The Strange Origins of the Tools We Eat With | Boring History

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It's funny how something you use
today. 

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Without thinking about it has a 
history stretching back much 

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further than you'd expect. 
So I'm glad you're here to take 

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a slower. 
Look at it with me tonight, as 

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always, just to throw it out 
there, this is a curated sleep 

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experience carefully researched 
and gently shaped to be as 

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accurate as possible while still
helping you unwind. 

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So, don't you worry? 
Now with rain moving quietly 

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through the background, we're 
easing into the history of 

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utensils Through the Ages. 
I've talked a bit about Forks 

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before that this time, we're 
going deeper taking a more 

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complete and all around. 
Look at how people ate adapted 

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and shaped the small tools over 
time. 

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If this calm slightly, boring 
reflection helps you unwind? 

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Feel free to follow. 
Drop a like and tell me where 

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you're listening from and what 
time it is for you. 

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I always enjoy hearing from you 
guys every night and so, do you 

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for us as a Collective? 
Now, let your head settle into 

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the pillow. 
Soften your breath and let the 

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steady Rhythm of the rain guide,
you gently into the story. 

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tonight, you will Journey 
Through The Quiet history of the

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tools we used to eat From the 
earliest carved spoons to the 

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gleaming silverware on modern 
tables. 

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These simple objects have 
witnessed thousands of years of 

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human Ingenuity and social 
change. 

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Settle in as we explore how 
Humanity learned to dine with 

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Grace. 
You're sitting at a table right 

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now or perhaps lying in bed. 
And within Arms Reach there are 

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probably utensils Falk rests in 
your kitchen drawer. 

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A spoon sits in your sink, these
objects are so ordinary that you

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barely notice them anymore. 
But there was a time when eating

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with your hands was not just 
acceptable. 

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It was the only option Humanity 
had picture yourself. 60,000 

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years ago, your hungry, the 
fires, just finished cooking, a 

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piece of meat, you reach toward 
the flames and immediately pull 

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back. 
The heat is too intense, your 

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fingers cannot grasp the food 
without burning. 

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This is a problem that needs 
solving you look around and spot

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a stick, a simple piece of wood 
lying on the ground. 

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You pick it up and use it to 
spear the meat, pulling it away 

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from the fire. 
In this moment you have just 

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invented one of Humanity's first
eating tools. 

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This stick is not elegant, it 
has no name yet but it works 

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archaeological evidence from 
sights across Africa. 

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And Europe shows that early 
humans. 

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Used pointed sticks and sharp 
stones for eating these were not

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specialized tools made 
specifically for dining. 

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They were multi-purpose 
implements that served many 

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functions throughout the day, 
the same stick that speared. 

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Your dinner might have been used
earlier to dig for roots or 

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defend against animals. 
As humans developed more 

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sophisticated hunting 
techniques, the tools became 

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more refined. 
Sharp Flint blades could cut 

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through tough meat and animal 
hide hollowed-out shells, served

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as crude bowls for water or soft
foods. 

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Flat Stones worked as primitive 
plates. 

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These Innovations have been 
slowly over thousands of years 

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spread across different 
continents and cultures. 

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The interesting part is not just
what early humans used to eat. 

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It is how they shared food. 
Communally eating was essential 

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for survival. 
A successful hunt, meant 

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dividing the meat among the 
group, everyone ate together. 

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Often directly from a shared 
carcass or Cooking Pit. 

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The concept of individual 
portions, did not exist yet. 

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Neither did the idea that each 
person needed their own set of 

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eating implements your hands 
remained. 

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The primary tool for most Foods,
fingers could test, soft bread, 

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scoot porridge, and pinched. 
Small morsels archaeological 

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research, by Kathleen, Sterling 
at Binghamton University found 

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evidence that even when early 
tools existed hands were still 

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preferred for many types of 
food. 

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The tactile connection between 
hand and mouth felt natural. 

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It still does today in many 
cultures around the world. 

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But hands had limitations hot 
foods. 

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Were difficult to manage liquids
could not be transported easily.

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Sticky or greasy foods made a 
mess. 

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These practical problems, pushed
humans to innovate. 

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The solutions they developed 
would eventually become the 

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spoons, knives and forks. 
We recognize today. 

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The transition from hands tools 
was not uniform across different

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societies. 
Some cultures adopted eating 

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implements earlier than others, 
based on the types of food, they

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ate and the resources available 
to them. 

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Groups that consumed more soups 
and stews needed. 

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Scooping tools. 
Sooner societies, that hunted, 

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large game, required better 
cutting, implements the 

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environment shape. 
The evolution of dining tools 

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just as much as human creativity
did. 

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Fascinating archaeological finds
from Paleolithic cave sites and 

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Spain have revealed collections 
of shells with worn edges, 

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suggesting repeated use of 
spoons. 

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These shells date back 
approximately 30,000 years, 

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someone found them clean them, 
and use them regularly enough to

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wear down the natural ridges. 
This tells us that even in 

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prehistoric times, human's 
recognized the value of keeping 

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useful tools rather than 
discarding them after a single 

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use. 
The concept of ownership. 

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Also began to develop around 
these early tools, a well-made 

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cutting, stone, or a, 
particularly good scooping. 

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Shell might belong to a specific
person within a group. 

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This represented one of the 
first instances of personal 

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property related to eating, your
shell was yours. 

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Someone else had their own, this
small distinction would 

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eventually grow into elaborate 
systems of individual place 

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settings, thousands of years 
later, fire changed, everything 

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about how humans ate cooked food
was, softer easier to chew and 

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safer to consume, but it also 
created new challenges, hot 

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foods, burned fingers Ashton 
Embers, got mixed into meals 

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cooking over open Flames 
required ways to manipulate food

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without getting too close to the
Heat. 

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Sticks evolved into longer 
implements with various ends, 

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designed for specific tasks, a 
forked stick could flip food, a 

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flattened piece of wood could 
scrape out. 

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The contents of a cooking 
vessel. 

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You can still see Echoes of 
these early Innovations in 

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modern cooking tools. 
Tom's spatulas and serving 

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spoons. 
All Trace their ancestry back to

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those first modified sticks used
around prehistoric. 

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Cooking fires, the basic 
mechanical advantage of 

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extending your reach with a tool
is as useful to day as it was 10

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of thousands of years ago, but 
we are getting ahead of 

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ourselves before specialized 
dining implements. 

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Could develop humans needed to 
establish, settle communities 

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with more complex, social 
structures. 

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That process took thousands of 
years and happened at different 

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rates across the globe. 
Let us move forward. 

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In time to win the first true, 
spoons, began to appear. 

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The spoon is probably the oldest
specialized eating utensil that 

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humans deliberately crafted for 
dining. 

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Unlike a knife which served many
purposes, a spoon had one 

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primary function. 
It moved, liquid or soft food 

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from a container to your mouth. 
This simple tool appears 

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independently in multiple 
ancient civilizations. 

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Suggesting that it solved a 
universal human problem. 

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The earliest spoons were made 
from materials readily available

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in nature. 
Shells. 

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Were popular in coastal regions.
Their natural concave shape 

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required, minimal modification. 
A hole drilled near the base 

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allowed. 
A cord to pass through for 

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hanging or carrying wooden 
spoon, appeared in forested 

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areas where suitable would could
be carved animal bones, 

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particularly the shoulder blades
of large. 

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Mammals were shaped into spoon 
like implements in regions where

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herding was common. 
Egyptian tomb paintings from 

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around 3,000 years before the 
Common Era show servants holding

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long-handled spoons. 
These were not the small spoons 

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you use for tea, they were 
substantial. 

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Implements designed for serving 
food, from large communal 

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vessels. 
The handles stretched two feet, 

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long or more, the Bulls were 
wide and shallow archaeological,

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excavations at various Egyptian 
sights have recovered actual 

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examples made from wood, Ivory 
and stone. 

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The wealthy Egyptians had 
decorative spoons, carved from 

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hippopotamus, Ivory or precious 
metals. 

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These were status symbols as 
much as functional tools. 

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Particularly elaborate example 
in the British museum features a

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handle carved into the shape of 
a swimming girl pushing a 

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duck-shaped bowl in front of 
her. 

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This spoon was probably never 
used for eating, it may have 

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held Cosmetics or incense 
instead. 

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But it shows how early humans 
understood that utilitarian 

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objects could also be beautiful.
Greek and Roman civilizations 

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took spoon design further, the 
Romans developed two distinct 

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types. 
The larger one was called a 

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legala, it had appointed handle 
that could be used to extract 

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shellfish from shells or reach 
into narrow necked bottles, the 

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smaller version called a 
Cochlear had a handle with a 

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sharpened specifically designed 
for eating eggs and shellfish. 

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This duel. 
Purpose design showed 

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sophisticated thinking about how
eating tools could serve 

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multiple functions. 
Roman's were made from various 

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materials depending on the 
owners wealth. 

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Bronze was common among middle 
class. 

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Families. 
Silver was reserved for the 

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wealthy. 
Poorest Romans made with Wooden 

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Spoons or simply used bread to 
scoop their food. archaeological

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site across the former Roman 
Empire, have yielded thousands 

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of spoon examples telling us 
that these implements were 

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widespread and commonly used 
Here is something interesting 

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Romans did not use spoons for 
everything. 

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They still ate much of their 
food with their hands. 

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Even at elaborate banquets. 
The spoon was specifically for 

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foods that could not be easily, 
managed, otherwise, thick stews 

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porridge eggs and certain sauces
required, a scooping tool, 

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everything else was finger food.
The idea that all food should be

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eaten with utensils was still 
many centuries away Chinese 

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civilization developed spoons 
independently and much earlier 

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than Western cultures 
archaeological evidence from the

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Shang Dynasty roughly 3,500 
years ago. 

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Shows bronze spoon's being used 
at Royal courts. 

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These spoons had deeper bowls 
and shorter handles than their 

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Western counterparts. 
The design made sense for the 

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types of food eaten in Chinese 
cuisine, rice porridge suits. 

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And other liquid based dishes 
were Staples of the diet. 

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Chinese spoon were all made from
ceramic materials which was 

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unusual for the Time. 
Pottery technology in ancient. 

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China was highly advanced. 
Glade ceramic spoons, could be 

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mass produced more easily than 
metal ones. 

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They did not rust or corrode 
they were smooth and pleasant to

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put in your mouth. 
The main drawback was fragility,

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the clay was abundant and 
cheaper enough that broken spoon

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could be easily replaced, the 
shape of Chinese spoon's 

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remained, remarkably consistent 
for thousands of years. 

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The wide shallow bowl and short 
handled became the standard 

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design even today traditional 
Chinese soup spoons. 

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Maintain this ancient form. 
This continuity suggests that 

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the design was so well suited to
its purpose that Improvement was

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unnecessary. 
Sometimes, the first solution 

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really is the best one. 
In medieval Europe spoons. 

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Became more common but were 
still not Universal. 

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Most households had only a few 
spoons, usually made from wood 

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or horn. 
These were communal items shared

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by everyone at the table. 
The idea of each person having 

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their own spoon, was a luxury, 
reserved for wealthy families. 

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Travelers often carried their 
own personal spoons. 

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When journeying since they could
not count on ins or host to 

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provide them, The materials used
for spoon making reflected 

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Regional resources, and social 
class English spoon's, from the 

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medieval period were frequently 
made from horn, which was 

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plentiful from the cattle 
industry. 

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The horn was heated until soft 
pressed into molds and then 

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cooled to set the shape. 
These spoons were durable and 

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reasonably water resistant. 
They had an unfortunate 10 to 

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taste like horn if not properly 
treated, but they were 

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affordable for common people. 
Wealthy evil households owned. 

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Pewter spoon's pewter is now of 
tin with small amounts of copper

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and other metals. 
It was cheaper than silver but 

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still represented a significant 
investment. 

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A set of pewter spoons might be 
listed in a will as valuable 

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property to be inherited by the 
Next Generation. 

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Church records from the period 
document disputes over spoon 

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ownership between family members
after someone died. 

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The handles of medieval spoons 
became increasingly decorative 

234
00:12:05,900 --> 00:12:09,600
over time, English spoons from 
the 14th and 15th, centuries, 

235
00:12:09,600 --> 00:12:12,200
often featured or Nate finials 
on the end of the handle. 

236
00:12:12,200 --> 00:12:15,700
These decorative tops came in 
many forms, some depicted 

237
00:12:15,700 --> 00:12:19,200
Saints, others showed, secular 
figures or abstract designs. 

238
00:12:20,500 --> 00:12:24,100
The finial served no functional 
purpose, but it added Beauty to 

239
00:12:24,100 --> 00:12:26,600
an everyday object. 
It also helped identify 

240
00:12:26,600 --> 00:12:29,500
ownership when multiple families
ate together at large, 

241
00:12:29,500 --> 00:12:33,400
Gatherings the word spoon itself
comes from an angler Saxon term,

242
00:12:33,400 --> 00:12:35,100
meaning a chip or splinter of 
wood. 

243
00:12:35,800 --> 00:12:39,400
This etymology reminds us, that 
spoons started as simple carved 

244
00:12:39,400 --> 00:12:43,700
implements before evolving into 
more sophisticated tools. the 

245
00:12:43,700 --> 00:12:47,200
linguistic connection to Wood 
persists even though most modern

246
00:12:47,200 --> 00:12:50,600
spoons are made from metal 
language often preserves these 

247
00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:53,500
historical memories long after 
the original context, as being 

248
00:12:53,500 --> 00:12:57,000
forgotten, Religious 
significance attached itself to 

249
00:12:57,000 --> 00:13:00,300
spoon's in various cultures 
medieval Christianity. 

250
00:13:00,300 --> 00:13:03,900
Spoon was sometimes blessed and 
used in baptism ceremonies to 

251
00:13:03,900 --> 00:13:07,100
give the holy water to infants. 
Special Apostle, spoons. 

252
00:13:07,100 --> 00:13:09,800
Featuring carved figures of the 
12, April were popular 

253
00:13:09,800 --> 00:13:13,100
christening gifts in England. 
Wealthy godparents would give a 

254
00:13:13,100 --> 00:13:16,300
complete set of 12, while more 
modest gifts, might include just

255
00:13:16,300 --> 00:13:19,000
one or two spoons, bearing the 
same after whom the child was 

256
00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:22,400
named, but most spoons 
throughout history were humble. 

257
00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:25,500
Functional objects with no 
particular, significance beyond 

258
00:13:25,500 --> 00:13:28,700
their utility. 
A wooden spoon, stirring 

259
00:13:28,700 --> 00:13:32,600
porridge, in a peasant Cottage 
was just a tool for eating it 

260
00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:34,100
became worn and stained with 
use. 

261
00:13:34,100 --> 00:13:37,500
Eventually, it cracked or broken
was replaced with another carved

262
00:13:37,500 --> 00:13:40,300
from the same materials. 
These ordinary spoons. 

