200 --> 01:13:29,600
through pressurized air systems.
Like you were emailing yourself 

1320
01:13:29,600 --> 01:13:33,000
across the city. 
The beach new Matic transit 

1321
01:13:33,000 --> 01:13:35,800
system in New York was like 
something out of a Jules Verne 

1322
01:13:35,800 --> 01:13:38,000
novel, except it actually 
worked. 

1323
01:13:38,700 --> 01:13:42,800
In 1870 Alfred Ely Beach built a
300 to 12 foot. 

1324
01:13:42,800 --> 01:13:46,100
Demonstration tunnel under broad
way and shot a cylindrical 

1325
01:13:46,100 --> 01:13:49,200
carrying passengers through it. 
Using nothing but air pressure. 

1326
01:13:50,000 --> 01:13:52,800
The car was plushie appointed 
with upholstered seats and 

1327
01:13:52,800 --> 01:13:56,700
Elegant Lighting, making it feel
more like riding in a Victorian 

1328
01:13:56,700 --> 01:13:59,100
parlor than being shot through 
an underground tube. 

1329
01:14:00,500 --> 01:14:02,800
Passengers described the 
experience as surprisingly 

1330
01:14:02,800 --> 01:14:05,800
smooth and quiet. 
The car would whoosh through the

1331
01:14:05,800 --> 01:14:09,100
tunnel carried Along by a giant 
fan, that created air pressure 

1332
01:14:09,108 --> 01:14:13,400
behind it and suction in front. 
At the end of the line, the 

1333
01:14:13,400 --> 01:14:16,500
process reversed and the car 
would slide gently back to the 

1334
01:14:16,500 --> 01:14:19,400
starting point. 
It was like being inside a huge,

1335
01:14:19,400 --> 01:14:21,300
very comfortable pneumatic 
message system. 

1336
01:14:21,300 --> 01:14:25,100
Beach envisioned and network of 
these pneumatic Railways, Criss 

1337
01:14:25,100 --> 01:14:27,900
Crossing Manhattan, transporting
passengers at speeds. 

1338
01:14:27,900 --> 01:14:30,300
That would rival those of modern
Subway systems. 

1339
01:14:31,000 --> 01:14:33,300
No noise, no smoke. 
No horses. 

1340
01:14:33,300 --> 01:14:35,200
Dropping inconvenient packages 
on the street. 

1341
01:14:35,200 --> 01:14:39,200
Just clean quiet. 
Efficient Transportation powered

1342
01:14:39,200 --> 01:14:42,000
by compressed air, the whole 
system could have been running 

1343
01:14:42,000 --> 01:14:44,700
on renewable energy, if they'd 
connected, the fans to win Mills

1344
01:14:44,700 --> 01:14:47,500
or water wheels. 
But here's where the story takes

1345
01:14:47,500 --> 01:14:49,800
a turn that might make you want 
to throw your pillow across the 

1346
01:14:49,800 --> 01:14:53,000
room. 
Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall New 

1347
01:14:53,000 --> 01:14:56,000
York's notoriously, corrupt 
political machine were heavily 

1348
01:14:56,000 --> 01:14:59,200
invested in street level 
Transportation Systems, horse 

1349
01:14:59,200 --> 01:15:02,900
drawn omnibuses, elevated 
Railways, and eventually street 

1350
01:15:02,900 --> 01:15:06,600
cars, the pneumatic system that 
bypass street level corruption 

1351
01:15:06,600 --> 01:15:10,400
and kick back opportunities was 
about, as well as a tax audit. 

1352
01:15:11,400 --> 01:15:14,700
The political opposition to beat
your system was so intense that 

1353
01:15:14,700 --> 01:15:17,000
he had to build his 
demonstration tunnel in secret 

1354
01:15:17,000 --> 01:15:20,800
working at night and disposing 
of excavated dirt through a 

1355
01:15:20,800 --> 01:15:24,000
basement in a nearby building. 
He was literally conducting an 

1356
01:15:24,000 --> 01:15:27,200
underground Transportation 
Revolution underground in both 

1357
01:15:27,200 --> 01:15:29,000
the physical and political 
sense. 

1358
01:15:30,200 --> 01:15:33,500
When Beach Finally Revealed his 
system to the public, it was an 

1359
01:15:33,500 --> 01:15:37,700
instance sensation over. 400,000
people paid to ride the 

1360
01:15:37,708 --> 01:15:40,100
demonstration line in its first 
year of operation. 

1361
01:15:40,800 --> 01:15:43,800
The public loved it, the Press 
praised, it and Engineering 

1362
01:15:43,800 --> 01:15:46,200
experts confirmed, it was 
completely feasible. 

1363
01:15:47,000 --> 01:15:49,600
Everything was perfect, except 
for the small matter of 

1364
01:15:49,600 --> 01:15:51,100
political approval for 
expansion. 

1365
01:15:52,100 --> 01:15:55,100
Tweed and his cronies made sure 
that beaches request for permits

1366
01:15:55,100 --> 01:15:57,600
and funding got buried deeper 
than his tunnel. 

1367
01:15:58,300 --> 01:16:00,000
They want to Transportation 
Systems. 

1368
01:16:00,000 --> 01:16:03,600
They could control profit from 
and use a sources of political 

1369
01:16:03,600 --> 01:16:06,600
patronage. 
A pneumatic system that could be

1370
01:16:06,608 --> 01:16:10,400
built quickly and operated 
efficiently offered two few 

1371
01:16:10,400 --> 01:16:13,100
opportunities for the kind of 
Creative Accounting that kept 

1372
01:16:13,100 --> 01:16:16,000
political machines running. the 
beach tunnel of eventually 

1373
01:16:16,000 --> 01:16:19,100
closed, not because the 
technology didn't work, but 

1374
01:16:19,100 --> 01:16:22,400
because the politics didn't work
The demonstration tunnel was 

1375
01:16:22,400 --> 01:16:25,400
sealed up and forgotten until it
was accidentally rediscovered 

1376
01:16:25,400 --> 01:16:27,300
during Subway Construction in 
1912. 

1377
01:16:28,100 --> 01:16:30,100
By then the window for pneumatic
Transit. 

1378
01:16:30,100 --> 01:16:33,000
Had closed a New York was 
committed to the electric subway

1379
01:16:33,000 --> 01:16:35,400
system. 
We know today, Imagine if 

1380
01:16:35,400 --> 01:16:38,600
beaches succeeded Manhattan. 
Might have had a transportation 

1381
01:16:38,600 --> 01:16:42,600
Network that was faster quieter 
and cleaner than what we ended 

1382
01:16:42,600 --> 01:16:45,200
up with. 
The whole development of urban 

1383
01:16:45,200 --> 01:16:48,000
Transportation could have taken 
an entirely different path. 

1384
01:16:48,700 --> 01:16:52,500
Instead of noisy elevated trains
and crowded Subways cities, 

1385
01:16:52,500 --> 01:16:55,700
might of Silent smooth, 
pneumatic networks, that shot 

1386
01:16:55,700 --> 01:16:58,000
people around like packages in a
delivery system. 

1387
01:16:58,800 --> 01:17:01,800
The technology wasn't the 
problem, pneumatic tube systems 

1388
01:17:01,800 --> 01:17:04,000
were already being used 
successfully for male delivery 

1389
01:17:04,000 --> 01:17:07,000
in major cities. 
The problem was that beneficial 

1390
01:17:07,000 --> 01:17:10,500
technology isn't enough if the 
political and economic systems 

1391
01:17:10,500 --> 01:17:13,700
aren't ready to support it. 
Sometimes the best invention 

1392
01:17:13,700 --> 01:17:16,000
fail. 
Not because they don't work but 

1393
01:17:16,000 --> 01:17:18,000
because they work too well for 
the wrong people. 

1394
01:17:18,000 --> 01:17:21,200
Now as we settle in for the 
final part of our journey 

1395
01:17:21,200 --> 01:17:24,200
through forgotten invention's, 
let's talk about something that 

1396
01:17:24,200 --> 01:17:26,800
could have changed the entire 
course of the 20th century. 

1397
01:17:28,100 --> 01:17:30,700
While Thomas Edison and Nikola 
Tesla were having their famous 

1398
01:17:30,700 --> 01:17:33,400
war of currents. 
Another inventor was quietly 

1399
01:17:33,400 --> 01:17:35,400
working on something that could 
have made both of their 

1400
01:17:35,400 --> 01:17:37,600
electrical systems look like 
child's toys. 

1401
01:17:38,600 --> 01:17:41,300
Nikola Tesla. 
Yes, the same Tesla who won the 

1402
01:17:41,308 --> 01:17:44,900
ACDC battle hadn't. 
Even bigger idea brewing in His 

1403
01:17:44,900 --> 01:17:47,100
Brilliant. 
Slightly obsessive mind. 

1404
01:17:47,800 --> 01:17:50,000
He believed he could transmit 
electrical power. 

1405
01:17:50,000 --> 01:17:52,100
Wirelessly through the Earth 
itself. 

1406
01:17:52,100 --> 01:17:55,400
Making power lines as obsolete 
as carrier pigeons. 

1407
01:17:56,200 --> 01:17:58,800
His Warden Cliff tower on Long 
Island, wasn't just an 

1408
01:17:58,800 --> 01:18:01,600
experimental radio station. 
It was supposed to be the 

1409
01:18:01,600 --> 01:18:05,400
prototype for a Global Wireless 
power system picture this 

1410
01:18:05,400 --> 01:18:08,700
instead of cities crisscrossed 
with power lines. 

1411
01:18:08,700 --> 01:18:12,500
You'd have Elegant Towers space 
to cross the landscape beaming 

1412
01:18:12,500 --> 01:18:15,200
electricity through the ground 
to receive his anywhere in the 

1413
01:18:15,208 --> 01:18:17,800
world. 
No more power, outages from 

1414
01:18:17,800 --> 01:18:21,900
Fallen Lines, no more unsightly,
electrical infrastructure, and 

1415
01:18:21,900 --> 01:18:24,700
no more limitations on where you
could build things based on how 

1416
01:18:24,700 --> 01:18:26,200
close they were to power 
sources. 

1417
01:18:26,200 --> 01:18:29,600
The whole planet would become 
one giant electrical grid. 

1418
01:18:29,600 --> 01:18:33,400
Tesla system, worked on the 
principal that the Earth itself 

1419
01:18:33,400 --> 01:18:36,900
could act as a conductor. 
By pumping electrical energy 

1420
01:18:36,900 --> 01:18:38,700
into the ground at specific 
frequencies. 

1421
01:18:38,700 --> 01:18:41,500
He believed he could create 
standing waves. 

1422
01:18:41,500 --> 01:18:44,000
That would allow power to be 
extracted anywhere on the 

1423
01:18:44,000 --> 01:18:47,400
planet. 
Sound like science fiction but 

1424
01:18:47,400 --> 01:18:50,600
Tesla had already demonstrated 
Wireless power transmission on a

1425
01:18:50,600 --> 01:18:53,700
smaller scale, lighting, bulbs 
from miles away without any 

1426
01:18:53,700 --> 01:18:56,800
connecting wires. 
The financial backing for 

1427
01:18:56,800 --> 01:19:00,300
wardenclyffe came from JP Morgan
who initially thought he was 

1428
01:19:00,300 --> 01:19:02,700
funding and improved Wireless 
communication system. 

1429
01:19:03,600 --> 01:19:07,100
When Tesla revealed his true 
intention free wireless power 

1430
01:19:07,100 --> 01:19:11,000
for everyone Morgan's enthusiasm
called faster than coffee left 

1431
01:19:11,000 --> 01:19:13,700
on a porch in January. 
Free Power meant. 

1432
01:19:13,700 --> 01:19:17,500
No metered usage, which meant no
way to charge customers, which 

1433
01:19:17,500 --> 01:19:20,200
meant no profit. 
Morgan pulled his funding in 

1434
01:19:20,200 --> 01:19:23,600
1906 and Tesla's Wireless power 
dreams died with it. 

1435
01:19:24,600 --> 01:19:26,600
Here's where you might want to 
pull the blankets, over your 

1436
01:19:26,600 --> 01:19:30,200
head and contemplated 
alternative timelines. if 

1437
01:19:30,200 --> 01:19:33,300
Tesla's Wireless power system 
had worked as intended, the 

1438
01:19:33,300 --> 01:19:37,000
entire 20th century could have 
unfolded differently There would

1439
01:19:37,000 --> 01:19:39,800
have been known assess for 
large-scale power plants in each

1440
01:19:39,800 --> 01:19:41,600
region. 
The system would have been 

1441
01:19:41,600 --> 01:19:44,200
immune to attacks on 
infrastructure during wartime. 

1442
01:19:44,900 --> 01:19:47,700
There would be no environmental 
issues associated with power 

1443
01:19:47,700 --> 01:19:50,200
transmission lines passing 
through Wilderness areas. 

1444
01:19:51,100 --> 01:19:54,400
Rural electrification, which 
didn't reach many parts of 

1445
01:19:54,400 --> 01:19:57,700
America until the 1930s and 
1940s could have happened in 

1446
01:19:57,700 --> 01:20:00,400
immediately. 
Developing countries wouldn't 

1447
01:20:00,400 --> 01:20:02,900
have needed to build expensive 
power infrastructure to 

1448
01:20:02,900 --> 01:20:06,100
modernize electric vehicles. 
Might have become practical 

1449
01:20:06,100 --> 01:20:09,200
decades earlier since you could 
power them anywhere without 

1450
01:20:09,200 --> 01:20:12,700
needing charging stations. 
But Tesla's Wireless power 

1451
01:20:12,700 --> 01:20:15,900
system, had one crucial, flaw, 
that probably doomed it from the

1452
01:20:15,900 --> 01:20:17,900
start. 
It would have been almost 

1453
01:20:17,900 --> 01:20:21,300
impossible to control who used 
the power unlike electrical 

1454
01:20:21,300 --> 01:20:22,600
lines. 
That could be metered and 

1455
01:20:22,600 --> 01:20:25,100
disconnected. 
Wireless power beam through the 

1456
01:20:25,100 --> 01:20:27,200
Earth would have been available 
to anyone with the right 

1457
01:20:27,200 --> 01:20:30,400
receiving equipment. 
It was socialism through physics

1458
01:20:30,400 --> 01:20:33,100
which was never going to fly 
with the business Community. 

1459
01:20:33,100 --> 01:20:36,300
The irony is that Tesla's 
Wireless power transmission. 

1460
01:20:36,300 --> 01:20:40,800
Actually worked on a small 
scale, his Colorado Springs 

1461
01:20:40,800 --> 01:20:44,200
laboratory successfully 
transmitted power wirelessly 

1462
01:20:44,200 --> 01:20:47,000
across significant distances. 
The problem wasn't the 

1463
01:20:47,000 --> 01:20:49,300
technology. 
It was the economics and 

1464
01:20:49,300 --> 01:20:51,400
politics of giving away 
something that people were used 

1465
01:20:51,400 --> 01:20:55,700
to paying for After Warden. 
Cliff failed, Tesla spent the 

1466
01:20:55,700 --> 01:20:58,400
rest of his life as a brilliant,
but increasingly eccentric, 

1467
01:20:58,400 --> 01:21:01,400
figure living in hotel rooms and
feeding pigeons. 

1468
01:21:01,400 --> 01:21:04,700
While the world moved on to more
conventional electrical systems.

1469
01:21:05,400 --> 01:21:09,400
He died in 1943 just as the 
world was discovering that many 

1470
01:21:09,400 --> 01:21:12,500
of his seemingly. 
Impossible ideas like radar and 

1471
01:21:12,500 --> 01:21:17,100
Robotics were not only possible 
but essential As you drift off 

1472
01:21:17,100 --> 01:21:20,400
to sleep tonight, think about 
all these inventors who are so 

1473
01:21:20,400 --> 01:21:23,600
close to changing everything. 
They remind us that history 

1474
01:21:23,600 --> 01:21:26,200
isn't just about what happened 
but about all the fascinating 

1475
01:21:26,200 --> 01:21:29,500
things that almost happened. 
Sometimes the most important 

1476
01:21:29,500 --> 01:21:32,800
stories are the ones about the 
roads not taken the inventions 

1477
01:21:32,800 --> 01:21:35,800
that were too early, too radical
or too threatening. 

1478
01:21:35,800 --> 01:21:39,100
To the way things were, these 
forgotten Pioneers prove that 

1479
01:21:39,100 --> 01:21:42,700
the future is always closer than
we think it's just waiting for 

1480
01:21:42,700 --> 01:21:45,800
the right combination of 
Technology timing and the 

1481
01:21:45,800 --> 01:21:48,700
courage to believe that 
impossible things might not be 

1482
01:21:48,700 --> 01:21:52,100
impossible after all. 
Sweet dreams and remember, 

1483
01:21:52,100 --> 01:21:55,500
tomorrow's impossibility. 
Might just be tonight's bedtime 

1484
01:21:55,500 --> 01:22:05,100
story waiting to come true. 
Picture yourself stepping off a 

1485
01:22:05,100 --> 01:22:08,200
time machine into ancient Rome 
Circle 100 AD. 

1486
01:22:09,700 --> 01:22:12,900
First thing that hits, you isn't
the Grandeur of the Coliseum or 

1487
01:22:12,900 --> 01:22:15,900
the marble Majesty of the Forum.
It's the smell. 

1488
01:22:16,700 --> 01:22:20,100
That peculiar cocktail of 
unwashed body's fermented fish 

1489
01:22:20,100 --> 01:22:22,700
sauce and something. 
You can't quite identify, but 

1490
01:22:22,700 --> 01:22:26,200
suspect involves bodily 
functions mingles with incense 

1491
01:22:26,200 --> 01:22:29,100
and olive oil in ways that would
make a modern nose surrender. 

1492
01:22:29,100 --> 01:22:31,900
Immediately You'd think a 
civilization that built 

1493
01:22:31,900 --> 01:22:35,800
aqueducts spanning hundreds of 
miles and invented concrete that

1494
01:22:35,800 --> 01:22:38,600
still puzzles Engineers today 
would have figured out basic 

1495
01:22:38,600 --> 01:22:42,100
hygiene. 
Well, they did sort of the 

1496
01:22:42,100 --> 01:22:45,300
Romans had their own ideas about
cleanliness and some of them 

1497
01:22:45,300 --> 01:22:47,800
would make you grateful for 
antibacterial soap and indoor 

1498
01:22:47,800 --> 01:22:50,100
plumbing. 
Take their approach to bathing 

1499
01:22:50,100 --> 01:22:53,800
for instance the Romans not only
bathed but also transformed it 

1500
01:22:53,800 --> 01:22:55,900
into a social Gathering that 
could rival. 

1501
01:22:55,900 --> 01:23:00,300
Any local book club, the public 
baths or thermi weren't just 

1502
01:23:00,300 --> 01:23:02,700
places to get clean. 
They were community centers 

1503
01:23:02,700 --> 01:23:06,500
gossip hubs business meeting 
spots and occasionally places 

1504
01:23:06,500 --> 01:23:08,600
where you might actually 
encounter water and soap. 

1505
01:23:09,400 --> 01:23:12,600
Think of them as ancient 
shopping malls except of Orange 

1506
01:23:12,600 --> 01:23:14,700
Julius. 
You had pools of varying 

1507
01:23:14,700 --> 01:23:17,100
temperatures. 
And in stead of Spencers, you 

1508
01:23:17,100 --> 01:23:20,200
had rooms where people scraped 
oil and dirt off each other with

1509
01:23:20,200 --> 01:23:22,900
metal tools. 
But here's where it becomes 

1510
01:23:22,900 --> 01:23:25,300
interesting. 
Romans believed that hot water 

1511
01:23:25,300 --> 01:23:28,600
opened your paws to let the bad 
spirits out while cold water. 

1512
01:23:28,600 --> 01:23:32,200
Snap them, shut to keep the good
spirits in This wasn't just 

1513
01:23:32,200 --> 01:23:35,800
folklore, it was medical Theory 
endorsed by their most respected

1514
01:23:35,800 --> 01:23:38,300
Physicians. 
So your typical Roman bath 

1515
01:23:38,300 --> 01:23:41,800
experience involved a carefully.
Choreographed dance between the 

1516
01:23:41,800 --> 01:23:46,500
caldarium hot room, tepidarium 
warm room and Frigidaire area, 

1517
01:23:46,500 --> 01:23:49,400
cold room. 
Like some ancient version of a 

1518
01:23:49,400 --> 01:23:51,800
Swedish sauna routine designed 
by committee. 

1519
01:23:52,600 --> 01:23:55,600
The wealthy Romans had their 
private baths at home, complete 

1520
01:23:55,600 --> 01:23:58,300
with hypocrisy heating systems, 
that channeled hot air through 

1521
01:23:58,300 --> 01:24:01,700
the walls and Floors. 
Imagine having heated floors in 

1522
01:24:01,700 --> 01:24:04,700
100 AD While most of the world 
was still figuring out how to 

1523
01:24:04,708 --> 01:24:07,900
make fire reliably. 
Yet these same Innovative people

1524
01:24:07,900 --> 01:24:10,600
thought that sharing bath water 
with dozens of strangers was 

1525
01:24:10,600 --> 01:24:14,100
perfectly hygienic. 
The water in public baths was 

1526
01:24:14,100 --> 01:24:16,900
changed in frequently. 
Sometimes only once a day 

1527
01:24:16,908 --> 01:24:20,300
sometimes less. 
By afternoon, you weren't so 

1528
01:24:20,300 --> 01:24:23,500
much bathing as marinating and 
human soup that would horrify 

1529
01:24:23,500 --> 01:24:26,700
any modern health inspector. 
And then there were the slaves, 

1530
01:24:26,700 --> 01:24:28,500
whose job it was to help with 
the bathing process. 

1531
01:24:28,500 --> 01:24:32,200
These weren't just attendance 
handing out, towels, they were 

1532
01:24:32,208 --> 01:24:35,900
skilled craftspeople of 
cleanliness, wielding, stroger's

1533
01:24:35,900 --> 01:24:39,700
curved metal scrapers that 
remove the oil, dirt and dead 

1534
01:24:39,700 --> 01:24:41,400
skin. 
That accumulated on Roman 

1535
01:24:41,400 --> 01:24:43,400
bodies. 
The wealthy would coach 

1536
01:24:43,400 --> 01:24:46,700
themselves in olive oil then 
have slaves, scraped it all off 

1537
01:24:46,700 --> 01:24:49,700
taking the grime with it. 
It was effective. 

1538
01:24:49,700 --> 01:24:53,000
Sure but imagine explaining to 
your modern dermatologist that 

1539
01:24:53,000 --> 01:24:56,000
your skin care routine involves 
having, someone scraped you down

1540
01:24:56,000 --> 01:24:58,000
with what amounts to a medieval 
backscratcher. 

1541
01:24:58,900 --> 01:25:01,500
The Romans also had some 
fascinating ideas about dental 

1542
01:25:01,500 --> 01:25:04,300
hygiene, they brushed their 
teeth with tweaks. 

1543
01:25:05,300 --> 01:25:07,200
Civically. 
They chewed on aromatic twigs 

1544
01:25:07,200 --> 01:25:09,600
and frayed into a brush like 
texture. 

1545
01:25:09,600 --> 01:25:11,400
Then use that to clean their 
teeth. 

1546
01:25:12,200 --> 01:25:14,600
The good news is that the 
technique actually worked 

1547
01:25:14,600 --> 01:25:17,700
reasonably well, the troubling 
news is that their favorite 

1548
01:25:17,700 --> 01:25:20,800
toothpaste was made from 
powdered Mouse brains crushed 

1549
01:25:20,800 --> 01:25:25,200
bones and sometimes human urine.
Portuguese urine was considered 

1550
01:25:25,200 --> 01:25:28,200
particularly effective, which 
raises all sorts of questions 

1551
01:25:28,200 --> 01:25:30,900
about ancient trade routes and 
quality control standards. 

1552
01:25:31,600 --> 01:25:34,700
Most puzzling of all was their 
relationship with perfume. 

1553
01:25:35,300 --> 01:25:38,700
Romans douse themselves incented
oils and perfumes with the 

1554
01:25:38,708 --> 01:25:41,600
enthusiasm of teenagers 
discovering body spray for the 

1555
01:25:41,600 --> 01:25:44,200
first time. 
They had different sense for 

1556
01:25:44,200 --> 01:25:47,800
their hair arms and feet. 
Walking through ancient Rome 

1557
01:25:47,800 --> 01:25:50,800
must have been like navigating a
cosmetic section in a department

1558
01:25:50,800 --> 01:25:54,500
store except with more togas and
considerably more creative 

1559
01:25:54,500 --> 01:25:57,100
interpretations of what 
constituted Pleasant fragrance. 

1560
01:25:57,100 --> 01:26:00,100
Now let's talk about something 
that every Roman had to deal 

1561
01:26:00,100 --> 01:26:02,600
with, but no one, particularly 
wanted to discuss at dinner 

1562
01:26:02,600 --> 01:26:06,400
parties using the bathroom. 
If you found Roman bathing 

1563
01:26:06,400 --> 01:26:09,600
habits to be communal, you might
be interested in learning about 

1564
01:26:09,600 --> 01:26:13,100
their approach, to toilets Roman
public latrines, combined 

1565
01:26:13,100 --> 01:26:16,500
engineering Marvels, with social
awkwardness picture, along, 

1566
01:26:16,500 --> 01:26:19,500
marble, bench with round holes, 
cut in to it positioned, 

1567
01:26:19,500 --> 01:26:23,600
overflowing water, that carried 
waste away, so far so good. 

1568
01:26:23,600 --> 01:26:26,300
It's basically ancient sewage 
system. 

1569
01:26:27,500 --> 01:26:31,400
But here's the catch, there were
no dividers no doors and no 

1570
01:26:31,400 --> 01:26:34,400
privacy screens. 
There was just a row of holes 

1571
01:26:34,400 --> 01:26:37,500
where Romans would sit side by 
side, conducting business. 

1572
01:26:37,500 --> 01:26:41,000
And presumably discussing the 
weather or the latest Gladiator 

1573
01:26:41,000 --> 01:26:42,900
match. 
The arrangement wasn't 

1574
01:26:42,900 --> 01:26:44,600
considered strange or 
embarrassing. 

1575
01:26:45,300 --> 01:26:47,400
In fact, it was another social 
activity. 

1576
01:26:48,200 --> 01:26:51,300
Romans would chat conduct 
business deals, and catch up on 

1577
01:26:51,300 --> 01:26:53,500
Gossip while attending to their 
bodily needs. 

1578
01:26:53,500 --> 01:26:57,200
Imagine trying to negotiate a 
grain shipment contract, while 

1579
01:26:57,200 --> 01:26:59,100
sitting on a communal toilet 
with your neighbor. 

1580
01:27:00,000 --> 01:27:02,700
Who puts a whole new spin on the
phrase, getting down to 

1581
01:27:02,700 --> 01:27:05,700
business. 
The most interesting part is 

1582
01:27:05,700 --> 01:27:08,300
that they used something other 
than toilet paper, which was 

1583
01:27:08,300 --> 01:27:12,000
invented a millennium later. 
Romans used to communal sponge 

1584
01:27:12,000 --> 01:27:15,800
on a stick called Asylum. 
Yes, you read that correctly. 

1585
01:27:15,800 --> 01:27:20,100
A shared spunge. 
After use it was rinsed in the 

1586
01:27:20,100 --> 01:27:22,900
flowing water channel that ran 
in front of the toilets then 

1587
01:27:22,900 --> 01:27:26,400
left for the next person. 
This system worked well enough 

1588
01:27:26,400 --> 01:27:29,400
from a hygiene standpoint, since
the flowing water, kept things 

1589
01:27:29,400 --> 01:27:32,500
relatively clean that the social
implications are staggering. 

1590
01:27:32,500 --> 01:27:35,600
He had to time your bathroom 
visits, not just based on your 

1591
01:27:35,600 --> 01:27:38,900
needs, but on when you could 
cycle logically handle using the

1592
01:27:38,900 --> 01:27:42,800
community spunge, Wealthy Romans
had their own private toilets 

1593
01:27:42,800 --> 01:27:46,000
often beautifully decorated 
affairs with mosaics and 

1594
01:27:46,000 --> 01:27:48,500
frescoes. 
Some featured images of 

1595
01:27:48,500 --> 01:27:51,600
Fortuner, the goddess of luck, 
because apparently even bathroom

1596
01:27:51,600 --> 01:27:53,300
humor was a thing in ancient 
Rome. 

1597
01:27:53,900 --> 01:27:57,100
These private facilities usually
emptied into the same sewer 

1598
01:27:57,100 --> 01:27:59,700
system as the public ones, 
flowing eventually into the 

1599
01:27:59,700 --> 01:28:02,500
cloaca. 
Maxima the great sewer, which 

1600
01:28:02,500 --> 01:28:05,100
was one of Rome's, genuine 
engineering Marvels, and still 

1601
01:28:05,100 --> 01:28:08,600
functions today. 
But Romans had some peculiar 

1602
01:28:08,600 --> 01:28:10,400
superstitions about bathroom 
activities. 

1603
01:28:10,400 --> 01:28:14,100
They believed that evil spirits 
lurked in sewers and might 

1604
01:28:14,100 --> 01:28:16,300
emerge through toilet holes to 
cause mischief. 

1605
01:28:17,100 --> 01:28:19,800
To the moth. 
Many Romans wore amulets or 

1606
01:28:19,800 --> 01:28:22,100
muttered protective charms 
before sitting down. 

1607
01:28:23,000 --> 01:28:25,200
There's something endearing 
about a civilization that 

1608
01:28:25,200 --> 01:28:27,800
conquered most of the known 
world but still worried about 

1609
01:28:27,800 --> 01:28:30,700
sewer demons sneaking up on them
during vulnerable moments. 

1610
01:28:31,700 --> 01:28:33,700
The really well, he took bath 
from security. 

1611
01:28:33,700 --> 01:28:37,400
Seriously some in stalled, 
elaborate wins and Bells near 

1612
01:28:37,400 --> 01:28:39,200
their toilets. 
Leaving the noise. 

1613
01:28:39,200 --> 01:28:41,900
Would frighten away any 
Supernatural toilet, lurkers 

1614
01:28:41,900 --> 01:28:45,000
others, hired slaves, whose job 
was essentially to be 

1615
01:28:45,008 --> 01:28:46,600
professional bathroom 
attendance. 

1616
01:28:46,600 --> 01:28:49,400
Not just for cleanliness, but 
for Spiritual protection, 

1617
01:28:49,400 --> 01:28:52,900
imagine having toilet. 
Bodyguard on your ancient, Roman

1618
01:28:52,900 --> 01:28:55,700
resume. 
Personal hygiene after using the

1619
01:28:55,700 --> 01:28:59,800
facilities was handled with 
scented oils and perfumes Romans

1620
01:28:59,800 --> 01:29:02,200
would clean themselves and then 
apply various aromatic 

1621
01:29:02,200 --> 01:29:04,000
substances to mask, any 
lingering. 

1622
01:29:04,000 --> 01:29:07,400
Odors These practices led to 
some interesting combinations. 

1623
01:29:07,400 --> 01:29:10,800
You might encounter someone who 
smelled like a mixture of rose 

1624
01:29:10,800 --> 01:29:13,900
oil, myrrh and whatever had 
happened in the latrine 20 

1625
01:29:13,900 --> 01:29:17,100
minutes earlier. 
Ancient Rome captivated the 

1626
01:29:17,100 --> 01:29:21,500
census often in unexpected ways.
The Romans also had public 

1627
01:29:21,500 --> 01:29:24,400
urinals called forky, positioned
throughout the city. 

1628
01:29:24,400 --> 01:29:27,900
These were simple stone or 
ceramic vessels where men could 

1629
01:29:27,900 --> 01:29:31,100
relieve themselves. 
The urine wasn't wasted, it was 

1630
01:29:31,108 --> 01:29:34,100
collected and sold to Fullers. 
Drying ancient cleaners. 

1631
01:29:34,100 --> 01:29:36,200
He used it to clean, clothing, 
and whitened. 

1632
01:29:36,200 --> 01:29:39,700
Togas urine contains ammonia, 
which is actually quite 

1633
01:29:39,700 --> 01:29:42,400
effective for cleaning. 
So the collection wasn't just 

1634
01:29:42,400 --> 01:29:44,900
gross recycling. 
It was practical chemistry. 

1635
01:29:45,900 --> 01:29:48,900
Still, imagine the job interview
process for becoming a 

1636
01:29:48,900 --> 01:29:52,100
professional urine collector. 
Women had their own challenges 

1637
01:29:52,100 --> 01:29:55,700
with Roman bath and culture. 
They were generally excluded 

1638
01:29:55,700 --> 01:29:59,200
from public toilets and had to 
rely on private facilities or 

1639
01:29:59,200 --> 01:30:02,100
chamber pots at home. 
This meant that Roman women 

1640
01:30:02,100 --> 01:30:05,100
rarely ventured far from home 
without carefully planning. 

1641
01:30:05,100 --> 01:30:07,300
Their Roots around of available 
bathroom facilities. 

1642
01:30:07,300 --> 01:30:10,600
It was an early form of urban 
planning that took biological 

1643
01:30:10,600 --> 01:30:13,500
needs into account, though, not 
equally for all citizens. 

1644
01:30:13,500 --> 01:30:18,300
Roman society was built on Rigid
class distinctions and nowhere 

1645
01:30:18,300 --> 01:30:20,700
was this more apparent than, in 
their hygiene practices. 

1646
01:30:21,400 --> 01:30:24,100
Your cleanliness level wasn't 
just about personal preference. 

1647
01:30:24,100 --> 01:30:27,900
It was an advertisement of your 
Social Status broadcast through 

1648
01:30:27,900 --> 01:30:31,500
scent, skin condition and the 
quality of oil glistening on 

1649
01:30:31,508 --> 01:30:35,200
your freshly scraped body. 
At the top of the hygiene 

1650
01:30:35,200 --> 01:30:37,700
pyramid, sat the wealthy 
patricians who treated 

1651
01:30:37,700 --> 01:30:39,700
cleanliness like a competitive 
sport. 

1652
01:30:40,400 --> 01:30:43,500
These folks didn't just bathe 
they orchestrated elaborate 

1653
01:30:43,500 --> 01:30:44,900
cleansing. 
Rituals that would make modern 

1654
01:30:44,900 --> 01:30:46,900
spa treatments. 
Look like a quick rinse in the 

1655
01:30:46,908 --> 01:30:47,800
garden. 
Springer. 

1656
01:30:48,700 --> 01:30:51,400
A wealthy Romans day might be 
begin with slaves, applying 

1657
01:30:51,400 --> 01:30:55,200
various oils and unwanted by a 
leisurely trip to their private 

1658
01:30:55,200 --> 01:30:58,000
baths. 
Then more oils a visit to the 

1659
01:30:58,008 --> 01:31:01,600
public baths for socializing, 
then even more oils and perfumes

1660
01:31:01,600 --> 01:31:04,900
for the evening's entertainment.
The oils themselves were a 

1661
01:31:04,900 --> 01:31:08,200
higher of their own, the 
cheapest bath oil was made from 

1662
01:31:08,200 --> 01:31:12,700
olives functional, but hardly 
luxurious Moving up the social 

1663
01:31:12,700 --> 01:31:16,500
ladder, you'd find oils infused 
with roses violets or other 

1664
01:31:16,500 --> 01:31:19,200
flowers at the very top were 
exotic. 

1665
01:31:19,200 --> 01:31:22,800
Imported oils from India and the
Far East centered with spices 

1666
01:31:22,800 --> 01:31:25,000
that cost more than most Romans 
earned in a year. 

1667
01:31:25,900 --> 01:31:29,600
These premium oils were just 
applied randomly wealthy, Romans

1668
01:31:29,600 --> 01:31:32,800
had personal cause meat slaves, 
who specialized in the 

1669
01:31:32,800 --> 01:31:35,500
application of cosmetics and 
centered oils with the Precision

1670
01:31:35,500 --> 01:31:39,000
of ancient perfumers. 
But here's where Roman hygiene 

1671
01:31:39,000 --> 01:31:41,700
becomes really interesting. 
They believe that different 

1672
01:31:41,700 --> 01:31:44,800
sense could affect your 
personality and health lavender 

1673
01:31:44,800 --> 01:31:48,200
oil was thought to promote 
wisdom while rose oil enhanced 

1674
01:31:48,200 --> 01:31:51,500
Beauty and charm. 
Mirrors considered a specially, 

1675
01:31:51,500 --> 01:31:54,300
powerful for warding off 
diseases, which led to some 

1676
01:31:54,300 --> 01:31:56,300
Romans smelling like they'd been
in bombed. 

1677
01:31:56,300 --> 01:31:59,200
The really paranoid. 
Wealthy would lay a multiple 

1678
01:31:59,200 --> 01:32:01,900
protective sense. 
Creating personal aromatic 

1679
01:32:01,900 --> 01:32:04,600
signatures that you could smell 
coming from three blocks away, 

1680
01:32:05,700 --> 01:32:08,600
Middle class. 
Romans The plebeians with decent

1681
01:32:08,600 --> 01:32:12,100
jobs had their hygiene 
strategies, they couldn't afford

1682
01:32:12,100 --> 01:32:14,700
the Exotic oils. 
But they may do with olive oil 

1683
01:32:14,700 --> 01:32:17,600
and local herbs. 
Many grew, their own aromatic 

1684
01:32:17,600 --> 01:32:21,300
plants, specifically for bathing
mint, Rosemary, and Thyme were 

1685
01:32:21,300 --> 01:32:25,600
popular choices. these Romans 
typically visited public baths 

1686
01:32:25,600 --> 01:32:28,700
several times a week timing, 
their visits for the hours when 

1687
01:32:28,700 --> 01:32:31,800
the water was freshest and the 
crowds with thinnest, They 

1688
01:32:31,800 --> 01:32:35,400
developed their own social codes
around bath etiquette, including

1689
01:32:35,400 --> 01:32:38,400
elaborate systems for sharing 
the limited supply of struggles 

1690
01:32:38,400 --> 01:32:41,000
and determining who got to use 
the best spots in each room. 

1691
01:32:42,100 --> 01:32:45,000
The Working Poor have the most 
creative approaches to hygiene. 

1692
01:32:45,700 --> 01:32:48,900
many couldn't afford regular 
trips to the public bars so they

1693
01:32:48,900 --> 01:32:51,700
developed Alternatives that 
range from clever to desperate, 

1694
01:32:51,700 --> 01:32:55,500
some would collect rainwater for
washing heating it over, small 

1695
01:32:55,500 --> 01:32:58,700
fires in their cramped 
Apartments, Others would visit 

1696
01:32:58,700 --> 01:33:00,300
the baths during the cheapest 
hours. 

1697
01:33:00,300 --> 01:33:03,800
Usually late in the day when the
water was questionable, but the 

1698
01:33:03,800 --> 01:33:07,100
prices were reduced. 
Many simply may do with quick 

1699
01:33:07,100 --> 01:33:10,500
washes at public fountains, 
using whatever, soap, they could

1700
01:33:10,500 --> 01:33:14,600
afford or make themselves from 
animal fat and Ash, Slaves 

1701
01:33:14,600 --> 01:33:17,500
occupied, the most complex 
position in the Roman hygiene 

1702
01:33:17,500 --> 01:33:19,800
hierarchy. 
The house slaves of wealthy 

1703
01:33:19,800 --> 01:33:21,500
families. 
Often had better access to 

1704
01:33:21,500 --> 01:33:25,200
bathing facilities than free 
Romans of lower classes, but 

1705
01:33:25,200 --> 01:33:27,800
only because cleanliness was 
part of their job requirements. 

1706
01:33:28,500 --> 01:33:31,300
Nobody wanted a smelly slave 
serving dinner or handling 

1707
01:33:31,300 --> 01:33:34,300
expensive clothing. 
These slaves, often do more 

1708
01:33:34,308 --> 01:33:37,000
about cosmetics and hygiene 
techniques than their masters. 

1709
01:33:37,000 --> 01:33:40,600
Having learned through daily 
practice, some of their freedom 

1710
01:33:40,600 --> 01:33:45,000
by becoming professional bath, 
attendance, or Cosmic, in forced

1711
01:33:45,000 --> 01:33:48,300
expertise, into Economic 
Opportunity, the military had 

1712
01:33:48,300 --> 01:33:51,400
its own hygiene culture. 
Roman soldiers were required to 

1713
01:33:51,400 --> 01:33:54,800
maintain certain standards, not 
just for health, but for 

1714
01:33:54,800 --> 01:33:58,800
discipline, Military camps, 
included bathing facilities, and

1715
01:33:58,800 --> 01:34:01,600
latrine systems that were often 
more advanced than those found 

1716
01:34:01,600 --> 01:34:04,900
in civilian settlements. 
Soldiers developed efficient 

1717
01:34:04,900 --> 01:34:07,800
group, bathing techniques, and 
shared resources, for soap and 

1718
01:34:07,800 --> 01:34:10,000
oil. 
But they also had to adapt 

1719
01:34:10,000 --> 01:34:13,000
campaign conditions where Proper
bathing might be impossible for 

1720
01:34:13,000 --> 01:34:15,900
weeks at a time. 
Military hygiene was about 

1721
01:34:15,900 --> 01:34:18,200
functionality over luxury 
though. 

1722
01:34:18,200 --> 01:34:20,100
Successful generals often 
celebrated victories. 

1723
01:34:20,100 --> 01:34:22,300
With elaborate communal baths 
for their troops. 

1724
01:34:23,300 --> 01:34:26,200
Even Gladiators had their place 
in the hygiene hierarchy. 

1725
01:34:26,200 --> 01:34:29,000
These professional fighters were
valuable property. 

1726
01:34:29,000 --> 01:34:31,900
So their owners invested in 
keeping them clean and healthy 

1727
01:34:31,900 --> 01:34:34,600
Gladiator. 
Schools included, sophisticated,

1728
01:34:34,600 --> 01:34:37,600
bathing facilities, and 
Gladiators often had access to 

1729
01:34:37,600 --> 01:34:40,300
Medical Care, and specialized 
oils for treating training 

1730
01:34:40,300 --> 01:34:43,000
injuries. 
But the irony wasn't lost on 

1731
01:34:43,000 --> 01:34:45,900
Romans, he was slaves, and 
criminals, who had better 

1732
01:34:45,900 --> 01:34:47,900
hygiene facilities than many 
free citizens. 

1733
01:34:47,900 --> 01:34:51,200
Simply because they were 
profitable entertainment, Roman 

1734
01:34:51,200 --> 01:34:54,300
medical Theory regarding hygiene
was a fascinating blend of 

1735
01:34:54,300 --> 01:34:57,700
practical, observation 
philosophical speculation and 

1736
01:34:57,700 --> 01:35:00,700
what can only be described. 
As in enthusiastic guesswork, 

1737
01:35:01,600 --> 01:35:04,300
Roman Physicians trained in 
Greek Traditions but adding 

1738
01:35:04,300 --> 01:35:06,300
their own cultural 
interpretations developed 

1739
01:35:06,300 --> 01:35:08,800
hygiene practices, that were 
simultaneously Advanced and 

1740
01:35:08,800 --> 01:35:13,500
utterly baffling The foundation 
of a Roman medical hygiene 

1741
01:35:13,500 --> 01:35:17,000
rested on the theory of humors. 
The belief that human health 

1742
01:35:17,000 --> 01:35:21,000
depended on balancing four 
bodily, fluids blood, phlegm 

1743
01:35:21,000 --> 01:35:24,700
yellow, bile and black bile. 
According to this system 

1744
01:35:24,700 --> 01:35:26,600
different types of dirt and 
contamination. 

1745
01:35:26,600 --> 01:35:29,400
Could upset your humoral, 
balance leading to illness 

1746
01:35:29,400 --> 01:35:33,100
Madness or worse. 
This meant that how you cleaned 

1747
01:35:33,100 --> 01:35:35,200
yourself wasn't just about 
removing Grime. 

1748
01:35:35,200 --> 01:35:38,100
It was about maintaining Cosmic 
Harmony within your body. 

1749
01:35:39,100 --> 01:35:41,800
Roman doctors, prescribed 
specific bathing temperatures 

1750
01:35:41,800 --> 01:35:44,000
for different ailments and 
personality types. 

1751
01:35:44,000 --> 01:35:47,900
If you were naturally tolerate 
hot tempered you needed, cool 

1752
01:35:47,900 --> 01:35:51,400
bars to balance your excess, 
yellow bile melancholic, people 

1753
01:35:51,400 --> 01:35:54,200
required hot baths to 
counteract, their cold dry 

1754
01:35:54,200 --> 01:35:56,300
nature. 
But, here's where it gets 

1755
01:35:56,300 --> 01:35:59,100
complicated. 
The same doctor might prescribe 

1756
01:35:59,100 --> 01:36:01,500
hot baths in the morning and 
cold baths in the evening, 

1757
01:36:01,500 --> 01:36:05,000
depending on the phase of the 
moon, the season, and what you 

1758
01:36:05,000 --> 01:36:08,300
eaten for lunch. 
Roman bath prescriptions could 

1759
01:36:08,300 --> 01:36:10,200
be more complex than modern 
chemotherapy. 

1760
01:36:10,200 --> 01:36:13,000
Protocols. 
The medical establishment also 

1761
01:36:13,000 --> 01:36:14,400
had strong opinions about 
sweating. 

1762
01:36:15,200 --> 01:36:17,400
Roman Physicians. 
Believed that sweat carried 

1763
01:36:17,400 --> 01:36:19,500
away. 
Harmful Vapors, and corrupted. 

1764
01:36:19,500 --> 01:36:21,700
Humors. 
Making it essential for health. 

1765
01:36:22,600 --> 01:36:24,800
This perspective LED some 
interesting treatments. 

1766
01:36:25,600 --> 01:36:28,600
Patients with certain conditions
were prescribed sessions in the 

1767
01:36:28,600 --> 01:36:31,900
hottest rooms of the bars. 
Sometimes for hours, at a time 

1768
01:36:31,908 --> 01:36:35,300
sweating out their illness. 
Others were given exercises 

1769
01:36:35,300 --> 01:36:38,900
designed to produce specific 
types of sweat gentle 

1770
01:36:38,900 --> 01:36:41,100
perspiration for delicate 
Constitution's. 

1771
01:36:41,100 --> 01:36:43,700
Vigorous sweating for robust. 
Patients. 

1772
01:36:44,700 --> 01:36:46,400
There were even Specialists, who
claimed? 

1773
01:36:46,400 --> 01:36:49,300
They could diagnose diseases by 
examining and smelling a patient

1774
01:36:49,300 --> 01:36:52,600
sweat patterns. 
Oil played a central role in 

1775
01:36:52,600 --> 01:36:55,500
Roman medical. 
Hygiene theory, different oils 

1776
01:36:55,500 --> 01:36:58,300
were thought to have specific 
therapeutic properties that went

1777
01:36:58,300 --> 01:37:01,700
beyond mere cleanliness. 
Olive oil was considered warming

1778
01:37:01,700 --> 01:37:04,900
and moistening beneficial for 
dry skin conditions and cold 

1779
01:37:04,900 --> 01:37:07,300
humors. 
Rose oil was Cooling and 

1780
01:37:07,300 --> 01:37:10,400
beautifying, prescribed for hot 
natured individuals and skin 

1781
01:37:10,400 --> 01:37:13,800
inflammation, but the real 
medical stars were the Exotic 

1782
01:37:13,800 --> 01:37:17,000
imported oils. 
Balsam from Judea was believed 

1783
01:37:17,000 --> 01:37:18,700
to cure headaches and promote 
wisdom. 

1784
01:37:19,400 --> 01:37:22,100
Nard from India was prescribed 
for depression and anxiety. 

1785
01:37:22,100 --> 01:37:25,600
These were just Pleasant. 
Scents, they were considered 

1786
01:37:25,600 --> 01:37:28,800
legitimate medicine's Roman. 
Doctors also had elaborate 

1787
01:37:28,800 --> 01:37:31,100
theories about when and how to 
bathe for Optimal Health. 

1788
01:37:31,100 --> 01:37:34,100
Most believed that bathing 
immediately after eating was 

1789
01:37:34,100 --> 01:37:37,800
dangerous as it could disrupt 
digestion and caused the food to

1790
01:37:37,800 --> 01:37:41,000
corrupt in your stomach. 
The recommended waiting period 

1791
01:37:41,000 --> 01:37:44,300
from two to four hours, 
depending on what you'd eaten 

1792
01:37:44,300 --> 01:37:47,500
and your constitutional type. 
Some Physicians prescribe 

1793
01:37:47,500 --> 01:37:59,100
pre-exercise The relationship 
between diet and hygiene was 

1794
01:37:59,100 --> 01:38:02,000
considered. 
Crucial Roman medical texts are 

1795
01:38:02,000 --> 01:38:04,400
full of warnings about foods 
that could make your sweat smell

1796
01:38:04,400 --> 01:38:06,600
foul or cause your skin to break
out. 

1797
01:38:07,600 --> 01:38:10,400
Garlic and onions were thought 
to produce corrupt humor, that 

1798
01:38:10,400 --> 01:38:14,300
emerged through the skin fish 
sauce below by Romans, but 

1799
01:38:14,300 --> 01:38:17,800
notorious for its pungent smell 
was believed to cause Marine 

1800
01:38:17,800 --> 01:38:19,900
humors. 
That required special cleansing 

1801
01:38:19,900 --> 01:38:23,200
techniques involving sea salt 
and specific aromatic herbs. 

1802
01:38:24,000 --> 01:38:26,700
Women's hygiene was subject to a
specialty complex, medical 

1803
01:38:26,700 --> 01:38:30,000
theories, Roman Physicians 
believed that women's monthly 

1804
01:38:30,000 --> 01:38:32,500
Cycles created special cleansing
needs and opportunities. 

1805
01:38:33,700 --> 01:38:36,300
Certain herbs and oils. 
Were prescribed specifically for

1806
01:38:36,300 --> 01:38:39,600
female patients often with the 
goal of regulating their 

1807
01:38:39,600 --> 01:38:43,900
supposedly unstable humeral 
balance, Pregnancy brought its 

1808
01:38:43,900 --> 01:38:47,400
own set of hygiene rules with 
details prescription for bathing

1809
01:38:47,400 --> 01:38:49,900
temperatures, oil applications, 
and cleansing. 

1810
01:38:49,900 --> 01:38:52,600
Shared Jewels designed to ensure
healthy babies and safe, 

1811
01:38:52,600 --> 01:38:55,600
deliveries. 
Perhaps Most Fascinating were 

1812
01:38:55,600 --> 01:38:58,300
the Roman medical beliefs about 
mental illness and hygiene. 

1813
01:38:59,100 --> 01:39:02,000
Doctors genuinely believed that 
certain types of Madness were 

1814
01:39:02,000 --> 01:39:05,400
caused by corrupted Vapors, 
rising from unclean, bodies to 

1815
01:39:05,400 --> 01:39:08,300
affect the brain. 
This led to hygiene based 

1816
01:39:08,300 --> 01:39:11,600
treatments for depression 
anxiety, and what we might now 

1817
01:39:11,600 --> 01:39:13,700
recognized as psychological 
conditions. 

1818
01:39:14,400 --> 01:39:16,800
Patients were prescribed. 
Elaborate bathing regimens. 

1819
01:39:17,600 --> 01:39:20,300
Specific oil treatments and 
sometimes even therapeutic 

1820
01:39:20,300 --> 01:39:23,300
massages with aromatic 
substances designed to restore 

1821
01:39:23,300 --> 01:39:26,000
mental balance. 
The wealthy could afford 

1822
01:39:26,000 --> 01:39:28,700
personal Physicians who would 
create customized hygiene 

1823
01:39:28,700 --> 01:39:32,100
protocols based on detailed 
examinations of their patients 

1824
01:39:32,100 --> 01:39:35,100
constitutions, Lifestyles and 
health histories. 

1825
01:39:36,000 --> 01:39:39,700
These medical hygiene plans were
very detailed specifying when 

1826
01:39:39,700 --> 01:39:43,600
and how to bathe what to think 
about what prayers to recite and

1827
01:39:43,600 --> 01:39:46,900
how to breathe during cleansing.
Rituals money talks in any 

1828
01:39:46,900 --> 01:39:51,500
civilization and in ancient Rome
it spoke with a distinctly soapy

1829
01:39:51,500 --> 01:39:55,600
acts and The hygiene industry, 
employing, thousands of people 

1830
01:39:55,600 --> 01:39:58,300
in jobs ranging from 
respectable, to eyebrow raising 

1831
01:39:58,300 --> 01:40:01,900
created economic opportunities. 
That would not resurface until 

1832
01:40:01,900 --> 01:40:03,900
the emergence of the modern 
beauty industry. 

1833
01:40:05,200 --> 01:40:08,200
Let's start with the public bars
themselves, which were massive 

1834
01:40:08,200 --> 01:40:11,500
commercial Enterprises. 
A typical Roman Bath House 

1835
01:40:11,500 --> 01:40:14,900
employed, dozens of workers, 
furnace operators, who kept the 

1836
01:40:14,900 --> 01:40:16,400
hypocrisy heating systems 
running. 

1837
01:40:17,200 --> 01:40:20,600
Water managers who maintain the 
complex, Plumbing attendance, 

1838
01:40:20,600 --> 01:40:23,900
who helped customers navigate 
the facilities, masseurs who 

1839
01:40:23,908 --> 01:40:27,300
worked out the Kinks in Roman 
muscles and security Personnel 

1840
01:40:27,300 --> 01:40:29,200
who kept order among naked 
relaxed. 

1841
01:40:29,200 --> 01:40:33,100
And sometimes in toxicated 
Patron's The larger thermi were 

1842
01:40:33,100 --> 01:40:36,200
like ancient shopping malls with
vendors, selling everything from

1843
01:40:36,200 --> 01:40:39,100
snacks to jewelry to good luck 
charms. 

1844
01:40:39,100 --> 01:40:41,300
Designed to protect you from 
Seward demons. 

1845
01:40:42,000 --> 01:40:43,800
The oil trade was particularly 
lucrative. 

1846
01:40:43,800 --> 01:40:48,000
Olive oil was the foundation of 
the Roman hygiene industry and 

1847
01:40:48,000 --> 01:40:50,100
controlling Olive Groves could 
make you wealthy Beyond 

1848
01:40:50,100 --> 01:40:53,500
imagination. 
But the real money was in 

1849
01:40:53,500 --> 01:40:57,200
specialty oils and perfumes. 
A single and fora of 

1850
01:40:57,200 --> 01:41:00,400
high-quality rose oil from Egypt
could cost more than a skilled 

1851
01:41:00,400 --> 01:41:04,500
Craftsman earned in six months. 
Perfume, Merchants, who dealt in

1852
01:41:04,500 --> 01:41:08,200
these luxury goods often became 
powerful political figures using

1853
01:41:08,200 --> 01:41:10,200
their wealth to buy influence 
and status. 

1854
01:41:11,200 --> 01:41:15,300
Import businesses thrived on 
Roman hygiene Obsession exotic 

1855
01:41:15,300 --> 01:41:17,100
and greed's. 
Came from a cross, the Empire 

1856
01:41:17,100 --> 01:41:20,900
and Beyond frankincense from 
Arabia, cinnamon, from India, 

1857
01:41:20,900 --> 01:41:24,700
Amber from the Baltic regions, 
and silke for the finest 

1858
01:41:24,700 --> 01:41:28,300
bathing, towels from China. 
The logistics of getting these 

1859
01:41:28,300 --> 01:41:32,000
materials to Roman consumers 
created entire industries of 

1860
01:41:32,000 --> 01:41:36,100
Traders shippers and middlemen. 
Some Merchants specialized in 

1861
01:41:36,100 --> 01:41:39,500
nothing but hygiene related 
Imports building fortunes on 

1862
01:41:39,500 --> 01:41:41,700
Roman desires to smell better 
than their neighbors. 

1863
01:41:41,700 --> 01:41:44,200
This soap making industry was 
sophisticated. 

1864
01:41:44,200 --> 01:41:47,800
While Romans didn't use soap, 
the way we do, they did 

1865
01:41:47,800 --> 01:41:50,700
manufacture various cleansing 
compounds from animal fats, 

1866
01:41:50,700 --> 01:41:55,100
plant, ashes, and mineral salts.
The best soap makers were 

1867
01:41:55,100 --> 01:41:58,900
closely guarded Trade, Secrets 
passed down through generations 

1868
01:41:58,900 --> 01:42:01,500
of Craftsmen. 
Some soap, making families 

1869
01:42:01,500 --> 01:42:04,500
became wealthy enough to own 
their own bathhouses, creating 

1870
01:42:04,500 --> 01:42:07,000
vertically, integrated hygiene 
Empires, that controlled 

1871
01:42:07,000 --> 01:42:10,500
everything, from soap production
to the final bathing experience.

1872
01:42:11,400 --> 01:42:14,300
Slavery was unfortunately 
Central to the Roman hygiene 

1873
01:42:14,300 --> 01:42:16,600
economy? 
Thousands of slaves, worked in 

1874
01:42:16,608 --> 01:42:20,100
bathhouses, oil production, and 
personal hygiene Services. 

1875
01:42:20,100 --> 01:42:24,300
Some specialized in specific 
skills, there were slaves, who 

1876
01:42:24,300 --> 01:42:26,500
could identify the best oils by 
smell alone. 

1877
01:42:26,500 --> 01:42:30,200
Others who were experts at using
struggles without causing injury

1878
01:42:30,200 --> 01:42:33,100
and still others who memorized 
complex recipes for custom, 

1879
01:42:33,100 --> 01:42:36,500
perfume blends. 
The most skilled Huygens slaves 

1880
01:42:36,500 --> 01:42:38,900
could earn enough money through 
tips and side businesses to 

1881
01:42:38,900 --> 01:42:42,000
eventually buy their freedom 
though this path to manual 

1882
01:42:42,000 --> 01:42:43,900
Mission. 
Required years of scraping other

1883
01:42:43,900 --> 01:42:46,400
people's backs and memorizing, 
this scent preferences. 

1884
01:42:46,400 --> 01:42:49,700
The construction industry also 
benefitted from Roman hygiene 

1885
01:42:49,700 --> 01:42:52,400
culture. 
Building a proper Roman bath 

1886
01:42:52,400 --> 01:42:54,800
required specialists, in 
hypercourt, heating systems 

1887
01:42:54,800 --> 01:42:58,900
waterproof concrete decorative, 
mosaic's, and complex Plumbing. 

1888
01:42:59,800 --> 01:43:02,400
the techniques developed for 
Bath House, construction were 

1889
01:43:02,400 --> 01:43:05,400
later, applied to other 
buildings, making Roman hygiene 

1890
01:43:05,400 --> 01:43:09,200
culture, a driver of 
architectural, innovation, Some 

1891
01:43:09,200 --> 01:43:12,400
construction families became 
wealthy by specializing in bath 

1892
01:43:12,400 --> 01:43:15,300
related, projects traveling 
throughout the Empire to build 

1893
01:43:15,300 --> 01:43:17,800
facilities for wealthy Romans in
distant provinces. 

1894
01:43:17,800 --> 01:43:20,600
Then there were the support 
industries that emerged around 

1895
01:43:20,600 --> 01:43:23,800
hygiene culture, laundry 
services, clean, the towels and 

1896
01:43:23,800 --> 01:43:27,200
clothing used in baths Pottery 
makers, produced the countless 

1897
01:43:27,200 --> 01:43:29,600
vessels needed for oils, 
perfumes and bathing 

1898
01:43:29,600 --> 01:43:32,700
accessories. 
Metal workers crafted strigil 

1899
01:43:32,700 --> 01:43:36,600
mirrors and bathing jewelry. 
Even the food industry got 

1900
01:43:36,600 --> 01:43:39,000
involved. 
As many, Romans liked to eat and

1901
01:43:39,000 --> 01:43:42,000
drink while bathing creating 
demand for waterproof serving 

1902
01:43:42,000 --> 01:43:44,300
vessels and special bath 
appropriate snacks. 

1903
01:43:45,500 --> 01:43:48,100
The medical side of hygiene 
created its own economic 

1904
01:43:48,100 --> 01:43:51,700
opportunities Physicians who 
specialize in hygiene related, 

1905
01:43:51,700 --> 01:43:55,500
treatments, could charge premium
fees especially if they claimed 

1906
01:43:55,500 --> 01:43:57,700
expertise and exotic foreign 
bathing technique's. 

1907
01:43:58,700 --> 01:44:02,200
Massage therapists aromatherapy 
specialist, and even 

1908
01:44:02,200 --> 01:44:04,800
professional bath Consultants 
emerged as profitable 

1909
01:44:04,800 --> 01:44:07,900
professionals. 
Some enterprising Romans make 

1910
01:44:07,900 --> 01:44:11,000
careers out of advising clients 
on optimal bathing, schedules 

1911
01:44:11,000 --> 01:44:14,700
and customized oil blends. 
Regional variations in high Jean

1912
01:44:14,700 --> 01:44:17,100
preferences, created Niche 
markets throughout the Empire. 

1913
01:44:17,100 --> 01:44:20,600
Romans in Britain, developed 
cold weather bathing techniques,

1914
01:44:20,600 --> 01:44:24,000
that required different oils and
heating systems Roman's in North

1915
01:44:24,000 --> 01:44:27,000
Africa adapted their hygiene 
practices to Desert conditions, 

1916
01:44:27,000 --> 01:44:31,100
creating demand for specialized 
sun, protection, oils, and sand,

1917
01:44:31,100 --> 01:44:34,200
resistant clothing. 
These Regional specializations 

1918
01:44:34,200 --> 01:44:37,600
often became export Industries 
with local hygiene Innovation 

1919
01:44:37,600 --> 01:44:40,700
throughout the empire. 
The government also profited 

1920
01:44:40,700 --> 01:44:43,200
from Roman cleanliness, 
obsessions through taxes and 

1921
01:44:43,200 --> 01:44:47,100
regulations, bathhouses paid 
licensing, fees imported, 

1922
01:44:47,100 --> 01:44:49,700
hygiene products, face, tariffs 
and Luxury. 

1923
01:44:49,700 --> 01:44:51,900
Perfumes were subject to special
taxes. 

1924
01:44:51,900 --> 01:44:54,200
That helped fund Public Works 
projects. 

1925
01:44:55,500 --> 01:44:58,700
Some historians argue that Roman
expansion was partly motivated 

1926
01:44:58,700 --> 01:45:01,100
by the desire to secure. 
Reliable sources of 

1927
01:45:01,100 --> 01:45:04,800
hygiene-related raw materials 
making cleanliness a factor in 

1928
01:45:04,800 --> 01:45:07,600
Imperial policy. 
Roman hygiene wasn't just about 

1929
01:45:07,600 --> 01:45:10,200
getting clean. 
It was about navigating a 

1930
01:45:10,200 --> 01:45:13,100
complex spiritual landscape 
where Supernatural forces, 

1931
01:45:13,100 --> 01:45:16,400
lurked in every bathing 
facility, an evil spirits had 

1932
01:45:16,400 --> 01:45:20,200
strong opinions about your 
personal grooming choices. the 

1933
01:45:20,200 --> 01:45:23,400
Romans had managed to turn basic
human cleanliness into a 

1934
01:45:23,400 --> 01:45:25,900
mystical Adventure, that 
required, careful planning, 

1935
01:45:25,900 --> 01:45:29,000
protective charms, and 
occasionally, professional 

1936
01:45:29,000 --> 01:45:33,500
Supernatural consultation timing
of your bath wasn't just, a 

1937
01:45:33,500 --> 01:45:36,800
matter of personal convenience. 
It was a cosmic decision that 

1938
01:45:36,800 --> 01:45:39,800
could affect your luck health 
and spiritual well-being. 

1939
01:45:40,900 --> 01:45:44,100
Romans consulted calendars that 
indicated favorable and 

1940
01:45:44,100 --> 01:45:48,000
unfavorable bathing days based 
on lunar phases, religious 

1941
01:45:48,000 --> 01:45:50,300
festivals. 
And the movements of various 

1942
01:45:50,300 --> 01:45:53,900
Gods through the celestial 
sphere Some wealthy Romans 

1943
01:45:53,900 --> 01:45:57,200
employed personal astrologers 
whose job included calculating, 

1944
01:45:57,200 --> 01:46:00,800
optimal bathing schedules. 
Imagine having to verify your 

1945
01:46:00,800 --> 01:46:03,200
horoscope before deciding 
whether to take a shower. 

1946
01:46:04,100 --> 01:46:07,400
Water itself was considered to 
have spiritual properties, that 

1947
01:46:07,400 --> 01:46:09,400
varied depending on its source 
and treatment. 

1948
01:46:10,500 --> 01:46:12,900
Spring water was thought to 
carry the blessings of water 

1949
01:46:12,900 --> 01:46:16,100
nymphs while rainwater collected
during thunderstorms was 

1950
01:46:16,100 --> 01:46:18,500
believed to have purifying 
powers that could wash away 

1951
01:46:18,500 --> 01:46:22,200
curses and negative luck. 
The Romans went to extraordinary

1952
01:46:22,200 --> 01:46:25,600
lengths to obtain water with the
right spiritual qualities for 

1953
01:46:25,600 --> 01:46:28,500
important bathing, rituals. 
Some wealthy families, 

1954
01:46:28,500 --> 01:46:31,000
maintained private Springs 
specifically for ceremonial 

1955
01:46:31,000 --> 01:46:33,400
Bayne. 
Hiring priest to bless the water

1956
01:46:33,400 --> 01:46:36,700
sources regularly, the direction
you face while bathing was 

1957
01:46:36,700 --> 01:46:39,500
considered crucial. 
Most Romans believed you should 

1958
01:46:39,500 --> 01:46:42,000
face East while entering the 
bath to welcome the blessing of 

1959
01:46:42,000 --> 01:46:44,600
the Rising Sun. 
Then turned to face West while 

1960
01:46:44,600 --> 01:46:47,500
leaving to ensure that any evil 
influences washed away with the 

1961
01:46:47,500 --> 01:46:50,600
Setting Sun? 
More superstitious bathers. 

1962
01:46:50,600 --> 01:46:53,200
Would rotate through all four 
cardinal directions, during 

1963
01:46:53,200 --> 01:46:56,800
their bathing session creating a
kind of mystical water dance, 

1964
01:46:56,800 --> 01:46:58,600
that must have been entertaining
to watch. 

1965
01:46:59,400 --> 01:47:02,200
Protective amulets for bathing 
were big business in ancient 

1966
01:47:02,200 --> 01:47:04,100
Rome. 
These were not just decorative 

1967
01:47:04,100 --> 01:47:06,100
jewelry. 
They were considered a central 

1968
01:47:06,100 --> 01:47:08,700
safety equipment for anyone 
venturing into the spiritually 

1969
01:47:08,700 --> 01:47:10,800
dangerous environment of a 
public Barth. 

1970
01:47:11,500 --> 01:47:14,800
Popular designs included images 
of Hercules, for strength, 

1971
01:47:14,800 --> 01:47:18,300
Mercury, for protection during 
travel, including spiritual 

1972
01:47:18,300 --> 01:47:21,400
Journeys, undertaken, while 
bathing, and various household 

1973
01:47:21,400 --> 01:47:23,900
Gods, who specialized in 
bathroom related protection. 

1974
01:47:25,100 --> 01:47:28,700
Some amulets were designed to be
worn while wet using special 

1975
01:47:28,700 --> 01:47:31,500
materials and construction 
techniques that modern Jewelers 

1976
01:47:31,500 --> 01:47:35,300
would find fascinating. 
The Romans had elaborate rituals

1977
01:47:35,300 --> 01:47:37,800
for entering and leaving bars. 
That would make modern Spa 

1978
01:47:37,800 --> 01:47:40,800
protocols. 
Look casual many would pause at 

1979
01:47:40,800 --> 01:47:43,700
the threshold to recite 
protective prayers, asking the 

1980
01:47:43,700 --> 01:47:47,300
gods, to guard, them from evil 
spirits, prevent accidents and 

1981
01:47:47,300 --> 01:47:49,600
ensure that their bathing 
experience would be beneficial 

1982
01:47:49,600 --> 01:47:53,700
rather than harmful Some would 
leave small offerings coins 

1983
01:47:53,700 --> 01:47:57,600
flowers or drops of expensive 
oil that Shrine dishes in to 

1984
01:47:57,600 --> 01:47:59,700
Bath House walls. 
Specifically for this purpose, 

1985
01:47:59,700 --> 01:48:03,300
shared bathing created its own 
set of spiritual concerns. 

1986
01:48:03,300 --> 01:48:06,600
Romans worried about picking up,
not just physical dirt from 

1987
01:48:06,600 --> 01:48:09,200
other bathers. 
But spiritual contamination from

1988
01:48:09,200 --> 01:48:12,900
people with bad luck evil, 
intentions or Supernatural 

1989
01:48:12,900 --> 01:48:15,800
enemies. 
This led to complex etiquette 

1990
01:48:15,800 --> 01:48:18,700
systems designed to minimize 
spiritual risk while maintaining

1991
01:48:18,700 --> 01:48:22,200
social polite nurse You could 
not just ignore someone in the 

1992
01:48:22,200 --> 01:48:25,700
bars that might offend them and 
invite retaliation from their 

1993
01:48:25,700 --> 01:48:28,500
personal gods. 
But you also couldn't become too

1994
01:48:28,500 --> 01:48:31,300
friendly with strangers whose 
spiritual status was unknown. 

1995
01:48:32,100 --> 01:48:34,900
The oil and perfume application 
process was ritualized to an 

1996
01:48:34,908 --> 01:48:38,500
almost ceremonial degree. 
Wealthy Romans would recite 

1997
01:48:38,500 --> 01:48:41,800
specific prayers while different
oils were applied to different 

1998
01:48:41,800 --> 01:48:45,000
parts of their bodies. 
Rose oil might be blessed to 

1999
01:48:45,000 --> 01:48:48,400
Venus while being applied to the
face while olive oil could be 

2000
01:48:48,400 --> 01:48:51,500
dedicated to Minerva while being
used on arms and legs. 

