Boring History For Sleep | The WEIRD Sleep Habits of Bronze Age Miners & More

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Tonight, we're diving into the 
weird sleep habits of Bronze 

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Age. 
Miners the group of early 

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laborers, who didn't just dig 
deep into the Earth, but also 

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into some strange bedtime 
routines. 

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In dark cramped, tunnels lit, by
flickering animal fat lamps. 

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These miners, took shifts 
underground, that blurred the 

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line between night and day, naps
came in bursts and sleep off and

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happened in hammocks or 
makeshift straw beds. 

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Tucked beside the very walls, 
they carved. 

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So before you get comfortable, 
as always, take a moment to like

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the video and subscribe to the 
channel, if you love what we 

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Also, please let us know where 

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you're watching from and what 
time it is for you. 

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As we continue to build and 
expand our brand, even further, 

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we have taken your feedback on 
many things. 

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So be on the lookout for those 
changes soon. 

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Now, dim those pesky lights, 
grab your blanket. 

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And let's learn about sleep 
while we sleep, shall we? 

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Will settling in for the night. 
Probably checking your phone one

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last time, adjusting, your 
pillow. 

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Just so maybe wondering if you 
remember to set your alarm. 

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But imagine for a moment that 
you're living 4,000 years ago 

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and your bedroom as a cramped, 
wooden Hut, that smells like 

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smoke and wet wool, your bed, a 
pile of straw that seen better 

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days. 
And your alarm clock is the 

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rooster next door who apparently
never learned the concept of 

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sleeping in, welcome to the 
Bronze Age, when getting a good 

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night's sleep was about as 
reliable as your wife. 

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I during a thunderstorm, you'd 
think that after a long day of 

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hacking away at Copper veins 
deep underground, these ancient 

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miners would collapse into bed, 
like, exhausted teenagers but 

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here's where things get 
interesting and a little weird 

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These weren't your typical 
nine-to-five workers. 

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They had developed sleep 
patterns, that would make a 

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modern sleep, specialist scratch
their head and possibly 

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recommend therapy picture this. 
You're a Bronze Age Miner named.

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Well, let's call you copper arm 
names. 

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Were simpler back then, you've 
just spent 12 hours underground 

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in what can only be described as
a very expensive, cave breathing

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air, that would make a coal 
plant jealous and your back. 

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Feels like you've been carrying 
a mammoth uphill naturally, 

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you'd want to sleep for about 14
hours straight, but in Stead 

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your lying on your straw bed 
staring at the ceiling, which is

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probably just more straw, 
completely unable to drift off. 

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Your mind is racing with 
thoughts. 

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Like did I remember to shore up 
that tunnel? 

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And was that creaking sound? 
The Mind settling, or is it 

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about to become my two? 
These were not exactly the kind 

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of counting sheep, thoughts that
lead to Peaceful slumber. 

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The Bronze Age, mining 
communities are discovered 

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something that modern science is
only. 

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Now catching up to when your 
daily survival depends on not 

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being crushed by tons of rock. 
Your brain doesn't exactly 

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embrace the concept of letting 
its guard down. 

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Sleep became the strange dance 
between exhaustion and 

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hypervigilance, like trying to 
nap while riding a roller 

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coaster. 
What's fascinating is how these 

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ancient miners adapted, they 
didn't have sleep studies, or 

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melatonin supplements or those 
white noise machines. 

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That sound like, gentle rain, 
but somehow cost, more than your

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monthly coffee budget. 
Instead, they developed their 

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own peculiar strategies that 
were part practical Parts 

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superstitious and entirely 
human. 

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Some miners would sleep in 
shifts? 

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Not because they were working 
around the clock, but because 

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they discovered that sleeping 
alone made every little sound 

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feel like impending doom. 
So they rotate who was on watch 

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even while sleeping, taking 
turns, being the designated 

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light sleeper. 
It was like having a buddy 

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system for unconsciousness. 
Others developed what we might 

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call preparation rituals. 
That would make your bed time 

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routine. 
Look minimalist. 

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They'd spend an hour, arranging 
their Tools in specific patterns

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around their sleeping area, not 
for easy access, but because the

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familiar ritual helped calm 
their overactive Minds. 

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Imagine explaining to your 
spouse that you need to arrange 

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your lap top coffee mug, and 
reading glasses in a perfect 

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triangle before you can possibly
fall asleep. 

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But perhaps the most intriguing 
adaptation was how these miners 

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learn to embrace what we'd Now 
call fragmented sleep. 

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Instead of fighting their 
tendency to wake up every few 

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hours in a panic. 
They built their rest around it.

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They'd sleep for a few hours. 
Wake up naturally. 

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Usually convince something 
terrible was about to happen. 

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Spend an hour or two doing quiet
activities like mending tools or

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planning. 
The next day's work, then settle

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back down for another sleep 
cycle. 

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This wasn't insomnia, it was 
evolution in action, their 

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bodies and Minds were adapting 
to a lifestyle that required 

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constant alertness. 
Even during rest. 

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They were literally rewiring, 
their sleep patterns to match 

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their dangerous profession, 
creating a survival strategy 

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disguised as a sleep disorder. 
And you thought your habit of 

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checking your phone at 2 a.m. 
was problematic. 

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Now, here's where the story 
takes a turn that would make 

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your afternoon coffee break. 
Look like Child's Play. 

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You see these Bronze Age miners 
are discovered something that 

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modern workplace efficiency 
experts are still trying to 

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figure out the Strategic 
Underground map. 

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Picture yourself back in Copper 
arms World, warned boots deep in

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a mine shaft, that's lit by oil 
lamps that flicker more than 

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your grandmother's old 
television. 

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The air is thick, your muscles 
ache and you've been swinging 

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that bronze pickaxe for hours. 
Logic would suggest that. 

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The last thing you'd want to do 
is fall asleep. 

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Surrounded by unstable rock 
walls and toxic fumes. 

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But logic, as you're about to 
discover, it wasn't exactly the 

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miners strong suit. 
These crafty underground workers

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had figured out that a 
well-timed 20-minute nap. 

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In the depths of the mine could 
be the difference between 

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productive afternoon digging and
accidentally pickaxe in your own

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foot. 
But here's the catch and this is

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where things get delightfully 
weird. 

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They couldn't just curl up 
anywhere. 

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Oh no, that would be too easy. 
Underground napping. 

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Had rules serious rules. 
A kind of rules that would make 

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your office Handbook. 
Look like grocery list. 

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First you had to find what they 
called a singing spot a place in

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the mine where the Acoustics 
were just right. 

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Not too echoey which meant 
unstable Rock, not too muffled, 

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which could mean dangerous gas 
Pockets. 

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But just right, like some sort 
of geological Goldilocks 

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situation. 
These spots were highly coveted 

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and miners would actually trade 
shifts and rationals for access 

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to the premium lapping 
locations. 

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Imagine the workplace politics. 
Listen, tin beard. 

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I'll give you my extra bread 
ration and cover your morning 

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shift. 
If you let me have the Tuesday 2

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p.m. slot in the good sleeping 
Alcove, it was like booking a 

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conference room, except the 
stakes were your sanity, and the

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conference room could 
potentially collapse on you, but

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the weirdness doesn't stop 
there. 

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These miners had developed a 
buddy system for underground 

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napping, that was part. 
Safety protocol part 

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Superstition, one person would 
sleep while another kept watch, 

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not for cavins or dangerous 
gases. 

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But for what they called, The 
Dream Thieves, Now, before you 

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start picturing, some sort of 
Bronze Age, sleep Bandit, 

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sneaking around stealing dreams.
Let me explain. 

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The miners believed that 
sleeping underground could lead 

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to prophetic dreams about the 
location of rich or their veins.

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These dreams were considered. 
So, valuable that there were 

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actual cases of miners, trying 
to steal each other's sleeping 

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spots to intercept these 
geological Visions. 

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It was like corporate Espionage,
but with more dirt and fewer 

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PowerPoint presentations, the 
watching partner had a specific 

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job if the sleeping minor 
started mumbling about copper or

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tin or gold in their sleep, The 
Watcher was supposed to memorize

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every word some watches even 
developed their own short-hand 

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for recording these trousers. 
Imagine waking up from your nap 

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to find your co-worker 
frantically scribbling notes 

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about your sleep talking 
session. 

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He said something about shiny 
veins near the singing water, 

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your partner would whisper 
urgently, do you remember what 

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that means? 
And you'd be standing there. 

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Still groggy trying to figure 
out if you just solved the 

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mind's productivity problems or 
if you'd simply been dreaming 

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about your lunch again. 
The really fascinating part is 

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that this system actually 
worked, not because the dreams 

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were genuinely prophetic, but 
because the process of sleeping 

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underground, had actually 
trained these miners to be 

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incredibly observant about 
subtle geological signs. 

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Their subconscious Minds were 
processing details, they'd 

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noticed during their waking 
hours. 

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Slight changes in rock color 
variations in airflow, unusual, 

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sounds or echoes. 
So when they dreamed about 

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promising locations, they were 
actually accessing a kind of 

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intuitive knowledge. 
They build up through months, or

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years of underground experience.
It was like having a geological 

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GPS system, Powered By REM, 
sleep, and Bronze Age intuition.

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And here's the mildly stressful 
part that would keep you on 

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edge. 
Not everyone's dreams will 

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welcome. 
If a miners underground naps 

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consistently led to dry holes or
dangerous cave-ins. 

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They'd be banned from the good 
sleeping spots. 

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Imagine the pressure of knowing 
that your dream quality could 

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affect your career prospects. 
Performance reviews were 

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literally based on your 
subconscious performance. 

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Sorry copper arm but your last 
three dream tips led us to Solid

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Rock and a small flood. 
Your relegated to the noisy 

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alcove near the ventilation 
shaft. 

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Until further notice it was like
being demoted for your sleep 

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performance. 
Talk about workplace, stress 

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following, you into your dreams.
You'd think that people who 

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spent their days in near total 
darkness would relish the 

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opportunity to sleep in actual 
comfortable. 

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Darkness, But Bronze Age miners,
as you're beginning to 

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understand weren't exactly 
conventional in their approach 

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to rest and relaxation instead 
of embracing the darkness. 

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They turned bedtime into what 
can only be described as a 

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competitive Sport and like most 
competitive Sports, it was 

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simultaneously ridiculous. 
And intensely serious. 

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Picture this. 
Your back in your straw filled 

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her after another day of 
underground adventures and 

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instead of Simply lying down and
closing your eyes like a 

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reasonable person, your 
participating in what the mining

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Community called Darkness 
challenges, these were not 

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official competitions with 
prizes and ceremonies. 

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They were the kind of informal 
contest that emerge when people 

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have too much time, too much 
stress and not nearly enough 

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entertainment options. 
The basic concept was simple. 

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Who could fall asleep? 
Fastest in complete darkness. 

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But like everything else in 
Bronze Age, mining culture, the 

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execution was wonderfully 
complicated first. 

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There were the preparation 
rituals each minor had their own

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Priestly routine that they swore
was the key to Rapid 

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unconsciousness. 
Some would count their breathing

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in specific patterns, not the 
gentle 478 breathing, you might 

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have learned in yoga class but 
intense mathematical sequences 

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that would make your high school
algebra teacher proud. 

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Others would mentally catalog 
every tool in their collection, 

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every support beam in their 
section of the mine, every 

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Pebble in their daily path. 
One popular technique involved, 

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what they called, reverse mining
mentally digging their way out 

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of the mine tunnel by tunnel 
from their deepest point to the 

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surface. 
It was like counting sheep 

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except the Sheep were geological
formations and the counting 

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could take hours. 
But here's where the competitive

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element kicked in miners, would 
actually time each other's 

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descent into sleep. 
They'd use water clocks. 

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Basically ancient our glasses 
filled with water instead of 

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sand to measure who could 
achieve on Consciousness most 

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efficiently The current record 
holder in most communities was 

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usually treated with the kind of
respect, we might reserve for 

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Olympic athletes. 
Did you hear Stone George fell 

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asleep in under three drips? 
Last night? 

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Three drips, I can barely get 
comfortable in under 10. 

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This Timing System led to all 
sorts of creative strategies. 

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Some miners, would deliberately 
exhaust themselves during the 

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day performing, extra tasks or 
taking on additional shifts 

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thinking that extreme fatigue 
would guarantee rapid sleep. 

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Others went the opposite 
direction. 

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00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:46,000
Trying to achieve the perfect 
balance of tiredness without 

234
00:11:46,000 --> 00:11:48,900
Crossing into that overtired 
zone where your brain starts 

235
00:11:48,900 --> 00:11:51,100
acting like a caffeinated 
squirrel. 

236
00:11:51,700 --> 00:11:53,600
You really dedicated competitors
developed. 

237
00:11:53,600 --> 00:11:56,300
What we might recognize as early
meditation techniques. 

238
00:11:56,300 --> 00:11:59,200
They'd spend their evening hours
practicing what they called. 

239
00:11:59,200 --> 00:12:02,800
Mind darkening, essentially 
training, their thoughts to slow

240
00:12:02,800 --> 00:12:04,700
down and Fade to Black on 
command. 

241
00:12:05,600 --> 00:12:09,300
It was mindfulness meditation to
sleep competition and it 

242
00:12:09,300 --> 00:12:11,900
actually worked surprisingly 
well, but then there were the 

243
00:12:11,900 --> 00:12:14,100
cheaters. 
Oh yes, even Bronze Age, 

244
00:12:14,100 --> 00:12:17,000
sleeping competitions, have 
their scandals, some miners 

245
00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:19,500
would secretly consumed for men 
in beverages before the 

246
00:12:19,500 --> 00:12:22,000
challenge. 
Figuring that alcohol induced 

247
00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:24,500
drowsiness should count as 
legitimate sleep speed. 

248
00:12:24,500 --> 00:12:27,600
Others would claim they'd fallen
asleep when they were actually 

249
00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:30,000
just flying very still with 
their eyes closed. 

250
00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:33,800
Hoping the time keeper wouldn't 
notice the difference There were

251
00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:36,300
heated debates about whether 
these tactics will within the 

252
00:12:36,300 --> 00:12:39,600
spirit of the competition. 
That's not real sleep. 

253
00:12:39,600 --> 00:12:43,200
Copper arm, real sleep means 
dream activity. 

254
00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:46,800
You are just pretending prove it
bronze tooth. 

255
00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:48,900
You can't measure dreams with a 
water clock. 

256
00:12:48,900 --> 00:12:52,000
These arguments would sometimes 
go on for hours, which kind of 

257
00:12:52,008 --> 00:12:54,700
defeated the entire purpose of a
rapid sleep competition. 

258
00:12:54,700 --> 00:12:58,200
The most, elaborate cheating 
scheme involved miners, who 

259
00:12:58,200 --> 00:13:00,500
would practice falling asleep 
during their lunch breaks? 

260
00:13:01,100 --> 00:13:03,500
Essentially training for the 
evening competitions, like 

261
00:13:03,500 --> 00:13:06,600
athletes preparing for the 
Olympics, they'd find quiet 

262
00:13:06,600 --> 00:13:09,500
spots in the mine. 
Set up their own Timing Systems 

263
00:13:09,500 --> 00:13:12,400
and work on, perfecting their 
sleep on set technique during 

264
00:13:12,400 --> 00:13:15,000
workout hours. 
This led to the sun, what's 

265
00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:18,000
stressful situation, where 
supervisors had to watch for 

266
00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:19,500
minors? 
Who were two good at falling 

267
00:13:19,500 --> 00:13:21,700
asleep? 
If you could doze off too 

268
00:13:21,700 --> 00:13:24,600
quickly during the day, you 
might be suspected of practicing

269
00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:27,500
for the evening competitions, 
instead of focusing on your 

270
00:13:27,500 --> 00:13:30,800
actual job. 
Why were you able to fall 

271
00:13:30,800 --> 00:13:32,600
asleep? 
So fast during lunch break in 

272
00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:35,900
hand, you training for tonight's
Darkness challenge, when you 

273
00:13:35,908 --> 00:13:39,400
should be thinking about copper 
extraction, imagine having to 

274
00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:43,000
defend your natural sleepiness 
as evidence that you weren't 

275
00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:44,600
being competitive about bed 
time. 

276
00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:47,800
It was like being too good at 
relaxation for your own good. 

277
00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:53,000
The competitions also created an
unexpected side-effect miners 

278
00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:55,500
became incredibly sensitive to 
sleep disruption. 

279
00:13:56,300 --> 00:13:59,900
Snoring neighbor, a creaking 
roof beam or an unusually active

280
00:13:59,900 --> 00:14:01,500
Mouse. 
Could completely ruin your 

281
00:14:01,500 --> 00:14:04,700
competitive sleep time. 
This led to elaborate 

282
00:14:04,700 --> 00:14:07,400
pre-competition rituals 
involving soundproofing attempts

283
00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:10,700
neighbor, negotiations. 
And what can only be described 

284
00:14:10,700 --> 00:14:13,900
as Bronze Age, White Noise 
machines, usually involving 

285
00:14:13,900 --> 00:14:16,200
controlled water dripping, or 
rhythmic tool tapping. 

286
00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:18,900
And just when you thought it 
couldn't get more complicated. 

287
00:14:18,900 --> 00:14:22,000
The Communists started 
developing seasonal, variations 

288
00:14:22,000 --> 00:14:25,100
of the challenges with different
rules for winter sleeping versus

289
00:14:25,100 --> 00:14:27,700
Summer. 
Sleeping New Moon vs full moon 

290
00:14:27,700 --> 00:14:32,100
Knights and pre-mining vs, post 
mining sleep, session's, There 

291
00:14:32,100 --> 00:14:34,800
was the kind of thing that 
started as simple fun and 

292
00:14:34,800 --> 00:14:37,400
evolved into a complex 
subculture with its own rules 

293
00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:40,600
strategies, and social 
hierarchies, because apparently 

294
00:14:40,600 --> 00:14:44,200
even sleep needed to be 
optimized for maximum efficiency

295
00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:47,800
and competitive advantage. 
Who knew Bronze Age miners with 

296
00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:50,500
the original life hackers. 
Just when you thought Bronze 

297
00:14:50,500 --> 00:14:52,200
Age, sleep habits, couldn't get 
any stranger. 

298
00:14:52,200 --> 00:14:55,600
We encounter what might be the 
most peculiar phenomenon of all 

299
00:14:55,600 --> 00:15:00,400
the singing sleepers and no, 
this isn't about minors. 

300
00:15:00,400 --> 00:15:03,100
Who humbled lullabies to help 
himself drift off, though. 

301
00:15:03,100 --> 00:15:05,400
That would be charmingly normal 
compared to what actually 

302
00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:08,000
happened. 
You're lying in your Bronze Age 

303
00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:11,500
bed remember, it's still that 
pile of straw, that's definitely

304
00:15:11,500 --> 00:15:14,700
seen better days and from 
somewhere in the darkness, comes

305
00:15:14,700 --> 00:15:18,400
a sound that's part Melody part 
moan and entirely mysterious. 

306
00:15:19,300 --> 00:15:22,800
It's your neighbor bronzebeard 
engaging in what the mining 

307
00:15:22,800 --> 00:15:26,200
Community called Sleep singing. 
A phenomenon that was part 

308
00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:29,900
medical condition parts, social 
ritual and entirely fascinating 

309
00:15:29,900 --> 00:15:33,200
to everyone who witnessed it. 
Sleep singing wasn't like the 

310
00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:35,600
occasional snoring or sleep 
talking that you might be 

311
00:15:35,600 --> 00:15:38,400
familiar with. 
These were not random mumbles or

312
00:15:38,400 --> 00:15:41,300
unconscious vocalizations the 
singing sleepers. 

313
00:15:41,300 --> 00:15:44,300
Produced, elaborate melodic 
compositions, while completely 

314
00:15:44,300 --> 00:15:48,000
unconscious often lasting for 
hours, and featuring complex 

315
00:15:48,000 --> 00:15:50,700
harmonies that they could not 
reproduce while awake. 

316
00:15:50,700 --> 00:15:54,300
The weird part as if it wasn't 
weird enough already. 

317
00:15:55,400 --> 00:15:58,700
The songs seemed to follow the 
rhythm of mining, The Melodies 

318
00:15:58,700 --> 00:16:00,700
matched, the tempo of pickaxe. 
Swing's. 

319
00:16:00,700 --> 00:16:04,200
The harmonies echoed, the sound 
of copper being separated from 

320
00:16:04,200 --> 00:16:07,400
Stone and the overall 
compositions had a distinctly 

321
00:16:07,400 --> 00:16:10,600
geological quality that somehow 
made perfect sense if you'd 

322
00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:14,100
spent enough time Underground 
Imagine trying to explain this 

323
00:16:14,100 --> 00:16:15,600
to your modern, sleep 
specialist. 

324
00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:19,300
Well, doctor I seem to be 
composing symphonies in my 

325
00:16:19,300 --> 00:16:22,200
sleep, but only ones that sound 
like mining equipment. 

326
00:16:22,200 --> 00:16:24,600
And I can't remember any of it 
when I wake up. 

327
00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:29,000
The mining communities didn't 
treat this as a medical Oddity 

328
00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:31,600
to be cured. 
They embraced it as a form of 

329
00:16:31,608 --> 00:16:33,700
entertainment. 
And in some cases Divine 

330
00:16:33,700 --> 00:16:36,800
communication families would 
actually adjust their sleeping 

331
00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:40,300
arrangements to be closer to 
their household, sleep singer, a

332
00:16:40,300 --> 00:16:42,800
neighbor's, would sometimes 
request specific songs by 

333
00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:45,100
leaving symbolic objects near 
the singer's bed. 

334
00:16:46,100 --> 00:16:49,200
Wanna hear the copper vein 
Discovery song, Leave a small 

335
00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:52,100
piece of copper or by the 
sleeper's head hoping for the 

336
00:16:52,100 --> 00:16:57,000
safe journey underground Melody.
Mining tool placed just so might

337
00:16:57,000 --> 00:16:59,600
do the trick. 
It was like having a prehistoric

338
00:16:59,600 --> 00:17:02,300
jukebox that operated on 
unconscious request will film 

339
00:17:02,300 --> 00:17:06,099
and Here's where things got 
mildly stressful for the 

340
00:17:06,099 --> 00:17:09,099
sleeping as themselves. 
They started feeling performance

341
00:17:09,099 --> 00:17:12,800
pressure, even while unconscious
Some singers reported anxiety 

342
00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:16,000
dreams about not producing good 
enough, not ternal concerts, or 

343
00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:18,599
nightmares about forgetting. 
The Melodies, their communities 

344
00:17:18,599 --> 00:17:21,500
had come to expect. 
Bronzebeard might wake up 

345
00:17:21,500 --> 00:17:24,800
feeling exhausted, not from 
physical labor, but from the 

346
00:17:24,808 --> 00:17:27,500
psychological pressure of being 
the neighborhood's primary 

347
00:17:27,500 --> 00:17:29,000
source of nighttime 
entertainment. 

348
00:17:29,900 --> 00:17:32,800
Imagine the responsibility of 
knowing that your Sleep Quality 

349
00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:36,000
directly affected. 
Everyone else's enjoyment of 

350
00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:39,100
their evening. 
Did you hit bronze beards 

351
00:17:39,100 --> 00:17:41,500
performance last night. 
Usually, his underground. 

352
00:17:41,500 --> 00:17:44,700
Flooding song is much more, 
dramatic, I hope he's not coming

353
00:17:44,700 --> 00:17:47,500
down with something the 
phenomenon created, its own 

354
00:17:47,500 --> 00:17:52,200
social dynamics. singers became 
informal Community leaders their

355
00:17:52,200 --> 00:17:54,800
unconscious musical choices, 
influencing group decisions 

356
00:17:54,800 --> 00:17:58,100
about mining locations, safety, 
protocols, and even 

357
00:17:58,108 --> 00:18:01,900
interpersonal conflicts, If the 
sleep song featured, Harmony is 

358
00:18:01,900 --> 00:18:04,600
about, avoiding a particular 
tunnel, the mining crew might 

359
00:18:04,600 --> 00:18:06,700
genuinely consider changing 
their plans. 

360
00:18:07,500 --> 00:18:10,200
It was like having a focus group
that operated entirely through 

361
00:18:10,200 --> 00:18:12,100
dream state musical 
compositions. 

362
00:18:12,800 --> 00:18:15,400
The Practical challenges were 
considerable sleep. 

363
00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:18,400
Singers could not control their 
nocturnal performance is, which 

364
00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:21,400
meant they might launch into 
arousing mining Anthem just when

365
00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:22,900
everyone else was trying to fall
asleep. 

366
00:18:24,300 --> 00:18:28,000
This led to the development of 
singer, schedule's informal 

367
00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:30,500
agreements about when different 
sleep singers would be allowed 

368
00:18:30,500 --> 00:18:34,800
to perform. bronzebeard gets the
first part of the night of voice

369
00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:38,300
takes the middle shift and Tin 
throat handles the pre-dawn slot

370
00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:41,300
That way everyone gets some 
quiet sleep time and some 

371
00:18:41,300 --> 00:18:44,800
musical entertainment. 
scheduling on conscious 

372
00:18:44,800 --> 00:18:47,800
performers is about as reliable 
as predicting, the weather using

373
00:18:47,800 --> 00:18:50,700
tea leaves Singers would 
sometimes sleep through their 

374
00:18:50,700 --> 00:18:53,800
designated performance Windows 
leaving their audiences. 

375
00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:57,300
Disappointed other times, they'd
have particularly energetic 

376
00:18:57,300 --> 00:19:00,300
Knights and sing right through 
someone else's scheduled quiet 

377
00:19:00,300 --> 00:19:02,400
time. 
The communities developed, 

378
00:19:02,400 --> 00:19:06,100
surprisingly sophisticated ways 
to manage these challenges, some

379
00:19:06,100 --> 00:19:09,300
groups appointed sleep. 
Conductors people whose job was 

380
00:19:09,300 --> 00:19:11,400
to gently influence. 
The singers performance is 

381
00:19:11,400 --> 00:19:14,700
through subtle environmental 
cues, they'd adjust the 

382
00:19:14,700 --> 00:19:18,200
temperature introduced specific 
sense or create gentle 

383
00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:20,600
background sounds that might 
encourage certain types of 

384
00:19:20,600 --> 00:19:23,100
songs. 
It was like being a DJ for 

385
00:19:23,100 --> 00:19:25,700
unconscious performers, trying, 
to create the right atmosphere 

386
00:19:25,700 --> 00:19:28,600
for the kind of musical dreaming
that would benefit the entire 

387
00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:31,000
Community. 
The most talented sleep 

388
00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:32,800
conductors could allegedly 
influence. 

389
00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:36,600
Not just the style of the songs 
that their content once songs 

390
00:19:36,600 --> 00:19:39,500
about successful mining 
Ventures, create an environment 

391
00:19:39,500 --> 00:19:43,200
that feels prosperous and secure
need Melodies that would calm 

392
00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:46,900
pre-mining, anxiety, focus on 
comfort and safety cues. 

393
00:19:46,900 --> 00:19:50,800
Of course this System was about 
as reliable as you'd expect, 

394
00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:54,000
when dealing with unconscious 
minds environmental manipulation

395
00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:57,900
and Bronze Age Technology. 
Sleep conductors, would spend 

396
00:19:57,900 --> 00:19:59,800
hours preparing the perfect 
conditions. 

397
00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:03,000
For inspiring mining themed 
lullabies only to have their 

398
00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:05,500
featured singer produced, three 
hours of what sounded like 

399
00:20:05,500 --> 00:20:09,200
rocks, falling down a mountain. 
I specifically arranged 

400
00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:11,700
everything to encourage the 
peaceful underground, Journey, 

401
00:20:11,700 --> 00:20:15,500
composition, and instead we got 
four hours of avalanche in a 

402
00:20:15,500 --> 00:20:17,300
copper mine. 
What am I doing wrong? 

403
00:20:17,300 --> 00:20:20,100
The pressure on both singers and
conductors led to the 

404
00:20:20,100 --> 00:20:22,200
development of backup 
Entertainment Systems, 

405
00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:26,500
storytellers, musicians, and 
other performers who could fill 

406
00:20:26,500 --> 00:20:28,900
in, when the sleeping didn't 
meet Community expectations. 

407
00:20:28,900 --> 00:20:32,300
Because apparently even 
unconscious entertainment needed

408
00:20:32,300 --> 00:20:35,900
under Studies by now, you've 
probably realized that Bronze 

409
00:20:35,900 --> 00:20:38,700
Age miners had turned sleep into
something, resembling a complex,

410
00:20:38,700 --> 00:20:42,200
logistical operation. 
Just when you think you've got a

411
00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:45,200
handle on their nocturnal 
peculiarities, we encounter what

412
00:20:45,200 --> 00:20:48,700
might be their most ambitious 
sleep related Innovation, the 

413
00:20:48,700 --> 00:20:53,300
great sleep migration picture 
this your copper arm again and 

414
00:20:53,300 --> 00:20:56,300
you've just discovered that your
usual sleeping spot that 

415
00:20:56,300 --> 00:20:59,300
carefully chose and corner of 
your heart where the straw is 

416
00:20:59,300 --> 00:21:02,800
just the right density of the 
roof doesn't leak, too much is 

417
00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:04,700
no longer providing quality 
rest. 

418
00:21:05,500 --> 00:21:08,800
Maybe the sleeping neighbor has 
changed their repertoire to 

419
00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:10,200
something that sounds like 
rocks. 

420
00:21:10,200 --> 00:21:13,200
Have an argument. 
Maybe the local Mouse population

421
00:21:13,200 --> 00:21:16,900
has decided your sleeping area 
is Prime real estate or may be 

422
00:21:16,900 --> 00:21:19,000
you've simply outgrown your 
current sleep environment. 

423
00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:21,100
The way you might outgrow a 
favorite coffee shop that 

424
00:21:21,100 --> 00:21:23,200
suddenly starts playing music, 
that makes your teeth hurt. 

425
00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:26,400
The Logical solution would be to
adjust your sleeping 

426
00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:30,000
Arrangements within your 
existing space, add more straw, 

427
00:21:30,000 --> 00:21:33,100
negotiate with the neighbor 
declare war on the mice. 

428
00:21:33,900 --> 00:21:36,800
But Bronze Age miners, as you've
learned weren't particularly 

429
00:21:36,800 --> 00:21:39,600
interested in logical Solutions,
when creative ones were 

430
00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:43,300
available, instead they 
developed a system of seasonal, 

431
00:21:43,300 --> 00:21:46,000
sleep, migration, that would 
make modern minimalists. 

432
00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:49,600
Weep with envy and digital 
Nomads nod with understanding. 

433
00:21:50,300 --> 00:21:53,300
The concept was beautifully. 
Simple, instead of trying to 

434
00:21:53,300 --> 00:21:56,700
perfect one sleeping location, 
why not rotate through multiple 

435
00:21:56,700 --> 00:21:58,100
sleeping spots throughout the 
year? 

436
00:21:58,100 --> 00:22:01,200
Following optimal sleep 
conditions, the way Birds 

437
00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:04,600
follow, favorable weather 
patterns This wasn't just about 

438
00:22:04,600 --> 00:22:07,000
Comfort though. 
Comfort was certainly part of 

439
00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:09,100
it. 
The miners, had observed, that 

440
00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:11,800
different sleeping locations 
seemed to produce different 

441
00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:15,300
types of Dreams, different 
quality of rest, and different 

442
00:22:15,300 --> 00:22:17,900
levels of preparation, for the 
next days underground work. 

443
00:22:18,800 --> 00:22:21,200
Some places were better for deep
restorative sleep. 

444
00:22:21,200 --> 00:22:25,200
Others seem to encourage the 
kind of light alert rest that 

445
00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:29,000
kept you ready for unexpected 
mine and emergence of migration 

446
00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:32,300
routes were random mining 
communities developed elaborate 

447
00:22:32,300 --> 00:22:35,400
maps of optimal, sleeping 
locations, complete with 

448
00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:39,600
seasonal ratings, dream quality,
assessments, and detailed notes 

449
00:22:39,600 --> 00:22:42,300
about environmental factors that
affected rest quality. 

450
00:22:43,100 --> 00:22:44,800
The sleeping Alcove behind 
Stone. 

451
00:22:44,800 --> 00:22:48,100
Jewels Hut is excellent for deep
winter, rest, but avoid it 

452
00:22:48,108 --> 00:22:51,000
during the rainy season, unless 
you enjoy the sound of water 

453
00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:55,500
dripping, directly onto your 
forehead, every 37 seconds, The 

454
00:22:55,500 --> 00:22:58,200
elevated platform near the mine.
Entrance provides Superior 

455
00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:01,600
ventilation for summer sleeping,
but the sunrise light makes it 

456
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:03,900
unsuitable. 
For anyone who values sleeping 

457
00:23:03,900 --> 00:23:07,700
past Dawn, these sleep migration
Maps became highly valued 

458
00:23:07,700 --> 00:23:10,800
Community Resources passed down 
through families and traded 

459
00:23:10,800 --> 00:23:13,200
between mining settlements like 
Precious commodities. 

460
00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:16,700
The details sleep location guide
could be worth several days 

461
00:23:16,700 --> 00:23:19,900
wages and experience sleep. 
Migrants were consulted like 

462
00:23:19,900 --> 00:23:23,600
travel advisors, I'm thinking of
trying the rocky outcrop near 

463
00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:26,100
the Eastern, mine shaft from my 
Autumn sleep rotation. 

464
00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:29,700
What's your assessment of the 
wind patterns and Rodin activity

465
00:23:29,700 --> 00:23:32,600
in that area? 
The migration System created its

466
00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:35,600
own social dynamics. 
Popular sleeping spots would 

467
00:23:35,600 --> 00:23:38,800
become overcrowded during Peak 
Seasons leading to reservation 

468
00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:42,600
systems and waiting lists Prime.
Locations might be booked months

469
00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:45,700
in advance with minors planning,
their sleep, schedules around 

470
00:23:45,700 --> 00:23:48,700
availability, rather than 
personal preference some 

471
00:23:48,700 --> 00:23:51,200
entrepreneurs. 
Yes, Bronze Age, miners had 

472
00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:54,200
entrepreneurs started offering 
sleeping location, rental 

473
00:23:54,200 --> 00:23:57,600
services, they'd Scout new 
spots, test them for optimal 

474
00:23:57,600 --> 00:24:00,700
sleep conditions and then lease 
them to other miners for premium

475
00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:02,400
rates during high demand 
periods. 

476
00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:05,700
For just three extra copper 
pieces per moon cycle. 

477
00:24:05,700 --> 00:24:09,300
You can have guaranteed access 
to the sheltered Grove with the 

478
00:24:09,300 --> 00:24:11,100
natural sound dampening and 
built-in Morning. 

479
00:24:11,100 --> 00:24:16,600
Sun alarm, no mice, no leaks, no
snoring neighbors premium sleep 

480
00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:18,700
location with a satisfaction 
guarantee. 

481
00:24:18,700 --> 00:24:22,500
But the migration system also 
created, unexpected challenges 

482
00:24:22,500 --> 00:24:25,900
miners would sometimes get so 
attached to particular seasonal,

483
00:24:25,900 --> 00:24:28,500
sleeping spots that they'd 
refuse to migrate when 

484
00:24:28,500 --> 00:24:31,400
conditions changed they'd 
stubbornly remain in some 

485
00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:33,600
locations. 
Well into winter suffering 

486
00:24:33,600 --> 00:24:36,100
through cold and discomfort 
rather than give up their 

487
00:24:36,100 --> 00:24:40,200
favorite sleep environment. 
This led to the development of 

488
00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:43,700
migration counselors community 
members who specialize in 

489
00:24:43,700 --> 00:24:46,600
helping miners, make healthy 
transitions between seasonal, 

490
00:24:46,600 --> 00:24:49,900
sleeping locations. 
They'd provide emotional support

491
00:24:49,900 --> 00:24:52,200
for minors who are having 
trouble letting go of unsuitable

492
00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:55,700
sleeping spots, and practical 
advice for adapting to new sleep

493
00:24:55,700 --> 00:24:58,600
environments. 
I understand your attachment to 

494
00:24:58,600 --> 00:25:01,400
the moss covered Boulder for 
nation in tooth, but it's been 

495
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:03,100
flooding regularly for three 
weeks now. 

496
00:25:04,100 --> 00:25:06,500
Perhaps it's time to consider 
the elevated platform option. 

497
00:25:06,500 --> 00:25:10,000
We discussed the most dedicated 
sleep migrants would maintain 

498
00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:12,900
detail, journals documenting, 
their experiences in different 

499
00:25:12,900 --> 00:25:15,500
locations. 
Noting factors like dream 

500
00:25:15,500 --> 00:25:19,400
quality morning, energy levels 
and overall satisfaction rating.

501
00:25:19,400 --> 00:25:23,100
These journals became valuable 
references for future migration 

502
00:25:23,100 --> 00:25:26,000
planning and sometimes shared 
with other minors seeking 

503
00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:29,400
optimal sleep Solutions. 
According to my records, the 

504
00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:32,300
hollow tree sleeping spot. 
Provides, excellent dream recall

505
00:25:32,300 --> 00:25:35,300
but poor neck support. 
The cave entrance location 

506
00:25:35,300 --> 00:25:38,300
offers superior protection from 
weather, but tends to produce 

507
00:25:38,300 --> 00:25:42,400
anxiety dreams about cave-ins. 
The meadow area is perfect for 

508
00:25:42,400 --> 00:25:44,400
summer but becomes completely 
unsuitable. 

509
00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:47,700
Once the seasonal flooding 
begins some miners took the 

510
00:25:47,700 --> 00:25:50,400
migration concept so seriously 
that they'd spend more time 

511
00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:53,400
traveling between sleeping 
locations than actually sleeping

512
00:25:53,400 --> 00:25:55,600
in them. 
They'd become so focused on 

513
00:25:55,600 --> 00:25:58,500
finding the perfect sleep 
environment that they'd exhaust 

514
00:25:58,500 --> 00:26:00,700
themselves with constant 
relocation Logistics. 

515
00:26:01,700 --> 00:26:04,800
The communities eventually had 
to establish migration limits to

516
00:26:04,800 --> 00:26:07,400
prevent minors from wearing 
themselves out with excessive 

517
00:26:07,400 --> 00:26:10,400
sleep location. 
Optimization too much time. 

518
00:26:10,400 --> 00:26:13,500
Spent searching for perfect 
rest, could actually cause worse

519
00:26:13,500 --> 00:26:16,500
Sleep Quality than just settling
for good enough. 

520
00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:20,900
It was like the Bronze Age of 
analysis, paralysis, accepting 

521
00:26:20,900 --> 00:26:23,500
of endless research about 
mattress types and thread 

522
00:26:23,500 --> 00:26:26,100
counts. 
It involved geographical surveys

523
00:26:26,100 --> 00:26:27,900
and seasonal weather pattern 
analysis. 

524
00:26:29,100 --> 00:26:32,200
Just when the system seemed to 
be working smoothly, some 

525
00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:35,000
Innovative miners, started 
experimenting with micro 

526
00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:38,600
migrations, changing, sleeping 
locations, multiple times within

527
00:26:38,600 --> 00:26:41,200
a single night to optimize 
different phases of their sleep 

528
00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:43,500
cycles. 
Because, apparently even 

529
00:26:43,500 --> 00:26:46,400
migration needed to be optimized
for maximum efficiency. 

530
00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:49,100
Now, we're approaching, what 
might be the most extraordinary 

531
00:26:49,100 --> 00:26:51,500
aspect of Bronze Age mining 
sleep culture? 

532
00:26:51,500 --> 00:26:54,500
The systematic attempt to 
industrialize dreaming. 

533
00:26:54,500 --> 00:26:58,500
Yes, you read that correctly. 
These ancient miners, tried to 

534
00:26:58,500 --> 00:27:01,400
transform their dream lives into
a kind of underground think tank

535
00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:04,600
and the results were equal 
parts, brilliant and completely 

536
00:27:04,600 --> 00:27:07,200
bonkers. 
You're settling into your 

537
00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:10,400
current migration location. 
Let's say it's the Early Autumn 

538
00:27:10,400 --> 00:27:12,400
rotation. 
So you're probably in that nice 

539
00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:14,500
spot near the stream with the 
natural Windbreak. 

540
00:27:14,500 --> 00:27:17,700
And in stead of Simply hoping 
for good, dreams your 

541
00:27:17,700 --> 00:27:21,100
participating in what the mining
Community called dream crafting.

542
00:27:21,100 --> 00:27:24,500
This wasn't just about 
encouraging helpful dreams, it 

543
00:27:24,500 --> 00:27:27,200
was about manufacturing, 
specific types of dreams for 

544
00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:30,700
specific purposes. 
The concept of merge from the 

545
00:27:30,700 --> 00:27:33,600
observation that miners, who 
dreamed about their work, often 

546
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:36,500
came up with Creative Solutions 
to underground challenges. 

547
00:27:36,500 --> 00:27:39,900
Someone might dream about new 
way to shore up on stable 

548
00:27:39,900 --> 00:27:42,900
tunnels or visualize a more 
efficient method for extracting 

549
00:27:42,900 --> 00:27:47,000
ore from difficult veins. 
These work related dreams seem 

550
00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:49,900
to access a kind of problem 
solving capability that 

551
00:27:49,900 --> 00:27:51,700
conscious Minds. 
Could not always achieve 

552
00:27:52,500 --> 00:27:55,500
Naturally mining communities 
decided to systematize this 

553
00:27:55,500 --> 00:27:59,400
process dream crafting involves 
elaborate pre-sleep preparation.

554
00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:02,100
Rituals designed to encourage 
specific types of Dreams. 

555
00:28:02,100 --> 00:28:05,800
Want to dream about finding new 
copper deposits spend. 

556
00:28:05,800 --> 00:28:08,700
Your evening handling copper 
samples studying geological 

557
00:28:08,700 --> 00:28:11,500
formations and mentally 
rehearsing successful. 

558
00:28:11,500 --> 00:28:14,700
Mining scenarios hoping for 
dreams that would solve 

559
00:28:14,700 --> 00:28:17,200
Structural Engineering problems.
Focus. 

560
00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:20,500
Your Priestly potential on 
support beams tunnel design and 

561
00:28:20,500 --> 00:28:23,700
Architectural challenges. 
It was like programming your 

562
00:28:23,700 --> 00:28:26,100
unconscious mind to work on 
specific projects while you 

563
00:28:26,100 --> 00:28:28,600
slept. 
The communities developed 

564
00:28:28,600 --> 00:28:30,900
specialized roles for dream 
crafting support. 

565
00:28:31,900 --> 00:28:34,800
Dream preparers would help 
miners set up their Priestly 

566
00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:38,600
environments with appropriate 
visual tactile and olfactory 

567
00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:41,500
cues. 
Dream recorders will be standing

568
00:28:41,500 --> 00:28:44,600
by when mine is woke up. 
Ready to capture and document 

569
00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:47,700
any potentially useful dream 
content before it faded from 

570
00:28:47,700 --> 00:28:51,300
memory. 
Quick copper arm your mumbling, 

571
00:28:51,300 --> 00:28:54,400
something about Twisted Metal 
bindings and spiral support 

572
00:28:54,400 --> 00:28:56,800
structures. 
Can you remember any details 

573
00:28:56,800 --> 00:28:59,600
about the dream? 
And you'd be lying there, still 

574
00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:01,700
half asleep trying to 
reconstruct a complex 

575
00:29:01,700 --> 00:29:04,800
engineering Vision while someone
frantically takes notes about 

576
00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:08,200
your drowsy mumbling, the most 
ambitious dream, crafting, 

577
00:29:08,200 --> 00:29:10,500
experiments involved group 
dreaming sessions. 

578
00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:14,500
Multiple miners would prepare to
sleep together, focusing on the 

579
00:29:14,500 --> 00:29:17,500
same challenges and hoping to 
generate complementary dreams, 

580
00:29:17,500 --> 00:29:20,000
that could be combined into 
comprehensive Solutions. 

581
00:29:20,800 --> 00:29:23,200
It was like forming a dream 
based research and development 

582
00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:25,700
team. 
Tonight we're all going to focus

583
00:29:25,700 --> 00:29:29,400
on the flooding problem in the 
Eastern tunnels bronzebeard you.

584
00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:31,100
Concentrate on drainage 
Solutions. 

585
00:29:31,100 --> 00:29:36,100
Tin hand focus on waterproofing,
materials, Stone jaw, see if you

586
00:29:36,108 --> 00:29:38,500
can dream up some kind of early 
warning system for water 

587
00:29:38,500 --> 00:29:41,800
detection, the success rate for 
these group dreaming, projects 

588
00:29:41,800 --> 00:29:44,800
was about what you'd expect when
trying to coordinate unconscious

589
00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:47,100
minds working on complex, 
technical problems. 

590
00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:50,200
Occasionally the miners would 
awaken with Innovative 

591
00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:53,400
complementary solutions that 
seamlessly Blended together like

592
00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:54,900
a puzzle. 
More often. 

593
00:29:54,900 --> 00:29:58,000
They produce a collection of 
unrelated dreams about fish 

594
00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:01,300
childhood memories and that 
embarrassing incident with the 

595
00:30:01,300 --> 00:30:04,900
pickaxe from three summers ago. 
But the occasional successes 

596
00:30:04,900 --> 00:30:07,900
were impressive enough to keep 
the system going and some mining

597
00:30:07,900 --> 00:30:10,500
communities became quite 
sophisticated in their dream, 

598
00:30:10,500 --> 00:30:13,400
crafting techniques. 
They developed what we might 

599
00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:16,300
recognize as early version of 
lucid dreaming training, 

600
00:30:16,300 --> 00:30:19,500
teaching mine is to recognize 
when they were dreaming and to 

601
00:30:19,508 --> 00:30:22,000
maintain some level of conscious
control over their dream. 

602
00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:26,000
Narratives, the goal was to stay
focused on work-related problem 

603
00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:30,900
solving even while asleep. 
Remember when you realize your 

604
00:30:30,900 --> 00:30:34,200
dreaming, don't get distracted 
by flying or other dream 

605
00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:36,900
nonsense. 
Focus on the tunnel ventilation 

606
00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:40,300
challenge, use your dream state 
to visualize solutions that 

607
00:30:40,300 --> 00:30:42,200
might not occur to your waking 
mind. 

608
00:30:42,900 --> 00:30:45,900
This created some mildly 
stressful situations where mine 

609
00:30:45,900 --> 00:30:48,300
has felt to be productive even 
while unconscious. 

610
00:30:48,300 --> 00:30:51,900
Imagine the anxiety of knowing 
that your sleep performance was 

611
00:30:51,900 --> 00:30:55,100
being evaluated, not just for 
rest quality, but for Creative 

612
00:30:55,100 --> 00:30:57,800
problem solving output, Sorry 
everyone. 

613
00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:00,500
My dreams last night were 
completely useless. 

614
00:31:00,500 --> 00:31:03,900
I spent the whole time dreaming 
about a giant copper-colored 

615
00:31:03,900 --> 00:31:05,600
rabbit. 
That kept giving me mining 

616
00:31:05,600 --> 00:31:09,300
advice that made no sense. 
I don't think we can use dig 

617
00:31:09,300 --> 00:31:12,600
tunnels like carrot Burrows as a
viable engineering strategy. 

618
00:31:12,600 --> 00:31:16,400
The community's eventually had 
to establish dream failure, 

619
00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:19,400
forgiveness policies to prevent 
minors from developing sleep 

620
00:31:19,400 --> 00:31:22,600
anxiety, that would actually 
reduce their dream productivity.

621
00:31:23,600 --> 00:31:25,800
Some of the most dedicated dream
Crafters started. 

622
00:31:25,800 --> 00:31:28,500
Keeping detailed dream journals 
documenting. 

623
00:31:28,500 --> 00:31:31,400
Not just the content of their 
dreams but the Priestly 

624
00:31:31,400 --> 00:31:34,000
preparation techniques that seem
to produce the most useful 

625
00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:36,500
results. 
These journals became valuable 

626
00:31:36,500 --> 00:31:40,100
Community Resources like recipe 
books for generating specific 

627
00:31:40,100 --> 00:31:43,600
types of Dreams. 
For dreams about all quality 

628
00:31:43,600 --> 00:31:46,800
assessment, I recommend spending
the evening examining different 

629
00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:49,500
metal samples, while thinking 
about color, variations and 

630
00:31:49,500 --> 00:31:53,800
density testing, avoid eating 
fermented foods before sleep as 

631
00:31:53,800 --> 00:31:56,500
they seem to introduce random 
elements that distract from 

632
00:31:56,500 --> 00:31:59,700
metallurgical Focus. 
The most successful dream 

633
00:31:59,700 --> 00:32:03,100
Crafters developed personal 
specializations becoming known 

634
00:32:03,100 --> 00:32:05,800
for their ability to generate 
specific types of problem 

635
00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:08,800
solving dreams. 
Some became Specialists and 

636
00:32:08,800 --> 00:32:11,800
Structural Engineering dreams, 
others focused, on Geological, 

637
00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:14,400
Survey dreams. 
And a few became known for their

638
00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:17,400
uncanny ability to dream about 
workplace Safety Solutions. 

639
00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:21,500
These Specialists would 
sometimes be consulted by other 

640
00:32:21,500 --> 00:32:23,700
mining communities facing 
similar challenges. 

641
00:32:23,700 --> 00:32:26,900
They travel to different 
settlements, learn about local 

642
00:32:26,900 --> 00:32:29,700
mining problems, and then 
attempt to dream up solutions, 

643
00:32:29,700 --> 00:32:32,000
that could be implemented by the
visiting community. 

644
00:32:33,100 --> 00:32:35,800
It was like having Bronze Age 
Consulting Services Powered By 

645
00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:37,700
REM sleep and unconscious 
creativity. 

646
00:32:37,700 --> 00:32:41,000
But the system also produced 
some wonderful unexpected 

647
00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:44,300
results miners who were trying 
to dream about Technical 

648
00:32:44,300 --> 00:32:47,200
Solutions would sometimes come 
up with Innovations and 

649
00:32:47,200 --> 00:32:50,600
completely unrelated areas 
someone focusing on tunnels 

650
00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:54,000
support, might dream up new food
preservation technique's a minor

651
00:32:54,008 --> 00:32:57,500
concentrating on or extraction 
might wake up with ideas for 

652
00:32:57,500 --> 00:33:00,700
improved textile manufacturing. 
The community started 

653
00:33:00,700 --> 00:33:03,800
maintaining unexpected 
Innovation logs to capture these

654
00:33:03,800 --> 00:33:07,000
accidental discoveries leading 
to a kind of Bronze Age, 

655
00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:09,700
cross-pollination of ideas 
between different Industries and

656
00:33:09,700 --> 00:33:12,600
crafts. 
And just when the dream crafting

657
00:33:12,600 --> 00:33:16,000
system seem to be reaching Peak 
sophistication, some Innovative 

658
00:33:16,000 --> 00:33:19,600
miners, started experimenting 
with dream trading attempting to

659
00:33:19,608 --> 00:33:22,300
share their dreams with other 
people through detailed 

660
00:33:22,300 --> 00:33:24,500
storytelling and visualization 
exercises. 

661
00:33:24,500 --> 00:33:28,100
This suggests that even 
unconscious, creativity required

662
00:33:28,100 --> 00:33:31,500
optimization for maximum 
distribution and collaborative 

663
00:33:31,500 --> 00:33:33,900
efficiency as your drifting 
towards sleep. 

664
00:33:33,900 --> 00:33:36,900
In your modern bed, with your 
climate control and blackout 

665
00:33:36,900 --> 00:33:39,400
curtains, and probably a dozen. 
Different apps designed to 

666
00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:42,100
optimize your rest. 
It's worth considering what 

667
00:33:42,100 --> 00:33:45,400
happened to all this Bronze Age.
Sleep innovation did these 

668
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:47,900
elaborate systems simply 
disappear when mining techniques

669
00:33:47,900 --> 00:33:49,900
evolved, or did they leave 
traces? 

670
00:33:49,900 --> 00:33:53,400
That still influence, how we 
think about rest and dreams the 

671
00:33:53,400 --> 00:33:55,400
answer. 
As you might expect is 

672
00:33:55,400 --> 00:33:58,600
wonderfully complicated. 
Some of the Bronze Age, sleep 

673
00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:01,100
practices evolved into 
Traditions that persisted for 

674
00:34:01,100 --> 00:34:04,600
thousands of years. 
The concept of sleep migration 

675
00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:07,600
for instance, influence the 
development of seasonal living 

676
00:34:07,600 --> 00:34:10,800
patterns, in many cultures. 
The idea that different 

677
00:34:10,800 --> 00:34:13,800
environments produced different 
qualities of rest became 

678
00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:16,100
embedded in. 
Various folk was in Traditions 

679
00:34:16,100 --> 00:34:19,699
about optimal sleeping 
conditions, dream crafting 

680
00:34:19,699 --> 00:34:22,199
technique's found their way into
religious and spiritual 

681
00:34:22,199 --> 00:34:24,699
practices. 
Were directed dreaming became 

682
00:34:24,699 --> 00:34:27,800
associated with Divine 
communication and prophetic 

683
00:34:27,800 --> 00:34:31,100
vision, The systematic approach 
to dream incubation. 

684
00:34:31,100 --> 00:34:34,500
That Bronze Age miners developed
can be traced through various 

685
00:34:34,500 --> 00:34:38,500
mystery, Traditions shamanic 
practices and even early medical

686
00:34:38,500 --> 00:34:41,300
applications where dreams were 
used for Diagnostic purposes. 

687
00:34:42,400 --> 00:34:45,100
the competitive aspects of 
Bronze Age, sleep culture 

688
00:34:45,100 --> 00:34:47,800
evolved into more formal, 
sleep-related customs and 

689
00:34:47,800 --> 00:34:51,600
ceremonies Various cultures 
developed rituals around bedtime

690
00:34:51,600 --> 00:34:55,300
Sleep Quality, assessment and 
dream sharing that Echo the 

691
00:34:55,300 --> 00:34:57,200
miners. 
Systematic approach to rest 

692
00:34:57,200 --> 00:35:00,300
optimization. 
Perhaps the most significant 

693
00:35:00,300 --> 00:35:03,900
Legacy was the fundamental idea 
that sleep could be actively 

694
00:35:03,900 --> 00:35:06,600
managed and optimized rather 
than simply endured. 

695
00:35:07,900 --> 00:35:10,700
Bronze Age, miners were among 
the first people to treat sleep 

696
00:35:10,700 --> 00:35:13,400
as a skill that could be 
developed a resource. 

697
00:35:13,400 --> 00:35:16,400
That could be managed and a tool
that could be used for specific 

698
00:35:16,400 --> 00:35:19,600
purposes. 
This conceptual framework laid, 

699
00:35:19,600 --> 00:35:22,100
the groundwork for later, 
developments and sleep medicine,

700
00:35:22,100 --> 00:35:26,800
dream research, and what we, now
call Sleep hygiene, The miners, 

701
00:35:26,800 --> 00:35:30,300
recognized, the environmental 
factors social dynamics, 

702
00:35:30,300 --> 00:35:33,600
encyclical, preparation could 
dramatically affect Sleep 

703
00:35:33,600 --> 00:35:37,000
Quality, which was remarkably 
sophisticated for its time. 

704
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:40,200
There are understanding that 
different types of rests of 

705
00:35:40,200 --> 00:35:44,100
different purposes, that deep 
sleep, light sleep, and various 

706
00:35:44,100 --> 00:35:47,200
streaming States, each had 
distinct benefits predated 

707
00:35:47,200 --> 00:35:49,600
modern sleep science by 
thousands of years. 

708
00:35:50,500 --> 00:35:52,300
They were essentially conducting
primitive. 

709
00:35:52,300 --> 00:35:56,200
Sleep studies using themselves 
as test subjects and developing 

710
00:35:56,200 --> 00:35:58,300
practical applications for their
discoveries. 

711
00:35:59,800 --> 00:36:02,500
The social aspects of their 
sleep Innovations were equally 

712
00:36:02,500 --> 00:36:05,900
influential the idea that 
individuals Sleep Quality could 

713
00:36:05,900 --> 00:36:09,100
affect Community well-being, 
that sleep patterns could be 

714
00:36:09,108 --> 00:36:12,500
coordinated for group benefit 
and that sleep related skills 

715
00:36:12,500 --> 00:36:15,400
could be shared and taught 
became embedded in many 

716
00:36:15,400 --> 00:36:17,900
cultures, approaches to rest, 
and Community Living. 

717
00:36:17,900 --> 00:36:21,400
Even some of their more unusual 
practices left lasting 

718
00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:24,000
influences. 
The concept of sleep singing 

719
00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:27,100
evolved into various traditional
lullaby practices and bedtime 

720
00:36:27,100 --> 00:36:30,100
musical Customs. 
The idea of sleep location, 

721
00:36:30,100 --> 00:36:33,200
optimization influenced 
architectural approaches to 

722
00:36:33,200 --> 00:36:36,000
bedroom design and the 
development of sleeping spaces 

723
00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:39,000
in different cultures. 
Their systematic approach to 

724
00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:42,700
managing sleep-related anxiety, 
recognizing that worry about 

725
00:36:42,700 --> 00:36:44,500
Sleep. 
Quality could actually interfere

726
00:36:44,500 --> 00:36:47,200
with rest. 
Became a Cornerstone of later. 

727
00:36:47,200 --> 00:36:51,000
Therapeutic approaches to sleep 
disorders, Bronze Age miners 

728
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:53,500
were essentially practicing 
primitive cognitive behavioral 

729
00:36:53,500 --> 00:36:57,400
therapy for Sleep problems, but 
perhaps most importantly, they 

730
00:36:57,400 --> 00:36:59,800
established the precedent. 
That sleep was worth paying 

731
00:36:59,800 --> 00:37:03,600
attention to worth investing 
effort in and worth treating as 

732
00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:05,800
a serious aspect of human health
and productivity. 

733
00:37:07,100 --> 00:37:09,100
This wasn't just about getting 
enough rest. 

734
00:37:09,100 --> 00:37:12,800
It was about getting the right 
kind of rest in the right 

735
00:37:12,800 --> 00:37:15,700
environment with the right 
preparation and support systems 

736
00:37:15,700 --> 00:37:18,400
modern sleep. 
Research continues to confirm 

737
00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:21,500
many intuitive findings. 
We now know that sleep 

738
00:37:21,500 --> 00:37:25,400
environments do significantly 
affect risk, quality that social

739
00:37:25,400 --> 00:37:28,700
factors can influence, sleep 
patterns, that pre-sleep 

740
00:37:28,700 --> 00:37:31,700
routines, can improve sleep on 
set and quality, and that 

741
00:37:31,700 --> 00:37:34,500
different types of sleep, serve 
different physiological, and 

742
00:37:34,500 --> 00:37:37,400
psychological functions. 
The Contemporary interest in 

743
00:37:37,400 --> 00:37:40,900
sleep optimization sleep, 
tracking and sleep-related 

744
00:37:40,900 --> 00:37:44,000
wellness products. 
Reflects the same basic impulse 

745
00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:47,000
that drove Bronze Age miners to 
develop their elaborate sleep 

746
00:37:47,000 --> 00:37:50,000
Management Systems. 
We're still trying to solve the 

747
00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:53,500
same fundamental challenge, how 
to get the kind of rest that 

748
00:37:53,500 --> 00:37:56,500
sustains our demanding often 
stressful lives. 

749
00:37:56,500 --> 00:38:00,300
Of course, we have advantages 
that Bronze Age miners could not

750
00:38:00,300 --> 00:38:04,100
have imagined, we understand 
sleep physiology, we have 

751
00:38:04,108 --> 00:38:07,100
effective treatments for sleep 
disorders and we can create 

752
00:38:07,100 --> 00:38:10,100
sleep environments that are 
safer and more comfortable than 

753
00:38:10,100 --> 00:38:12,000
anything available 4000 years 
ago. 

754
00:38:13,100 --> 00:38:15,300
But we may have lost some of 
their wisdom, about the social 

755
00:38:15,300 --> 00:38:16,900
and psychological aspects of 
sleep. 

756
00:38:17,800 --> 00:38:21,400
The recognition that rest is not
just an individual activity, but

757
00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:24,800
a community resource that Sleep 
Quality affects not just 

758
00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:28,200
personal performance, but group 
well-being and that the journey 

759
00:38:28,200 --> 00:38:30,900
towards sleep can be as 
important as the Sleep itself. 

760
00:38:30,900 --> 00:38:33,700
Offers insights that remain 
relevant today. 

761
00:38:33,700 --> 00:38:37,300
As you settle into your sleep 
routine tonight, your 

762
00:38:37,300 --> 00:38:40,000
participating in a tradition 
that stretches back to those 

763
00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:43,600
ancient copper miners, who 
refused to accept poor sleep as 

764
00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:45,700
an inevitable part of difficult 
work. 

765
00:38:46,600 --> 00:38:48,600
They understood something that 
we're still learning. 

766
00:38:49,500 --> 00:38:53,300
The good sleep is not a luxury, 
but a necessity, not a passive 

767
00:38:53,300 --> 00:38:57,100
experience, but an active skill 
and not just about rest. 

768
00:38:57,100 --> 00:39:00,600
The about preparing for whatever
challenges to Morrow might bring

769
00:39:01,400 --> 00:39:04,400
their legacy lives on in every 
person who takes time to create 

770
00:39:04,400 --> 00:39:08,000
a comfortable sleep environment,
Who develops bedtime routines, 

771
00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:11,500
that work for their individual 
needs, and who recognizes that? 

772
00:39:11,500 --> 00:39:13,900
Rest is an investment in 
productivity and well-being 

773
00:39:13,900 --> 00:39:17,500
rather than time lost from more 
important activities. 

774
00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:21,500
So tonight as you adjust your 
pillow and settle into your 

775
00:39:21,500 --> 00:39:22,900
carefully, chose and sleep 
position. 

776
00:39:22,900 --> 00:39:26,900
Your honoring thousands of years
of human innovation in the art 

777
00:39:26,900 --> 00:39:29,000
of rest. 
You're the beneficiary of 

778
00:39:29,000 --> 00:39:32,100
countless generations of people 
who refuse to accept that sleep 

779
00:39:32,100 --> 00:39:34,700
was simply something that 
happened to them rather than 

780
00:39:34,700 --> 00:39:36,400
something they could actively 
improve. 

781
00:39:37,500 --> 00:39:40,200
Your memory foam mattress and 
your smartphone sleep tracking 

782
00:39:40,200 --> 00:39:43,700
apps would probably amazed the 
Bronze Age miners, but they'd 

783
00:39:43,700 --> 00:39:46,000
immediately understand your 
desire to optimize your rest for

784
00:39:46,008 --> 00:39:49,200
tomorrow's challenges. 
They'd recognize the familiar 

785
00:39:49,200 --> 00:39:52,500
human impulse to turn even 
unconsciousness into an 

786
00:39:52,500 --> 00:39:54,200
opportunity for improvement and 
innovation. 

787
00:39:55,200 --> 00:39:58,500
And maybe in their honor, you 
could take a moment to 

788
00:39:58,500 --> 00:40:00,900
appreciate, not just the sleep, 
you're about to enjoy. 

789
00:40:01,800 --> 00:40:05,600
But all the creativity, 
experimentation and stubborn 

790
00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:07,300
determination that made it 
possible. 

791
00:40:08,300 --> 00:40:10,900
From their underground napping 
experiments to your white noise 

792
00:40:10,900 --> 00:40:13,500
machine by the bed. 
It's all part of the same 

793
00:40:13,500 --> 00:40:17,800
ongoing human project. 
Quest for rest that truly 

794
00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:20,600
restores. 
Tweet dreams. 

795
00:40:21,400 --> 00:40:24,800
The Bronze Age miners would be 
proud of how far we've come and 

796
00:40:24,800 --> 00:40:27,600
how much we still have in common
with those ancient Seekers of 

797
00:40:27,608 --> 00:40:31,000
perfect sleep. 
After all some things, never 

798
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:33,100
change. 
We all just want to wake up 

799
00:40:33,100 --> 00:40:35,900
feeling like we can face 
whatever the day might throw at 

800
00:40:35,900 --> 00:40:38,800
us, whether it's a dangerous 
mine shaft or a challenging 

801
00:40:38,800 --> 00:40:41,700
Monday morning. 
And in that Universal desire for

802
00:40:41,700 --> 00:40:45,100
restorative, rest were connected
across thousands of years to 

803
00:40:45,100 --> 00:40:48,800
those ingenious sleep, obsessed 
miners, who turned bedtime into 

804
00:40:48,800 --> 00:40:52,300
an art form and dreaming into a 
collaborative Enterprise rest. 

805
00:40:52,300 --> 00:40:55,400
Well, knowing your part of a 
very long tradition of people 

806
00:40:55,400 --> 00:40:58,200
who take their sleep seriously 
and aren't afraid to get 

807
00:40:58,200 --> 00:41:05,700
creative about it. 
So with that being said, 

808
00:41:05,700 --> 00:41:08,200
friends, if you're still 
struggling to sleep because of 

809
00:41:08,200 --> 00:41:12,100
insomnia, don't worry because we
place other stories here, old 

810
00:41:12,100 --> 00:41:14,500
and new to help you sleep. 
Regardless. 

811
00:41:14,500 --> 00:41:18,700
I guess, you can say, we also 
created this idea of style, so 

812
00:41:18,700 --> 00:41:20,500
sleep. 
Well, everyone and have a 

813
00:41:20,500 --> 00:41:28,300
fantastic night. 
I remember the day I first came 

814
00:41:28,300 --> 00:41:32,100
to court a half star of gesture 
with bells on my hat, jangling 

815
00:41:32,100 --> 00:41:34,800
and dreaded. 
In my belly, the royal castle 

816
00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:38,200
loomed ahead all Grace stone 
walls and towering battlements 

817
00:41:38,200 --> 00:41:42,100
against cloudy skull. 
My heart thudded, as I passed 

818
00:41:42,100 --> 00:41:45,508
beneath the iron port colors. 
Pair of guards, snickered at the

819
00:41:45,516 --> 00:41:47,200
sight of me and my threadbear 
Motley. 

820
00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:50,600
I clutched my Loot and fools 
bauble tightly praying. 

821
00:41:50,600 --> 00:41:52,200
I wouldn't end the day in the 
stocks. 

822
00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:56,300
Inside Torchlight flickered on 
tapestries and armored Knights. 

823
00:41:56,900 --> 00:42:00,000
Servants rushed by with steaming
platters of meat and trenches of

824
00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:03,000
bread, the air smelled of wood 
smokes spiced. 

825
00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:05,300
Why? 
And a hint of something foul 

826
00:42:05,300 --> 00:42:08,900
from The Stables, I followed a 
steward into the enormous Hall. 

827
00:42:08,900 --> 00:42:12,300
My shoes scuffing over rushes 
through on the floor at the far 

828
00:42:12,300 --> 00:42:15,100
end on a raise Dias, sat King, 
Edward of England. 

829
00:42:15,100 --> 00:42:18,600
My new master, he wore a furline
mantle and no Crown. 

830
00:42:18,600 --> 00:42:22,400
Yet he radiated Authority He 
fixed his Keen gray eyes on me 

831
00:42:22,400 --> 00:42:24,400
as the gathered. 
Courtiers announced me as the 

832
00:42:24,400 --> 00:42:27,400
evening's entertainment. 
Every gaze in the hall turned, 

833
00:42:27,400 --> 00:42:31,200
my way, I felt naked despite my 
Motley tunic and jingling Bells 

834
00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:35,800
I swept a deep bow arms, played 
comically nearly losing my 

835
00:42:35,800 --> 00:42:38,000
balance for affect a few 
Chuckles. 

836
00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:42,100
Broke, the silence, welcome full
called the king his voice, 

837
00:42:42,100 --> 00:42:44,400
echoing off, the rafters, what 
do they call you? 

838
00:42:44,400 --> 00:42:48,600
Tom, your majesty Tom full. 
I answered brightly hiding my 

839
00:42:48,600 --> 00:42:52,200
nerves under a grin in truth. 
My Christian name was William 

840
00:42:52,200 --> 00:42:54,500
but a new life warranty a new 
name. 

841
00:42:54,500 --> 00:42:56,700
My answer earned an approving 
smirk. 

842
00:42:57,300 --> 00:42:59,800
Very well. 
Tom let us see if your humor is 

843
00:42:59,800 --> 00:43:01,900
a sharp as your tongue is. 
Quick said King. 

844
00:43:01,900 --> 00:43:04,000
Edward, he gestured for me to 
begin. 

845
00:43:04,900 --> 00:43:08,600
I started with the jaunty. 
Tune on my loot, a bawdy Tavern,

846
00:43:08,600 --> 00:43:10,800
song about a Tipsy. 
Fryer, losing his robe to the 

847
00:43:10,800 --> 00:43:14,600
wind, my fingers trembled on the
strings, but the melody came 

848
00:43:14,600 --> 00:43:17,600
out, Mary and bright laughter 
rows from the tables at the 

849
00:43:17,608 --> 00:43:20,800
choruses. 
Naughty twist, emboldened, I 

850
00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:24,000
launched into a comic tale. 
Peppering it with Jabs at Castle

851
00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:28,200
life, a joke about the cook over
salting the stew, a quip about a

852
00:43:28,200 --> 00:43:32,700
night's rusted armor creaking 
like an old ox Accordia Ford and

853
00:43:32,700 --> 00:43:34,500
even the queen hit a smile 
behind her hand. 

854
00:43:35,300 --> 00:43:38,600
Warm relief spread through my 
chest, they were laughing. 

855
00:43:39,800 --> 00:43:42,800
Finally, I decided to make a 
bold joke aimed at the most 

856
00:43:42,800 --> 00:43:46,300
significant Target. 
Balancing on one leg in an 

857
00:43:46,300 --> 00:43:48,400
exaggerated pose. 
I lowered my voice 

858
00:43:48,400 --> 00:43:52,500
conspiratorially Lords and 
Ladies I announced I've heard a 

859
00:43:52,500 --> 00:43:54,000
wondrous secret about our 
sovereign. 

860
00:43:54,900 --> 00:43:57,700
A hush fell. 
I flashed an impish grin at King

861
00:43:57,700 --> 00:44:00,300
Edward. 
It said his majesty has a unique

862
00:44:00,300 --> 00:44:01,700
blessing from Saint Peter 
himself. 

863
00:44:01,700 --> 00:44:05,100
Only the king can sit on his 
throne and make the Angels Sing 

864
00:44:05,100 --> 00:44:07,700
especially after he's enjoyed a 
Hearty dinner. 

865
00:44:08,900 --> 00:44:12,200
I patted my backside and widened
my eyes innocently for a 

866
00:44:12,200 --> 00:44:15,800
heartbeat silence. 
Some Lords look scandalized that

867
00:44:15,800 --> 00:44:19,500
I joked about the king's Royal 
behind the Kings eyebrow arched.

868
00:44:19,500 --> 00:44:23,300
My pulse pounded had I gone too 
far then King. 

869
00:44:23,300 --> 00:44:26,500
Edward threw back his head and 
laughed a deep roaring laugh. 

870
00:44:26,500 --> 00:44:29,700
That shattered the tension the 
court followed suit laughter 

871
00:44:29,700 --> 00:44:32,700
Rippling through the hall. 
The King mimicked sternness by 

872
00:44:32,700 --> 00:44:36,300
waving a finger at me. mind your
cheek knave, or I'll have you 

873
00:44:36,300 --> 00:44:40,000
whipped for impudence, he said, 
still chuckling I dropped to my 

874
00:44:40,008 --> 00:44:43,600
knees in a mock pleading bow. 
Mercy or Majesty. 

875
00:44:43,600 --> 00:44:45,800
I only speak gospel truth in 
your praise. 

876
00:44:45,800 --> 00:44:47,900
I replied with an overly Pious 
tone. 

877
00:44:48,700 --> 00:44:51,800
The king laughed again and gave 
a dismissive way of signaling. 

878
00:44:51,800 --> 00:44:55,800
My performance was over. 
As I backed away, trembling with

879
00:44:55,800 --> 00:44:59,500
relief, a servant press to 
Silver Coin, into my palm, a 

880
00:44:59,500 --> 00:45:03,100
reward from the king, I bowed 
One Last Time, cheeks flushed 

881
00:45:03,100 --> 00:45:04,900
and retreated to the edge of the
hall. 

882
00:45:04,900 --> 00:45:08,400
My debut had been a success that
night. 

883
00:45:08,400 --> 00:45:11,100
The Stuart showed me to a small 
chamber in the Castle's upper 

884
00:45:11,100 --> 00:45:15,000
kitchens simple that mine alone.
I collapsed onto the straw 

885
00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:18,500
filled bed exhausted but 
exhilarated had arrived with 

886
00:45:18,508 --> 00:45:21,800
nothing but my wits and earned, 
not only coin, but also a place 

887
00:45:21,800 --> 00:45:24,700
in the king's household. 
I was no longer a Wandering 

888
00:45:24,700 --> 00:45:29,300
Vagabond, I was the king's fool.
As I stared up at the ceiling, I

889
00:45:29,300 --> 00:45:33,300
allowed myself a grin tomorrow 
and each day that followed, I 

890
00:45:33,300 --> 00:45:36,300
would balance between humor and 
Power in a quart of Lords. 

891
00:45:36,300 --> 00:45:40,700
And Ladies, I a mere full and 
found a foothold I Autumn of 

892
00:45:40,700 --> 00:45:42,700
that year. 
I had become a familiar part of 

893
00:45:42,700 --> 00:45:47,200
Court life, ever-ready with 
equipped to lift a mood On one 

894
00:45:47,200 --> 00:45:49,000
crisp evening at a harvest 
Feast. 

895
00:45:49,000 --> 00:45:52,800
The Great Hall hosted. 
A Grand Banquet after a long day

896
00:45:52,800 --> 00:45:56,600
of festivities, The Trestle 
tables grown with roasted bore 

897
00:45:56,600 --> 00:45:59,400
and spice tail. 
A flitted around refilling 

898
00:45:59,400 --> 00:46:02,000
drinks and tossing, one line as 
most laughed. 

899
00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:06,100
Kindly but sir, Roger a Burly 
Baron with a Perpetual Scout 

900
00:46:06,100 --> 00:46:10,300
decided to Sport with me. 
Oh their full he bellowed 

901
00:46:10,300 --> 00:46:12,400
fainting joviality. 
We hear you. 

902
00:46:12,400 --> 00:46:15,200
Juggle anything try. 
These suddenly hurled two 

903
00:46:15,200 --> 00:46:18,100
oranges at me, the first ice 
touched out of the air. 

904
00:46:18,100 --> 00:46:21,200
That the second struck my cheek 
sharply before splattering on 

905
00:46:21,200 --> 00:46:24,700
the floor. 
Laughter erupted pain, fled my 

906
00:46:24,700 --> 00:46:27,800
cheek and my face burned as 
Noble's held at my expense. 

907
00:46:28,800 --> 00:46:31,200
For an instantly flung, the 
remaining orange at him. 

908
00:46:31,208 --> 00:46:35,400
I imagined its smacking that red
face oath but a full survives on

909
00:46:35,400 --> 00:46:38,800
wit not Roth. 
Like grinned, foolishly and 

910
00:46:38,800 --> 00:46:40,900
juggled the lone orange, as if 
nothing were amiss. 

911
00:46:40,900 --> 00:46:43,300
Many. 
Thanks my lord for the extra 

912
00:46:43,300 --> 00:46:45,700
supper. 
I quit pretending to bite into 

913
00:46:45,700 --> 00:46:49,000
the fruit before nearly dropping
it in an exaggerated fumble. 

914
00:46:49,700 --> 00:46:53,000
The onlookers laughed and you 
this time with me rather than at

915
00:46:53,000 --> 00:46:56,700
me even sir, Roger satisfied 
that I'd accepted the mockery 

916
00:46:56,700 --> 00:47:00,500
gave a reluctant chuckle. 
I made a grand bow, swallowing 

917
00:47:00,500 --> 00:47:03,300
my wounded Pride. 
When I risked a glance up at 

918
00:47:03,300 --> 00:47:05,700
King Edward, he was watching me 
with a faint smirk. 

919
00:47:06,800 --> 00:47:10,600
Later that night, a royal page 
summoned me to the king heart. 

920
00:47:10,600 --> 00:47:13,800
Pounding with worry, I made my 
way to his private chamber. 

921
00:47:14,600 --> 00:47:16,500
Had I overstepped in some way at
the feast. 

922
00:47:17,400 --> 00:47:20,600
I entered to find King Edward 
Alone by the half gazing at the 

923
00:47:20,608 --> 00:47:24,600
letter spread on a table. 
His crown sat off to the side as

924
00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:26,900
if he even gold and jewels grew 
heavy for him tonight. 

925
00:47:27,900 --> 00:47:31,400
Tom, come here a moment. 
He said this was no Summer's for

926
00:47:31,400 --> 00:47:33,500
entertainment. 
His tone was pensive. 

927
00:47:34,400 --> 00:47:36,900
The king rubbed her hand over 
his brow news. 

928
00:47:36,900 --> 00:47:40,600
From the shires muttered, poor 
harvests and empty. 

929
00:47:40,600 --> 00:47:43,700
Storehouses yet my Lord's demand
their taxes in full. 

930
00:47:45,100 --> 00:47:48,300
Side and glanced at me. 
You have a zest for that. 

931
00:47:49,300 --> 00:47:52,100
His question was Earnest, not a 
command for a silly face or 

932
00:47:52,100 --> 00:47:53,800
song. 
I took a breath. 

933
00:47:54,600 --> 00:47:57,300
Sire. 
If I may spin a small Fable 

934
00:47:57,300 --> 00:48:00,600
sometimes aren't answers slink 
out better in story form. 

935
00:48:01,400 --> 00:48:02,900
That is not. 
I spoke softly. 

936
00:48:02,900 --> 00:48:06,700
I told of a farmer who had a 
skinny mule that pulled his plow

937
00:48:06,700 --> 00:48:10,900
when drought withered the crops.
The farmer threatened to whip 

938
00:48:10,900 --> 00:48:14,300
the mule to make it work harder,
but the Beast begged for a bit 

939
00:48:14,308 --> 00:48:16,300
more feed. 
So he'd have strength to pull 

940
00:48:16,300 --> 00:48:20,500
the farmer relented and fed the 
mule extra grain come spring. 

941
00:48:20,500 --> 00:48:23,800
They tilt enough land to survive
and even Thrive when rains 

942
00:48:23,800 --> 00:48:26,400
returned, As I finished, I stole
a side. 

943
00:48:26,400 --> 00:48:29,500
Long, look at King, Edward, he 
stared out the window stroking. 

944
00:48:29,500 --> 00:48:32,300
His beard for a moment. 
I feared I'd been too bold. 

945
00:48:32,300 --> 00:48:36,500
My Tails meaning was clear, then
he gave a low chuckle, clever 

946
00:48:36,500 --> 00:48:39,100
meal. 
He mused clever enough to get 

947
00:48:39,100 --> 00:48:44,000
his belly full. 
I bowed my head relieved meals. 

948
00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:46,800
Often do your majesty? 
The specially, when they Brave 

949
00:48:46,800 --> 00:48:50,000
and rhyme, I said, with the 
jingle of my cat belt, he turned

950
00:48:50,000 --> 00:48:52,700
to face me and I saw a trace of 
admiration in his worn eyes. 

951
00:48:53,500 --> 00:48:56,700
You have a sharp, a width, and 
many in silk Tom you wrap wisdom

952
00:48:56,700 --> 00:48:59,600
in nonsense. 
I felt a warmth in my chest 

953
00:48:59,600 --> 00:49:02,900
however I responded lightly 
saying hi. 

954
00:49:02,900 --> 00:49:06,600
It's but a full simple Fable 
sire King, Edward managed, a 

955
00:49:06,600 --> 00:49:10,200
slight smile on the contrary, I 
will consider what you have 

956
00:49:10,200 --> 00:49:13,200
implied. 
He clapped a hand on my 

957
00:49:13,200 --> 00:49:17,200
shoulder, the gesture of trust 
and thanks, that will be all get

958
00:49:17,200 --> 00:49:19,500
some rest. 
I bowed deeply, good night. 

959
00:49:19,500 --> 00:49:21,900
Your majesty before. 
Departing, I turned back with 

960
00:49:21,900 --> 00:49:24,900
the cheeky Bao and don't forget 
to feed your mule sire. 

961
00:49:24,900 --> 00:49:28,100
I said, King Edward barked, a 
brief laugh and waved me away. 

962
00:49:28,100 --> 00:49:31,500
I slipped out with a grin. 
Walking back to my quarters 

963
00:49:31,500 --> 00:49:33,900
through the dim corridors. 
I felt nearly weightless 

964
00:49:33,900 --> 00:49:36,500
tonight. 
I had stepped Beyond mere 

965
00:49:36,500 --> 00:49:39,900
Entertainer. 
I had in my small way shaped the

966
00:49:39,908 --> 00:49:42,500
Kings thoughts. 
It was exhilarating and a little

967
00:49:42,508 --> 00:49:45,600
terrifying. 
A Fool's jingling cap, I 

968
00:49:45,600 --> 00:49:48,700
realized could carry surprising 
influence if I used my whip 

969
00:49:48,700 --> 00:49:51,300
wisely. 
Although favor can change 

970
00:49:51,300 --> 00:49:54,300
quickly for the time, being the 
king, relied on the Hidden 

971
00:49:54,300 --> 00:49:57,200
Truths within my pranks. 
Winter brought hardship, and 

972
00:49:57,200 --> 00:50:00,700
unrest, a poor harvest left. 
Many starving and Whispers of 

973
00:50:00,700 --> 00:50:03,900
remote can drifted into court 
King Edward's temper, once 

974
00:50:03,900 --> 00:50:07,900
jovial in my company, grew 
brittle, as dried kindling more 

975
00:50:07,900 --> 00:50:10,800
often, I saw him frown at 
reports from his Barons, grain 

976
00:50:10,800 --> 00:50:13,200
riots poaching in the Royal 
forests. 

977
00:50:13,200 --> 00:50:17,500
A distant Village refusing to 
pay tithes Fear and anger, 

978
00:50:17,500 --> 00:50:19,200
coiled around the court like 
smoke. 

979
00:50:20,200 --> 00:50:23,000
One Bleak afternoon, the king 
held open court to dispense 

980
00:50:23,000 --> 00:50:26,000
Justice. 
I stood at the edge of the Halls

981
00:50:26,000 --> 00:50:29,600
quiet, since the tension one by 
one, prisoners were brought 

982
00:50:29,600 --> 00:50:32,600
Before the Throne. 
The gaunt farmer who had slain a

983
00:50:32,600 --> 00:50:35,400
deer on Crown Land begged Mercy 
claiming it was to feed his 

984
00:50:35,400 --> 00:50:38,000
Starving Children. 
Next, a ragged group of 

985
00:50:38,008 --> 00:50:41,300
villagers accused of sparking. 
A food in the north were Dragged

986
00:50:41,300 --> 00:50:43,600
In Chains. 
My stomach tightened at their 

987
00:50:43,600 --> 00:50:45,200
Hollow cheeks and terrified 
eyes. 