263
00:13:40,300 --> 00:13:43,000
Do not survive in museum 
collections, but they were the 

264
00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:45,500
implements that most humans 
actually used for most of 

265
00:13:45,500 --> 00:13:48,600
History. 
The spoon was revolutionary in 

266
00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:51,700
its own quiet, way. 
It allowed humans to consume 

267
00:13:51,700 --> 00:13:54,100
foods that would otherwise be 
impossible to eat. 

268
00:13:54,100 --> 00:13:58,000
Neatly it reduced waste by 
enabling complete consumption of

269
00:13:58,008 --> 00:14:01,500
liquids and semic liquids. 
It permitted hot foods to cool 

270
00:14:01,500 --> 00:14:03,600
slightly in the bowl of the 
spoon before reaching your 

271
00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:06,000
mouth. 
These advantages seem obvious 

272
00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:09,100
now, but they represented 
genuine improvements in the 

273
00:14:09,108 --> 00:14:11,900
human dining experience when 
they were first adopted. 

274
00:14:13,200 --> 00:14:15,500
The knife holds a strange 
position in dining history. 

275
00:14:15,500 --> 00:14:19,800
It was essential yet, dangerous,
utilitarian, yet, threatening 

276
00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:23,300
unlike the peaceful spoon, the 
knife carried violent 

277
00:14:23,300 --> 00:14:26,900
connotation, the same blade that
carved your dinner could just as

278
00:14:26,900 --> 00:14:30,600
easily be turned into a weapon. 
This dual nature shaped how 

279
00:14:30,608 --> 00:14:33,600
knives were used at the table 
and what rules developed around 

280
00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:35,300
them. 
Early humans. 

281
00:14:35,300 --> 00:14:37,900
Use sharp stones and Flint 
blades for cutting food. 

282
00:14:37,900 --> 00:14:40,800
These tools were 
indistinguishable from hunting 

283
00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:43,900
and butchering implements. 
There was no separate category 

284
00:14:43,900 --> 00:14:46,100
of dining knife. 
A blade was a blade. 

285
00:14:46,100 --> 00:14:49,800
If you needed to cut something 
you used whatever sharp edge was

286
00:14:49,800 --> 00:14:52,000
available. 
The idea that eating knives 

287
00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:53,400
should be different from other 
knives. 

288
00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:56,600
Had not yet developed Bronze 
Age, cultures began producing 

289
00:14:56,600 --> 00:15:00,400
metal knives around. 5,000 years
ago, these were stronger and 

290
00:15:00,400 --> 00:15:02,100
held an edge better than stone 
tools. 

291
00:15:02,100 --> 00:15:04,200
They could be resharp and 
repeatedly. 

292
00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:07,700
The wealthy owned knives, with 
decorated handles, made from 

293
00:15:07,700 --> 00:15:09,800
bone horn, or precious 
materials. 

294
00:15:09,800 --> 00:15:13,400
The poor may do with simpler 
implements, but regardless of 

295
00:15:13,400 --> 00:15:15,800
social class, most people 
carried a knife with them. 

296
00:15:15,800 --> 00:15:19,100
As an everyday tool, Medieval 
Europe elevated knife carrying 

297
00:15:19,100 --> 00:15:22,800
to a social expectation, a man, 
without a knife was unprepared 

298
00:15:22,800 --> 00:15:25,500
for life. 
You needed a knife to eat to 

299
00:15:25,500 --> 00:15:29,200
work to defend yourself and to 
perform countless daily tasks. 

300
00:15:30,100 --> 00:15:33,000
Historical records show that 
knife ownership was so common 

301
00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:36,500
that specific legal distinctions
developed between knives that 

302
00:15:36,500 --> 00:15:38,300
were tools and knives that were 
weapons. 

303
00:15:38,300 --> 00:15:41,600
The difference often came down 
to blade length and whether the 

304
00:15:41,600 --> 00:15:45,000
knife was designed primarily for
stabbing A medieval dining 

305
00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:46,900
tables. 
Each person brought their own 

306
00:15:46,900 --> 00:15:49,300
knife hosted not provide 
Cutlery. 

307
00:15:49,300 --> 00:15:52,200
You were expected to arrive with
your personal eating knife 

308
00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:53,900
already. 
Tucked into your belt or hanging

309
00:15:53,900 --> 00:15:57,200
from your clothing. 
This knife was yours, you 

310
00:15:57,200 --> 00:16:00,500
maintained it sharpened, it and 
were responsible for its use. 

311
00:16:01,700 --> 00:16:05,000
The concept of matched sets of 
dining knives, provided by the 

312
00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:08,300
host came much later. 
The design of eating knives, 

313
00:16:08,300 --> 00:16:11,200
gradually changed to distinguish
them from fighting knives. 

314
00:16:11,900 --> 00:16:12,900
Blades. 
Became shorter. 

315
00:16:12,900 --> 00:16:17,100
Tips became less pointed. 
Some cultures, particularly in 

316
00:16:17,100 --> 00:16:20,400
France, mandated that table 
knife points, be rounded to 

317
00:16:20,400 --> 00:16:22,300
reduce the possibility of using 
them as weapons. 

318
00:16:23,500 --> 00:16:27,400
This happened in 1637, when 
Cardinal, Richelieu reportedly 

319
00:16:27,400 --> 00:16:29,100
became discussed by dinner 
guests. 

320
00:16:29,100 --> 00:16:32,300
Picking their teeth with the 
sharp points of their knives. 

321
00:16:33,100 --> 00:16:36,100
He ordered that all pointed 
knives, be ground down and that 

322
00:16:36,100 --> 00:16:38,700
all new table, knives be made 
with rounded M's. 

323
00:16:39,700 --> 00:16:43,000
This changed took time to spread
across Europe, English table 

324
00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:44,900
knives. 
Maintained pointed tips well 

325
00:16:44,900 --> 00:16:47,500
into the 18th century Regional 
variations. 

326
00:16:47,500 --> 00:16:50,700
Persisted on local customs and 
Manufacturing traditionals. 

327
00:16:51,500 --> 00:16:54,900
But the general Trend was clear,
eating knives were becoming 

328
00:16:54,900 --> 00:16:58,400
specialized tools, designed 
specifically for dining rather 

329
00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:01,000
than multi-purpose blades, 
suitable for any task. 

330
00:17:01,800 --> 00:17:04,599
The blade materials, reflected 
technological advances in 

331
00:17:04,599 --> 00:17:08,200
Metallurgy iron knives were 
common but prone to rust. 

332
00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:12,400
Steel offered better performance
but cost more Silver knives 

333
00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:14,200
appeared on Wealthy tables, 
though. 

334
00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:16,300
Silver is too soft to hold a 
sharp edge. 

335
00:17:16,300 --> 00:17:18,900
Well, these were more about 
display than function. 

336
00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:22,599
The truly might use silver. 
Handled knives with steel 

337
00:17:22,599 --> 00:17:24,400
blades. 
Combining Beauty with 

338
00:17:24,400 --> 00:17:27,000
practicality. 
Knife handles became 

339
00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:30,300
increasingly elaborate 
Craftsman, carved handles from 

340
00:17:30,300 --> 00:17:34,300
stag horn, which was durable and
attractive, Ivory was prized for

341
00:17:34,300 --> 00:17:36,900
high-end knives. 
Despite being expensive and 

342
00:17:36,900 --> 00:17:39,900
difficult to work. 
Would remain the most common 

343
00:17:39,900 --> 00:17:42,700
handle material for ordinary 
people different Woods. 

344
00:17:42,700 --> 00:17:46,100
Offered different properties 
dense, Hardwoods like Oakwood 

345
00:17:46,100 --> 00:17:49,600
durable, but heavy software 
Woods were lighter but wore out 

346
00:17:49,600 --> 00:17:53,300
faster, the matching of knives 
to specific tasks developed 

347
00:17:53,300 --> 00:17:57,500
gradually large knives for 
cutting meat, smaller knives, 

348
00:17:57,500 --> 00:18:00,900
for fruit, specialized fish 
knives with broader shorter, 

349
00:18:00,900 --> 00:18:05,000
blades buttons with rounded 
edges and no sharp pointed at 

350
00:18:05,000 --> 00:18:07,200
all. 
Each variation represented a 

351
00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:10,800
refinement of purpose as dining 
became more formal than the 

352
00:18:10,808 --> 00:18:13,300
number of specialized knives at 
a place setting increased. 

353
00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:16,400
Here is, what often gets 
overlooked in histories of table

354
00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:18,800
knives. 
For most people, through most of

355
00:18:18,800 --> 00:18:21,900
History, one knife did 
everything, the proliferation of

356
00:18:21,908 --> 00:18:24,400
specialized knife types was a 
luxury of the wealthy. 

357
00:18:25,100 --> 00:18:27,600
The Farmers Family might own two
or three knives total for the 

358
00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:30,900
entire household. 
These knives, cut bread, meat, 

359
00:18:30,900 --> 00:18:34,100
vegetables, and anything else 
that needed cutting. 

360
00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:37,400
The idea that you needed a 
separate knife, for fish would 

361
00:18:37,400 --> 00:18:40,500
have seemed absurd social rules 
around knife. 

362
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:44,400
Use became increasingly complex,
medieval attic at books, warned 

363
00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:47,400
against pointing knives at other
diners, cleaning your nails, 

364
00:18:47,400 --> 00:18:50,100
with your knife at the table or 
picking your teeth with the 

365
00:18:50,100 --> 00:18:52,000
point. 
These prohibitions. 

366
00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:54,700
Tell us that people were doing 
all these things regularly 

367
00:18:54,700 --> 00:18:57,600
enough to require explicit rules
against them. 

368
00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:01,300
Human behavior at the table was 
a parently much more casual than

369
00:19:01,300 --> 00:19:04,800
later generations in imagined. 
The way knives were positioned 

370
00:19:04,800 --> 00:19:07,500
on the table carried, meaning. 
Knife blades. 

371
00:19:07,500 --> 00:19:09,200
Pointing inward toward your 
plate show. 

372
00:19:09,200 --> 00:19:12,400
Peaceful intent. 
Blades pointing outward could be

373
00:19:12,400 --> 00:19:16,300
interpreted as threatening or at
least rude In some cultures 

374
00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:19,300
laying your knife down with the 
blade facing toward another 

375
00:19:19,300 --> 00:19:24,000
person was considered an insult.
The subtle rules of knife 

376
00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:26,000
placement. 
Persisted into the modern era in

377
00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:29,100
modified forms, women and 
knives, had a complicated 

378
00:19:29,100 --> 00:19:32,600
relationship throughout history 
Gentile women in medieval and 

379
00:19:32,600 --> 00:19:34,600
early modern Europe. 
Were often discouraged from 

380
00:19:34,600 --> 00:19:37,400
carrying large knives or using 
them to vigorously at table. 

381
00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:40,900
This was tied to broader ideas 
about feminine, delicacy and 

382
00:19:40,900 --> 00:19:43,700
appropriate behavior. 
Cutting your own meat was, 

383
00:19:43,700 --> 00:19:46,900
sometimes considered unfeminine 
a proper gentleman, would cut 

384
00:19:46,900 --> 00:19:48,400
meat for the ladies at his 
table. 

385
00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:52,100
This custom seems ridiculous 
now, but was taken seriously for

386
00:19:52,100 --> 00:19:54,600
centuries. 
The sharpening and maintenance 

387
00:19:54,600 --> 00:19:58,000
of dining knives, was an 
important household tasks, dull 

388
00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:01,500
knives, made eating difficult 
and appeared slovenly Skilled 

389
00:20:01,500 --> 00:20:04,200
knife, sharpeners traveled from 
house to house offering their 

390
00:20:04,200 --> 00:20:06,600
services. 
Some wealthy households employed

391
00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:10,100
servants specifically to 
maintain Cutlery, a well-kept 

392
00:20:10,100 --> 00:20:13,300
knife indicated, a well-run 
household, the condition of your

393
00:20:13,300 --> 00:20:16,200
dining knives, reflected your 
social status and domestic 

394
00:20:16,200 --> 00:20:20,000
competence Regional blade Stylez
developed based on local food 

395
00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:23,000
preferences, German knives. 
Tended, to be heavier with 

396
00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:26,000
curved blades suitable for 
cutting thick sausages and dense

397
00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:28,300
bread. 
French knives became lighter and

398
00:20:28,300 --> 00:20:30,700
more delicate. 
Reflecting the evolution of 

399
00:20:30,700 --> 00:20:34,200
French cuisine toward more, 
refined preparations, English 

400
00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:37,400
knives, maintained practical 
sturdy designs appropriate for 

401
00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:41,300
traditional, British Fair, These
National Styles, persisted even 

402
00:20:41,300 --> 00:20:43,600
as international trade and 
Cutlery increased. 

403
00:20:43,600 --> 00:20:46,900
The knife's role at the table 
began to diminish somewhat with 

404
00:20:46,900 --> 00:20:49,000
the eventual, widespread 
adoption of 4X. 

405
00:20:49,800 --> 00:20:52,500
When you have a fork to hold 
food steady, you needed your 

406
00:20:52,500 --> 00:20:54,800
life less frequently. 
But knives. 

407
00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:56,500
Never disappeared from dining 
tables. 

408
00:20:56,500 --> 00:20:59,300
They remain essential tools 
today, though. 

409
00:20:59,300 --> 00:21:02,100
Modern steak knives are probably
the least threatening implements

410
00:21:02,100 --> 00:21:06,000
ever designed to cut flesh. 
The four arrived late to the 

411
00:21:06,008 --> 00:21:08,400
European table and faced 
surprising resistance. 

412
00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:12,300
This seems strange from our 
modern perspective where Forks 

413
00:21:12,300 --> 00:21:15,800
are as essential as spoons or 
knives, but for centuries, the 

414
00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:19,500
fork was considered weird 
foreign and even sinful by many 

415
00:21:19,500 --> 00:21:22,300
Europeans. 
The story of how Forks, overcame

416
00:21:22,300 --> 00:21:24,800
this Prejudice is one of the 
oddest chapters and dining 

417
00:21:24,800 --> 00:21:26,600
history. 
Ancient civilizations. 

418
00:21:26,600 --> 00:21:31,000
Knew about Forks archaeological 
evidence shows that both Greek 

419
00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:34,100
and Roman cultures used large 
two pronged forks for cooking 

420
00:21:34,100 --> 00:21:36,300
and serving. 
These were not eating 

421
00:21:36,300 --> 00:21:38,400
implements. 
They were kitchen tools for 

422
00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:42,000
manipulating food over fires or 
transferring large pieces of 

423
00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:46,100
meat from serving platters. 
The idea of using a small Fork 

424
00:21:46,100 --> 00:21:49,100
to bring food to your own mouth 
had not yet taken hold in 

425
00:21:49,100 --> 00:21:52,000
Western culture. 
The earliest known use of 

426
00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:54,900
individual dining Forks comes 
from the bazan Thailand Empire. 