2001
01:48:51,500 --> 01:48:55,200
The goal was to invoke Divine 
protection for each body part. 

2002
01:48:55,200 --> 01:48:57,600
While also ensuring that the 
gods approved of your grooming 

2003
01:48:57,600 --> 01:49:01,000
choices dreams about bathing 
were considered prophetic and 

2004
01:49:01,000 --> 01:49:03,700
required, professional 
interpretation Romans who 

2005
01:49:03,700 --> 01:49:06,300
dreamed about dirty bathwater 
might consult priests about 

2006
01:49:06,300 --> 01:49:09,200
impending spiritual danger, 
while dreams of Crystal. 

2007
01:49:09,200 --> 01:49:11,800
Clear, Pools were considered 
signs of divine favor. 

2008
01:49:12,700 --> 01:49:15,700
Some Romans kept dream journals 
specifically to track bathing 

2009
01:49:15,700 --> 01:49:18,500
related dreams and their 
outcomes creating a kind of 

2010
01:49:18,508 --> 01:49:21,300
ancient database of Supernatural
bath predictions. 

2011
01:49:22,100 --> 01:49:24,300
The Romans even had 
superstitions about soap and 

2012
01:49:24,308 --> 01:49:27,200
cleansing materials. 
Some believe that using soap 

2013
01:49:27,200 --> 01:49:30,000
made from animals that had died 
violently could transfer 

2014
01:49:30,000 --> 01:49:33,300
aggressive spirits to the user. 
Others thought that cleaning 

2015
01:49:33,300 --> 01:49:37,100
tools used by people who later 
suffered Misfortune accursed and

2016
01:49:37,100 --> 01:49:40,900
should be avoided. such beliefs 
led to complex systems for 

2017
01:49:40,900 --> 01:49:43,500
tracking the history and 
spiritual pedigree of bathing 

2018
01:49:43,500 --> 01:49:46,700
accessories, with some wealthy 
Romans, employing servants, 

2019
01:49:46,700 --> 01:49:49,600
whose job was to maintain 
detailed records of where their 

2020
01:49:49,600 --> 01:49:53,100
strigil sponges and oils had 
come from Seasonal bathing 

2021
01:49:53,100 --> 01:49:55,800
rituals aligned with the Roman 
religious calendar created 

2022
01:49:55,800 --> 01:49:59,800
additional layers of complexity.
During certain festivals bathing

2023
01:49:59,800 --> 01:50:02,300
was considered, either a 
specially beneficial or 

2024
01:50:02,300 --> 01:50:05,300
particularly dangerous depending
on which gods were being 

2025
01:50:05,300 --> 01:50:07,900
honored. 
The Spring Festival of Anna, 

2026
01:50:07,900 --> 01:50:10,400
perenna included ritual bathing 
That was supposed to ensure 

2027
01:50:10,400 --> 01:50:13,300
health for the coming year while
bathing during the lemuria. 

2028
01:50:13,300 --> 01:50:16,300
When Restless Spirits roamed, 
the Earth, required special 

2029
01:50:16,300 --> 01:50:19,200
protective measures as you 
settle back into your modern 

2030
01:50:19,200 --> 01:50:21,100
bathroom. 
Surrounded by anti-bacterial 

2031
01:50:21,100 --> 01:50:22,900
soap, dispensers and privacy 
walls. 

2032
01:50:22,900 --> 01:50:26,300
It's worth reflecting on what 
the Romans actually got. 

2033
01:50:26,300 --> 01:50:27,400
Right. 
About hygiene. 

2034
01:50:27,400 --> 01:50:30,000
And what we might have learned 
from their more, colorful 

2035
01:50:30,000 --> 01:50:32,400
mistakes. 
There are approached to 

2036
01:50:32,400 --> 01:50:36,000
cleanliness reveal something 
profound about human nature, our

2037
01:50:36,000 --> 01:50:39,000
eternal struggle to balance 
individual needs with social 

2038
01:50:39,000 --> 01:50:42,700
expectations, practical, health 
concerns, with cultural beliefs,

2039
01:50:42,700 --> 01:50:45,600
and the desire to be clean with 
the reality of what their 

2040
01:50:45,608 --> 01:50:48,300
actually means. 
The Romans understood something 

2041
01:50:48,300 --> 01:50:52,000
that we sometimes forget in our 
modern individualistic, bathing 

2042
01:50:52,000 --> 01:50:54,500
culture. 
Cleanliness was inherently 

2043
01:50:54,500 --> 01:50:57,300
social. 
A communal bars weren't just 

2044
01:50:57,300 --> 01:50:59,900
about getting clean. 
They were about maintaining the 

2045
01:50:59,900 --> 01:51:02,400
social fabric that held their 
civilization together. 

2046
01:51:03,400 --> 01:51:07,200
In an age before television, the
internet, or even widespread 

2047
01:51:07,200 --> 01:51:10,600
literacy, the bath served as 
information networks business 

2048
01:51:10,600 --> 01:51:13,000
centers and Community gathering 
places. 

2049
01:51:13,000 --> 01:51:15,600
Romans didn't just wash their 
bodies. 

2050
01:51:15,600 --> 01:51:18,300
They washed themselves back into
society each day. 

2051
01:51:19,300 --> 01:51:22,500
Modern science has validated 
many Roman practices. 

2052
01:51:22,500 --> 01:51:25,900
While debunking others their 
emphasis on regular bathing. 

2053
01:51:25,900 --> 01:51:29,200
The use of oils to protect skin 
and even their practice of 

2054
01:51:29,200 --> 01:51:32,100
scraping away dead skin. 
Cells were, remarkably sound 

2055
01:51:32,100 --> 01:51:33,700
from a Dermatological 
standpoint. 

2056
01:51:34,600 --> 01:51:37,100
The Romans understood that 
healthy skin required, both 

2057
01:51:37,100 --> 01:51:39,200
cleansing and moisturizing 
though. 

2058
01:51:39,200 --> 01:51:41,800
They achieved it through olive 
oil and metal scrapers rather 

2059
01:51:41,800 --> 01:51:44,000
than lotion and exfoliating 
scrubs. 

2060
01:51:44,900 --> 01:51:47,100
Their recognition, that mental 
health and physical. 

2061
01:51:47,100 --> 01:51:48,900
Cleanliness were connected was 
not wrong. 

2062
01:51:49,700 --> 01:51:52,400
It was just expressed through 
theories about humors and evil 

2063
01:51:52,400 --> 01:51:54,400
spirits rather than modern 
psychology. 

2064
01:51:55,700 --> 01:51:58,900
The Roman approached to dental 
hygiene while involving some 

2065
01:51:58,900 --> 01:52:02,000
questionable ingredients was 
actually more advanced than what

2066
01:52:02,000 --> 01:52:04,500
most European would practice for
the next 1000 years. 

2067
01:52:05,300 --> 01:52:07,900
Chewing on aromatic Twigs. 
Did clean teeth, effectively. 

2068
01:52:07,900 --> 01:52:11,000
And some of their herbal mouth. 
Rinses contained ingredients 

2069
01:52:11,000 --> 01:52:13,800
that Modern Dentistry recognizes
as beneficial. 

2070
01:52:14,600 --> 01:52:17,400
Fact that they cared about 
dental hygiene at all, put them 

2071
01:52:17,400 --> 01:52:19,700
ahead of many later 
civilizations that considered 

2072
01:52:19,700 --> 01:52:22,600
tooth care vanity rather than 
health maintenance. 

2073
01:52:23,600 --> 01:52:26,300
Most importantly, the Romans 
demonstrated that public health 

2074
01:52:26,300 --> 01:52:29,700
infrastructure could transform 
civilization, their aqueducts 

2075
01:52:29,700 --> 01:52:32,400
sewers and public baths. 
Created living conditions. 

2076
01:52:32,400 --> 01:52:35,100
That wouldn't be matched in 
European cities until the 19th 

2077
01:52:35,100 --> 01:52:37,600
century. 
The decline of Roman bathing 

2078
01:52:37,600 --> 01:52:40,600
culture after the fall of the 
Empire coincided with centuries 

2079
01:52:40,600 --> 01:52:44,400
of reduced, lifespans increased 
disease, and general, Scruff 

2080
01:52:44,400 --> 01:52:47,100
iness, that historians. 
Now recognized as preventable 

2081
01:52:47,100 --> 01:52:49,800
consequences of abandoning 
public, hygiene infrastructure. 

2082
01:52:49,800 --> 01:52:53,100
The economic lessons of Roman 
hygiene culture are equally 

2083
01:52:53,100 --> 01:52:55,500
relevant to today. 
The understood that cleanliness 

2084
01:52:55,500 --> 01:52:58,700
could be an industry, creating 
jobs and driving innovation. 

2085
01:52:58,700 --> 01:53:02,200
In ways that benefited, entire 
Society is their willingness to 

2086
01:53:02,200 --> 01:53:05,000
invest public money, in bathing,
facilities, and sanitation 

2087
01:53:05,000 --> 01:53:07,900
systems, paid dividends in 
Public Health, and Social 

2088
01:53:07,900 --> 01:53:10,400
stability that lasted for 
centuries. 

2089
01:53:11,700 --> 01:53:14,600
Modern cities still struggle 
with the same basic challenge. 

2090
01:53:14,600 --> 01:53:18,800
How to balance individual 
desires for cleanliness and 

2091
01:53:18,800 --> 01:53:21,800
privacy with the collective 
benefits of shared 

2092
01:53:21,800 --> 01:53:23,900
infrastructure and social 
bathing spaces. 

2093
01:53:25,000 --> 01:53:27,700
The Roman mistake of mixing 
hygiene with Superstition 

2094
01:53:27,700 --> 01:53:31,000
offers, its lessons when 
cleanliness becomes too 

2095
01:53:31,000 --> 01:53:33,700
ritualized or culturally loaded.
It can become a source of 

2096
01:53:33,700 --> 01:53:37,100
anxiety, rather than health. 
Modern Western culture, 

2097
01:53:37,100 --> 01:53:38,500
occasionally succumbs to 
similar. 

2098
01:53:38,500 --> 01:53:41,800
Pitfalls transforming personal 
hygiene into competitive 

2099
01:53:41,800 --> 01:53:45,700
displays of status or moral 
superiority rather than a means 

2100
01:53:45,700 --> 01:53:49,200
of maintaining practical health 
The Romans remind us that it's 

2101
01:53:49,200 --> 01:53:52,700
possible to take cleanliness to 
seriously investing it with 

2102
01:53:52,700 --> 01:53:55,800
meanings and expectations that 
have nothing to do with actually

2103
01:53:55,800 --> 01:53:58,900
being clean. 
As you drift off to sleep 

2104
01:53:58,900 --> 01:54:01,900
tonight, clean and comfortable, 
in ways that would Amaze any 

2105
01:54:01,900 --> 01:54:04,900
ancient Roman. 
Remember that hygiene is always 

2106
01:54:04,900 --> 01:54:07,700
a work in progress. 
The Romans thought they had 

2107
01:54:07,700 --> 01:54:11,400
figured it out just as we think 
we have figured it out just as 

2108
01:54:11,400 --> 01:54:14,100
people a thousand years from now
will probably shake their heads 

2109
01:54:14,100 --> 01:54:16,500
at our primitive understanding 
of cleanliness and health. 

2110
01:54:17,200 --> 01:54:20,600
The pursuit of perfect hygiene 
is like the pursuit of perfect 

2111
01:54:20,600 --> 01:54:24,300
happiness, and admirable, goal 
that reveals more about human 

2112
01:54:24,300 --> 01:54:26,300
nature than it does about soap 
and water. 

2113
01:54:27,100 --> 01:54:29,400
The Romans gave us the 
foundation for contemplating 

2114
01:54:29,400 --> 01:54:33,100
cleanliness as both a personal 
responsibility and a social 

2115
01:54:33,100 --> 01:54:35,400
virtue. 
They showed us that being clean,

2116
01:54:35,400 --> 01:54:39,100
could be pleasant, social, and 
even luxurious rather than just 

2117
01:54:39,100 --> 01:54:42,400
Christmas City, Most 
importantly, they demonstrated 

2118
01:54:42,400 --> 01:54:46,000
that a civilizations approach to
hygiene reflects its values 

2119
01:54:46,000 --> 01:54:49,400
priorities and understanding of 
what it means to live well 

2120
01:54:49,400 --> 01:54:51,700
together. 
So the next time you step into 

2121
01:54:51,700 --> 01:54:54,700
your private shower with your 
individually, chosen soap and 

2122
01:54:54,708 --> 01:54:57,200
you're perfectly heated water, 
spare a thought for those 

2123
01:54:57,200 --> 01:54:59,400
long-dead Roman sitting naked on
their communal. 

2124
01:54:59,400 --> 01:55:03,100
Toilets, sharing their communal 
sponges and somehow managing to 

2125
01:55:03,100 --> 01:55:05,100
build an Empire that lasted a 
1000 years. 

2126
01:55:06,300 --> 01:55:09,300
They may not have understood 
germs or bacteria but they 

2127
01:55:09,308 --> 01:55:12,400
understood something equally 
important that taking care of 

2128
01:55:12,400 --> 01:55:15,000
your body and sharing that 
experience with your community, 

2129
01:55:15,000 --> 01:55:16,900
was one of the things that made 
life worth living. 

2130
01:55:17,800 --> 01:55:20,600
Despite the fact that it 
necessitated more public nudity 

2131
01:55:20,600 --> 01:55:23,600
and dubious medical theories 
than the majority of us would 

2132
01:55:23,600 --> 01:55:32,800
favor. 
Imagine Rome in 100 BC when the 

2133
01:55:32,808 --> 01:55:35,900
main concern was not your 
cholesterol or your mortgage but

2134
01:55:35,900 --> 01:55:38,000
rather whether or not The 
Barbarians would storm your 

2135
01:55:38,000 --> 01:55:40,400
city. 
Gates Gaius Julius, Caesar was 

2136
01:55:40,400 --> 01:55:43,400
born into this world but 
everyone just called him Julius 

2137
01:55:43,400 --> 01:55:46,300
because Romans loved their 
nicknames almost as much as they

2138
01:55:46,300 --> 01:55:50,100
loved conquering things. 
Now, you may picture a golden 

2139
01:55:50,100 --> 01:55:53,200
cradle with a baby Julius, born 
to be great. 

2140
01:55:53,200 --> 01:55:56,400
The problem with the Caesar 
family though is that they were 

2141
01:55:56,400 --> 01:55:59,200
similar to that relative of 
yours who constantly talks about

2142
01:55:59,200 --> 01:56:02,200
how great they were, but never 
quite lives up to their 

2143
01:56:02,200 --> 01:56:04,800
expectations. 
When you consider that half of 

2144
01:56:04,808 --> 01:56:08,200
Rome claim, Divine ancestry, 
their claim to be descended from

2145
01:56:08,200 --> 01:56:10,600
Venus herself. 
Seems impressive, everybody 

2146
01:56:10,600 --> 01:56:13,000
seemed to have a well known 
ancestor listed on their 

2147
01:56:13,000 --> 01:56:16,500
LinkedIn profile. 
Subaru, the neighborhood where 

2148
01:56:16,500 --> 01:56:19,200
Julius grew up was essentially 
the archetypal equivalent of a 

2149
01:56:19,200 --> 01:56:22,800
rough area of town with its 
winding streets, dubious odors 

2150
01:56:22,800 --> 01:56:25,600
and the kind of nightlife your 
parents warned you about. 

2151
01:56:26,300 --> 01:56:29,400
Imagine it as ROMs equivalent of
the wrong side of the tracks. 

2152
01:56:29,400 --> 01:56:33,300
However, for a young man with 
lofty aspirations it was the 

2153
01:56:33,300 --> 01:56:36,400
ideal setting for learning about
real people and real issues. 

2154
01:56:37,100 --> 01:56:40,100
Skills that were come in handy 
later when he had to interact 

2155
01:56:40,100 --> 01:56:43,100
with regular soldiers and 
civilians when he was young, 

2156
01:56:43,100 --> 01:56:46,300
girl, Julius was what we might 
kindly refer to as academically 

2157
01:56:46,300 --> 01:56:48,100
gifted. 
But physically unimpressive 

2158
01:56:49,000 --> 01:56:51,500
Other Roman boys were learning 
to wrestle and swing swords. 

2159
01:56:51,500 --> 01:56:55,700
Julius was more interested in 
words and Concepts after too 

2160
01:56:55,700 --> 01:56:57,500
much wine. 
He could debate philosophy like 

2161
01:56:57,500 --> 01:57:01,100
a college professor and recite 
poetry like a medieval bard. 

2162
01:57:01,700 --> 01:57:04,600
His family, likely questioned, 
whether they had unintentionally

2163
01:57:04,600 --> 01:57:07,800
brought up a Greek scholar 
rather than a legitimate Roman 

2164
01:57:07,800 --> 01:57:10,000
soldier. 
This is where the story becomes 

2165
01:57:10,000 --> 01:57:12,400
intriguing though. 
Think of julius's. 

2166
01:57:12,400 --> 01:57:15,600
Uncle Marius is the family's 
first true success story, he 

2167
01:57:15,600 --> 01:57:19,400
passed away when Julius was only
16 and the political climate in 

2168
01:57:19,400 --> 01:57:22,000
Rome, abruptly changed like a 
volatile weather system. 

2169
01:57:22,900 --> 01:57:26,600
Sula Rome's, newest strongman 
had all the charm of attacks 

2170
01:57:26,600 --> 01:57:29,300
auditor and twice. 
The ruthlessness of the young 

2171
01:57:29,300 --> 01:57:32,600
Caesar after observing this 
scrawny adolescent from a 

2172
01:57:32,600 --> 01:57:36,000
dubious family, solar concluded 
that Julius might cause trouble 

2173
01:57:36,000 --> 01:57:39,300
in the future. 
When Julius obediently refused 

2174
01:57:39,300 --> 01:57:42,500
Cilla placed him on what was 
effectively Rome's first Wanted 

2175
01:57:42,500 --> 01:57:44,600
list. 
He had ordered the young man to 

2176
01:57:44,600 --> 01:57:47,400
divorce his wife. 
Yes, Caesar was already married 

2177
01:57:47,400 --> 01:57:51,200
at 16 because Romans didn't mess
around, Julius, Caesar, who was 

2178
01:57:51,208 --> 01:57:54,200
18 at the time was hiding in the
Italian Countryside, like a 

2179
01:57:54,200 --> 01:57:56,900
participant in an Antiquated 
Witness Protection Program. 

2180
01:57:57,700 --> 01:58:00,400
The majority of teenagers would 
have called their parents in a 

2181
01:58:00,408 --> 01:58:01,900
panic and pleaded for them to 
come home. 

2182
01:58:01,900 --> 01:58:06,100
Julius though, he took advantage
of this time to reflect make 

2183
01:58:06,100 --> 01:58:09,200
plans, and come to the crucial 
realization that you must 

2184
01:58:09,200 --> 01:58:10,600
outplay. 
Everyone else in the game. 

2185
01:58:10,600 --> 01:58:13,800
If you want to survive in Rome 
after solar's death, which the 

2186
01:58:13,800 --> 01:58:16,900
Romans commemorated with nearly 
the same further as births. 

2187
01:58:17,500 --> 01:58:20,400
Caesar came out of hiding with a
fresh perspective on power. 

2188
01:58:20,400 --> 01:58:23,700
He had discovered that you are 
either prey or predator in Rome 

2189
01:58:23,700 --> 01:58:26,000
and he had no desire to be 
anyone's dinner. 

2190
01:58:26,600 --> 01:58:29,600
You've probably experienced the 
realization that office politics

2191
01:58:29,600 --> 01:58:31,800
are more complex than 
International diplomacy. 

2192
01:58:31,800 --> 01:58:35,500
When you start a new job for 
young Julius Caesar, that was 

2193
01:58:35,500 --> 01:58:37,900
Rome. 
Except that Gladiators were used

2194
01:58:37,900 --> 01:58:40,300
at office parties and the stakes
were life and death. 

2195
01:58:40,900 --> 01:58:43,700
In ancient Rome, being a 
prosecutor was akin to being a 

2196
01:58:43,708 --> 01:58:45,200
district attorney and a game 
show. 

2197
01:58:45,200 --> 01:58:49,400
Host, this was Caesar's first, 
real job, Roman trial served as 

2198
01:58:49,400 --> 01:58:52,700
public entertainment and a young
attorney could gain notoriety by

2199
01:58:52,700 --> 01:58:55,500
putting on a strong front and 
damaging the reputation of his 

2200
01:58:55,500 --> 01:58:58,400
rival season, proved to have a 
natural talent for this. 

2201
01:58:58,400 --> 01:59:01,700
He could transform across 
examination into a performance 

2202
01:59:01,700 --> 01:59:05,700
piece and make arguing sound 
poetic Caesar, however, stood 

2203
01:59:05,700 --> 01:59:08,300
out from other aspirational 
young Romans because he 

2204
01:59:08,300 --> 01:59:11,800
genuinely cared about his 
abilities Caesar studied retric 

2205
01:59:11,800 --> 01:59:13,900
like a doctoral student studying
for finals. 

2206
01:59:13,900 --> 01:59:16,800
While his peers were happy to 
rely on inherited wealth, and 

2207
01:59:16,800 --> 01:59:19,900
Family Ties, even future 
dictators require a good 

2208
01:59:19,908 --> 01:59:23,000
education, which is why he went 
to Rhodes to study under the 

2209
01:59:23,000 --> 01:59:25,800
best instructors. 
Something happened during this 

2210
01:59:25,800 --> 01:59:28,300
learning experience that 
exemplifies, Caesar's 

2211
01:59:28,300 --> 01:59:30,900
personality, his ship was taken 
by Pirates. 

2212
01:59:30,900 --> 01:59:34,500
At the time Mediterranean 
Pirates were a highly organized 

2213
01:59:34,500 --> 01:59:38,400
Maritime, criminal organization.
Sees a chuckled when they asked 

2214
01:59:38,400 --> 01:59:42,400
for 20 talents of silver to free
him, he was offended, not 

2215
01:59:42,400 --> 01:59:47,500
because he founded amusing, he 
allegedly asked 20 talents, I'm 

2216
01:59:47,500 --> 01:59:50,200
worth at least 50. 
Don't you know who I am? 

2217
01:59:50,200 --> 01:59:53,200
The Pirates increased their 
price likely believing. 

2218
01:59:53,200 --> 01:59:55,300
They had captured either a 
Madman or a high-ranking 

2219
01:59:55,300 --> 01:59:58,500
official during his captivity 
sees a treated, the Pirates, 

2220
01:59:58,500 --> 02:00:00,500
more like dim house guests than 
captors. 

2221
02:00:00,500 --> 02:00:04,600
He worked out wrote poetry and 
told them to quiet down if they 

2222
02:00:04,600 --> 02:00:06,900
were making too much noise for 
his afternoon snooze. 

2223
02:00:06,900 --> 02:00:10,000
The Pirates, founded amusing 
that even vowed to return and 

2224
02:00:10,000 --> 02:00:12,200
crucify them. 
All seesaw, wasn't kidding 

2225
02:00:12,200 --> 02:00:16,000
though after being set free, he 
promptly gathered a fleet found 

2226
02:00:16,000 --> 02:00:19,400
the Pirates and had them 
crucified though he was lenient 

2227
02:00:19,400 --> 02:00:22,900
and had them killed first. 
It was a precursor to see his 

2228
02:00:22,900 --> 02:00:26,400
unusual charm and ruthless 
practicality, Caesar returned to

2229
02:00:26,400 --> 02:00:29,300
Rome and started moving up the 
political office ladder or 

2230
02:00:29,300 --> 02:00:31,100
cursor Sonora as the Romans 
called it. 

2231
02:00:31,800 --> 02:00:35,200
Imagine it as a medieval video 
game, where every level opens 

2232
02:00:35,200 --> 02:00:38,800
up, new tasks and opportunities 
to either make friends or deadly

2233
02:00:38,800 --> 02:00:43,000
foes as he Advanced through the 
ranks, Cuesta, edel and Prater, 

2234
02:00:43,000 --> 02:00:46,300
Caesar learn new things about 
the inner workings of Rome 

2235
02:00:46,300 --> 02:00:49,600
Caesar was essentially in charge
of Rome's entertainment as 

2236
02:00:49,600 --> 02:00:52,400
needle, overseeing public games 
and festivals. 

2237
02:00:52,400 --> 02:00:55,700
The majority of politicians 
attempted to cut costs because 

2238
02:00:55,700 --> 02:00:59,100
they believe that this was an 
essential expense, Caesar 

2239
02:00:59,100 --> 02:01:01,400
believed it to be the greatest 
marketing opportunity ever 

2240
02:01:01,400 --> 02:01:04,000
created. 
He organized gladiatorial fights

2241
02:01:04,000 --> 02:01:07,500
that left people talking for 
months hosted parties that made 

2242
02:01:07,500 --> 02:01:10,800
Super Bowl half-time seem 
insignificant and somehow 

2243
02:01:10,800 --> 02:01:13,900
managed to accrue enormous debt 
while rising to the position of 

2244
02:01:13,900 --> 02:01:17,300
most popular politician in Rome.
Caesar knew something is 

2245
02:01:17,300 --> 02:01:21,100
creditors did not in politics. 
Popularity is the most valuable 

2246
02:01:21,100 --> 02:01:24,600
asset his creditors, were likely
having Collective heart attacks.

2247
02:01:24,600 --> 02:01:28,600
If your loved, you can always 
find money, but if you're hated 

2248
02:01:28,600 --> 02:01:32,400
no amount of money can help Rome
had a problem by The time Caesar

2249
02:01:32,400 --> 02:01:35,700
was in his forties the Republic 
was like an old car held 

2250
02:01:35,700 --> 02:01:38,100
together with duct tape and 
Wishful Thinking, which was 

2251
02:01:38,100 --> 02:01:39,900
actually the largest of Rome's 
problems. 

2252
02:01:39,900 --> 02:01:42,900
Now, that Rome ruled over the 
majority of the Known World. 

2253
02:01:42,900 --> 02:01:46,300
The system that had functioned, 
when it was a tiny city state 

2254
02:01:46,300 --> 02:01:50,700
was disintegrating, After 
realizing the situation three 

2255
02:01:50,700 --> 02:01:52,400
men, made the decision to take 
action. 

2256
02:01:52,400 --> 02:01:55,200
The most renowned General in 
Rome Pompey. 

2257
02:01:55,200 --> 02:01:57,900
The great had conquered more 
land than most people could find

2258
02:01:57,900 --> 02:02:01,100
on a map. 
Crassus was so wealthy, that he 

2259
02:02:01,100 --> 02:02:03,400
gave the impression that 
contemporary billionaires were 

2260
02:02:03,408 --> 02:02:06,600
barely scraping by a 
contemporary nation state would 

2261
02:02:06,600 --> 02:02:09,500
have been impressed by Caesar's 
charm intelligence and deaths. 

2262
02:02:10,300 --> 02:02:13,000
Despite never using that term 
themselves, these three 

2263
02:02:13,000 --> 02:02:15,800
comprised what historians refer 
to as the first triumvirate. 

2264
02:02:15,800 --> 02:02:19,300
It was more akin to a casual 
gentleman's agreement to support

2265
02:02:19,300 --> 02:02:21,000
one another in achieving their 
goals. 

2266
02:02:21,800 --> 02:02:24,300
Pompey, wanted his conquests in 
the East to be formally 

2267
02:02:24,300 --> 02:02:28,100
acknowledged and his veterans to
be fairly rewarded to go along 

2268
02:02:28,100 --> 02:02:30,700
with his wealth. 
Crassus desired respect and 

2269
02:02:30,700 --> 02:02:34,000
possibly a military position. 
Caesar desired a prominent 

2270
02:02:34,000 --> 02:02:37,800
provincial position where he 
could gain notoriety and ideally

2271
02:02:37,800 --> 02:02:40,300
enough cash to settle his 
massive debts. 

2272
02:02:40,300 --> 02:02:43,400
You have to imagine that this 
partnership was similar to three

2273
02:02:43,400 --> 02:02:46,600
CEOs from separate businesses 
coming together with the covert 

2274
02:02:46,600 --> 02:02:49,100
intention of eventually 
acquiring the others 

2275
02:02:49,100 --> 02:02:52,200
professionally respectful, but 
always waiting for someone to 

2276
02:02:52,208 --> 02:02:55,500
show weakness, they were friends
in the same way that sharks of 

2277
02:02:55,508 --> 02:02:59,200
friends with other sharks. 
By splitting up, Roman politics,

2278
02:02:59,200 --> 02:03:02,700
like a pizza, the three managed 
to make their Arrangement work 

2279
02:03:02,700 --> 02:03:06,800
in 59 BCE, Caesar was made a 
console, which was a one-year 

2280
02:03:06,800 --> 02:03:10,500
term as president with a few 
extra togas often using tactics 

2281
02:03:10,500 --> 02:03:13,200
that made his fellow Senators, 
clutch their pearls and mutter 

2282
02:03:13,200 --> 02:03:16,000
about the good old days. 
He used this position to push 

2283
02:03:16,000 --> 02:03:18,600
through legislation, that gave 
his Partners, what they wanted, 

2284
02:03:18,600 --> 02:03:21,600
witnessing a master chess 
player, defeat opponents, who 

2285
02:03:21,600 --> 02:03:22,700
were still learning. 
How to move. 

2286
02:03:22,700 --> 02:03:25,900
The pieces was like being 
Caesar's, Consul, Caesar had the

2287
02:03:25,908 --> 02:03:29,000
other console locked in his 
house and pelted with trash when

2288
02:03:29,000 --> 02:03:32,100
he had to oppose him. 
Caesar cheerfully disregarded, 

2289
02:03:32,100 --> 02:03:34,500
centuries of Preston. 
And declared that the gods were 

2290
02:03:34,500 --> 02:03:36,900
clearly on his side. 
When Senators attempted to use 

2291
02:03:36,900 --> 02:03:40,100
religious technicalities to 
block his legislation with the 

2292
02:03:40,100 --> 02:03:42,400
same sense of horror, you might 
have, when you see someone 

2293
02:03:42,400 --> 02:03:46,300
reorganize, your meticulously 
arranged spice cabinet, A 

2294
02:03:46,300 --> 02:03:49,700
traditional Roman establishment 
of all of this season was 

2295
02:03:49,700 --> 02:03:52,900
accomplishing his goals, but he 
was also violating numerous 

2296
02:03:52,900 --> 02:03:55,600
unspoken laws, that had 
maintained Roman governance for 

2297
02:03:55,600 --> 02:03:58,100
centuries. 
Caesar was dangerous though 

2298
02:03:58,100 --> 02:04:00,600
because he wasn't really 
breaking the law for fun. 

2299
02:04:00,600 --> 02:04:04,100
He was resolving actual issues 
that the conventional system was

2300
02:04:04,100 --> 02:04:06,900
unable to manage. 
The province is needed to be 

2301
02:04:06,900 --> 02:04:10,900
properly administered, veterans 
needed land and Rome needed 

2302
02:04:10,900 --> 02:04:13,500
leaders who could make decisions
rather than arguing over 

2303
02:04:13,500 --> 02:04:16,000
protocol. 
All the time Caesar had achieved

2304
02:04:16,000 --> 02:04:17,900
his ultimate goal by the end of 
his consulship. 

2305
02:04:17,900 --> 02:04:21,600
Control of Gaul, the enormous 
region, north of Italy, that was

2306
02:04:21,600 --> 02:04:24,300
home to numerous tribes that the
Romans regarded as only 

2307
02:04:24,300 --> 02:04:26,600
marginally more civilized than 
Untamed animals. 

2308
02:04:26,600 --> 02:04:30,600
It was an opportunity to achieve
great wealth, military, success,

2309
02:04:30,600 --> 02:04:34,000
and enough political standing to
be considered one of Rome's. 

2310
02:04:34,000 --> 02:04:36,900
Most powerful men when he 
returned by sending him to 

2311
02:04:36,900 --> 02:04:38,500
battle Barbarians in the 
wilderness. 

2312
02:04:38,500 --> 02:04:41,200
His enemies, most likely 
believed they were getting rid 

2313
02:04:41,200 --> 02:04:44,200
of him, they were unaware that 
they were going to produce the 

2314
02:04:44,200 --> 02:04:46,300
most powerful military leader in
Roman history. 

2315
02:04:46,300 --> 02:04:49,700
Consider yourself a travel 
writer tasked with covering what

2316
02:04:49,700 --> 02:04:52,400
the Romans referred to as Gaul 
which includes parts of 

2317
02:04:52,408 --> 02:04:54,500
Switzerland Belgium and modern 
de France. 

2318
02:04:54,500 --> 02:04:57,900
The following is likely what 
your guidebook would say, bring 

2319
02:04:57,900 --> 02:05:01,700
sturdy boots and a good sword. 
Seen it forests Rolling Hills 

2320
02:05:01,700 --> 02:05:04,300
and fascinating, local tribes 
who enjoy painting themselves, 

2321
02:05:04,300 --> 02:05:06,600
blue. 
And Collecting enemy heads as 

2322
02:05:06,600 --> 02:05:10,500
decorative items. 
Caesar's new task was likely to 

2323
02:05:10,500 --> 02:05:13,900
be to suppress small uprisings 
for a few years perhaps extend 

2324
02:05:13,900 --> 02:05:16,800
the Yum boundaries a bit and 
then returned home with enough 

2325
02:05:16,800 --> 02:05:19,600
treasure to settle his debts. 
Caesar, on the other hand was 

2326
02:05:19,600 --> 02:05:22,100
going to spend eight years 
essentially, rewriting the 

2327
02:05:22,100 --> 02:05:25,300
European map and establishing a 
military myth that would live on

2328
02:05:25,300 --> 02:05:28,600
for generations to come Caesar 
found himself in a situation. 

2329
02:05:28,600 --> 02:05:31,900
That was a combination of Crisis
opportunity and Adventure movie,

2330
02:05:31,900 --> 02:05:33,800
waiting to happen when he 
arrived in. 

2331
02:05:33,808 --> 02:05:37,100
Gaul in 58. 
BCE the Swiss tribe known as the

2332
02:05:37,100 --> 02:05:40,000
helvete had decided that their 
Mountain Homes were too small 

2333
02:05:40,000 --> 02:05:43,000
and were moving through Gaul 
with everything, they owned 

2334
02:05:43,000 --> 02:05:46,700
resembling an Antiquated form of
a huge RV Convoy. 

2335
02:05:46,700 --> 02:05:48,800
That also happened to be spear 
armed. 

2336
02:05:48,800 --> 02:05:51,100
Seas of viewed. 
This migration as the ideal 

2337
02:05:51,100 --> 02:05:54,000
pretext for entering gallic 
politics in the battle that 

2338
02:05:54,000 --> 02:05:56,900
followed, he blocked, the hill, 
vet's route, and prove something

2339
02:05:56,900 --> 02:05:58,200
that would later become his 
signature. 

2340
02:05:58,200 --> 02:06:02,000
He could Elevate military 
strategy to the level of Fine 

2341
02:06:02,000 --> 02:06:05,100
Art, Caesar combined, technical 
skill, with psychological 

2342
02:06:05,100 --> 02:06:07,300
warfare, and a knack for 
appearing. 

2343
02:06:07,300 --> 02:06:11,000
Precisely where his adversaries.
Least expected him in contrast 

2344
02:06:11,000 --> 02:06:13,700
to other Roman generals who 
relied on brute force and 

2345
02:06:13,700 --> 02:06:16,500
conventional formations. 
The helvetii discovered, the 

2346
02:06:16,500 --> 02:06:19,900
hard way that this middle-aged 
Roman politician had somehow 

2347
02:06:19,900 --> 02:06:22,300
become one of the greatest 
military thinkers in history. 

2348
02:06:22,300 --> 02:06:25,600
Caesar sent them home to rebuild
their former lands and reflect 

2349
02:06:25,600 --> 02:06:28,100
on their life decisions rather 
than simply defeating them. 

2350
02:06:28,100 --> 02:06:32,700
However, Gaul was similar to a 
huge puzzle with 10 new issues 

2351
02:06:32,700 --> 02:06:35,600
revealed, when one piece was 
solved, other gallic, tribes, 

2352
02:06:35,600 --> 02:06:38,000
began, approaching Caesar For 
assistance with their neighbors.

2353
02:06:38,000 --> 02:06:41,300
As soon as he had dealt with the
helvetii usually because someone

2354
02:06:41,300 --> 02:06:44,200
was doing something that they 
didn't like though the couple's 

2355
02:06:44,200 --> 02:06:46,500
were entire tribes in the 
counseling session and in 

2356
02:06:46,500 --> 02:06:49,500
Cavalry Charges it was similar 
to serving as a marriage 

2357
02:06:49,500 --> 02:06:53,500
counselor for warrior societies.
Caesar had a talent for turning 

2358
02:06:53,500 --> 02:06:56,900
these tribal disputes to Rome's 
Advantage, Caesar established 

2359
02:06:56,900 --> 02:06:59,600
himself as the protector of 
gallic Independence, while 

2360
02:06:59,600 --> 02:07:02,800
extending Roman Authority. 
When the Germanic King Ariel 

2361
02:07:02,800 --> 02:07:06,500
Vista began to establish himself
in gallic territory, using your 

2362
02:07:06,500 --> 02:07:08,800
opponent strength against them. 
While appearing to be the 

2363
02:07:08,808 --> 02:07:12,600
reasonable party was the epitome
of political Jiu Jitsu when 

2364
02:07:12,600 --> 02:07:15,200
Caesar insisted on a meeting, 
the German King. 

2365
02:07:15,200 --> 02:07:17,900
Most likely assumed he was 
merely interacting with another 

2366
02:07:17,900 --> 02:07:20,600
Roman official. 
Instead he had to contend with a

2367
02:07:20,600 --> 02:07:23,000
person who was both 
diplomatically charming and 

2368
02:07:23,000 --> 02:07:26,500
subtly threatening to use 
extreme violence when talks 

2369
02:07:26,500 --> 02:07:28,400
broke down. 
Arrow, Vista learned from 

2370
02:07:28,400 --> 02:07:30,700
Caesar's Legions that 
professional Roman military 

2371
02:07:30,700 --> 02:07:32,900
engineering differs, greatly 
from raiding parties. 

2372
02:07:33,700 --> 02:07:36,200
Sees his campaigns were 
consistent from year to year. 

2373
02:07:36,200 --> 02:07:39,500
Caesar would March his Legions 
across impossible Terrain in 

2374
02:07:39,508 --> 02:07:43,500
impossible time arrived when no 
one was expecting him and then 

2375
02:07:43,500 --> 02:07:46,700
proceeded to show why Roman 
military Doctrine had conquered 

2376
02:07:46,700 --> 02:07:49,200
most of the known world after 
some gallic tribe called 

2377
02:07:49,200 --> 02:07:51,600
trouble, he played against 
opponents who were still 

2378
02:07:51,608 --> 02:07:55,500
learning Checkers, much like a 
chess Grandmaster Caesar was 

2379
02:07:55,500 --> 02:07:57,400
changing the way the Romans 
viewed War though. 

2380
02:07:57,400 --> 02:08:00,900
In addition to winning battles, 
his Legions were able to march 

2381
02:08:00,900 --> 02:08:03,700
distances that left their 
enemies gasping in their wake 

2382
02:08:03,700 --> 02:08:07,000
build Siege works. 
That resembled tiny cities and 

2383
02:08:07,000 --> 02:08:09,900
build Bridges across Raging 
Rivers in a matter of days. 

2384
02:08:09,900 --> 02:08:13,200
More significantly. 
Cesar was demonstrating that 

2385
02:08:13,200 --> 02:08:15,900
Roman engineering and discipline
could conquer any challenge 

2386
02:08:15,900 --> 02:08:19,100
human or natural. 
The gallic tribes started to 

2387
02:08:19,100 --> 02:08:21,500
understand that they were up 
against more than just another 

2388
02:08:21,500 --> 02:08:24,400
Roman politicians seeking a 
short-term military Victory. 

2389
02:08:24,400 --> 02:08:27,600
They were up against a man who 
was a combination of logistical 

2390
02:08:27,600 --> 02:08:32,000
genius, strategic genius, and a 
total refusal to concede defeat,

2391
02:08:32,000 --> 02:08:34,500
while teaching a whole 
generation of Roman soldiers. 

2392
02:08:34,500 --> 02:08:36,800
That impossible was just another
word for Tuesday. 

2393
02:08:36,800 --> 02:08:39,700
Caesar was also rewriting, the 
rules of warfare. 

2394
02:08:39,700 --> 02:08:43,400
If This Were a film passenger 
Torx would be the charismatic 

2395
02:08:43,400 --> 02:08:45,900
Rebel leader, who finally 
learned how to fight the Empire 

2396
02:08:45,900 --> 02:08:48,900
and Caesar would be the 
intelligent but increasingly 

2397
02:08:48,900 --> 02:08:52,000
dangerous, General, who success 
is beginning to worry his own 

2398
02:08:52,000 --> 02:08:54,100
government. 
Every great story needs, a 

2399
02:08:54,100 --> 02:08:56,900
worthy opponent. 
And Caesar found his in a young 

2400
02:08:56,900 --> 02:08:59,800
gallic Chieftain named versing 
geter X whose name roughly 

2401
02:08:59,800 --> 02:09:01,600
translates to Great king of 
warriors. 

2402
02:09:02,500 --> 02:09:05,600
By 52 BCE. 
Caesar had systematically 

2403
02:09:05,600 --> 02:09:08,700
conquered Gaul for six years, 
using the same level of 

2404
02:09:08,708 --> 02:09:11,800
efficiency as someone setting up
a massive bloody filing system. 

2405
02:09:11,800 --> 02:09:15,800
However, the gallic tribes have 
been observing learning and 

2406
02:09:15,800 --> 02:09:17,100
gradually coming to the 
conclusion. 

2407
02:09:17,100 --> 02:09:20,300
That Roman military Precision 
was outperforming their old 

2408
02:09:20,300 --> 02:09:23,900
style of combat which involved 
numerous individual, heroics and

2409
02:09:23,900 --> 02:09:27,300
dramatic charges for Signature, 
stood for something novel. 

2410
02:09:27,300 --> 02:09:30,800
A garlic leader who recognized 
the advantages of his own people

2411
02:09:30,800 --> 02:09:33,100
as well as the shortcomings of 
the Romans. 

2412
02:09:33,100 --> 02:09:35,400
He planned. 
What is now known as a guerrilla

2413
02:09:35,400 --> 02:09:38,300
campaign rather than engaging 
season's Legions in direct 

2414
02:09:38,300 --> 02:09:40,600
combat. 
His soldiers were attacked Roman

2415
02:09:40,600 --> 02:09:44,000
supply routes, stay out of 
direct combat and withdraw to 

2416
02:09:44,000 --> 02:09:46,800
fortified areas that would be 
expensive for the Romans to 

2417
02:09:46,800 --> 02:09:50,100
attack for the first time in his
gallic campaign, season was 

2418
02:09:50,100 --> 02:09:52,900
truly challenged and it was like
witnessing a medieval 

2419
02:09:52,900 --> 02:09:55,900
Insurgency. 
He was being forced by the sun, 

2420
02:09:55,900 --> 02:09:59,600
gets to fight the kind of war. 
That the Romans detested one in 

2421
02:09:59,608 --> 02:10:02,000
which local expertise and 
popular support were more. 

2422
02:10:02,400 --> 02:10:04,100
And Superior planning and 
Equipment. 

2423
02:10:04,100 --> 02:10:07,700
The ensuing campaign, resembled 
a lethal game of cat and mouse, 

2424
02:10:07,700 --> 02:10:09,600
that was played throughout 
Gould's Countryside. 

2425
02:10:09,600 --> 02:10:13,000
First century X would show up 
with his Warriors, Slaughter, 

2426
02:10:13,000 --> 02:10:15,800
Roman soldiers, and then 
disappear into forests. 

2427
02:10:15,800 --> 02:10:18,600
That his people were familiar 
with like their own backyards. 

2428
02:10:18,600 --> 02:10:21,400
Caesar was always on the 
defensive as he pursued an 

2429
02:10:21,400 --> 02:10:23,000
adversary that would not remain 
motionless. 

2430
02:10:23,000 --> 02:10:27,000
Long enough for a true Roman 
style conflict Caesar's years of

2431
02:10:27,000 --> 02:10:29,900
military command had taught him 
that every strategy had a 

2432
02:10:29,900 --> 02:10:32,300
counter strategy. 
Caesar would put first and get 

2433
02:10:32,300 --> 02:10:34,700
her in a situation that the 
gallic leader couldn't ignore 

2434
02:10:34,700 --> 02:10:36,700
forcing him into a pitched 
battle. 

2435
02:10:36,700 --> 02:10:39,400
If he wished to avoid one, 
Elisea. 

2436
02:10:39,400 --> 02:10:41,600
A Hilltop Fortress that versing 
jetrica. 

2437
02:10:51,600 --> 02:10:55,000
After seeing Alicia the majority
of Roman generals would have 

2438
02:10:55,000 --> 02:10:58,000
chosen to pursue a simpler 
Target, Caesar chose to try 

2439
02:10:58,000 --> 02:10:59,900
something that went against all 
military. 

2440
02:10:59,900 --> 02:11:02,300
Common Sense. 
After taking a look at alizea, 

2441
02:11:02,300 --> 02:11:07,000
he would construct, not one but 
two full sets of fortifications 

2442
02:11:07,000 --> 02:11:10,300
to enclose the Fortress one 
facing Alicia to keep the 

2443
02:11:10,300 --> 02:11:13,600
Defenders inside and another 
facing outward to prevent The 

2444
02:11:13,600 --> 02:11:16,900
Siege from being broken by 
gallic relief forces, the scale 

2445
02:11:16,900 --> 02:11:19,500
of the engineering made building
Roman Bridges seem like a 

2446
02:11:19,500 --> 02:11:22,600
do-it-yourself weekend project 
in addition to maintaining a 

2447
02:11:22,600 --> 02:11:25,800
Siege and preparing for a tax 
from various angles Caesar's. 

2448
02:11:25,800 --> 02:11:29,100
Legions constructed miles of 
walls, ditches traps and 

2449
02:11:29,108 --> 02:11:31,800
defensive positions. 
It was similar to attempting to 

2450
02:11:31,808 --> 02:11:34,500
construct a house while fending 
off Intruders and getting ready 

2451
02:11:34,500 --> 02:11:37,500
for a dinner party. 
But with more stabbing Seasons, 

2452
02:11:37,500 --> 02:11:40,000
knowledge of Roman military 
engineering leadership, and 

2453
02:11:40,000 --> 02:11:43,200
warfare was put to the ultimate 
test during the siege of Elysia 

2454
02:11:43,200 --> 02:11:45,800
passenger tricks. 
And his soldiers were starving 

2455
02:11:45,800 --> 02:11:48,600
inside the Fortress. 
As they observed Caesar's 

2456
02:11:48,600 --> 02:11:51,600
impossibly strong defenses, 
gaining strength every day. 

2457
02:11:51,600 --> 02:11:55,300
The kind of great battle that 
had made Roman Legions, famous 

2458
02:11:55,300 --> 02:11:58,800
was created outside as gallic 
relief, armies assembled to 

2459
02:11:58,800 --> 02:12:02,500
break the siege with desperate 
Defenders, overwhelming odds, 

2460
02:12:02,500 --> 02:12:05,600
Cavalry Charges and the fate of 
Gaul hanging in the balance. 

2461
02:12:06,400 --> 02:12:10,200
The final assault had all the 
makings of a Hollywood film sees

2462
02:12:10,200 --> 02:12:12,600
a demonstrated that military 
Brilliance involves more than 

2463
02:12:12,600 --> 02:12:15,600
just strategy. 
It also involves the capacity to

2464
02:12:15,600 --> 02:12:18,600
control chaos. 
He was everywhere at once 

2465
02:12:18,600 --> 02:12:22,000
organizing attacks on his inner 
walls and leading the defense of

2466
02:12:22,000 --> 02:12:24,600
his outer ones. 
First injector's walked out of 

2467
02:12:24,600 --> 02:12:27,600
Elysia to throw his weapons at 
Caesar's feet in a gesture of 

2468
02:12:27,600 --> 02:12:30,900
both defeat and dignity. 
Thereby saving his people from 

2469
02:12:30,900 --> 02:12:33,500
complete destruction and ending 
the battle. 

2470
02:12:33,500 --> 02:12:36,500
It was the event that 
essentially put an end to Gaelic

2471
02:12:36,500 --> 02:12:39,700
Independence for the following 
five centuries and immortalized,

2472
02:12:39,700 --> 02:12:42,600
Caesar's reputation Caesars 
accomplishments and goal were 

2473
02:12:42,600 --> 02:12:45,100
causing the kind of political 
issues that contemporary Spin 

2474
02:12:45,100 --> 02:12:48,400
Doctors dread back in Rome. 
He had on the one hand, brought 

2475
02:12:48,400 --> 02:12:51,400
vast wealth, into Rome's. 
Treasury conquered territory, 

2476
02:12:51,400 --> 02:12:54,400
roughly the size of modern 
France and demonstrated that 

2477
02:12:54,400 --> 02:12:55,900
Roman arms could Prevail 
anywhere. 

2478
02:12:55,900 --> 02:12:59,500
However, he had also built an 
army of seasoned soldiers, who 

2479
02:12:59,500 --> 02:13:02,200
were personally, loyal to seize 
her and didn't care much about 

2480
02:13:02,200 --> 02:13:04,400
what other people thought. 
Consider this. 

2481
02:13:04,400 --> 02:13:07,200
Suppose your colleague went on a
brief business trip and 

2482
02:13:07,200 --> 02:13:08,900
returned. 
Eight years later with a private

2483
02:13:08,900 --> 02:13:12,300
Army, a multi-national 
corporation and enough cash to 

2484
02:13:12,300 --> 02:13:15,700
purchase your entire business. 
Caesar had effectively done that

2485
02:13:15,700 --> 02:13:18,400
and his fellow politicians. 
Were beginning to feel as though

2486
02:13:18,400 --> 02:13:21,800
they had unintentionally created
a monster in particular. 

2487
02:13:21,800 --> 02:13:25,900
The Roman senate was concerned. 
Imagine a chamber full of men in

2488
02:13:25,900 --> 02:13:28,100
togas who argued about precedent
and procedure. 

2489
02:13:28,100 --> 02:13:31,500
Most of the time as Consul they 
had witnessed Caesar defied 

2490
02:13:31,500 --> 02:13:34,100
political conventions. 
And now he had returned with a 

2491
02:13:34,100 --> 02:13:36,900
military reputation that made 
Pompey, the great appear like a 

2492
02:13:36,900 --> 02:13:40,100
weekend, warrior even worse. 
Caesar was still legally 

2493
02:13:40,100 --> 02:13:43,000
protected from prosecution as 
long as he was in office because

2494
02:13:43,000 --> 02:13:46,100
he was still a governor. 
Cesar's adversaries, recognized 

2495
02:13:46,100 --> 02:13:49,200
a chance they could prosecute 
him for all those constitutional

2496
02:13:49,200 --> 02:13:50,800
irregularities from his 
consulship. 

2497
02:13:50,800 --> 02:13:53,500
If they could make him return to
Rome as a private citizen. 

2498
02:13:53,500 --> 02:13:57,000
It would be akin to compelling a
prosperous, but morally dubious 

2499
02:13:57,000 --> 02:13:59,800
entrepreneur to Forfeit, his 
corporate safeguards and 

2500
02:13:59,800 --> 02:14:02,200
confronted a group of 
prosecutors who had spent eight 

2501
02:14:02,200 --> 02:14:06,200
years crafting their case The 
Trap was simple but elegant, 

2502
02:14:06,200 --> 02:14:09,700
Caesar's political survival 
required him to either remain in

2503
02:14:09,700 --> 02:14:12,400
Gaul or return to Rome with 
sufficient power to defend 

2504
02:14:12,400 --> 02:14:16,400
himself while Roman law mandated
that he must disband his armies 

2505
02:14:16,400 --> 02:14:19,300
before entering Italy. 
In essence, his adversaries were

2506
02:14:19,300 --> 02:14:21,800
pressuring him to decide between
abiding by the law and 

2507
02:14:21,800 --> 02:14:25,600
committing political suicide, 
negotiations, dragged on for 

2508
02:14:25,600 --> 02:14:28,700
months, much like a high stakes 
divorce, mediation. 

2509
02:14:28,700 --> 02:14:32,200
Caesar's opponents insisted on a
gap that would expose him. 

2510
02:14:32,200 --> 02:14:35,100
While his supporters in Rome 
sought a compromise that would 

2511
02:14:35,100 --> 02:14:38,400
allow him to go straight from 
Governor to console, Caesar and 

2512
02:14:38,400 --> 02:14:41,300
his Legions sat in Gaul in the 
meantime, watching Roman 

2513
02:14:41,300 --> 02:14:44,400
politics Splinter over how to 
handle him being asked to 

2514
02:14:44,400 --> 02:14:47,000
mediate between two former 
friends who both believe you 

2515
02:14:47,000 --> 02:14:49,900
should take side, put pompy the 
great in the middle of this 

2516
02:14:49,900 --> 02:14:51,900
mess. 
Caesar had been partnered with 

2517
02:14:51,900 --> 02:14:54,700
Pompey and the triumvirate. 
But Pompey was uncomfortably 

2518
02:14:54,700 --> 02:14:58,400
powerful after season's success,
in Gaul, in essence Pompey, was 

2519
02:14:58,408 --> 02:15:01,500
being asked to decide between 
his long-standing Alliance and 

2520
02:15:01,500 --> 02:15:03,500
their apprehension about Seasons
aspiration. 

2521
02:15:03,500 --> 02:15:07,200
When the Past what amounted to a
martial law declaration in 

2522
02:15:07,200 --> 02:15:11,900
January of 49 BCE the crisis 
reached a Breaking Point and 

2523
02:15:11,900 --> 02:15:15,000
Pompey was granted emergency 
powers to protect the Republic 

2524
02:15:15,000 --> 02:15:17,500
from Caesar everyone. 
In Rome knew that it was the 

2525
02:15:17,500 --> 02:15:19,300
political equivalent of 
declaring war. 

2526
02:15:19,300 --> 02:15:22,300
At the banks of the Rubicon 
River which has historically 

2527
02:15:22,300 --> 02:15:24,600
served as the border between 
Gaul and Italy. 

2528
02:15:24,600 --> 02:15:26,700
Caesar was informed of this 
development. 

2529
02:15:26,700 --> 02:15:30,600
This River was the ultimate Red 
Line in Roman politics because 

2530
02:15:30,600 --> 02:15:33,300
it was forbidden by Roman law 
for any general to cross it with

2531
02:15:33,300 --> 02:15:36,000
troops standing there. 
With his seasoned Legions, 

2532
02:15:36,000 --> 02:15:38,500
Caesar had to make a decision 
that would affect not only his 

2533
02:15:38,500 --> 02:15:41,300
own destiny, but the course of 
the Roman Republic. 

2534
02:15:41,300 --> 02:15:44,700
Caesar reportedly stopped at the
riverbank and uttered the words 

2535
02:15:44,700 --> 02:15:47,900
that would reverberate 
throughout history Aaliyah actor

2536
02:15:47,900 --> 02:15:52,300
SST, the die is cast. 
He then LED his army across the 

2537
02:15:52,300 --> 02:15:55,100
Rubicon changing, from a Roman 
Governor, to a rebel against the

2538
02:15:55,100 --> 02:15:57,100
state. 
He had spent his entire 

2539
02:15:57,100 --> 02:16:00,200
professional life serving, it 
was a time when historical, 

2540
02:16:00,200 --> 02:16:03,200
inevitability political 
necessity of personal ambition 

2541
02:16:03,200 --> 02:16:05,300
came together to form a single 
decision. 

2542
02:16:06,400 --> 02:16:08,000
Caesar was not merely crossing a
river. 

2543
02:16:08,000 --> 02:16:10,900
He was also crossing the 
boundary between the Roman 

2544
02:16:10,900 --> 02:16:14,400
Republic and the future Caesars 
crossing of the Rubicon sparked.

2545
02:16:14,400 --> 02:16:16,600
A civil war that the most 
skilled military in the world 

2546
02:16:16,600 --> 02:16:18,300
would be engaged in against 
itself. 

2547
02:16:18,300 --> 02:16:20,900
Something the Romans had feared 
for Generations. 

2548
02:16:20,900 --> 02:16:24,100
It was similar to witnessing a 
family business disintegrate. 

2549
02:16:24,100 --> 02:16:27,100
Except that the family business 
called the majority of the 

2550
02:16:27,100 --> 02:16:30,000
Mediterranean region and the 
disputes were resolved with 

2551
02:16:30,008 --> 02:16:32,299
swords. 
The Romans had never witnessed 

2552
02:16:32,299 --> 02:16:35,799
anything, like Caesar's march 
across Italy, Caesar launched, 

2553
02:16:35,799 --> 02:16:38,100
what may have been the first 
charm offensive in history 

2554
02:16:38,100 --> 02:16:40,200
rather than the ruthless 
Conquest. 

2555
02:16:40,200 --> 02:16:43,799
They had anticipated he showed 
unusual clemency to the citizens

2556
02:16:43,799 --> 02:16:45,100
of the cities that welcome to 
him. 

2557
02:16:45,100 --> 02:16:48,000
He offered them positions in his
army and pardoned. 

2558
02:16:48,000 --> 02:16:51,100
The enemy soldiers who turned 
themselves in he released Roman 

2559
02:16:51,100 --> 02:16:54,200
officials, he had captured with 
courtesy notes implying. 

2560
02:16:54,200 --> 02:16:57,900
They might want to reevaluate 
their political affiliation, it 

2561
02:16:57,900 --> 02:17:02,000
was the best kind of cycle for 
fair was proving that he was a 

2562
02:17:02,000 --> 02:17:03,600
Roman Statesman. 
Attempting to rescue the 

2563
02:17:03,608 --> 02:17:05,500
Republic from his own political 
dysfunction. 

2564
02:17:05,500 --> 02:17:09,000
Not just another ambitious 
General looking to plunder Rome.

2565
02:17:09,000 --> 02:17:12,900
Caesar's policy of clemency was 
both genuinely compassionate and

2566
02:17:12,900 --> 02:17:17,400
Incredibly well thought out Each
enemy he pardoned served as a 

2567
02:17:17,400 --> 02:17:18,799
living example of his 
reasonableness. 

2568
02:17:18,799 --> 02:17:21,900
Meanwhile Pompey and the Senate 
were learning that Civil War. 

2569
02:17:21,900 --> 02:17:24,400
Preparation is far more 
difficult than Conquest 

2570
02:17:24,400 --> 02:17:27,299
preparation abroad. 
Their plan was to leave Italy 

2571
02:17:27,299 --> 02:17:30,799
assembled troops in the Eastern 
Mediterranean and then return 

2572
02:17:30,799 --> 02:17:33,500
with a massive Force to put an 
end to Caesar's Uprising. 

2573
02:17:33,500 --> 02:17:36,400
The political realities of the 
situation were totally 

2574
02:17:36,400 --> 02:17:38,799
disregarded in favor of sound 
military reasoning. 

2575
02:17:39,600 --> 02:17:42,200
He gave Caesar the ultimate 
propaganda Triumph by leaving 

2576
02:17:42,200 --> 02:17:46,000
Rome now that his enemies had 
fled like cowards Caesar could 

2577
02:17:46,000 --> 02:17:48,600
say he was protecting the city. 
Even as he methodically 

2578
02:17:48,600 --> 02:17:51,100
destroyed, the political 
structure of the stood in his 

2579
02:17:51,108 --> 02:17:54,900
way, he made a point to uphold 
Republican traditions and 

2580
02:17:54,900 --> 02:17:57,400
established institutions. 
When he arrived in Rome. 

2581
02:17:57,400 --> 02:18:00,700
The ensuing Civil War, spread 
like a deadly reality show 

2582
02:18:00,700 --> 02:18:03,700
throughout the Mediterranean 
region, the greatest armies in 

2583
02:18:03,708 --> 02:18:06,900
history were commanded by Caesar
and Pompey and they were 

2584
02:18:06,900 --> 02:18:09,400
commanded by officers who are 
dedicated their professional 

2585
02:18:09,400 --> 02:18:11,200
lives to honing their military 
skills. 

2586
02:18:11,200 --> 02:18:14,799
These kinds of colliding, forces
produced, amazing and 

2587
02:18:14,799 --> 02:18:17,600
destructive results. 
Sees approved during his 

2588
02:18:17,600 --> 02:18:20,500
campaign in Spain that he could 
outmaneuver opponents without 

2589
02:18:20,500 --> 02:18:24,000
necessarily destroying them sees
a gained control of the Iberian 

2590
02:18:24,000 --> 02:18:27,000
Peninsula, through Superior 
Logistics rather than Superior 

2591
02:18:27,000 --> 02:18:29,799
violence after he encircled 
pompey's allies. 

2592
02:18:29,799 --> 02:18:32,400
So thoroughly that they 
surrendered without a 

2593
02:18:32,400 --> 02:18:35,299
significant conflict military. 
Theorists were impressed by this

2594
02:18:35,299 --> 02:18:38,200
type of victory, for centuries 
to come the real battle. 

2595
02:18:38,200 --> 02:18:41,900
However took place at Dirham in 
present-day Albania, where 

2596
02:18:41,900 --> 02:18:45,100
pompey's Army first outwitted, 
Caesar in what turned out to be 

2597
02:18:45,100 --> 02:18:48,799
one of Caesar's few decisive 
losses for an instant pompy 

2598
02:18:48,799 --> 02:18:51,000
appeared to have discovered the 
secret to defeating the most 

2599
02:18:51,000 --> 02:18:54,400
successful General, in Rome 
Caesars reaction to this. 

2600
02:18:54,400 --> 02:18:57,299
Setback provided important 
insight into his personality 

2601
02:18:57,299 --> 02:18:59,299
instead with the patience of 
one. 

2602
02:18:59,299 --> 02:19:01,900
Who knew that individual battles
do not decide Wars. 

2603
02:19:01,900 --> 02:19:03,799
He examined. 
What had gone wrong. 

2604
02:19:03,799 --> 02:19:06,400
Modified his strategy and 
readied himself. 

2605
02:19:06,400 --> 02:19:10,100
For the next engagement, Caesar 
and pompies larger Army engaged 

2606
02:19:10,100 --> 02:19:13,400
in a fierce battle at fossilis 
Greece, which was the pivotal 

2607
02:19:13,400 --> 02:19:16,200
moment for which Roman military 
Doctrine was created. 

2608
02:19:16,600 --> 02:19:19,700
Pompey's Army was great, but 
predictable and season had 

2609
02:19:19,700 --> 02:19:22,500
learned to improvise during his 
eight years in Gaul, the actual 

2610
02:19:22,500 --> 02:19:26,000
battle was a tactical. 
Flexibility masterclass Caesar 

2611
02:19:26,000 --> 02:19:28,100
used his reserves in a 
surprising formation. 

2612
02:19:28,100 --> 02:19:30,600
That turned the strength of the 
enemy into weakness. 

2613
02:19:30,600 --> 02:19:33,900
When pompey's Cavalry threatened
to outflank seizures forces, 

2614
02:19:33,900 --> 02:19:36,799
watching a chess, Grandmaster 
sacrifice a piece to reach. 

2615
02:19:36,799 --> 02:19:40,600
Checkmate, three moves later was
like that the Republic's ability

2616
02:19:40,600 --> 02:19:43,900
to oppose Caesar was essentially
destroyed by pompey's defeat at 

2617
02:19:43,900 --> 02:19:46,500
fossilis, but it also signaled 
to Caesar that. 

2618
02:19:46,500 --> 02:19:49,200
A military Triumph was just the 
start of his troubles. 

2619
02:19:49,200 --> 02:19:51,800
Overcoming adversaries is 
comparatively easy. 

2620
02:19:52,600 --> 02:19:55,600
Managing an Empire Shattered by 
Civil War is a completely 

2621
02:19:55,600 --> 02:19:58,000
different matter. 
Caesar was in the unique 

2622
02:19:58,000 --> 02:20:01,200
position of winning a civil war 
after fossilis, but he wasn't 

2623
02:20:01,200 --> 02:20:04,300
entirely sure what to do next. 
In one of the biggest blunders 

2624
02:20:04,300 --> 02:20:07,200
in history, the Egyptians chose 
to win Caesar over by killing 

2625
02:20:07,200 --> 02:20:09,400
Pompey and giving his head as a 
present. 

2626
02:20:10,200 --> 02:20:12,900
Pompey, had fled to Egypt, 
seeking Refuge from Rome's 

2627
02:20:12,900 --> 02:20:16,000
long-standing Ally the Egyptians
likely didn't anticipate. 

2628
02:20:16,000 --> 02:20:18,400
Season's response. 
When he saw the severed head of 

2629
02:20:18,400 --> 02:20:22,200
his former rival, Caesar 
reportedly wept whether out of 

2630
02:20:22,208 --> 02:20:24,200
true grief or political 
calculation. 

2631
02:20:24,200 --> 02:20:27,500
Instead of gratitude the man 
whose opposition had given 

2632
02:20:27,500 --> 02:20:29,700
Caesar's own. 
Positional legitimacy was no 

2633
02:20:29,700 --> 02:20:32,700
longer his most credible 
opponent, he was now merely a 

2634
02:20:32,700 --> 02:20:35,200
Roman general occupying, a 
foreign land with no obvious 

2635
02:20:35,200 --> 02:20:39,100
adversary to engage in combat 
with however, Egypt provided 

2636
02:20:39,100 --> 02:20:41,900
restitution chiefly in the form 
of Cleopatra. 

2637
02:20:41,900 --> 02:20:45,100
The seventh Egypt's, final 
pharaoh, and perhaps, the most 

2638
02:20:45,100 --> 02:20:46,800
cultured woman sees her had ever
met. 

2639
02:20:46,800 --> 02:20:49,900
Here was a person who ruled one 
of the richest kingdoms in 

2640
02:20:49,900 --> 02:20:53,400
Antiquity spoken. 
Nine languages and had received 

2641
02:20:53,400 --> 02:20:57,000
his education from the finest 
alexandrian Scholars, she 

2642
02:20:57,000 --> 02:21:00,900
resembled a cross between a 
Fortune 500, CEO and a Harvard 

2643
02:21:00,900 --> 02:21:03,600
MBA who happened to have 
ancestry dating back to 

2644
02:21:03,600 --> 02:21:07,400
Alexander the Great rather than 
a Disney princess Caesar. 

2645
02:21:07,400 --> 02:21:10,100
And Cleopatra's relationship was
a combination of mutual 

2646
02:21:10,100 --> 02:21:14,000
recognition, political Alliance 
and personal attraction between 

2647
02:21:14,000 --> 02:21:17,600
two of the most Brilliant Minds.
In antique the 52 year old 

2648
02:21:17,608 --> 02:21:19,800
Caesar had lived his entire life
surrounded. 

2649
02:21:19,900 --> 02:21:23,600
By Roman politicians who believe
that tactical maneuvering meant 

2650
02:21:23,600 --> 02:21:26,500
slightly, different forms of 
bribery managing a kingdom. 

2651
02:21:26,500 --> 02:21:28,700
That was essentially a 
multinational corporation with 

2652
02:21:28,700 --> 02:21:32,800
pyramids. 21 year old Cleopatra 
had been dealing with court 

2653
02:21:32,800 --> 02:21:35,900
Intrigue since she was a young 
girl Alexandria, the greatest 

2654
02:21:35,900 --> 02:21:38,600
center of learning and culture 
and Antiquity, served as the 

2655
02:21:38,600 --> 02:21:41,900
backdrop for their romance. 
Caesar found himself in a city 

2656
02:21:41,900 --> 02:21:43,300
with the largest library in the 
world. 

2657
02:21:43,300 --> 02:21:46,400
The most sophisticated 
engineering and intellectual 

2658
02:21:46,400 --> 02:21:49,800
Traditions that made Rome appear
like a promising startup while, 

2659
02:21:49,800 --> 02:21:53,400
Roman senators were debating 
precedent, and procedure Caesar 

2660
02:21:53,400 --> 02:21:55,900
was captivated by Egyptian 
governance, and partially 

2661
02:21:55,900 --> 02:21:58,900
announced with Cleopatra during 
his month-long stay in Egypt. 

2662
02:21:58,900 --> 02:22:01,700
While Rome was still learning 
how to rule over lands outside 

2663
02:22:01,700 --> 02:22:04,000
of Italy. 
This Kingdom had been handling 

2664
02:22:04,000 --> 02:22:06,400
intricate bureaucracy for 
thousands of years. 

2665
02:22:07,300 --> 02:22:10,800
Seasoned Imperial Administration
lessons from the experience that

2666
02:22:10,800 --> 02:22:14,400
shape his subsequent reforms. 
However, this ancient sabbatical

2667
02:22:14,400 --> 02:22:16,800
romance was eventually 
overshadowed by political 

2668
02:22:16,800 --> 02:22:20,200
reality, Caesar couldn't afford 
to ignore the opportunities for 

2669
02:22:20,200 --> 02:22:23,500
opposition that his extended 
absence from Roman politics was 

2670
02:22:23,500 --> 02:22:26,300
creating and his enemies were 
regrouping throughout the 

2671
02:22:26,300 --> 02:22:30,000
Mediterranean upon his return. 
To Rome Caesar encountered the 

2672
02:22:30,008 --> 02:22:32,700
same problem as plague. 
Successful revolutionaries for 

2673
02:22:32,700 --> 02:22:35,700
centuries, how to 
institutionalize change. 