988
00:50:45,200 --> 00:50:48,500
The Barons and courtiers looked 
on with hard disapproval. 

989
00:50:48,500 --> 00:50:52,000
So Warwick the king Stern faced 
advisor urged severity. 

990
00:50:52,000 --> 00:50:54,200
An example must be made your 
majesty. 

991
00:50:54,200 --> 00:50:57,800
He declared loud enough for all 
to hear Clemente for lawbreakers

992
00:50:57,800 --> 00:50:59,800
in famine. 
Would only breed chaos. 

993
00:50:59,800 --> 00:51:04,100
Show them the cost of defiance. 
I watched King Edwards face as 

994
00:51:04,100 --> 00:51:08,200
War explode a muscle in his jaw 
twitched The king's eyes 

995
00:51:08,200 --> 00:51:10,600
usually. 
So keen and Alive were clouded 

996
00:51:10,600 --> 00:51:12,900
with worried, he would rather 
not seem weak. 

997
00:51:12,900 --> 00:51:16,700
The farmer was up first for 
judgment King Edward announced 

998
00:51:16,700 --> 00:51:19,300
that the farmer would receive a 
public whipping as punishment. 

999
00:51:20,100 --> 00:51:23,300
The poor man broke down in tears
grateful that he had avoided The

1000
00:51:23,300 --> 00:51:25,400
Noose. 
I let out a breath. 

1001
00:51:25,400 --> 00:51:29,400
I hadn't realized I was holding.
But then came the villagers a 

1002
00:51:29,400 --> 00:51:30,900
guard read out their crime 
leading. 

1003
00:51:30,900 --> 00:51:34,500
A mob to raid a granary owned by
the crown, an old woman among 

1004
00:51:34,500 --> 00:51:37,200
the cried out. 
We only took the grain because 

1005
00:51:37,200 --> 00:51:40,800
our children would dieing. 
The Voice echoed in the hall. 

1006
00:51:40,800 --> 00:51:44,600
So Warwick shook his head and 
disgust The courtiers murmured 

1007
00:51:44,600 --> 00:51:46,200
angrily about treason and 
thievery. 

1008
00:51:46,200 --> 00:51:49,500
I bit my tongue, a 1,000 
thoughts, clashing, in my mind, 

1009
00:51:49,500 --> 00:51:51,800
these folk had broken the law. 
Yes. 

1010
00:51:51,800 --> 00:51:55,300
But out of desperation. 
A glanced toward the King 

1011
00:51:55,300 --> 00:51:58,200
Edward's face hardened. 
As he prepared to deliver his 

1012
00:51:58,200 --> 00:52:02,800
Verdict by my Royal Authority. 
You shall he began likely 

1013
00:52:02,800 --> 00:52:04,900
meaning to condemn them to the 
dungeons or worse? 

1014
00:52:05,700 --> 00:52:08,600
But before I knew what I was 
doing, I stepped forward, my 

1015
00:52:08,600 --> 00:52:11,600
heart thundered in my chest but 
I couldn't stay silent. 

1016
00:52:11,600 --> 00:52:15,400
Perhaps, I'd spent too long 
weaving truth into jests the 

1017
00:52:15,400 --> 00:52:18,800
truth now came out bear and 
unadorned Your majesty. 

1018
00:52:18,800 --> 00:52:22,100
I interjected and allowed and 
clear voice to ask if I might 

1019
00:52:22,100 --> 00:52:25,100
offer a Fool's perspective. 
Shocked. 

1020
00:52:25,100 --> 00:52:27,900
Hush fell wanted. 
Not interrupt the king at 

1021
00:52:27,900 --> 00:52:29,200
trials. 
Only not a full. 

1022
00:52:29,200 --> 00:52:31,900
I didn't really heard so 
Warwick's of annoyance. 

1023
00:52:32,700 --> 00:52:34,400
King Edward turned, his cold 
Gaze on me. 

1024
00:52:34,400 --> 00:52:38,700
More startled with furious. 
At least, yet I swallowed hard. 

1025
00:52:38,700 --> 00:52:42,300
There was no turning back. 
I adopted a deliberately like 

1026
00:52:42,300 --> 00:52:44,400
tone though. 
My pulse pounded in my ears. 

1027
00:52:44,400 --> 00:52:47,400
These poor souls stand accused 
of stealing bread. 

1028
00:52:47,400 --> 00:52:50,700
I said gesturing to the 
trembling Villages and truly 

1029
00:52:50,700 --> 00:52:54,100
that is no jesting matter. 
But I wonder sire. 

1030
00:52:54,700 --> 00:52:57,600
If a father is to be whipped for
feeding his children, Venison 

1031
00:52:57,600 --> 00:53:00,600
and mothers are to be cast in 
dungeons for snatching a few 

1032
00:53:00,608 --> 00:53:03,300
loaves. 
I forced a thin smile. 

1033
00:53:03,300 --> 00:53:06,200
Perhaps, you're humble. 
Full should be punished as well 

1034
00:53:06,200 --> 00:53:07,800
for. 
I've been stealing, your 

1035
00:53:07,800 --> 00:53:10,500
valuable are all these years 
without paying coin for it. 

1036
00:53:11,600 --> 00:53:14,000
Few nervous titers came from the
back of the hall. 

1037
00:53:14,000 --> 00:53:18,400
Then died immediately the king's
eyes, narrowed, I pressed on my 

1038
00:53:18,400 --> 00:53:20,000
voice gaining A desperate 
strength. 

1039
00:53:20,000 --> 00:53:22,200
Only a fool would make light of 
hunger. 

1040
00:53:22,200 --> 00:53:25,300
My Lord, I speak not to mock 
your justice, but to beseech, 

1041
00:53:25,300 --> 00:53:30,200
your mercy starvation makes 
fools of us all I bowed low my 

1042
00:53:30,200 --> 00:53:32,200
headband, so I couldn't see his 
reaction. 

1043
00:53:32,200 --> 00:53:35,700
My hands were shaking. 
No one else dared. 

1044
00:53:35,700 --> 00:53:37,600
Breathe. 
For a heartbeat. 

1045
00:53:37,600 --> 00:53:40,000
There was silence. 
So deep I heard the distant drip

1046
00:53:40,000 --> 00:53:43,700
of wax from a candle. 
Then in enough King Edward said 

1047
00:53:43,700 --> 00:53:46,000
quietly, the word fell like an 
axe. 

1048
00:53:46,000 --> 00:53:49,500
I looked up his face was flushed
not with myth but with anger 

1049
00:53:49,500 --> 00:53:53,600
I'll hear no more. 
He stood from the throne and in 

1050
00:53:53,600 --> 00:53:56,000
that moment, he loomed larger 
than I'd ever seen him. 

1051
00:53:57,500 --> 00:54:02,200
Who is King here youthful? 
Is voice, was deceptively soft 

1052
00:54:02,200 --> 00:54:06,100
quivering with restrained, rage.
Do you presume to lecture me on 

1053
00:54:06,100 --> 00:54:09,100
duty and mercy dressed in Motley
and bells. 

1054
00:54:10,600 --> 00:54:13,100
Every utterance from his lips 
felt like a boulder hurled 

1055
00:54:13,100 --> 00:54:16,200
towards my head. 
I opened my mouth to stammer and

1056
00:54:16,200 --> 00:54:18,500
apology but he silenced me with 
a glare. 

1057
00:54:19,200 --> 00:54:21,300
Take him the king snapped to his
guards. 

1058
00:54:22,000 --> 00:54:26,200
In an instant rough hand sees my
arms, my belt, it cap tumbled to

1059
00:54:26,208 --> 00:54:27,800
the floor as a guard yanked, me 
backward. 

1060
00:54:27,800 --> 00:54:31,500
I heard a few gasps among the 
courtiers lady Margaery covered 

1061
00:54:31,500 --> 00:54:34,200
her mouth and dismay. 
So Warwick simply watched with a

1062
00:54:34,200 --> 00:54:37,100
thin smile. 
My cat's little bells. 

1063
00:54:37,100 --> 00:54:40,100
Jangled on the stones. 
A faint jingling that seemed to 

1064
00:54:40,108 --> 00:54:43,000
underline my folly. 
King Edward's voice echoed in 

1065
00:54:43,008 --> 00:54:46,600
the rafters, cold and formal for
his disruption and insolence. 

1066
00:54:46,600 --> 00:54:48,700
Let the Kings full. 
Receive the same punishment 

1067
00:54:48,700 --> 00:54:51,200
heated. 
He should receive 20 lashes 

1068
00:54:51,200 --> 00:54:56,200
before the court at dawn Terror.
Washed over me, 20 lashes, my 

1069
00:54:56,200 --> 00:54:59,300
knees, nearly buckled. 
I wanted to bake for forgiveness

1070
00:54:59,300 --> 00:55:03,200
to plead that I'd only spoke out
of concern, but my tongue felt 

1071
00:55:03,200 --> 00:55:06,700
paralyzed two, guards me from 
the hall as the king's attention

1072
00:55:06,700 --> 00:55:09,700
returned to the stunned 
prisoners before him As they 

1073
00:55:09,700 --> 00:55:13,500
hold me away, none dared to 
object, or even meet my eyes. 

1074
00:55:14,200 --> 00:55:17,400
He threw me into a drafty 
anti-chamber where I collapsed 

1075
00:55:17,400 --> 00:55:19,800
to the floor. 
My back pressed against Cold 

1076
00:55:19,800 --> 00:55:22,000
Stone. 
As I tried to catch my breath, I

1077
00:55:22,000 --> 00:55:24,600
tasted blood and must have 
bitten my tongue without 

1078
00:55:24,600 --> 00:55:27,300
noticing. 
When I shut my eyes, hot tears, 

1079
00:55:27,300 --> 00:55:29,800
forced their way out and rolled 
down my cheeks. 

1080
00:55:29,800 --> 00:55:32,900
Full full. 
Full, I cursed myself silently. 

1081
00:55:32,900 --> 00:55:35,900
What did I done? 
I had wanted to save a few 

1082
00:55:35,900 --> 00:55:40,300
peasants from the Kings Roth. 
Instead I had only intensified 

1083
00:55:40,300 --> 00:55:42,600
the king's wrath and burned 
myself in the process. 

1084
00:55:42,600 --> 00:55:46,200
In my mind, I saw the king's 
face again, in raged and 

1085
00:55:46,200 --> 00:55:49,800
unyielding, that image stabbed 
at my heart more sharply than 

1086
00:55:49,800 --> 00:55:52,000
any whip. 
Could not long ago. 

1087
00:55:52,000 --> 00:55:54,900
I had sat by that same man's 
half trading, fables and easing 

1088
00:55:54,900 --> 00:55:57,000
his Birds. 
Now, he looked at me as just 

1089
00:55:57,000 --> 00:55:59,900
another disobedient subject. 
Toward midnight. 

1090
00:55:59,900 --> 00:56:02,800
The guards came to escort me to 
the pillar in the courtyard. 

1091
00:56:02,800 --> 00:56:04,900
The sentence was to be carried 
out. 

1092
00:56:04,900 --> 00:56:08,000
At first light, they locked my 
wrists and neck in the wooden 

1093
00:56:08,000 --> 00:56:10,500
stops. 
I stood hunched in that cruel 

1094
00:56:10,500 --> 00:56:13,700
device for Endless hours 
shivering in the winter cold 

1095
00:56:13,700 --> 00:56:17,600
alone under the stars, snow 
began to fall thin icy flakes, 

1096
00:56:17,600 --> 00:56:21,000
catching in my hair. 
The pain had not yet begun but a

1097
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:23,300
dread deeper than any wounded 
me. 

1098
00:56:24,000 --> 00:56:27,400
As Darkness deepened alone, 
figure approached through the 

1099
00:56:27,400 --> 00:56:30,600
Torchlight yard. 
I squinted through Frozen lashes

1100
00:56:30,600 --> 00:56:34,000
to see Master Robert, the king's
old Chamberlain carrying a cloak

1101
00:56:34,700 --> 00:56:36,800
Without a word. 
He draped it over my shoulders. 

1102
00:56:36,800 --> 00:56:39,200
His eyes were sad as he met my 
gaze. 

1103
00:56:39,200 --> 00:56:43,000
You were Brave Tom? 
He whispered just loud enough 

1104
00:56:43,000 --> 00:56:45,600
for me to hear. 
He was indeed Brave. 

1105
00:56:45,600 --> 00:56:48,600
If not a little foolish. 
A bitter laugh. 

1106
00:56:48,600 --> 00:56:50,200
Escaped me. 
What other thing could I be? 

1107
00:56:51,000 --> 00:56:53,600
He shook his head and pressed a 
small flask of Ale to my lips, 

1108
00:56:53,600 --> 00:56:56,600
greatly, I drank a burning 
mouthful, that chased some of 

1109
00:56:56,608 --> 00:56:59,900
the Chill from my bones. 
Is his majesty. 

1110
00:56:59,900 --> 00:57:03,400
I croaked my throat raw from the
cold night air as I struggled to

1111
00:57:03,400 --> 00:57:06,700
hold back. 
Sobs Master Robert side, he was 

1112
00:57:06,700 --> 00:57:09,600
alone in his Chambers. 
He's unlikely to change his mind

1113
00:57:09,600 --> 00:57:13,400
by morning, I am sorry. 
He has a tated, some of us 

1114
00:57:13,400 --> 00:57:17,200
perceive the truth, in your 
words, but the king he's under 

1115
00:57:17,200 --> 00:57:21,100
enormous strain. 
I nodded as best I could with my

1116
00:57:21,100 --> 00:57:23,900
neck trapped. 
A tier slip down my face hot 

1117
00:57:23,900 --> 00:57:27,900
against my numb skin. 
Q, I managed to whisper the 

1118
00:57:27,900 --> 00:57:29,800
Chamberlain. 
Squeezed my shoulder gently and 

1119
00:57:29,800 --> 00:57:32,600
departed, leaving the cloak as 
my only comfort. 

1120
00:57:32,600 --> 00:57:36,800
I spent the remaining hours and 
Silent prayer prayer that the 

1121
00:57:36,800 --> 00:57:40,800
king's heart would soften that 
Dawn would never come and that I

1122
00:57:40,800 --> 00:57:42,200
might endure. 
What was to come? 

1123
00:57:43,400 --> 00:57:46,400
I was not a warrior or a martyr.
Just a Fool who had flown too 

1124
00:57:46,400 --> 00:57:49,200
close to the Sun. 
The strange Freedom I'd had to 

1125
00:57:49,200 --> 00:57:50,700
speak. 
Truth had shown its price. 

1126
00:57:51,700 --> 00:57:55,500
At Sunrise, they flogged me. 
I bit down on a leather strap to

1127
00:57:55,500 --> 00:57:57,500
keep from screaming as each lash
Torah. 

1128
00:57:57,500 --> 00:58:00,400
Cross my back. 
Fiery pain exploded with every 

1129
00:58:00,400 --> 00:58:03,300
stroke. 
By the 10th, blow my vision. 

1130
00:58:03,300 --> 00:58:06,500
Blurred by the 20th, I hung limp
in the restraints. 

1131
00:58:06,500 --> 00:58:09,500
Unable to stand, I didn't really
heard an official readout my 

1132
00:58:09,500 --> 00:58:11,600
crime of insolence to the 
gathered courtiers as the 

1133
00:58:11,600 --> 00:58:14,300
punishment was delivered, as if 
it was some theater. 

1134
00:58:14,300 --> 00:58:18,200
And I was the main spectacle 
when it was mercifully over, 

1135
00:58:18,200 --> 00:58:22,000
they released the pillars lock 
and I crumpled to the snow, the 

1136
00:58:22,000 --> 00:58:24,600
world spun for a moment, as I 
lay there with my cheek against 

1137
00:58:24,600 --> 00:58:28,800
the white to trampled ground. 
I could hear distant Applause 

1138
00:58:28,800 --> 00:58:33,800
from one or two Nobles. 
Ugly mockery warm blood trickled

1139
00:58:33,800 --> 00:58:36,700
under my shirt. 
Two guards, lifted me to my feet

1140
00:58:36,700 --> 00:58:39,600
and carried me away. 
As if I were worthless trash, I 

1141
00:58:39,600 --> 00:58:42,600
drifted In and Out Of 
Consciousness, once through a 

1142
00:58:42,600 --> 00:58:45,700
blur of tears, I thought I saw 
the king watching from a high 

1143
00:58:45,700 --> 00:58:47,800
window. 
I couldn't discern his 

1144
00:58:47,800 --> 00:58:50,000
expression. 
They dumped me in my little 

1145
00:58:50,000 --> 00:58:53,400
chamber and left without a word.
I don't know how long I remained

1146
00:58:53,400 --> 00:58:54,900
motionless on the floor, curled 
up. 

1147
00:58:54,900 --> 00:58:58,200
And gasping, eventually, a kind 
made server and slipped in and 

1148
00:58:58,200 --> 00:58:59,900
tended. 
My wounds with vinegar and clean

1149
00:58:59,900 --> 00:59:02,100
bandages, cluckin softly and 
pity. 

1150
00:59:02,100 --> 00:59:05,500
I thanked her in a hoarse 
whisper by Nightfall. 

1151
00:59:05,500 --> 00:59:08,800
I could at least sit upright on 
my straw caught every movement 

1152
00:59:08,800 --> 00:59:11,000
sent bolts of Agony through my 
welded back. 

1153
00:59:11,000 --> 00:59:14,100
I stared at the dark sealing 
Hollow and heart sick. 

1154
00:59:14,800 --> 00:59:18,000
Full, I had been indeed thinking
I could speak for the week and 

1155
00:59:18,000 --> 00:59:21,600
not be struck down. 
As the castle around me bustled 

1156
00:59:21,600 --> 00:59:25,400
with the evening supper and 
song, I lay in silence tasting, 

1157
00:59:25,400 --> 00:59:28,900
bitterness like bile. 
I did not know what hurt more 

1158
00:59:28,900 --> 00:59:31,500
the fiery stripes across my 
back. 

1159
00:59:31,500 --> 00:59:35,200
All the cold distance that now 
yawned between me and the king. 

1160
00:59:35,200 --> 00:59:39,400
I had thought perhaps foolishly 
was my friend after a week Under

1161
00:59:39,400 --> 00:59:42,700
Siege with little progress, the 
king decided to send a message 

1162
00:59:42,700 --> 00:59:45,400
of surrender. 
Terms to Duke Jeffrey to my 

1163
00:59:45,400 --> 00:59:47,300
surprise. 
He chose me as the envoy. 

1164
00:59:47,300 --> 00:59:50,700
Perhaps he chose me as the envoy
as a form of punishment or 

1165
00:59:50,700 --> 00:59:52,100
perhaps. 
He believed that having a full 

1166
00:59:52,100 --> 00:59:54,000
present would emphasize his 
contempt. 

1167
00:59:54,800 --> 00:59:57,800
Either way, I found myself 
standing before the king, in his

1168
00:59:57,800 --> 01:00:01,800
Pavilion, as he thrust to sealed
parchment into my hand, carry 

1169
01:00:01,800 --> 01:00:04,100
our surrender offer to Duke 
Jeffries gate. 

1170
01:00:04,100 --> 01:00:07,000
You have a silver tongue, 
perhaps, you can persuade him 

1171
01:00:07,000 --> 01:00:09,200
where CJ's cannot he said 
coolie. 

1172
01:00:09,900 --> 01:00:12,500
His Knight smirked. 
We all knew this area and 

1173
01:00:12,500 --> 01:00:15,200
carried risk. 
A rebel might easily kill the 

1174
01:00:15,200 --> 01:00:17,100
king's fool as a mockery of the 
message. 

1175
01:00:18,000 --> 01:00:20,500
I realized King Edward was 
effectively sending me as a 

1176
01:00:20,500 --> 01:00:24,500
disposable Herald. 
Still, I mustered, my courage. 

1177
01:00:24,500 --> 01:00:27,900
This was the first Duty he had 
given me since my disgrace. 

1178
01:00:28,700 --> 01:00:32,100
Perhaps, if I succeeded, it 
could begin to mend the rift. 

1179
01:00:33,700 --> 01:00:36,100
As you command sire. 
I said, quietly. 

1180
01:00:37,900 --> 01:00:41,000
Soon after I rode out under a 
truce flag, replacing my Motley 

1181
01:00:41,000 --> 01:00:43,300
with a simple tunic adorned with
the Royal Arms. 

1182
01:00:43,300 --> 01:00:46,700
A pair of trumpeters accompanied
me part way and sounded a call 

1183
01:00:46,700 --> 01:00:49,600
before falling back. 
Alone, I approached the castles 

1184
01:00:49,600 --> 01:00:52,700
gate across a field littered 
with broken arrows, my spine, 

1185
01:00:52,708 --> 01:00:56,600
prickled expecting at any moment
to hear the Sinister, twang of a

1186
01:00:56,600 --> 01:00:58,800
bow string and feel an arrow 
between my shoulders. 

1187
01:00:58,800 --> 01:01:03,100
But none came instead and not of
the Duke soldiers emerged to 

1188
01:01:03,100 --> 01:01:05,700
top, the battlements crossbows 
trained on me. 

1189
01:01:06,700 --> 01:01:08,400
I come bearing a message from 
King Edward. 

1190
01:01:08,400 --> 01:01:11,200
I shouted up in a steady of 
voice as I could manage. 

1191
01:01:12,100 --> 01:01:16,000
Eventually the iron pot is 
creaked upward just enough for a

1192
01:01:16,000 --> 01:01:17,600
handful of armored men to drag 
me inside. 

1193
01:01:18,500 --> 01:01:21,500
I was roughly searched and 
relieved of my small dagger more

1194
01:01:21,500 --> 01:01:24,000
tool than a weapon. 
Then they shoved me into a 

1195
01:01:24,000 --> 01:01:25,900
torch-lit. 
Great hall, where Duke Jeffrey 

1196
01:01:25,900 --> 01:01:28,500
himself awaited. 
He was a formidable figure in 

1197
01:01:28,500 --> 01:01:32,100
steel plate and a crimson cloak.
A middle-aged man with a scarred

1198
01:01:32,100 --> 01:01:35,500
brow and weary eyes. 
So he said his voice. 

1199
01:01:35,500 --> 01:01:38,600
Echoing off the stone walls, 
Edward sends his full to parley 

1200
01:01:39,300 --> 01:01:43,000
He's so short of loyal Knights 
Snickers echoed from the Duke's 

1201
01:01:43,000 --> 01:01:45,500
men around me. 
Straight into my full height 

1202
01:01:45,500 --> 01:01:49,200
trying not to let my knees. 
Quake loyal, Knights are too 

1203
01:01:49,200 --> 01:01:50,800
valuable to risk on Duke 
Jeffrey. 

1204
01:01:51,500 --> 01:01:52,900
I arrived before thinking better
of it. 

1205
01:01:53,800 --> 01:01:55,800
My old reflex for wit had 
slipped out. 

1206
01:01:56,600 --> 01:01:59,600
Some of the Rebel soldiers 
bristled that the Duke barked a 

1207
01:01:59,600 --> 01:02:02,000
short laugh. 
Hand me the message full, he 

1208
01:02:02,000 --> 01:02:04,800
said I presented the parchment 
with a slight bow. 

1209
01:02:04,800 --> 01:02:07,900
As he read the king's offer 
amnesty and exchange for 

1210
01:02:07,900 --> 01:02:10,600
immediate surrender. 
His face showed no flicker of 

1211
01:02:10,600 --> 01:02:13,200
concession when he finished, he 
scoffed. 

1212
01:02:13,200 --> 01:02:17,300
Empty promises did Edward think 
of a few pardoning words would 

1213
01:02:17,300 --> 01:02:20,400
make meal He must consider me 
more foolish than you. 

1214
01:02:21,800 --> 01:02:26,100
Tense silence fell, I realized 
all eyes were on me, waiting a 

1215
01:02:26,100 --> 01:02:28,300
response. 
If I returned empty-handed and 

1216
01:02:28,300 --> 01:02:30,400
tongue-tied, I don't know, only 
scored. 

1217
01:02:31,200 --> 01:02:33,900
So drawing a shaky breath, I 
addressed the Duke. 

1218
01:02:33,900 --> 01:02:37,600
His majesty desires, no more. 
Bloodshed, he offers you a 

1219
01:02:37,600 --> 01:02:39,900
chance to retain your lands and 
honor your grace. 

1220
01:02:40,700 --> 01:02:43,000
I employ you to think of the 
kingdom and your men who have 

1221
01:02:43,000 --> 01:02:46,100
families waiting for them. 
My voice echoed in the hall. 

1222
01:02:46,100 --> 01:02:49,000
There was a bold speed from my 
station, but I spoke with 

1223
01:02:49,000 --> 01:02:51,800
genuine pleading, I had seen 
enough suffering. 

1224
01:02:52,700 --> 01:02:55,300
Duke Jeffrey regarded, me with a
faintly surprised expression. 

1225
01:02:55,300 --> 01:02:58,400
He spoke earnestly as if he were
a fool. 

1226
01:02:58,400 --> 01:03:00,900
He sighed deeply. 
And for a moment. 

1227
01:03:00,908 --> 01:03:02,600
I thought I saw sorrow in his 
eyes. 

1228
01:03:03,500 --> 01:03:05,700
You are young. 
You do not know Edward as I do 

1229
01:03:05,708 --> 01:03:08,000
and keeps his promises only 
while it suits him. 

1230
01:03:08,000 --> 01:03:10,800
Tell your king that Jeffrey of 
March will not yield to pretty 

1231
01:03:10,800 --> 01:03:14,000
words and Hollow clemency we 
will meet on the field and 

1232
01:03:14,000 --> 01:03:15,300
settle our differences with 
steel. 

1233
01:03:16,400 --> 01:03:19,600
My heart sank. 
Is that your final answer? 

1234
01:03:19,600 --> 01:03:24,000
My Lord, I asked softly it is. 
He said, then he leaned forward 

1235
01:03:24,000 --> 01:03:27,300
and added in a low growl, tell 
Edward that by week's end. 

1236
01:03:27,308 --> 01:03:28,900
I shall sit on his throne or 
die. 

1237
01:03:28,900 --> 01:03:32,100
In the attempt, I bowed 
understanding the parli was 

1238
01:03:32,100 --> 01:03:34,500
over. 
But as I turned to leave one of 

1239
01:03:34,500 --> 01:03:36,600
the Duke's Captain, stepped 
forward with a hand on his 

1240
01:03:36,600 --> 01:03:38,900
sword, eyeing me with a wolfish 
grin. 

1241
01:03:39,900 --> 01:03:43,200
Duke Jeffrey waived Aunt listed 
hand, dismissively know. 

1242
01:03:43,200 --> 01:03:46,800
He's but a messenger and an 
honest one at that, let him 

1243
01:03:46,808 --> 01:03:49,500
return unharmed. 
We are not the Savages that 

1244
01:03:49,500 --> 01:03:54,600
Edward would claim. 
He looked at me, go full, thank 

1245
01:03:54,600 --> 01:03:56,400
whatever. 
God you pray to that, I am not 

1246
01:03:56,400 --> 01:03:59,800
in the mood to play games with a
gesture today, they escorted me 

1247
01:03:59,800 --> 01:04:02,600
back to the gate. 
I felt the glare of archers on 

1248
01:04:02,600 --> 01:04:05,900
my back, as I walked out, 
refusing to break into a run. 

1249
01:04:05,900 --> 01:04:09,200
They shoved me out and slammed 
the puck colors, behind me. 

1250
01:04:10,000 --> 01:04:12,700
Weak need with relief. 
I walked back to our lines 

1251
01:04:12,700 --> 01:04:16,300
facing the rebel Lord had been 
terrifying but at least I 

1252
01:04:16,300 --> 01:04:19,200
survived unscathed. 
Back in King Edwards Camp. 

1253
01:04:19,200 --> 01:04:22,200
I delivered Duke Jeffries reply 
Faithfully to King Edward and 

1254
01:04:22,200 --> 01:04:25,500
his Council the king's face 
tightened at the Duke's 

1255
01:04:25,500 --> 01:04:28,000
Defiance. 
He said nothing to me except a 

1256
01:04:28,000 --> 01:04:30,300
Curt nod of dismissal. 
It was as if I were, truly 

1257
01:04:30,300 --> 01:04:33,900
nothing more than a talking 
letter. that night I sat by the 

1258
01:04:33,900 --> 01:04:37,900
campfires watching, armored men,
hurry about sharpening swords 

1259
01:04:37,900 --> 01:04:41,400
and Whispering prayers and 
murmuring about illumines Blood 

1260
01:04:41,400 --> 01:04:45,000
would begin to Flow by Dawn, I 
felt utterly small, but for the 

1261
01:04:45,000 --> 01:04:48,900
vast dark sky, once a Fool's 
quick-witted in the king's hall.

1262
01:04:48,900 --> 01:04:51,400
Now it meant nothing on the eve 
of Slaughter. 

1263
01:04:51,400 --> 01:04:54,100
I realized I was witnessing the 
gears of History. 

1264
01:04:54,100 --> 01:04:56,600
Turning different to one humble 
gesture. 

1265
01:04:58,000 --> 01:05:00,400
In the flicker of the firelight,
I caught sight of king, Edward 

1266
01:05:00,400 --> 01:05:02,700
standing with his generals 
Resolute and Grim. 

1267
01:05:02,700 --> 01:05:06,600
I remembered when he used to 
smile at my Antics, but that was

1268
01:05:06,600 --> 01:05:11,400
before famine rebellion and my 
own over bold tongue had come 

1269
01:05:11,400 --> 01:05:15,100
between us now, I was just 
another soul in his train 

1270
01:05:15,100 --> 01:05:19,200
useful, only for the odd and As 
trumpet sounded though and 

1271
01:05:19,200 --> 01:05:21,300
mournful in the darkness, I wrap
my cloak. 

1272
01:05:21,300 --> 01:05:23,900
Titan tried to steal a few hours
of sleep on the cold. 

1273
01:05:23,900 --> 01:05:27,100
Ground tomorrow's battle would 
decide the fate of the Kingdom. 

1274
01:05:28,300 --> 01:05:31,300
Do nothing but witness it. 
A full on the sidelines of 

1275
01:05:31,300 --> 01:05:35,000
Kings, hoping to survive the 
coming Dawn, at Dawn, King 

1276
01:05:35,000 --> 01:05:38,800
Edwards, army clashed with Duke 
Jeffries rebels in a cacophony 

1277
01:05:38,800 --> 01:05:42,100
of Steel. 
And screams suddenly I saw King 

1278
01:05:42,100 --> 01:05:45,200
Edward unhorsed, his white 
charger had been felled under 

1279
01:05:45,200 --> 01:05:48,200
their hymn and the King was on 
foot fighting off Rebel soldiers

1280
01:05:48,200 --> 01:05:51,700
who pressed in around him. 
My heart pounded in my chest, 

1281
01:05:51,700 --> 01:05:55,300
the knights who should have been
by his side dispersed leaving, 

1282
01:05:55,300 --> 01:05:58,400
only me close enough to assist 
him in that moment without 

1283
01:05:58,400 --> 01:06:01,600
thinking, I grabbed a discarded 
spear from the churned mud and 

1284
01:06:01,600 --> 01:06:04,700
ran towards the king. 
The sight of a Motley clad 

1285
01:06:04,700 --> 01:06:08,100
Fool's sprinting into the thick 
of battle stunned, both friends 

1286
01:06:08,100 --> 01:06:11,700
and foes alike, one, Rebel, 
Knight charged, the king from 

1287
01:06:11,700 --> 01:06:14,000
behind. 
I heard myself at him with all 

1288
01:06:14,000 --> 01:06:16,700
my might my sheer luck. 
He went down in a clatter of 

1289
01:06:16,708 --> 01:06:20,900
armor, more surprised than hurt.
King Edward world at the sound 

1290
01:06:20,900 --> 01:06:24,300
and caught sight of me. 
Mud splattered and wild-eyed 

1291
01:06:24,300 --> 01:06:27,600
standing over the night. 
I'd felt for an instant, our 

1292
01:06:27,600 --> 01:06:30,100
eyes met then in another Rebel 
lunge at the King. 

1293
01:06:30,100 --> 01:06:33,100
Edward Perry. 
And together we stood back to 

1294
01:06:33,100 --> 01:06:36,600
back Sovereign and full of them.
And and likely circle of 

1295
01:06:36,600 --> 01:06:41,400
Defense, a brandished the spear 
wildly screaming, more in Terror

1296
01:06:41,400 --> 01:06:44,200
than Fury. 
In that moment, a surge of Royal

1297
01:06:44,200 --> 01:06:46,800
Knights plowed into the melee 
driving the rebels back. 

1298
01:06:46,800 --> 01:06:50,100
As the enemy fell into confusion
and began to retreat. 

1299
01:06:50,100 --> 01:06:52,200
You pulled the king onto a fresh
horse. 

1300
01:06:53,700 --> 01:06:57,500
The battle soon turned in our 
favor Duke Jeffries line broke 

1301
01:06:57,500 --> 01:07:00,500
under the onslaught of the 
king's rallied forces by noon. 

1302
01:07:00,500 --> 01:07:04,300
It was over the rebels threw 
down arms or fled Victory 

1303
01:07:04,300 --> 01:07:06,900
belonged to King Edward. 
But it came at a terrible cost 

1304
01:07:06,900 --> 01:07:09,600
bodies. 
Carpeted, the field and cries of

1305
01:07:09,608 --> 01:07:12,500
the Wounded echoed in the Smoky 
air in the aftermath. 

1306
01:07:12,500 --> 01:07:14,800
I slumped exhausted on a fallen 
log. 

1307
01:07:14,800 --> 01:07:18,700
I hand still trembling from 
adrenaline, Bloods battered. 

1308
01:07:18,700 --> 01:07:21,900
My once colorful attire. 
Some of it from a shallow cut on

1309
01:07:21,908 --> 01:07:24,500
my arm. 
As the king moved among the 

1310
01:07:24,500 --> 01:07:27,700
living and dead tending to the 
wounded and gazing sorrowfully 

1311
01:07:27,700 --> 01:07:30,100
over the Carnage, I watched in a
day's. 

1312
01:07:30,100 --> 01:07:33,200
When at last the king approached
me, I struggled to my feet and 

1313
01:07:33,200 --> 01:07:36,500
vowed on steadily. 
I expected perhaps a reprimand 

1314
01:07:36,500 --> 01:07:40,000
for plunging into the fight. 
Unbidden instead King Edward 

1315
01:07:40,000 --> 01:07:42,800
dismounted and stepped forward. 
For a long moment. 

1316
01:07:42,800 --> 01:07:46,700
He simply regarded me taking in 
the spear still clenched in my 

1317
01:07:46,700 --> 01:07:49,900
hand and the drying blood on my 
cheek, then to my shop. 

1318
01:07:49,900 --> 01:07:51,800
He melts lightly and placed her 
hand on my shoulder. 

1319
01:07:52,700 --> 01:07:54,600
You saved my life. 
Today he said quietly. 

1320
01:07:54,600 --> 01:07:56,700
There was an openness in his 
face. 

1321
01:07:56,700 --> 01:07:58,800
I'd not seen since my earliest 
days at court. 

1322
01:07:59,500 --> 01:08:02,600
Full or not Tom you have the 
heart of a true friend Sia I 

1323
01:08:02,600 --> 01:08:04,900
only did. 
What anyone would I stammered 

1324
01:08:04,900 --> 01:08:08,800
suddenly choking up? 
He shook his head and turned to 

1325
01:08:08,800 --> 01:08:11,300
the Lord's gathering around in a
clear voice. 

1326
01:08:11,300 --> 01:08:13,900
He proclaimed that my bravery 
had saved him and would not be 

1327
01:08:13,900 --> 01:08:17,100
forgotten. 
My cheeks burned with humble 

1328
01:08:17,100 --> 01:08:18,899
Pride, as Nobles, who once 
smeared. 

1329
01:08:18,899 --> 01:08:22,000
Now, inclined their heads to me,
I understood that my return to 

1330
01:08:22,008 --> 01:08:25,000
the king's favor, was not due to
humor, but rather to my 

1331
01:08:25,008 --> 01:08:28,899
unwavering loyalty during 
crucial moments, That evening we

1332
01:08:28,899 --> 01:08:32,500
shared a quiet Victory meal in 
Camp late that night as I sat by

1333
01:08:32,500 --> 01:08:33,300
the dying. 
Fire. 

1334
01:08:33,300 --> 01:08:35,500
King, Edward draped, his own 
fur. 

1335
01:08:35,500 --> 01:08:38,100
Cloak around my shoulders. 
Your catch your death. 

1336
01:08:38,100 --> 01:08:39,100
In this chill. 
Tom. 

1337
01:08:39,100 --> 01:08:43,600
He said, softly side by side 
under the Starry Sky, we sat in 

1338
01:08:43,600 --> 01:08:47,000
a comfortable silent. 
After a long pause, he murdered 

1339
01:08:47,000 --> 01:08:50,300
so much lost. 
Will God forgive me for this 

1340
01:08:50,300 --> 01:08:53,399
day. 
In that moment, he was not a 

1341
01:08:53,399 --> 01:08:56,899
mighty king but a weary man. 
I Found the courage to answer 

1342
01:08:56,899 --> 01:08:59,500
gently that he had done his duty
and even shown Mercy. 

1343
01:08:59,500 --> 01:09:04,800
If a king can be merciful I 
said, surely God can too He 

1344
01:09:04,800 --> 01:09:06,300
managed to warn smile and grip 
my arm. 

1345
01:09:06,300 --> 01:09:09,500
Thank you. 
Tommy whispered, by the time I 

1346
01:09:09,500 --> 01:09:12,500
crawled into my small tent, I 
felt lighter than I had in a 

1347
01:09:12,500 --> 01:09:15,899
long while the gulf between the 
king and his full had closed in 

1348
01:09:15,908 --> 01:09:18,800
The Crucible of war, and with it
came a new trust. 

1349
01:09:18,800 --> 01:09:22,600
I dare to hope that better days.
Lay ahead when I might serve him

1350
01:09:22,600 --> 01:09:26,700
with both wit and devotion, as I
once did for a brief golden time

1351
01:09:26,700 --> 01:09:30,500
after the battle life at court 
was kinder to me, King Edward, 

1352
01:09:30,500 --> 01:09:33,899
kept me close and though, I 
still donned some bells to amuse

1353
01:09:33,899 --> 01:09:35,600
him. 
I also became something of a 

1354
01:09:35,608 --> 01:09:38,000
confidant again. 
I even offered the king and 

1355
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:41,500
occasional candid, observation 
to Aid, his rule the memory of 

1356
01:09:41,500 --> 01:09:45,100
my pasta strange moment faded 
like a terrible dream but 

1357
01:09:45,100 --> 01:09:49,100
fortunes wheel never stops. 
Turning some years later, a 

1358
01:09:49,100 --> 01:09:51,600
harsh winter illness, swept 
through the land, the illness 

1359
01:09:51,600 --> 01:09:54,600
affected, both the upper and 
lower classes equally King 

1360
01:09:54,600 --> 01:09:57,700
Edward vigorous in battle 
succumbed in his bed-chamber. 

1361
01:09:57,700 --> 01:10:01,100
After a week of fever, I started
his bedside near the end, 

1362
01:10:01,100 --> 01:10:04,200
holding his hand as the fever. 
Took him on a frigid February 

1363
01:10:04,200 --> 01:10:08,200
night when he breathed his last.
I lost not only my king, but 

1364
01:10:08,200 --> 01:10:11,300
also my truest friend, the court
mourned. 

1365
01:10:11,300 --> 01:10:15,000
And then the power shifted, King
Edwards Air was a boy of 12, so 

1366
01:10:15,000 --> 01:10:19,000
a council of Regents took 
control Almost overnight, the 

1367
01:10:19,000 --> 01:10:22,000
atmosphere at court changed. 
The new rulers had little use 

1368
01:10:22,000 --> 01:10:25,400
for the Old Kings full to them. 
I was a remnant of Edward Zero 

1369
01:10:25,400 --> 01:10:28,900
at best irrelevant that worst a 
nuisance with too many of the 

1370
01:10:28,900 --> 01:10:31,100
late King's confidences in the 
weeks. 

1371
01:10:31,100 --> 01:10:34,500
After the funeral I became 
increasingly unwelcome the boy 

1372
01:10:34,500 --> 01:10:38,100
King Guided by Stern advisors. 
Showed no interest in my Antics 

1373
01:10:38,100 --> 01:10:41,700
I used to sit near the throne 
but now I found myself standing 

1374
01:10:41,700 --> 01:10:45,000
at the back of the hall. 
One gray morning, I was summoned

1375
01:10:45,000 --> 01:10:48,800
before Lord Warwick the very 
adviser who had urge my flogging

1376
01:10:48,800 --> 01:10:50,700
years ago. 
And now one of the princes 

1377
01:10:50,700 --> 01:10:54,800
Regents, he regarded me with 
cold disdain The crown has 

1378
01:10:54,800 --> 01:10:56,900
decided your services are no 
longer required. 

1379
01:10:56,900 --> 01:11:00,800
He said flatly, he pushed across
the table, a small purse of 

1380
01:11:00,808 --> 01:11:03,300
coins. 
As a gesture of compensation, 

1381
01:11:03,300 --> 01:11:06,000
you are to leave the palace by 
sundown. 

1382
01:11:07,100 --> 01:11:10,800
I felt a Pang of disbelief. 
I dare to ask if I had given a 

1383
01:11:10,800 --> 01:11:14,400
fence or could make amends but 
Warwick silence me with a glare.

1384
01:11:14,400 --> 01:11:17,700
The young king was too busy to 
indulge a Fool's. 

1385
01:11:17,700 --> 01:11:21,300
Prattville he said they didn't 
require a gesture to interrupt 

1386
01:11:21,300 --> 01:11:25,400
the for an instant angered. 
I had bled for this Kingdom in 

1387
01:11:25,400 --> 01:11:27,300
the late. 
King valued me the one. 

1388
01:11:27,300 --> 01:11:29,900
Look at Warwick's face, told me 
protest was futile. 

1389
01:11:29,900 --> 01:11:33,200
These men saw only a clown, not 
a counselor. 

1390
01:11:33,900 --> 01:11:37,100
I took the leather purse with 
trembling fingers, it felt 

1391
01:11:37,100 --> 01:11:41,300
pitifully, light about my head. 
As you command my Lord. 

1392
01:11:41,300 --> 01:11:44,600
I murdered there was nothing 
else to do to resist. 

1393
01:11:44,600 --> 01:11:46,500
Would mean imprisonment or 
worse? 

1394
01:11:47,600 --> 01:11:50,600
that afternoon, I packed my 
Scamp belongings, a few Warren, 

1395
01:11:50,600 --> 01:11:54,500
Motley tunics, my Loot and the 
Gilded wooden full scepter King 

1396
01:11:54,500 --> 01:11:58,300
Edward, had once given me as a 
jesting staff of office Not one 

1397
01:11:58,300 --> 01:12:01,700
familiar face came to wish me. 
Well, any who might have were 

1398
01:12:01,700 --> 01:12:04,400
gone or afraid to show kindness 
to a dismissed full. 

1399
01:12:05,400 --> 01:12:07,300
I walked out of the palace gates
at Twilight. 

1400
01:12:07,300 --> 01:12:10,000
A solitary figure for the first 
time in years. 

1401
01:12:10,900 --> 01:12:13,400
The guards hardly glanced at me 
as I passed under the port 

1402
01:12:13,400 --> 01:12:15,100
callus where I had first 
entered. 

1403
01:12:15,100 --> 01:12:17,600
So many years ago, a frightened 
youth. 

1404
01:12:17,600 --> 01:12:21,700
Eager to entertain a king. 
How different that departure was

1405
01:12:21,700 --> 01:12:24,200
now older. 
Wiser and bearing the weight of 

1406
01:12:24,208 --> 01:12:27,700
Sorrows and joys alike. 
As I left the Royal Court behind

1407
01:12:27,700 --> 01:12:30,100
I paused on a hill, overlooking 
the capital. 

1408
01:12:31,000 --> 01:12:34,300
Sun was sinking in a cold purple
sky in the distance. 

1409
01:12:34,300 --> 01:12:37,700
The towers of the castle caught 
the last Light standing in the 

1410
01:12:37,700 --> 01:12:39,900
same spot on Happy Days 
alongside King. 

1411
01:12:39,900 --> 01:12:43,900
Edward, a recalled listening to 
him, confide his worries, I 

1412
01:12:43,900 --> 01:12:46,900
remembered our laughed, after 
our battles of wit and even our 

1413
01:12:46,900 --> 01:12:49,900
moments of anger, a sad smile 
tugged at my lips. 

1414
01:12:50,700 --> 01:12:53,900
Full, I came and a full. 
I depart I whispered to the 

1415
01:12:53,900 --> 01:12:56,900
chiller my breath swirled. 
Like ghostly incense. 

1416
01:12:57,900 --> 01:13:01,400
There was no audience to laugh 
or applaud Only the Lonely wind.

1417
01:13:02,200 --> 01:13:05,200
I drew my tattered, cloak 
Tighter and turned away from the

1418
01:13:05,200 --> 01:13:06,900
only home. 
I'd known in my adult life. 

1419
01:13:06,900 --> 01:13:10,500
It was time to explore the Fate 
that a king's fool without a 

1420
01:13:10,500 --> 01:13:13,300
king might face for months, I 
roamed through Villages and 

1421
01:13:13,300 --> 01:13:17,200
Market towns free and without a 
master initially, the freedom 

1422
01:13:17,200 --> 01:13:20,100
felt jarring. 
I could go anywhere say anything

1423
01:13:20,100 --> 01:13:22,500
yet who cared. 
Now, for the words of a king's 

1424
01:13:22,500 --> 01:13:26,600
fool, I end my supper by telling
stories or juggling in Tavern 

1425
01:13:26,600 --> 01:13:29,500
yards, performing not for 
Nobles, but for farmers and 

1426
01:13:29,500 --> 01:13:32,700
fishermen some nights. 
I stepped in a hay loft or under

1427
01:13:32,700 --> 01:13:35,200
the Open Sky, my joints ached 
more than they used to. 

1428
01:13:35,200 --> 01:13:38,100
And the laughter, of course, 
Villages was a poor substitute 

1429
01:13:38,100 --> 01:13:40,000
for the attentive hush of a 
Royal Court. 

1430
01:13:41,000 --> 01:13:43,800
One Autumn evening, I found 
myself in a small country in 

1431
01:13:43,800 --> 01:13:48,100
entertaining a handful of locals
by the half a narrated humorous,

1432
01:13:48,100 --> 01:13:50,800
stories about court life, taking
care, not to mention specific 

1433
01:13:50,800 --> 01:13:54,000
names and managed to elicit a 
few Chuckles from the audience. 

1434
01:13:55,100 --> 01:13:59,000
Afterwards, as the Patron's 
drifted off the, inkeeper's my 

1435
01:13:59,000 --> 01:14:04,300
hand, pity or payment. 
Both and asked, will you truly 

1436
01:14:04,300 --> 01:14:08,900
the king's full once I nodded 
with a faint smile. 

1437
01:14:08,900 --> 01:14:13,200
I was I replied, he shook his 
head in Wonder and went to lock 

1438
01:14:13,200 --> 01:14:15,400
up leaving me alone with the 
dying fire. 

1439
01:14:16,700 --> 01:14:20,600
I sat there long after the last 
Embers crumbled, nursing the ale

1440
01:14:20,600 --> 01:14:23,500
in my memories. 
Yes, I had been the king's fool.

1441
01:14:23,500 --> 01:14:28,300
I had lived in a castle one 
silks, however, patched dined on

1442
01:14:28,308 --> 01:14:31,400
Venison and custard and traded 
wits with powerful men. 

1443
01:14:32,400 --> 01:14:36,400
I had experienced both highs and
lows now, I was no one of 

1444
01:14:36,408 --> 01:14:40,100
importance. 
Despite feeling unimportant, I 

1445
01:14:40,100 --> 01:14:42,600
still sensed the same heart 
beating in my chest and 

1446
01:14:42,600 --> 01:14:45,600
maintained the same Keen Eye for
absurdity in the world. 

1447
01:14:46,500 --> 01:14:49,600
In the Silence of that tap, and 
I realized that in my own way. 

1448
01:14:49,600 --> 01:14:52,100
I still carried the truth. 
Speakers torch. 

1449
01:14:52,800 --> 01:14:55,200
I could now speak freely about 
the Lords of vanity. 

1450
01:14:55,200 --> 01:14:59,100
The pause plight and other 
Palace Secrets the strange 

1451
01:14:59,100 --> 01:15:01,200
privilege. 
I once held to speak truth to 

1452
01:15:01,200 --> 01:15:05,300
power at enormous risk, Now I 
held a different sort of 

1453
01:15:05,300 --> 01:15:08,300
freedom. 
I could speak truth openly but 

1454
01:15:08,300 --> 01:15:11,600
Power no longer heeded. 
It was a lonely, Freedom strip 

1455
01:15:11,600 --> 01:15:13,500
of the glamour that wants gave 
my words weight. 

1456
01:15:14,300 --> 01:15:17,700
I drained my ale and stepped 
outside into the crisp night, a 

1457
01:15:17,700 --> 01:15:19,300
thin sliver of moon hung 
overhead. 

1458
01:15:19,300 --> 01:15:23,000
The Village was dark and 
sleeping only the distant bark 

1459
01:15:23,000 --> 01:15:24,400
of a dog and the rustle of 
trees. 

1460
01:15:24,400 --> 01:15:27,200
Kept me company, pulling my 
thread back, cloak around my 

1461
01:15:27,208 --> 01:15:30,300
shoulders, I walked down the 
empty Lane toward the unstable 

1462
01:15:30,300 --> 01:15:33,800
loft, where a pile of straw, 
waited as my bed, overhead, 

1463
01:15:33,800 --> 01:15:37,800
countless Stars glittered the 
same stars are used to gaze from

1464
01:15:37,800 --> 01:15:39,800
the castle parapets and King 
Edwards day. 

1465
01:15:39,800 --> 01:15:43,400
How many times did I stood by 
his side after a feast pointing 

1466
01:15:43,400 --> 01:15:45,100
out a constellation on making a 
wish? 

1467
01:15:45,800 --> 01:15:48,300
I closed my eyes and could 
almost hear the king's Rich 

1468
01:15:48,300 --> 01:15:52,400
laugh beside me and aches 
swelled in my throat parts 

1469
01:15:52,400 --> 01:15:56,700
sweet. 
Reminiscent Edward to the sky, 

1470
01:15:56,700 --> 01:16:00,200
they took your full away, that 
they'll never quite rid me of 

1471
01:16:00,208 --> 01:16:02,400
you. 
Perhaps it was a foolish thing 

1472
01:16:02,400 --> 01:16:05,800
to say that then foolishness had
always been my trade. 

1473
01:16:07,300 --> 01:16:10,800
I climbed into the Loft and laid
down on the straw through a gap 

1474
01:16:10,800 --> 01:16:13,000
in the roof, like to see a 
splash of stars. 

1475
01:16:13,000 --> 01:16:16,300
I thought of the people, I had 
been eager young, gesture. 

1476
01:16:16,300 --> 01:16:19,300
The broken wretch in the stocks,
the unlikely Hero on the 

1477
01:16:19,308 --> 01:16:21,100
battlefield. 
The Trusted friend. 

1478
01:16:21,100 --> 01:16:24,300
And now the Vagabond 
Storyteller, which was the real 

1479
01:16:24,300 --> 01:16:27,600
me. 
All of them, perhaps none. 

1480
01:16:29,100 --> 01:16:30,900
As I drifted to sleep, I found 
myself. 

1481
01:16:30,900 --> 01:16:34,300
Smiling in the dark, I had 
played my part in the grand, 

1482
01:16:34,300 --> 01:16:37,300
pageant of kings and clowns, and
though, my costume was torn. 

1483
01:16:37,300 --> 01:16:40,400
And my stage now, humble in, I 
still had my wits, my memories, 

1484
01:16:40,400 --> 01:16:43,000
and my voice in the morning. 
I would move on to the next 

1485
01:16:43,000 --> 01:16:45,800
Village and the next crowd, 
maybe I'd make them laugh. 

1486
01:16:55,900 --> 01:16:59,000
The story of the Oregon Trail. 
Typically begins with wagons 

1487
01:16:59,000 --> 01:17:02,400
rolling West in the 1840s but 
it's true Origins. 

1488
01:17:02,400 --> 01:17:05,400
Reach back much further. 
To Pathways trodden by 

1489
01:17:05,408 --> 01:17:09,000
indigenous peoples for 
Millennia, the Shoshone Nez 

1490
01:17:09,000 --> 01:17:11,800
Perce and dozens of other 
nations had established, 

1491
01:17:11,800 --> 01:17:13,400
intricate, trade networks 
across. 

1492
01:17:13,400 --> 01:17:16,300
What would become the American 
West long before European 

1493
01:17:16,300 --> 01:17:20,000
settlement, these indigenous 
highways form the skeleton upon,

1494
01:17:20,000 --> 01:17:21,900
which the Oregon Trail would 
eventually be built. 

1495
01:17:23,000 --> 01:17:25,200
The conventional narrative 
credits Lewis and Clark with 

1496
01:17:25,200 --> 01:17:29,200
discovering the root West. 
That their 1804 to 1806 

1497
01:17:29,200 --> 01:17:32,900
Expedition relied heavily on 
indigenous guy's like Sacagawea 

1498
01:17:32,900 --> 01:17:36,100
who's knowledge of mountain. 
Passages proved invaluable. 

1499
01:17:36,800 --> 01:17:39,500
What's less discussed is how 
their Journey was followed by 

1500
01:17:39,500 --> 01:17:42,200
fur Traders, were quietly 
expanded these routes throughout

1501
01:17:42,200 --> 01:17:47,000
the early 19th century. 
In 1811, John, Jacob Astor's 

1502
01:17:47,000 --> 01:17:50,000
Pacific fur company established 
a story at the mouth of the 

1503
01:17:50,000 --> 01:17:52,700
Columbia River. 
Just five years after Lewis and 

1504
01:17:52,700 --> 01:17:55,400
Clark's return to connect this 
remote Outpost with Saint Louis,

1505
01:17:55,400 --> 01:17:58,100
fur Trader. 
Robert Stewart pioneered an east

1506
01:17:58,100 --> 01:18:02,800
to west Crossing in 1812, to 13 
Discovery in Wyoming's, Wind 

1507
01:18:02,800 --> 01:18:05,100
River range. 
This critical Gateway through 

1508
01:18:05,100 --> 01:18:09,500
the Continental Divide at a 
relatively moderate 7,412 FT 

1509
01:18:09,500 --> 01:18:13,100
elevation would later become the
trails most crucial geographic 

1510
01:18:13,100 --> 01:18:16,700
feature allowing wagons to cross
the Rockies without navigating 

1511
01:18:16,700 --> 01:18:20,600
treacherous high altitude passes
while history textbooks, often 

1512
01:18:20,600 --> 01:18:23,600
present Manifest Destiny, as the
driving force behind Westwood 

1513
01:18:23,600 --> 01:18:27,300
expansion, economic desperation,
propelled many early migrants 

1514
01:18:27,300 --> 01:18:32,100
the panic of 1837 the financial 
crisis that triggered a 68 

1515
01:18:32,100 --> 01:18:35,000
depression left, countless 
Americans, jobless and landless.

1516
01:18:35,700 --> 01:18:39,200
Oregon represented, not 
Conquest, but survival as one 

1517
01:18:39,200 --> 01:18:42,900
migrant wrote in 1843. 
You do not go to make war on 

1518
01:18:42,900 --> 01:18:46,500
anyone or build an Empire only 
to feed our children and perhaps

1519
01:18:46,500 --> 01:18:48,700
find peace away from the banks 
that have ruined us. 

1520
01:18:49,800 --> 01:18:52,700
The trails formal establishment 
came through an unlikely Source 

1521
01:18:52,700 --> 01:18:57,700
missionary Endeavors in 1836, 
Methodist missionary. 

1522
01:18:57,700 --> 01:19:01,600
Jason Lee, traveled to Oregon's 
Willamette Valley to establish a

1523
01:19:01,600 --> 01:19:02,900
mission. 
Among the kalapuya people 

1524
01:19:02,900 --> 01:19:05,600
though. 
His Evangelistic efforts yielded

1525
01:19:05,600 --> 01:19:09,400
few converts his letters. 
Eastward painted Oregon as an 

1526
01:19:09,400 --> 01:19:13,200
agricultural Paradise. 
Presbyterian missionaries, 

1527
01:19:13,200 --> 01:19:16,500
Marcus and Narcissa, Whitman 
made the journey the same year 

1528
01:19:16,500 --> 01:19:19,800
with Narcissa becoming one of 
the first white women to cross 

1529
01:19:19,800 --> 01:19:22,900
the continent Overland, the 
Whitman's established their 

1530
01:19:22,900 --> 01:19:25,500
mission among the Coos people 
near present-day Walla Walla. 

1531
01:19:25,500 --> 01:19:29,700
Washington the letters home 
describing fertile, valleys and 

1532
01:19:29,700 --> 01:19:33,000
a moderate climate Court. 
Despite downplaying the complex 

1533
01:19:33,000 --> 01:19:35,800
diplomatic negotiations, 
necessary to maintain peace with

1534
01:19:35,800 --> 01:19:39,100
indigenous Nations, whose land 
they occupied their letters 

1535
01:19:39,100 --> 01:19:41,100
captivated the nation's 
imagination. 

1536
01:19:42,100 --> 01:19:44,900
The Whitman's Mission would 
later become a landmark on the 

1537
01:19:44,900 --> 01:19:48,100
Oregon Trail, and the site of 
tragedy, when deteriorating 

1538
01:19:48,100 --> 01:19:51,400
relations with the Caillou's 
resulted in violence, perhaps 

1539
01:19:51,400 --> 01:19:53,600
the most overlooked aspect of 
the trails formation. 

1540
01:19:53,600 --> 01:19:56,900
Was the role of free black, 
settlers and establishing Oregon

1541
01:19:56,900 --> 01:19:59,300
Country. 
Though, later Oregon, 

1542
01:19:59,300 --> 01:20:01,800
legislation would shamefully 
prohibit black settlement. 

1543
01:20:01,800 --> 01:20:05,400
Early Pioneers included black 
Americans, seeking freedom from 

1544
01:20:05,400 --> 01:20:09,000
the restrictions of eastern 
states Moses black Harris, 

1545
01:20:09,000 --> 01:20:11,000
perform a slave turned Mountain 
Man. 

1546
01:20:11,000 --> 01:20:14,300
Became one of the trails most 
respected guides in the 1830s. 

1547
01:20:14,300 --> 01:20:17,500
Leading multiple groups to 
Oregon and returning East to 

1548
01:20:17,500 --> 01:20:21,500
guide more George Washington 
Bush, successful, Pennsylvania 

1549
01:20:21,500 --> 01:20:24,800
businessmen, LED one of the 
first large wagon parties in 

1550
01:20:24,800 --> 01:20:28,600
1844, eventually establishing a 
prosperous Farm in, what would 

1551
01:20:28,600 --> 01:20:32,500
become Washington State? 
The trails preliminary Roots 

1552
01:20:32,500 --> 01:20:35,500
were mapped by government 
surveyor John C Fremont between 

1553
01:20:35,500 --> 01:20:40,300
1842 and 1844 is meticulous 
reports, widely published in 

1554
01:20:40,300 --> 01:20:43,000
eastern newspapers. 
Transformed vague knowledge 

1555
01:20:43,000 --> 01:20:45,300
about Oregon Country in to 
practical guidance. 

1556
01:20:45,300 --> 01:20:50,200
While Fremont is remembered as 
the Pathfinder, his Expeditions 

1557
01:20:50,200 --> 01:20:52,200
relied heavily on the expertise 
of Kit. 

1558
01:20:52,200 --> 01:20:54,900
Carson, and another seasoned guy
who had already traveled these 

1559
01:20:54,900 --> 01:21:00,000
routes extensively by 1843, when
the first major Wagon Train of 

1560
01:21:00,000 --> 01:21:02,900
approximately 1,000 people, 
departed Independence. 

1561
01:21:02,900 --> 01:21:06,800
Missouri, the Oregon Trail 
wasn't a sudden inspiration, but

1562
01:21:06,800 --> 01:21:10,300
the Coleman of Decades of 
exploration indigenous knowledge

1563
01:21:10,300 --> 01:21:14,700
economic necessity missionary 
Zeal and careful mapping. 

1564
01:21:15,600 --> 01:21:18,400
These Pioneers were venturing 
into an unmapped Wilderness, but

1565
01:21:18,400 --> 01:21:21,000
following an increasingly well 
documented route toward what 

1566
01:21:21,000 --> 01:21:22,500
they hoped would be better 
alive. 

1567
01:21:23,700 --> 01:21:26,200
Story of the organ Trails 
Origins reveals how great 

1568
01:21:26,200 --> 01:21:29,400
migrations rarely spring fully 
formed from a single Catalyst, 

1569
01:21:29,400 --> 01:21:31,700
but developed through complex, 
interplays of geography, 

1570
01:21:31,700 --> 01:21:35,600
economics, politics and human 
determination. 

1571
01:21:35,600 --> 01:21:39,300
A theme that would continuous 
the trail of old from a 

1572
01:21:39,300 --> 01:21:42,900
hazardous journey into America's
most consequential, migration 

1573
01:21:42,900 --> 01:21:45,700
route, popular culture has 
reduced the Oregon Trail to 

1574
01:21:45,700 --> 01:21:50,800
covered wagons and oxen, but the
2170 mile Journey spurred 

1575
01:21:50,800 --> 01:21:53,300
remarkable technological 
adaptations, that changed, 

1576
01:21:53,300 --> 01:21:57,000
American Transportation forever.
The challenges of traversing a 

1577
01:21:57,000 --> 01:21:59,700
continent, necessitated 
practical Innovation at every 

1578
01:21:59,700 --> 01:22:03,200
stage establishing a mobile 
laboratory for 19th century 

1579
01:22:03,200 --> 01:22:06,500
engineering. 
The Prairie Schooner, the iconic

1580
01:22:06,500 --> 01:22:09,800
covered wagon was itself, a 
specialized adaptation of the 

1581
01:22:09,800 --> 01:22:12,400
larger Conestoga wagon used in 
eastern Freight hauling. 

1582
01:22:12,400 --> 01:22:15,700
These wagons specifically 
designed for the Western 

1583
01:22:15,700 --> 01:22:18,500
Journey. 
It weighed approximately 1300 

1584
01:22:18,500 --> 01:22:20,600
pounds. 
When empty compared to the 

1585
01:22:20,600 --> 01:22:24,800
conestoga's 3000 pounds, their 
beds were sealed with tartar to 

1586
01:22:24,800 --> 01:22:27,400
cross rivers. 
While their white canvas covers 

1587
01:22:27,400 --> 01:22:29,500
were treated with linseed oil 
for waterproofing. 

1588
01:22:30,500 --> 01:22:33,000
The hooped canvas cover wasn't 
merely for protection from the 

1589
01:22:33,000 --> 01:22:35,100
elements. 
Its shape, was deliberately 

1590
01:22:35,100 --> 01:22:36,700
designed to create air 
circulation. 

1591
01:22:36,700 --> 01:22:40,500
Reducing interior temperatures 
on scorching Prairie days, 

1592
01:22:40,500 --> 01:22:44,100
inventors built, fortunes 
supplying specialized equipment 

1593
01:22:44,100 --> 01:22:46,600
to emigrants in Saint Joseph 
Missouri. 

1594
01:22:46,600 --> 01:22:50,100
Blacksmith Joseph Murphy 
developed a reputation for 

1595
01:22:50,100 --> 01:22:54,200
crafting Western wagons with 
Innovative features like, hey, 

1596
01:22:54,200 --> 01:22:56,900
they as an axles, that could be 
greased without removing the 

1597
01:22:56,900 --> 01:22:59,200
wheels. 
And reinforced wheel hubs that 

1598
01:22:59,200 --> 01:23:03,800
withstood the trails punishment 
by 1850 Murphy's wagon Factory. 

1599
01:23:03,800 --> 01:23:06,700
Employed over 200 workers 
producing Trail specific 

1600
01:23:06,700 --> 01:23:09,900
designs. 
Similarly gunsmith, Horace, 

1601
01:23:09,900 --> 01:23:13,400
dimmick created The Plains 
rifle, the hybrid firearm, 

1602
01:23:13,400 --> 01:23:16,500
combining the accuracy of a 
rifle with the easy loading of a

1603
01:23:16,508 --> 01:23:19,200
Smooth, Bore musket. 
Perfect, for travelers who 

1604
01:23:19,200 --> 01:23:21,000
needed reliable hunting 
capabilities. 

1605
01:23:21,000 --> 01:23:24,700
Without specialized expertise, 
contrary to romantic, Notions 

1606
01:23:24,700 --> 01:23:26,200
Pioneers, weren't 
self-sufficient. 

1607
01:23:26,200 --> 01:23:28,800
Isolationists. 
But participants in a 

1608
01:23:28,800 --> 01:23:31,800
sophisticated supply chain, 
entrepreneurs, established 

1609
01:23:31,800 --> 01:23:34,000
outfit, Registries and departure
towns. 

1610
01:23:34,000 --> 01:23:37,000
Essentially early information 
bureaus were Travelers. 

1611
01:23:37,000 --> 01:23:39,900
Could register the skills 
blacksmithing medical knowledge,

1612
01:23:39,900 --> 01:23:44,000
carpentry and Equipment, extra 
wagons tools, draft animals. 

1613
01:23:44,000 --> 01:23:47,100
These Registries matched, 
complimentary parties to 

1614
01:23:47,100 --> 01:23:48,900
mutually beneficial traveling 
companies. 

1615
01:23:48,900 --> 01:23:53,700
One registry operators, noted in
his 1849 Erics that he had 

1616
01:23:53,700 --> 01:23:57,700
matched 17 parties with needed 
for positions and 11 with wheel 

1617
01:23:57,700 --> 01:23:59,500
rights. 
Greatly improving their 

1618
01:23:59,500 --> 01:24:03,300
prospects for safer rivalry. 
Oregon Trail drove innovation, 

1619
01:24:03,300 --> 01:24:06,500
in food preservation Beyond The 
Familiar pemak and heart attack.

1620
01:24:07,200 --> 01:24:10,800
Sylvester Graham, creator of the
graham cracker developed. 

1621
01:24:10,800 --> 01:24:13,800
Specialized Journey cakes 
fortified with additional 

1622
01:24:13,800 --> 01:24:17,300
nutrients specifically for 
Western Travelers more 

1623
01:24:17,300 --> 01:24:19,200
significantly. 
Witnessing Trail deaths from 

1624
01:24:19,200 --> 01:24:21,600
contaminated. 
Milk inspired Gail Borden to 

1625
01:24:21,600 --> 01:24:25,500
develop condensed milk, which he
patented in 1856. 

1626
01:24:25,500 --> 01:24:29,700
After years of experimentation 
his Innovation motivated by 

1627
01:24:29,708 --> 01:24:32,600
trade forward. 
Leisure Trail hardships would 

1628
01:24:32,600 --> 01:24:34,400
later. 
Save countless lives during the 

1629
01:24:34,400 --> 01:24:36,800
Civil War and transformed food 
preservation. 

1630
01:24:36,800 --> 01:24:39,900
Globally River, Crossings 
presented some of the trails 

1631
01:24:39,900 --> 01:24:43,200
greatest technological 
challenges that major Crossing's

1632
01:24:43,200 --> 01:24:46,600
entrepreneurs, established fairy
services using Innovative 

1633
01:24:46,600 --> 01:24:51,000
flat-bottomed craft with guide 
ropes by 1850 Cornelius. 

1634
01:24:51,000 --> 01:24:53,900
Oregon Smith had built a 
remarkable pontoon Bridge across

1635
01:24:53,900 --> 01:24:57,300
the Kansas River constructed of 
empty sealed barrels. 

1636
01:24:57,300 --> 01:25:00,400
As flotation devices 
demonstrating how the trails 

1637
01:25:00,400 --> 01:25:04,100
spurred practical engineering 
after multiple drowning at the 

1638
01:25:04,100 --> 01:25:06,200
dangerous crossing of the Green 
River in Wyoming. 

1639
01:25:07,200 --> 01:25:09,100
Mountain Man. 
William sublet developed a 

1640
01:25:09,100 --> 01:25:12,200
unique fairy design using 
indigenous inspired bull boats 

1641
01:25:12,200 --> 01:25:14,600
bison. 
Hides stretched over Willow 

1642
01:25:14,600 --> 01:25:18,400
frames scaled up to accommodate 
wagons the risk of becoming lost

1643
01:25:18,400 --> 01:25:19,300
prompted. 
The development of 

1644
01:25:19,300 --> 01:25:23,100
sophisticated, navigational, 
tools Beyond compasses, Thomas 

1645
01:25:23,100 --> 01:25:26,000
Jefferson, Farnham, published 
travels in the Great Western 

1646
01:25:26,000 --> 01:25:30,700
prairies in 1843, which included
the first topographical Guide to

1647
01:25:30,700 --> 01:25:32,600
the trail with landmarks 
Skechers. 

1648
01:25:32,600 --> 01:25:34,900
Travelers, could identify from 
any approach angle, 

1649
01:25:34,900 --> 01:25:38,700
entrepreneur, JH, Colton, 
produced specialized immigrant 

1650
01:25:38,700 --> 01:25:42,400
Maps printed on linen. 
These Maps designed to withstand

1651
01:25:42,400 --> 01:25:44,100
rain and rough handling replaced
paper. 

1652
01:25:44,100 --> 01:25:47,500
Some maps and corporated 
Innovative panoramic views of 

1653
01:25:47,500 --> 01:25:50,400
mountain passes and River 
crossings from multiple angles 

1654
01:25:50,400 --> 01:25:52,700
to help Travelers confirm. 
They were on the correct path. 

1655
01:25:53,700 --> 01:25:56,300
Perhaps the most remarkable 
technological adaptation was in 

1656
01:25:56,300 --> 01:26:00,500
the area of communication using 
tree cashes traveler's developed

1657
01:26:00,500 --> 01:26:03,900
an emergent Mail system to leave
messages for later Travelers. 

1658
01:26:04,700 --> 01:26:09,000
By 1850 this had evolved in to a
sophisticated relay system where

1659
01:26:09,000 --> 01:26:12,000
eastbound Travelers would carry 
letters from those further west.

1660
01:26:12,800 --> 01:26:16,300
An established post trees. 
Became known relay points that 

1661
01:26:16,300 --> 01:26:19,200
Independence Rock in present-day
Wyoming Travelers. 

1662
01:26:19,200 --> 01:26:21,800
Didn't merely carve their names.
They recorded detailed 

1663
01:26:21,800 --> 01:26:25,500
information about water sources,
grass, conditions, and Indian 

1664
01:26:25,500 --> 01:26:29,100
relations ahead, creating a 
constantly updated intelligence 

1665
01:26:29,100 --> 01:26:31,800
Network, some Innovations 
failed, spectacularly. 

1666
01:26:31,800 --> 01:26:36,600
The Prairie motor of 1845 a sale
powered wagon, that worked 

1667
01:26:36,600 --> 01:26:39,200
brilliantly on flat terrain 
until the first serious wind 

1668
01:26:39,200 --> 01:26:41,300
tipped. 
It over remains a cautionary, 

1669
01:26:41,300 --> 01:26:44,100
Tale. 
Wind powered water pumps 

1670
01:26:44,100 --> 01:26:46,300
designed for trail. 
Use proved two delicate for 

1671
01:26:46,300 --> 01:26:49,200
travel, but later became Staples
of Western settlement. 

1672
01:26:49,200 --> 01:26:52,500
The trail functioned as both 
laboratory and testing ground 

1673
01:26:52,500 --> 01:26:56,200
where practical Solutions either
proved their Worth or rapidly 

1674
01:26:56,200 --> 01:26:58,700
abandoned. 
By understanding the Oregon 

1675
01:26:58,700 --> 01:27:01,700
Trail as a corridor of 
technological adaptation rather 

1676
01:27:01,700 --> 01:27:05,000
than merely a path, Westwood we 
gain insight into how the 

1677
01:27:05,008 --> 01:27:08,400
journey itself, transformed 
America, the pragmatic 

1678
01:27:08,400 --> 01:27:11,400
Innovation at demanded from 
specialized transportation to 

1679
01:27:11,400 --> 01:27:14,000
food preservation, laid, the 
groundwork for industrial 

1680
01:27:14,000 --> 01:27:16,500
developments that would reshape 
the nation in subsequent 

1681
01:27:16,500 --> 01:27:19,100
decades. 
The Oregon Trail wasn't just a 

1682
01:27:19,100 --> 01:27:21,100
geographic link, connecting 
Eastern West. 

1683
01:27:22,000 --> 01:27:24,600
It was an incubator for 
practical problem-solving that 

1684
01:27:24,600 --> 01:27:26,800
accelerated American 
technological development. 

1685
01:27:26,800 --> 01:27:30,600
Far beyond the journey itself 
while school lessons, typically 

1686
01:27:30,600 --> 01:27:32,700
frame, the Oregon Trail as a 
pioneering Adventure. 

1687
01:27:33,700 --> 01:27:36,200
Fundamentally an economic 
Endeavor of Staggering 

1688
01:27:36,200 --> 01:27:39,000
proportions. 
The financial realities of the 

1689
01:27:39,000 --> 01:27:41,500
migration represent, one of 
history's, most overlooked 

1690
01:27:41,500 --> 01:27:43,600
aspects of this pivotal American
journey. 

1691
01:27:44,400 --> 01:27:47,300
Preparing for the Oregon Trail. 
Required substantial capital 

1692
01:27:47,300 --> 01:27:51,600
investment by the mid-1840s 
outfitting, a family of four for

1693
01:27:51,600 --> 01:27:55,500
the Germany cost approximately 
600 to 800 dollars equivalent to

1694
01:27:55,500 --> 01:28:00,100
about. 22,000 to 30,000 dollars.
In today's currency the cost 

1695
01:28:00,100 --> 01:28:05,300
included, a wagon, 85 dollars 
and teams $50 per yolk, Food 

1696
01:28:05,300 --> 01:28:10,000
Supplies, 150 dollars tools 
weapons, numerous specialized 

1697
01:28:10,000 --> 01:28:12,300
items. 
Consequently, the Oregon Trail 

1698
01:28:12,300 --> 01:28:15,200
was not primary traveled by the 
destitute but by middle class 

1699
01:28:15,200 --> 01:28:18,500
farmers and her tradespeople 
with significant resources to 

1700
01:28:18,500 --> 01:28:21,400
invest in relocation economic 
preparations. 

1701
01:28:21,400 --> 01:28:25,000
Often began years before 
departure family, sold farms and

1702
01:28:25,000 --> 01:28:28,200
businesses called him debts. 
And liquidated non-essential, 

1703
01:28:28,200 --> 01:28:31,100
possessions, many worked 
additional jobs for several 

1704
01:28:31,100 --> 01:28:32,600
years. 
To accumulate the necessary 

1705
01:28:32,600 --> 01:28:36,500
funds, meticulous financial 
planning became a Hallmark of 

1706
01:28:36,500 --> 01:28:40,000
successful immigrants. 
Samuel, Parker of Illinois, kept

1707
01:28:40,000 --> 01:28:43,900
a remarkable preparation Ledger.
Beginning in 1841 documenting 

1708
01:28:43,900 --> 01:28:47,000
every Purchase and sale made in 
preparation for his family's 

1709
01:28:47,000 --> 01:28:50,800
1845 departure. 
His financial strategy included.

1710
01:28:50,800 --> 01:28:53,900
Specifically planting flax and 
tobacco in his final two Eastern

1711
01:28:53,900 --> 01:28:57,300
harvests crops that commanded 
premium prices with minimal 

1712
01:28:57,300 --> 01:29:00,700
land, use the journey itself 
generated a sophisticated 

1713
01:29:00,700 --> 01:29:05,200
economic ecosystem along the 
trail by the late 1840s over 

1714
01:29:05,200 --> 01:29:07,500
150. 
Businesses have been established

1715
01:29:07,500 --> 01:29:10,800
at key points along the Route 
trading posts evolved from 

1716
01:29:10,800 --> 01:29:12,900
simple Supply. 
Caches and complex commercial 

1717
01:29:12,900 --> 01:29:17,800
operations, a Fort Laramie. 
Wyoming ledgers from 1849 to 

1718
01:29:17,800 --> 01:29:21,000
1852 show transactions, not 
merely for supplies, but for 

1719
01:29:21,000 --> 01:29:23,700
services, including wagon, 
repair five to eight dollars, 

1720
01:29:23,700 --> 01:29:27,600
oxen showing one dollar and 
fifty cents per letter, 

1721
01:29:27,600 --> 01:29:30,600
forwarding one dollar per 
letter, and even wagon storage 

1722
01:29:30,600 --> 01:29:33,000
for those who decided to 
continue on Horseback, three 

1723
01:29:33,000 --> 01:29:36,000
dollars per month. 
The development of specialized 

1724
01:29:36,000 --> 01:29:38,800
Trail, occupations remains 
largely unexplored and 

1725
01:29:38,800 --> 01:29:42,200
conventional history. 
Ferryman River Crossings could 

1726
01:29:42,200 --> 01:29:45,100
earn 500 to 1500 dollars during 
a single migration. 

1727
01:29:45,100 --> 01:29:48,800
Season will rights travel. 
The trail offering repairs at 

1728
01:29:48,800 --> 01:29:52,900
premium prices. 
Trail guides charge 75 to 150 

1729
01:29:52,900 --> 01:29:57,400
dollars per year and for partial
route guide of 100 individual 

1730
01:29:57,400 --> 01:30:01,600
James Pritchard 2, made his 
fortune not by going to Oregon 

1731
01:30:01,600 --> 01:30:04,300
but by operating a mobile 
blacksmith shop, the traveled 

1732
01:30:04,300 --> 01:30:07,300
back and forth, along the first 
500 miles of the trail during 

1733
01:30:07,300 --> 01:30:10,800
migration Seasons between 1848 
and 1855. 

1734
01:30:10,800 --> 01:30:14,200
The economics of the trail 
involves sophisticated risk 

1735
01:30:14,200 --> 01:30:17,500
management, strategies wagon 
companies, frequently pulled 

1736
01:30:17,500 --> 01:30:20,900
resources, creating informal 
Insurance Arrangements, where 

1737
01:30:20,900 --> 01:30:24,300
members would help replace lost 
cattle or repair damaged wagons 

1738
01:30:24,300 --> 01:30:29,900
for others in their party. 
Formal Insurance also emerged in

1739
01:30:29,900 --> 01:30:33,800
Missouri protection company 
established in 1846 offered 

1740
01:30:33,800 --> 01:30:37,000
Trail insurance for 5% of the 
insured value of goods and 

1741
01:30:37,000 --> 01:30:39,500
equipment. 
With additional premiums for 

1742
01:30:39,500 --> 01:30:42,400
livestock coverage. 
Their surviving record show, 

1743
01:30:42,400 --> 01:30:45,900
they paid claims for equipment 
losses, medical expenses, and 

1744
01:30:45,900 --> 01:30:49,100
even death benefits indigenous, 
economic relationships. 

1745
01:30:49,100 --> 01:30:51,500
With Travelers, were far more 
complex than the raiding 

1746
01:30:51,500 --> 01:30:53,500
narrative that dominate popular 
accounts. 

1747
01:30:54,300 --> 01:30:57,200
Many native nations established 
sophisticated trading 

1748
01:30:57,200 --> 01:30:59,700
relationships with their 
immigrants, the Sioux and 

1749
01:30:59,700 --> 01:31:02,500
Cheyenne operated trading camps 
at critical, junctures 

1750
01:31:02,500 --> 01:31:06,400
exchanging, fresh meat, and 
mockers, and for cloth metal 

1751
01:31:06,400 --> 01:31:10,100
tools, and shush coffee. 
The show me became particularly 

1752
01:31:10,100 --> 01:31:12,600
known for their horse trading 
expertise along the Idaho 

1753
01:31:12,600 --> 01:31:15,600
section of the trail with 
documented exchanges showing 

1754
01:31:15,600 --> 01:31:18,200
their commanded premium prices 
for Quality males. 

1755
01:31:18,900 --> 01:31:21,000
Far from being me, a barriers to
Westwood travel. 

1756
01:31:21,000 --> 01:31:25,100
Many indigenous groups, became 
essential economic partners with

1757
01:31:25,100 --> 01:31:27,000
profits from trade, helping 
offset. 

1758
01:31:27,000 --> 01:31:29,300
The negative impacts of 
increased traffic through their 

1759
01:31:29,300 --> 01:31:32,200
territories. 
One of the trails most 

1760
01:31:32,200 --> 01:31:34,700
significant economic impacts was
wealth redistribution. 

1761
01:31:35,800 --> 01:31:37,900
Immigrants frequently, 
discovered, their carefully, 

1762
01:31:37,900 --> 01:31:40,100
planned supplies were too heavy 
for their wagons. 

1763
01:31:40,100 --> 01:31:43,400
Particularly when ascending the 
Rocky Mountains, this 

1764
01:31:43,400 --> 01:31:46,300
phenomenon, led to massive 
discarding of property along the

1765
01:31:46,300 --> 01:31:49,000
trail. 
So much that Scavenging became a

1766
01:31:49,000 --> 01:31:52,500
profitable Enterprise Trail 
gleaning operations, emerged 

1767
01:31:52,500 --> 01:31:55,600
with entrepreneurs, collecting 
abandoned items and reshaping 

1768
01:31:55,600 --> 01:31:58,000
the Eastwood, or selling them to
less prepared Travelers. 

1769
01:31:58,800 --> 01:32:02,700
One Wyoming, businessman Thomas,
Farlow built a substantial 

1770
01:32:02,700 --> 01:32:05,700
Mercantile business, almost 
entirely from refurbished items 

1771
01:32:05,700 --> 01:32:08,700
recovered from Emigrant dumping 
grounds, near South parks. 

1772
01:32:09,800 --> 01:32:11,400
The financial outcomes of Oregon
Trail. 

1773
01:32:11,400 --> 01:32:15,400
Migration very dramatically. 
Studies of land record shower. 

1774
01:32:15,400 --> 01:32:18,700
Approximately 20% arrivals 
achieved significant Prosperity 

1775
01:32:18,700 --> 01:32:22,600
within five years. 60% 
established stable that modest 

1776
01:32:22,600 --> 01:32:25,900
Holdings while 20% either 
returned Eastwood or remained In

1777
01:32:25,908 --> 01:32:29,800
Perpetual financial difficulty. 
The variable outcomes reflected 

1778
01:32:29,800 --> 01:32:33,600
both the luck of weather and 
timing but also the preparation 

1779
01:32:33,600 --> 01:32:35,700
and adaptability of individual 
immigrants. 