427
00:21:55,700 --> 00:21:58,700
Wealthy bazan teams in the 
seventh centuries used small 

428
00:21:58,700 --> 00:22:02,400
Forks made from precious metals.
These were luxury items 

429
00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:05,100
associated with Imperial courts 
and high nobility. 

430
00:22:05,100 --> 00:22:09,000
The practice did not spread wide
widely even within Society, 

431
00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:12,400
remaining confined to the upper 
levels of the aristocracy. 

432
00:22:13,600 --> 00:22:16,300
The famous introduction of the 
fork to Western Europe came in 

433
00:22:16,300 --> 00:22:21,400
1104 Theodora Anna dekina, a 
Byzantine princess married 

434
00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:25,100
Domenico, Salvo the dojo Venice.
She brought her Byzantine 

435
00:22:25,100 --> 00:22:28,700
customs with her, including the 
use of a golden Fork to eat her 

436
00:22:28,700 --> 00:22:30,600
food. 
Venetian Society, was 

437
00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:34,200
scandalized contemporary 
accounts, describe her eating 

438
00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:37,700
habits with a mixture of 
Fascination and horror one 

439
00:22:37,700 --> 00:22:40,200
chronicler wrote that she 
refused to eat with her fingers,

440
00:22:40,200 --> 00:22:43,200
like normal people. 
Instead had a eunuch cut her 

441
00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:46,700
food into small pieces, that she
then speared with a golden fork 

442
00:22:46,700 --> 00:22:49,600
with two prongs. 
The tone of the account makes 

443
00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:51,200
clear. 
This was not admiring. 

444
00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:54,600
The writer thought of behavior 
was pretentious and unnatural. 

445
00:22:55,800 --> 00:22:59,500
When Theodora died of plague, a 
few years later, some religious 

446
00:22:59,500 --> 00:23:02,100
figures claimed, it was divine 
punishment for her prideful 

447
00:23:02,100 --> 00:23:05,000
eating habits. 
This story illustrates the Deep,

448
00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:08,300
cultural resistance to Forks. 
In medieval Europe, the 

449
00:23:08,300 --> 00:23:11,200
objections were partly. 
Practical Fork seemed 

450
00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:14,100
unnecessary when fingers worked 
perfectly well for most foods. 

451
00:23:14,100 --> 00:23:17,900
But the resistance was also 
moral and religious God gave 

452
00:23:17,900 --> 00:23:21,700
humans fingers for eating using 
a metal Implement instead seemed

453
00:23:21,700 --> 00:23:25,200
to reject Divine Design. 
This argument sounds absurd now 

454
00:23:25,200 --> 00:23:29,300
but it carried real weight in 
medieval religious thoughts also

455
00:23:29,300 --> 00:23:32,700
suffered from association with 
the devil medieval artwork. 

456
00:23:32,700 --> 00:23:36,400
Sometimes depicted Satan holding
a pitchfork or trident The 

457
00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:39,600
visual similarity to dining 
Forks, created unfortunate 

458
00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:43,200
associations, some preachers 
warned that using Forks, invited

459
00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:46,500
demonic influence, whether these
religious authorities, actually 

460
00:23:46,500 --> 00:23:49,700
believe this, or was simply 
conservative, about changes to 

461
00:23:49,700 --> 00:23:52,900
traditional Customs is unclear 
either. 

462
00:23:52,900 --> 00:23:57,700
Way their opposition slowed for 
adoption significantly. despite 

463
00:23:57,700 --> 00:24:01,100
the initial rejection Forks, 
slowly gained ground in Italy, 

464
00:24:01,100 --> 00:24:05,200
over the following Centuries by 
the 1400s, wealthy Italian, 

465
00:24:05,200 --> 00:24:08,700
families were using Forks 
regularly, the implements were 

466
00:24:08,700 --> 00:24:11,800
still luxury items made from 
silver or gold with decorative 

467
00:24:11,800 --> 00:24:13,900
handles. 
But they were no longer seen as 

468
00:24:13,900 --> 00:24:16,600
strange or sinful. 
At least not in sophisticated 

469
00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:19,900
Italian circles. 
The rest of Europe, remained 

470
00:24:19,900 --> 00:24:24,300
skeptical, France adopted Forks 
in the 1500s primarily through 

471
00:24:24,300 --> 00:24:28,500
Italian influence, Catherine, de
Medici who, married the Future, 

472
00:24:28,500 --> 00:24:30,600
King Henry. 
The second of France, brought 

473
00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:33,300
her Italian dining customs with 
her to the French Court. 

474
00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:37,700
This included the use of forks. 
The French aristocracy, 

475
00:24:37,700 --> 00:24:41,200
gradually adopted the practice, 
seeing it as fashionable and 

476
00:24:41,200 --> 00:24:44,300
refined. 
By the 1600s Forks were 

477
00:24:44,300 --> 00:24:45,900
established at Noble, French 
tables. 

478
00:24:45,900 --> 00:24:50,500
England, resisted Forks, even 
longer, Thomas kuriat an English

479
00:24:50,500 --> 00:24:54,500
traveler who visited Italy in 
1608 wrote about the stranger 

480
00:24:54,500 --> 00:24:58,400
Italian of using Forks, he noted
that Italians thought it Bad 

481
00:24:58,400 --> 00:25:01,400
Manners to touch food, with 
fingers and instead use small 

482
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:04,000
Forks. 
Coyote brought some Forks back 

483
00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:05,800
to England and tried to 
popularize them. 

484
00:25:05,800 --> 00:25:09,100
His friends, mocked him 
mercilessly calling him, 

485
00:25:09,100 --> 00:25:12,700
ridiculous for imitating foreign
affectations, the English of 

486
00:25:12,700 --> 00:25:16,400
eventually came around to Forks 
in the mid-1600s partly through 

487
00:25:16,400 --> 00:25:19,800
French influence King. 
Charles the second spent years 

488
00:25:19,800 --> 00:25:23,000
in French, Exile and returned 
with Continental taste, 

489
00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:27,500
including the use of forts. 
The Royal Court adopted forks 

490
00:25:27,500 --> 00:25:30,200
and the practice gradually 
filtered down through British 

491
00:25:30,200 --> 00:25:33,900
Society. 
By 1700 Forks were common among 

492
00:25:33,900 --> 00:25:36,200
the English middle. 
And upper classes though, 

493
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:38,900
working people continue to 
primarily with their hands and 

494
00:25:38,900 --> 00:25:42,700
knives for decades longer. 
Early Forks had only two prongs 

495
00:25:42,700 --> 00:25:45,300
or times. 
This made them somewhat awkward 

496
00:25:45,300 --> 00:25:47,900
to use food. 
Could slip between the tines 

497
00:25:47,900 --> 00:25:52,200
stabbing food required. 
Careful aim, the two-toned Fork,

498
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:55,400
was better than nothing, but not
dramatically Superior to using 

499
00:25:55,400 --> 00:25:57,800
fingers or bread to convey food 
to your mouth. 

500
00:25:58,700 --> 00:26:01,300
This partly explains why 
adoption was so slow. 

501
00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:05,400
Forks had been obviously better 
resistance would have crumbled 

502
00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:08,600
faster, the development of three
and four times Forks. 

503
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:11,900
In the early 1700s, made the 
implements much more practical. 

504
00:26:12,800 --> 00:26:14,900
Multiple times could hold food 
more securely. 

505
00:26:14,900 --> 00:26:18,700
The fork could scoop as well as 
stab making it useful for a 

506
00:26:18,700 --> 00:26:22,500
wider variety of foods. 
The improved design helped 

507
00:26:22,500 --> 00:26:24,800
overcome the remaining 
resistance to Fork use. 

508
00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:29,500
By the late 1700s forks with 
three or four times and become 

509
00:26:29,500 --> 00:26:32,600
standard across Europe. 
And Americans adopted Forks 

510
00:26:32,600 --> 00:26:35,800
later than Europeans. 
Colonial America in the 1600s 

511
00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:39,300
relied, mainly on spoons and 
knives Forks were rare, and 

512
00:26:39,300 --> 00:26:42,200
considered, unnecessary luxuries
Benjamin, Franklin. 

513
00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:45,300
Supposedly did not use a fork 
regularly until he spent time in

514
00:26:45,308 --> 00:26:48,500
France, as an ambassador. 
Thomas Jefferson was an early 

515
00:26:48,500 --> 00:26:52,000
American Fork Enthusiast having 
to taste for the during his 

516
00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:54,400
time. 
In Paris, he helped popularize 

517
00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:57,000
Forks among American Elites in 
the late 1700s. 

518
00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:01,200
The materials used for Forks 
reflected, social status just as

519
00:27:01,200 --> 00:27:04,900
with other utensils silver. 
Forts were for the wealthy steel

520
00:27:04,900 --> 00:27:06,900
Forks. 
Served middle class households, 

521
00:27:06,900 --> 00:27:09,800
tin or brass Forks were 
affordable for working people 

522
00:27:09,800 --> 00:27:13,500
who could afford Forks at all. 
The poorest Americans continued 

523
00:27:13,500 --> 00:27:17,200
eating with their hands knives 
and spoons, well into the 1800s.

524
00:27:17,800 --> 00:27:20,700
Forks were the last utensil to 
achieve Universal use. 

525
00:27:20,700 --> 00:27:24,200
Across all social classes. 
The design details of forks 

526
00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:27,900
became surprisingly important, 
handle, shapes, decorative 

527
00:27:27,900 --> 00:27:31,700
patterns, the curve of the 
times, the weight and balance of

528
00:27:31,700 --> 00:27:35,400
the Implement, all these factors
influenced, how pleasant a fork 

529
00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:38,100
was to use. 
Silversmiths and other Craftsmen

530
00:27:38,100 --> 00:27:40,500
competed to produce Forks that 
were both beautiful and 

531
00:27:40,500 --> 00:27:43,200
functional. 
The fork evolved from a strange 

532
00:27:43,200 --> 00:27:46,100
foreign curiosity into a 
showcase for craftsmanship and 

533
00:27:46,100 --> 00:27:48,800
taste. 
Regional differences and Fork 

534
00:27:48,800 --> 00:27:52,400
design, persisted French Forks 
tended, to have longer narrower,

535
00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:55,800
time's English Forks were 
sturdier with shorter, thicker 

536
00:27:55,800 --> 00:27:57,900
times. 
German Forks were. 

537
00:27:57,900 --> 00:28:00,800
Heavy are overall these 
variations reflected different 

538
00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:04,300
food cultures and eating Styles.
There was no single correct way 

539
00:28:04,300 --> 00:28:07,600
to make a fork only different 
solutions to the same basic 

540
00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:09,500
problem of moving food from 
plate to mouth. 

541
00:28:10,300 --> 00:28:13,300
The forks Journey from rejected,
Oddities to essential utensil 

542
00:28:13,300 --> 00:28:17,000
took roughly 600 years in Europe
and even longer in other parts 

543
00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:20,200
of the world. 
This extended timeline reminds 

544
00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:23,000
us that technological and 
cultural changes often happen. 

545
00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:27,600
Much more slowly than we expect 
Something that seemed obviously 

546
00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:30,200
useful. 
In hindsight, was not obvious at

547
00:28:30,200 --> 00:28:32,200
all to the people actually 
living through the transition. 

548
00:28:32,200 --> 00:28:36,600
The forks slow adoption is a 
lesson in human resistance to 

549
00:28:36,600 --> 00:28:41,500
change even beneficial change, 
medieval dining was a communal 

550
00:28:41,500 --> 00:28:43,400
messy loud. 
Affair that would shock modern 

551
00:28:43,400 --> 00:28:46,700
sensibilities, the elaborate 
table manners, we associate with

552
00:28:46,700 --> 00:28:50,500
formal dining developed later, 
Medieval people had rules about 

553
00:28:50,500 --> 00:28:53,400
eating Behavior, but those rules
were very different from what 

554
00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:56,300
came after understanding 
medieval dying practices. 

555
00:28:56,300 --> 00:28:59,000
Helps us appreciate how much 
table Customs have changed over 

556
00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:01,800
the centuries. 
Most medieval meals happened 

557
00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:04,800
around a shared table though. 
Not everyone had an actual table

558
00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:07,900
poorer households used boards 
laid across trestles. 

559
00:29:07,900 --> 00:29:09,700
That could be taken down after 
the meal. 

560
00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:12,500
The word bored. 
As a synonym for meals comes 

561
00:29:12,500 --> 00:29:14,900
from this practice, you sat at 
the board to eat. 

562
00:29:15,700 --> 00:29:18,700
The table as permanent Furniture
in a dedicated, dining room was 

563
00:29:18,700 --> 00:29:20,200
elated development for most 
people. 

564
00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:23,700
Seating arrangements at Medieval
meals were carefully organized 

565
00:29:23,700 --> 00:29:28,100
by social status. the lord of 
the household sat at the head or

566
00:29:28,100 --> 00:29:31,100
in the center of the high table 
often on a raise platform, 

567
00:29:31,100 --> 00:29:35,100
important guests, sat near him 
less important people sat father

568
00:29:35,100 --> 00:29:39,100
away, Servants and very low. 
Status individuals might stand 

569
00:29:39,100 --> 00:29:43,300
while eating or sit at Separate 
Tables entirely Your physical 

570
00:29:43,300 --> 00:29:46,200
position at the meal announced 
your social position to everyone

571
00:29:46,200 --> 00:29:49,000
present. 
Food arrived at the table in 

572
00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:51,600
large shared containers. 
There were no individual 

573
00:29:51,600 --> 00:29:54,100
portions. 
Everyone reached into the common

574
00:29:54,100 --> 00:29:55,400
dishes, to take what they 
wanted. 

575
00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:59,800
Spoons, helped with liquids, and
soft foods knives, cut meat. 

576
00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:03,100
But fingers did most of the work
of conveying food from the 

577
00:30:03,100 --> 00:30:06,300
shared dishes to your mouth. 
This required a certain degree 

578
00:30:06,300 --> 00:30:09,000
of skill and courtesy to avoid 
colliding with other hands, 

579
00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:12,400
reaching into the same Bowl. 
Bread played a crucial role in 

580
00:30:12,400 --> 00:30:14,400
medieval dining Beyond just 
being food. 

581
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:17,800
Thick slices of stale bread 
called trenchers served as 

582
00:30:17,808 --> 00:30:20,800
edible plates, you placed in 
meat and other Foods on your 

583
00:30:20,800 --> 00:30:24,700
trencher, the bread soaked up, 
juices and sauces at the end of 

584
00:30:24,700 --> 00:30:26,200
the meal, you ate the trencher 
itself. 

585
00:30:26,200 --> 00:30:29,900
Now flavored with everything 
that had been on it, this system

586
00:30:29,900 --> 00:30:32,600
meant few additions to wash the 
poor often. 

587
00:30:32,600 --> 00:30:35,000
Gave leftover trenches to 
Beggars or fed them to animals. 