2674
02:22:35,700 --> 02:22:38,100
Without destroying the system, 
your attempting to reform, 

2675
02:22:38,100 --> 02:22:40,600
season's solution was 
characteristically. 

2676
02:22:40,600 --> 02:22:44,400
Bold he would establish himself 
as a dictator, but one who would

2677
02:22:44,400 --> 02:22:47,300
fortify rather than undermine 
Roman institutions. 

2678
02:22:48,100 --> 02:22:51,500
The Romans had never known a 
dictatorship like Caesars in the

2679
02:22:51,500 --> 02:22:54,400
past, dictators had been 
appointed for particular crises 

2680
02:22:54,400 --> 02:22:58,100
and were supposed to step down 
after the crisis was over Caesar

2681
02:22:58,100 --> 02:23:00,500
appeared to have a longer-term 
vision of a reformed Roman 

2682
02:23:00,500 --> 02:23:04,300
state, with himself as its 
permanent executive fusing, the 

2683
02:23:04,300 --> 02:23:07,100
effectiveness of monarchical 
decision-making with the 

2684
02:23:07,100 --> 02:23:10,300
traditions of Republican 
institutions, the breadth and 

2685
02:23:10,300 --> 02:23:12,400
usefulness of his reforms were 
astounding. 

2686
02:23:13,100 --> 02:23:15,300
Caesar changed the Roman 
Calendar, to the Julian 

2687
02:23:15,300 --> 02:23:18,800
calendar, which is still in use 
today with a few tweaks, he 

2688
02:23:18,800 --> 02:23:20,500
started large-scale Public 
Works. 

2689
02:23:20,500 --> 02:23:24,500
Projects changed the debt law 
increased citizenship and 

2690
02:23:24,500 --> 02:23:27,700
started organizing colonies for 
Rome's, expanding populace. 

2691
02:23:27,700 --> 02:23:30,500
It was similar to witnessing 
someone manage a whole 

2692
02:23:30,500 --> 02:23:34,400
civilization and restructure. 
It sees a success, however, was 

2693
02:23:34,400 --> 02:23:35,900
setting the stage for his 
demise. 

2694
02:23:36,800 --> 02:23:40,300
A Caesar accumulated powers that
made him effectively a king in 

2695
02:23:40,300 --> 02:23:43,200
all but name, Roman Senators, 
who had dedicated their 

2696
02:23:43,200 --> 02:23:45,200
professional lives to the 
Republican system of 

2697
02:23:45,208 --> 02:23:47,500
governments. 
Watched the man who had said he 

2698
02:23:47,500 --> 02:23:50,100
was saving, the Republic was now
threatening to destroy it. 

2699
02:23:50,100 --> 02:23:53,700
Completely both former foes and 
disillusioned friends were part 

2700
02:23:53,700 --> 02:23:56,300
of the plot against Caesar 
because Caesar had treated 

2701
02:23:56,300 --> 02:23:58,800
Brutus. 
Almost like a son men, like him 

2702
02:23:58,800 --> 02:24:01,600
started to think that the only 
way to preserve Roman Liberty 

2703
02:24:01,600 --> 02:24:04,100
was to kill. 
Caesar his choice was a 

2704
02:24:04,100 --> 02:24:07,100
combination of personal 
animosity, true patriotism and 

2705
02:24:07,100 --> 02:24:09,500
likely some concern about 
Caesar's next move. 

2706
02:24:09,500 --> 02:24:13,100
Despite fortune, tellers 
cautions his wife's dreams and 

2707
02:24:13,100 --> 02:24:14,800
most likely his own political 
instincts. 

2708
02:24:14,800 --> 02:24:18,900
Caesar entered, the Roman senate
building on March 1544. 

2709
02:24:18,900 --> 02:24:23,500
BC e also known as The Ides of 
March following that dozens of 

2710
02:24:23,500 --> 02:24:25,600
senators. 
Alternated stabbing, the man who

2711
02:24:25,600 --> 02:24:28,500
had rebuilt, the Roman World 
which was less like an 

2712
02:24:28,500 --> 02:24:30,800
assassination than a group 
therapy session with knives 

2713
02:24:30,800 --> 02:24:34,700
Seasons life and death were 
equally dramatic, his final 

2714
02:24:34,700 --> 02:24:37,700
words according to Legend. 
When he Saw Brutus among his 

2715
02:24:37,700 --> 02:24:43,100
murderers were at two brute and 
You Brutus, it was the ultimate 

2716
02:24:43,100 --> 02:24:44,700
betrayal by someone, he had 
trusted. 

2717
02:24:44,700 --> 02:24:48,100
And it encapsulated, the tragedy
of a man whose greatest 

2718
02:24:48,100 --> 02:24:50,700
accomplishments had set the 
stage for his own downfall. 

2719
02:24:50,700 --> 02:24:53,400
Sometimes the Cure is worse than
the illness. 

2720
02:24:53,400 --> 02:24:56,100
Don't, you know, that's 
basically what happened when 

2721
02:24:56,100 --> 02:24:58,600
Caesar was assassinated by the 
Roman Senators. 

2722
02:24:58,600 --> 02:25:01,300
They believed they were 
preserving the Republic but in 

2723
02:25:01,300 --> 02:25:04,800
reality the insured, its demise 
and paved the way for a civil 

2724
02:25:04,800 --> 02:25:07,800
war that would make Seasons 
dispute with Pompey, seem like a

2725
02:25:07,800 --> 02:25:10,400
local quarrel sees. 
His death had been carefully 

2726
02:25:10,400 --> 02:25:13,700
planned by the conspirators, but
it seems, they had neglected to 

2727
02:25:13,700 --> 02:25:17,000
plan for what would happen next?
It became evident within hours 

2728
02:25:17,000 --> 02:25:19,200
of the assassination that they 
had killed Rome's. 

2729
02:25:19,200 --> 02:25:21,700
Most well-liked, Man, without 
knowing how to handle the power 

2730
02:25:21,700 --> 02:25:24,300
vacuum made. 
Cause the company in question 

2731
02:25:24,300 --> 02:25:26,400
happened to control the majority
of the known world. 

2732
02:25:26,400 --> 02:25:29,500
So it was similar to 
successfully ousting a CEO 

2733
02:25:29,500 --> 02:25:32,900
without a succession plan. 
When Mark Antony sees his 

2734
02:25:32,900 --> 02:25:35,500
faithful left tenant, came out 
of hiding to give Caesars 

2735
02:25:35,500 --> 02:25:38,100
funeral oration. 
He quickly transformed it into 

2736
02:25:38,100 --> 02:25:41,300
the most potent political 
theater in Antiquity by reading 

2737
02:25:41,300 --> 02:25:44,600
Caesars will, which left money 
to all Roman citizens and 

2738
02:25:44,600 --> 02:25:47,300
displaying his bloodied toga 
while explaining each wound. 

2739
02:25:47,300 --> 02:25:51,100
Antony turned Caesar's funeral 
into a masterclass in emotional 

2740
02:25:51,100 --> 02:25:53,900
manipulation rather than the 
straightforward ceremony. 

2741
02:25:53,900 --> 02:25:55,800
The conspirators had 
anticipated. 

2742
02:25:55,800 --> 02:25:59,300
The response from the crowd, was
exactly what Antony had hoped 

2743
02:25:59,300 --> 02:26:03,000
for, and what the conspirators 
should have been afraid of in 

2744
02:26:03,000 --> 02:26:06,500
search of anyone involved in the
assassination, Romans rioted 

2745
02:26:06,500 --> 02:26:09,200
throughout the city protected, 
by the very government 

2746
02:26:09,200 --> 02:26:10,600
buildings. 
They had claimed to be 

2747
02:26:10,600 --> 02:26:14,000
defending, the conspirators 
ended up barricaded on Capitol 

2748
02:26:14,000 --> 02:26:17,200
and Hill. 
However, the true drama was only

2749
02:26:17,200 --> 02:26:20,200
getting started. 
Caesar had adopted his 18 year 

2750
02:26:20,200 --> 02:26:23,500
old grand-nephew Octavius, as 
his son and Heir, the surprise 

2751
02:26:23,500 --> 02:26:25,200
that would change the course of 
Roman history. 

2752
02:26:25,200 --> 02:26:28,600
According to his will suddenly 
this young man who would go on 

2753
02:26:28,600 --> 02:26:32,100
to become, Augustus was the heir
to the most illustrious name in 

2754
02:26:32,100 --> 02:26:36,000
Roman politics and the son of a 
god Caesar had been posthumously

2755
02:26:36,000 --> 02:26:39,300
deified young octavius's 
transitioned into a political 

2756
02:26:39,300 --> 02:26:40,900
figure was similar to witnessing
someone. 

2757
02:26:40,900 --> 02:26:43,100
Go from intern to CEO in a 
single day. 

2758
02:26:43,100 --> 02:26:46,800
He was studying philosophy at a 
Greek College one day and then 

2759
02:26:46,800 --> 02:26:49,200
he was heading back to Rome to 
claim an inheritance that 

2760
02:26:49,200 --> 02:26:53,000
included immense wealth a well, 
known name and the allegiance of

2761
02:26:53,008 --> 02:26:56,300
Caesar seasoned legion's. 
Octavius was inheriting a 

2762
02:26:56,300 --> 02:26:58,400
revolution. 
Whereas most teenagers would 

2763
02:26:58,400 --> 02:27:01,400
have been overwhelmed by 
inheriting a family business in 

2764
02:27:01,400 --> 02:27:04,700
the years after Seasons death, 
Mark, Antony Octavius and a 

2765
02:27:04,700 --> 02:27:07,200
politician by the name of 
leopardus formed what historians

2766
02:27:07,200 --> 02:27:08,800
refer to as the second 
triumvirate. 

2767
02:27:08,800 --> 02:27:13,300
This triumvirate was formal 
lawful and specifically created 

2768
02:27:13,300 --> 02:27:16,200
to find Caesar's Killers while 
Lighting, the Roman World among 

2769
02:27:16,200 --> 02:27:20,000
themselves in contrast to The 
Unofficial agreement Caesar had 

2770
02:27:20,000 --> 02:27:23,200
made with Pompeii and Crassus. 
Caesar's policy of clemency, was

2771
02:27:23,200 --> 02:27:25,000
rendered obsolete by the 
ensuing. 

2772
02:27:25,000 --> 02:27:27,900
Systematic campaign of 
retaliation by publishing 

2773
02:27:27,900 --> 02:27:30,600
proscription lists, which were 
essentially death warrants for 

2774
02:27:30,600 --> 02:27:33,800
their political Rivals. 
The triumphs transformed Rome 

2775
02:27:33,800 --> 02:27:36,600
into a place where slandering 
neighbors could bring in large 

2776
02:27:36,600 --> 02:27:39,300
sums of money and where 
political connections were 

2777
02:27:39,300 --> 02:27:42,900
essential to one survival, the 
conspirators who had killed 

2778
02:27:42,900 --> 02:27:45,200
Caesar were now dispersed 
throughout the Mediterranean 

2779
02:27:45,200 --> 02:27:48,700
frantically attempting to 
assemble armies, while being 

2780
02:27:48,700 --> 02:27:51,800
methodically pursued by men who 
combined Caesar's military 

2781
02:27:51,800 --> 02:27:55,400
prowess with none of his 
compassion at Philippi where 

2782
02:27:55,400 --> 02:27:57,700
Brutus and Cassius LED 
Republican, forces against 

2783
02:27:57,700 --> 02:27:59,400
Antony and Octavius. 
Armies. 

2784
02:27:59,400 --> 02:28:03,200
The final battle took place. 
The Roman Republic came to an 

2785
02:28:03,200 --> 02:28:06,300
end at the Battle of Philippi 
but it also served as a sneak 

2786
02:28:06,300 --> 02:28:08,500
peek at the Imperial structure 
that would take its place. 

2787
02:28:08,500 --> 02:28:12,100
The Roman world was split 
between Antony and Octavius like

2788
02:28:12,100 --> 02:28:14,800
a particularly valuable piece of
real estate being split by 

2789
02:28:15,300 --> 02:28:18,900
Partners who didn't fully trust 
each other, after Caesar's 

2790
02:28:18,900 --> 02:28:21,700
assassins were killed. 
However, even this Arrangement 

2791
02:28:21,700 --> 02:28:25,200
was not sustainable Octavius. 
Had the ideal opportunity to 

2792
02:28:25,200 --> 02:28:28,400
portray himself as the protector
of Roman values against foreign 

2793
02:28:28,400 --> 02:28:32,100
corruption because of Antony and
Cleopatra's relationship, which 

2794
02:28:32,100 --> 02:28:35,200
started as a political Alliance 
and eventually turned into a 

2795
02:28:35,200 --> 02:28:39,400
True Romance in the ensuing, 
propaganda War, Anthony a Roman 

2796
02:28:39,400 --> 02:28:43,000
who had left his native land for
Egyptian luxury was transformed 

2797
02:28:43,000 --> 02:28:45,500
from seasons of vendor to 
Caesar's traitor. 

2798
02:28:46,500 --> 02:28:49,900
The Roman Republic's last Civil 
War unfolded like a battleship 

2799
02:28:49,900 --> 02:28:52,500
soap, opera Octavius. 
Stood for Republican 

2800
02:28:52,500 --> 02:28:56,000
institutions, due to the state 
and traditional Roman values. 

2801
02:28:56,000 --> 02:28:59,800
The threat of foreign dominance 
personal Indulgence, in eastern 

2802
02:28:59,800 --> 02:29:04,800
luxury, were all symbolized by 
Antony and Cleopatra in 31, BCE 

2803
02:29:04,800 --> 02:29:08,600
their fleets clashed attacked. 
Him deciding not only who would 

2804
02:29:08,600 --> 02:29:10,900
govern Rome but also the nature 
of the city-state. 

2805
02:29:11,800 --> 02:29:15,000
The Roman Republic came to an 
end with octavius's victory at 

2806
02:29:15,000 --> 02:29:17,900
actium and the Roman Empire 
began Rome was the only 

2807
02:29:17,900 --> 02:29:20,900
superpower in the ancient 
Mediterranean after Antony and 

2808
02:29:20,900 --> 02:29:23,600
Cleopatra. 
Committed suicide in Alexandria 

2809
02:29:23,600 --> 02:29:27,200
ending the Hellenistic era that 
had lasted since Alexander the 

2810
02:29:27,200 --> 02:29:28,800
Great. 
Let's talk about something 

2811
02:29:28,800 --> 02:29:31,700
amazing as you curl up with your
blanket and maybe refill that 

2812
02:29:31,700 --> 02:29:35,400
teacup how a man who passed away
more than 2,000 years ago, 

2813
02:29:35,400 --> 02:29:38,000
continues to have an impact on 
your life. 

2814
02:29:38,000 --> 02:29:41,800
In ways, you probably aren't 
even aware of Caesar's handiwork

2815
02:29:41,800 --> 02:29:43,600
is visible. 
Every time you look at a 

2816
02:29:43,600 --> 02:29:48,700
calendar that Julian calendar, 
he made in 46, BC e, with leap 

2817
02:29:48,700 --> 02:29:52,100
days, every four years and a 
year with 365 days. 

2818
02:29:53,000 --> 02:29:55,500
We still use a slightly altered 
version of it today because it 

2819
02:29:55,500 --> 02:29:57,800
was so. 
Well designed Julius, Caesar 

2820
02:29:57,800 --> 02:30:00,700
decided that Roman time keeping 
needed to be better organized, 

2821
02:30:00,700 --> 02:30:03,400
which is why December 31st 
exists today. 

2822
02:30:03,400 --> 02:30:06,700
You're adhering to assist him 
created by a man who has never 

2823
02:30:06,700 --> 02:30:09,500
seen a car or an airplane when 
you schedule your birthday or 

2824
02:30:09,500 --> 02:30:13,200
some of vacation. 
However, Cesar's impact extends,

2825
02:30:13,200 --> 02:30:16,000
far beyond calendar reform 
season's title. 

2826
02:30:16,000 --> 02:30:19,900
Imperata is where the word 
Emperor, originated, German and 

2827
02:30:19,900 --> 02:30:22,600
Russian rulers, who wish to 
inherit season's name used the 

2828
02:30:22,600 --> 02:30:26,400
variations Kaiser and Kazar. 
Ambitious leaders have been 

2829
02:30:26,400 --> 02:30:28,800
attempting to emulate. 
Julius Caesar with regional 

2830
02:30:28,800 --> 02:30:31,900
traits for more than two 
Millennia, Caesar invented a 

2831
02:30:31,900 --> 02:30:34,300
number of political ideas that 
have reverberated throughout 

2832
02:30:34,300 --> 02:30:36,900
history in both inspiring and 
terrifying ways. 

2833
02:30:36,900 --> 02:30:40,200
These ideas include the notion 
that popular support could 

2834
02:30:40,200 --> 02:30:43,500
legitimize radical change. 
That military success could 

2835
02:30:43,500 --> 02:30:45,400
translate into civilian 
Authority. 

2836
02:30:45,400 --> 02:30:48,600
And that charismatic leadership 
could transcend traditional 

2837
02:30:48,600 --> 02:30:52,600
institutional limits, Caesar's 
strategy is being used by every 

2838
02:30:52,600 --> 02:30:55,200
populist politician who says 
they are speaking for the people

2839
02:30:55,200 --> 02:30:58,400
against the ruling class, 
consider the expression Crossing

2840
02:30:58,400 --> 02:31:00,900
the Rubicon. 
When someone says their crossing

2841
02:31:00,900 --> 02:31:03,700
their Rubicon, their referring 
to a decision that will alter 

2842
02:31:03,700 --> 02:31:07,000
everything forever sees to 
decision-making moment on that. 

2843
02:31:07,000 --> 02:31:10,900
Riverbank in 49, BC is the 
direct source of that metaphor 

2844
02:31:10,900 --> 02:31:13,500
historians. 
Use it to explain times when 

2845
02:31:13,500 --> 02:31:16,900
Society has changed couples. 
Use it to talk about significant

2846
02:31:16,900 --> 02:31:20,200
life, Transitions and corporate 
Executives, use it in board 

2847
02:31:20,200 --> 02:31:23,600
meetings, Caesar's military, 
advancements, impacted Warfare 

2848
02:31:23,600 --> 02:31:25,000
for Centuries with assisted 
through. 

2849
02:31:25,200 --> 02:31:28,300
The Roman Empire. 
Roman Doctrine adopted his 

2850
02:31:28,300 --> 02:31:32,200
emphasis on agility. 
Lead and Engineering solutions 

2851
02:31:32,200 --> 02:31:34,300
to Tactical issues in order to 
move. 

2852
02:31:34,300 --> 02:31:37,700
Swiftly, through Gaul, his 
Legions constructed roads, which

2853
02:31:37,700 --> 02:31:40,800
later, served as the basis for 
European transportation systems 

2854
02:31:40,800 --> 02:31:42,700
that persisted well into the 
modern era. 

2855
02:31:42,700 --> 02:31:45,500
The roots that Caesar's 
Engineers surveyed more than 

2856
02:31:45,508 --> 02:31:49,600
2000 years ago are still used by
some European highways Caesar's 

2857
02:31:49,600 --> 02:31:52,100
demonstration that the political
structures of the ancient world 

2858
02:31:52,100 --> 02:31:55,500
were not static or unalterable. 
However, may have been his most 

2859
02:31:55,500 --> 02:31:59,200
enduring contribution. 
Before Caesar the majority of 

2860
02:31:59,200 --> 02:32:02,400
people believe that things had 
to be the way they were Cesar 

2861
02:32:02,400 --> 02:32:05,000
proved that anyone with enough 
Vision talent and willpower 

2862
02:32:05,000 --> 02:32:08,300
could rebuild entire 
civilizations institutions and 

2863
02:32:08,300 --> 02:32:10,800
Customs. 
This was dangerous as well as 

2864
02:32:10,800 --> 02:32:14,400
liberating Caesar demonstrated 
the ability of human societies 

2865
02:32:14,400 --> 02:32:16,900
to change and adapt and 
advanced. 

2866
02:32:18,000 --> 02:32:20,900
From debt relief for struggling 
Farmers to citizenship for 

2867
02:32:20,900 --> 02:32:22,500
formerly marginalized 
communities. 

2868
02:32:22,500 --> 02:32:26,400
His reforms truly improve the 
lives of millions of Romans. 

2869
02:32:26,400 --> 02:32:29,600
However, he also demonstrated, 
how easily Democratic 

2870
02:32:29,600 --> 02:32:32,600
institutions could be overthrown
by someone, who was more aware 

2871
02:32:32,600 --> 02:32:35,700
of their flaws than their 
supporters, Caesar's Revolution,

2872
02:32:35,700 --> 02:32:38,800
gave rise to the centuries, 
long, Roman Empire, which served

2873
02:32:38,800 --> 02:32:42,000
as a model for structuring and 
governing vast heterogeneous 

2874
02:32:42,000 --> 02:32:45,600
societies, Caesar contributed to
the development of Roman law 

2875
02:32:45,600 --> 02:32:49,000
which served as the basis for 
legal systems across Europe and 

2876
02:32:49,000 --> 02:32:51,700
ultimately impacted legal 
Traditions across the globe. 

2877
02:32:51,700 --> 02:32:54,800
You benefit from ideas, that 
developed from Roman press 

2878
02:32:54,800 --> 02:32:56,200
presidents. 
When you have the presumption of

2879
02:32:56,200 --> 02:32:59,900
innocence, the right to a trial 
and legal safeguards against 

2880
02:32:59,900 --> 02:33:03,200
capricious government, action 
aspiring leaders have even 

2881
02:33:03,200 --> 02:33:06,900
attempted to emulate, Caesar's 
Personal Style Thousands of 

2882
02:33:06,900 --> 02:33:09,200
years, people have been 
captivated by his leadership 

2883
02:33:09,200 --> 02:33:12,500
style, which combines military 
skill, intellectual 

2884
02:33:12,500 --> 02:33:16,200
sophistication, and public 
appeal by bringing a biography 

2885
02:33:16,200 --> 02:33:18,400
of the Roman General on his 
military Expeditions. 

2886
02:33:18,400 --> 02:33:22,500
Napoleon purposefully modeled 
himself after Caesar, Caesar's 

2887
02:33:22,500 --> 02:33:25,300
speeches are still studied by 
contemporary politicians as a 

2888
02:33:25,300 --> 02:33:27,000
source of rhetorical and 
persuasive lessons. 

2889
02:33:27,000 --> 02:33:30,700
Caesar's memory has endured 
through literature and drama in 

2890
02:33:30,700 --> 02:33:33,500
ways that were impossible for 
purely historical, research 

2891
02:33:33,500 --> 02:33:37,000
Shakespeare's Julius Caesar 
created dialogue that has become

2892
02:33:37,000 --> 02:33:40,300
ingrained in our common cultural
vocabulary while making the 

2893
02:33:40,300 --> 02:33:42,700
story understandable to 
audiences who were ignorant of 

2894
02:33:42,700 --> 02:33:45,800
Roman politics. 
The Phrase Friends Romans 

2895
02:33:45,800 --> 02:33:48,900
countrymen lemurs is likely more
well-known than anything. 

2896
02:33:48,900 --> 02:33:51,300
That the real Anthony said 
Caesars life. 

2897
02:33:51,300 --> 02:33:54,100
Poses issues that are just as 
pertinent today, as they were 

2898
02:33:54,100 --> 02:33:57,500
two Millennia ago, including 
ambition leadership, and the 

2899
02:33:57,508 --> 02:34:01,100
nature of political change was 
Caesar and ambitious autocrat, 

2900
02:34:01,100 --> 02:34:03,500
who overthrew the Republican 
government for his own benefit, 

2901
02:34:03,500 --> 02:34:07,300
was he a Visionary reformer, who
prevented political dysfunction 

2902
02:34:07,300 --> 02:34:10,900
in Rome histori will always be 
fascinating because the truthful

2903
02:34:10,900 --> 02:34:14,900
response is most likely both. 
Same conflicts that shattered, 

2904
02:34:14,900 --> 02:34:17,700
the Roman Republic, still played
contemporary democracies. 

2905
02:34:17,700 --> 02:34:20,500
How can Democratic 
accountability and effectively 

2906
02:34:20,500 --> 02:34:24,000
to ship be balanced. 
How can outmoded institutions be

2907
02:34:24,000 --> 02:34:26,200
reformed without jeopardizing? 
The stability? 

2908
02:34:26,200 --> 02:34:29,500
They offer When leaders assert 
that they speak for the people's

2909
02:34:29,500 --> 02:34:31,500
will against established 
institutions. 

2910
02:34:31,500 --> 02:34:34,800
How do you react? 
These are issues that every 

2911
02:34:34,800 --> 02:34:38,800
Democratic Society must deal 
with not just historical ones as

2912
02:34:38,800 --> 02:34:41,600
we draw to a close, it's 
important to take a moment to 

2913
02:34:41,600 --> 02:34:44,300
reflect on Caesar's character 
outside of his political 

2914
02:34:44,300 --> 02:34:47,900
scheming and Military triumphs 
because despite his historical 

2915
02:34:47,900 --> 02:34:50,700
significance. 
Julius Caesar was just a regular

2916
02:34:50,700 --> 02:34:54,100
person with the same wants needs
and anxieties as everyone else. 

2917
02:34:54,100 --> 02:34:57,600
According to reports, Caesar had
a great deal of personal charm 

2918
02:34:57,600 --> 02:35:00,300
and could make anyone feel like 
the most important person in the

2919
02:35:00,300 --> 02:35:03,000
room. 
He was tall and pale with dark 

2920
02:35:03,000 --> 02:35:05,900
eyes, and a receding hairline 
that apparently bothered him so 

2921
02:35:05,900 --> 02:35:08,900
much, that he frequently covered
it with Laurel wreaths according

2922
02:35:08,900 --> 02:35:11,600
to Roman sources. 
The fact that even the most 

2923
02:35:11,600 --> 02:35:14,400
influential people in history 
were self-conscious about their 

2924
02:35:14,400 --> 02:35:17,600
appearance and experimented with
unconventional, hair loss, 

2925
02:35:17,600 --> 02:35:19,200
remedies is strangely 
reassuring. 

2926
02:35:19,200 --> 02:35:22,400
His political Rivals, 
occasionally made fun of him for

2927
02:35:22,400 --> 02:35:24,400
being a feminine because he was 
infamously. 

2928
02:35:24,400 --> 02:35:27,800
Conceited about his appearance 
and lavished a lot of time and 

2929
02:35:27,800 --> 02:35:31,200
money on personal grooming 
Caesars, focus on style and 

2930
02:35:31,200 --> 02:35:33,200
appearance was viewed as 
somewhat scandalous in. 

2931
02:35:33,500 --> 02:35:36,000
A society that valued masculine 
military virtues. 

2932
02:35:36,000 --> 02:35:39,600
However, this same extensively. 
Gentle politician was able to 

2933
02:35:39,600 --> 02:35:43,000
personally lead, Cavalry Charges
against Germanic Warriors, and 

2934
02:35:43,000 --> 02:35:46,600
outmaneuver soldiers, half his 
age, even by Roman standards 

2935
02:35:46,600 --> 02:35:48,500
Seasons. 
Intellectual curiosity was 

2936
02:35:48,500 --> 02:35:51,000
legendary during his gallic 
campaigns. 

2937
02:35:51,000 --> 02:35:54,300
He wrote poetry studied 
philosophy and supposedly wrote 

2938
02:35:54,300 --> 02:35:56,600
a treated on grammar while 
traveling across the Alps. 

2939
02:35:57,300 --> 02:36:00,500
Imagine having such a Restless 
mind that you take advantage of 

2940
02:36:00,500 --> 02:36:02,500
military marches to write 
academically. 

2941
02:36:02,500 --> 02:36:06,000
In addition, he penned in-depth 
analysis of his own military 

2942
02:36:06,000 --> 02:36:08,800
operations, which are still 
studied today as historical 

2943
02:36:08,800 --> 02:36:11,300
documents. 
And as examples of persuasive 

2944
02:36:11,300 --> 02:36:14,800
political propaganda, a more 
intimate aspect of Caesar's 

2945
02:36:14,800 --> 02:36:17,200
personality is shown through his
relationship with his daughter, 

2946
02:36:17,200 --> 02:36:21,200
Julia, he reportedly loved her 
and a union with Pompey, was one

2947
02:36:21,200 --> 02:36:24,300
of the few occasions when Caesar
appeared, but political gain 

2948
02:36:24,300 --> 02:36:25,700
ahead of the happiness of his 
family. 

2949
02:36:25,700 --> 02:36:28,700
Both Caesar and Pompey was said 
to have been devastated. 

2950
02:36:28,700 --> 02:36:32,400
When Julia died in childbirth, 
and some historians contend that

2951
02:36:32,400 --> 02:36:35,400
her passing aided in the 
dissolution of their political 

2952
02:36:35,400 --> 02:36:39,000
partnership in the end, even the
most prosperous politicians are 

2953
02:36:39,000 --> 02:36:41,600
just fathers who miss their kids
sees as well. 

2954
02:36:41,600 --> 02:36:43,900
Known Clemente toward vanquished
adversaries. 

2955
02:36:43,900 --> 02:36:47,000
Appears to have been motivated 
by more than just political 

2956
02:36:47,000 --> 02:36:50,300
expediency. 
Rather it appears to have been a

2957
02:36:50,300 --> 02:36:54,400
sincere conviction that kindness
worked better than brutality in 

2958
02:36:54,400 --> 02:36:57,100
a time when enslavement and mass
executioners were common. 

2959
02:36:57,300 --> 02:37:01,100
Following military triumphs. 
This was unusual, Caesar saw 

2960
02:37:01,100 --> 02:37:02,300
that. 
How you handle defeated 

2961
02:37:02,300 --> 02:37:04,800
opponents often determines 
whether they become future 

2962
02:37:04,800 --> 02:37:08,100
allies or lifelong enemies? 
Something that many leaders fail

2963
02:37:08,100 --> 02:37:11,200
to recognize. 
However, Caesar was also capable

2964
02:37:11,200 --> 02:37:13,000
of being brutal when he felt the
need to do. 

2965
02:37:13,008 --> 02:37:15,600
So his willingness to use 
political violence. 

2966
02:37:15,600 --> 02:37:19,300
When other options failed, his 
systematic destruction of towns 

2967
02:37:19,300 --> 02:37:22,900
that resisted his forces and his
Massacre of German tribes, who 

2968
02:37:22,900 --> 02:37:24,300
broke their agreements with 
Rome. 

2969
02:37:24,300 --> 02:37:28,500
All demonstrate his ability to 
put strategic necessity ahead of

2970
02:37:28,508 --> 02:37:31,500
personal preferences, his 
relationships with women, or 

2971
02:37:31,500 --> 02:37:35,000
reflected his complexity. 
In an era, when such views were 

2972
02:37:35,000 --> 02:37:38,200
rare Caesars to have truly 
respected, intelligent women, 

2973
02:37:38,200 --> 02:37:41,500
even Beyond his well-known 
liaison's with clear Patra and 

2974
02:37:41,500 --> 02:37:43,600
others. 
According to his correspondents,

2975
02:37:43,600 --> 02:37:46,600
he regarded, women as 
intellectual allies, rather than

2976
02:37:46,600 --> 02:37:49,300
merely, as romantic conquests or
political instruments. 

2977
02:37:50,500 --> 02:37:53,000
In a culture that typically 
treated women as property. 

2978
02:37:53,000 --> 02:37:56,700
This was Radical thinking Caesar
was either psychologically 

2979
02:37:56,700 --> 02:37:59,200
incapable of accepting 
limitations or extremely 

2980
02:37:59,200 --> 02:38:02,200
confident in his abilities as 
evidence by his gambling 

2981
02:38:02,200 --> 02:38:04,700
addiction. 
It is important to note that his

2982
02:38:04,700 --> 02:38:07,200
willingness to stake everything 
on a single political or 

2983
02:38:07,200 --> 02:38:09,600
military move was essentially 
high-stakes gambling. 

2984
02:38:09,600 --> 02:38:12,200
Most likely both throughout his 
career. 

2985
02:38:12,200 --> 02:38:14,900
He took a number of calculated 
risks that would have destroyed 

2986
02:38:14,900 --> 02:38:18,000
someone with less skill but they
continue to pay off for him 

2987
02:38:18,008 --> 02:38:20,200
until they didn't historical 
sources. 

2988
02:38:20,200 --> 02:38:23,000
Paint a picture of a person who 
Blended intellectual 

2989
02:38:23,000 --> 02:38:27,000
sophistication with real world 
application genuine, brilliant 

2990
02:38:27,000 --> 02:38:30,100
with great ambition and personal
charm with occasional 

2991
02:38:30,100 --> 02:38:32,700
ruthlessness. 
He was the type of person who 

2992
02:38:32,700 --> 02:38:35,700
had planned military campaigns 
in the afternoon and engaging 

2993
02:38:35,700 --> 02:38:38,400
philosophical discussion with 
academics in the morning. 

2994
02:38:38,400 --> 02:38:41,100
Then stay up. 
Late writing poetry about both 

2995
02:38:41,100 --> 02:38:44,700
experiences, Caesar appears to 
have fascinated and frustrated 

2996
02:38:44,700 --> 02:38:47,100
his contemporaries. 
At the same time, even his 

2997
02:38:47,100 --> 02:38:49,900
adversaries lamented, his 
aspirations, while recognizing 

2998
02:38:49,900 --> 02:38:54,300
his AB Caesar Cicero 
acknowledged, that Caesar was 

2999
02:38:54,308 --> 02:38:57,900
likely the most talented orator 
of their time, even as he sought

3000
02:38:57,900 --> 02:39:01,900
to ruin, season's career, Cato 
who saw sees a danger to 

3001
02:39:01,900 --> 02:39:05,200
Republican rule respected. 
His intelligence, most 

3002
02:39:05,200 --> 02:39:07,900
astonishing of all Caesar 
appears to have kept his sense 

3003
02:39:07,900 --> 02:39:11,300
of humor throughout his assent 
power Examples of his wit 

3004
02:39:11,300 --> 02:39:14,600
practical jokes and capacity for
self-loathing abound in Roman 

3005
02:39:14,600 --> 02:39:17,400
sources. 
Roman custom dictated that a 

3006
02:39:17,400 --> 02:39:20,000
slave whisper reminders of 
mortality in the Victor's ear 

3007
02:39:20,000 --> 02:39:23,400
during his Triumph celebrations.
Caesar is said to have joked 

3008
02:39:23,400 --> 02:39:26,000
that he didn't really need the 
reminder, because he had plenty 

3009
02:39:26,000 --> 02:39:29,800
from his political Rivals, 
Brilliance ambition, charm, 

3010
02:39:29,800 --> 02:39:33,500
ruthlessness intellectual 
curiosity, and humor were all 

3011
02:39:33,500 --> 02:39:36,400
combined to create a person who 
was uniquely suited to deal with

3012
02:39:36,400 --> 02:39:38,200
the challenges of late 
Republican Rome. 

3013
02:39:38,200 --> 02:39:41,700
However, it also produced a 
person who was ultimately too 

3014
02:39:41,700 --> 02:39:45,100
big for any system, including 
the one, he attempted to design 

3015
02:39:45,100 --> 02:39:48,300
for himself as our time, with 
Julius, Caesar comes to an end, 

3016
02:39:48,300 --> 02:39:51,500
it's important to consider what 
we can learn from his remarkable

3017
02:39:51,500 --> 02:39:54,800
life of about ambition 
leadership, and the delicate 

3018
02:39:54,800 --> 02:39:58,100
balance that every society must 
maintain between change and 

3019
02:39:58,100 --> 02:40:00,300
stability. 
Season's life provides a 

3020
02:40:00,300 --> 02:40:03,000
brilliant example of how a 
single person's ability and 

3021
02:40:03,000 --> 02:40:05,200
drive can transform entire 
Society. 

3022
02:40:05,200 --> 02:40:08,700
He demonstrated that even 
institutions that were supposed 

3023
02:40:08,700 --> 02:40:12,500
to be permanent like the Roman 
Republic which had endured for 

3024
02:40:12,500 --> 02:40:15,600
centuries could be changed by 
someone who knew their flaws 

3025
02:40:15,600 --> 02:40:17,100
better than their supporters 
did. 

3026
02:40:17,100 --> 02:40:19,400
This is sobering as well as 
inspiring. 

3027
02:40:19,400 --> 02:40:22,100
It is sobering because it 
demonstrates how easily. 

3028
02:40:22,200 --> 02:40:25,100
Treasured Customs can vanish. 
When they become disconnected 

3029
02:40:25,100 --> 02:40:28,400
from the realities of the modern
world and inspiring because it 

3030
02:40:28,400 --> 02:40:31,000
implies that human societies can
change and grow. 

3031
02:40:31,000 --> 02:40:34,000
There were real issues with the 
Roman Republic that Cesar 

3032
02:40:34,000 --> 02:40:36,200
overthrew. 
It was a system of governance 

3033
02:40:36,200 --> 02:40:39,600
created for a tiny city-state 
attempting to run an empire. 

3034
02:40:39,600 --> 02:40:42,700
In the Mediterranean effective 
governance was hampered by its 

3035
02:40:42,700 --> 02:40:45,600
institutions, growing inability 
to make critical decisions. 

3036
02:40:45,600 --> 02:40:48,900
His politicians preference for 
self-interest over public 

3037
02:40:48,900 --> 02:40:52,700
service and its traditional 
checks and balances Caesar 

3038
02:40:52,700 --> 02:40:54,200
dealt. 
The last blow to a dying system 

3039
02:40:54,200 --> 02:40:57,400
rather than destroying a robust.
One season's solution. 

3040
02:40:57,400 --> 02:41:00,400
However, which concentrated 
power in the hands of a single 

3041
02:41:00,400 --> 02:41:04,700
extremely competent person, 
brought about new issues, what 

3042
02:41:04,700 --> 02:41:06,400
occurs? 
If the competent person passes 

3043
02:41:06,400 --> 02:41:09,700
away, what occurs if 
concentrated power is inherited 

3044
02:41:09,700 --> 02:41:12,800
by a less competent person, even
though personal rule may be 

3045
02:41:12,800 --> 02:41:14,700
effective. 
At first, it can lead to 

3046
02:41:14,700 --> 02:41:17,800
instability that lasts for 
Generations as the Civil Wars 

3047
02:41:17,800 --> 02:41:20,900
that followed Seasons 
assassination showed Throughout 

3048
02:41:20,900 --> 02:41:24,300
history, this pattern has 
recurred, charismatic leaders 

3049
02:41:24,300 --> 02:41:26,800
who promised to overcome 
bureaucratic inefficiencies and 

3050
02:41:26,800 --> 02:41:29,100
accomplish goals a frequently 
sought. 

3051
02:41:29,100 --> 02:41:32,700
After by societies, with 
dysfunctional institutions, a 

3052
02:41:32,700 --> 02:41:35,400
Caesar did with his changes to 
Roman law government and 

3053
02:41:35,400 --> 02:41:38,400
citizenship is leaders, can 
occasionally actually make 

3054
02:41:38,400 --> 02:41:40,800
things better? 
However, the concentration of 

3055
02:41:40,808 --> 02:41:42,500
power that enables these 
advancements. 

3056
02:41:42,500 --> 02:41:44,700
Also, makes power abuse 
inevitable. 

3057
02:41:44,700 --> 02:41:48,500
Either by the original leader, 
or by their successes Caesars 

3058
02:41:48,500 --> 02:41:50,100
relationship. 
With his soldiers provides 

3059
02:41:50,100 --> 02:41:52,500
Leadership Lessons that are 
still applicable to day. 

3060
02:41:52,500 --> 02:41:55,200
He was successful because he 
shared the struggles of his 

3061
02:41:55,200 --> 02:41:58,400
followers, genuinely cared about
their well-being and 

3062
02:41:58,400 --> 02:42:02,100
continuously, valued hard work, 
over political Connections, In 

3063
02:42:02,100 --> 02:42:05,100
addition to his success is 
Legions followed him because 

3064
02:42:05,100 --> 02:42:07,000
they believed he would protect 
their interests. 

3065
02:42:07,600 --> 02:42:10,300
Caesar showed that service is 
the ultimate goal of leadership.

3066
02:42:10,300 --> 02:42:14,300
Even if that service, furthers 
your personal goals Seasons 

3067
02:42:14,300 --> 02:42:17,200
rapid transformation from Roman 
Patriot to destroyer of the 

3068
02:42:17,200 --> 02:42:20,700
Republic raises significant 
questions about the failure of 

3069
02:42:20,700 --> 02:42:23,600
political systems, in addition 
to becoming an effectual 

3070
02:42:23,600 --> 02:42:26,700
institutions that are unable to 
adjust to changing conditions 

3071
02:42:26,700 --> 02:42:28,700
Foster. 
An environment that rewards 

3072
02:42:28,700 --> 02:42:31,600
people who are prepared to work 
against or outside of. 

3073
02:42:31,600 --> 02:42:34,600
These are first attempted to 
operate within the Republic 

3074
02:42:34,600 --> 02:42:36,900
structures rather than trying to
overthrow it. 

3075
02:42:37,600 --> 02:42:40,300
He only made the decision to 
completely avoid those systems 

3076
02:42:40,300 --> 02:42:43,500
when they continuously prevented
him from making the necessary 

3077
02:42:43,500 --> 02:42:47,500
adjustments, this affects 
contemporary democracies, those 

3078
02:42:47,500 --> 02:42:49,900
who are willing to employ. 
Illegal means have more 

3079
02:42:49,900 --> 02:42:52,300
opportunities when legitimate 
institutions become. 

3080
02:42:52,300 --> 02:42:55,600
So clogged up, that they are 
unable to solve actual issues, 

3081
02:42:55,600 --> 02:42:59,000
making sure that Democratic 
institutions can continue to 

3082
02:42:59,000 --> 02:43:02,400
develop and reform is the answer
not accepting deadlock as 

3083
02:43:02,400 --> 02:43:04,800
unavoidable Caesar's clemency 
policy. 

3084
02:43:04,800 --> 02:43:07,500
His practice of pardoning 
defeated enemies rather than 

3085
02:43:07,500 --> 02:43:10,600
executing them represented. 
A revolutionary approach to 

3086
02:43:10,600 --> 02:43:13,900
political conflict, Caesar 
approached Politics as a process

3087
02:43:13,900 --> 02:43:16,200
in which to today's adversaries 
could turn into tomorrow's 

3088
02:43:16,200 --> 02:43:20,000
allies rather than as a zero sum
game in which Rivals must be 

3089
02:43:20,000 --> 02:43:23,700
destroyed this strategy, which 
proved remarkably successful. 

3090
02:43:23,700 --> 02:43:27,200
During his lifetime implies that
political reconciliation 

3091
02:43:27,200 --> 02:43:30,000
frequently yields greater 
results than political 

3092
02:43:30,000 --> 02:43:33,300
retaliation. 
Caesar's murder serves as a 

3093
02:43:33,300 --> 02:43:35,300
reminder that clemency has its 
bounds though. 

3094
02:43:35,300 --> 02:43:37,600
Some opponents? 
Consider your powers very 

3095
02:43:37,600 --> 02:43:40,000
existence to be. 
Illegitimate making it 

3096
02:43:40,000 --> 02:43:43,300
impossible to make amends 
Caesar's killers were driven by 

3097
02:43:43,300 --> 02:43:46,900
constitutional ideals rather 
than personal grievances, they 

3098
02:43:46,900 --> 02:43:49,300
killed him because they thought 
his continued existence 

3099
02:43:49,300 --> 02:43:52,000
threatened, Roman Liberty. 
Not because he had hurt them. 

3100
02:43:52,000 --> 02:43:55,400
This implies that, despite its 
desire, political 

3101
02:43:55,400 --> 02:43:58,200
reconciliation, occasionally 
necessitates, concessions, that 

3102
02:43:58,200 --> 02:43:59,600
core values. 
Cannot support. 

3103
02:43:59,600 --> 02:44:02,500
An important Point regarding 
political succession is 

3104
02:44:02,500 --> 02:44:04,400
illustrated by octavius's 
transition. 

3105
02:44:04,400 --> 02:44:08,000
From teenager to Augustus, 
although people can change 

3106
02:44:08,000 --> 02:44:10,400
institutions in ways that 
Outlast their own lives 

3107
02:44:10,400 --> 02:44:13,400
institutions are more important 
than in individuals. 

3108
02:44:13,400 --> 02:44:17,300
Caesar created the conditions 
for Imperial rule but Augustus 

3109
02:44:17,300 --> 02:44:20,400
created the imperial system that
would govern Rome for centuries,

3110
02:44:20,400 --> 02:44:23,600
institutional structure with out
Vision, rarely inspires, and 

3111
02:44:23,608 --> 02:44:26,900
during loyalty and vision 
without institutional structure 

3112
02:44:26,900 --> 02:44:30,300
rarely survives its creator, 
Seasons interest in everything 

3113
02:44:30,300 --> 02:44:32,700
from grammatical the 3 to 
military engineering 

3114
02:44:32,700 --> 02:44:36,400
demonstrates his intellectual 
curiosity and implies that 

3115
02:44:36,400 --> 02:44:39,200
effective leadership, calls for 
a wide range of knowledge. 

3116
02:44:39,200 --> 02:44:41,300
Rather than specialized 
knowledge. 

3117
02:44:41,300 --> 02:44:44,100
Every society faces 
interconnected problems. 

3118
02:44:44,100 --> 02:44:46,800
And solving one often 
necessitates knowledge of 

3119
02:44:46,808 --> 02:44:50,300
seemingly unrelated Fields, 
Caesar was successful in part 

3120
02:44:50,308 --> 02:44:53,600
because he took a multifaceted 
approach to issues fusing 

3121
02:44:53,600 --> 02:44:57,000
political, social military, and 
economic viewpoints in ways that

3122
02:44:57,000 --> 02:44:59,100
more specialized Specialists 
might Overlook. 

3123
02:44:59,100 --> 02:45:02,500
Lastly, Caesar's tale serves. 
As a reminder, that the 

3124
02:45:02,500 --> 02:45:04,700
interplay between structural 
forces and personal 

3125
02:45:04,700 --> 02:45:07,200
decision-making drives 
historical change. 

3126
02:45:07,200 --> 02:45:10,200
Although Caesar did not cause 
the issues that led to the fall 

3127
02:45:10,200 --> 02:45:12,300
of the Roman Republic, his 
solutions. 

3128
02:45:12,300 --> 02:45:14,600
To those issues influenced, the 
course of the Empire's 

3129
02:45:14,600 --> 02:45:16,600
transition. 
Perhaps a more violent 

3130
02:45:16,600 --> 02:45:19,400
transition in stead of the 
comparatively peaceful one that 

3131
02:45:19,400 --> 02:45:22,300
will gustus oversaw or perhaps a
reformed Republic. 

3132
02:45:22,300 --> 02:45:25,100
In stead of a new Empire could 
have resulted from different 

3133
02:45:25,100 --> 02:45:27,600
decisions. 
We can better navigate our own 

3134
02:45:27,600 --> 02:45:29,900
historical moment. 
If we comprehend this interplay 

3135
02:45:29,900 --> 02:45:34,000
between circumstance and Choice.
Although the structural forces 

3136
02:45:34,000 --> 02:45:37,600
forming our world beyond our 
control, we do have some control

3137
02:45:37,600 --> 02:45:40,700
over how we react to them, 
Caesar's life demonstrates, how 

3138
02:45:40,700 --> 02:45:44,500
one person's actions, even when 
limited by external factors have

3139
02:45:44,500 --> 02:45:47,200
the capacity to influence the 
course of history in ways that 

3140
02:45:47,200 --> 02:45:50,100
lasts for centuries, as you 
finish your tea and get ready 

3141
02:45:50,100 --> 02:45:53,000
for bed, think about this 
Caesar's commentaries on the 

3142
02:45:53,000 --> 02:45:56,400
gallic wars, which contain 
leadership and strategy lessons 

3143
02:45:56,400 --> 02:45:59,500
that are just as applicable 
today, as they were 2000 years 

3144
02:45:59,500 --> 02:46:03,500
ago are being read by someone 
somewhere tonight somewhere. 

3145
02:46:03,500 --> 02:46:06,200
A student is learning the 
funeral oration of Antony from 

3146
02:46:06,200 --> 02:46:09,600
Shakespeare's play by heart. 
They are absorbing concepts 

3147
02:46:09,600 --> 02:46:12,900
related to political 
manipulation and rhetoric that 

3148
02:46:12,900 --> 02:46:15,000
will shape their future thoughts
on public speaking. 

3149
02:46:15,000 --> 02:46:18,300
He sees his tail in dues because
it is timeless rather than 

3150
02:46:18,300 --> 02:46:21,900
because it is ancient. 
The same basic issues that the 

3151
02:46:21,900 --> 02:46:24,600
Roman's face in the first 
century besi, a faced by all 

3152
02:46:24,600 --> 02:46:27,300
generations. 
How can one strike a balance 

3153
02:46:27,300 --> 02:46:31,100
between freedom and security? 
How can outmoded institutions be

3154
02:46:31,100 --> 02:46:33,100
changed without jeopardizing 
social order? 

3155
02:46:33,100 --> 02:46:35,600
How can you tell the difference 
between leaders? 

3156
02:46:35,600 --> 02:46:37,300
Who truly work for the public 
good? 

3157
02:46:37,300 --> 02:46:40,300
And those who are just 
interested in the cells, the 

3158
02:46:40,300 --> 02:46:42,900
inability of the Roman Republic 
to add quickly address these 

3159
02:46:42,900 --> 02:46:46,600
issues led to its downfall. 
Caesar Rose to power because he 

3160
02:46:46,600 --> 02:46:49,500
could offer Solutions. 
Even if those Solutions turned 

3161
02:46:49,500 --> 02:46:52,600
out to be untenable, his life 
serves as a reminder, that 

3162
02:46:52,600 --> 02:46:55,400
political structures are human 
inventions that need ongoing 

3163
02:46:55,400 --> 02:46:59,700
care, attention, and adaptation 
in order to thrive, even in the 

3164
02:46:59,700 --> 02:47:01,900
face of seemingly, 
insurmountable structural 

3165
02:47:01,900 --> 02:47:05,200
forces, individual people can 
still have an impact on the path

3166
02:47:05,200 --> 02:47:08,000
of History, which is perhaps the
most significant lesson to be 

3167
02:47:08,000 --> 02:47:11,100
learned from Caesar's life. 
The fall of the Roman Republic 

3168
02:47:11,100 --> 02:47:14,100
Caesar and the ensuing Empire 
was not inevitable. 

3169
02:47:14,100 --> 02:47:18,000
Numerous individual decisions 
made by people who, like us 

3170
02:47:18,000 --> 02:47:22,100
today, had to deal with fear, 
uncertainty and challenge in 

3171
02:47:22,100 --> 02:47:25,600
trade offs of shaped history. 
Caesar had the option to choose,

3172
02:47:25,600 --> 02:47:28,500
not to cross the Rubicon. 
Although they had other options,

3173
02:47:28,500 --> 02:47:30,400
his adversaries decided to kill 
him. 

3174
02:47:31,300 --> 02:47:34,200
Other outcomes were possible, 
but Augustus decided to 

3175
02:47:34,200 --> 02:47:36,200
establish a stable imperial 
system. 

3176
02:47:36,200 --> 02:47:39,500
The world, we inherited was 
shaped by the decisions made by 

3177
02:47:39,500 --> 02:47:42,000
imperfect people in unfeasible 
situations. 

3178
02:47:42,000 --> 02:47:44,600
This implies that our decisions 
are all so important. 

3179
02:47:44,600 --> 02:47:47,900
Although we cannot foresee their
long term effects season. 

3180
02:47:47,900 --> 02:47:50,300
For example, could not have 
predicted that, his invasion of 

3181
02:47:50,308 --> 02:47:52,900
Gaul would ultimately result in 
the fall of the Roman Republic. 

3182
02:47:53,700 --> 02:47:56,500
We can make them carefully, 
taking into account, both their 

3183
02:47:56,500 --> 02:47:59,100
possible effects. 
And their moral implications, 

3184
02:47:59,100 --> 02:48:02,400
you may dream about senators and
togas discussing the future of 

3185
02:48:02,408 --> 02:48:05,000
their Republic. 
Roman Legions marching through 

3186
02:48:05,000 --> 02:48:08,800
gallic forests or an ambitious 
young man standing at the banks 

3187
02:48:08,800 --> 02:48:11,800
of a small River contemplating 
whether or not to alter the 

3188
02:48:11,808 --> 02:48:15,600
course of history, you are drawn
into an ongoing human narrative 

3189
02:48:15,600 --> 02:48:18,200
through these dreams. 
One that started long before 

3190
02:48:18,200 --> 02:48:21,100
Caesar and goes on long. 
After remember that you're 

3191
02:48:21,100 --> 02:48:23,700
taking part in that same 
Continuing Story, when you wake 

3192
02:48:23,700 --> 02:48:27,400
up tomorrow and look at your 
calendar, Sees his calendar to 

3193
02:48:27,400 --> 02:48:30,000
make plans for the day future 
Generations. 

3194
02:48:30,000 --> 02:48:33,300
World is shape by the decisions.
You make the organization's you 

3195
02:48:33,308 --> 02:48:36,500
uphold or oppose and the way you
treat both allies and 

3196
02:48:36,500 --> 02:48:40,000
adversaries, although Julius 
Caesar live two Millennia ago, 

3197
02:48:40,000 --> 02:48:43,100
his tail ultimately speaks to 
Universal, human emotions 

3198
02:48:43,100 --> 02:48:47,300
aspiration, and accomplishment, 
love and loss, success and 

3199
02:48:47,300 --> 02:48:49,300
failure. 
And the nuanced interplay 

3200
02:48:49,300 --> 02:48:51,900
between personal preference and 
historical context. 

3201
02:48:51,900 --> 02:48:54,900
These encounters allow us to 
connect with individuals who 

3202
02:48:54,900 --> 02:48:58,100
face essentially similar 
difficulties, despite living in 

3203
02:48:58,100 --> 02:49:01,500
very different worlds, over the 
ages, rest easy, knowing that 

3204
02:49:01,500 --> 02:49:03,900
you are a part of a human story 
that is still being written. 

3205
02:49:03,900 --> 02:49:07,900
And that your chapter, no matter
how small adds to a story, that 

3206
02:49:07,900 --> 02:49:10,800
will be told long after we are 
all just names in history books.

3207
02:49:10,800 --> 02:49:14,400
We can affect what we leave 
behind but like, Caesar, we have

3208
02:49:14,408 --> 02:49:17,600
no control over, how we will be 
remembered and maybe that's 

3209
02:49:17,600 --> 02:49:26,500
sufficient, that might be all. 
Imagine yourself in a muddy 

3210
02:49:26,500 --> 02:49:28,400
Marketplace. 
And what would become France in?

3211
02:49:28,400 --> 02:49:33,600
1347 Horsemen roasting meat 
unwashed bodies and what you 

3212
02:49:33,600 --> 02:49:36,000
hope is just spoiled cabbage, 
are all in the air. 

3213
02:49:36,700 --> 02:49:39,700
Around you pilgrims gripped 
their possessions anxiously 

3214
02:49:39,700 --> 02:49:43,200
Traders bargain in three 
different languages and a lute 

3215
02:49:43,200 --> 02:49:45,000
player plays with more passion 
than skill. 

3216
02:49:45,000 --> 02:49:48,400
Imagine now that you're a spy 
and not just a tourist in this 

3217
02:49:48,400 --> 02:49:51,200
medieval scene. 
But set aside, your preconceived

3218
02:49:51,200 --> 02:49:54,000
notions about Espionage based on
television and film. 

3219
02:49:54,000 --> 02:49:58,000
This is not a place for tuxedos.
Martinis slick, technology, or 

3220
02:49:58,000 --> 02:50:00,900
dramatic car chases rather your 
boots. 

3221
02:50:00,900 --> 02:50:03,900
Leak your most likely wearing 
the same rough in tunic. 

3222
02:50:03,900 --> 02:50:06,700
You've owned for three years and
your idea of Cutting Edge. 

3223
02:50:06,700 --> 02:50:09,500
Technology is a quill pen that 
doesn't split when you write 

3224
02:50:09,500 --> 02:50:12,300
medieval Espionage, was more. 
Akin to being a traveling 

3225
02:50:12,300 --> 02:50:14,600
salesman with trust issues and 
less James Bond. 

3226
02:50:15,500 --> 02:50:18,200
In actuality the majority of 
medieval spies were regular 

3227
02:50:18,200 --> 02:50:22,000
people carrying out risky tasks 
for Mega pay in a time when both

3228
02:50:22,000 --> 02:50:25,900
were far more delicate than they
are now a patchwork of Kingdoms 

3229
02:50:25,900 --> 02:50:29,600
dutchies city-states and 
ecclesiastical territories. 

3230
02:50:29,600 --> 02:50:32,800
The Medieval World was viewed 
with the same suspicion. 

3231
02:50:32,800 --> 02:50:35,900
You might have for a neighbor 
who constantly plays music too 

3232
02:50:35,900 --> 02:50:38,400
loudly. 
Although information was 

3233
02:50:38,400 --> 02:50:41,800
powerful, it spread quickly and 
obtaining it frequently required

3234
02:50:41,800 --> 02:50:44,700
someone to travel hundreds of 
miles through areas where being 

3235
02:50:44,700 --> 02:50:47,800
caught asking the wrong 
questions, could land on 

3236
02:50:47,800 --> 02:50:50,600
anywhere from incarceration to 
being stretched on a rack 

3237
02:50:50,600 --> 02:50:54,000
medieval rulers had to rely on 
human intelligence networks. 

3238
02:50:54,000 --> 02:50:56,600
That functioned with the 
efficiency of a medieval Postal 

3239
02:50:56,600 --> 02:50:58,900
Service. 
Meaning that letters arrived 

3240
02:50:58,900 --> 02:51:01,300
when they arrived, assuming they
arrived at all. 

3241
02:51:01,308 --> 02:51:04,200
And often contained information 
that was already outdated. 

3242
02:51:04,200 --> 02:51:05,700
By the time they reach their 
destination. 

3243
02:51:05,700 --> 02:51:09,100
This was in contrast to our 
modern world of instant 

3244
02:51:09,100 --> 02:51:12,100
communication and satellites 
surveillance, the individuals 

3245
02:51:12,100 --> 02:51:14,500
who became medieval spies were 
not chosen for their Advanced 

3246
02:51:14,500 --> 02:51:17,000
degrees in international 
relations or recruited from 

3247
02:51:17,000 --> 02:51:19,500
prestigious academies. 
They were traders. 

3248
02:51:19,500 --> 02:51:22,300
Who could track truth, movements
priests who could learn about 

3249
02:51:22,300 --> 02:51:25,600
noble families, from confession 
servants, who worked in high 

3250
02:51:25,600 --> 02:51:28,600
profile homes and could listen 
in on conversations and 

3251
02:51:28,600 --> 02:51:31,600
travelers of all Stripes who 
could move between areas without

3252
02:51:31,600 --> 02:51:34,100
drawing too much. 
Notice in the world in which 

3253
02:51:34,100 --> 02:51:37,100
these early Intelligence 
Officers worked, the dist. 

3254
02:51:37,200 --> 02:51:40,300
Between Espionage and lawful 
business was, as hazy as that 

3255
02:51:40,300 --> 02:51:42,700
between Magic and Medicine 
military. 

3256
02:51:42,700 --> 02:51:45,600
Fortifications may also be noted
by a merchant collecting 

3257
02:51:45,600 --> 02:51:49,200
information about trade routes. 
A pilgrim visiting places of 

3258
02:51:49,200 --> 02:51:51,800
worship might notice political 
unrest in other areas 

3259
02:51:51,800 --> 02:51:54,600
correspondence. 
Containing diplomatic Secrets 

3260
02:51:54,600 --> 02:51:57,800
could be discovered by a 
scholar, copying manuscripts in 

3261
02:51:57,800 --> 02:52:00,500
different. 
Monasteries the work required, a

3262
02:52:00,500 --> 02:52:04,000
certain kind of Courage, not the
heroic heroism of combat Glory, 

3263
02:52:04,000 --> 02:52:07,200
but the quiet bravery of someone
who was prepared to like 

3264
02:52:07,200 --> 02:52:11,000
convincingly, keep up a full 
identity for months at a time 

3265
02:52:11,008 --> 02:52:14,300
and accept that being discovered
could mean, not just death, but 

3266
02:52:14,300 --> 02:52:17,000
a particularly unpleasant death 
that was proceeded by intense 

3267
02:52:17,000 --> 02:52:19,600
interrogation. 
About exactly what you knew and 

3268
02:52:19,600 --> 02:52:23,300
Who You'd told the majority of 
medieval spies were always aware

3269
02:52:23,300 --> 02:52:26,300
that they were balancing on a 
tightrope over a very deep 

3270
02:52:26,300 --> 02:52:29,300
Abyss, their life, and career 
could end in an instant. 

3271
02:52:29,300 --> 02:52:31,700
If they say something 
inappropriate acts, 

3272
02:52:31,700 --> 02:52:35,000
suspiciously, or are recognized 
by someone from a past 

3273
02:52:35,000 --> 02:52:39,000
assignment, it was a job that 
required cycle fortitude, in 

3274
02:52:39,000 --> 02:52:41,800
addition to courage, which most 
people just lacked. 

3275
02:52:41,800 --> 02:52:44,900
There was very little truth to 
the romanticized, portrayal of 

3276
02:52:44,908 --> 02:52:49,600
the enigmatic, medieval spy SL 
Shadows and luring information 

3277
02:52:49,600 --> 02:52:53,300
from unwearing Nobles. 
The majority of Espionage work 

3278
02:52:53,300 --> 02:52:56,100
involved living conditions that 
would make modern Backpackers 

3279
02:52:56,100 --> 02:52:59,100
complain Place. 
Scales that hardly covered basic

3280
02:52:59,100 --> 02:53:02,500
survival needs and long 
stretches of border interspersed

3281
02:53:02,500 --> 02:53:05,300
with genuine Terror. 
Yet these ordinary individuals, 

3282
02:53:05,300 --> 02:53:08,400
the networks of intelligence 
that influence the outcome of 

3283
02:53:08,400 --> 02:53:12,600
Wars molded, medieval politics 
and sometimes altered the path 

3284
02:53:12,600 --> 02:53:15,000
of History. 
Their work was dangerous, 

3285
02:53:15,000 --> 02:53:18,900
necessary, a nearly 
unacknowledged by the societies,

3286
02:53:18,900 --> 02:53:22,000
they served their Tales should 
be told because they were the 

3287
02:53:22,000 --> 02:53:24,000
unsung heroes of medieval 
statecraft. 

3288
02:53:24,000 --> 02:53:27,600
Imagine managing a medieval 
intelligence agency which is 

3289
02:53:27,600 --> 02:53:30,000
essentially the same as a 
tempting to set up a 

3290
02:53:30,000 --> 02:53:32,500
neighborhood watch program in 
multiple Nations where the 

3291
02:53:32,508 --> 02:53:35,100
majority of people are 
illiterate and everyone speaks a

3292
02:53:35,100 --> 02:53:37,700
different language. 
For this unachievable position. 

3293
02:53:37,700 --> 02:53:40,700
Who would you hire? 
Almost anyone who could travel 

3294
02:53:40,700 --> 02:53:43,200
without drawing suspicion? 
Had a good reason to ask 

3295
02:53:43,200 --> 02:53:46,600
questions and had the emotional 
strength to keep up a full site.

3296
02:53:46,600 --> 02:53:49,500
Identity while constantly 
running the risk of being caught

3297
02:53:49,500 --> 02:53:52,700
was the answer. 
It turned out, Medieval spy 

3298
02:53:52,700 --> 02:53:56,000
Master's needed people who could
complete the task regardless of 

3299
02:53:56,000 --> 02:53:57,500
their background or social 
standing. 

3300
02:53:57,500 --> 02:54:00,800
So, they weren't very picky. 
It makes sense, that medieval 

3301
02:54:00,800 --> 02:54:02,900
intelligence networks were 
anchored by Merchants. 

3302
02:54:02,900 --> 02:54:06,100
They had good reason to inquire 
about everything from local 

3303
02:54:06,100 --> 02:54:09,800
prices to political stability, 
travelled widely, and frequently

3304
02:54:09,800 --> 02:54:13,100
crossed political boundaries. 
While conducting perfectly 

3305
02:54:13,100 --> 02:54:16,200
normal business operations, a 
wool Merchants traveling from 

3306
02:54:16,200 --> 02:54:19,400
England to Flanders could 
observe military preparations. 

3307
02:54:19,400 --> 02:54:23,300
Record changes in fortifications
and learn about diplomatic 

3308
02:54:23,300 --> 02:54:26,000
relationships. 
These Merchants spies worked in 

3309
02:54:26,000 --> 02:54:28,700
a society where politics and 
business were closely linked. 

3310
02:54:29,600 --> 02:54:32,200
The trader who purchased your 
grain, maybe tallying, the 

3311
02:54:32,200 --> 02:54:35,200
number of soldiers in your 
Garrison, the same person who 

3312
02:54:35,200 --> 02:54:37,000
sold you. 
Silke may also be assessing the 

3313
02:54:37,000 --> 02:54:40,000
defenses of your city. 
In a time, when most people 

3314
02:54:40,000 --> 02:54:42,400
understood business better than 
they understood International 

3315
02:54:42,400 --> 02:54:46,100
politics, it was Espionage 
masquerading as capitalism and 

3316
02:54:46,100 --> 02:54:48,900
it worked remarkably. 
Well for various reasons, 

3317
02:54:48,900 --> 02:54:52,400
religious leaders were good 
spies throughout Europe monks 

3318
02:54:52,400 --> 02:54:55,100
priests and Friars could move 
between monasteries and churches

3319
02:54:55,100 --> 02:54:58,500
frequently bringing with them 
official letters that made for 

3320
02:54:58,500 --> 02:55:00,400
ideal cover for intelligence 
operations. 

3321
02:55:01,100 --> 02:55:03,600
Due to their religious 
responsibilities, they were able

3322
02:55:03,600 --> 02:55:06,500
to enter Noble homes and were 
typically literate, which was 

3323
02:55:06,500 --> 02:55:09,500
uncommon in medieval Society, 
while traveling between 

3324
02:55:09,500 --> 02:55:12,900
monasteries a Franciscan Friar 
could pretend to be on Strictly 

3325
02:55:12,900 --> 02:55:15,500
religious business while 
carrying messages between 

3326
02:55:15,500 --> 02:55:18,600
intelligence Networks. 
Confessions could reveal 

3327
02:55:18,600 --> 02:55:20,900
political secrets about a family
to a priest. 

3328
02:55:21,900 --> 02:55:24,900
Letters exposing diplomatic 
schemes may be found by a monk 

3329
02:55:24,900 --> 02:55:27,000
copying manuscripts in a Noble's
Library. 

3330
02:55:27,800 --> 02:55:30,600
Intelligence Services made full 
use of the freedom with, which 

3331
02:55:30,600 --> 02:55:32,800
religious leaders moved through 
medieval Society. 

3332
02:55:32,800 --> 02:55:35,500
Although historians have 
frequently ignored their 

3333
02:55:35,500 --> 02:55:38,500
contributions, women played in 
Portland roles in medieval 

3334
02:55:38,500 --> 02:55:42,000
espionage, While women from 
lower social classes could work 

3335
02:55:42,000 --> 02:55:44,500
as servants in important 
households, where they could 

3336
02:55:44,500 --> 02:55:46,800
listen in on conversations and 
watch activities. 

3337
02:55:46,800 --> 02:55:49,900
That provided important 
information Noble, women had 

3338
02:55:49,900 --> 02:55:52,900
access to court circles and 
family networks that were close 

3339
02:55:52,900 --> 02:55:54,900
to men. 
The Duchess is Lady and waiting 

3340
02:55:54,900 --> 02:55:57,800
May gain knowledge of marriage 
talks, that could Forge New 

3341
02:55:57,800 --> 02:56:00,200
political Connections in a 
Bishop's Home. 

3342
02:56:00,200 --> 02:56:03,000
A kitchen made me over here 
conversations about church 

3343
02:56:03,000 --> 02:56:05,600
politics. 
In order to provide information 

3344
02:56:05,600 --> 02:56:08,700
about military movements a 
Tavern Keepers wife might 

3345
02:56:08,700 --> 02:56:12,000
overhear conversations between 
traveling Nobles because of 

3346
02:56:12,000 --> 02:56:14,400
their alleged lack of visibility
in medieval politics. 

3347
02:56:14,400 --> 02:56:18,300
Women were actually very good 
spies in the multilingual 

3348
02:56:18,300 --> 02:56:21,200
political environment of 
medieval Europe, the ability to 

3349
02:56:21,200 --> 02:56:23,800
read and write in multiple 
languages made Scholars and 

3350
02:56:23,800 --> 02:56:26,300
Clark's valuable recruits for 
intelligence work. 

3351
02:56:27,600 --> 02:56:30,100
While a Clark who handled 
correspondence for a noble 

3352
02:56:30,100 --> 02:56:33,600
household Mike copy confidential
documents or add false 

3353
02:56:33,600 --> 02:56:36,700
information to Communications a 
scholar, who could read Latin 

3354
02:56:36,700 --> 02:56:39,800
French, and German could also 
act as a translator analyst, 

3355
02:56:39,800 --> 02:56:43,600
most unexpectedly a large number
of medieval spies were what we 

3356
02:56:43,608 --> 02:56:47,000
might refer to as Freelancers. 
People who obtained information 

3357
02:56:47,000 --> 02:56:49,100
and sold it to anyone who would 
pay for it. 