1780
01:32:36,700 --> 01:32:38,900
Those who arrived with 
specialized skills Beyond 

1781
01:32:38,900 --> 01:32:42,400
farming blacksmithing, Milling, 
Milling merchandising generally 

1782
01:32:42,400 --> 01:32:45,000
achieved greater economic 
success than those relying 

1783
01:32:45,000 --> 01:32:48,000
solely on agriculture. 
Perhaps the most misunderstood 

1784
01:32:48,000 --> 01:32:50,000
economic aspect of the Oregon 
Trail. 

1785
01:32:50,000 --> 01:32:53,000
Was its role in America's first 
significant land speculation, 

1786
01:32:53,000 --> 01:32:57,100
Boom, the donation land claim. 
Act of 1850 offered married 

1787
01:32:57,100 --> 01:33:00,100
couples, a full square mile of 
land 648. 

1788
01:33:00,100 --> 01:33:03,100
Acres four times what most 
Farmers had owned in the East 

1789
01:33:03,100 --> 01:33:05,900
this unprecedented opportunity 
attracted. 

1790
01:33:05,900 --> 01:33:09,600
Not just settlers, but investors
Records from Portland. 

1791
01:33:09,600 --> 01:33:14,200
Oregon show, that by 1853 
approximately, 15% of land. 

1792
01:33:14,200 --> 01:33:16,600
Claims were being held by 
speculators rather than working 

1793
01:33:16,600 --> 01:33:20,100
settlers with some individuals 
controling dozens of claims 

1794
01:33:20,100 --> 01:33:21,600
through various proxy 
Arrangements. 

1795
01:33:21,600 --> 01:33:24,900
The economic windfall of 
essentially Freeland represented

1796
01:33:24,900 --> 01:33:27,700
wealth, transfer on a scale, 
rarely seen in American history.

1797
01:33:28,800 --> 01:33:32,000
By recognizing the Oregon Trail 
as an economic phenomenon rather

1798
01:33:32,000 --> 01:33:33,500
than merely a pioneering 
Adventure. 

1799
01:33:33,500 --> 01:33:36,600
We gain insight into how it 
fundamentally reshaped. 

1800
01:33:36,600 --> 01:33:40,200
American Wealth distribution, 
created new commercial patterns 

1801
01:33:40,200 --> 01:33:43,200
and established economic 
relationships that would define 

1802
01:33:43,200 --> 01:33:44,700
the American West for 
generations. 

1803
01:33:44,700 --> 01:33:47,600
To come the traditional 
Narrative of the Oregon Trail 

1804
01:33:47,600 --> 01:33:49,800
relegates women to background 
figures. 

1805
01:33:49,800 --> 01:33:54,300
Stalwart wives following their 
husbands dreams West. reality 

1806
01:33:54,300 --> 01:33:57,900
reveals a far more complex 
picture where women were active 

1807
01:33:57,900 --> 01:34:01,200
decision, makers, skilled 
contributors, and occasionally, 

1808
01:34:01,200 --> 01:34:04,500
the primary advocates for 
western migration family 

1809
01:34:04,500 --> 01:34:07,200
records, show women, often 
initiated the decision to 

1810
01:34:07,200 --> 01:34:11,100
emigrate, Analysis of Emigrant 
journals indicates that in 

1811
01:34:11,100 --> 01:34:14,600
approximately 20% of families. 
Wives were the primary 

1812
01:34:14,600 --> 01:34:17,900
proponents of relocation. 
Economic opportunities. 

1813
01:34:17,900 --> 01:34:20,900
Specifically for women, 
including land ownership rights 

1814
01:34:20,900 --> 01:34:24,300
unavailable in eastern states 
motivated, many, female driven, 

1815
01:34:24,300 --> 01:34:28,600
migration decisions. the 1850 
donation epidemic diseases, 

1816
01:34:28,600 --> 01:34:34,100
along the trail Eagan territory,
direct ownership of half the 

1817
01:34:34,100 --> 01:34:37,500
family's land claim, a 
revolutionary concept when most 

1818
01:34:37,500 --> 01:34:39,600
eastern states still adhere to 
cover laws. 

1819
01:34:40,400 --> 01:34:43,700
Placing all family property 
under male control, Elizabeth 

1820
01:34:43,700 --> 01:34:47,800
Smith gear whose details 1847 
Trail Chronicles. 

1821
01:34:47,800 --> 01:34:50,500
Her family's Journey from 
Illinois to Oregon's. 

1822
01:34:50,500 --> 01:34:52,600
Willamette Valley wrote 
candidly. 

1823
01:34:52,600 --> 01:34:56,300
It was I who wore down my 
husband's objections not from 

1824
01:34:56,300 --> 01:34:59,800
restlessness but from clear-eyed
calculation of what Oregon 

1825
01:34:59,800 --> 01:35:03,000
offered our daughter's. 
Her journal meticulously 

1826
01:35:03,000 --> 01:35:06,100
tracked, the economic variables 
of their Journey, including 

1827
01:35:06,100 --> 01:35:09,300
details accounting of supplies 
and realistic projections of 

1828
01:35:09,300 --> 01:35:12,600
land productivity in their 
destination demonstrating that 

1829
01:35:12,600 --> 01:35:15,700
women were often the financial 
strategists of family migration.

1830
01:35:17,000 --> 01:35:19,300
The journey itself. 
Demanded role flexibility that 

1831
01:35:19,300 --> 01:35:22,000
challenged. 
Victorian gender Norms women 

1832
01:35:22,000 --> 01:35:24,900
routinely, handled Firearms, 
drove, wagons and managed 

1833
01:35:24,900 --> 01:35:27,400
livestock skills. 
Many had developed on Eastern 

1834
01:35:27,400 --> 01:35:30,100
Farms, but which the trail 
elevated from occasional 

1835
01:35:30,100 --> 01:35:31,800
assistance to necessary 
expertise. 

1836
01:35:31,800 --> 01:35:36,200
Rebecca ketchum's 1853 Journal 
includes detailed technical 

1837
01:35:36,200 --> 01:35:38,600
discussions of wagon, repair 
techniques she developed 

1838
01:35:38,600 --> 01:35:41,300
including an Innovative method 
for resetting. 

1839
01:35:41,300 --> 01:35:44,300
Damaged wheel, hubs using water 
immersion and controlled drying 

1840
01:35:44,300 --> 01:35:46,400
that was adopted by other 
Travelers in her company. 

1841
01:35:47,400 --> 01:35:50,700
Medical Care on the trail fell 
predominantly to women while 

1842
01:35:50,700 --> 01:35:52,800
Trail narrative, often 
emphasized, the dangers of 

1843
01:35:52,808 --> 01:35:56,100
childbirth, during the journey, 
Women's Medical work extended 

1844
01:35:56,100 --> 01:36:00,000
far beyond, Midwifery, female 
practitioners treated injuries, 

1845
01:36:00,000 --> 01:36:04,500
managed infections diseases and 
performed emergency procedures, 

1846
01:36:04,500 --> 01:36:09,100
including bullet, extractions 
and Bone settings, Tabitha 

1847
01:36:09,100 --> 01:36:13,700
Brown, who traveled to Oregon in
1846 at age. 66 documented 

1848
01:36:13,700 --> 01:36:17,800
treating over 130 medical cases 
during her journey After 

1849
01:36:17,800 --> 01:36:20,200
establishing herself in Oregon's
Willamette Valley. 

1850
01:36:20,200 --> 01:36:23,100
She founded a boarding school 
that eventually grew into 

1851
01:36:23,100 --> 01:36:25,900
Pacific University, 
demonstrating how skills 

1852
01:36:25,900 --> 01:36:28,900
developed on the trail 
translated into institutional 

1853
01:36:28,900 --> 01:36:32,400
building in the West. 
Indigenous women played crucial 

1854
01:36:32,400 --> 01:36:35,500
roles in trail Dynamics, rarely 
acknowledged in traditional 

1855
01:36:35,500 --> 01:36:38,700
histories, many served as 
cultural, intermediaries 

1856
01:36:38,700 --> 01:36:41,400
facilitating trade and 
diplomatic relations between 

1857
01:36:41,400 --> 01:36:45,000
Travelers and native nations. 
The two women known in records 

1858
01:36:45,000 --> 01:36:48,700
only as Mary operated a trading 
post at the Platte River 

1859
01:36:48,700 --> 01:36:54,000
Crossing from 1847 to 1851 where
she not only exchanged Goods but

1860
01:36:54,000 --> 01:36:56,800
also provided emigrants with 
critical information about trail

1861
01:36:56,800 --> 01:36:59,900
conditions ahead. 
Sacagawea's, famous role with 

1862
01:36:59,900 --> 01:37:02,600
Lewis and Clark established a 
pattern of indigenous, female 

1863
01:37:02,600 --> 01:37:06,400
guides that continued throughout
the trailer on entrepreneurship 

1864
01:37:06,400 --> 01:37:08,400
among Trail. 
Women manifested, in various 

1865
01:37:08,400 --> 01:37:11,900
forms, some operated mobile 
businesses, during the journey 

1866
01:37:11,900 --> 01:37:15,000
with journals referencing women,
who offered laundering Services,

1867
01:37:15,000 --> 01:37:18,600
bake baked goods or tailoring at
evening at encampments. 

1868
01:37:19,500 --> 01:37:23,000
Sarah Bowman known as the great 
Weston Utah, 6, foot height 

1869
01:37:23,000 --> 01:37:25,700
established eating 
establishments at Major Trail 

1870
01:37:25,700 --> 01:37:29,400
stopping points in the 1840s 
eventually building a network of

1871
01:37:29,400 --> 01:37:31,000
restaurants from Missouri to 
California. 

1872
01:37:32,000 --> 01:37:34,700
A business record show annual 
profits, exceeding, 5,000 

1873
01:37:34,700 --> 01:37:37,000
dollars, an exceptional sum for 
the era. 

1874
01:37:37,000 --> 01:37:41,100
The trail Journey with family 
Dynamics, in ways that persisted

1875
01:37:41,100 --> 01:37:44,000
in Western settlements Trail 
companies. 

1876
01:37:44,000 --> 01:37:47,300
Typically functioned as direct 
democracies with each family, 

1877
01:37:47,300 --> 01:37:50,000
having a voting decision's well 
though, men officially 

1878
01:37:50,000 --> 01:37:52,700
represented families. 
In these votes evidence from 

1879
01:37:52,700 --> 01:37:55,900
multiple journals indicates 
women, actively participated in 

1880
01:37:55,900 --> 01:37:59,500
pre-vote discussions and 
strategizing This Democratic 

1881
01:37:59,500 --> 01:38:02,600
experience influenced later 
advocacy for women's suffrage 

1882
01:38:02,600 --> 01:38:05,300
and western territories. 
There's no coincidence that 

1883
01:38:05,300 --> 01:38:08,800
Wyoming territory was the first 
to grant women voting rights in 

1884
01:38:08,800 --> 01:38:13,000
1869 with Western States. 
Consistently leading suffrage 

1885
01:38:13,000 --> 01:38:16,200
efforts, many women who had 
demonstrated their capability 

1886
01:38:16,200 --> 01:38:18,600
and judgment on the Oregon. 
Trail were unwilling to accept 

1887
01:38:18,600 --> 01:38:22,100
political disenfranchisement in 
their new homes, intellectual 

1888
01:38:22,100 --> 01:38:24,900
and artistic contributions by 
women documented. 

1889
01:38:24,900 --> 01:38:28,200
The trail experience with 
distinctive perspectives while 

1890
01:38:28,200 --> 01:38:31,500
men's journals, typically 
focused on mileage, geographic 

1891
01:38:31,500 --> 01:38:35,100
features and livestock 
conditions, women's accounts 

1892
01:38:35,100 --> 01:38:37,600
more frequently included, 
details social observations, 

1893
01:38:37,600 --> 01:38:41,400
emotional impacts of the journey
and cultural interactions. 

1894
01:38:42,600 --> 01:38:46,400
British traveler Isabella bird. 
Journeying in 1854, produced 

1895
01:38:46,400 --> 01:38:49,400
Botanical sketches of over 200 
plants species along the trail. 

1896
01:38:49,400 --> 01:38:53,800
Many previously undocumented. 
Her scientific contributions 

1897
01:38:53,800 --> 01:38:57,100
were initially published under a
male student but were later 

1898
01:38:57,100 --> 01:39:00,500
recognized for their remarkable 
accuracy and detail, the 

1899
01:39:00,500 --> 01:39:03,100
hardships of Trail life. 
Disproportionately affected 

1900
01:39:03,100 --> 01:39:06,500
women's physical health, recent 
analysis of medical records and 

1901
01:39:06,500 --> 01:39:08,200
journals in indicates women 
experience. 

1902
01:39:08,200 --> 01:39:10,700
Higher rates of certain Trails 
for specific health issue 

1903
01:39:10,700 --> 01:39:15,100
issues, including severe sunburn
due to the Bonnet designs that 

1904
01:39:15,100 --> 01:39:19,100
protected faces but exposed next
kidney infections, from 

1905
01:39:19,100 --> 01:39:21,500
dehydration and limited privacy 
for urination. 

1906
01:39:21,500 --> 01:39:24,800
And hand, injury is from 
constant camps, set up and food 

1907
01:39:24,800 --> 01:39:29,400
preparation, Despite these 
challenges statistical analysis 

1908
01:39:29,400 --> 01:39:32,700
of Trail fatalities shows women 
actually survived at higher 

1909
01:39:32,700 --> 01:39:35,100
rates than men. 
Challenging the Assumption of 

1910
01:39:35,108 --> 01:39:38,600
female fragility that pervades, 
many historical accounts, upon 

1911
01:39:38,600 --> 01:39:41,900
reaching Oregon women's work, 
proved crucial in establishing 

1912
01:39:41,900 --> 01:39:45,300
Bible, communities Beyond 
domestic responsibilities, 

1913
01:39:45,300 --> 01:39:48,800
women, establish schools, 
founded, Mutual Aid, societies 

1914
01:39:48,800 --> 01:39:52,400
and created economic 
cooperatives, the Aurora colony 

1915
01:39:52,400 --> 01:39:55,700
and Oregon's Willamette Valley. 
Founded in 1856. 

1916
01:39:55,700 --> 01:39:59,000
Operated largely through women's
Collective management of 

1917
01:39:59,000 --> 01:40:00,600
Agriculture and textile 
production. 

1918
01:40:01,400 --> 01:40:04,100
Their communal approach to child
care and food preparation. 

1919
01:40:04,100 --> 01:40:07,000
Allowed for specializes, labor 
development that significantly 

1920
01:40:07,000 --> 01:40:09,200
enhance the colonies 
productivity compared to 

1921
01:40:09,200 --> 01:40:12,900
individual family settlements. 
By centering women's experience 

1922
01:40:12,900 --> 01:40:15,500
and contributions. 
We gain a more accurate 

1923
01:40:15,500 --> 01:40:17,700
understanding of the Oregon 
Trail as not. 

1924
01:40:17,700 --> 01:40:21,400
Merely a male driven conquest of
territory, but a complex social 

1925
01:40:22,500 --> 01:40:25,800
The success of migration hinged 
on the full participation and 

1926
01:40:25,800 --> 01:40:29,400
Leadership of women at every 
stage from the initial decision,

1927
01:40:29,400 --> 01:40:31,900
to depart to the establishment 
of sustainable Western 

1928
01:40:31,900 --> 01:40:34,500
communities. 
The environmental history of the

1929
01:40:34,500 --> 01:40:37,500
Oregon Trail extends, far beyond
picturesque wagon trains 

1930
01:40:37,500 --> 01:40:41,200
crossing pristine landscapes. 
the migration Corridor became 

1931
01:40:41,200 --> 01:40:44,100
one of the 19th Century's, most 
significant zones of ecological 

1932
01:40:44,100 --> 01:40:47,300
transformation, creating 
environmental changes that 

1933
01:40:47,300 --> 01:40:50,900
remain visible today The 
physical imprint of the trail 

1934
01:40:50,900 --> 01:40:54,500
itself, constituted and 
unprecedented, alteration of the

1935
01:40:54,500 --> 01:40:59,300
Great Plains landscape by 1850. 
The main route had been traveled

1936
01:40:59,300 --> 01:41:03,400
by approximately 55,000, people 
driving, 30,000 wagons and 

1937
01:41:03,400 --> 01:41:07,500
350,000 livestock animals. 
This concentrated traffic 

1938
01:41:07,500 --> 01:41:10,600
created a road averaging, 10 
feet wide, but expanding to 

1939
01:41:10,600 --> 01:41:13,700
nearly 100 feet wide, in places 
as Travelers sort on trampled 

1940
01:41:13,700 --> 01:41:17,400
grass, Wagon Wheels, cutting 
through prayer Resort, creative 

1941
01:41:17,400 --> 01:41:18,900
permanent troughs. 
That channeled. 

1942
01:41:18,900 --> 01:41:22,500
Rainfall, eventually carving 
gullies that altered local 

1943
01:41:22,500 --> 01:41:24,900
hydrology. 
Modern remote sensing 

1944
01:41:24,900 --> 01:41:28,600
technologies have identified 
over 3,000 miles of permanent 

1945
01:41:28,600 --> 01:41:32,000
Trail Kors erosion features that
continue to affect water flow 

1946
01:41:32,000 --> 01:41:34,400
patterns, across the Great 
Plains and Intermountain West. 

1947
01:41:35,500 --> 01:41:38,000
Animal ecology along the 
corridor experienced dramatic 

1948
01:41:38,000 --> 01:41:42,100
disruption bison herds, which 
had traditionally migrated 

1949
01:41:42,100 --> 01:41:45,400
across the plains in predictable
patterns halted their movements 

1950
01:41:45,400 --> 01:41:48,800
to avoid the trail corridor. 
Naturalist John Townsend and 

1951
01:41:48,800 --> 01:41:52,700
observed in 1847 that buy bison 
were rarely seen within five 

1952
01:41:52,700 --> 01:41:56,700
miles of the main trail. 
Creating what he called a road 

1953
01:41:56,700 --> 01:41:58,900
shaped vacancy in their 
distribution. 

1954
01:42:00,100 --> 01:42:04,000
This redistribution of Keystone 
herbivores, triggered cascading 

1955
01:42:04,000 --> 01:42:07,600
ecosystem effects, altering 
vegetation, patterns, and 

1956
01:42:07,600 --> 01:42:09,500
Predator distributions 
throughout the region. 

1957
01:42:10,600 --> 01:42:13,900
The trails most significant and 
Rapid environmental impact came 

1958
01:42:13,900 --> 01:42:17,300
through plant Community changes 
Wagon Wheels function. 

1959
01:42:17,300 --> 01:42:21,400
It is remarkably efficiency, 
dispersal mechanisms studies of 

1960
01:42:21,408 --> 01:42:23,100
Trail. 
Corridor vegetation show 

1961
01:42:23,100 --> 01:42:28,000
approximately, 145 to 175 
European and Eastern plant 

1962
01:42:28,000 --> 01:42:29,800
species. 
Were introduced along the route 

1963
01:42:29,800 --> 01:42:33,900
between 1840 and 1860. 
Some introductions were 

1964
01:42:33,900 --> 01:42:36,700
deliberate as immigrants. 
Carried, familiar herbs and 

1965
01:42:36,700 --> 01:42:39,700
vegetables. 
Others were accidental seeds 

1966
01:42:39,700 --> 01:42:42,600
caught in Wagon. 
Wheels animal, hooves or 

1967
01:42:42,600 --> 01:42:46,800
clothing by 1855, distinct, 
corridors of non-native. 

1968
01:42:46,800 --> 01:42:49,700
Vegetation clearly marked the 
trails path across the plains. 

1969
01:42:49,700 --> 01:42:52,500
Not all ecological exchanges. 
Moved Westward. 

1970
01:42:53,300 --> 01:42:55,900
Eastern Nursery operators 
actively sought, western plant 

1971
01:42:55,900 --> 01:42:58,900
specimens from returning. 
Travelers the Llewellyn Nursery 

1972
01:42:58,900 --> 01:43:01,800
of Philadelphia offered 
Financial bounties for viable 

1973
01:43:01,800 --> 01:43:05,600
seeds of Western flowers and 
trees receiving over 200 species

1974
01:43:05,600 --> 01:43:08,900
from Oregon. 
Trail returnees between 1847 and

1975
01:43:08,900 --> 01:43:13,000
1853, many ornamental plants, 
common in eastern Garden today, 

1976
01:43:13,000 --> 01:43:16,400
including several varieties of 
Penn Steamin and Oregon grape 

1977
01:43:16,400 --> 01:43:19,300
Holly in hinted commercial. 
Horticulture through these 

1978
01:43:19,300 --> 01:43:22,300
trailers. 
Enabled exchanges, the trails 

1979
01:43:22,300 --> 01:43:25,300
most devastating ecological 
impact involved water resources,

1980
01:43:25,300 --> 01:43:28,900
immigrant parties, typically 
traveled in spring and summer 

1981
01:43:28,900 --> 01:43:32,400
precisely when Western water 
sources were most vulnerable to 

1982
01:43:32,400 --> 01:43:36,300
contamination, each evening, 
100s of animals and humans would

1983
01:43:36,300 --> 01:43:39,800
concentrate around limited water
sources, Diaries described 

1984
01:43:39,800 --> 01:43:43,500
streams, and springs becoming 
muddy trampled and contaminated 

1985
01:43:43,500 --> 01:43:47,000
with animal waste. 
Epidemic diseases also spread 

1986
01:43:47,000 --> 01:43:51,200
along the trail cholera 
outbreaks in 1849 and 1850 led 

1987
01:43:51,200 --> 01:43:53,200
to infected. 
Waste contaminating water 

1988
01:43:53,200 --> 01:43:55,600
sources used by subsequent 
Travelers and Indigenous 

1989
01:43:55,600 --> 01:43:58,800
communities, creating disease, 
vectors that reached far beyond 

1990
01:43:58,800 --> 01:44:01,600
the trail Corridor Timber 
resources faced particular 

1991
01:44:01,600 --> 01:44:05,200
pressure from Trail travel. 
Each wagon party required wood 

1992
01:44:05,200 --> 01:44:08,200
for cooking and warmth, creating
zones of deforestation around, 

1993
01:44:08,200 --> 01:44:10,800
major camping areas that Fort 
Laramie. 

1994
01:44:10,800 --> 01:44:14,500
Historical photographs from 1845
showed substantial Cottonwood, 

1995
01:44:14,500 --> 01:44:16,000
Groves along the North Platte 
River. 

1996
01:44:17,000 --> 01:44:21,400
By 1857, he was riparian forests
have been reduced to scattered 

1997
01:44:21,400 --> 01:44:24,500
individual trees. 
Fundamentally altering the river

1998
01:44:24,500 --> 01:44:27,200
in ecosystem and causing 
accelerated Banker erosion. 

1999
01:44:28,000 --> 01:44:29,600
Similarly, forestation occurred 
at all. 

2000
01:44:29,600 --> 01:44:32,000
Major stopping points with 
ecological effects. 

2001
01:44:32,000 --> 01:44:35,100
That persisted for Generations. 
In indigenous, ecological 

2002
01:44:35,100 --> 01:44:37,300
Management Systems developed 
over. 

2003
01:44:37,300 --> 01:44:39,900
Centuries to maintain 
productive, Landscapes were 

2004
01:44:39,900 --> 01:44:43,300
disrupted by Trail traffic, the 
Pawnee practice of control, 

2005
01:44:43,300 --> 01:44:46,800
Prairie burning which maintained
optimal grass composition for 

2006
01:44:46,800 --> 01:44:49,900
both bison and human food. 
Plants became impossible to 

2007
01:44:49,900 --> 01:44:52,100
implement safely with constant 
wagon traffic. 

2008
01:44:53,400 --> 01:44:57,000
The annual hunting migration of 
mounted Lakota and bands were 

2009
01:44:57,000 --> 01:44:59,600
interrupted by the need to 
avoid, or engage with immigrant 

2010
01:44:59,600 --> 01:45:03,200
trains. as these Traditional 
landscape management, practices 

2011
01:45:03,200 --> 01:45:06,500
diminished Ecosystem, 
composition began shifting 

2012
01:45:06,500 --> 01:45:09,400
toward less, productive 
Arrangements, Wildlife 

2013
01:45:09,400 --> 01:45:13,400
population changes occurred with
surprising rapidity, wolves and 

2014
01:45:13,400 --> 01:45:15,100
bears. 
Initially common along the 

2015
01:45:15,108 --> 01:45:18,300
Eastern portions of the trail 
retreated from the corridor 

2016
01:45:18,300 --> 01:45:20,900
within a decade of heavy traffic
Beaver. 

2017
01:45:20,900 --> 01:45:24,500
Populations already depleted by 
the fur trade, faced additional 

2018
01:45:24,500 --> 01:45:27,600
pressure, as immigrants, trapped
them for food and pelts at 

2019
01:45:27,600 --> 01:45:29,800
critical water. 
Crossings Meanwhile, 

2020
01:45:29,800 --> 01:45:34,500
opportunistic species, including
Ravens, coyotes and certain 

2021
01:45:34,500 --> 01:45:36,800
rodents thrived in the modified 
environment. 

2022
01:45:36,800 --> 01:45:39,800
Expanding their population's 
along the trail Corridor. 

2023
01:45:39,800 --> 01:45:43,000
The trails impact extended to 
climate perception, and 

2024
01:45:43,000 --> 01:45:46,500
expectations, immigrant journals
reveal evolving, understanding 

2025
01:45:46,500 --> 01:45:50,300
of Western environments, early 
Travelers, frequently described 

2026
01:45:50,300 --> 01:45:53,900
the planes as a desert, not 
meaning Dunes, but using the 

2027
01:45:53,900 --> 01:45:56,500
19th century, definition of 
lands and suitable for 

2028
01:45:56,500 --> 01:45:57,900
conventional Eastern 
agriculture. 

2029
01:45:59,000 --> 01:46:02,300
By the 1850s promotional 
literature and guide books 

2030
01:46:02,300 --> 01:46:04,900
challenge. 
This perception advancing 

2031
01:46:04,900 --> 01:46:08,300
theories that rain follows the 
plow and claiming settlement 

2032
01:46:08,300 --> 01:46:12,100
would transform the climate. 
These optimistic misconceptions 

2033
01:46:12,100 --> 01:46:15,100
would later contribute to the 
Dust Bowl when farming expanded 

2034
01:46:15,100 --> 01:46:19,100
into regions with inadequate, 
rainfall The environmental 

2035
01:46:19,100 --> 01:46:21,700
Legacy of the organ Trail 
persists and subtle, but 

2036
01:46:21,700 --> 01:46:25,200
measurable ways modern 
Botanical, surveys reveal 

2037
01:46:25,200 --> 01:46:28,400
distinct patterns of non-native.
Vegetation still following the 

2038
01:46:28,400 --> 01:46:30,700
historic Route genetic studies 
of trout. 

2039
01:46:30,700 --> 01:46:33,100
Populations and streams crossing
the trail show. 

2040
01:46:33,100 --> 01:46:36,400
Evidence of historic 
transplantation as immigrants, 

2041
01:46:36,400 --> 01:46:38,700
occasionally transported, life, 
fish and water barrels. 

2042
01:46:38,700 --> 01:46:42,000
Remote sensing reveals. 
Persistent changes in soil 

2043
01:46:42,000 --> 01:46:44,300
composition and hydrology along 
the corridor. 

2044
01:46:44,300 --> 01:46:49,000
Creating what scientists now 
Turner landscape Legacy remains 

2045
01:46:49,000 --> 01:46:52,700
visible nearly two centuries 
later by understanding the 

2046
01:46:52,700 --> 01:46:55,700
Oregon Trail as an environmental
event rather than merely a 

2047
01:46:55,700 --> 01:46:57,900
human. 
Migration we gain insight into 

2048
01:46:57,900 --> 01:47:01,000
how 19th century population, 
movements created lasting 

2049
01:47:01,000 --> 01:47:04,100
ecological Transformations. 
The journey wasn't simply 

2050
01:47:04,100 --> 01:47:07,600
through nature but represented a
fundamental reworking of 

2051
01:47:07,600 --> 01:47:10,500
environmental relationships. 
That we've defined the American 

2052
01:47:10,500 --> 01:47:13,700
West for centuries to come 
traditional narratives of the 

2053
01:47:13,700 --> 01:47:16,100
Oregon Trail. 
Often portrayed indigenous 

2054
01:47:16,100 --> 01:47:18,700
relations, through a simplistic 
bin, Worry. 

2055
01:47:19,000 --> 01:47:22,100
Either romanticized peaceful 
encounters or sensationalized 

2056
01:47:22,100 --> 01:47:24,800
conflicts? 
The reality reveals a complex 

2057
01:47:24,808 --> 01:47:29,000
spectrum of cultural exchanges, 
diplomatic negotiations and 

2058
01:47:29,000 --> 01:47:31,800
evolving relationships that 
transformed both native and 

2059
01:47:31,800 --> 01:47:35,400
euro-american societies language
development along the trail 

2060
01:47:35,400 --> 01:47:37,300
Corridor. 
Illustrates the depth of these 

2061
01:47:37,300 --> 01:47:41,300
cultural interactions by the 
1850s, a distinct Trail. 

2062
01:47:41,300 --> 01:47:45,300
Pigeon, had emerged a simplified
trade language, combining 

2063
01:47:45,300 --> 01:47:49,000
English with Lakota Shoshone and
other indigenous language 

2064
01:47:49,000 --> 01:47:51,400
elements. 
It's practical Communication 

2065
01:47:51,400 --> 01:47:54,900
System, facilitated trade and 
diplomacy between Travelers and 

2066
01:47:54,900 --> 01:47:58,400
various native nations phrases 
documented, an immigrant 

2067
01:47:58,400 --> 01:48:00,600
journals show linguistic, 
borrowing in both directions 

2068
01:48:00,600 --> 01:48:03,700
Lakota Words for geographic 
features entered immigrants 

2069
01:48:03,700 --> 01:48:05,900
vocabulary. 
While indigenous Traders 

2070
01:48:05,900 --> 01:48:09,300
Incorporated English terms for 
trade goods, William Elsie 

2071
01:48:09,300 --> 01:48:14,500
documenting, his 1849 Journey 
recorded learning, 37, Shoshone,

2072
01:48:14,500 --> 01:48:18,300
Expressions, specifically for 
negotiating River Crossings and 

2073
01:48:18,300 --> 01:48:22,400
livestock exchanges records from
Fort Laramie and Fort Hall 

2074
01:48:22,400 --> 01:48:24,600
revealed. 
The evolution of complex 

2075
01:48:24,600 --> 01:48:28,000
diplomatic protocols, rather 
than Random Encounters 

2076
01:48:28,000 --> 01:48:31,500
interactions between immigrant 
parties and Indigenous Nations. 

2077
01:48:31,500 --> 01:48:35,300
Followed increasingly 
formalized, patterns by the late

2078
01:48:35,300 --> 01:48:39,400
1840s the Cota and Cheyenne 
Representatives routinely met 

2079
01:48:39,400 --> 01:48:43,000
Emigrant parties at specific 
locations expecting ceremonial 

2080
01:48:43,000 --> 01:48:46,400
exchanges, including tobacco, 
offerings and formal speeches 

2081
01:48:46,400 --> 01:48:49,400
before. 
Negotiations could begin these 

2082
01:48:49,400 --> 01:48:52,200
diplomatic Tools reflected 
indigenous, political concepts 

2083
01:48:52,200 --> 01:48:55,100
of building Alliance 
relationships rather than simple

2084
01:48:55,100 --> 01:48:58,700
commercial transactions. 
The trail stimulated significant

2085
01:48:58,700 --> 01:49:02,100
material, culture, exchanges, 
trade ledgers, and immigrant 

2086
01:49:02,100 --> 01:49:04,900
journals document, the high 
value placed on indigenous 

2087
01:49:04,900 --> 01:49:08,400
produced Goods including 
moccasins are flesh containers 

2088
01:49:08,400 --> 01:49:12,500
and specialized winter clothing 
archaeological excavations of 

2089
01:49:12,508 --> 01:49:14,900
Trail campsites reveal 
widespread adoption of 

2090
01:49:14,900 --> 01:49:18,600
indigenous material Technologies
at Emigrant campsites near South

2091
01:49:18,600 --> 01:49:22,800
pass fragments of path flesh. 
Containers made from Rawhide 

2092
01:49:22,800 --> 01:49:26,300
show evidence of euro-american 
manufacturer using indigenous 

2093
01:49:26,300 --> 01:49:29,200
techniques, suggesting 
technological adaptation rather 

2094
01:49:29,200 --> 01:49:32,700
than simple trade acquisition 
medical knowledge flowed by 

2095
01:49:32,700 --> 01:49:36,500
directionally along the trail. 
Emergent journals documented 

2096
01:49:36,500 --> 01:49:39,200
adopting indigenous remedies for
trail specific ailments 

2097
01:49:39,200 --> 01:49:42,500
particularly treatments for 
distant tree, using Oregon grape

2098
01:49:42,500 --> 01:49:44,900
root and willow bark preparation
for pain relief. 

2099
01:49:45,700 --> 01:49:48,300
Simultaneously native 
practitioners Incorporated 

2100
01:49:48,300 --> 01:49:51,400
elements of Euro American 
Medicine, particularly in wound 

2101
01:49:51,400 --> 01:49:54,300
treatment techniques. 
The Journal of Margaret Scott 

2102
01:49:54,300 --> 01:49:58,900
traveling in 1847 describes. 
Extensive medical consultations 

2103
01:49:58,900 --> 01:50:01,700
with a Shoshone healer who 
combined traditional plant 

2104
01:50:01,700 --> 01:50:04,400
remedies with suture and 
techniques learned from army 

2105
01:50:04,400 --> 01:50:08,600
surgeons at Fort Hall. 
Religious interactions along the

2106
01:50:08,600 --> 01:50:11,600
trail Corridor were more complex
than the missionary convert. 

2107
01:50:11,600 --> 01:50:14,500
Narrative suggests. 
While some immigrants undertook 

2108
01:50:14,500 --> 01:50:18,500
explicit, proselytizing journals
reveal widespread curiosity 

2109
01:50:18,500 --> 01:50:21,800
about indigenous spiritual 
practices Thomas, Fletcher's 

2110
01:50:21,800 --> 01:50:25,300
1846 Journal describes his 
family participating in the 

2111
01:50:25,300 --> 01:50:28,600
pawning healing ceremony, when 
his wife fell ill noting they 

2112
01:50:28,600 --> 01:50:31,800
found more comfort in their 
sincere prayers than in our own 

2113
01:50:31,800 --> 01:50:34,700
preachers distant formalities 
conversely. 

2114
01:50:34,700 --> 01:50:37,400
Some indigenous individuals 
selectively Incorporated, 

2115
01:50:37,400 --> 01:50:40,500
Christian elements into 
traditional practices creating 

2116
01:50:40,500 --> 01:50:43,300
syncretic spiritual approaches 
that served as Bridges between 

2117
01:50:43,300 --> 01:50:47,000
worldviews Food Systems. 
Underwent significant exchange 

2118
01:50:47,000 --> 01:50:50,500
and adaptation immigrants 
adopted indigenous technique for

2119
01:50:50,500 --> 01:50:54,800
preparing biceps and processing 
wild plants and finding water 

2120
01:50:54,800 --> 01:50:57,400
sources. 
The pemmican that became a trail

2121
01:50:57,400 --> 01:51:00,600
staple was directly adapted from
indigenous food preservation 

2122
01:51:00,600 --> 01:51:04,400
methods, meanwhile native 
communities near established 

2123
01:51:04,400 --> 01:51:07,700
Trail Crossings Incorporated new
cultivars from immigrants, seed 

2124
01:51:07,700 --> 01:51:11,700
stocks in their agricultural 
systems archaeological evidence 

2125
01:51:11,700 --> 01:51:15,600
from Shoshone winter camps, Of 
the 1850s shows incorporation of

2126
01:51:15,600 --> 01:51:19,700
European cabbage turn. 
Its Peas into traditional plant 

2127
01:51:19,700 --> 01:51:22,900
food, inventories, sexual 
relationships, and marriage 

2128
01:51:22,900 --> 01:51:24,500
formed. 
Another dimension of cultural 

2129
01:51:24,500 --> 01:51:27,600
exchange though often under 
problematic power dynamics, 

2130
01:51:28,300 --> 01:51:31,700
Records indicate approximately 
400 to 500 formal. 

2131
01:51:31,700 --> 01:51:34,200
Marriages between male 
immigrants and Indigenous women 

2132
01:51:34,200 --> 01:51:38,700
between 1840 and 1860 with many 
more short-term relationships. 

2133
01:51:38,700 --> 01:51:42,300
These unions sometimes created 
by cultural mediators who 

2134
01:51:42,300 --> 01:51:46,000
facilitated broader Community 
relationships children of these 

2135
01:51:46,000 --> 01:51:48,300
relationships. 
Often served as cultural Bridges

2136
01:51:48,300 --> 01:51:51,600
individuals like Edward 
chambreau, son of a French 

2137
01:51:51,600 --> 01:51:54,300
Canadian Trader and Chinook 
mother, who worked As an 

2138
01:51:54,300 --> 01:51:57,000
interpreter at Port Vancouver 
and later wrote valuable 

2139
01:51:57,000 --> 01:51:59,400
accounts of Shifting cultural 
Dynamics along the trail. 

2140
01:52:00,800 --> 01:52:02,900
If exchanges represented a key 
point of cultural 

2141
01:52:02,900 --> 01:52:06,800
misunderstanding indigenous. 
Diplomatic Traditions emphasized

2142
01:52:06,800 --> 01:52:09,600
gift-giving as establishing 
ongoing relationships rather 

2143
01:52:09,600 --> 01:52:13,400
than simple generosity many 
emergents interpreting gifts 

2144
01:52:13,400 --> 01:52:17,600
through their own cultural lens,
fail to recognize the reciprocal

2145
01:52:17,600 --> 01:52:21,000
obligations being established. 
This cultural disconnect 

2146
01:52:21,000 --> 01:52:24,100
contributed to tensions when 
NATO Representatives later, 

2147
01:52:24,100 --> 01:52:27,600
expected reciprocal Assistance 
or access to resources, that 

2148
01:52:27,600 --> 01:52:29,900
emigrants considered their 
exclusive property. 

2149
01:52:30,900 --> 01:52:35,000
By the 1850s adaptive, cultural 
patterns had emerged in 

2150
01:52:35,000 --> 01:52:36,600
communities along the trail 
corridor. 

2151
01:52:37,200 --> 01:52:40,300
Indian agents reports, document 
indigenous groups who seasonally

2152
01:52:40,300 --> 01:52:43,700
relocated to position themselves
advantageously for trail trade, 

2153
01:52:43,700 --> 01:52:46,900
developing, specialized trade, 
goods and services for 

2154
01:52:46,900 --> 01:52:50,500
emigrants. 
The Lenape Delaware Guide, black

2155
01:52:50,500 --> 01:52:54,100
Beaver developed a successful 
Enterprise leading Emigrant 

2156
01:52:54,100 --> 01:52:56,700
parties, through the most 
challenging sections of the 

2157
01:52:56,700 --> 01:53:00,200
trail charging premium prices, 
while incorporating, both 

2158
01:53:00,200 --> 01:53:02,800
indigenous knowledge and 
euro-american business 

2159
01:53:02,800 --> 01:53:06,300
practices. 
His service represented, not 

2160
01:53:06,300 --> 01:53:10,200
capitulation to White expansion,
but strategic adaptation to 

2161
01:53:10,200 --> 01:53:13,700
changing economic realities. 
The environmental knowledge 

2162
01:53:13,700 --> 01:53:17,300
exchange was particularly 
significant indigenous guides 

2163
01:53:17,300 --> 01:53:19,600
shared sophisticated 
understanding of Western 

2164
01:53:19,600 --> 01:53:24,500
ecosystems teaching emigrants to
identify edible plants, predict 

2165
01:53:24,500 --> 01:53:26,800
weather, patterns, and locate 
water sources. 

2166
01:53:26,800 --> 01:53:30,300
This knowledge transfer played a
crucial role in immigrant 

2167
01:53:30,300 --> 01:53:33,300
survival, that has been largely 
erased from popular, narratives,

2168
01:53:33,300 --> 01:53:36,900
that emphasized, pioneer 
self-sufficiency Emergent. 

2169
01:53:36,900 --> 01:53:40,800
William Clayton's details 1847 
Journal attributes over 40 

2170
01:53:40,800 --> 01:53:44,100
specific survival strategies to 
information gained from Shoshone

2171
01:53:44,100 --> 01:53:48,200
guide, including techniques for 
finding potable water in a dry 

2172
01:53:48,200 --> 01:53:50,800
landscapes. 
The cultural Legacy of these 

2173
01:53:50,800 --> 01:53:54,400
trailing counters shape, the 
developing American West in ways

2174
01:53:54,400 --> 01:53:58,200
that persist today legal 
Concepts, including use of rock 

2175
01:53:58,200 --> 01:54:01,300
rights, using land without 
owning it entered Western 

2176
01:54:01,300 --> 01:54:04,100
Waterloo through exposure to 
indigenous Resource Management 

2177
01:54:04,100 --> 01:54:07,300
Systems. 
Agricultural techniques adapted 

2178
01:54:07,300 --> 01:54:10,100
from native practices influence.
The development of dryland 

2179
01:54:10,100 --> 01:54:13,100
farming, even Western 
architectural, elements 

2180
01:54:13,100 --> 01:54:16,500
including specific adaptations, 
for extreme temperature 

2181
01:54:16,500 --> 01:54:19,700
variations show evidence of 
indigenous influence. 

2182
01:54:21,000 --> 01:54:24,000
By recognizing the Oregon Trail 
as a corridor of cultural 

2183
01:54:24,000 --> 01:54:26,700
exchange, rather than simply a 
pathway for one directional 

2184
01:54:26,700 --> 01:54:30,400
settlement, we gain insight into
how the American West developed 

2185
01:54:30,400 --> 01:54:32,200
through. 
Complex negotiations between 

2186
01:54:32,200 --> 01:54:34,600
World Views. 
The resulting cultural 

2187
01:54:34,600 --> 01:54:36,700
adaptations. 
Created hybrid practices that 

2188
01:54:36,700 --> 01:54:40,500
were neither purely European nor
indigenous but distinctly Weston

2189
01:54:40,500 --> 01:54:42,500
a legacy that continues to 
shape. 

2190
01:54:42,500 --> 01:54:44,600
Regional identity nearly two 
centuries later. 

2191
01:54:44,600 --> 01:54:47,600
The Oregon Trail ended for most 
emigrants in the Willamette 

2192
01:54:47,600 --> 01:54:49,900
Valley, but its impact on 
American identity. 

2193
01:54:49,900 --> 01:54:53,900
In geography, continues. 
How we remember the misremember,

2194
01:54:53,900 --> 01:54:56,900
this Exodus reflects our current
ideals as much as it does 

2195
01:54:56,900 --> 01:55:00,100
historical events. 
Land modification continued 

2196
01:55:00,100 --> 01:55:03,300
after the last dragons, arrived,
early environmental historian, 

2197
01:55:03,300 --> 01:55:06,200
William least, heat Moon 
described how path the features 

2198
01:55:06,200 --> 01:55:09,900
shapes settlement patterns. 
About 85% of major Trail 

2199
01:55:09,900 --> 01:55:13,500
campgrounds, became towns with 
their positions established by a

2200
01:55:13,500 --> 01:55:15,900
19th century. 
Wagon Transit rather than 

2201
01:55:15,900 --> 01:55:18,600
Geographic Advantage route 
Logistics, determined the 

2202
01:55:18,608 --> 01:55:21,600
locations of Scott's Bluff, 
Nebraska and Baker City. 

2203
01:55:21,600 --> 01:55:25,200
Oregon showing how transient 
migrant Corridor, permanently 

2204
01:55:25,200 --> 01:55:28,500
changed Western Human Geography 
after the Transcontinental 

2205
01:55:28,500 --> 01:55:33,100
Railroad opened in 1869 the 
trail was abandoned but its 

2206
01:55:33,100 --> 01:55:35,100
cultural significance. 
Changed immediately. 

2207
01:55:35,100 --> 01:55:38,700
Local historical organizations, 
began erecting, monuments and 

2208
01:55:38,700 --> 01:55:42,300
markers in the 1870s starting 
America's most remembered 

2209
01:55:42,300 --> 01:55:45,500
migration path. 
Early commemorations focused on 

2210
01:55:45,500 --> 01:55:49,800
conquest and civilization 
ignoring indigenous presence and

2211
01:55:49,800 --> 01:55:51,700
the environmental costs of 
Westwood development. 

2212
01:55:51,700 --> 01:55:56,300
The 1897 Salt Lake City, Pioneer
Monument with its triumphant 

2213
01:55:56,300 --> 01:55:58,300
masculine figure. 
Atop a classical column 

2214
01:55:58,300 --> 01:56:02,700
reflected this heroic framing. 
One of the first instructional, 

2215
01:56:02,700 --> 01:56:05,500
Computing games introduced the 
path to American Education. 

2216
01:56:05,500 --> 01:56:08,000
Minnesota instructors. 
Don ravitch. 

2217
01:56:08,000 --> 01:56:11,700
Bill heinemann, and Paul 
dillenberger created the 1971. 

2218
01:56:11,700 --> 01:56:14,300
Oregon Trail computer 
simulation, which has taught 

2219
01:56:14,300 --> 01:56:16,600
generations of people's are 
simplified version of the 

2220
01:56:16,600 --> 01:56:20,000
migration. 
Although popular for its you 

2221
01:56:20,000 --> 01:56:22,200
have died of dysentery. 
Moments, the game over 

2222
01:56:22,200 --> 01:56:25,400
simplified myths of rugged, 
individualism and eliminated. 

2223
01:56:25,400 --> 01:56:27,300
Complicated. 
Social institutions that 

2224
01:56:27,300 --> 01:56:31,100
permitted successful migration. 
The Oregon National Historic 

2225
01:56:31,100 --> 01:56:33,800
Trail was one of the original 
National Historic groups 

2226
01:56:33,800 --> 01:56:36,800
constructed by the National Park
Service during the 1970s 

2227
01:56:36,800 --> 01:56:40,500
American Bicentennial 
celebrations over 300 miles of 

2228
01:56:40,500 --> 01:56:43,100
Trail ruts and landmarks were 
preserved in this operation. 

2229
01:56:44,100 --> 01:56:46,700
The first interpretive 
Frameworks, emphasized, Pioneer 

2230
01:56:46,700 --> 01:56:49,500
experiences, while downplaying 
indigenous, perspectives and 

2231
01:56:49,500 --> 01:56:53,600
environmental repercussions. 
Modern archeology has changed 

2232
01:56:53,600 --> 01:56:57,100
Trail Dynamics. 
Material remains from important 

2233
01:56:57,100 --> 01:57:01,000
camping places, show intricate 
cultural interchange patterns at

2234
01:57:01,000 --> 01:57:03,600
Oregon Trail Crossing sites 
along the Snake River 

2235
01:57:03,600 --> 01:57:06,600
archaeological. 
Assemblages included both 

2236
01:57:06,600 --> 01:57:10,800
modified indigenous and European
artifacts reused utilizing 

2237
01:57:10,800 --> 01:57:14,100
indigenous methods demonstrating
by directional cultural 

2238
01:57:14,100 --> 01:57:16,300
influence lacking from 
traditional narratives. 

2239
01:57:17,400 --> 01:57:19,900
These material culture Studies, 
have emphasized women's 

2240
01:57:19,900 --> 01:57:23,000
perspectives, whose household 
artifacts offer, insights, not 

2241
01:57:23,000 --> 01:57:26,400
found in male, authored. 
Writings genetic Legacy is one 

2242
01:57:26,400 --> 01:57:29,800
of the trails biggest yet least 
discussed effects based on 

2243
01:57:29,800 --> 01:57:34,100
population, studies 11, to 14% 
of Oregon Washington and Idaho 

2244
01:57:34,100 --> 01:57:37,000
inhabitants are Oregon Trail. 
Descendants more. 

2245
01:57:37,000 --> 01:57:40,500
Interestingly genetic markers 
associated with Oregon Trail, 

2246
01:57:40,500 --> 01:57:43,000
Pioneer families. 
A statistically significant in 

2247
01:57:43,000 --> 01:57:46,800
Western indigenous, communities 
indicating extensive marriages 

2248
01:57:46,800 --> 01:57:49,000
and interactions despite 
societal taboos. 

2249
01:57:49,000 --> 01:57:52,700
This biological Legacy, 
undermines conventional theories

2250
01:57:52,700 --> 01:57:55,600
of separate development and 
shows how intertwined these 

2251
01:57:55,600 --> 01:57:58,500
groups became Trail. 
Environmental, impacts are 

2252
01:57:58,500 --> 01:58:01,900
receiving more scientific. 
Study Botanical surveys in the 

2253
01:58:01,900 --> 01:58:05,100
donkey 1990s found non-native 
vegetation corridors following 

2254
01:58:05,100 --> 01:58:07,800
the historic Route with specific
invasive. 

2255
01:58:07,800 --> 01:58:10,700
Species, distribution, still 
tracing the trails passage 

2256
01:58:10,700 --> 01:58:12,400
across areas without physical 
remains. 

2257
01:58:13,400 --> 01:58:16,500
Nutrient profiles from thousands
of livestock and Mal's 

2258
01:58:16,500 --> 01:58:20,000
concentrated, feces continued to
affect Flora patterns. 

2259
01:58:20,000 --> 01:58:23,400
According to soil. 
Chemistry research, he studies 

2260
01:58:23,400 --> 01:58:26,200
show that even brief human 
migration can leave lasting 

2261
01:58:26,200 --> 01:58:29,700
ecological impacts Trail. 
History is increasingly sent to 

2262
01:58:29,708 --> 01:58:33,100
indigenous tribes confederated 
tribes of Umatilla. 

2263
01:58:33,100 --> 01:58:35,700
Indian Reservation, created the 
pioneering tamas. 

2264
01:58:35,700 --> 01:58:39,300
Trail history is increasingly 
centering indigenous tribes. 

2265
01:58:40,100 --> 01:58:43,200
Indigenous viewpoints dominate. 
The Oregon Trail narrative at 

2266
01:58:43,200 --> 01:58:47,100
the trailblazing Tomas slicked, 
cultural Institute near 

2267
01:58:47,100 --> 01:58:50,900
Pendleton Oregon created by the 
confederated tribes of the 

2268
01:58:50,900 --> 01:58:54,800
immaterial Indian Reservation. 
Indigenous nations are 

2269
01:58:54,800 --> 01:58:57,400
considered sovereign peoples, 
whose territory was transacted 

2270
01:58:57,400 --> 01:59:00,800
by Foreign migration not as 
barriers to Westwood progress. 

2271
01:59:00,800 --> 01:59:04,300
This interpretative method has 
impacted other path sites 

2272
01:59:04,300 --> 01:59:07,900
changing the focus from Conquest
to intricate cultural relations.

2273
01:59:08,700 --> 01:59:10,700
The trail evolves in American 
public memory. 

2274
01:59:11,600 --> 01:59:13,300
Victorious. 
Narratives like France's 

2275
01:59:13,300 --> 01:59:17,500
Parklands 8149, the Oregon 
Trail, the way to more nuanced. 

2276
01:59:17,500 --> 01:59:21,800
Studies of cultural complexity 
environmental cost and various 

2277
01:59:21,800 --> 01:59:25,900
experience is Filmed a Fiction's
of all so changed from John 

2278
01:59:25,900 --> 01:59:28,500
Wayne's. 
The big trail 1930 to Kelly 

2279
01:59:28,500 --> 01:59:32,400
ricard's Meeks, cut off 2010, 
which emphasizes women's 

2280
01:59:32,400 --> 01:59:34,300
viewpoints and Paiute guide 
helped. 

2281
01:59:35,100 --> 01:59:36,600
These cultural Productions 
shape. 

2282
01:59:36,600 --> 01:59:40,200
American Western, Historical 
perceptions digital Humanities 

2283
01:59:40,200 --> 01:59:42,200
projects of changed 21st 
century. 

2284
01:59:42,200 --> 01:59:46,000
Trail scholarship University of 
Oregon's mapping history project

2285
01:59:46,000 --> 01:59:49,700
has generated interactive GIS 
overlays depicting indigenous, 

2286
01:59:49,700 --> 01:59:53,000
territorial claims and immigrant
Pathways contradicting. 

2287
01:59:53,000 --> 01:59:57,300
The idea of empty land ready for
settlement Digitized immigrant 

2288
01:59:57,300 --> 02:00:00,500
journals linguistic patterns 
like the gradual adoption of 

2289
02:00:00,500 --> 02:00:03,300
indigenous terminology for 
Landscapes and natural features 

2290
02:00:03,300 --> 02:00:05,700
as Travelers. 
Moved Westward have been found 

2291
02:00:05,700 --> 02:00:08,900
revealing subtle cultural 
influences that traditional 

2292
02:00:08,900 --> 02:00:12,600
historical methods, Miss climate
change has led to unexpected 

2293
02:00:12,600 --> 02:00:15,500
Trail Junctions. 
Western Landscapes are 

2294
02:00:15,500 --> 02:00:19,300
experiencing severe drought 
revealing Trails formerly hidden

2295
02:00:19,300 --> 02:00:22,000
by Greenery. 
Stream, weather frequently 

2296
02:00:22,000 --> 02:00:25,500
threatens archaeological sites, 
the Oregon, California, Trails 

2297
02:00:25,500 --> 02:00:28,300
Association is working with 
climate scientists to identify 

2298
02:00:28,300 --> 02:00:32,100
vulnerable, historic places, and
prioritize restoration before 

2299
02:00:32,100 --> 02:00:33,900
Priceless. 
Physical evidence is lost. 

2300
02:00:33,900 --> 02:00:37,900
History has compared 19th 
century cholera epidemics along 

2301
02:00:37,900 --> 02:00:41,900
the trail to present pandemics 
exploring, how early Americans 

2302
02:00:41,900 --> 02:00:45,500
balanced risk, assessment 
changed social practices and 

2303
02:00:45,500 --> 02:00:47,900
established Public Health 
Solutions under crisis 

2304
02:00:47,900 --> 02:00:51,000
situations. 
Medical historians have examined

2305
02:00:51,000 --> 02:00:54,300
immigrant journals for disease 
signs and cures, providing 

2306
02:00:54,300 --> 02:00:58,200
historical, epidemiology case 
studies that explain how 

2307
02:00:58,200 --> 02:01:01,200
contagious diseases. 
Spread along migration corridors

2308
02:01:01,200 --> 02:01:04,400
economic evaluation is 
increasingly acknowledged. 

2309
02:01:04,400 --> 02:01:08,000
The trails role in American 
capitalism's growth One of 

2310
02:01:08,008 --> 02:01:10,800
History's largest natural 
resource redistribution occurred

2311
02:01:10,800 --> 02:01:14,000
and the Trail of Tears, 
migration transferred indigenous

2312
02:01:14,000 --> 02:01:16,000
land wealth, to euro-american 
possession. 

2313
02:01:16,700 --> 02:01:19,900
This wealth transfer created 
Financial patterns that continue

2314
02:01:19,900 --> 02:01:23,500
to shape Western economic growth
including inequities between 

2315
02:01:23,500 --> 02:01:26,100
indigenous populations and 
descendants of settlers who 

2316
02:01:26,100 --> 02:01:30,000
received free land. modern 
economic Justice movements have 

2317
02:01:30,000 --> 02:01:33,700
highlighted these historical 
inequalities The Oregon Trails 

2318
02:01:33,700 --> 02:01:35,700
Legacy is confusing for modern 
Americans. 

2319
02:01:35,700 --> 02:01:39,600
Its symbolizes inspiring 
determination, and unsettling 

2320
02:01:39,600 --> 02:01:42,900
displacement, incredible 
cooperation and cultural 

2321
02:01:42,900 --> 02:01:45,900
misunderstanding. 
An environmental adaptability 

2322
02:01:45,900 --> 02:01:50,200
and ecological destruction, in 
an era of global migration and 

2323
02:01:50,200 --> 02:01:53,500
environmental change. 
Its most important lesson may be

2324
02:01:53,508 --> 02:01:56,200
how it shows, how human 
movements are intertwined with 

2325
02:01:56,200 --> 02:02:00,000
natural and cultural systems. 
The trails physical, remnants 

2326
02:02:00,000 --> 02:02:03,500
are progressively Vanishing due 
to development and natural 

2327
02:02:03,500 --> 02:02:06,600
processes, but its influence on 
American West settlement 

2328
02:02:06,600 --> 02:02:11,800
patterns the ecology genetics 
and culture, persists, these 

2329
02:02:11,800 --> 02:02:13,700
numerous aspects. 
Help us comprehend. 

2330
02:02:13,700 --> 02:02:15,400
How a transient migratory 
Corridor. 

2331
02:02:15,400 --> 02:02:18,700
Permanently changed a continent 
and continues to shape American 

2332
02:02:18,700 --> 02:02:20,600
identity. 
Nearly two centuries after the 

2333
02:02:20,600 --> 02:02:40,100
first black and went Westwood. 
Picture this. 

2334
02:02:40,100 --> 02:02:44,600
It's a crisp morning in May 16 
the neuro respectable citizen of

2335
02:02:44,600 --> 02:02:48,000
Salem Massachusetts. 
Maybe you're a farmer, a 

2336
02:02:48,000 --> 02:02:50,800
merchant or a Craftsman. 
Someone who's managed to stay 

2337
02:02:50,800 --> 02:02:52,300
out of trouble and earn a decent
living. 

2338
02:02:52,300 --> 02:02:55,300
In this Puritan Community, 
you're probably thinking about 

2339
02:02:55,300 --> 02:02:58,600
the day ahead, but wondering if 
your crops Will Survive the late

2340
02:02:58,608 --> 02:03:00,800
spring Frost when there's a 
knock at your door. 

2341
02:03:00,800 --> 02:03:03,400
Standing on your threshold, is 
the town. 

2342
02:03:03,400 --> 02:03:05,700
Constable looking unusually 
serious. 

2343
02:03:05,700 --> 02:03:09,000
He's not here about your 
neighbor's wandering pig, or a 

2344
02:03:09,000 --> 02:03:11,100
dispute over property lines 
know. 

2345
02:03:11,100 --> 02:03:14,700
Today, he's carrying a list of 
names and unfortunately, for 

2346
02:03:14,700 --> 02:03:18,100
you, yours is on it. 
You've been selected to serve on

2347
02:03:18,100 --> 02:03:20,800
a special court jury to hear 
cases involving witchcraft, 

2348
02:03:20,800 --> 02:03:24,000
congratulations. 
You've just won the colonial 

2349
02:03:24,000 --> 02:03:25,700
equivalent of the world's worst 
Lottery. 

2350
02:03:25,700 --> 02:03:29,700
Now, you might think jury duty 
sounds like a Civic honor, a 

2351
02:03:29,700 --> 02:03:32,700
chance to serve your community 
and uphold Justice after all, 

2352
02:03:32,700 --> 02:03:35,500
you're a God fearing person who 
believes in doing what's right? 

2353
02:03:36,300 --> 02:03:39,500
But as the Constable explains 
your duties and not begins 

2354
02:03:39,500 --> 02:03:42,500
forming in your stomach, this 
isn't going to be like deciding 

2355
02:03:42,500 --> 02:03:45,500
whether someone stole a chicken 
or fail to pay their debts. 

2356
02:03:45,500 --> 02:03:48,700
You're going to be determining, 
whether your neighbors, people, 

2357
02:03:48,700 --> 02:03:52,100
you've known for years are in 
League with the Devil Himself. 

2358
02:03:53,200 --> 02:03:55,400
The weight of this 
responsibility, settles on your 

2359
02:03:55,400 --> 02:03:58,900
shoulders, like a heavy, Woolen 
cloak in your Puritan World, 

2360
02:03:58,900 --> 02:04:03,200
which craft isn't just a crime. 
It's the ultimate sin, a 

2361
02:04:03,200 --> 02:04:05,700
betrayal of God that threatens 
the very fabric of your 

2362
02:04:05,700 --> 02:04:09,400
community. 
The Bible is clear, Thou shalt 

2363
02:04:09,400 --> 02:04:12,600
not suffer a witch to live. 
If you find someone guilty, 

2364
02:04:12,600 --> 02:04:15,100
you're essentially signing their
death warrant. 

2365
02:04:15,900 --> 02:04:18,600
If you find them innocent, when 
they are actually guilty, you 

2366
02:04:18,600 --> 02:04:21,100
might be allowing Satan's 
influence to spread through your

2367
02:04:21,100 --> 02:04:24,500
town, like a plague. 
As you stand there in your 

2368
02:04:24,500 --> 02:04:26,600
doorway. 
Listening to the Constable's 

2369
02:04:26,600 --> 02:04:29,900
words, you realize your peaceful
life is about to become 

2370
02:04:29,900 --> 02:04:32,500
incredibly complicated. 
You can't. 

2371
02:04:32,500 --> 02:04:37,300
Exactly refuse jury services 
mandatory and besides, what 

2372
02:04:37,300 --> 02:04:39,800
would people think if you try to
get out of it with, would they 

2373
02:04:39,808 --> 02:04:43,600
wonder if you had something to 
hide in Salem suspicion, spreads

2374
02:04:43,600 --> 02:04:46,600
faster than gossip and gossip 
spreads faster than fire? 

2375
02:04:46,600 --> 02:04:49,400
The Constable hands. 
You a notice with the date and 

2376
02:04:49,408 --> 02:04:52,500
time of the first trial, you'll 
be joining eight other men of 

2377
02:04:52,500 --> 02:04:55,400
good standing to form. 
The jury, the trials will be 

2378
02:04:55,400 --> 02:04:58,500
held at the Salem townhouse in 
your expected to be there, 

2379
02:04:58,500 --> 02:05:02,200
bright and early. 
As he walks away you can't help 

2380
02:05:02,200 --> 02:05:05,300
but notice how his shoulders 
seem tense, how he avoids, 

2381
02:05:05,300 --> 02:05:07,600
making eye contact with the 
neighbors who peek out from 

2382
02:05:07,600 --> 02:05:11,000
behind their curtains. 
You close the door and lean 

2383
02:05:11,000 --> 02:05:13,900
against it, trying to process. 
What just happened? 

2384
02:05:13,900 --> 02:05:17,200
Your wife looks at you with 
concern and you have to break 

2385
02:05:17,200 --> 02:05:19,000
the news that your summer is 
about to become. 

2386
02:05:19,000 --> 02:05:22,900
Very, very interesting, She 
doesn't say much but you can see

2387
02:05:22,900 --> 02:05:26,000
the worry in her eyes. 
Everyone in Salem knows that 

2388
02:05:26,000 --> 02:05:27,100
strange things have been 
happening. 

2389
02:05:27,100 --> 02:05:31,300
Young girls having fits 
accusations flying arrests being

2390
02:05:31,300 --> 02:05:33,600
made. 
What started, as Whispers has 

2391
02:05:33,600 --> 02:05:37,000
grown into a full-blown crisis, 
the irony isn't lost on you. 

2392
02:05:37,000 --> 02:05:40,000
Here, you are chosen to help, 
determine the truth about 

2393
02:05:40,000 --> 02:05:42,500
Witchcraft and you're not even 
entirely sure what which craft 

2394
02:05:42,500 --> 02:05:45,100
looks like. 
Sure, you've heard the stories 

2395
02:05:45,100 --> 02:05:48,000
people flying through the air 
turning into animals making 

2396
02:05:48,000 --> 02:05:50,800
pacts with the Devil. 
But you've never actually seen 

2397
02:05:50,800 --> 02:05:54,000
any of this yourself. 
Most of what, you know comes 

2398
02:05:54,000 --> 02:05:56,600
from sermon's. 
Gossip and the occasional 

2399
02:05:56,600 --> 02:05:59,400
pamphlet that makes its way to 
Salem from Boston or Europe. 

2400
02:06:00,300 --> 02:06:03,100
As you prepare for bed that 
night, you can't shake the 

2401
02:06:03,100 --> 02:06:06,000
feeling that your life has just 
taken a turn into Uncharted 

2402
02:06:06,000 --> 02:06:09,100
Territory tomorrow. 
You'll begin a journey that will

2403
02:06:09,100 --> 02:06:13,200
test not just your judgment, but
your courage, your face, and 

2404
02:06:13,200 --> 02:06:15,100
your ability to sleep soundly at
night. 

2405
02:06:15,900 --> 02:06:18,400
Because once you've looked into 
the eyes of an accused witch and

2406
02:06:18,400 --> 02:06:21,400
decided their fate, there's no 
going back to the simple 

2407
02:06:21,400 --> 02:06:24,500
certainties of your old life. 
The morning of your first trial 

2408
02:06:24,500 --> 02:06:27,200
arrives with an unseasonable 
chill, that seems to seep into 

2409
02:06:27,200 --> 02:06:30,600
your bones. 
You've barely slept tossing and 

2410
02:06:30,600 --> 02:06:32,100
turning as you wondered what the
day would bring. 

2411
02:06:33,200 --> 02:06:36,400
As you walk toward the Salem, 
townhouse, you notice other jury

2412
02:06:36,400 --> 02:06:38,000
members making their way through
the streets. 

2413
02:06:38,700 --> 02:06:41,600
Some walk with purpose, others 
seem to drag their feet. 

2414
02:06:42,400 --> 02:06:45,100
Everyone looks a bit pale and 
you wonder if you look as 

2415
02:06:45,100 --> 02:06:48,600
nervous as they do. 
Townhouse is buzzing with 

2416
02:06:48,600 --> 02:06:50,900
activity. 
When you arrive people have 

2417
02:06:50,900 --> 02:06:54,100
gathered from all over Salem in 
the surrounding areas, drawn by 

2418
02:06:54,100 --> 02:06:57,900
a mixture of curiosity, fear and
that peculiar human fascination 

2419
02:06:57,900 --> 02:07:00,800
with witnessing someone else's 
potential downfall. 

2420
02:07:01,700 --> 02:07:05,000
The atmosphere is Electric in 
the worst possible way like the 

2421
02:07:05,000 --> 02:07:08,600
air before a thunderstorm heavy 
with anticipation and Dread. 

2422
02:07:09,400 --> 02:07:12,400
You take your place in the jury 
box and that's when you first 

2423
02:07:12,400 --> 02:07:14,400
notice, just how many eyes are 
on you. 

2424
02:07:14,400 --> 02:07:18,900
It's not just the spectators, 
it's the judges, the ministers, 

2425
02:07:18,900 --> 02:07:22,600
the town of officials and most 
unnerving of all the accusers 

2426
02:07:22,600 --> 02:07:25,100
themselves. 
These are the young women and 

2427
02:07:25,100 --> 02:07:28,200
girls who stranger fiction, 
started this whole mess and 

2428
02:07:28,200 --> 02:07:29,700
they're watching you with an 
intensity. 

2429
02:07:29,700 --> 02:07:33,300
That makes your skin crawl. 
The first case is called and 

2430
02:07:33,300 --> 02:07:36,700
you're shocked to see it. 
Someone you know Sarah Goode a 

2431
02:07:36,700 --> 02:07:38,200
woman you've seen around town 
for years. 

2432
02:07:38,200 --> 02:07:41,400
She's never been popular. 
Admittedly, she's poor. 

2433
02:07:41,400 --> 02:07:44,300
She begs for food and she has a 
sharp tongue when people refuse 

2434
02:07:44,300 --> 02:07:48,608
her but a witch The accusation 
seems almost surreal as you 

2435
02:07:48,616 --> 02:07:50,900
watch her being led into the 
courtroom in Chains. 

2436
02:07:50,900 --> 02:07:54,200
What strikes you immediately is 
how the whole process feels like

2437
02:07:54,200 --> 02:07:56,500
theater. 
But theater, where the audience 

2438
02:07:56,500 --> 02:08:00,200
participation might get you 
killed The accusers, begin their

2439
02:08:00,200 --> 02:08:03,900
performance and it really does 
feel like a performance, they 

2440
02:08:03,900 --> 02:08:08,000
rise, they scream and they came 
to see good Specter tormenting 

2441
02:08:08,000 --> 02:08:09,200
them right there in the 
courtroom. 

2442
02:08:10,000 --> 02:08:13,500
The judges nod Gravely, The 
Minister's quote scripture and 

2443
02:08:13,500 --> 02:08:16,100
the crowd murmurs with a mixed 
of horror and Fascination. 

2444
02:08:16,100 --> 02:08:20,300
You find yourself in an 
impossible position on one hand 

2445
02:08:20,300 --> 02:08:23,100
you're supposed to be an 
impartial juror, weighing 

2446
02:08:23,100 --> 02:08:26,900
evidence and seeking truth. 
On the other hand, everyone in 

2447
02:08:26,900 --> 02:08:29,300
that courtroom seems to have 
already decided that witchcraft 

2448
02:08:29,300 --> 02:08:33,000
is real, that these accusers are
legitimate victims and that your

2449
02:08:33,000 --> 02:08:35,600
job is simply to confirm what 
everyone already believes. 

2450
02:08:36,400 --> 02:08:39,100
Pressure is suffocating the 
worst part is the way the 

2451
02:08:39,100 --> 02:08:40,900
accusers react to your very 
presence. 

2452
02:08:42,100 --> 02:08:44,800
When you shift in your seat or 
lean forward to hear testimony 

2453
02:08:44,800 --> 02:08:47,700
better, they sometimes cry out 
that you're affecting them. 

2454
02:08:47,700 --> 02:08:49,900
Somehow, are you in League with 
the accused? 

2455
02:08:49,900 --> 02:08:53,900
Are you a witch yourself? 
The paranoia in the room is so 

2456
02:08:53,900 --> 02:08:57,100
thick, you could cut it with a 
knife and you realize that even 

2457
02:08:57,100 --> 02:08:59,600
as a juror you're not safe from 
suspicion. 

2458
02:09:00,300 --> 02:09:02,900
As the day wears on. 
You begin to understand that 

2459
02:09:02,900 --> 02:09:05,700
this isn't really about evidence
in any conventional sense. 

2460
02:09:06,500 --> 02:09:09,900
The main proof being offered is 
spectral evidence testimony. 

2461
02:09:09,900 --> 02:09:13,000
That the accused person Spirit 
or Specter was seen committing 

2462
02:09:13,000 --> 02:09:16,200
malicious Acts. 
And here's the problem only the 

2463
02:09:16,200 --> 02:09:19,800
accusers can see these specters 
you're being asked to convict 

2464
02:09:19,800 --> 02:09:23,000
someone based on testimony about
invisible actions, that only 

2465
02:09:23,000 --> 02:09:24,300
certain people claimed to 
witness. 

2466
02:09:24,300 --> 02:09:27,900
The judges seemed convinced that
spectral evidence is valid 

2467
02:09:27,900 --> 02:09:31,300
citing, Learners treaters and 
Theological arguments. 

2468
02:09:32,100 --> 02:09:34,800
But you can't shake the feeling 
that something is fundamentally 

2469
02:09:34,800 --> 02:09:38,100
wrong with this logic. 
If only the accusers can see the

2470
02:09:38,100 --> 02:09:41,400
evidence, how can you verify it?
How can you cross examine a 

2471
02:09:41,400 --> 02:09:43,200
ghost? 
How can you determine if what 

2472
02:09:43,200 --> 02:09:45,000
they are seeing is real or 
imagined? 

2473
02:09:45,700 --> 02:09:47,600
Making matters worse your 
beginning. 

2474
02:09:47,600 --> 02:09:49,900
To notice patterns in the 
accusation that trouble. 

2475
02:09:49,900 --> 02:09:52,600
You the accused tend to be 
people who don't fit in. 

2476
02:09:52,600 --> 02:09:55,600
Well, the poor, the 
argumentative, the eccentric, 

2477
02:09:56,300 --> 02:09:58,500
Meanwhile, the accuses are 
mostly young women from 

2478
02:09:58,500 --> 02:10:01,500
prominent families and their 
accusations carry enormous 

2479
02:10:01,500 --> 02:10:03,800
weight. 
You start to wonder if there 

2480
02:10:03,800 --> 02:10:06,300
might be social and economic 
factors at play here that have 

2481
02:10:06,300 --> 02:10:07,800
nothing to do with the 
supernatural. 

2482
02:10:08,900 --> 02:10:11,400
But expressing these doubts 
would be incredibly dangerous, 

2483
02:10:11,400 --> 02:10:14,500
the judges ministers and 
Community leaders. 

2484
02:10:14,500 --> 02:10:18,000
All seem United in their belief 
that Salem is under attack by 

2485
02:10:18,000 --> 02:10:21,000
Satan himself. 
To question the proceedings 

2486
02:10:21,000 --> 02:10:24,800
might be seen as questioning 
God's will or worse as evidence 

2487
02:10:24,800 --> 02:10:27,500
that you yourself are influenced
by dark Forces. 

2488
02:10:27,500 --> 02:10:31,300
Your trapped between your 
growing skepticism in your need 

2489
02:10:31,300 --> 02:10:34,000
to appear as a full Orthodox 
member of the community. 

2490
02:10:35,100 --> 02:10:38,400
As the first day ends and you 
walk home through the Twilight. 

2491
02:10:38,400 --> 02:10:41,100
You realize that being on this 
jury isn't just about 

2492
02:10:41,100 --> 02:10:44,700
determining guilt or Innocents. 
It's about navigating a social 

2493
02:10:44,700 --> 02:10:47,800
and political mind field, where 
one wrong step could make you 

2494
02:10:47,800 --> 02:10:50,800
the next Target. 
The comfortable certainty of 

2495
02:10:50,800 --> 02:10:53,700
your old life, feel like a 
distant memory replacement by 

2496
02:10:53,700 --> 02:10:56,200
the constant stress of trying to
do the right thing, when you're 

2497
02:10:56,200 --> 02:10:59,200
not even sure what the right 
thing is anymore, by your third 

2498
02:10:59,200 --> 02:11:00,400
day. 
In the jury box, you've 

2499
02:11:00,400 --> 02:11:02,500
developed what you privately 
call the Salem. 

2500
02:11:02,500 --> 02:11:06,200
Stair that hallowed look of 
someone who seen too much and 

2501
02:11:06,200 --> 02:11:09,300
slept too little. 
The accusers of elevated to the 

2502
02:11:09,300 --> 02:11:11,200
status of stars in this somber 
theater. 

2503
02:11:11,200 --> 02:11:14,000
Allowing you to witness their 
increasingly dramatic 

2504
02:11:14,000 --> 02:11:15,400
performance. 
Is up close. 

2505
02:11:16,900 --> 02:11:20,800
Today's main accuser is Abigail 
Williams referend paris's 11 

2506
02:11:20,800 --> 02:11:23,600
year old niece. 
She's small for her age, with 

2507
02:11:23,600 --> 02:11:26,600
sharp features and eyes that 
seemed to take in everything. 

2508
02:11:27,400 --> 02:11:30,400
When Abigail points at the 
accused and screams that she can

2509
02:11:30,400 --> 02:11:33,300
see their Specter pinching and 
choking her, the entire 

2510
02:11:33,300 --> 02:11:36,700
courtroom becomes silent. 
You find yourself studying her 

2511
02:11:36,700 --> 02:11:40,300
face, trying to determine if her
terror is genuine or performed 

2512
02:11:40,300 --> 02:11:44,600
and the fact that you can't tell
makes your stomach churn What's 

2513
02:11:44,600 --> 02:11:47,800
particularly unsettling, is how 
the accusers seem to feed off 

2514
02:11:47,800 --> 02:11:50,900
each other's energy. 
When one girl starts having fits

2515
02:11:50,900 --> 02:11:54,100
the others quickly follow suit. 
As if Supernatural Affliction 

2516
02:11:54,100 --> 02:11:57,600
were contagious, they can vaults
they shriek and make to see 

2517
02:11:57,600 --> 02:12:00,900
yellow birds perched on the 
accused fingers or black dogs 

2518
02:12:00,900 --> 02:12:02,500
lurking in the corners of the 
courtroom. 

2519
02:12:03,700 --> 02:12:07,300
The judges treat each out first 
as crucial evidence scribbling 

2520
02:12:07,300 --> 02:12:10,000
notes furiously and asking 
probing questions about the 

2521
02:12:10,000 --> 02:12:13,900
exact nature of what the girls 
are experiencing you notice that

2522
02:12:13,900 --> 02:12:15,700
the accusers never seem to be 
afflicted. 

2523
02:12:15,700 --> 02:12:18,600
When there are outside the 
courtroom, they walk in looking 

2524
02:12:18,600 --> 02:12:22,000
perfectly normal chat quietly 
with their families and even 

2525
02:12:22,000 --> 02:12:25,500
smile occasionally But the 
moment, the proceedings begin, 

2526
02:12:25,500 --> 02:12:28,800
they transform into tortured 
victims of Supernatural? 

2527
02:12:28,800 --> 02:12:31,100
Assault. 
It's like watching someone flip 

2528
02:12:31,100 --> 02:12:34,600
a switch and you can't help but 
wonder if that's exactly what is

2529
02:12:34,600 --> 02:12:37,300
happening. 
The social dynamics in the 

2530
02:12:37,300 --> 02:12:39,900
courtroom are becoming clearer 
to you with each passing day. 

2531
02:12:40,700 --> 02:12:43,500
The accusers come from families 
with influence and standing in 

2532
02:12:43,500 --> 02:12:46,500
the community when they speak 
important men. 

2533
02:12:46,500 --> 02:12:50,600
Listen, when they cry out in 
pain, those same men spring into

2534
02:12:50,600 --> 02:12:52,700
action. 
You're watching young women 

2535
02:12:52,700 --> 02:12:55,200
wield, a kind of power that 
would normally be Unthinkable 

2536
02:12:55,200 --> 02:12:58,800
impurity in society and they 
seem to understand exactly how 

2537
02:12:58,800 --> 02:13:01,800
to use it. 
Meanwhile, the accused are 

2538
02:13:01,800 --> 02:13:04,900
almost always marginalized 
individuals, the impoverished, 

2539
02:13:04,900 --> 02:13:07,200
the argumentative and the 
unconventional. 

2540
02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:10,700
Often after spending weeks in 
the miserable conditions of 

2541
02:13:10,700 --> 02:13:14,900
Salem, jail, they arrive looking
Haggard and frightened, their 

2542
02:13:14,900 --> 02:13:16,700
little opportunity to defend 
themselves. 

2543
02:13:16,700 --> 02:13:20,200
Effectively, when they do speak,
their words are often twisted 

2544
02:13:20,200 --> 02:13:22,700
and used against them. 
If they maintain their 

2545
02:13:22,700 --> 02:13:26,300
Innocents, their accused of 
lying if they confess or 

2546
02:13:26,300 --> 02:13:29,800
authorities asked them to 
identify their accomplices, your

2547
02:13:29,800 --> 02:13:32,100
starting to realize that 
confession might actually be the

2548
02:13:32,100 --> 02:13:35,800
safest route for the accused 
even if their innocent, those 

2549
02:13:35,800 --> 02:13:37,700
who can Fest are often spared 
execution. 

2550
02:13:37,700 --> 02:13:40,700
While those who maintain their 
innocence are more likely to 

2551
02:13:40,700 --> 02:13:43,400
face the Gallows. 
It's a perverse system that 

2552
02:13:43,400 --> 02:13:45,700
seems to reward false 
confessions while punishing 

2553
02:13:45,700 --> 02:13:47,400
truthful, Declaration of 
Innocence. 

2554
02:13:48,200 --> 02:13:50,600
The pressure on you as a juror 
is intensifying. 

2555
02:13:50,600 --> 02:13:53,800
After each day's testimony, 
you're expected to discuss the 

2556
02:13:53,800 --> 02:13:56,800
case with your fellow jurors. 
But these conversations feel 

2557
02:13:56,800 --> 02:13:59,900
more like exercises in group 
Conformity than genuine, 

2558
02:13:59,900 --> 02:14:03,700
deliberation anyone who 
expresses too much skepticism is

2559
02:14:03,700 --> 02:14:06,400
met with sharp looks and pointed
questions about their own 

2560
02:14:06,400 --> 02:14:10,000
spiritual state. 
The message is clear, honest 

2561
02:14:10,000 --> 02:14:12,200
Christians, believe in the 
reality of Witchcraft and The 

2562
02:14:12,208 --> 02:14:15,500
credibility of the accusers. 
What's making you lose sleep? 

2563
02:14:15,500 --> 02:14:18,600
Is the growing realization that 
you're part of a system that 

2564
02:14:18,600 --> 02:14:21,900
seems designed to produce guilty
verdicts regardless of actual 

2565
02:14:21,900 --> 02:14:25,000
guilt or innocence. 
The Rules of Evidence favor, the

2566
02:14:25,000 --> 02:14:28,500
accusers, the judges are clearly
biased and the community 

2567
02:14:28,500 --> 02:14:31,600
pressure is enormous. 
You're supposed to be seeking 

2568
02:14:31,600 --> 02:14:35,200
truth and justice but it feels 
more like your participating in 

2569
02:14:35,200 --> 02:14:36,800
a ritual that is already 
predetermined. 

2570
02:14:36,800 --> 02:14:39,600
Its outcome. 
The worst part is when you catch

2571
02:14:39,600 --> 02:14:42,800
yourself getting caught up in 
the Hysteria, During 

2572
02:14:42,800 --> 02:14:46,200
particularly dramatic testimony,
you sometimes find yourself 

2573
02:14:46,200 --> 02:14:49,500
believing or at least wanting to
believe that, what your 

2574
02:14:49,500 --> 02:14:53,700
witnessing is real Supernatural,
activity, the alternative that 

2575
02:14:53,700 --> 02:14:57,600
this is all elaborate deception 
or master illusion is almost too

2576
02:14:57,600 --> 02:14:59,900
disturbing to contemplate. 
It would mean that your 

2577
02:14:59,900 --> 02:15:03,200
community has lost its 
Collective mind and that your 

2578
02:15:03,200 --> 02:15:06,700
complicit in a series of 
terrible Injustice as you walk 

2579
02:15:06,700 --> 02:15:09,500
home after another day of 
accusations and Supernatural 

2580
02:15:09,500 --> 02:15:12,900
claims, you can't help but 
notice how the town has changed.

2581
02:15:12,900 --> 02:15:16,600
People view each other with 
suspicion conversations halt, 

2582
02:15:16,600 --> 02:15:19,600
when strangers approach and 
everyone appears to be cautious 

2583
02:15:20,500 --> 02:15:23,400
The sense of community that once
held Salem together, is 

2584
02:15:23,400 --> 02:15:26,200
dissolving replaced by fear and 
mistrust. 

2585
02:15:26,200 --> 02:15:30,100
And you as a member of the jury 
a right in the middle of it all 

2586
02:15:30,100 --> 02:15:33,500
trying to maintain your sanity 
and your conscience in a world 

2587
02:15:33,500 --> 02:15:36,700
seems to have lost both three 
weeks into your jury service. 

2588
02:15:36,700 --> 02:15:39,400
You've learned to recognize the 
sound of accusations before, 

2589
02:15:39,400 --> 02:15:42,500
they are even spoken. 
There's a particular rustling in

2590
02:15:42,500 --> 02:15:45,600
the courtroom a collective 
intake of breath and then the 

2591
02:15:45,600 --> 02:15:47,700
pointed finger that could seal 
someone's fate. 