588
00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:39,000
Wooden or metal plates did 
exist, but they were expensive 

589
00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:43,000
and not universally used wealthy
households had pewter plates 

590
00:30:43,000 --> 00:30:45,600
very well. 
He families might own silver or 

591
00:30:45,600 --> 00:30:48,800
even gold plate for special 
occasions, but for every day 

592
00:30:48,800 --> 00:30:51,100
meals, trenches were practical 
and sufficient. 

593
00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:54,800
The transition from bread plates
to permanent dishes happened 

594
00:30:54,800 --> 00:30:58,700
gradually as wealth increased 
and social expectations changed.

595
00:30:59,500 --> 00:31:02,900
Sharing drinking vessels was 
common, a large cup or horn 

596
00:31:02,900 --> 00:31:05,900
might circulate around the table
with multiple people, drinking 

597
00:31:05,900 --> 00:31:09,300
from it. 
This seems unhygienic by modern 

598
00:31:09,300 --> 00:31:12,600
standards, but medieval people 
had different ideas about 

599
00:31:12,600 --> 00:31:14,400
cleanliness and disease 
transmission. 

600
00:31:15,300 --> 00:31:18,900
Sharing a cup was a sign of 
fellowship and Trust refusing to

601
00:31:18,900 --> 00:31:21,700
drink from the common vessel 
could be interpreted as an 

602
00:31:21,700 --> 00:31:24,900
insult, the etiquette books from
the medieval period reveal, what

603
00:31:24,900 --> 00:31:28,600
behaviors needed to be corrected
these books existed precisely 

604
00:31:28,600 --> 00:31:30,800
because people were doing 
impolite things, that needed to 

605
00:31:30,800 --> 00:31:34,600
be discouraged, One popular text
warned against putting already 

606
00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:37,300
bitten food back in to the 
shared dishes and other 

607
00:31:37,300 --> 00:31:39,400
cautioned against wiping. 
Your greasy hands on the 

608
00:31:39,400 --> 00:31:41,900
tablecloth. 
These prohibitions tell us that 

609
00:31:41,900 --> 00:31:44,800
both behaviors, were common 
enough to require explicit rules

610
00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:48,200
against the blowing your nose. 
At the table was apparently a 

611
00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:50,900
significant concern. 
Multiple, etiquette manuals 

612
00:31:50,900 --> 00:31:53,500
addressed, this issue. 
Usually advising you to turn 

613
00:31:53,500 --> 00:31:55,900
away from the table. 
If you must blow your nose and 

614
00:31:55,900 --> 00:31:59,500
to avoid using the table cloth 
as a handkerchief the frequency 

615
00:31:59,500 --> 00:32:02,000
with which this comes up 
suggests, it was a persistent 

616
00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:04,500
problem. 
Medieval dining apparently 

617
00:32:04,500 --> 00:32:08,100
included a lot of nose blowing. 
Spitting was also regulated by 

618
00:32:08,100 --> 00:32:10,500
dining etiquette though not 
banned entirely. 

619
00:32:11,200 --> 00:32:13,400
The advice was to spit 
discreetly and away from the 

620
00:32:13,400 --> 00:32:16,500
table, some texts suggest 
spitting under the table rather 

621
00:32:16,500 --> 00:32:19,200
than on top of it. 
The goal was not to eliminate 

622
00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:22,300
splitting which was seen as 
sometimes necessary, but to 

623
00:32:22,300 --> 00:32:23,900
manage where and how it 
happened. 

624
00:32:24,900 --> 00:32:27,600
Modern readers find this 
disturbing, but contacts 

625
00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:30,400
matters. 
Medieval ideas about bodily 

626
00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:32,700
functions. 
Differed from hours, belching 

627
00:32:32,700 --> 00:32:34,800
was treated more permissively 
than we might expect. 

628
00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:38,300
Some medieval sources suggest 
that suppressing a belt was 

629
00:32:38,300 --> 00:32:42,100
unhealthy and potentially 
dangerous loud or excessive 

630
00:32:42,100 --> 00:32:45,500
belching was discouraged as rude
but moderate belching was 

631
00:32:45,500 --> 00:32:47,800
acceptable or even expected 
after a good meal. 

632
00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:51,100
This contrasts sharply with 
modern Western Connecticut, 

633
00:32:51,100 --> 00:32:53,800
where any audible belching is 
considered embarrassing. 

634
00:32:53,800 --> 00:32:57,800
Hand washing before enduring 
meals was emphasized in medieval

635
00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:02,500
at Circulated with basins of 
water and towels are dinosaurs. 

636
00:33:02,500 --> 00:33:04,200
Could rinse their fingers 
between horses. 

637
00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:07,600
This makes sense given that 
hands were the primary eating 

638
00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:10,700
implements greasy fingers needed
frequent cleaning. 

639
00:33:11,400 --> 00:33:14,300
The ritual of hand washing also 
provided breaks in the meal and 

640
00:33:14,300 --> 00:33:18,100
opportunities for conversation. 
Table conversation had its own 

641
00:33:18,100 --> 00:33:20,500
rules. 
Speaking with your mouthful was 

642
00:33:20,500 --> 00:33:23,300
discouraged though. 
The definition of full may have 

643
00:33:23,308 --> 00:33:26,200
been different than ours. 
Talking too loudly or 

644
00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:28,100
dominating. 
The conversation was considered 

645
00:33:28,100 --> 00:33:31,600
rude, discussing unpleasant 
topics during meals was frowned.

646
00:33:31,600 --> 00:33:35,300
Upon religious discussions were 
encouraged as appropriate table 

647
00:33:35,300 --> 00:33:39,300
talk, political gossip, was 
popular, but risky, depending on

648
00:33:39,300 --> 00:33:43,100
who was listening, Medieval 
Banks could last for hours, with

649
00:33:43,100 --> 00:33:46,900
multiple courses, entertainment 
between courses was common at 

650
00:33:46,900 --> 00:33:51,400
Noble households, musicians 
played jugglers performed poets,

651
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:55,600
recited verses the meal was not 
just about eating, but about 

652
00:33:55,600 --> 00:33:58,900
demonstrating wealth, power and 
cultural refinement. 

653
00:33:58,900 --> 00:34:03,600
The food itself was secondary to
the social spectacle, the types 

654
00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:06,400
of food served at Medieval 
meals, varied dramatically by 

655
00:34:06,400 --> 00:34:11,199
social class Nobles, 8, roasted 
Meats, game, birds and elaborate

656
00:34:11,199 --> 00:34:15,300
dishes with expensive, spices, 
common people at porridge bread,

657
00:34:15,300 --> 00:34:19,600
vegetables and occasional small 
piece of meat The variety of 

658
00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:23,300
dishes at a noble table would 
seem over today 10 or 12 

659
00:34:23,300 --> 00:34:25,900
different meat dishes at a 
single meal, was not unusual. 

660
00:34:25,900 --> 00:34:29,400
Most diners would taste only a 
few of these with leftovers 

661
00:34:29,400 --> 00:34:31,800
going to lower status household,
members, and servants. 

662
00:34:32,500 --> 00:34:35,000
Seasonings and sauces in 
medieval Cuisine were much 

663
00:34:35,007 --> 00:34:39,199
stronger than we might expect. 
Use of spices vinegars and sharp

664
00:34:39,199 --> 00:34:41,199
Flavours characterized 
upper-class cooking. 

665
00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:44,900
This partly reflected the need 
to preserve and disguise the 

666
00:34:44,900 --> 00:34:46,600
taste of meat that was not quite
fresh. 

667
00:34:47,400 --> 00:34:50,000
But it also showed wealth. 
Expensive. 

668
00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:54,000
Imported spices from Asia were 
status symbols as much as flavor

669
00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:57,600
enhancers the more heavily 
spiced your food, the Richer you

670
00:34:57,600 --> 00:35:00,500
appeared deserts existed but 
were different from what we 

671
00:35:00,508 --> 00:35:03,300
think of today. 
Sweet dishes might be scattered 

672
00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:05,400
throughout the meal rather than 
saved for the end. 

673
00:35:06,100 --> 00:35:09,900
Fruits nuts and sweetened wine 
appeared between Savory courses.

674
00:35:09,900 --> 00:35:13,500
The Firm division between Savory
and sweet courses had not yet 

675
00:35:13,500 --> 00:35:16,600
been established medieval 
palettes, apparently enjoyed 

676
00:35:16,600 --> 00:35:18,500
more variety. 
And contrast within a single 

677
00:35:18,500 --> 00:35:22,000
meal table manners in medieval 
times were about, demonstrating,

678
00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:24,300
your social status and respect 
for others at the table. 

679
00:35:25,100 --> 00:35:28,100
The specific rules mattered less
than the underlying principle of

680
00:35:28,108 --> 00:35:29,900
orderly. 
Hierarchical dining. 

681
00:35:29,900 --> 00:35:32,800
Everyone needed to know their 
place and behave accordingly. 

682
00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:36,400
The rise of the middle class in 
later, centuries would 

683
00:35:36,400 --> 00:35:39,100
complicate this system as more 
people aspire to die in like 

684
00:35:39,100 --> 00:35:42,200
Nobles. 
This created demand for Clear, 

685
00:35:42,200 --> 00:35:44,400
published rules about proper 
table Behavior. 

686
00:35:44,400 --> 00:35:47,000
The modern etiquette book was 
born from this. 

687
00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:50,400
Need the making of utensils. 
Was a skilled trade that 

688
00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:53,700
combined artistic Vision with 
practical engineering, a 

689
00:35:53,700 --> 00:35:55,200
well-made spoon or knife 
required. 

690
00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:57,900
Knowledge of materials design 
principles and the needs of 

691
00:35:57,900 --> 00:36:00,900
users. 
The craftspeople who made 

692
00:36:00,900 --> 00:36:03,600
dining, implements were part of 
long traditions of metalworking 

693
00:36:03,600 --> 00:36:06,700
wood, carving and Material 
Science that stretched back 

694
00:36:06,700 --> 00:36:09,600
Generations. 
Silver was the most prestigious 

695
00:36:09,600 --> 00:36:13,200
material for fine utensils. 
Pure silver is too soft for 

696
00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:16,200
practical use. 
So silversmiths created Alloys 

697
00:36:16,200 --> 00:36:19,500
with small amounts of copper to 
increase hardness Sterling 

698
00:36:19,500 --> 00:36:23,700
silver, which contains 92.5% 
silver became the standard for 

699
00:36:23,700 --> 00:36:27,200
Quality silverware, the term, 
Sterling itself May derive from 

700
00:36:27,208 --> 00:36:29,900
the easterling merchants, who 
brought high quality silver to 

701
00:36:29,900 --> 00:36:33,600
England in the Middle Ages. 
Making a silver spoon, required 

702
00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:36,900
multiple steps the Smith. 
First melted the silver and 

703
00:36:36,900 --> 00:36:39,100
Porter into a mold, Critter 
rough blank. 

704
00:36:40,100 --> 00:36:42,700
Then came the careful work of 
hammering, the blanket into 

705
00:36:42,700 --> 00:36:45,800
shape on an anvil. 
Each strike had to be precise 

706
00:36:45,800 --> 00:36:47,900
too much force in the wrong 
place. 

707
00:36:47,900 --> 00:36:51,600
Could crack the silver. 
The bowl of the spoon needed to 

708
00:36:51,600 --> 00:36:54,000
be hammered gradually thinner 
and curved to the right depth. 

709
00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:57,000
The handle had to maintain 
enough thickness for strength. 

710
00:36:57,000 --> 00:37:00,100
While being comfortable to hold 
decoration was added through 

711
00:37:00,100 --> 00:37:02,900
various techniques. 
In graving involved, cutting 

712
00:37:02,900 --> 00:37:05,300
designs directly into the silver
with Sharp Tools. 

713
00:37:05,300 --> 00:37:08,600
This required steady hands and 
artistic skill. 

714
00:37:08,600 --> 00:37:11,400
A single slip, could ruin hours 
of work. 

715
00:37:12,200 --> 00:37:15,600
Embossing pushed designs up from
the back of the silver, creating

716
00:37:15,600 --> 00:37:18,800
raised patterns on the front. 
This technique was used to add 

717
00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:22,600
Coats of Arms, initials or 
decorative motifs to spoon 

718
00:37:22,600 --> 00:37:25,000
handles. 
Some silversmiths combined 

719
00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:27,000
multiple decoration methods on a
single piece. 

720
00:37:27,000 --> 00:37:30,300
Hallmark stamped on silver 
utensils told you important 

721
00:37:30,300 --> 00:37:33,600
information about the piece the 
Maker's Mark identified who made

722
00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:35,900
it. 
The assay marks certified, the 

723
00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:39,200
silver content, the date letter,
showed when it was made, the 

724
00:37:39,200 --> 00:37:41,300
town Mark indicated where it was
a seed. 

725
00:37:41,300 --> 00:37:44,700
These marks helped prevent fraud
and established accountability. 

726
00:37:44,700 --> 00:37:48,300
A piece of silver with proper 
Hallmarks was guaranteed to meet

727
00:37:48,300 --> 00:37:51,200
certain standards. 
Pewter served as an affordable 

728
00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:55,200
alternative to Silver for middle
class households this all of tin

729
00:37:55,200 --> 00:37:59,300
with small amounts of copper 
antimony or bismuth, could be 

730
00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:01,500
cast in molds, much more easily 
than silver. 

731
00:38:01,500 --> 00:38:05,200
A Putra could produce multiple 
identical spoons or plates from 

732
00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:07,300
the same. 
Mold, this made pewter utensils.

733
00:38:07,300 --> 00:38:10,200
Cheaper and more available than 
Hand, Forged Silva. 

734
00:38:11,300 --> 00:38:14,700
But pewter had significant 
drawbacks early pewter Alloys 

735
00:38:14,700 --> 00:38:17,600
sometimes contained lead which 
we now know is poisonous. 

736
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:21,200
The lead made the pewter easier 
to work but leeched into acidic 

737
00:38:21,200 --> 00:38:23,400
Foods. 
Wealthy, customers, preferred 

738
00:38:23,400 --> 00:38:26,900
LED free pewter despite the 
higher cost regulation of 

739
00:38:26,900 --> 00:38:29,300
eventually banned. 
LED in pewter used for dishes 

740
00:38:29,300 --> 00:38:32,600
and utensils but enforcement 
varied by region and period. 

741
00:38:33,300 --> 00:38:36,700
But are also had aesthetic 
limitations, it looked duller 

742
00:38:36,700 --> 00:38:38,500
than silver and tarnished more 
easily. 

743
00:38:39,300 --> 00:38:43,200
Repeated use left visible wear 
marks, the soft metal, bent and 

744
00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:45,900
dented with modest force a 
pewter spoon. 

745
00:38:45,900 --> 00:38:48,200
Might last only a few years with
heavy use before needing 

746
00:38:48,200 --> 00:38:51,400
replacement. 
Despite these problems pewter 

747
00:38:51,400 --> 00:38:53,300
Remain the standard material for
ordinary table. 

748
00:38:53,300 --> 00:38:56,200
Utensils from medieval times 
through the 1800s. 