3358
02:56:49,900 --> 02:56:52,100
These included artists who 
worked on Military 

3359
02:56:52,100 --> 02:56:55,600
fortifications itinerant, 
entertainers, who entertained in

3360
02:56:55,600 --> 02:56:59,200
aristocratic courts, and even 
Beggars who were so prevalent in

3361
02:56:59,200 --> 02:57:01,700
medieval society that they were 
practically invisible. 

3362
02:57:01,700 --> 02:57:05,200
A Minstrel could convey messages
between various factions and 

3363
02:57:05,200 --> 02:57:07,800
observe political relationships 
while performing in different 

3364
02:57:07,800 --> 02:57:10,400
courts. 
Detailed information about 

3365
02:57:10,400 --> 02:57:13,400
defensive capabilities could be 
obtained, from a Mason working 

3366
02:57:13,400 --> 02:57:17,000
on Castle fortifications. 
It's possible for a beggar 

3367
02:57:17,000 --> 02:57:18,800
outside of Noble's. 
Home to overhear conversations 

3368
02:57:18,800 --> 02:57:21,900
that contain crucial 
information, their capacity to 

3369
02:57:21,908 --> 02:57:24,500
integrate into medieval Society.
While retaining the 

3370
02:57:24,500 --> 02:57:27,700
psychological fortitude required
for Espionage work, was what 

3371
02:57:27,700 --> 02:57:29,400
bound these disparate recruits 
together? 

3372
02:57:30,400 --> 02:57:33,400
They needed to be at ease with 
lying, able to retain 

3373
02:57:33,400 --> 02:57:36,500
complicated information without 
writing it down and prepared to 

3374
02:57:36,500 --> 02:57:38,800
live with the ongoing 
possibility that their actions 

3375
02:57:38,800 --> 02:57:41,300
would be caught. 
The actual hiring procedure was 

3376
02:57:41,300 --> 02:57:45,000
typically, opportunistic and 
informal An agency seeking a 

3377
02:57:45,000 --> 02:57:47,100
messenger may approach, a 
merchant who demonstrated 

3378
02:57:47,100 --> 02:57:51,200
intelligence and discretion. 
during his travels, a priest to 

3379
02:57:51,208 --> 02:57:54,200
showed loyalty to a certain 
political faction, might be 

3380
02:57:54,200 --> 02:57:57,700
asked to collect information, A 
servant who demonstrated 

3381
02:57:57,700 --> 02:58:01,000
exceptional Insight could be 
developed as a source of 

3382
02:58:01,000 --> 02:58:03,000
information about their 
employers operations. 

3383
02:58:03,000 --> 02:58:06,500
The majority of medieval spies 
were regular people who took up 

3384
02:58:06,500 --> 02:58:09,300
their Espionage as a side job 
rather than professional 

3385
02:58:09,300 --> 02:58:12,600
Intelligence Officers. 
While working covertly for 

3386
02:58:12,600 --> 02:58:15,300
intelligence networks, They 
carried on with their regular 

3387
02:58:15,300 --> 02:58:18,600
lives and careers, which gave 
them the ideal cover for their 

3388
02:58:18,600 --> 02:58:20,200
operations. 
But also meant that they were 

3389
02:58:20,200 --> 02:58:22,500
rarely, give them the support 
and training that professional 

3390
02:58:22,500 --> 02:58:26,500
spies might anticipate medieval 
Espionage as amateur status had 

3391
02:58:26,500 --> 02:58:30,400
benefits and drawbacks 
Intelligence networks could on 

3392
02:58:30,400 --> 02:58:33,700
the one hand easily integrate 
into medieval Society. 

3393
02:58:34,300 --> 02:58:37,300
However, it meant that the 
majority of spies acquired their

3394
02:58:37,300 --> 02:58:40,900
skills through trial and error 
frequently with deadly results, 

3395
02:58:40,900 --> 02:58:43,600
for those who made mistakes, 
shut your eyes and visualize 

3396
02:58:43,600 --> 02:58:45,800
organizing a business trip. 
During the Middle Ages. 

3397
02:58:45,800 --> 02:58:50,400
No hotel, reservations, no GPS 
to direct, you know, AAA to call

3398
02:58:50,400 --> 02:58:53,400
in case of an emergency and no 
Airline website to check. 

3399
02:58:53,400 --> 02:58:57,900
Instead, you may have to travel 
for weeks or months through 

3400
02:58:57,900 --> 02:58:59,700
areas where the local government
may find. 

3401
02:58:59,700 --> 02:59:02,700
You suspicious the roads may be 
under Bandit control, and your 

3402
02:59:02,700 --> 02:59:05,400
lodging will make a low cost, 
Motel seem like a five-star 

3403
02:59:05,400 --> 02:59:08,600
hotel, traveling in the Middle. 
Ages was a test of endurance 

3404
02:59:08,600 --> 02:59:12,000
mask, creating as 
transportation, When Rhodes did 

3405
02:59:12,000 --> 02:59:14,600
exist, they were frequently 
little more than dirt tracks. 

3406
02:59:14,600 --> 02:59:18,400
That in wet weather became muddy
quagmires and in dry weather, 

3407
02:59:18,400 --> 02:59:22,400
dusty nightmare's. 
After centuries of neglect, the 

3408
02:59:22,400 --> 02:59:25,100
well known Roman roads that had 
once connected Europe were in 

3409
02:59:25,100 --> 02:59:28,200
disrepair, and the majority of 
medieval governments were more 

3410
02:59:28,200 --> 02:59:30,200
concerned with constructing 
Castle's. 

3411
02:59:30,200 --> 02:59:33,100
Then with keeping up with 
Highway Maintenance, traveling 

3412
02:59:33,100 --> 02:59:36,500
was not only uncomfortable for a
medieval spy but it was a 

3413
02:59:36,500 --> 02:59:38,300
continual risk management 
exercise. 

3414
02:59:38,300 --> 02:59:41,600
You might run into local 
officials, who might insist on 

3415
02:59:41,600 --> 02:59:43,800
seeing documents. 
You didn't have fellow 

3416
02:59:43,800 --> 02:59:47,100
Travelers, who might recognize 
you from past assignments, or 

3417
02:59:47,100 --> 02:59:49,800
Bandits who viewed Travelers as 
mobile treasure chests, every 

3418
02:59:49,800 --> 02:59:53,100
mile you travel. 
Just getting from point A to 

3419
02:59:53,100 --> 02:59:55,900
point B, could reveal your cover
and put an end to your mission 

3420
02:59:55,900 --> 02:59:59,000
before it even started. 
Medieval spies had few options 

3421
02:59:59,000 --> 03:00:02,200
for transportation and each had 
its own set of difficulties. 

3422
03:00:02,200 --> 03:00:06,300
It was inexpensive but slow to 
walk and you were exposed to the

3423
03:00:06,300 --> 03:00:09,200
weather Bandits and the 
inquisitive questions of 

3424
03:00:09,200 --> 03:00:12,100
everyone. 
You met An individual traveling 

3425
03:00:12,100 --> 03:00:14,300
alone on foot was either 
extremely impoverished, 

3426
03:00:14,300 --> 03:00:17,400
extremely desperate or extremely
suspicious. 

3427
03:00:18,100 --> 03:00:20,400
All of which are not suitable 
cover identities. 

3428
03:00:20,400 --> 03:00:24,000
For intelligence operations, 
although they offered speed in a

3429
03:00:24,000 --> 03:00:26,500
certain level of social 
respectability horses. 

3430
03:00:26,500 --> 03:00:29,000
Also came with high maintenance,
feeding and cost. 

3431
03:00:29,900 --> 03:00:32,000
Since a good horse, was an 
expensive investment. 

3432
03:00:32,000 --> 03:00:36,600
Losing one to disease accident 
or thieves could leave a spice 

3433
03:00:36,600 --> 03:00:39,300
stranded far from home and 
unable to finish their mission. 

3434
03:00:40,100 --> 03:00:43,800
additionally horses, required 
food, water and rest, which 

3435
03:00:43,800 --> 03:00:46,800
meant making frequent stops at 
locations where inquisitive in 

3436
03:00:46,800 --> 03:00:50,400
Keepers, like awkwardly inquire 
about your destination and line 

3437
03:00:50,400 --> 03:00:53,400
of work carrying supplies and 
keeping a Merchants cover 

3438
03:00:53,400 --> 03:00:57,200
identity were two benefits of 
traveling by Cartel wagon but it

3439
03:00:57,200 --> 03:01:00,600
was slow and required good 
roads, which were frequently 

3440
03:01:00,600 --> 03:01:05,100
non-existent, Carts broke down 
on rough ground got stuck in mud

3441
03:01:05,100 --> 03:01:08,700
and caught the attention of 
Bandits who rightly thought that

3442
03:01:08,700 --> 03:01:11,600
anyone with enough Goods to fill
a wagon might be worth robbing 

3443
03:01:11,600 --> 03:01:14,500
Travelers in the Middle Ages. 
Could find accommodations that 

3444
03:01:14,500 --> 03:01:16,900
were anything from hardly 
suitable to downright hazardous 

3445
03:01:17,900 --> 03:01:20,100
When instead exist, they were 
usually a little more than 

3446
03:01:20,100 --> 03:01:23,000
spacious rooms with straw 
mattresses in which Travelers 

3447
03:01:23,000 --> 03:01:25,400
shared space with strangers. 
Who could range from 

3448
03:01:25,400 --> 03:01:29,000
professional thieves to honest 
merchants The food was whatever 

3449
03:01:29,000 --> 03:01:30,900
The Innkeeper happened to be 
serving that day. 

3450
03:01:30,900 --> 03:01:33,900
There was no privacy and 
sanitation was rudimentary 

3451
03:01:33,900 --> 03:01:37,800
medieval ins were a constant 
source of difficulty for Aspire 

3452
03:01:37,800 --> 03:01:39,400
tempting to keep up a cover 
identity. 

3453
03:01:40,300 --> 03:01:42,800
Other visitors May inquire in 
depth about your background, 

3454
03:01:42,800 --> 03:01:44,700
your destination or your 
business. 

3455
03:01:45,600 --> 03:01:48,100
By collecting information about 
tourists to sell to local 

3456
03:01:48,100 --> 03:01:51,400
authorities or anybody else, who
would pay in Keepers frequently 

3457
03:01:51,400 --> 03:01:53,900
served as unofficial 
intelligence agents themselves? 

3458
03:01:54,800 --> 03:01:57,600
Your entire Mission could be 
jeopardized by a thought from 

3459
03:01:57,600 --> 03:02:00,800
Mark made during dinner or a 
suspicious object spotted in 

3460
03:02:00,800 --> 03:02:04,700
your luggage even worse, was the
alternative to ins Travelers 

3461
03:02:04,700 --> 03:02:07,000
could take refuge in 
monasteries, which provided 

3462
03:02:07,000 --> 03:02:10,000
rudimentary logging but also put
them under the roof of religious

3463
03:02:10,000 --> 03:02:13,100
leaders who might feel compelled
to alert, local authorities to 

3464
03:02:13,100 --> 03:02:16,600
questionable activities. 
Although country priest had 

3465
03:02:16,600 --> 03:02:19,300
strong ties to local nobility 
and could provide information 

3466
03:02:19,300 --> 03:02:21,800
about odd. 
Travelers rural churches, 

3467
03:02:21,800 --> 03:02:25,000
occasionally offered Sanctuary, 
although camping outside, had 

3468
03:02:25,000 --> 03:02:28,200
its own risks, it avoided the 
social complications of formal 

3469
03:02:28,200 --> 03:02:30,500
lodging. 
Travelers who were alone and 

3470
03:02:30,500 --> 03:02:33,400
vulnerable with the targets of 
Bandit attacks and sleeping 

3471
03:02:33,400 --> 03:02:36,400
outside exposed one to, whether 
that could be anything from 

3472
03:02:36,400 --> 03:02:39,900
mildly uncomfortable to, 
actually fatal If a spy becomes 

3473
03:02:39,900 --> 03:02:42,700
ill or hurts themself while 
camping by themselves, they 

3474
03:02:42,700 --> 03:02:45,400
might just vanish leaving their 
mission uncompleted. 

3475
03:02:45,400 --> 03:02:48,700
And their fate uncertain for 
travelers in the Middle Ages. 

3476
03:02:48,700 --> 03:02:52,200
The weather was a continual 
enemy extreme heat or cold, 

3477
03:02:52,200 --> 03:02:55,400
could kill unprepared, 
Travelers, snow made navigation,

3478
03:02:55,400 --> 03:02:59,900
impossible and rain turned roads
into impossible swamps There 

3479
03:02:59,900 --> 03:03:04,300
were no emergencies to call no 
weather forecast to refer to and

3480
03:03:04,300 --> 03:03:06,900
no assurance that assistance 
would be accessible in the 

3481
03:03:06,900 --> 03:03:08,600
event. 
That conditions deteriorated 

3482
03:03:08,600 --> 03:03:12,000
travel conditions and political 
requirements had to be balanced 

3483
03:03:12,000 --> 03:03:14,800
and medieval spies had to 
schedule their trips around 

3484
03:03:14,800 --> 03:03:18,900
seasonal weather patterns. 
In certain cases the best travel

3485
03:03:18,900 --> 03:03:21,700
times occur during times when 
heightened security made 

3486
03:03:21,700 --> 03:03:25,100
Espionage work more hazardous. 
And in other cases, urgent 

3487
03:03:25,100 --> 03:03:27,800
intelligence had to be delivered
in spite of hazardous weather, 

3488
03:03:27,800 --> 03:03:31,000
medieval travel was a difficult 
on the mind, as it was on the 

3489
03:03:31,000 --> 03:03:34,200
body, in addition to 
continuously assuming false 

3490
03:03:34,200 --> 03:03:37,400
identities and remaining on the 
lookout for potential threats. 

3491
03:03:38,100 --> 03:03:41,600
Spies spent weeks or months away
from their homes families, and 

3492
03:03:41,600 --> 03:03:45,300
any emotional support systems, 
even seasoned agents could 

3493
03:03:45,300 --> 03:03:47,700
become emotionally weary and 
prone to making potentially 

3494
03:03:47,700 --> 03:03:51,200
fatal mistakes, due to the 
isolation and stress of medieval

3495
03:03:51,200 --> 03:03:54,100
travel, another ongoing. 
Worry, on medieval travels was 

3496
03:03:54,100 --> 03:03:58,000
food long trips, necessitated 
resupplying, along the way, 

3497
03:03:58,000 --> 03:04:00,900
which meant relying on local 
markets that might not exist, 

3498
03:04:00,900 --> 03:04:04,900
local Cuisine that might not be 
edible, and local prices that 

3499
03:04:04,900 --> 03:04:06,900
might be exorbitant for 
foreigners. 

3500
03:04:06,900 --> 03:04:08,900
Travellers brought what 
Provisions. 

3501
03:04:08,900 --> 03:04:12,300
They could aspires ability to 
finish their mission could be 

3502
03:04:12,308 --> 03:04:16,100
severely jeopardized if they 
became ill from eating poorly or

3503
03:04:16,100 --> 03:04:19,100
were unable to find enough food 
during the Middle Ages. 

3504
03:04:19,100 --> 03:04:21,500
Even the basic tasks of 
navigation was difficult. 

3505
03:04:22,300 --> 03:04:25,200
When Maps were available, they 
were frequently erroneous and 

3506
03:04:25,200 --> 03:04:28,300
depicted political boundaries 
that may have changed since they

3507
03:04:28,300 --> 03:04:30,900
were created. 
The majority of tourists 

3508
03:04:30,900 --> 03:04:33,600
depended on locals for 
directions who may have been 

3509
03:04:33,600 --> 03:04:37,100
helpful deceptive or entirely 
incorrect about Roots. 

3510
03:04:37,100 --> 03:04:40,600
They had never taken themselves 
medieval spies somehow managed 

3511
03:04:40,600 --> 03:04:42,100
to keep up intelligence 
networks. 

3512
03:04:42,100 --> 03:04:45,000
That crossed continents 
transmitted information across 

3513
03:04:45,000 --> 03:04:48,200
political boundaries, an updated
their employers on political 

3514
03:04:48,200 --> 03:04:51,200
developments in far-off places. 
In spite of all these obstacles.

3515
03:04:52,600 --> 03:04:55,300
Their accomplishments 
demonstrated, human tenacity 

3516
03:04:55,300 --> 03:04:59,400
resourcefulness and flexibility 
in the face of adversity, that 

3517
03:04:59,400 --> 03:05:01,500
would have tested. 
Even the most advanced, modern 

3518
03:05:01,500 --> 03:05:03,800
Travelers. 
Imagine attempting to send a 

3519
03:05:03,800 --> 03:05:07,100
text message with just a quill 
pen parchment and the hope that 

3520
03:05:07,100 --> 03:05:10,200
it will reach its recipient 
within the next few months, then

3521
03:05:10,200 --> 03:05:14,500
settle back in your cozy chair, 
Now picture yourself stretched 

3522
03:05:14,500 --> 03:05:17,600
on a rack or hanging from Egypt 
if someone reads that message 

3523
03:05:17,600 --> 03:05:20,500
and intercepts it. 
Greetings from the world of 

3524
03:05:20,500 --> 03:05:23,400
secret communication in the 
Middle Ages when Ingenuity 

3525
03:05:23,400 --> 03:05:26,600
literally, meant the difference 
between life and death because 

3526
03:05:26,600 --> 03:05:29,500
they had no other option. 
Medieval spies had to become 

3527
03:05:29,500 --> 03:05:32,600
experts at the delicate art of 
concealing information from the 

3528
03:05:32,600 --> 03:05:35,400
public. 
Intelligence Officers created 

3529
03:05:35,400 --> 03:05:38,200
increasingly complex technique 
to hide their actual 

3530
03:05:38,200 --> 03:05:41,600
Communications within seemingly 
innocent correspondence, because

3531
03:05:41,600 --> 03:05:44,100
every message carried the 
potential for execution. 

3532
03:05:44,100 --> 03:05:47,000
If it were discovered the 
simplest method was invisible 

3533
03:05:47,000 --> 03:05:50,300
ink which may sound fancy but 
was typically created using 

3534
03:05:50,300 --> 03:05:53,800
common placing greed's, like 
milk urine or lemon juice. 

3535
03:05:54,600 --> 03:05:56,800
These materials would become 
Brown when heated. 

3536
03:05:57,600 --> 03:06:00,200
Exposing hidden text between the
lines of a regular letter. 

3537
03:06:01,100 --> 03:06:03,600
While the true message about 
troop movements was written in 

3538
03:06:03,600 --> 03:06:06,600
milk between the lines 
invisible, until the recipient 

3539
03:06:06,600 --> 03:06:10,300
of the parchment near a fire. 
A medieval spy might write a 

3540
03:06:10,308 --> 03:06:12,800
perfectly normal business, 
letter about wall prices. 

3541
03:06:12,800 --> 03:06:16,100
The problem within visible ink 
was that the recipient had to be

3542
03:06:16,100 --> 03:06:19,300
aware of the existence of a 
hidden message and know how to 

3543
03:06:19,300 --> 03:06:22,100
make it visible. 
In order to identify when 

3544
03:06:22,100 --> 03:06:23,800
letters contained classified 
information. 

3545
03:06:23,800 --> 03:06:27,500
Medieval intelligence networks 
created complex signaling 

3546
03:06:27,500 --> 03:06:30,000
systems. 
Certain words in the visible 

3547
03:06:30,000 --> 03:06:33,700
text a unique signature or a 
certain Wax Seal, could all be 

3548
03:06:33,708 --> 03:06:37,100
signs that the letter contained 
secret information, but codes 

3549
03:06:37,100 --> 03:06:40,000
were more advanced with 
references to particular words 

3550
03:06:40,000 --> 03:06:42,400
or letters in books that both 
the sender and the recipient 

3551
03:06:42,400 --> 03:06:44,400
owned indicating the true 
message. 

3552
03:06:45,400 --> 03:06:48,400
When a letter refers to the 
wisdom found in the third word 

3553
03:06:48,400 --> 03:06:51,700
of the seventh line on page, 42 
of the chronicle, it may be 

3554
03:06:51,708 --> 03:06:54,000
referencing a particular book 
and providing details 

3555
03:06:54,000 --> 03:06:56,100
instructions on how to decode 
the message. 

3556
03:06:56,900 --> 03:06:59,700
This approach and necessitated 
extensive preparation, and 

3557
03:06:59,700 --> 03:07:03,700
cooperation amongst intelligence
agents because books were scarce

3558
03:07:03,700 --> 03:07:06,200
and costly during the Middle 
Ages nil. 

3559
03:07:06,200 --> 03:07:08,500
Cyphers were a specially 
ingenious methods, in which the 

3560
03:07:08,500 --> 03:07:11,600
actual message was concealed 
using preset patterns inside the

3561
03:07:11,600 --> 03:07:12,600
text. 
That was visible. 

3562
03:07:13,600 --> 03:07:15,600
The first letter of each 
sentence, May spell out the 

3563
03:07:15,600 --> 03:07:18,500
secret information or every 
third word may contain the 

3564
03:07:18,500 --> 03:07:21,600
actual intelligence. 
A business letter might hide 

3565
03:07:21,600 --> 03:07:24,800
Military Intelligence in the 
final word of each paragraph or 

3566
03:07:24,800 --> 03:07:26,800
a love letter. 
Might have a secret message in 

3567
03:07:26,800 --> 03:07:29,700
the first letter of each line 
using religious texts. 

3568
03:07:29,700 --> 03:07:32,100
As a cover for intelligence 
messages was one of the most 

3569
03:07:32,100 --> 03:07:33,600
inventive ways to hide 
information. 

3570
03:07:33,600 --> 03:07:37,700
A spy might copy out a prayer or
a passage from the Bible, but 

3571
03:07:37,700 --> 03:07:40,200
with extra markings or slightly 
changed letters that would 

3572
03:07:40,200 --> 03:07:42,200
reveal the true. 
Meaning to someone who knew 

3573
03:07:42,200 --> 03:07:44,400
where to look this method 
provided. 

3574
03:07:44,400 --> 03:07:47,000
Excellent cover. 
Because religious, texts were 

3575
03:07:47,000 --> 03:07:50,100
often carried by Travelers and 
religious copying was common 

3576
03:07:50,100 --> 03:07:54,000
steganography, the technique of 
concealing messages within other

3577
03:07:54,000 --> 03:07:58,200
objects, was also employed by 
medieval spies, A wax tablets 

3578
03:07:58,200 --> 03:08:01,200
wooden backing, could have text 
written on it, that would not be

3579
03:08:01,200 --> 03:08:02,700
visible until the wax was 
removed. 

3580
03:08:02,700 --> 03:08:06,100
Messages, could be inscribed on 
the inside of the leather goods 

3581
03:08:06,100 --> 03:08:09,900
stitched into garments, or even 
Inked on a messenger scalp and 

3582
03:08:09,900 --> 03:08:13,500
concealed by hair growth. 
Finding concealment techniques 

3583
03:08:13,500 --> 03:08:16,100
that would withstand the rough 
treatment of medieval travel was

3584
03:08:16,100 --> 03:08:18,600
crucial. 
Medieval intelligence networks, 

3585
03:08:18,600 --> 03:08:22,000
gave rise to coded languages in 
which common words had hidden 

3586
03:08:22,000 --> 03:08:25,800
meaning that only Network 
participants knew While a letter

3587
03:08:25,808 --> 03:08:29,100
from a merchant discussing the 
purchase of Fine Wall might be 

3588
03:08:29,108 --> 03:08:30,900
reporting on Military 
fortifications. 

3589
03:08:30,900 --> 03:08:34,200
A discussion of grain prices 
might be revealing information 

3590
03:08:34,200 --> 03:08:38,000
about political alliances. 
To prevent detection, these 

3591
03:08:38,000 --> 03:08:41,500
codes needed to be carefully 
used and thoroughly memorized in

3592
03:08:41,500 --> 03:08:44,200
ways that are nearly impossible 
for modern Minds to comprehend. 

3593
03:08:44,200 --> 03:08:47,000
Physical objects were used as 
messaging systems. 

3594
03:08:47,800 --> 03:08:50,600
For someone who understood how 
to read these signals, the 

3595
03:08:50,600 --> 03:08:53,800
placement of a candle in a 
window, the way a cloak was hung

3596
03:08:53,800 --> 03:08:56,500
or the arrangement of objects on
the table could all provide 

3597
03:08:56,500 --> 03:08:59,300
information. 
In order to transmit messages 

3598
03:08:59,300 --> 03:09:01,900
without leaving, any written 
records, that could be found and

3599
03:09:01,900 --> 03:09:04,700
used as proof medieval 
intelligence agents. 

3600
03:09:04,700 --> 03:09:08,100
Created complex nonverbal 
communication systems, the more 

3601
03:09:08,100 --> 03:09:10,700
educated members of medieval, 
intelligence networks used, 

3602
03:09:10,700 --> 03:09:14,100
mathematical codes, basic 
security, for written 

3603
03:09:14,100 --> 03:09:17,500
communication was offered by 
simple substitution ciphers in 

3604
03:09:17,500 --> 03:09:20,000
which a different letter or 
symbol was used for each letter.

3605
03:09:20,900 --> 03:09:24,400
More advanced agents employed 
Polly alphabetic cyphers, which 

3606
03:09:24,400 --> 03:09:26,400
made it much harder for 
unauthorized, readers to 

3607
03:09:26,400 --> 03:09:30,200
decipher the codes by altering 
the substitution pattern in a 

3608
03:09:30,200 --> 03:09:33,800
cordance with preset rules, 
medieval cryptography, face. 

3609
03:09:33,800 --> 03:09:36,500
The difficulty of striking a 
balance between security and 

3610
03:09:36,500 --> 03:09:39,500
usefulness. 
Better protection was offered by

3611
03:09:39,500 --> 03:09:43,100
complex codes but they also took
longer to encode and decode 

3612
03:09:43,100 --> 03:09:45,300
increased. 
The possibility of mistakes that

3613
03:09:45,300 --> 03:09:48,000
could make messages in 
comprehendible and placed more 

3614
03:09:48,000 --> 03:09:50,100
strain on the user's memory and 
education. 

3615
03:09:50,800 --> 03:09:53,400
It was worse than useless to 
have a code that was impossible 

3616
03:09:53,400 --> 03:09:56,800
to crack, but impossible to use 
properly, the issue of key 

3617
03:09:56,800 --> 03:10:00,100
distribution or making sure that
senders and recipients had the 

3618
03:10:00,100 --> 03:10:03,300
data required to encode and 
decode messages was another 

3619
03:10:03,300 --> 03:10:05,500
challenge. 
Faced by medieval intelligence 

3620
03:10:05,500 --> 03:10:08,600
Networks, Sharing the secrets 
required for secret, 

3621
03:10:08,600 --> 03:10:11,800
communication, created a paradox
that took a great deal of 

3622
03:10:11,800 --> 03:10:14,900
Ingenuity to resolve in an era 
without secure communication. 

3623
03:10:14,900 --> 03:10:18,000
Medieval secret communication, 
was further Complicated by 

3624
03:10:18,000 --> 03:10:21,100
timing codes. 
It's possible for messages to be

3625
03:10:21,108 --> 03:10:24,300
sent in segments with each 
segment arriving at a different 

3626
03:10:24,300 --> 03:10:27,100
time and only making sense when 
put together correctly. 

3627
03:10:28,200 --> 03:10:31,100
Alternatively, the coded 
information may include the 

3628
03:10:31,100 --> 03:10:34,500
delivery time and date, which 
recipients must account for when

3629
03:10:34,500 --> 03:10:38,000
decoding the message working 
with secret messages, put a lot 

3630
03:10:38,008 --> 03:10:39,700
of psychological strain on 
employees. 

3631
03:10:40,500 --> 03:10:43,100
The single encoding error could 
give the intended recipient. 

3632
03:10:43,100 --> 03:10:44,900
No. 
Meaning at all an entire 

3633
03:10:44,900 --> 03:10:47,300
intelligence Network could be 
exposed by a mistaking. 

3634
03:10:47,300 --> 03:10:50,000
Concealment. 
In Portland intelligence could 

3635
03:10:50,000 --> 03:10:52,600
end up in the hands of the enemy
of the wrong Messengers, chose 

3636
03:10:52,600 --> 03:10:55,000
him. 
Under circumstances that made 

3637
03:10:55,000 --> 03:10:58,400
Perfection all but impossible 
medieval spies had to be 

3638
03:10:58,400 --> 03:11:00,800
Flawless. 
Cryptographers medieval secret, 

3639
03:11:00,800 --> 03:11:04,000
communication systems were 
remarkably successful in spite 

3640
03:11:04,000 --> 03:11:06,700
of these obstacles. 
Intelligence networks were able 

3641
03:11:06,700 --> 03:11:08,300
to coordinate intricate 
operations. 

3642
03:11:08,300 --> 03:11:12,000
Sustained Communications over 
long distance is and protect 

3643
03:11:12,000 --> 03:11:14,300
their most sensitive data from 
hostile interception. 

3644
03:11:15,100 --> 03:11:18,500
Ingenuity meticulous planning 
and the kind of attention to 

3645
03:11:18,500 --> 03:11:20,000
detail. 
That could mean the difference 

3646
03:11:20,000 --> 03:11:23,400
between personal destruction, 
and Mission success with the 

3647
03:11:23,400 --> 03:11:26,800
foundations of their success. 
Pour yourself another cup of 

3648
03:11:26,808 --> 03:11:29,900
tea, and think about how you 
would budget for an intelligence

3649
03:11:29,900 --> 03:11:32,100
network. 
If you were a medieval, King 

3650
03:11:32,100 --> 03:11:35,600
attempting to manage one, There 
are no accounting departments to

3651
03:11:35,600 --> 03:11:39,800
monitor operating costs, no 
standardized pay scales and no 

3652
03:11:39,800 --> 03:11:43,400
corporate expense accounts. 
Instead, you're dealing with a 

3653
03:11:43,400 --> 03:11:46,700
shadow economy, where your most 
critical employees are unable to

3654
03:11:46,708 --> 03:11:50,600
provide receipts and where in 
order to protect all parties, 

3655
03:11:50,600 --> 03:11:53,300
payment must frequently be 
discussed to something 

3656
03:11:53,300 --> 03:11:56,400
completely different. 
The financial theory is used in 

3657
03:11:56,400 --> 03:11:59,200
medieval Espionage would make 
modern accountants shutter 

3658
03:11:59,200 --> 03:12:02,500
generally speaking spies 
received a radic compensation 

3659
03:12:02,500 --> 03:12:05,600
that varied greatly based on the
value of the information they 

3660
03:12:05,600 --> 03:12:08,600
provided the risk of their 
missions and the financial 

3661
03:12:08,600 --> 03:12:11,500
standing of their employers. 
It was the Pinnacle of 

3662
03:12:11,500 --> 03:12:13,800
freelancing with no job 
security, and retirement 

3663
03:12:13,800 --> 03:12:17,500
planning, limited to wishing you
lived long enough to retired. 

3664
03:12:17,500 --> 03:12:20,200
Medieval spies were typically 
paid a combination of bonuses 

3665
03:12:20,200 --> 03:12:23,600
for certain pieces of valuable 
intelligence and regular snipers

3666
03:12:23,600 --> 03:12:27,400
for continuing agents. 
To keep him loyal, a merchant 

3667
03:12:27,400 --> 03:12:29,600
who frequently covered political
events in the cities. 

3668
03:12:29,600 --> 03:12:32,300
He visited might get a small 
annual payment. 

3669
03:12:33,100 --> 03:12:35,800
For more significant 
information, he might get larger

3670
03:12:35,800 --> 03:12:38,800
sums. 
Maintaining credible 

3671
03:12:38,800 --> 03:12:42,100
justifications for these 
Financial transactions was a 

3672
03:12:42,100 --> 03:12:45,600
challenge for both the spy and 
the spymaster as luring as that 

3673
03:12:45,600 --> 03:12:47,300
image may be for Hollywood 
money. 

3674
03:12:47,300 --> 03:12:50,200
Couldn't just be handed over in 
Dem, Alleyways payments. 

3675
03:12:50,200 --> 03:12:52,900
Had to be made under false 
pretenses that would pass muster

3676
03:12:52,900 --> 03:12:55,800
if they were caught. 
Spy may be compensated by 

3677
03:12:55,800 --> 03:12:58,500
inflated prices for goods. 
They purportedly sold to their 

3678
03:12:58,508 --> 03:13:01,800
Handler loans that were never 
meant to be paid back or 

3679
03:13:01,800 --> 03:13:04,100
winning's from gambling that 
were actually intelligence 

3680
03:13:04,100 --> 03:13:06,300
payments. 
The Practical reality of 

3681
03:13:06,300 --> 03:13:09,000
medieval life complicated, the 
cost structure of medieval 

3682
03:13:09,000 --> 03:13:12,200
Espionage in order to maintain 
their cover identities. 

3683
03:13:12,200 --> 03:13:15,300
And obtaining information spies 
had to pay for their own travel,

3684
03:13:15,300 --> 03:13:19,500
lodging, and the various bribes 
and gifts, they would need In 

3685
03:13:19,500 --> 03:13:22,600
order to keep their credibility,
a spy mask, creating as a 

3686
03:13:22,608 --> 03:13:26,000
merchant might have to genuinely
buy and sell Goods which would 

3687
03:13:26,000 --> 03:13:28,900
require them to invest money in 
inventory in the hopes that 

3688
03:13:28,900 --> 03:13:31,700
their trading operations would 
generate enough Revenue to fund 

3689
03:13:31,700 --> 03:13:35,500
their intelligence operations 
medieval spies face to specially

3690
03:13:35,500 --> 03:13:36,400
High. 
Travel costs. 

3691
03:13:37,100 --> 03:13:39,500
The spies earnings from 
intelligence work could easily 

3692
03:13:39,500 --> 03:13:43,300
be outweighed by the cost of 
horses, food, lodging, and the 

3693
03:13:43,300 --> 03:13:46,300
numerous fees and tolls 
associated with medieval travel.

3694
03:13:47,200 --> 03:13:49,600
It's likely that many medieval 
spies lost money on their 

3695
03:13:49,600 --> 03:13:52,900
operations, either accepting a 
lesser standard of living than 

3696
03:13:52,900 --> 03:13:55,700
they could have obtained through
legal employment, or funding, 

3697
03:13:55,700 --> 03:13:58,000
their Espionage efforts with 
other sources of income. 

3698
03:13:58,000 --> 03:14:01,400
For medieval spies financial 
planning was practically 

3699
03:14:01,400 --> 03:14:04,100
impossible due to the erratic 
nature of intelligence work. 

3700
03:14:04,800 --> 03:14:08,300
After months of collecting 
information for free, a spy may 

3701
03:14:08,300 --> 03:14:10,700
be paid handsomely for a, 
particularly useful piece of 

3702
03:14:10,708 --> 03:14:13,500
intelligence. 
The ability to maintain a cover 

3703
03:14:13,500 --> 03:14:16,400
identity, even in times of 
financial hardship and 

3704
03:14:16,400 --> 03:14:18,200
significant personal financial 
management. 

3705
03:14:18,200 --> 03:14:20,800
Skills were necessary in this 
feast or famine economy. 

3706
03:14:20,800 --> 03:14:24,200
Currently exchange issues that 
did not exist for contemporary 

3707
03:14:24,200 --> 03:14:26,500
International operations, where 
another issue. 

3708
03:14:26,500 --> 03:14:29,900
That medieval intelligence 
networks have to handle exchange

3709
03:14:29,900 --> 03:14:32,500
rates varied. 
According to political ties, and

3710
03:14:32,500 --> 03:14:35,400
the availability of precious 
metals and different regions 

3711
03:14:35,400 --> 03:14:38,000
used different coins with 
varying weight and Purity 

3712
03:14:38,000 --> 03:14:40,800
requirements. 
A spy who worked in several 

3713
03:14:40,800 --> 03:14:43,500
different areas had to be able 
to handle the intricate 

3714
03:14:43,500 --> 03:14:46,800
Financial aspects of medieval 
trade while, also working as an 

3715
03:14:46,800 --> 03:14:50,400
intelligence officer and a 
currency Trader medieval spies 

3716
03:14:50,400 --> 03:14:52,800
who are able to combine their 
intelligence work with legal 

3717
03:14:52,800 --> 03:14:56,600
business ventures that offered 
both cover and extra cash were 

3718
03:14:56,600 --> 03:15:00,000
frequently, the most successful.
Carefully selecting trade, 

3719
03:15:00,000 --> 03:15:02,700
routes allowed, a merchant spy 
to conduct lucrative business 

3720
03:15:02,700 --> 03:15:05,100
that Finance their intelligence 
operations. 

3721
03:15:05,100 --> 03:15:08,800
While simultaneously, obtaining 
useful intelligence, A scholar 

3722
03:15:08,800 --> 03:15:11,300
spy, could obtain information 
about political connections, and

3723
03:15:11,300 --> 03:15:14,500
get paid for writing services by
copying manuscripts for 

3724
03:15:14,500 --> 03:15:17,700
Aristocrats because they had 
fewer economic options than men.

3725
03:15:17,700 --> 03:15:20,800
Women who worked in medieval 
intelligence faced unique 

3726
03:15:20,800 --> 03:15:24,800
financial difficulties. 
In a noble home, a female spy 

3727
03:15:24,800 --> 03:15:28,000
might serve as a servant earning
Amiga salary while obtaining 

3728
03:15:28,000 --> 03:15:31,600
intelligence but medieval social
norms limited her options for 

3729
03:15:31,600 --> 03:15:33,500
career progression or other 
employment. 

3730
03:15:34,700 --> 03:15:37,100
Because they frequently had to 
depend more on their handlers 

3731
03:15:37,100 --> 03:15:40,100
for financial support. 
Female spies were more 

3732
03:15:40,100 --> 03:15:43,700
susceptible to abuse for many 
agents, regular banking 

3733
03:15:43,700 --> 03:15:46,400
relationships were impossible 
due to the security requirements

3734
03:15:46,400 --> 03:15:49,700
of medieval espionage. 
Operating under a full side, 

3735
03:15:49,700 --> 03:15:52,400
entity prevented a spy from 
keeping accounts under their 

3736
03:15:52,400 --> 03:15:54,400
real name. 
And from having Financial 

3737
03:15:54,400 --> 03:15:56,900
records, that could be used to 
expose their intelligence 

3738
03:15:56,900 --> 03:15:59,900
operations. 
Precious metals or gems were 

3739
03:15:59,900 --> 03:16:03,700
likely carried by many medieval 
spies making them easy targets 

3740
03:16:03,700 --> 03:16:07,300
for theft while on the road 
medieval spies hardly ever plan 

3741
03:16:07,300 --> 03:16:09,800
for retirement. 
There were no Social Security 

3742
03:16:09,800 --> 03:16:12,900
Programs or Pension funds. 
And there was no assurance that 

3743
03:16:12,900 --> 03:16:16,000
an intelligence organization 
would keep paying agents who 

3744
03:16:16,000 --> 03:16:17,500
were no longer actively 
contributing. 

3745
03:16:18,800 --> 03:16:21,500
If they lived long enough to 
reach old age successful 

3746
03:16:21,500 --> 03:16:23,900
medieval spies had to amass 
enough wealth, during their 

3747
03:16:23,900 --> 03:16:27,100
active careers to sustain 
themselves in their later years.

3748
03:16:27,100 --> 03:16:30,600
Medieval spies families had to 
deal with financial instability.

3749
03:16:30,600 --> 03:16:32,000
That went beyond the agents 
themselves. 

3750
03:16:32,000 --> 03:16:35,800
There was no life insurance, no 
survivor benefits, and 

3751
03:16:35,800 --> 03:16:38,400
frequently no recognition, that 
Aspire been working for their 

3752
03:16:38,400 --> 03:16:40,600
employer. 
If they were killed or vanished 

3753
03:16:40,600 --> 03:16:43,900
during a mission, medieval spies
wives and kids could find 

3754
03:16:43,900 --> 03:16:47,000
themselves unexpectedly poor 
with no way to support 

3755
03:16:47,000 --> 03:16:49,000
themselves. 
And no reason for their loss 

3756
03:16:49,000 --> 03:16:52,200
medieval intelligence networks 
were able to recruit and retain 

3757
03:16:52,200 --> 03:16:55,300
agents who offered their 
employers valuable services and 

3758
03:16:55,300 --> 03:16:57,100
spite of these financial 
difficulties. 

3759
03:16:58,000 --> 03:17:00,600
People who found that Espionage 
offered better opportunities 

3760
03:17:00,600 --> 03:17:03,600
than traditional employment in 
their social class or who were 

3761
03:17:03,600 --> 03:17:05,400
prepared to accept Financial 
uncertainty. 

3762
03:17:05,400 --> 03:17:08,700
In exchange, for the thrill of 
intelligence work were drawn to 

3763
03:17:08,700 --> 03:17:10,900
the work with his own Payment 
Systems. 

3764
03:17:10,900 --> 03:17:13,500
Financial difficulties and 
strategies for handling. 

3765
03:17:13,500 --> 03:17:15,400
The interplay between money and 
secrecy. 

3766
03:17:16,300 --> 03:17:18,800
Shadow economy that ran 
concurrently with the legal 

3767
03:17:18,800 --> 03:17:21,900
medieval economy is revealed by 
the economics of medieval 

3768
03:17:21,900 --> 03:17:24,300
espionage. 
It was capitalism with a 

3769
03:17:24,300 --> 03:17:26,500
conspiracy twist, where 
information was the most 

3770
03:17:26,500 --> 03:17:29,800
valuable resource and the cost 
of Discovery was frequently the 

3771
03:17:29,800 --> 03:17:32,600
highest turned down the lights a
little bit and imagine what it 

3772
03:17:32,608 --> 03:17:35,000
would be like to get out of bed.
Each morning and put on, not 

3773
03:17:35,000 --> 03:17:37,300
just your clothes, but a 
completely different persona. 

3774
03:17:38,100 --> 03:17:41,000
Imagine posing as someone else 
for months or years at a time, 

3775
03:17:41,008 --> 03:17:44,500
never being able to let your 
guard down and never knowing, if

3776
03:17:44,500 --> 03:17:46,700
those around, you are buying 
into your carefully, crafted 

3777
03:17:46,700 --> 03:17:49,600
lies. 
In a world where authenticity 

3778
03:17:49,600 --> 03:17:52,600
was a luxury, they couldn't 
afford medieval spies had to 

3779
03:17:52,608 --> 03:17:55,500
learn, not only the methods of 
obtaining intelligence but also 

3780
03:17:55,500 --> 03:17:58,200
the far more challenging art of 
psychological survival 

3781
03:17:58,200 --> 03:18:01,900
maintaining false identities for
extended periods of time while 

3782
03:18:01,900 --> 03:18:05,400
residing close to people who 
might discover the deception was

3783
03:18:05,400 --> 03:18:07,700
the main Obstacle of medieval 
espionage. 

3784
03:18:08,500 --> 03:18:10,000
Compared to contemporary 
communities. 

3785
03:18:10,000 --> 03:18:14,400
Medieval Society was more 
intimate smaller and suspicious.

3786
03:18:15,500 --> 03:18:18,300
Individuals inquired about 
strangers, new, their neighbors,

3787
03:18:18,300 --> 03:18:20,900
and looked for clues that might 
indicate someone's true 

3788
03:18:20,900 --> 03:18:24,500
motivations or background and 
medieval spy masquerading as a 

3789
03:18:24,500 --> 03:18:27,400
merchant needed to be familiar 
with the finer points, that 

3790
03:18:27,400 --> 03:18:30,900
would persuade seasoned traders.
In addition to the fundamentals 

3791
03:18:30,900 --> 03:18:34,800
of business life They had to 
comprehend seasonal Market swing

3792
03:18:34,800 --> 03:18:37,900
swings trade route. 
Challenges Regional price to 

3793
03:18:37,900 --> 03:18:40,400
disparities and the 
interpersonal ties between 

3794
03:18:40,400 --> 03:18:44,100
merchants and various cities. 
One discussion with an actual 

3795
03:18:44,100 --> 03:18:47,100
Merchants could reveal knowledge
gaps that could take years to 

3796
03:18:47,100 --> 03:18:49,700
fill on their own. 
There was no way to leave the 

3797
03:18:49,700 --> 03:18:53,300
cycle stress brought on by the 
ongoing attention to detail 

3798
03:18:53,300 --> 03:18:55,100
needed to maintain cover 
identities. 

3799
03:18:56,000 --> 03:18:59,200
While medieval spies frequently 
went months without speaking to 

3800
03:18:59,200 --> 03:19:02,100
their actual employers or 
co-workers, modern undercover 

3801
03:19:02,100 --> 03:19:05,000
agents can at least communicate 
with their handlers or take 

3802
03:19:05,000 --> 03:19:08,100
breaks from their duties, they 
maintained personalities. 

3803
03:19:08,100 --> 03:19:11,200
That weren't their own lived in 
total seclusion and were 

3804
03:19:11,200 --> 03:19:15,100
surrounded by untrustworthy 
people for medieval spies memory

3805
03:19:15,100 --> 03:19:18,600
became both a psychological 
burden and an essential survival

3806
03:19:18,600 --> 03:19:20,600
skill. 
They had to recall, the 

3807
03:19:20,600 --> 03:19:23,200
intricate fictional histories. 
They had written for their cover

3808
03:19:23,200 --> 03:19:25,600
identities. 
In addition to the intelligence,

3809
03:19:25,600 --> 03:19:29,900
they had gathered If the Spy was
unable to reliably recall, the 

3810
03:19:29,900 --> 03:19:32,900
specifics of their fake 
background, a casual inquiry 

3811
03:19:32,900 --> 03:19:35,900
about early life or familial 
ties, could turn into a risky 

3812
03:19:35,900 --> 03:19:39,200
situation, medieval Society. 
Placed a great value on social 

3813
03:19:39,200 --> 03:19:43,000
connections and Community ties. 
Making the social isolation of 

3814
03:19:43,000 --> 03:19:45,100
medieval Espionage specially 
challenging. 

3815
03:19:45,900 --> 03:19:48,600
Suspicion was immediately raised
against those who appeared to 

3816
03:19:48,600 --> 03:19:52,600
have no family ties, roots or 
longstanding Community ties. 

3817
03:19:53,400 --> 03:19:56,000
Spies in the Middle Ages had to 
establish credible social 

3818
03:19:56,000 --> 03:19:59,100
networks, while steering, clear 
of intimate connections, that 

3819
03:19:59,100 --> 03:20:00,900
could expose their true 
identities. 

3820
03:20:00,900 --> 03:20:04,600
Medieval Espionage was further 
complicated psychologically by 

3821
03:20:04,600 --> 03:20:08,000
religious conflicts. 
Spies frequently had to maintain

3822
03:20:08,000 --> 03:20:10,700
cover identities that required 
them to support. 

3823
03:20:10,700 --> 03:20:14,600
Political causes they personally
opposed participate in religious

3824
03:20:14,600 --> 03:20:18,000
ceremonies that might violate 
their conscience or pretend to 

3825
03:20:18,000 --> 03:20:20,600
hold religious beliefs that were
at odds with their true beliefs.

3826
03:20:21,600 --> 03:20:24,900
Moral stress resulting from the 
internal struggle between one's 

3827
03:20:24,900 --> 03:20:27,300
personal convictions. 
And professional obligations. 

3828
03:20:27,300 --> 03:20:30,900
Could jeopardize an agent, 
psychological stability and 

3829
03:20:30,900 --> 03:20:32,500
evil. 
Spies lived in a state of 

3830
03:20:32,500 --> 03:20:34,900
chronic anxiety. 
That pervaded every part of 

3831
03:20:34,908 --> 03:20:36,900
their lives due to their 
constant fear of being 

3832
03:20:36,900 --> 03:20:39,800
discovered. 
They couldn't afford to unwind. 

3833
03:20:39,800 --> 03:20:43,100
They couldn't believe their gut 
feeling about people and they 

3834
03:20:43,108 --> 03:20:45,700
couldn't make true friends with 
anyone they met while on 

3835
03:20:45,700 --> 03:20:48,100
mission's. 
Physical fatigue was only one 

3836
03:20:48,100 --> 03:20:50,800
aspect of the exhaustion brought
on by the hyper vigilance 

3837
03:20:50,800 --> 03:20:54,000
required for survival. 
The moral ambiguity, in guilt of

3838
03:20:54,008 --> 03:20:56,800
their work were other issues 
that medieval spies had to cope 

3839
03:20:56,800 --> 03:20:59,100
with, in order to obtain 
intelligence. 

3840
03:20:59,100 --> 03:21:02,000
They frequently had to lie to 
people, they thought were their 

3841
03:21:02,000 --> 03:21:05,500
friends, betray the confidence 
of those who had been kind to 

3842
03:21:05,500 --> 03:21:08,200
them or support military, and 
political initiatives, that 

3843
03:21:08,200 --> 03:21:10,900
could endanger innocent people. 
Over time. 

3844
03:21:10,900 --> 03:21:14,200
The psychological toll of these 
ethical concessions mounted 

3845
03:21:14,200 --> 03:21:17,900
resulting in internal strife 
that might be just as damaging 

3846
03:21:17,900 --> 03:21:21,500
as outside dangers. 
Medieval Espionage, as mental 

3847
03:21:21,500 --> 03:21:23,900
health, issues were specially 
severe because of the inability 

3848
03:21:23,900 --> 03:21:26,900
to get support or assistance 
when experiencing psychological 

3849
03:21:26,900 --> 03:21:29,800
issues. 
When missions became too much to

3850
03:21:29,800 --> 03:21:31,800
handle. 
There were no supervisors to 

3851
03:21:31,808 --> 03:21:35,600
offer support know colleagues to
confide in and no counselors to 

3852
03:21:35,600 --> 03:21:38,000
consult. 
In order to maintain complete 

3853
03:21:38,000 --> 03:21:41,200
operational, security medieval 
spies had to create their own 

3854
03:21:41,200 --> 03:21:44,400
coping strategies, medieval 
Espionage, put a tremendous 

3855
03:21:44,400 --> 03:21:48,400
strain on family relationships. 
Married spies were required to 

3856
03:21:48,400 --> 03:21:51,900
lie to their wives about their 
whereabouts activities and 

3857
03:21:51,900 --> 03:21:54,200
frequently their core values and
allegiances. 

3858
03:21:55,100 --> 03:21:58,300
Medieval spies had fathers or 
mothers who were mysteriously, 

3859
03:21:58,300 --> 03:22:00,500
evasive about their work and 
often absent. 

3860
03:22:01,300 --> 03:22:03,600
The most significant 
interpersonal relationships in 

3861
03:22:03,600 --> 03:22:07,200
an agent's life were tainted by 
the secrecy required for 

3862
03:22:07,200 --> 03:22:08,300
operational. 
Security. 

3863
03:22:08,300 --> 03:22:11,600
After completing intelligence 
mission's returning to normal 

3864
03:22:11,600 --> 03:22:15,100
life was frequently just to 
cycle to taxing as the actual 

3865
03:22:15,100 --> 03:22:18,200
Espionage work. 
In addition to re-adjusting to 

3866
03:22:18,200 --> 03:22:21,700
their true identities, medieval 
spies had to make amends with 

3867
03:22:21,700 --> 03:22:24,200
emotionally distant, family 
members, and friends, and 

3868
03:22:24,200 --> 03:22:27,500
somehow cope with months, or 
years of, Deceit and seclusion, 

3869
03:22:27,500 --> 03:22:30,800
without being able to talk about
their experience with others 

3870
03:22:30,800 --> 03:22:34,400
because of the ongoing danger, 
the cycle strain of assuming 

3871
03:22:34,400 --> 03:22:37,300
full identities and the moral 
dilemmas that came with their 

3872
03:22:37,300 --> 03:22:39,400
job. 
Some medieval spies most likely 

3873
03:22:39,400 --> 03:22:41,100
experienced. 
What is now known as 

3874
03:22:41,100 --> 03:22:45,700
post-traumatic stress disorder. 
Medieval Society lacked 

3875
03:22:45,700 --> 03:22:48,400
resources to assist intelligence
agents in recovering from the 

3876
03:22:48,400 --> 03:22:51,300
psychological harm of their 
service because it lacked 

3877
03:22:51,300 --> 03:22:53,500
knowledge about mental health 
and effective treatment 

3878
03:22:53,500 --> 03:22:55,300
techniques. 
Those who are able to 

3879
03:22:55,300 --> 03:22:58,800
compartmentalize their emotions,
keep a clear separation between 

3880
03:22:58,800 --> 03:23:02,300
their true and false identities 
and find ways to defend the 

3881
03:23:02,300 --> 03:23:05,600
moral complexity of their work 
were likely the most successful 

3882
03:23:05,600 --> 03:23:09,800
medieval spies However, even 
these psychologically strong 

3883
03:23:09,800 --> 03:23:12,600
people had to pay a price in 
terms of their capacity to build

3884
03:23:12,600 --> 03:23:15,400
genuine, bonds and sustained 
emotional ties with others, 

3885
03:23:15,400 --> 03:23:18,500
medieval intelligence, networks 
maintained operations, 

3886
03:23:18,500 --> 03:23:21,800
throughout Europe for centuries 
and attracted new recruits in 

3887
03:23:21,800 --> 03:23:24,500
spite of these significant 
psychological obstacles. 

3888
03:23:25,300 --> 03:23:27,100
The thrill of doing meaningful 
work. 

3889
03:23:27,100 --> 03:23:30,700
The Fulfillment of supporting 
causes they supported or just 

3890
03:23:30,700 --> 03:23:32,800
the Allure of a life. 
Very different from the few 

3891
03:23:32,800 --> 03:23:35,000
options available to the 
majority of people in medieval 

3892
03:23:35,000 --> 03:23:38,500
Society must have been the 
satisfactions that offset the 

3893
03:23:38,500 --> 03:23:42,100
cycle costs of the job. 
Medieval Espionage psychological

3894
03:23:42,100 --> 03:23:45,500
reality highlights, the human 
cost of intelligence work in a 

3895
03:23:45,500 --> 03:23:48,700
time when mental health was 
poorly understood and there were

3896
03:23:48,700 --> 03:23:51,300
no resources available to 
support those who compromise 

3897
03:23:51,300 --> 03:23:53,800
their psychological well-being 
to further military and 

3898
03:23:53,800 --> 03:23:56,500
political goals. 
These forgotten Heroes of 

3899
03:23:56,508 --> 03:23:59,700
medieval statecraft and kurd 
psychological burdens long after

3900
03:23:59,700 --> 03:24:03,100
their active service ended in 
addition to the physical risks 

3901
03:24:03,100 --> 03:24:06,500
of their missions. 
Now, let's take a step back and 

3902
03:24:06,500 --> 03:24:09,900
examine the larger picture much 
like when you examine a medieval

3903
03:24:09,900 --> 03:24:13,100
tapestry, where individual 
threads come together to form 

3904
03:24:13,100 --> 03:24:16,600
patterns, that are not visible. 
When you concentrate on any, one

3905
03:24:16,600 --> 03:24:20,300
of them without computers phones
or any other communication 

3906
03:24:20,300 --> 03:24:22,600
technology that we now 
considered necessary, for 

3907
03:24:22,600 --> 03:24:25,300
organizing large-scale 
operations, medieval? 

3908
03:24:25,300 --> 03:24:28,700
Intelligence networks were 
organizational Marvels rather 

3909
03:24:28,700 --> 03:24:32,200
they depended on human memory, 
interpersonal, connections, and 

3910
03:24:32,200 --> 03:24:35,600
Trust structures that were both 
necessary and brittle, imagine 

3911
03:24:35,600 --> 03:24:37,400
attempting to manage a 
contemporary business. 

3912
03:24:37,400 --> 03:24:40,700
With only handwritten letters 
that take weeks to deliver in 

3913
03:24:40,700 --> 03:24:44,100
person, meetings, that required 
days or weeks of travel to set 

3914
03:24:44,100 --> 03:24:47,200
up and staff members who are 
unable to accept their position.

3915
03:24:48,300 --> 03:24:51,000
When medieval spymasters 
established, intelligence 

3916
03:24:51,000 --> 03:24:54,100
networks that crossed continents
and impacted the results of Wars

3917
03:24:54,100 --> 03:24:57,500
succession disputes and 
diplomatic negotiations. 

3918
03:24:57,500 --> 03:25:00,400
They essentially achieved that 
although they didn't call it. 

3919
03:25:00,400 --> 03:25:04,000
That the cell structure served 
as the Cornerstone of medieval 

3920
03:25:04,000 --> 03:25:08,000
intelligence Networks, Agents, 
collaborated in small groups, 

3921
03:25:08,000 --> 03:25:10,700
each with a limited 
understanding of the larger 

3922
03:25:10,700 --> 03:25:13,200
Network. 
The identity of two or three 

3923
03:25:13,200 --> 03:25:16,500
other agents, may be known to a 
Merchants Buy in one city, but 

3924
03:25:16,500 --> 03:25:19,200
they would have no knowledge of 
intelligence activities in other

3925
03:25:19,200 --> 03:25:22,800
areas, in the event that a 
single agent was apprehended and

3926
03:25:22,800 --> 03:25:25,300
interrogated. 
The network was shielded by this

3927
03:25:25,300 --> 03:25:28,500
division, medieval intelligence 
networks, relied on complex 

3928
03:25:28,500 --> 03:25:31,700
networks of cutouts and 
intermediaries to facilitate 

3929
03:25:31,700 --> 03:25:33,700
communication between various 
components. 

3930
03:25:34,800 --> 03:25:37,000
Spy in London, might give 
information to a merchant. 

3931
03:25:37,000 --> 03:25:40,100
Who would then give it to a 
monkey in Dover who would then 

3932
03:25:40,100 --> 03:25:42,500
include it in a letter to a 
monastery in Calais. 

3933
03:25:43,400 --> 03:25:46,600
From there, another Monk would 
extract the information and give

3934
03:25:46,608 --> 03:25:49,300
it to a local agent, who would 
then deliver it to a French 

3935
03:25:49,300 --> 03:25:51,500
nobleman who was working for 
English interests. 

3936
03:25:52,300 --> 03:25:54,500
Because everyone in this chain 
was only familiar with their 

3937
03:25:54,500 --> 03:25:58,000
closest Associates, ignorance 
provided security, the 

3938
03:25:58,000 --> 03:26:01,100
authentication problem or how to
confirm that information was 

3939
03:26:01,100 --> 03:26:02,800
authentic. 
And that agents were who they 

3940
03:26:02,800 --> 03:26:05,800
said they were was a challenge 
for medieval intelligence 

3941
03:26:05,800 --> 03:26:08,800
Networks. 
To enable agents to recognize 

3942
03:26:08,800 --> 03:26:12,300
one another and verify their 
legitimacy, they created systems

3943
03:26:12,300 --> 03:26:16,500
of codes, passwords, and 
recognition signals agents who 

3944
03:26:16,508 --> 03:26:18,700
had never met before. 
Could authenticate each other, 

3945
03:26:18,700 --> 03:26:22,900
using a unique letter signing 
style, a phrase incorporated 

3946
03:26:22,900 --> 03:26:25,800
into conversation or a 
distinctive piece of clothing 

3947
03:26:25,800 --> 03:26:29,100
without official schools or 
training programs, new agents 

3948
03:26:29,100 --> 03:26:32,800
had to be recruited and trained.
Potential recruits were found by

3949
03:26:32,800 --> 03:26:35,700
seasoned agents who then 
gradually exposed them to 

3950
03:26:35,700 --> 03:26:38,800
intelligence work and offered 
unofficial apprenticeships, that

3951
03:26:38,800 --> 03:26:41,300
allowed them to gain the skills 
they needed through hands on 

3952
03:26:41,308 --> 03:26:44,100
experience. 
Before taking on more difficult 

3953
03:26:44,100 --> 03:26:47,400
tasks, requiring Advanced 
tradecraft a new recruit. 

3954
03:26:47,400 --> 03:26:50,600
May start out carrying simple 
messages and work their way up, 

3955
03:26:50,600 --> 03:26:54,000
to Gathering basic information, 
medieval intelligence networks 

3956
03:26:54,000 --> 03:26:57,600
face ongoing, quality control 
challenges, multiple sources, 

3957
03:26:57,600 --> 03:27:00,500
had to, be used to confirm 
information and because medieval

3958
03:27:00,500 --> 03:27:03,600
communication was slow, this 
could take weeks or months. 

3959
03:27:04,500 --> 03:27:07,000
False information may have 
already affected significant 

3960
03:27:07,000 --> 03:27:09,700
choices or military operations. 
By the time it was discovered 

3961
03:27:09,700 --> 03:27:12,400
and fixed. 
In order to assess The 

3962
03:27:12,400 --> 03:27:15,700
credibility of sources and 
information and evil, spy 

3963
03:27:15,700 --> 03:27:19,100
Master's had to cultivate their 
intuition, medieval intelligence

3964
03:27:19,100 --> 03:27:22,100
networks needed to be funded 
creatively to avoid, drawing the

3965
03:27:22,100 --> 03:27:23,900
attention of adversarial 
authorities. 

3966
03:27:24,900 --> 03:27:27,800
Without leaving visible Paper, 
Trails money had to be 

3967
03:27:27,800 --> 03:27:30,800
transferred between various 
territories and exchanged 

3968
03:27:30,800 --> 03:27:34,200
between currencies. 
Trade profits were used to fund 

3969
03:27:34,200 --> 03:27:37,900
Espionage activities and 
legitimate companies, places of 

3970
03:27:37,900 --> 03:27:40,300
worship and Merchants 
Enterprises frequently. 

3971
03:27:40,300 --> 03:27:42,900
Functioned as fronts for 
intelligence funding, in 

3972
03:27:42,900 --> 03:27:46,200
addition, medieval intelligence 
networks had to coordinate 

3973
03:27:46,200 --> 03:27:49,400
intricate operations involving 
numerous agents in various 

3974
03:27:49,400 --> 03:27:51,900
locations while maintaining 
operational security. 

3975
03:27:52,700 --> 03:27:55,200
Coordination between agents in 
multiple cities. 

3976
03:27:55,200 --> 03:27:58,100
May be necessary for a plan to 
obtain Intelligence on an 

3977
03:27:58,100 --> 03:28:01,500
enemy's military preparations 
and timing is crucial to its 

3978
03:28:01,500 --> 03:28:04,200
success. 
However, coordinating these 

3979
03:28:04,200 --> 03:28:07,000
activities necessitated 
communication that if 

3980
03:28:07,000 --> 03:28:09,400
intercepted might jeopardize the
network. 

3981
03:28:09,400 --> 03:28:13,000
As a whole medieval intelligence
networks were both strong and 

3982
03:28:13,000 --> 03:28:14,800
weak due to their inherent 
redundancy. 

3983
03:28:14,800 --> 03:28:18,500
The same information could be 
gathered by multiple agents, 

3984
03:28:18,500 --> 03:28:20,900
which would increase the 
likelihood that someone would 

3985
03:28:20,900 --> 03:28:24,400
notice unusual interest in 
certain topics while also 

3986
03:28:24,400 --> 03:28:28,000
providing verification. 
In order to ensure that Vital 

3987
03:28:28,000 --> 03:28:31,200
Information would reach its 
destination, even in the event 

3988
03:28:31,200 --> 03:28:34,500
that some channels were 
compromised networks frequently.

3989
03:28:34,500 --> 03:28:37,900
Maintained parallel channels for
important intelligence because 

3990
03:28:37,900 --> 03:28:40,500
of the potential for allies to 
southernly, turn into enemies. 

3991
03:28:40,500 --> 03:28:43,500
Medieval intelligence networks 
had to adjust to shifting 

3992
03:28:43,500 --> 03:28:47,500
political conditions After a 
political marriage, a succession

3993
03:28:47,500 --> 03:28:51,200
crisis, or a change. 
In diplomatic ties an agent who 

3994
03:28:51,200 --> 03:28:54,600
had spent years cultivating 
sources in a certain Court, may 

3995
03:28:54,600 --> 03:28:56,900
find themselves operating in 
hostile territory. 

3996
03:28:57,800 --> 03:29:00,300
To withstand these political 
upheavals and continue to 

3997
03:29:00,308 --> 03:29:02,700
function. 
Effectively networks required 

3998
03:29:02,700 --> 03:29:06,500
adaptability because medieval 
intelligence operations lasted 

3999
03:29:06,500 --> 03:29:08,400
so long. 
They faced particular 

4000
03:29:08,400 --> 03:29:11,000
difficulties that are uncommon 
in contemporary intelligence 

4001
03:29:11,000 --> 03:29:14,400
services within the same 
families are organizations. 

4002
03:29:14,400 --> 03:29:18,000
Some networks continue to 
function for decades with 

4003
03:29:18,000 --> 03:29:20,800
agents, transmitting information
from one generation to the next.

4004
03:29:21,700 --> 03:29:24,800
Before he retires among may 
choose to hire his successor 

4005
03:29:24,800 --> 03:29:27,900
ensuring continuity of 
operations, while simultaneously

4006
03:29:27,900 --> 03:29:30,600
building up institutional 
knowledge, that could be 

4007
03:29:30,600 --> 03:29:33,600
disastrous. 
If hostile forces find out the 

4008
03:29:33,600 --> 03:29:36,500
seasonality of medieval life 
presented another challenge for 

4009
03:29:36,500 --> 03:29:39,900
medieval intelligence Networks. 
While summer campaigns and 

4010
03:29:39,900 --> 03:29:41,600
harvest Seasons. 
Brought opportunities and 

4011
03:29:41,600 --> 03:29:44,300
challenges that necessitated 
careful timing of network 

4012
03:29:44,300 --> 03:29:47,800
operations, winter weather made 
travel and communication much 

4013
03:29:47,800 --> 03:29:50,600
more difficult. 
Political intelligence had to 

4014
03:29:50,600 --> 03:29:53,100
take into consideration. 
The seasonal movements of noble 

4015
03:29:53,100 --> 03:29:56,100
courts, while Military 
Intelligence had to be collected

4016
03:29:56,100 --> 03:29:58,700
and disseminated in accordance 
with campaign schedules. 

4017
03:29:58,700 --> 03:30:01,900
In order to concentrate 
resources on specific kinds of 

4018
03:30:01,900 --> 03:30:05,300
information, the most advanced 
medieval intelligence networks 

4019
03:30:05,300 --> 03:30:09,400
created specialization Some 
networks kept agents close to 

4020
03:30:09,408 --> 03:30:12,600
military headquarters and key 
fortifications in order to focus

4021
03:30:12,600 --> 03:30:15,600
on Military Intelligence, others
developed sources in 

4022
03:30:15,608 --> 03:30:18,500
aristocratic courts, and places 
of worship in order to 

4023
03:30:18,500 --> 03:30:21,300
concentrate on political 
intelligence, economic 

4024
03:30:21,300 --> 03:30:23,800
intelligence networks. 
Monitored resource availability,

4025
03:30:23,800 --> 03:30:26,700
currency fluctuations, and trade
Trends. 

4026
03:30:26,700 --> 03:30:29,800
Despite not having the formal 
safeguards that contemporary 

4027
03:30:29,800 --> 03:30:32,800
intelligence services. 
Do medieval networks were 

4028
03:30:32,800 --> 03:30:36,100
constantly concerned about 
counterintelligence Because 

4029
03:30:36,100 --> 03:30:38,400
their adversaries were also 
conducting intelligence 

4030
03:30:38,400 --> 03:30:41,500
operations medieval. 
Spies had to be on the lookout 

4031
03:30:41,500 --> 03:30:43,800
for any indication that their 
own actions were being watched. 

4032
03:30:44,700 --> 03:30:48,000
As agents, grew weary of one. 
Another, the paranoia required 

4033
03:30:48,000 --> 03:30:50,500
for survival, in this setting 
could demolish networks. 

4034
03:30:50,500 --> 03:30:53,300
From within, although networks 
had to keep some records in 

4035
03:30:53,300 --> 03:30:56,500
order to track agents coordinate
operations and preserve 

4036
03:30:56,500 --> 03:30:59,600
institutional knowledge, the 
documentation of medieval 

4037
03:30:59,600 --> 03:31:01,900
intelligence operations was 
inevitably minimal. 

4038
03:31:03,000 --> 03:31:06,000
There was a continual conflict 
between operational security and

4039
03:31:06,000 --> 03:31:09,300
administrative necessity because
these records had to be kept 

4040
03:31:09,300 --> 03:31:12,300
safe while still being available
to authorized personnel. 

4041
03:31:13,500 --> 03:31:16,300
To avoid Discovery. 
It's likely that many medieval 

4042
03:31:16,300 --> 03:31:19,400
intelligence archives were 
routinely destroyed in the end. 

4043
03:31:19,400 --> 03:31:21,900
The personal traits of those who
established and maintained 

4044
03:31:21,900 --> 03:31:24,600
medieval intelligence networks 
determined their success 

4045
03:31:25,500 --> 03:31:28,600
Spymasters had to be able to 
inspire loyalty while keeping 

4046
03:31:28,600 --> 03:31:31,900
the secrecy that made such 
loyalty dangerous, diplomatic 

4047
03:31:31,900 --> 03:31:35,500
skills with brutal, pragmatism 
and strategic thinking with 

4048
03:31:35,500 --> 03:31:39,200
meticulous attention to detail. 
Those in charge of the most 

4049
03:31:39,200 --> 03:31:42,600
successful medieval intelligence
operations were most likely 

4050
03:31:42,600 --> 03:31:45,400
those who are aware of both the 
potential and constraints of 

4051
03:31:45,400 --> 03:31:48,000
human nature. 
Breathe deeply and prepare 

4052
03:31:48,000 --> 03:31:50,600
yourself for what may be the 
most sobering portion of our 

4053
03:31:50,600 --> 03:31:54,400
medieval Espionage Adventure. 
Although we have discussed the 

4054
03:31:54,400 --> 03:31:57,200
achievements and Innovations of 
medieval intelligence work. 