2592
02:15:48,500 --> 02:15:51,500
Today that finger is pointing at
someone who makes your blood run

2593
02:15:51,500 --> 02:15:54,800
cold Martha. 
Corey, a woman you've known for 

2594
02:15:54,800 --> 02:15:57,300
over a decade. 
Martha has always been a bit 

2595
02:15:57,308 --> 02:15:59,600
outspoken. 
Questioning, certain aspects of 

2596
02:15:59,608 --> 02:16:00,900
the witch trials from the 
beginning. 

2597
02:16:00,900 --> 02:16:03,800
She's made the mistake of 
suggesting that the accusers 

2598
02:16:03,800 --> 02:16:06,800
might not be entirely reliable. 
That perhaps the community was 

2599
02:16:06,800 --> 02:16:09,300
getting carried away with 
Supernatural explanations. 

2600
02:16:09,300 --> 02:16:10,900
For what might have natural 
causes. 

2601
02:16:10,900 --> 02:16:14,800
Now, she's standing in the dock 
accused of the very witchcraft, 

2602
02:16:14,800 --> 02:16:17,900
she questioned and you can see 
the cruel irony isn't lost on 

2603
02:16:17,900 --> 02:16:20,400
her. 
The accusers are in fine form to

2604
02:16:20,400 --> 02:16:23,700
day riding and screaming. 
As they claim Martha's Specter 

2605
02:16:23,700 --> 02:16:25,800
as attacking them. 
That you remember, Martha from 

2606
02:16:25,800 --> 02:16:28,600
church from community 
gathering's and from the time 

2607
02:16:28,600 --> 02:16:30,900
she's helped neighbors during 
illness or hardship. 

2608
02:16:30,900 --> 02:16:32,500
She sharp tongue. 
Yes. 

2609
02:16:32,500 --> 02:16:37,000
And not always diplomatic but 
evil a servant of Satan, the 

2610
02:16:37,000 --> 02:16:39,299
disconnect between the woman you
know and the monster being 

2611
02:16:39,299 --> 02:16:40,900
described in court is so 
jarring. 

2612
02:16:40,900 --> 02:16:43,900
It makes you dizzy. 
Particularly disturbing is how 

2613
02:16:43,900 --> 02:16:46,500
the accusers seem to know 
exactly which buttons to push. 

2614
02:16:47,400 --> 02:16:49,799
The claim Martha's Specter 
appeared to them in clothing. 

2615
02:16:49,799 --> 02:16:52,500
That matches what she's wearing 
in court details. 

2616
02:16:52,500 --> 02:16:54,700
They couldn't possibly have 
known unless they'd seen her 

2617
02:16:54,700 --> 02:16:56,700
that morning, they described her
house. 

2618
02:16:56,700 --> 02:16:59,600
Her habits, and her 
relationships with neighbors, 

2619
02:16:59,600 --> 02:17:02,600
your own noticing, how the 
accusation seem to follow 

2620
02:17:02,600 --> 02:17:05,600
patterns of social tension, 
Martha. 

2621
02:17:05,600 --> 02:17:07,799
Corey had disagreements with 
some of the accuses families 

2622
02:17:07,799 --> 02:17:10,500
over Church matters. 
She'd been critical of Reverend 

2623
02:17:10,500 --> 02:17:13,000
Parris questioning, his salary 
and his methods. 

2624
02:17:13,000 --> 02:17:15,600
She'd spoken out against the 
witch trials themselves. 

2625
02:17:15,600 --> 02:17:19,100
Now she's being accused by the 
very people, she criticized. 

2626
02:17:19,900 --> 02:17:22,400
The Coincidence is too 
convenient to ignore but 

2627
02:17:22,400 --> 02:17:25,400
pointing it out, would be 
incredibly dangerous, the 

2628
02:17:25,400 --> 02:17:28,000
evidence against Martha is the 
same spectral testimony you've 

2629
02:17:28,000 --> 02:17:30,700
been hearing for weeks but today
it feels different. 

2630
02:17:31,500 --> 02:17:34,000
Maybe it's because, you know, 
her personally, or maybe it's 

2631
02:17:34,000 --> 02:17:36,400
because you've been watching 
this process long enough to see 

2632
02:17:36,400 --> 02:17:39,600
the patterns, but the whole 
thing feels like, an elaborate 

2633
02:17:39,600 --> 02:17:41,900
performance designed to 
eliminate someone who has 

2634
02:17:41,900 --> 02:17:45,100
becoming convenient. 
During the lunch break, you 

2635
02:17:45,100 --> 02:17:47,900
overhear conversations Among The
Spectators that kill you to the 

2636
02:17:47,900 --> 02:17:50,000
bone. 
People are discussing Martha's 

2637
02:17:50,000 --> 02:17:51,500
guilt. 
As if it's already been proven 

2638
02:17:51,500 --> 02:17:54,400
debating whether she should be 
hanging or pressed to death. 

2639
02:17:55,100 --> 02:17:57,400
Summer, even wandering aloud 
about her family members 

2640
02:17:57,400 --> 02:18:00,100
suggesting that witchcraft might
run in bloodline. 

2641
02:18:01,000 --> 02:18:04,500
The presumption of Innocents, a 
Cornerstone of Justice seems to 

2642
02:18:04,500 --> 02:18:08,600
have been completely abandoned. 
When Court resumes, you watch 

2643
02:18:08,600 --> 02:18:11,200
Martha attempted to defend 
herself and it's heartbreaking. 

2644
02:18:11,200 --> 02:18:14,200
Every word. 
She says is Twisted against her 

2645
02:18:14,200 --> 02:18:16,200
when she maintains her 
innocence. 

2646
02:18:16,200 --> 02:18:19,500
She is accused of lying when she
questions The accusers 

2647
02:18:19,500 --> 02:18:21,600
credibility. 
She is accused of trying to 

2648
02:18:21,608 --> 02:18:24,700
undermine God's work. 
When she grows frustrated with 

2649
02:18:24,700 --> 02:18:27,500
the proceedings, her anger is 
cited as evidence of her evil 

2650
02:18:27,500 --> 02:18:30,799
nature, it's like watching 
someone drown, while being told 

2651
02:18:30,799 --> 02:18:32,500
their struggles are proof. 
They can't swim. 

2652
02:18:32,500 --> 02:18:35,400
The other jurors are watching 
you as much as they're watching 

2653
02:18:35,407 --> 02:18:38,400
the proceedings, you can feel 
their eyes on you during the 

2654
02:18:38,407 --> 02:18:41,400
most dramatic moments. 
Gauging your reactions. 

2655
02:18:41,400 --> 02:18:44,200
Checking to see if your 
displaying the proper level of 

2656
02:18:44,200 --> 02:18:48,299
horror and conviction. 
The social pressure is enormous 

2657
02:18:48,299 --> 02:18:52,000
not just to find defendants 
guilty, but to be seen as 

2658
02:18:52,000 --> 02:18:55,100
someone who finds them guilty 
for the right reasons with the 

2659
02:18:55,100 --> 02:18:56,600
right level of religious 
further. 

2660
02:18:57,299 --> 02:18:59,799
Your beginning to understand 
that the witch trials aren't 

2661
02:18:59,799 --> 02:19:03,000
really about which craft at all,
there are about power, social 

2662
02:19:03,000 --> 02:19:05,100
control, and the settling of old
scores. 

2663
02:19:05,900 --> 02:19:08,700
The accusers of stumbled onto a 
method of wielding enormous 

2664
02:19:08,700 --> 02:19:11,799
influence and the community 
leaders are using the crisis to 

2665
02:19:11,799 --> 02:19:14,600
reinforce their Authority and 
eliminate troublemakers. 

2666
02:19:15,500 --> 02:19:17,400
The supernatural elements. 
Provide perfect. 

2667
02:19:17,400 --> 02:19:19,900
Cover for what's essentially a 
political Purge. 

2668
02:19:20,799 --> 02:19:24,200
As Martha is Led away to a wait 
sentencing, you catch her eye 

2669
02:19:24,208 --> 02:19:26,600
for just a moment. 
There's no evil there. 

2670
02:19:26,600 --> 02:19:29,200
No Malice just confusion and 
sadness. 

2671
02:19:30,400 --> 02:19:33,799
She looks like what she is a 
middle-aged woman who spoke her 

2672
02:19:33,799 --> 02:19:36,600
mind once to offer and now faces
death for it. 

2673
02:19:38,100 --> 02:19:40,400
The weight of your 
responsibility as a juror feels 

2674
02:19:40,400 --> 02:19:42,900
crushing. 
You Hold This Woman's life in 

2675
02:19:42,900 --> 02:19:45,400
your hands and you're beginning 
to realize that the system 

2676
02:19:45,400 --> 02:19:48,900
you're part of is designed to 
take that life regardless of her

2677
02:19:48,900 --> 02:19:52,300
actual guilt or innocence. 
Walking home that evening. 

2678
02:19:52,300 --> 02:19:55,200
You can't shake the feeling that
Salem has become a place where 

2679
02:19:55,200 --> 02:19:58,800
being different being outspoken 
or simply being unlucky. 

2680
02:19:58,800 --> 02:20:02,500
Can be a death sentence and you 
whether you like it or not, or 

2681
02:20:02,500 --> 02:20:05,700
one of the people making those 
sentences possible fast forward 

2682
02:20:05,700 --> 02:20:07,800
five weeks in. 
You've now developed a nervous 

2683
02:20:07,800 --> 02:20:09,300
habit of checking your own 
behavior. 

2684
02:20:09,300 --> 02:20:12,700
For anything that might be 
construed a suspicious, do you 

2685
02:20:12,708 --> 02:20:15,700
react appropriately when the 
accusers have their fits you 

2686
02:20:15,700 --> 02:20:18,400
asking the wrong questions? 
Have you engaged in any 

2687
02:20:18,400 --> 02:20:20,600
questionable conversations 
slams? 

2688
02:20:20,600 --> 02:20:24,100
Paranoia is beginning to consume
you a realization nearly as 

2689
02:20:24,100 --> 02:20:25,400
terrified as the trials 
themselves? 

2690
02:20:26,600 --> 02:20:29,500
Today's case involves a man 
named John Proctor and his 

2691
02:20:29,500 --> 02:20:32,600
situation perfectly illustrates 
The Impossible logic that's 

2692
02:20:32,600 --> 02:20:35,700
taking over your community 
Proctor made the mistake of 

2693
02:20:35,700 --> 02:20:39,000
publicly criticizing the 
accusers, calling them frauds 

2694
02:20:39,000 --> 02:20:41,800
and suggesting that they should 
be whipped for their lives. 

2695
02:20:41,800 --> 02:20:46,200
His wife, Elizabeth has already 
been accused and arrested now. 

2696
02:20:46,200 --> 02:20:49,100
John himself is in the dock and 
the accusers as a claiming, he's

2697
02:20:49,100 --> 02:20:52,300
been tormenting them for months.
The evidence against Proctor is 

2698
02:20:52,308 --> 02:20:56,500
particularly absurd, even buy 
Salem standards the accusers 

2699
02:20:56,500 --> 02:20:57,800
claim. 
His Specter has been visiting 

2700
02:20:57,800 --> 02:21:00,800
them, forcing them to sign the 
devil's book and torturing them 

2701
02:21:00,800 --> 02:21:03,200
when they refused. 
But here's the thing, that makes

2702
02:21:03,200 --> 02:21:05,800
your head spin Proctor has been 
in jail for weeks. 

2703
02:21:06,700 --> 02:21:09,600
If the accusers are still being 
tormented by his Specter and 

2704
02:21:09,600 --> 02:21:12,700
he's locked in a Cell. 
What exactly is preventing this 

2705
02:21:12,700 --> 02:21:16,700
alleged Supernatural activity. 
The judges seem untroubled by 

2706
02:21:16,700 --> 02:21:20,300
this logical inconsistency, but 
it's keeping you awake at night.

2707
02:21:21,000 --> 02:21:23,800
What's worse is watching, how 
Proctors attempts to defend 

2708
02:21:23,800 --> 02:21:26,400
himself a twisted into evidence 
of his guilt? 

2709
02:21:27,200 --> 02:21:29,500
When he points out the 
contradictions in the accusers, 

2710
02:21:29,500 --> 02:21:32,400
testimony he is accused of 
trying to confuse the court with

2711
02:21:32,400 --> 02:21:35,100
Satan's logic. 
When he maintains his innocent, 

2712
02:21:35,100 --> 02:21:38,300
he's accused of prideful 
stubbornness when he shows 

2713
02:21:38,300 --> 02:21:42,100
anger, the Injustice of the 
proceedings, his anger is cited 

2714
02:21:42,100 --> 02:21:45,900
as evidence of his evil nature. 
It's like watching someone try 

2715
02:21:45,900 --> 02:21:48,500
to prove their not wet while 
being pushed deeper underwater, 

2716
02:21:48,500 --> 02:21:51,900
the accusers, have refined their
performance to an art form. 

2717
02:21:51,900 --> 02:21:55,400
They've learned exactly how to 
time their Outburst from Maximum

2718
02:21:55,400 --> 02:21:57,400
effect. 
How to coordinate their 

2719
02:21:57,400 --> 02:22:00,800
afflictions to support each 
other's claims and how to direct

2720
02:22:00,800 --> 02:22:03,400
their accusations toward the 
most vulnerable targets. 

2721
02:22:04,200 --> 02:22:06,900
Today, they're putting on a 
particularly elaborate show 

2722
02:22:06,900 --> 02:22:10,100
claiming to see Proctor, Specter
right there in the courtroom, 

2723
02:22:10,100 --> 02:22:12,900
mimicking, their movements, and 
mocking their pain. 

2724
02:22:13,600 --> 02:22:17,100
You find yourself studying the 
faces of the other jurors trying

2725
02:22:17,100 --> 02:22:20,700
to read their thoughts. 
Some seem genuinely convinced by

2726
02:22:20,700 --> 02:22:22,900
what they're seeing others. 
Look troubled. 

2727
02:22:22,900 --> 02:22:26,500
But stay silent a few appear to 
be going through the motions 

2728
02:22:26,500 --> 02:22:29,300
saying what they think they're 
supposed to say while keeping 

2729
02:22:29,300 --> 02:22:32,400
their real thoughts hidden. 
The atmosphere of fear and 

2730
02:22:32,400 --> 02:22:34,800
suspicion has made honest 
communication. 

2731
02:22:34,800 --> 02:22:38,300
Almost impossible, the judges 
continue to treat spectral 

2732
02:22:38,300 --> 02:22:41,200
evidence as if it were as 
reliable as fingerprints or DNA.

2733
02:22:41,200 --> 02:22:44,100
They ask details. 
Questions about the appearance 

2734
02:22:44,100 --> 02:22:46,800
and behavior of, specters that 
only the accusers can see 

2735
02:22:46,800 --> 02:22:49,700
recording their answers as if 
they were documenting 

2736
02:22:49,700 --> 02:22:52,600
observable, facts. 
You keep wanting to ask the 

2737
02:22:52,600 --> 02:22:55,500
obvious question. 
If the devil can create false 

2738
02:22:55,500 --> 02:22:58,600
specters to deceive people, how 
do we know these Visions are 

2739
02:22:58,600 --> 02:23:01,100
real? 
But asking that question would 

2740
02:23:01,100 --> 02:23:03,300
be tantamount to confessing your
own lack of faith. 

2741
02:23:04,500 --> 02:23:07,800
During a particularly intense 
moment of testimony, one of the 

2742
02:23:07,800 --> 02:23:11,300
accusers suddenly points 
directly at you and screams that

2743
02:23:11,300 --> 02:23:15,300
she can see your Specter 
whispering to the accused the 

2744
02:23:15,300 --> 02:23:17,700
courtroom full silent and you 
feel every eye in the room 

2745
02:23:17,700 --> 02:23:21,300
focusing on you, your heart 
pounds so hard your Shore, 

2746
02:23:21,300 --> 02:23:24,100
everyone can hear it. 
For terrifying moment, you 

2747
02:23:24,100 --> 02:23:27,400
realize you could be next that 
your position as a juror 

2748
02:23:27,400 --> 02:23:30,700
provides, no protection against 
the Machinery of accusation, the

2749
02:23:30,700 --> 02:23:33,900
judge quickly, intervenes 
suggesting that the accuser must

2750
02:23:33,900 --> 02:23:36,500
be mistaken that the devil is 
trying to confuse her by 

2751
02:23:36,500 --> 02:23:40,300
creating false visions that the 
moment has shaken you to your 

2752
02:23:40,300 --> 02:23:43,000
core. 
If you a member of the jury can 

2753
02:23:43,000 --> 02:23:45,300
be accused, then literally no 
one is safe. 

2754
02:23:46,100 --> 02:23:48,500
The realization that you're 
sitting in Judgment of others 

2755
02:23:48,500 --> 02:23:51,800
while being potentially one 
accusation away from the dock 

2756
02:23:51,800 --> 02:23:53,900
yourself is almost too much to 
bear. 

2757
02:23:54,800 --> 02:23:57,400
The worst part is that you're 
starting to understand why some 

2758
02:23:57,400 --> 02:24:00,200
people confess to, which craft 
even when their innocent. 

2759
02:24:01,000 --> 02:24:04,400
Pressure is so intense, the 
logic so twisted and the 

2760
02:24:04,400 --> 02:24:06,900
alternative. 
So terrible that false 

2761
02:24:06,900 --> 02:24:09,200
confession, begins to seem like 
the only rational choice. 

2762
02:24:09,200 --> 02:24:12,900
If maintaining your innocence 
means facing death while 

2763
02:24:12,900 --> 02:24:16,800
confessing mean survival what 
would you choose the question 

2764
02:24:16,800 --> 02:24:18,500
haunts you? 
Because you don't know the 

2765
02:24:18,500 --> 02:24:20,500
answer. 
You Glimpse Elisabeth in the 

2766
02:24:20,508 --> 02:24:23,100
gallery as they lead Procter 
away to await his verdict. 

2767
02:24:23,100 --> 02:24:26,200
She is pregnant, which is 
temporarily saved her from 

2768
02:24:26,200 --> 02:24:29,200
execution that you can see the 
desperation in her eyes. 

2769
02:24:29,200 --> 02:24:32,800
Her husband is probably going to
die for the crime of speaking, 

2770
02:24:32,800 --> 02:24:35,800
truth to power and there's 
nothing she can do to save him. 

2771
02:24:36,700 --> 02:24:39,700
You're part of the system that's
destroying this family and that 

2772
02:24:39,700 --> 02:24:42,700
knowledge sits in your stomach, 
like a stone two months, into 

2773
02:24:42,700 --> 02:24:44,900
your service, you've stopped 
counting the number of people 

2774
02:24:44,900 --> 02:24:48,100
you've helped condemned the 
exact number feels less 

2775
02:24:48,100 --> 02:24:50,900
important than the weight of 
their Collective presence, which

2776
02:24:50,900 --> 02:24:54,000
seems to follow you everywhere. 
You see their faces when you 

2777
02:24:54,000 --> 02:24:57,100
close your eyes, hear their 
final words when the house is 

2778
02:24:57,100 --> 02:25:00,000
quiet. 
Feel their absence in the space 

2779
02:25:00,000 --> 02:25:01,800
as they used to occupy around 
town. 

2780
02:25:03,000 --> 02:25:07,300
Today brings a particularly 
difficult case, Rebecca nurse a 

2781
02:25:07,300 --> 02:25:09,200
woman. 
So universally respected that 

2782
02:25:09,200 --> 02:25:11,200
her accusation has sent 
shockwaves through the 

2783
02:25:11,200 --> 02:25:14,400
community. 
You 71 years old deeply 

2784
02:25:14,400 --> 02:25:17,500
religious and known for her 
charitable works and gentle 

2785
02:25:17,500 --> 02:25:20,000
nature. 
If Rebecca nurse can be a witch,

2786
02:25:20,000 --> 02:25:24,400
the logic goes then anyone can 
be The accusation has Force 

2787
02:25:24,400 --> 02:25:27,000
Salem to confront the 
possibility that evil can hide 

2788
02:25:27,000 --> 02:25:30,200
behind the most innocent faces, 
which somehow make everyone 

2789
02:25:30,200 --> 02:25:33,400
seemed more dangerous. 
The accusers seem to understand 

2790
02:25:33,400 --> 02:25:36,400
the significance of this case 
and they're pulling out all the 

2791
02:25:36,400 --> 02:25:38,500
stops. 
Their performance is a more 

2792
02:25:38,500 --> 02:25:41,000
dramatic than usual. 
Their claims more outrageous. 

2793
02:25:41,000 --> 02:25:44,200
They're saying Rebecca Specter 
has been tormenting them for 

2794
02:25:44,200 --> 02:25:47,500
months appearing in their 
bedrooms at night pinching and 

2795
02:25:47,500 --> 02:25:50,000
choking them. 
Trying to force them to sign the

2796
02:25:50,000 --> 02:25:53,000
devil's book. 
Watching this frail elderly 

2797
02:25:53,000 --> 02:25:55,600
woman being accused of such 
energetic, Supernatural, 

2798
02:25:55,600 --> 02:25:58,400
terrorism would be almost 
comical if the consequences 

2799
02:25:58,400 --> 02:26:02,100
weren't so deadly serious. 
What's particularly disturbing 

2800
02:26:02,100 --> 02:26:05,500
is how the community has split 
over Rebecca's case her family 

2801
02:26:05,500 --> 02:26:07,100
and close friends. 
Maintain her innocence 

2802
02:26:07,100 --> 02:26:09,900
passionately, While others 
seemed relieved to finally have 

2803
02:26:09,900 --> 02:26:12,600
an explanation for various 
misfortunes, they've attributed 

2804
02:26:12,600 --> 02:26:16,600
to Supernatural causes Old 
grudges and property disputes 

2805
02:26:16,600 --> 02:26:19,300
are being reframed as evidence 
of malevolent witchcraft. 

2806
02:26:19,300 --> 02:26:23,500
You're watching Salem's social 
fabric tear itself, apart one 

2807
02:26:23,500 --> 02:26:26,700
accusation at a time the 
evidence against Rebecca is the 

2808
02:26:26,700 --> 02:26:28,600
same spectral. 
Testimony, you've been hearing 

2809
02:26:28,600 --> 02:26:30,900
for weeks but her case 
highlights. 

2810
02:26:30,900 --> 02:26:33,300
The fundamental absurdity of the
entire system. 

2811
02:26:34,100 --> 02:26:37,300
If this woman who has spent her 
entire life, serving God and 

2812
02:26:37,300 --> 02:26:41,000
helping others can be credibly 
accused of serving Satan, then 

2813
02:26:41,000 --> 02:26:44,400
the accusations have become 
meaningless, either the accusers

2814
02:26:44,400 --> 02:26:47,500
lying or the entire concept of 
judging people by their 

2815
02:26:47,500 --> 02:26:49,200
character and actions is 
worthless. 

2816
02:26:50,100 --> 02:26:52,600
During to liberation's, you find
yourself in the uncomfortable 

2817
02:26:52,600 --> 02:26:55,700
position of being one of the few
jurors who seems troubled by the

2818
02:26:55,700 --> 02:26:57,800
case. 
The other seem convinced that 

2819
02:26:57,800 --> 02:26:59,400
the accusers wouldn't lie about 
something. 

2820
02:26:59,400 --> 02:27:03,100
So serious, that the consistency
of their testimony proves its 

2821
02:27:03,100 --> 02:27:04,900
truth. 
And that Rebecca's very 

2822
02:27:04,900 --> 02:27:07,600
respectability, might be a 
cunning to skies for her evil 

2823
02:27:07,600 --> 02:27:10,400
nature. 
The logic is so Twisted that it 

2824
02:27:10,400 --> 02:27:13,400
makes your head spin but 
questioning it to openly would 

2825
02:27:13,400 --> 02:27:15,400
be dangerous. 
You're also dealing with the 

2826
02:27:15,400 --> 02:27:17,200
personal cost of your jury 
service. 

2827
02:27:17,200 --> 02:27:20,300
Your family is suffering from 
your constant stress and 

2828
02:27:20,300 --> 02:27:23,300
distraction your wife looks at 
you with increasing concern. 

2829
02:27:23,300 --> 02:27:26,800
Your children seem afraid of 
your dark moods, and your work 

2830
02:27:26,808 --> 02:27:28,700
is suffering from your inability
to concentrate. 

2831
02:27:28,700 --> 02:27:32,800
The Witch Trials aren't just 
destroying the accused, they're 

2832
02:27:32,800 --> 02:27:34,900
taking a toll on everyone 
involved in the process. 

2833
02:27:34,900 --> 02:27:38,100
The worst part is that you're 
beginning to see how the trials 

2834
02:27:38,100 --> 02:27:41,700
have become, self-perpetuating 
each conviction validates, the 

2835
02:27:41,700 --> 02:27:45,700
accusers credibility, making the
next accusation more likely to 

2836
02:27:45,700 --> 02:27:49,100
be believed each execution. 
Demonstrates the community's 

2837
02:27:49,100 --> 02:27:52,300
commitment to fighting Satan, 
making it harder to admit. 

2838
02:27:52,300 --> 02:27:55,600
That mistakes might have been 
made the system has gained a 

2839
02:27:55,600 --> 02:27:58,100
momentum of its own. 
You're not sure anyone has the 

2840
02:27:58,100 --> 02:28:01,500
power to stop it anymore. 
When the jury finally reaches 

2841
02:28:01,500 --> 02:28:04,800
its verdict in Rebecca's case, 
you feel something inside you 

2842
02:28:04,800 --> 02:28:08,200
break, you've just helped 
condemn a woman whose only crime

2843
02:28:08,200 --> 02:28:11,200
was being vulnerable to 
accusation in a community that 

2844
02:28:11,200 --> 02:28:14,600
has lost its moral compass. 
The weight of that decision will

2845
02:28:14,600 --> 02:28:16,800
stay with you for the rest of 
your life and you know, it 

2846
02:28:16,800 --> 02:28:19,900
you've crossed a line that can 
never be uncrossed and 

2847
02:28:19,900 --> 02:28:22,900
participated in an injustice 
that can never be undone. 

2848
02:28:24,000 --> 02:28:26,100
As you watch Rebecca, receive 
her sentence. 

2849
02:28:26,100 --> 02:28:28,900
You see something in her eyes 
that will haunt you forever. 

2850
02:28:28,900 --> 02:28:34,500
Not anger, or fear but pity She 
gazes at you and the other 

2851
02:28:34,500 --> 02:28:37,600
jurors with the same compassion,
she might show to Lost Children 

2852
02:28:37,600 --> 02:28:39,700
and you realize she knows 
something. 

2853
02:28:39,700 --> 02:28:44,100
You're just starting to grasp 
The Witch Trials haven't just 

2854
02:28:44,100 --> 02:28:47,000
claimed innocent victims. 
They've corrupted, everyone 

2855
02:28:47,000 --> 02:28:49,900
involved in them. 
You came into this believing you

2856
02:28:49,900 --> 02:28:52,800
were serving justice but you've 
become complicit in its 

2857
02:28:52,800 --> 02:28:55,700
opposite. 
Walking home through the Salem 

2858
02:28:55,700 --> 02:28:59,000
streets, you notice how empty 
they've become people. 

2859
02:28:59,000 --> 02:29:01,200
Harry passed each other without 
making eye contact. 

2860
02:29:01,200 --> 02:29:04,300
Afraid that any interaction 
might be misinterpreted. 

2861
02:29:04,300 --> 02:29:07,100
Any conversation might provide 
ammunition for future 

2862
02:29:07,100 --> 02:29:10,100
accusations. 
The community that once held you

2863
02:29:10,100 --> 02:29:12,200
together has dissolved into a 
collection of frightened 

2864
02:29:12,200 --> 02:29:14,700
individuals. 
Each trying to avoid becoming 

2865
02:29:14,700 --> 02:29:17,600
the next Target and you've 
helped create this atmosphere of

2866
02:29:17,600 --> 02:29:21,700
Terror one verdict at a time. 
Three months of passed since you

2867
02:29:21,700 --> 02:29:24,300
first, took your seat in the 
jury box and sell them. 

2868
02:29:24,300 --> 02:29:26,200
Barely resembles the town you 
want new. 

2869
02:29:27,100 --> 02:29:30,100
Witch Trials have transformed 
into a mechanism that consumes 

2870
02:29:30,100 --> 02:29:34,200
individuals relationships and 
Sanity with equal efficiency. 

2871
02:29:34,200 --> 02:29:37,800
You've lost count of how many 
verdicts you've delivered, but 

2872
02:29:37,800 --> 02:29:39,700
your body keeps score in 
Sleepless. 

2873
02:29:39,700 --> 02:29:43,300
Nights stress induced headaches 
and a persistent knot in your 

2874
02:29:43,300 --> 02:29:48,500
stomach, that never seems to The
most recent case, concerns Mary 

2875
02:29:48,500 --> 02:29:51,000
easty. 
Sister of Rebecca nurse. 

2876
02:29:51,000 --> 02:29:54,200
Who circumstances encapsulate? 
All the negative aspects of the 

2877
02:29:54,200 --> 02:29:56,700
trials? 
Mary has maintained her 

2878
02:29:56,700 --> 02:29:58,300
innocence throughout the 
proceedings. 

2879
02:29:59,000 --> 02:30:01,400
But she's also done something 
that shows remarkable courage 

2880
02:30:01,400 --> 02:30:03,500
and wisdom. 
She's written a petition to the 

2881
02:30:03,508 --> 02:30:06,800
court, not asking for her life, 
but pleading for the trials, to 

2882
02:30:06,800 --> 02:30:11,000
be conducted more carefully to 
prevent future injustices a 

2883
02:30:11,000 --> 02:30:13,100
petition Hans you because it's 
so reasonable. 

2884
02:30:13,100 --> 02:30:17,400
Measured and obviously correct. 
Mary acknowledges that 

2885
02:30:17,400 --> 02:30:19,900
witchcraft exists, but 
questions, whether the current 

2886
02:30:19,900 --> 02:30:23,000
methods of detecting it are 
reliable, He points out the 

2887
02:30:23,000 --> 02:30:26,600
inconsistencies in spectral 
evidence, the dangers of massive

2888
02:30:26,600 --> 02:30:29,700
stereo, and the possibility that
innocent people are dying for 

2889
02:30:29,700 --> 02:30:30,800
crimes. 
They didn't commit. 

2890
02:30:31,700 --> 02:30:34,200
It's everything you've been 
thinking, but haven't dared to 

2891
02:30:34,200 --> 02:30:37,900
say aloud reading her petition. 
You realize you've been 

2892
02:30:37,900 --> 02:30:39,800
witnessing the destruction of 
everything. 

2893
02:30:39,800 --> 02:30:43,300
You want to believed about 
Justice, communities and Truth. 

2894
02:30:44,400 --> 02:30:46,500
The trials haven't shielded 
Salem from evil. 

2895
02:30:47,300 --> 02:30:50,200
Instead they've only leashed a 
distinct form of evil, one, that

2896
02:30:50,200 --> 02:30:53,300
divides neighbors and uses 
accusations as a weapon of mass 

2897
02:30:53,300 --> 02:30:56,600
Devastation, the very people who
are supposed to be fighting. 

2898
02:30:56,600 --> 02:31:00,000
Satan have become instruments of
a different kind of Darkness. 

2899
02:31:00,000 --> 02:31:02,600
You're not the only one who's 
beginning to see the truth. 

2900
02:31:03,400 --> 02:31:06,100
Some of the other jurors are 
showing signs of Doubt, though. 

2901
02:31:06,100 --> 02:31:07,700
They're careful. 
Not to express it openly. 

2902
02:31:08,600 --> 02:31:10,800
There are whispered 
conversations about the growing 

2903
02:31:10,800 --> 02:31:14,200
implausibility of the 
accusations, quiet concerns 

2904
02:31:14,200 --> 02:31:17,600
about the accuser's motivations 
and troubled questions about the

2905
02:31:17,600 --> 02:31:19,500
reliability of spectral 
evidence. 

2906
02:31:19,500 --> 02:31:23,100
But by now, you're also deep in 
the system that backing out 

2907
02:31:23,100 --> 02:31:25,900
seems impossible. 
The social cost of changing 

2908
02:31:25,900 --> 02:31:29,000
course, would be enormous 
admitting the trials are wrong. 

2909
02:31:29,000 --> 02:31:31,900
Would mean acknowledging, that 
innocent people have died that 

2910
02:31:31,900 --> 02:31:35,000
the community has been deceived 
and that everyone involved in 

2911
02:31:35,000 --> 02:31:37,200
the proceedings has been 
complicit in a massive 

2912
02:31:37,200 --> 02:31:39,700
Injustice. 
It's easier to keep moving 

2913
02:31:39,700 --> 02:31:42,700
forward to maintain the fiction 
that what you're doing is 

2914
02:31:42,700 --> 02:31:45,500
necessary and right. 
Confront the alternative. 

2915
02:31:46,400 --> 02:31:49,000
But Mary East is petition has 
forced you to confront that 

2916
02:31:49,000 --> 02:31:51,000
alternative. 
She's going to die. 

2917
02:31:51,000 --> 02:31:54,800
You can see it in the judges 
faces here in the accusers, 

2918
02:31:54,800 --> 02:31:57,400
testimony and feel it in the 
courtrooms atmosphere. 

2919
02:31:58,200 --> 02:32:00,600
But she is using her final 
moments to try to prevent others

2920
02:32:00,600 --> 02:32:03,500
from suffering. 
The same fate, her courage makes

2921
02:32:03,500 --> 02:32:05,300
your complicity feel even more 
shameful. 

2922
02:32:06,600 --> 02:32:09,900
As you deliberate Marys case 
your struck by the realization 

2923
02:32:09,900 --> 02:32:13,600
that you've become part of a 
system that values Conformity 

2924
02:32:13,600 --> 02:32:17,700
over truth, fear over Justice, 
an accusation over evidence. 

2925
02:32:18,700 --> 02:32:21,700
You came into this believing, 
you were serving, God in 

2926
02:32:21,700 --> 02:32:24,400
community. 
But you've instead served the 

2927
02:32:24,400 --> 02:32:27,500
darker, impulses of human 
nature, the desire to blame 

2928
02:32:27,500 --> 02:32:31,300
others for our problems to find 
simple explanations for complex 

2929
02:32:31,300 --> 02:32:35,000
issues and to maintain social 
order through fear rather than 

2930
02:32:35,000 --> 02:32:37,400
Justice. 
The verdict in Mary's case is 

2931
02:32:37,400 --> 02:32:40,900
predetermined, just like all the
others, the jury's role has 

2932
02:32:40,900 --> 02:32:44,700
become purely ceremonial way of 
legitimizing decisions that have

2933
02:32:44,700 --> 02:32:47,300
already been made by judges who 
believe in the accusers 

2934
02:32:47,300 --> 02:32:51,200
infallibility and the reality of
spectral evidence, you're not 

2935
02:32:51,208 --> 02:32:54,800
engaging in a deliberative 
process instead, you are merely 

2936
02:32:54,800 --> 02:32:57,700
validating A system that has 
completely disconnected from 

2937
02:32:57,700 --> 02:33:00,700
actual Justice. 
When Mary Easter is finally 

2938
02:33:00,700 --> 02:33:03,900
executed something in Salem's 
Collective, Consciousness seems 

2939
02:33:03,900 --> 02:33:07,100
to shift. 
Her dignity and death, her 

2940
02:33:07,100 --> 02:33:10,000
reasoned petition, and the 
growing implausibility of the 

2941
02:33:10,000 --> 02:33:13,600
accusations begin to create 
cracks in the certainty that has

2942
02:33:13,600 --> 02:33:16,700
driven the trials. 
People start asking questions, 

2943
02:33:16,700 --> 02:33:19,900
they should have asked months 
ago noticing and consistence is 

2944
02:33:19,900 --> 02:33:21,300
they should have seen from the 
beginning. 

2945
02:33:21,300 --> 02:33:24,000
However, you come to this 
realization too late. 

2946
02:33:24,000 --> 02:33:27,200
You've already been part of 
condemning at least 20 people to

2947
02:33:27,200 --> 02:33:29,900
death and no amount of later 
wisdom can undo. 

2948
02:33:29,900 --> 02:33:33,100
That fact, you'll spend the rest
of your life knowing that when 

2949
02:33:33,100 --> 02:33:36,400
your community lost its mind, 
you went along with the madness.

2950
02:33:37,300 --> 02:33:40,400
And Justice needed Defenders. 
You were too frightened to speak

2951
02:33:40,400 --> 02:33:42,600
up. 
When innocent people needed your

2952
02:33:42,600 --> 02:33:46,400
courage, you chose your safety. 
Instead, The Witch Trials will 

2953
02:33:46,400 --> 02:33:50,100
eventually end discredited and 
abandoned by the same people who

2954
02:33:50,100 --> 02:33:51,800
want supported them 
enthusiastically. 

2955
02:33:52,600 --> 02:33:55,900
The accusers will recant or be 
forgotten, the judges will 

2956
02:33:55,900 --> 02:33:58,700
quietly distance themselves from
the proceedings and the 

2957
02:33:58,700 --> 02:34:01,100
community will try to move on as
if nothing happened. 

2958
02:34:01,700 --> 02:34:04,000
But for you, there will be no 
moving on. 

2959
02:34:04,000 --> 02:34:06,800
You'll carry the weight of those
verdicts forever. 

2960
02:34:06,800 --> 02:34:10,800
A reminder of how easily people 
can become complicit in 

2961
02:34:10,800 --> 02:34:12,100
extraordinary. 
Evil. 

2962
02:34:13,200 --> 02:34:15,700
Years later. 
When historians study the Salem,

2963
02:34:15,700 --> 02:34:19,600
Witch Trials, they'll focus on 
the accusers, the judges and the

2964
02:34:19,600 --> 02:34:22,100
victims. 
But, you know, the real story 

2965
02:34:22,100 --> 02:34:24,900
includes people like you 
ordinary citizens, who were 

2966
02:34:24,900 --> 02:34:28,000
swept up in events beyond their 
control and forced to make 

2967
02:34:28,000 --> 02:34:31,000
impossible choices. 
You were just trying to do your 

2968
02:34:31,000 --> 02:34:34,200
civic duty to serve your 
community and uphold Justice. 

2969
02:34:34,200 --> 02:34:37,900
Instead, you found yourself 
embroiled in one of the most 

2970
02:34:37,900 --> 02:34:41,700
tumultuous periods in American 
history, serving as a stark 

2971
02:34:41,700 --> 02:34:44,500
reminder, that. 
Good intentions can lead to dire

2972
02:34:44,500 --> 02:34:47,300
consequences. 
The trials taught you, that 

2973
02:34:47,308 --> 02:34:49,800
courage isn't just about facing 
physical danger. 

2974
02:34:49,800 --> 02:34:51,800
It's about standing up for 
truth. 

2975
02:34:51,800 --> 02:34:55,300
When everyone around you is 
abandoned, it justice isn't just

2976
02:34:55,300 --> 02:34:58,000
about following procedures. 
It's about questioning those 

2977
02:34:58,000 --> 02:35:00,300
procedures when they produce 
unjust results. 

2978
02:35:01,000 --> 02:35:04,300
Community is about protecting 
the vulnerable, even when it's 

2979
02:35:04,300 --> 02:35:08,500
inconvenient or dangerous, you 
fail those tests and Salem 

2980
02:35:08,500 --> 02:35:11,200
failed them too. 
The witch trials, succeeded in 

2981
02:35:11,200 --> 02:35:12,800
their stated goal of rooting 
out. 

2982
02:35:12,800 --> 02:35:15,500
Evil that the evil. 
They found was in the hearts of 

2983
02:35:15,500 --> 02:35:18,000
the accusers and the complicity 
of people like you. 

2984
02:35:18,000 --> 02:35:21,100
That's a lesson worth 
remembering even if it's one. 

2985
02:35:21,100 --> 02:35:22,600
You learned too late to do any 
good. 

2986
02:35:42,300 --> 02:35:45,300
The day, my old name died began 
with crows on the battlements 

2987
02:35:45,300 --> 02:35:47,300
and ended with a circuit of 
hammered gold. 

2988
02:35:47,300 --> 02:35:51,400
Pressing a red in to my brow. 
I had lived 17 Winters as a 

2989
02:35:51,400 --> 02:35:53,400
foster. 
Son Arthur was fit. 

2990
02:35:53,400 --> 02:35:56,400
Only to muck stalls at sectors 
holding in the Welsh marches. 

2991
02:35:56,400 --> 02:35:59,100
Yet here. 
I stood in a chill sunrise at 

2992
02:35:59,100 --> 02:36:03,100
Carlyle, wind off the ask 
tasting of iron filings while 

2993
02:36:03,100 --> 02:36:07,400
Lords who had never met me raise
Spears in a Heralds trumpeted 

2994
02:36:07,400 --> 02:36:10,800
pen drive and my ribs fluttered 
like a quails. 

2995
02:36:10,800 --> 02:36:13,400
I will not pretend the cheering 
Noble. 

2996
02:36:13,400 --> 02:36:16,900
It felt terrified as though a 
roaring sea had broken through 

2997
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:19,200
the courtyard gate. 
It's okay. 

2998
02:36:19,200 --> 02:36:21,300
Whispered hold the sword higher 
brother. 

2999
02:36:21,300 --> 02:36:24,800
They need to see you. 
My arms shook under the hilt, 

3000
02:36:24,800 --> 02:36:29,000
surprising heft Excalibur Merlin
called it called folk. 

3001
02:36:29,000 --> 02:36:31,900
The hard bright Cleaver had 
looked weightless in the stone, 

3002
02:36:31,900 --> 02:36:34,900
but wielded it was equal to a 
plowshare in wet, clay. 

3003
02:36:35,800 --> 02:36:38,400
A sunlight ran down, the Fuller,
the onlookers strained forward, 

3004
02:36:38,400 --> 02:36:42,600
hedge Knights, Inn patched male 
Sleek Barons whose ring smelled 

3005
02:36:42,600 --> 02:36:45,600
of civet and Barefoot children. 
Craning between guard Shields. 

3006
02:36:45,600 --> 02:36:49,500
One could map the fractures in 
Britain by their faces angles, 

3007
02:36:49,500 --> 02:36:52,700
tight lipped beside Downton 
Romano, British magistrates 

3008
02:36:52,700 --> 02:36:56,000
cimrai Hill Kings glaring at 
northumbrian envoys. 

3009
02:36:56,900 --> 02:36:58,400
All of them. 
Watched the orphan who had 

3010
02:36:58,400 --> 02:37:01,700
slipped to sword from an anvil. 
When were the men could not? 

3011
02:37:03,300 --> 02:37:06,300
That first week passed in 
parchment dust and the Clack of 

3012
02:37:06,308 --> 02:37:11,200
tally sticks, my new counselors 
educated me, mercilessly grain 

3013
02:37:11,200 --> 02:37:13,100
Levy's were overdue in the Wye 
Valley. 

3014
02:37:13,100 --> 02:37:16,500
Mercy on Raiders had burned, the
monastery of ilford and the 

3015
02:37:16,508 --> 02:37:20,400
Royalton Winchester elected 
silver for coin dies, I listened

3016
02:37:20,400 --> 02:37:22,600
numb. 
And when I spoke it was mostly 

3017
02:37:22,600 --> 02:37:26,000
to ask why, why did assault tax 
vary between counties? 

3018
02:37:26,000 --> 02:37:28,900
Why did we tie the fish to Rome?
When Rome was ashes? 

3019
02:37:29,600 --> 02:37:32,300
Each reason, produced new 
corridors of ignorance for me to

3020
02:37:32,308 --> 02:37:36,300
explore in secret. 
Knight brought no truce Merlin 

3021
02:37:36,300 --> 02:37:39,000
maddeningly, Serene met me in 
the candlelit, library of the 

3022
02:37:39,000 --> 02:37:42,200
old, Roman Basilica. 
He smelled of peat smoke and 

3023
02:37:42,200 --> 02:37:45,900
elderflower wine. 
The crown is a mask Arthur he 

3024
02:37:45,900 --> 02:37:48,300
told me while aligning Dusty 
Scrolls about irrigation. 

3025
02:37:49,200 --> 02:37:52,200
Where it too Loosely and it 
slips, where it too tightly and 

3026
02:37:52,200 --> 02:37:55,200
it blinds. 
I wanted instruction not 

3027
02:37:55,200 --> 02:37:57,700
metaphor but his lessons 
remained riddles. 

3028
02:37:57,700 --> 02:38:00,500
He had not taught me to retrieve
Excalibur for his Amusement. 

3029
02:38:00,500 --> 02:38:04,000
He met me to retrieve a future. 
No one else dared picker. 

3030
02:38:04,800 --> 02:38:08,500
Sleep refused me. 
I lay in the Solar on wolfskin, 

3031
02:38:08,500 --> 02:38:11,400
blankets, listening to the wind 
whistle through Arrow, slits, 

3032
02:38:11,400 --> 02:38:15,600
revisiting the moment, the 
blades, slid free, the scraper 

3033
02:38:15,600 --> 02:38:19,100
of metal echoed In My Memory, 
akin to a key reluctantly 

3034
02:38:19,100 --> 02:38:23,600
unlocking, a locked childhood my
pulse quick and until his door 

3035
02:38:23,600 --> 02:38:27,100
and with Dawn came fresh 
petitions, a widow from gwent 

3036
02:38:27,100 --> 02:38:30,700
begged, remission of scutch the 
gaulish Mason offered to rebuild

3037
02:38:30,700 --> 02:38:33,600
the Roman Bridge Adventure. 
If I would guarantee free toll 

3038
02:38:33,600 --> 02:38:37,900
for pilgrims, I granted both 
half from pity half because they

3039
02:38:37,900 --> 02:38:41,700
cost only my signature, On the 
seventh day, I mounted a 

3040
02:38:41,700 --> 02:38:44,200
nervous, mayor and rode the 
perimeter of carry-ons out of 

3041
02:38:44,208 --> 02:38:47,300
Palisade alone. 
Frost clung to dead Bracken 

3042
02:38:47,300 --> 02:38:49,700
missed curled. 
Between apple stumps where 

3043
02:38:49,700 --> 02:38:51,800
Orchards had been raised for 
Siege Timbers. 

3044
02:38:51,800 --> 02:38:57,500
I thought this is my acreage of 
Sorrow to tend Yet, I also saw 

3045
02:38:57,500 --> 02:39:01,300
promise Fields where spring 
barley could root of given piece

3046
02:39:01,300 --> 02:39:05,000
kills that might fire roof tiles
and of Sling stones. 

3047
02:39:05,800 --> 02:39:09,200
By the time I reigned in the sun
had melted the frost into silver

3048
02:39:09,200 --> 02:39:13,600
rivulets, hope I realized was a 
crop that required cultivation 

3049
02:39:13,600 --> 02:39:17,500
as deliberately as wheat. 
Before he even song I convened a

3050
02:39:17,500 --> 02:39:20,300
rookie Council of blacksmiths 
scribes and two Abbotts who 

3051
02:39:20,308 --> 02:39:23,600
smelled of Vellum glue. 
I invited them to become to 

3052
02:39:23,608 --> 02:39:26,500
speak first Keen to hear 
sentences and clouded by 

3053
02:39:26,500 --> 02:39:28,400
flattery. 
They were shocked into 

3054
02:39:28,400 --> 02:39:31,300
plainness. 
Smith's wanted charcoal quotas 

3055
02:39:31,300 --> 02:39:34,600
scribes wanted tariffs on 
imported Papyrus lowered and 

3056
02:39:34,600 --> 02:39:36,800
abbots wanted safe conduct for 
pilgrims. 

3057
02:39:36,800 --> 02:39:39,100
I promised, nothing recorded 
everything. 

3058
02:39:40,100 --> 02:39:43,000
When the assembly disbanded 
CiCi's, slapped my shoulder. 

3059
02:39:43,900 --> 02:39:47,500
You looked like a king, he lied.
I felt more like a bucket 

3060
02:39:47,500 --> 02:39:49,300
catching leaks in a storm 
patched roof. 

3061
02:39:50,100 --> 02:39:52,600
Still that night has rained on 
the shutters. 

3062
02:39:52,600 --> 02:39:54,500
I wrote a single line into my 
ledger. 

3063
02:39:55,000 --> 02:39:58,200
A throne is not a chair, but a 
question asked daily and that 

3064
02:39:58,200 --> 02:40:00,100
admission. 
I finally understood what Merlin

3065
02:40:00,100 --> 02:40:02,200
had meant, the mask must never 
Harden. 

3066
02:40:02,200 --> 02:40:05,200
The wearer must keep adjusting 
the fit or risk seeing nothing 

3067
02:40:05,200 --> 02:40:08,400
at all. 
By the time the crows returned 

3068
02:40:08,400 --> 02:40:10,600
to the battlements. 
I was ready to ask another 

3069
02:40:10,600 --> 02:40:13,000
question. 
What councils smelled of damp 

3070
02:40:13,000 --> 02:40:15,600
wool, horse sweat and candle 
Grease. 

3071
02:40:16,300 --> 02:40:20,100
Hours convened on a ridge of the
veil of Dort where Saxon banners

3072
02:40:20,100 --> 02:40:22,300
glittered like rows of wet 
scales in the distance. 

3073
02:40:23,300 --> 02:40:26,200
Away and sketched deployment 
arcs with a charcoal on his 

3074
02:40:26,200 --> 02:40:29,700
bucklers inside archers here. 
Heavy Spears there. 

3075
02:40:29,700 --> 02:40:33,600
Well lady Gwen heifer read out 
casualty projections, from a 

3076
02:40:33,600 --> 02:40:36,600
carved tablet. 
In that moment, I saw the round 

3077
02:40:36,600 --> 02:40:40,800
table, not as Furniture, but as 
an algebra variables shifting 

3078
02:40:40,800 --> 02:40:44,600
until valet equaled Victory, 
with minimum unknowns, we fought

3079
02:40:44,600 --> 02:40:47,300
at first light horse Frost 
crunching under Greaves. 

3080
02:40:47,300 --> 02:40:50,700
Trumpets, blew a sour brassy 
note that made my teeth hurt. 

3081
02:40:50,700 --> 02:40:55,300
I led Caledon Cavalry, Wing 200 
destriers snorting Steam. 

3082
02:40:56,100 --> 02:40:57,900
Galway in, brilliant and 
Reckless. 

3083
02:40:57,900 --> 02:41:01,600
Angled the Infantry Phalanx 15 
degrees off the expected access 

3084
02:41:01,600 --> 02:41:05,000
the Saxons, Miss read The Faint 
plunging. 

3085
02:41:05,000 --> 02:41:07,900
Into our kill pocket. 
Where she crowned their footing 

3086
02:41:08,900 --> 02:41:12,700
the real Slaughter though 
occurred at the Ford of barn K 

3087
02:41:12,700 --> 02:41:16,100
blocked it with a shield wall 
three men thick forcing enemy 

3088
02:41:16,100 --> 02:41:18,800
cohorts East where our Slingers 
perched among Leaf, bear 

3089
02:41:18,800 --> 02:41:23,000
holders, Stones whistled 
helmets, dented by noon. 

3090
02:41:23,000 --> 02:41:25,200
The river was pinkish yet 
Triumph. 

3091
02:41:25,200 --> 02:41:28,100
Tasted metallic. 
I walked among the Fallen 

3092
02:41:28,100 --> 02:41:31,500
wearing a surgeons Grimace. 
Instructing Squires to bind the 

3093
02:41:31,500 --> 02:41:33,100
wounded regardless of 
Allegiance. 

3094
02:41:34,100 --> 02:41:36,500
A captured Saxon boy. 
No older than 12. 

3095
02:41:36,500 --> 02:41:38,700
Tried to spit at me but produced
only blood. 

3096
02:41:39,500 --> 02:41:41,500
Holding his gaze, I ordered 
bandages. 

3097
02:41:41,500 --> 02:41:45,200
Mercy as harder than steel, it 
resists tempering and bends 

3098
02:41:45,200 --> 02:41:47,700
toward for Teague. 
My captain muttered. 

3099
02:41:47,700 --> 02:41:50,400
I was naive. 
I reminded them that a 

3100
02:41:50,400 --> 02:41:53,100
terrorized enemy often regroups 
in the dark while a respected 

3101
02:41:53,100 --> 02:41:54,900
one. 
Hesitates before we crossing the

3102
02:41:54,900 --> 02:41:58,800
border Afterward we quartered in
a half ruined Roman Amphitheater

3103
02:41:58,800 --> 02:42:01,800
nearby. 
The curved seating became crude 

3104
02:42:01,800 --> 02:42:04,500
barracks. 
Rain filtered through collapsed 

3105
02:42:04,500 --> 02:42:07,200
vaults pooling in the arena 
where Gladiators once bled, 

3106
02:42:07,200 --> 02:42:10,500
under Imperial Applause. 
I addressed the fighters from 

3107
02:42:10,500 --> 02:42:14,200
the old Emperor's box, what we 
win in fear, we lose and Seasons

3108
02:42:14,200 --> 02:42:18,600
to come rule by respect and we 
plant Hedges and no sword can 

3109
02:42:18,600 --> 02:42:23,300
sheer Some nodded some scoffed, 
but the words lodged like seeds,

3110
02:42:23,300 --> 02:42:25,500
the campaign dragged into 
winter. 

3111
02:42:26,300 --> 02:42:28,400
We learned to move on Frozen 
Ground. 

3112
02:42:28,400 --> 02:42:31,900
Sledging supplies on ox-drawn 
travois. 

3113
02:42:33,000 --> 02:42:34,800
My gauntlets cracked from the 
cold. 

3114
02:42:34,800 --> 02:42:38,100
The smell of pine pitch. 
Replaced blossom in my memory. 

3115
02:42:39,400 --> 02:42:42,600
On Solstice Eve snow swirling 
like ghosts feathers. 

3116
02:42:42,600 --> 02:42:46,500
I found Merlin Alone by a ruined
Milestone reciting a fragment of

3117
02:42:46,500 --> 02:42:52,300
Virgil about husbandry Even 
Empires, he murdered beginners 

3118
02:42:52,300 --> 02:42:54,500
fences to keep goats from eating
winter, wheat. 

3119
02:42:55,700 --> 02:42:58,400
I laughed despite for Teague, he
never preached. 

3120
02:42:58,400 --> 02:43:02,600
He implied. 
By Spring piece, chatter reached

3121
02:43:02,600 --> 02:43:06,100
us from Saxon invoice. 
I drafted terms on scrap. 

3122
02:43:06,100 --> 02:43:10,100
Sheepskin a boundary set of the 
Limestone Ridge hostages 

3123
02:43:10,100 --> 02:43:13,100
exchanged but treated as honored
guests, an intermarriage 

3124
02:43:13,100 --> 02:43:16,900
encouraged to weld, Bloodlines 
bristled wanting. 

3125
02:43:16,900 --> 02:43:21,500
A punitive March when wife are 
ever pragmatic pointed out. 

3126
02:43:21,500 --> 02:43:25,300
We lacked Surplus grain to feed 
Concord households, the council 

3127
02:43:25,300 --> 02:43:27,200
split until I invoked the 
fording. 

3128
02:43:27,200 --> 02:43:30,500
Seen how are Mercy had softened 
Saxon resolve? 

3129
02:43:30,500 --> 02:43:33,600
Reluctantly they consented 
signing. 

3130
02:43:33,600 --> 02:43:36,600
The treaty took place in a smoky
Timber Hall north of the new 

3131
02:43:36,600 --> 02:43:39,200
border. 
Both sides, brought bards to 

3132
02:43:39,208 --> 02:43:42,900
witness a classed. 
Four arms with the oldrid a war 

3133
02:43:42,900 --> 02:43:47,100
cautious, Alderman, whose beard 
to Mead, he muttered, your sword

3134
02:43:47,100 --> 02:43:51,400
could have drunk deeper. 
I replied but your grandchildren

3135
02:43:51,400 --> 02:43:53,500
will sip cider. 
In Orchards, we did not burn. 

3136
02:43:54,300 --> 02:43:57,900
His belly laugh, rattled roof, 
beams alliances sometimes. 

3137
02:43:57,900 --> 02:44:01,000
Germinate in unexpected soil. 
In the months. 

3138
02:44:01,000 --> 02:44:05,000
After the veil of Dortmund under
truce, a requisition stone 

3139
02:44:05,000 --> 02:44:09,100
masons to repairs reopened, 
Roman calls ways and established

3140
02:44:09,100 --> 02:44:11,900
a bilingual Toll House. 
Where Ernst while enemies 

3141
02:44:11,900 --> 02:44:14,900
haggled over salt weight using 
standardized counter stones 

3142
02:44:15,800 --> 02:44:19,700
Commerce often clenches, what 
diplomacy initiates seeing Saxon

3143
02:44:19,700 --> 02:44:22,800
Traders bow to simeri, Clark's 
over tariffs receipts thrilled 

3144
02:44:22,800 --> 02:44:26,300
me as much as any martial cheer 
privately arrested nightmare's. 

3145
02:44:26,300 --> 02:44:29,500
Blood slick reads dying boys 
with accents. 

3146
02:44:29,500 --> 02:44:32,500
I barely understood and my crown
dipped in Gore. 

3147
02:44:33,300 --> 02:44:36,800
When wife are family pacing 
ramparts emerged prayer, I 

3148
02:44:36,800 --> 02:44:42,600
preferred ledgers it walks lost 
plowshares orphan's and force 

3149
02:44:42,600 --> 02:44:45,400
the numbers to speak. 
They said moderation was cheaper

3150
02:44:45,400 --> 02:44:46,900
than Triumph. 
They never lied. 

3151
02:44:48,000 --> 02:44:50,500
One damp morning, while all over
the quartermaster complained 

3152
02:44:50,500 --> 02:44:54,100
about winding pitcher's. 
A courier arrived bearing, a 

3153
02:44:54,100 --> 02:44:57,500
wreath of rivers from IDR to the
king who water's piece? 

3154
02:44:58,400 --> 02:45:01,000
I pinned it in the council 
chamber above our campaign map, 

3155
02:45:01,000 --> 02:45:05,000
some mocked The Rustic token, 
others touched it like a relic 

3156
02:45:05,000 --> 02:45:07,300
for me. 
It represented both a reminder 

3157
02:45:07,300 --> 02:45:10,800
that swords and battles and a 
recognition that agreements and 

3158
02:45:10,800 --> 02:45:12,800
Wars. 
Thus my second year of kingship 

3159
02:45:12,800 --> 02:45:15,700
closed, not with the coronation 
Feast, but with an accounting 

3160
02:45:15,700 --> 02:45:18,200
Ledger and a wreath made by a 
form of foe. 

3161
02:45:18,200 --> 02:45:21,100
I slept soundly that night for 
the first time since lifting. 

3162
02:45:21,100 --> 02:45:23,300
The blade Camelot was never 
marble. 

3163
02:45:23,300 --> 02:45:27,300
It was coarse Sandstone sweating
like an scaffolds creaking like 

3164
02:45:27,300 --> 02:45:30,100
old knees. 
Yet visitors entering its 

3165
02:45:30,100 --> 02:45:33,200
magnificent Hall, felt something
rare, the geometry of 

3166
02:45:33,200 --> 02:45:36,900
Fellowship. 
Round tables, contrary to gossip

3167
02:45:36,900 --> 02:45:39,800
a terrible for hierarchy and 
perfect for Canada. 

3168
02:45:40,800 --> 02:45:43,900
My Smith's forged a 30-seat 
monster from Oak and riveted 

3169
02:45:43,900 --> 02:45:47,500
iron bands. 
It smelled of resin and Reign on

3170
02:45:47,500 --> 02:45:48,800
the day. 
We slided into place. 

3171
02:45:48,800 --> 02:45:51,900
The crack it made across the 
flagstone felt like a Nell 

3172
02:45:51,900 --> 02:45:55,100
tolling for privilege. 
Within a month debates at that 

3173
02:45:55,100 --> 02:45:58,400
board range from Maritime 
tariffs to whether owls could 

3174
02:45:58,400 --> 02:46:01,400
predict Frost. 
So bede sighted older ring 

3175
02:46:01,400 --> 02:46:04,900
thickness, charts Dame rianon 
cross checking dockets from 

3176
02:46:04,900 --> 02:46:08,200
Cornish ports. 
Laughter flared, daggers flashed

3177
02:46:08,200 --> 02:46:11,600
into tabletops for emphasis but 
each voice found equal purchase 

3178
02:46:12,700 --> 02:46:16,100
I learned to moderate like a 
choir Master coaxing Melody from

3179
02:46:16,100 --> 02:46:18,700
an opinion. 
Court politics. 

3180
02:46:18,700 --> 02:46:22,300
I discovered is less dual than 
duet themes. 

3181
02:46:22,300 --> 02:46:26,200
Offered harmonies tested Discord
resolved or embraced as 

3182
02:46:26,200 --> 02:46:30,300
Counterpoint Social experiments.
However, breed social 

3183
02:46:30,300 --> 02:46:32,800
consequences. 
My Barron's grumbled that 

3184
02:46:32,800 --> 02:46:35,200
Franklin Farmers. 
Now sucked alongside them during

3185
02:46:35,200 --> 02:46:39,900
Harvest councils one sneered 
that peasants of manure, a 

3186
02:46:39,900 --> 02:46:42,300
replied sweetly. 
So does the Earth we all depend 

3187
02:46:42,300 --> 02:46:45,300
on? 
The rotor turned, silent respect

3188
02:46:45,300 --> 02:46:49,500
and Silent enemies soon. 
Anonymous leaflets with still 

3189
02:46:49,500 --> 02:46:52,300
tacky ink. 
Accused me of hobnobbing with 

3190
02:46:52,300 --> 02:46:55,800
swine herds while. 
I neglected Noble Bloodlines I 

3191
02:46:55,800 --> 02:46:59,700
left the pamphlets tacked to 
gate-posts nothing defanged like

3192
02:46:59,700 --> 02:47:02,600
daylight. 
Domestic alliances formed in 

3193
02:47:02,600 --> 02:47:05,500
subtler currents when we first 
established a guild of 

3194
02:47:05,500 --> 02:47:08,300
herbalists recruiting peasant 
women whose willow bark 

3195
02:47:08,300 --> 02:47:10,600
tinctures. 
Outperformed monastic craft 

3196
02:47:10,600 --> 02:47:14,500
nights wounded in jousts, found 
themselves with policies, 

3197
02:47:14,500 --> 02:47:17,400
prepared by hands. 
They want to dismissed heeling, 

3198
02:47:17,400 --> 02:47:19,500
unlike War proved in different 
to pedigree. 

3199
02:47:20,400 --> 02:47:23,300
Watching the queen, Neil beside 
a Tanner's daughter grinding. 

3200
02:47:23,300 --> 02:47:26,900
Sage into Salve reminded me. 
Governance can bloom at ground 

3201
02:47:26,900 --> 02:47:30,000
level evening's rippled with 
soft injuries. 

3202
02:47:30,000 --> 02:47:34,300
Minstrels sang Retton, lays 
jugglers, tossed iron apples, 

3203
02:47:34,300 --> 02:47:38,700
Lance Lot brighter on new steel 
LED sparring exhibitions that 

3204
02:47:38,700 --> 02:47:42,100
Drew appreciative gasps. 
My admiration for him was a 

3205
02:47:42,108 --> 02:47:45,600
delicate balance. 
I felt pride in having a fierce 

3206
02:47:45,600 --> 02:47:49,600
comrade, but also unease at the 
way Gwen hefar eyes Shone like 

3207
02:47:49,600 --> 02:47:53,600
Moonlight, when Lancelot bowed I
told myself trust is stronger 

3208
02:47:53,600 --> 02:47:56,700
than jealousy. 
My heart argued, otherwise, in 

3209
02:47:56,700 --> 02:47:59,700
Sleepless Whispers. 
I commissioned a scriptorium, 

3210
02:47:59,700 --> 02:48:03,300
hiring Greek copyists formerly. 
Marooned in Exeter, by piracy 

3211
02:48:03,300 --> 02:48:07,000
they illuminated legal codices, 
with Celadon, inks rendering 

3212
02:48:07,000 --> 02:48:11,400
statutes, almost luminous. 
Literacy rates crept upward the 

3213
02:48:11,400 --> 02:48:14,000
stewards demanded to read 
decrees rather than memorize 

3214
02:48:14,000 --> 02:48:16,300
them. 
When a reef from Devon 

3215
02:48:16,300 --> 02:48:19,000
petitioned, for the right to 
cite code, in a land dispute and

3216
02:48:19,000 --> 02:48:23,700
won the cheers in the hall out. 
Shown any tournament raw words, 

3217
02:48:23,700 --> 02:48:26,900
became both weapons and Shields 
and every child who learned to 

3218
02:48:26,900 --> 02:48:30,000
etch letters into wax inherited 
a small amount of power. 

3219
02:48:30,000 --> 02:48:35,400
Religion, that Restless Fox 
proud, our hands emerys urged 

3220
02:48:35,400 --> 02:48:39,200
higher tithes Druids insisted 
the Spring Equinox, remain a 

3221
02:48:39,200 --> 02:48:42,500
feast day. 
My compromise dual calendars 

3222
02:48:42,500 --> 02:48:45,400
duel. 
The offerings did not fully 

3223
02:48:45,400 --> 02:48:49,400
satisfy the sect, but they 
helped to prevent riots Unity. 

3224
02:48:49,400 --> 02:48:53,200
I learned is not homogeneity. 
It is The Artful overlap of 

3225
02:48:53,200 --> 02:48:56,800
dissimilar circles. 
Berlin called it interlaced 

3226
02:48:56,800 --> 02:49:00,600
sovereignty like Celtic knotwork
where strands meet part and meet

3227
02:49:00,600 --> 02:49:03,500
again without severing. 
Still friction sparked. 

3228
02:49:03,500 --> 02:49:06,700
When a night struck a surface. 
Stepping on his cloak I hold the

3229
02:49:06,700 --> 02:49:09,900
offender before the round table 
and find him triple the annual 

3230
02:49:09,900 --> 02:49:13,100
grain tribute. 
He collected Outrage Roar. 

3231
02:49:13,100 --> 02:49:17,200
Among old families, peasants 
toasted inside a Lofts Justice 

3232
02:49:17,200 --> 02:49:18,900
though. 
Blind is rarely silent. 

3233
02:49:19,700 --> 02:49:22,200
Between crises, I sought quiet 
with Gwen with far in the 

3234
02:49:22,200 --> 02:49:25,100
orchard Courtyard where our 
first Apple crop dangled. 

3235
02:49:25,800 --> 02:49:31,400
She confessed fear of plague 
Invasion and her childlessness I

3236
02:49:31,400 --> 02:49:34,700
confessed fear of a kingdom 
boyed by my Charisma rather than

3237
02:49:34,700 --> 02:49:38,100
structural strength. 
Charisma dies when she said. 

3238
02:49:38,100 --> 02:49:43,200
So do King's We resolved to 
embed redundancies delegate 

3239
02:49:43,200 --> 02:49:46,100
treasury to 3 Coast stewards, 
rotate militia. 

3240
02:49:46,100 --> 02:49:48,400
Captain's quarterly and copy 
archives. 

3241
02:49:48,400 --> 02:49:51,900
Scrolls in triplicate, we 
decided to govern by scaffolding

3242
02:49:51,900 --> 02:49:56,100
not by personality one, Amber 
dusk Troubadours, rehearsed to 

3243
02:49:56,100 --> 02:50:01,500
Ballard calling me Rex, futura's
Once and Future King, the phrase

3244
02:50:01,500 --> 02:50:03,000
sent a cold shiver along my 
spine. 

3245
02:50:03,000 --> 02:50:07,200
Legends petrified living men 
into symbols, symbols risk, 

3246
02:50:07,200 --> 02:50:10,300
shattering under inquiry. 
I walked out before they could 

3247
02:50:10,300 --> 02:50:13,900
finish and spent the night in 
the Smithy helping shop and size

3248
02:50:13,900 --> 02:50:18,200
for Harvest volunteers. 
Sparks bit my sleeves, iron rang

3249
02:50:18,200 --> 02:50:20,600
in my bones. 
Real kingship. 

3250
02:50:20,600 --> 02:50:23,600
I reminded myself smelled not of
incense, but of hot metal and 

3251
02:50:23,600 --> 02:50:27,300
tough questions as Autumn fog. 
Muffled Camelot, I watched 

3252
02:50:27,300 --> 02:50:30,500
Raven's pinwheel over parapets, 
they're called sounded like 

3253
02:50:30,500 --> 02:50:33,000
quarrels from a distance like 
council at close range. 

3254
02:50:33,000 --> 02:50:36,700
I listened for patterns. 
Hoping that amidst the cause and

3255
02:50:36,700 --> 02:50:39,400
Council squabbles. 
I could still discern the rhythm

3256
02:50:39,400 --> 02:50:42,600
of the realm chaotic diverse and
vibrant love. 

3257
02:50:42,600 --> 02:50:45,000
When braided with rulership 
phrase at stress points. 

3258
02:50:45,000 --> 02:50:48,200
I learned the truth, the night. 
When we fared to return from 

3259
02:50:48,200 --> 02:50:51,800
Vespers Lantern in hand, I 
combed The Cloisters until dawn 

3260
02:50:51,800 --> 02:50:53,400
finding only Footprints and 
Stone. 

3261
02:50:53,400 --> 02:50:56,700
Cold beeswax. 
She reappeared at Sunrise cloak 

3262
02:50:56,700 --> 02:50:58,800
damp. 
Claiming prayer had carried her 

3263
02:50:58,800 --> 02:51:01,500
Beyond time. 
I believed her until a squire. 

3264
02:51:01,500 --> 02:51:04,200
Whispered of Lance. 
Lots horse seemed tethered near 

3265
02:51:04,200 --> 02:51:07,500
the aqueduct ruins jealousy, can
outpace any charger. 

3266
02:51:08,500 --> 02:51:10,600
That morning. 
I presided over petitions with 

3267
02:51:10,600 --> 02:51:13,100
iron politeness but parchment 
edges. 

3268
02:51:13,100 --> 02:51:16,700
Shredded, under my grip rumors 
possess a multi-faceted nature. 

3269
02:51:17,700 --> 02:51:20,400
Spilled cup in the refectory 
became proof of an adulterous 

3270
02:51:20,400 --> 02:51:23,500
packed. 
A misfiled stable roster mutated

3271
02:51:23,500 --> 02:51:27,300
into clandestine Rondo. 
I addressed none directly hoping

3272
02:51:27,300 --> 02:51:32,500
discretion might starve 
speculation instead it Plants a 

3273
02:51:32,500 --> 02:51:35,600
lot avoided my gaze during Lance
drills, gwent with our busy 

3274
02:51:35,600 --> 02:51:39,900
herself in the herb garden. 
I is rimmed red Merlin sensing 

3275
02:51:39,900 --> 02:51:43,300
fracture suggested, a pilgrimage
to Saint Albans for conjugal 

3276
02:51:43,300 --> 02:51:47,100
renewal, I nearly laughed 
miracles of the Sacred spring 

3277
02:51:47,100 --> 02:51:51,000
would not meant brittle. 
Trust War interrupted scandal. 

3278
02:51:51,500 --> 02:51:54,700
Pictish raids harried, our 
Northern Garrison's, forcing A 

3279
02:51:54,700 --> 02:51:59,800
muster at Hadrian's broken wall.
In frigid drizzle, I marched 

3280
02:51:59,800 --> 02:52:01,800
alongside Lancelot sharing 
campfire. 

3281
02:52:01,800 --> 02:52:05,600
Silences men, sharp and Seahawks
blades on the eve of Engagement.

3282
02:52:05,600 --> 02:52:08,900
He finally spoke My loyalty is 
yours. 

3283
02:52:08,900 --> 02:52:11,900
You whispered, his voice is Roar
as peat smoke. 

3284
02:52:12,700 --> 02:52:16,000
I wish he had said, affection or
even desire words that might 

3285
02:52:16,000 --> 02:52:18,100
name the shadow between us 
instead. 

3286
02:52:18,100 --> 02:52:21,200
Loyalty that slippery, coin, 
rolled into darkness. 

3287
02:52:22,100 --> 02:52:26,200
Battle against the picts, proved
brutal that brief the skirmishes

3288
02:52:26,200 --> 02:52:28,100
scattered. 
After our heavy horse, flanked 

3289
02:52:28,100 --> 02:52:31,800
them through Misty Birch copses,
the victory, did not alleviate 

3290
02:52:31,800 --> 02:52:35,200
my emotions on return. 
I found Gwen heifer pale and 

3291
02:52:35,200 --> 02:52:37,800
fevered. 
She had miscarried a secret 

3292
02:52:37,800 --> 02:52:39,500
child. 
I'd never known she carried 

3293
02:52:39,500 --> 02:52:43,900
grief, welded us strangely, wept
together beneath quilts, while 

3294
02:52:43,900 --> 02:52:47,000
rain scratched, the shutters 
like quills scripting tragedy 

3295
02:52:47,900 --> 02:52:50,400
Suspicion for a while. 
Drowned beneath shared loss. 

3296
02:52:50,400 --> 02:52:53,400
Caught however has no patience 
for the private Mourning. 

3297
02:52:54,100 --> 02:52:57,000
Accuses soon, hissed that the 
Lost Bay bore, not Pendragon 

3298
02:52:57,000 --> 02:53:00,300
blood, but lancelots inferior. 
I convened, a closed. 

3299
02:53:00,300 --> 02:53:03,800
Tribunal Gawain Morgan and 
Damian as adjudicators. 

3300
02:53:04,500 --> 02:53:06,800
Evidence. 
Proved vaporous, testimony 

3301
02:53:06,800 --> 02:53:10,600
colored by Envy the panel. 
Dismissed charges yet. 

3302
02:53:10,600 --> 02:53:12,400
Acquittal cannot erase 
insinuation. 

3303
02:53:12,400 --> 02:53:16,900
Lancelot requested leave for 
solitary Penance Gwen, heifer, 

3304
02:53:16,900 --> 02:53:19,500
prayed daily in the Chapel's 
darkest Niche. 

3305
02:53:19,500 --> 02:53:23,600
A hairline crack in the kingdoms
found like frost under paint. 

3306
02:53:24,500 --> 02:53:28,000
Politics sensed weakness 
Mordred, by nephew fostered at 

3307
02:53:28,000 --> 02:53:30,400
court began. 
Cultivating malcontents 

3308
02:53:30,400 --> 02:53:34,700
dispossessed, Baron's and dead 
bird, and Merchants his rhetoric

3309
02:53:34,700 --> 02:53:39,500
skewered my galatian reforms 
Arthur feeds peasant's Stars 

3310
02:53:39,500 --> 02:53:42,400
chivalry, Listening from behind 
a tapestry. 

3311
02:53:42,400 --> 02:53:46,000
I recognized hunger in his tone,
not for justice, but for my 

3312
02:53:46,000 --> 02:53:50,100
Throne betrayal by Blood weighed
heavier than adult trees, rumor 

3313
02:53:50,100 --> 02:53:53,800
yet I hesitated public reprimand
might matter him. 

3314
02:53:54,500 --> 02:53:57,800
I sought Merlin's council at 
midnight under a sky braised by 

3315
02:53:57,800 --> 02:54:00,500
Aurora. 
He traced constellation in the 

3316
02:54:00,500 --> 02:54:04,300
frost on the parapet The king 
must prune to save the orchard. 

3317
02:54:04,300 --> 02:54:08,700
He said, but not all blossoms. 
You severe weeds his riddles, 

3318
02:54:08,700 --> 02:54:12,000
once Charming now, exhausted me.
Snapped. 

3319
02:54:12,000 --> 02:54:15,300
Speak by our speak plainly. 
He touched my shoulder 

3320
02:54:15,300 --> 02:54:19,100
weightless, pitying. 
Find the true route he answered 

3321
02:54:19,100 --> 02:54:23,800
or what will climb trunk and 
fruit alike. the next day I 

3322
02:54:23,800 --> 02:54:27,100
ordered a tournament to channel 
courtly aggression jousts, 

3323
02:54:27,100 --> 02:54:30,400
clanged banners snapped and the 
populace roared approval, 

3324
02:54:30,408 --> 02:54:34,600
Lancelot newly returned 
unseated, every Challenger until

3325
02:54:34,600 --> 02:54:38,000
only Mordred remained Their 
final pass ended in a 

3326
02:54:38,000 --> 02:54:41,800
splintering collision. 
Mordred toppled lancelot's Lance

3327
02:54:41,800 --> 02:54:45,700
buried in Turf, cheers erupted 
but Mordred Rose grinning blood 

3328
02:54:45,700 --> 02:54:48,000
on his lip. 
Behold your Champion. 

3329
02:54:48,000 --> 02:54:51,300
He called to the stands, friend,
to Queen and King alike. 

3330
02:54:52,400 --> 02:54:54,800
Applause. 
Faltered suspicion, rekindled, 

3331
02:54:54,800 --> 02:54:58,400
the acclaimed seemed to Exile. 
Lance a lot as he bowed stiffly 

3332
02:54:58,400 --> 02:55:01,400
and left the field. 
That evening, I stared into a 

3333
02:55:01,400 --> 02:55:04,400
silver base in watching, 
Torchlight Ripple across water, 

3334
02:55:04,400 --> 02:55:07,600
like molten doubt. 
Choices presented themselves. 

3335
02:55:07,600 --> 02:55:11,900
Like Duelists exposed the affair
and risk civil fracture swallow,

3336
02:55:11,900 --> 02:55:14,700
pride, and risk. 
Moral, Decay, or punish rumor 

3337
02:55:14,700 --> 02:55:18,300
and risk tyranny. 
None felt Royal all felt human 

3338
02:55:18,300 --> 02:55:22,000
in the end, I chose delay 
believe in time could cauterize 

3339
02:55:22,000 --> 02:55:24,600
wounds history, would call that 
indecision. 

3340
02:55:25,400 --> 02:55:28,900
Yet in that moment. 
I was still the boy of 17 a 

3341
02:55:28,900 --> 02:55:31,400
crown too big calculating that 
love. 

3342
02:55:31,400 --> 02:55:34,700
Even bruised was lighter to Bear
than bloodshed. 

3343
02:55:35,500 --> 02:55:38,900
A clasped the circlet straighten
my spine and prepared for 

3344
02:55:38,900 --> 02:55:41,100
whatever Scabbard Destiny would 
draw next. 

3345
02:55:41,100 --> 02:55:44,100
Not every Saga. 
Rule is wrought in steel. 

3346
02:55:44,100 --> 02:55:48,100
Many unfold in Bali. 
Three Summers after the picture 

3347
02:55:48,100 --> 02:55:52,000
of drought crisped, the Midlands
streams, shrank to Pebble 

3348
02:55:52,000 --> 02:55:54,100
staircases and sheep nibbled 
dust. 

3349
02:55:55,600 --> 02:55:57,400
My Granary ledgers played red 
ink. 

3350
02:55:58,100 --> 02:56:00,700
Famine is a slower blade than 
War but kills ass. 

3351
02:56:00,700 --> 02:56:04,500
Surely I summoned economists 
though, we lack that word for 

3352
02:56:04,500 --> 02:56:08,600
emergency Council. 
Away in pragmatic as ever the 

3353
02:56:08,600 --> 02:56:12,200
vice seasoning Surplus from 
hoarding, Baron's Gwen Wi-Fi 

3354
02:56:12,200 --> 02:56:15,900
proposed seed, grants and 
communal Mills Lancelot recently

3355
02:56:15,900 --> 02:56:19,100
returned from self-imposed Exile
offered to a sport relief. 

3356
02:56:19,100 --> 02:56:24,100
Convoys, a mid logistical 
squabbling among named Galion 

3357
02:56:24,100 --> 02:56:26,400
arrived, bearing Tales of a 
relic. 

3358
02:56:27,000 --> 02:56:32,000
A chalice reputed to refill in 
exhaustively a Grail to lay 

3359
02:56:32,000 --> 02:56:34,900
hidden in the ruined Valley of 
Anar guarded by faith rather 

3360
02:56:34,900 --> 02:56:37,900
than fortification. 
Hungry people, overhearing 

3361
02:56:37,900 --> 02:56:40,600
seized upon myth. 
The way parched lips. 

3362
02:56:40,600 --> 02:56:44,200
Cling to Dream Water soon. 
Pilgrims clogged Crossroads, 

3363
02:56:44,200 --> 02:56:46,700
abandoning plows and Plumb lines
to search. 

3364
02:56:46,700 --> 02:56:49,800
Holy gullies, grain yields 
plummeted further. 

3365
02:56:50,400 --> 02:56:54,500
I recognized danger, scarcity 
breeds credulity credulity 

3366
02:56:54,500 --> 02:56:57,400
baguettes chaos yet. 
I also recognized narrative 

3367
02:56:57,400 --> 02:57:00,100
power. 
Merlin once said, stories are 

3368
02:57:00,100 --> 02:57:02,000
scaffolds humans climb to reach 
outcomes. 

3369
02:57:02,000 --> 02:57:05,800
Reason alone, cannot fetch. 
So I sanctioned and exploratory 

3370
02:57:05,800 --> 02:57:08,900
Quest not to chase Miracles but 
to restore Focus. 

3371
02:57:08,900 --> 02:57:12,200
Lancelot would lead. 
Galion would guide. 

3372
02:57:12,200 --> 02:57:15,600
I would underwrite supplies 
behind closed doors. 

3373
02:57:15,600 --> 02:57:20,800
I told them returned with truth.
Knot Talisman truth sells dear 

3374
02:57:20,800 --> 02:57:24,000
in famine. 
They departed in Midsomer while 

3375
02:57:24,000 --> 02:57:26,100
I remained to wrestle 
spreadsheets of Oats vs 

3376
02:57:26,100 --> 02:57:28,700
population. 
I dispatched Riders to 

3377
02:57:28,700 --> 02:57:32,000
confiscate hordes at Cost Plus 
10% a fair premium. 

3378
02:57:32,800 --> 02:57:38,000
Barons bought cayenne forced 
wagons rolled At night, I walked

3379
02:57:38,000 --> 02:57:41,100
in cognito through Village 
alehouses, listening to Whispers

3380
02:57:41,100 --> 02:57:44,900
some cursed me as a grain. 
The thief others blessed me for 

3381
02:57:44,900 --> 02:57:48,700
flatbread still warm in ovens 
approval, I learned is never 

3382
02:57:48,700 --> 02:57:51,600
unanimous. 
Effective policy, quarts, equal,

3383
02:57:51,600 --> 02:57:54,800
praise and Scorn. 
Meanwhile Gwen were far 

3384
02:57:54,800 --> 02:57:57,700
organized spinning circles where
Idle Hands produced linen to 

3385
02:57:57,700 --> 02:58:01,000
trade for imported Rye. 
The queen who wants orchestrated

3386
02:58:01,000 --> 02:58:03,600
loot recitals. 
Now barter give thread counts 

3387
02:58:03,600 --> 02:58:07,800
against caloric, yield Her eyes,
lost some brightness, but gained

3388
02:58:07,800 --> 02:58:10,900
steadiness partnership. 
We discovered a new could 

3389
02:58:10,900 --> 02:58:14,000
transcend Romance. 
In Autumn requesting party 

3390
02:58:14,000 --> 02:58:17,300
returned, gaunt, Mud Street and 
empty-handed. 