749
00:38:56,200 --> 00:38:59,600
Wooden utensils were even more 
common than pewter for working 

750
00:38:59,600 --> 00:39:02,100
people. 
A skilled Carver could make a 

751
00:39:02,100 --> 00:39:04,800
wooden spoon from a single piece
of hardwood in an hour or two, 

752
00:39:04,800 --> 00:39:08,000
the wood needed to be properly. 
Seasoned and free of cracks 

753
00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:10,400
different Woods. 
Offered different properties, 

754
00:39:10,400 --> 00:39:14,200
boxwood was ideal for Spoons 
because of its fine grain and 

755
00:39:14,200 --> 00:39:17,000
durability. 
Maple was popular in regions. 

756
00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:19,400
Where, boxwood was unavailable 
fruits? 

757
00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:21,900
Like apple and cherry produced. 
Attractive spoon. 

758
00:39:21,900 --> 00:39:23,900
With Pleasant handling 
characteristics. 

759
00:39:23,900 --> 00:39:28,200
Carving wooden spoon was 
required specific tools, a draw 

760
00:39:28,200 --> 00:39:30,800
knife, shaved away, waste wood 
to rough out, the basic shape 

761
00:39:30,800 --> 00:39:35,100
gouges hallowed the bowl of the 
spoon knives, refined details 

762
00:39:35,100 --> 00:39:37,800
and finished surfaces. 
The final step was often 

763
00:39:37,800 --> 00:39:39,400
sanding. 
With progressively finer 

764
00:39:39,400 --> 00:39:42,600
abrasives, to create a smooth 
surface, but would not irritate 

765
00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:45,200
the mouth. 
Some Carvers finish their spoons

766
00:39:45,200 --> 00:39:48,400
with oil or beeswax to protect 
the wood and make it water 

767
00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:50,700
resistant. 
Wooden utensils, have the 

768
00:39:50,700 --> 00:39:54,000
advantage of not conducting heat
a wooden spoon, could stir 

769
00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:56,100
boiling liquids without becoming
too hot to hold. 

770
00:39:56,800 --> 00:40:00,500
The material did not react with 
acidic Foods would was renewable

771
00:40:00,500 --> 00:40:03,600
and readily available, but 
wooden implements absorbed 

772
00:40:03,600 --> 00:40:06,700
moisture and stains. 
They could Harbor bacteria and 

773
00:40:06,700 --> 00:40:09,300
cracks and Grain Lines. 
They eventually wore out and 

774
00:40:09,300 --> 00:40:12,600
needed replacement. 
The trade-off between cost and 

775
00:40:12,600 --> 00:40:15,800
Longevity, made wooden utensils.
The rational choice for most 

776
00:40:15,800 --> 00:40:17,600
households through most of 
History. 

777
00:40:18,500 --> 00:40:21,300
Horn was another common material
for spoons and other utensils 

778
00:40:21,300 --> 00:40:25,100
cowhorn and sheep horn could be 
softened with heat and shaped in

779
00:40:25,100 --> 00:40:27,600
molds. 
The result was a smooth water 

780
00:40:27,600 --> 00:40:31,400
resistant material that held its
shape when cooled horns, were 

781
00:40:31,400 --> 00:40:33,600
tougher than wooden ones and did
not crack as easily. 

782
00:40:34,400 --> 00:40:37,900
The main disadvantage was the 
taste and smell new horn. 

783
00:40:37,900 --> 00:40:41,300
Utensils could impart unpleasant
flavors to food until they were 

784
00:40:41,300 --> 00:40:43,800
thoroughly cleaned and used 
enough times to wear off the 

785
00:40:43,800 --> 00:40:46,900
outer layer. 
Bone served similar purposes to 

786
00:40:46,900 --> 00:40:51,100
Horn cattle bones, particularly 
the leg bones provided solid 

787
00:40:51,100 --> 00:40:53,000
material, that could be carved 
or worked. 

788
00:40:53,600 --> 00:40:56,400
Bone was harder than horn and 
did not soften with heat the 

789
00:40:56,400 --> 00:40:58,500
same way. 
This made it more difficult to 

790
00:40:58,500 --> 00:41:00,800
work, but also more durable in 
the finished product. 

791
00:41:01,600 --> 00:41:03,200
Bone handles on knives were 
common. 

792
00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:05,900
Entire spoons, carved from bone 
were less common. 

793
00:41:05,900 --> 00:41:09,700
But did exist, the handles of 
knives, received special 

794
00:41:09,700 --> 00:41:13,000
attention from craftspeople. 
A good handle needed to fit 

795
00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:16,000
comfortably in the hand and 
provide secure grip, even when 

796
00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:19,600
wet or greasy, The material had 
to withstand moisture without 

797
00:41:19,600 --> 00:41:22,400
rotting or warping. 
It should be a attractive but 

798
00:41:22,400 --> 00:41:24,500
not so ornate that it interfered
with function. 

799
00:41:25,600 --> 00:41:28,100
Handle makers became Specialists
and selecting and working 

800
00:41:28,100 --> 00:41:32,500
materials like stag antler, 
Ivory Hardwoods and various 

801
00:41:32,500 --> 00:41:36,400
synthetics in later periods. 
Stag antler was prized for knife

802
00:41:36,400 --> 00:41:39,500
handles because of its natural 
beauty and excellent handling 

803
00:41:39,500 --> 00:41:42,200
qualities. 
Each piece of antler was unique 

804
00:41:42,200 --> 00:41:45,300
with its own grain and color. 
Variations, the dense outer 

805
00:41:45,300 --> 00:41:47,900
layer provided durability. 
While the inner core could be 

806
00:41:47,908 --> 00:41:51,700
worked more easily antler. 
Handles aged weld developing a 

807
00:41:51,700 --> 00:41:54,700
patina from use that many people
found attractive, the main 

808
00:41:54,700 --> 00:41:58,200
limitation was size antler 
pieces, were relatively small, 

809
00:41:58,200 --> 00:42:02,000
limiting handle designs, Ivory, 
despite being expensive and 

810
00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:04,800
ethically problematic. 
From a modern perspective was 

811
00:42:04,800 --> 00:42:07,800
valued for high-end utensil 
handles and decorative elements.

812
00:42:08,500 --> 00:42:12,700
Elephant Ivory was the most 
prized being dense, smooth and 

813
00:42:12,700 --> 00:42:14,600
capable of taking extremely 
fine. 

814
00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:18,300
Carving Walrus Ivory serves 
similar purposes in Northern 

815
00:42:18,300 --> 00:42:21,800
regions, hippopotamus. 
Ivory was used in Africa and by 

816
00:42:21,800 --> 00:42:25,300
those with access to African 
trade, all these materials are 

817
00:42:25,300 --> 00:42:28,100
now rightly banned, or heavily 
restricted but they played 

818
00:42:28,100 --> 00:42:30,300
significant roles in 
historically utensil 

819
00:42:30,300 --> 00:42:33,300
craftsmanship. 
The joinery where blade meaty 

820
00:42:33,300 --> 00:42:35,400
handle was a Crucial, Technical 
detail. 

821
00:42:36,200 --> 00:42:39,400
A poorly attached handle could 
come loose during use, rendering

822
00:42:39,400 --> 00:42:42,800
the utensil useless or even 
dangerous, Tang, construction 

823
00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:45,500
involved, extending the blade 
Metal into the handle material 

824
00:42:45,500 --> 00:42:47,500
and securing it with pins or 
adhesive. 

825
00:42:48,300 --> 00:42:50,400
Fulltank designs. 
Where the metal extended? 

826
00:42:50,400 --> 00:42:53,000
The full length of the handle 
provided maximum strength? 

827
00:42:53,800 --> 00:42:56,500
Partial Tang designed for 
cheaper, but less robust. 

828
00:42:56,500 --> 00:42:59,300
Some knife makers used 
alternative construction 

829
00:42:59,300 --> 00:43:02,200
methods. 
Stick Tang designs had a thin 

830
00:43:02,200 --> 00:43:05,600
metal extension that inserted 
into a hole drilled in the 

831
00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:07,900
handle. 
These were easier to make but 

832
00:43:07,900 --> 00:43:11,100
provided less strength, the 
handle could, potentially spin 

833
00:43:11,100 --> 00:43:13,900
on the Tang or pull off entirely
if not properly secured. 

834
00:43:14,700 --> 00:43:17,100
Quality makers, avoided this 
construction for anything. 

835
00:43:17,100 --> 00:43:20,400
But decorative pieces not 
intended for hard, use the 

836
00:43:20,400 --> 00:43:24,100
forging and grinding of blades, 
was its own specialized skill. 

837
00:43:25,100 --> 00:43:29,200
Iron and Steel had to be heated 
hammered shaped and heat treated

838
00:43:29,200 --> 00:43:32,100
to develop the right combination
of hardness and flexibility. 

839
00:43:32,700 --> 00:43:34,800
A blade. 
That was too hard, would be 

840
00:43:34,808 --> 00:43:38,200
brittle and could snap. 
A blade too, soft would not hold

841
00:43:38,200 --> 00:43:41,200
an edge, the balance point 
depended on the carbon content 

842
00:43:41,200 --> 00:43:43,900
of the steel and the exact 
temperature Cycles during 

843
00:43:43,900 --> 00:43:47,200
forging and temporary. 
Sharpening techniques varied by 

844
00:43:47,208 --> 00:43:51,100
region and period grinding 
wheels, powered by foot treadles

845
00:43:51,100 --> 00:43:53,500
allowed controlled shaping of 
Blade edges. 

846
00:43:54,200 --> 00:43:57,200
Wet stones with different grits,
refined edges, to razor 

847
00:43:57,200 --> 00:44:00,600
sharpness honing with leather, 
strops gave final polish. 

848
00:44:01,300 --> 00:44:04,100
Professional sharpeners traveled
from town to town offering their

849
00:44:04,100 --> 00:44:06,300
services. 
A skilled sharpener. 

850
00:44:06,300 --> 00:44:09,100
Could extend the useful life of 
a knife or other Edge tool by 

851
00:44:09,100 --> 00:44:12,000
years. 
The craft guilds that regulated 

852
00:44:12,000 --> 00:44:14,900
utensil making and forced 
quality standards and protected 

853
00:44:14,900 --> 00:44:17,700
Trade Secrets. 
Apprentices spent Years 

854
00:44:17,700 --> 00:44:21,200
Learning, the trade under master
Craftsman, journeyman traveled 

855
00:44:21,200 --> 00:44:24,200
to gain experience in different 
workshops before potentially, 

856
00:44:24,200 --> 00:44:27,800
becoming Masters themselves. 
This system ensured that 

857
00:44:27,808 --> 00:44:30,600
traditional skills passed from 
generation to generation of 

858
00:44:30,600 --> 00:44:35,400
competition and kept prices High
which benefitted established 

859
00:44:35,400 --> 00:44:38,300
Kraft's people that made fine 
utensils expensive for 

860
00:44:38,300 --> 00:44:41,500
consumers. 
Regional Styles developed based 

861
00:44:41,500 --> 00:44:44,800
on local materials and 
traditions English silversmiths 

862
00:44:44,800 --> 00:44:46,300
favored. 
Certain handle shapes and 

863
00:44:46,300 --> 00:44:49,200
decorative motifs, French 
makers, preferred different 

864
00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:51,100
proportions and ornamental 
styles. 

865
00:44:51,700 --> 00:44:54,400
German metal workers, had their 
own distinctive approaches. 

866
00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:58,000
These Regional differences were 
recognizable to educated 

867
00:44:58,000 --> 00:45:00,200
consumers. 
Who could identify a spoon or 

868
00:45:00,200 --> 00:45:02,400
knife origin by its design 
characteristics. 

869
00:45:02,400 --> 00:45:05,300
The Industrial Revolution 
transformed utensil 

870
00:45:05,300 --> 00:45:08,600
manufacturing mechanized 
production made standardized 

871
00:45:08,600 --> 00:45:11,700
utensils, much cheaper and more 
available Drop. 

872
00:45:11,700 --> 00:45:14,400
Forging could shape metal 
quickly without extensive hand 

873
00:45:14,400 --> 00:45:16,800
hammering. 
Rolling Mills produced, uniform,

874
00:45:16,800 --> 00:45:19,800
sheets, and blanks 
electroplating allowed base 

875
00:45:19,800 --> 00:45:21,700
metal utensils to be coated with
thin. 

876
00:45:21,700 --> 00:45:25,100
Layers of silver, giving the 
appearance of solid silver at a 

877
00:45:25,100 --> 00:45:27,800
fraction of the cost. 
These Innovations, democratized 

878
00:45:27,800 --> 00:45:31,300
access to decent utensils but 
reduced the distinctiveness of 

879
00:45:31,300 --> 00:45:34,600
individual pieces, the dinner 
table as we know it today, 

880
00:45:34,600 --> 00:45:38,100
emerged gradually from the late 
1700s through the 1800s. 

881
00:45:38,100 --> 00:45:41,500
The idea that each person should
have their own complete set of 

882
00:45:41,500 --> 00:45:43,400
matched utensils was relatively 
new. 

883
00:45:44,300 --> 00:45:47,500
So was the concept of specific 
utensils for specific Foods. 

884
00:45:47,500 --> 00:45:50,900
The modern place setting is the 
result of increasing formality, 

885
00:45:50,900 --> 00:45:54,500
social competition and 
Manufacturing capabilities that 

886
00:45:54,500 --> 00:45:56,200
made elaborate table settings 
possible. 

887
00:45:56,900 --> 00:45:59,900
The Matched set of utensils 
developed as a marker of good 

888
00:45:59,908 --> 00:46:03,400
taste and household order. 
Rather than each family member 

889
00:46:03,400 --> 00:46:06,500
having their own personal spoon 
knife and fork with no 

890
00:46:06,500 --> 00:46:08,000
particular relationship to each 
other. 

891
00:46:08,700 --> 00:46:11,600
The ideal became sets where all 
the pieces, shared the same 

892
00:46:11,600 --> 00:46:15,500
pattern and style manufacturers 
began producing utensils in 

893
00:46:15,500 --> 00:46:19,700
matching patterns, specifically,
marketed as complete sets the 

894
00:46:19,700 --> 00:46:21,300
number of pieces in a proper 
set. 

895
00:46:21,300 --> 00:46:24,600
Expanded dramatically a basic 
setting might include a dinner 

896
00:46:24,600 --> 00:46:27,800
knife dinner Fork salad fork 
soup spoon and teaspoon. 

897
00:46:28,800 --> 00:46:32,000
More elaborate Services, added 
fish knives and forks, desert, 

898
00:46:32,000 --> 00:46:35,300
spoons, and forks, serving 
pieces, and specialized 

899
00:46:35,300 --> 00:46:39,800
implements for specific Foods. 
By the late 1800s, a complete 

900
00:46:39,800 --> 00:46:42,500
formal service could include 
dozens of different utensil 

901
00:46:42,500 --> 00:46:44,700
types. 
This proliferation of 

902
00:46:44,700 --> 00:46:46,800
specialized utensils was partly 
functional. 