4055
03:31:57,200 --> 03:32:00,200
The truth is that many 
operations were a complete 

4056
03:32:00,200 --> 03:32:02,700
failure. 
Frequently, with immediate 

4057
03:32:02,700 --> 03:32:05,300
severe and long-lasting effect 
on those involved. 

4058
03:32:06,000 --> 03:32:09,300
In the high stakes world of 
medieval Espionage, failure 

4059
03:32:09,300 --> 03:32:13,700
frequently resulted in torture 
execution and the dismantling of

4060
03:32:13,700 --> 03:32:16,700
entire intelligence networks. 
In addition to professional 

4061
03:32:16,700 --> 03:32:20,600
humiliation or career, setbacks 
months or years of meticulous. 

4062
03:32:20,600 --> 03:32:23,400
Network building could be undone
by the discovery of a single 

4063
03:32:23,400 --> 03:32:26,000
spy. 
Even the most committed agents 

4064
03:32:26,000 --> 03:32:27,800
had a limit to how much 
suffering they could take 

4065
03:32:27,800 --> 03:32:28,800
before. 
Disclosing. 

4066
03:32:28,800 --> 03:32:31,900
What they need and medieval 
interrogation, technique were 

4067
03:32:31,900 --> 03:32:34,900
intended to elicit information, 
regardless of the subjects, 

4068
03:32:34,900 --> 03:32:38,600
willingness to cooperate, The 
captured spy could jeopardize 

4069
03:32:38,600 --> 03:32:41,900
the identities and whereabouts 
of dozens of other agents, in 

4070
03:32:41,900 --> 03:32:45,000
addition to their own mission. 
The human propensity to grow 

4071
03:32:45,000 --> 03:32:47,900
accustomed to successful. 
Routines was one of the most 

4072
03:32:47,900 --> 03:32:50,900
frequent reasons why medieval 
Espionage efforts failed. 

4073
03:32:51,900 --> 03:32:55,500
After years of using the same 
contact methods travel routes 

4074
03:32:55,500 --> 03:32:57,600
and cover story. 
An agent. 

4075
03:32:57,600 --> 03:33:00,500
May become predictable enough 
for enemy counterintelligence to

4076
03:33:00,500 --> 03:33:03,700
recognize and follow. 
Complacency was fostered by 

4077
03:33:03,708 --> 03:33:07,500
success and complacency resulted
in potentially lethal 

4078
03:33:07,500 --> 03:33:09,900
carelessness. 
When compromised the 

4079
03:33:09,900 --> 03:33:12,800
authentication mechanisms that 
safeguarded medieval 

4080
03:33:12,800 --> 03:33:17,300
intelligence networks might also
turn into a vulnerability Enemy 

4081
03:33:17,300 --> 03:33:20,000
agents could infiltrate a 
network and feed false 

4082
03:33:20,000 --> 03:33:22,800
information while identifying 
legitimate agents if they 

4083
03:33:22,800 --> 03:33:25,900
learned the codes passwords or 
recognition signals that the 

4084
03:33:25,900 --> 03:33:28,800
network uses. 
Because it fostered false 

4085
03:33:28,800 --> 03:33:31,100
confidence while actually 
advancing the objectives of the 

4086
03:33:31,100 --> 03:33:34,300
enemy a compromised, or 
authentication system was worse 

4087
03:33:34,300 --> 03:33:37,500
than none at all people, they 
trusted could betrayed medieval,

4088
03:33:37,500 --> 03:33:40,600
spies sometimes for reasons, 
unrelated to their intelligence 

4089
03:33:40,600 --> 03:33:42,800
work. 
In order to avoid being 

4090
03:33:42,800 --> 03:33:46,200
captured, a fellow agent, May 
divulge in networks secrets. 

4091
03:33:46,900 --> 03:33:50,800
Personal grievances Financial 
strains or shifting political 

4092
03:33:50,800 --> 03:33:53,400
allegiances could cause a 
contact to turn against them. 

4093
03:33:54,200 --> 03:33:56,800
If family members felt it was 
essential to their own Survival,

4094
03:33:56,800 --> 03:34:00,600
they might even turn on spy 
relatives medieval intelligence 

4095
03:34:00,600 --> 03:34:03,800
networks were susceptible to 
catastrophic failures due to 

4096
03:34:03,800 --> 03:34:05,600
their sluggish communication 
systems. 

4097
03:34:06,400 --> 03:34:09,500
By the time, it arrived at its 
destination information, that 

4098
03:34:09,500 --> 03:34:11,400
was correct when it was 
collected could become 

4099
03:34:11,400 --> 03:34:14,400
dangerously out of date. 
When friendly commanders, 

4100
03:34:14,400 --> 03:34:17,300
finally received Military 
Intelligence about enemy troop 

4101
03:34:17,300 --> 03:34:19,200
movements. 
It may have been weeks old 

4102
03:34:19,200 --> 03:34:21,600
causing them to base tactical 
decisions. 

4103
03:34:21,600 --> 03:34:24,700
On outdated information 
vulnerabilities created by 

4104
03:34:24,700 --> 03:34:27,900
currently and financial systems 
are not encountered by 

4105
03:34:27,900 --> 03:34:29,500
contemporary intelligence 
Services. 

4106
03:34:29,500 --> 03:34:33,900
If enemy agents, were able to 
identify odd coins or track down

4107
03:34:33,900 --> 03:34:35,400
the origins of financial 
transactions. 

4108
03:34:35,400 --> 03:34:39,500
They could betray a spy using 
the very funds that were used to

4109
03:34:39,500 --> 03:34:42,700
pay them, medieval Espionage 
employed, a regular payment 

4110
03:34:42,700 --> 03:34:46,200
systems, which made it possible 
for agents to be recognized by 

4111
03:34:46,200 --> 03:34:49,500
their suspicious Financial 
activity, or unexplained wealth 

4112
03:34:49,500 --> 03:34:52,600
Intelligence Officers face 
particular risks due to the 

4113
03:34:52,600 --> 03:34:56,100
medical realities of medieval 
life when working under a full 

4114
03:34:56,108 --> 03:34:59,200
side identity. 
A spy who gets seriously ill may

4115
03:34:59,200 --> 03:35:00,500
not be able to keep up their 
cover. 

4116
03:35:01,200 --> 03:35:03,500
Particularly if the medical 
care, they require reveals 

4117
03:35:03,500 --> 03:35:05,700
details about their true 
activities or background. 

4118
03:35:05,700 --> 03:35:09,100
If disease, kept important 
Agents from fulfilling their 

4119
03:35:09,100 --> 03:35:12,200
responsibilities or meeting 
their contacts, it could 

4120
03:35:12,200 --> 03:35:16,000
jeopardize entire networks, 
medieval spies working across, 

4121
03:35:16,000 --> 03:35:18,700
sectarian lines, faced unique 
risks due to religious 

4122
03:35:18,700 --> 03:35:21,300
conflicts. 
If an agent made mistakes that 

4123
03:35:21,300 --> 03:35:24,200
exposed their true religious 
background, they could be 

4124
03:35:24,208 --> 03:35:27,000
exposed because their cover 
identity, required them to take 

4125
03:35:27,000 --> 03:35:30,500
part in religious ceremonies due
to the strong religious beliefs 

4126
03:35:30,500 --> 03:35:33,000
of the Middle. 
Ages, religious deception, was 

4127
03:35:33,000 --> 03:35:35,700
both essential for many 
operations and very risky of 

4128
03:35:35,700 --> 03:35:39,000
Court, medieval legal systems, 
produced unpredictable, and 

4129
03:35:39,000 --> 03:35:42,400
challenging to manage risks 
despite working under a full 

4130
03:35:42,408 --> 03:35:44,400
identity. 
Could find themselves embroiled 

4131
03:35:44,400 --> 03:35:47,500
in legal proceedings that could 
reveal their true Origins. 

4132
03:35:48,300 --> 03:35:51,600
Local regulations pertaining to 
travel business or religion. 

4133
03:35:51,600 --> 03:35:54,200
Could present unforeseen 
challenges that compelled agents

4134
03:35:54,200 --> 03:35:57,300
to divulge more personal 
information than was safe agents

4135
03:35:57,300 --> 03:36:00,200
or their handlers had no control
over how weather and natural 

4136
03:36:00,200 --> 03:36:02,600
disasters. 
Could ruin meticulously planned 

4137
03:36:02,600 --> 03:36:06,100
intelligent operations, Spine 
may be forced to take an 

4138
03:36:06,100 --> 03:36:08,300
alternate route that exposes 
them to Discovery. 

4139
03:36:08,300 --> 03:36:10,300
If a bridge is washed out by 
flooding. 

4140
03:36:11,200 --> 03:36:13,500
Time sensitive operations may be
disrupted. 

4141
03:36:13,500 --> 03:36:17,500
If said impossible due to an 
exceptionally harsh winter over 

4142
03:36:17,500 --> 03:36:20,200
the course of long-term 
operations spies developed, 

4143
03:36:20,200 --> 03:36:22,800
personal relationships, that 
could lead to both operational 

4144
03:36:22,800 --> 03:36:27,400
success, and disastrous failure,
when an agent maintained a false

4145
03:36:27,400 --> 03:36:29,700
identity, while forming real 
friendships, or romantic 

4146
03:36:29,700 --> 03:36:32,900
relationships, they ran the risk
of developing emotional issues 

4147
03:36:32,900 --> 03:36:34,000
that could impair their 
judgment. 

4148
03:36:34,000 --> 03:36:38,000
However, abruptly terminating 
these relationships, may also 

4149
03:36:38,000 --> 03:36:41,600
raise suspicions that result in 
Discovery when led by a student 

4150
03:36:41,600 --> 03:36:44,200
suspicious leaders. 
Medieval counterintelligence 

4151
03:36:44,200 --> 03:36:47,200
operations, could be 
surprisingly successful despite 

4152
03:36:47,200 --> 03:36:49,100
being less organized than 
contemporary ones. 

4153
03:36:50,100 --> 03:36:53,000
A shrewd nobleman might see 
Trends in the inquiries made by 

4154
03:36:53,000 --> 03:36:55,300
various guests or not. 
That particular kinds of 

4155
03:36:55,300 --> 03:36:58,100
information appeared to leak to 
adversaries on a regular basis. 

4156
03:36:58,900 --> 03:37:01,800
Experience medieval leaders were
occasionally able to recognize 

4157
03:37:01,800 --> 03:37:04,000
and stop enemy intelligence 
operations. 

4158
03:37:04,000 --> 03:37:06,800
Even in the absence of official 
counterintelligence training 

4159
03:37:06,800 --> 03:37:10,400
failures in, medieval Espionage,
had far reaching effects that 

4160
03:37:10,400 --> 03:37:14,200
went well, beyond the specific 
agents involved, Inaccurate 

4161
03:37:14,200 --> 03:37:17,700
intelligence could cost military
leaders battles and thousands of

4162
03:37:17,700 --> 03:37:19,800
soldiers could lose their lives 
as a result. 

4163
03:37:20,500 --> 03:37:23,100
Diplomatic choices made by 
political leaders who were 

4164
03:37:23,100 --> 03:37:25,600
tricked by enemy operatives 
could undermine their standing 

4165
03:37:25,600 --> 03:37:28,500
for decades failures. 
In intelligence, could have 

4166
03:37:28,500 --> 03:37:31,800
repercussions that affect entire
kingdoms and the outcome of Wars

4167
03:37:31,800 --> 03:37:35,100
most tragically failed. 
Medieval spies frequently 

4168
03:37:35,100 --> 03:37:37,200
suffered alongside their 
families and Associates. 

4169
03:37:38,100 --> 03:37:40,800
The associates of spies who are 
caught may have been punished 

4170
03:37:40,800 --> 03:37:43,300
for their involvement in 
intelligence operations alone. 

4171
03:37:43,300 --> 03:37:47,200
As medieval Justice did not 
always distinguish between major

4172
03:37:47,200 --> 03:37:50,900
offenders and their families. 
Failures in medieval Espionage, 

4173
03:37:50,900 --> 03:37:54,200
could have a personal cost to 
those who are unaware of or did 

4174
03:37:54,200 --> 03:37:57,700
not participate in intelligence 
operations, surviving network 

4175
03:37:57,700 --> 03:38:00,700
members faced additional 
difficulties as a result of the 

4176
03:38:00,700 --> 03:38:03,600
psychological effects of seeing 
or hearing about Espionage 

4177
03:38:03,600 --> 03:38:06,400
failures. 
Agents, who are aware that their

4178
03:38:06,400 --> 03:38:09,100
co-workers have been taken 
prisoner and subjected to 

4179
03:38:09,100 --> 03:38:12,200
torture had to carry on with 
their own perilous work while 

4180
03:38:12,200 --> 03:38:14,500
dealing with the trauma of 
knowing that they could suffer 

4181
03:38:14,500 --> 03:38:17,600
the same Fate In addition to 
their other psychological 

4182
03:38:17,600 --> 03:38:20,900
burdens medieval spies also had 
to deal with the fear of 

4183
03:38:20,900 --> 03:38:23,400
failure. 
Medieval intelligence networks, 

4184
03:38:23,400 --> 03:38:26,000
persisted in functioning and 
growing throughout the Medieval 

4185
03:38:26,000 --> 03:38:29,300
era in spite of these 
significant risks and frequent 

4186
03:38:29,300 --> 03:38:32,000
breakdowns. 
Despite being aware of the 

4187
03:38:32,000 --> 03:38:33,600
possible, repercussions of 
failure. 

4188
03:38:33,600 --> 03:38:37,000
The individuals involved were 
strong enough to persevere and 

4189
03:38:37,000 --> 03:38:39,400
the accomplishments were 
noteworthy enough to offset the 

4190
03:38:39,400 --> 03:38:42,300
expenses. 
Their contributions to Medieval 

4191
03:38:42,300 --> 03:38:45,000
statecraft are all the more 
noteworthy for their bravery, in

4192
03:38:45,000 --> 03:38:47,700
the face of such dangers. 
Pour yourself, another cup of 

4193
03:38:47,708 --> 03:38:52,500
tea and Marvel at this medieval 
spies desperate inventiveness in

4194
03:38:52,500 --> 03:38:54,900
trying to solve impossible 
problems, with whatever 

4195
03:38:54,900 --> 03:38:57,500
materials they could find led to
some of the most brilliant 

4196
03:38:57,500 --> 03:38:59,500
technological advancements in 
human history. 

4197
03:38:59,500 --> 03:39:02,100
Not from universities or Royal 
workshops. 

4198
03:39:02,100 --> 03:39:05,200
These were not science fiction 
devices, but rather workable 

4199
03:39:05,200 --> 03:39:08,100
Solutions developed by 
individuals, who realize that 

4200
03:39:08,100 --> 03:39:11,200
staying one step ahead of their 
adversaries was essential to 

4201
03:39:11,200 --> 03:39:13,800
their survival, though. 
Most of it would seem laughably 

4202
03:39:13,800 --> 03:39:16,500
archaic by today's standards. 
The Medieval Era. 

4203
03:39:16,500 --> 03:39:19,600
Saw some amazing advancements in
what we might call Espionage 

4204
03:39:19,600 --> 03:39:22,800
technology. 
However, medieval spies 

4205
03:39:22,800 --> 03:39:25,900
developed truly sophisticated 
and frequently, remarkably 

4206
03:39:25,900 --> 03:39:28,700
effective tools and techniques 
within the limitations of 

4207
03:39:28,700 --> 03:39:31,800
medieval Materials Science, and 
Manufacturing capabilities. 

4208
03:39:32,700 --> 03:39:35,500
Spies pushed the limits of what 
could be done with pens, income 

4209
03:39:35,500 --> 03:39:38,200
parchment and righting 
Technology was essential for 

4210
03:39:38,200 --> 03:39:40,000
intelligence operations. 
During the Middle Ages. 

4211
03:39:40,000 --> 03:39:43,900
They created inks that when 
heated or exposed to particular 

4212
03:39:43,900 --> 03:39:47,500
chemicals could change color 
making messages appear or vanish

4213
03:39:47,500 --> 03:39:50,800
as needed inks that were 
invisible until exposed to 

4214
03:39:50,800 --> 03:39:54,100
specific substances. 
That only the intended recipient

4215
03:39:54,100 --> 03:39:57,300
would know how to apply were 
made by some medieval spies 

4216
03:39:57,300 --> 03:40:00,600
another medieval invention that 
called for exceptional patience.

4217
03:40:00,600 --> 03:40:03,300
And skill was the production of 
microscopic text. 

4218
03:40:04,200 --> 03:40:07,300
In order to conceal entire 
intelligence reports, in what 

4219
03:40:07,300 --> 03:40:09,700
seemed to be ornamental 
flourishes, on common documents,

4220
03:40:09,700 --> 03:40:13,500
spies learn to write messages. 
So tiny, that they were nearly 

4221
03:40:13,500 --> 03:40:17,500
imperceptible to the human eye, 
only magnifying glasses, which 

4222
03:40:17,500 --> 03:40:19,500
were uncommon and costly during 
the Middle Ages. 

4223
03:40:19,500 --> 03:40:22,700
Could read these messages in the
hands of medieval intelligence 

4224
03:40:22,700 --> 03:40:26,200
networks sealing wax developed 
into a highly Advanced security 

4225
03:40:26,200 --> 03:40:29,800
technology in order to make it 
nearly impossible to detect 

4226
03:40:29,800 --> 03:40:32,600
tampering, spies developed 
methods for melting and 

4227
03:40:32,600 --> 03:40:35,600
reselling wax. 
Seals, they develop techniques 

4228
03:40:35,600 --> 03:40:38,200
for encoding confidential 
information into the wax itself 

4229
03:40:38,200 --> 03:40:41,500
and made unique seal designs 
with concealed elements, that 

4230
03:40:41,500 --> 03:40:44,800
could confirm authenticity by 
producing phony letters, 

4231
03:40:44,800 --> 03:40:47,700
official seals and travel 
documents that could withstand 

4232
03:40:47,700 --> 03:40:50,700
close examination. 
Medieval spies also made 

4233
03:40:50,700 --> 03:40:54,600
significant advances in the 
field of document forgery. this 

4234
03:40:54,600 --> 03:40:58,400
called for in-depth familiarity 
with the materials methods and 

4235
03:40:58,400 --> 03:41:01,600
administrative processes 
utilized in various regions, in 

4236
03:41:01,600 --> 03:41:05,600
addition to artistic talent A 
successful forger needed to be 

4237
03:41:05,600 --> 03:41:08,700
familiar with the writing 
Style's, Inc, formulations and 

4238
03:41:08,700 --> 03:41:12,300
papermaking procedures utilized 
in different administrative and 

4239
03:41:12,300 --> 03:41:15,600
quartz setting, despite being 
archaic by today's standards 

4240
03:41:15,600 --> 03:41:18,900
Optical device's were crucial to
Medieval intelligence 

4241
03:41:18,900 --> 03:41:21,600
operations. 
Spies developed methods for 

4242
03:41:21,600 --> 03:41:25,200
using glass and crystal to 
magnify small text or images. 

4243
03:41:25,200 --> 03:41:28,200
Made Simple, telescopes to 
observe activities in the 

4244
03:41:28,208 --> 03:41:31,400
distance and used mirrors, to 
send light signals over long 

4245
03:41:31,400 --> 03:41:34,100
distances. 
These Optical advancements. 

4246
03:41:34,100 --> 03:41:37,700
Necessitated a thorough 
comprehension of medieval mirror

4247
03:41:37,700 --> 03:41:40,700
making and lens. 
Grinding methods, medieval spies

4248
03:41:40,700 --> 03:41:43,600
were able to operate more 
effectively and with less chance

4249
03:41:43,600 --> 03:41:45,300
of being caught. 
Thanks to the development of 

4250
03:41:45,300 --> 03:41:47,200
portable writing and message 
systems. 

4251
03:41:47,200 --> 03:41:50,600
They designed message containers
that could be hidden in places 

4252
03:41:50,600 --> 03:41:52,400
where casual searches wouldn't 
find them. 

4253
03:41:52,400 --> 03:41:55,400
They developed inks, that could 
be quickly mixed from everyday 

4254
03:41:55,400 --> 03:41:58,400
materials and they made writing 
kits, that could be hidden 

4255
03:41:58,400 --> 03:42:01,200
inside every day objects. 
Even though clock and timing 

4256
03:42:01,200 --> 03:42:02,900
technology is still in their 
infancy. 

4257
03:42:02,900 --> 03:42:06,200
During the Middle Ages 
intelligence networks, adopted 

4258
03:42:06,200 --> 03:42:09,100
them for security and 
coordination Reasons by using 

4259
03:42:09,100 --> 03:42:12,800
natural phenomena like tide 
cycles star positions and Shadow

4260
03:42:12,800 --> 03:42:14,900
lengths to coordinate 
activities, across multiple 

4261
03:42:14,900 --> 03:42:18,500
locations, spies created 
technique for timing meetings 

4262
03:42:18,500 --> 03:42:21,700
and messaged deliveries that did
not rely on mechanical clocks, 

4263
03:42:21,700 --> 03:42:25,300
as spies produced more precise 
and in depth maps of regions, 

4264
03:42:25,300 --> 03:42:28,900
fortifications and routes of 
travel, medieval cartography 

4265
03:42:28,900 --> 03:42:30,500
evolved into an intelligence 
tool. 

4266
03:42:31,400 --> 03:42:35,200
Militarily sensitive information
such as the locations of Supply 

4267
03:42:35,200 --> 03:42:39,300
caches defensive weaknesses, and
secret routes was frequently 

4268
03:42:39,300 --> 03:42:42,700
included on these Maps. 
Making Maps, required knowledge 

4269
03:42:42,700 --> 03:42:44,800
of military engineering and 
strategic planning. 

4270
03:42:44,800 --> 03:42:47,700
In addition, to geography, 
despite being constrained by 

4271
03:42:47,700 --> 03:42:49,600
medieval manufacturing 
capabilities. 

4272
03:42:49,600 --> 03:42:53,200
Mechanical Devices were 
surprisingly sophisticatedly 

4273
03:42:53,200 --> 03:42:55,000
modified for intelligence 
purposes. 

4274
03:42:56,200 --> 03:42:59,800
Spies made mechanical aids for 
scaling walls or getting around 

4275
03:42:59,800 --> 03:43:03,100
security measures made lock 
picking tools that looked like 

4276
03:43:03,108 --> 03:43:06,300
commonplace tools and made 
secret compartments in every day

4277
03:43:06,300 --> 03:43:09,600
objects despite being founded on
what is now regarded as 

4278
03:43:09,600 --> 03:43:12,200
primitive science. 
Medieval intelligence 

4279
03:43:12,200 --> 03:43:15,400
practitioners possessively 
sophisticated chemical 

4280
03:43:15,400 --> 03:43:18,300
knowledge. 
Spies knew how to make sabotage 

4281
03:43:18,300 --> 03:43:22,000
related explosives poisons. 
That could be used covertly and 

4282
03:43:22,000 --> 03:43:24,800
chemical tests that could detect
tamper documents or materials 

4283
03:43:24,800 --> 03:43:28,200
technologies that could Shield 
confidential documents from 

4284
03:43:28,200 --> 03:43:32,400
moisture, insects theft and 
accidental Discovery were needed

4285
03:43:32,408 --> 03:43:36,300
for the preservation and storage
of intelligence data waterproof,

4286
03:43:36,300 --> 03:43:39,100
containers hiding spots that 
could withstand building 

4287
03:43:39,100 --> 03:43:42,100
Renovations and storage systems 
that would keep data safe for 

4288
03:43:42,100 --> 03:43:45,100
years or decades while still 
being available to authorized 

4289
03:43:45,100 --> 03:43:47,000
users were all inventions of 
medieval. 

4290
03:43:47,000 --> 03:43:51,100
Spies medieval spies had to 
invent innovative ways to modify

4291
03:43:51,100 --> 03:43:54,000
existing Technologies. 
In order to communicate over 

4292
03:43:54,000 --> 03:43:57,300
great distances, they 
established networks of human 

4293
03:43:57,300 --> 03:44:01,000
Messengers who could transmit 
information more quickly than 

4294
03:44:01,000 --> 03:44:03,200
traditional commercial or 
diplomatic channels. 

4295
03:44:03,200 --> 03:44:06,700
Employed trained Birds to 
deliver messages and device 

4296
03:44:06,700 --> 03:44:09,100
systems of signal fires and 
mirror flashes for quick 

4297
03:44:09,100 --> 03:44:11,500
communication. 
Medieval spies were able to 

4298
03:44:11,508 --> 03:44:14,400
better conceal their activities 
and change their appearances. 

4299
03:44:14,400 --> 03:44:17,100
Thanks to Technologies for 
disguise and concealment. 

4300
03:44:17,900 --> 03:44:20,800
Using the tools and resources 
available in medieval Society, 

4301
03:44:20,800 --> 03:44:24,000
they created ways to alter their
physical appearance, social 

4302
03:44:24,000 --> 03:44:27,800
standing and perceived age. 
These guys is needed to be 

4303
03:44:27,800 --> 03:44:30,200
convincing enough to fool. 
Anyone who might come into 

4304
03:44:30,200 --> 03:44:32,000
contact with the spy on a 
regular basis. 

4305
03:44:32,000 --> 03:44:35,200
Over a long period of Time, 
Medieval intelligence networks, 

4306
03:44:35,200 --> 03:44:38,500
created authentication and 
verification systems that were 

4307
03:44:38,500 --> 03:44:41,700
incredibly difficult to forge 
and frequently cleverly 

4308
03:44:41,700 --> 03:44:44,600
straightforward. 
They developed physical tokens 

4309
03:44:44,600 --> 03:44:48,000
that were almost impossible to 
counterfeit identification 

4310
03:44:48,000 --> 03:44:50,000
systems. 
Based on information that only 

4311
03:44:50,000 --> 03:44:52,600
authorized agents would know and
recognition. 

4312
03:44:52,600 --> 03:44:55,400
Protocols, that could confirm 
identity without written 

4313
03:44:55,400 --> 03:44:58,200
records, the creation of 
information processing and 

4314
03:44:58,200 --> 03:45:01,600
Analysis systems by medieval 
spies who lacked formal 

4315
03:45:01,600 --> 03:45:04,400
bureaucratic structures. 
And computers may have been the 

4316
03:45:04,400 --> 03:45:08,100
most remarkable development They
produce systems for monitoring 

4317
03:45:08,100 --> 03:45:11,500
shifting political ties. 
Techniques for integrating data.

4318
03:45:11,500 --> 03:45:14,500
From various sources and 
analytical Frameworks that could

4319
03:45:14,500 --> 03:45:16,800
spot patterns and Trends in 
intricate political 

4320
03:45:16,800 --> 03:45:19,500
circumstances these 
technological advancements. 

4321
03:45:19,500 --> 03:45:22,400
Show how extraordinary 
creativity was driven by 

4322
03:45:22,400 --> 03:45:25,500
practical necessity in the field
of medieval intelligence work. 

4323
03:45:26,400 --> 03:45:29,600
Devil spies operating under 
strict material and 

4324
03:45:29,600 --> 03:45:32,500
technological. 
Limitations developed solutions 

4325
03:45:32,500 --> 03:45:35,900
that were sophisticated in their
application, but often elegant 

4326
03:45:35,900 --> 03:45:39,600
in their simplicity, The 
intelligence technologies that 

4327
03:45:39,600 --> 03:45:42,700
would develop over centuries 
into the systems, utilized by 

4328
03:45:42,700 --> 03:45:45,900
contemporary, intelligence 
agencies were made possible by 

4329
03:45:45,900 --> 03:45:48,500
their Innovations. 
Let's take a step back and 

4330
03:45:48,500 --> 03:45:50,200
track. 
The Unseen strands that link 

4331
03:45:50,200 --> 03:45:53,400
those mud splattered medieval 
spies to the advanced 

4332
03:45:53,400 --> 03:45:56,200
intelligence operations of 
today, as you approach the 

4333
03:45:56,200 --> 03:45:59,900
bottom of your cup and feel the 
soft pull of impending sleep, 

4334
03:46:00,800 --> 03:46:03,900
With the end of the Medieval 
Era, the methods networks and 

4335
03:46:03,900 --> 03:46:05,600
values they created did not 
vanish. 

4336
03:46:06,300 --> 03:46:10,600
Rather they changed adapted and 
served as the Cornerstone for 

4337
03:46:10,600 --> 03:46:13,000
intelligence operations that 
still influence our world. 

4338
03:46:13,000 --> 03:46:14,600
Today. 
The establishment of 

4339
03:46:14,600 --> 03:46:17,300
intelligence gathering as a 
crucial government function was 

4340
03:46:17,300 --> 03:46:20,100
the most fundamental Legacy of 
medieval espionage. 

4341
03:46:20,700 --> 03:46:24,700
Initially, considering spying a 
repugnant necessity, medieval 

4342
03:46:24,700 --> 03:46:28,000
rulers, eventually realized that
information was just as crucial 

4343
03:46:28,000 --> 03:46:32,100
to preserving political power, 
as armies as a result of this 

4344
03:46:32,100 --> 03:46:35,200
acknowledgment permanent 
intelligence organizations were 

4345
03:46:35,200 --> 03:46:38,000
established which later 
developed into the National 

4346
03:46:38,000 --> 03:46:40,400
Intelligence Services of 
contemporary nation's. 

4347
03:46:40,400 --> 03:46:43,600
Medieval intelligence networks 
created recruitment guidelines 

4348
03:46:43,600 --> 03:46:46,100
that set trends that are still 
used by contemporary 

4349
03:46:46,100 --> 03:46:49,300
organizations intelligence 
recruitment, still heavily 

4350
03:46:49,300 --> 03:46:52,700
favors those who could travel 
without suspicion, who naturally

4351
03:46:52,700 --> 03:46:56,100
asked questions, and who have 
the cycle fortitude to keep up 

4352
03:46:56,100 --> 03:46:59,700
fourth identities. 
The most successful spies as 

4353
03:46:59,700 --> 03:47:03,300
demonstrated by medieval spies a
frequently, those who can blend 

4354
03:47:03,300 --> 03:47:06,200
in with the general population. 
The foundation for contemporary 

4355
03:47:06,200 --> 03:47:09,600
intelligence, communication was 
established by medieval advances

4356
03:47:09,600 --> 03:47:11,600
in Secure, communication and 
cryptography. 

4357
03:47:12,600 --> 03:47:15,500
The complex encryption systems 
that Safeguard contemporary 

4358
03:47:15,500 --> 03:47:18,800
intelligence Communications were
developed from the codes and 

4359
03:47:18,800 --> 03:47:20,700
cyphers created by medieval 
Networks. 

4360
03:47:21,500 --> 03:47:24,900
The fundamental concepts of 
secure, communication message, 

4361
03:47:24,900 --> 03:47:28,100
authentication, and key 
distribution that medieval spies

4362
03:47:28,100 --> 03:47:31,400
found difficult to grasp 
continue to be major obstacles 

4363
03:47:31,400 --> 03:47:34,200
for contemporary intelligence 
organizations, modern 

4364
03:47:34,200 --> 03:47:36,900
intelligence Services, continue 
to employ the organizational 

4365
03:47:36,900 --> 03:47:39,500
principles established by the 
network structures developed by 

4366
03:47:39,508 --> 03:47:41,400
medieval intelligence 
organizations. 

4367
03:47:42,200 --> 03:47:45,200
Modern intelligence 
compartmentalization was based 

4368
03:47:45,200 --> 03:47:47,900
on the cell structures that 
prevented medieval networks from

4369
03:47:47,900 --> 03:47:50,600
being totally compromised. 
When individual agents were 

4370
03:47:50,600 --> 03:47:53,800
apprehended one of the main 
challenges for contemporary 

4371
03:47:53,800 --> 03:47:56,300
intelligence operations is 
maintaining the operational 

4372
03:47:56,300 --> 03:47:59,500
security, and coordination, 
balance that medieval networks 

4373
03:47:59,500 --> 03:48:02,300
were able to achieve the 
fundamentals of contemporary 

4374
03:48:02,300 --> 03:48:04,500
defensive intelligence work were
established by the 

4375
03:48:04,500 --> 03:48:08,100
counterintelligence awareness 
that medieval spies developed in

4376
03:48:08,100 --> 03:48:11,400
reaction to enemy. 
Intelligence activities, modern 

4377
03:48:11,400 --> 03:48:14,500
counterintelligence doctrines, 
which assumed hostile 

4378
03:48:14,500 --> 03:48:16,800
intelligence services, are 
continuously attempting to 

4379
03:48:16,800 --> 03:48:19,800
compromise friendly operations. 
Ah, based on the medieval 

4380
03:48:19,800 --> 03:48:22,800
understanding that intelligence 
Services must defend themselves 

4381
03:48:22,800 --> 03:48:26,700
against deception and Iteration 
modern forensic methods for 

4382
03:48:26,700 --> 03:48:29,700
examining intelligence materials
are the result of medieval 

4383
03:48:29,700 --> 03:48:32,200
advancements, and document 
analysis, and verification. 

4384
03:48:33,100 --> 03:48:35,900
Modern intelligence analysis 
techniques which employ 

4385
03:48:35,900 --> 03:48:38,500
technology, but adhere to 
similar logical principles 

4386
03:48:38,500 --> 03:48:41,800
evolved from the abilities that 
medieval spies developed for 

4387
03:48:41,800 --> 03:48:45,700
identifying forged documents, 
evaluating writing styles and 

4388
03:48:45,700 --> 03:48:48,200
confirming the reliability of 
information sources. 

4389
03:48:48,200 --> 03:48:50,800
Modern knowledge of intelligence
operations. 

4390
03:48:50,800 --> 03:48:53,300
Incorporates the psychological 
understanding of human 

4391
03:48:53,300 --> 03:48:57,200
motivation deceit and loyalty 
that medieval intelligence 

4392
03:48:57,200 --> 03:49:00,800
practitioners acquired. 
Medieval spies acquired skills, 

4393
03:49:00,800 --> 03:49:04,400
in motivating agents, evaluating
The credibility of sources and 

4394
03:49:04,400 --> 03:49:07,100
preserving operational security 
while fostering fruitful 

4395
03:49:07,100 --> 03:49:10,200
collaborations. 
These realizations continue to 

4396
03:49:10,200 --> 03:49:13,100
be essential to contemporary 
human intelligence activities, 

4397
03:49:13,100 --> 03:49:16,200
medieval networks successful, 
integration of military and 

4398
03:49:16,200 --> 03:49:19,500
diplomatic operations with 
intelligence work, created 

4399
03:49:19,500 --> 03:49:22,200
models, that contemporary 
governments continue to adhere 

4400
03:49:22,200 --> 03:49:26,500
to The effective coordination of
military action diplomacy and 

4401
03:49:26,500 --> 03:49:30,100
intelligence was a lesson 
learned by medieval rulers that 

4402
03:49:30,100 --> 03:49:32,400
are still applicable to 
contemporary National Security 

4403
03:49:32,400 --> 03:49:35,900
strategy, modern intelligence 
funding and financial management

4404
03:49:35,900 --> 03:49:38,500
have their roots. 
In the economic principles that 

4405
03:49:38,500 --> 03:49:40,600
guided medieval intelligence 
operations. 

4406
03:49:41,500 --> 03:49:44,400
Just as it was for medieval, 
spymasters attempting, to pay 

4407
03:49:44,400 --> 03:49:47,800
agents covertly the problem of 
financing covid. 

4408
03:49:47,800 --> 03:49:50,300
Operations without leaving, 
audit trails, that hostile 

4409
03:49:50,300 --> 03:49:52,300
Services could use is still 
present today. 

4410
03:49:52,300 --> 03:49:55,700
Modern intelligence services are
still confronted with the moral 

4411
03:49:55,700 --> 03:49:58,200
and legal, dilemmas brought up 
by medieval Espionage 

4412
03:49:58,200 --> 03:50:01,200
operations. 
Modern democratic societies, 

4413
03:50:01,200 --> 03:50:04,500
must strike a balance between 
security requirements, legal 

4414
03:50:04,500 --> 03:50:06,800
restrictions, and ethical 
principles. 

4415
03:50:06,800 --> 03:50:10,000
Medieval societies grappled with
the conflict, between the 

4416
03:50:10,000 --> 03:50:12,600
Practical necessity of 
intelligence work and 

4417
03:50:12,600 --> 03:50:15,800
traditional moral and legal 
principles, modern intelligence.

4418
03:50:15,800 --> 03:50:18,500
Technology development is 
characterized by patterns of 

4419
03:50:18,508 --> 03:50:21,700
adaptation and creativity that 
were established by the 

4420
03:50:21,700 --> 03:50:24,400
technological innovation's. 
Pioneered by medieval 

4421
03:50:24,400 --> 03:50:27,300
intelligence Networks. 
In the same way that 

4422
03:50:27,300 --> 03:50:29,800
contemporary intelligence 
agencies, modify commercial 

4423
03:50:29,800 --> 03:50:33,500
Technologies for security 
applications, medieval spies who

4424
03:50:33,500 --> 03:50:36,200
modified civilian Technologies 
for intelligence purposes. 

4425
03:50:36,200 --> 03:50:40,000
Started a tradition, medieval 
intelligence Works global Scopes

4426
03:50:40,000 --> 03:50:42,600
set the stage for contemporary 
intelligence competition and 

4427
03:50:42,600 --> 03:50:45,700
collaboration cross. 
Political, medieval intelligence

4428
03:50:45,700 --> 03:50:48,700
networks, created models for 
state to state intelligence 

4429
03:50:48,700 --> 03:50:52,100
cooperation and competition. 
That still have an impact on 

4430
03:50:52,100 --> 03:50:54,200
contemporary International 
intelligence, cooperation 

4431
03:50:54,200 --> 03:50:58,400
literature entertainment and the
general Public's perception of 

4432
03:50:58,408 --> 03:51:01,300
intelligence work, all reflect 
the cultural influence of 

4433
03:51:01,308 --> 03:51:04,600
medieval Espionage and continued
to shape how contemporary 

4434
03:51:04,600 --> 03:51:08,000
societies view spies and 
intelligence organizations. 

4435
03:51:08,000 --> 03:51:11,300
The way intelligence work is 
portrayed and understood in 

4436
03:51:11,300 --> 03:51:13,600
popular culture is still 
influenced by The Narrative 

4437
03:51:13,600 --> 03:51:17,200
patterns created by medieval 
Tales of spies and secret 

4438
03:51:17,200 --> 03:51:19,800
agents. 
The value of historical analysis

4439
03:51:19,800 --> 03:51:22,400
for contemporary intelligence 
work was established by the 

4440
03:51:22,400 --> 03:51:25,700
institutional memory, that 
medieval intelligence networks 

4441
03:51:25,700 --> 03:51:29,300
Preserve Medieval practitioners 
set the standard for 

4442
03:51:29,300 --> 03:51:31,900
contemporary intelligence 
services that preserve 

4443
03:51:31,900 --> 03:51:35,000
historical records and analyze 
past operations to enhance 

4444
03:51:35,000 --> 03:51:38,300
present performance by learning 
from the successes and failures 

4445
03:51:38,300 --> 03:51:41,800
of early operations. 
Most significantly medieval 

4446
03:51:41,800 --> 03:51:46,300
Espionage showed that at its 
core intelligence work is not 

4447
03:51:46,300 --> 03:51:49,600
about technology or 
institutional Frameworks but 

4448
03:51:49,600 --> 03:51:54,000
rather about human relationships
and psychology The success or 

4449
03:51:54,000 --> 03:51:57,200
failure of medieval spies was 
determined by their capacity to 

4450
03:51:57,200 --> 03:51:58,900
comprehend and influence human 
behavior. 

4451
03:51:58,900 --> 03:52:02,600
A skill that is essential to 
intelligence operations, even 

4452
03:52:02,600 --> 03:52:05,300
with all of the modern era's 
technological, advancements. 

4453
03:52:05,300 --> 03:52:08,400
Modern intelligence services are
still influenced by the moral 

4454
03:52:08,400 --> 03:52:11,200
and Professional Standards set 
by The Bravery and commitment of

4455
03:52:11,200 --> 03:52:14,500
medieval intelligence agents. 
Modern intelligence 

4456
03:52:14,500 --> 03:52:17,300
professionals are still inspired
by the traditions of Service 

4457
03:52:17,300 --> 03:52:21,000
established by medieval spies 
who risk their lives for causes.

4458
03:52:21,000 --> 03:52:24,000
They supported upheld 
Professional Standards in the 

4459
03:52:24,000 --> 03:52:27,200
face of personal danger, and 
serve their societies without 

4460
03:52:27,200 --> 03:52:30,500
much credit or compensation, the
principles and techniques that 

4461
03:52:30,500 --> 03:52:33,000
were initially developed. 
By those Anonymous medieval 

4462
03:52:33,000 --> 03:52:36,800
agents, who traveled, muddy 
roads, slept in flea infested 

4463
03:52:36,800 --> 03:52:39,800
ins and risk their lives to 
gather information that would 

4464
03:52:39,800 --> 03:52:42,700
shape, the course of history are
still used by modern 

4465
03:52:42,700 --> 03:52:45,400
intelligence agencies, as they 
confront new challenges, from 

4466
03:52:45,400 --> 03:52:48,800
International terrorism, 
technological change, and 

4467
03:52:48,800 --> 03:52:52,300
evolving security threats. 
Think about the amazing people 

4468
03:52:52,300 --> 03:52:54,600
whose stories we have told 
tonight, as you get ready to 

4469
03:52:54,600 --> 03:52:56,600
close this chapter of history 
and go to sleep. 

4470
03:52:57,200 --> 03:53:00,700
They were regular people who 
made extraordinary Life Choices.

4471
03:53:00,700 --> 03:53:04,700
People who put up with 
discomfort risk and anonymity 

4472
03:53:04,700 --> 03:53:07,300
for causes that frequently 
brought them little reward and 

4473
03:53:07,300 --> 03:53:09,800
little recognition. 
The glitzy characters of 

4474
03:53:09,800 --> 03:53:12,800
contemporary fiction were not 
the medieval spies whose stories

4475
03:53:12,800 --> 03:53:15,400
we have examined rather. 
They were perhaps more 

4476
03:53:15,400 --> 03:53:17,900
admirable. 
Actual people who bravely 

4477
03:53:17,900 --> 03:53:21,800
creatively and resolutely faced 
real challenges, They 

4478
03:53:21,800 --> 03:53:23,400
contributed to historical 
advancements. 

4479
03:53:23,400 --> 03:53:26,400
That shape, the world we 
inherited solved problems. 

4480
03:53:26,400 --> 03:53:29,000
That would have challenged 
contemporary professionals and 

4481
03:53:29,000 --> 03:53:31,600
upheld their integrity and 
situations that would have 

4482
03:53:31,600 --> 03:53:34,800
broken many others. 
These underappreciated Heroes of

4483
03:53:34,808 --> 03:53:38,100
medieval statecraft servers are 
a reminder that history has 

4484
03:53:38,100 --> 03:53:41,200
shaped by the innumerable people
who labor silently in the 

4485
03:53:41,200 --> 03:53:44,200
background to maintain 
Communications, gather 

4486
03:53:44,200 --> 03:53:47,300
information and provide the 
intelligence necessary for 

4487
03:53:47,300 --> 03:53:51,200
effective leadership not just by
kings and queens, conflicts and 

4488
03:53:51,200 --> 03:53:53,600
treaties. 
Their contribution should be 

4489
03:53:53,600 --> 03:53:56,200
honored because they were the 
unsung heroes of their time. 

4490
03:53:56,200 --> 03:53:59,600
Their experience is also serve 
as a reminder, that the problems

4491
03:53:59,600 --> 03:54:03,000
intelligence professionals face.
Such as striking, a balance 

4492
03:54:03,000 --> 03:54:06,000
between security and 
Effectiveness juggling personal 

4493
03:54:06,000 --> 03:54:08,700
and professional commitments, 
and balancing morally 

4494
03:54:08,700 --> 03:54:12,800
challenging, but necessary work 
a universal human struggles that

4495
03:54:12,800 --> 03:54:16,800
cut across all time periods, 
dreams of moonlit castle walls. 

4496
03:54:16,800 --> 03:54:20,600
Coded messages, concealed in 
merchant letters or courageous 

4497
03:54:20,600 --> 03:54:22,300
people. 
Walking perilous roads in 

4498
03:54:22,300 --> 03:54:25,500
support of causes they believed 
in they come to mind as you 

4499
03:54:25,500 --> 03:54:29,300
drift off to sleep. 
These dreams introduce you to a 

4500
03:54:29,300 --> 03:54:31,600
never-ending tale of 
selflessness, service, and 

4501
03:54:31,600 --> 03:54:34,300
unsung bravery that is 
influenced our world. 

4502
03:54:34,300 --> 03:54:37,300
In ways we hardly ever 
recognized, although the lives 

4503
03:54:37,300 --> 03:54:39,600
of the medieval spies we've met 
tonight were frequently 

4504
03:54:39,600 --> 03:54:42,400
uncomfortable. 
Dangerous and little known. 

4505
03:54:42,400 --> 03:54:44,900
Their work was vital to the 
societies. 

4506
03:54:44,900 --> 03:54:47,500
They served They serve as a 
reminder. 

4507
03:54:47,500 --> 03:54:50,400
That Civilization is not solely 
dependent on the well known 

4508
03:54:50,408 --> 03:54:52,200
people whose names. 
We can still recall. 

4509
03:54:52,200 --> 03:54:55,700
But also on the innumerable, 
unnamed people who make in 

4510
03:54:55,700 --> 03:54:59,600
calculable frequently unseen, 
but always vital contributions 

4511
03:54:59,600 --> 03:55:02,400
to the common good rest easy. 
Knowing that you've spent the 

4512
03:55:02,408 --> 03:55:05,000
evening with some of the bravest
and most devoted people in 

4513
03:55:05,000 --> 03:55:07,300
history. 
People, whose dedication to 

4514
03:55:07,300 --> 03:55:10,500
service and willingness to make 
sacrifices for the greater good 

4515
03:55:10,508 --> 03:55:12,800
made. 
Traditions, that still serve and

4516
03:55:12,800 --> 03:55:16,500
protect our contemporary world. 
Every intelligence professional 

4517
03:55:16,500 --> 03:55:19,400
who carries on their work 
carries on their legacy and 

4518
03:55:19,400 --> 03:55:22,000
their memory is honored. 
Every time we remember the true 

4519
03:55:22,000 --> 03:55:25,800
heroism frequently doesn't wear 
a uniform and doesn't seek 

4520
03:55:25,800 --> 03:55:29,600
recognition, sweet dreams and 
may you rest in peace, knowing 

4521
03:55:29,600 --> 03:55:32,100
that courageous people have 
always worked in silence to 

4522
03:55:32,100 --> 03:55:34,800
defend the society. 
As they served requesting 

4523
03:55:34,800 --> 03:55:37,000
nothing more than the 
Fulfillment of their Duty and 

4524
03:55:37,000 --> 03:55:39,000
service to cause his bigger than
themselves. 

4525
03:55:45,200 --> 03:55:49,500
Picking England in the 1500s, a 
damp sheep filled Kingdom City 

4526
03:55:49,500 --> 03:55:52,900
off the coast of Europe watching
Spain Hall shiploads of gold 

4527
03:55:52,900 --> 03:55:56,100
back from the Americas. 
While Spain was becoming 

4528
03:55:56,100 --> 03:55:58,500
incredibly wealthy from his new 
world adventures. 

4529
03:55:58,500 --> 03:56:01,700
The English was still trying to 
figure out basic matters, such 

4530
03:56:01,700 --> 03:56:04,900
as not executing so many of 
their monarchs but sometimes 

4531
03:56:04,900 --> 03:56:06,600
underdogs are just getting 
warmed up. 

4532
03:56:07,700 --> 03:56:10,400
Elizabeth. 
The first a woman sat on the 

4533
03:56:10,400 --> 03:56:13,700
throne capable of engaging 
diplomatically in the morning 

4534
03:56:13,700 --> 03:56:16,700
and authorizing a pirate raid. 
By tee time, she looked at 

4535
03:56:16,700 --> 03:56:19,200
Spain's treasure Fleet sailing 
past and thought the English 

4536
03:56:19,200 --> 03:56:22,700
deserved a share of that. 
Well, Enter the Sea Dogs, which 

4537
03:56:22,700 --> 03:56:25,800
sounds Innocent but was actually
England's cheeky name for their 

4538
03:56:25,800 --> 03:56:29,400
officially unofficial Pirates. 
These were men such as Francis 

4539
03:56:29,400 --> 03:56:32,800
Drake who had the audacity to 
sail around the entire world. 

4540
03:56:32,800 --> 03:56:35,300
Just to prove. 
It could be done stopping along 

4541
03:56:35,300 --> 03:56:37,000
the way to liberate Spanish 
treasure. 

4542
03:56:37,000 --> 03:56:40,500
When Drake came home with a 
ship, so loaded with stolen 

4543
03:56:40,500 --> 03:56:43,800
Spanish gold, that it nearly 
sank, Elizabeth didn't arrest 

4544
03:56:43,800 --> 03:56:48,000
him, she knighted him, the 
Spanish understandably were 

4545
03:56:48,000 --> 03:56:52,000
getting tired of this Behavior. 
So in 1588 they decided to send 

4546
03:56:52,000 --> 03:56:56,100
a little reminder called the 
Spanish Armada 130 ships, packed

4547
03:56:56,100 --> 03:56:58,600
with soldiers heading straight 
for Englund Shores. 

4548
03:56:58,600 --> 03:57:01,600
You might expect this to be 
wearing and gets its come up 

4549
03:57:01,600 --> 03:57:05,800
once David vs Goliath except 
Goliath has Cannon's and 

4550
03:57:05,800 --> 03:57:09,300
centuries of Naval experience. 
But here's where geography 

4551
03:57:09,300 --> 03:57:12,200
becomes Destiny and where 
England's, Terrible Weather. 

4552
03:57:12,200 --> 03:57:15,800
Finally worked in their favor. 
Picture the Spanish Admiral, who

4553
03:57:15,800 --> 03:57:19,000
had spent months planning this 
Invasion, his ships, loaded with

4554
03:57:19,000 --> 03:57:22,800
troops feeling confident, then 
he hits the English Channel and 

4555
03:57:22,800 --> 03:57:25,300
discovers that English weather 
isn't just unpleasant. 

4556
03:57:26,300 --> 03:57:30,300
Actively hostile, the wind 
starts howling, the seas turn 

4557
03:57:30,300 --> 03:57:33,900
nasty and suddenly those massive
proud warships are being tossed 

4558
03:57:33,900 --> 03:57:36,500
around violently. 
The English meanwhile had 

4559
03:57:36,500 --> 03:57:39,800
smaller more, Nimble ships, that
danced around the Spanish Fleet 

4560
03:57:39,800 --> 03:57:43,800
they Dart in fire their cannons 
and zip away before the Spanish 

4561
03:57:43,800 --> 03:57:46,800
could respond. 
It was Naval guerrilla warfare 

4562
03:57:46,800 --> 03:57:48,300
and the Spanish weren't ready 
for it. 

4563
03:57:49,100 --> 03:57:51,800
But the real hero of this story 
wasn't English bravery or 

4564
03:57:51,808 --> 03:57:55,000
cunning it was the weather. 
A massive storm. 

4565
03:57:55,000 --> 03:57:57,800
Scattered the Spanish Fleet 
sending ships crashing into 

4566
03:57:57,800 --> 03:58:01,000
rocks, running a ground and 
generally having the worst day 

4567
03:58:01,000 --> 03:58:03,400
in Naval History. 
The Spanish called it. 

4568
03:58:03,400 --> 03:58:07,900
El viento protestante. 
The Protestant wind even goddess

4569
03:58:07,900 --> 03:58:11,900
seemed had picked sides. 
When the dust settled, Spain 

4570
03:58:11,900 --> 03:58:14,200
seemingly Invincible. 
Navy was in tatters. 

4571
03:58:14,200 --> 03:58:17,700
And little England had proven 
that sometimes being small and 

4572
03:58:17,700 --> 03:58:20,800
Scrappy beats being big and 
powerful, your underweight 

4573
03:58:20,800 --> 03:58:23,500
friends somehow winning an arm 
wrestling contest against the 

4574
03:58:23,500 --> 03:58:27,000
Jim's bodybuilder, improbable 
that undeniably impressive. 

4575
03:58:27,900 --> 03:58:31,200
This Victory, not only protected
England from Invasion, but also 

4576
03:58:31,200 --> 03:58:34,500
signaled, the arrival of a new 
player in the global Arena, the 

4577
03:58:34,500 --> 03:58:37,400
Spanish Empire, which is seemed 
as permanent as the Sunrise 

4578
03:58:37,400 --> 03:58:41,100
suddenly looked vulnerable an 
English that soggy little island

4579
03:58:41,100 --> 03:58:44,500
that nobody had taken, seriously
started getting some intriguing 

4580
03:58:44,500 --> 03:58:47,100
ideas about what it might 
accomplish on the world stage. 

4581
03:58:48,200 --> 03:58:50,600
The age of Spanish dominance was
beginning to crack. 

4582
03:58:50,600 --> 03:58:53,700
And through those cracks 
English, ambition was starting 

4583
03:58:53,700 --> 03:58:59,300
to grow persistent Unstoppable 
and surprisingly resilient The 

4584
03:58:59,308 --> 03:59:01,700
foundation was being laid for 
what would become the largest 

4585
03:59:01,700 --> 03:59:04,900
Empire in human history. 
After beating the Spanish Armada

4586
03:59:04,900 --> 03:59:08,300
England had confidence but still
relatively little money compared

4587
03:59:08,300 --> 03:59:11,700
to its European neighbors. 
They needed a business plan and 

4588
03:59:11,700 --> 03:59:16,000
unfortunately the business plans
of the 1600s often involved what

4589
03:59:16,000 --> 03:59:19,900
we politely call morally 
questionable practices Enter the

4590
03:59:19,900 --> 03:59:23,400
merchant companies organizations
with grand names, such as the 

4591
03:59:23,400 --> 03:59:27,300
company of merchant adventurers.
These work, your typical Corner 

4592
03:59:27,300 --> 03:59:30,800
shops, they were massive trading
corporations with royal Charters

4593
03:59:30,800 --> 03:59:33,600
that basically said go forth and
make money. 

4594
03:59:33,600 --> 03:59:37,700
And don't ask too many questions
about how The East India Company

4595
03:59:37,700 --> 03:59:40,400
was the crown jewel of these 
operations and calling. 

4596
03:59:40,400 --> 03:59:43,200
It just a Trading Company under 
State's true nature. 

4597
03:59:44,200 --> 03:59:46,900
Founded in 1600, it started as a
simple idea. 

4598
03:59:47,800 --> 03:59:52,200
Sail to Asia by spices and silk 
and seldom back home for a 

4599
03:59:52,200 --> 03:59:54,700
enormous profits. 
It became the world's first 

4600
03:59:54,700 --> 03:59:58,300
Global Corporation, except with 
more cannons and fewer HR 

4601
03:59:58,300 --> 04:00:01,500
departments, you have to 
understand spices back then 

4602
04:00:01,500 --> 04:00:03,200
weren't just about making food 
taste better. 

4603
04:00:03,200 --> 04:00:07,100
They were incredibly valuable 
purple was literally worth its 

4604
04:00:07,100 --> 04:00:09,800
weight in Silver. 
And Nutmeg was so precious that 

4605
04:00:09,800 --> 04:00:12,100
wars were fought over tiny 
islands that grew it. 

4606
04:00:12,800 --> 04:00:15,600
The Dutch had monopolized much 
of the spice trade charging 

4607
04:00:15,600 --> 04:00:18,400
whatever they wanted, and the 
English decided they should get 

4608
04:00:18,400 --> 04:00:21,400
in on that business. 
But the East India Company 

4609
04:00:21,400 --> 04:00:24,500
wasn't content to just trade. 
They started hiring their own 

4610
04:00:24,500 --> 04:00:27,700
armies, making their own 
treaties and essentially running

4611
04:00:27,700 --> 04:00:31,400
their own foreign policy. 
A modern Corporation deciding to

4612
04:00:31,408 --> 04:00:33,400
start. 
Conquering countries that's 

4613
04:00:33,400 --> 04:00:36,800
basically what happened except 
with sailing ships and elaborate

4614
04:00:36,800 --> 04:00:39,700
uniforms the company's expansion
into India. 

4615
04:00:39,700 --> 04:00:42,700
Perfectly demonstrates, how 
ambition can snowball Beyond 

4616
04:00:42,700 --> 04:00:46,800
anyone's original intentions. 
They'd started by just wanting 

4617
04:00:46,800 --> 04:00:49,900
to set up trading posts along 
the coast little fortified 

4618
04:00:49,900 --> 04:00:52,500
compounds where they could store
goods and conduct business. 

4619
04:00:52,500 --> 04:00:56,700
But in India, in the 1600s was a
complex Patchwork of competing 

4620
04:00:56,700 --> 04:00:59,500
kingdoms and the Mughal Empire 
which had been holding 

4621
04:00:59,500 --> 04:01:01,300
everything together was starting
to weaken. 

4622
04:01:02,000 --> 04:01:04,700
In this power of vacuum stepped,
the East India Company. 

4623
04:01:05,500 --> 04:01:08,800
They'd make alliances with local
rulers, provide military support

4624
04:01:08,800 --> 04:01:10,500
and gradually become 
indispensable. 

4625
04:01:11,400 --> 04:01:14,100
Before anyone quite realized 
what was happening, the company 

4626
04:01:14,100 --> 04:01:16,300
wasn't just trading in India, it
was running. 

4627
04:01:16,300 --> 04:01:21,100
Large chunks of it. 
The Battle of classy in 1757 was

4628
04:01:21,100 --> 04:01:23,800
one of those moments that seemed
minor at the time, but changed 

4629
04:01:23,800 --> 04:01:26,900
everything, Robert Clive. 
A company official who'd started

4630
04:01:26,900 --> 04:01:29,700
as a clerk and worked his way up
to general defeated. 

4631
04:01:29,700 --> 04:01:31,900
The now of Bengal with a much 
smaller Force. 

4632
04:01:31,900 --> 04:01:34,000
This unexpected Victory. 
Paved. 

4633
04:01:34,000 --> 04:01:37,500
The way for unprecedented power.
But Victory came with 

4634
04:01:37,500 --> 04:01:41,100
consequences, nobody had thought
through suddenly the East India.

4635
04:01:41,100 --> 04:01:43,500
Company was responsible for 
governing millions of people 

4636
04:01:43,500 --> 04:01:47,500
across vast territories. 
They'd gone from being Merchants

4637
04:01:47,500 --> 04:01:51,000
to being rulers, and they were 
completely unprepared for this 

4638
04:01:51,000 --> 04:01:54,500
transformation. 
The wealth flowing back to 

4639
04:01:54,500 --> 04:01:58,400
Britain was staggering Bengal 
alone was generating revenues 

4640
04:01:58,400 --> 04:02:00,300
that dwarfed many European 
kingdoms. 

4641
04:02:00,300 --> 04:02:04,100
Entire budgets, the taxes that 
had previously benefited, local 

4642
04:02:04,100 --> 04:02:07,200
rulers were now contributing 
significantly to British offers 

4643
04:02:07,200 --> 04:02:10,100
and the company shareholders 
were experiencing unprecedented 

4644
04:02:10,100 --> 04:02:12,700
wealth. 
Naturally, the foundation of 

4645
04:02:12,700 --> 04:02:15,300
this world rested on systems 
that were fundamentally 

4646
04:02:15,300 --> 04:02:19,200
extractive and frequently cruel.
The company exploited, their 

4647
04:02:19,200 --> 04:02:23,000
territories prioritizing profit 
margins, over the well-being of 

4648
04:02:23,000 --> 04:02:26,600
the people, under their control.
Famines became more common and 

4649
04:02:26,600 --> 04:02:29,500
more deadly when local resources
were diverted to company 

4650
04:02:29,500 --> 04:02:31,200
profits, rather than local 
needs. 

4651
04:02:31,900 --> 04:02:34,300
Back in London. 
People were starting to notice 

4652
04:02:34,300 --> 04:02:37,200
that their little Trading 
Company had somehow acquired an 

4653
04:02:37,200 --> 04:02:40,700
Empire, the British government 
wasn't entirely sure what to do 

4654
04:02:40,700 --> 04:02:43,400
with this situation. 
The company was generating 

4655
04:02:43,400 --> 04:02:47,100
enormous wealth for the country,
but it was also making decisions

4656
04:02:47,100 --> 04:02:49,800
that affected in international 
relations and the lives of 

4657
04:02:49,800 --> 04:02:52,700
millions of people. 
This was the beginning of a 

4658
04:02:52,700 --> 04:02:55,300
pattern that would define the 
British Empire for centuries. 

4659
04:02:55,300 --> 04:02:58,400
Private ambition leading to 
public responsibility. 

4660
04:02:58,400 --> 04:03:02,400
Commercial Ventures, growing 
into political control and a 

4661
04:03:02,400 --> 04:03:04,900
small island nation, finding 
itself, responsible for 

4662
04:03:04,900 --> 04:03:07,100
governing vast populations 
across the globe. 

4663
04:03:07,100 --> 04:03:09,800
Often without any clear plan for
how to do it. 

4664
04:03:09,800 --> 04:03:13,700
Ethically, or effectively. 
The stage was set for an Empire 

4665
04:03:13,700 --> 04:03:17,100
that would span continents and 
reshape the world built, not 

4666
04:03:17,100 --> 04:03:19,700
through Grand strategy, but 
through the accumulated 

4667
04:03:19,700 --> 04:03:23,300
decisions of merchants soldiers.
And administrators, who often 

4668
04:03:23,300 --> 04:03:26,700
had no idea what they were 
creating by the 1700s. 

4669
04:03:26,700 --> 04:03:29,700
Britain had stumbled into 
something resembling a strategy 

4670
04:03:29,700 --> 04:03:32,100
though. 
Calling it to strategy might be 

4671
04:03:32,100 --> 04:03:34,000
generous. 
It was more organized 

4672
04:03:34,000 --> 04:03:37,800
opportunism with excellent Naval
support Britain had discovered 

4673
04:03:37,800 --> 04:03:40,700
that if you can control the 
Seas, you could control global 

4674
04:03:40,700 --> 04:03:43,900
trade control, the highways and 
you don't need to own every 

4675
04:03:43,900 --> 04:03:46,000
town. 
You just need to control how 

4676
04:03:46,000 --> 04:03:47,400
people and goods move between 
them. 

4677
04:03:47,400 --> 04:03:50,700
This is where the Royal Navy 
enters our story with full force

4678
04:03:50,700 --> 04:03:54,300
by the mid 1700 Britain was 
building ships constantly 

4679
04:03:54,300 --> 04:03:57,600
everywhere with the assumption 
that you could never have too 

4680
04:03:57,600 --> 04:03:59,500
many. 
They had honed their Naval 

4681
04:03:59,500 --> 04:04:03,400
Warfare skills to such an extent
that any potential enemy found 

4682
04:04:03,400 --> 04:04:05,700
in countering a British Fleet to
be highly unwelcome. 

4683
04:04:05,700 --> 04:04:08,900
This Naval strategy. 
Truly demonstrated its 

4684
04:04:08,900 --> 04:04:13,600
Effectiveness during the Seven 
Years War while 1000 and 556 to 

4685
04:04:13,600 --> 04:04:18,200
1,763. 
While European powers engaged in

4686
04:04:18,200 --> 04:04:20,700
land battles. 
Britain pursued, a distinct 

4687
04:04:20,700 --> 04:04:23,500
strategy. 
They'd swoop in capture 

4688
04:04:23,500 --> 04:04:27,000
strategic ports, and Islands, 
disrupt, enemy trade routes and 

4689
04:04:27,000 --> 04:04:29,100
generally make life. 
Miserable for anyone who 

4690
04:04:29,100 --> 04:04:32,900
depended on Maritime Commerce, 
Take the capture of Quebec in 

4691
04:04:32,900 --> 04:04:35,400
1759, which sounds 
straightforward, but was 

4692
04:04:35,400 --> 04:04:39,400
actually extraordinarily daring.
General Wolfe and his troops had

4693
04:04:39,408 --> 04:04:41,700
to scale. 
Supposedly unclimbable cliffs in

4694
04:04:41,700 --> 04:04:43,800
the middle of the night, 
surprise, the French Defenders 

4695
04:04:43,800 --> 04:04:46,200
and capture one of the most 
important cities in North 

4696
04:04:46,200 --> 04:04:48,400
America. 
It was the kind of plan that 

4697
04:04:48,400 --> 04:04:50,700
should have failed 
spectacularly, but somehow 

4698
04:04:50,700 --> 04:04:54,100
worked perfectly, the both wolf 
and the French commanded died in

4699
04:04:54,100 --> 04:04:56,400
the Battle. 
The result of all this Naval 

4700
04:04:56,400 --> 04:04:59,200
dominance was that Britain 
started accumulating territories

4701
04:04:59,200 --> 04:05:02,800
at an unprecedented rate. 
Gibraltar controlled access to 

4702
04:05:02,800 --> 04:05:06,200
the Mediterranean Malta, was 
perfectly positioned for Middle 

4703
04:05:06,200 --> 04:05:08,600
Eastern trade routes. 
The Cape of Good. 

4704
04:05:08,600 --> 04:05:10,200
Hope controlled. 
The sea route to Asia. 

4705
04:05:10,200 --> 04:05:13,100
It was strategic positioning on 
a global scale. 

4706
04:05:13,100 --> 04:05:15,300
With the acquisition. 
Making the next one more 

4707
04:05:15,300 --> 04:05:17,600
valuable. 
From a logistical perspective. 

4708
04:05:17,600 --> 04:05:20,600
Governing a global Empire with a
sailing ship as your fastest 

4709
04:05:20,600 --> 04:05:23,500
communication method presents 
unique challenges. 

4710
04:05:24,400 --> 04:05:27,800
Messages between London and 
India, took months, which meant 

4711
04:05:27,800 --> 04:05:29,800
that by the time. 
Headquarters heard about a 

4712
04:05:29,800 --> 04:05:31,200
problem and sent back 
instructions. 

4713
04:05:31,200 --> 04:05:34,600
The situation had usually either
resolved itself, or gotten 

4714
04:05:34,600 --> 04:05:38,200
spectacularly worse, this 
communication delay, created a 

4715
04:05:38,200 --> 04:05:40,800
dynamic where British officials 
on the ground had enormous 

4716
04:05:40,800 --> 04:05:43,000
autonomy. 
They couldn't ask London for 

4717
04:05:43,000 --> 04:05:45,100
permission every time they 
needed to make a decision. 

4718
04:05:45,100 --> 04:05:48,000
So they often just made it and 
hoped it would be approved. 

4719
04:05:48,000 --> 04:05:51,500
Retroactively Some officials 
used this Freedom responsibly 

4720
04:05:51,500 --> 04:05:55,900
others discovered that power 
exercised 8,000 miles away from 

4721
04:05:55,900 --> 04:05:58,200
any oversight can corrupts 
absolutely. 

4722
04:05:59,100 --> 04:06:01,500
You'd have company officials, 
essentially running their own 

4723
04:06:01,500 --> 04:06:05,700
kingdoms, making treaties waging
Wars and collecting taxes. 

4724
04:06:05,700 --> 04:06:08,900
All while technically being 
employees of a trading company 

4725
04:06:08,900 --> 04:06:12,300
based in London, the system 
worked when these officials were

4726
04:06:12,300 --> 04:06:15,700
competent and honest, but it 
created opportunities for abuse 

4727
04:06:15,700 --> 04:06:17,900
that were difficult to control 
from such distances. 

4728
04:06:19,400 --> 04:06:22,100
The American colonies served as 
a prime illustration of the 

4729
04:06:22,108 --> 04:06:23,700
potential pitfalls of this 
system. 

4730
04:06:24,600 --> 04:06:27,900
Strapped for cash after the 
costly 7 Years War, the British 

4731
04:06:27,900 --> 04:06:30,500
government decided that the 
American should contribute to 

4732
04:06:30,500 --> 04:06:33,400
their own defense costs. 
This seemed reasonable from 

4733
04:06:33,400 --> 04:06:36,000
London's perspective. 
After all British troops are 

4734
04:06:36,000 --> 04:06:38,400
just spent years protecting 
American colonists from French 

4735
04:06:38,400 --> 04:06:41,800
and Indian attacks. 
But the columnist had gotten 

4736
04:06:41,800 --> 04:06:45,100
used to managing their Affairs 
and suddenly being asked to pay 

4737
04:06:45,108 --> 04:06:48,500
taxes, they'd had no say in 
imposing felt fundamentally 

4738
04:06:48,500 --> 04:06:51,500
unfair. 
The famous no taxation without 

4739
04:06:51,500 --> 04:06:54,300
representation wasn't just a 
catchy slogan. 

4740
04:06:54,300 --> 04:06:57,600
It was a fundamental complained 
about the impossibility of 

4741
04:06:57,600 --> 04:07:00,100
governing an Empire when 
communication took months and 

4742
04:07:00,100 --> 04:07:04,000
local conditions changed daily 
The British response to American

4743
04:07:04,000 --> 04:07:06,700
complaints, was essentially. 
We've been doing this 

4744
04:07:06,700 --> 04:07:09,500
successfully all over the world,
just go along with it. 

4745
04:07:10,600 --> 04:07:13,200
But North America was different 
from India or the Caribbean. 

4746
04:07:13,200 --> 04:07:16,400
The colonists were mostly 
British, descended shared 

4747
04:07:16,400 --> 04:07:19,600
British legal traditions, and 
had enough economic independence

4748
04:07:19,600 --> 04:07:22,900
to cause real trouble if they 
organized When that trouble 

4749
04:07:22,900 --> 04:07:26,600
finally came Britain, discovered
that Naval Supremacy while 

4750
04:07:26,600 --> 04:07:29,800
excellent for controlling trade 
routes and capturing Islands was

4751
04:07:29,800 --> 04:07:32,700
less useful for fighting a land 
war against people who knew the 

4752
04:07:32,708 --> 04:07:35,200
terrain and had the support of 
the local population. 