3391
02:58:17,300 --> 02:58:20,400
They found no Grail. 
Instead they discovered a 

3392
02:58:20,400 --> 02:58:23,500
collapsed Monastery Library 
where architectural fragments 

3393
02:58:23,500 --> 02:58:26,500
indicated that Roman aqueduct 
channels had rerouted spring 

3394
02:58:26,500 --> 02:58:30,000
water underground Galleon wept. 
His faith. 

3395
02:58:30,000 --> 02:58:35,300
Cracked Lancelot. 
Slab of marble etched with Latin

3396
02:58:35,300 --> 02:58:39,300
reading awkward, doctor vivifica
drawn water, brings life was 

3397
02:58:39,300 --> 02:58:42,600
prophet before me. 
We found an engineering Marvel. 

3398
02:58:42,600 --> 02:58:44,400
He murmured. 
Not a miracle. 

3399
02:58:46,000 --> 02:58:49,000
I hugged him publicly declaring 
the inscription, a holy message,

3400
02:58:49,000 --> 02:58:53,000
directing us to practical 
salvation We mobilize Masons to 

3401
02:58:53,000 --> 02:58:54,900
rehabilitate those Subterranean 
channels. 

3402
02:58:55,800 --> 02:58:58,900
When water surface, again in 
frosted Fields gallium 

3403
02:58:58,900 --> 02:59:02,300
proclaimed, its sign enough, 
pilgrims return to plows barley.

3404
02:59:02,300 --> 02:59:06,500
Germinated in rescue to soil 
famine abated, not by chalice, 

3405
02:59:06,500 --> 02:59:10,900
but by Limestone, Oliver Bridge 
and labor still barred sang of a

3406
02:59:10,900 --> 02:59:13,800
Grail uncovered. 
Hope prefers cup imagery to 

3407
02:59:13,800 --> 02:59:16,100
culverts. 
I let the myths stand. 

3408
02:59:17,300 --> 02:59:19,900
If people sleep easier, 
believing Providence favored 

3409
02:59:19,900 --> 02:59:21,300
them. 
Let them dream. 

3410
02:59:22,300 --> 02:59:24,300
The grain crisis taught me 
economy. 

3411
02:59:24,300 --> 02:59:27,600
Nomics is theology wrapped in 
numbers to feed bodies. 

3412
02:59:27,600 --> 02:59:30,100
We must first feed belief 
belief. 

3413
02:59:30,100 --> 02:59:33,500
That tomorrow's loaf exists 
without that Trust coin Hoards 

3414
02:59:33,500 --> 02:59:36,200
Vault upward like drawbridges 
cutting off circulation. 

3415
02:59:37,300 --> 02:59:41,000
The Roundtable issued, the first
bred depository notes parchment.

3416
02:59:41,000 --> 02:59:44,100
Chits guaranteeing a fixed 
ration, redeemable in any County

3417
02:59:44,100 --> 02:59:47,500
Granary some Scholars called it.
Proto currently. 

3418
02:59:47,500 --> 02:59:49,700
Peasants called it Arthur's 
word. 

3419
02:59:49,700 --> 02:59:53,800
In either tongue famine loosened
its grip during the Harvest 

3420
02:59:53,800 --> 02:59:55,500
Festival. 
I addressed the gathered throng 

3421
02:59:55,500 --> 02:59:59,600
beneath bundled Chiefs stacked 
like copper obelisks The Grail. 

3422
02:59:59,600 --> 03:00:02,400
We saw it. 
I said, proved to be the will to

3423
03:00:02,400 --> 03:00:05,700
work together. 
Skeptical grunts mixed with 

3424
03:00:05,700 --> 03:00:08,000
cheers but I sensed a new tone 
in the crowd. 

3425
03:00:08,000 --> 03:00:12,500
A spark of Civic confidence. 
Legends, may spark action yet 

3426
03:00:12,500 --> 03:00:14,800
outcomes, a rooted in the 
tangible. 

3427
03:00:14,800 --> 03:00:18,300
My realm learned that year, how 
infrastructure can mask Raiders 

3428
03:00:18,300 --> 03:00:22,500
a miracle if narrated properly? 
When the Revels subsided when 

3429
03:00:22,500 --> 03:00:26,400
heifer and I walked the orchard 
path under lanterns we spoke no 

3430
03:00:26,400 --> 03:00:28,000
word of Lance a lot or 
miscarriage. 

3431
03:00:28,000 --> 03:00:31,900
Only of next year's seeds and 
the color of dawn on ripening 

3432
03:00:31,900 --> 03:00:34,500
grain. 
We discovered that piece was as 

3433
03:00:34,500 --> 03:00:37,300
quotidian and delicate. 
As spider silk woven across plow

3434
03:00:37,300 --> 03:00:40,500
farrows easily broken, readily 
rewardin. 

3435
03:00:41,400 --> 03:00:43,400
In my journal. 
I recorded the observation that 

3436
03:00:43,400 --> 03:00:46,700
a king is half Granary Clark and
half Storyteller forget either 

3437
03:00:46,700 --> 03:00:50,000
half and the kingdom, starves 
Merlin later, read the line 

3438
03:00:50,000 --> 03:00:53,100
chuckled and pronounced it. 
The truest magic I would ever 

3439
03:00:53,100 --> 03:00:56,400
wield Prosperity, irritates 
complacent adversaries. 

3440
03:00:56,900 --> 03:01:00,300
Five Winters after the drought 
Norse long ships, knifed into 7 

3441
03:01:00,300 --> 03:01:05,100
Warriors armored in Bear. 
Pelts, their raids threatened 

3442
03:01:05,100 --> 03:01:09,300
our trade arteries, I mobilized 
a coalition cimrai Slingers, 

3443
03:01:09,300 --> 03:01:12,500
anglian Bowman and Saxon 
auxiliaries Bound by the old 

3444
03:01:12,500 --> 03:01:16,400
Dortmund treaty even more dried 
aging into statement, like 

3445
03:01:16,400 --> 03:01:20,200
gravity, pledged spearmen, our 
muster at different Club was the

3446
03:01:20,200 --> 03:01:23,100
largest Britain had seen in 
generation's on the eve of 

3447
03:01:23,100 --> 03:01:24,800
battle. 
A red storm, birthed, 

3448
03:01:24,800 --> 03:01:26,900
Thunderhead anvils. 
That blotted out Stars 

3449
03:01:26,900 --> 03:01:30,800
superstitious, murmurs surged. 
I can convened, the Army around 

3450
03:01:30,800 --> 03:01:33,100
Beacon, fires and spoke not of 
divine mandate. 

3451
03:01:33,100 --> 03:01:37,700
But of shared markets, shared 
marriages and shared bread, who 

3452
03:01:37,700 --> 03:01:41,500
here eats grain milled Beyond 
his Parish hands Rose who drinks

3453
03:01:41,500 --> 03:01:45,700
cider pressed by folk with 
foreign grandmothers more hands.

3454
03:01:45,700 --> 03:01:49,300
Then you already fight to get 
together every Harvest tomorrow.

3455
03:01:49,300 --> 03:01:52,100
Only formalizes, what you 
practice silence? 

3456
03:01:52,100 --> 03:01:55,000
A thoughtful. 
One answered combat exploded. 

3457
03:01:55,000 --> 03:01:58,100
At dawn Norse, Berserkers 
Allowed under horn blasts, 

3458
03:01:58,100 --> 03:01:59,900
rushing our Vanguard like River 
ice. 

3459
03:02:00,800 --> 03:02:04,400
My Center buckled, I rode the 
perimeter rallying foot arches 

3460
03:02:04,400 --> 03:02:07,700
into wedge formation of are 
redirected reserves through 

3461
03:02:07,700 --> 03:02:09,400
Willow, scrub to flank their 
Shield wall. 

3462
03:02:10,200 --> 03:02:13,500
The rain slicks, the Helms and 
the clay sucked, the boots, I 

3463
03:02:13,500 --> 03:02:16,000
witnessed death up. 
Close a flute Voice page 

3464
03:02:16,000 --> 03:02:19,300
skewered through lungs. 
A pictish mercenary slipping on 

3465
03:02:19,300 --> 03:02:22,500
entrails and a priest clutching,
a splintered crucifix, like a 

3466
03:02:22,508 --> 03:02:25,000
cudgel. 
Wars indiscriminate apps. 

3467
03:02:25,000 --> 03:02:29,200
Tight, never altered mid-may. 
I locked eyes with the North. 

3468
03:02:29,200 --> 03:02:31,900
Yale a giant crowned by a raven 
Helm. 

3469
03:02:31,900 --> 03:02:35,200
He charged excretion against my 
shield. 

3470
03:02:35,200 --> 03:02:38,400
Driving me backwards until X 
Caliber caught the half and 

3471
03:02:38,400 --> 03:02:40,400
shared it. 
Spark showered. 

3472
03:02:40,400 --> 03:02:43,800
His Helms skewed. 
Exposing startled, blue irises. 

3473
03:02:44,800 --> 03:02:48,100
Before I could finish a Saxon 
Allied intercepted with a spear 

3474
03:02:48,100 --> 03:02:52,500
thrust, the Yale fell victory, 
pivoted in that flicker a 

3475
03:02:52,500 --> 03:02:54,700
coalitions blade saving a king 
who wants viewed. 

3476
03:02:54,700 --> 03:03:00,000
Saxon's only, as men irony, 
tastes metallic indeed by dusk 

3477
03:03:00,000 --> 03:03:02,800
surviving enemies fled toward 
the surf, leaving behind a 

3478
03:03:02,800 --> 03:03:07,100
silence filled with death, our 
deadly interlaced, no regard for

3479
03:03:07,100 --> 03:03:10,500
ethnicity. 
Just Stillness I ordered a 

3480
03:03:10,500 --> 03:03:13,500
shared burial mound. 
No segregation by tribe and 

3481
03:03:13,500 --> 03:03:16,700
inscribed a lintel. 
They so defense, we reaped 

3482
03:03:16,700 --> 03:03:18,300
tomorrow. 
Some scoffed at the 

3483
03:03:18,300 --> 03:03:21,500
sentimentality yet, I needed 
living Minds to remember costs 

3484
03:03:21,500 --> 03:03:25,500
that night huddled under rain. 
Patched canvas, I felt an old 

3485
03:03:25,500 --> 03:03:29,900
wound near my ribs throb like a 
metronome Gwen heifer sat beside

3486
03:03:29,900 --> 03:03:33,100
me her hand. 
Steadying the poultice we said, 

3487
03:03:33,100 --> 03:03:35,400
little understanding 
conversation would garnish 

3488
03:03:35,400 --> 03:03:39,500
exhaustion with regret. 
Help Beyond tent, walls, tuned, 

3489
03:03:39,500 --> 03:03:42,000
Liars to. 
We Victory into oral tapestry. 

3490
03:03:42,000 --> 03:03:46,400
Before grief cooled, Legend 
Works fastest on Fresh blood. 

3491
03:03:47,600 --> 03:03:50,900
Mordred approached at dawn 
helmet under arm expression. 

3492
03:03:50,900 --> 03:03:53,400
Unreadable, he congratulated me 
yet. 

3493
03:03:53,400 --> 03:03:57,700
Something in his posture, too. 
Straight to silent troubled me. 

3494
03:03:58,500 --> 03:04:01,500
Rumor later whispered he covered
in the admiration by Battlefield

3495
03:04:01,500 --> 03:04:04,100
survival commanded and made a 
mental note. 

3496
03:04:04,100 --> 03:04:07,800
Watch the nephew who smile 
revealed more than warmth. 

3497
03:04:08,500 --> 03:04:10,800
We returned to Camelot trailing 
wagons of wounded. 

3498
03:04:10,800 --> 03:04:14,600
Cheers greeted us but is quickly
flick to casualty carts. 

3499
03:04:14,600 --> 03:04:17,300
Triumphs age rapidly when widows
count. 

3500
03:04:17,300 --> 03:04:20,300
Absences, I declared a fortnite 
of mourning before any 

3501
03:04:20,300 --> 03:04:23,500
celebration and the court 
accepted this decision, however,

3502
03:04:23,500 --> 03:04:26,200
Merchants were concerned about 
the potential loss of Revenue. 

3503
03:04:27,000 --> 03:04:30,700
And Council, we moved to fortify
Estuary beacons, create River, 

3504
03:04:30,700 --> 03:04:33,800
patrols and negotiate neutrality
packs with Danish settlements. 

3505
03:04:34,600 --> 03:04:38,900
Strategy matured not conquer but
discourage the Kingdom's fabric.

3506
03:04:38,900 --> 03:04:42,800
Now densely woven discouraged, 
single thread repairs Weeks 

3507
03:04:42,800 --> 03:04:45,700
Later, Merlin gaunt, coffren 
visited my solar. 

3508
03:04:45,700 --> 03:04:49,100
He traced campaign maps with a 
shaking finger pronouncing, the 

3509
03:04:49,108 --> 03:04:54,200
realm near its Zenith, I asked 
what follows zenith He answered 

3510
03:04:54,200 --> 03:04:57,600
Shadow unless vigilance berms 
like a second door. 

3511
03:04:57,600 --> 03:05:01,300
He then placed a raven feather 
on my desk Ravens. 

3512
03:05:01,300 --> 03:05:05,400
Remember kindness, but Feast on 
complacency he said, departing 

3513
03:05:05,400 --> 03:05:09,000
before I frame to responds. 
I stared long at that feather. 

3514
03:05:09,700 --> 03:05:12,100
Had complacency already nested 
in my Council. 

3515
03:05:12,800 --> 03:05:16,900
Mordred stiff, congratulations 
repay played Gwen wife files 

3516
03:05:16,900 --> 03:05:18,800
lingering sadness. 
Remained unresolved. 

3517
03:05:18,800 --> 03:05:22,100
Lance Lots loyalty. 
Persisted yet felt fragile 

3518
03:05:22,100 --> 03:05:25,100
Victory. 
Paradoxical highlighted the 

3519
03:05:25,100 --> 03:05:27,700
fractures that successor had 
only partially sealed. 

3520
03:05:27,700 --> 03:05:31,600
Victory similar to forge. 
Steel is hard yet susceptible to

3521
03:05:31,600 --> 03:05:33,900
hit in cracks caused by the 
quenching process. 

3522
03:05:33,900 --> 03:05:38,200
Still, I slept that night 
content that the real endured on

3523
03:05:38,200 --> 03:05:40,300
the window ledge. 
The Raven feather quivered in 

3524
03:05:40,308 --> 03:05:42,200
the breeze. 
I dreamed. 

3525
03:05:42,200 --> 03:05:45,600
I planted it in soil, and it 
sprouted into a black leaf tree,

3526
03:05:45,600 --> 03:05:49,600
casting complicated shade. 
When I woke Dawn pulled gold on 

3527
03:05:49,600 --> 03:05:53,100
the horizon in different yet 
generous the kingdom breathed, 

3528
03:05:53,100 --> 03:05:55,700
for now, peace unraveled. 
Three years later, not by 

3529
03:05:55,700 --> 03:05:59,500
Foreign sale but by domestic 
ambition Mordred bolstered by 

3530
03:05:59,500 --> 03:06:02,100
disaffected Nobles. 
And Whispers of my failing 

3531
03:06:02,100 --> 03:06:05,300
Vigor, declared the realm should
move from sentimental roundness 

3532
03:06:05,300 --> 03:06:09,100
to firm, straight lines, his 
manifestos crisp Vellum, 

3533
03:06:09,100 --> 03:06:12,300
Goulding to cried my tolerance, 
as weakness and my mixed 

3534
03:06:12,300 --> 03:06:15,700
councils as Corruption of 
lineage older Knights Shrugged 

3535
03:06:15,700 --> 03:06:19,800
younger captains listened 
momentum tilts kingdoms. 

3536
03:06:19,800 --> 03:06:22,200
I confronted Mordred in the 
council Hall. 

3537
03:06:22,200 --> 03:06:26,300
The air smelled of damp rushes 
and old Tallow, he argued 

3538
03:06:26,300 --> 03:06:29,100
succession law claiming pain 
Dragon blood in title him to 

3539
03:06:29,100 --> 03:06:32,200
Regency while I convalesced from
battle fatigue. 

3540
03:06:33,100 --> 03:06:36,000
My anger sharpen, my voice 
leading me to label him as an 

3541
03:06:36,000 --> 03:06:38,600
oathbreaker. 
Yet, I hesitated to order an 

3542
03:06:38,600 --> 03:06:41,500
arrest family and precedent 
Tangled my judgment. 

3543
03:06:41,500 --> 03:06:44,900
That hesitation granted him 
knightfall to abscond North with

3544
03:06:44,900 --> 03:06:47,800
300 Lancers. 
The treasuries reserve gold and 

3545
03:06:47,800 --> 03:06:51,300
a captive. 
When wife are The pursuit 

3546
03:06:51,300 --> 03:06:56,900
culminated at shrouded plane. 
The rain fell heavily our armies

3547
03:06:56,900 --> 03:07:00,300
formed up under a slate Sky, 
transforming, the round table 

3548
03:07:00,300 --> 03:07:04,400
ideal into a geometric horror. 
Before the charge, I attempted 

3549
03:07:04,400 --> 03:07:08,800
parlay, I offered Exile and a 
stipend in armorica Mordred. 

3550
03:07:08,800 --> 03:07:12,700
Laughed calling me a relic. 
We clashed battle consumed 

3551
03:07:12,700 --> 03:07:16,400
vision and hearing until only 
pulse remained I found Mordred, 

3552
03:07:16,400 --> 03:07:21,100
amid Briar thickets red plume 
soaked, words failed swords, 

3553
03:07:21,100 --> 03:07:23,800
spoke his style mirrored mine 
tempered by resentment. 

3554
03:07:23,800 --> 03:07:27,200
We traded blows until Excalibur 
cleaved his shield. 

3555
03:07:27,200 --> 03:07:31,200
He lunged at me wielding iron, 
in both fists and stabbed my 

3556
03:07:31,208 --> 03:07:36,000
thigh pain detonated by my eyes,
but I pivoted Excalibur upward 

3557
03:07:36,000 --> 03:07:40,200
into his queyras, the sword 
Lodge in bone, his breath exited

3558
03:07:40,200 --> 03:07:44,000
like extinguished Bellows. 
He whispered round ends here, 

3559
03:07:44,000 --> 03:07:46,600
then collapsed pulling my 
balance with him. 

3560
03:07:47,500 --> 03:07:50,600
Tore the Blade free but I 
staggered as my thigh wound 

3561
03:07:50,600 --> 03:07:54,300
gushed warmth into the mud. 
Chaos ebbed by dusk. 

3562
03:07:54,300 --> 03:07:58,300
Both armies leaderless with Drew
in wounded whimpers. 

3563
03:07:59,100 --> 03:08:01,900
I lay under thorny, Hawthorne 
raining. 

3564
03:08:01,900 --> 03:08:06,200
The wound Gwen wife are found 
the hours later face, streaked 

3565
03:08:06,200 --> 03:08:08,400
with Ash. 
She pressed Linen in tears. 

3566
03:08:08,400 --> 03:08:12,200
Mixing with blood like blurred 
her voice sounded like surf on a

3567
03:08:12,200 --> 03:08:16,300
distant Shore, I felt softness 
perhaps Lance Lots, cloak, cover

3568
03:08:16,300 --> 03:08:19,700
me someone wept, the old Bratton
lament reserved for Harvest 

3569
03:08:19,700 --> 03:08:21,800
deaths. 
They ferried me to Avalon's, 

3570
03:08:21,800 --> 03:08:25,600
marshy Isle a company by Merlin 
and three cloaked priestesses 

3571
03:08:25,600 --> 03:08:30,200
night, Heron's, shrieked 
overhead, In a read Rift. 

3572
03:08:30,200 --> 03:08:32,300
Hospice, I hovered between sleep
and Echo. 

3573
03:08:32,300 --> 03:08:35,500
Merlin murmured Kings. 
Do not die. 

3574
03:08:35,500 --> 03:08:40,400
They redistribute into stories. 
I wanted to ask about grain 

3575
03:08:40,400 --> 03:08:44,500
reserves and treaty renewal 
mundane legacies, but speech 

3576
03:08:44,500 --> 03:08:48,500
faltered Gwen with our squeezed.
My hand, the first uncomplicated

3577
03:08:48,500 --> 03:08:51,700
gesture in years. 
That Dawn's Haze, I instructed 

3578
03:08:51,700 --> 03:08:55,000
bed of are to return Excalibur 
to the lake twice. 

3579
03:08:55,000 --> 03:08:59,300
He bought unwilling to discard 
Legend the third time. 

3580
03:08:59,300 --> 03:09:02,200
He hurled the blade into the 
Mist a silver arm. 

3581
03:09:02,200 --> 03:09:06,300
They say, Rose to claim it. 
I never witnessed it yet. 

3582
03:09:06,300 --> 03:09:10,200
I believe some objects deserve 
Mythic custody once human hands.

3583
03:09:10,200 --> 03:09:13,700
Exhausted them. 
Breathe in, I recalled frost on 

3584
03:09:13,700 --> 03:09:16,800
my first Crown morning. 
The wreath of reads from Eldred.

3585
03:09:16,800 --> 03:09:20,400
The grain, vouchers children, 
scribbling letters Saxon 

3586
03:09:20,400 --> 03:09:24,200
Traders, bowing at toll houses. 
When heifer's herb Gilbert and 

3587
03:09:24,200 --> 03:09:26,500
Lance Lot spear snapping on 
Mordred Shield. 

3588
03:09:26,500 --> 03:09:29,300
None of it is perfect, but all 
of it is real. 

3589
03:09:29,300 --> 03:09:33,400
I hope to history would keep at 
least fragments intact as the 

3590
03:09:33,400 --> 03:09:37,500
Skylight brightened, a released.
When we fast fingers He kissed 

3591
03:09:37,500 --> 03:09:40,000
my temple murmuring, 
forgiveness, neither of us, 

3592
03:09:40,000 --> 03:09:42,200
fully understood Merlin 
whispered. 

3593
03:09:42,200 --> 03:09:46,300
The final riddle. 
The Once and Future King, not a 

3594
03:09:46,300 --> 03:09:50,000
promise of bodily return, but a 
warning that any generation may 

3595
03:09:50,000 --> 03:09:51,800
need to wear responsibility in. 
You. 

3596
03:09:51,800 --> 03:09:56,000
I exhaled tasting Apple Blossom 
carried on a salt Breeze. 

3597
03:09:56,000 --> 03:10:00,200
When Consciousness lifted, I saw
not Gates of paradise but a vast

3598
03:10:00,200 --> 03:10:03,400
Round Table of faceless figures 
debating drought relief and 

3599
03:10:03,400 --> 03:10:05,700
treaty clauses. 
I smiled. 

3600
03:10:05,700 --> 03:10:10,600
Work continues. 
The vision receded silence 

3601
03:10:10,600 --> 03:10:14,300
arrived. 
Coda Chronicle of The Ledger 

3602
03:10:14,300 --> 03:10:16,300
King monks. 
Who recorded the camera and ruin

3603
03:10:16,300 --> 03:10:19,900
would later puzzle over the 
scarcity of gold loot Gwen. 

3604
03:10:19,900 --> 03:10:22,700
Heifer, had secretly donated 
treasury bars to rebuild the 

3605
03:10:22,700 --> 03:10:26,500
hamlets that had been displayed 
Lancelot vanished into Hermitage

3606
03:10:26,500 --> 03:10:30,600
copying agricultural treaties 
for posterity the round table 

3607
03:10:30,600 --> 03:10:34,000
burned in a later seed, yet 
charcoal shards, discovered 

3608
03:10:34,000 --> 03:10:36,300
centuries later, or scratches of
early property. 

3609
03:10:36,300 --> 03:10:40,500
Law Legends took shape in other 
places transforming my identity 

3610
03:10:40,500 --> 03:10:43,300
into a romantic ideal. 
That is acceptable. 

3611
03:10:45,000 --> 03:10:47,700
Let's songbirds have the shiny 
fragments while archivists told 

3612
03:10:47,700 --> 03:10:50,700
the ledgers. 
If you ambitious reader seek 

3613
03:10:50,700 --> 03:10:54,300
guidance from my experience's 
consider this King ship 

3614
03:10:54,300 --> 03:10:57,600
parenting project management 
marriage and citizenship all 

3615
03:10:57,600 --> 03:11:01,600
require a similar approaches 
unlocked center of gravity 

3616
03:11:01,600 --> 03:11:03,200
forward. 
One question. 

3617
03:11:03,200 --> 03:11:06,100
Always ahead. 
What does the next Dawn require 

3618
03:11:06,100 --> 03:11:08,900
ask each morning crown or no 
crown? 

3619
03:11:09,700 --> 03:11:12,700
Then lift, whatever sword Ledger
or Ladle, the work demands. 

3620
03:11:12,700 --> 03:11:15,700
And remember grain sometimes 
matters more than Grails. 

3621
03:11:31,400 --> 03:11:34,300
We uncover the surprising story 
of how Andre Michelin tricked 

3622
03:11:34,300 --> 03:11:37,900
the world turning a tire company
into the Arbiter of fine dining 

3623
03:11:37,900 --> 03:11:41,300
through clever marketing and 
Visionary thinking Michelin. 

3624
03:11:41,300 --> 03:11:44,000
Transformed the way people 
travel eat and view quality 

3625
03:11:44,000 --> 03:11:47,000
itself. 
This is the story of a brand, a 

3626
03:11:47,000 --> 03:11:49,300
guide, and the long game of 
global influence. 

3627
03:11:49,300 --> 03:11:52,700
So, before you get comfortable, 
as always, take a moment to like

3628
03:11:52,700 --> 03:11:55,300
the video and subscribe to the 
channel if you haven't already 

3629
03:11:55,300 --> 03:11:58,100
join the crew. 
Also, let us know where you're 

3630
03:11:58,100 --> 03:12:00,800
watching from and what time it 
is for you, as we progress 

3631
03:12:00,800 --> 03:12:03,500
through the week, aimed to 
maintain a concise and enjoyable

3632
03:12:03,500 --> 03:12:06,700
experience for all of you. 
So, turn off the light, grab 

3633
03:12:06,700 --> 03:12:08,600
your blanket and warm pillow. 
And let's begin. 

3634
03:12:11,400 --> 03:12:15,100
Claremont. 
Ferron France 1889 in a modest 

3635
03:12:15,100 --> 03:12:18,100
Rubber Factory teetering on the 
edge of bankruptcy Brothers, 

3636
03:12:18,100 --> 03:12:21,500
Andre and Edouard Michela took 
charge with one goal to 

3637
03:12:21,500 --> 03:12:23,500
reinvent, their families failing
business. 

3638
03:12:23,500 --> 03:12:27,800
The company Michelin at Sea had 
been selling farm equipment and 

3639
03:12:27,800 --> 03:12:31,400
vulcanized rubber Goods since 
1832 but by the late 19th 

3640
03:12:31,400 --> 03:12:34,500
century, it needed a new 
Direction, Andrea trained 

3641
03:12:34,500 --> 03:12:37,600
engineer and eduard. 
An artistic Soul turned 

3642
03:12:37,600 --> 03:12:41,600
industrialist believed that the 
future on the roads specifically

3643
03:12:41,600 --> 03:12:44,800
in providing the tires for 
France's nascent automobile age.

3644
03:12:45,500 --> 03:12:48,800
The trouble was that in 1889 
even bicycles, which were 

3645
03:12:48,800 --> 03:12:52,500
exploding in popularity 
constantly weighed by punctures 

3646
03:12:52,500 --> 03:12:55,700
on rough primitive roads. 
Their first breakthrough came 

3647
03:12:55,700 --> 03:12:58,200
unexpectedly courtesy of a weary
cycling list. 

3648
03:12:58,200 --> 03:13:01,400
One day, a man trudged into 
their workshop with a bicycle 

3649
03:13:01,400 --> 03:13:03,000
tire punctured Beyond quick 
repair. 

3650
03:13:03,900 --> 03:13:06,300
At the time, most tires were 
glued tightly to the wheel 

3651
03:13:06,300 --> 03:13:09,900
making flats and hours. 
Long ordeal to fix such 

3652
03:13:09,900 --> 03:13:12,200
functions. 
Were a very common occurrence 

3653
03:13:12,200 --> 03:13:14,000
given road conditions of the 
day. 

3654
03:13:14,000 --> 03:13:18,200
Horse shoe nails, broken glass 
and shops stones with a bone 

3655
03:13:18,200 --> 03:13:22,100
natural enemies of early 
cyclists, Edouard Michelin or an

3656
03:13:22,100 --> 03:13:24,600
opportunity. 
He experimented tirelessly and 

3657
03:13:24,600 --> 03:13:27,300
by 1891 had patented a 
revolutionary removable 

3658
03:13:27,300 --> 03:13:30,000
pneumatic tire, that could be 
mended in minutes. 

3659
03:13:30,900 --> 03:13:34,100
This invention built upon John 
dunlop's earlier, pneumatic tire

3660
03:13:34,100 --> 03:13:37,200
concept but michelin's 
detachable design was far more 

3661
03:13:37,200 --> 03:13:39,900
practical and quickly proved 
itself in action. 

3662
03:13:40,800 --> 03:13:43,600
The brothers tested their new 
tire in the longest bicycle race

3663
03:13:43,600 --> 03:13:45,300
of the day to demonstrate its 
superiority. 

3664
03:13:46,600 --> 03:13:50,000
Fitted with michelin's, quick 
change tires, cyclist Charles 

3665
03:13:50,000 --> 03:13:54,600
Tyrone won the grueling, 1891 
Paris pres Paris, race 8 hours 

3666
03:13:54,600 --> 03:13:58,000
ahead of his nearest rival. 
It was a stunning victory for 

3667
03:13:58,000 --> 03:14:01,600
both Rider and tire a publicity 
coup that announced Michelin as 

3668
03:14:01,600 --> 03:14:04,600
a new force in transportation. 
Emboldened. 

3669
03:14:04,600 --> 03:14:07,200
The michelin's turned their 
attention to the automobile 

3670
03:14:07,200 --> 03:14:12,000
contraction, still in its 
infancy in 1895, they entered a 

3671
03:14:12,000 --> 03:14:16,000
peculiar looking vehicle 
nicknamed, LeClaire lightning in

3672
03:14:16,000 --> 03:14:19,000
the Paris, Bordeaux Paris 
competition, one of the world's 

3673
03:14:19,000 --> 03:14:22,600
first long-distance car races, 
the car ran on michelin's 

3674
03:14:22,600 --> 03:14:26,000
Airfield tires daring, gamble at
a time when many observers 

3675
03:14:26,000 --> 03:14:29,100
doubted that fragile are stopped
rubber could support a motor 

3676
03:14:29,100 --> 03:14:33,400
cars weight and speed. 
True LeClaire didn't win it 

3677
03:14:33,400 --> 03:14:35,900
limped in near the back of the 
pack but its performance was 

3678
03:14:35,900 --> 03:14:37,500
convincing enough to create a 
market. 

3679
03:14:38,400 --> 03:14:41,100
Spectators and fellow Engineers 
saw that a car on pneumatic 

3680
03:14:41,100 --> 03:14:42,600
tires. 
Could survive a rugged? 

3681
03:14:42,600 --> 03:14:46,600
732 mile Journey. 
There's one report noted the 

3682
03:14:46,600 --> 03:14:49,000
race virtually launched the 
market, for detachable. 

3683
03:14:49,000 --> 03:14:52,500
Pneumatic automobile tires by 
proving their resilience and 

3684
03:14:52,500 --> 03:14:55,100
practicality. 
The Michelin Brothers had found 

3685
03:14:55,100 --> 03:14:58,600
their calling making 
indispensable things that nobody

3686
03:14:58,600 --> 03:15:03,200
realized they needed until they 
did Edward reportedly conceived.

3687
03:15:03,200 --> 03:15:06,700
The idea for a mascot at a trade
exhibition, in Leon noticing, a 

3688
03:15:06,700 --> 03:15:09,400
stack of tires that uncannily 
resembled a human form. 

3689
03:15:10,200 --> 03:15:11,800
Soon. 
He and Andre commissioned an 

3690
03:15:11,800 --> 03:15:14,600
artist to bring it to life. 
The Michelin Man, a rotund 

3691
03:15:14,600 --> 03:15:18,300
fellow made of stacked tires. 
Debuting in a famous 1898 

3692
03:15:18,300 --> 03:15:21,000
poster. 
This Jolly character dubbed the 

3693
03:15:21,000 --> 03:15:23,200
Bender from the Latin, nunc EST 
bibendum. 

3694
03:15:23,200 --> 03:15:27,300
Now is the time to drink was 
depicted chiefly raising a 

3695
03:15:27,300 --> 03:15:30,500
goblet brimming with nails and 
broken glass to your health. 

3696
03:15:31,400 --> 03:15:34,500
The message was witty and clear.
Michelin tires, will drink up 

3697
03:15:34,500 --> 03:15:37,900
obstacles on the road, this 
imaginative ad showing the Tire 

3698
03:15:37,900 --> 03:15:39,500
man. 
Merely swallowing road hazards 

3699
03:15:39,500 --> 03:15:41,300
captured, the Public's 
attention. 

3700
03:15:41,300 --> 03:15:45,100
It married humor with a 
practical promise signaling that

3701
03:15:45,100 --> 03:15:48,700
Michelin tires made motoring not
only safer, but a bit more fun. 

3702
03:15:49,900 --> 03:15:52,800
The Michelin Man quickly became 
one of the world's first truly 

3703
03:15:52,800 --> 03:15:56,200
iconic, advertising character's 
a testament to the brothers 

3704
03:15:56,200 --> 03:15:59,700
Flair goal cuts for marking 
surprises. 

3705
03:16:00,500 --> 03:16:02,900
By 1900, Michela had established
itself. 

3706
03:16:02,900 --> 03:16:06,800
As France's Premier Tire 
innovator, yet the market 

3707
03:16:06,800 --> 03:16:10,600
remained, small automobiles were
still the playthings of the rich

3708
03:16:10,600 --> 03:16:14,300
or the tinkering enthusiast. 
There were fewer than 3,000 cars

3709
03:16:14,300 --> 03:16:16,700
on all the roads of France as 
the new century dawned. 

3710
03:16:17,400 --> 03:16:21,000
For michelada, Thrive more 
people needed by cars and drive 

3711
03:16:21,000 --> 03:16:22,800
them far enough to wear out 
their tires. 

3712
03:16:22,800 --> 03:16:26,500
Andre Michelin understood, that 
selling tires wasn't just about 

3713
03:16:26,500 --> 03:16:29,900
the rubber, it was about selling
the adventure of Motoring 

3714
03:16:29,900 --> 03:16:32,800
itself. 
France's, rutted Lanes could be 

3715
03:16:32,808 --> 03:16:36,300
transformed into more welcoming 
Pathways, perhaps many more 

3716
03:16:36,300 --> 03:16:38,600
citizens would be enticed to get
behind the wheel. 

3717
03:16:39,500 --> 03:16:42,800
With characteristic engineering,
he began devising a new kind of 

3718
03:16:42,800 --> 03:16:45,100
product. 
Not a tire this time but a 

3719
03:16:45,100 --> 03:16:48,200
booklet that would boost the 
entire ecosystem of driving. 

3720
03:16:49,200 --> 03:16:51,900
Little, did anyone suspect that 
this next idea would become 

3721
03:16:51,900 --> 03:16:53,500
michelin's greatest Legacy of 
all? 

3722
03:16:53,500 --> 03:16:56,300
Taking an automobile on a 
cross-country Journey was a 

3723
03:16:56,300 --> 03:16:58,400
daring expedition in the early 
1900s. 

3724
03:16:58,400 --> 03:17:03,100
Imagine embarking on a 200 mile 
drive with no road signs, no 

3725
03:17:03,100 --> 03:17:06,700
reliable maps, and no guarantee 
you'd find fuel or a mechanic if

3726
03:17:06,700 --> 03:17:11,100
things went awry. 
For instance, in 1905 Parisian, 

3727
03:17:11,100 --> 03:17:14,500
Gentleman embarking on a journey
to the French Riviera would pack

3728
03:17:14,500 --> 03:17:18,100
extra Patrol, tins, and tools, 
and anticipating the unexpected 

3729
03:17:18,100 --> 03:17:21,500
at every corner. 
Car travel was truly an 

3730
03:17:21,500 --> 03:17:24,500
adventure and Andre Michelin 
keenly, understood that drivers 

3731
03:17:24,500 --> 03:17:27,000
needed. 
Guidance and reassurance, To 

3732
03:17:27,000 --> 03:17:28,500
support their customers 
Journeys. 

3733
03:17:28,500 --> 03:17:31,500
He and his brother compiled, a 
slim red covered handbook. 

3734
03:17:31,500 --> 03:17:34,500
The guide Michelin filled with 
everything, a motorist might 

3735
03:17:34,500 --> 03:17:38,500
need Technical tips on tire 
repair lists of garages and fuel

3736
03:17:38,500 --> 03:17:42,100
Depots recommended hotels, and 
eateries, and even maps and 

3737
03:17:42,100 --> 03:17:45,000
handy Town. 
Indexes Michelin, even included 

3738
03:17:45,000 --> 03:17:48,400
a Whimsical cartoon in the 
guide, showing a weary traveler 

3739
03:17:48,400 --> 03:17:51,900
collapsing, under an arm load of
maps and manuals, only to be 

3740
03:17:51,908 --> 03:17:54,900
rescued by an outstretched hand 
offering a single book. 

3741
03:17:54,900 --> 03:17:59,600
The Michelin guide, The message 
one, small volume could replace 

3742
03:17:59,600 --> 03:18:01,500
a trunk full of disparate 
references. 

3743
03:18:01,500 --> 03:18:05,400
The first Michelin guide, 1900 
was a free. 

3744
03:18:05,400 --> 03:18:09,000
Booklet for motorists, full of 
practical information on Andre 

3745
03:18:09,000 --> 03:18:11,400
Michelin predicted. 
This book appears with the 

3746
03:18:11,400 --> 03:18:13,000
century. 
It will last, as long as it 

3747
03:18:13,000 --> 03:18:15,400
does. 
The first Michelin guide made 

3748
03:18:15,400 --> 03:18:19,000
its debut in 1900, strategically
timed to the Paris. 

3749
03:18:19,000 --> 03:18:22,500
World's Fair at the bustling 
Exposition that year, which Drew

3750
03:18:22,500 --> 03:18:26,200
in astonishing, 50 million 
visitors attendees could pick up

3751
03:18:26,200 --> 03:18:29,600
a free copy of this new motorist
guide book, which cataloged 

3752
03:18:29,600 --> 03:18:32,600
hundreds of French towns and 
advised, where to find lodging 

3753
03:18:32,600 --> 03:18:37,400
meals gas, and reliable repairs 
in an ERA, with no GPS or 

3754
03:18:37,400 --> 03:18:41,000
roadside assistance, the Little 
Red Book was a godsend That 

3755
03:18:41,000 --> 03:18:45,300
inaugural Edition ran to nearly 
400 pages with some 1300 hotels 

3756
03:18:45,300 --> 03:18:48,200
among its Myriad listings. 
This book appears with the 

3757
03:18:48,200 --> 03:18:50,800
century it will last. 
As long as it does to declared 

3758
03:18:50,800 --> 03:18:55,200
Andre Mishler boldly predicting.
His guides longevity Indeed, the

3759
03:18:55,200 --> 03:18:57,400
guide quickly became more than a
directory. 

3760
03:18:57,400 --> 03:19:01,400
It was a Passport to Adventure, 
its annual release eagerly, 

3761
03:19:01,400 --> 03:19:04,500
awaited by motorists, who saw it
as essential gear for the open 

3762
03:19:04,500 --> 03:19:07,400
road. 
Indeed, as automobiles, 

3763
03:19:07,400 --> 03:19:11,000
proliferated on Europe's roads, 
the Michelin guide emerged as 

3764
03:19:11,000 --> 03:19:14,200
the preferred glove box 
companion for astute drivers. 

3765
03:19:14,800 --> 03:19:18,400
By the outbreak of World War 1, 
France had embraced the atem of 

3766
03:19:18,400 --> 03:19:21,000
bill with gusto. 
In fact, the number of cars in 

3767
03:19:21,000 --> 03:19:25,600
France surged from about 3,000 
and 1900 to over 100,000 by 

3768
03:19:25,600 --> 03:19:29,700
1914, and Michele's guide had 
expanded far beyond its home 

3769
03:19:29,700 --> 03:19:33,400
turf, What started as a local 
French publication, grew into a 

3770
03:19:33,408 --> 03:19:35,400
pan-european phenomenon within a
decade. 

3771
03:19:35,400 --> 03:19:39,700
A Michelin guide for Belgium 
appeared in 1904 followed by 

3772
03:19:39,700 --> 03:19:44,200
editions covering Algeria and 
Tunisia. 1907, the Alps and the 

3773
03:19:44,200 --> 03:19:48,900
Rhine regions 1908, Germany and 
Spain 19010 and the British 

3774
03:19:48,900 --> 03:19:52,900
Isles 1911. 
In 1910 Michelin also launched a

3775
03:19:52,900 --> 03:19:56,300
series of 1 to 200,000 scale, 
roadmaps to complement the 

3776
03:19:56,300 --> 03:19:59,000
guide's directions and make it 
easier for drivers to find their

3777
03:19:59,000 --> 03:20:01,300
way. 
There was even a special English

3778
03:20:01,300 --> 03:20:04,300
language guide to France 
published in 1909 for the 

3779
03:20:04,308 --> 03:20:07,700
benefit of British and American 
tourists touring the continent 

3780
03:20:07,700 --> 03:20:11,000
by motor car. 
This rapid expansion reflected 

3781
03:20:11,000 --> 03:20:14,600
the exploding interest in motor 
tourism wealthy adventurers, 

3782
03:20:14,600 --> 03:20:17,200
were now driving through the 
Alps or motoring down to the 

3783
03:20:17,208 --> 03:20:19,700
French Riviera and Michelin was 
right there with them. 

3784
03:20:19,700 --> 03:20:23,100
Its guides offering Dependable 
information in unfamiliar lands.

3785
03:20:23,100 --> 03:20:26,200
If anything the hardships of 
early driving only cemented the 

3786
03:20:26,200 --> 03:20:29,600
guides in Portland cars of that 
era were finicky machines. 

3787
03:20:29,600 --> 03:20:32,900
Prone to breakdowns and Roads 
outside major cities were often 

3788
03:20:32,900 --> 03:20:34,700
little more than rutted Mud 
Parks. 

3789
03:20:35,400 --> 03:20:38,000
Pity The Traveler who didn't 
carry a Michelin guide when his 

3790
03:20:38,000 --> 03:20:40,100
tire blew out miles from the 
nearest town. 

3791
03:20:40,100 --> 03:20:42,400
You might not know that a 
blacksmith in the next Village, 

3792
03:20:42,400 --> 03:20:45,800
doubled as an auto repairman or 
that a certain in down the road,

3793
03:20:45,800 --> 03:20:47,400
offered clean beds and hot 
supper. 

3794
03:20:48,200 --> 03:20:51,100
The guide details listing's 
helped turn chaos into a 

3795
03:20:51,108 --> 03:20:54,500
manageable Adventure. 
As War loomed in 1914. 

3796
03:20:54,500 --> 03:20:58,000
The Michelin guide had firmly 
established itself as part of 

3797
03:20:58,008 --> 03:21:01,300
the motoring routine. 
Publication was suspended during

3798
03:21:01,300 --> 03:21:04,100
World War One when Europe's 
focused turned from leisure 

3799
03:21:04,100 --> 03:21:08,000
travel to survival, but the 
groundwork was laid motoring had

3800
03:21:08,000 --> 03:21:10,400
arrived as a way of life for the
well-to-do and thanks to 

3801
03:21:10,400 --> 03:21:13,700
michelin's prescient strategy. 
A tire companies giveaway guide 

3802
03:21:13,700 --> 03:21:15,400
had become an authority in its 
own, right. 

3803
03:21:15,400 --> 03:21:18,100
The stage was set for even 
bigger Transformations. 

3804
03:21:18,100 --> 03:21:20,900
After the war, not least the 
guides Evolution from a 

3805
03:21:20,900 --> 03:21:23,000
utilitarian Road Aid into the 
venerated. 

3806
03:21:23,000 --> 03:21:26,900
Culinary Bible we know today 
from its Inception, the Michelin

3807
03:21:26,900 --> 03:21:29,500
guide served as more than just a
simple guide for drivers. 

3808
03:21:29,500 --> 03:21:33,500
It represented a brilliant 
marketing strategy, Andre 

3809
03:21:33,500 --> 03:21:36,100
Mitchell and realized that if 
people drove more they'd wear 

3810
03:21:36,100 --> 03:21:39,200
out their tires fast and need 
Replacements boosting Michelin 

3811
03:21:39,200 --> 03:21:42,100
sails. 
So what better way to Spur Road 

3812
03:21:42,100 --> 03:21:45,500
travel and to give drivers a 
reason to hit the road The free 

3813
03:21:45,500 --> 03:21:48,600
guide served as a tire companies
valuable tool inspiring 

3814
03:21:48,600 --> 03:21:52,000
motorists to make longer and 
more frequent Journeys. modern 

3815
03:21:52,000 --> 03:21:55,100
terms Michelin was pioneering 
content marketing, offering 

3816
03:21:55,100 --> 03:21:57,700
valuable information to 
customers to stimulate demand 

3817
03:21:57,700 --> 03:22:02,100
for its core product long before
anyone coined that phrase Nearly

3818
03:22:02,100 --> 03:22:06,900
35,000 copies of the inaugural. 
1900 were distributed at no 

3819
03:22:06,900 --> 03:22:09,100
charge and handed out to 
chauffeur's. 

3820
03:22:09,100 --> 03:22:12,300
Garage owners, anyone who owned 
or even aspired to own an 

3821
03:22:12,300 --> 03:22:16,100
automobile. 
Before long drivers considered 

3822
03:22:16,100 --> 03:22:19,800
the Michelin guide, nearly 
indispensable as essential as a 

3823
03:22:19,800 --> 03:22:23,000
spare tire or a roadmap on. 
Any long drive, message was 

3824
03:22:23,000 --> 03:22:27,000
never by our tires, yet every 
page quietly served that goal by

3825
03:22:27,000 --> 03:22:29,700
making motoring easier. 
For two decades. 

3826
03:22:29,700 --> 03:22:32,600
Michelin, poured resources into 
this project Printing and 

3827
03:22:32,600 --> 03:22:35,800
updating the guide annually, 
without earning a cent from it. 

3828
03:22:37,000 --> 03:22:39,500
The company stock petrol 
stations and repair shops with 

3829
03:22:39,500 --> 03:22:42,900
stacks of the free red guide, 
confident that every road trip. 

3830
03:22:42,900 --> 03:22:45,800
It, encouraged would eventually 
lead to more worn out tires, in 

3831
03:22:45,800 --> 03:22:48,900
need of replacement. 
This Ploy worked brilliantly. 

3832
03:22:48,900 --> 03:22:52,300
Perhaps, too. 
Well as motoring move from to 

3833
03:22:52,300 --> 03:22:55,400
mainstream the guide's 
distribution sword in tandem 

3834
03:22:56,100 --> 03:22:59,900
France, counted over 230,000 
cars on the road by 1920. 

3835
03:22:59,900 --> 03:23:04,300
A huge leap from fewer than 
3,002 decades earlier and many 

3836
03:23:04,300 --> 03:23:06,900
new drivers, wouldn't dream of 
setting out with the latest 

3837
03:23:06,900 --> 03:23:11,600
Michelin guide in the glove box.
By 1920, some people have become

3838
03:23:11,600 --> 03:23:14,200
so accustomed to the guide that 
they began to take it lightly. 

3839
03:23:14,200 --> 03:23:17,800
According to company. 
Law, when Andre Michels stopped 

3840
03:23:17,800 --> 03:23:20,500
by garage one day, he was 
shocked to see his beloved guide

3841
03:23:20,500 --> 03:23:24,300
being used to prop up, a 
workbench outrage and perhaps a 

3842
03:23:24,300 --> 03:23:26,700
little Heartbreaker. 
He immediately declared the end 

3843
03:23:26,700 --> 03:23:30,600
of the free Michelin guide era. 
Man only truly respects what he 

3844
03:23:30,600 --> 03:23:32,300
pays for. 
He reportedly declared 

3845
03:23:32,300 --> 03:23:34,700
thereafter. 
The guide was no longer a 

3846
03:23:34,700 --> 03:23:36,400
giveaway, but a product in its 
own right. 

3847
03:23:36,400 --> 03:23:40,000
Sold for about seven francs 
roughly, two dollars and not 

3848
03:23:40,000 --> 03:23:43,300
insignificant sum at the time 
and revamped for a new era of 

3849
03:23:43,300 --> 03:23:46,300
Motoring. 
The Michelin guides, 1920 

3850
03:23:46,300 --> 03:23:49,300
Edition marked, a significant 
milestone, Freed from the 

3851
03:23:49,308 --> 03:23:51,000
constraints of being purely 
promotional. 

3852
03:23:51,000 --> 03:23:53,800
The guides content was refined 
and elevated. 

3853
03:23:54,500 --> 03:23:57,400
All advertising was stripped out
to reinforce its impartiality. 

3854
03:23:57,400 --> 03:24:02,200
New features appeared including 
a list of hotels in Paris and an

3855
03:24:02,200 --> 03:24:04,600
expanded directory of 
restaurants now grouped by 

3856
03:24:04,600 --> 03:24:07,700
category and cuisine. 
What had begun as a handy road, 

3857
03:24:07,700 --> 03:24:10,400
atlas was transforming into 
something of a travel handbook, 

3858
03:24:10,400 --> 03:24:13,500
for the Discerning motorist 
readers, wanted more than just 

3859
03:24:13,500 --> 03:24:15,600
gas stations. 
They were increasingly turning 

3860
03:24:15,600 --> 03:24:18,800
to Michelin for dining and 
lodging advice, sensing this 

3861
03:24:18,800 --> 03:24:20,800
shift. 
The Michelin brothers, made a 

3862
03:24:20,800 --> 03:24:24,600
shrewd move, they hired a team 
of anonymous field inspectors to

3863
03:24:24,600 --> 03:24:26,700
visit establishments and quietly
evaluate them. 

3864
03:24:27,900 --> 03:24:30,400
Recognizing the growing 
influence of the guides 

3865
03:24:30,400 --> 03:24:33,300
restaurants section, the company
understood that consistent, 

3866
03:24:33,300 --> 03:24:37,300
trustworthy restaurant reviews, 
would be crucial, these 

3867
03:24:37,300 --> 03:24:40,200
undercovered diners, the first 
of their kind found out to 

3868
03:24:40,200 --> 03:24:43,900
sample meals without ever 
revealing their affiliation It 

3869
03:24:43,900 --> 03:24:47,400
was an unprecedented commitment 
to Quality Control ensuring that

3870
03:24:47,400 --> 03:24:50,000
a Michelin recommendation, truly
meant something to the traveling

3871
03:24:50,000 --> 03:24:52,500
public. 
By the mid-1920s. 

3872
03:24:52,500 --> 03:24:56,100
The Michelin guide had evolved 
from a tire company pamphlet to 

3873
03:24:56,100 --> 03:24:59,300
a more ambitious guide. 
Its original purpose to get 

3874
03:24:59,300 --> 03:25:03,100
people, driving had succeeded 
Beyond expectation and its 

3875
03:25:03,100 --> 03:25:05,800
reputation for fair thorough 
recommendations was growing. 

3876
03:25:06,500 --> 03:25:09,800
Not coincidentally, michelin's 
tire sales were booming as well.

3877
03:25:10,600 --> 03:25:13,300
The brothers had become leading 
suppliers to Europe's fledgling.

3878
03:25:13,300 --> 03:25:16,500
All to Industry boyed by the 
growing ranks of motorists. 

3879
03:25:16,500 --> 03:25:19,700
They helped create. 
Now, this little red book was 

3880
03:25:19,700 --> 03:25:22,400
evolving from a glove box 
staple, into a symbol of 

3881
03:25:22,408 --> 03:25:25,900
discernment and credibility. 
As one Observer, noted early 

3882
03:25:25,900 --> 03:25:28,800
current Enthusiast, even like to
keep a Michelin guide matching, 

3883
03:25:28,800 --> 03:25:31,800
their vehicles model year in the
glove box as a badge of honor. 

3884
03:25:32,600 --> 03:25:34,200
This set. 
The groundwork for michelin's 

3885
03:25:34,200 --> 03:25:36,900
next brilliant. 
Move transforming a tire 

3886
03:25:36,900 --> 03:25:38,800
companies travel guide. 
Into the world's most 

3887
03:25:38,800 --> 03:25:43,800
influential Authority on fine, 
dining in 1926 Michelin quietly.

3888
03:25:43,800 --> 03:25:47,000
Introduced a new feature that 
would forever change the guide's

3889
03:25:47,000 --> 03:25:49,200
destiny. 
Star rating. 

3890
03:25:50,400 --> 03:25:53,300
That year a small star symbol 
appeared next to the name of 

3891
03:25:53,300 --> 03:25:58,100
Select exceptional restaurants. 
Five years later in 1931, the 

3892
03:25:58,100 --> 03:26:01,800
hierarchy of one, two, and three
stars was introduced creating a 

3893
03:26:01,800 --> 03:26:03,900
graduated honor of dining 
Excellence. 

3894
03:26:03,900 --> 03:26:07,300
A single star denoted, a 
restaurant that was excellent in

3895
03:26:07,300 --> 03:26:09,600
its category, two stars 
signified. 

3896
03:26:09,600 --> 03:26:12,800
Excellent cooking worth the 
detour and the coveted three 

3897
03:26:12,800 --> 03:26:16,100
stars meant exceptional Cuisine 
worth a special Journey. 

3898
03:26:17,100 --> 03:26:19,900
The wording was telling michelan
was still in the business of 

3899
03:26:19,900 --> 03:26:24,900
inspiring Journeys by 193323 
restaurants in France, held 

3900
03:26:24,900 --> 03:26:28,200
three-star status, their 
kitchens instantly vaulted into 

3901
03:26:28,200 --> 03:26:31,800
the culinary stratosphere. 
Chefs regarded Michelin stars as

3902
03:26:31,800 --> 03:26:34,900
the highest recognition and a 
three-star ranking of the power 

3903
03:26:34,900 --> 03:26:38,200
to transform a remote country in
into a global destination for 

3904
03:26:38,200 --> 03:26:42,700
gourmets. in 1931 Michelin also 
swapped the guides cover from 

3905
03:26:42,700 --> 03:26:46,300
its original blue to now iconic 
red cementing, the identity of 

3906
03:26:46,300 --> 03:26:50,800
the red guide that endures to 
this day One journalist later 

3907
03:26:50,800 --> 03:26:54,200
noted that the little red guy 
often referred to as the Bible 

3908
03:26:54,200 --> 03:26:57,600
of gastronomy holds significant 
influence amongst returns. 

3909
03:26:58,700 --> 03:27:01,600
Over the ensuing decades, the 
guide's influence only grew 

3910
03:27:01,600 --> 03:27:05,800
restaurant, vied Patna for 
michelin's approval knowing that

3911
03:27:05,800 --> 03:27:08,700
a star or three could bring 
Prestige and prosperity. 

3912
03:27:09,700 --> 03:27:13,200
The guides judgments with their 
concise descriptions and iconic 

3913
03:27:13,200 --> 03:27:16,300
Stars established a benchmark 
that profoundly influenced the 

3914
03:27:16,308 --> 03:27:19,500
concept of fine dining. 
Even War could only briefly 

3915
03:27:19,500 --> 03:27:22,900
interrupt its Authority. 
World War 2 forced to pause in 

3916
03:27:22,900 --> 03:27:25,800
publication. 
But in 1944, the Allied Forces 

3917
03:27:25,800 --> 03:27:28,400
famously requested, a special 
reprint of michela's. 

3918
03:27:28,400 --> 03:27:31,200
Last pre-war guide, because it's
roadmaps of France with the most

3919
03:27:31,200 --> 03:27:36,000
detailed and reliable available.
after the war as Europe, rebuilt

3920
03:27:36,000 --> 03:27:39,900
Michelin cautiously resumed, its
Gourmet guardianship initially 

3921
03:27:39,900 --> 03:27:42,600
imposing an upper limit of two 
stars giving the nearest food 

3922
03:27:42,600 --> 03:27:46,500
shortages before restoring three
star awards in 1951 as Hot 

3923
03:27:46,500 --> 03:27:50,300
Cuisine bounce back, By then the
Michelin guide was in trenched 

3924
03:27:50,300 --> 03:27:53,000
as the Arbiter of French fine. 
Dining in its reach was 

3925
03:27:53,000 --> 03:27:56,300
extending further afield. 
What began as a parochial 

3926
03:27:56,300 --> 03:27:58,700
handbook for French motorists. 
Had evolved into an 

3927
03:27:58,700 --> 03:28:02,300
international Institution. 
Michelin published its first 

3928
03:28:02,300 --> 03:28:05,300
guide to Italy in 1956 though no
restaurant. 

3929
03:28:05,300 --> 03:28:08,600
Earned a star in that inaugural 
Italian Edition and rolled out 

3930
03:28:08,600 --> 03:28:10,700
guides across the continent in 
subsequent years. 

3931
03:28:10,700 --> 03:28:14,000
A Michelin guide for Great 
Britain and Ireland, we appeared

3932
03:28:14,000 --> 03:28:17,400
in 1974 after a long high atis 
signaling, the guides 

3933
03:28:17,400 --> 03:28:21,700
pan-european scope In 2005, the 
company finally crossed the 

3934
03:28:21,700 --> 03:28:24,900
Atlantic debuting. 
A New York City guide and soon 

3935
03:28:24,900 --> 03:28:29,300
afterwards in today's Asia, with
guide for Tokyo, 2007, and Hong 

3936
03:28:29,300 --> 03:28:33,000
Kong and Macau, 2008. 
In its first Tokyo Edition. 

3937
03:28:33,000 --> 03:28:36,100
Michelin awarded, an 
unprecedented eight restaurants,

3938
03:28:36,100 --> 03:28:39,900
the top three star, rating, 
declaring, Tokyo, the new world 

3939
03:28:39,900 --> 03:28:42,300
leader in Gourmet dining, even 
ahead of Paris. 

3940
03:28:43,200 --> 03:28:46,200
By the 2010s Michelin was 
publishing annual guides in 

3941
03:28:46,208 --> 03:28:49,500
dozens of countries across 
Europe, North America, and Asia 

3942
03:28:49,500 --> 03:28:52,500
is once humble book. 
Now, a global Arbiter of taste 

3943
03:28:53,300 --> 03:28:56,200
For perspective more than 30 
million missions. 

3944
03:28:56,200 --> 03:28:59,200
Sheila and guides have been sold
worldwide over the past Century.

3945
03:29:00,400 --> 03:29:04,100
A Michelin star became part of 
the common, lexicon a byword for

3946
03:29:04,100 --> 03:29:07,200
culinary Excellence recognized 
from Boston to Beijing. 

3947
03:29:07,900 --> 03:29:10,600
Michelin or added secondary 
distinctions over time. 

3948
03:29:10,600 --> 03:29:14,700
For instance, the bib Gourmand 
award denoted, by the face of 

3949
03:29:14,700 --> 03:29:17,500
Bender licking, his lips was 
introduced to highlight 

3950
03:29:17,500 --> 03:29:20,200
restaurant offering excellent 
quality at a reasonable price. 

3951
03:29:20,200 --> 03:29:23,400
Proving that not all outstanding
cooking need be expensive. 

3952
03:29:24,400 --> 03:29:27,400
The guide had transformed into a
luxury brand influencer in its 

3953
03:29:27,400 --> 03:29:27,800
own. 
Right. 

3954
03:29:27,800 --> 03:29:30,900
The endorsement of the Michelin 
a single Michelin guy could 

3955
03:29:30,900 --> 03:29:33,200
Propel a modest Chef to 
prominence or Transformer, 

3956
03:29:33,200 --> 03:29:35,500
remote Village into a 
destination for Foodies. 

3957
03:29:36,300 --> 03:29:39,700
Tourism boards, even began 
courting Michela to published in

3958
03:29:39,700 --> 03:29:43,100
their Region's hoping to 
capitalize on the mission in 

3959
03:29:43,100 --> 03:29:47,500
effect of gastronomic travel. 
In the world of out Cuisine, the

3960
03:29:47,500 --> 03:29:50,300
red covered guide wielded. 
A clout matched by few 

3961
03:29:50,300 --> 03:29:53,000
institutions yet even as its 
Fame. 

3962
03:29:53,000 --> 03:29:56,600
Grew the Michelin guide remained
cloaked in Mystique, not least 

3963
03:29:56,600 --> 03:29:59,100
because it never revealed 
exactly how it cast its 

3964
03:29:59,100 --> 03:30:01,800
judgments. 
Diners devoured, each annual 

3965
03:30:01,800 --> 03:30:04,800
Edition but the identities of 
michelin's inspectors and the 

3966
03:30:04,808 --> 03:30:06,900
inner workings of its writing 
process. 

3967
03:30:06,900 --> 03:30:11,100
We kept rigorously secret 
Restauranteurs could only guess 

3968
03:30:11,100 --> 03:30:14,500
when a Michelin critic had dined
in their midst, this Aura of 

3969
03:30:14,500 --> 03:30:17,400
secrecy became part of the 
guides Legend and it set the 

3970
03:30:17,408 --> 03:30:19,200
stage for the next chapter of 
the story. 

3971
03:30:19,200 --> 03:30:23,400
The secretive inspectors and 
enigmatic criteria behind those 

3972
03:30:23,400 --> 03:30:25,700
Stars. 
The true genius of the Michelin 

3973
03:30:25,700 --> 03:30:28,900
guide and perhaps the key to its
credibility in the inspectors 

3974
03:30:28,900 --> 03:30:32,600
from the 1920s. 
Onward Michelin cultivated an 

3975
03:30:32,600 --> 03:30:36,200
image of rigorous and Anonymous 
evaluation the company insisted 

3976
03:30:36,200 --> 03:30:39,000
that its inspectors always pay 
for their meals and never reveal

3977
03:30:39,000 --> 03:30:41,700
their identities. 
So restaurants could not carry 

3978
03:30:41,700 --> 03:30:46,200
favor Planet attended these 
Mystery Diners, as the Michelin 

3979
03:30:46,200 --> 03:30:49,200
Brothers, conceived them would 
blend in with ordinary patreons 

3980
03:30:49,200 --> 03:30:53,100
and experience restaurants, just
as any guests would over time, 

3981
03:30:53,100 --> 03:30:55,900
the guides Mystique became 
Central to this cover to 

3982
03:30:55,900 --> 03:30:58,500
approach. 
While other guidebooks were 

3983
03:30:58,500 --> 03:31:00,700
critics, might tolerate freebies
or announced their visits 

3984
03:31:00,700 --> 03:31:04,000
michelin's tasters moved in 
silence and picked up their 

3985
03:31:04,000 --> 03:31:06,600
checks. 
Chefs lived in quiet dread of 

3986
03:31:06,608 --> 03:31:10,500
unrecognized, gastronomic, spies
in their dining rooms one 

3987
03:31:10,500 --> 03:31:13,500
French, chef famously likened, 
the suspense to waiting for the 

3988
03:31:13,508 --> 03:31:15,900
Executioner. 
You never knew when they would 

3989
03:31:15,900 --> 03:31:19,600
come or who they were, it wasn't
just who the inspectors were but

3990
03:31:19,600 --> 03:31:21,500
what they looked for that set, 
Michelin apart. 

3991
03:31:22,400 --> 03:31:24,900
For decades, the guide said, 
little publicly about his 

3992
03:31:24,900 --> 03:31:28,500
judging criteria letting diners 
and chefs puzzle over the secret

3993
03:31:28,500 --> 03:31:32,600
recipe for earning a star. 
Only in 1936 did Michelin 

3994
03:31:32,600 --> 03:31:35,800
publish a brief description of 
the standards behind one, two, 

3995
03:31:35,800 --> 03:31:39,300
and three stars couching them in
reassuringly. 

3996
03:31:39,300 --> 03:31:42,900
Simple terms, a top-rated 
restaurant was one that volt 

3997
03:31:42,900 --> 03:31:47,300
worth the journey, a phrase that
harked back to the guy's road 

3998
03:31:47,300 --> 03:31:49,500
trip. 
Origins, Behind the scenes. 

3999
03:31:49,500 --> 03:31:52,500
Of course the inspectors 
palettes were finely honed and 

4000
03:31:52,500 --> 03:31:56,100
their expectations exacting. 
overtime, Michelin quietly 

4001
03:31:56,100 --> 03:31:58,600
established five Universal 
criteria to guide their 

4002
03:31:58,600 --> 03:32:01,900
assessments, quality of 
ingredients, master of cooking 

4003
03:32:01,900 --> 03:32:05,400
techniques Harmony of flavors, 
the personality of the chef in 

4004
03:32:05,400 --> 03:32:08,500
the cuisine and consistency 
across the menu and over time, 

4005
03:32:09,700 --> 03:32:13,600
Notably factors like Decor 
service or Ambience things one 

4006
03:32:13,600 --> 03:32:15,200
might assume influence a dining 
experience. 

4007
03:32:15,200 --> 03:32:18,000
Were officially not supposed to 
affect the rating. 

4008
03:32:18,000 --> 03:32:20,500
It was all about the food on the
plate. 

4009
03:32:20,500 --> 03:32:24,700
Michelin would later insist This
obsessive focus on food quality 

4010
03:32:24,700 --> 03:32:28,500
combined with anonymity, gave 
the Michelin guide a reputation 

4011
03:32:28,500 --> 03:32:31,900
for integrity. 
Inspectors often had culinary or

4012
03:32:31,900 --> 03:32:34,800
Hospitality backgrounds and they
ate out nearly every day. 

4013
03:32:34,800 --> 03:32:39,500
Sometimes 250 meals a year 
meticulously writing up reports 

4014
03:32:39,500 --> 03:32:43,000
on each experience. 
Their work was and still is 

4015
03:32:43,000 --> 03:32:47,200
shrouded in confidentiality. 
In an age of Instagram and 

4016
03:32:47,200 --> 03:32:50,500
crowdsourced Yelp. 
Reviews, Michelin to an old 

4017
03:32:50,500 --> 03:32:53,400
world. 
Secrecy Michelin Bard inspectors

4018
03:32:53,400 --> 03:32:55,900
from speaking to journalists and
even discouraged them from 

4019
03:32:55,900 --> 03:32:57,900
telling their families about 
their covert job. 

4020
03:32:58,600 --> 03:33:01,800
Michelin even ensures that no 
single inspector can make or 

4021
03:33:01,800 --> 03:33:04,800
break a restaurant. 
Multiple inspectors visit and 

4022
03:33:04,800 --> 03:33:06,900
their reports are pulled with 
stars. 

4023
03:33:06,900 --> 03:33:09,900
Awarded only after a collective 
deliberation by the inspection 

4024
03:33:09,900 --> 03:33:13,200
team and michelin's directors. 
The guide leverages this 

4025
03:33:13,200 --> 03:33:15,200
secrecy. 
And rigor as a marketing asset, 

4026
03:33:15,200 --> 03:33:18,600
it is mysterious and methodical 
and therefore in the eyes of its

4027
03:33:18,600 --> 03:33:21,100
fans impartial and 
authoritative. 

4028
03:33:22,800 --> 03:33:27,400
But secrecy has its price. over 
the years, michelin's veil was 

4029
03:33:27,400 --> 03:33:30,300
occasionally pierced by 
skepticism and controversy 

4030
03:33:30,300 --> 03:33:33,400
critics wondered if a handful of
inspectors could really cover 

4031
03:33:33,400 --> 03:33:36,600
thousands of restaurants 
thoroughly or if bias is crept 

4032
03:33:36,600 --> 03:33:40,200
in, despite claims of 
objectivity scrum told X 

4033
03:33:40,200 --> 03:33:43,300
inspector in France, published a
book in 2004 alleging that the 

4034
03:33:43,300 --> 03:33:47,300
rigor of the guide was slipping.
Michelin employed, only five 

4035
03:33:47,300 --> 03:33:50,600
full-time, inspectors for all of
France, each paid a humble 

4036
03:33:50,600 --> 03:33:52,400
salary and expected to somehow 
cover. 

4037
03:33:52,400 --> 03:33:56,200
Well over 10,000 restaurants, 
making it a complete myth that 

4038
03:33:56,200 --> 03:33:59,000
the inspector comes around every
year to each establishment. 

4039
03:34:00,300 --> 03:34:02,700
He also claimed that one third 
of the best and not of the 

4040
03:34:02,700 --> 03:34:07,000
standard expected. 
Missional denied the accusation 

4041
03:34:07,000 --> 03:34:10,100
noting that Remy had been 
dismissed after allegedly trying

4042
03:34:10,100 --> 03:34:12,400
to extort money to keep his 
diary unpublished. 

4043
03:34:12,400 --> 03:34:15,300
And the guides overseers 
insisted their standards 

4044
03:34:15,300 --> 03:34:18,700
remained as strict as ever. 
however, the expose a revealed, 

4045
03:34:18,700 --> 03:34:22,500
a hidden organization despite 
such drama, the guides Prestige 

4046
03:34:22,500 --> 03:34:26,000
proved resilient Few diners 
outside the industry, remembered

4047
03:34:26,000 --> 03:34:28,900
the episode for long, the 
Michelin brand of Excellence, 

4048
03:34:28,900 --> 03:34:32,600
had Decades of trust behind it 
and no competing guide managed 

4049
03:34:32,600 --> 03:34:36,300
to unseat its Authority. 
To this day for most chefs and 

4050
03:34:36,308 --> 03:34:39,700
gas, sternums michelin's 
inspectors, remain enigmatic 

4051
03:34:39,700 --> 03:34:42,900
figures wielding power, with 
their pens and forks, and 

4052
03:34:42,900 --> 03:34:45,800
keeping alive the Allure of an 
honor that is at least in 

4053
03:34:45,800 --> 03:34:49,300
principle purely merit-based as 
michelin's influenced grew. 

4054
03:34:49,300 --> 03:34:52,900
So did the stakes for those 
under its gaze a Michelin star 

4055
03:34:52,900 --> 03:34:55,600
could make a career. 
But the pressure to keep it 

4056
03:34:55,600 --> 03:34:59,200
could also break one. 
The Tails of this uneasy 

4057
03:34:59,200 --> 03:35:01,900
love-hate relationship with the 
red guide abounded in The 

4058
03:35:01,908 --> 03:35:05,500
Culinary World in 2003 renowned 
French chef. 

4059
03:35:05,500 --> 03:35:09,700
Bernard lawrenzo tragically took
his own life and act, widely 

4060
03:35:09,700 --> 03:35:12,700
linked to fears. 
He was about to lose. 

4061
03:35:12,700 --> 03:35:16,500
One of his three Michelin stars.
A downgrade that ultimately did 

4062
03:35:16,500 --> 03:35:20,200
not occur his death, echoed 
across France, spurring public 

4063
03:35:20,200 --> 03:35:22,800
debate about the enormous stress
place on Chefs. 

4064
03:35:22,800 --> 03:35:26,800
The legendary paulus lambasted, 
the culture of I'll give you a 

4065
03:35:26,808 --> 03:35:30,600
star, I'll take one away and how
critics rating toyed with chefs 

4066
03:35:30,600 --> 03:35:32,700
lives. 
In the years that have passed 

4067
03:35:32,700 --> 03:35:35,300
other renowned chefs have 
acknowledged that meeting. 

4068
03:35:35,300 --> 03:35:39,000
Michelin's expectations can be a
challenging task as the same 

4069
03:35:39,000 --> 03:35:42,300
recognition, that draws pilgrims
to their dining rooms also 

4070
03:35:42,300 --> 03:35:44,800
causes them to experience 
anxiety at night. 

4071
03:35:45,700 --> 03:35:48,900
Some chefs have even attempted 
to Dethrone Michelin. 

4072
03:35:49,800 --> 03:35:53,600
In 2017 Sebastian, Bray the chef
of a three-star restaurant 

4073
03:35:53,600 --> 03:35:58,100
located in rural aguile shocked 
the gastronomic World. 

4074
03:35:58,100 --> 03:36:00,800
By requesting that Michelin 
remove his restaurant from its 

4075
03:36:00,800 --> 03:36:03,500
guide. 
After nearly two decades at the 

4076
03:36:03,508 --> 03:36:06,100
summit, he yearned to cook 
without the shadow of constant 

4077
03:36:06,100 --> 03:36:09,500
judgment to be free from the 
pressure as he explained in a 

4078
03:36:09,508 --> 03:36:13,000
video announcement. 
Michelin reluctantly agreed to 

4079
03:36:13,000 --> 03:36:16,500
his request and almost unheard 
of concession, though. 

4080
03:36:16,500 --> 03:36:18,900
A couple of years later. 
Bras found himself back in the 

4081
03:36:18,908 --> 03:36:22,400
guide stars and all after 
Michelin decided, its 

4082
03:36:22,400 --> 03:36:24,900
assessments would remain 
independent of chefs wishes. 

4083
03:36:25,800 --> 03:36:28,900
Brazil, public renunciation 
ignited conversations about 

4084
03:36:28,900 --> 03:36:31,500
whether the pursuit of 
perfection demanded by Michela 

4085
03:36:31,500 --> 03:36:34,200
had gone too far. 
He wasn't alone in his 

4086
03:36:34,200 --> 03:36:36,600
ambivalence. 
Other celebrated chefs, have 

4087
03:36:36,600 --> 03:36:38,400
both revered the guide and 
resented it. 

4088
03:36:39,300 --> 03:36:41,700
In 2019, the eminent French, 
chef Marc. 

4089
03:36:41,700 --> 03:36:45,200
Veyrat went so far as to sue 
Michela after his restaurant was

4090
03:36:45,200 --> 03:36:48,500
demoted from three stars to 2, 
claiming the inspectors had made

4091
03:36:48,508 --> 03:36:51,500
a factual error. 
The Saga was dubbed cheddar in 

4092
03:36:51,500 --> 03:36:55,600
the press, the court ultimately 
threw out his case, such dramas 

4093
03:36:55,600 --> 03:36:58,700
underscore the intense emotions.
Experienced by those minority 

4094
03:36:58,700 --> 03:37:02,300
chefs Beyond individual chefs. 
There are broader cultural 

4095
03:37:02,300 --> 03:37:05,600
critiques for decades Michelin 
was accused of a French and 

4096
03:37:05,600 --> 03:37:08,700
eurocentric bias a favoring 
stiff white tablecloths and 

4097
03:37:08,700 --> 03:37:11,600
classical techniques over more 
diverse or homie culinary 

4098
03:37:11,600 --> 03:37:16,100
experiences in the 2020 10s. 
As gastronomical awareness 

4099
03:37:16,100 --> 03:37:18,300
blossomed globally, Michelin 
expanded. 

4100
03:37:18,300 --> 03:37:21,000
Its reach across, Asia the 
Americas and Beyond seeking to 

4101
03:37:21,000 --> 03:37:24,100
stay relevant. 
It surprise Skeptics by awarding

4102
03:37:24,100 --> 03:37:25,800
stars to Humble street food 
stalls. 

4103
03:37:25,800 --> 03:37:28,300
Such as a hawker, stand in, 
Singapore, known for two dollar.

4104
03:37:28,300 --> 03:37:30,400
Noodle bowls. 
This was michelin's way of 

4105
03:37:30,408 --> 03:37:32,900
saying Excellence can be found 
anywhere. 

4106
03:37:32,900 --> 03:37:36,900
Not only in gilded temples of 
out Cuisine and yet debates 

4107
03:37:36,900 --> 03:37:41,100
continued, did Michelin truly 
understand local food cultures, 

4108
03:37:41,100 --> 03:37:44,600
or was it imposing? 
Its standards was a starred. 

4109
03:37:44,600 --> 03:37:48,300
Sushi bar in Tokyo evaluated 
using the same criteria as a 

4110
03:37:48,300 --> 03:37:52,600
fine dining Salon in Paris. 
Such questions provided endless 

4111
03:37:52,600 --> 03:37:55,100
fodder for food, lovers and fuel
for michelin's rivals. 

4112
03:37:56,000 --> 03:37:59,000
What is clear is that a Michelin
star creates a profound economic

4113
03:37:59,000 --> 03:38:02,500
and emotional, ripple effect 
restaurants that earn one often 

4114
03:38:02,500 --> 03:38:05,900
see booking Skyrocket overnight 
allowing them to raise prices 

4115
03:38:05,900 --> 03:38:09,900
and invest in their craft entire
regions of bet on the Michelin 

4116
03:38:09,900 --> 03:38:11,400
effects to boost culinary 
tourism. 

4117
03:38:11,400 --> 03:38:14,900
Sometimes, even reportedly 
subsidizing the guides expansion

4118
03:38:14,900 --> 03:38:18,000
into their cities. 
Civic pride is now intertwined 

4119
03:38:18,000 --> 03:38:20,500
with star count cities and 
countries. 

4120
03:38:20,500 --> 03:38:23,800
Trumpet, their Michelin Laurel 
restaurants to entice Travelers 

4121
03:38:23,800 --> 03:38:27,000
just as chefs trumpet Their 
Stars to entice diners, 

4122
03:38:27,000 --> 03:38:30,500
conversely, losing a stark and 
feel like a public humiliation 

4123
03:38:30,500 --> 03:38:34,200
and can lead to real Financial 
pain as diners and investors 

4124
03:38:34,200 --> 03:38:37,500
react. 
The guide has been called a 

4125
03:38:37,500 --> 03:38:40,100
king-maker, a king breaker, a 
tyrant. 

4126
03:38:40,100 --> 03:38:44,000
And a savior to some chefs, its 
Benchmark of achievement to 

4127
03:38:44,000 --> 03:38:46,400
others, a source of unrelenting 
pressure. 

4128
03:38:47,300 --> 03:38:50,000
In the era of Instagram, 
influencers, and crowdsource 

4129
03:38:50,000 --> 03:38:52,300
review sites. 
Some of speculated that 

4130
03:38:52,300 --> 03:38:54,700
michelin's old school approach 
would lose relevance. 

4131
03:38:55,600 --> 03:38:58,500
But the continued obsession with
its verdicts suggest that its 

4132
03:38:58,500 --> 03:39:01,600
star system still holds a unique
sway over chefs and diners. 

4133
03:39:02,500 --> 03:39:06,500
Fact as astonishing today, as it
was a century ago, this tension 

4134
03:39:06,500 --> 03:39:08,900
has only heightened, the 
Michelin guides, cultural Aura, 

4135
03:39:08,900 --> 03:39:12,100
love it, or loathe it, those 
little stars, provoke, big 

4136
03:39:12,100 --> 03:39:15,400
emotions, looking back. 
The audacity of Andre michelin's

4137
03:39:15,400 --> 03:39:18,900
strategy as astonishing what 
began as a clever ploy to sell 

4138
03:39:18,900 --> 03:39:21,600
more tires evolved into a 
venture that transformed both 

4139
03:39:21,600 --> 03:39:23,700
travel and Gastronomy on a 
global scale. 

4140
03:39:23,700 --> 03:39:27,000
The Michelin guide helped turn 
the act of driving from a novel 

4141
03:39:27,000 --> 03:39:30,300
experiment into a, widespread 
cultural practice, and in doing 

4142
03:39:30,300 --> 03:39:32,800
so, it laid foundations for the 
modern travel industry. 

4143
03:39:33,700 --> 03:39:36,700
Early motorists, with a guide in
hand, felt empowered to explore 

4144
03:39:36,700 --> 03:39:39,800
secure in the knowledge that 
they could find their way, get a

4145
03:39:39,800 --> 03:39:44,100
decent meal and repair a flat. 
in many ways, Michela wrote the 

4146
03:39:44,100 --> 03:39:47,600
first draft of the road trip 
Over time, that little red book.

4147
03:39:47,600 --> 03:39:51,600
Spawned an entire ecosystem of 
travel AIDS road maps, tourist, 

4148
03:39:51,600 --> 03:39:55,400
guide, books, and travel 
itineraries indeed, Michela 

4149
03:39:55,400 --> 03:39:58,000
eventually, expanded into 
publishing, green guides to 

4150
03:39:58,000 --> 03:40:02,000
cities and regions worldwide. 
It's no exaggeration to say that

4151
03:40:02,000 --> 03:40:04,300
michelin's promotional gamble 
greased. 

4152
03:40:04,300 --> 03:40:08,300
The wheels for 20th century 
tourism, making distant corners 

4153
03:40:08,300 --> 03:40:12,500
of France and later, the world 
accessible and inviting to those

4154
03:40:12,500 --> 03:40:15,700
adventurous enough to motor 
there. the impact on the food 

4155
03:40:15,700 --> 03:40:19,500
industry has been even more 
profound By introducing the idea

4156
03:40:19,500 --> 03:40:22,500
that restaurants could be 
rigorously evaluated and ranked 

4157
03:40:22,500 --> 03:40:26,100
Michelin inadvertently created, 
a whole new Arena of competition

4158
03:40:26,100 --> 03:40:29,600
and aspiration among chefs. 
The guide Stars became the 

4159
03:40:29,600 --> 03:40:32,900
Oscars of The Culinary world and
chasing those Stars became a 

4160
03:40:32,900 --> 03:40:36,400
narrative of ambition and 
kitchens from Paris to Shanghai 

4161
03:40:36,400 --> 03:40:39,300
oat Cuisine which was once 
confined to Word of Mouth. 

4162
03:40:39,300 --> 03:40:41,500
Acclaim. 
Now had a codified system of 

4163
03:40:41,500 --> 03:40:44,600
Merit one that could Vault a 
chef to International fame or 

4164
03:40:44,600 --> 03:40:49,000
humble, even the mightiest ego 
This innovational turned dining 

4165
03:40:49,000 --> 03:40:52,000
out into a sport for Patron's, 
assuring in the era of the 

4166
03:40:52,000 --> 03:40:56,100
destination restaurant, where 
food Enthusiast strategies, 

4167
03:40:56,100 --> 03:40:59,400
entire trips to dine at Michelin
star temples of cuisine. 

4168
03:41:00,300 --> 03:41:03,400
Tiermaker from Claremore ended 
up setting Trends in the cooking

4169
03:41:03,400 --> 03:41:06,800
of Quadra, the serving of sushi,
and the topping of pizzas in 

4170
03:41:06,800 --> 03:41:09,400
directly influencing countless 
culinary, Traditions through the

4171
03:41:09,400 --> 03:41:12,500
power of its ratings. 
Michelin's own mascot. 

4172
03:41:12,500 --> 03:41:15,800
The Tubby Tireman bibendum 
became a cultural icon in his 

4173
03:41:15,800 --> 03:41:18,800
own right name. 
The best logo of the century by 

4174
03:41:18,800 --> 03:41:23,300
the financial times in 2000. 
Perhaps, just as significantly, 

4175
03:41:23,300 --> 03:41:27,500
Michelin demonstrated the power 
of brand extension, through 

4176
03:41:27,500 --> 03:41:29,600
content, long before that term 
existed. 