903
00:46:47,800 --> 00:46:50,500
Different foods, genuinely 
benefitted from different tools,

904
00:46:50,500 --> 00:46:52,900
but it was a about social 
signaling. 

905
00:46:52,900 --> 00:46:56,200
Knowing what you tell to use 
for, which course, demonstrated 

906
00:46:56,200 --> 00:46:59,800
education and refinement, the 
complexity of the rules served 

907
00:46:59,800 --> 00:47:03,400
to separate those who knew from 
those who did not, Table setting

908
00:47:03,400 --> 00:47:07,200
a form of social gatekeeping, 
the fish knife provides, an 

909
00:47:07,200 --> 00:47:10,000
excellent example of 
specialization that was more 

910
00:47:10,000 --> 00:47:13,800
about etiquette than necessity. 
Fish knives appeared in the 

911
00:47:13,800 --> 00:47:17,500
mid-1800s with broad flat blades
and no sharp edge. 

912
00:47:18,100 --> 00:47:21,000
The shapes supposedly helped 
lift fish without breaking it 

913
00:47:21,000 --> 00:47:23,100
apart. 
The lack of sharp edge was based

914
00:47:23,100 --> 00:47:25,600
on the theory that cutting fish 
was unnecessary since it was 

915
00:47:25,608 --> 00:47:28,900
naturally tender. 
In practice regular knives, work

916
00:47:28,900 --> 00:47:32,400
perfectly well for fish, but 
using the marked you as ignorant

917
00:47:32,400 --> 00:47:36,800
of proper form, the asparagus 
tongs Lobster Forks, snail, 

918
00:47:36,800 --> 00:47:39,700
tongs and other highly 
specialized implements represent

919
00:47:39,700 --> 00:47:42,700
the peak of this trend. 
These tools solved minor 

920
00:47:42,700 --> 00:47:46,000
problems in eating particular 
foods, but they also made dining

921
00:47:46,000 --> 00:47:48,900
more complicated and exclusive. 
Wealthy. 

922
00:47:48,900 --> 00:47:51,400
Victorian households might own 
sets of utensils. 

923
00:47:51,400 --> 00:47:55,100
They used only a few times per 
year kept in special storage to 

924
00:47:55,100 --> 00:47:58,100
prevent tarnish. 
The arrangement of utensils on 

925
00:47:58,100 --> 00:48:01,900
the table, followed increasingly
rigid rules Forks, went on the 

926
00:48:01,900 --> 00:48:04,700
left side of the plate, knives 
and spoonz on the right. 

927
00:48:05,600 --> 00:48:06,900
Utensils were placed in the 
order. 

928
00:48:06,900 --> 00:48:10,000
They would be used working from 
the outside toward the plate. 

929
00:48:10,000 --> 00:48:12,800
Desert utensils might be placed 
above the plate. 

930
00:48:12,800 --> 00:48:16,000
These conventions varied 
slightly by country with 

931
00:48:16,000 --> 00:48:19,200
European and American practices 
diverging in some details. 

932
00:48:19,200 --> 00:48:22,300
But the basic principle of 
ordered Arrangement became 

933
00:48:22,300 --> 00:48:26,000
Universal informal dining The 
practice of eating European 

934
00:48:26,000 --> 00:48:28,100
style versus American style 
created. 

935
00:48:28,100 --> 00:48:31,900
Another layer of rules European 
diners kept the fork in the left

936
00:48:31,900 --> 00:48:34,700
hand throughout the meal. 
The tines pointed downward 

937
00:48:34,700 --> 00:48:37,500
Americans cut food with knife 
and fork. 

938
00:48:37,500 --> 00:48:40,500
Then switched the fork to the 
right hand with tines pointed 

939
00:48:40,500 --> 00:48:42,100
upward to convey food to the 
mouth. 

940
00:48:42,900 --> 00:48:44,600
Both Styles, worked perfectly 
well. 

941
00:48:44,600 --> 00:48:47,600
But each culture considered its 
own method, obviously, correct 

942
00:48:47,600 --> 00:48:50,500
and natural. 
Stainless steel, revolutionized 

943
00:48:50,500 --> 00:48:52,800
utensil Manufacturing in the 
early 1900s. 

944
00:48:54,000 --> 00:48:56,800
This alloy of Steel with 
chromium and nickel, resisted 

945
00:48:56,800 --> 00:49:00,000
rust, and tarnish far, better 
than traditional steel or 

946
00:49:00,000 --> 00:49:02,600
silver. 
Stainless steel utensils could 

947
00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:05,300
be washed roughly and required. 
No special care. 

948
00:49:06,100 --> 00:49:08,900
They made practical everyday 
flatware accessible to everyone,

949
00:49:08,900 --> 00:49:11,800
regardless of social class. 
The metal had only one 

950
00:49:11,800 --> 00:49:14,200
significant drawback from 
manufacturers and retailers 

951
00:49:14,200 --> 00:49:17,000
stainless steel utensils lasted 
so long. 

952
00:49:17,000 --> 00:49:20,200
That customers rarely needed 
Replacements, the appearance of 

953
00:49:20,208 --> 00:49:22,900
stainless steel initially 
disappointed, some consumers. 

954
00:49:23,700 --> 00:49:26,100
Early stainless Alloys had a 
dull, grayish appearance, 

955
00:49:26,100 --> 00:49:27,900
compared to the bright shine of 
silver. 

956
00:49:28,800 --> 00:49:31,700
Manufacturer as work to develop,
stainless formulations and 

957
00:49:31,700 --> 00:49:34,400
finishing techniques that more 
closely resembled Silver's 

958
00:49:34,400 --> 00:49:36,600
appearance. 
The materials practical 

959
00:49:36,600 --> 00:49:40,100
advantages, eventually, overcame
aesthetic concerns by the 

960
00:49:40,108 --> 00:49:42,600
mid-20th century. 
Stainless steel had largely 

961
00:49:42,600 --> 00:49:45,300
replaced silver for everyday 
dining in most households. 

962
00:49:46,000 --> 00:49:48,900
Silver retained, its Prestige 
for formal occasions and as an 

963
00:49:48,908 --> 00:49:52,100
indicator of wealth. 
Sterling silver flatware 

964
00:49:52,100 --> 00:49:54,600
remained a traditional wedding 
gift and family heirloom. 

965
00:49:55,300 --> 00:49:58,300
The care required for silver 
regular polishing to prevent 

966
00:49:58,300 --> 00:50:01,100
tarnish. 
Careful storage hand washing, 

967
00:50:01,100 --> 00:50:04,200
rather than dishwasher, use 
became part of the appeal, 

968
00:50:04,200 --> 00:50:07,300
owning silver flatware signaled 
that you had time and resources 

969
00:50:07,300 --> 00:50:10,400
to maintain it properly. 
Patterns in flatware became 

970
00:50:10,400 --> 00:50:13,700
another element of personal 
expression and social identity. 

971
00:50:14,700 --> 00:50:17,700
Manufacturers offered hundreds 
of pattern choices from simple 

972
00:50:17,700 --> 00:50:21,600
and modern to ornate. 
Lee traditional Your choice of 

973
00:50:21,600 --> 00:50:24,000
patterns. 
Supposedly reflected your taste 

974
00:50:24,000 --> 00:50:27,300
and personality Brides 
registering for flatware faced 

975
00:50:27,300 --> 00:50:30,100
pressure to select patterns. 
They would still like decades 

976
00:50:30,100 --> 00:50:33,400
later so since matching pieces 
were essential to a proper set, 

977
00:50:34,300 --> 00:50:37,000
The informal movement in 
mid-20th Century, America 

978
00:50:37,000 --> 00:50:40,300
challenge some of these rules. 
Casual dining became more 

979
00:50:40,300 --> 00:50:43,000
acceptable. 
Even for dinner parties, paper 

980
00:50:43,000 --> 00:50:45,500
plates and plastic utensils 
appeared for picnics and 

981
00:50:45,500 --> 00:50:48,900
informal gatherings, The full 
formal play setting with 

982
00:50:48,900 --> 00:50:51,900
multiple specialized utensils 
became reserved for increasingly

983
00:50:51,900 --> 00:50:54,800
rare occasions. 
Young people questioned whether 

984
00:50:54,800 --> 00:50:58,100
knowing which Fork to use really
mattered but while the rules 

985
00:50:58,100 --> 00:51:00,800
relaxed, the basic structure of 
the modern place setting 

986
00:51:00,800 --> 00:51:04,100
persisted even casual meals, 
typically involve each person 

987
00:51:04,100 --> 00:51:07,800
having their own fork knife and 
Spoon the idea of individual 

988
00:51:07,800 --> 00:51:10,300
utensils reach. 
Diner has become so embedded 

989
00:51:10,300 --> 00:51:13,100
that communally eating from 
shared dishes with shared 

990
00:51:13,100 --> 00:51:16,100
implements seems unhygienic or 
uncivilized to many Western 

991
00:51:16,100 --> 00:51:19,500
diners, despite this being 
standard practice for most of 

992
00:51:19,500 --> 00:51:22,500
human history and remaining 
common in many cultures today. 

993
00:51:23,500 --> 00:51:25,600
Asian dining Traditions, 
maintained different 

994
00:51:25,600 --> 00:51:29,000
relationships with utensils 
Chopsticks developed as the 

995
00:51:29,000 --> 00:51:32,600
primary eating Implement in 
China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam 

996
00:51:32,600 --> 00:51:36,300
these two stick tools, required 
different skills and Western 

997
00:51:36,300 --> 00:51:38,000
utensils but were equally 
effective. 

998
00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:40,700
Once mastered. 
Chopsticks could pick up small 

999
00:51:40,700 --> 00:51:44,900
morsels break apart larger items
and even serve as mixing tools. 

1000
00:51:44,900 --> 00:51:47,900
The cultural divide between 
Chopstick and Fort cultures 

1001
00:51:47,900 --> 00:51:51,200
persisted into modern times with
these groups, sometimes viewing 

1002
00:51:51,200 --> 00:51:54,400
the others, eating implements as
strange or difficult, the 

1003
00:51:54,400 --> 00:51:57,600
globalization of the late 20th 
and early 21st, centuries 

1004
00:51:57,600 --> 00:52:00,600
brought Chopsticks and Western 
utensils into closer contact. 

1005
00:52:01,500 --> 00:52:04,300
Many Asian restaurants in 
Western countries, provided both

1006
00:52:04,300 --> 00:52:08,000
Chopsticks and Western utensils 
allowing diners to choose. 

1007
00:52:08,800 --> 00:52:11,700
Some Western restaurant serving 
Asian Cuisine pushed customers 

1008
00:52:11,700 --> 00:52:15,000
to use chopsticks as part of an 
authentic experience, though, 

1009
00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:17,900
this occasionally veered into 
cultural performance rather than

1010
00:52:17,900 --> 00:52:21,100
practical necessity. 
The mingling of utensil 

1011
00:52:21,100 --> 00:52:24,700
Traditions continues to evolve 
environmental, concerns of 

1012
00:52:24,700 --> 00:52:28,000
recently influenced utensil 
choices disposable plastic 

1013
00:52:28,000 --> 00:52:31,700
utensils once seen as convenient
and hygienic are now recognized 

1014
00:52:31,700 --> 00:52:35,200
as problematic waste products. 
Many consumers have returned to 

1015
00:52:35,200 --> 00:52:38,700
carrying reusable utensils, 
echoing the medieval practice of

1016
00:52:38,700 --> 00:52:42,100
bringing your own eating, 
implements the specific concerns

1017
00:52:42,100 --> 00:52:45,500
of change, but the pattern of 
people adapting their utensil 

1018
00:52:45,500 --> 00:52:48,000
used to broader social value 
continues. 

1019
00:52:49,000 --> 00:52:51,200
True of utensils remains open to
Innovation. 

1020
00:52:51,200 --> 00:52:54,900
Specialized tools for specific, 
dietary needs continue to 

1021
00:52:54,900 --> 00:52:57,000
appear. 
Adaptive utensils. 

1022
00:52:57,000 --> 00:52:59,500
Help people with disabilities. 
Eat independently. 

1023
00:53:00,500 --> 00:53:03,000
Material Science. 
May produce new substances that 

1024
00:53:03,000 --> 00:53:06,200
combine the best properties of 
existing materials, but the 

1025
00:53:06,200 --> 00:53:09,800
basic forms of spoon knife and 
fork seem like likely to persist

1026
00:53:09,800 --> 00:53:12,100
these shapes solve fundamental 
problems. 

1027
00:53:12,100 --> 00:53:14,800
So, effectively that radical 
changes appear unnecessary. 

1028
00:53:16,000 --> 00:53:18,500
The modern table setting 
represents the accumulated, 

1029
00:53:18,500 --> 00:53:21,200
decisions, of thousands, of 
years of human experience with 

1030
00:53:21,200 --> 00:53:23,800
dining. 
The specific arrangement of 

1031
00:53:23,800 --> 00:53:25,900
knife, 4, can spoon beside your 
plate. 

1032
00:53:25,900 --> 00:53:29,900
Connects to Medieval European 
practices, ancient Roman habits,

1033
00:53:29,900 --> 00:53:33,300
and prehistoric Innovations. 
When you sit down to eat with 

1034
00:53:33,300 --> 00:53:36,600
utensils tonight, you 
participate in an unbroken chain

1035
00:53:36,600 --> 00:53:38,200
of human attempts to eat more 
effectively. 

1036
00:53:38,200 --> 00:53:42,100
And gracefully the tools may 
have changed but the fundamental

1037
00:53:42,100 --> 00:53:44,700
goals remain the same. 
You have journeyed, through 

1038
00:53:44,708 --> 00:53:46,500
thousands of years of utensil 
history. 

1039
00:53:46,500 --> 00:53:49,900
From the first Sharps Stone used
to cut meat to the gleaming 

1040
00:53:49,900 --> 00:53:51,700
stainless steel on modern 
tables. 

1041
00:53:52,600 --> 00:53:56,300
The path was not straight or 
simple Innovations, arose, 

1042
00:53:56,300 --> 00:53:59,500
independently in different 
cultures, some tools spread 

1043
00:53:59,500 --> 00:54:02,000
quickly, While others took 
centuries to gain acceptance, 

1044
00:54:02,000 --> 00:54:06,400
social class, religious beliefs,
and practical necessity. 

1045
00:54:06,400 --> 00:54:09,600
All shaped how humans learned to
eat with tools rather than hands

1046
00:54:09,600 --> 00:54:12,400
alone. 
The spoon emerged early as a 

1047
00:54:12,400 --> 00:54:15,900
universal solution to eating 
liquids, the knife transitioned 

1048
00:54:15,900 --> 00:54:18,800
from weapon to dining Implement 
through gradual design, changes 

1049
00:54:18,800 --> 00:54:22,300
and social rules the fork 
overcame surprising resistance 

1050
00:54:22,300 --> 00:54:25,600
to become a central. 
Each tool has its own story of 

1051
00:54:25,600 --> 00:54:29,000
human, creativity responding to 
needs as you rest tonight. 