4753
04:07:36,200 --> 04:07:39,200
You could control the coasts, 
the controling, the interior, 

4754
04:07:39,200 --> 04:07:41,000
required different tactics, 
entirely. 

4755
04:07:42,300 --> 04:07:44,800
The loss of the American 
colonies was Britain's first. 

4756
04:07:44,800 --> 04:07:47,600
Major Imperial setback, but it 
wouldn't be the last. 

4757
04:07:47,600 --> 04:07:51,500
The lesson was clear Empires 
built on Naval power and 

4758
04:07:51,500 --> 04:07:53,200
Commercial Advantage, were 
vulnerable. 

4759
04:07:53,200 --> 04:07:56,500
When local populations decided 
they no longer wanted to be 

4760
04:07:56,500 --> 04:07:59,500
governed by distant foreigners, 
no matter how powerful those 

4761
04:07:59,500 --> 04:08:02,200
foreigners might be at Sea. 
After losing the American 

4762
04:08:02,200 --> 04:08:05,000
colonies, Britain was hurt and 
embarrassed, but determined to 

4763
04:08:05,000 --> 04:08:06,400
prove, they could do better 
elsewhere. 

4764
04:08:06,400 --> 04:08:10,100
They were lucky to have India, 
which was becoming their most 

4765
04:08:10,100 --> 04:08:13,800
lucrative relationship, even if 
it was unexpectedly complex. 

4766
04:08:14,600 --> 04:08:18,900
By the 1800s, calling India, the
jewel in the crown wasn't just 

4767
04:08:18,900 --> 04:08:21,600
poetic language, it was an 
economic reality. 

4768
04:08:22,500 --> 04:08:25,300
The wealth flowing from the 
subcontinent was extraordinary 

4769
04:08:25,300 --> 04:08:30,700
cotton spices tea, opium and 
manufactured goods were 

4770
04:08:30,700 --> 04:08:33,100
generating revenues that made 
Britain, one of the wealthiest 

4771
04:08:33,100 --> 04:08:36,900
Nations on Earth but this wealth
came with responsibility and 

4772
04:08:36,900 --> 04:08:40,500
complications that nobody had 
really planned for the thing 

4773
04:08:40,500 --> 04:08:43,500
about governing 300 million 
people across the subcontinent 

4774
04:08:43,500 --> 04:08:47,600
is that its incredibly complex. 
Your managing people who speak 

4775
04:08:47,600 --> 04:08:51,200
dozens of different languages, 
followed different religions and

4776
04:08:51,200 --> 04:08:53,900
have centuries of complicated 
relationships with each other 

4777
04:08:53,900 --> 04:08:56,400
and you're expected to make a 
profit while doing it. 

4778
04:08:57,200 --> 04:09:00,200
East India Company, had grown 
from a trading organization into

4779
04:09:00,200 --> 04:09:02,900
essentially, a parallel 
government complete with its own

4780
04:09:02,900 --> 04:09:07,100
armies, tax systems and legal 
codes company officials lived, 

4781
04:09:07,100 --> 04:09:10,400
lavishly building, elaborate 
mansions, and hosting parties 

4782
04:09:10,400 --> 04:09:12,100
that would have impressed 
European royalty. 

4783
04:09:13,000 --> 04:09:16,200
But they were also dealing with 
famines rebellions and the 

4784
04:09:16,200 --> 04:09:18,500
constant challenge of 
maintaining control over 

4785
04:09:18,500 --> 04:09:20,600
territories larger than most 
European countries. 

4786
04:09:21,500 --> 04:09:24,700
The Indian rebellion of 1857 
served as a significant 

4787
04:09:24,700 --> 04:09:27,800
Awakening. 
A mutiny among Indian soldiers, 

4788
04:09:27,800 --> 04:09:31,100
escalated into a wide-spread 
Uprising throughout Northern 

4789
04:09:31,100 --> 04:09:33,400
India. 
Thereby forcing the company to 

4790
04:09:33,400 --> 04:09:36,800
fight for his own Survival, The 
immediate trigger was rumors 

4791
04:09:36,800 --> 04:09:38,800
about ammunition. 
Cartridges, being greased with 

4792
04:09:38,808 --> 04:09:42,600
cow and pig fat, the fence of 
both Hindu and Muslim soldiers. 

4793
04:09:42,600 --> 04:09:46,600
But the real cause is went much 
deeper the company had been 

4794
04:09:46,600 --> 04:09:49,600
gradually taking over more and 
more aspects of Indian life 

4795
04:09:49,600 --> 04:09:53,600
raise in taxes, changing, 
traditional arrangements and 

4796
04:09:53,600 --> 04:09:56,300
generally making life more 
difficult for local populations 

4797
04:09:56,300 --> 04:10:00,100
while getting richer themselves.
Eventually the changes created 

4798
04:10:00,100 --> 04:10:02,300
enough resentment to explode 
into open Rebellion. 

4799
04:10:03,100 --> 04:10:06,300
The rebellion was brutal on both
sides, the atrocities that 

4800
04:10:06,300 --> 04:10:08,700
shocked, even people accustomed 
to Colonial violence. 

4801
04:10:09,500 --> 04:10:11,900
When British forces. 
Finally regained control the 

4802
04:10:11,900 --> 04:10:14,600
response was Swift and decisive 
East. 

4803
04:10:14,600 --> 04:10:17,300
India Company was dissolved and 
the British government took 

4804
04:10:17,300 --> 04:10:20,800
Direct Control of India. 
Someone responsible needed to 

4805
04:10:20,800 --> 04:10:23,600
take charge. 
The new Arrangement known as the

4806
04:10:23,600 --> 04:10:26,400
British, Raj was supposed to be 
more professional and less 

4807
04:10:26,400 --> 04:10:29,600
extractive than company rule. 
The idea was that government 

4808
04:10:29,600 --> 04:10:33,200
officials unlike company 
employees were prioritized 

4809
04:10:33,200 --> 04:10:35,100
beneficial governance over pure 
profit. 

4810
04:10:36,000 --> 04:10:38,700
In practice, it was more a 
change in management structure 

4811
04:10:38,700 --> 04:10:41,600
than a fundamental reform of a 
system designed to benefit 

4812
04:10:41,600 --> 04:10:43,800
outside as the expense of 
locals. 

4813
04:10:44,700 --> 04:10:47,300
This period saw the construction
of massive infrastructure 

4814
04:10:47,300 --> 04:10:51,400
projects, Railways telegraphs, 
irrigation systems and 

4815
04:10:51,400 --> 04:10:54,200
administrative buildings that 
still got the Indian landscape 

4816
04:10:54,200 --> 04:10:57,200
today. 
The British built these not out 

4817
04:10:57,200 --> 04:11:00,300
of altruism but because of 
effective extraction requires 

4818
04:11:00,300 --> 04:11:03,600
effective infrastructure. 
Better roads, and Railways, made

4819
04:11:03,600 --> 04:11:06,000
everything work more 
efficiently, but the primary 

4820
04:11:06,000 --> 04:11:09,300
beneficiary was still Britain. 
The railway system perfectly 

4821
04:11:09,300 --> 04:11:12,200
demonstrates. 
This Dynamic by 1900. 

4822
04:11:12,200 --> 04:11:15,200
India had one of the largest 
railway networks in the world, 

4823
04:11:15,200 --> 04:11:19,300
which was genuinely impressive 
and useful trains connected 

4824
04:11:19,300 --> 04:11:22,900
remote regions for facilitated 
trade and made travel easier for

4825
04:11:22,900 --> 04:11:25,600
millions of people. 
But the network was designed 

4826
04:11:25,600 --> 04:11:29,200
primarily to move raw materials,
from the interior to Coastal 

4827
04:11:29,200 --> 04:11:33,200
ports, and finished goods from 
ports to markets a pattern that 

4828
04:11:33,200 --> 04:11:36,600
benefited British manufacturers,
much more than Indian once. 

4829
04:11:37,300 --> 04:11:39,100
Imperial wealth was 
simultaneously. 

4830
04:11:39,100 --> 04:11:43,300
Transforming British Society. 
Bengali fortunes enabled, the 

4831
04:11:43,300 --> 04:11:46,100
construction of Grand mansions 
in the countryside. 

4832
04:11:46,100 --> 04:11:49,400
Entire families could live 
comfortably on the pensions of 

4833
04:11:49,400 --> 04:11:53,400
relatives, who'd served in 
India, Indian textiles foods and

4834
04:11:53,408 --> 04:11:55,500
ideas were influencing British 
culture. 

4835
04:11:55,500 --> 04:11:59,400
Despite Britain, maintaining 
strict hierarchies that kept 

4836
04:11:59,400 --> 04:12:01,700
Indians subordinate within their
own country. 

4837
04:12:01,700 --> 04:12:05,700
Everyone recognized the irony 
British officials in India, 

4838
04:12:05,700 --> 04:12:08,300
lived in luxury, while promoting
the civilizing mission of 

4839
04:12:08,300 --> 04:12:10,700
Empire. 
Whereas back in Britain in 

4840
04:12:10,700 --> 04:12:13,100
industrial cities were filled 
with workers enduring 

4841
04:12:13,100 --> 04:12:15,900
conditions, often worse than 
those faced by many Indians. 

4842
04:12:17,200 --> 04:12:19,900
The wealth that made Britain a 
global power was unevenly 

4843
04:12:19,900 --> 04:12:21,900
distributed, even among the 
British themselves. 

4844
04:12:23,000 --> 04:12:25,400
But perhaps the most significant
long-term impact was 

4845
04:12:25,400 --> 04:12:28,400
educational. 
The British introduced English 

4846
04:12:28,400 --> 04:12:31,500
language education partly to 
create a class of Indians who 

4847
04:12:31,500 --> 04:12:34,300
could serve as intermediaries 
between British administrators 

4848
04:12:34,300 --> 04:12:37,900
and the local population. the 
unintended consequence was 

4849
04:12:37,900 --> 04:12:40,900
creating a generation of Indian 
intellectuals who could read 

4850
04:12:40,900 --> 04:12:44,200
British political philosophy, 
including ideas about democracy 

4851
04:12:44,200 --> 04:12:48,800
in individual rights and 
self-governance This educated 

4852
04:12:48,800 --> 04:12:50,900
class began to ask uncomfortable
questions. 

4853
04:12:50,900 --> 04:12:54,000
If these principles were 
beneficial enough for Britain. 

4854
04:12:54,000 --> 04:12:56,400
Why weren't they beneficial 
enough for India? 

4855
04:12:57,000 --> 04:13:00,400
Ironically the British was 
sowing the seeds of Independence

4856
04:13:00,400 --> 04:13:02,100
through the very educational 
system. 

4857
04:13:02,100 --> 04:13:05,300
They had established to enhance 
the effectiveness of their rule 

4858
04:13:05,300 --> 04:13:08,300
by the mid-1800s. 
Britain had achieved something 

4859
04:13:08,300 --> 04:13:12,000
unprecedented in human history. 
They had become so globally 

4860
04:13:12,000 --> 04:13:14,500
dominant that they were 
essentially playing geopolitics 

4861
04:13:14,500 --> 04:13:17,600
alone at the top. 
For Success, brought its own 

4862
04:13:17,608 --> 04:13:20,100
problems. 
When you're the World's dominant

4863
04:13:20,100 --> 04:13:23,100
power, everyone else starts 
looking for ways to knock you 

4864
04:13:23,100 --> 04:13:26,500
down, enter Russia with all the 
subtlety of a freight train. 

4865
04:13:27,800 --> 04:13:31,000
The Russians were expanding 
south and east theatrically 

4866
04:13:31,000 --> 04:13:32,600
acquiring Central Asian 
territories. 

4867
04:13:33,700 --> 04:13:36,800
From Britain's perspective, such
activity, was deeply concerning 

4868
04:13:36,800 --> 04:13:40,100
because Russian expansion taught
Afghanistan met Russian 

4869
04:13:40,100 --> 04:13:42,500
expansion. 
Toured India, a nobody was 

4870
04:13:42,500 --> 04:13:44,300
allowed to threaten the jewel in
the crown. 

4871
04:13:45,600 --> 04:13:48,500
Thus began what Rudyard Kipling 
called the great game. 

4872
04:13:48,500 --> 04:13:52,000
A decade's long strategic 
competition between Britain and 

4873
04:13:52,008 --> 04:13:54,700
Russia that played out across 
some of the most inhospitable 

4874
04:13:54,700 --> 04:13:57,300
terrain on Earth. 
It was expensive. 

4875
04:13:57,300 --> 04:14:01,200
Dangerous, geopolitics with real
consequences measured in 

4876
04:14:01,200 --> 04:14:03,600
Empires. 
The problem was geography. 

4877
04:14:03,600 --> 04:14:06,800
The distance between Russian 
territory and British in India 

4878
04:14:06,800 --> 04:14:10,000
was filled with mountains, 
deserts, and tribal territories 

4879
04:14:10,000 --> 04:14:14,600
that nobody really controlled 
Afghanistan was the key piece. 

4880
04:14:14,600 --> 04:14:17,400
Whoever controlled Afghanistan. 
Could threaten India. 

4881
04:14:18,200 --> 04:14:20,900
Afghanistan Had An Inconvenient 
habit of being completely 

4882
04:14:20,900 --> 04:14:26,500
unconquerable. 
First Afghan war 1839 to 1842 

4883
04:14:26,500 --> 04:14:30,200
was Britain's attempt to install
a friendly ruler in Kabul and it

4884
04:14:30,200 --> 04:14:34,000
went disastrously wrong. 
The plan involved marching an 

4885
04:14:34,000 --> 04:14:37,000
army through mountain passes to 
impose a government on people 

4886
04:14:37,000 --> 04:14:40,800
who really didn't want one. 
The Retreat from Kabul became 

4887
04:14:40,800 --> 04:14:44,300
legendary for all the wrong 
reasons of the roughly 16,000 

4888
04:14:44,300 --> 04:14:47,600
people who began the retreat. 
Only one British officer made it

4889
04:14:47,600 --> 04:14:50,800
back to tell the story. 
It was a military disaster that 

4890
04:14:50,800 --> 04:14:53,400
should have made everyone 
reconsider their entire approach

4891
04:14:53,400 --> 04:14:55,600
to foreign policy. 
But here's the thing about 

4892
04:14:55,600 --> 04:14:58,000
Imperial momentum. 
Once you're committed to 

4893
04:14:58,000 --> 04:15:00,700
defending everywhere, you can't 
really afford to look weak 

4894
04:15:00,700 --> 04:15:04,300
anyway. 
So, despite the Afghanistan kept

4895
04:15:04,300 --> 04:15:07,500
expanding building Naval bases, 
signing treaties, with local 

4896
04:15:07,500 --> 04:15:10,600
rulers, and getting drawn into 
conflicts, that seem to multiply

4897
04:15:10,600 --> 04:15:16,300
endlessly. 
In war 1853 to 1856 was 

4898
04:15:16,300 --> 04:15:19,000
officially presented as a 
conflict, to protect the Ottoman

4899
04:15:19,000 --> 04:15:23,000
Empire from Russian expansion. 
However, its Trooper purpose was

4900
04:15:23,000 --> 04:15:25,800
to maintain the balance of power
that secured britons Global 

4901
04:15:25,800 --> 04:15:28,200
position. 
Fighting in the Crimean. 

4902
04:15:28,200 --> 04:15:31,200
Peninsula was difficult and 
messy, and nobody looked 

4903
04:15:31,200 --> 04:15:34,400
particularly competent. 
This was also the war that 

4904
04:15:34,408 --> 04:15:38,000
introduced the world to Florence
Nightingale and modern nursing 

4905
04:15:38,000 --> 04:15:41,200
which tells you something about 
how badly things were going. 

4906
04:15:41,200 --> 04:15:44,100
That the most memorable outcome 
was improvements in medical care

4907
04:15:44,100 --> 04:15:47,900
for wounded soldiers. 
The Charge of the Light Brigade 

4908
04:15:47,900 --> 04:15:51,900
became famous poetry, but it was
famous because 600 Cavalry, 

4909
04:15:51,900 --> 04:15:55,200
charging directly into Canon 
fire was such a spectacular, 

4910
04:15:55,200 --> 04:15:58,300
example of military. 
Incompetence that people 

4911
04:15:58,300 --> 04:16:02,000
couldn't stop talking about it. 
Meanwhile, the cost of 

4912
04:16:02,000 --> 04:16:04,700
maintaining the global Empire 
was becoming astronomical 

4913
04:16:05,600 --> 04:16:09,000
Britain's Imperial commitments 
were accumulating steadily and 

4914
04:16:09,000 --> 04:16:12,600
each one required its Army in 
Navy to maintain the Royal Navy 

4915
04:16:12,600 --> 04:16:15,600
alone was larger than the next 
two navies combined and 

4916
04:16:15,600 --> 04:16:18,800
maintaining that Supremacy meant
constantly building new ships to

4917
04:16:18,800 --> 04:16:20,300
keep up with technological 
advances. 

4918
04:16:21,500 --> 04:16:24,800
When Ironclad warships replaced,
wooden ones, Britain had to 

4919
04:16:24,800 --> 04:16:28,300
replace its entire fleet. 
When steam power became 

4920
04:16:28,300 --> 04:16:30,800
standard, they had to build 
cooling stations around the 

4921
04:16:30,800 --> 04:16:33,100
world. 
It was a never-ending cycle of 

4922
04:16:33,100 --> 04:16:36,400
expensive upgrades on land. 
Britain was maintaining 

4923
04:16:36,400 --> 04:16:39,400
Garrison's from Gibraltar to 
Hong Kong and each Garrison 

4924
04:16:39,400 --> 04:16:41,900
needed supplies reinforcements 
and local support. 

4925
04:16:42,700 --> 04:16:45,800
The logistics of empire were 
mind-boggling coordinating 

4926
04:16:45,800 --> 04:16:48,200
military operations across 
multiple time zones. 

4927
04:16:48,200 --> 04:16:50,900
When you're fastest, 
communication was still limited 

4928
04:16:50,900 --> 04:16:52,600
by the speed of telegraph 
cables. 

4929
04:16:52,600 --> 04:16:55,600
That could be cut by anyone with
determination and basic tools. 

4930
04:16:56,500 --> 04:16:59,300
When local populations decided 
they'd had enough of foreign 

4931
04:16:59,300 --> 04:17:02,500
rule, the Indian Mutiny had. 
Demonstrated, how quickly things

4932
04:17:02,500 --> 04:17:05,100
could go wrong? 
Every British colony now, needs 

4933
04:17:05,100 --> 04:17:08,400
enough troops to maintain order 
but not so many that the cost 

4934
04:17:08,400 --> 04:17:11,500
becomes prohibitive. 
It was a delicate balance that 

4935
04:17:11,500 --> 04:17:16,000
required constant attention and 
enormous resources back home 

4936
04:17:16,000 --> 04:17:19,500
British Society was dealing with
the contradictions of empire in 

4937
04:17:19,500 --> 04:17:23,200
increasingly uncomfortable ways.
While the wealth from India and 

4938
04:17:23,200 --> 04:17:25,000
other colonies funded British 
Prosperity. 

4939
04:17:25,000 --> 04:17:28,400
It also raised moral questions 
that were difficult to dismiss 

4940
04:17:29,500 --> 04:17:32,700
How do you reconcile believe in 
Liberty and Justice with ruling 

4941
04:17:32,700 --> 04:17:36,000
over 100s of millions of people?
But no say in their governments.

4942
04:17:36,700 --> 04:17:39,300
Some British intellectuals can 
convince themselves that Empire 

4943
04:17:39,300 --> 04:17:41,200
was actually beneficial for 
colonized. 

4944
04:17:41,200 --> 04:17:44,200
People's a civilizing mission 
that brought progress in 

4945
04:17:44,200 --> 04:17:46,000
Enlightenment to backward 
societies. 

4946
04:17:47,000 --> 04:17:49,700
Others were more honest about 
the economic motivation, but 

4947
04:17:49,700 --> 04:17:52,000
argued that the benefits justify
the costs. 

4948
04:17:52,800 --> 04:17:55,600
Still others, began questioning 
whether the whole entire prize 

4949
04:17:55,608 --> 04:17:58,600
was sustainable or ethical. 
These debates were mostly 

4950
04:17:58,600 --> 04:18:01,700
academic for ordinary British 
people who enjoyed Imperial 

4951
04:18:01,700 --> 04:18:04,400
Prosperity without having to 
think too deeply about where it 

4952
04:18:04,400 --> 04:18:07,500
came from. 
They were becoming very real for

4953
04:18:07,500 --> 04:18:11,000
the growing number of educated. 
Indians Africans and others who 

4954
04:18:11,000 --> 04:18:13,900
are beginning to organize and 
demand changes to the Colonial 

4955
04:18:13,900 --> 04:18:17,000
system by 1900. 
Britain's Empire covered roughly

4956
04:18:17,000 --> 04:18:20,600
a quarter of the earth's land 
surface and ruled over 400 

4957
04:18:20,600 --> 04:18:23,300
million people. 
Which sounds impressive, Until 

4958
04:18:23,300 --> 04:18:25,900
you realize that managing that 
many people across, that much 

4959
04:18:25,900 --> 04:18:30,100
territory was extraordinarily 
difficult trying to conduct an 

4960
04:18:30,100 --> 04:18:32,200
orchestra where half the 
musicians are in different 

4961
04:18:32,200 --> 04:18:34,200
buildings and none of them can 
hear the conductor. 

4962
04:18:35,000 --> 04:18:38,000
The first major crack in the 
Imperial facade came from an 

4963
04:18:38,000 --> 04:18:41,100
unexpected Direction. 
White settlers in South Africa 

4964
04:18:41,100 --> 04:18:42,800
who had the audacity to fight 
back. 

4965
04:18:43,700 --> 04:18:47,800
The bore War. 1899 to 1902 was 
supposed to be a quick 

4966
04:18:47,800 --> 04:18:51,000
demonstration of British power, 
but it turned into a grinding 

4967
04:18:51,000 --> 04:18:53,600
conflict that revealed some 
uncomfortable truths about 

4968
04:18:53,600 --> 04:18:56,800
Imperial Warfare. 
Fighting Dutch farmers who knew 

4969
04:18:56,800 --> 04:18:59,300
the terrain and had good rifles 
turned out to be much harder 

4970
04:18:59,300 --> 04:19:02,700
than anyone had anticipated. 
The British response was to 

4971
04:19:02,700 --> 04:19:06,000
invent concentration camps, not 
the Nazi death camps but the 

4972
04:19:06,008 --> 04:19:09,300
original version of Civilian 
populations were confined to 

4973
04:19:09,300 --> 04:19:12,200
control guerrilla warfare. 
It worked from a military 

4974
04:19:12,200 --> 04:19:16,100
standpoint but the international
criticism was severe and Lacoste

4975
04:19:16,100 --> 04:19:18,300
was enormous. 
Britain spent more money 

4976
04:19:18,300 --> 04:19:21,000
fighting a few thousand four 
Farmers than late spent on most 

4977
04:19:21,000 --> 04:19:25,000
previous colonial wars combined.
More troubling was what the war 

4978
04:19:25,000 --> 04:19:26,800
revealed about British Society 
itself. 

4979
04:19:27,700 --> 04:19:30,700
Physical examinations of army 
recruits showed that a shocking 

4980
04:19:30,700 --> 04:19:33,600
percentage of young British, men
were unfit for military service,

4981
04:19:33,600 --> 04:19:37,400
malnourished diseased, and 
physically underdeveloped. 

4982
04:19:38,100 --> 04:19:40,500
The empire was so busy 
extracting well from other 

4983
04:19:40,500 --> 04:19:43,100
countries that had a neglected, 
the health of its own 

4984
04:19:43,100 --> 04:19:45,700
population. 
World War one was supposed to 

4985
04:19:45,700 --> 04:19:48,800
demonstrate the Empire's, 
strength and unity and in some 

4986
04:19:48,808 --> 04:19:51,500
ways it did. 
Troops from India, Canada, 

4987
04:19:51,500 --> 04:19:55,300
Australia, New Zealand, and 
South Africa, fought alongside 

4988
04:19:55,300 --> 04:19:58,100
British forces. 
And the combined Imperial effort

4989
04:19:58,100 --> 04:20:01,700
was genuinely impressive. 
But the war also accelerated 

4990
04:20:01,700 --> 04:20:04,700
changes that would ultimately 
undermine Imperial Authority. 

4991
04:20:05,500 --> 04:20:08,600
The thing about asking people to
die for your cause is that it 

4992
04:20:08,608 --> 04:20:11,000
gives them certain moral 
authority to question it 

4993
04:20:11,000 --> 04:20:13,600
afterward. 
In Indian soldiers who fought in

4994
04:20:13,608 --> 04:20:16,600
Europe and Mesopotamia returned,
home with New Perspectives on 

4995
04:20:16,600 --> 04:20:19,500
British power, a new 
expectations about political 

4996
04:20:19,500 --> 04:20:21,800
rights. 
It's difficult to tell someone 

4997
04:20:21,800 --> 04:20:23,800
they're not ready for 
self-governance after they've 

4998
04:20:23,800 --> 04:20:26,000
spent four years fighting 
Germans in the trenches. 

4999
04:20:26,800 --> 04:20:29,400
Economic cost of world war one 
was staggering. 

5000
04:20:29,400 --> 04:20:32,200
Britain went from being the 
world's largest creditor to 

5001
04:20:32,208 --> 04:20:35,000
being deeply in debt, 
particularly to the United 

5002
04:20:35,000 --> 04:20:36,800
States. 
Running. 

5003
04:20:36,800 --> 04:20:40,000
A global Empire is expensive 
under the best circumstances but

5004
04:20:40,000 --> 04:20:42,400
trying to do it while 
simultaneously fighting the most

5005
04:20:42,400 --> 04:20:45,800
destructive war in human history
was financially devastating. 

5006
04:20:46,700 --> 04:20:49,300
The interwar period saw Britain 
trying to maintain Imperial 

5007
04:20:49,300 --> 04:20:52,200
prestige on a reduced budget 
which worked about as well as 

5008
04:20:52,200 --> 04:20:54,800
you'd expect. 
Although the government of India

5009
04:20:54,800 --> 04:20:58,600
Act of 1919 promised Indians 
greater self-governance, its 

5010
04:20:58,600 --> 04:21:02,000
actual reforms were so limited 
that they fail to satisfy almost

5011
04:21:02,000 --> 04:21:05,500
anyone. 
Meanwhile a lawyer named Gandhi 

5012
04:21:05,500 --> 04:21:08,600
was developing new methods of 
resistance that was specifically

5013
04:21:08,600 --> 04:21:11,400
designed to make British rule 
look illegitimate and brutal 

5014
04:21:11,400 --> 04:21:13,700
Gandhi's. 
Genius was understanding that 

5015
04:21:13,700 --> 04:21:17,700
the moral Foundation of empire 
was already shaking Most British

5016
04:21:17,700 --> 04:21:20,000
people wanted to believe they 
were governing other countries 

5017
04:21:20,000 --> 04:21:23,000
for those countries benefit not 
just for British profit. 

5018
04:21:23,900 --> 04:21:25,400
By organizing peaceful 
resistance. 

5019
04:21:25,400 --> 04:21:28,500
That provoked, violent 
responses, Gandhi, made it 

5020
04:21:28,500 --> 04:21:30,600
impossible to maintain that 
comfortable fiction. 

5021
04:21:31,500 --> 04:21:34,500
When British authorities beat 
peaceful protesters with clubs 

5022
04:21:34,500 --> 04:21:38,100
or opened fire on unarmed crowds
the civilizing. 

5023
04:21:38,100 --> 04:21:41,000
Mission started looking more 
like organized theft. 

5024
04:21:42,100 --> 04:21:45,500
In many ways, World War Two, was
Britain's greatest achievement. 

5025
04:21:46,300 --> 04:21:49,800
Standing alone against Nazi, 
Germany in 1940 required, 

5026
04:21:49,800 --> 04:21:51,700
genuine, courage, and 
determination. 

5027
04:21:53,100 --> 04:21:56,000
But fighting that war required 
mobilizing every possible 

5028
04:21:56,000 --> 04:21:59,500
resource including the Empire's 
and it became increasingly 

5029
04:21:59,500 --> 04:22:03,500
difficult to justify denying 
political rights to people whose

5030
04:22:03,500 --> 04:22:05,600
contributions were essential to 
British survival. 

5031
04:22:07,000 --> 04:22:10,300
The Bengal Famine of 1943, which
killed between two and three 

5032
04:22:10,300 --> 04:22:12,500
million. 
People was a particularly dark 

5033
04:22:12,500 --> 04:22:15,100
moment while Britain was 
fighting for freedom and 

5034
04:22:15,108 --> 04:22:17,600
democracy. 
In Europe Imperial policies were

5035
04:22:17,600 --> 04:22:19,500
contributing to mass starvation 
in India. 

5036
04:22:20,400 --> 04:22:23,000
Its challenging to maintain that
your fighting for Universal 

5037
04:22:23,000 --> 04:22:26,000
human rights while 
simultaneously presiding over 

5038
04:22:26,000 --> 04:22:28,800
preventable famine in your most 
important colony. 

5039
04:22:29,900 --> 04:22:34,100
By 1945 Britain had won the war 
but lost the economic foundation

5040
04:22:34,100 --> 04:22:37,700
of the empire. 
The country was exhausted broke 

5041
04:22:37,700 --> 04:22:41,800
and dependent on American Aid. 
The Royal Navy which had been 

5042
04:22:41,808 --> 04:22:45,300
the backbone of Imperial power 
for centuries was increasingly 

5043
04:22:45,300 --> 04:22:48,000
obsolete, in an age of airpower 
and nuclear weapons. 

5044
04:22:48,900 --> 04:22:51,300
Maintaining global Military 
Supremacy was no longer 

5045
04:22:51,300 --> 04:22:54,000
affordable and frankly no longer
possible. 

5046
04:22:55,500 --> 04:22:57,000
The people running Britain, 
weren't stupid. 

5047
04:22:57,000 --> 04:23:00,600
They could see that the old 
system was unsustainable, the 

5048
04:23:00,600 --> 04:23:03,300
question wasn't whether to end 
the Empire, but how to do it in 

5049
04:23:03,300 --> 04:23:06,500
a way that preserved British 
influence and prevented complete

5050
04:23:06,500 --> 04:23:10,400
chaos in former colonies. some 
British politicians hope they 

5051
04:23:10,400 --> 04:23:13,600
could transition to a new kind 
of relationship informal 

5052
04:23:13,600 --> 04:23:16,900
influence instead of formal 
control economic Partnerships, 

5053
04:23:16,900 --> 04:23:20,500
instead of colonial extraction 
The idea was to maintain the 

5054
04:23:20,500 --> 04:23:23,800
benefits of Empire without the 
costs and moral complications of

5055
04:23:23,800 --> 04:23:26,900
direct rule. 
It was an attractive Theory but 

5056
04:23:26,900 --> 04:23:29,100
it assumed that newly 
independent countries would want

5057
04:23:29,100 --> 04:23:32,000
to maintain close ties with 
their former Colonial Masters 

5058
04:23:32,000 --> 04:23:33,800
which turned out to be 
questionable. 

5059
04:23:33,800 --> 04:23:36,100
The end of the British Empire 
wasn't sudden. 

5060
04:23:36,100 --> 04:23:38,900
It was more a very long, very 
complicated process involving 

5061
04:23:38,900 --> 04:23:43,400
dozens of countries of treaties 
and countless opportunities for 

5062
04:23:43,400 --> 04:23:45,200
things to go spectacularly 
wrong. 

5063
04:23:46,000 --> 04:23:49,000
Britain had spent centuries 
acquiring territories giving 

5064
04:23:49,000 --> 04:23:51,400
them back with proved to be 
almost as challenging as taking 

5065
04:23:51,400 --> 04:23:54,400
them in the first place. 
In India's independence, in 

5066
04:23:54,400 --> 04:23:58,400
1947, was both the inevitable 
beginning of the end and a case 

5067
04:23:58,408 --> 04:24:01,200
study in how decolonization 
could go horribly wrong. 

5068
04:24:01,200 --> 04:24:04,700
Despite everyone's best 
intentional partition, the 

5069
04:24:04,700 --> 04:24:08,200
division of British India into 
India, and Pakistan was supposed

5070
04:24:08,200 --> 04:24:09,600
to solve. 
The problem of religious 

5071
04:24:09,600 --> 04:24:11,700
tensions between Hindus and 
Muslims. 

5072
04:24:11,700 --> 04:24:15,600
Instead, he created one of the 
largest forced migration in 

5073
04:24:15,600 --> 04:24:18,200
human history. 
With millions of people fleeing 

5074
04:24:18,200 --> 04:24:22,100
their homes and somewhere 
between 200,000 and 2 million 

5075
04:24:22,100 --> 04:24:24,200
people dying in communal 
violence. 

5076
04:24:25,100 --> 04:24:27,800
The British government's role in
Partition was problematic. 

5077
04:24:28,500 --> 04:24:31,700
Lord mountbatten the last 
Viceroy of India was given the 

5078
04:24:31,708 --> 04:24:34,400
impossible task of drawing 
borders, that would satisfy 

5079
04:24:34,400 --> 04:24:37,200
everyone. 
Which was roughly equivalent to 

5080
04:24:37,200 --> 04:24:40,700
being asked to divide a pizza in
a way that makes everyone happy 

5081
04:24:40,700 --> 04:24:43,700
when some people want pepperoni 
and others are vegetarian. 

5082
04:24:45,300 --> 04:24:47,500
The irony is that Britain's 
departure from India was 

5083
04:24:47,500 --> 04:24:50,800
probably about 50 years, too 
late to be graceful and about 

5084
04:24:50,800 --> 04:24:52,900
five years to early to be 
properly planned. 

5085
04:24:53,900 --> 04:24:57,400
By 1947 British Authority had 
already collapsed in much of the

5086
04:24:57,400 --> 04:25:00,900
subcontinent, but the timeline 
for Independence was so rushed 

5087
04:25:00,900 --> 04:25:03,900
that nobody had time to work out
the Practical details of 

5088
04:25:03,900 --> 04:25:05,800
creating two new nations from 
scratch. 

5089
04:25:06,700 --> 04:25:09,500
Meanwhile other regions of the 
empire were coming to similar 

5090
04:25:09,500 --> 04:25:12,300
conclusions about British rule. 
All be at through, different 

5091
04:25:12,300 --> 04:25:15,800
means in Palestine. 
Britain found itself, trying to 

5092
04:25:15,800 --> 04:25:18,600
balance promises made to the 
Jewish and Harry Potter 

5093
04:25:18,600 --> 04:25:21,600
population's while dealing with 
increasingly violent resistance 

5094
04:25:21,600 --> 04:25:24,900
from both sides. 
The solution was to give up and 

5095
04:25:24,900 --> 04:25:27,800
hand the problem over to the 
newly created United Nation's, 

5096
04:25:27,800 --> 04:25:30,000
which worked about as well as 
you'd expect. 

5097
04:25:31,500 --> 04:25:35,100
Suez Crisis of 1956 was the 
moment when Britain discovered, 

5098
04:25:35,100 --> 04:25:38,200
that being a former superpower 
means you still think you 

5099
04:25:38,200 --> 04:25:41,200
deserve special treatment. 
But nobody else agrees. 

5100
04:25:42,200 --> 04:25:45,200
When Egypt nationalized, the 
Suez Canal, Britain and France, 

5101
04:25:45,200 --> 04:25:48,200
invaded to retake it assuming 
they could still act 

5102
04:25:48,200 --> 04:25:51,700
unilaterally on the world stage.
The United States, essentially 

5103
04:25:51,700 --> 04:25:54,700
told them to sit down and behave
themselves, and Britain 

5104
04:25:54,700 --> 04:25:57,800
discovered that their special 
relationship with America didn't

5105
04:25:57,800 --> 04:26:01,300
include permission to start wars
without asking first The 

5106
04:26:01,300 --> 04:26:04,200
humiliation of Suez marked the 
psychological end of Empire, 

5107
04:26:04,200 --> 04:26:07,300
even though formal 
decolonization would continue 

5108
04:26:07,300 --> 04:26:09,800
for decades. 
Britain could no longer pretend 

5109
04:26:09,800 --> 04:26:11,200
to be an independent Global 
power. 

5110
04:26:11,200 --> 04:26:14,800
They were now a regional power 
with global interests, the 

5111
04:26:14,800 --> 04:26:18,400
process of decolonization 
accelerated through the 1960s 

5112
04:26:18,400 --> 04:26:21,500
with African territories, 
gaining independence and Rapid 

5113
04:26:21,500 --> 04:26:24,500
succession. 
Some transitions were relatively

5114
04:26:24,500 --> 04:26:27,700
smooth. 
Gianna's Independence in 1957 

5115
04:26:27,700 --> 04:26:31,000
was managed by Kwame. 
In Kumar who had been educated 

5116
04:26:31,000 --> 04:26:34,300
in British universities and 
understood how to work within 

5117
04:26:34,300 --> 04:26:38,400
British political systems, 
others like Kenya experience, 

5118
04:26:38,400 --> 04:26:43,100
brutal conflicts, that left 
lasting scars on both sides, The

5119
04:26:43,100 --> 04:26:45,500
challenge for Britain was 
figuring out what came next 

5120
04:26:45,500 --> 04:26:49,000
having spent centuries telling 
themselves that they governed 

5121
04:26:49,000 --> 04:26:50,600
other countries for those 
countries benefit. 

5122
04:26:50,600 --> 04:26:53,200
How do you maintain any 
influence? 

5123
04:26:53,200 --> 04:26:55,700
Once those countries are free to
choose their relationships. 

5124
04:26:56,400 --> 04:26:59,300
The answer was the Commonwealth 
of voluntary Association of 

5125
04:26:59,300 --> 04:27:01,800
Former colonies that would 
maintain cultural and economic 

5126
04:27:01,800 --> 04:27:05,300
ties with Britain. 
The Commonwealth was an attempt 

5127
04:27:05,300 --> 04:27:08,800
to preserve relationships after 
the formal Empire ended some 

5128
04:27:08,800 --> 04:27:11,600
countries such as Canada and 
Australia were pleased to 

5129
04:27:11,608 --> 04:27:15,400
maintain close ties, others, 
such as Ireland, wanted nothing 

5130
04:27:15,400 --> 04:27:18,200
to do with Britain Beyond basic 
diplomatic relations. 

5131
04:27:19,000 --> 04:27:20,200
Still. 
Others had more complex 

5132
04:27:20,200 --> 04:27:22,900
relationships that varied 
depending on who was in charge 

5133
04:27:22,900 --> 04:27:24,100
and what Britain had done 
lately. 

5134
04:27:24,900 --> 04:27:29,500
By the 1970s, the transformation
was largely complete Britain had

5135
04:27:29,500 --> 04:27:32,000
gone from ruling a quarter of 
the world to being a 

5136
04:27:32,000 --> 04:27:35,200
medium-sized European country 
with some overseas territories 

5137
04:27:35,200 --> 04:27:39,300
and a lot of historical baggage.
Economic benefits of Empire, had

5138
04:27:39,300 --> 04:27:42,600
been replaced by the cost of 
managing decline, dealing with 

5139
04:27:42,600 --> 04:27:45,900
immigration, from former 
colonies, maintaining expensive 

5140
04:27:45,900 --> 04:27:49,000
military commitments that no 
longer served clear purposes and

5141
04:27:49,000 --> 04:27:51,600
figuring out Britain's role in a
world where they were no longer 

5142
04:27:51,600 --> 04:27:55,300
automatically important. 
We are still working out how the

5143
04:27:55,300 --> 04:27:57,800
legacy of Empire continues to 
shape both Britain and its 

5144
04:27:57,800 --> 04:28:01,700
former colonies in Britain 
imperial history remains a 

5145
04:28:01,700 --> 04:28:04,400
source of both pride and 
discomfort pride in the 

5146
04:28:04,408 --> 04:28:07,400
achievements and Global 
influence and discomfort with 

5147
04:28:07,400 --> 04:28:11,500
the methods and consequences in 
former colonies, the impacts 

5148
04:28:11,500 --> 04:28:14,900
vary enormously but they include
everything from legal systems 

5149
04:28:14,900 --> 04:28:17,800
and languages to borders and 
ethnic tensions that can be 

5150
04:28:17,800 --> 04:28:19,700
traced directly to colonial 
policies. 

5151
04:28:19,700 --> 04:28:22,900
Perhaps the most lasting Legacy 
is the English language itself, 

5152
04:28:22,900 --> 04:28:26,000
which became the global lingua 
Franca partly because the 

5153
04:28:26,000 --> 04:28:30,100
British Empire spreaded across 
the world, Today more people 

5154
04:28:30,100 --> 04:28:32,500
speaking English as a second 
language than as a first 

5155
04:28:32,500 --> 04:28:34,300
language. 
And the internet has made 

5156
04:28:34,300 --> 04:28:37,700
English fluently, essential for 
Global participation in ways 

5157
04:28:37,700 --> 04:28:41,200
that the Builders of Empire 
never could have imagined So 

5158
04:28:41,200 --> 04:28:44,100
there you have it. 
The rise and fall of the British

5159
04:28:44,100 --> 04:28:47,600
Empire, from a soggy island with
big Ambitions to a global 

5160
04:28:47,600 --> 04:28:50,700
superpower to a Modern Nation. 
Still figuring out, its place in

5161
04:28:50,700 --> 04:28:53,300
the world. 
It's a story about how geography

5162
04:28:53,300 --> 04:28:57,000
technology and human ambition 
can combine to create something 

5163
04:28:57,000 --> 04:29:01,400
unprecedented and how even the 
most powerful systems eventually

5164
04:29:01,400 --> 04:29:03,300
face the limits of their own 
contradictions. 

5165
04:29:03,300 --> 04:29:07,900
Sweet dreams and remember 
Empires may come and go. 

5166
04:29:08,700 --> 04:29:10,100
The really good stories about 
them. 

5167
04:29:10,100 --> 04:29:19,100
Tend to stick around. 
Imagine a Sea of Grass that goes

5168
04:29:19,100 --> 04:29:22,000
on forever Beyond every Horizon,
you can think of. 

5169
04:29:22,000 --> 04:29:26,600
This is the Eurasian steppe a 
huge area of Rolling grasslands.

5170
04:29:26,600 --> 04:29:29,200
That makes the American Great 
Planes, look like a lawn in a 

5171
04:29:29,200 --> 04:29:32,700
suburb here where the ground 
curves away into nothingness and

5172
04:29:32,700 --> 04:29:35,600
the sky seems close enough to 
touch lived, people who would 

5173
04:29:35,600 --> 04:29:37,100
eventually change the whole 
world. 

5174
04:29:38,000 --> 04:29:40,300
But when they woke up each 
morning to milk their horses, 

5175
04:29:40,300 --> 04:29:42,100
they had no idea what they were 
doing. 

5176
04:29:42,100 --> 04:29:45,800
You wouldn't call them Mongol. 
Steppes Prime real estate, there

5177
04:29:45,800 --> 04:29:48,300
are no fertile river. 
Valleys like the Nile in Egypt, 

5178
04:29:48,300 --> 04:29:51,400
no, protective mountain ranges, 
like the Alps and Switzerland, 

5179
04:29:51,400 --> 04:29:53,700
and no Forest like those that 
covered Europe. 

5180
04:29:53,700 --> 04:29:56,700
In the Middle Ages. 
Instead, you had grass that 

5181
04:29:56,700 --> 04:29:59,400
never ended and changed color 
with the seasons, like a living 

5182
04:29:59,400 --> 04:30:01,500
carpet. 
In the spring, it would turn 

5183
04:30:01,500 --> 04:30:05,200
green so bright that it hurt 
your eyes in the Summer, Waves 

5184
04:30:05,200 --> 04:30:08,800
of golden grain rippled in the 
wind all the time in the fall it

5185
04:30:08,800 --> 04:30:11,700
turned copper and bronze and in 
the winter snow and ice covered 

5186
04:30:11,700 --> 04:30:14,500
it, which could kill a traveler 
who wasn't ready in a few hours.

5187
04:30:15,600 --> 04:30:18,600
But if you knew how to read this
landscape, if you knew its 

5188
04:30:18,600 --> 04:30:21,900
rhythms and respected, its harsh
Beauty, the steps could give you

5189
04:30:21,900 --> 04:30:25,600
things that farming communities 
might never understand the grass

5190
04:30:25,600 --> 04:30:27,500
fed. 
A lot of cows sheep goats and 

5191
04:30:27,500 --> 04:30:30,400
horses people got everything 
they needed from these animals 

5192
04:30:30,400 --> 04:30:34,800
milk for drinking and making 
cheese meat for protein, hides, 

5193
04:30:34,800 --> 04:30:38,000
for clothes, and shelter, and 
wool for warmth on those cold 

5194
04:30:38,000 --> 04:30:39,900
winter nights, when the 
temperature could drop. 

5195
04:30:39,900 --> 04:30:43,300
So low, that your breath froze 
before it left your mouth, the 

5196
04:30:43,300 --> 04:30:45,600
people who lived in this 
difficult landscape were Nomads,

5197
04:30:45,600 --> 04:30:48,900
but that word doesn't do justice
to how advanced their way of 

5198
04:30:48,900 --> 04:30:52,000
life was and thinking of them as
homeless people who are 

5199
04:30:52,000 --> 04:30:54,100
wandering around. 
Think of them as highly 

5200
04:30:54,100 --> 04:30:57,300
specialized mobile communities, 
that had mastered, the art of 

5201
04:30:57,300 --> 04:30:58,800
living in harmony with their 
surroundings. 

5202
04:30:58,800 --> 04:31:01,300
They didn't just wander around 
the steps. 

5203
04:31:01,300 --> 04:31:04,300
They followed old migration 
routes that had been improved 

5204
04:31:04,300 --> 04:31:06,800
over time. 
They moved their herds to new 

5205
04:31:06,800 --> 04:31:09,700
pastures with the same care that
farmers do when they rotate 

5206
04:31:09,700 --> 04:31:13,600
their crops a typical family 
owned, maybe 100 different kinds

5207
04:31:13,600 --> 04:31:16,600
of animals and taking care of 
This mobile wealth required 

5208
04:31:16,600 --> 04:31:18,700
skills that would impress a 
modern Rancher. 

5209
04:31:18,700 --> 04:31:21,600
You needed to know which grasses
were best for different animals 

5210
04:31:21,600 --> 04:31:24,900
at different times of the year. 
How to find water in a place 

5211
04:31:24,908 --> 04:31:27,600
where Rivers were hard to find 
how to guess what? 

5212
04:31:27,600 --> 04:31:30,300
The weather would be like, and 
how to protect your herds from 

5213
04:31:30,300 --> 04:31:34,100
both people, who wanted to steal
them and wolves that followed 

5214
04:31:34,100 --> 04:31:37,400
the migrations, like Shadows the
girl, which is what people 

5215
04:31:37,400 --> 04:31:40,100
today, call a yurt, was the best
building for this way of life. 

5216
04:31:40,100 --> 04:31:43,300
Think about a house that could 
be put together or taken apart 

5217
04:31:43,300 --> 04:31:47,100
in less than an hour moved by a 
few camels and keep a family of 

5218
04:31:47,100 --> 04:31:50,000
six warm and dry in both the 
heat of Summer and the cold of 

5219
04:31:50,000 --> 04:31:52,200
Winter. 
The jail was like a small house 

5220
04:31:52,200 --> 04:31:55,300
that can be moved around. 
It was about the same way as a 

5221
04:31:55,308 --> 04:31:57,800
small car and could stand up to 
wins that would flatten. 

5222
04:31:57,800 --> 04:32:01,200
Most modern tents, the inside of
a deer was set up like a world 

5223
04:32:01,200 --> 04:32:05,000
designed yacht with everything 
in its right place, the fire pit

5224
04:32:05,000 --> 04:32:08,400
which provided heat light and a 
place to cook meals was in the 

5225
04:32:08,400 --> 04:32:11,000
center. 
When you walked in men's things 

5226
04:32:11,000 --> 04:32:13,000
were on the left and women's 
thing were on the right. 

5227
04:32:13,000 --> 04:32:16,800
This Arrangement showed how each
Had its own important, but 

5228
04:32:16,800 --> 04:32:20,400
different role in nomadic 
Society, the back of the G which

5229
04:32:20,400 --> 04:32:23,200
was directly across from the 
door, was the place of honor 

5230
04:32:23,200 --> 04:32:26,200
where important guests sat and 
Family Treasures were shown off 

5231
04:32:26,200 --> 04:32:29,200
but maybe the most interesting 
thing about life on the steps 

5232
04:32:29,200 --> 04:32:31,000
was how it changed, the people 
who lived there. 

5233
04:32:31,000 --> 04:32:33,600
Imagine growing up in a world 
where your backyard was 

5234
04:32:33,600 --> 04:32:36,300
literally endless where you 
learned to ride before. 

5235
04:32:36,300 --> 04:32:38,900
You could walk well and where 
you had to be able to read 

5236
04:32:38,900 --> 04:32:41,800
weather patterns and clouds and 
find your way across grasslands 

5237
04:32:41,800 --> 04:32:45,300
with no tracks using only the 
stars and your knowledge of the 

5238
04:32:45,300 --> 04:32:47,500
land. 
Subtle Contours Mongol kids 

5239
04:32:47,500 --> 04:32:50,200
learned skills, that would seem 
like superpowers to people who 

5240
04:32:50,200 --> 04:32:53,500
live in the suburbs today they 
could ride horses bareback at 

5241
04:32:53,500 --> 04:32:56,000
full speed and shoot Arrows with
deadly accuracy. 

5242
04:32:56,000 --> 04:32:59,600
They could live for days on just
mayor's milk and dried meat. 

5243
04:32:59,600 --> 04:33:03,000
They could find water in places,
where others only saw grass that

5244
04:33:03,000 --> 04:33:06,099
went on forever and they could 
travel hundreds of miles of 

5245
04:33:06,099 --> 04:33:07,599
land. 
That looked the same without 

5246
04:33:07,599 --> 04:33:10,200
getting lost. 
This wasn't just a way to get in

5247
04:33:10,200 --> 04:33:12,900
shape. 
It was a way to get your mind in

5248
04:33:12,900 --> 04:33:17,000
shape living on the steps taught
you that The world was big that 

5249
04:33:17,000 --> 04:33:19,900
there were always new places to 
go and that you had to be able 

5250
04:33:19,900 --> 04:33:23,300
to change quickly to stay alive.
It taught you to be independent,

5251
04:33:23,300 --> 04:33:26,700
but it also taught you to Value 
the strong ties of family and 

5252
04:33:26,700 --> 04:33:28,200
tribe. 
That could mean the difference 

5253
04:33:28,200 --> 04:33:31,200
between life and death. 
When winter storms, hit or 

5254
04:33:31,200 --> 04:33:34,500
enemy, Raiders came the steps 
also taught you something else, 

5255
04:33:34,500 --> 04:33:38,099
the borders were made up that 
the grass didn't care about the 

5256
04:33:38,099 --> 04:33:41,000
claims of sedentary people and 
that being able to move around 

5257
04:33:41,000 --> 04:33:44,400
was more important than any 
fixed fortification when the 

5258
04:33:44,400 --> 04:33:46,800
tribes of the steps. 
Finally found a leader who could

5259
04:33:46,800 --> 04:33:49,500
bring them all together into one
terrifyingly, powerful Army, 

5260
04:33:49,500 --> 04:33:53,500
these lessons would be very 
important but that's not the end

5261
04:33:53,500 --> 04:33:56,800
of our story for now, picture 
those thousands of nomadic 

5262
04:33:56,800 --> 04:33:59,800
families living on the vast. 
Grasslands each following their 

5263
04:33:59,800 --> 04:34:02,400
own Old Paths each. 
Keeping their own relationships 

5264
04:34:02,400 --> 04:34:04,599
with neighboring, tribes, and 
each. 

5265
04:34:04,599 --> 04:34:07,800
Living a life that was both 
free, and limited harsh and 

5266
04:34:07,800 --> 04:34:11,500
beautiful, and simple and very 
complex, the steps will like a 

5267
04:34:11,500 --> 04:34:13,300
huge school. 
Where students learned, how to 

5268
04:34:13,300 --> 04:34:16,700
survive ride horses. 
Predict the weather Care for 

5269
04:34:16,700 --> 04:34:20,400
Animals and fight everyone who 
grew up there, learned skills, 

5270
04:34:20,400 --> 04:34:23,400
that would have taken, European 
Knights years to learn if they 

5271
04:34:23,400 --> 04:34:26,099
could learn them at all and 
every now and then one of the 

5272
04:34:26,099 --> 04:34:28,800
scattered graduates would come 
along, who could see, past the 

5273
04:34:28,800 --> 04:34:31,500
normal tribal boundaries. 
This person could picture 

5274
04:34:31,500 --> 04:34:33,900
bringing all the people of the 
grass, sea together into 

5275
04:34:33,900 --> 04:34:36,700
something bigger and stronger 
than any Kingdom that stayed in 

5276
04:34:36,700 --> 04:34:38,900
one place. 
Someone like that was about to 

5277
04:34:38,900 --> 04:34:42,000
be born, but anyone watching 
would not have thought it was a 

5278
04:34:42,000 --> 04:34:44,400
good thing. 
He would be born into a harsh 

5279
04:34:44,400 --> 04:34:47,099
world that had already shaped 
many generations of nomadic 

5280
04:34:47,099 --> 04:34:50,099
children, but the skills and 
points of view that landscape 

5281
04:34:50,099 --> 04:34:52,500
taught him would help him build 
the biggest empire in history, 

5282
04:34:52,500 --> 04:34:55,099
that was all connected. 
The steps were ready. 

5283
04:34:55,099 --> 04:34:59,599
They just didn't know it yet in 
1162 on what was probably a 

5284
04:34:59,599 --> 04:35:01,300
normal spring morning in the 
heart of Mongolia. 

5285
04:35:02,000 --> 04:35:05,500
Child was born, who would grow 
up to scare half the world and 

5286
04:35:05,500 --> 04:35:08,800
bring the other half together? 
His birth name was temujin, 

5287
04:35:08,800 --> 04:35:10,900
which means ironworker in 
English. 

5288
04:35:10,900 --> 04:35:14,599
This was a practical name for a 
practical people, but it didn't 

5289
04:35:14,599 --> 04:35:17,300
suggest that this baby would 
grow up to make anything more 

5290
04:35:17,300 --> 04:35:19,200
important than horseshoes or 
Arrow points. 

5291
04:35:19,200 --> 04:35:23,400
The chapter headings in early, 
life story are very harsh like 

5292
04:35:23,400 --> 04:35:25,000
those in a medieval Survival 
Guide. 

5293
04:35:25,000 --> 04:35:28,300
Yes, again, his father was a 
minor tribal leader. 

5294
04:35:28,300 --> 04:35:30,900
You could think of him as the 
head of a small family business,

5295
04:35:30,900 --> 04:35:33,599
in an industry where most 
business problems were sold with

5296
04:35:33,599 --> 04:35:35,800
arrows. 
When temujin was about nine 

5297
04:35:35,800 --> 04:35:39,700
years old rivals, poisoned his 
father, leaving the family in a 

5298
04:35:39,700 --> 04:35:42,300
dangerous situation, like sheep 
without a Shepherd in a land 

5299
04:35:42,308 --> 04:35:44,000
full of wolves. 
What happened? 

5300
04:35:44,000 --> 04:35:46,599
Next was the kind of childhood 
that could either completely 

5301
04:35:46,599 --> 04:35:49,800
break someone or make them 
incredibly strong temperature's.

5302
04:35:49,800 --> 04:35:53,099
Family was basically kicked out 
by their former allies and left 

5303
04:35:53,099 --> 04:35:56,000
to defend for themselves in a 
society where being alone, often

5304
04:35:56,000 --> 04:35:58,599
meant death. 
Imagine a family that suddenly 

5305
04:35:58,599 --> 04:36:01,000
has no home or friends in a 
world, where your neighbor's 

5306
04:36:01,000 --> 04:36:03,700
might think you are more useful 
as a slave than as an equal. 

5307
04:36:03,700 --> 04:36:06,900
During these tough years young 
to mujin learned lessons that 

5308
04:36:06,900 --> 04:36:09,900
would change The way he led and 
built his Empire for the rest of

5309
04:36:09,900 --> 04:36:12,300
his life. 
He learned that loyalty based on

5310
04:36:12,308 --> 04:36:14,300
blood or tradition could go 
away. 

5311
04:36:14,300 --> 04:36:17,500
As soon as things changed, he 
learned that being able to make 

5312
04:36:17,500 --> 04:36:19,599
new friends with people who may 
have been enemies. 

5313
04:36:19,599 --> 04:36:22,200
Yesterday was often the key to 
Staying Alive. 

5314
04:36:22,200 --> 04:36:25,300
Most importantly, he learned 
that the traditional tribal 

5315
04:36:25,300 --> 04:36:29,200
system was deeply flawed because
it had endless fights strict 

5316
04:36:29,200 --> 04:36:32,800
hierarchies and couldn't unite 
against common threats during 

5317
04:36:32,800 --> 04:36:34,700
these years in the wilderness to
mujin. 

5318
04:36:34,700 --> 04:36:37,599
Also learned something else. 
He had a special ability to get 

5319
04:36:37,599 --> 04:36:40,300
people to follow him even when 
they didn't have a good reason 

5320
04:36:40,300 --> 04:36:42,500
to do. 
So even when his family had to 

5321
04:36:42,500 --> 04:36:45,800
eat roots and catch fish with 
their hands, he still managed to

5322
04:36:45,800 --> 04:36:48,500
get people to follow him, who 
thought he was worth betting, 

5323
04:36:48,500 --> 04:36:50,900
their Futures on. 
It was the kind of charm that 

5324
04:36:50,900 --> 04:36:52,400
you couldn't learn or passed 
down. 

5325
04:36:52,400 --> 04:36:56,099
You either had it or you didn't,
Had a lot of it. 

5326
04:36:56,700 --> 04:36:58,500
It was like watching someone 
climb a mountain. 

5327
04:36:58,500 --> 04:37:00,800
While everyone else was still 
arguing about which way to go. 

5328
04:37:00,808 --> 04:37:04,800
He went from being an outcast to
being the leader of his tribe to

5329
04:37:04,800 --> 04:37:06,500
mujin built. 
A coalition of followers through

5330
04:37:06,500 --> 04:37:08,800
alliances victories and shared 
goals. 

5331
04:37:08,800 --> 04:37:11,900
These followers were not tied 
together by traditional tribal 

5332
04:37:11,900 --> 04:37:15,599
loyalties, but by something new 
shared ambition and mutual 

5333
04:37:15,599 --> 04:37:18,400
benefit temujin. 
Knew something that most leaders

5334
04:37:18,400 --> 04:37:21,400
on the step, didn't the old way 
of fighting all the time between

5335
04:37:21,400 --> 04:37:24,800
tribes wasn't just wasteful. 
It was also harmful to the 

5336
04:37:24,800 --> 04:37:27,700
tribes themselves. 
The sedentary kingdoms around 

5337
04:37:27,700 --> 04:37:31,099
the steps were getting stronger 
and more united while the Mongol

5338
04:37:31,099 --> 04:37:34,000
tribes fought each other over 
old grudges and grazing rights, 

5339
04:37:34,000 --> 04:37:37,700
the Gin Dynasty ruled Northern 
China, the Western ghir ruled 

5340
04:37:37,700 --> 04:37:40,800
the Silk Road corridors and 
different Central Asian Powers 

5341
04:37:40,800 --> 04:37:43,800
were spreading their power into 
areas where Nomads used to live 

5342
04:37:43,800 --> 04:37:45,800
television. 
Thought the answer was to do 

5343
04:37:45,800 --> 04:37:47,500
something that had never been 
done before. 

5344
04:37:47,500 --> 04:37:50,400
Bring all the tribes together, 
under one leader who could 

5345
04:37:50,400 --> 04:37:53,800
direct their combined military, 
power outward inward. 

5346
04:37:53,800 --> 04:37:57,000
It was like suggesting that 
every small family Business in a

5347
04:37:57,000 --> 04:37:59,000
troubled in Industry. 
Come together to form one 

5348
04:37:59,000 --> 04:38:02,099
well-run Corporation. 
But the negotiations were done 

5349
04:38:02,099 --> 04:38:05,000
with swords and the final 
agreements were made with blood.

5350
04:38:05,000 --> 04:38:08,099
Oaths, it took Decades of 
political maneuvering that would

5351
04:38:08,099 --> 04:38:10,400
have impressed Machiavelli to 
bring the two sides together. 

5352
04:38:10,400 --> 04:38:13,500
Temujin formed alliances with 
former enemies. 

5353
04:38:13,500 --> 04:38:17,099
Broke promises, when he needed 
to took useful ideas from 

5354
04:38:17,099 --> 04:38:20,300
tribes, he had defeated and 
slowly built a military and 

5355
04:38:20,300 --> 04:38:22,300
political system. 
That went beyond the usual step 

5356
04:38:22,300 --> 04:38:25,599
groups, the decimal system of 
organizing, the military was one

5357
04:38:25,599 --> 04:38:29,200
of his most important, new ideas
temujin, didn't organize his 

5358
04:38:29,200 --> 04:38:32,400
troops along traditional tribal 
lines which would have kept old 

5359
04:38:32,400 --> 04:38:34,700
loyalties and feuds alive 
instead. 

5360
04:38:34,700 --> 04:38:40,200
He broke his army up into groups
of 10 100 1000 and 10,000 

5361
04:38:40,200 --> 04:38:43,000
Warriors from different tribes 
who swore new Oaths of loyalty 

5362
04:38:43,000 --> 04:38:46,000
to him personally it was like 
getting rid of all the old high 

5363
04:38:46,000 --> 04:38:48,500
school cliques and making new 
ones based on common goals 

5364
04:38:48,500 --> 04:38:52,000
instead of past friendships. 
There were many great things 

5365
04:38:52,000 --> 04:38:54,900
about this system. 
It kept anyone try from getting 

5366
04:38:54,900 --> 04:38:58,000
too strong in the larger group, 
it made Warriors from different 

5367
04:38:58,000 --> 04:39:01,400
tribes, work together which 
slowly broke down old tribal 

5368
04:39:01,400 --> 04:39:03,900
prejudices. 
It was most important because it

5369
04:39:03,900 --> 04:39:07,200
made a new identity Mongol that 
went beyond the old tribal 

5370
04:39:07,200 --> 04:39:10,200
division's and made, everyone 
feel like they were part of the 

5371
04:39:10,200 --> 04:39:12,800
bigger project. 
Timijan had done, something that

5372
04:39:12,800 --> 04:39:14,900
had never been done. 
Before in the recorded history 

5373
04:39:14,900 --> 04:39:18,900
of the steps by 1206, he had 
brought almost all of the Mongol

5374
04:39:18,900 --> 04:39:21,700
tribes together, under his own 
leadership at a big meeting 

5375
04:39:21,700 --> 04:39:25,200
called a coral tie, the tribal 
leaders formally recognized him 

5376
04:39:25,200 --> 04:39:27,700
as their supreme leader and gave
him a new name. 

5377
04:39:27,700 --> 04:39:29,900
That reflected his unprecedented
achievement. 

5378
04:39:30,599 --> 04:39:34,500
Genghis Khan which means 
Universal ruler or ruler of all.

5379
04:39:34,500 --> 04:39:37,800
It was like watching a small 
town business owner, become the 

5380
04:39:37,800 --> 04:39:40,500
CEO of a multinational 
corporation. 

5381
04:39:40,500 --> 04:39:43,500
Except this corporation's 
business model was to conquer 

5382
04:39:43,500 --> 04:39:47,300
new markets and grow into every 
available Market the tribes. 

5383
04:39:47,300 --> 04:39:49,600
That lived on the steps had come
together to form a single 

5384
04:39:49,600 --> 04:39:52,300
military force that could 
project power over long 

5385
04:39:52,300 --> 04:39:55,400
distances with a speed and 
efficiency that would change the

5386
04:39:55,400 --> 04:39:58,100
way wars were fought. 
But Genghis, Khan didn't just 

5387
04:39:58,100 --> 04:39:59,400
bring the Mongol tribes 
together. 

5388
04:40:00,300 --> 04:40:03,100
After he fixed the problem of 
division within the group, he 

5389
04:40:03,100 --> 04:40:06,000
quickly turned his attention to 
threats and chances from outside

5390
04:40:06,000 --> 04:40:08,800
the same strategic thinking that
had helped him. 

5391
04:40:08,800 --> 04:40:11,400
Bring the steps together, was 
now focused on the said entry 

5392
04:40:11,400 --> 04:40:13,200
kingdoms, that were next to his 
new Empire. 

5393
04:40:13,200 --> 04:40:16,400
If the Mongols were stronger, 
when they were United than when 

5394
04:40:16,400 --> 04:40:18,800
they were split up, then they 
would be even stronger. 

5395
04:40:18,800 --> 04:40:21,300
When they conquered their 
neighbors, the change was 

5396
04:40:21,300 --> 04:40:24,900
complete, the boy who had once 
caught fish with his bare hands 

5397
04:40:24,900 --> 04:40:27,200
and lived on the streets of 
become the leader of the most 

5398
04:40:27,200 --> 04:40:30,700
powerful army in the world, 
settled people at long seen the 

5399
04:40:30,700 --> 04:40:33,100
steps as a place where Annoying 
Barbarian raids happened. 

5400
04:40:33,800 --> 04:40:35,600
Soon. 
They would be the starting point

5401
04:40:35,600 --> 04:40:38,200
for a series of conquests that 
would change the political map 

5402
04:40:38,200 --> 04:40:42,000
of Eurasia, the grass he had 
found its Captain and the winds 

5403
04:40:42,000 --> 04:40:45,600
were good for a long trip. 
Imagine the first time Genghis 

5404
04:40:45,600 --> 04:40:48,900
Khan looked past the steps at 
the settled kingdoms that had 

5405
04:40:48,900 --> 04:40:51,400
always seemed so far away and 
safe behind their walls. 

5406
04:40:51,400 --> 04:40:54,700
It must have felt like a small 
business owner who was doing 

5407
04:40:54,700 --> 04:40:57,700
well, suddenly realizing that 
their local market was just the 

5408
04:40:57,700 --> 04:41:00,500
beginning, and that there were 
huge untapped opportunities 

5409
04:41:00,500 --> 04:41:02,500
waiting, just beyond their 
current Horizons. 

5410
04:41:02,500 --> 04:41:05,300
In this case, though, the 
business would grow through 

5411
04:41:05,300 --> 04:41:09,200
Cavalry Charges and see engines.
The Mongols first, big Target 

5412
04:41:09,200 --> 04:41:12,500
was the Western Ghia Kingdom 
which ruled over the Silk Road 

5413
04:41:12,500 --> 04:41:14,100
trade routes. 
That went through what is now 

5414
04:41:14,100 --> 04:41:17,300
Northwestern China. 
This decision showed how smart 

5415
04:41:17,300 --> 04:41:20,500
Genghis Khan was instead of 
attacking the strongest 

5416
04:41:20,500 --> 04:41:23,300
neighbor's right away. 
He started with a kingdom that 

5417
04:41:23,300 --> 04:41:26,400
was rich enough to be worth, 
conquering but not strong enough

5418
04:41:26,400 --> 04:41:29,400
to threaten his Empire's 
existence for an army that had 

5419
04:41:29,400 --> 04:41:31,200
mostly used mobile tactics 
before. 

5420
04:41:31,200 --> 04:41:34,600
The Western Seattle campaign was
like a graduate level course in 

5421
04:41:34,600 --> 04:41:37,000
Siege Warfare. 
The Mongols learned that they 

5422
04:41:37,000 --> 04:41:40,100
usual hit and run tactics which 
worked well against other 

5423
04:41:40,100 --> 04:41:43,600
nomadic foes didn't work as well
against cities with high walls 

5424
04:41:43,600 --> 04:41:47,000
and supplies for long sieges. 
So like all successful 

5425
04:41:47,000 --> 04:41:50,900
businesses do when they face new
problems, they changed learned 

5426
04:41:50,900 --> 04:41:54,600
and came up with new ideas. 
The Mongol Army change from 

5427
04:41:54,600 --> 04:41:57,200
being a nomadic Force to 
something more like a modern 

5428
04:41:57,200 --> 04:42:00,800
combined arms military in just a
few years, they hired Engineers 

5429
04:42:00,800 --> 04:42:03,100
from lands. 
They taken over learned how to 

5430
04:42:03,108 --> 04:42:06,300
use Chinese Siege methods, and 
learned how to use catapults, 

5431
04:42:06,300 --> 04:42:08,600
battering, rams, and other 
specialized tools. 

5432
04:42:08,600 --> 04:42:11,800
It was like seeing a motorcycle 
gang suddenly gain the 

5433
04:42:11,800 --> 04:42:14,800
logistical skills of a 
professional Army while still 

5434
04:42:14,808 --> 04:42:16,300
being able to move and be 
aggressive. 

5435
04:42:17,200 --> 04:42:19,700
The Mongols didn't just use the 
same military tactics as 

5436
04:42:19,700 --> 04:42:21,500
everyone else, they made them 
better. 

5437
04:42:21,500 --> 04:42:24,600
Their Siege operations became 
famous for how quickly and 

5438
04:42:24,600 --> 04:42:27,300
effectively they worked. 
European armies might take 

5439
04:42:27,300 --> 04:42:30,500
months to break down a single 
Fortress, but Mongol forces 

5440
04:42:30,500 --> 04:42:33,000
could sometimes take whole 
cities in just a few days. 