4177
03:41:30,800 --> 03:41:33,600
The company proved that a brand 
could transcend its original 

4178
03:41:33,600 --> 03:41:37,800
product, rubber tires and insert
itself into consumers lives in 

4179
03:41:37,800 --> 03:41:42,300
more intimate experiment. 
Ways today, when Airlines 

4180
03:41:42,300 --> 03:41:44,900
published travel magazines or 
beverage companies, create 

4181
03:41:44,900 --> 03:41:47,200
lifestyle blogs, they are 
following a trail. 

4182
03:41:47,200 --> 03:41:51,400
Blazed by Michelin in 1900 using
useful content to deepen, 

4183
03:41:51,400 --> 03:41:53,800
customer engagement in 
michelin's case. 

4184
03:41:53,800 --> 03:41:56,400
The stunt was so successful. 
It eventually outgrew its 

4185
03:41:56,400 --> 03:41:59,700
marketing purpose entirely The 
guide established itself as an 

4186
03:41:59,700 --> 03:42:02,400
institution, perhaps even 
surpassing the fame of 

4187
03:42:02,408 --> 03:42:06,200
michelin's tires. 
By the 21st century michelin's 

4188
03:42:06,200 --> 03:42:08,900
verdicts could determine a 
chef's Fortune's and cities 

4189
03:42:08,900 --> 03:42:11,300
would strive to attract a 
Michelin guide due to its 

4190
03:42:11,300 --> 03:42:15,200
potential economic benefits. 
Dozens of Woodbury imitators 

4191
03:42:15,200 --> 03:42:19,100
from crowdsourced website to 
Alternative ranking lists of 

4192
03:42:19,100 --> 03:42:21,800
tried to replicate michelin's 
formula, but none as quite 

4193
03:42:21,800 --> 03:42:23,500
matched the cashier of those 
stars. 

4194
03:42:23,500 --> 03:42:26,600
All this originates from a 
scheme dreamed up by two 

4195
03:42:26,600 --> 03:42:28,300
brothers. 
Who simply wanted people to 

4196
03:42:28,300 --> 03:42:31,300
drive more? 
Even in an age of GPS, apps and 

4197
03:42:31,300 --> 03:42:34,000
social media. 
The essence of michelin's Gambit

4198
03:42:34,000 --> 03:42:36,700
to spark Wanderlust and 
celebrate outstanding cooking 

4199
03:42:36,700 --> 03:42:40,600
and in so doing create demand 
for its Core Business remains as

4200
03:42:40,600 --> 03:42:43,300
powerful as ever. 
In the end, the story of how 

4201
03:42:43,300 --> 03:42:46,400
Andre Mitchell and trick the 
world is not one of Deceit, but 

4202
03:42:46,400 --> 03:42:49,200
of vision. 
He understood that selling a 

4203
03:42:49,200 --> 03:42:51,600
lifestyle, the thrill of 
Discovery, the promise of 

4204
03:42:51,608 --> 03:42:54,600
Adventure, the Allure of a 
perfect meal at Journey's. 

4205
03:42:54,600 --> 03:42:56,600
End was the key to selling his 
product. 

4206
03:42:57,500 --> 03:43:00,400
In nurturing that Vision. 
Michelin changed the way people 

4207
03:43:00,400 --> 03:43:03,200
travel, the way we eat, and even
the Way businesses caught 

4208
03:43:03,200 --> 03:43:07,000
customers, the Michelin guide 
Sentry plus Journey, from 

4209
03:43:07,000 --> 03:43:10,600
freebie, pamphlet to Global 
gastronomic, gatekeeper stands 

4210
03:43:10,600 --> 03:43:12,800
as one of the most remarkable 
chapters in marketing and 

4211
03:43:12,800 --> 03:43:16,100
cultural history indeed. 
It's now a textbook example of 

4212
03:43:16,100 --> 03:43:18,900
content marketing, it's a 
well-told yet. 

4213
03:43:18,900 --> 03:43:22,500
Still surprising true story of a
business Gambit that steered its

4214
03:43:22,500 --> 03:43:26,000
way into the hearts of millions 
leaving tire tracks across the 

4215
03:43:26,000 --> 03:43:28,800
world's roads, and indelible 
stars in the world's kitchens 

4216
03:43:28,800 --> 03:43:32,600
Andre Michelle's Grand trick of 
transforming, a tire firm into a

4217
03:43:32,608 --> 03:43:35,700
cultural taste maker achieved 
unprecedented success. 

4218
03:43:48,600 --> 03:43:50,900
Nicholas Tesla's. 
Boyhood in the small village of 

4219
03:43:50,900 --> 03:43:54,300
smilie an nestled in the rural 
reaches of the Austrian Empire. 

4220
03:43:54,300 --> 03:43:57,500
Now Croatia was, as far removed 
from the noise of modern 

4221
03:43:57,500 --> 03:43:59,100
contractions as one might 
imagine. 

4222
03:44:00,200 --> 03:44:03,400
It even amid this pastoral 
backdrop Tesla found ways to 

4223
03:44:03,400 --> 03:44:08,000
indulge his curiosity. 
His father milutin was an 

4224
03:44:08,000 --> 03:44:11,400
orthodox priest often occupied 
by religious duties, but he also

4225
03:44:11,400 --> 03:44:14,500
possessed a serious Library 
where young Nicholas snuck away 

4226
03:44:14,500 --> 03:44:17,200
to read. 
In fact, Tesla frequently, 

4227
03:44:17,200 --> 03:44:20,400
credited, these secretive 
Explorations for sparking, his 

4228
03:44:20,400 --> 03:44:24,700
fascination with science. 
Meanwhile, his mother duka a 

4229
03:44:24,700 --> 03:44:27,500
resourceful and gifted woman 
crafted household tools with her

4230
03:44:27,500 --> 03:44:30,600
hands granting Tesla. 
First hand look at the interplay

4231
03:44:30,600 --> 03:44:35,200
between imagination and utility.
One story that rarely gets 

4232
03:44:35,200 --> 03:44:39,800
retold overshadowed perhaps by 
Granda, anecdotes involved a 

4233
03:44:39,800 --> 03:44:43,400
small wooden water wheel. 
He built at age 9 determined to 

4234
03:44:43,408 --> 03:44:45,800
harness the Turning stream that 
ran behind his home. 

4235
03:44:46,600 --> 03:44:50,200
Tesla carved, rough paddles, 
from scavenge Driftwood, an 

4236
03:44:50,200 --> 03:44:52,600
improvised and axle from a 
broken carpart. 

4237
03:44:52,600 --> 03:44:57,900
While the contrivance was crude,
it worked sought of its spotted 

4238
03:44:57,900 --> 03:45:00,900
and jammed more often than its 
fun, but this half success 

4239
03:45:00,900 --> 03:45:04,800
taught him, the power of 
redirecting Natural Forces even 

4240
03:45:04,800 --> 03:45:07,800
as a child, he recognized that 
nature has tremendous energy 

4241
03:45:07,800 --> 03:45:11,800
just waiting to be tapped. 
It was also during these early 

4242
03:45:11,800 --> 03:45:14,300
years, that Tesla started 
experiencing a cute 

4243
03:45:14,300 --> 03:45:17,600
visualizations later. 
He described how bright flashes 

4244
03:45:17,600 --> 03:45:20,400
before his eyes would conjure 
Vivid images of objects. 

4245
03:45:20,400 --> 03:45:24,100
He hadn't even witnessed before 
this phenomenon, which he called

4246
03:45:24,100 --> 03:45:28,100
his mind's eye sometimes 
unsettled people around him, but

4247
03:45:28,100 --> 03:45:31,200
it had a silver lining. 
Whenever an idea flickered 

4248
03:45:31,200 --> 03:45:34,200
through his Consciousness. 
He could examine its details in 

4249
03:45:34,200 --> 03:45:37,700
these mental pictures rotating 
and refining them before he ever

4250
03:45:37,700 --> 03:45:41,200
set pen to paper. 
This unique ability often 

4251
03:45:41,200 --> 03:45:44,500
minimized in popular accounts 
shaped his inventive process. 

4252
03:45:45,500 --> 03:45:49,600
Of course, not all was idyllic 
as a Schoolboy Tesla nurse to 

4253
03:45:49,600 --> 03:45:51,400
rebellious streak and loathed 
rope memorization. 

4254
03:45:52,500 --> 03:45:55,200
His teacher wants, scolded him 
for insisting that the Earth was

4255
03:45:55,200 --> 03:45:58,500
a giant magnet telling, the 
class that Tesla was letting his

4256
03:45:58,500 --> 03:46:01,900
imagination run wild. 
The teacher was unaware of how 

4257
03:46:01,900 --> 03:46:05,200
close Tesla was to the truth, 
nor how that minor humiliation 

4258
03:46:05,200 --> 03:46:07,500
inspired him to study, magnetism
more thoroughly. 

4259
03:46:08,300 --> 03:46:09,900
Some say the seeds of his 
future. 

4260
03:46:09,900 --> 03:46:14,800
AC motor began here in the 
tension between Authority and 

4261
03:46:14,800 --> 03:46:18,700
Tesla's unwavering self-belief 
in spare moments. 

4262
03:46:18,700 --> 03:46:21,600
The young Tesla found 
camaraderie with friends who 

4263
03:46:21,600 --> 03:46:23,700
joined in his experiments like 
building. 

4264
03:46:23,700 --> 03:46:27,200
Hand cranked contractions were 
trying to talk through Tin Can 

4265
03:46:27,200 --> 03:46:31,400
telephones yet. 
If a Contraption fail Tesla 

4266
03:46:31,400 --> 03:46:35,300
vanished in to introspection, 
Recalculating every step in his 

4267
03:46:35,300 --> 03:46:38,700
mind. 
In those hours, no one could pry

4268
03:46:38,700 --> 03:46:41,900
him away from his Reflections. 
It was as if he was lost in that

4269
03:46:41,900 --> 03:46:45,400
luminous in a workshop. 
Despite bouts of quiet 

4270
03:46:45,400 --> 03:46:47,700
withdrawal. 
Tesla still lived in a 

4271
03:46:47,700 --> 03:46:49,400
household. 
That valued performance. 

4272
03:46:50,500 --> 03:46:53,800
Specially rhetorical Flair his 
father believed in the power of 

4273
03:46:53,800 --> 03:46:56,600
eloquence and would often 
deliver stirring orations. 

4274
03:46:56,600 --> 03:47:00,100
Perhaps this is how Tesla 
learned to present radical ideas

4275
03:47:00,100 --> 03:47:04,500
with poisons from his mother. 
The virtue of patient tinkering 

4276
03:47:04,500 --> 03:47:07,600
an aspect overshadowed by 
stories of His Brilliant. 

4277
03:47:07,600 --> 03:47:11,600
Flashes of insight though, 
untrained formerly Duke is 

4278
03:47:11,600 --> 03:47:14,100
improvisational skills. 
Showed him that great inventions

4279
03:47:14,100 --> 03:47:17,200
need not come from Grand. 
Laboratories they could begin at

4280
03:47:17,200 --> 03:47:20,100
a humble table or by the 
Riverside as long as one had the

4281
03:47:20,100 --> 03:47:22,700
drive to see the through. 
By the time he reached out 

4282
03:47:22,700 --> 03:47:25,800
lessons tester, had devoured 
nearly every science book in his

4283
03:47:25,800 --> 03:47:28,100
father's Library. 
He immersed, himself in 

4284
03:47:28,100 --> 03:47:31,100
electricity magnetism and 
mechanical wonders. 

4285
03:47:31,100 --> 03:47:35,700
His Fascination growing with 
each page, later at night, when 

4286
03:47:35,700 --> 03:47:38,200
the household slept, and a 
single kerosene lamp. 

4287
03:47:38,200 --> 03:47:42,100
Flickered in the corridor Tesla 
mold over New Concepts, making 

4288
03:47:42,100 --> 03:47:45,900
mental notes on how to apply 
them, He never just read he 

4289
03:47:45,900 --> 03:47:49,800
scouted for Clues each bit of 
knowledge, layering onto his 

4290
03:47:49,800 --> 03:47:53,200
mental designs. 
These experiences and smell Jam 

4291
03:47:53,200 --> 03:47:56,700
form the Bedrock of a lifetime 
of invention while the world 

4292
03:47:56,700 --> 03:47:59,600
would one day witness testers, 
theatrical experiments and 

4293
03:47:59,608 --> 03:48:03,300
transformative discoveries. 
It All Began beside a murmuring 

4294
03:48:03,300 --> 03:48:07,200
Creek and within the hush of a 
modest Library there free from 

4295
03:48:07,208 --> 03:48:12,000
Urban clamor Tesla, learned the 
value of curiosity, observation 

4296
03:48:12,000 --> 03:48:15,800
and sustained, determination. 
It was in this unassuming 

4297
03:48:15,800 --> 03:48:19,300
domain, where wooden water 
wheels sputtered and a boy's 

4298
03:48:19,300 --> 03:48:22,400
imagination soared that the 
seeds of an extraordinary 

4299
03:48:22,400 --> 03:48:23,900
Destiny. 
First took Route. 

4300
03:48:24,700 --> 03:48:27,800
Perhaps most telling these 
formative years cemented in 

4301
03:48:27,800 --> 03:48:30,200
Tesla, a lifelong pattern of 
introspection and 

4302
03:48:30,200 --> 03:48:33,400
experimentation the young 
inventor, not only absorbed 

4303
03:48:33,400 --> 03:48:35,800
Knoll Village. 
He reinvented it in his 

4304
03:48:35,800 --> 03:48:45,900
imagination for him smilianets. 
Tesla's departure from home was 

4305
03:48:45,900 --> 03:48:48,600
spurred by academic Pursuits 
that beckoned him to larger 

4306
03:48:48,600 --> 03:48:52,400
Arenas, eventually Landing him 
at the Austrian Polytechnic in 

4307
03:48:52,408 --> 03:48:55,000
grounds. 
The environment there, demanded 

4308
03:48:55,000 --> 03:48:58,500
rigor, which suited Tesla's 
capacity for total immersion? 

4309
03:48:59,300 --> 03:49:02,100
He sunk his teeth into 
mathematics physics and 

4310
03:49:02,100 --> 03:49:05,500
mechanics with a feverish 
intensity professors noted, his 

4311
03:49:05,500 --> 03:49:08,400
uncanny ability to answer 
complex theoretical questions 

4312
03:49:08,400 --> 03:49:11,700
without referencing textbooks. 
A result of his extraordinary 

4313
03:49:11,700 --> 03:49:16,500
mental visualization, However, 
the spark that truly lit. 

4314
03:49:16,500 --> 03:49:20,800
His imagination was the direct 
current DC electrical Machinery.

4315
03:49:20,800 --> 03:49:24,700
In the school's Labs 
conventional wisdom suggested DC

4316
03:49:24,700 --> 03:49:27,400
was the future of power. 
But Tesla found its 

4317
03:49:27,400 --> 03:49:31,100
inefficiencies, maddening 
observing, how DC motors 

4318
03:49:31,100 --> 03:49:33,000
generated Sparks and wasted 
energy. 

4319
03:49:33,000 --> 03:49:36,900
He questioned how nobody noticed
a better pathway when one 

4320
03:49:36,900 --> 03:49:39,300
Professor pronounced that 
harnessing alternating current 

4321
03:49:39,300 --> 03:49:42,100
AC at scale was an 
impossibility. 

4322
03:49:42,100 --> 03:49:46,200
Tesla resisted, the urge to 
argue instead, he spent late 

4323
03:49:46,200 --> 03:49:49,200
nights in his boarding room 
sketching out rotating magnetic 

4324
03:49:49,200 --> 03:49:52,400
fields in his head if he dozed 
off at all, it was with 

4325
03:49:52,400 --> 03:49:54,400
diagrams. 
Dancing across his eyelids 

4326
03:49:54,400 --> 03:49:58,500
despite his academic prowess, 
Tesla stinting, grass did not 

4327
03:49:58,500 --> 03:50:02,800
end smoothly exhaustion, perhaps
an underlying rebellious streak 

4328
03:50:02,800 --> 03:50:05,800
contributed to friction with 
University administrators. 

4329
03:50:06,600 --> 03:50:09,600
Who wants rigged an experiment 
to demonstrate a refined method 

4330
03:50:09,600 --> 03:50:11,200
for measuring electric 
resistance. 

4331
03:50:12,100 --> 03:50:14,700
When the apparatus 
short-circuited Tesla found 

4332
03:50:14,700 --> 03:50:17,700
himself facing the wrath of a 
professor, outraged by 

4333
03:50:17,700 --> 03:50:22,200
unorthodox experimentation. 
Feeling unwelcome Tesla walked 

4334
03:50:22,200 --> 03:50:24,600
out leaving conventional 
Academia behind. 

4335
03:50:25,900 --> 03:50:29,800
From grads, Tesla moved to other
opportunities, including a brief

4336
03:50:29,800 --> 03:50:31,600
and often overlooked period in 
Marburg. 

4337
03:50:31,600 --> 03:50:35,300
Now maribor Slovenia there, a 
shadow seemed to fall over him. 

4338
03:50:36,000 --> 03:50:39,600
Separated from the camera of 
classmates, grappled with bouts 

4339
03:50:39,600 --> 03:50:43,600
of anxiety, without structured 
lab access Tesla turned to 

4340
03:50:43,600 --> 03:50:46,800
solitary experiments tinkering 
with leftover scraps of metal 

4341
03:50:46,800 --> 03:50:50,600
and wire yet the glue of 
isolation ordered him and he 

4342
03:50:50,600 --> 03:50:54,000
eventually returned home for a 
spell, his confidence rattled 

4343
03:50:54,000 --> 03:50:57,800
but not shattered. 
It was in Budapest or working at

4344
03:50:57,800 --> 03:51:01,300
The Budapest telephone exchange.
The Tesla began to regain his 

4345
03:51:01,300 --> 03:51:03,700
footing. 
In that frenetic workspace, he 

4346
03:51:03,700 --> 03:51:06,400
was tasked with improving the 
nascent telephone systems 

4347
03:51:06,400 --> 03:51:11,100
design. one less circulated 
story details, how Tesla, once 

4348
03:51:11,100 --> 03:51:14,400
clambered onto a rooftop to 
adjust overhead lines, the 

4349
03:51:14,400 --> 03:51:17,300
lightning flashes, giving him 
new ideas about high frequency, 

4350
03:51:17,300 --> 03:51:20,700
current colleagues regarded him,
as eccentric competent, 

4351
03:51:21,400 --> 03:51:23,400
Crucially. 
It was during a routine walk 

4352
03:51:23,400 --> 03:51:26,400
through Budapest city park that 
the notion of the rotating 

4353
03:51:26,400 --> 03:51:28,700
magnetic field crystallized in 
his mind. 

4354
03:51:29,500 --> 03:51:32,600
Inspired by a poem. 
He recited aloud Tesla. 

4355
03:51:32,600 --> 03:51:35,800
Abruptly stopped drew a stick 
from the ground and began 

4356
03:51:35,800 --> 03:51:38,000
tracing swirling diagrams in the
dirt. 

4357
03:51:38,800 --> 03:51:41,500
He explained to His companion. 
How two or more alternating 

4358
03:51:41,500 --> 03:51:45,300
currents out of phase, could 
induce a rotating field capable 

4359
03:51:45,300 --> 03:51:47,800
of spinning a motor that Eureka 
moment. 

4360
03:51:47,800 --> 03:51:51,100
Set the course for his next 
inventions, it was an unveiling 

4361
03:51:51,100 --> 03:51:55,300
of practical AC Concepts in the 
most unassuming of settings Far 

4362
03:51:55,300 --> 03:51:57,500
From Any official laboratory 
shortly. 

4363
03:51:57,500 --> 03:52:00,600
After Tesla found himself with 
an opportunity in Paris working 

4364
03:52:00,600 --> 03:52:02,200
for the Continental Edison 
Company. 

4365
03:52:02,200 --> 03:52:05,400
His tasks involved 
troubleshooting installation of 

4366
03:52:05,400 --> 03:52:09,400
Edison's DC Systems, the very 
technology that had vexed him 

4367
03:52:09,400 --> 03:52:13,300
back at graze, even so the job 
introduced him to real world 

4368
03:52:13,300 --> 03:52:16,700
engineering challenges and power
outages, to generate a 

4369
03:52:16,700 --> 03:52:20,800
malfunctions like day Tesla, 
tackled these issues, becoming 

4370
03:52:20,800 --> 03:52:22,800
something of a specialist in 
diagnosing, electrical 

4371
03:52:22,800 --> 03:52:26,500
breakdowns by night. 
He refined sketches of his AC 

4372
03:52:26,500 --> 03:52:29,600
motor desperately, wishing for 
the chance to build a prototype.

4373
03:52:30,700 --> 03:52:33,000
The interplay between The Daily 
Grind of DC, Hardware 

4374
03:52:33,000 --> 03:52:36,100
maintenance, and the nightly 
pursuit of a sea Innovation. 

4375
03:52:36,100 --> 03:52:40,400
Lent, Tesla's life are peculiar 
Duality an unresolved tension 

4376
03:52:40,400 --> 03:52:43,300
between the present and what he 
believed the future should be 

4377
03:52:43,300 --> 03:52:46,300
well, though, overshadowed by 
the high drama of late years, 

4378
03:52:47,200 --> 03:52:50,600
These formative experiences 
taught Tesla resilience, he 

4379
03:52:50,600 --> 03:52:53,900
learned how to negotiate limited
resources, how to observe the 

4380
03:52:53,900 --> 03:52:56,200
smallest anomalies and 
mechanical performance. 

4381
03:52:56,900 --> 03:53:00,000
And how to coax Visions from his
mind into workable sketches. 

4382
03:53:01,000 --> 03:53:04,500
more importantly, his confidence
in the feasibility of AC power 

4383
03:53:04,500 --> 03:53:08,200
solidified, even as he undertook
the tedium of dc-based 

4384
03:53:08,200 --> 03:53:11,600
assignments, The world around 
him might have regarded AC as a 

4385
03:53:11,600 --> 03:53:14,200
flight of fancy, but in his 
eyes, it was the rightful heir 

4386
03:53:14,200 --> 03:53:16,900
to the electrical Throne waiting
for its moment to shine. 

4387
03:53:18,200 --> 03:53:22,200
Tesla's fateful Journey to the 
United States in 1884 has often 

4388
03:53:22,200 --> 03:53:26,200
been romanticized yet, a host of
lesson, known details in Rich 

4389
03:53:26,200 --> 03:53:28,700
that narrative. 
He arrived in New York, with 

4390
03:53:28,700 --> 03:53:31,200
next to nothing carrying a 
letter of introduction to 

4391
03:53:31,200 --> 03:53:33,500
Thomas, Edison from his former 
employer in Paris. 

4392
03:53:34,400 --> 03:53:37,000
The letter supposedly claimed 
Tesla was an exceptional 

4393
03:53:37,000 --> 03:53:39,900
engineer. 
Who would produce one wonders in

4394
03:53:39,900 --> 03:53:42,900
popular? 
Italian counter frame's Tesla 

4395
03:53:42,900 --> 03:53:47,000
and edson's instant Rivals but 
in truth their relationship 

4396
03:53:47,000 --> 03:53:51,100
began with cautious respect. 
Edison recognized Tesla's 

4397
03:53:51,100 --> 03:53:54,100
competence right away and put 
him to work on projects, deemed 

4398
03:53:54,100 --> 03:53:55,900
to intricate or menial for 
others. 

4399
03:53:56,600 --> 03:54:00,100
There's a story one, not widely 
circulated, the Tesla fixed to 

4400
03:54:00,100 --> 03:54:01,600
defective shipboard lighting 
system. 

4401
03:54:02,500 --> 03:54:04,900
Saving Edison's company from 
contract penalties. 

4402
03:54:05,700 --> 03:54:07,200
Tesla. 
Never used it as Leverage. 

4403
03:54:08,000 --> 03:54:12,400
Still Edison noticed intrigued 
by Tesla's meticulous approach. 

4404
03:54:12,400 --> 03:54:17,400
He assigned him to redesign DC, 
generators Tesla toiled day. 

4405
03:54:17,400 --> 03:54:19,900
And night, confident, his 
improvements would prove their 

4406
03:54:19,900 --> 03:54:23,000
worth and they did. 
But when he sought remuneration 

4407
03:54:23,000 --> 03:54:26,700
misunderstandings piled up, it 
wasn't a single dispute. 

4408
03:54:26,700 --> 03:54:31,100
Over a massive bonus, more, a 
pattern of unkept promises and 

4409
03:54:31,100 --> 03:54:35,200
blurred expectations. 
By early 1885, the veneer of 

4410
03:54:35,200 --> 03:54:38,800
cordiality of evaporated and 
Tesla left Edison's employee. 

4411
03:54:39,800 --> 03:54:41,700
That was the Genesis of a 
rivalry later. 

4412
03:54:41,700 --> 03:54:45,800
Amplified by newspaper's driven,
more by conflicting Technologies

4413
03:54:45,800 --> 03:54:49,600
than personal hatred, Financial 
troubles Bessette Tesla almost 

4414
03:54:49,600 --> 03:54:52,500
immediately with few 
acquaintances in New York. 

4415
03:54:52,500 --> 03:54:55,800
He found himself digging ditches
for two dollars a day yet. 

4416
03:54:55,800 --> 03:54:59,400
It might have been that physical
labor under a harsh Sun, that 

4417
03:54:59,400 --> 03:55:02,400
sharpened his resolve. 
He told a friend that while his 

4418
03:55:02,400 --> 03:55:05,100
body dug ditches, his mind was 
Far Away. 

4419
03:55:05,100 --> 03:55:07,700
Disrupt describing to call arcs 
of thought. 

4420
03:55:08,700 --> 03:55:10,500
Where some might have fallen 
into despair. 

4421
03:55:10,500 --> 03:55:13,800
Tesla saw an interval to refine 
his intended path. 

4422
03:55:14,600 --> 03:55:17,600
That path led to the formation 
of Tesla electric light and 

4423
03:55:17,600 --> 03:55:20,000
Manufacturing. 
His first entrepreneurial 

4424
03:55:20,000 --> 03:55:23,900
venture in America, he secured 
backers, who at first promised 

4425
03:55:23,900 --> 03:55:26,500
to let him develop Arc Lighting 
systems and eventually his 

4426
03:55:26,500 --> 03:55:30,100
prized AC Motors. 
However, once Tesla delivered an

4427
03:55:30,100 --> 03:55:33,100
efficient Arc lighting solution,
those investors showed no 

4428
03:55:33,100 --> 03:55:37,700
interest in AC Capital wanted 
quick returns, not imaginative 

4429
03:55:37,700 --> 03:55:40,500
leaps. 
Frustrated, Tesla found himself 

4430
03:55:40,500 --> 03:55:44,000
pushed out of the very company. 
Bearing, his name This episode 

4431
03:55:44,000 --> 03:55:46,700
left him, wary of business 
Partnerships and taught him that

4432
03:55:46,700 --> 03:55:49,400
investors valued immediate 
profit over long-term Vision. 

4433
03:55:49,400 --> 03:55:53,200
Undeterred, Tesla began to 
demonstrate his, a sea motor 

4434
03:55:53,200 --> 03:55:55,200
concept and small lecture halls 
around the city. 

4435
03:55:55,200 --> 03:55:58,100
One venue. 
The back room of a modest 

4436
03:55:58,100 --> 03:56:01,100
Manhattan building had an 
audience of barely 20 people. 

4437
03:56:02,000 --> 03:56:04,300
But among them was Alfred s 
Browne. 

4438
03:56:04,300 --> 03:56:07,000
The Western Union 
superintendent, who recognized 

4439
03:56:07,000 --> 03:56:11,500
Tesla's potential another backer
Charles Peck also attended 

4440
03:56:12,300 --> 03:56:15,200
Together, they formed a 
partnership with Tesla pledging 

4441
03:56:15,200 --> 03:56:19,300
to support his AC technology. 
These unglamorous sessions laid 

4442
03:56:19,300 --> 03:56:21,500
vital groundwork for Tesla's 
next breakthrough. 

4443
03:56:21,500 --> 03:56:25,700
Soon with Newfound supporters, 
Tesla established a laboratory 

4444
03:56:25,700 --> 03:56:30,200
at 89 Liberty Street Manhattan. 
Amid coils of wire and 

4445
03:56:30,208 --> 03:56:33,500
improvised setups. 
He tinkered relentlessly the 

4446
03:56:33,500 --> 03:56:35,300
space was cramped but offered 
freedom. 

4447
03:56:36,000 --> 03:56:38,800
He constructed prototypes of the
polyphase, AC motor 

4448
03:56:38,800 --> 03:56:42,100
painstakingly refining them 
until they could run smoothly 

4449
03:56:42,100 --> 03:56:44,800
under load. 
Maintaining a consistent 

4450
03:56:44,800 --> 03:56:48,100
rotating, magnetic field, was 
one challenge, ensuring it 

4451
03:56:48,108 --> 03:56:49,800
didn't damage the apparatus over
time. 

4452
03:56:49,800 --> 03:56:54,700
Was another Tesla, tackled each,
obstacle systematically relying 

4453
03:56:54,700 --> 03:56:58,700
on mental simulations before any
real world tests, one anecdote 

4454
03:56:58,700 --> 03:57:01,000
from this period. 
Recounts Tesla experimenting 

4455
03:57:01,000 --> 03:57:04,000
with high-speed turbines that 
let out a nerving wines. 

4456
03:57:04,900 --> 03:57:08,200
Passes by grew where he 
prompting multiple visits from 

4457
03:57:08,200 --> 03:57:11,100
the local fire brigade, after 
neighbors, complained of Sparks.

4458
03:57:11,900 --> 03:57:15,700
Tesla oblivious to the fuss 
would apologize earnestly. 

4459
03:57:15,700 --> 03:57:18,100
Then resumed his adjustments. 
The moment they left. 

4460
03:57:19,000 --> 03:57:22,100
Such episode's highlight his 
tendency to live almost entirely

4461
03:57:22,100 --> 03:57:25,600
in his realm of ideas, paying 
little heed to outside alarm. 

4462
03:57:25,600 --> 03:57:28,900
While public fascination with 
the electricity, was on the rise

4463
03:57:28,900 --> 03:57:31,200
spurred by the novelty of 
electric lights. 

4464
03:57:31,200 --> 03:57:34,600
Most industrialists, still 
viewed a sea with caution. 

4465
03:57:35,500 --> 03:57:38,700
Tesla's goal was not simply to 
make a sea Motors feasible, but 

4466
03:57:38,700 --> 03:57:41,200
to persuade key players that 
this technology was reliable 

4467
03:57:41,200 --> 03:57:45,300
safe and profitable. 
Each small success in his lab 

4468
03:57:45,300 --> 03:57:48,000
bolstered. 
His resolve inching him closer 

4469
03:57:48,000 --> 03:57:51,400
to a grand future shaped by 
alternating current truly 

4470
03:57:51,400 --> 03:57:55,700
Unstoppable. 
By 1888 Tesla was ready to 

4471
03:57:55,700 --> 03:57:59,100
unveil his AC motor to the world
and the venue was the American 

4472
03:57:59,100 --> 03:58:00,800
Institute of electrical 
engineers. 

4473
03:58:02,100 --> 03:58:04,800
While typical accounts highlight
the significance of the event. 

4474
03:58:04,800 --> 03:58:07,800
If you explore the hushed. 
Excitement that filled that 

4475
03:58:07,800 --> 03:58:11,500
lecture hall attendees included,
professors journalists and 

4476
03:58:11,500 --> 03:58:15,600
Industrial Titans all abuzz with
talk of a new era in electrical 

4477
03:58:15,600 --> 03:58:18,100
distribution. 
Some were openly skeptical 

4478
03:58:18,100 --> 03:58:20,800
others arrived hoping to witness
the demise of what they 

4479
03:58:20,800 --> 03:58:24,800
considered an Impossible Dream. 
Tesla walked onto the stage with

4480
03:58:24,800 --> 03:58:28,000
a calm demeanor, unveiling, his 
motor and discussing its 

4481
03:58:28,000 --> 03:58:30,000
principles with methodical 
precision. 

4482
03:58:30,700 --> 03:58:33,700
Crucially in the audience, sat 
George Westinghouse who had 

4483
03:58:33,700 --> 03:58:35,500
embraced AC for power 
transmission. 

4484
03:58:36,500 --> 03:58:39,800
Impressed by Tesla's Clarity and
the Elegance implicity of his 

4485
03:58:39,800 --> 03:58:42,800
motor Westinghouse. 
Quickly reached out in 

4486
03:58:42,800 --> 03:58:45,300
negotiations. 
He purchased Tesla's patents for

4487
03:58:45,300 --> 03:58:48,300
a substantial sum and promised 
royalties for every horse power 

4488
03:58:48,300 --> 03:58:51,800
generated by his invention. 
While mainstream retellings 

4489
03:58:51,800 --> 03:58:54,900
mentioned, the deal, the Nuance 
of their discussions shaped by 

4490
03:58:54,900 --> 03:58:58,100
Tesla's vision for future 
expansion of AC off often 

4491
03:58:58,100 --> 03:59:01,800
remains overlooked With 
westinghouse's backing Tesla, 

4492
03:59:01,800 --> 03:59:05,000
moved into a well-resourced 
facility in Pittsburgh to refine

4493
03:59:05,000 --> 03:59:06,600
his designs for commercial 
production. 

4494
03:59:07,700 --> 03:59:10,300
The cultural shift from his 
Liberty Street lab to an 

4495
03:59:10,300 --> 03:59:14,000
industrial setting was Stark. 
Tesla sought perfect Synergy of 

4496
03:59:14,000 --> 03:59:17,000
frequency and voltage, while 
corporate Engineers focused on 

4497
03:59:17,000 --> 03:59:20,100
standardized Parts. 
Despite tension seeing his 

4498
03:59:20,100 --> 03:59:22,000
Motors mass produced thrilled 
him. 

4499
03:59:22,700 --> 03:59:26,300
He was elated when AC systems 
lit parts of the 1893 World 

4500
03:59:26,300 --> 03:59:28,100
Columbian. 
Exposition in Chicago, 

4501
03:59:28,100 --> 03:59:31,700
showcasing a cityscape at glow 
with alternating current 

4502
03:59:31,700 --> 03:59:33,900
courtesy of Westinghouse and 
Tesla. 

4503
03:59:34,800 --> 03:59:37,300
A lesser known interlude 
occurred or when Tesla visited 

4504
03:59:37,300 --> 03:59:40,200
Niagara Falls a Falls to survey 
the plan. 

4505
03:59:40,200 --> 03:59:44,100
Hydroelectric station, Standing 
at the brink of the Thundering 

4506
03:59:44,100 --> 03:59:48,400
Cascade, he reportedly Muse that
harnessing, such power would 

4507
03:59:48,400 --> 03:59:50,600
reflect Humanity's harmony with 
nature. 

4508
03:59:51,400 --> 03:59:54,600
When it went on line, delivering
electricity as far as Buffalo, 

4509
03:59:54,600 --> 03:59:59,300
it proved ACS potency yet the 
war of the currents fueled by 

4510
03:59:59,300 --> 04:00:02,900
Edison's campaign labeling, AC, 
dangerous cast Shadows on these 

4511
04:00:02,900 --> 04:00:06,500
achievements. 
Edison's allies staged gruesome 

4512
04:00:06,500 --> 04:00:09,100
demonstrations. 
Electrocuting animals to 

4513
04:00:09,100 --> 04:00:13,000
highlight Aces hazards, Tesla 
though offended voided. 

4514
04:00:13,000 --> 04:00:16,600
Direct public attacks. 
Instead, he showcased Aces 

4515
04:00:16,600 --> 04:00:19,700
safety and flamboyant ways. 
Passing high frequency, currents

4516
04:00:19,700 --> 04:00:23,600
through himself to like lamps, 
Newspapers seized on these spec 

4517
04:00:23,600 --> 04:00:26,800
circles Tesla, disliked 
theatrics for mere hype. 

4518
04:00:26,800 --> 04:00:29,900
That saw them as necessary to 
shift perception, Tesla's 

4519
04:00:29,900 --> 04:00:33,100
finances, briefly soared his 
arrangement with Westinghouse 

4520
04:00:33,100 --> 04:00:35,500
promised substantial gains as AC
spread. 

4521
04:00:35,500 --> 04:00:38,800
However, Westinghouse soon faced
Financial strain from the 

4522
04:00:38,800 --> 04:00:40,900
Niagara project and Market 
fluctuations. 

4523
04:00:40,900 --> 04:00:43,300
When Bankers threatened, the 
Westinghouse company. 

4524
04:00:43,300 --> 04:00:47,200
Tesla made a dramatic Choice. 
He released Westinghouse from 

4525
04:00:47,200 --> 04:00:51,500
the heavy royalty agreement. 
Some theaters altruism others, 

4526
04:00:51,500 --> 04:00:54,600
suspect, that he believed 
broader, AC adoption would bring

4527
04:00:54,600 --> 04:00:56,100
even greater, well, down the 
line. 

4528
04:00:56,100 --> 04:00:58,900
Either way, this decision cost 
him. 

4529
04:00:58,900 --> 04:01:02,200
Millions that shifted Tesla's 
partnership. 

4530
04:01:02,200 --> 04:01:05,900
With Westinghouse, meanwhile his
growing celebrity pushed him to 

4531
04:01:05,900 --> 04:01:09,600
chase in your ideas fascinated 
by high frequency, currents and 

4532
04:01:09,600 --> 04:01:13,000
wireless power heard that AC 
power distribution was only a 

4533
04:01:13,000 --> 04:01:15,800
starting point. 
Here's pivot from danger to 

4534
04:01:15,800 --> 04:01:19,100
Visionary signaled, the dawn of 
a new phase yet the transition 

4535
04:01:19,100 --> 04:01:21,900
was uneasy industry leaders 
wanted Market. 

4536
04:01:21,900 --> 04:01:25,400
Ready products, not Grand at 
Tesla. 

4537
04:01:25,400 --> 04:01:30,200
Ever the dreamer to break 
boundaries, This Clash set the 

4538
04:01:30,200 --> 04:01:33,800
stage for his most audacious 
projects, some of which risk 

4539
04:01:33,800 --> 04:01:37,800
isolating him from commercial 
backers, even so, as AC quietly 

4540
04:01:37,800 --> 04:01:41,400
became the worldwide, standard 
Tesla's decisive role could not 

4541
04:01:41,400 --> 04:01:44,100
be denied. 
He had toppled, the seemingly 

4542
04:01:44,100 --> 04:01:47,200
immovable, diesel regime, and 
paved the road for an era 

4543
04:01:47,200 --> 04:01:50,500
defined by alternating current. 
A feat that left him eager to 

4544
04:01:50,508 --> 04:01:52,300
explore even more Uncharted 
Terrain. 

4545
04:01:53,000 --> 04:01:56,200
These winds fueled Tesla's. 
Restless imagination propelling,

4546
04:01:56,200 --> 04:02:01,000
further innovation, By the 
mid-1890s Tesla had garnered a 

4547
04:02:01,000 --> 04:02:04,000
reputation as an inventor who 
might rewrite the laws of nature

4548
04:02:04,000 --> 04:02:06,500
with each new contrivance in 
truth. 

4549
04:02:06,500 --> 04:02:10,500
His methods combined meticulous 
trial and error with knights of 

4550
04:02:10,500 --> 04:02:14,000
solitary reflection. 
He fashioned Advanced coils to 

4551
04:02:14,000 --> 04:02:17,500
produce high voltage, high 
frequency, alternating currents,

4552
04:02:17,500 --> 04:02:20,200
creating dramatic arts of 
artificial lightning. 

4553
04:02:20,900 --> 04:02:23,100
While crowds flocked to watch 
his public lectures in 

4554
04:02:23,108 --> 04:02:26,900
Manhattan, Tesla was growing 
Restless longing for a place 

4555
04:02:26,900 --> 04:02:29,600
where he could attempt even 
bigger experiments unencumbered 

4556
04:02:29,600 --> 04:02:33,400
by City constraints. 
That desire took him to Colorado

4557
04:02:33,400 --> 04:02:36,600
Springs in 1899 perched at a 
higher altitude. 

4558
04:02:36,600 --> 04:02:39,400
With thinner are helped 
facilitate certain high voltage 

4559
04:02:39,400 --> 04:02:42,000
tests. 
The remote location was an ideal

4560
04:02:42,000 --> 04:02:44,600
Laboratory. 
He set up shop at the edge of 

4561
04:02:44,600 --> 04:02:47,200
town building, a structure 
equipped with a tall, Mast 

4562
04:02:47,200 --> 04:02:50,800
jutting above the roofline local
spoke in hushed tones about 

4563
04:02:50,800 --> 04:02:54,900
lightning machines and Eerie 
after dark glows, some worry 

4564
04:02:54,900 --> 04:02:57,900
about potential catastrophe. 
Well, others were simply curious

4565
04:02:57,900 --> 04:03:00,400
about the lanky figures who 
wandered fields at odd hours. 

4566
04:03:01,200 --> 04:03:03,300
Studying the interplay of 
natural lightning. 

4567
04:03:03,900 --> 04:03:08,000
Inside that Workshop Tesla, 
probed Frontiers that mainstream

4568
04:03:08,000 --> 04:03:11,900
scientists had scarcely imagined
he fixated on the Resonance of 

4569
04:03:11,900 --> 04:03:14,500
Earth's ionosphere believing 
signals could be beamed 

4570
04:03:14,500 --> 04:03:18,200
wirelessly across vast distances
if property tuned according to 

4571
04:03:18,208 --> 04:03:21,700
diary entries he meticulously 
recorded Every Spark, every 

4572
04:03:21,700 --> 04:03:26,100
flash, every ear, splitting 
crack of artificial Thunder on 

4573
04:03:26,100 --> 04:03:27,900
occasion. 
He produced such intense 

4574
04:03:27,900 --> 04:03:30,900
discharges, that the crackle 
could be heard for miles. 

4575
04:03:31,800 --> 04:03:34,200
One account claims that he 
caused the local power station's

4576
04:03:34,200 --> 04:03:38,600
generated to overheat prompting,
a short lived blackout ever the 

4577
04:03:38,600 --> 04:03:41,000
polite. 
Guest Tesla apologized, then 

4578
04:03:41,000 --> 04:03:45,100
resumed tinkering in Colorado, 
Tesla crystallized his Grand 

4579
04:03:45,100 --> 04:03:49,000
Vision, A system of Global 
Wireless communication and power

4580
04:03:49,000 --> 04:03:52,000
distribution. 
The townspeople hearing rumors 

4581
04:03:52,000 --> 04:03:55,700
of free electricity speculated, 
he might Supply Power at no 

4582
04:03:55,700 --> 04:03:57,500
cost. 
Tesla's goals. 

4583
04:03:57,500 --> 04:04:01,200
However, were subtle He pictured
networks of towers resonating 

4584
04:04:01,200 --> 04:04:04,100
with the Earth's natural 
electrical charge carrying Voice

4585
04:04:04,100 --> 04:04:07,400
or energy anywhere. 
This concept was a precursor to 

4586
04:04:07,400 --> 04:04:10,500
technologies that would surface 
decades later from Radio 

4587
04:04:10,500 --> 04:04:14,300
Transmissions to radar and 
Beyond yet life in Colorado was 

4588
04:04:14,300 --> 04:04:16,700
more than just experiments and 
thunderous Arts. 

4589
04:04:16,700 --> 04:04:20,000
Tesla, occasionally, mingled 
with the locals regaling, them 

4590
04:04:20,000 --> 04:04:23,000
with Tales of Europe and his 
early exploits in New York. 

4591
04:04:23,800 --> 04:04:27,400
Despite his eccentric schedule 
he possessed impeccable manners,

4592
04:04:27,400 --> 04:04:31,100
one story recounts how he gave a
personal demo of Wireless lamps 

4593
04:04:31,100 --> 04:04:34,400
to a bewildered blacksmith who 
later insisted Tesla was pulling

4594
04:04:34,400 --> 04:04:38,500
electricity from thin air. 
Such encounters spurred Legends 

4595
04:04:38,500 --> 04:04:41,300
of Tesla as a wizard blending 
science with something like 

4596
04:04:41,300 --> 04:04:44,500
sorcery. 
Still financing these colossal 

4597
04:04:44,500 --> 04:04:49,200
tests drain Tesla's resources 
his main backer JP Morgan had 

4598
04:04:49,200 --> 04:04:50,800
initially supported the wireless
project. 

4599
04:04:50,800 --> 04:04:54,200
Like likely anticipating a 
monopoly on global information 

4600
04:04:54,200 --> 04:04:58,200
but once Morgan realized Tesla's
schemes were far more ambitious 

4601
04:04:58,200 --> 04:05:02,000
and riskier than mere Wireless. 
Telegraphy his enthusiasm 

4602
04:05:02,000 --> 04:05:05,300
cooled. 
Tesla pressed on convinced one 

4603
04:05:05,300 --> 04:05:08,800
decisive demonstration would 
open funding floodgates that 

4604
04:05:08,800 --> 04:05:12,400
breakthrough, however, remained 
a Lucifer newspapers Amplified 

4605
04:05:12,400 --> 04:05:15,800
rumors about Tesla's activities.
Some claiming he was a tempting 

4606
04:05:15,800 --> 04:05:17,900
to Signal distant planets 
though. 

4607
04:05:17,900 --> 04:05:20,800
Tesla did speculate about 
Extra-Terrestrial intelligence, 

4608
04:05:20,800 --> 04:05:24,800
his real focus on terrestrial 
Wireless the lurid headlines. 

4609
04:05:24,800 --> 04:05:28,000
While fueling his Legend did 
little to alleviate his 

4610
04:05:28,000 --> 04:05:32,400
financial pressures eventually. 
Funds ran low forcing Tesla to 

4611
04:05:32,400 --> 04:05:36,800
close the Colorado lab in 1900, 
he left with crates of notes and

4612
04:05:36,800 --> 04:05:39,900
undiminished Zeal convinced. 
He could still bring Wireless 

4613
04:05:39,900 --> 04:05:43,900
power to the masses. 
For townspeople Left Behind the 

4614
04:05:43,900 --> 04:05:47,900
memory of glowing skies and 
roiling static lingered a 

4615
04:05:47,900 --> 04:05:50,500
testament to the spectacular 
possibilities that science could

4616
04:05:50,500 --> 04:05:53,500
conjure. 
For Tesla, Hurst Colorado, 

4617
04:05:53,500 --> 04:05:56,600
Springs became a pivotal 
chapter, a Proving Ground, that 

4618
04:05:56,600 --> 04:05:59,000
fortified his belief in the 
Limitless potential of 

4619
04:05:59,000 --> 04:06:01,100
electrical resonance. 
It was there. 

4620
04:06:01,100 --> 04:06:04,600
He most clearly foresaw, a 
connected World boundless by 

4621
04:06:04,600 --> 04:06:07,800
wires than by the atmospheric 
and Earth circling energies. 

4622
04:06:07,800 --> 04:06:11,500
He aimed to harness in hindsight
Colorado was the Overture to his

4623
04:06:11,500 --> 04:06:13,400
next attempt at Global 
electrification. 

4624
04:06:13,400 --> 04:06:16,600
An attempt that would manifest 
in the Towering outline of 

4625
04:06:16,600 --> 04:06:18,200
warden cliff on Long Island 
Shores. 

4626
04:06:19,300 --> 04:06:22,600
Upon returning to New York, 
Tesla Consolidated, his findings

4627
04:06:22,600 --> 04:06:26,100
from Colorado Springs into an 
audacious new Venture, the 

4628
04:06:26,100 --> 04:06:29,900
warden Cliff Tower project With 
Finance in from JP Morgan 

4629
04:06:29,900 --> 04:06:31,600
initially obtained. 
Under the premise of 

4630
04:06:31,600 --> 04:06:34,600
groundbreaking Wireless 
telegraphy Tesla purchased land 

4631
04:06:34,600 --> 04:06:37,500
in Shoreham Long Island. 
Overlooking the Atlantic. 

4632
04:06:38,700 --> 04:06:42,000
Construction began in 1901, the 
looming structure. 

4633
04:06:42,000 --> 04:06:45,700
Stood nearly, Mandarin 87 ft. 
High topped by bulbous metal 

4634
04:06:45,700 --> 04:06:49,300
Dome an extended deep below 
ground through a network of iron

4635
04:06:49,300 --> 04:06:52,200
rods many. 
Observers had no idea what to 

4636
04:06:52,200 --> 04:06:56,100
make of it. 
Tesla ever enigmatic referred 

4637
04:06:56,100 --> 04:06:58,900
sweeping claims about sending 
both signals and energy across 

4638
04:06:58,900 --> 04:07:01,700
continents. 
What often goes unappreciated is

4639
04:07:01,700 --> 04:07:03,900
How Deeply Tesla believed in the
underlying physics. 

4640
04:07:04,800 --> 04:07:07,800
His notes show that Warden Cliff
wasn't limited to broadcasting 

4641
04:07:07,800 --> 04:07:10,100
Telegraph signals, he intended 
it. 

4642
04:07:10,100 --> 04:07:13,100
As the first of many 
transmitters, all resonating 

4643
04:07:13,100 --> 04:07:15,400
with the Earth's natural 
electrical cavities to convey 

4644
04:07:15,400 --> 04:07:19,600
messages or even power to any 
matching receiver worldwide in 

4645
04:07:19,600 --> 04:07:21,300
his mind. 
It wasn't fantasy. 

4646
04:07:21,300 --> 04:07:24,400
It was a logical leap from the 
high voltage experiments. 

4647
04:07:24,400 --> 04:07:28,100
He had run in Colorado Springs. 
However, the timing was not in 

4648
04:07:28,100 --> 04:07:31,600
his favor in the same year that 
Warden Cliffs skeletal form. 

4649
04:07:31,600 --> 04:07:35,200
Emerged from the Treetops. 
Guly Elmo, Marconi successfully 

4650
04:07:35,200 --> 04:07:38,000
conducted the first 
transatlantic radio transmission

4651
04:07:38,000 --> 04:07:41,100
reporters. 
Hail Marconi as a giant in 

4652
04:07:41,100 --> 04:07:44,300
wireless. 
Communication Tesla, outraged 

4653
04:07:44,300 --> 04:07:46,200
pointed out that his own patents
on. 

4654
04:07:46,200 --> 04:07:48,100
Alternating current and related 
Technologies. 

4655
04:07:48,100 --> 04:07:51,800
Predated Marconi's work. 
Nevertheless, the public and 

4656
04:07:51,800 --> 04:07:54,600
financiers were smitten with 
Marconi's simpler, more 

4657
04:07:54,600 --> 04:07:58,500
immediately marketable setup. 
Morgan's patients worthin. 

4658
04:07:58,500 --> 04:08:00,900
Why bankroll testers, massive 
Tower. 

4659
04:08:00,900 --> 04:08:04,400
If Marconi's apparatus suffice 
for long distance, signaling 

4660
04:08:04,400 --> 04:08:07,700
Warden, Cliff still incomplete 
hemorrhaged money. 

4661
04:08:07,700 --> 04:08:11,900
The crew building at dwindled, 
salaries went on paid and Tesla 

4662
04:08:11,900 --> 04:08:13,600
found himself. 
Pleading for fresh Capital. 

4663
04:08:13,600 --> 04:08:17,100
Each conversation with Morgan 
ended and thirst demands for 

4664
04:08:17,100 --> 04:08:20,700
tangible proof which Tesla 
couldn't produce fast enough 

4665
04:08:20,700 --> 04:08:24,100
desperate for funds, test Tesla,
tried licensing. 

4666
04:08:24,100 --> 04:08:28,300
Auxiliary invention's turbines 
pumps and even a plan to harness

4667
04:08:28,300 --> 04:08:31,300
geothermal heat. 
But investors questioned his 

4668
04:08:31,300 --> 04:08:34,400
broader intentions where he 
might have pivot their money 

4669
04:08:34,400 --> 04:08:38,700
into the tower as Financial 
constraints tightened Warden, 

4670
04:08:38,700 --> 04:08:40,400
Clefairy remained, a half 
realized vision. 

4671
04:08:41,500 --> 04:08:45,700
By 1905, the site was 
effectively deserted the tower, 

4672
04:08:45,700 --> 04:08:49,300
a silent Monument to Tesla's 
Ambitions and the shifting tides

4673
04:08:49,300 --> 04:08:52,100
of investor faith. 
During these Bleak years, 

4674
04:08:52,100 --> 04:08:56,100
Tesla's public Persona grew more
eccentric, journalists 

4675
04:08:56,100 --> 04:08:59,200
occasionally interviewed him 
only to hear about proposals for

4676
04:08:59,200 --> 04:09:03,800
death Rays or atmospheric power 
rumors circulated that he was 

4677
04:09:03,800 --> 04:09:07,100
becoming a recluse. 
Yet, his mind State agile. 

4678
04:09:07,900 --> 04:09:11,600
Continuing to churn out. 
Possibilities you force solar 

4679
04:09:11,600 --> 04:09:13,600
energy as a future Mainstay 
though? 

4680
04:09:13,600 --> 04:09:16,100
Few listened? 
The industrial World seemed 

4681
04:09:16,100 --> 04:09:19,800
enthralled by an oil and coal. 
While Tesla's music is about 

4682
04:09:19,808 --> 04:09:23,200
sun, powered engines, Drew 
smirks Warden, Cliff was never 

4683
04:09:23,200 --> 04:09:25,300
fully operational and the 
newspapers. 

4684
04:09:25,300 --> 04:09:28,300
Offered little sympathy some 
newspapers, ridiculed him 

4685
04:09:28,300 --> 04:09:31,200
portraying him as an unrealistic
idea list others. 

4686
04:09:31,200 --> 04:09:34,800
Barely mentioned his name 
focusing instead on Marconi's 

4687
04:09:34,800 --> 04:09:39,400
ongoing successes Sting of being
overshadowed, was palpable. 

4688
04:09:40,100 --> 04:09:42,400
Tesla clung to the belief that 
one day the world would 

4689
04:09:42,400 --> 04:09:44,700
recognize the practicality of 
Wireless power. 

4690
04:09:44,700 --> 04:09:49,200
Indeed, later generations would 
adapt many of his principles for

4691
04:09:49,200 --> 04:09:53,000
radio and Beyond But in his 
time, the towers failure, left 

4692
04:09:53,008 --> 04:09:55,200
him saddled with debt and 
weighed down by public 

4693
04:09:55,200 --> 04:09:58,300
skepticism even. 
So Tesla didn't abandon 

4694
04:09:58,300 --> 04:10:00,300
optimism. 
He often spoke. 

4695
04:10:00,300 --> 04:10:04,000
As if Warden Cliff had simply 
been delayed, not canceled in 

4696
04:10:04,000 --> 04:10:07,300
private, he refined sketches of 
improved, transmitters, 

4697
04:10:07,300 --> 04:10:11,600
re-imagine, the towers design 
and kept dreaming of a worldwide

4698
04:10:11,600 --> 04:10:15,200
grid of resonance stations. 
He believed that the planet 

4699
04:10:15,200 --> 04:10:18,400
itself with its vast. 
Electrical potential could be 

4700
04:10:18,408 --> 04:10:20,700
turned into a conduit of 
universal energy. 

4701
04:10:20,700 --> 04:10:24,200
The fact that Society was not 
ready, did little to, dampen his

4702
04:10:24,200 --> 04:10:28,100
conviction despite setbacks 
fragments of Tesla's Vision, 

4703
04:10:28,100 --> 04:10:31,400
crept into later technological. 
Revolution's Wireless 

4704
04:10:31,400 --> 04:10:34,000
communication would evolve in 
Leaps and Bounds though. 

4705
04:10:34,000 --> 04:10:37,800
Powered by the more conventional
means Concepts like Global 

4706
04:10:37,800 --> 04:10:40,700
connectivity and broadcast 
energy dismissed in Tesla's day,

4707
04:10:40,700 --> 04:10:43,400
surface decades, afterward in 
varying forms. 

4708
04:10:43,400 --> 04:10:47,000
Yet at the dawn of the 20th 
century Tesla faced only 

4709
04:10:47,000 --> 04:10:50,500
mounting bills evaporating 
capital and a tower rusting 

4710
04:10:50,500 --> 04:10:51,400
away. 
On Long Island. 

4711
04:10:52,800 --> 04:10:56,100
The Heartbreak of wardenclyffe 
marked a turning point leaving 

4712
04:10:56,100 --> 04:10:58,600
Tesla to operate mostly on the 
margins of an industry. 

4713
04:10:58,600 --> 04:11:03,200
He had once revolutionized, As 
the 20th century marched on the 

4714
04:11:03,200 --> 04:11:04,900
world. 
Tesla had done so much to 

4715
04:11:04,900 --> 04:11:08,000
illuminate. 
Surged ahead, the AC systems, he

4716
04:11:08,000 --> 04:11:11,500
championed became the backbone 
of modern infrastructure yet, 

4717
04:11:11,500 --> 04:11:15,700
Tesla himself slipped from the 
spotlight, He moved between New 

4718
04:11:15,700 --> 04:11:18,100
York hotels. 
Sometimes leaving unpaid bills 

4719
04:11:18,100 --> 04:11:22,000
behind public interviews, grew 
sparse when he did speak. 

4720
04:11:22,000 --> 04:11:25,300
He mentioned theories of beam 
weapons weather manipulation. 

4721
04:11:25,300 --> 04:11:29,400
An advanced propulsion sewing 
intrigued even as some question 

4722
04:11:29,400 --> 04:11:33,100
his grass on reality. 
But his notebooks to the extent,

4723
04:11:33,100 --> 04:11:36,200
they survive reveal how these 
ideas build on earlier 

4724
04:11:36,200 --> 04:11:38,100
experiments rather than me or 
Whimsy. 

4725
04:11:39,000 --> 04:11:41,000
A lesser known facet of Tesla's 
later. 

4726
04:11:41,000 --> 04:11:44,000
Life was his nightly ritual of 
feeding, pigeons in Bryant Park,

4727
04:11:44,800 --> 04:11:48,800
Observers saw a solitary figure 
scattering seeds by Lamplight 

4728
04:11:48,800 --> 04:11:51,900
but Tesla found solace and 
caring for those birds. 

4729
04:11:51,900 --> 04:11:55,200
Claiming a special bond with one
white pigeon in particular. 

4730
04:11:56,200 --> 04:11:58,900
It may have seemed an odd 
Pastime for a renowned inventor 

4731
04:11:58,900 --> 04:12:01,300
yet. 
It reflected a familiar pattern.

4732
04:12:02,000 --> 04:12:03,700
Tesla's. 
Deep empathy for natural, 

4733
04:12:03,700 --> 04:12:08,500
phenomena creatures included. 
Meanwhile, patent disputes raged

4734
04:12:08,500 --> 04:12:11,800
over the origins of radio. 
Tesla had filed patents before 

4735
04:12:11,800 --> 04:12:15,100
Marconi's breakthroughs yet. 
Marconi was lauded for bringing 

4736
04:12:15,100 --> 04:12:17,000
Wireless transmission into the 
mainstream. 

4737
04:12:18,100 --> 04:12:20,400
The legal entanglements, dragged
on for years. 

4738
04:12:21,200 --> 04:12:25,800
In 1943, the US Supreme Court, 
finally recognized Tesla's 

4739
04:12:25,800 --> 04:12:28,500
priority for peace, certain 
critical radio patents. 

4740
04:12:29,100 --> 04:12:31,800
Though, this Vindication arrived
too late to alter his financial 

4741
04:12:31,800 --> 04:12:34,500
Straits. 
He was never able to capitalize 

4742
04:12:34,500 --> 04:12:36,700
on the official ruling nor did 
it. 

4743
04:12:36,700 --> 04:12:39,700
Well, the Public's Association 
of radio primarily with Marconi 

4744
04:12:40,800 --> 04:12:43,600
Tesla spent his final stretch of
Life at the New Yorker Hotel. 

4745
04:12:43,600 --> 04:12:47,600
Though, short on funds, he still
scrolled ideas on scraps of 

4746
04:12:47,600 --> 04:12:51,800
paper proposing, cosmic ray 
engines and new power methods. 

4747
04:12:51,800 --> 04:12:54,000
Visitors, who managed to see 
him? 

4748
04:12:54,000 --> 04:12:55,800
Might find him animated and 
eloquent. 

4749
04:12:56,600 --> 04:12:59,600
Speaking in polished tones About
harnessing the energy of the Sun

4750
04:12:59,600 --> 04:13:02,400
or channeling power from the 
Earth's magnetic field. 

4751
04:13:03,400 --> 04:13:06,400
He believed that her telephones 
beam could end War by making 

4752
04:13:06,400 --> 04:13:10,400
National borders in penetrable. 
To many these Notions sounded 

4753
04:13:10,400 --> 04:13:13,800
impossible yet Tesla's. 
Track record left room to wonder

4754
04:13:14,700 --> 04:13:20,000
When he passed away on January, 
7th, 1943 in room, 3327, he left

4755
04:13:20,008 --> 04:13:22,700
behind boxes of documents that 
soon, became the subject of 

4756
04:13:22,700 --> 04:13:26,100
intense scrutiny authorities 
seized some of his papers 

4757
04:13:26,100 --> 04:13:29,200
fuelling Rumours of hidden 
Innovations, or weapons too 

4758
04:13:29,200 --> 04:13:30,500
dangerous for public 
consumption. 

4759
04:13:30,500 --> 04:13:34,500
Conspiracy theories. 
Flourished, while the reality 

4760
04:13:34,500 --> 04:13:38,100
likely involved routine, 
security concerns the secrecy 

4761
04:13:38,100 --> 04:13:42,100
lent, Mystique to Tesla's Legacy
It became hard to disentangle 

4762
04:13:42,100 --> 04:13:44,800
fact from folklore over the 
decades. 

4763
04:13:45,600 --> 04:13:48,100
Tesla standing in popular 
Consciousness swung wildly 

4764
04:13:48,100 --> 04:13:51,000
Edison's name. 
Overshadowed his for a time 

4765
04:13:51,008 --> 04:13:55,100
especially in school textbooks, 
only later did your movements 

4766
04:13:55,100 --> 04:13:58,100
rise to credit Tesla for his 
revolutionary contributions, to 

4767
04:13:58,100 --> 04:14:02,600
AC power radio technology and 
more modern Engineers. 

4768
04:14:02,600 --> 04:14:05,900
Scientists and curious people 
uncovered, his patents and 

4769
04:14:05,900 --> 04:14:09,400
writing's marveling at how he'd 
anticipated entire fields of 

4770
04:14:09,408 --> 04:14:12,700
inquiry from robotics to 
wireless communication. 

4771
04:14:13,800 --> 04:14:15,900
Pioneering theories on residents
and frequency. 

4772
04:14:15,900 --> 04:14:19,200
Also, informed aspects of modern
electronics, though, that debt 

4773
04:14:19,200 --> 04:14:22,500
was seldom acknowledged until 
much later in daily life. 

4774
04:14:24,100 --> 04:14:26,800
Tesla's true genius shines in 
the simplest of ways. 

4775
04:14:26,800 --> 04:14:29,200
Flick, a light switch and you 
reap. 

4776
04:14:29,200 --> 04:14:33,100
The benefits of alternating 
current use wireless devices and

4777
04:14:33,100 --> 04:14:36,000
you operate on a principal Tesla
believed could reach across the 

4778
04:14:36,000 --> 04:14:39,000
planet. 
Synergy envisioned between 

4779
04:14:39,000 --> 04:14:41,400
inventor nature and the 
Unstoppable. 

4780
04:14:41,400 --> 04:14:44,600
March of progress remains a 
potent, reminder of how one 

4781
04:14:44,600 --> 04:14:46,700
brilliant mind can shape hole 
errors. 

4782
04:14:47,400 --> 04:14:51,200
Tesla's story is above all a 
study, and perseverance and 

4783
04:14:51,200 --> 04:14:53,300
Paradox. 
He shunned the pursuit of 

4784
04:14:53,308 --> 04:14:55,800
wealth, yet needed Capital to 
materialize his dreams. 

4785
04:14:56,500 --> 04:14:58,300
He relished public 
demonstrations yet. 

4786
04:14:58,300 --> 04:15:01,100
Often worked Alone lost in 
interior worlds. 

4787
04:15:01,800 --> 04:15:05,700
He was both lauded and dismissed
recognized as a key figure in an

4788
04:15:05,700 --> 04:15:07,600
electrifying, the modern world 
yet. 

4789
04:15:07,600 --> 04:15:10,200
Branded at times as an 
eccentric, on the fringes of 

4790
04:15:10,200 --> 04:15:13,700
acceptable science. 
Even, so, he left an imprint 

4791
04:15:13,700 --> 04:15:17,600
rivaled by few long. 
After his death, the harm of AC 

4792
04:15:17,600 --> 04:15:21,200
power lines, the glove of 
electric lamps and the chirp of 

4793
04:15:21,208 --> 04:15:23,700
Wireless signals Echo, Tesla's 
influence. 

4794
04:15:23,700 --> 04:15:27,300
He never saw the breadth of his 
Triumph in person, yet. 

4795
04:15:27,300 --> 04:15:29,600
The future, he glimpsed was Not 
Mere fantasy. 

4796
04:15:29,600 --> 04:15:33,200
It was an inevitable extension 
of the forces, he harnessed so 

4797
04:15:33,200 --> 04:15:35,800
elegantly. 
And though the man himself 

4798
04:15:35,800 --> 04:15:39,800
passed in relative, obscurity 
his ideas still crackle with a 

4799
04:15:39,800 --> 04:15:42,400
Vitality that defies the 
boundaries of time in 

4800
04:15:42,400 --> 04:15:58,300
imagination. 
Fan order. 

4801
04:15:58,300 --> 04:16:03,200
DaVinci was born on April, 15th,
1452 or 1452 by the Florentine 

4802
04:16:03,200 --> 04:16:08,500
calendar. 1452 to 1453 by modern
Reckoning in the Tuscan Hamlet 

4803
04:16:08,500 --> 04:16:10,600
of ancient oh, near the town of 
Vinci. 

4804
04:16:11,300 --> 04:16:15,000
He came into a world undergoing 
seismic changes Florence was a 

4805
04:16:15,000 --> 04:16:18,000
republic brimming with artistic 
energy and Europe was on the 

4806
04:16:18,000 --> 04:16:19,800
cusp of the Renaissance full 
flowering. 

4807
04:16:19,800 --> 04:16:23,300
His father Sarah Pierre. 
Da Vinci was a notary of 

4808
04:16:23,308 --> 04:16:27,000
moderate Renown while his mother
Katarina is believed to have 

4809
04:16:27,000 --> 04:16:28,700
been a local woman of humble 
background. 

4810
04:16:29,500 --> 04:16:32,100
The boys illegitimacy meant he 
was never part of the upper 

4811
04:16:32,100 --> 04:16:35,600
echelons yet, it freed him from 
certain constraints that might 

4812
04:16:35,600 --> 04:16:37,800
have Shackled, a legitimate son 
to family business. 

4813
04:16:37,800 --> 04:16:41,500
Even as a child, Leonardo is 
said to have displayed an 

4814
04:16:41,500 --> 04:16:45,300
intense curiosity, wandering 
fields and streams sketching. 

4815
04:16:45,300 --> 04:16:48,800
Plants small creatures, or 
swirling Eddies in the water. 

4816
04:16:49,700 --> 04:16:52,900
So this time many children in 
Tuscany received minimal formal 

4817
04:16:52,900 --> 04:16:56,300
education, but Leonardo's father
recognized the boys, precocious 

4818
04:16:56,300 --> 04:16:59,300
mind records. 
Suggest that around age 14, 

4819
04:16:59,300 --> 04:17:03,400
Leonardo began an apprenticeship
in Florence with Andrea Del 

4820
04:17:03,400 --> 04:17:05,300
verrocchio. 
A master known for sculpture 

4821
04:17:05,300 --> 04:17:10,000
metalwork and painting the 
workshop bustled with talented 

4822
04:17:10,000 --> 04:17:13,300
pupils and assistance, forging a
collaborative environment. 

4823
04:17:13,300 --> 04:17:17,800
Apprentices learned to prepare 
pigments, craft details, and 

4824
04:17:17,800 --> 04:17:22,000
replicate the Masters Style. 
Leonardo's innate knack for 

4825
04:17:22,000 --> 04:17:25,800
observation set him apart his 
notebooks from that era, though.

4826
04:17:25,800 --> 04:17:30,200
Mostly lost would have contained
anatomical, Skechers mechanical 

4827
04:17:30,200 --> 04:17:33,900
Doodles and fleeting notes on 
Geometry while other students, 

4828
04:17:33,900 --> 04:17:37,400
memorize standard forms, 
Leonardo probe, the underlying 

4829
04:17:37,400 --> 04:17:41,100
structures dissecting how limbs 
attached or how light refracted 

4830
04:17:41,100 --> 04:17:44,200
on glossy, surfaces an early 
Turning Point arrived. 

4831
04:17:44,200 --> 04:17:47,900
When rakhiyo assigned him to 
paint a small angel in the 

4832
04:17:47,900 --> 04:17:52,800
corner of the baptism of Christ.
Legend has it that upon seeing 

4833
04:17:52,800 --> 04:17:57,200
Leonardo's contribution, Baroque
overshadowed, and vowed, never 

4834
04:17:57,200 --> 04:18:00,300
to paint again, though. 
That story might be apocryphal. 

4835
04:18:00,300 --> 04:18:03,300
It underscores how swiftly, 
Leonardo's skill gained 

4836
04:18:03,300 --> 04:18:05,800
recognition? 
He brought a Fresh Approach to 

4837
04:18:05,808 --> 04:18:09,300
shading employing what? 
We now call Kiara skiro to 

4838
04:18:09,300 --> 04:18:11,300
infuse figures with tangible 
volume. 

4839
04:18:12,000 --> 04:18:15,700
While older Masters, often use 
linear outlines, Leonardo 

4840
04:18:15,700 --> 04:18:19,100
Blended tones, so that forms 
emerged gracefully from Shadow 

4841
04:18:19,100 --> 04:18:22,900
despite his promise, Leonardo's 
early years, in Florence, 

4842
04:18:22,900 --> 04:18:26,000
carried, frustrations, some 
commissions fizzled due to 

4843
04:18:26,008 --> 04:18:28,000
political upheavals, or Patron, 
shifts. 

4844
04:18:28,000 --> 04:18:32,000
Eager to expand his reach 
Leonardo sought new Vistas 

4845
04:18:32,000 --> 04:18:36,600
around 1482. 
He journey to Milan offering his

4846
04:18:36,600 --> 04:18:39,500
services to ludovicus Forte the 
ruling Duke. 

4847
04:18:39,500 --> 04:18:43,500
He wrote a letter extolling, his
engineering prowess listing 

4848
04:18:43,500 --> 04:18:46,600
designs for Bridges, cannons and
war machines. 

4849
04:18:46,600 --> 04:18:50,900
Only concluding with a mention 
that he could paint This detail 

4850
04:18:50,900 --> 04:18:54,100
reveals how Leonardo viewed 
himself, not merely an artist 

4851
04:18:54,100 --> 04:18:56,900
but a multi-faceted engineer who
happened to paint. 

4852
04:18:57,700 --> 04:18:59,800
Sportster intrigued by such 
potential. 

4853
04:18:59,800 --> 04:19:03,800
Welcome to him. 
In Milan, Leonardo thrived. 

4854
04:19:03,800 --> 04:19:07,500
The ducal court was a center of 
intellectual Pursuits blending 

4855
04:19:07,500 --> 04:19:10,000
Politics, the Arts and emerging 
science answers. 

4856
04:19:10,800 --> 04:19:13,700
He tackled a massive equestrian 
statue project for ludovico, 

4857
04:19:13,700 --> 04:19:17,000
intending to cast a colossal, 
bronze horse to honor, the 

4858
04:19:17,008 --> 04:19:20,400
Duke's, father for years, 
Leonardo studied horses, 

4859
04:19:20,400 --> 04:19:23,900
musculature sketched them in 
various Gates and designed 

4860
04:19:23,900 --> 04:19:28,000
elaborate Foundry, technique's. 
Ultimately political Strife 

4861
04:19:28,000 --> 04:19:31,500
disrupted the project. 
French armies, invaded and the 

4862
04:19:31,500 --> 04:19:33,600
raw bronze. 
Allocated for the statue was 

4863
04:19:33,600 --> 04:19:37,100
repurposed into cannons. 
The uncompleted clay model 

4864
04:19:37,100 --> 04:19:41,100
became a casualty of War 
shattered as Milan fell, This 

4865
04:19:41,100 --> 04:19:44,900
Fiasco, however did not dampen 
Leonardo's thirst for Grand 

4866
04:19:44,900 --> 04:19:47,600
challenges. 
During his Milanese phase 

4867
04:19:47,600 --> 04:19:49,700
Leonardo also produced the 
virgin of the Rocks. 

4868
04:19:49,700 --> 04:19:52,900
A painting that showcased his 
Mastery of atmospheric 

4869
04:19:52,900 --> 04:19:55,600
perspective. 
He experimented with layered 

4870
04:19:55,600 --> 04:19:58,900
glazes and gentle transitions. 
Making the rocky Grotto and 

4871
04:19:58,908 --> 04:20:00,900
figures radiator and other 
worldly. 

4872
04:20:00,900 --> 04:20:04,100
Hush simultaneously. 
He furthered his anatomical 

4873
04:20:04,100 --> 04:20:07,300
investigation's dissecting 
animals to refine his knowledge 

4874
04:20:07,300 --> 04:20:10,000
of muscle groups. 
He documented swirling water 

4875
04:20:10,000 --> 04:20:13,600
patterns in the city's, canals 
studied, the flight of birds and

4876
04:20:13,600 --> 04:20:17,200
toyed, with the idea of a flying
machine Milan's, environment 

4877
04:20:17,200 --> 04:20:20,700
gave him the space to roam 
intellectually bridging Artistry

4878
04:20:20,700 --> 04:20:22,700
with scientific speculation in a
manner. 

4879
04:20:22,700 --> 04:20:26,600
Rarely seen before yet these 
Pursuits coexisted with real 

4880
04:20:26,600 --> 04:20:29,300
world demands. 
Sports a court. 

4881
04:20:29,300 --> 04:20:32,400
Needed fortifications Festival 
designs and mechanical 

4882
04:20:32,400 --> 04:20:36,500
Contraptions Leonardo obliged 
Penning trees on Geometry. 

4883
04:20:36,500 --> 04:20:39,900
Building stage sets for pageants
an engineering ephemeral 

4884
04:20:39,900 --> 04:20:43,200
wanders. 
Some found him xtick especially 

4885
04:20:43,200 --> 04:20:46,600
as he scribbled notes in Mira 
writing others, recognized him, 

4886
04:20:46,600 --> 04:20:49,800
as an inexhaustible thinker who 
might at any moment produce the 

4887
04:20:49,800 --> 04:20:52,900
next stroke of Genius. 
By the late 15th century 

4888
04:20:52,900 --> 04:20:56,000
Leonardo had established himself
as a leading figure of the 

4889
04:20:56,000 --> 04:20:58,900
Renaissance though, his Restless
mind, kept him. 

4890
04:20:58,900 --> 04:21:01,700
Pushing forward, always hungry 
for the next Frontier of 

4891
04:21:01,708 --> 04:21:04,800
knowledge. 
Leonardo's life in Milan was 

4892
04:21:04,808 --> 04:21:07,600
bustling yet. 
Destiny had other terms in store

4893
04:21:07,600 --> 04:21:11,100
in 1499. 
French forces under King Louis, 

4894
04:21:11,100 --> 04:21:14,500
the 12th Concord Milan. 
The once powerful sports are 

4895
04:21:14,500 --> 04:21:17,100
Dynasty collapsed, leaving 
Leonardo and his Patron 

4896
04:21:17,100 --> 04:21:19,800
scrambling. 
With the city's Patron gone, 

4897
04:21:19,800 --> 04:21:24,000
Leonardo lost his secure base. 
He departed Milan, traveling to 

4898
04:21:24,000 --> 04:21:27,800
Venice, then briefly to Mantua 
carrying an uneven portfolio of 

4899
04:21:27,800 --> 04:21:30,100
half-finished, commission's and 
a head brimming with 

4900
04:21:30,100 --> 04:21:32,800
experiments. 
The aftermath was a tumultuous 

4901
04:21:32,800 --> 04:21:36,700
period marked by shifting 
alliances across Italy city 

4902
04:21:36,700 --> 04:21:39,400
states. 
In Mantua, the Marciano's, 

4903
04:21:39,400 --> 04:21:42,500
Isabella desky welcomed him 
seeking a portrait. 

4904
04:21:43,500 --> 04:21:46,400
She was a formidable Patron but 
Leonardo's restlessness 

4905
04:21:46,400 --> 04:21:49,600
prevailed. 
He quickly moved on, possibly 

4906
04:21:49,600 --> 04:21:52,900
uninterested in the standard 
portrait tasks, by the 

4907
04:21:52,900 --> 04:21:55,300
mid-1500s. 
He found his way back to 

4908
04:21:55,300 --> 04:21:58,900
Florence after two decades away.
The city had changed. 

4909
04:21:58,900 --> 04:22:02,800
It was now under the sway of the
Republican government briefly 

4910
04:22:02,800 --> 04:22:06,300
influenced by the fiery 
preacher, savonarola tension 

4911
04:22:06,300 --> 04:22:10,500
simmered and art commissions had
a new flavor patriotic or 

4912
04:22:10,500 --> 04:22:13,500
moralistic yet. 
Florence remembered Leonardo's 

4913
04:22:13,500 --> 04:22:17,500
early promise he was invited to 
paint a major Altarpiece though 

4914
04:22:17,500 --> 04:22:21,100
negotiations. 
Stalled instead he seized on a 

4915
04:22:21,100 --> 04:22:24,500
more prestigious assignment a 
mural in the Palazzo, Della 

4916
04:22:24,500 --> 04:22:26,600
signoria the seat of Florence's 
government. 

4917
04:22:27,500 --> 04:22:31,600
This mural project known as the 
Battle of anghiari was meant to 

4918
04:22:31,600 --> 04:22:34,000
commemorate a 1440, Florentine 
victory. 

4919
04:22:34,900 --> 04:22:37,700
Across town, Michelangelo was 
commissioned to do a different 

4920
04:22:37,700 --> 04:22:41,100
battle scene in the same Hall. 
The city braced for a 

4921
04:22:41,100 --> 04:22:45,300
competition between two towering
Geniuses Leonardo approached. 

4922
04:22:45,300 --> 04:22:48,500
The mural, with an experimental 
technique, he planted to use a 

4923
04:22:48,500 --> 04:22:52,700
wax based paint to speed drying.
He built a giant scaffold and 

4924
04:22:52,700 --> 04:22:56,000
devised Advanced heating systems
to help the paint set but the 

4925
04:22:56,000 --> 04:22:59,700
Innovation backfired parts of 
the mural dripped or refused to 

4926
04:22:59,700 --> 04:23:02,600
adhere despite partial success 
in depicting. 

4927
04:23:02,600 --> 04:23:05,000
Dramatic. 
Cavalry Charges the painting 

4928
04:23:05,000 --> 04:23:07,800
never reached its final form 
over time. 

4929
04:23:07,800 --> 04:23:10,700
The incomplete mural decade or 
was covered by later. 

4930
04:23:10,700 --> 04:23:14,200
Renovations, still the surviving
sketches and copies hint that it

4931
04:23:14,200 --> 04:23:17,300
was a dynamic. 
Swirling composition of men and 

4932
04:23:17,308 --> 04:23:19,600
horses locked in ferocious 
combat. 

4933
04:23:20,400 --> 04:23:23,300
During the same stretch, 
Leonardo painted the Mona Lisa 

4934
04:23:23,300 --> 04:23:27,000
commissioned by Francesco 
Delgado for his wife Lisa, it 

4935
04:23:27,000 --> 04:23:29,200
was initially a private portrait
yet. 

4936
04:23:29,200 --> 04:23:32,900
Leonardo spent years refining, 
it working and reworking, subtle

4937
04:23:32,900 --> 04:23:35,900
glazes. 
The faces elusive smile and 

4938
04:23:35,900 --> 04:23:38,700
luminous complexion resulted 
from layering translucent. 

4939
04:23:38,700 --> 04:23:44,100
Paint each layer diffused light.
The painting's mysterious Aura. 

4940
04:23:44,100 --> 04:23:47,100
Also came from Leonardo's habit 
of constantly, altering details,

4941
04:23:47,100 --> 04:23:49,700
while smaller than some Grand 
frescoes. 

4942
04:23:49,700 --> 04:23:52,500
The peace represented, a 
culmination of his few motto 

4943
04:23:52,500 --> 04:23:55,300
technique. 
The background hazy mountains 

4944
04:23:55,300 --> 04:23:57,800
and winding roads. 
Miracle Leonardo's fascination 

4945
04:23:57,800 --> 04:24:00,700
with geology and fluid dynamics 
over time. 

4946
04:24:00,700 --> 04:24:03,700
He kept the painting with him. 
Never delivering it to the 

4947
04:24:03,708 --> 04:24:06,100
patron. 
Possibly, he saw it as a 

4948
04:24:06,100 --> 04:24:08,400
personal Testament to portraits 
as pinnacle. 

4949
04:24:09,200 --> 04:24:12,600
Parallel to these artistic 
Feats, Leonardo Advanced, his 

4950
04:24:12,600 --> 04:24:16,300
scientific exploration, he 
dissected human kader as in 

4951
04:24:16,300 --> 04:24:19,300
hospitals, outside Florence 
sketching, cross-sections of 

4952
04:24:19,308 --> 04:24:22,600
muscles and bones. 
Though, dissection was sensitive

4953
04:24:22,600 --> 04:24:25,700
certain hospitals allowed it for
educational ends. 

4954
04:24:25,700 --> 04:24:29,300
His anatomical, drawings some 
discovered, centuries later 

4955
04:24:29,300 --> 04:24:33,000
revealed and near modern. 
Understanding of the spine, the 

4956
04:24:33,000 --> 04:24:35,900
arrangement of internal organs 
and the skeletons mechanics. 

4957
04:24:36,700 --> 04:24:40,500
He planned an extensive treaters
on Anatomy, combining text with 

4958
04:24:40,500 --> 04:24:44,200
the diagrammatic Precision, 
anticipating the modern concept 

4959
04:24:44,200 --> 04:24:47,700
of Illustrated medical 
textbooks, however, like many 

4960
04:24:47,700 --> 04:24:50,600
Leonardo projects. 
It was never formally published 

4961
04:24:50,600 --> 04:24:52,800
in his lifetime. 
Politics. 

4962
04:24:52,800 --> 04:24:56,600
Royal again, in 1503 to 1504 
when Pisa threatened Florence. 