1052
00:54:29,600 --> 00:54:32,100
Perhaps, you will notice the 
ordinary utensils around you 

1053
00:54:32,100 --> 00:54:35,400
with fresh appreciation. 
These simple metal objects, 

1054
00:54:35,400 --> 00:54:39,300
represent accumulated, wisdom, 
craftsmanship, and social 

1055
00:54:39,300 --> 00:54:41,700
Evolution stretching, back to 
the beginning of human 

1056
00:54:41,700 --> 00:54:45,000
civilization. 
They are humble tools that they 

1057
00:54:45,000 --> 00:54:47,400
carry history in their forms 
sleep. 

1058
00:54:47,400 --> 00:54:50,900
Well tomorrow, you will use your
utensils again without thinking.

1059
00:54:50,900 --> 00:54:54,500
Much about them, that casual 
familiarity is itself a kind of 

1060
00:54:54,500 --> 00:54:58,200
success, the tools work so well,
that they disappear from 

1061
00:54:58,200 --> 00:55:01,600
conscious attention, generations
of humans refine these 

1062
00:55:01,600 --> 00:55:03,900
implements until they became 
nearly perfect for their 

1063
00:55:03,900 --> 00:55:06,400
purposes. 
That achievement deserves 

1064
00:55:06,400 --> 00:55:09,700
recognition even if only in 
Quiet Moments before sleep. 

1065
00:55:10,600 --> 00:55:13,700
The story of utensils is not 
finished innovation's. 

1066
00:55:13,700 --> 00:55:16,500
Continue new materials and 
Designs appear. 

1067
00:55:16,500 --> 00:55:20,500
But the basic task remains 
unchanged humans. 

1068
00:55:20,500 --> 00:55:23,500
Need to eat and tools make 
eating easier and more pleasant.

1069
00:55:24,300 --> 00:55:27,800
This simple truth is connected 
every human society across time 

1070
00:55:27,800 --> 00:55:29,900
and space as you drift towards 
sleep. 

1071
00:55:29,900 --> 00:55:32,400
You are part of that. 
Long story, caring forward, 

1072
00:55:32,400 --> 00:55:35,400
Traditions that stretch back 
before recorded history began. 

1073
00:55:38,300 --> 00:55:42,400
You're standing in a library in 
1871 running your fingers along 

1074
00:55:42,400 --> 00:55:45,700
leather-bound volumes that smell
of must and possibility. 

1075
00:55:45,700 --> 00:55:48,800
Outside Gaslight flickers 
against London's fog. 

1076
00:55:48,800 --> 00:55:52,100
But here in this quiet Corner, 
you've stumbled upon something 

1077
00:55:52,100 --> 00:55:55,300
that makes your pulse. 
Quicken, just slightly a German 

1078
00:55:55,300 --> 00:55:58,900
businessman named Heinrich 
schliemann as published claims 

1079
00:55:58,900 --> 00:56:01,300
so outrageous that Scholars, 
dismissed them with barely 

1080
00:56:01,300 --> 00:56:04,900
concealed contempt. 
He insists that Troy the 

1081
00:56:04,900 --> 00:56:08,600
legendary City from Homer's 
ancient poems, actually existed 

1082
00:56:08,600 --> 00:56:10,700
as a real place. 
You could visit touch and 

1083
00:56:10,700 --> 00:56:14,300
excavate from Turkish soil. 
The academic establishment 

1084
00:56:14,300 --> 00:56:17,700
considers this laugh of all Troy
belongs to mythology. 

1085
00:56:17,700 --> 00:56:22,700
They insist no more real than 
unicorns or dragons Homer's epic

1086
00:56:22,700 --> 00:56:27,000
Tales served as entertainment 
moral instruction, perhaps, but 

1087
00:56:27,000 --> 00:56:30,500
certainly not as geographical 
guidebooks you can almost hear 

1088
00:56:30,500 --> 00:56:32,700
The scoffing Echoes through 
University Halls. 

1089
00:56:32,700 --> 00:56:36,800
As professors Waverly, man's 
theories with the same casual 

1090
00:56:36,800 --> 00:56:38,900
dismissal. 
They'd give to claims of 

1091
00:56:38,908 --> 00:56:42,400
Atlantis or El Dorado but 
schliemann possesses something 

1092
00:56:42,400 --> 00:56:44,600
more valuable than academic 
credentials. 

1093
00:56:45,600 --> 00:56:49,600
He has homeless text of Fortune 
from his business ventures and 

1094
00:56:49,600 --> 00:56:52,400
an unshakable conviction that 
stories preserve truth. 

1095
00:56:52,400 --> 00:56:55,400
While others read The Iliad as 
pure fiction. 

1096
00:56:55,400 --> 00:57:00,100
He notices the specific details 
the descriptions of landscape 

1097
00:57:00,100 --> 00:57:04,100
features the mentions of 
distances between locations and 

1098
00:57:04,100 --> 00:57:06,500
the careful accounting of 
geographical markers. 

1099
00:57:06,500 --> 00:57:09,400
That seem too precise for Pure 
invention. 

1100
00:57:09,400 --> 00:57:13,400
You follow his journey in your 
mind's eye, he arrives at a Hill

1101
00:57:13,400 --> 00:57:16,900
Called hisarlik in Northwestern 
turkey where local farmers, 

1102
00:57:16,900 --> 00:57:19,200
grazed their sheep across what 
appears to be. 

1103
00:57:19,200 --> 00:57:21,500
Nothing more than unremarkable 
Terrain. 

1104
00:57:22,500 --> 00:57:25,000
The soil, feels ordinary his 
boots. 

1105
00:57:25,000 --> 00:57:28,900
The wind carries the same salt 
smell from the nearby Dardanelle

1106
00:57:28,900 --> 00:57:31,500
straight that it has carried for
thousands of years. 

1107
00:57:32,400 --> 00:57:34,700
Nothing announces itself, as 
extraordinary. 

1108
00:57:35,600 --> 00:57:39,800
Yes, he begins to dig the first 
days yield Pottery, shards and 

1109
00:57:39,800 --> 00:57:41,600
Broken Walls. 
That could belong to any 

1110
00:57:41,600 --> 00:57:44,500
forgotten settlement. 
The workers, he's hired. 

1111
00:57:44,500 --> 00:57:47,100
Probably wonder about this 
foreigners obsession with their 

1112
00:57:47,100 --> 00:57:51,300
Dusty Hillside, but as the 
excavation deepens layers reveal

1113
00:57:51,300 --> 00:57:55,300
themselves, like pages in a book
written in soil and stone, each 

1114
00:57:55,300 --> 00:57:59,000
stratum tells a story of 
habitation destruction and 

1115
00:57:59,000 --> 00:58:01,900
rebuilding. 
The hill contains, not one city 

1116
00:58:01,900 --> 00:58:05,700
but many stacked atop each other
in archaeological succession. 

1117
00:58:05,700 --> 00:58:09,500
When schliemann's team uncovers 
fortification walls of massive, 

1118
00:58:09,500 --> 00:58:13,200
Limestone blocks fitted together
with techniques that speak of 

1119
00:58:13,200 --> 00:58:14,800
significant engineering 
knowledge. 

1120
00:58:15,800 --> 00:58:19,700
Shape of something magnificent 
begins to emerge, these aren't 

1121
00:58:19,700 --> 00:58:21,900
the modest remains of a simple 
farming Village. 

1122
00:58:21,900 --> 00:58:26,400
The defensive structure suggests
a city that expected attack that

1123
00:58:26,400 --> 00:58:29,500
prepared for Siege and that 
mattered enough to defend with 

1124
00:58:29,500 --> 00:58:32,400
substantial resources. 
You can imagine running your 

1125
00:58:32,400 --> 00:58:36,500
hands along those ancient Stones
feeling the tool marks, left by 

1126
00:58:36,500 --> 00:58:39,500
Bronze Age, Masons who shaped 
each block with patient, 

1127
00:58:39,500 --> 00:58:43,000
Precision, the walls, curve and 
angle, according to strategic 

1128
00:58:43,000 --> 00:58:45,500
military principles, that 
wouldn't feel out of place in 

1129
00:58:45,500 --> 00:58:48,300
much later. 
Fortifications, someone designed

1130
00:58:48,300 --> 00:58:51,200
these defenses with careful 
thought about sight lines 

1131
00:58:51,200 --> 00:58:54,900
defensive positions and the 
psychology of attackers facing 

1132
00:58:54,900 --> 00:58:58,700
seemingly impenetrable barriers,
the discovery of a massive 

1133
00:58:58,700 --> 00:59:02,200
Treasure Trove gold golden Dyer.
Dems, silver vessels copper 

1134
00:59:02,200 --> 00:59:06,000
Shields creates an international
sensation though. 

1135
00:59:06,000 --> 00:59:08,300
Shemans methods of removing 
these artifacts would make 

1136
00:59:08,300 --> 00:59:12,500
modern archaeologists wince, but
the treasure itself matters less

1137
00:59:12,500 --> 00:59:16,100
than what it represents. 
Proof that this location housed 

1138
00:59:16,100 --> 00:59:20,000
a wealthy significant City 
during exactly the period. 

1139
00:59:20,000 --> 00:59:23,300
When homeless Troy would have 
flourished, Critic scrambled to 

1140
00:59:23,300 --> 00:59:26,500
explain away the findings. 
Perhaps, this is a city, they 

1141
00:59:26,500 --> 00:59:28,800
can see but surely not, the Troy
of Legend. 

1142
00:59:29,600 --> 00:59:32,400
The connection to Homer's epic 
remains speculation, they 

1143
00:59:32,400 --> 00:59:34,500
insist. 
Even as more evidence 

1144
00:59:34,500 --> 00:59:38,600
accumulates the site's location 
matches home as descriptions 

1145
00:59:38,600 --> 00:59:41,900
with Eerie accuracy, the 
Strategic importance of 

1146
00:59:41,908 --> 00:59:44,900
controlling the Dardanelles, the
narrow straight, connecting the 

1147
00:59:44,900 --> 00:59:47,500
Mediterranean to the Black Sea 
explains. 

1148
00:59:47,500 --> 00:59:51,000
Why such a city would have 
existed here and why others 

1149
00:59:51,000 --> 00:59:54,700
might have waged War to control 
it, as you settle deeper into 

1150
00:59:54,700 --> 00:59:57,200
your imaginary exploration of 
these discoveries. 

1151
00:59:57,200 --> 01:00:00,600
You realize that schliemann's 
Vindication teaches something 

1152
01:00:00,600 --> 01:00:04,500
profound about the relationship 
between story and Truth. 

1153
01:00:05,300 --> 01:00:07,400
Legends. 
Don't materialize from nothing. 

1154
01:00:07,400 --> 01:00:12,200
They emerge from real events, 
real places and real people 

1155
01:00:12,200 --> 01:00:15,600
whose accomplishments impressed 
their contemporary so deeply 

1156
01:00:15,600 --> 01:00:18,900
that the tales of survived 
centuries of retelling. 

1157
01:00:19,900 --> 01:00:23,800
The conspiracy wasn't really 
about Troy's existence the real 

1158
01:00:23,800 --> 01:00:25,900
hidden. 
Truth was that oral traditions 

1159
01:00:25,900 --> 01:00:29,600
and epic, poetry could preserve 
accurate geographical and 

1160
01:00:29,600 --> 01:00:33,800
historical information across 
vast stretches of time something

1161
01:00:33,800 --> 01:00:37,000
that scholarly convention 
insisted was impossible. 

1162
01:00:37,000 --> 01:00:40,200
Ancient storytellers weren't 
simply entertaining their 

1163
01:00:40,200 --> 01:00:43,700
audiences with fanciful Tales, 
they were encoding and 

1164
01:00:43,700 --> 01:00:45,900
transmitting genuine knowledge 
about their world. 

1165
01:00:45,900 --> 01:00:49,300
Wrapping facts in narrative, so 
compelling that people would 

1166
01:00:49,300 --> 01:00:50,900
remember and repeat them for 
Generations. 

1167
01:00:50,900 --> 01:00:54,500
Later excavations would reveal 
even more layers. 

1168
01:00:54,500 --> 01:00:57,600
More complexity and more 
confirmation that this site 

1169
01:00:57,600 --> 01:01:00,900
witnessed the rise and fall of 
significant civilizations. 

1170
01:01:00,900 --> 01:01:04,600
Modern, archaeologists working 
with better techniques and more 

1171
01:01:04,600 --> 01:01:08,800
careful, documentation and 
employed continue to uncover 

1172
01:01:08,800 --> 01:01:10,200
evidence. 
That makes the connection 

1173
01:01:10,200 --> 01:01:13,000
between this Turkish Hillside 
and homeless descriptions 

1174
01:01:13,000 --> 01:01:16,200
increasingly difficult to 
dismiss. 

1175
01:01:16,200 --> 01:01:20,000
You can almost smell the dust of
excavation that Particular 

1176
01:01:20,000 --> 01:01:23,300
Center of disturbed Earth that 
hasn't felt sunlight in Melania.

1177
01:01:24,500 --> 01:01:27,400
The workers tools scrape against
Stone and pottery. 

1178
01:01:27,400 --> 01:01:30,300
Each sound potentially 
announcing another Revelation. 

1179
01:01:30,300 --> 01:01:34,300
The patient work of archeology 
proceeds and careful increments 

1180
01:01:34,300 --> 01:01:36,800
brushing away. 
Dirt to expose what previous 

1181
01:01:36,800 --> 01:01:40,400
generations tried to preserve or
simply Left Behind when 

1182
01:01:40,400 --> 01:01:43,300
circumstances forced them to 
abandon their homes. 

1183
01:01:43,300 --> 01:01:47,200
The story of Troy's rediscovery,
reminds you that sometimes the 

1184
01:01:47,200 --> 01:01:50,100
wildest sounding theories 
deserves serious consideration, 

1185
01:01:50,100 --> 01:01:53,000
the conspiracy theorists of 
schlee. 

1186
01:01:53,000 --> 01:01:56,300
Mandira those who insisted that 
Legends contained historical 

1187
01:01:56,300 --> 01:01:59,500
kernels worth investigating 
Turned out to understand 

1188
01:01:59,500 --> 01:02:01,900
something that conventional 
wisdom missed. 

1189
01:02:02,600 --> 01:02:04,800
Ancient people were primitive 
fabulous. 

1190
01:02:04,800 --> 01:02:08,100
They were sophisticated 
observers, who encoded their 

1191
01:02:08,100 --> 01:02:10,700
knowledge of the world into 
stories designed to survive. 

1192
01:02:10,700 --> 01:02:15,200
Now your hiking through dense 
Peruvian jungle machete in hand 

1193
01:02:15,200 --> 01:02:18,300
pushing aside vegetation that 
seems determined to reclaim 

1194
01:02:18,300 --> 01:02:20,700
every inch of ground from Human 
intrusion. 