5441
04:42:33,000 --> 04:42:36,500
By using both traditional Siege 
Tech's, new engineering, and 

5442
04:42:36,500 --> 04:42:39,300
psychological warfare methods. 
The Mongol armies. 

5443
04:42:39,300 --> 04:42:42,000
Full range of skills were shown 
when they took over the gender 

5444
04:42:42,000 --> 04:42:45,200
in northern China. 
This wasn't a small border 

5445
04:42:45,200 --> 04:42:48,100
Kingdom like Western Sia. 
It was one of the most advanced 

5446
04:42:48,100 --> 04:42:51,500
civilizations in the world with 
the Great Wall protecting it and

5447
04:42:51,500 --> 04:42:54,700
armies that have been perfecting
their skills for 100s of years. 

5448
04:42:54,700 --> 04:42:58,300
The Jin Dynasty ruled Overland, 
that was home to millions of 

5449
04:42:58,300 --> 04:43:02,300
people protected by hundreds of 
fortified cities and backed by 

5450
04:43:02,300 --> 04:43:04,900
economic resources that were 
much bigger than anything. 

5451
04:43:04,900 --> 04:43:08,600
The steps could produce but the 
Mongols methodically toward down

5452
04:43:08,600 --> 04:43:10,700
this Old Kingdom just like 
mechanics. 

5453
04:43:10,700 --> 04:43:12,400
Take apart a complicated 
machine. 

5454
04:43:12,400 --> 04:43:15,400
They know how to fix. 
The attacked from directions 

5455
04:43:15,400 --> 04:43:18,400
that the Chinese didn't expect, 
which let them get around the 

5456
04:43:18,400 --> 04:43:21,000
Great Wall. 
They also use captured gin 

5457
04:43:21,000 --> 04:43:24,000
Engineers to improve their own 
Siege techniques and a mix of 

5458
04:43:24,008 --> 04:43:27,200
military pressure and diplomatic
maneuvering to slowly cut off 

5459
04:43:27,200 --> 04:43:28,700
gin Defenders from their 
possible. 

5460
04:43:28,700 --> 04:43:31,700
Allies people living at the 
time, couldn't believe how 

5461
04:43:31,700 --> 04:43:35,000
quickly these conquests happened
within a few years of the 

5462
04:43:35,000 --> 04:43:38,200
Mongols arrival kingdoms that 
had been around for hundreds of 

5463
04:43:38,208 --> 04:43:40,400
years, would be gone. 
It was like watching someone 

5464
04:43:40,400 --> 04:43:42,300
play a video game at a faster 
speed. 

5465
04:43:42,300 --> 04:43:44,800
But the results were real and 
would last forever. 

5466
04:43:44,800 --> 04:43:47,500
The Mongol War Machine had done,
something that military 

5467
04:43:47,500 --> 04:43:51,000
theorists would spend hundreds 
of years trying to figure out it

5468
04:43:51,000 --> 04:43:55,100
had the perfect mix of speed 
Firepower, organization and 

5469
04:43:55,100 --> 04:43:58,100
flexibility at the same time on 
the Western Front. 

5470
04:43:58,100 --> 04:44:00,500
Mongol troops were moving into 
Central Asia, in the same 

5471
04:44:00,500 --> 04:44:03,200
methodical way. 
The Mongols conquest of the 

5472
04:44:03,200 --> 04:44:05,900
quarries, mid Empire, which 
ruled over a lot of what is now?

5473
04:44:05,900 --> 04:44:09,700
Iran Afghanistan and Central 
Asia showed another side of 

5474
04:44:09,700 --> 04:44:12,600
their strategic thinking. 
They could run multiple 

5475
04:44:12,600 --> 04:44:15,900
campaigns at the same time over 
long distances while keeping 

5476
04:44:15,900 --> 04:44:19,400
widely separated forces in sink.
The Diplomatic incident that 

5477
04:44:19,400 --> 04:44:21,800
turned into a full blown. 
War started this Western 

5478
04:44:21,800 --> 04:44:25,800
campaign almost by accident. 
The cars mid Shaw made a big 

5479
04:44:25,808 --> 04:44:27,900
mistake when he killed Mongol 
trade envoys. 

5480
04:44:27,900 --> 04:44:30,800
This was like declaring war on 
what was already the most 

5481
04:44:30,800 --> 04:44:32,300
dangerous military group in the 
world. 

5482
04:44:33,100 --> 04:44:36,100
Genghis, Khan's answer was 
quick, clear and completely 

5483
04:44:36,100 --> 04:44:40,400
devastating in just three years.
The choirs made Empire was 

5484
04:44:40,400 --> 04:44:44,000
completely destroyed. 
Its cities were in Ruins and its

5485
04:44:44,000 --> 04:44:47,000
people were either spread out or
taken in by the growing Mongol 

5486
04:44:47,000 --> 04:44:49,200
system. 
What was so impressive about 

5487
04:44:49,200 --> 04:44:52,000
these conquests was how the 
Mongols were able to keep 

5488
04:44:52,000 --> 04:44:56,200
control of such large areas, or 
still expanding most empires in 

5489
04:44:56,200 --> 04:44:59,200
history have hit natural limits,
where the costs of expansion 

5490
04:44:59,200 --> 04:45:02,700
were higher than the benefits. 
However, the Mongols seemed to 

5491
04:45:02,708 --> 04:45:05,500
have solved this basic Problem 
by combining flexible 

5492
04:45:05,500 --> 04:45:08,200
Administration with effective 
military action. 

5493
04:45:08,200 --> 04:45:11,500
The Mongols usually used in 
changed local government 

5494
04:45:11,500 --> 04:45:13,300
systems. 
In state of trying to force a 

5495
04:45:13,300 --> 04:45:15,800
single system of government on 
all of their lands. 

5496
04:45:15,800 --> 04:45:19,100
Chinese territories were still 
run by modified version of 

5497
04:45:19,100 --> 04:45:22,900
traditional Chinese bureaucracy 
and Central Asian regions, kept 

5498
04:45:22,900 --> 04:45:26,300
their own cultural and religious
practices under Mongol rule it 

5499
04:45:26,300 --> 04:45:28,600
was like running a 
multi-national company where 

5500
04:45:28,600 --> 04:45:31,000
each regional office could keep 
its own corporate culture. 

5501
04:45:31,000 --> 04:45:34,200
While making sure that all of 
the companies strategies work 

5502
04:45:34,200 --> 04:45:36,200
together. 
This flexible Administration 

5503
04:45:36,200 --> 04:45:39,100
went along with a communication 
system that was very new for its

5504
04:45:39,100 --> 04:45:41,600
time. 
The yam was the Mongol Postal 

5505
04:45:41,600 --> 04:45:43,900
System. 
It built a network of relay 

5506
04:45:43,900 --> 04:45:46,600
stations that could send 
messages across the Empire fast 

5507
04:45:46,600 --> 04:45:48,900
than any other system. 
Of communication. 

5508
04:45:48,900 --> 04:45:52,500
It used to take months for a 
message to get from Mongolia to 

5509
04:45:52,500 --> 04:45:56,600
Eastern Europe, but now it only 
takes weeks, this made it easier

5510
04:45:56,600 --> 04:45:59,200
for the central government to 
keep control over areas that 

5511
04:45:59,200 --> 04:46:03,400
were thousands of miles apart. 
The cycle consequences of these 

5512
04:46:03,400 --> 04:46:06,100
conquests were possibly more 
significant than their military 

5513
04:46:06,100 --> 04:46:08,700
implications. 
The Mongols showed that distance

5514
04:46:08,700 --> 04:46:11,400
was no protection against a 
well-organized and motivated 

5515
04:46:11,400 --> 04:46:14,200
force that new tactics could 
break through traditional 

5516
04:46:14,200 --> 04:46:16,900
fortifications. 
And that people who sedentary 

5517
04:46:16,900 --> 04:46:19,300
societies had thought were 
primitive barbarians could 

5518
04:46:19,300 --> 04:46:23,100
conquer entire civilizations. 
The Mongol Empire was bigger 

5519
04:46:23,100 --> 04:46:26,100
than the continental United 
States, and growing quickly by 

5520
04:46:26,100 --> 04:46:28,500
the time. 
Genghis, Khan died in 1227. 

5521
04:46:28,500 --> 04:46:32,700
It stretched from Korea to the 
Caspian Sea, but this was only 

5522
04:46:32,700 --> 04:46:35,900
the start Genghis, Khan's 
successors would continue to 

5523
04:46:35,900 --> 04:46:38,600
grow the system. 
He had built eventually creating

5524
04:46:38,600 --> 04:46:41,200
an Empire that stretched from 
Eastern Europe to the Pacific 

5525
04:46:41,200 --> 04:46:43,900
Ocean and changed. 
The course of human history. 

5526
04:46:43,900 --> 04:46:47,100
The great expansion changed, not
only the political map of 

5527
04:46:47,108 --> 04:46:50,700
Eurasia, but also what people 
thought and Empire could be the 

5528
04:46:50,700 --> 04:46:52,400
Mongols show that nomadic 
societies. 

5529
04:46:52,400 --> 04:46:55,400
Could not only compete with 
settled civilizations, that they

5530
04:46:55,400 --> 04:46:56,700
could also be better at 
military. 

5531
04:46:56,700 --> 04:47:00,300
Effectiveness administrative 
efficiency and controlling 

5532
04:47:00,300 --> 04:47:02,000
territory. 
Grass. 

5533
04:47:02,000 --> 04:47:04,600
Sea had turned into an ocean. 
And its waves were crashing 

5534
04:47:04,600 --> 04:47:06,900
against Shores that had never 
felt their power before. 

5535
04:47:06,900 --> 04:47:10,500
Imagine, waking up one morning 
to find out that your city, your

5536
04:47:10,500 --> 04:47:13,500
region, or even, your whole 
country had been taken over by 

5537
04:47:13,500 --> 04:47:17,100
the biggest empire in history, 
almost overnight during the 13th

5538
04:47:17,100 --> 04:47:19,800
and 14th centuries. 
Millions of people in Eurasia 

5539
04:47:19,800 --> 04:47:23,400
lived like this surprisingly, 
for many of them it wasn't as 

5540
04:47:23,400 --> 04:47:25,200
bad as you might think had its 
peak. 

5541
04:47:25,200 --> 04:47:28,300
The Mongol Empire was less like 
a typical Conquest State and 

5542
04:47:28,300 --> 04:47:31,200
more like an ancient version of 
a multinational corporation with

5543
04:47:31,200 --> 04:47:34,200
very good management. 
The Mongols figured out how to 

5544
04:47:34,208 --> 04:47:36,900
keep Central Authority. 
While allowing local flexibility

5545
04:47:36,900 --> 04:47:40,300
how to bring together different 
cultures without losing. 

5546
04:47:40,300 --> 04:47:43,300
What made them valuable and how 
to make systems that were both 

5547
04:47:43,300 --> 04:47:46,300
efficient and adaptable. 
These are things that many 

5548
04:47:46,300 --> 04:47:49,700
modern organizations still have 
trouble with most people's daily

5549
04:47:49,700 --> 04:47:52,300
lives in, the Empire went on as 
they had before the conquest. 

5550
04:47:52,300 --> 04:47:55,200
But there were some big changes 
that anyone who was paying 

5551
04:47:55,200 --> 04:47:56,900
attention would have noticed 
right away. 

5552
04:47:56,900 --> 04:48:00,000
Trade was safer and more 
profitable than it had been in 

5553
04:48:00,000 --> 04:48:03,600
hundreds of years. 
The Mongol Postal System news 

5554
04:48:03,600 --> 04:48:07,400
ideas and new things could 
travel across huge distances at 

5555
04:48:07,400 --> 04:48:10,200
speeds never seen before. 
In stead of relying, on the 

5556
04:48:10,200 --> 04:48:13,400
arbitrary decisions of local 
rulers legal disputes could be 

5557
04:48:13,408 --> 04:48:15,300
settled through standardized 
procedures. 

5558
04:48:15,300 --> 04:48:18,900
The famous Silk Road, which had 
connected east and west for 

5559
04:48:18,900 --> 04:48:21,600
centuries, but it often been 
interrupted by Warfare and 

5560
04:48:21,608 --> 04:48:24,000
banditry became under Mongol 
protection. 

5561
04:48:24,000 --> 04:48:26,500
What we might think of, as the 
world's first truly 

5562
04:48:26,500 --> 04:48:29,400
International highway system, 
Merchants could travel from 

5563
04:48:29,400 --> 04:48:32,700
Venice to Beijing more safely 
than a medieval, European could 

5564
04:48:32,700 --> 04:48:35,000
travel from one city to another 
in their own kingdom. 

5565
04:48:35,900 --> 04:48:38,800
This commercial security had a 
big impact on how people lived 

5566
04:48:38,800 --> 04:48:42,100
every day in the Empire. 
Chinese silk became available in

5567
04:48:42,100 --> 04:48:44,500
Europe at prices, that the new 
middle class could afford 

5568
04:48:45,200 --> 04:48:48,800
Islamic astronomical tools made 
their way to Mongol courts where

5569
04:48:48,800 --> 04:48:51,200
they changed the way people 
navigate it and kept track of 

5570
04:48:51,208 --> 04:48:53,500
time. 
The first information revolution

5571
04:48:53,500 --> 04:48:56,300
happened when European metal 
working techniques moved East 

5572
04:48:56,300 --> 04:48:58,700
and Asian printing technology 
moved West. 

5573
04:48:58,700 --> 04:49:02,100
But the Mongol Empires attitude 
toward religious and cultural 

5574
04:49:02,100 --> 04:49:05,600
diversity was probably the most 
interesting thing about life 

5575
04:49:05,600 --> 04:49:08,500
under their rule medieval 
governments often required 

5576
04:49:08,500 --> 04:49:11,300
people to follow the same 
religion, in order to be loyal 

5577
04:49:11,300 --> 04:49:14,900
to the government, the Mongols, 
on the other hand Practice, What

5578
04:49:14,900 --> 04:49:18,200
We Now call multi-culturalism 
long before the idea was even 

5579
04:49:18,200 --> 04:49:22,700
thought of nestorian, Christians
Muslims, Buddhists confucians 

5580
04:49:22,700 --> 04:49:25,600
towers and adherence of 
traditional Mongol, Shamanism 

5581
04:49:25,600 --> 04:49:29,900
all occupied positions within 
the Imperial framework, This 

5582
04:49:29,900 --> 04:49:33,300
tolerance wasn't just a nice 
idea, it was a practical need. 

5583
04:49:33,300 --> 04:49:36,800
The Mongol Empire was so big and
so different that it would have 

5584
04:49:36,808 --> 04:49:39,700
taken resources that even the 
Mongols didn't have to try to 

5585
04:49:39,700 --> 04:49:41,800
make everyone follow the same 
religion or culture. 

5586
04:49:41,800 --> 04:49:45,500
Instead they made systems that 
let different groups keep their 

5587
04:49:45,500 --> 04:49:48,500
own Traditions while also taking
part in the larger Imperial 

5588
04:49:48,500 --> 04:49:50,700
project. 
It created a kind of 

5589
04:49:50,708 --> 04:49:53,900
Cosmopolitan culture that didn't
come back until the modern era 

5590
04:49:53,900 --> 04:49:57,700
Persian poets could work with 
Chinese Engineers Islamic 

5591
04:49:57,700 --> 04:49:59,300
scholars. 
Could argue philosophy with 

5592
04:49:59,300 --> 04:50:02,500
Buddhist monks and European 
Merchants could learn advanced 

5593
04:50:02,500 --> 04:50:05,900
math from Arab mathematicians. 
In Mongol cities, it was like 

5594
04:50:05,900 --> 04:50:08,100
living in an old-fashioned 
version of an International 

5595
04:50:08,100 --> 04:50:11,100
University town, but the campus 
was half the world. 

5596
04:50:11,900 --> 04:50:15,200
Architecture during Mongol rule 
exemplified this cultural 

5597
04:50:15,200 --> 04:50:18,500
amalgamation buildings mixed 
parts from different styles to 

5598
04:50:18,508 --> 04:50:21,900
make completely new Styles. 
Islamic archers could support 

5599
04:50:21,900 --> 04:50:24,200
Chinese. 
Roofs Persian tile work. 

5600
04:50:24,200 --> 04:50:27,100
Could decorate them and European
silver could pay for them. 

5601
04:50:27,100 --> 04:50:29,500
These weren't just random 
combinations. 

5602
04:50:29,500 --> 04:50:32,400
They were carefully, thought out
Integrations that showed how 

5603
04:50:32,400 --> 04:50:35,000
different styles of art could 
work together to make each other

5604
04:50:35,000 --> 04:50:38,300
better, instead of worse. 
The Mongols also changed, the 

5605
04:50:38,300 --> 04:50:41,800
way people ate, the traditional 
nomadic diet of meat and dairy 

5606
04:50:41,800 --> 04:50:44,400
was improved by adding foods and
cooking methods from all over 

5607
04:50:44,400 --> 04:50:47,800
the Empire Mongol kitchens 
started using Chinese spices, 

5608
04:50:47,800 --> 04:50:52,100
Persian fruits, European grains,
and cooking methods that have 

5609
04:50:52,100 --> 04:50:54,100
been used in isolation for 
years. 

5610
04:50:54,100 --> 04:50:57,600
But now mixed together to make 
completely new ways of cooking. 

5611
04:50:57,600 --> 04:50:59,800
The Assa was the Mongol legal 
system. 

5612
04:50:59,800 --> 04:51:03,900
It was a complete and flexible 
way to get Justice, the Mongols 

5613
04:51:03,900 --> 04:51:06,500
usually didn't force a single 
legal code on all of their 

5614
04:51:06,500 --> 04:51:08,900
territories. 
Instead they let local legal 

5615
04:51:08,900 --> 04:51:11,400
Traditions continued while 
setting up general rules. 

5616
04:51:12,000 --> 04:51:13,600
That made sure important things 
stay the same. 

5617
04:51:13,608 --> 04:51:16,400
It was like having a 
constitution that protected 

5618
04:51:16,400 --> 04:51:19,500
basic rights while letting State
keep their own rules and 

5619
04:51:19,500 --> 04:51:22,700
traditions compared to most 
other civilizations at the time,

5620
04:51:22,700 --> 04:51:25,900
women had a relatively High 
status in Mongol Society. 

5621
04:51:26,900 --> 04:51:30,300
Mongol women could own land 
trade and even sometimes make 

5622
04:51:30,300 --> 04:51:33,300
political decisions when the 
Empire took over areas where 

5623
04:51:33,300 --> 04:51:36,900
women had fewer rights Mongol 
influence often led to slow 

5624
04:51:36,900 --> 04:51:40,400
improvements in their legal and 
social status, the Mongols 

5625
04:51:40,400 --> 04:51:42,500
supported education and 
scholarship because they knew 

5626
04:51:42,500 --> 04:51:45,200
that running such a large empire
required Advanced knowledge 

5627
04:51:45,200 --> 04:51:48,800
systems they built libraries 
helped people translate between 

5628
04:51:48,800 --> 04:51:52,200
languages and paid for scholarly
exchanges that sped up the 

5629
04:51:52,200 --> 04:51:55,000
spread of knowledge across 
cultural lines Arabic 

5630
04:51:55,000 --> 04:51:58,200
translations of Chinese. 
Medical texts Persian 

5631
04:51:58,200 --> 04:52:01,200
translations of Islamic 
mathematical treatises and 

5632
04:52:01,200 --> 04:52:04,600
European astronomical 
observations added to Asian Star

5633
04:52:04,600 --> 04:52:08,100
Charts This cross-cultural 
exchange was shown in the art of

5634
04:52:08,108 --> 04:52:10,600
the Mongol. 
Period painters started using 

5635
04:52:10,600 --> 04:52:13,500
technique and subjects from 
different Traditions making 

5636
04:52:13,500 --> 04:52:16,100
works that would have been 
impossible without the mixing of

5637
04:52:16,108 --> 04:52:17,900
cultures that the Empire made 
possible. 

5638
04:52:17,900 --> 04:52:21,200
Musicians, tried out, different 
instruments and scales from all 

5639
04:52:21,200 --> 04:52:24,200
over the world, creating new 
ways to express themselves that 

5640
04:52:24,200 --> 04:52:27,400
were based on many different 
musical styles historians. 

5641
04:52:27,400 --> 04:52:29,800
Now, agree that the Mongol 
Empire set the stage for the 

5642
04:52:29,800 --> 04:52:33,200
first truly global economy. 
This is perhaps the most 

5643
04:52:33,200 --> 04:52:36,600
important thing. 
It did ideas products and new 

5644
04:52:36,600 --> 04:52:39,200
ways of doing things could 
travel farther than ever before 

5645
04:52:39,200 --> 04:52:42,400
this economic integration meant 
that things happening in one 

5646
04:52:42,400 --> 04:52:45,700
part of the Empire could have 
effects right away and places, 

5647
04:52:45,700 --> 04:52:49,100
thousands of miles away. 
This was the first time this 

5648
04:52:49,100 --> 04:52:51,600
kind of economic 
interconnectedness happened for 

5649
04:52:51,600 --> 04:52:54,300
the average person. 
Living, under Mongol rule, these

5650
04:52:54,300 --> 04:52:56,500
changes may not have been 
immediately apparent in their 

5651
04:52:56,500 --> 04:52:59,200
daily lives. 
But their cumulative impact was 

5652
04:52:59,200 --> 04:53:01,600
transformative. 
You are more likely to find 

5653
04:53:01,600 --> 04:53:03,100
foreign Goods in your local 
market. 

5654
04:53:03,100 --> 04:53:06,800
Hear news from Faraway, places 
meet people from different 

5655
04:53:06,800 --> 04:53:09,700
cultures and get ideas. 
And new things that had come 

5656
04:53:09,708 --> 04:53:12,400
from far away. 
The Mongol empire built 

5657
04:53:12,400 --> 04:53:14,900
something that had never been 
done before in human history. 

5658
04:53:15,800 --> 04:53:19,000
The civilization that was truly 
Cosmopolitan, connecting 

5659
04:53:19,000 --> 04:53:21,900
cultures that had been cut off 
from each other for a long time.

5660
04:53:21,900 --> 04:53:25,600
It was an early version of 
globalization run by people who 

5661
04:53:25,600 --> 04:53:28,600
had always thought that the 
whole world was just grass sky 

5662
04:53:28,600 --> 04:53:30,500
and the occasional tribe next 
door. 

5663
04:53:31,500 --> 04:53:33,700
The Mongols learned to think 
about big areas and long 

5664
04:53:33,700 --> 04:53:36,900
distance is in the steps now, 
they had used that point of view

5665
04:53:36,900 --> 04:53:39,600
to build a political and 
economic system that made the 

5666
04:53:39,600 --> 04:53:43,500
world smaller and more connected
than it had ever been before the

5667
04:53:43,500 --> 04:53:45,500
signs of trouble. 
In the Mongol, Empire started 

5668
04:53:45,500 --> 04:53:49,000
out small, like clouds slowly 
covering up a perfect spring 

5669
04:53:49,000 --> 04:53:51,700
day. 
But they grew into a storm 

5670
04:53:51,700 --> 04:53:53,800
system that changed the weather 
patterns for Good. 

5671
04:53:53,800 --> 04:53:57,100
By the end of the 13th century, 
the Empire that had seemed 

5672
04:53:57,100 --> 04:53:59,900
unbreakable strong under 
Genghis, Khan, and his immediate

5673
04:53:59,900 --> 04:54:03,100
successors, was starting to show
signs of stress that would have 

5674
04:54:03,100 --> 04:54:05,800
eventually cause it to break 
apart like ice on a river that 

5675
04:54:05,800 --> 04:54:08,200
was warming up. 
The first problem was one that 

5676
04:54:08,200 --> 04:54:10,600
every successful family business
has to deal with. 

5677
04:54:11,300 --> 04:54:13,800
What happens when people who 
weren't involved in making the 

5678
04:54:13,800 --> 04:54:16,900
vision have to carry it out, 
Genghis Khan's, grandsons and 

5679
04:54:16,900 --> 04:54:18,600
great-grandsons received an 
Empire. 

5680
04:54:18,600 --> 04:54:21,800
But they also had the impossible
job of keeping Unity across 

5681
04:54:21,800 --> 04:54:24,100
lands. 
So large that it took months for

5682
04:54:24,100 --> 04:54:25,500
messages to get from one end to 
the other. 

5683
04:54:25,500 --> 04:54:28,500
It was like trying to run a 
modern business with medieval 

5684
04:54:28,500 --> 04:54:31,400
communication tools, but each 
part of the business, had its 

5685
04:54:31,400 --> 04:54:34,000
own Army and its own ideas about
how to move forward. 

5686
04:54:34,000 --> 04:54:36,800
Strategically the Empire 
structure which had been 

5687
04:54:36,808 --> 04:54:40,000
brilliantly adapted to Rapid 
growth turned out to be less 

5688
04:54:40,000 --> 04:54:43,300
useful for long-term management.
The Mongol system worked great 

5689
04:54:43,300 --> 04:54:46,500
when they were new lands to 
conquer a new resources to share

5690
04:54:46,500 --> 04:54:48,700
among the different branches of 
the Imperial family. 

5691
04:54:48,700 --> 04:54:52,500
But when expansion slowed down 
partly, because they had run out

5692
04:54:52,500 --> 04:54:55,700
of neighbors, who were easy to 
conquer, the Empire started to 

5693
04:54:55,700 --> 04:54:58,900
have the same kind of internal 
competition that it used to have

5694
04:54:58,900 --> 04:55:01,700
the against enemies. 
Imagine a family that got rich 

5695
04:55:01,700 --> 04:55:04,200
by always expanding their 
business into new markets. 

5696
04:55:04,200 --> 04:55:08,200
Then all of a sudden they found 
themselves in a situation where 

5697
04:55:08,200 --> 04:55:11,700
they had taken over all the 
markets, the energy that Once 

5698
04:55:11,700 --> 04:55:12,900
gone into growing, the family 
business. 

5699
04:55:12,900 --> 04:55:16,200
Now turned Inward and different 
family members started fighting 

5700
04:55:16,200 --> 04:55:18,500
over, who would control the 
resources that were already 

5701
04:55:18,500 --> 04:55:20,700
there. 
The Mongol Empire was basically 

5702
04:55:20,700 --> 04:55:23,100
going through the biggest family
business fight in history. 

5703
04:55:23,100 --> 04:55:26,100
That the family members were in 
charge of land, the size of 

5704
04:55:26,100 --> 04:55:28,800
modern countries and had 
professional armies to back up 

5705
04:55:28,800 --> 04:55:31,500
their arguments. 
As the empire, grew fights over 

5706
04:55:31,500 --> 04:55:33,900
who would take over became more 
bitter and complicated. 

5707
04:55:33,900 --> 04:55:36,900
Genghis, Khan was able to get 
people to do what he wanted 

5708
04:55:36,900 --> 04:55:38,900
because of his strong 
personality and Military 

5709
04:55:38,900 --> 04:55:41,100
success. 
But his descendants had to 

5710
04:55:41,100 --> 04:55:43,800
compete for loyalty among 
subordinates who had their own 

5711
04:55:43,800 --> 04:55:45,900
Regional interests, and cultural
identities. 

5712
04:55:45,900 --> 04:55:48,700
It was like seeing the corporate
culture that a charismatic 

5713
04:55:48,700 --> 04:55:52,200
founder had worked hard to build
slowly fall apart as different 

5714
04:55:52,200 --> 04:55:55,300
regional managers started to 
follow their own goals, as the 

5715
04:55:55,300 --> 04:55:59,200
Mongol military campaigns became
less effective, the famous Unity

5716
04:55:59,200 --> 04:56:01,600
that had made them. 
So effective began to break down

5717
04:56:01,600 --> 04:56:05,200
into a patchwork of competing 
interests, the UN dynasty in 

5718
04:56:05,208 --> 04:56:08,500
China, the ilani in Persia the 
golden horde in Eastern Europe 

5719
04:56:08,500 --> 04:56:11,100
and the chagatai khanate in 
Central Asia. 

5720
04:56:11,200 --> 04:56:14,200
All said they were under the 
great Khan's rule in Mongolia. 

5721
04:56:14,200 --> 04:56:18,600
But in reality, they acted more 
and more like independent Powers

5722
04:56:18,600 --> 04:56:21,900
with their own foreign policies,
and Military goals sociologist. 

5723
04:56:21,900 --> 04:56:24,400
Now, call the process that made 
this political fragmentation 

5724
04:56:24,400 --> 04:56:28,500
worse, cultural accommodation. 
This means that the Mongol 

5725
04:56:28,500 --> 04:56:31,300
rulers slowly adopted the 
customs and views of the people,

5726
04:56:31,300 --> 04:56:34,900
they ruled the Mongol cards in 
China started to think, and act 

5727
04:56:34,900 --> 04:56:37,400
like Chinese Emperors. 
The ones in Persia started to 

5728
04:56:37,400 --> 04:56:40,600
act like Persian Court members 
and the ones in Russia started 

5729
04:56:40,600 --> 04:56:43,200
to run their countries in ways 
that were similar to how things 

5730
04:56:43,200 --> 04:56:44,900
were done in their own 
countries. 

5731
04:56:44,900 --> 04:56:47,800
It was a natural change that 
made them better rulers of their

5732
04:56:47,800 --> 04:56:51,500
own areas, but it also made them
less Mongol and less dedicated 

5733
04:56:51,500 --> 04:56:55,300
to keeping the empire together. 
Changing religions was a big 

5734
04:56:55,300 --> 04:56:58,200
part of this cultural. 
Change some Mongol rulers, 

5735
04:56:58,200 --> 04:57:01,200
followed the main religions in 
their areas such as Buddhism. 

5736
04:57:01,200 --> 04:57:04,800
In some places, Islam, in others
and Christianity and still 

5737
04:57:04,800 --> 04:57:07,600
others. 
At first, the Empire's religious

5738
04:57:07,600 --> 04:57:09,300
diversity was one of its 
strengths. 

5739
04:57:09,300 --> 04:57:13,000
However, as different branches 
of the Imperial family developed

5740
04:57:13,000 --> 04:57:16,100
different, religious beliefs, 
and cultural identities, it 

5741
04:57:16,100 --> 04:57:19,700
became a source of division. 
The Empire's economy was also 

5742
04:57:19,700 --> 04:57:21,400
starting to show signs of 
stress. 

5743
04:57:21,400 --> 04:57:25,200
The Mongol system relied heavily
on tribute from conquered lands 

5744
04:57:25,200 --> 04:57:29,300
and money made from trade over 
long distance as But as 

5745
04:57:29,300 --> 04:57:32,400
political Unity broke down 
trade, routes became less safe, 

5746
04:57:32,400 --> 04:57:36,100
and collecting tribute became 
harder and more expensive, local

5747
04:57:36,100 --> 04:57:37,700
officials. 
Whether they were Mongols or 

5748
04:57:37,708 --> 04:57:40,800
locals started, keeping more of 
the money, they collected for 

5749
04:57:40,800 --> 04:57:42,500
themselves. 
Instead of sending it to the 

5750
04:57:42,500 --> 04:57:45,600
central treasury changes in 
technology in the military. 

5751
04:57:45,600 --> 04:57:49,000
Also hurt the Mongols 
advantages, people who live near

5752
04:57:49,000 --> 04:57:52,100
the Mongols and their subjects. 
Slowly started to use the new 

5753
04:57:52,100 --> 04:57:55,900
ideas in Siege Warfare and 
military organization that had 

5754
04:57:55,900 --> 04:57:57,400
made. 
The Mongols unbeatable in the 

5755
04:57:57,400 --> 04:58:01,100
13th century gunpowder weapons, 
which had first give them Mongol

5756
04:58:01,100 --> 04:58:03,000
troops. 
A big Edge became more common 

5757
04:58:03,000 --> 04:58:06,200
and advanced the military 
strategies that were once only 

5758
04:58:06,200 --> 04:58:09,200
known to the Mongols became 
known to everyone making the 

5759
04:58:09,200 --> 04:58:12,300
playing field more even between 
the Matic and sedentary forces, 

5760
04:58:12,300 --> 04:58:15,600
the Mongols began to feel the 
effects of Empire building on 

5761
04:58:15,600 --> 04:58:18,300
their population which was 
perhaps the most important 

5762
04:58:18,300 --> 04:58:21,000
thing. 
When Genghis Khan started his 

5763
04:58:21,000 --> 04:58:24,500
conquests, the original Mongol 
population was probably no more 

5764
04:58:24,508 --> 04:58:27,600
than a million people even with 
the help of Allied tribes and 

5765
04:58:27,600 --> 04:58:30,900
hired helpers ethnic Mongols 
were still a small group in 

5766
04:58:30,900 --> 04:58:34,900
their own Empire. 
As time went on into marriage 

5767
04:58:34,900 --> 04:58:38,000
and cultural assimilation, made 
it harder and harder to define 

5768
04:58:38,000 --> 04:58:40,600
or keep a Mongol identity 
climate change. 

5769
04:58:40,600 --> 04:58:44,000
Also contributed to the Empire's
slow decline, but its effects 

5770
04:58:44,000 --> 04:58:47,000
were small and took a long time 
to show the medieval warm 

5771
04:58:47,000 --> 04:58:50,200
period, which had made it easier
for steppe Nomads to live during

5772
04:58:50,200 --> 04:58:53,100
the Empire's growth phase was 
ending and the weather was 

5773
04:58:53,100 --> 04:58:56,000
getting cooler and more. 
Unpredictable, these changes 

5774
04:58:56,000 --> 04:58:58,500
made it harder for Nomads to 
live their traditional way of 

5775
04:58:58,508 --> 04:59:02,000
life and the grasslands that 
used to support large Mongol 

5776
04:59:02,000 --> 04:59:05,200
populations in their herds 
became less able to support them

5777
04:59:05,200 --> 04:59:08,600
natural, disasters and disease 
outbreaks but even more strain 

5778
04:59:08,600 --> 04:59:11,100
on the Empire's. 
Administrative systems, the 

5779
04:59:11,100 --> 04:59:13,900
black death, which killed 
millions of people in Eurasia in

5780
04:59:13,900 --> 04:59:17,400
the 14th century hit Mongol 
lands, a specialty hard because 

5781
04:59:17,400 --> 04:59:20,400
the trade routes that had made 
the Empire Rich also helped 

5782
04:59:20,400 --> 04:59:23,700
spread the disease, the play 
outbreaks that killed so many 

5783
04:59:23,700 --> 04:59:26,600
people in the Empire made it 
harder to keep political Unity 

5784
04:59:26,600 --> 04:59:29,000
at a time when it was getting 
harder to do. 

5785
04:59:29,000 --> 04:59:32,600
So by the early 14th century, 
the Mongol Empire which had 

5786
04:59:32,800 --> 04:59:35,800
Wants been a single entity had 
split into four separate 

5787
04:59:35,800 --> 04:59:37,900
karnatz. 
These Connors still had 

5788
04:59:37,900 --> 04:59:40,600
diplomatic relations with each 
other but they didn't work 

5789
04:59:40,600 --> 04:59:42,900
together on military or economic
issues anymore. 

5790
04:59:42,900 --> 04:59:46,500
It was like seeing a successful 
multi-national company, slowly, 

5791
04:59:46,500 --> 04:59:49,600
break up into separate. 
Regional companies had the same 

5792
04:59:49,600 --> 04:59:52,800
corporate history but different 
business players and Market 

5793
04:59:52,800 --> 04:59:55,300
goals. 
The change didn't have to be bad

5794
04:59:55,300 --> 04:59:57,700
for the people who lived in 
areas that used to be Mongol. 

5795
04:59:58,300 --> 05:00:01,300
Many areas continue to do well 
under their new Mongol, 

5796
05:00:01,300 --> 05:00:04,500
descended ruling classes. 
The Empire's cultural exchanges 

5797
05:00:04,500 --> 05:00:07,600
and technological advances 
continue to shape growth across 

5798
05:00:07,600 --> 05:00:10,200
Eurasia. 
But the political Unity that had

5799
05:00:10,200 --> 05:00:13,700
made the Empire's most amazing 
accomplishments possible, safe, 

5800
05:00:13,700 --> 05:00:17,600
long-distance trade, the quick 
spread of new ideas and an 

5801
05:00:17,600 --> 05:00:21,500
unprecedented mixing of cultures
was slowly fading away like salt

5802
05:00:21,500 --> 05:00:24,100
in water. 
The steps which used to be the 

5803
05:00:24,100 --> 05:00:27,200
starting point for World 
Conquest were slowly returning 

5804
05:00:27,200 --> 05:00:30,100
to their traditional role as the
home of nomadic tribes. 

5805
05:00:30,100 --> 05:00:33,300
The big test of building a 
nomadic Empire was coming to an 

5806
05:00:33,300 --> 05:00:36,200
end but its effects would last 
for hundreds of years. 

5807
05:00:36,200 --> 05:00:38,900
It wasn't like watching a 
building fall down. 

5808
05:00:38,900 --> 05:00:40,500
When the Mongol Empire fell 
apart. 

5809
05:00:40,500 --> 05:00:43,600
There was more like watching a 
river system slowly. 

5810
05:00:43,600 --> 05:00:46,400
Change course, with some 
channels drying up and others. 

5811
05:00:46,400 --> 05:00:49,400
Cutting New Paths through 
different types of land by the 

5812
05:00:49,400 --> 05:00:52,200
14th century, the political 
Unity that had once stretched 

5813
05:00:52,200 --> 05:00:55,600
from Korea to Hungary was 
breaking up into smaller easier 

5814
05:00:55,600 --> 05:00:58,600
to manage Parts. 
Each part was changing to Fit 

5815
05:00:58,600 --> 05:01:01,100
the needs and opportunities of 
the area, which would have been 

5816
05:01:01,100 --> 05:01:02,800
Unthinkable. 
During the Empire's, 

5817
05:01:02,800 --> 05:01:05,100
expansionist phase, the UN 
dynasty. 

5818
05:01:05,100 --> 05:01:07,700
In China, had problems that 
showed how Mongol rule didn't 

5819
05:01:07,700 --> 05:01:09,400
work in societies that were 
settled. 

5820
05:01:09,400 --> 05:01:12,500
The Mongol Khan had inherited 
the world's most advanced 

5821
05:01:12,500 --> 05:01:15,300
bureaucratic system. 
But they were still different 

5822
05:01:15,300 --> 05:01:17,800
from the Chinese people. 
They ruled in terms of culture 

5823
05:01:17,800 --> 05:01:21,200
and ethnicity, it was like being
the CEO of a company, whose 

5824
05:01:21,200 --> 05:01:23,400
culture, you respected, but 
never fully understood. 

5825
05:01:23,400 --> 05:01:26,900
And you were in charge of people
who knew much more about how the

5826
05:01:26,900 --> 05:01:29,300
business worked. 
The new did the when rulers 

5827
05:01:29,300 --> 05:01:31,800
tried a lot of different things 
to stay in power and do their 

5828
05:01:31,800 --> 05:01:34,300
jobs. 
Well, Some people like Kublai 

5829
05:01:34,300 --> 05:01:37,700
Khan Embrace Chinese culture, so
much that they became Chinese 

5830
05:01:37,700 --> 05:01:41,400
Emperors with Mongol ancestry. 
Some people tried to keep Mongol

5831
05:01:41,400 --> 05:01:44,200
traditions and identity while 
using Chinese ways of running 

5832
05:01:44,200 --> 05:01:47,600
things, others tried to rule by 
keeping Mongol and Chinese 

5833
05:01:47,600 --> 05:01:49,800
elements separate, but still 
connected to each other. 

5834
05:01:49,800 --> 05:01:52,700
None of these methods worked 
perfectly in the long run. 

5835
05:01:52,700 --> 05:01:55,800
The Mongol rulers looked less, 
and less like real, heirs to 

5836
05:01:55,800 --> 05:01:59,600
Genghis Khan's Legacy as they 
got used to Chinese culture and 

5837
05:01:59,600 --> 05:02:02,900
more they insisted on keeping 
Mongol culture separate the 

5838
05:02:02,900 --> 05:02:04,200
more. 
They pushed away the Chinese 

5839
05:02:04,200 --> 05:02:08,200
people whose help was needed for
good governance. it was a 

5840
05:02:08,200 --> 05:02:10,900
classic problem of Imperial rule
that didn't have a perfect 

5841
05:02:10,900 --> 05:02:15,000
answer in 1368, the Ming Dynasty
overthrew, the Yuan Dynasty, 

5842
05:02:15,000 --> 05:02:18,800
which ended Mongol political 
control over China, However, 

5843
05:02:18,800 --> 05:02:21,900
Mongol influence on Chinese 
culture and institutions did not

5844
05:02:21,900 --> 05:02:24,200
end. 
The Mongol period brought about 

5845
05:02:24,200 --> 05:02:27,600
changes in Chinese military 
organization, administrative 

5846
05:02:27,600 --> 05:02:30,500
practices, and even building 
styles that are still seen 

5847
05:02:30,500 --> 05:02:32,700
today. 
The new Ming rulers were against

5848
05:02:32,700 --> 05:02:36,100
Mongols that they quietly used 
many of the same government 

5849
05:02:36,100 --> 05:02:39,400
methods that had worked well for
the UN in the western parts of 

5850
05:02:39,400 --> 05:02:41,200
the old Empire. 
On the other hand, different 

5851
05:02:41,200 --> 05:02:43,600
patterns of Decline and 
adaptation were happening. 

5852
05:02:43,600 --> 05:02:47,100
The ilkan art in Persia fell 
apart in the 1330s. 

5853
05:02:47,100 --> 05:02:51,000
Breaking up into many smaller 
kingdoms and city-states, but 

5854
05:02:51,000 --> 05:02:54,100
Persian culture, which had been 
greatly shaped by Mongol ways of

5855
05:02:54,100 --> 05:02:57,000
running things and tastes in art
kept growing in ways. 

5856
05:02:57,000 --> 05:03:00,100
That showed this mix of 
cultures, the Mongol period left

5857
05:03:00,100 --> 05:03:03,100
a lasting mark on Persian, 
miniature painting architecture 

5858
05:03:03,100 --> 05:03:06,408
and literature the golden horde 
which ruled over a lot of 

5859
05:03:06,416 --> 05:03:09,300
Eastern Europe and Russia, 
lasted longer than some other 

5860
05:03:09,300 --> 05:03:12,100
parts of the Empire. 
This was partly because its 

5861
05:03:12,100 --> 05:03:14,900
lands were better suited to a 
traditional nomadic lifestyle 

5862
05:03:14,900 --> 05:03:17,500
and partly because it didn't 
have to deal with as much 

5863
05:03:17,508 --> 05:03:20,000
pressure to. 
A simulate culturally, but even 

5864
05:03:20,000 --> 05:03:22,800
the golden horde slowly changed 
from its original Mongolia 

5865
05:03:22,800 --> 05:03:25,100
identity. 
It became more turkic in 

5866
05:03:25,100 --> 05:03:27,800
language and Islamic in 
religion, but it kept some of 

5867
05:03:27,808 --> 05:03:29,900
its traditional nomadic 
political systems. 

5868
05:03:29,900 --> 05:03:33,400
The fate of Mongolia itself may 
have been the most powerful 

5869
05:03:33,400 --> 05:03:35,000
symbol of how the Empire 
changed. 

5870
05:03:36,000 --> 05:03:38,600
The country that started the 
biggest Conquest in history 

5871
05:03:38,600 --> 05:03:42,300
slowly, went back to its old 
ways of organizing tribes and 

5872
05:03:42,300 --> 05:03:45,400
moving around with the seasons. 
The big cities that had been 

5873
05:03:45,408 --> 05:03:48,400
built to run the Empire, like 
karakorum the capital and others

5874
05:03:48,400 --> 05:03:51,800
were either abandoned or turned 
into small trading posts. 

5875
05:03:51,800 --> 05:03:54,800
The administrative system that 
used to coordinate activities, 

5876
05:03:54,800 --> 05:03:58,100
across half the world was cut 
back to only managing the 

5877
05:03:58,100 --> 05:04:01,600
Affairs of small nomadic groups.
But calling this process 

5878
05:04:01,600 --> 05:04:04,500
declined might be misleading 
because it makes it sound like 

5879
05:04:04,500 --> 05:04:07,000
something valuable was lost in. 
A lot of ways. 

5880
05:04:07,000 --> 05:04:10,000
What was happening was more like
a Natural Evolution where the 

5881
05:04:10,008 --> 05:04:13,800
Empire's best ideas were kept 
and changed and its less useful 

5882
05:04:13,800 --> 05:04:16,800
parts were allowed to fade away 
on their own for a long time. 

5883
05:04:16,800 --> 05:04:19,900
After the Mongol Empire fell 
apart, it's Postal System. 

5884
05:04:19,900 --> 05:04:22,800
Continued to have an effect on 
communication networks across 

5885
05:04:22,800 --> 05:04:26,200
Eurasia, the decimal military 
structure that Genghis, Khan had

5886
05:04:26,200 --> 05:04:29,100
established became the norm for 
armies across China and Europe. 

5887
05:04:30,000 --> 05:04:32,900
The legal principles found in 
the Yasser still had an effect 

5888
05:04:32,900 --> 05:04:36,300
on the law, in many of the 
states that came after it, trade

5889
05:04:36,300 --> 05:04:39,200
networks and cultural exchanges 
that thrived under Mongol 

5890
05:04:39,200 --> 05:04:42,300
protection created patterns, 
that lasted long into the modern

5891
05:04:42,300 --> 05:04:46,100
era the time when the Mongols 
ruled Russia which later Russian

5892
05:04:46,100 --> 05:04:49,800
historians called the Mongol 
yoke actually helped Russian 

5893
05:04:49,800 --> 05:04:51,900
power grow and become more 
centralized. 

5894
05:04:51,900 --> 05:04:55,600
When Russia started its own 
Imperial expansion, the Russian 

5895
05:04:55,600 --> 05:04:58,500
princes who acted as middlemen 
between the golden horde and the

5896
05:04:58,500 --> 05:05:01,900
local people learned a lot about
how to run a government fight 

5897
05:05:01,900 --> 05:05:05,100
Wars and make deals the 
strategies and organizational 

5898
05:05:05,100 --> 05:05:07,100
methods. 
That Ivan the Terrible used to 

5899
05:05:07,100 --> 05:05:09,700
take over Mongol successor 
states in the 16th century. 

5900
05:05:09,700 --> 05:05:11,900
The first used by the Mongols 
themselves. 

5901
05:05:11,900 --> 05:05:14,600
It was like watching a 
successful business model 

5902
05:05:14,600 --> 05:05:16,500
slowly. 
Spread through an industry. 

5903
05:05:16,500 --> 05:05:19,500
The company that came up with 
the new ideas might be bought 

5904
05:05:19,500 --> 05:05:23,300
out, or replaced by competitors.
But the ideas themselves would 

5905
05:05:23,300 --> 05:05:25,800
still have an effect on how the 
whole industry worked. 

5906
05:05:25,800 --> 05:05:29,000
The Mongol Empires political 
system was too ambitious to last

5907
05:05:29,000 --> 05:05:31,100
forever. 
But its changes to government 

5908
05:05:31,100 --> 05:05:34,200
the military and the economy 
became permanent parts of 

5909
05:05:34,200 --> 05:05:37,400
Eurasian civilization. 
The Empire changed a lot because

5910
05:05:37,400 --> 05:05:40,400
of disease, but not always in 
the way you might think the 

5911
05:05:40,400 --> 05:05:43,200
black death, which killed about 
one third of the people, in many

5912
05:05:43,200 --> 05:05:46,500
parts of Eurasia in the 14th 
century, messed up, the usual 

5913
05:05:46,500 --> 05:05:49,500
social and economic ties in the 
areas that used to be part of 

5914
05:05:49,500 --> 05:05:52,500
the Mongol Empire, but it also 
made it possible for people to 

5915
05:05:52,500 --> 05:05:56,100
move up in society and for 
institutions to change in ways 

5916
05:05:56,100 --> 05:05:57,400
that might not have been 
possible. 

5917
05:05:57,400 --> 05:06:00,600
If things had been more stable, 
the plague years caused a 

5918
05:06:00,600 --> 05:06:03,800
demographic disaster, in many 
areas, which led to a lack of 

5919
05:06:03,800 --> 05:06:05,800
workers. 
This gave the workers who 

5920
05:06:05,800 --> 05:06:09,400
survived more power to negotiate
and move up in society old 

5921
05:06:09,400 --> 05:06:13,200
hierarchies became less rigid, 
New Economic ties, formed and 

5922
05:06:13,200 --> 05:06:14,800
political systems changed to 
fit. 

5923
05:06:14,800 --> 05:06:17,400
The new situation, the 
combination of Mongol 

5924
05:06:17,400 --> 05:06:20,200
Innovations and changes brought 
on by the plague permanently 

5925
05:06:20,200 --> 05:06:23,700
changed the rigid social systems
that have been common in many 

5926
05:06:23,700 --> 05:06:26,300
societies. 
Before the Mongols, the Mongol 

5927
05:06:26,300 --> 05:06:28,900
Empires affects on the 
environmental had long-lasting 

5928
05:06:28,900 --> 05:06:31,200
effects that went Well, beyond 
its political life. 

5929
05:06:32,000 --> 05:06:34,600
The Mongol Empires growth 
brought about big changes and 

5930
05:06:34,600 --> 05:06:38,800
trade routes land, use patterns 
and population movements, these 

5931
05:06:38,800 --> 05:06:41,100
changes have long-lasting 
effects on the environment. 

5932
05:06:41,100 --> 05:06:44,100
Some areas that lost a lot of 
people during the conquest 

5933
05:06:44,100 --> 05:06:47,400
period, stayed sparsely 
populated for many years, which 

5934
05:06:47,400 --> 05:06:51,000
let forests grow back and animal
populations recovering ways that

5935
05:06:51,000 --> 05:06:53,200
affected later patterns of 
settlement and development. 

5936
05:06:53,200 --> 05:06:56,700
Most importantly, the Mongol 
period set up ways for people to

5937
05:06:56,700 --> 05:06:59,000
talk to each other over long 
distances and share their 

5938
05:06:59,000 --> 05:07:01,600
cultures that are still 
important in world history. 

5939
05:07:01,600 --> 05:07:05,000
Today, the notion that 
Innovations Artistic Styles, 

5940
05:07:05,000 --> 05:07:07,800
religious Concepts and 
Commercial practices, could 

5941
05:07:07,800 --> 05:07:10,300
disseminate swiftly over 
extensive distances. 

5942
05:07:10,300 --> 05:07:15,200
An idea that was groundbreaking 
in the 13th century volt into a 

5943
05:07:15,200 --> 05:07:18,800
fundamental principle of global 
functioning the Mongol empire 

5944
05:07:18,800 --> 05:07:20,300
built. 
What was basically the first 

5945
05:07:20,300 --> 05:07:24,300
Global Information Network, Even
though the Empire itself fell 

5946
05:07:24,300 --> 05:07:27,400
apart the networks, it had set 
up kept moving ideas. 

5947
05:07:27,400 --> 05:07:31,200
New things across cultural Lines
by the 15th century, the 

5948
05:07:31,200 --> 05:07:33,900
different successor states to 
the Mongol empire were following

5949
05:07:33,900 --> 05:07:36,700
their own Paths of development 
that were influenced by their 

5950
05:07:36,700 --> 05:07:39,400
Mongol roots and the conditions 
in their own areas. 

5951
05:07:39,400 --> 05:07:43,000
The timurid empire in Central 
Asia mixed Mongol military 

5952
05:07:43,000 --> 05:07:46,500
customs with Persian cultural 
sophistication and Islamic 

5953
05:07:46,500 --> 05:07:49,600
religious devotion. 
The Crimean Karnataka kept its 

5954
05:07:49,600 --> 05:07:52,800
nomadic political structures 
while adjusting to the changing 

5955
05:07:52,800 --> 05:07:54,500
political landscape of Eastern 
Europe. 

5956
05:07:54,500 --> 05:07:58,000
The northern un stayed in charge
of Mongolia, keeping the 

5957
05:07:58,000 --> 05:08:00,900
traditional culture of the steps
while adapting to having less 

5958
05:08:00,900 --> 05:08:03,800
land to control. 
These successor states were just

5959
05:08:03,800 --> 05:08:05,300
weak copies of the original 
Empire. 

5960
05:08:05,300 --> 05:08:09,300
It was successful changes to the
way things were, each had 

5961
05:08:09,300 --> 05:08:11,900
figured out how to keep the most
important parts of the Mongol 

5962
05:08:11,900 --> 05:08:15,300
culture learning new skills, 
that help them do well in their 

5963
05:08:15,300 --> 05:08:17,800
own environments. 
It was like seeing a big company

5964
05:08:17,800 --> 05:08:21,000
successfully break up into 
smaller parts, that then became 

5965
05:08:21,000 --> 05:08:22,600
successful businesses on. 
Their own. 

5966
05:08:23,600 --> 05:08:26,600
The slow change in Mongol 
identity, mirrored, these larger

5967
05:08:26,600 --> 05:08:29,600
trends of adaptation and growth 
by the 15th century. 

5968
05:08:29,600 --> 05:08:32,400
The term Mongol had evolved into
a cultural and political 

5969
05:08:32,400 --> 05:08:34,800
Concept. 
In addition to its ethnic 

5970
05:08:34,800 --> 05:08:38,300
connotation individuals, lacking
direct biological ties to the 

5971
05:08:38,300 --> 05:08:41,600
original Mongol tribes. 
Could assert a Mongol identity. 

5972
05:08:41,600 --> 05:08:44,500
If they embraced Mongol, 
political Customs military 

5973
05:08:44,500 --> 05:08:48,300
practices or cultural values. 
On the other hand, people of 

5974
05:08:48,300 --> 05:08:51,300
Mongol descent who had fully 
integrated into Chinese Persian,

5975
05:08:51,300 --> 05:08:54,600
or other cultural systems. 
May no longer identify as Mongol

5976
05:08:54,600 --> 05:08:57,800
in any significant way. 
One of the original Empires best

5977
05:08:57,800 --> 05:09:00,600
features was its ability to 
change identity categories. 

5978
05:09:00,600 --> 05:09:05,000
This flexibility still helps 
Mongol success estate's, it 

5979
05:09:05,000 --> 05:09:07,200
helped them, get talented and 
loyal people from different 

5980
05:09:07,200 --> 05:09:09,900
groups, while still staying 
collected to the famous Mongol 

5981
05:09:09,900 --> 05:09:12,000
Legacy. 
It was a kind of cultural 

5982
05:09:12,000 --> 05:09:15,200
branding that lasted a long time
and could change with the times.

5983
05:09:15,200 --> 05:09:18,000
The long end of the Mongol 
Empire wasn't a tragedy. 

5984
05:09:18,000 --> 05:09:21,400
It was a natural change from one
type of organization to another 

5985
05:09:21,400 --> 05:09:23,700
that was better suited to new 
conditions. 

5986
05:09:23,700 --> 05:09:25,900
The Empire had done what it 
needed to do. 

5987
05:09:25,900 --> 05:09:29,900
It had linked areas that had 
been cut off from each other set

5988
05:09:29,900 --> 05:09:33,500
up new ways for people to trade 
and share culture and shown that

5989
05:09:33,500 --> 05:09:36,000
nomadic societies. 
Could build and run complex 

5990
05:09:36,000 --> 05:09:38,300
governments across a whole 
continent. 

5991
05:09:38,300 --> 05:09:41,400
As you snuggle deeper into your 
blanket and think about how your

5992
05:09:41,400 --> 05:09:44,500
own Cozy home is an example of 
hundreds of years of 

5993
05:09:44,500 --> 05:09:47,700
improvements in building Heating
and Furnishing that came from 

5994
05:09:47,700 --> 05:09:50,600
many different cultures. 
You might think about how the 

5995
05:09:50,600 --> 05:09:54,000
Mongol Empires greatest 
achievement was not Conquering 

5996
05:09:54,000 --> 05:09:57,200
the world, but bringing it 
together. 700 years ago, the 

5997
05:09:57,200 --> 05:10:00,700
Mongols trade communication and 
cultural exchange networks 

5998
05:10:00,700 --> 05:10:03,700
across Eurasia. 
These networks laid the 

5999
05:10:03,700 --> 05:10:05,800
groundwork for the global 
interconnectedness. 

6000
05:10:05,800 --> 05:10:09,100
We take for granted today, as 
you get ready for bed in a world

6001
05:10:09,108 --> 05:10:11,700
where you can order things from 
halfway around the world with a 

6002
05:10:11,700 --> 05:10:14,800
few clicks, talk to people on 
different continents, right away

6003
05:10:14,800 --> 05:10:17,200
and learn about thousands of 
different cultures. 

6004
05:10:17,200 --> 05:10:20,800
You are living with the 
consequences of choices made by 

6005
05:10:20,800 --> 05:10:23,400
nomadic herders on the Asian 
steppes seventh centuries ago, 

6006
05:10:23,400 --> 05:10:26,500
the Mongol Empires impact on 
Modern Life is so deeply 

6007
05:10:26,500 --> 05:10:29,100
ingrained in our world today 
that we hardly ever think about 

6008
05:10:29,100 --> 05:10:32,500
it like background music that 
sets, the mood of a room without

6009
05:10:32,500 --> 05:10:35,700
drawing attention to itself. 
The most obvious Legacy is the 

6010
05:10:35,700 --> 05:10:38,300
political borders and ethnic 
groups of today's countries. 

6011
05:10:38,300 --> 05:10:42,000
The vastness of Russia's land 
shows patterns of growth that 

6012
05:10:42,000 --> 05:10:44,800
started during the Mongol 
period, the borders of China. 

6013
05:10:44,800 --> 05:10:47,400
Today, include areas that were 
brought together into a single 

6014
05:10:47,400 --> 05:10:50,900
state during the United States. 
Different cultures, in Central, 

6015
05:10:50,900 --> 05:10:53,400
Asian countries, are a result of
people moving around and 

6016
05:10:53,400 --> 05:10:56,700
settling their during the Mongol
conquests the Mongol Empire's 

6017
05:10:56,700 --> 05:10:59,800
Legacy shaped even the United 
States, which didn't exist at 

6018
05:10:59,800 --> 05:11:02,000
the time. 
For example, the horses that 

6019
05:11:02,000 --> 05:11:05,200
change Plains, Indian culture 
were descendants of animals that

6020
05:11:05,200 --> 05:11:07,800
nomadic people had bred and 
improved and the 

6021
05:11:07,808 --> 05:11:10,800
Transcontinental trade networks 
that European explorers. 

6022
05:11:10,800 --> 05:11:14,300
Found in the Americas were based
on patterns that were first 

6023
05:11:14,300 --> 05:11:18,300
established along the Silk Road,
the genetic Legacy is just a 

6024
05:11:18,300 --> 05:11:22,600
strong Modern DNA studies show 
that about one in every 200 men 

6025
05:11:22,600 --> 05:11:24,300
alive today, has genetic 
markers. 

6026
05:11:24,300 --> 05:11:26,500
That can be traced back to the 
Mongol Empire. 

6027
05:11:26,500 --> 05:11:29,600
The highest concentrations of 
these markers are in areas that 

6028
05:11:29,600 --> 05:11:32,900
were once part of the Empire, 
this isn't just interesting from

6029
05:11:32,900 --> 05:11:35,800
a historical point of view. 
It's proof of cultural 

6030
05:11:35,800 --> 05:11:39,400
integration on a scale that 
hadn't been seen before and 

6031
05:11:39,400 --> 05:11:42,400
wouldn't be seen, again until 
the modern era, the Mongol 

6032
05:11:42,400 --> 05:11:44,800
Empire mixed people from 
different parts of the world who

6033
05:11:44,800 --> 05:11:46,600
had been living apart for 
thousands of years. 

6034
05:11:46,600 --> 05:11:51,200
This made the first truly Global
gene pool, but the genetic 

6035
05:11:51,200 --> 05:11:53,800
mixing was only one part of a 
larger cultural blending. 

6036
05:11:53,800 --> 05:11:56,100
That's still affects everything 
from food to buildings. 

6037
05:11:56,800 --> 05:12:00,100
Mongol cities were the first 
places where Chinese Persian 

6038
05:12:00,100 --> 05:12:03,200
Central Asian and European 
cooking Styles met on a large 

6039
05:12:03,200 --> 05:12:05,300
scale. 
This is where Fusion cooking, 

6040
05:12:05,300 --> 05:12:07,700
which mixes ingredients and 
techniques from different, 

6041
05:12:07,700 --> 05:12:10,300
cultures began. 
The architectural styles of 

6042
05:12:10,308 --> 05:12:13,100
many, Asian cities, still show 
design ideas that were developed

6043
05:12:13,100 --> 05:12:15,800
during the Mongol period. 
When Builders had to make 

6044
05:12:15,800 --> 05:12:18,700
buildings that could meet a wide
range of cultural needs and 

6045
05:12:18,700 --> 05:12:21,800
tastes, the Mongol influence can
be seen in the language itself. 

6046
05:12:21,800 --> 05:12:25,400
Hundreds of words in dozens of 
languages, can be traced back to

6047
05:12:25,400 --> 05:12:28,000
the Mongols or to the cultural 
mixing that happened. 

6048
05:12:28,000 --> 05:12:30,800
While the empire was around. 
The Mongols came up with new 

6049
05:12:30,800 --> 05:12:33,400
ideas and institutions that are 
still used in military 

6050
05:12:33,400 --> 05:12:36,400
administrative and trade-related
language across Eurasia 

6051
05:12:36,400 --> 05:12:39,700
languages that were never 
directly under Mongol rule was 

6052
05:12:39,700 --> 05:12:42,500
still affected by the increased 
trade and cultural exchange that

6053
05:12:42,500 --> 05:12:45,400
came with it, the Mongols way of
being tolerant of other 

6054
05:12:45,400 --> 05:12:48,300
religions set examples, that 
still affect how we think about 

6055
05:12:48,300 --> 05:12:52,300
religious freedom and cultural 
diversity today, in the 13th 

6056
05:12:52,300 --> 05:12:54,400
century. 
The idea that political loyalty 

6057
05:12:54,400 --> 05:12:58,300
and religious belief could be 
separated was re it is still 

6058
05:12:58,300 --> 05:13:00,600
controversial in some parts of 
the world today. 

6059
05:13:00,600 --> 05:13:04,000
The Mongol example showed that 
having different religions in a 

6060
05:13:04,000 --> 05:13:06,300
big political group, can be a 
strength and stead of a 

6061
05:13:06,300 --> 05:13:08,900
weakness. 
Mongol influences can also be 

6062
05:13:08,900 --> 05:13:11,700
seen in educational and 
intellectual Traditions the 

6063
05:13:11,700 --> 05:13:14,600
focus on practical knowledge. 
The blending of different 

6064
05:13:14,600 --> 05:13:17,700
scholarly traditions, and the 
translation movements that 

6065
05:13:17,700 --> 05:13:20,700
thrived with Mongol support 
created ways for Scholars to 

6066
05:13:20,700 --> 05:13:23,600
share ideas, that shape the 
growth of universities 

6067
05:13:23,600 --> 05:13:27,800
libraries, and scholarly 
networks across Eurasia, the 

6068
05:13:27,800 --> 05:13:30,300
Renaissance in Europe. 
The last flowering of the 

6069
05:13:30,300 --> 05:13:33,500
Islamic golden age, and the 
technological advances of Ming 

6070
05:13:33,500 --> 05:13:36,900
China, all built on ideas that 
were made Stronger by cultural 

6071
05:13:36,900 --> 05:13:39,900
exchanges between the Mongols 
and other cultures, the way 

6072
05:13:39,900 --> 05:13:42,800
modern military are organized. 
Still shows the effects of new 

6073
05:13:42,800 --> 05:13:46,100
ideas that the Mongol Army came 
up with the decimal system of 

6074
05:13:46,100 --> 05:13:48,900
military units, the use of 
different weapon systems and 

6075
05:13:48,900 --> 05:13:52,700
tactics, the focus on 
communication and mobility and 

6076
05:13:52,700 --> 05:13:54,900
the use of cycle Warfare 
techniques. 

6077
05:13:54,900 --> 05:13:58,500
All became standard military 
practices that still affect how 

6078
05:13:58,500 --> 05:14:01,500
modern armies organized and 
deployed the way. 

6079
05:14:01,500 --> 05:14:04,500
NATO organizes its military 
forces is based on the same 

6080
05:14:04,500 --> 05:14:07,800
ideas that help the Mongol 
Empire turn Warriors For many 

6081
05:14:07,800 --> 05:14:10,700
different cultures into 
effective fighting units, the 

6082
05:14:10,700 --> 05:14:13,808
trade networks, that the Mongols
protected and grew are where the

6083
05:14:13,816 --> 05:14:16,900
idea of a global economy that 
connects all modern Nations 

6084
05:14:16,900 --> 05:14:19,800
comes from during the Mongol 
period, it was shown on a 

6085
05:14:19,800 --> 05:14:23,500
continental scale that Goods 
services and information should 

6086
05:14:23,500 --> 05:14:27,000
be able to move freely across 
political borders, that economic

6087
05:14:27,000 --> 05:14:29,600
relationships, could cross 
cultural and religious lines, 

6088
05:14:29,600 --> 05:14:33,000
and that Prosperity depended on 
keeping peaceful trading 

6089
05:14:33,000 --> 05:14:35,400
relationships. 
The principles that were first 

6090
05:14:35,400 --> 05:14:38,000
used in the Mongol Commercial 
Code, are still used in modern 

6091
05:14:38,000 --> 05:14:41,300
international trade law, which 
focuses on standardizing 

6092
05:14:41,300 --> 05:14:45,100
procedures and ways to settle 
disputes Mongol invasions even 

6093
05:14:45,100 --> 05:14:47,400
changed how we think about 
geography and Maps. 

6094
05:14:47,400 --> 05:14:50,900
The maps that helped Europeans. 
Explore the Americas used 

6095
05:14:50,900 --> 05:14:53,900
geographical information that 
Mongol leaders had collected and

6096
05:14:53,900 --> 05:14:56,300
kept safe. 
The Age of Exploration was made 

6097
05:14:56,300 --> 05:14:59,500
possible by advances in 
astronomy navigation and 

6098
05:14:59,500 --> 05:15:02,200
surveying that were built on 
intellectual foundations that 

6099
05:15:02,200 --> 05:15:04,300
were strengthened by scholarly 
exchanges. 

6100
05:15:04,300 --> 05:15:07,700
During the Mongolia, the Mongol 
Empire showed that cult Will 

6101
05:15:07,700 --> 05:15:10,400
diversity and political Unity 
could work together instead of 

6102
05:15:10,400 --> 05:15:12,900
against each other, which is 
perhaps the most important 

6103
05:15:12,900 --> 05:15:15,100
thing. 
This lesson is especially 

6104
05:15:15,100 --> 05:15:17,400
important for today's 
multinational States and 

6105
05:15:17,400 --> 05:15:19,900
international groups that need 
to find a balance between local 

6106
05:15:19,900 --> 05:15:23,300
freedom and central control the 
European Union, the United 

6107
05:15:23,300 --> 05:15:25,900
Nations and other modern 
organizations face the same 

6108
05:15:25,900 --> 05:15:29,400
basic problem, that the Mongols 
did how to keep good government 

6109
05:15:29,400 --> 05:15:32,400
in places, where people speak 
different languages, follow 

6110
05:15:32,400 --> 05:15:35,200
different religions and have 
different cultural Traditions. 

6111
05:15:35,200 --> 05:15:39,300
The Mongol solution, keeping 
central control, over important 

6112
05:15:39,300 --> 05:15:41,100
tasks. 
While letting local groups, have

6113
05:15:41,100 --> 05:15:43,000
some freedom in cultural and 
religious matters. 

6114
05:15:43,800 --> 05:15:46,500
Still affect how modern 
organizations deal with this 

6115
05:15:46,500 --> 05:15:49,000
problem. 
Mongol administrators were the 

6116
05:15:49,000 --> 05:15:52,000
first to use these ideas on a 
large scale in federal systems 

6117
05:15:52,000 --> 05:15:55,600
of government international law 
and Multinational corporate 

6118
05:15:55,600 --> 05:15:57,900
structures. 
The Empire's methods for 

6119
05:15:57,900 --> 05:16:00,600
Innovation and Technology 
transfer set trends that still 

6120
05:16:00,600 --> 05:16:02,600
affect how new ideas spread 
around the world. 

6121
05:16:02,600 --> 05:16:05,700
The Mongols were the first to 
systematically transfer 

6122
05:16:05,700 --> 05:16:09,000
technology by actively looking 
for useful new ideas. 

6123
05:16:09,000 --> 05:16:12,700
Adapting them to fit their needs
and spreading them across their 

6124
05:16:12,700 --> 05:16:15,200
lands. 
The Mongol period was the first 

6125
05:16:15,200 --> 05:16:17,500
time that people came up with 
ideas, for research and 

6126
05:16:17,500 --> 05:16:20,100
development, International 
scientific collaboration. 

6127
05:16:20,100 --> 05:16:24,000
And the quick spread of new 
technologies around the world as

6128
05:16:24,000 --> 05:16:26,800
you drift off to sleep, you 
might think about how the pillow

6129
05:16:26,800 --> 05:16:29,600
under your head is probably made
of materials from many different

6130
05:16:29,600 --> 05:16:31,800
countries. 
How the building around you is 

6131
05:16:31,800 --> 05:16:34,300
built using methods that were 
developed in many different 

6132
05:16:34,300 --> 05:16:38,200
cultures and how the electronic 
device is nearby can connect you

6133
05:16:38,200 --> 05:16:40,600
to people and information from 
all over the world. 

6134
05:16:40,600 --> 05:16:43,800
All of these modern convenience 
is a same idea. 