4963
04:24:57,500 --> 04:25:00,000
Leonardo contributed to 
engineering Solutions 

4964
04:25:00,000 --> 04:25:03,800
brainstorming ways to divert the
Arno River to hamper pisa's 

4965
04:25:03,800 --> 04:25:07,200
supply lines. 
He drafted, canals levies and 

4966
04:25:07,200 --> 04:25:08,800
even considered flooding 
tactics. 

4967
04:25:09,700 --> 04:25:12,400
The plan was bold but face 
practical obstacles in Tuscany 

4968
04:25:12,400 --> 04:25:15,900
terrain well though partially 
attempted the scheme never fully

4969
04:25:15,900 --> 04:25:18,000
materialized. 
The episode's highlight 

4970
04:25:18,000 --> 04:25:20,500
Leonardo's willingness to tackle
large-scale engineering 

4971
04:25:20,500 --> 04:25:23,500
challenges lending, 
topographical studies with 

4972
04:25:23,500 --> 04:25:26,600
strategic Insight. 
The lessons gleaned would echo 

4973
04:25:26,600 --> 04:25:28,800
in his future city. 
Planing sketches and Water 

4974
04:25:28,800 --> 04:25:33,100
Management designs by 1506 
French rules stabilized in Milan

4975
04:25:33,100 --> 04:25:36,000
opening the city. 
Once more long gone was 

4976
04:25:36,000 --> 04:25:39,000
ludovico's Forte but the new 
French Governors Beckham 

4977
04:25:39,000 --> 04:25:43,200
Leonardo eager to revisit 
uncompleted ideas like the giant

4978
04:25:43,200 --> 04:25:46,300
horse statue. 
He returned, Florence, parted 

4979
04:25:46,300 --> 04:25:49,400
ways with him, under a cloud of 
frustration as the Battle of 

4980
04:25:49,400 --> 04:25:52,000
anghiari. 
Lingard Unfinished yet. 

4981
04:25:52,000 --> 04:25:55,000
Leonardo's departure signaled. 
That loyalty to a single city. 

4982
04:25:55,000 --> 04:25:58,400
Was never his style. 
He roamed following whichever 

4983
04:25:58,400 --> 04:26:00,700
environment, let him Chase 
multiple intellectual. 

4984
04:26:00,700 --> 04:26:04,300
Pursuits, in returning to Milan,
he sought continuity for the 

4985
04:26:04,300 --> 04:26:07,500
scientific and artistic projects
left behind a decade prior. 

4986
04:26:08,200 --> 04:26:12,700
Thus, by the mid-1500s Leonardo 
had become an artist engineer. 

4987
04:26:12,700 --> 04:26:16,000
Bridging city-states forging. 
A pattern of partial 

4988
04:26:16,000 --> 04:26:17,600
achievements and unfinished 
Marvels. 

4989
04:26:18,300 --> 04:26:21,500
Some critics found him 
unreliable and eternal tinkerer 

4990
04:26:21,500 --> 04:26:25,200
yet few denied His Brilliant. 
He left Florence having, 

4991
04:26:25,200 --> 04:26:28,600
revolutionized portraiture and 
capturing a femoral visual 

4992
04:26:28,600 --> 04:26:32,200
mysteries in the Mona Lisa. 
While also nearly 

4993
04:26:32,200 --> 04:26:36,300
revolutionizing mural painting. 
The stage was set for further 

4994
04:26:36,300 --> 04:26:39,500
Meandering in Milan, and 
eventually Beyond as Europe, 

4995
04:26:39,500 --> 04:26:42,800
recognized him as a truly 
singular figure, a testament to 

4996
04:26:42,800 --> 04:26:44,900
the Renaissance is Union of Art 
and Science. 

4997
04:26:45,800 --> 04:26:48,800
Leonardo's second stint in Milan
began around 1506. 

4998
04:26:48,800 --> 04:26:52,500
Under the patronage of Charles 
Dean was the French governor. 

4999
04:26:52,500 --> 04:26:55,900
This time, the city was 
controlled by the French Crown, 

5000
04:26:55,900 --> 04:26:59,300
not the sport to family. 
The environment was different 

5001
04:26:59,300 --> 04:27:03,200
less personal loyalty, more 
bureaucratic oversight. 

5002
04:27:04,100 --> 04:27:07,400
But Leonardo's Fame had grown. 
He was recognized as a 

5003
04:27:07,400 --> 04:27:11,100
renaissance man whose counsel 
was prized for everything from 

5004
04:27:11,100 --> 04:27:14,400
architecture to Geometry. 
Some records indicate. 

5005
04:27:14,400 --> 04:27:17,100
He was granted a Workshop near 
the port of virtually District 

5006
04:27:17,100 --> 04:27:20,800
where he resumed anatomical 
mechanical and Artistic 

5007
04:27:20,800 --> 04:27:23,600
Endeavors. 
One ongoing Obsession was the 

5008
04:27:23,600 --> 04:27:25,500
equestrian Monument. 
He had once played for 

5009
04:27:25,500 --> 04:27:28,800
ludovico's Sportster though. 
The bronze had been lost to war,

5010
04:27:28,800 --> 04:27:31,800
Leonardo still dreamed of 
building the largest horse, 

5011
04:27:31,800 --> 04:27:35,300
statue known. 
He refined the design, adjusting

5012
04:27:35,300 --> 04:27:38,400
how a rearing stallion might 
balance on hind legs, he 

5013
04:27:38,400 --> 04:27:41,700
sketched Innovative casting 
methods, hoping to circumvent 

5014
04:27:41,700 --> 04:27:45,200
early meltdown issues. 
However the politics had shifted

5015
04:27:45,200 --> 04:27:48,800
with ludovico, deposed the 
impetus for a sports, a memorial

5016
04:27:48,800 --> 04:27:52,400
dissipated Leonardo might have 
pitched the idea to the French 

5017
04:27:52,400 --> 04:27:54,500
Administration, but it never 
crystallized. 

5018
04:27:55,400 --> 04:27:57,000
You remained Resolute in 
exploring? 

5019
04:27:57,000 --> 04:28:00,900
Equine Anatomy. 
Capturing every sinew and tender

5020
04:28:00,900 --> 04:28:04,400
in fresh Skechers during this 
period. 

5021
04:28:04,400 --> 04:28:08,300
Leonardo welcome to youthful. 
Apprentice named Francesco melty

5022
04:28:08,300 --> 04:28:11,000
who would become his most 
devoted disciple and eventually 

5023
04:28:11,000 --> 04:28:15,100
executor of his estate. 
Melty from a noble Milanese 

5024
04:28:15,100 --> 04:28:19,500
family, offered loyalty scribing
capabilities and stable 

5025
04:28:19,500 --> 04:28:22,600
finances. 
He accompanied Leonardo on trips

5026
04:28:22,600 --> 04:28:25,800
helped, organize notes and 
became the Masters confidant. 

5027
04:28:26,400 --> 04:28:28,400
The presence of a stem were 
respectful. 

5028
04:28:28,400 --> 04:28:30,300
Apprentice might have provided 
Leonardo. 

5029
04:28:30,300 --> 04:28:33,600
The continuity had long sought. 
Ashley after dealing with 

5030
04:28:33,600 --> 04:28:37,700
earlier assistance who sometimes
parted on mixed terms, meanwhile

5031
04:28:37,700 --> 04:28:42,200
glimpses of his scientific Mania
multiplied, dissected more of 

5032
04:28:42,200 --> 04:28:45,300
his filling notebooks with 
Nuance drawing of Hearts 

5033
04:28:45,300 --> 04:28:49,800
muscles, the bronchial system, 
observing that heart, valves 

5034
04:28:49,800 --> 04:28:52,800
directed blood flow. 
He speculated about circulation 

5035
04:28:52,800 --> 04:28:56,800
decades, before William Harvey's
formal discovery, He studied the

5036
04:28:56,800 --> 04:28:59,600
vitreous humor in an ox's i 
investigating. 

5037
04:28:59,600 --> 04:29:03,100
How image is formed. 
While the Catholic church mostly

5038
04:29:03,100 --> 04:29:05,900
tolerated such dissections for 
the medical progress. 

5039
04:29:06,600 --> 04:29:10,400
Certain clergy frowned on it. 
So Leonardo often performed them

5040
04:29:10,400 --> 04:29:13,700
discreetly or at night had he 
published these findings. 

5041
04:29:13,700 --> 04:29:17,200
He might have revolutionized 
medicine, centuries earlier, but

5042
04:29:17,200 --> 04:29:20,600
perfectionism and continuous. 
Revision meant his data State 

5043
04:29:20,608 --> 04:29:24,600
personal locked in cramped 
notebooks and pending a Mira 

5044
04:29:24,600 --> 04:29:28,500
script in parallel Leonardo 
authored treatises on flight 

5045
04:29:28,500 --> 04:29:31,000
fascinated by birds Wing 
structures. 

5046
04:29:31,000 --> 04:29:35,000
He dissected Wings to decode the
interplay of feathers, he built 

5047
04:29:35,000 --> 04:29:38,000
mechanical prototypes 
ornithopters aiming to replicate

5048
04:29:38,000 --> 04:29:40,600
flapping flight. 
They never tested on a large 

5049
04:29:40,608 --> 04:29:42,600
scale. 
These Contraptions preceded 

5050
04:29:42,600 --> 04:29:46,000
modern Aviation Concepts. 
He recognized that pure flapping

5051
04:29:46,000 --> 04:29:47,500
wouldn't suffice for human 
flight. 

5052
04:29:47,500 --> 04:29:51,300
He studied gliding surfaces, 
suspecting the air currents 

5053
04:29:51,300 --> 04:29:54,900
could keep acrossed Aloft yet 
the technology of the era no 

5054
04:29:54,900 --> 04:29:59,700
engine's or suitable materials 
curb these ambitions Even so the

5055
04:29:59,700 --> 04:30:02,400
sketches reveal an acute 
understanding of aerodynamics. 

5056
04:30:03,600 --> 04:30:08,400
Around 1510 Leonardo's Patron 
Charlotte's died, prompting. 

5057
04:30:08,400 --> 04:30:11,600
Another shift in Milan's 
political Circle, Still the 

5058
04:30:11,600 --> 04:30:13,900
French King Louis. 
The 12th value and Leonardo. 

5059
04:30:15,300 --> 04:30:19,400
Another momentous figure emerged
the newly ascendant, Juliana de 

5060
04:30:19,400 --> 04:30:21,500
Medici. 
Brother of Pope Leo, the 10th 

5061
04:30:21,500 --> 04:30:25,500
invited to return to the 
Florentine orbit or possibly 

5062
04:30:25,500 --> 04:30:28,700
move to Rome where the papacy 
was fueling Grand building 

5063
04:30:28,700 --> 04:30:31,200
projects. 
Leonardo. 

5064
04:30:31,200 --> 04:30:35,300
Now in his late 50s, weighed 
these overtures carefully, The 

5065
04:30:35,300 --> 04:30:38,000
Lure of Rome's architectural 
expansions and advanced 

5066
04:30:38,000 --> 04:30:40,700
scientific resources might prove
irresistible. 

5067
04:30:41,300 --> 04:30:46,800
Eventually around 1513 Leonardo 
departed Milan for Rome with an 

5068
04:30:46,800 --> 04:30:50,800
Entourage that included melts 
and some assistance in Rome and 

5069
04:30:50,800 --> 04:30:54,100
a Pope Leo, the 10th, the 
artistic scenes, sword, 

5070
04:30:54,100 --> 04:30:57,000
Michelangelo and Raphael, 
dominated the city's 

5071
04:30:57,000 --> 04:30:59,900
commission's. 
Sistine Chapel expansions Grand 

5072
04:30:59,900 --> 04:31:03,700
papal, Apartments, Leonardo 
expected a role in May Dr. 

5073
04:31:03,700 --> 04:31:06,800
Architectural or hydraulic 
projects, instead, he found 

5074
04:31:06,800 --> 04:31:08,900
himself overshadowed by younger 
Rivals. 

5075
04:31:08,900 --> 04:31:12,900
Michelangelo known for Moody. 
Brilliance had little patience 

5076
04:31:12,900 --> 04:31:16,800
for Leonardo's diversion while 
Raphael's rising star in the 

5077
04:31:16,800 --> 04:31:19,600
papal Court. 
Leonardo was offered small 

5078
04:31:19,600 --> 04:31:22,400
tasks. 
For instance, the pope asked him

5079
04:31:22,400 --> 04:31:26,100
to devise mechanical amusements,
or stage designs, but no major 

5080
04:31:26,100 --> 04:31:29,200
papal commission emerged, 
despite the frustration, 

5081
04:31:29,200 --> 04:31:33,400
Leonardo utilized Rome's, 
library's continuing anatomical 

5082
04:31:33,400 --> 04:31:37,100
dissections, he took advantage 
of more cadava Supply from local

5083
04:31:37,100 --> 04:31:40,400
hospitals. 
Some rumors suggest friction 

5084
04:31:40,400 --> 04:31:43,600
with the Vatican curia. 
Specially after a cardinal 

5085
04:31:43,600 --> 04:31:46,600
supposedly saw dismembered 
bodies in Leonardo's quarters. 

5086
04:31:46,600 --> 04:31:51,000
The environment felt stifling He
wrote letters, implying that the

5087
04:31:51,000 --> 04:31:54,000
papal, Circle, favored, 
spectacle over more profound 

5088
04:31:54,000 --> 04:31:56,300
research. 
With insufficient official 

5089
04:31:56,300 --> 04:31:59,500
support for his large-scale 
experiments, Leonardo grew 

5090
04:31:59,500 --> 04:32:02,000
Restless again. 
Yet, he found fleeting 

5091
04:32:02,000 --> 04:32:05,200
satisfaction exploring the 
Belvedere Gardens measuring 

5092
04:32:05,200 --> 04:32:06,900
ruins of ancient Roman 
structures. 

5093
04:32:06,900 --> 04:32:10,800
He studied geometry with 
Scholars, exchanging ideas about

5094
04:32:10,800 --> 04:32:14,700
perspective and the ptolemaic 
universe Perhaps a quieter dream

5095
04:32:14,700 --> 04:32:16,800
to unify art and Mathematics 
kept him going. 

5096
04:32:17,700 --> 04:32:20,500
Still the Unstoppable politics 
of Italy soon. 

5097
04:32:20,500 --> 04:32:24,700
Overshadowed, local tasks. 
Shifting alliance's in 1516 

5098
04:32:24,700 --> 04:32:26,400
catapulted France into 
dominance. 

5099
04:32:26,400 --> 04:32:31,300
Once more France's the first 
became king, Italy hungrily for 

5100
04:32:31,300 --> 04:32:33,900
Leonardo. 
The swirling Intrigue spelled an

5101
04:32:33,900 --> 04:32:37,600
opportunity to Pivot yet again. 
The next invitation from the 

5102
04:32:37,600 --> 04:32:39,000
French Crown would Beckham 
cross. 

5103
04:32:39,000 --> 04:32:41,900
The Alps for what would become 
the final chapter of his life's 

5104
04:32:41,900 --> 04:32:45,400
remarkable Journey. 
In 1516 King Francis. 

5105
04:32:45,400 --> 04:32:48,500
The first of France, a young 
monk Sheed by Art and 

5106
04:32:48,500 --> 04:32:51,100
Technology. 
Extended an invitation to 

5107
04:32:51,100 --> 04:32:54,900
Leonardo da Vinci, tired of 
Roman politics and sing limited 

5108
04:32:54,900 --> 04:32:58,000
scope for big projects there. 
Leonardo accepted. 

5109
04:32:58,000 --> 04:33:01,400
He traveled north crossing, the 
Alps at an advanced age. 

5110
04:33:01,400 --> 04:33:05,300
Bearing, precious paintings and 
volumes of notes among them, the

5111
04:33:05,300 --> 04:33:08,900
Mona, Lisa and likely sink, 
John, the Baptist Francis 

5112
04:33:08,900 --> 04:33:11,400
offered him. 
The manor house of Chloe near 

5113
04:33:11,400 --> 04:33:13,300
the Royal Chateau domb was in 
the Loire. 

5114
04:33:13,300 --> 04:33:15,500
Valley. 
This Arrangement put Leonardo 

5115
04:33:15,500 --> 04:33:19,500
under Royal patronage granting 
him comfort and a platform for 

5116
04:33:19,500 --> 04:33:22,800
his creative urges. 
A closet Leonardo enjoyed 

5117
04:33:22,800 --> 04:33:26,400
relative calm gone with a fierce
rivalries of Florence and the 

5118
04:33:26,408 --> 04:33:29,400
ephemeral Commission of Milan. 
Francis. 

5119
04:33:29,400 --> 04:33:33,300
The first often, strolled over 
discussing fortifications Canal 

5120
04:33:33,300 --> 04:33:35,800
systems or mechanical 
contraptions. 

5121
04:33:36,700 --> 04:33:39,700
The king revered. 
Leonardo is a living legend, a 

5122
04:33:39,700 --> 04:33:41,300
reservoir of Renaissance 
Brilliance. 

5123
04:33:41,300 --> 04:33:45,500
The old man reciprocated with 
sketches of improved Weaponry or

5124
04:33:45,500 --> 04:33:49,099
designs for a Grand Palace. 
However, age and ill health, 

5125
04:33:49,099 --> 04:33:52,700
limited the impetus for new 
large-scale Ventures. some 

5126
04:33:52,700 --> 04:33:55,300
accounts, Leonardo tried to 
outline an ideal city for 

5127
04:33:55,300 --> 04:33:58,400
France's merging symmetrical 
layouts with a fishing 

5128
04:33:58,400 --> 04:34:02,500
waterways, but no direct 
implementation followed Omit. 

5129
04:34:02,500 --> 04:34:06,200
This peaceful setting Leonardo's
health issues worsened. 

5130
04:34:06,200 --> 04:34:10,000
He wrote fewer lines in his 
notebooks and his once dexterous

5131
04:34:10,000 --> 04:34:12,800
hand might have trembled from 
possible Strokes or nerve 

5132
04:34:12,800 --> 04:34:14,500
troubles. 
Yet his mind remained 

5133
04:34:14,500 --> 04:34:17,500
inquisitive, he refined old 
anatomical, drawings 

5134
04:34:17,500 --> 04:34:19,900
re-examining them. 
In the quiet orchard near his 

5135
04:34:19,900 --> 04:34:23,099
manner. 
Melty, ever faithful organized. 

5136
04:34:23,099 --> 04:34:26,300
The piles of manuscripts and 
showing references to Geometry. 

5137
04:34:26,300 --> 04:34:31,099
Geology Optics, Anatomy didn't 
vanish into chaos, the older 

5138
04:34:31,099 --> 04:34:33,599
assistance Allie, who had begun 
as a teenage model with a 

5139
04:34:33,599 --> 04:34:36,599
mischievous streak. 
Also lived there though rumored 

5140
04:34:36,599 --> 04:34:39,000
tensions occasionally flared, 
between him and melty. 

5141
04:34:39,000 --> 04:34:42,800
A highlight of this period was 
visits by French courtiers who 

5142
04:34:42,800 --> 04:34:46,099
marveled at the Mona Lisa. 
They admired her half smile 

5143
04:34:46,099 --> 04:34:49,300
rumored to be a representation 
of intangible Grace. 

5144
04:34:50,300 --> 04:34:52,900
Francis, the first himself is 
said to have purchased the 

5145
04:34:52,900 --> 04:34:55,900
painting directly from Leonardo 
or inherited it. 

5146
04:34:55,900 --> 04:34:58,700
After the artist death, 
eventually placing it in 

5147
04:34:58,707 --> 04:35:01,200
Fontaine bleau. 
Then it traveled to the Louvre 

5148
04:35:01,200 --> 04:35:03,400
later. 
Another puzzle. 

5149
04:35:04,000 --> 04:35:06,700
Saint John. 
The Baptist a moody half-lit 

5150
04:35:06,700 --> 04:35:10,300
figure pointing heavenward. 
Also accompanied him to France. 

5151
04:35:10,300 --> 04:35:14,400
It swirling, hair and ambiguous 
expression, invited speculation.

5152
04:35:14,400 --> 04:35:16,900
That it was a deeply personal 
reflection on spiritual 

5153
04:35:16,900 --> 04:35:21,099
transformation. 
Those slowed physically Leonardo

5154
04:35:21,099 --> 04:35:23,599
sometimes, produced ephemeral 
amusements, for the court. 

5155
04:35:24,300 --> 04:35:28,000
Francis might request a 
mechanical lion that roared or a

5156
04:35:28,000 --> 04:35:30,300
winged Contraption to amuse 
guests. 

5157
04:35:31,300 --> 04:35:33,900
These ephemeral wonders were 
reminiscent of his younger days 

5158
04:35:33,900 --> 04:35:37,099
planning festivals for the 
Milanese Dukes in letters. 

5159
04:35:37,099 --> 04:35:39,200
Watchers described him as 
gracious. 

5160
04:35:39,200 --> 04:35:42,599
But occasionally melancholic 
lamenting the ephemeral nature 

5161
04:35:42,599 --> 04:35:45,900
of grand projects. 
He never completed. the once 

5162
04:35:45,900 --> 04:35:48,700
Unstoppable polymath was 
contending with the reality that

5163
04:35:48,700 --> 04:35:52,300
time was finite, He also penned 
Reflections on theology, 

5164
04:35:52,300 --> 04:35:55,099
bridging, Catholic doctrines 
with his own scientific 

5165
04:35:55,099 --> 04:35:58,300
viewpoint. 
While devout in belief, he had 

5166
04:35:58,300 --> 04:36:00,099
long championed rational 
inquiry. 

5167
04:36:00,099 --> 04:36:02,800
Sometimes rattling clergy with 
statements about Earth's 

5168
04:36:02,800 --> 04:36:06,099
position or the universal laws 
of nature in France. 

5169
04:36:06,099 --> 04:36:09,000
The monarchy had a slightly more
flexible attitude toward 

5170
04:36:09,000 --> 04:36:12,500
intellectual exploration. 
So long as loyalties to church, 

5171
04:36:12,500 --> 04:36:16,400
Dogma wasn't overtly challenged.
This gave Leonardo's space to 

5172
04:36:16,400 --> 04:36:20,400
fuse, spiritual musings with 
scientific Wonder, Few cryptic 

5173
04:36:20,400 --> 04:36:23,300
lines in his notebooks hint that
he believed the study of anatomy

5174
04:36:23,300 --> 04:36:25,500
and nature. 
Only deepened, reverence for a 

5175
04:36:25,500 --> 04:36:29,700
Divine creator, socially the 
small circle at clone Louise was

5176
04:36:29,700 --> 04:36:32,900
cozy Francis. 
The first occasionally dined 

5177
04:36:32,900 --> 04:36:36,300
with Leonardo absorbing Tall, 
Tales From Italy's golden 

5178
04:36:36,300 --> 04:36:39,300
cities. 
Melty recorded these dialogues 

5179
04:36:39,300 --> 04:36:41,099
though. 
Few transcripts remain. 

5180
04:36:41,099 --> 04:36:43,800
Meanwhile. 
Rumors circulated about 

5181
04:36:43,800 --> 04:36:46,000
Leonardo's final. 
Unseen manuscripts. 

5182
04:36:46,000 --> 04:36:49,200
Some believed he was petting a 
definitive Treatise on flight or

5183
04:36:49,200 --> 04:36:52,900
universal theory of water? 
Currents in truth, he likely 

5184
04:36:52,900 --> 04:36:55,800
polished segments of older notes
rather than forging a single 

5185
04:36:55,800 --> 04:36:59,599
cohesive magnum opus The 
scattered nature of his archive.

5186
04:36:59,599 --> 04:37:01,500
Meant the future. 
Would discover his Brilliance 

5187
04:37:01,500 --> 04:37:06,700
piecemeal during the winter of 
1518 to the 1519 Leonardo's 

5188
04:37:06,700 --> 04:37:10,300
conditioned, deteriorated, 
Chronic arm pains possibly from 

5189
04:37:10,300 --> 04:37:13,000
a stroke, forced him to rely 
heavily on melt for every day 

5190
04:37:13,000 --> 04:37:16,099
tasks. 
Francis hearing of the declined 

5191
04:37:16,099 --> 04:37:19,900
visited more often hoping for 
final insights from the Master 

5192
04:37:19,900 --> 04:37:23,700
Legend, has it that the King was
at Leonardo's side as he passed 

5193
04:37:23,700 --> 04:37:28,099
on May, the 2nd 1519 while 
romanticized accounts to pick 

5194
04:37:28,099 --> 04:37:31,900
Leonardo dying in France's. 
Historical veracity is 

5195
04:37:31,900 --> 04:37:34,700
uncertain. 
Still the bond between them was 

5196
04:37:34,700 --> 04:37:37,599
genuine. 
The Deep mutual respect between 

5197
04:37:37,599 --> 04:37:41,200
an aging Renaissance, Titan and 
a monarch hungry for cultural 

5198
04:37:41,200 --> 04:37:44,099
ascendancy. 
Thus ended, Leonardo's mortal 

5199
04:37:44,099 --> 04:37:47,500
Journey far from the Tuscan 
Hills of his birth in a French 

5200
04:37:47,500 --> 04:37:49,300
man of brightened by orchard 
blooms. 

5201
04:37:50,099 --> 04:37:53,800
This final French chapter was 
quieter reflective yet, still 

5202
04:37:53,800 --> 04:37:57,000
brimming with Sparks of 
creativity from building a 

5203
04:37:57,000 --> 04:38:00,000
femoral mechanical Lions to 
preserving the greatest 

5204
04:38:00,000 --> 04:38:02,800
paintings. 
Humankind had known Leonardo's 

5205
04:38:02,800 --> 04:38:06,900
culminating years embodied, a 
spirit that refused to go dim. 

5206
04:38:06,900 --> 04:38:10,400
He might not have erected a 
final Monument but he left 

5207
04:38:10,400 --> 04:38:14,099
behind a personal realm of 
knowledge, bridging art science 

5208
04:38:14,099 --> 04:38:18,099
and Imagination, a legacy that 
would endure for centuries to 

5209
04:38:18,099 --> 04:38:22,099
come In the immediate aftermath 
of Leonardo da Vinci dying. 

5210
04:38:22,099 --> 04:38:25,900
The question arose, what would 
become of his manuscripts and 

5211
04:38:25,900 --> 04:38:28,599
personal effects? 
According to some accounts 

5212
04:38:28,599 --> 04:38:33,200
Francesco melts emerged, as the 
designated are entrusted with 

5213
04:38:33,200 --> 04:38:36,099
safeguarding the thousands of 
pages brimming with sketches 

5214
04:38:36,099 --> 04:38:41,700
notes and drafts Sally, an early
companion, received certain 

5215
04:38:41,700 --> 04:38:45,200
paintings and minor possessions 
yet the sheer volume of 

5216
04:38:45,200 --> 04:38:48,900
Leonardo's papers posed, a 
challenge melts, dedicated years

5217
04:38:48,900 --> 04:38:52,099
trying to organize them, hoping 
to publish coherent treatises 

5218
04:38:52,099 --> 04:38:54,900
that the scale was daunting over
time. 

5219
04:38:54,900 --> 04:38:58,400
Bits of the collection were 
dispersed sold or gifted by 

5220
04:38:58,400 --> 04:39:02,200
Maltese airs across Europe. 
This fracturing explains why 

5221
04:39:02,200 --> 04:39:06,099
Leonardo's notebooks, eventually
surfaced in places from Spain's 

5222
04:39:06,099 --> 04:39:08,700
Royal libraries to British 
aristocratic collections. 

5223
04:39:08,700 --> 04:39:11,400
Each chunk unveiled in a regular
intervals. 

5224
04:39:11,400 --> 04:39:15,099
Europe of the 16th century 
recognized Leonardo's artistic, 

5225
04:39:15,099 --> 04:39:19,099
Brilliance, the Last Supper. 
In Milan though, deteriorating 

5226
04:39:19,099 --> 04:39:22,500
due to his experimental Fresco 
approach was already hailed as 

5227
04:39:22,500 --> 04:39:26,000
an emotional Masterpiece, the 
Mona Lisa now in French Royal 

5228
04:39:26,000 --> 04:39:29,000
possession, attracted courtly 
admiration for her haunting 

5229
04:39:29,000 --> 04:39:31,800
expression. 
Yet the fullest scope of his 

5230
04:39:31,800 --> 04:39:34,900
genius. 
Engineering drawings, anatomical

5231
04:39:34,900 --> 04:39:39,400
plates or treatises on Geometry.
Remained largely hidden the slow

5232
04:39:39,400 --> 04:39:42,100
trickle of discovered, 
manuscripts fuel centuries of 

5233
04:39:42,100 --> 04:39:45,500
fascination. 
In the 17th century, a few 

5234
04:39:45,508 --> 04:39:49,500
scientists Glimpse, certain 
sketches marveling at advanced 

5235
04:39:49,500 --> 04:39:52,900
concepts of gear systems or 
diving apparatus, but it wasn't 

5236
04:39:52,900 --> 04:39:55,400
until the 19th century. 
That broader scholarships 

5237
04:39:55,400 --> 04:39:58,700
systematically studied his 
codices unveiling a mine 

5238
04:39:58,700 --> 04:40:02,700
centuries ahead of his era. 
Leonardo's immediate Legacy in 

5239
04:40:02,700 --> 04:40:06,100
art was clearer, his painting 
style influenced to generation 

5240
04:40:06,100 --> 04:40:10,100
of mannerists who admired his 
Smoky transitions for motto and 

5241
04:40:10,100 --> 04:40:13,100
Atmospheric depth. 
Milanese artists though 

5242
04:40:13,100 --> 04:40:16,400
overshadowed by the city's 
shifting political fortunes, 

5243
04:40:16,400 --> 04:40:19,900
carried forward. 
Elements of his approach in 

5244
04:40:19,900 --> 04:40:23,200
Florence students, who Glimpse 
the aborted Battle of anghiari 

5245
04:40:23,200 --> 04:40:27,500
mural adapted some compositional
ideas, but the direct lineage 

5246
04:40:27,500 --> 04:40:30,600
was complicated. 
Leonardo left, no formal 

5247
04:40:30,600 --> 04:40:33,100
Academy. 
He taught a few pupils of 

5248
04:40:33,100 --> 04:40:37,500
Thoroughly except for melty and 
a handful of others, intangible 

5249
04:40:37,500 --> 04:40:41,000
Aura of Leonard desk painted. 
The late Renaissance with its 

5250
04:40:41,000 --> 04:40:44,000
softness of edges and subtle 
into play of light. 

5251
04:40:44,700 --> 04:40:48,000
Over the next centuries. 
As Baroque flamboyance Rose, 

5252
04:40:48,000 --> 04:40:52,300
certain of Leonardo's Works fell
out of style others, recognized 

5253
04:40:52,300 --> 04:40:55,300
them as Timeless. 
The last supper, for example, 

5254
04:40:55,300 --> 04:40:58,900
underwent, multiple Restorations
each attempt off, introducing 

5255
04:40:58,900 --> 04:41:01,900
fresh problems, leading to 
controversy is about how much of

5256
04:41:01,900 --> 04:41:05,500
Leonardo's original brush. 
Stroke survived, meanwhile in 

5257
04:41:05,500 --> 04:41:08,300
the 19th century, romantic and 
Victorian Scholars. 

5258
04:41:08,300 --> 04:41:11,500
Resurrected The Cult of the 
Renaissance genius, the Leonardo

5259
04:41:11,500 --> 04:41:13,800
emerged as a symbol of the 
solitary Visionary. 

5260
04:41:13,800 --> 04:41:17,900
An introspective figure bridging
reason and art Writers Like 

5261
04:41:17,900 --> 04:41:21,000
Walter, Payton wrap, Sonic 
essays on the Mona Lisa, 

5262
04:41:21,000 --> 04:41:24,900
describing her as an enigma 
embodying centuries of emotion. 

5263
04:41:25,600 --> 04:41:28,600
Such a fusions etched, the 
paintings Fame, deep into 

5264
04:41:28,600 --> 04:41:31,900
Western cultural consciousness. 
Only in the modern age. 

5265
04:41:31,900 --> 04:41:35,100
Did the scale of Leonardo's 
scientific Legacy become widely 

5266
04:41:35,100 --> 04:41:38,800
recognized as more codices were 
catalogued like the Codex 

5267
04:41:38,800 --> 04:41:42,200
atlanticus or the Codex Arundel 
historians realized that he had 

5268
04:41:42,208 --> 04:41:46,100
conceptualized flying machines, 
armored vehicles and tension 

5269
04:41:46,100 --> 04:41:49,400
based Mechanical Devices. 
It studied wave patterns 

5270
04:41:49,400 --> 04:41:53,400
sketched gear differentials and 
dissected the human body with an

5271
04:41:53,400 --> 04:41:57,000
exactitude unmatched for 
centuries art historians Marvel,

5272
04:41:57,000 --> 04:41:59,600
that how the same man, who 
painted the lady with an ermine.

5273
04:41:59,600 --> 04:42:02,100
Had also measured the 
mathematical proportions of 

5274
04:42:02,108 --> 04:42:05,900
reflection angles, the Synergy 
of Aesthetics and logic rendered

5275
04:42:05,900 --> 04:42:07,300
him. 
The archetype of the Renaissance

5276
04:42:07,300 --> 04:42:11,500
Man, modern Architects gleaned 
from his City Concepts, while 

5277
04:42:11,500 --> 04:42:14,800
robotic Engineers found Prelude 
to Modern mechanical linkages in

5278
04:42:14,800 --> 04:42:18,600
his swirling diagrams. 
For a Time many described 

5279
04:42:18,600 --> 04:42:22,200
Leonardo as a man out of time, 
but recent scholarship refines 

5280
04:42:22,200 --> 04:42:25,700
that narrative. 
He was indeed extraordinary, but

5281
04:42:25,700 --> 04:42:29,600
also a product of a vibrant 
milieu Italian city-states 

5282
04:42:29,600 --> 04:42:33,300
teamed with cross-pollination 
from Greek, Roman Islamic 

5283
04:42:33,300 --> 04:42:35,500
knowledge. 
Leonardo built on the 

5284
04:42:35,508 --> 04:42:38,000
achievements of earlier 
polymaths from the classical 

5285
04:42:38,000 --> 04:42:40,600
treatises of our committees to 
the reintroduced. 

5286
04:42:40,600 --> 04:42:44,700
Works of Al Hayes on Optics. 
Recognizing that Synergy doesn't

5287
04:42:44,700 --> 04:42:47,600
lessen his Brilliance, its 
situates him in the network that

5288
04:42:47,600 --> 04:42:50,900
made such leaps feasible. 
Meanwhile, the Mystique around, 

5289
04:42:50,900 --> 04:42:53,300
Leonardo occasionally 
overshadowed more grounded, 

5290
04:42:53,300 --> 04:42:56,900
truths, Tales of him finishing 
Commissions, in a single burst 

5291
04:42:56,900 --> 04:42:59,600
or Conjuring Bazaar. 
Contraptions for stage Illusions

5292
04:42:59,600 --> 04:43:03,200
became embroidered over time. 
The reality was that he left 

5293
04:43:03,200 --> 04:43:07,600
many tasks in complete struggled
with perfectionism and juggled 

5294
04:43:07,600 --> 04:43:11,000
ephemeral Court demands. 
This tension between the 

5295
04:43:11,000 --> 04:43:14,300
Unstoppable imagination and the 
Practical burden of day-to-day 

5296
04:43:14,300 --> 04:43:17,400
labor, infuses his story with a 
human dimension. 

5297
04:43:18,100 --> 04:43:21,500
He wasn't some of Lutheran but 
an individual forging through 

5298
04:43:21,500 --> 04:43:25,200
the same complexities and 
distractions, we all face it 

5299
04:43:25,200 --> 04:43:29,400
with an incandescent spark few 
could rival. thus centuries 

5300
04:43:29,400 --> 04:43:32,700
after his passing Leonardo's 
name, resonates as the 

5301
04:43:32,700 --> 04:43:35,800
embodiment of creative ambition,
whether in art galleries, 

5302
04:43:35,800 --> 04:43:39,600
engineering Labs or 
philosophical debates references

5303
04:43:39,600 --> 04:43:44,500
to his Fusion of the imagination
and observation abound People 

5304
04:43:44,500 --> 04:43:48,600
see in him, the ideal of 
curiosity, Unshackled Bridging 

5305
04:43:48,600 --> 04:43:51,000
the intangible Rifts between 
Arts science. 

5306
04:43:51,000 --> 04:43:55,800
Beauty, and data that intangible
Legacy more than any single 

5307
04:43:55,800 --> 04:43:59,100
painting or device might stand 
as the core reason. 

5308
04:43:59,100 --> 04:44:02,100
We Revere him. 
He left behind not just objects 

5309
04:44:02,100 --> 04:44:05,400
but a testament that the Quest 
for knowledge and Mastery can in

5310
04:44:05,400 --> 04:44:09,600
the right hands rewrite, the 
boundaries of possibility in 

5311
04:44:09,600 --> 04:44:11,700
contemporary times, the 
Leonardo's Legacy. 

5312
04:44:11,700 --> 04:44:14,200
Permeates cultural and 
scientific discourse in ways, 

5313
04:44:14,200 --> 04:44:18,000
both lofty and mundane the Mona.
Lisa has become a pop icon 

5314
04:44:18,000 --> 04:44:20,900
reproduced endlessly, on posters
and Novelty items. 

5315
04:44:20,900 --> 04:44:24,600
It's Rye smile, fueling 
conspiracy theories about hidden

5316
04:44:24,600 --> 04:44:29,400
identities or coded messages. 
Meanwhile, the Last Supper 

5317
04:44:29,400 --> 04:44:31,900
continues to Captivate pilgrims 
and tourists. 

5318
04:44:31,900 --> 04:44:35,500
In Milan the advanced ticket 
reservations are required to see

5319
04:44:35,500 --> 04:44:39,000
the heavily conserved mural. 
documentary's dissect each 

5320
04:44:39,000 --> 04:44:42,600
brushstroke offering competing 
theories about cryptic symbolism

5321
04:44:42,600 --> 04:44:46,000
in the arrangement of red loaves
or Apostolic gestures Beyond, 

5322
04:44:46,000 --> 04:44:49,600
these famous works Leonardo's 
name adorns everything from 

5323
04:44:49,600 --> 04:44:53,100
children's educational kits 
about invention to NASA 

5324
04:44:53,100 --> 04:44:56,500
references to lunar craters 
named in his honor He 

5325
04:44:56,500 --> 04:44:59,200
innovators, sometimes him as a 
paragon of design, thinking, 

5326
04:44:59,200 --> 04:45:01,000
bridging Aesthetics and 
function. 

5327
04:45:01,900 --> 04:45:05,400
The phrase Leonardo like mine's 
denote someone Unbound by single

5328
04:45:05,400 --> 04:45:08,000
domain. 
Museum stage Blockbuster, 

5329
04:45:08,000 --> 04:45:11,900
exhibitions assembling scattered
folios of his Cody's Under One 

5330
04:45:11,900 --> 04:45:14,300
Roof. 
Visitors queue for hours to 

5331
04:45:14,300 --> 04:45:17,800
Glimpse the delicate, sketches 
of a fetus in utero or a 

5332
04:45:17,800 --> 04:45:20,500
swirling aerial. 
Screw in, such Gatherings, 

5333
04:45:20,500 --> 04:45:23,300
viewers witnessed, the raw lines
of a man who wrestled with 

5334
04:45:23,300 --> 04:45:26,200
Nature's secrets on scraps of 
paper unknowing. 

5335
04:45:26,200 --> 04:45:27,800
They'd be revered centuries 
later. 

5336
04:45:28,800 --> 04:45:32,400
Yet the question arises, what 
would Leonardo have done with 

5337
04:45:32,400 --> 04:45:36,100
modern resources? 
Some imagine him thriving in an 

5338
04:45:36,100 --> 04:45:39,700
era of 3D printers and digital 
imaging or leading biotech 

5339
04:45:39,700 --> 04:45:42,000
startups. 
Others caution that the 

5340
04:45:42,000 --> 04:45:45,000
intangible Synergy of 
Renaissance Italy, a World open 

5341
04:45:45,000 --> 04:45:48,900
to invention but also Bound by 
Kraft Traditions shaped him. 

5342
04:45:49,700 --> 04:45:53,300
A modern environment might 
hamper that slow observational 

5343
04:45:53,300 --> 04:45:55,800
approach. 
He thrived in a realm where 

5344
04:45:55,800 --> 04:45:58,000
forging your pigments and 
affecting cadavers. 

5345
04:45:58,000 --> 04:46:00,800
In candlelit Corners, built a 
holistic sense of wonder. 

5346
04:46:01,600 --> 04:46:03,600
Today is rapid data flow. 
Might overshadow. 

5347
04:46:03,600 --> 04:46:06,600
The meticulous wonder that 
fueled his slow revelation. 

5348
04:46:07,500 --> 04:46:09,400
Scholars. 
Continue analyzing Leonardo's 

5349
04:46:09,400 --> 04:46:12,600
notebooks for overlooked. 
Insights one might find a newly,

5350
04:46:12,600 --> 04:46:14,800
deciphered margin note, 
revealing how he played water 

5351
04:46:14,800 --> 04:46:16,800
lifting devices for Farmland 
irrigation. 

5352
04:46:16,800 --> 04:46:20,600
Another might unearth a fragment
referencing a missing treaties 

5353
04:46:20,600 --> 04:46:22,900
on mirror, making each fresh 
Revelation. 

5354
04:46:22,900 --> 04:46:25,700
Underscores how incomplete our 
knowledge remains? 

5355
04:46:25,700 --> 04:46:29,500
Because his notebooks were so 
scattered lines, vanish and 

5356
04:46:29,500 --> 04:46:32,100
private collections. 
Sometimes re-emerging at auction

5357
04:46:32,100 --> 04:46:35,400
houses with a million dollar, 
price tags, Bill Gates, 

5358
04:46:35,400 --> 04:46:39,700
famously, purchased the Codex, 
Leicester in 1994, digitizing 

5359
04:46:39,700 --> 04:46:43,500
Pages, for public curiosity. 
This interplay of private 

5360
04:46:43,500 --> 04:46:46,300
ownership and public thirst. 
For knowledge, epitomizes 

5361
04:46:46,300 --> 04:46:50,200
Leonardo's enduring Mystique. 
One-dimension of modern interest

5362
04:46:50,200 --> 04:46:52,200
focuses on Leonardo's, personal 
life. 

5363
04:46:53,200 --> 04:46:56,100
The few references to Intimate 
Relationships or sexuality 

5364
04:46:56,100 --> 04:46:59,300
remain ambiguous. 
Some interpret, his heavy focus 

5365
04:46:59,300 --> 04:47:02,400
on male assistance as indicative
of hidden personal aspects 

5366
04:47:02,400 --> 04:47:04,700
others. 
See, no direct evidence of 

5367
04:47:04,700 --> 04:47:07,700
romance in his notes. 
He rarely wrote about personal 

5368
04:47:07,700 --> 04:47:10,800
feelings, preferring coded, 
references, or allegorical 

5369
04:47:10,800 --> 04:47:13,600
musings. 
The aura of secrecy around his 

5370
04:47:13,600 --> 04:47:16,400
private life parallels, the 
guarded manner in which he 

5371
04:47:16,400 --> 04:47:20,800
protected his scientific methods
fueling endless speculation at 

5372
04:47:20,800 --> 04:47:24,400
the same time the notion of the 
incomplete genius, resonates 

5373
04:47:24,400 --> 04:47:26,300
with modern anxieties about 
productivity. 

5374
04:47:27,300 --> 04:47:30,500
Leonardo's many half finished 
paintings, and ephemeral designs

5375
04:47:30,500 --> 04:47:32,300
illustrate. 
The challenge of reconciling 

5376
04:47:32,300 --> 04:47:36,500
curiosity with the finality of 
deadlines in an age, obsessed 

5377
04:47:36,500 --> 04:47:39,400
with completion and output 
history's. 

5378
04:47:39,400 --> 04:47:42,400
Hints that the path of 
exploration, though, Meandering 

5379
04:47:43,200 --> 04:47:46,800
Can yield intangible but 
profound insights that he never 

5380
04:47:46,800 --> 04:47:49,700
published his anatomical volumes
didn't negate their brilliantes.

5381
04:47:49,700 --> 04:47:53,400
Their post teachers influence, 
shaped fields from architecture 

5382
04:47:53,400 --> 04:47:56,500
to fluid dynamics. 
Many contemporary creatives, 

5383
04:47:56,500 --> 04:47:59,600
draw solace in Leonardo's 
example, creation can be 

5384
04:47:59,608 --> 04:48:03,200
iterative perpetually and floods
and still crucial to progress. 

5385
04:48:04,200 --> 04:48:07,200
Even so some critics note, that 
praising Leonardo can 

5386
04:48:07,200 --> 04:48:10,000
overshadow, other Renaissance 
figures like Filippo 

5387
04:48:10,000 --> 04:48:14,100
Brunelleschi who concretely, the
Florence Dome or Luca pacioli 

5388
04:48:14,100 --> 04:48:18,200
whose mathematics influence him.
They argue that the Leonardo 

5389
04:48:18,200 --> 04:48:21,700
Legend occasionally 
romanticizes, an Irish Synergy, 

5390
04:48:21,700 --> 04:48:24,700
while that Synergy was real. 
Credit goes to many. 

5391
04:48:25,500 --> 04:48:27,700
Leonardo's singular star 
shouldn't blind us to the 

5392
04:48:27,700 --> 04:48:30,600
collective Genius of the period 
but precisely because he 

5393
04:48:30,600 --> 04:48:34,700
integrated so many fields. 
Art science, engineering and 

5394
04:48:34,700 --> 04:48:37,600
Anatomy. 
He became an enduring symbol for

5395
04:48:37,600 --> 04:48:40,900
the entire Renaissance moment. 
Capturing the further of 

5396
04:48:40,900 --> 04:48:44,800
bridging knowledge, domains. 
Hence, in the 21st century, 

5397
04:48:44,800 --> 04:48:48,800
Leonardo da Vinci remains less 
aesthetic, historical figure 

5398
04:48:48,800 --> 04:48:51,000
than a living metaphor for 
potential. 

5399
04:48:51,800 --> 04:48:55,200
Each generation reinterprets him
plugging his name into the 

5400
04:48:55,200 --> 04:48:59,900
contexts as varied as Steam, 
education, cultural diplomacy or

5401
04:48:59,900 --> 04:49:02,800
brand marketing. 
The friction between the legend 

5402
04:49:02,800 --> 04:49:05,000
and the historical details keeps
him relevant. 

5403
04:49:05,000 --> 04:49:08,600
People yearn for the secret of 
how a single mine could roam. 

5404
04:49:08,600 --> 04:49:12,800
So broadly producing both 
Timeless artistic wonders and 

5405
04:49:12,808 --> 04:49:15,500
notebooks brimming with half 
realized Marvels. 

5406
04:49:16,400 --> 04:49:18,900
That tension between the 
completed and the fragmentary 

5407
04:49:18,900 --> 04:49:22,600
May well be Leonardo's. 
Final gift spurring us to 

5408
04:49:22,600 --> 04:49:24,400
question. 
How far our curiosity might take

5409
04:49:24,400 --> 04:49:27,000
us if we refuse to erect 
barriers between the Arts and 

5410
04:49:27,000 --> 04:49:30,900
Sciences The story of Leonardo 
da Vinci serves as a lens on 

5411
04:49:30,908 --> 04:49:34,600
lifelong reinvention. 
Born in a modest tusken setting.

5412
04:49:35,200 --> 04:49:37,300
He navigated uneven patronage 
system. 

5413
04:49:38,000 --> 04:49:41,700
Accepted partial successes and 
found resilience In Perpetual 

5414
04:49:41,700 --> 04:49:44,600
learning. 
Each City he lived in Florence, 

5415
04:49:44,600 --> 04:49:48,500
Millen Rome and ultimately 
France, offered fresh, Vantage 

5416
04:49:48,500 --> 04:49:51,100
points. 
Reminding us that Mobility can 

5417
04:49:51,100 --> 04:49:53,600
spark renewal at any stage in 
life, though. 

5418
04:49:53,600 --> 04:49:55,900
He occasionally lamented in 
complete tasks. 

5419
04:49:55,900 --> 04:49:59,000
He pressed forward bridging 
discipline in our discipline. 

5420
04:50:00,500 --> 04:50:02,800
It's worth extracting lessons 
from his approach. 

5421
04:50:03,400 --> 04:50:06,700
He cultivated tell an insatiable
observational habit. 

5422
04:50:07,400 --> 04:50:11,000
Scrutinizing, swirling water, 
the geometry of a flower's petal

5423
04:50:11,000 --> 04:50:15,800
or the subtle shift of a faces 
muscles, even in an era lacking 

5424
04:50:15,800 --> 04:50:19,300
cameras or modern Labs, he 
gleaned Universal patterns by 

5425
04:50:19,300 --> 04:50:23,700
focusing on the details. 
As midlife adults we too can 

5426
04:50:23,700 --> 04:50:26,500
regain that sense of direct 
observation whether it's 

5427
04:50:26,500 --> 04:50:29,900
noticing minor changes in a 
friend's demeanor or analyzing 

5428
04:50:29,900 --> 04:50:33,400
complexities at work. 
Alana desk perspective 

5429
04:50:33,400 --> 04:50:36,700
encourages seeing a new not 
coasting on assumptions. 

5430
04:50:37,700 --> 04:50:40,900
Another facet resonates with 
modern times the Synergy of 

5431
04:50:40,908 --> 04:50:42,900
creative expression and 
methodical research. 

5432
04:50:43,900 --> 04:50:45,800
Leonardo was no Carefree 
Dreamer. 

5433
04:50:46,500 --> 04:50:51,300
He systematically tested ideas, 
building prototypes, dissecting 

5434
04:50:51,300 --> 04:50:55,800
bodies and refining pigments. 
He let imagination drive him but

5435
04:50:55,800 --> 04:50:58,500
insisted on verifying theories 
with experiments. 

5436
04:50:59,400 --> 04:51:03,300
For those in middle, adulthood 
managing teams, families or 

5437
04:51:03,300 --> 04:51:06,800
personal projects balancing 
Vision with practicality. 

5438
04:51:06,800 --> 04:51:11,600
As an art Leonardo's notebooks, 
bristle with micro failures, a 

5439
04:51:11,600 --> 04:51:15,000
water lifting device that jammed
a mural technique that appealed,

5440
04:51:15,000 --> 04:51:18,900
yet each misstep taught him, 
something this iterative mindset

5441
04:51:18,900 --> 04:51:21,400
Foster's resilience and yields 
deeper expertise. 

5442
04:51:21,400 --> 04:51:24,700
Moreover Leonardo's story, 
underscores the role of 

5443
04:51:24,700 --> 04:51:27,200
collaboration. 
He sawed highest not in 

5444
04:51:27,200 --> 04:51:31,400
isolation, but in Synergy with 
Patron's mentors and assistance.

5445
04:51:32,300 --> 04:51:35,200
The swords are in French courts,
gave him resources to dream big.

5446
04:51:35,900 --> 04:51:39,500
Skilled Workshop, members helped
realize or test Concepts even 

5447
04:51:39,500 --> 04:51:42,100
his competition with 
Michelangelo and Raphael will be

5448
04:51:42,108 --> 04:51:45,900
at fraught with tension. 
Catalyzed fresh impetus in 

5449
04:51:45,900 --> 04:51:49,300
present life Synergy across 
skill sets can amplify outcomes.

5450
04:51:49,300 --> 04:51:52,500
We see parallels and 
cross-functional corporate teams

5451
04:51:52,500 --> 04:51:55,400
or community coalitions that 
blend varied talents to achieve 

5452
04:51:55,400 --> 04:51:58,200
breakthroughs. 
However, we also need to address

5453
04:51:58,200 --> 04:52:01,500
the negative aspect. 
The Eerie feeling of unrealized 

5454
04:52:01,500 --> 04:52:05,400
potential, many of Leonardo's 
Grand designs such as the 

5455
04:52:05,400 --> 04:52:08,400
sports, a horse or the treaters 
on flight remained incomplete. 

5456
04:52:09,300 --> 04:52:11,300
Some might interpret him as a 
cautionary tale about 

5457
04:52:11,300 --> 04:52:14,400
perfectionism. 
Indeed, he sometimes spent years

5458
04:52:14,400 --> 04:52:17,400
later in glazes on a single 
painting or rewriting the same 

5459
04:52:17,400 --> 04:52:20,300
mechanical design. 
For busy modern adults. 

5460
04:52:20,300 --> 04:52:22,300
It can be a nudge to find 
closure. 

5461
04:52:23,100 --> 04:52:26,300
Not every idea demands in 
definite polishing, finishing 

5462
04:52:26,300 --> 04:52:28,500
and sharing can unlock new 
phases of growth. 

5463
04:52:29,200 --> 04:52:31,500
Still Leonardo's income complete
wanders. 

5464
04:52:31,500 --> 04:52:35,000
Remind us that partial efforts 
can spark future revolution's, 

5465
04:52:35,000 --> 04:52:37,800
even if we are cells, never see 
them fully bloom. 

5466
04:52:39,000 --> 04:52:41,600
His final years in the French 
Quarter, so highlight that one 

5467
04:52:41,600 --> 04:52:44,800
can remain relevant even in 
advanced stage by building a 

5468
04:52:44,800 --> 04:52:46,500
lifelong reputation for 
innovation. 

5469
04:52:47,200 --> 04:52:49,500
You found fresh patrons who 
treasured his wisdom. 

5470
04:52:50,300 --> 04:52:53,500
He might not have executed large
Public Works, then but he 

5471
04:52:53,500 --> 04:52:56,300
contributed to strategic 
discussions and shaped cultural 

5472
04:52:56,300 --> 04:52:59,200
enrichment of the French Court. 
Similarly, for those 

5473
04:52:59,200 --> 04:53:02,500
transitioning out of intense, 
early career phases, there is a 

5474
04:53:02,500 --> 04:53:05,200
reminder that mentorship idea 
sharing or specializes 

5475
04:53:05,200 --> 04:53:07,400
consultancy. 
Can be equally impactful. 

5476
04:53:08,700 --> 04:53:11,200
The Leonardo's Twilight wasn't 
about retirement in a quiet 

5477
04:53:11,208 --> 04:53:14,400
sense, but about integrating 
Decades of experience into a 

5478
04:53:14,400 --> 04:53:17,900
culminating sphere. 
Another essential angle is how 

5479
04:53:17,900 --> 04:53:21,000
Leonardo balanced religious 
sentiments with rational inquiry

5480
04:53:21,000 --> 04:53:23,700
deeply respectful of Christian 
doctrine. 

5481
04:53:24,400 --> 04:53:26,900
He never let Dogma quell. 
His questions about Nature's 

5482
04:53:26,900 --> 04:53:29,600
mechanisms, he believed 
understanding, creation's, 

5483
04:53:29,600 --> 04:53:32,500
intricacies honored? 
The Creator in an era where 

5484
04:53:32,500 --> 04:53:36,100
faith and science sometimes 
clashed, he navigated a personal

5485
04:53:36,100 --> 04:53:38,100
path from a modern audience 
frequently. 

5486
04:53:38,100 --> 04:53:39,800
Contending with polarized 
debates. 

5487
04:53:39,800 --> 04:53:43,900
Leonardo's Outlook offers a 
model rational, exploration can 

5488
04:53:43,900 --> 04:53:47,500
co-exist with spiritual debt 
each fueling gratitude for 

5489
04:53:47,500 --> 04:53:50,500
existence of, Marvel's 
ultimately, the life of 

5490
04:53:50,508 --> 04:53:53,200
Leonardo, da Vinci's stands as 
an emblem of boundless 

5491
04:53:53,200 --> 04:53:56,200
curiosity. 
Bridging disciplines that many 

5492
04:53:56,200 --> 04:53:58,900
treaters separate. 
He embraced incremental 

5493
04:53:58,900 --> 04:54:02,300
knowledge acknowledging that 
each Discovery planted the seeds

5494
04:54:02,300 --> 04:54:05,400
for further Mysteries. 
His notebook, though scattered 

5495
04:54:05,400 --> 04:54:08,700
and partial reveal a mind 
enthralled by the interplay of 

5496
04:54:08,700 --> 04:54:12,300
form motion and Cosmic design 
five. 

5497
04:54:12,300 --> 04:54:14,700
Centuries on, we still glean 
from him, the power of Wonder 

5498
04:54:14,700 --> 04:54:18,100
the value of dogged 
experimentation and the humility

5499
04:54:18,100 --> 04:54:20,500
to accept that Mastery is a 
continual Journey. 

5500
04:54:20,500 --> 04:54:24,500
Never fully complete. 
In a world that yearns for 

5501
04:54:24,500 --> 04:54:27,700
Innovation and empathy. 
He remains a shining example of 

5502
04:54:27,700 --> 04:54:30,500
what a single human can 
accomplish when Guided by the 

5503
04:54:30,500 --> 04:54:34,700
persistent, or at the world's 
complexities and that perhaps is

5504
04:54:34,700 --> 04:54:38,500
Leonardo's Ultimate gift to 
remind us that even the simplest

5505
04:54:38,500 --> 04:54:42,200
observation, like a swirl of 
water in a basement can unravel 

5506
04:54:42,200 --> 04:54:45,500
entire universes of insight. 
If we only dead to look closely 

5507
04:54:45,500 --> 04:55:06,700
enough, 
Antoinette poisson destined to 

5508
04:55:06,700 --> 04:55:10,200
become the immortal, Madame de 
pompadour arrived in a Paris. 

5509
04:55:10,200 --> 04:55:11,700
That was both glittering and 
precarious. 

5510
04:55:11,700 --> 04:55:17,000
Born on December 29th, 1721. 
She occupied a curious social 

5511
04:55:17,000 --> 04:55:20,400
limbo. 
Her father Francois drifted in 

5512
04:55:20,400 --> 04:55:23,200
and out of business success. 
While her mother Louise 

5513
04:55:23,200 --> 04:55:26,600
Madeleine De La Motte cultivated
ties among bankers and courtiers

5514
04:55:26,600 --> 04:55:30,100
rumors insinuated that Jan's 
true, father might be a wealthy 

5515
04:55:30,100 --> 04:55:34,500
financier, the Normandy torna 
him Whispers, aside from 

5516
04:55:34,500 --> 04:55:38,000
infancy, she received an 
education, far above what most 

5517
04:55:38,000 --> 04:55:41,200
middle-class girls could dream 
of learning, not only to read 

5518
04:55:41,200 --> 04:55:45,500
and write, but also to dance, 
sing and appreciate the subtlety

5519
04:55:45,500 --> 04:55:47,500
of wit skills. 
That would later prove 

5520
04:55:47,500 --> 04:55:50,300
invaluable. 
Her mother cherished, a prophecy

5521
04:55:50,300 --> 04:55:53,000
from a fortune teller, who 
claimed Jen would someday rule? 

5522
04:55:53,000 --> 04:55:57,200
The heart of a king store, this 
prophecy, half in jest, guided 

5523
04:55:57,200 --> 04:56:00,300
her mother's Ambitions, she 
introduced Jan to private 

5524
04:56:00,300 --> 04:56:04,200
tutors, who immersed, the girl 
in the nuances of theater music,

5525
04:56:04,200 --> 04:56:08,200
and the refined manners of 
Parisian salons, the child 

5526
04:56:08,200 --> 04:56:11,100
became a depth at reciting 
verses, Buy Racine or playing, 

5527
04:56:11,100 --> 04:56:14,800
hops accordingly odds, People 
teased that she might become a 

5528
04:56:14,800 --> 04:56:19,200
minor actress in the city's. 
Comedic troops, instead fate had

5529
04:56:19,200 --> 04:56:23,500
something grander in store, at 
age, 9 Gene was placed briefly 

5530
04:56:23,500 --> 04:56:25,900
in the Ursuline Convent, to 
polish her moral upbringing, 

5531
04:56:26,700 --> 04:56:29,200
Though, the real impetus behind 
this stay was to Shield her from

5532
04:56:29,200 --> 04:56:33,500
a smallpox outbreak. 
There in a stark room with stone

5533
04:56:33,500 --> 04:56:36,200
floors. 
She first confronted the gulf 

5534
04:56:36,200 --> 04:56:39,200
between the cheer of drawing 
room society and The Bleak 

5535
04:56:39,200 --> 04:56:40,700
realities of illness and 
mortality. 

5536
04:56:41,800 --> 04:56:45,400
She survived with her health 
intact returning to secular for 

5537
04:56:45,400 --> 04:56:48,300
saw Life With A Renewed sense of
carpe diem. 

5538
04:56:49,000 --> 04:56:52,000
Her mother's Circle had not 
diminished on the contrary. 

5539
04:56:52,000 --> 04:56:54,800
They believed brush with 
potential tragedy. 

5540
04:56:54,800 --> 04:56:57,600
Demanded that she enjoyed the 
world's Pleasures with 

5541
04:56:57,600 --> 04:57:01,500
heightened urgency. 
By adolescents, she graced the 

5542
04:57:01,500 --> 04:57:05,800
occasional Suarez. 
Her presence glowed, large 

5543
04:57:05,800 --> 04:57:10,000
expressive eyes. 
A lively intelligence and a 

5544
04:57:10,000 --> 04:57:11,200
measured confidence that the 
lied. 

5545
04:57:11,200 --> 04:57:13,900
Her youth one had to be careful 
though. 

5546
04:57:13,900 --> 04:57:16,500
Ambition in a woman could be 
ridiculed or scorned. 

5547
04:57:17,200 --> 04:57:18,900
So xan. 
Cultivated an outward. 

5548
04:57:18,900 --> 04:57:22,200
Modesty letting her talents 
speak softly. 

5549
04:57:23,200 --> 04:57:26,000
Through the dynamic swirl of 
paris's Haute Bourgeois 

5550
04:57:26,000 --> 04:57:27,800
Gatherings. 
She eventually met Charles 

5551
04:57:27,800 --> 04:57:34,100
Gilmour, a relative of Patron. 
Father This connection sparked 

5552
04:57:34,100 --> 04:57:37,000
talk of a suitable marriage. 
The match appealed to her 

5553
04:57:37,000 --> 04:57:39,000
mother, who hoped it would 
secure Jan's future? 

5554
04:57:39,700 --> 04:57:43,400
For her part jeans or in Charles
a kind soul, if not a blazing 

5555
04:57:43,400 --> 04:57:46,700
passion. 
The Union in 1741 launched her 

5556
04:57:46,700 --> 04:57:49,600
into a comfortable life of 
receptions and Mild amusements 

5557
04:57:49,600 --> 04:57:53,300
on their estate near Paris. 
Yet, the city's gravitational 

5558
04:57:53,300 --> 04:57:57,100
pull was strong Jan received 
numerous invitations, to select,

5559
04:57:57,100 --> 04:58:00,300
aristocratic salons, as people 
quickly noticed her wit in 

5560
04:58:00,300 --> 04:58:02,800
conversation. 
She did not shy it from 

5561
04:58:02,800 --> 04:58:05,400
discussing art or drama Noir 
from gently. 

5562
04:58:05,400 --> 04:58:08,800
Critiquing certain aspects of 
courtly extravagance, that 

5563
04:58:08,800 --> 04:58:11,400
slight dash of candle balanced 
by charm. 

5564
04:58:11,400 --> 04:58:14,400
Distinguished her from the 
endless, parade of stiff 

5565
04:58:14,400 --> 04:58:19,200
self-conscious, ladies within 
months, word spread, there is a 

5566
04:58:19,200 --> 04:58:22,200
madame detail, whose presence of
any Gathering. 

5567
04:58:23,400 --> 04:58:26,700
The contest of fakir, introduced
her to more exclusive circles 

5568
04:58:26,700 --> 04:58:30,200
culminating in an opportunity to
attend a masked ball at 

5569
04:58:30,200 --> 04:58:35,600
Versailles in 1745 celebrating. 
The marriage of the Doha there 

5570
04:58:35,600 --> 04:58:39,300
among a crush of masked 
revelers, she caught the eye of 

5571
04:58:39,300 --> 04:58:43,000
King Louis of the 15th. 
The king reticent by nature 

5572
04:58:43,000 --> 04:58:46,600
found in her, a refreshing 
mixture of Grace and candle. 

5573
04:58:46,600 --> 04:58:49,900
While elaborate intrigues 
swirled around him, this 

5574
04:58:49,900 --> 04:58:53,700
newcomer radiated sincerity, 
their brief conversation that 

5575
04:58:53,708 --> 04:58:56,400
evening was filled with an 
electricity that neither of them

5576
04:58:56,400 --> 04:59:00,300
could forget caught watches 
speculated but none predicted 

5577
04:59:00,300 --> 04:59:01,800
how swift the next moves would 
be. 

5578
04:59:02,600 --> 04:59:06,900
Madame Dettol was known naive 
Maiden, she recognized the risk 

5579
04:59:06,900 --> 04:59:10,700
of courting Royal attention. 
The previous Royal favorite, The

5580
04:59:10,700 --> 04:59:14,500
Duchess to Chateau had. 
Recently died leaving an 

5581
04:59:14,500 --> 04:59:17,700
emotional Gap, in the King's 
life, Yet stepping into that 

5582
04:59:17,700 --> 04:59:21,300
void threatened Scandal, 
especially for a woman not of 

5583
04:59:21,300 --> 04:59:24,300
noble birth. 
Still from behind her. 

5584
04:59:24,300 --> 04:59:27,800
Modulated Smiles, Jean sense, 
Destiny aligning. 

5585
04:59:28,600 --> 04:59:30,300
The prophecy. 
Her mother wants whispered 

5586
04:59:30,300 --> 04:59:33,400
returned to mine, she would rule
the heart of a king. 

5587
04:59:33,400 --> 04:59:37,700
She recognized that in a rigidly
stratified Society, becoming the

5588
04:59:37,700 --> 04:59:41,300
king's Confidant, might be her 
only path to real influence. 

5589
04:59:42,600 --> 04:59:44,900
By the Year's End, a plan was 
set in motion. 

5590
04:59:44,900 --> 04:59:48,600
The king's Valley, discreetly 
arranged, a meeting under the 

5591
04:59:48,600 --> 04:59:50,600
veil of secrecy, they exchanged 
letters. 

5592
04:59:50,600 --> 04:59:54,500
Her husband, outraged found 
himself powerless, the monarchy,

5593
04:59:54,500 --> 04:59:58,300
overshadowed personal protest. 
In March 1745. 

5594
04:59:58,300 --> 05:00:01,900
Louis the 15th arranged for her 
to be a presented at court 

5595
05:00:01,900 --> 05:00:04,700
formerly. 
The once lower Bourgeois Janelle

5596
05:00:04,700 --> 05:00:07,700
tournet was granted a title 
Marquis De pompadour. 

5597
05:00:07,700 --> 05:00:12,000
It was a moment of metamorphosis
the fatherless child, the teased

5598
05:00:12,000 --> 05:00:14,900
girl, who studied the great 
playwrights now, stepped onto 

5599
05:00:14,900 --> 05:00:18,100
the grand stage of Versailles. 
The next decade would see her 

5600
05:00:18,100 --> 05:00:21,700
orchestrate art, patronage 
political alliances and shape 

5601
05:00:21,700 --> 05:00:25,900
the monarchies image yet behind 
the Gilded stereos a swirl of 

5602
05:00:25,900 --> 05:00:28,700
jealousy, rumor and heartbreak 
would dog. 

5603
05:00:28,700 --> 05:00:32,000
Her steps for now though, she 
embraced her new name. 

5604
05:00:32,000 --> 05:00:34,500
Madame, de pompadour and 
prepared to navigate, the 

5605
05:00:34,500 --> 05:00:39,300
Labyrinth of Royal favour in 
1745 when Jan and Antoinette 

5606
05:00:39,300 --> 05:00:42,500
poisson made her debut as the 
newly minted Marquis De 

5607
05:00:42,500 --> 05:00:45,700
pompadour at their side, the 
Gilded corridors were filled 

5608
05:00:45,700 --> 05:00:48,800
with admiration. 
She became the first Bourgeois 

5609
05:00:48,800 --> 05:00:53,000
to receive open recognition from
a French King elegant, but not 

5610
05:00:53,000 --> 05:00:55,500
aristocratic her every move Drew
scrutiny. 

5611
05:00:56,200 --> 05:00:59,700
Enemies whispered that she had 
Bewitched Louis the 15th, others

5612
05:00:59,700 --> 05:01:03,200
admired, her graceful bearing 
praising her Flawless manners 

5613
05:01:03,200 --> 05:01:06,200
and a cultivated charm that 
overshadowed even established 

5614
05:01:06,200 --> 05:01:09,700
duchesses the king himself. 
Displayed uncharacteristic 

5615
05:01:09,700 --> 05:01:13,500
devotion summoning her for 
private suppers parading her at 

5616
05:01:13,500 --> 05:01:16,500
formal events and awarding her 
lavish apartment in the palace. 

5617
05:01:16,500 --> 05:01:20,900
Versailles was a realm of 
Illusions behind mirrored halls 

5618
05:01:20,900 --> 05:01:24,300
and Polished marbles like 
Cutthroat rivalries the 

5619
05:01:24,300 --> 05:01:28,100
courtiers ephemeral in their 
silks and powdered wigs circled 

5620
05:01:28,100 --> 05:01:31,100
Madame, de pompadour like 
vultures some attempted 

5621
05:01:31,100 --> 05:01:33,800
flattery, showering, her with 
compliments in hopes of winning 

5622
05:01:33,800 --> 05:01:36,500
her intercession with the King, 
others. 

5623
05:01:36,500 --> 05:01:39,600
Plotted to throw her fearing, 
that her influence might reshape

5624
05:01:39,600 --> 05:01:42,800
politics among these 
conspirators was the Dolphins. 

5625
05:01:42,800 --> 05:01:45,800
Circle along with older 
aristocratic families who 

5626
05:01:45,800 --> 05:01:48,900
scorned a mere commoner. 
Overshadowing them yet. 

5627
05:01:48,900 --> 05:01:52,600
Madame de pompadour remained 
unfazed, she had honed her 

5628
05:01:52,600 --> 05:01:54,900
social instincts in the 
Bourgeois salons and her 

5629
05:01:54,900 --> 05:01:58,100
intellect sword. 
Beyond Miracle tree, she 

5630
05:01:58,100 --> 05:02:01,100
recognized that the surest path 
to security was to make herself 

5631
05:02:01,100 --> 05:02:04,400
indispensable to Louis, the 
15th, not merely as a bed 

5632
05:02:04,400 --> 05:02:07,700
fellow, but as a confidant, 
Counselor and orchestrator of 

5633
05:02:07,700 --> 05:02:10,400
cultural life. 
You set about renovating her 

5634
05:02:10,400 --> 05:02:13,400
living quarters, pointing them 
with Sumptuous tapestries, 

5635
05:02:13,400 --> 05:02:16,300
elegant, furniture and curated 
artworks. 

5636
05:02:16,300 --> 05:02:18,400
The effort wasn't me a 
self-indulgence. 

5637
05:02:19,200 --> 05:02:22,700
It mirrored her ambition to make
Versailles a beacon of refined 

5638
05:02:22,700 --> 05:02:25,100
taste. 
She championed the Rococo 

5639
05:02:25,100 --> 05:02:27,200
aesthetic. 
Style that favored. 

5640
05:02:27,200 --> 05:02:32,500
Playful curves, pastel Hughes 
and Whimsical motifs under her 

5641
05:02:32,500 --> 05:02:35,900
patronage artists like Boucher 
and Van Loo gained commissions 

5642
05:02:35,900 --> 05:02:38,000
for witty. 
Lighthearted paintings. 

5643
05:02:38,000 --> 05:02:41,300
Porcelain from the several 
Factory which she helped develop

5644
05:02:41,300 --> 05:02:44,500
became a symbol of French 
craftsmanship prized across 

5645
05:02:44,500 --> 05:02:47,300
Europe. 
Synergy of her aesthetic sense 

5646
05:02:47,300 --> 05:02:50,700
with the monarchies resources, 
birthstone era in which the 

5647
05:02:50,700 --> 05:02:53,600
French Court style reigned 
Supreme among Europe's Elites. 

5648
05:02:54,400 --> 05:02:57,200
But Madame, de pompadour, did 
not confine herself to the Arts.

5649
05:02:57,200 --> 05:03:00,100
She also recognized the 
intricacies of diplomacy. 

5650
05:03:00,100 --> 05:03:04,100
France, teetered between 
alliances with Spain Austria, 

5651
05:03:04,100 --> 05:03:08,000
another powerful Britain loomed 
across the channel. 

5652
05:03:08,000 --> 05:03:10,700
It's Navy, menacing, French, 
Colonial interests. 

5653
05:03:10,700 --> 05:03:14,400
Louis the 15th though. 
Well, intentioned often avoided 

5654
05:03:14,400 --> 05:03:17,400
direct policy making retreating 
to hunting or private 

5655
05:03:17,400 --> 05:03:19,500
amusements. 
Pompadour stepped into that 

5656
05:03:19,500 --> 05:03:22,100
vacuum forging ties with 
ministers and ambassadors. 

5657
05:03:22,100 --> 05:03:25,400
She guided the choice of the 
foreign minister favored, 

5658
05:03:25,400 --> 05:03:29,200
certain generals and mediated 
tensions at home critics 

5659
05:03:29,200 --> 05:03:31,100
scorned. 
The idea of a woman controlling 

5660
05:03:31,100 --> 05:03:34,400
foreign policy, she brushed 
aside their division focusing on

5661
05:03:34,400 --> 05:03:36,400
forging alliances that might 
bring stability. 

5662
05:03:37,200 --> 05:03:42,600
The 1756 diplomatic Revolution, 
aligning France with Austria or 

5663
05:03:42,600 --> 05:03:45,400
her fingerprints. 
Although the subsequent Seven 

5664
05:03:45,400 --> 05:03:47,000
Years War turned disastrous for 
France. 

5665
05:03:47,000 --> 05:03:50,200
One cannot dismiss her attempt 
to recalibrate alliances in a 

5666
05:03:50,208 --> 05:03:54,100
fracturing Europe as mistress. 
She also faced the vulnerability

5667
05:03:54,100 --> 05:03:55,500
that her bedroom role might 
wane. 

5668
05:03:56,200 --> 05:03:59,600
Louis the 15th known for a 
roving I could have set her 

5669
05:03:59,600 --> 05:04:00,900
aside. 
Once novelty faded. 

5670
05:04:00,900 --> 05:04:04,200
She addressed that possibility 
head-on by establishing a deeper

5671
05:04:04,200 --> 05:04:06,900
emotional bond with him. 
She cultivated a warm 

5672
05:04:06,900 --> 05:04:09,200
companionship shared 
intellectual Pursuits. 

5673
05:04:09,200 --> 05:04:13,100
And even managed his anxiety or 
indecision in state matters, 

5674
05:04:13,100 --> 05:04:17,100
aware that physical intimacy 
might receive she pivoted to 

5675
05:04:17,100 --> 05:04:20,600
become his loyal friend advising
on matters, ranging from 

5676
05:04:20,600 --> 05:04:22,600
building projects to Royal 
ceremony. 

5677
05:04:23,600 --> 05:04:26,300
Over time, though, the Romantic 
spark diminished. 

5678
05:04:27,100 --> 05:04:28,600
The emotional closeness, 
lingard. 

5679
05:04:29,400 --> 05:04:33,000
If gossips circulated that her 
sexual influence at ended, she 

5680
05:04:33,000 --> 05:04:37,200
retained the king's trust in her
place as a fixture of court. 

5681
05:04:38,100 --> 05:04:41,800
Amid the courts swirling 
intrigues, pompadours championed

5682
05:04:41,800 --> 05:04:45,000
philosophers and writers 
Voltaire previously. 

5683
05:04:45,000 --> 05:04:49,400
Scorned at Versailles found in 
her a rare Ally, she admired his

5684
05:04:49,400 --> 05:04:52,600
wit and the cautious about 
averti challenging the church or

5685
05:04:52,600 --> 05:04:54,800
censorship she quietly 
facilitated. 

5686
05:04:54,800 --> 05:04:58,400
His projects did Rose and 
cyclopedic a compendium that 

5687
05:04:58,400 --> 05:05:02,000
threatened the old guard with 
new ideas, all so benefited in 

5688
05:05:02,000 --> 05:05:05,500
directly from her protective 
stance She believed that the 

5689
05:05:05,500 --> 05:05:07,900
monarchy could remain stable 
while fostering Progressive, 

5690
05:05:07,900 --> 05:05:12,100
thought an irony, perhaps, given
that future, revolutionaries 

5691
05:05:12,100 --> 05:05:15,100
Drew on such Enlightenment Works
to question Royal Authority. 

5692
05:05:15,800 --> 05:05:19,700
For her part pompadours or no 
contradiction, she wanted a 

5693
05:05:19,700 --> 05:05:22,000
monarchy Polished by reason and 
aesthetic Brilliance. 

5694
05:05:22,000 --> 05:05:24,900
Not a stagnant Relic in the 
shadows health. 

5695
05:05:24,900 --> 05:05:28,400
Concerns began plaguing her, she
suffered from bouts of illness, 

5696
05:05:28,400 --> 05:05:32,400
like the exacerbated, by stress.
The palace doctors incompetent 

5697
05:05:32,400 --> 05:05:35,600
by the modern standards, offered
only bleeding or tonics. 

5698
05:05:36,300 --> 05:05:39,200
He pressed on orchestrating 
plays hosting literary salons, 

5699
05:05:39,200 --> 05:05:41,300
and continuing to count the 
king. 

5700
05:05:42,400 --> 05:05:46,100
The year, 1757 brought a narrow 
brush with death for Louie the 

5701
05:05:46,100 --> 05:05:48,200
15th. 
Which consisted of an 

5702
05:05:48,200 --> 05:05:51,300
assassination attempt by 
Damien's, which rattled the 

5703
05:05:51,300 --> 05:05:55,100
monarchy. 
Pompadours unwavering presents 

5704
05:05:55,100 --> 05:05:58,400
urging calm and punishing 
conspirators further. 

5705
05:05:58,400 --> 05:06:02,100
Solidified, her position she had
become more than a mistress or a

5706
05:06:02,100 --> 05:06:04,900
decorative figure. 
She was the monarchy's anchor of

5707
05:06:04,900 --> 05:06:08,100
continuity, bridging personal 
comfort for the king and the 

5708
05:06:08,100 --> 05:06:12,000
broader cultural identity of the
era despite swirling rumor and 

5709
05:06:12,000 --> 05:06:14,900
envy. 
She pressed on aware that her 

5710
05:06:14,900 --> 05:06:17,500
star might dim at any moment. 
But determined to leave a 

5711
05:06:17,500 --> 05:06:19,800
luminous mark on France's 
cultural and political 

5712
05:06:19,800 --> 05:06:24,200
landscape. 
Has the 1750s advanced Madame de

5713
05:06:24,200 --> 05:06:26,400
pompadours Role in Versailles 
crystallized. 

5714
05:06:26,400 --> 05:06:30,300
She reigned as an unmatched 
patron of the Arts, ensuring 

5715
05:06:30,300 --> 05:06:33,100
that the palace no longer served
solely as a symbol of absolute 

5716
05:06:33,100 --> 05:06:35,600
monarchy. 
But also as a stage for Creative

5717
05:06:35,600 --> 05:06:39,400
brilliance, She championed 
painters like Francois Boucher, 

5718
05:06:39,400 --> 05:06:42,400
whose pastoral scenes and 
playful mythologies perfectly 

5719
05:06:42,400 --> 05:06:44,200
suited. 
The Rocker co-star pompadour 

5720
05:06:44,200 --> 05:06:48,100
adored through her influence, 
tapestry, workshops in Beauvais,

5721
05:06:48,100 --> 05:06:50,900
and goblins, reached New, 
Heights, weaving, dreamlike 

5722
05:06:50,900 --> 05:06:54,300
Landscapes, that Grace royal 
salons yet, her Artistry 

5723
05:06:54,300 --> 05:06:57,600
extended Beyond commissions. 
She personally oversaw color 

5724
05:06:57,600 --> 05:07:01,300
schemes, interior, decorations, 
and table settings for State. 

5725
05:07:01,300 --> 05:07:05,100
Banquets In an age, when women's
influence was often restricted 

5726
05:07:05,100 --> 05:07:07,900
to the domestic sphere, 
pompadour turned domestic 

5727
05:07:07,900 --> 05:07:10,100
Aesthetics into a grand. 
Cultural statement 

5728
05:07:10,100 --> 05:07:14,700
simultaneously, she strengthened
ties with intellectuals, a 

5729
05:07:14,700 --> 05:07:18,300
secret exchanges of letters with
Voltaire stand out though she 

5730
05:07:18,308 --> 05:07:21,400
never fully endorsed his more 
radical critiques of religion or

5731
05:07:21,400 --> 05:07:25,100
monarchy She appreciated his wit
and recognized the advantage of 

5732
05:07:25,100 --> 05:07:26,600
having a famous pain on her 
side. 

5733
05:07:27,300 --> 05:07:30,400
The philosopher invade her 
proximity to power while she 

5734
05:07:30,400 --> 05:07:31,800
admired his intellectual 
boldness. 

5735
05:07:32,800 --> 05:07:35,600
Tail say she even facilitated 
voltaire's appointment as 

5736
05:07:35,600 --> 05:07:37,900
historiographer to Louis the 
15th, though. 

5737
05:07:37,900 --> 05:07:41,800
Discreetly them all to avoid, 
conservatives accusing her of 

5738
05:07:41,800 --> 05:07:45,200
promoting subversive ideas. 
She tread more carefully when 

5739
05:07:45,200 --> 05:07:48,700
dealing with diderot. 
The instructory tested the 

5740
05:07:48,700 --> 05:07:51,300
monarchy's tolerance so 
pompadour approached its 

5741
05:07:51,300 --> 05:07:54,700
controversies with caution 
ensuring that while sensors 

5742
05:07:54,700 --> 05:07:56,400
barked. 
They rarely bit too deep. 

5743
05:07:57,400 --> 05:08:00,800
She saw France's future in a 
delicate balance in lightened 

5744
05:08:00,800 --> 05:08:04,000
thinking, might modernize the 
monarchy, but unbridled 

5745
05:08:04,000 --> 05:08:05,800
criticism could incite 
Rebellion. 

5746
05:08:06,600 --> 05:08:10,000
Her relationship with the King 
evolved in tandem the early 

5747
05:08:10,000 --> 05:08:13,200
romantic further had called 
replaced by an affectionate 

5748
05:08:13,200 --> 05:08:15,600
friendship. 
Some courtiers quite quietly 

5749
05:08:15,600 --> 05:08:17,700
mocked that. 
She no longer shared the Royal 

5750
05:08:17,700 --> 05:08:20,300
bed but had become headmistress 
of culture. 

5751
05:08:20,300 --> 05:08:24,300
Others believed she retained 
intangible, intimacy beyond the 

5752
05:08:24,300 --> 05:08:27,200
Physical Realm, that anchored 
the king's Trust. 

5753
05:08:28,100 --> 05:08:31,400
She became the caretaker of his 
emotional well-being, scheduling

5754
05:08:31,400 --> 05:08:33,700
amusements to like his 
melancholic moods. 