6135
05:16:43,800 --> 05:16:45,500
That led to the Mongols 
expansion. 

6136
05:16:45,500 --> 05:16:49,100
The societies are stronger and 
more successful when they are 

6137
05:16:49,108 --> 05:16:51,400
connected to each other. 
Instead, of being cut off from 

6138
05:16:51,400 --> 05:16:54,900
each other, the Mongol Empire 
didn't last as a government, but

6139
05:16:54,900 --> 05:16:57,200
its idea of a world where 
everything is connected. 

6140
05:16:57,200 --> 05:17:01,100
Did we all live in the world? 
The Mongols dreamed of a world 

6141
05:17:01,100 --> 05:17:03,500
where distance doesn't stop 
people from talking to each 

6142
05:17:03,500 --> 05:17:05,600
other. 
When new ideas spread quickly 

6143
05:17:05,600 --> 05:17:08,500
across cultures, where people 
from different backgrounds, can 

6144
05:17:08,500 --> 05:17:11,900
work together to reach common 
goals and where the resources 

6145
05:17:11,900 --> 05:17:14,400
and knowledge of different 
societies can be combined to 

6146
05:17:14,400 --> 05:17:16,500
make something better than the 
sum of its parts. 

6147
05:17:16,500 --> 05:17:19,500
Before you fall asleep. 
Think back to those wide open 

6148
05:17:19,500 --> 05:17:22,500
grasslands where our story 
began, not the Mongolia of 

6149
05:17:22,500 --> 05:17:25,800
tourist attractions and modern 
cities, but the endless steppe 

6150
05:17:25,800 --> 05:17:28,800
were a few nomadic families used
to live in harmony with rhythms 

6151
05:17:28,800 --> 05:17:30,200
that are older than written 
history. 

6152
05:17:30,200 --> 05:17:33,900
Think about how the endless 
grass Moved In Waves under a 

6153
05:17:33,900 --> 05:17:37,200
huge sky and how that landscape 
changed the people who would 

6154
05:17:37,200 --> 05:17:40,600
later change half the world is 
very calming to end this story 

6155
05:17:40,600 --> 05:17:43,700
where it began with the wind 
blowing through the grass and 

6156
05:17:43,800 --> 05:17:46,800
The feeling of endless space 
stretching Beyond every Horizon.

6157
05:17:46,800 --> 05:17:51,100
The Mongol Empire came and went 
conquered and fell apart, but 

6158
05:17:51,100 --> 05:17:53,900
the steps are still very much 
like they were when TAMU gin 

6159
05:17:53,900 --> 05:17:57,500
first learned to ride the grass,
still grows the season, still 

6160
05:17:57,500 --> 05:18:00,500
change from the harsh cold of 
winter to the short warmth of 

6161
05:18:00,500 --> 05:18:03,900
Summer and somewhere in that 
vastness heard us still lead 

6162
05:18:03,900 --> 05:18:06,700
their animals along paths that 
have been used for thousands of 

6163
05:18:06,700 --> 05:18:08,600
years. 
But now, you know, that this 

6164
05:18:08,600 --> 05:18:11,400
seemingly empty landscape was 
actually the beginning of one of

6165
05:18:11,408 --> 05:18:13,900
history's. 
Most interesting experiments in 

6166
05:18:13,900 --> 05:18:17,300
how people can work together. 
Those scattered tribes living in

6167
05:18:17,300 --> 05:18:20,900
felt tents and following their 
herds across vast grasslands 

6168
05:18:20,900 --> 05:18:22,700
were able to create something 
new. 

6169
05:18:23,500 --> 05:18:25,800
A government that could bring 
together people from different 

6170
05:18:25,800 --> 05:18:29,800
backgrounds, over long distances
and economic system, that linked

6171
05:18:29,800 --> 05:18:32,900
markets that had been cut off 
from each other and a cultural 

6172
05:18:32,900 --> 05:18:35,700
framework that let different 
civilizations learn from each 

6173
05:18:35,700 --> 05:18:38,200
other while still keeping their 
own identities. 

6174
05:18:38,200 --> 05:18:41,500
The story of the Mongol Empire 
is really about how people can 

6175
05:18:41,500 --> 05:18:44,100
connect with each other, when 
there are no more barriers 

6176
05:18:44,100 --> 05:18:47,500
between them and instead, there 
are networks of exchange and 

6177
05:18:47,500 --> 05:18:50,600
cooperation, it's about the 
power of being able to move 

6178
05:18:50,600 --> 05:18:53,100
around in a world that often 
thinks stability as more 

6179
05:18:53,100 --> 05:18:55,700
important. 
The benefits of being able to 

6180
05:18:55,700 --> 05:18:59,200
change in societies that often 
value tradition over new ideas 

6181
05:18:59,200 --> 05:19:03,400
and the idea that people from 
outside may have answers to 

6182
05:19:03,400 --> 05:19:05,300
problems that people from 
within, haven't been able to 

6183
05:19:05,308 --> 05:19:08,700
solve historians today, 
sometimes argue about whether 

6184
05:19:08,700 --> 05:19:11,200
the Mongol conquests were one of
the greatest things that people 

6185
05:19:11,200 --> 05:19:14,000
have ever done or one of the 
worst things that people have 

6186
05:19:14,000 --> 05:19:16,200
ever done. 
The answer is probably both 

6187
05:19:16,200 --> 05:19:19,900
like, with most hard historical 
questions cities were destroyed 

6188
05:19:19,900 --> 05:19:22,900
and people had to move, but new 
cities were built a, new chances

6189
05:19:22,900 --> 05:19:26,400
were made old ways of life were 
changed, but new ways of 

6190
05:19:26,400 --> 05:19:29,200
expressing culture came from the
mixing of traditions that were 

6191
05:19:29,200 --> 05:19:32,900
once separate. 
Political systems fell apart but

6192
05:19:32,900 --> 05:19:36,100
new institutions that were more 
open and useful often took their

6193
05:19:36,100 --> 05:19:38,300
place. 
It seems clear that the Mongol 

6194
05:19:38,300 --> 05:19:41,300
period sped up human progress in
ways that still affect our world

6195
05:19:41,300 --> 05:19:43,400
today. 
The cultural exchanges, 

6196
05:19:43,400 --> 05:19:47,200
technological advancements and 
institutional experiments that 

6197
05:19:47,200 --> 05:19:50,800
transpire during the Empire's 
duration established paradigms 

6198
05:19:50,800 --> 05:19:53,200
that influence. 
The Renaissance, the Scientific 

6199
05:19:53,200 --> 05:19:57,500
Revolution and the Contemporary 
global economy. 700 years later,

6200
05:19:57,500 --> 05:20:00,200
we are still dealing with the 
effects of decisions, made in 

6201
05:20:00,200 --> 05:20:03,400
Mongol councils. 
The Mongol story teaches us that

6202
05:20:03,400 --> 05:20:06,900
human societies can change and 
adapt more than we think. 

6203
05:20:06,900 --> 05:20:10,100
They can the same species that 
had spent thousands of years. 

6204
05:20:10,100 --> 05:20:13,600
Building isolated agricultural 
societies was able to build and 

6205
05:20:13,600 --> 05:20:17,000
run a continental Empire that 
worked well over long distances 

6206
05:20:17,000 --> 05:20:20,100
and across cultures the same 
groups that had been fighting 

6207
05:20:20,100 --> 05:20:23,200
and competing for what seemed 
like forever found that they 

6208
05:20:23,200 --> 05:20:25,100
could work together to reach 
bigger goals. 

6209
05:20:26,100 --> 05:20:28,700
This ability to change gives us 
hope for the problems. 

6210
05:20:28,700 --> 05:20:31,600
We face around the world. 
If no magic heard us, could 

6211
05:20:31,600 --> 05:20:34,500
figure out how to govern areas 
from Korea to Hungary, while 

6212
05:20:34,500 --> 05:20:36,700
respecting, the cultural 
autonomy of hundreds of 

6213
05:20:36,708 --> 05:20:39,700
different groups. 
Maybe modern societies can find 

6214
05:20:39,708 --> 05:20:43,200
ways to deal with climate 
change, economic inequality, and

6215
05:20:43,200 --> 05:20:46,000
political fragmentation. 
That seemed just as hard to deal

6216
05:20:46,000 --> 05:20:49,300
with from where we are now, the 
Mongol Empire also shows us that

6217
05:20:49,300 --> 05:20:52,000
some of the most important, new 
ideas in history of come from 

6218
05:20:52,000 --> 05:20:55,200
places, we didn't expect. 
It wasn't the urban Elites of 

6219
05:20:55,200 --> 05:20:58,200
established civilizations, who 
changed Warfare Administration, 

6220
05:20:58,200 --> 05:21:01,700
and international relations. 
It was no medic Outsiders who 

6221
05:21:01,700 --> 05:21:03,800
looked at the same problems from
a whole new angle. 

6222
05:21:03,800 --> 05:21:07,300
This means that experts, today 
might not be taking seriously 

6223
05:21:07,300 --> 05:21:09,700
the ideas and communities that 
could help solve today's 

6224
05:21:09,700 --> 05:21:12,400
problems. 
You might find comfort in the 

6225
05:21:12,400 --> 05:21:14,100
thought of that. 
Endless Blue Sky. 

6226
05:21:14,100 --> 05:21:16,500
Over the steps. 
As you fall asleep, it's the 

6227
05:21:16,500 --> 05:21:19,300
same sky that watched over. 
Mongol heard as 800 years ago 

6228
05:21:19,300 --> 05:21:21,800
and the same sky, that covers 
your own home tonight. 

6229
05:21:21,800 --> 05:21:25,600
That sky has seen the rise and 
fall of Empires, the movement of

6230
05:21:25,600 --> 05:21:27,700
people. 
The growth of technologies that 

6231
05:21:27,700 --> 05:21:31,100
have changed human life and the 
slow growth of the connected 

6232
05:21:31,100 --> 05:21:33,400
world. 
We live in now, but it is also 

6233
05:21:33,400 --> 05:21:37,000
seen quieter times like families
gathering around cooking fires, 

6234
05:21:37,000 --> 05:21:40,600
kids learning to ride horses. 
Elders, telling stories that 

6235
05:21:40,600 --> 05:21:43,900
passed down, cultural Knowledge 
from one generation to the next 

6236
05:21:43,900 --> 05:21:47,100
and regular people. 
Making the small choices that 

6237
05:21:47,100 --> 05:21:50,500
when added together change the 
course of human history, the 

6238
05:21:50,500 --> 05:21:52,900
grand sweep of Empires and 
conquests is important. 

6239
05:21:52,900 --> 05:21:56,500
But so are the small acts of 
Bravery creativity and kindness 

6240
05:21:56,500 --> 05:21:59,000
that make big changes in history
possible. 

6241
05:21:59,000 --> 05:22:02,500
The Mongol Empire is no longer 
around but its ideas about what 

6242
05:22:02,500 --> 05:22:05,700
people can do are still around. 
The Mongol period was when these

6243
05:22:05,700 --> 05:22:09,200
ideas first took shape, the 
different cultures can enrich 

6244
05:22:09,200 --> 05:22:10,800
each other in stead of 
threatening each other. 

6245
05:22:11,300 --> 05:22:14,500
The geographical barriers don't 
have to become social barriers. 

6246
05:22:14,500 --> 05:22:18,800
That Innovation can come from 
both isolation and synthesis and

6247
05:22:18,800 --> 05:22:21,800
that societies can be organized 
in ways that benefit all their 

6248
05:22:21,800 --> 05:22:23,500
members. 
Instead of just their Elites, 

6249
05:22:23,500 --> 05:22:26,700
these ideas continue to inspire 
efforts to make the world more 

6250
05:22:26,700 --> 05:22:30,100
fair and connected to night. 
As you fall asleep, in a world 

6251
05:22:30,100 --> 05:22:32,400
where Mongolian traditional 
music might be playing through 

6252
05:22:32,400 --> 05:22:35,600
your speakers Kashmir from 
Central Asian goats might be 

6253
05:22:35,600 --> 05:22:38,900
warming, your shoulders and the 
spices in your evening team 

6254
05:22:38,900 --> 05:22:41,700
might have come from trade 
routes first used by Mongol 

6255
05:22:41,700 --> 05:22:44,400
Merchants your experience in the
everyday Legacy of that. 

6256
05:22:44,400 --> 05:22:48,100
Amazing experiment in how to 
organize people that started on 

6257
05:22:48,100 --> 05:22:51,700
the steps over 800 years ago. 
Sweet dreams of wide, open 

6258
05:22:51,700 --> 05:22:54,400
spaces and endless Horizons of 
people. 

6259
05:22:54,400 --> 05:22:57,200
Realizing they have more in 
common than they thought and of 

6260
05:22:57,208 --> 05:23:00,700
how humans can always change 
create and connect with each 

6261
05:23:00,700 --> 05:23:02,800
other. 
No matter what barriers seem to 

6262
05:23:02,800 --> 05:23:05,100
be in the way. 
The story of the Mongol Empire 

6263
05:23:05,100 --> 05:23:08,300
is really our story. 
It's the story of how people 

6264
05:23:08,300 --> 05:23:11,000
learn to get along on a planet 
that belongs to all of us. 

6265
05:23:11,300 --> 05:23:13,400
Sleep. 
Well, under the sky that never 

6266
05:23:13,400 --> 05:23:20,600
ends. 
Picture this. 

6267
05:23:20,600 --> 05:23:24,400
It's 1911 and you've just landed
whatever everyone calls, a good 

6268
05:23:24,408 --> 05:23:27,400
job at the local. 
Textile mill, your family's 

6269
05:23:27,400 --> 05:23:29,700
practically throwing a party 
because hey steady work is 

6270
05:23:29,700 --> 05:23:31,800
steady work, right? 
Little. 

6271
05:23:31,800 --> 05:23:34,100
Do you know you have just 
committed to what feels like a 

6272
05:23:34,100 --> 05:23:37,500
very long, very loud. 
And very dusty Adventure filled 

6273
05:23:37,500 --> 05:23:39,500
with creative ways to dislike 
your life. 

6274
05:23:40,600 --> 05:23:44,000
Your first day starts at 5:30 
a.m. which wouldn't be a 

6275
05:23:44,000 --> 05:23:46,600
problem. 
If you would say a rooster But 

6276
05:23:46,600 --> 05:23:50,300
you're not, you're a human being
who needs sleep and the mill, 

6277
05:23:50,300 --> 05:23:51,700
whistle doesn't care about your 
beauty. 

6278
05:23:51,700 --> 05:23:55,000
Rest that whistle becomes, your 
new alarm clock, your lunch 

6279
05:23:55,000 --> 05:23:58,100
Bell, and your freedom song. 
All rolled into one ear 

6280
05:23:58,100 --> 05:24:00,700
splitting package. 
It's like having a very punctual

6281
05:24:00,700 --> 05:24:02,600
Furious metal bird living in 
your neighborhood. 

6282
05:24:03,800 --> 05:24:06,500
Walking into the mill for the 
first time is like, stepping 

6283
05:24:06,500 --> 05:24:09,400
into another world. 
If that world were designed by 

6284
05:24:09,400 --> 05:24:11,600
someone who really, really hated
Comfort. 

6285
05:24:11,600 --> 05:24:15,800
The noise hits you first. 
Imagine a thousand typewriters 

6286
05:24:15,800 --> 05:24:17,300
have an argument with a brass 
band. 

6287
05:24:17,300 --> 05:24:20,400
While someone runs a cheese 
grater over a chalkboard, that's

6288
05:24:20,400 --> 05:24:22,500
your new sound track, 12 hours a
day. 

6289
05:24:22,508 --> 05:24:26,300
Six days a week, the air inside 
feels thick enough to chew 

6290
05:24:26,300 --> 05:24:28,200
cotton dust. 
Floats everywhere. 

6291
05:24:28,200 --> 05:24:31,600
Like the world's most annoying 
snow except this snow makes you 

6292
05:24:31,600 --> 05:24:35,100
cough and never melts. 
You'll spend your first week 

6293
05:24:35,100 --> 05:24:38,000
thinking you're coming down with
something until you realize that

6294
05:24:38,000 --> 05:24:40,700
scratchy throat and those 
sneezing fits aren't temporary. 

6295
05:24:40,700 --> 05:24:42,400
Visitors. 
Their new roommates. 

6296
05:24:43,200 --> 05:24:46,000
Your supervisor, a man who 
smiled disappeared sometime 

6297
05:24:46,000 --> 05:24:48,700
around 1897. 
Explains your job. 

6298
05:24:48,700 --> 05:24:52,100
With the enthusiasm of someone 
reading a grocery list you'll be

6299
05:24:52,100 --> 05:24:54,900
tending machines that look like 
they were built by someone who 

6300
05:24:54,900 --> 05:24:58,800
thought You know what this 
device needs more ways to catch 

6301
05:24:58,800 --> 05:25:01,800
fingers? 
These mechanical beasts consume 

6302
05:25:01,800 --> 05:25:05,500
cotton and expel thread and 
their temperament is akin to 

6303
05:25:05,508 --> 05:25:07,200
that of a cat during a 
thunderstorm. 

6304
05:25:08,000 --> 05:25:11,100
The learning curve is steep, 
which is a polite way of saying 

6305
05:25:11,100 --> 05:25:13,300
you'll spend your first month 
feeling like you're trying to 

6306
05:25:13,300 --> 05:25:15,700
juggle, while riding a unicycle 
in an earthquake. 

6307
05:25:15,700 --> 05:25:19,300
Every machine has its 
personality and most of them 

6308
05:25:19,300 --> 05:25:22,000
have bad attitudes. 
There's the one that jams. 

6309
05:25:22,000 --> 05:25:24,600
If you look at it wrong, the one
that makes a weird clicking 

6310
05:25:24,600 --> 05:25:26,200
sound. 
That means either everything's 

6311
05:25:26,200 --> 05:25:29,700
fine or run for your life and 
the one that seems to wait until

6312
05:25:29,700 --> 05:25:31,600
you're distracted to break 
something expensive. 

6313
05:25:32,500 --> 05:25:35,100
Your fellow workers, welcome you
with the kind of tired 

6314
05:25:35,100 --> 05:25:37,200
solidarity that comes from 
shared suffering. 

6315
05:25:38,100 --> 05:25:41,200
They will teach you important 
information, such as which water

6316
05:25:41,200 --> 05:25:44,800
found in actually works where to
hide when the floor supervisor 

6317
05:25:44,800 --> 05:25:48,600
is in a bad mood and how to eat 
lunch in exactly 12 minutes. 

6318
05:25:48,600 --> 05:25:51,700
Since that is all the time, 
you'll give him these people 

6319
05:25:51,700 --> 05:25:55,600
become your Mill, family bonded,
together by cotton dust and the 

6320
05:25:55,600 --> 05:25:58,100
mutual understanding that 
everyone's just trying to make 

6321
05:25:58,100 --> 05:26:00,000
it through another day, without 
losing a finger. 

6322
05:26:00,800 --> 05:26:03,900
The pay sounds decent when they 
tell you about it until you 

6323
05:26:03,900 --> 05:26:07,900
realize that decent is relative.
Sure you're making more than the

6324
05:26:07,900 --> 05:26:11,000
guy who sweeps streets but 
you're also working twice as 

6325
05:26:11,000 --> 05:26:14,100
hard and breathing are that's 
more cotton than oxygen, your 

6326
05:26:14,100 --> 05:26:17,700
wages, might cover, rent food, 
and maybe a small luxury like 

6327
05:26:17,700 --> 05:26:21,100
soap, but forget about those 
fancy things like saving money 

6328
05:26:21,100 --> 05:26:24,100
or buying clothes that don't 
smell permanently of machine 

6329
05:26:24,100 --> 05:26:26,900
oil. 
By the end of your first week, 

6330
05:26:26,900 --> 05:26:29,700
you've acquired what everyone 
refers to as a mill. 

6331
05:26:29,700 --> 05:26:32,500
Cough, the Charming little 
ailment that will accompany you 

6332
05:26:32,500 --> 05:26:35,100
constantly. 
Your hands are already showing 

6333
05:26:35,100 --> 05:26:36,600
the signs of your new 
profession. 

6334
05:26:36,600 --> 05:26:39,600
Small cuts from handling rough 
materials. 

6335
05:26:39,600 --> 05:26:43,500
Calluses from gripping tools and
a general toughness that comes 

6336
05:26:43,500 --> 05:26:45,400
from shaking hands with 
Machinery all day. 

6337
05:26:46,200 --> 05:26:50,200
Your mother would cry if she saw
your hands, but then again, your

6338
05:26:50,200 --> 05:26:53,400
mother isn't trying to feed a 
family on Millway ages, the 

6339
05:26:53,400 --> 05:26:57,400
worst part, the just getting 
started, your typical day begins

6340
05:26:57,400 --> 05:27:00,800
before the sun recalls its task.
The mill whistled doesn't care 

6341
05:27:00,800 --> 05:27:03,000
if you went to bed, late. 
If your feeling under the 

6342
05:27:03,000 --> 05:27:05,100
weather, or if you'd rather 
spend the morning doing 

6343
05:27:05,100 --> 05:27:09,800
literally, anything else? 
Screams at 5:30 a.m. sharp and 

6344
05:27:09,800 --> 05:27:12,800
you'd better be screaming back 
or at least stumbling toward the

6345
05:27:12,808 --> 05:27:15,000
mill. 
Gates breakfast is whatever you 

6346
05:27:15,000 --> 05:27:18,000
can grab and stuff in your mouth
while walking typically 

6347
05:27:18,000 --> 05:27:21,700
breakfast consists of bread, 
perhaps a company by a smidgen 

6348
05:27:21,700 --> 05:27:23,300
of butter. 
If you're indulging in luxury, 

6349
05:27:23,300 --> 05:27:26,700
coffee is a luxury most days, 
which means you're facing 12 

6350
05:27:26,700 --> 05:27:29,900
hours of Machinery, maintenance,
on whatever enthusiasm you can 

6351
05:27:29,900 --> 05:27:34,800
muster from stale bread and the 
fear of unemployment The walk to

6352
05:27:34,800 --> 05:27:37,000
work becomes a parade of the 
perpetually exhausted. 

6353
05:27:37,000 --> 05:27:39,600
You join a stream of fellow 
workers? 

6354
05:27:39,600 --> 05:27:42,300
All moving with the same 
determined shuffling of people. 

6355
05:27:42,300 --> 05:27:45,300
Who'd rather be anywhere else. 
But no, they can't afford to be 

6356
05:27:46,000 --> 05:27:49,400
Everyone's carrying their lunch 
pail, a tin box that contains 

6357
05:27:49,400 --> 05:27:53,800
what optimists call a meal and 
realistic call Food objects that

6358
05:27:53,800 --> 05:27:55,600
might keep you alive until 
quitting time. 

6359
05:27:56,400 --> 05:27:58,700
Clocking in is not form, you 
have to be there. 

6360
05:27:58,700 --> 05:27:59,800
Exactly. 
On time. 

6361
05:27:59,800 --> 05:28:03,200
Not early enough to seem eager, 
not late enough to get docked 

6362
05:28:03,200 --> 05:28:06,100
pay. 
The time clock doesn't forgive 

6363
05:28:06,100 --> 05:28:08,100
and neither does your 
supervisor. 

6364
05:28:08,900 --> 05:28:11,200
Being 2 minutes. 
Late means losing half an hour's

6365
05:28:11,200 --> 05:28:14,900
wages which might not sound like
much until you realize that half

6366
05:28:14,900 --> 05:28:17,300
an hour's wages, could mean the 
difference between having meat 

6367
05:28:17,300 --> 05:28:19,800
for dinner or making friends 
with potatoes again. 

6368
05:28:20,600 --> 05:28:23,200
Once you're officially on the 
clock, The Machine's demand your

6369
05:28:23,200 --> 05:28:26,300
complete attention their like 
mechanical toddlers. 

6370
05:28:26,300 --> 05:28:30,100
They need constant watching and 
frequent fixing and they'll hurt

6371
05:28:30,100 --> 05:28:32,600
themselves. 
The moment you look away, your 

6372
05:28:32,600 --> 05:28:35,200
job is to keep the thread 
running smoothly, which sounds 

6373
05:28:35,200 --> 05:28:39,100
simple Until you realize that 
smoothly is a foreign concept to

6374
05:28:39,100 --> 05:28:41,700
most textile machinery. 
Threads break. 

6375
05:28:41,700 --> 05:28:46,100
They break a lot when a thread 
snaps, everything stops until 

6376
05:28:46,100 --> 05:28:49,900
you can tie it back together. 
Your tasks might sound easy, but

6377
05:28:49,900 --> 05:28:52,200
try doing it quickly while 
wearing thick work gloves 

6378
05:28:52,200 --> 05:28:55,500
squinting through cotton dust 
and knowing that every second of

6379
05:28:55,500 --> 05:28:59,000
downtime is a second, your 
supervisor is mentally. 

6380
05:28:59,000 --> 05:29:01,300
Calculating how much money your 
costing, the company. 

6381
05:29:02,000 --> 05:29:06,500
The noise never stops ever. 
You learn to communicate using 

6382
05:29:06,500 --> 05:29:08,000
gestures. 
Because shouting over the 

6383
05:29:08,000 --> 05:29:10,100
Machinery, makes your voice 
hoarse by noon. 

6384
05:29:10,800 --> 05:29:13,200
You develop your own sign 
language with your co-workers 

6385
05:29:13,200 --> 05:29:18,100
pointing means. 
Look out waving means help and 

6386
05:29:18,100 --> 05:29:20,700
the universal gesture of 
clutching your throat means I 

6387
05:29:20,700 --> 05:29:24,000
need water before I pass out. 
Speaking of water. 

6388
05:29:24,000 --> 05:29:27,000
Staying hydrated is like trying 
to fill a bucket with a hole in 

6389
05:29:27,000 --> 05:29:29,100
it. 
You sweat constantly from the 

6390
05:29:29,108 --> 05:29:32,000
heat of the machines and the 
physical work, but getting a 

6391
05:29:32,000 --> 05:29:35,200
drink means leaving your 
station, which means risking a 

6392
05:29:35,200 --> 05:29:36,900
lecture from your supervisor 
about productivity. 

6393
05:29:36,900 --> 05:29:40,400
You learn to gulp water like a 
marathon runner whenever you can

6394
05:29:40,400 --> 05:29:44,200
sneak away for 30 seconds. 
Lunch break is exactly 30 

6395
05:29:44,200 --> 05:29:46,100
minutes and that includes the 
time. 

6396
05:29:46,100 --> 05:29:47,800
It takes to find a clean spot to
sit. 

6397
05:29:47,800 --> 05:29:51,700
Unwrap your food, eat it and get
back to your machine. 

6398
05:29:52,500 --> 05:29:56,200
Most days, you can consume cold 
sandwiches oblivious, to the 

6399
05:29:56,200 --> 05:29:57,800
fact that cotton dust and 
machine. 

6400
05:29:57,800 --> 05:29:59,300
Oil have covered your clean 
spot. 

6401
05:30:00,100 --> 05:30:04,500
Gourmet dining. 
It is not The afternoon drags on

6402
05:30:04,500 --> 05:30:08,200
endlessly, in August, your back 
aches, from bending, over 

6403
05:30:08,200 --> 05:30:10,900
machines. 
Your feet throb from standing on

6404
05:30:10,900 --> 05:30:13,900
concrete floors, and your hands 
are starting to feel like they 

6405
05:30:13,900 --> 05:30:17,800
belong to someone else. 
Clock on the wall moves with the

6406
05:30:17,800 --> 05:30:21,000
speed of continental drift and 
you find yourself checking it 

6407
05:30:21,000 --> 05:30:25,700
every few minutes certain that 
it must be broken. by 6 p.m. 

6408
05:30:25,700 --> 05:30:29,200
when the final whistle blows, 
you've earned every penny of 

6409
05:30:29,200 --> 05:30:33,000
your wages and then some Walking
home is an excruciating 

6410
05:30:33,000 --> 05:30:36,300
experience and the prospect of 
repeating the entire process 

6411
05:30:36,300 --> 05:30:40,400
tomorrow fills you with Dread. 
However, at least you have 

6412
05:30:40,400 --> 05:30:43,500
Sunday off a day, you'll spend 
recuperating sufficiently to 

6413
05:30:43,500 --> 05:30:46,400
resent Monday morning. 
Once more working in a textile 

6414
05:30:46,400 --> 05:30:49,400
mill in 1911 is like playing a 
daily game called, what's going 

6415
05:30:49,400 --> 05:30:52,300
to try to hurt me today. 
The rules are straightforward. 

6416
05:30:52,300 --> 05:30:55,400
Every object in the mill, 
carries the potential for 

6417
05:30:55,400 --> 05:30:57,400
danger. 
Other people's possessions 

6418
05:30:57,400 --> 05:31:00,400
serve, as safety equipment, and 
your best defense is 

6419
05:31:00,400 --> 05:31:03,700
attentiveness and optimism. 
Let's start with the machines 

6420
05:31:03,700 --> 05:31:06,700
themselves, shall we? 
These mechanical Marvels were 

6421
05:31:06,700 --> 05:31:09,000
designed by Engineers who 
apparently thought safety 

6422
05:31:09,000 --> 05:31:13,100
features were for weaklings. 
Exposed gears spin happily at 

6423
05:31:13,100 --> 05:31:16,400
eye level, ready to grab loose 
clothing, hair or any body part.

6424
05:31:16,400 --> 05:31:20,200
Foolish enough to get too close.
The spinning wheels and belts 

6425
05:31:20,200 --> 05:31:23,300
create a symphony of moving 
parts that look like they were 

6426
05:31:23,300 --> 05:31:25,600
inspired by medieval torture 
devices. 

6427
05:31:25,600 --> 05:31:29,600
Your fingers become precious 
Commodities, every textile. 

6428
05:31:29,600 --> 05:31:32,600
Worker has stories about someone
who got too close to the Picker 

6429
05:31:32,600 --> 05:31:34,900
or learned the hard way about 
the carding machine. 

6430
05:31:34,900 --> 05:31:38,000
You develop an almost 
Supernatural awareness of where 

6431
05:31:38,000 --> 05:31:40,900
your hands are at all times. 
Because losing a finger, doesn't

6432
05:31:40,900 --> 05:31:43,100
just hurt. 
It means you can't work and if 

6433
05:31:43,108 --> 05:31:46,500
you can't work, you can't eat. 
Cotton dust poses. 

6434
05:31:46,500 --> 05:31:50,000
A unique threat gets into 
everything, your lungs, your 

6435
05:31:50,000 --> 05:31:53,800
eyes, your food, your clothes, 
and probably your dreams. 

6436
05:31:53,800 --> 05:31:57,100
You breathe it, you eat it. 
And you wear at home, like the 

6437
05:31:57,100 --> 05:32:01,800
world's most persistent perfume.
After a few months, you develop 

6438
05:32:01,800 --> 05:32:04,400
a condition that everyone 
politely refers to as Mill, 

6439
05:32:04,400 --> 05:32:06,700
cough. 
All though, cotton lung would be

6440
05:32:06,700 --> 05:32:10,100
a more accurate description. 
It starts as a little tickle, in

6441
05:32:10,108 --> 05:32:12,400
your throat and grows into a 
reliable companion. 

6442
05:32:12,400 --> 05:32:13,500
That accompanies, you 
everywhere. 

6443
05:32:14,400 --> 05:32:17,500
Then there's the noise, not just
loud, but the kind of loud that 

6444
05:32:17,500 --> 05:32:20,500
makes your ears ring for hours. 
After you leave work, you find 

6445
05:32:20,500 --> 05:32:23,100
yourself shouting at home 
without realizing it because 

6446
05:32:23,100 --> 05:32:24,700
you're hearing has adjusted to 
compete. 

6447
05:32:24,700 --> 05:32:27,800
With the constant Roar of 
Machinery, the constant Roar of 

6448
05:32:27,808 --> 05:32:30,200
Machinery, encourages your 
family to speak up during 

6449
05:32:30,200 --> 05:32:33,100
dinner, making quiet 
conversations obsolete. 

6450
05:32:34,000 --> 05:32:37,000
The summer, heat transforms the 
mill into a sauna like 

6451
05:32:37,000 --> 05:32:40,300
environment complete with cotton
dust and a constant risk of 

6452
05:32:40,308 --> 05:32:43,600
mechanical injury. 
The large machines produce heat 

6453
05:32:43,600 --> 05:32:46,500
to kin to Tiny furnaces. 
And when combined with the 

6454
05:32:46,500 --> 05:32:49,600
intense Summer Sun on the tin 
roof, the working conditions 

6455
05:32:49,600 --> 05:32:51,900
escalate from discomfort to 
potential death. 

6456
05:32:52,800 --> 05:32:55,500
Heat exhaustion, regularly 
causes workers to collapse 

6457
05:32:55,500 --> 05:32:57,900
prompting. 
A response to resolving a 

6458
05:32:57,900 --> 05:33:00,100
maschine jam quickly and 
returning to work. 

6459
05:33:01,200 --> 05:33:04,200
Fire is another constant worry 
though, nobody likes to talk 

6460
05:33:04,200 --> 05:33:06,900
about it, much. 
All that cotton dust hanging in 

6461
05:33:06,900 --> 05:33:09,300
the air is basically kindling 
waiting for a spark. 

6462
05:33:09,300 --> 05:33:11,900
The wooden floors are soaked 
with machine oil. 

6463
05:33:11,900 --> 05:33:14,900
The electrical systems are what 
you might generously call 

6464
05:33:14,900 --> 05:33:16,900
experimental and everyone 
smokes. 

6465
05:33:16,900 --> 05:33:18,600
Because hey, what's one more 
risk? 

6466
05:33:19,300 --> 05:33:22,800
Fire drills consists mainly of 
hoping nothing catches fire and 

6467
05:33:22,800 --> 05:33:24,900
trusting that you can run faster
than the Flames. 

6468
05:33:24,900 --> 05:33:27,700
The chemical treatments used on 
the clock and create their own 

6469
05:33:27,700 --> 05:33:30,300
problems. 
Your skin develops, a permanent 

6470
05:33:30,300 --> 05:33:33,600
relationship with various dies 
and treating agents that would 

6471
05:33:33,600 --> 05:33:37,300
make a chemist nervous. 
Your hands acquire captivating, 

6472
05:33:37,300 --> 05:33:40,500
Hughes that remain unwash and 
you acquire, the ability to 

6473
05:33:40,500 --> 05:33:42,700
distinguish various chemical 
processes. 

6474
05:33:42,700 --> 05:33:48,000
Solely through scent, not a 
choice but a necessity Accidents

6475
05:33:48,000 --> 05:33:49,800
happen with the regularity of 
Sunrise. 

6476
05:33:49,800 --> 05:33:53,700
Someone gets their sleeve caught
in a machine and other worker 

6477
05:33:53,700 --> 05:33:55,900
slips on the oil. 
Slick floors, or somebody 

6478
05:33:55,900 --> 05:33:58,300
forgets just how hot those metal
Parts can get. 

6479
05:33:59,600 --> 05:34:02,000
The company's response to 
workplace injuries, is usually 

6480
05:34:02,000 --> 05:34:04,000
some variation of be more 
careful. 

6481
05:34:04,000 --> 05:34:07,500
Next time a company by a lecture
about personal responsibility. 

6482
05:34:09,200 --> 05:34:13,100
your feet in case in whatever 
boots you can afford spend 12 

6483
05:34:13,100 --> 05:34:15,700
hours a day on concrete, floors,
that seem designed to cause 

6484
05:34:15,700 --> 05:34:20,100
maximum discomfort By the end of
each day, walking feels like 

6485
05:34:20,100 --> 05:34:23,600
balancing on two clubs and you 
develop a deep appreciation for 

6486
05:34:23,600 --> 05:34:27,000
any opportunity to sit down. 
The worst part is that all these

6487
05:34:27,000 --> 05:34:28,500
hazards are, just part of the 
job. 

6488
05:34:28,500 --> 05:34:31,000
Nobody talks about making things
safer. 

6489
05:34:31,000 --> 05:34:33,900
They talk about being tougher, 
more careful and more aware. 

6490
05:34:34,700 --> 05:34:38,200
You adapt out of necessity 
forming reflexes and habits that

6491
05:34:38,200 --> 05:34:39,600
could potentially keep you 
alive. 

6492
05:34:39,600 --> 05:34:43,200
Long enough to earn your wages 
and tomorrow you get to do it 

6493
05:34:43,200 --> 05:34:45,800
all over again. 
Let's talk about money because 

6494
05:34:45,800 --> 05:34:48,800
in 1911, your relationship with 
money is a textile. 

6495
05:34:48,800 --> 05:34:52,200
Worker is complicated like being
married to someone who promises 

6496
05:34:52,200 --> 05:34:54,500
to love you but keeps forgetting
to show up for dinner. 

6497
05:34:55,500 --> 05:34:58,500
Your weekly wages sound almost 
respectable when the supervisor 

6498
05:34:58,500 --> 05:35:01,500
mentions them during hiring, 
maybe eight or nine dollars a 

6499
05:35:01,500 --> 05:35:03,100
week. 
If you're lucky and experience, 

6500
05:35:03,100 --> 05:35:07,400
that's real money. at least it's
real money until you start 

6501
05:35:07,400 --> 05:35:11,200
trying to spend it on real 
things like food, rent, and the 

6502
05:35:11,208 --> 05:35:14,900
occasional luxury of soap that 
doesn't smell like lye Here's 

6503
05:35:14,900 --> 05:35:16,300
where things get interesting in 
that. 

6504
05:35:16,300 --> 05:35:19,200
Not actually interesting more 
like, depressing way. 

6505
05:35:20,500 --> 05:35:23,600
The company has mastered the art
of giving generously while 

6506
05:35:23,600 --> 05:35:25,600
simultaneously, taking advantage
of you. 

6507
05:35:26,400 --> 05:35:29,600
Sure, they pay you weekly wages 
but they've also created a 

6508
05:35:29,600 --> 05:35:32,600
beautiful system of fines 
deductions and company policies 

6509
05:35:32,600 --> 05:35:35,400
that ensure most of your money 
never actually makes it to your 

6510
05:35:35,400 --> 05:35:37,800
pocket. 
If you arrive later at work, you

6511
05:35:37,800 --> 05:35:39,700
will incur penalties that will 
cost. 

6512
05:35:39,700 --> 05:35:42,700
You does the machine break down 
because of normal wear and tear.

6513
05:35:43,400 --> 05:35:46,400
Somehow that's your fault too. 
And it'll cost you need to buy 

6514
05:35:46,400 --> 05:35:49,200
work supplies conveniently. 
The Company Store is 

6515
05:35:49,200 --> 05:35:51,900
conveniently located, ready to 
sell you, everything at prices. 

6516
05:35:51,900 --> 05:35:53,500
That would make a highway robber
blush. 

6517
05:35:53,500 --> 05:35:58,000
Your thread, your needles, even 
your machine oil, all come out 

6518
05:35:58,000 --> 05:36:00,000
of your wages at rates. 
That make you wonder if the 

6519
05:36:00,000 --> 05:36:02,400
children of the company store 
owner of planning to attend 

6520
05:36:02,400 --> 05:36:04,700
Harvard. 
The company housing is another 

6521
05:36:04,700 --> 05:36:07,200
beautiful scam. 
They offer you a place to live 

6522
05:36:07,200 --> 05:36:10,400
which sounds generous Until you 
realize their charging rent. 

6523
05:36:10,400 --> 05:36:13,200
That eats up nearly half your 
way wages for the privilege of 

6524
05:36:13,208 --> 05:36:15,700
living in what amounts to a 
wooden box with Windows. 

6525
05:36:16,600 --> 05:36:19,200
The construction of these 
houses, reflects the meticulous 

6526
05:36:19,200 --> 05:36:23,000
attention to detail and 
craftsmanship of someone 

6527
05:36:23,000 --> 05:36:24,900
attempting to complete a project
before lunch. 

6528
05:36:25,900 --> 05:36:28,300
The walls are thin enough that 
you know, everything about your 

6529
05:36:28,300 --> 05:36:32,400
neighbor's lives, the roof leaks
with artistic creativity and the

6530
05:36:32,400 --> 05:36:34,800
plumbing works on the same 
principles as prayer. 

6531
05:36:36,300 --> 05:36:39,300
Food becomes a daily exercise in
Creative mathematics. 

6532
05:36:39,300 --> 05:36:42,400
You learn to make meals out of 
ingredients that cost almost 

6533
05:36:42,400 --> 05:36:45,000
nothing and fill you up. 
Just enough to keep working. 

6534
05:36:45,900 --> 05:36:48,900
Potatoes become your best friend
beans, become your steady 

6535
05:36:48,900 --> 05:36:52,100
companion, and meet becomes that
exciting, acquaintances. 

6536
05:36:52,100 --> 05:36:55,100
You see may be once a week. 
If you're lucky, you develop 

6537
05:36:55,100 --> 05:36:58,300
cooking skills that would 
impress, a frontier Pioneer, how

6538
05:36:58,300 --> 05:37:01,100
to make filling super out of 
Bones and vegetables that other 

6539
05:37:01,100 --> 05:37:04,600
people might throw away how to 
stretch a small piece of meter 

6540
05:37:04,600 --> 05:37:08,100
cross, three days of meals, and 
how to make bread last longer by

6541
05:37:08,100 --> 05:37:10,400
eating less of it. 
Your work. 

6542
05:37:10,400 --> 05:37:14,100
Clothes are another expense that
nobody mentioned during the 

6543
05:37:14,100 --> 05:37:16,800
machines are hard on fabric, the
dust and chemicals stain, 

6544
05:37:16,800 --> 05:37:19,900
everything permanently, and you 
need at least two sets of work 

6545
05:37:19,900 --> 05:37:23,200
clothes, so you can wash one 
while wearing the other Buying 

6546
05:37:23,200 --> 05:37:25,100
new clothes means going without 
something else. 

6547
05:37:25,100 --> 05:37:28,900
So you learn to patch, men and 
wear things until they're more 

6548
05:37:28,900 --> 05:37:30,400
patched than the original 
fabric. 

6549
05:37:31,100 --> 05:37:33,600
Saving money is like trying to 
hold water in your hands 

6550
05:37:33,600 --> 05:37:36,900
technically possible but 
requiring perfect conditions and

6551
05:37:36,900 --> 05:37:39,300
a lot of luck. 
Most weeks you're doing. 

6552
05:37:39,300 --> 05:37:42,400
Well, if you break even a good 
week, means you have a few coins

6553
05:37:42,400 --> 05:37:45,600
left over for something special 
like better food or maybe a 

6554
05:37:45,600 --> 05:37:47,900
newspaper. 
A bad week means choosing 

6555
05:37:47,900 --> 05:37:50,300
between paying rent on time or 
eating properly. 

6556
05:37:51,000 --> 05:37:54,000
The really frustrating part is 
watching The Mill owners drive 

6557
05:37:54,000 --> 05:37:57,400
past in their fancy carriages 
wearing clothes that cost more 

6558
05:37:57,400 --> 05:38:00,400
than you make in a year living 
in houses, that could fit your 

6559
05:38:00,400 --> 05:38:03,100
entire neighborhood. 
They talk about the Dignity of 

6560
05:38:03,100 --> 05:38:06,100
work and the value of honest 
labor, while paying wages that 

6561
05:38:06,100 --> 05:38:08,600
make dignity feel like an 
expensive luxury, you can't 

6562
05:38:08,600 --> 05:38:11,700
afford. 
Medical expenses are 

6563
05:38:11,700 --> 05:38:15,700
particularly cruel, get sick or 
injured, and you lose wages for 

6564
05:38:15,700 --> 05:38:16,700
the days. 
You can't work. 

6565
05:38:16,700 --> 05:38:19,700
Need to see a doctor that cost 
money. 

6566
05:38:19,700 --> 05:38:21,500
You don't have for treatment, 
you can't afford. 

6567
05:38:21,500 --> 05:38:25,200
The company solution is usually 
some variation of work through 

6568
05:38:25,200 --> 05:38:27,900
it or maybe you should have been
more careful. 

6569
05:38:29,000 --> 05:38:31,200
You'll find Financial planing 
consists mainly of hoping 

6570
05:38:31,200 --> 05:38:34,300
nothing, unexpected happens. 
Because unexpected things cost 

6571
05:38:34,300 --> 05:38:39,000
money, you don't have A broken 
shoe, a sick child or a winter. 

6572
05:38:39,000 --> 05:38:41,800
That's colder than usual. 
Any of these can turn a tight 

6573
05:38:41,800 --> 05:38:43,300
budget into a financial 
disaster. 

6574
05:38:44,200 --> 05:38:46,100
Hey, at least you have steady 
work, right? 

6575
05:38:46,100 --> 05:38:48,000
That's what everyone keeps 
telling you. 

6576
05:38:48,000 --> 05:38:50,500
Anyway. 
Social life is a textile worker.

6577
05:38:50,500 --> 05:38:54,100
In 1911 is like trying to have a
party in a library during an 

6578
05:38:54,100 --> 05:38:57,500
earthquake technically possible.
But you're working with some 

6579
05:38:57,500 --> 05:39:01,700
serious, limitations your Social
Circle consists, mainly of other

6580
05:39:01,700 --> 05:39:04,800
people who understand why you 
smell permanently of cotton dust

6581
05:39:04,800 --> 05:39:07,500
and machine oil. 
These are folks who don't judge 

6582
05:39:07,500 --> 05:39:11,000
you for falling asleep, 
mid-conversation or having hands

6583
05:39:11,000 --> 05:39:13,000
that look like you've been 
wrestling with mechanical 

6584
05:39:13,000 --> 05:39:15,800
equipment, all day, because 
they've got the same problems. 

6585
05:39:15,800 --> 05:39:19,000
You Bond over shared misery, in 
a way, that's both heartwarming 

6586
05:39:19,000 --> 05:39:22,800
and deeply depressing. 
The mill becomes its own little 

6587
05:39:22,800 --> 05:39:26,900
Community complete with all the 
drama gossip and petty feuds, 

6588
05:39:26,900 --> 05:39:28,900
you'd expect. 
When you stick a bunch of tired 

6589
05:39:28,900 --> 05:39:31,200
underpaid people together for 12
hours a day. 

6590
05:39:32,000 --> 05:39:34,400
You learn everyone's business 
where the you want to or not 

6591
05:39:34,408 --> 05:39:37,700
whose behind on rent, whose 
husband drinks too much. 

6592
05:39:37,708 --> 05:39:41,300
He's been sneaking extra breaks 
and whose been getting cozy with

6593
05:39:41,308 --> 05:39:43,700
the floor supervisor in hopes of
the easier assignments. 

6594
05:39:44,600 --> 05:39:47,200
Romance in the mill. 
Is complicated potential 

6595
05:39:47,200 --> 05:39:50,300
Partners, surround you under 
standing your life because they 

6596
05:39:50,300 --> 05:39:53,100
share it. 
On the other hand, everyone's 

6597
05:39:53,100 --> 05:39:56,700
exhausted stressed about money 
and covered in Cotton dust which

6598
05:39:56,700 --> 05:39:59,400
doesn't exactly create ideal 
conditions for romantic 

6599
05:39:59,400 --> 05:40:02,300
relationships. 
Milk or chips tend to be 

6600
05:40:02,300 --> 05:40:05,300
practical affairs. 
Finding someone who can help you

6601
05:40:05,300 --> 05:40:07,700
survive rather than someone who 
makes your heart flutter. 

6602
05:40:08,600 --> 05:40:10,800
Your work schedule. 
Makes having a social life about

6603
05:40:10,800 --> 05:40:14,300
a simple as juggling while 
blindfolded you work six days a 

6604
05:40:14,300 --> 05:40:17,800
week, 12 hours a day, which 
leaves you Sunday to recover, do

6605
05:40:17,800 --> 05:40:21,000
laundry, buy groceries. 
And maybe if you're very lucky, 

6606
05:40:21,000 --> 05:40:25,300
have something resembling fun. 
Sunday becomes sacred the one 

6607
05:40:25,300 --> 05:40:27,700
day when you can remember what 
it feels like to be a human 

6608
05:40:27,700 --> 05:40:31,800
being, instead of a machine 
tender The company Town, social 

6609
05:40:31,800 --> 05:40:35,300
hierarchy is fascinating in its 
own Twisted, way at the top, 

6610
05:40:35,300 --> 05:40:38,100
you've got the Miller owners and
managers living in their fancy 

6611
05:40:38,100 --> 05:40:41,500
houses on the hill, hosting 
Garden parties, and complaining 

6612
05:40:41,500 --> 05:40:43,400
about the difficulty of finding 
good help. 

6613
05:40:44,100 --> 05:40:47,100
Below them of the skilled 
workers and supervisors, who get

6614
05:40:47,100 --> 05:40:49,700
to look down on the regular Mill
House while still being looked 

6615
05:40:49,700 --> 05:40:53,000
down on by management. 
At the bottom, you've got the 

6616
05:40:53,000 --> 05:40:56,000
newest workers, the ones who 
have not figured out the system 

6617
05:40:56,000 --> 05:40:57,700
yet, and still think things 
might get better. 

6618
05:40:57,700 --> 05:41:01,600
Entertainment options are 
limited but creative There's 

6619
05:41:01,600 --> 05:41:04,100
usually a company store that 
doubles as a gathering place, 

6620
05:41:04,100 --> 05:41:07,300
where you can buy overpriced 
goods and catch up on Gossip. 

6621
05:41:07,300 --> 05:41:10,800
Sometimes, there's a church 
which serves as both spiritual 

6622
05:41:10,800 --> 05:41:14,600
comfort and Social Club The 
really exciting social events 

6623
05:41:14,600 --> 05:41:17,800
might include a company picnic 
once a year where management 

6624
05:41:17,800 --> 05:41:20,800
makes speeches about the mill, 
family, while serving food that 

6625
05:41:20,800 --> 05:41:23,800
costs less per person than most 
workers make in an hour. 

6626
05:41:24,600 --> 05:41:27,400
Drinking is popular, which 
probably won't surprise anyone, 

6627
05:41:27,400 --> 05:41:29,000
who spent 12 hours a day 
tending. 

6628
05:41:29,000 --> 05:41:32,200
Temperamental machinery for 
wages that barely cover rent. 

6629
05:41:32,800 --> 05:41:36,200
The local taverns, understand 
their clientele working people 

6630
05:41:36,200 --> 05:41:38,600
who need to forget their 
problems for a few hours and 

6631
05:41:38,600 --> 05:41:40,300
don't have much money to spend 
doing it. 

6632
05:41:41,200 --> 05:41:43,600
These establishments serve 
drinks, strong enough to cut 

6633
05:41:43,600 --> 05:41:46,500
through cotton dust and cheap 
enough that you can afford to 

6634
05:41:46,500 --> 05:41:50,000
buy around for your fellow 
sufferers Your reputation in the

6635
05:41:50,000 --> 05:41:53,300
community is directly linked to 
your work performance and your 

6636
05:41:53,300 --> 05:41:57,200
ability to remain silent about 
working conditions, complain too

6637
05:41:57,200 --> 05:41:59,100
much, and your labeled a 
troublemaker. 

6638
05:42:00,000 --> 05:42:02,600
If you make in frequent 
complaints, people may perceive 

6639
05:42:02,600 --> 05:42:04,500
you as being unresponsive to 
management. 

6640
05:42:04,500 --> 05:42:07,900
There's a narrow path between 
being considered a good worker 

6641
05:42:07,900 --> 05:42:10,000
and being considered someone 
who's giving up on life 

6642
05:42:10,000 --> 05:42:12,600
entirely. 
Let us from family members, who 

6643
05:42:12,600 --> 05:42:15,600
don't work in Mills become 
precious Treasures offering 

6644
05:42:15,600 --> 05:42:18,100
glimpses into a world where 
people have time for things, 

6645
05:42:18,100 --> 05:42:21,500
like Hobbies, where Sunday is 
actually a day of rest and where

6646
05:42:21,500 --> 05:42:24,100
conversations aren't conducted 
through gestures over the Roar 

6647
05:42:24,100 --> 05:42:26,900
of machinery. 
These letters remind you that 

6648
05:42:26,900 --> 05:42:29,900
there's life beyond the mill 
walls even if that life feels 

6649
05:42:29,900 --> 05:42:33,400
increasingly distant the social 
pressure to appear grateful for 

6650
05:42:33,400 --> 05:42:36,900
your job is constant, anyone who
suggests that working conditions

6651
05:42:36,900 --> 05:42:40,300
could be better is quickly 
reminded that jobs are scarce 

6652
05:42:40,300 --> 05:42:42,600
and there are plenty of people 
who would love to have your 

6653
05:42:42,600 --> 05:42:45,200
position. 
This phenomenon creates a 

6654
05:42:45,200 --> 05:42:48,000
community of people who are 
simultaneously miserable and 

6655
05:42:48,000 --> 05:42:50,900
afraid to admit it. 
Which makes for some very 

6656
05:42:50,900 --> 05:42:54,700
interesting social dynamics. 
However, it's comforting to 

6657
05:42:54,700 --> 05:42:56,800
share your misery with others by
now. 

6658
05:42:56,800 --> 05:42:59,100
Your body has become a Living 
testament to the joys of 

6659
05:42:59,108 --> 05:43:02,300
industrial labor. 
If bodies were books, yours 

6660
05:43:02,300 --> 05:43:05,500
would be titled, everything that
can go wrong in a textile mill, 

6661
05:43:05,500 --> 05:43:09,000
a personal Journey, your hands 
deserve their chapter. 

6662
05:43:09,000 --> 05:43:12,500
In this sad story, they've 
transformed from whatever they 

6663
05:43:12,500 --> 05:43:14,900
used to be into something. 
Resembling leather gloves that 

6664
05:43:14,900 --> 05:43:18,700
have been through a war. 
The calluses have calluses and 

6665
05:43:18,700 --> 05:43:21,300
your fingers of their own 
independent relationship with 

6666
05:43:21,300 --> 05:43:24,000
pain. 
You can identify different types

6667
05:43:24,000 --> 05:43:27,000
of thread by feel alone. 
Not because you're particularly 

6668
05:43:27,000 --> 05:43:30,100
skilled, but because you're 
nerve ending of being educated, 

6669
05:43:30,100 --> 05:43:32,700
by thousands of hours of 
handling, rough materials. 

6670
05:43:33,500 --> 05:43:36,100
The constant vibration from the 
machines as your hands. 

6671
05:43:36,100 --> 05:43:38,700
A permanent slight. 
Trevor like you're always cold 

6672
05:43:38,700 --> 05:43:41,400
or nervous. 
This condition makes simple 

6673
05:43:41,400 --> 05:43:44,800
tasks at home, surprisingly 
difficult, eating soup, becomes 

6674
05:43:44,800 --> 05:43:47,800
an adventure writing a letter 
turns into an exercise in 

6675
05:43:47,800 --> 05:43:51,000
patience and trying to thread a 
needle for personal sewing. 

6676
05:43:51,000 --> 05:43:53,700
Projects is like performing 
surgery while riding a horse. 

6677
05:43:54,500 --> 05:43:56,900
Your hearing is being subjected 
to an intensity. 

6678
05:43:56,900 --> 05:43:59,200
That would make a Prizefighter 
sympathetic. 

6679
05:44:00,100 --> 05:44:02,800
Constant Roar of Machinery has 
left you with a permanent 

6680
05:44:02,800 --> 05:44:05,500
ringing in your ears. 
That sounds like a very small 

6681
05:44:05,500 --> 05:44:08,900
very persistent Bell. 
That never stops chiming. 

6682
05:44:10,200 --> 05:44:13,500
You find yourself asking people 
to repeat things, not because 

6683
05:44:13,500 --> 05:44:16,900
you're not paying attention, but
because normal conversation has 

6684
05:44:16,900 --> 05:44:19,800
become surprisingly quiet 
compared to your workplace 

6685
05:44:19,800 --> 05:44:22,400
soundtrack. 
Your lungs have developed their 

6686
05:44:22,400 --> 05:44:26,400
own cotton processing facility. 
The mild cough that started as 

6687
05:44:26,400 --> 05:44:29,200
an occasional tickle as evolved 
into a reliable companion. 

6688
05:44:29,200 --> 05:44:31,500
That wakes up with you every 
morning and stays with you 

6689
05:44:31,500 --> 05:44:34,200
throughout the day. 
You produce more cotton colored 

6690
05:44:34,200 --> 05:44:37,300
phlegm than any human should, 
and you've learned to time your 

6691
05:44:37,300 --> 05:44:39,200
coughing fits. 
So they don't interfere with 

6692
05:44:39,200 --> 05:44:42,700
machine operation. 
Your back as aged about 20 years

6693
05:44:42,700 --> 05:44:45,800
and the first few months of 
Millwork all that bending over 

6694
05:44:45,800 --> 05:44:49,500
machine's, lifting materials and
standing on concrete floors. 

6695
05:44:49,500 --> 05:44:52,400
As giving your spine, the 
personality of an angry old man.

6696
05:44:52,400 --> 05:44:56,600
You awaken with stiffness and 
your escalating pain and retire 

6697
05:44:56,600 --> 05:44:58,000
to bed with a sense of 
resentment. 

6698
05:44:58,900 --> 05:45:02,500
Your feet have their complaints 
to file 12 hours a day on 

6699
05:45:02,500 --> 05:45:03,300
concrete. 
Floors. 

6700
05:45:03,300 --> 05:45:05,700
In whatever boots, you can 
afford, has given you an 

6701
05:45:05,700 --> 05:45:07,200
intimate relationship with foot 
pain. 

6702
05:45:07,900 --> 05:45:11,200
Your archers have fallen your 
heels, ache and your toes of 

6703
05:45:11,208 --> 05:45:13,100
developed their own Survival 
strategies. 

6704
05:45:13,100 --> 05:45:16,900
Each day, you walk home with the
Gate of someone who has hiked 

6705
05:45:16,900 --> 05:45:20,500
uphill in uncomfortable shoes, a
situation that is not far from 

6706
05:45:20,500 --> 05:45:24,000
reality, the heat and humidity 
of the mill of done. 

6707
05:45:24,000 --> 05:45:27,000
Strange things to your skin. 
You've developed, a permanent 

6708
05:45:27,000 --> 05:45:30,000
light Sheen of perspiration 
mixed with cotton dust that 

6709
05:45:30,000 --> 05:45:32,000
gives you the appearance of 
someone who's been lightly 

6710
05:45:32,000 --> 05:45:35,300
breaded for frying. 
Your complexion has taken on the

6711
05:45:35,300 --> 05:45:38,100
pale slightly grayish, tone of 
someone who spends most of their

6712
05:45:38,100 --> 05:45:40,200
daylight hours indoors under 
artificial lighting. 

6713
05:45:41,100 --> 05:45:43,700
Your sleep patterns have been 
completely reorganized around 

6714
05:45:43,700 --> 05:45:46,200
exhaustion. 
You don't wake up, so much as 

6715
05:45:46,200 --> 05:45:48,900
get dragged back to an awareness
by the mill, whistle, and you 

6716
05:45:48,900 --> 05:45:51,300
don't so much, go to sleep as 
collapse into unconsciousness. 

6717
05:45:51,300 --> 05:45:54,600
Your dreams. 
When you remember them, often 

6718
05:45:54,600 --> 05:45:57,200
feature the sound of machinery, 
and the feel of cotton dust in 

6719
05:45:57,200 --> 05:46:00,900
your throat. 
Your appetite has changed to the

6720
05:46:00,900 --> 05:46:03,700
physical demands of the work. 
Make you hungry, but the dust 

6721
05:46:03,700 --> 05:46:05,300
and chemicals, you, breathe all 
day. 

6722
05:46:05,300 --> 05:46:07,600
Have given food. 
A slightly metallic after taste,

6723
05:46:07,600 --> 05:46:10,700
everything you eat, seems to 
have a faint cotton flavor, 

6724
05:46:10,700 --> 05:46:12,600
Which is less appealing than it 
sounds. 

6725
05:46:12,600 --> 05:46:16,100
The worst part is that all these
physical changes are considered 

6726
05:46:16,100 --> 05:46:20,400
normal even expected Nobody 
talks about preventing them. 

6727
05:46:20,400 --> 05:46:24,600
They talk about enduring them. 
Your body is depreciating like a

6728
05:46:24,600 --> 05:46:27,600
piece of Machinery. 
Wearing out from constant use 

6729
05:46:27,600 --> 05:46:30,700
under difficult conditions. 
And the general attitude is that

6730
05:46:30,700 --> 05:46:33,100
such degradation is simply the 
price of employment. 

6731
05:46:33,900 --> 05:46:36,400
Your mirror becomes less and 
less friendly over time. 

6732
05:46:36,400 --> 05:46:39,600
The person looking back at you 
has the appearance of someone 

6733
05:46:39,600 --> 05:46:41,800
who's been through something 
difficult and prolonged. 

6734
05:46:42,400 --> 05:46:45,400
Your posture has changed your 
expression has developed. 

6735
05:46:45,400 --> 05:46:48,700
A permanent slightly tired look 
and your hands are always 

6736
05:46:48,700 --> 05:46:52,000
slightly stained with dies and 
oils that never quite wash 

6737
05:46:52,000 --> 05:46:54,100
clean. 
But hey, at least you're 

6738
05:46:54,100 --> 05:46:56,900
building character, right? 
That's what people who don't 

6739
05:46:56,900 --> 05:47:00,200
work in Mills, like to say, 
anyway, after months or years of

6740
05:47:00,200 --> 05:47:02,500
this, lovely life. 
You may be asking, does it get 

6741
05:47:02,500 --> 05:47:04,800
better? 
Well, that depends on your 

6742
05:47:04,800 --> 05:47:07,600
definition of better and your 
relationship with reality. 

6743
05:47:08,700 --> 05:47:12,200
Eventually some workers managed 
to break free from the mill life

6744
05:47:12,200 --> 05:47:15,600
though. 
The term Escape may be overly 

6745
05:47:15,600 --> 05:47:18,400
dramatic. 
Few workers managed to save 

6746
05:47:18,400 --> 05:47:20,000
enough money to start small 
businesses. 

6747
05:47:20,000 --> 05:47:22,600
Usually, in textiles since that 
is what they know. 

6748
05:47:23,700 --> 05:47:27,100
Others marry into slightly 
better circumstances or move to 

6749
05:47:27,100 --> 05:47:30,000
different towns, where the Mills
pay, marginally better wages. 

6750
05:47:30,800 --> 05:47:33,500
The success stories circulate 
throughout the mill Community 

6751
05:47:33,500 --> 05:47:36,400
like enchanting tales instilling
in everyone. 

6752
05:47:36,400 --> 05:47:38,800
Assemblance of Hope to continue 
attending work. 

6753
05:47:39,600 --> 05:47:41,900
The really optimistic workers 
talk about their children, 

6754
05:47:41,900 --> 05:47:45,600
having Better Lives, getting 
education and learning trades 

6755
05:47:45,600 --> 05:47:48,300
that don't involve breathing 
cotton dust for 12 hours a day. 

6756
05:47:49,400 --> 05:47:52,000
This notion becomes your 
motivation on the worst days, 

6757
05:47:52,000 --> 05:47:55,000
the idea that you're suffering 
might mean something if it gives

6758
05:47:55,008 --> 05:47:58,500
the Next Generation, a chance at
something better. it's a 

6759
05:47:58,500 --> 05:48:01,400
beautiful thought even if the 
milonas children are already 

6760
05:48:01,400 --> 05:48:04,000
getting those better chances 
while, yours are learning to 

6761
05:48:04,000 --> 05:48:07,900
patch clothes and stretch suit, 
You develop survival strategies.

6762
05:48:07,900 --> 05:48:09,400
That would impress a Wilderness 
guide. 

6763
05:48:09,400 --> 05:48:13,000
You learn exactly how to pace 
yourself to last 12 hours, 

6764
05:48:13,000 --> 05:48:15,700
without collapsing. 
How to eat meals, that provide 

6765
05:48:15,700 --> 05:48:19,200
maximum energy for minimum cost 
and how to sleep deeply enough 

6766
05:48:19,200 --> 05:48:21,200
in six hours to function the 
next day. 

6767
05:48:22,200 --> 05:48:25,100
You become an expert in the art 
of functioning while miserable, 

6768
05:48:25,100 --> 05:48:29,300
which is a skill, nobody teaches
but everyone in the mill somehow

6769
05:48:29,300 --> 05:48:32,000
learns. 
The milk Community develops, its

6770
05:48:32,000 --> 05:48:35,400
own support systems workers, 
Chef food when someone's family 

6771
05:48:35,400 --> 05:48:38,600
is struggling cover for each 
other, when illness strikes and 

6772
05:48:38,600 --> 05:48:41,400
pass along information about 
better jobs or safer machines. 

6773
05:48:41,400 --> 05:48:44,600
You learn, that solidarity isn't
just a fancy word. 

6774
05:48:44,600 --> 05:48:47,500
It's what keeps you alive? 
When the company sees you as 

6775
05:48:47,500 --> 05:48:51,400
Expendable equipment? 
Some days you catch glimpses of 

6776
05:48:51,400 --> 05:48:52,900
the world outside the mill 
walls. 

6777
05:48:52,900 --> 05:48:55,500
And remember that. 
There are people living entirely

6778
05:48:55,500 --> 05:48:57,900
different lives. 
They wake up when they want to 

6779
05:48:57,900 --> 05:49:01,700
work at jobs that don't slowly 
kill them and have money left 

6780
05:49:01,700 --> 05:49:03,500
over after paying for basic 
necessities. 

6781
05:49:04,600 --> 05:49:07,700
These glimpses are both 
inspiring and deeply depressing 

6782
05:49:07,700 --> 05:49:10,700
like looking through a window. 
A party, you're not invited to 

6783
05:49:11,500 --> 05:49:15,300
Slowly, the political landscape 
is beginning to change labor, 

6784
05:49:15,300 --> 05:49:18,300
unions, workplace safety laws 
and the radical idea that 

6785
05:49:18,300 --> 05:49:20,500
workers might deserve. 
Basic protections are being 

6786
05:49:20,508 --> 05:49:23,000
discussed. 
These conversations happen in 

6787
05:49:23,000 --> 05:49:25,600
Whispers because Milo owners, 
don't appreciate employees who 

6788
05:49:25,600 --> 05:49:28,900
think too much about their 
rights but the seeds of change 

6789
05:49:28,900 --> 05:49:33,200
are being planted watered by the
shared misery of thousands of 

6790
05:49:33,200 --> 05:49:36,300
workers who are starting to 
realize that grateful for any 

6791
05:49:36,300 --> 05:49:38,700
job, might not be the best 
approach to employment. 

6792
05:49:39,900 --> 05:49:42,900
Your relationship with work 
itself, becomes complicated in 

6793
05:49:42,900 --> 05:49:46,300
ways that are hard to explain to
people who've never spent years 

6794
05:49:46,300 --> 05:49:49,500
of their lives tending machines.
That seem designed to break down

6795
05:49:49,500 --> 05:49:53,000
at the worst possible moments. 
You develop a grudging respect 

6796
05:49:53,000 --> 05:49:56,100
for your toughness a pride in 
your ability to survive 

6797
05:49:56,100 --> 05:49:58,000
conditions that would break 
softer people. 

6798
05:49:58,000 --> 05:50:00,600
At the same time you're acutely 
aware that. 

6799
05:50:00,600 --> 05:50:04,200
This toughness came at a cost 
your health, your time, your 

6800
05:50:04,200 --> 05:50:06,200
dreams of doing something else 
with your life. 

6801
05:50:07,100 --> 05:50:10,300
Years later, if you're lucky 
enough to have those years, you 

6802
05:50:10,300 --> 05:50:11,700
will probably have mixed 
feelings. 

6803
05:50:11,700 --> 05:50:15,000
When you look back on your male 
experience, you will likely feel

6804
05:50:15,000 --> 05:50:18,300
a mixture of pride in your 
survival anger at the conditions

6805
05:50:18,300 --> 05:50:21,500
you endured and a deep 
appreciation, for any work that 

6806
05:50:21,500 --> 05:50:24,300
allows you to breathe clean air 
and keep your fingers intact. 

6807
05:50:25,100 --> 05:50:28,000
You'll tell stories that sound 
almost unbelievable to people 

6808
05:50:28,000 --> 05:50:30,900
who've never worked in heavy 
industry and you'll probably 

6809
05:50:30,900 --> 05:50:34,600
downplay just how bad it really 
was because some experience is 

6810
05:50:34,600 --> 05:50:37,000
too big and complicated to 
explain to people who were 

6811
05:50:37,000 --> 05:50:40,200
there. 
The mill whistle that sound that

6812
05:50:40,200 --> 05:50:43,400
dominated your life for so long,
will always trigger memories. 

6813
05:50:44,300 --> 05:50:47,600
Years later hearing a similar 
sound will transport you back to

6814
05:50:47,600 --> 05:50:49,500
those early mornings, those long
days. 

6815
05:50:49,500 --> 05:50:53,500
And that particular combination 
of exhaustion and determination 

6816
05:50:53,500 --> 05:50:56,800
that characterized male life. 
But here's the thing about 

6817
05:50:56,800 --> 05:50:59,900
surviving difficult experience, 
is they teach you what your 

6818
05:50:59,900 --> 05:51:03,100
capable of enduring and that 
knowledge becomes part of Who 

6819
05:51:03,100 --> 05:51:05,400
You Are. 
You learn your tougher more 

6820
05:51:05,400 --> 05:51:07,700
resourceful and more resilient 
than you thought. 

6821
05:51:08,600 --> 05:51:11,800
And sometimes on quiet Sunday 
mornings, when you're not 

6822
05:51:11,800 --> 05:51:14,500
rushing to answer a mill, 
whistle that knowledge feels 

6823
05:51:14,500 --> 05:51:16,300
almost worth the price. 
You paid for it. 

6824
05:51:16,300 --> 05:51:17,200
Almost