5755
05:08:33,700 --> 05:08:36,900
She also shielded him from 
certain Noble factions who 

5756
05:08:36,900 --> 05:08:38,700
stoked Conflict for personal 
gain. 

5757
05:08:39,500 --> 05:08:43,000
If the king found more fleeting 
conquests Madame de pompadour, 

5758
05:08:43,000 --> 05:08:46,600
rarely intervened focusing on 
preserving her unique Bond. 

5759
05:08:47,600 --> 05:08:51,100
You possess to surprising 
Serenity, underpinned by the 

5760
05:08:51,100 --> 05:08:55,000
conviction that her Mastery of 
conversation, taste and 

5761
05:08:55,000 --> 05:08:56,600
sincerity kept her 
indispensable. 

5762
05:08:56,600 --> 05:09:02,000
However, the Seven Years War 
erupting and 1756 tested her 

5763
05:09:02,000 --> 05:09:05,900
position, the war, pitted 
France, against Britain Prussia 

5764
05:09:05,900 --> 05:09:08,908
and other shifting alliances 
many pointed at her, for the 

5765
05:09:08,916 --> 05:09:12,200
Diplomatic Revolution alliances 
that had France supporting 

5766
05:09:12,200 --> 05:09:15,400
Austria, the war's initial 
campaigns went poorly for 

5767
05:09:15,400 --> 05:09:18,700
France, specially overseas, 
where British Fleet seized 

5768
05:09:18,700 --> 05:09:23,200
French colonies at home, taxes 
sword to fund failing armies and

5769
05:09:23,200 --> 05:09:26,700
the populist, grew restive 
rival, courtiers pinned, blame 

5770
05:09:26,700 --> 05:09:30,200
on pompadour accusing her of 
amateur interference. 

5771
05:09:30,200 --> 05:09:34,600
In Grand strategy, pamphleteers 
circulated, nasty character's 

5772
05:09:34,600 --> 05:09:37,500
depicting her and throw and 
pulling puppet strings. 

5773
05:09:37,500 --> 05:09:39,900
While generals count out, she 
responded. 

5774
05:09:39,900 --> 05:09:43,400
Calmly urging the king to 
replace incompetent ministers 

5775
05:09:43,400 --> 05:09:47,600
and reorganized Finance, is that
morale was low the humil. 

5776
05:09:47,600 --> 05:09:51,400
Field tarnished both the 
monarchies image and her own. 

5777
05:09:52,300 --> 05:09:55,900
In this crisis, she allied with 
the Duke Deshler a capable 

5778
05:09:55,900 --> 05:09:59,100
Statesman, who shared her vision
of stabilizing foreign policy 

5779
05:09:59,100 --> 05:10:01,600
together. 
They reformed, the Navy tried to

5780
05:10:01,600 --> 05:10:03,700
unify command and pursued new 
loans. 

5781
05:10:03,700 --> 05:10:07,200
The results took time these 
measures slowed, the Hemorrhage 

5782
05:10:07,200 --> 05:10:09,600
of French fortunes. 
Meanwhile, she commissioned 

5783
05:10:09,600 --> 05:10:12,600
elaborate stage entertainments 
within Versailles to make a 

5784
05:10:12,600 --> 05:10:16,800
veneer of opulence, hoping that 
even as the war, raged the court

5785
05:10:16,800 --> 05:10:19,300
sense of refinement, Might 
soothe the Kings anxieties. 

5786
05:10:20,100 --> 05:10:23,200
Critics referred to her. 
As frivolous yet she steadfastly

5787
05:10:23,200 --> 05:10:25,900
maintained that if the monarchy 
seemed to crumble from within 

5788
05:10:25,900 --> 05:10:28,400
the entire nation could become 
disheartened. 

5789
05:10:28,400 --> 05:10:31,800
Rumors swirled that she 
occasionally wept in private, at

5790
05:10:31,800 --> 05:10:34,900
the walls mounting casualties 
feeling guilt for the Diplomatic

5791
05:10:34,900 --> 05:10:36,600
shifts. 
That had set off the conflicts 

5792
05:10:36,600 --> 05:10:39,400
chain of events. 
Others insisted her tears were 

5793
05:10:39,400 --> 05:10:41,100
for the loss of her own 
political clout. 

5794
05:10:41,900 --> 05:10:44,800
The truth, likely combine. 
These facets as a woman 

5795
05:10:44,808 --> 05:10:47,000
possessing more influence than 
many Statesmen. 

5796
05:10:47,000 --> 05:10:49,100
She carried a heavy burden of 
accountability. 

5797
05:10:49,100 --> 05:10:53,500
Nonetheless, she pressed on with
unwavering composure, greeting 

5798
05:10:53,500 --> 05:10:55,800
ambassadors. 
Politely offering them, the best

5799
05:10:55,800 --> 05:10:59,400
French wines and deflecting 
barbs about lost battles with 

5800
05:10:59,400 --> 05:11:02,400
the impeccable politeness of a 
Hostess who would not let Gloom 

5801
05:11:02,400 --> 05:11:03,800
overshadow, the monarchy's 
Majesty. 

5802
05:11:03,800 --> 05:11:08,100
All the, while a health parade, 
she suffered from frequent 

5803
05:11:08,100 --> 05:11:11,400
migraines, respiratory 
infections, and perhaps, the 

5804
05:11:11,400 --> 05:11:15,300
early signs of tuberculosis, 
their sizes, damp corridors and 

5805
05:11:15,300 --> 05:11:18,400
unpredictable weather. 
Hardly helped yet to preserve 

5806
05:11:18,400 --> 05:11:20,600
Her Image. 
She rarely admitted weakness 

5807
05:11:20,600 --> 05:11:23,700
continuing to preside over 
official, Gatherings, and 

5808
05:11:23,700 --> 05:11:26,700
Sumptuous gowns. 
A faint smile on her lips. 

5809
05:11:26,700 --> 05:11:30,700
She can fight it in a small 
circle noting that though, her 

5810
05:11:30,700 --> 05:11:34,000
body felt battered. 
A spirit remained fiery, she was

5811
05:11:34,000 --> 05:11:36,400
no naive on Juneau, she 
recognized that. 

5812
05:11:36,400 --> 05:11:39,200
If her health collapsed, her 
enemies would swoop in 

5813
05:11:39,200 --> 05:11:42,100
reconfiguring the monarchy 
circle of favorites. 

5814
05:11:42,800 --> 05:11:46,000
She needed to maintain her 
integrity at least in public to 

5815
05:11:46,000 --> 05:11:49,400
prevent the flame of her 
Ambitions from fading as the war

5816
05:11:49,400 --> 05:11:53,100
continued into the early 1760s. 
The reputation of Madame de 

5817
05:11:53,100 --> 05:11:54,900
pompadour began to fade due to 
her. 

5818
05:11:54,900 --> 05:11:59,200
Numerous defeats many corners of
their Sai whispered that the 

5819
05:11:59,200 --> 05:12:02,300
monarchy needed skate goat for 
the lost battles and distant 

5820
05:12:02,300 --> 05:12:05,900
lands, like the humiliation in 
India, and Canada, and who 

5821
05:12:05,900 --> 05:12:08,500
better to blame than the 
Bourgeois mysterious turned 

5822
05:12:08,500 --> 05:12:11,600
stateswoman. 
Meanwhile King Louis. 

5823
05:12:11,600 --> 05:12:15,600
The 15th had grown more taciturn
burdened by Gloom as reports 

5824
05:12:15,600 --> 05:12:17,800
from the front lines, showcased 
it Fiasco. 

5825
05:12:17,800 --> 05:12:21,700
After Fiasco pompadour though 
refused to retreat Into 

5826
05:12:21,700 --> 05:12:24,500
Obscurity, she believed her 
cultural Legacy. 

5827
05:12:24,500 --> 05:12:27,900
If not her foreign policies 
might get Salvage, her name in 

5828
05:12:27,908 --> 05:12:31,800
history, she threw herself into 
Grand architectural projects. 

5829
05:12:31,800 --> 05:12:35,000
The petty Trianon. 
For instance, took shape as a 

5830
05:12:35,000 --> 05:12:38,900
small Chateau in the palace's 
grounds officially, it was an 

5831
05:12:38,900 --> 05:12:42,200
expression of refined tastes and
embodiment of the new 

5832
05:12:42,200 --> 05:12:45,000
neoclassical style that was 
edging out Rococo. 

5833
05:12:45,000 --> 05:12:49,100
Flamboyance Pompadour championed
this shift, instructing 

5834
05:12:49,100 --> 05:12:53,500
Architects to favor Clarity 
portion and a gentle grandeur. 

5835
05:12:54,300 --> 05:12:57,600
She oversaw Landscaping heuring 
the gardens offered a tranquil 

5836
05:12:57,600 --> 05:12:59,800
Retreat, from Versailles, 
stifling pomp. 

5837
05:13:00,500 --> 05:13:03,800
Those some courtiers mocked the 
expense amid a draining War, she

5838
05:13:03,800 --> 05:13:06,600
defended it, as fostering 
National Artistry in Crosman 

5839
05:13:06,600 --> 05:13:10,400
indeed, her unwavering support 
for several porcelain. 

5840
05:13:11,300 --> 05:13:14,600
Tree Weavers and furniture 
makers kept them afloat, despite

5841
05:13:14,600 --> 05:13:17,600
war-induced Financial crises 
these actions. 

5842
05:13:17,600 --> 05:13:20,900
Ironically preserved, France's 
Global reputation for luxury 

5843
05:13:20,900 --> 05:13:23,600
goods. 
Even as military fortunes waned,

5844
05:13:23,600 --> 05:13:26,700
a more private Pastime was her 
encouragement of scientific 

5845
05:13:26,700 --> 05:13:29,600
curiosity. 
She facilitated Gatherings where

5846
05:13:29,600 --> 05:13:32,700
mathematicians and natural 
philosophers demonstrated the 

5847
05:13:32,700 --> 05:13:37,200
latest theories on electricity 
or the Cosmos on rare nights. 

5848
05:13:37,200 --> 05:13:41,000
The king himself might wander in
feigning mild interest while she

5849
05:13:41,000 --> 05:13:42,800
asked pointed. 
Questions about planetary, 

5850
05:13:42,800 --> 05:13:44,600
orbits or experimental 
Contraptions. 

5851
05:13:44,600 --> 05:13:48,000
If Summit Court, founded absurd,
for a mistress to delve into 

5852
05:13:48,000 --> 05:13:50,100
science. 
She responded with an elegant 

5853
05:13:50,100 --> 05:13:53,700
shrug Beauty. 
She believed encompassed 

5854
05:13:53,700 --> 05:13:56,300
knowledge too though. 
Never an Enlightenment radical. 

5855
05:13:56,300 --> 05:13:58,200
She saw. 
No harm in letting conversation 

5856
05:13:58,200 --> 05:14:01,600
roam Beyond strict Orthodoxy 
provided it didn't undermine 

5857
05:14:01,600 --> 05:14:04,300
monarchy or faith. 
At her private dinners. 

5858
05:14:04,300 --> 05:14:06,300
One might overhear discussion of
Newton. 

5859
05:14:06,300 --> 05:14:09,800
Echoes of voltaire's praise for 
Newtonian physics and 

5860
05:14:09,800 --> 05:14:12,900
speculation is about whether the
cosmos reflected God's Grandeur 

5861
05:14:12,900 --> 05:14:16,800
or Reason super premacy despite 
this glow of intellectual 

5862
05:14:16,800 --> 05:14:20,600
patronage. 
The war pounded on culminating 

5863
05:14:20,600 --> 05:14:24,700
in the Treaty of Paris 1763, 
which sealed France's losses 

5864
05:14:24,700 --> 05:14:27,600
overseas, the king's morale sank
further. 

5865
05:14:27,600 --> 05:14:31,500
As did public opinion of the 
monarchy executor offers had 

5866
05:14:31,500 --> 05:14:34,200
been gutted complicating. 
The monarchies ability to 

5867
05:14:34,200 --> 05:14:38,800
placate on rest at home. 
The Marquis faced renewed calls 

5868
05:14:38,800 --> 05:14:41,400
from influential dukes and 
princes to step aside. 

5869
05:14:42,200 --> 05:14:45,500
But each time Louis the 15th 
reaffirmed, her presence. 

5870
05:14:46,400 --> 05:14:49,200
telling critics quietly that her
loyalty and Council were more 

5871
05:14:49,200 --> 05:14:52,800
precious than ephemeral 
scapegoats even so her influence

5872
05:14:52,800 --> 05:14:56,200
on foreign or Economic Policy 
receded somewhat Seeding space 

5873
05:14:56,208 --> 05:14:57,900
to ministers, like the Duke 
Deshler. 

5874
05:14:58,800 --> 05:15:01,600
She recognized that sometimes 
stepping back could preserve her

5875
05:15:01,600 --> 05:15:04,200
position in a monarchy grown 
suspicious of overreach. 

5876
05:15:05,000 --> 05:15:08,000
Her personal life, took a 
Bittersweet turn as well while 

5877
05:15:08,000 --> 05:15:10,900
she and Louis the 15th parted 
physically, there are emotional 

5878
05:15:10,900 --> 05:15:13,200
bond. 
Endured she oversaw some 

5879
05:15:13,200 --> 05:15:14,900
discreet new favorite for the 
king. 

5880
05:15:14,900 --> 05:15:17,400
Ensuring they remained 
overshadowed by her. 

5881
05:15:17,400 --> 05:15:21,000
She and emotional role. 
This Arrangement caused outward.

5882
05:15:21,000 --> 05:15:24,500
Scandal like a mistress who are 
arranged less a Mistresses for 

5883
05:15:24,500 --> 05:15:27,900
the king to her. 
It was a strategy to maintain 

5884
05:15:27,900 --> 05:15:30,500
Unity. 
She avoided Illusions about 

5885
05:15:30,500 --> 05:15:32,700
romance. 
She valued the monarchy 

5886
05:15:32,700 --> 05:15:35,600
stability, a safety, and the 
King's contentment. 

5887
05:15:36,400 --> 05:15:39,100
Courteous who smelled hypocrisy 
could do little bit Whisperer. 

5888
05:15:40,000 --> 05:15:44,300
Meanwhile exhaustion or ordered 
her her health demands sword. 

5889
05:15:44,300 --> 05:15:47,800
She sought cures in Mineral 
baths, sojis to Fresh country, 

5890
05:15:47,800 --> 05:15:52,300
air or cashews that time. 
She coughed blood Aire sign 

5891
05:15:52,300 --> 05:15:55,900
doctors pleaded with her to 
relinquish intense Court duties.

5892
05:15:56,600 --> 05:15:59,000
She demurred worried. 
The vacuum might invite her 

5893
05:15:59,008 --> 05:16:02,600
enemies to Corner the King on 
good days, she could host a 

5894
05:16:02,600 --> 05:16:04,900
modest dinner. 
Entertaining ambassadors with 

5895
05:16:04,900 --> 05:16:08,400
Rye, anecdotes about cultural 
Trifles on terrible days. 

5896
05:16:08,400 --> 05:16:13,400
She lay bedridden instructing, 
maids to deliver urgent messages

5897
05:16:13,400 --> 05:16:17,100
to or from the king's cabinet 
rumors circulated that she might

5898
05:16:17,100 --> 05:16:20,300
not outlive the decade. 
Some courtiers rejoiced in that 

5899
05:16:20,308 --> 05:16:24,800
possibility. 
One morning in 1764 she traveled

5900
05:16:24,800 --> 05:16:26,400
to Paris for a medical 
consultation. 

5901
05:16:26,400 --> 05:16:30,500
The city a buzz with new 
philosophic clubs briefly 

5902
05:16:30,500 --> 05:16:33,800
reminded her of simpler times 
long before she was Madame de 

5903
05:16:33,800 --> 05:16:37,300
pompadour, when she was just 
gendered by the capitals. 

5904
05:16:37,300 --> 05:16:42,100
Vibrancy Nostalgia, mingled with
anxiety about her fate The 

5905
05:16:42,100 --> 05:16:46,000
doctors diagnosis was grim and 
vanced pulmonary disease. 

5906
05:16:46,000 --> 05:16:50,200
She still resolved to return to 
their SI determined not to show 

5907
05:16:50,200 --> 05:16:51,900
Mortal Frailty in front of her 
detractors. 

5908
05:16:51,900 --> 05:16:55,300
The monarchy demanded, the 
facade of unchanging Grace. 

5909
05:16:56,400 --> 05:17:01,500
In April 1764, her condition, 
deteriorated sharply her final 

5910
05:17:01,500 --> 05:17:03,700
days, saw her writing letters to
Loyal friends. 

5911
05:17:03,700 --> 05:17:07,100
Expressing regret, not for her 
climb, but for the Heartbreak 

5912
05:17:07,100 --> 05:17:10,000
inflicted and the walls 
tragedies the king 

5913
05:17:10,000 --> 05:17:13,200
uncharacteristically, emotional 
visited her. 

5914
05:17:13,200 --> 05:17:17,800
Bedside offering Comfort on 
April 15th. 1764 Madame de 

5915
05:17:17,800 --> 05:17:19,400
pompadour died, at the age of 
42. 

5916
05:17:20,200 --> 05:17:23,000
The courts immediate response 
was a wave of mixed sentiment. 

5917
05:17:23,000 --> 05:17:26,800
Some courtiers were relieved 
others stunned at the end of an 

5918
05:17:26,800 --> 05:17:29,200
era. 
The king famously stoic. 

5919
05:17:29,200 --> 05:17:32,500
Watched her coffin. 
Levi, in the rain reportedly 

5920
05:17:32,500 --> 05:17:36,500
muttering, every day. 
I lose a friend, the mistress 

5921
05:17:36,500 --> 05:17:39,600
who had soared from bourjois 
birth to the Apex of courtly 

5922
05:17:39,600 --> 05:17:42,500
power. 
Now belong to history leaving 

5923
05:17:42,500 --> 05:17:46,100
behind a legacy of cultural 
Revival over shadowed by a 

5924
05:17:46,100 --> 05:17:49,900
disasterous war though. 
A femoral in Mortal form her. 

5925
05:17:49,900 --> 05:17:52,900
Imprint on France's art 
diplomacy and monarchical 

5926
05:17:52,900 --> 05:17:55,500
identity resonated long after 
her final breath. 

5927
05:17:56,300 --> 05:17:58,800
The news of the death of Madame 
de pompadour swept, through 

5928
05:17:58,800 --> 05:18:02,700
France's chattering classes, a 
casket left side quietly, 

5929
05:18:02,700 --> 05:18:04,700
without the state honors, some 
believe. 

5930
05:18:04,700 --> 05:18:08,100
She deserved signifying, the 
monarchies of official reluctant

5931
05:18:08,100 --> 05:18:11,300
to over celebrate. 
A mistress, Yet Beyond The 

5932
05:18:11,308 --> 05:18:15,800
Palace Gates, a more nuanced 
reaction emerged, The Artisans 

5933
05:18:15,800 --> 05:18:19,700
of several porcelain laid 
wreaths in her memory recalling 

5934
05:18:19,700 --> 05:18:22,900
that her patronage had elevated 
their craft to Global renown. 

5935
05:18:23,500 --> 05:18:26,200
Playwrights in paris's bustling 
theaters acknowledged her 

5936
05:18:26,200 --> 05:18:28,900
crucial role in supporting 
comedic and dramatic Works, 

5937
05:18:28,900 --> 05:18:32,700
especially those by authors who 
previously found no foothold at 

5938
05:18:32,700 --> 05:18:35,200
court. 
The city's Literati debated, 

5939
05:18:35,200 --> 05:18:38,400
whether she'd been a subversive 
Ally of Enlightenment, or 

5940
05:18:38,400 --> 05:18:40,900
merely, an opportunist, who 
shielded radical writers from 

5941
05:18:40,900 --> 05:18:43,900
Duck censorship. 
In the Years following her 

5942
05:18:43,900 --> 05:18:47,600
passing, a swirl of Memoirs and 
Diaries from court inside as 

5943
05:18:47,600 --> 05:18:49,400
added complexity to her 
portrait. 

5944
05:18:50,100 --> 05:18:54,200
Some like the digestive branca 
insisted pompadour was cunning, 

5945
05:18:54,200 --> 05:18:58,000
but never malicious referencing 
times when she mediated petty 

5946
05:18:58,000 --> 05:18:59,900
feuds and sought to reduce Court
punishments. 

5947
05:18:59,900 --> 05:19:03,600
Others, such as the Commodore 
Jensen portrayed her as 

5948
05:19:03,600 --> 05:19:07,200
manipulative, citing how she 
influenced Louis the 15th to 

5949
05:19:07,200 --> 05:19:10,900
ostracize certain ministers, the
truth, likely encompassed both 

5950
05:19:10,900 --> 05:19:13,500
dimensions. 
A woman forging alliances to 

5951
05:19:13,500 --> 05:19:17,000
survive in, elaborate the power 
occasionally stupid to Intrigue 

5952
05:19:17,000 --> 05:19:21,800
but also championing genuine. 
Reforms posthumously Voltaire 

5953
05:19:21,800 --> 05:19:23,500
Pender measured eulogy calling 
her. 

5954
05:19:23,500 --> 05:19:27,200
The Luminaire who strove to 
lighten the Gloom of a fractious

5955
05:19:27,200 --> 05:19:29,900
monarchy. 
He didn't shy from acknowledging

5956
05:19:29,900 --> 05:19:33,400
her mistakes, particularly in 
foreign policy yet lorded. 

5957
05:19:33,400 --> 05:19:37,200
Her role in fueling the Arts. 
This balanced tribute resonated 

5958
05:19:37,200 --> 05:19:39,600
with the segment of the 
population that recognized how 

5959
05:19:39,600 --> 05:19:42,500
precarious her place at 
quartered Bean pinned between 

5960
05:19:42,500 --> 05:19:45,600
satisfying, a king's ephemeral 
desires and wielding real 

5961
05:19:45,600 --> 05:19:47,400
influence in a male-dominated. 
Sphere. 

5962
05:19:48,300 --> 05:19:50,800
In an Epoch dismissive of 
women's public roles. 

5963
05:19:50,800 --> 05:19:54,000
Her achievements were singular. 
Over the subsequent. 

5964
05:19:54,000 --> 05:19:56,700
Decade the monarchy Advanced 
under new favorite and 

5965
05:19:56,700 --> 05:19:59,800
alliance's Louis. 
The 15th, though he took other 

5966
05:19:59,800 --> 05:20:02,300
Mistresses. 
Never found the same Confidant. 

5967
05:20:02,300 --> 05:20:04,900
Dynamic. 
Madame du Barry. 

5968
05:20:04,900 --> 05:20:07,900
For instance, faced more direct 
contempt from the old 

5969
05:20:07,900 --> 05:20:12,600
aristocracy lacking pompadours, 
cultivated veneer pompadours 

5970
05:20:12,600 --> 05:20:15,500
circle of loyal, ministers, like
the Duke Deshler. 

5971
05:20:15,500 --> 05:20:17,800
Tried to salvage? 
What they could from The 

5972
05:20:17,800 --> 05:20:20,100
Diplomatic Fiasco's of the Seven
Years War. 

5973
05:20:20,700 --> 05:20:23,800
A few smaller successes in 
overseas, negotiations carried 

5974
05:20:23,800 --> 05:20:27,800
an echo of her strategic vision.
Yet the monarchies standing with

5975
05:20:27,800 --> 05:20:30,600
the populace. 
Remained tarnished, the costly 

5976
05:20:30,600 --> 05:20:34,600
War had battered finances. 
Sowing seeds for deep unrest. 

5977
05:20:34,600 --> 05:20:39,300
That would erupt decades later. 
As Time wore on Madame, de 

5978
05:20:39,300 --> 05:20:42,200
pompadours memory became 
entangled with criticisms of the

5979
05:20:42,200 --> 05:20:45,200
ancient regime. 
Revolutionary pamphlets in the 

5980
05:20:45,208 --> 05:20:47,800
late 1780s. 
Brandished her name, as a symbol

5981
05:20:47,800 --> 05:20:50,400
of courtly access. 
A painted her as one who 

5982
05:20:50,400 --> 05:20:54,300
indulgently rearranged finances 
for personal luxuries, she 

5983
05:20:54,300 --> 05:20:57,500
symbolized to the moral 
corruption, that allowed a 

5984
05:20:57,500 --> 05:21:00,300
monarchy to Lavish wealth on a 
labyrinth Pleasures while 

5985
05:21:00,300 --> 05:21:03,200
peasant starved. 
The Nuance that. 

5986
05:21:03,200 --> 05:21:06,200
She was also a champion of Arts 
that she tried to moderate The 

5987
05:21:06,200 --> 05:21:08,700
monarchy's. 
Stumbling got lost in the 

5988
05:21:08,700 --> 05:21:12,900
further of Revolution, by the 
1790s, anything associated with,

5989
05:21:12,900 --> 05:21:15,700
the monarchy was suspect. 
And her carefully, curated 

5990
05:21:15,700 --> 05:21:19,300
style, were cocoa. 
Extravagant became an emblem of 

5991
05:21:19,300 --> 05:21:23,200
the out of touch to craft. 
Yet, ironically some 

5992
05:21:23,200 --> 05:21:25,700
revolutionaries who rummaged 
through confiscated palaces 

5993
05:21:25,700 --> 05:21:29,200
discovered references to her 
philanthropic gestures, she had 

5994
05:21:29,200 --> 05:21:33,100
quietly funded orphanages, 
assisted certain Scholars or 

5995
05:21:33,100 --> 05:21:36,500
patronized hospitals, these acts
showcased were a good gesture. 

5996
05:21:37,200 --> 05:21:39,900
Though overshadowed by the 
general wave of anti-royalist 

5997
05:21:39,900 --> 05:21:43,000
sentiment. 
By the 19th century, a wave of 

5998
05:21:43,000 --> 05:21:47,000
new historians Revisited. 
Her story portraying her less as

5999
05:21:47,000 --> 05:21:49,700
a villain and more as a 
reflection of monarchy's last 

6000
05:21:49,700 --> 05:21:53,100
attempts to remain relevant. 
They cited her patronage as 

6001
05:21:53,100 --> 05:21:54,600
crucial. 
In forging, a golden age of 

6002
05:21:54,608 --> 05:21:58,600
decorative Arts recognized in 
international, the Sevier 

6003
05:21:58,600 --> 05:22:00,800
porcelain brand by then 
globally. 

6004
05:22:00,800 --> 05:22:04,600
Cherished was inextricably 
linked to her impetus cultural 

6005
05:22:04,600 --> 05:22:08,700
memory, thus sea sword, 
biographers in the Victorian era

6006
05:22:08,700 --> 05:22:12,200
and thrall by the romance of 
Royal courts depicted her. 

6007
05:22:12,200 --> 05:22:15,300
As a tragic figure, the 
beautiful mistress overshadowed 

6008
05:22:15,300 --> 05:22:18,400
by War in ill health, valiantly 
saving off the monarchies 

6009
05:22:18,400 --> 05:22:21,000
declined. 
They relished dramatic details 

6010
05:22:21,000 --> 05:22:24,500
of her, elaborate Fashions, her 
signature pastel dresses, floral

6011
05:22:24,500 --> 05:22:28,000
motifs, and the pompadour 
hairstyle that ironically 

6012
05:22:28,000 --> 05:22:31,500
endured in hairdressing law. 
Meanwhile critics from more 

6013
05:22:31,500 --> 05:22:34,300
austere backgrounds in Dighton 
her and tangling France. 

6014
05:22:34,300 --> 05:22:38,400
In Alliance is that backfired 
20th century scholarship with 

6015
05:22:38,400 --> 05:22:41,300
its punctual for analyzing 
female agency. 

6016
05:22:41,300 --> 05:22:45,800
Has re-evaluated her as a 
political actor, leveraged the 

6017
05:22:45,800 --> 05:22:48,400
era's, constraints to carve out 
real influence. 

6018
05:22:49,100 --> 05:22:52,700
Albeit over shadowed by system, 
not designed to respect or 

6019
05:22:52,700 --> 05:22:56,300
credit her fully. 
In present day travelers to SCI 

6020
05:22:56,300 --> 05:22:57,900
often asked about Madame de 
pompadour. 

6021
05:22:58,500 --> 05:23:01,100
Tour guides highlight the 
surviving Decor, she influenced 

6022
05:23:01,100 --> 05:23:04,800
certain pastel lacquered rooms 
or delicate vazas. 

6023
05:23:04,800 --> 05:23:07,800
They mention how she nurtured 
the Rococo Styles. 

6024
05:23:07,800 --> 05:23:11,400
Final flourish Bridging, the 
Brock opulence of earlier years 

6025
05:23:11,400 --> 05:23:15,700
with subtle playful Elegance. 
Museums occasionally Mount 

6026
05:23:15,700 --> 05:23:19,200
exhibits on her, cultural 
patronage her face captured in 

6027
05:23:19,200 --> 05:23:22,900
portraits by artists like 
Boucher exudes, a gentle 

6028
05:23:22,900 --> 05:23:26,600
confidence that transcends 
centuries for admirers of 18th 

6029
05:23:26,600 --> 05:23:29,600
century history. 
She stands as a figure who in 

6030
05:23:29,600 --> 05:23:32,100
the swirl of monarchies 
extravagant and looming. 

6031
05:23:32,100 --> 05:23:35,000
Social tension found a way to 
channel her intellect and 

6032
05:23:35,000 --> 05:23:38,000
Artistry, imprinting a 
distinctive feminine mark on 

6033
05:23:38,000 --> 05:23:41,200
French heritage. 
As modern historians, re-examine

6034
05:23:41,200 --> 05:23:43,400
Madden Madden, de pompadours 
life, they can continue to 

6035
05:23:43,400 --> 05:23:45,800
discover layers on mentioned in 
popular accounts. 

6036
05:23:45,800 --> 05:23:49,300
A personal correspondence 
scattered across archives in 

6037
05:23:49,300 --> 05:23:51,400
Paris and provincial Chateau 
reveals. 

6038
05:23:51,400 --> 05:23:53,600
A woman who wrestled with 
theological questions. 

6039
05:23:53,600 --> 05:23:56,800
Contrary to the jaded depiction 
of her as purely secular. 

6040
05:23:56,800 --> 05:24:00,200
She wrote to a confidant about 
the tension between the pomp of 

6041
05:24:00,208 --> 05:24:03,500
the Sigh and a spiritual 
yearning confessing a sense of 

6042
05:24:03,500 --> 05:24:06,300
guilt at times. 
But also belief that God might 

6043
05:24:06,300 --> 05:24:08,600
call individuals to serve in 
worldly spheres. 

6044
05:24:09,500 --> 05:24:12,300
The spiritual Dimension, 
complicates stereotypes that she

6045
05:24:12,300 --> 05:24:14,300
was solely driven by ambition or
vanity. 

6046
05:24:15,100 --> 05:24:18,100
Moreover Diaries from Palace 
servants shed light on her daily

6047
05:24:18,100 --> 05:24:20,800
routines. 
She Rose to handle letters from 

6048
05:24:20,800 --> 05:24:23,400
provincial officials or meet 
with Artisans about furniture 

6049
05:24:23,400 --> 05:24:26,800
designs by mid-morning. 
She might be advising the King 

6050
05:24:26,800 --> 05:24:30,800
on which courtiers to promote by
after noon she oversaw, 

6051
05:24:30,800 --> 05:24:34,200
rehearsals of comedic plays or 
small operas a respite for the 

6052
05:24:34,200 --> 05:24:36,300
war weary monarchy in the 
evening. 

6053
05:24:36,300 --> 05:24:39,500
Private dinners with the King, 
wreath, in the flicker of candle

6054
05:24:39,500 --> 05:24:42,300
at chandeliers allowed, her to 
glean insights into his 

6055
05:24:42,300 --> 05:24:44,900
anxieties. 
She balanced each role with 

6056
05:24:44,900 --> 05:24:48,100
remarkable stamina, though, 
migraines and palpitations. 

6057
05:24:48,100 --> 05:24:51,600
Often tormented her A newly, 
discovered note from her lady, 

6058
05:24:51,600 --> 05:24:54,800
in waiting described. 
How after hosting a lavish ball 

6059
05:24:54,800 --> 05:24:58,900
pompadour, would retire behind 
closed doors, pressing cold 

6060
05:24:58,900 --> 05:25:02,900
cloth to her forehead, tears of 
pain, slipping quietly as she 

6061
05:25:02,908 --> 05:25:04,600
resolved. 
Not to betrayed weakness the 

6062
05:25:04,600 --> 05:25:08,500
following day in addressing her 
romantically Azan, it's easy to 

6063
05:25:08,500 --> 05:25:10,700
assume her life was consumed by 
the king's attention. 

6064
05:25:10,700 --> 05:25:14,300
Yes, subtle references to 
suggest she wants harbored 

6065
05:25:14,300 --> 05:25:16,100
affections for an unnamed Court 
musician. 

6066
05:25:16,100 --> 05:25:20,800
Exchanging whispered confidence 
is in corridor alcoves Realizing

6067
05:25:20,800 --> 05:25:24,400
the danger in such a dalliance. 
She ended it swiftly to avoid 

6068
05:25:24,400 --> 05:25:26,800
Scandal. 
Leaving behind a clue to her 

6069
05:25:26,800 --> 05:25:30,900
capacity for self-denial. 
another rumored flame was a 

6070
05:25:30,908 --> 05:25:34,600
philosopher, she corresponded 
with under a pseudonym, whether 

6071
05:25:34,600 --> 05:25:37,600
that was purely intellectual or 
tinged with romance remains 

6072
05:25:37,600 --> 05:25:41,100
debated, The overriding truth is
that she recognized that 

6073
05:25:41,100 --> 05:25:44,900
enthralling the king required 
keeping secrets she had to 

6074
05:25:44,908 --> 05:25:46,400
preserve the monarchies 
Illusions. 

6075
05:25:46,400 --> 05:25:50,500
Even if that meant sacrificing 
personal longing. a sense of 

6076
05:25:50,500 --> 05:25:53,300
strategy and coping with the 
backstabbing and remains 

6077
05:25:53,300 --> 05:25:57,600
striking She carefully placed 
allies in minor roles a Guard, 

6078
05:25:57,600 --> 05:26:02,300
Captain a chamber, in a bishop 
so that vital threads of Palace 

6079
05:26:02,300 --> 05:26:05,500
life, LED back to her. 
If a plot surfaced, she'd hear 

6080
05:26:05,508 --> 05:26:08,500
rumors early enough to steer the
king away or Quail conspirators,

6081
05:26:08,500 --> 05:26:11,300
she likewise practice generosity
to those in. 

6082
05:26:11,300 --> 05:26:15,000
Need awarding small, pensions to
older, courtiers or assisting 

6083
05:26:15,000 --> 05:26:17,500
impoverished. 
Aristocats with dowries, this 

6084
05:26:17,500 --> 05:26:20,600
generosity wasn't purely 
altruistic, it fostered, an 

6085
05:26:20,600 --> 05:26:23,100
environment, where indebted 
Souls recognized her, as a 

6086
05:26:23,108 --> 05:26:25,600
pillar of stability for many at 
court. 

6087
05:26:25,600 --> 05:26:29,800
She assumed the role of a quiet,
caretaker serving as a bridge 

6088
05:26:29,800 --> 05:26:33,300
between a distant monarchy and 
every day crisis, in an era 

6089
05:26:33,300 --> 05:26:36,600
lacking official welfare, her 
Petronas served as an informal 

6090
05:26:36,600 --> 05:26:40,300
safety, net, the deeply personal
dimension of her existence was 

6091
05:26:40,300 --> 05:26:44,400
her unwavering Devotion to her 
daughter, Alexander Green born 

6092
05:26:44,400 --> 05:26:48,000
before her ascendants at verse, 
I the child well-being weighed 

6093
05:26:48,000 --> 05:26:51,800
heavily on pompadours mine. 
Alexandrian was placed in a 

6094
05:26:51,800 --> 05:26:54,500
Convent for education. 
Occasionally visiting the 

6095
05:26:54,500 --> 05:26:58,700
palace. 
In 1754, alexandrine died 

6096
05:26:58,700 --> 05:27:02,700
unexpectedly of peritonitis the 
Heartbreak shattered, pompadour 

6097
05:27:02,700 --> 05:27:06,700
who wept in Constable for days, 
nearly refusing to appear in 

6098
05:27:06,700 --> 05:27:09,400
public. 
The king not known for empathy 

6099
05:27:09,400 --> 05:27:12,500
attempted constellation, but her
grief. 

6100
05:27:12,500 --> 05:27:16,300
Lingard, some historians. 
Pinpoint this tragedy as a pivot

6101
05:27:16,300 --> 05:27:19,400
in their relationship. 
Transforming her from a radiant 

6102
05:27:19,400 --> 05:27:22,300
figure, to one more 
introspective channeling energy,

6103
05:27:22,300 --> 05:27:26,200
into cultural projects, She 
seldom spoke of alexandrine 

6104
05:27:26,200 --> 05:27:29,100
publicly but references to 
monologue Perdue in her letters,

6105
05:27:29,100 --> 05:27:32,700
allude to that, maternal sorrow 
Beneath The Gold Lace for sad. 

6106
05:27:33,700 --> 05:27:37,000
As the monarchy stumbled from 
the Warfare goes Madame de. 

6107
05:27:37,000 --> 05:27:39,400
Pompadours composure, 
ironically, stabilized, the 

6108
05:27:39,400 --> 05:27:42,300
king's morale. 
She orchestrated an unspoken 

6109
05:27:42,300 --> 05:27:45,700
Serenity within the palace walls
and showing that the presence of

6110
05:27:45,700 --> 05:27:49,600
Music gentle laughed after and 
well executed ceremonies 

6111
05:27:49,600 --> 05:27:51,800
shielded Louis the 15th from 
Gloom. 

6112
05:27:51,800 --> 05:27:55,400
Well, though, critics called her
the minister of Pleasures, a 

6113
05:27:55,400 --> 05:27:58,000
more profound look reveals her 
role as a caretaker for the 

6114
05:27:58,000 --> 05:28:01,500
monarchies emotional climate. 
That intangible labor, often 

6115
05:28:01,500 --> 05:28:04,500
relegated to women. 
Ensure that even in failing 

6116
05:28:04,500 --> 05:28:08,700
Wars, the monarchy projected 
continuity without her, the 

6117
05:28:08,700 --> 05:28:12,100
kingdom to paralyzing despair or
neglected governance entirely. 

6118
05:28:12,800 --> 05:28:15,600
She in effect became the 
monarchies emotional pivot. 

6119
05:28:16,400 --> 05:28:19,300
When contemporary readers gauge 
her significance, they must 

6120
05:28:19,300 --> 05:28:22,500
weigh the paradoxes a Bourgeois 
woman who championed 

6121
05:28:22,500 --> 05:28:25,900
aristocratic extravagance. 
A mistress who reconfigured 

6122
05:28:25,900 --> 05:28:29,400
diplomatic ties and an astute 
who contended with the brutality

6123
05:28:29,400 --> 05:28:32,800
of War, she was not without 
faults, certain decisions, 

6124
05:28:32,800 --> 05:28:35,500
sparked conflict. 
And her loyalty to the monarchy 

6125
05:28:35,500 --> 05:28:38,300
overshadowed empathy for the 
broader populace yet. 

6126
05:28:38,300 --> 05:28:40,900
One can see in her a formidable 
intelligence, navigating 

6127
05:28:40,900 --> 05:28:44,200
male-dominated, politics 
championing, creativity and 

6128
05:28:44,200 --> 05:28:47,900
forging a personal brand that 
outlived her mortal years that 

6129
05:28:47,900 --> 05:28:51,500
blend of contradictory traits 
somewhere as a figure to complex

6130
05:28:51,500 --> 05:28:55,000
for simple, judgments a 
testament to the nuanced roles, 

6131
05:28:55,000 --> 05:28:57,700
women could occupy in a kingdom 
perched, precariously, on the 

6132
05:28:57,708 --> 05:29:00,300
brink of his historical 
transformation today. 

6133
05:29:00,300 --> 05:29:04,300
Madame de pompadour endures as 
an emblem of 18th century 

6134
05:29:04,300 --> 05:29:08,300
Elegance overshadowed 
illuminated by the monarchies of

6135
05:29:08,308 --> 05:29:12,500
eventual collapse in 1789. 
She died decades before the 

6136
05:29:12,500 --> 05:29:15,400
French Revolution erupted, which
is surprising to some. 

6137
05:29:15,400 --> 05:29:18,600
But her story offers a lens into
the monarchy's Illusions and the

6138
05:29:18,600 --> 05:29:21,900
flickers of modern sensibility 
stirring, beneath them, the 

6139
05:29:21,900 --> 05:29:25,300
Rococo style, she popularized 
with its playful curves, and 

6140
05:29:25,308 --> 05:29:29,000
pastel palette. 
Might seem superficial, but it 

6141
05:29:29,000 --> 05:29:31,800
signaled, a shift away from the 
heavy formality of earlier 

6142
05:29:31,800 --> 05:29:35,300
baroque In championing 
intangible Pursuits, like music 

6143
05:29:35,300 --> 05:29:37,700
painting and philosophical 
discussion. 

6144
05:29:37,700 --> 05:29:41,500
She partially laid a cultural 
groundwork that ironically 

6145
05:29:41,500 --> 05:29:44,900
helped spread ideas that later 
questioned the monarchies 

6146
05:29:44,900 --> 05:29:48,700
absolute basis in the centuries.
After her demise her name popped

6147
05:29:48,700 --> 05:29:51,900
up in unexpected places 
industrial producers of 

6148
05:29:51,900 --> 05:29:55,600
porcelain invoked, pompadour 
pink, or pompadour blue for 

6149
05:29:55,600 --> 05:29:57,600
delicate. 
Tableware dressmakers 

6150
05:29:57,600 --> 05:30:00,100
resurrected the pompadour 
hairstyle, in various 

6151
05:30:00,100 --> 05:30:03,900
reinterpretations, some tall and
powdered others, more subtle, 

6152
05:30:03,900 --> 05:30:06,800
but referencing that Flair she 
had for graceful display. 

6153
05:30:07,700 --> 05:30:09,900
Literary authors from Balzac and
Nancy. 

6154
05:30:09,900 --> 05:30:14,700
Mitford explored her biography, 
each spinning Vantage points was

6155
05:30:14,700 --> 05:30:17,400
sheer, cunning manipulator or a 
gentle care taker, for an 

6156
05:30:17,408 --> 05:30:20,000
indecisive King. 
Tourists wandering. 

6157
05:30:20,000 --> 05:30:21,900
Their PSI can still Glimpse 
spaces. 

6158
05:30:21,900 --> 05:30:24,800
She want to have a kid, the 
private apartment facing the 

6159
05:30:24,800 --> 05:30:27,300
Garden or the opera house she 
influenced. 

6160
05:30:28,000 --> 05:30:31,200
Guides were count how she wants 
staged private theatricals their

6161
05:30:31,200 --> 05:30:35,800
starring as comedic heroines. 
Coaxing, the king from his Stony

6162
05:30:35,800 --> 05:30:40,000
reticence, the wallpapers and 
color schemes faintly preserved,

6163
05:30:40,000 --> 05:30:44,400
reflect that pastel Whimsy. 
Her official portrait by Boucher

6164
05:30:44,400 --> 05:30:47,400
stands in the Wallace 
collection, in London, capturing

6165
05:30:47,400 --> 05:30:50,600
her with a book in hand, 
emphasizing her intellectual 

6166
05:30:50,600 --> 05:30:53,400
bent. 
Observers note the calm in her 

6167
05:30:53,408 --> 05:30:56,800
eyes, a subtle Pride, that 
defies the ephemeral nature of 

6168
05:30:56,800 --> 05:30:58,800
her courtly, status. 
Modern. 

6169
05:30:58,800 --> 05:31:00,700
Feminism appraises her 
differently. 

6170
05:31:00,700 --> 05:31:03,700
She was no activist for women's 
equality by presence. 

6171
05:31:03,700 --> 05:31:06,600
Standards yet she challenged 
conventional boundaries. 

6172
05:31:06,600 --> 05:31:09,500
She effectively shaped policies 
behind the scenes. 

6173
05:31:09,500 --> 05:31:12,800
Overshadowing, many male, 
courtiers, whose official titles

6174
05:31:12,800 --> 05:31:16,500
dwarfed, her own She minted 
alliance's with philosophers to 

6175
05:31:16,500 --> 05:31:18,900
protect free expression from 
Draconian sensors. 

6176
05:31:19,700 --> 05:31:23,800
She finds to expansions in Fine 
Arts and Manufacturing forging. 

6177
05:31:23,800 --> 05:31:25,600
A Synergy between monarchy and 
commerce. 

6178
05:31:26,600 --> 05:31:29,400
While she did not pay the 
patriarchal structure, a 

6179
05:31:29,400 --> 05:31:32,400
survival hinged on appeasing. 
It her example reveals how 

6180
05:31:32,400 --> 05:31:35,900
determined intelligent woman 
could carve a realm of influence

6181
05:31:36,800 --> 05:31:39,300
In that sense, she both 
reaffirmed and quietly 

6182
05:31:39,300 --> 05:31:42,300
subverted. 
The patriarchal monarchy Her 

6183
05:31:42,300 --> 05:31:45,600
ephemeral Presence overshadowed 
by new favorites after her 

6184
05:31:45,600 --> 05:31:47,700
death. 
Underscores, the monarchies 

6185
05:31:47,700 --> 05:31:51,600
insatiable appetite for novelty 
yet, none repeated the unique. 

6186
05:31:51,600 --> 05:31:54,900
Blend of artistry diplomacy and 
emotional guardianship. 

6187
05:31:54,900 --> 05:31:57,100
She brought for a fleeting 
period. 

6188
05:31:57,100 --> 05:32:01,700
She had a near ministerial role 
in shaping foreign alliances a 

6189
05:32:01,700 --> 05:32:04,000
stance that no subsequent 
mistress or consort fully 

6190
05:32:04,000 --> 05:32:07,700
replicated under Louis the 15th.
By the time of the Revolutionary

6191
05:32:07,700 --> 05:32:11,400
upsurge that entire system, the 
monarchy its falling courtiers, 

6192
05:32:11,400 --> 05:32:16,400
its cycle of Mr. Aires faced 
condemnation The memory of 

6193
05:32:16,400 --> 05:32:19,600
Madden de pompadour, both 
revered and reviled became part 

6194
05:32:19,600 --> 05:32:22,300
of the propaganda asked, 
describing an outdated regime. 

6195
05:32:23,100 --> 05:32:24,900
Her radiant. 
Self-assurance in official 

6196
05:32:24,900 --> 05:32:28,300
portraits served as evidence of 
aristocratic decadence, 

6197
05:32:28,300 --> 05:32:31,000
ironically, ignoring the fact 
that she hailed from the 

6198
05:32:31,000 --> 05:32:33,500
bourgeoisie For the average 
person. 

6199
05:32:33,500 --> 05:32:37,100
Rage stumbling upon her story. 
Immediate reaction might revolve

6200
05:32:37,100 --> 05:32:39,500
around the gossip. 
A mistress of Versailles. 

6201
05:32:39,500 --> 05:32:43,900
The icon of style, But deeper 
reflection uncovers a figure, 

6202
05:32:43,900 --> 05:32:47,100
bridging bold intelligence, 
aesthetic brilliantes and 

6203
05:32:47,100 --> 05:32:50,400
pragmatic survival in a court on
devouring, the naive. 

6204
05:32:51,300 --> 05:32:53,900
She was that in probable 
cultural prime minister as some 

6205
05:32:53,900 --> 05:32:57,200
labeled her forging a space in a
male dominated environment. 

6206
05:32:58,200 --> 05:33:01,500
If at times she contributed to 
misguided policies were 

6207
05:33:01,500 --> 05:33:04,500
neglected, the plight of the 
lower classes such failings 

6208
05:33:04,500 --> 05:33:07,400
aligned with the monarchy's 
broader blind spots in that 

6209
05:33:07,400 --> 05:33:11,000
sense her story reflects 
systemic complexities rather 

6210
05:33:11,000 --> 05:33:14,900
than personal ones alone but her
narrative might evoke parallels 

6211
05:33:14,900 --> 05:33:17,900
with the art of balancing 
professional demands personal 

6212
05:33:17,900 --> 05:33:21,700
identity and the swirl of public
scrutiny that go way deeper than

6213
05:33:21,700 --> 05:33:24,800
we all might imagine. 
She found ways to harness her 

6214
05:33:24,800 --> 05:33:29,200
adversity, lack of birth rank 
suspicion from Aristocrats to 

6215
05:33:29,200 --> 05:33:31,700
shape. 
A remarkable trajectory whether 

6216
05:33:31,700 --> 05:33:35,100
we judge her kindly or harshly, 
she embodied the precarious 

6217
05:33:35,100 --> 05:33:38,600
dance of pleasing the powerful, 
while forging, something new, a 

6218
05:33:38,600 --> 05:33:43,100
Synergy of intellectual tastes 
refined pleasures and aesthetic 

6219
05:33:43,100 --> 05:33:46,900
transformation, that left 
France, irrevocably changed, her

6220
05:33:46,900 --> 05:33:50,100
adversaries, wrote pamphlets, 
proclaiming her, a femoral But 

6221
05:33:50,100 --> 05:33:52,400
ironically, she remains a 
Hallmark of that era, 

6222
05:33:52,400 --> 05:33:56,900
overshadowing some Royals and 
cultural memory. ultimately, 

6223
05:33:56,900 --> 05:34:01,500
Madame, de pompadours life, 
underscores a universal theme in

6224
05:34:01,500 --> 05:34:05,300
an environment where official 
power rests with men, An 

6225
05:34:05,300 --> 05:34:08,000
individual with vision, 
resilience, and strategic 

6226
05:34:08,000 --> 05:34:11,100
cunning can mold in age or be it
at personal cost. 

6227
05:34:12,000 --> 05:34:15,500
She gave French culture, a final
Rococo Bloom before the wave of 

6228
05:34:15,500 --> 05:34:18,800
neoclassicism and eventually 
Revolution. 

6229
05:34:19,900 --> 05:34:23,400
Her touches on diplomacy in arts
overshadowed though, they might 

6230
05:34:23,400 --> 05:34:26,500
have been by War and scandal. 
Continue to invite 

6231
05:34:26,500 --> 05:34:30,100
reexamination. 
And so for those who seek Nuance

6232
05:34:30,100 --> 05:34:33,200
in history, her story remains a 
captivating Chronicle of 

6233
05:34:33,208 --> 05:34:38,400
ambition Grace, heartbreak and a
legacy that resonates long after

6234
05:34:38,400 --> 05:34:40,600
her heart cease to be within 
Versailles. 

6235
05:34:40,600 --> 05:34:45,200
Gilded Labyrinth the early 17th 
century Time when Europe was a 

6236
05:34:45,208 --> 05:34:48,200
patchwork of Kingdoms, 
principalities and religious 

6237
05:34:48,200 --> 05:34:51,100
divides. 
At the heart of this Patchwork, 

6238
05:34:51,100 --> 05:34:55,200
lay the Holy Roman Empire, a 
vast and fragmented Realms that 

6239
05:34:55,200 --> 05:34:57,200
stretched across much of Central
Europe. 

6240
05:34:58,100 --> 05:35:02,300
The centuries tensions, simmered
beneath the surface as Catholic 

6241
05:35:02,300 --> 05:35:06,800
and Protestant States vied for 
power influence and the right to

6242
05:35:06,800 --> 05:35:11,600
practice their faith freely. 
spark that ignited this long and

6243
05:35:11,600 --> 05:35:15,600
devastating conflict came in the
form of a defiant act in the 

6244
05:35:15,600 --> 05:35:21,000
city of Prague, In 1618 
Protestant Noble's in Bohemia 

6245
05:35:21,000 --> 05:35:24,200
angered by perceived 
restrictions on their religious 

6246
05:35:24,200 --> 05:35:28,100
freedoms under Emperor. 
Ferdinand the second Staged a 

6247
05:35:28,100 --> 05:35:31,100
dramatic Rebellion. 
They stormed Prague Castle 

6248
05:35:31,100 --> 05:35:35,300
seized two Imperial officials 
and hurled them out of a window 

6249
05:35:35,300 --> 05:35:38,300
in an event known as the 
defenestration of Prague. 

6250
05:35:39,400 --> 05:35:43,200
Miraculously the official 
survived the fall, but the Act 

6251
05:35:43,200 --> 05:35:45,100
was a clear Declaration of 
defiance. 

6252
05:35:45,100 --> 05:35:49,600
This single moment, set off a 
chain reaction, like ripples 

6253
05:35:49,600 --> 05:35:54,200
spreading across a Still Pond. 
Ferdinand, the second a staunch 

6254
05:35:54,200 --> 05:35:57,300
Catholic saw the Rebellion as a 
direct challenge to his 

6255
05:35:57,300 --> 05:35:59,000
authority and the Catholic 
Church. 

6256
05:36:00,200 --> 05:36:04,000
Determined to restore order and 
Catholic dominance immobilized, 

6257
05:36:04,000 --> 05:36:07,600
his forces while Protestant 
leaders across the Empire began 

6258
05:36:07,600 --> 05:36:10,700
rallying their allies, in 
preparation for a larger 

6259
05:36:10,700 --> 05:36:13,600
struggle. 
What began as a localized 

6260
05:36:13,600 --> 05:36:17,100
conflict in Bohemia quickly, 
escalated into a broader War. 

6261
05:36:18,100 --> 05:36:20,600
Drawing in neighboring regions 
and foreign powers. 

6262
05:36:21,600 --> 05:36:24,600
Protestant princes sought 
support from allies in Denmark, 

6263
05:36:24,600 --> 05:36:28,000
Sweden and Beyond. 
While Catholic States turned to 

6264
05:36:28,000 --> 05:36:31,300
Spain and the powerful Habsburg 
Dynasty for Aid. 

6265
05:36:32,100 --> 05:36:34,300
The war was no longer just about
Bohemia. 

6266
05:36:34,300 --> 05:36:38,400
It had become a contest of 
religion, politics, and 

6267
05:36:38,400 --> 05:36:42,300
territorial ambition, How's the 
conflict unfolded? 

6268
05:36:42,300 --> 05:36:46,200
It became clear that this was 
not a war of quick resolutions. 

6269
05:36:46,200 --> 05:36:50,400
The early battles were Fierce 
yet inconclusive leaving both 

6270
05:36:50,400 --> 05:36:53,400
sides and trenched in their 
positions and more determined 

6271
05:36:53,400 --> 05:36:58,200
than ever to secure victory. 
The countryside began to Bear 

6272
05:36:58,200 --> 05:37:01,800
the scars of the war. 
Villagers burned crops were 

6273
05:37:01,800 --> 05:37:05,400
destroyed and innocent lives 
were caught in the crossfire The

6274
05:37:05,400 --> 05:37:09,500
30 Years War was born out of 
these divisions and its Origins 

6275
05:37:09,500 --> 05:37:12,900
reveal, much about the fragile 
balance of power and belief in 

6276
05:37:12,900 --> 05:37:16,700
Europe at the time. 
It was a conflicted and faith. 

6277
05:37:17,400 --> 05:37:19,600
But also fueled by ambition and 
fear. 

6278
05:37:20,500 --> 05:37:23,400
A perfect storm that would rage 
for decades. 

6279
05:37:24,200 --> 05:37:26,100
Take a moment to absorb this 
beginning. 

6280
05:37:26,100 --> 05:37:29,800
The first ripples of what would 
become a vast and Relentless 

6281
05:37:29,800 --> 05:37:33,000
storm. 
As we move forward, the 

6282
05:37:33,000 --> 05:37:36,500
intricate web of alliances 
battles and betrayals were 

6283
05:37:36,500 --> 05:37:39,600
unfolded. 
But for now, let the gravity of 

6284
05:37:39,608 --> 05:37:43,700
this moment, settle a reminder 
of how one act of defiance can 

6285
05:37:43,700 --> 05:37:48,800
Echo across history, As the 
conflict in Bohemia, ignited, 

6286
05:37:48,800 --> 05:37:52,300
the deeper fault, lines of 
Europe's religious, divide began

6287
05:37:52,300 --> 05:37:55,200
to widen. 
Casting a shadow, over the 

6288
05:37:55,200 --> 05:37:58,400
entire continent. 
At its core. 

6289
05:37:58,400 --> 05:38:02,200
The 30 Years War was fueled, by 
the tensions between Catholics 

6290
05:38:02,200 --> 05:38:05,200
and Protestants. 
A struggle that had simmered 

6291
05:38:05,200 --> 05:38:07,300
since the Reformation in the 
16th century. 

6292
05:38:08,400 --> 05:38:12,800
The piece of algebra in 1555 had
attempted to create Harmony by 

6293
05:38:12,800 --> 05:38:15,900
allowing rulers within the Holy 
Roman Empire, to determine their

6294
05:38:15,900 --> 05:38:18,600
State's religion where the 
Catholic or Lutheran. 

6295
05:38:19,700 --> 05:38:23,000
Yet this fragile piece left, 
many unresolved issues, 

6296
05:38:23,000 --> 05:38:26,600
particularly with the rise of 
Calvinism, a branch of 

6297
05:38:26,600 --> 05:38:29,800
protestantism that had not been 
recognized in the agreement. 

6298
05:38:31,600 --> 05:38:33,500
As Calvinists States gained 
influence. 

6299
05:38:33,500 --> 05:38:36,700
The Catholic Habsburg rulers 
viewed them as a threat. 

6300
05:38:37,500 --> 05:38:40,400
They growing presence felt like 
a challenge to the established 

6301
05:38:40,400 --> 05:38:42,900
order. 
When Ferdinand, the second 

6302
05:38:42,900 --> 05:38:46,400
ascended to the throne of the 
Holy Roman Empire, he was 

6303
05:38:46,400 --> 05:38:50,300
determined to restore Catholic 
dominance, his unwavering faith 

6304
05:38:50,300 --> 05:38:54,700
and aggressive policies. 
Further inflamed tensions among 

6305
05:38:54,700 --> 05:38:58,100
Protestants states that viewed 
him as a tyrant bent on crushing

6306
05:38:58,100 --> 05:39:01,600
their freedoms. 
Ferdinand's allies and Spain and

6307
05:39:01,600 --> 05:39:05,400
the papacy provided him with 
support reinforcing the Catholic

6308
05:39:05,400 --> 05:39:07,400
position with resources and 
Manpower. 

6309
05:39:08,300 --> 05:39:10,200
On the other side, the 
Protestant Union. 

6310
05:39:10,200 --> 05:39:13,800
A coalition of protestant, 
princes, mobilized to resist, 

6311
05:39:13,800 --> 05:39:17,100
ferdinand's Ambitions. 
They sought aid from Protestant 

6312
05:39:17,100 --> 05:39:20,700
Powers beyond the Empire, 
including Denmark, Sweden and 

6313
05:39:20,700 --> 05:39:23,500
England. 
These nations saw the conflict. 

6314
05:39:23,500 --> 05:39:27,000
Not only as a religious struggle
but also as an opportunity to 

6315
05:39:27,000 --> 05:39:30,000
weaken the habsburgs and expand 
their own influence. 

6316
05:39:30,600 --> 05:39:34,500
The war spread Beyond Bohemia. 
Spilling into regions, such as 

6317
05:39:34,500 --> 05:39:36,600
the palatinate Saxony and 
Bavaria. 

6318
05:39:37,500 --> 05:39:40,300
Each new front brought 
Devastation to towns and 

6319
05:39:40,300 --> 05:39:43,600
Villages as armies marched 
across the countryside. 

6320
05:39:43,600 --> 05:39:45,300
Leaving destruction in their 
wake. 

6321
05:39:46,100 --> 05:39:49,300
The brutality of the conflict 
became evident in battles such 

6322
05:39:49,300 --> 05:39:51,800
as the Battle of White Mountain 
in 1620. 

6323
05:39:52,600 --> 05:39:55,200
A crushing defeat for the 
Protestants that marked the 

6324
05:39:55,200 --> 05:39:58,400
beginning of ferdinand's efforts
to reassert Catholic control. 

6325
05:39:59,200 --> 05:40:02,500
The despite Catholic victory in 
the early years, the war refused

6326
05:40:02,500 --> 05:40:07,000
to subside, Protestant leaders, 
rallied drawing on the resources

6327
05:40:07,000 --> 05:40:09,200
and Military expertise of their 
allies. 

6328
05:40:10,200 --> 05:40:13,600
Sweden under King Gustavus 
Adolphus emerged as a formidable

6329
05:40:13,600 --> 05:40:16,900
Force. 
His discipline armies breathing 

6330
05:40:16,900 --> 05:40:20,800
new life into the Protestant 
cause the balance of power began

6331
05:40:20,800 --> 05:40:23,000
to shift in the war. 
Escalated further. 

6332
05:40:23,900 --> 05:40:26,800
This was no longer a simple 
struggle between Catholics and 

6333
05:40:26,800 --> 05:40:30,200
Protestants, it became a war of 
ambition and survival. 

6334
05:40:31,000 --> 05:40:34,500
Smaller States and mercenary. 
Armies joined The Fray drawn by 

6335
05:40:34,508 --> 05:40:39,200
Promises of plunder and pay. 
The war became a theater of 

6336
05:40:39,200 --> 05:40:43,200
chaos were alliances shifted and
even traditional enemies found 

6337
05:40:43,200 --> 05:40:46,700
themselves fighting side by side
in pursuit of their goals. 

6338
05:40:47,500 --> 05:40:50,900
As the conflict deepened, it 
transformed the very nature of 

6339
05:40:50,900 --> 05:40:53,800
warfare. 
The 30 Years War was one of the 

6340
05:40:53,800 --> 05:40:55,900
first conflicts were civilian 
population. 

6341
05:40:55,900 --> 05:40:58,900
Suffered as much as if not more 
than the soldiers. 

6342
05:40:59,800 --> 05:41:03,400
Famine disease, and 
displacement, became common as 

6343
05:41:03,400 --> 05:41:07,700
entire communities were uprooted
or destroyed the wars, religious

6344
05:41:07,700 --> 05:41:11,400
Roots became intertwined with 
the politics of power, and its 

6345
05:41:11,400 --> 05:41:14,900
escalation revealed the 
fragility of Peace in a divided 

6346
05:41:14,900 --> 05:41:18,500
world. 
As we moved to the next chapter,

6347
05:41:18,500 --> 05:41:23,300
consider the human cost of these
divisions the lives touched by a

6348
05:41:23,300 --> 05:41:25,900
conflict. 
That seemed endless yet. 

6349
05:41:25,900 --> 05:41:30,100
Always teetered on the edge of 
resolution, by the late, 1620s, 

6350
05:41:30,100 --> 05:41:34,000
the Protestant, cause seemed to 
falter their forces weakened by 

6351
05:41:34,000 --> 05:41:35,900
defeats and dwindling 
alliance's. 

6352
05:41:37,200 --> 05:41:40,800
But the entry of Sweden into the
war under the leadership of King

6353
05:41:40,800 --> 05:41:44,000
Gustavus, Adolphus marked a 
turning point, that would 

6354
05:41:44,000 --> 05:41:48,400
reshape the conflict. 
The dollfuss was not just a 

6355
05:41:48,400 --> 05:41:50,500
ruler. 
He was a Visionary military 

6356
05:41:50,500 --> 05:41:52,800
leader. 
Whose Innovations and strategy 

6357
05:41:52,800 --> 05:41:56,100
and tactics would leave a 
lasting Legacy on warfare. 

6358
05:41:57,200 --> 05:42:00,500
Starvis Adolphus believed deeply
in the Protestant cause. 

6359
05:42:01,400 --> 05:42:04,700
But his intervention was also 
driven by Sweden strategic 

6360
05:42:04,700 --> 05:42:08,000
interests. 
Habsburg's growing influence 

6361
05:42:08,000 --> 05:42:12,100
threatened, Swedish dominance in
the Baltic region, making the 30

6362
05:42:12,100 --> 05:42:15,000
Years War, a matter of survival,
and sovereignty for his Nation. 

6363
05:42:15,800 --> 05:42:18,800
The backing of France which 
sought to undermine Habsburg 

6364
05:42:18,800 --> 05:42:22,600
power despite being Catholic. 
Sweden, entered The Fray and 

6365
05:42:22,600 --> 05:42:26,800
1630 bringing with it, a 
discipline and modernized army. 

6366
05:42:27,800 --> 05:42:30,700
The Swedish forces brought a new
energy to the Protestant, 

6367
05:42:30,700 --> 05:42:33,900
struggle. 
Gustavus Adolphus introduced 

6368
05:42:33,900 --> 05:42:37,400
revolutionary military tactics 
emphasizing Mobility 

6369
05:42:37,400 --> 05:42:41,500
coordination and the use of 
combined arms integrating 

6370
05:42:41,500 --> 05:42:45,700
infantry Cavalry and artillery 
into a cohesive fighting force. 

6371
05:42:47,100 --> 05:42:50,400
These methods gave his troops a 
significant Edge over the 

6372
05:42:50,400 --> 05:42:53,300
larger, but less organized 
armies of the Catholic League. 

6373
05:42:54,000 --> 05:42:58,100
The Battle of Brighton felled in
1631 was a defining moment. 

6374
05:42:58,100 --> 05:43:01,800
A stunning victory for the 
swedes and their Protestant 

6375
05:43:01,800 --> 05:43:05,100
allies. 
Gustavus, Adolphus Army 

6376
05:43:05,100 --> 05:43:06,700
decimated. 
The Catholic forces 

6377
05:43:06,700 --> 05:43:11,200
demonstrating the effectiveness 
of his strategies This Victory 

6378
05:43:11,200 --> 05:43:15,300
not only bolstered Protestant 
morale but also Drew new allies 

6379
05:43:15,300 --> 05:43:18,800
to their cause Shifting the 
balance of power in the war. 

6380
05:43:19,700 --> 05:43:23,100
Under Gustavus Adolphus. 
Leadership, the Protestant 

6381
05:43:23,100 --> 05:43:26,300
forces began to reclaim 
territory lost in early phases 

6382
05:43:26,300 --> 05:43:29,000
of the war. 
They Advanced deep into the 

6383
05:43:29,000 --> 05:43:32,600
heart of the Holy Roman Empire, 
challenging Ferdinand, the 

6384
05:43:32,608 --> 05:43:35,500
second's dominance of 
threatening the stability of the

6385
05:43:35,500 --> 05:43:40,000
Habsburg realms. 
Gustavus Adolphus Charisma and 

6386
05:43:40,000 --> 05:43:43,400
tactical Brilliance earned him, 
the Loyalty of his troops and 

6387
05:43:43,400 --> 05:43:47,100
the respect of his enemies. 
But his triumphs were not 

6388
05:43:47,100 --> 05:43:51,300
without cost. 
In 1632 at the Battle of Luts 

6389
05:43:51,300 --> 05:43:54,000
and Gustavus. 
Adolphus achieved another 

6390
05:43:54,000 --> 05:43:58,500
critical Victory, but lost his 
life in the process. his death 

6391
05:43:58,500 --> 05:44:02,300
was a severe blow to the 
Protestant cause yet his legacy 

6392
05:44:02,300 --> 05:44:06,500
endured The momentum. 
He had generated Loudon to 

6393
05:44:06,500 --> 05:44:09,400
remain a dominant force in the 
war and his military 

6394
05:44:09,400 --> 05:44:11,500
innovations. 
Continue to influence the 

6395
05:44:11,500 --> 05:44:16,100
strategies of both sides. 
The sweetens intervention 

6396
05:44:16,100 --> 05:44:19,200
reshaped, the war, the conflict 
grew even more complex. 

6397
05:44:20,100 --> 05:44:23,500
Religious divides began to blur 
as political Ambitions took 

6398
05:44:23,500 --> 05:44:27,300
center stage with Catholic. 
France, supporting Protestant, 

6399
05:44:27,300 --> 05:44:29,600
Sweden to counterbalance 
Habsburg power. 

6400
05:44:31,200 --> 05:44:34,400
This shifting landscape of 
alliances revealed the deeper 

6401
05:44:34,400 --> 05:44:38,600
currents, driving the war. 
Struggle, not just to Faith, but

6402
05:44:38,600 --> 05:44:41,200
of power and control over 
Europe's future. 

6403
05:44:42,700 --> 05:44:46,000
Starvis Adolphus role. 
In the 30-year war is a 

6404
05:44:46,000 --> 05:44:48,700
testament to the transformative 
power of leadership and 

6405
05:44:48,700 --> 05:44:51,600
Innovation. 
His contributions brought hope 

6406
05:44:51,600 --> 05:44:54,800
to a Fractured Alliance and 
altered the course of a 

6407
05:44:54,800 --> 05:44:56,200
seemingly. 
Endless conflict. 

6408
05:44:57,100 --> 05:45:00,900
Yet his death also reminded the 
world of the fleeting nature of 

6409
05:45:00,900 --> 05:45:03,400
Triumph in the face of Wars 
Relentless toll. 

6410
05:45:04,800 --> 05:45:08,100
As we prepare to move to the 
next chapter, take a moment to 

6411
05:45:08,100 --> 05:45:10,100
reflect on the determination and
vision. 

6412
05:45:10,100 --> 05:45:12,000
It takes to bring change amid 
chaos. 

6413
05:45:13,000 --> 05:45:16,900
In the darkest times, even a 
single leader, can leave an 

6414
05:45:16,900 --> 05:45:19,600
indelible mark. 
And yet, the storm of History 

6415
05:45:19,600 --> 05:45:22,600
moves forward carrying all in, 
its wake. 

6416
05:45:22,600 --> 05:45:26,200
As the 30 Years War stretched 
into its second decade. 

6417
05:45:26,200 --> 05:45:31,200
The conflict expanded Beyond its
original boundaries engulfing 

6418
05:45:31,200 --> 05:45:34,000
nearly all of Europe in its 
Relentless grass. 

6419
05:45:34,900 --> 05:45:38,400
Nations that had once remained 
on the sidelines, found 

6420
05:45:38,400 --> 05:45:41,800
themselves drawn into The Fray 
where the by alliances and 

6421
05:45:41,800 --> 05:45:44,500
Ambitions or the sheer 
inevitability of the walls 

6422
05:45:44,500 --> 05:45:49,500
momentum, The entry of France in
1635, marked a dramatic shift. 

6423
05:45:50,400 --> 05:45:52,100
Though, a Catholic nation, 
France. 

6424
05:45:52,100 --> 05:45:55,200
Allied with Protestant powers 
like Sweden to counterbalance 

6425
05:45:55,200 --> 05:45:59,400
the habsburg's influence. this 
decision underscored how the war

6426
05:45:59,400 --> 05:46:02,600
had evolved from a religious 
conflict into a broader 

6427
05:46:02,600 --> 05:46:06,200
struggle, for political 
dominance in Europe, stage was 

6428
05:46:06,200 --> 05:46:09,300
set for what would become one of
the most destructive periods of 

6429
05:46:09,300 --> 05:46:12,200
the war. 
As Alliance is grew ever more 

6430
05:46:12,200 --> 05:46:14,900
complex and battles, became 
increasingly brutal. 

6431
05:46:16,100 --> 05:46:18,200
Across the continent. 
The toll of the war was 

6432
05:46:18,200 --> 05:46:21,500
staggering. 
Cities were besieged and burned.

6433
05:46:22,300 --> 05:46:25,900
Fields were left Barren, and 
lifeless, and Villages were 

6434
05:46:25,900 --> 05:46:28,600
emptied as civilians, fled, the 
advancing armies. 

6435
05:46:29,500 --> 05:46:33,800
Mercenary forces often poorly 
paid and motivated by survival 

6436
05:46:33,800 --> 05:46:38,100
resorted to pillaging and 
looting leaving Devastation in 

6437
05:46:38,100 --> 05:46:41,000
their wake. 
Famine and disease swept through

6438
05:46:41,000 --> 05:46:43,900
water and regions, taking more 
lives than the battles 

6439
05:46:43,900 --> 05:46:48,200
themselves. 
As you listen to this story, let

6440
05:46:48,200 --> 05:46:50,800
the gravity of these events 
drift gently through your 

6441
05:46:50,800 --> 05:46:55,500
thoughts, but not linger. 
imagine the chaos of the time 

6442
05:46:55,500 --> 05:46:59,300
slowly fading into the 
background replaced, by a sense 

6443
05:46:59,300 --> 05:47:03,400
of quiet reflection, Feel the 
weight of the wars hardship, 

6444
05:47:03,400 --> 05:47:07,000
giving way to an understanding 
of resilience, a reminder of 

6445
05:47:07,008 --> 05:47:10,600
humanities enduring strength, 
even in its Darkest Hours. 

6446
05:47:11,500 --> 05:47:15,200
The conflict, Scopes seemed 
endless with battles, erupting 

6447
05:47:15,200 --> 05:47:19,000
in regions as far-reaching as 
the Rhineland, the Netherlands, 

6448
05:47:19,000 --> 05:47:23,500
and Northern Italy. 
Yet amid the turmoil moments of 

6449
05:47:23,500 --> 05:47:27,300
diplomacy and negotiation 
emerge, offering brief glimpses 

6450
05:47:27,300 --> 05:47:29,500
of Hope. 
Peace, talks began. 

6451
05:47:29,500 --> 05:47:32,800
To take shape, though. 
They were slow and fraught with 

6452
05:47:32,800 --> 05:47:36,900
challenges reflecting the Deep 
divisions and mistrust among the

6453
05:47:36,900 --> 05:47:40,200
warring parties. 
Let these moments of 

6454
05:47:40,200 --> 05:47:43,300
negotiation, remind you that 
even in the midst of chaos, 

6455
05:47:43,300 --> 05:47:45,800
there are always efforts toward 
resolution. 

6456
05:47:47,200 --> 05:47:51,700
Allow yourself to relax further 
your breath steady and calm. 

6457
05:47:51,700 --> 05:47:56,000
As if tracing the Contours of 
History slow March toward peace.

6458
05:47:56,900 --> 05:47:59,600
As we move deeper into the 
story, The resilience of the 

6459
05:47:59,600 --> 05:48:02,400
people and the shifting tides of
War, remind us of the 

6460
05:48:02,408 --> 05:48:05,700
impermanence of struggle. 
Take this moment to let your 

6461
05:48:05,700 --> 05:48:08,900
mind ease. 
Let the complexity of the 30 

6462
05:48:08,900 --> 05:48:11,900
Years War unravel, gently 
leaving you with a sense of 

6463
05:48:11,908 --> 05:48:14,700
quiet perspective, and peace 
after. 

6464
05:48:14,700 --> 05:48:18,800
Nearly three decades of 
Relentless conflict, Europe 

6465
05:48:18,800 --> 05:48:20,900
began to seek an end the 
devastation. 

6466
05:48:20,900 --> 05:48:25,000
The 30 Years War had taken a 
toll, unlike any before it. 

6467
05:48:25,700 --> 05:48:30,000
Economies were ruined lands were
ravaged and millions of lives 

6468
05:48:30,000 --> 05:48:33,600
had been lost. 
By the early 1640s the warring 

6469
05:48:33,600 --> 05:48:36,400
nation's realized that. 
No decisive victory was in 

6470
05:48:36,400 --> 05:48:38,900
sight. 
The war had devolved into a 

6471
05:48:38,900 --> 05:48:42,800
stalemate of exhaustion, thus 
began the long and complex 

6472
05:48:42,800 --> 05:48:46,100
journey toward peace through the
negotiations, that would 

6473
05:48:46,100 --> 05:48:47,700
culminate in the Peace of 
Westphalia. 

6474
05:48:49,400 --> 05:48:52,500
His failure, negotiations were 
unprecedented in their scope and

6475
05:48:52,500 --> 05:48:55,400
ambition. 
For the first time in European 

6476
05:48:55,400 --> 05:48:59,300
history, nearly all major Powers
gathered to discuss terms of 

6477
05:48:59,300 --> 05:49:02,000
peace. 
Delegates from Catholic and 

6478
05:49:02,000 --> 05:49:05,200
Protestant States as well as 
representatives from France, 

6479
05:49:05,200 --> 05:49:10,000
Sweden Spain and the Holy Roman 
Empire met in the towns of 

6480
05:49:10,000 --> 05:49:13,500
Munster Brook. 
These talks would last for 

6481
05:49:13,500 --> 05:49:16,200
years. 
Reflecting the complexity of the

6482
05:49:16,200 --> 05:49:20,000
issues at hand and the Deep 
mistrust between the parties as 

6483
05:49:20,000 --> 05:49:23,100
the negotiations unfolded, the 
participants wrestled with 

6484
05:49:23,100 --> 05:49:26,500
questions of religion 
sovereignty and the balance of 

6485
05:49:26,500 --> 05:49:29,400
power. 
The Peace of Westphalia sought 

6486
05:49:29,400 --> 05:49:31,300
to establish a new order in 
Europe. 

6487
05:49:31,300 --> 05:49:34,200
One that would recognize the 
religious and political 

6488
05:49:34,200 --> 05:49:36,500
realities, that had emerged from
the war. 

6489
05:49:37,300 --> 05:49:40,600
Protestant and Catholic States 
agreed to a form of mutual 

6490
05:49:40,600 --> 05:49:44,100
tolerance. reaffirming the 
principle that rulers could 

6491
05:49:44,100 --> 05:49:46,900
determine their State's 
religion, while also granting 

6492
05:49:46,900 --> 05:49:51,700
greater freedoms to minority, 
faiths The treaty also, 

6493
05:49:51,700 --> 05:49:55,100
redefined the concept of 
sovereignty, it marked the 

6494
05:49:55,100 --> 05:49:58,900
beginning of the modern State 
system where Nations recognized 

6495
05:49:58,900 --> 05:50:02,100
each other's territorial 
boundaries and agreed not to 

6496
05:50:02,100 --> 05:50:04,400
interfere in one another's 
internal affairs. 

6497
05:50:05,400 --> 05:50:09,000
This idea of State sovereignty 
would become a Cornerstone of 

6498
05:50:09,000 --> 05:50:11,500
international relations for 
centuries to come. 

6499
05:50:12,400 --> 05:50:15,400
While the Peace of Westphalia 
brought an end to the 30 Years 

6500
05:50:15,400 --> 05:50:18,400
War, his Provisions were not 
without compromise. 

6501
05:50:19,200 --> 05:50:22,400
No side emerged as a clear 
Victor and many of the 

6502
05:50:22,400 --> 05:50:24,600
underlying tensions remained 
unresolved. 

6503
05:50:25,500 --> 05:50:29,100
Yet the treaty succeeded, in 
ending the immediate Bloodshed, 

6504
05:50:29,100 --> 05:50:32,200
and creating a framework for 
coexistence in a fractured 

6505
05:50:32,200 --> 05:50:34,700
Europe. 
As you listen to the conclusion 

6506
05:50:34,700 --> 05:50:38,600
of this chapter, let the idea of
resolution fill your thoughts. 

6507
05:50:39,400 --> 05:50:43,300
Picture the weary negotiators 
coming together after years of 

6508
05:50:43,300 --> 05:50:45,700
strife. 
Finding common ground in the 

6509
05:50:45,700 --> 05:50:49,700
hope of a better future. 
Let this image remind you that 

6510
05:50:49,700 --> 05:50:53,200
even in the most challenging 
times pieces always Within 

6511
05:50:53,200 --> 05:50:56,100
Reach. 
The road to peace was long and 

6512
05:50:56,100 --> 05:50:59,700
arduous, yet, it proved that 
dialogue and compromise can 

6513
05:50:59,700 --> 05:51:01,600
overcome even the deepest 
divisions. 

6514
05:51:02,500 --> 05:51:05,600
Allow this lesson to settle 
within you, as you relax further

6515
05:51:05,600 --> 05:51:10,300
your mind at ease as The Echoes 
of War Fade Into the calm 

6516
05:51:10,300 --> 05:51:13,900
promise of resolution as the 
Peace of Westphalia brought an 

6517
05:51:13,900 --> 05:51:17,500
end to the 30 Years War. 
Europe began to rebuild From the

6518
05:51:17,500 --> 05:51:19,700
Ashes of its most devastating 
conflict. 

6519
05:51:20,500 --> 05:51:24,400
The war left an indelible mark 
on the continent. shaping the 

6520
05:51:24,400 --> 05:51:27,900
course of history and profound 
ways Nations that had been 

6521
05:51:27,900 --> 05:51:31,900
battered and broken emerged with
new identities while the concept

6522
05:51:31,900 --> 05:51:34,600
of sovereignty, laid the 
foundation for the modern nation

6523
05:51:34,600 --> 05:51:39,000
state system, The Wars legacy 
extended Beyond politics and 

6524
05:51:39,000 --> 05:51:42,400
borders, it changed the way. 
Conflicts were waged 

6525
05:51:42,400 --> 05:51:45,900
highlighting, the immense cost 
of prolonged War and the 

6526
05:51:45,900 --> 05:51:48,600
devastating impact on civilian 
populations. 

6527
05:51:49,500 --> 05:51:52,700
The lessons of the 30th War 
echoed across Generations, 

6528
05:51:52,700 --> 05:51:55,700
reminding Humanity of the 
importance of diplomacy 

6529
05:51:55,700 --> 05:52:01,000
tolerance and restraint. 
This story of Destruction and 

6530
05:52:01,000 --> 05:52:04,100
eventual reconciliation carries 
a Timeless message. 

6531
05:52:05,100 --> 05:52:08,500
Even in the darkest of times, 
there is always a path forward, 

6532
05:52:08,500 --> 05:52:13,800
a path forward through 
perseverance, negotiation and 

6533
05:52:13,800 --> 05:52:15,700
the willingness to find common 
ground. 

6534
05:52:17,100 --> 05:52:19,200
The 30 Years War may have 
scarred Europe. 

6535
05:52:19,900 --> 05:52:23,600
But in served as a turning 
point. proving that piece 

6536
05:52:23,600 --> 05:52:29,100
though, hard one is always worth
striving for as we close this 

6537
05:52:29,100 --> 05:52:32,200
chapter of History, take a 
moment to reflect on the 

6538
05:52:32,200 --> 05:52:36,200
resilience of the human spirit. 
Let the story of the 30 Years 

6539
05:52:36,200 --> 05:52:40,400
War, remind you of the strength 
found in unity and the power of 

6540
05:52:40,400 --> 05:52:43,600
resolution. 
Think of the Nations and 

6541
05:52:43,600 --> 05:52:46,300
individuals who rebuilt after so
much loss. 

6542
05:52:46,300 --> 05:52:50,300
Their Journey though, difficult 
leading to a more stable and 

6543
05:52:50,300 --> 05:52:54,700
interconnected future. 
Now, let the soothing sounds of 

6544
05:52:54,700 --> 05:52:58,000
rain guide, you to a place of 
peace and relaxation. 

6545
05:52:59,600 --> 05:53:03,800
Imagine gentle, raindrops, 
falling Softly on leaves washing

6546
05:53:03,800 --> 05:53:05,800
away. 
The Echoes of History struggles,

6547
05:53:06,900 --> 05:53:10,800
Feel the rhythm of the rain 
bringing calm to your mind and a

6548
05:53:10,800 --> 05:53:12,400
sense of quiet to your soul.