1195
01:02:20,700 --> 01:02:24,600
The year is 1950 and you're 
following Rumours that most 

1196
01:02:24,600 --> 01:02:27,800
serious Scholars, consider, 
beneath their attention local 

1197
01:02:27,800 --> 01:02:29,800
people. 
Speak of ancient roads running 

1198
01:02:29,800 --> 01:02:32,700
through impossible. 
Terrain connecting distance 

1199
01:02:32,700 --> 01:02:35,400
sights in the Andes with 
engineering that supposedly 

1200
01:02:35,400 --> 01:02:37,800
Rivals. 
Anything modern civilization as 

1201
01:02:37,800 --> 01:02:40,900
achieved. 
The academic Consensus 

1202
01:02:40,900 --> 01:02:44,400
dismisses, These stories. 
Yes the Inca built some 

1203
01:02:44,400 --> 01:02:46,700
impressive structures experts 
acknowledge. 

1204
01:02:46,700 --> 01:02:50,800
But the claims about vast Road 
networks spanning, thousands of 

1205
01:02:50,800 --> 01:02:54,400
miles strain credulity the 
terrain, in this part of South 

1206
01:02:54,400 --> 01:02:57,000
America, presents challenges, 
that would defeat even 

1207
01:02:57,000 --> 01:03:00,900
contemporary engineers. 
Mountains rise so steeply that 

1208
01:03:00,900 --> 01:03:03,700
constructing sustained Roots, 
seems physically impossible 

1209
01:03:03,700 --> 01:03:06,600
jungles grow. 
So thick that maintaining any 

1210
01:03:06,600 --> 01:03:09,800
kind of pathway would require 
constant exhausting labor. 

1211
01:03:11,100 --> 01:03:14,500
But Hiram Bingham, the Explorer,
whose footsteps, your retracing 

1212
01:03:14,500 --> 01:03:17,800
keeps hearing consistent stories
from people who live in these 

1213
01:03:17,800 --> 01:03:20,400
mountains. 
They describe Pathways that run 

1214
01:03:20,400 --> 01:03:23,200
from Ecuador to Chile Crossing 
some of the most hostile 

1215
01:03:23,200 --> 01:03:26,200
landscape on Earth. 
They mentioned Bridges spanning 

1216
01:03:26,200 --> 01:03:29,700
gorgeous, so deep that you 
couldn't see the bottom even on 

1217
01:03:29,700 --> 01:03:32,900
the clearest day, they talk 
about rest stations positioned 

1218
01:03:32,900 --> 01:03:36,600
at precise intervals allowing 
travelers to make predictable 

1219
01:03:36,600 --> 01:03:39,000
progress through terrain that 
should have been impossible. 

1220
01:03:39,000 --> 01:03:42,700
Your climbing now following what
looks like nothing more than a 

1221
01:03:42,700 --> 01:03:46,500
slightly elevated Ridge through 
the forest Then you know noticed

1222
01:03:46,500 --> 01:03:50,400
that the slope beneath your feet
feels too consistent, who 

1223
01:03:50,400 --> 01:03:54,300
carefully graded to be natural 
pushing aside centers of plant 

1224
01:03:54,300 --> 01:03:56,400
growth, your fingers and counter
carefully. 

1225
01:03:56,400 --> 01:03:59,700
Fitted Stone's forming a surface
designed for travel. 

1226
01:04:00,500 --> 01:04:04,300
The road emerges from its 
camouflage, vegetation like a 

1227
01:04:04,300 --> 01:04:07,400
secret revealing itself. 
Reluctantly, the construction 

1228
01:04:07,400 --> 01:04:09,500
technique, makes you pause in 
admiration. 

1229
01:04:10,200 --> 01:04:13,600
These Builders didn't simply 
pile Stones randomly, they 

1230
01:04:13,600 --> 01:04:17,600
selected each piece for specific
characteristics, shape size, and

1231
01:04:17,600 --> 01:04:20,200
weight, distribution and fitted 
them together. 

1232
01:04:20,200 --> 01:04:24,600
So precisely that mortar became 
unnecessary Road surface, drains

1233
01:04:24,600 --> 01:04:27,400
water, effectively preventing 
the erosion. 

1234
01:04:27,400 --> 01:04:29,000
That would have destroyed lesser
construction. 

1235
01:04:29,000 --> 01:04:32,400
Centuries ago, the grade never 
exceeds certain limits 

1236
01:04:32,400 --> 01:04:35,500
suggesting that the engineers 
understood, the relationship 

1237
01:04:35,500 --> 01:04:37,500
between slope and sustainable 
travel. 

1238
01:04:38,400 --> 01:04:41,600
As you can continue following 
this route, the full scope of 

1239
01:04:41,600 --> 01:04:43,100
the achievement becomes 
apparent. 

1240
01:04:43,100 --> 01:04:46,500
This isn't a crude path worn by 
repeated foot traffic. 

1241
01:04:46,500 --> 01:04:50,100
It's an intentionally designed 
Transportation infrastructure, 

1242
01:04:50,100 --> 01:04:54,600
that required surveying planning
and organized labor on a scale 

1243
01:04:54,600 --> 01:04:57,400
that challenges assumptions 
about pre-columbian American 

1244
01:04:57,400 --> 01:04:59,300
civilizations. 
The road. 

1245
01:04:59,300 --> 01:05:02,200
Adjuster train changes with 
sophisticated Solutions, 

1246
01:05:02,200 --> 01:05:06,300
staircase, carved into Cliff 
faces where slopes become too. 

1247
01:05:06,300 --> 01:05:09,900
Steep retaining walls, 
preventing landslides and 

1248
01:05:09,900 --> 01:05:12,600
drainage systems channeling 
water away from the travel 

1249
01:05:12,600 --> 01:05:14,900
surface. 
You reach a section where the 

1250
01:05:14,900 --> 01:05:18,100
roads to a Mountainside 
suspended above a valley floor, 

1251
01:05:18,100 --> 01:05:20,500
so far below that it disappears 
into Haze. 

1252
01:05:21,500 --> 01:05:24,100
Looking at the engineering 
required to create, this passage

1253
01:05:24,100 --> 01:05:26,300
makes you slightly dizzy 
workers. 

1254
01:05:26,300 --> 01:05:29,500
Would have needed to secure 
themselves with ropes while 

1255
01:05:29,500 --> 01:05:31,500
chiseling foundations into Solid
Rock. 

1256
01:05:32,400 --> 01:05:35,400
They would have hauled massive 
Stones up slopes that exhaust, 

1257
01:05:35,400 --> 01:05:38,300
you even without carrying 
anything, they achieve this 

1258
01:05:38,308 --> 01:05:42,400
without wheels, without draft 
animals larger than llamas and 

1259
01:05:42,400 --> 01:05:44,600
without iron tools to cut 
through Stone. 

1260
01:05:44,600 --> 01:05:47,600
The conspiracy theory that 
Scholars mocked was simple 

1261
01:05:47,600 --> 01:05:50,300
indigenous. 
American civilizations had 

1262
01:05:50,300 --> 01:05:53,400
developed sophisticated 
engineering knowledge and 

1263
01:05:53,400 --> 01:05:57,100
organizational capacity without 
European influence the 

1264
01:05:57,100 --> 01:05:59,500
conventional wisdom of the early
20th century. 

1265
01:05:59,500 --> 01:06:01,100
Could not accommodate this 
possibility. 

1266
01:06:01,100 --> 01:06:04,400
It seemed more reasonable to 
attribute any impressive, 

1267
01:06:04,400 --> 01:06:08,300
pre-columbian achievements to 
Lost European visitors, or even 

1268
01:06:08,300 --> 01:06:12,500
extraterrestrial intervention 
than to accept that and people's

1269
01:06:12,500 --> 01:06:16,700
had independently developed 
Advanced technical skills, your 

1270
01:06:16,700 --> 01:06:18,700
resting. 
Now at one of the ways stations,

1271
01:06:18,700 --> 01:06:23,200
the locals mentioned, Structure.
Still stands partially ruined 

1272
01:06:23,200 --> 01:06:25,500
but recognizable. 
Positioned. 

1273
01:06:25,500 --> 01:06:27,300
Exactly. 
One day's travel from the 

1274
01:06:27,300 --> 01:06:31,100
previous station, the spacing 
reveals, careful planning based 

1275
01:06:31,100 --> 01:06:33,300
on realistic. 
Assessments of human endurance 

1276
01:06:33,300 --> 01:06:37,100
in high altitude conditions, 
Travelers could rely on finding 

1277
01:06:37,100 --> 01:06:40,400
shelter at predictable 
intervals, transforming a 

1278
01:06:40,400 --> 01:06:43,000
potentially deadly journey 
through hostile terrain into a 

1279
01:06:43,000 --> 01:06:45,800
manageable Expedition. 
The road Network, you're 

1280
01:06:45,800 --> 01:06:49,600
discovering stretches 
approximately 25,000 miles at 

1281
01:06:49,600 --> 01:06:52,800
its maximum extent. 
Connecting regions as 

1282
01:06:52,800 --> 01:06:56,000
climatically different as 
tropical coastal areas and 

1283
01:06:56,000 --> 01:07:00,200
frigid mountain, passes of 
14,000 feet, the inker didn't 

1284
01:07:00,200 --> 01:07:03,700
merely build paths between 
nearby settlements, they created

1285
01:07:03,700 --> 01:07:07,200
an integrated system that United
and Empire spanning much of 

1286
01:07:07,200 --> 01:07:11,500
Western South America, allowing 
rapid communication, military 

1287
01:07:11,500 --> 01:07:14,800
deployment, and economic 
exchange across distances that 

1288
01:07:14,800 --> 01:07:17,500
would have taken months to 
Traverse through unimproved 

1289
01:07:17,500 --> 01:07:20,400
terrain. 
Running your hands along the 

1290
01:07:20,400 --> 01:07:23,200
stone surface, worn Smooth by 
countless feet over. 

1291
01:07:23,200 --> 01:07:26,600
Centuries, you can almost feel 
the history embedded in these 

1292
01:07:26,600 --> 01:07:29,600
rocks Messengers called chaskey 
want sprinted. 

1293
01:07:29,600 --> 01:07:32,800
Along these routes carrying 
information through a relay 

1294
01:07:32,800 --> 01:07:36,200
system, that could transmit news
fast and seemed physically 

1295
01:07:36,200 --> 01:07:39,100
possible. 
Arm is marched, these roads 

1296
01:07:39,100 --> 01:07:42,100
their footsteps. 
Echoing against Mountain walls. 

1297
01:07:42,100 --> 01:07:46,200
Merchants transported. 
Goods Salt from coastal areas 

1298
01:07:46,200 --> 01:07:50,700
potatoes from Highland farms and
tropical fruits from Jungle 

1299
01:07:50,700 --> 01:07:54,500
regions creating economic 
integration that wouldn't exist 

1300
01:07:54,500 --> 01:07:57,800
again in South America, until 
the modern era, the bridges 

1301
01:07:57,800 --> 01:08:00,200
prove even more impressive than 
the roads themselves. 

1302
01:08:00,200 --> 01:08:04,200
The Inca Engineers mastered 
suspension bridge construction. 

1303
01:08:04,200 --> 01:08:08,100
Weaving cables from grass fibers
that could support significant 

1304
01:08:08,100 --> 01:08:11,500
weight loss, spanning distance. 
Is that stone construction could

1305
01:08:11,500 --> 01:08:15,100
not achieve you encounter. 
The remains of one such Crossing

1306
01:08:15,100 --> 01:08:17,700
where anchor points carved into 
Cliff faces. 

1307
01:08:17,700 --> 01:08:21,100
Once held cables stretching 
across a gap that makes your 

1308
01:08:21,100 --> 01:08:23,399
stomach tighten. 
Just looking at it modern 

1309
01:08:23,399 --> 01:08:26,600
testing of reconstructed in 
cabridge, reveals engineering 

1310
01:08:26,600 --> 01:08:28,500
principles. 
That wouldn't feel out of place 

1311
01:08:28,500 --> 01:08:31,899
in contemporary textbooks. 
The cables distribute weight of 

1312
01:08:31,899 --> 01:08:34,300
efficiently. 
The deck design provides 

1313
01:08:34,300 --> 01:08:37,000
stability against wind that 
whips through these mountain 

1314
01:08:37,000 --> 01:08:41,600
passes with terrifying Force. 
The whole structure flexes 

1315
01:08:41,600 --> 01:08:45,500
rather than resisting movement, 
allowing it to survive, stresses

1316
01:08:45,500 --> 01:08:49,200
that would snap more rigid 
constructions, the conspiracy 

1317
01:08:49,200 --> 01:08:53,200
wasn't about roads existing, 
every society creates paths 

1318
01:08:53,200 --> 01:08:56,500
between settlements, the hidden 
truth was that pre-columbian 

1319
01:08:56,500 --> 01:08:59,300
American civilizations had 
achieved engineering 

1320
01:08:59,300 --> 01:09:02,700
sophistication. 
That European scholars insisted 

1321
01:09:02,700 --> 01:09:07,399
required, knowledge transmitted 
from the old world, The roads, 

1322
01:09:07,399 --> 01:09:11,000
prove that indigenous people had
independently developed 

1323
01:09:11,000 --> 01:09:14,600
technical skills organizational 
methods and scientific 

1324
01:09:14,600 --> 01:09:18,600
understanding that conventional 
wisdom refused to acknowledge as

1325
01:09:18,600 --> 01:09:21,800
you continue your journey along,
these ancient Roots you notice 

1326
01:09:21,800 --> 01:09:25,399
smaller details that reveal the 
depth of planning involved the 

1327
01:09:25,399 --> 01:09:28,899
Inca position, their roads to 
minimize exposure to landslides 

1328
01:09:28,899 --> 01:09:32,200
and avalanches, they routed 
paths to take advantage of 

1329
01:09:32,200 --> 01:09:35,700
natural shelter, where possible 
they created drainage systems 

1330
01:09:35,700 --> 01:09:38,100
that still function after five 
centuries of neglect. 

1331
01:09:38,100 --> 01:09:41,700
Every decision, reflected 
accumulated, knowledge about how

1332
01:09:41,700 --> 01:09:43,899
to build infrastructure that 
could survive in some of 

1333
01:09:43,908 --> 01:09:46,899
Earth's, most challenging 
environments, your descending. 

1334
01:09:46,899 --> 01:09:50,100
Now following switchbacks that 
demonstrate another aspect of 

1335
01:09:50,100 --> 01:09:53,600
the engineers skill, rather than
a tempting impossibly steep 

1336
01:09:53,600 --> 01:09:57,600
grades, the roads zigzags down 
the Mountainside in a pattern, 

1337
01:09:57,600 --> 01:09:59,800
that makes The Descent 
manageable for travelers and 

1338
01:09:59,800 --> 01:10:03,000
cargo carriers. 
The turns Bank slightly like 

1339
01:10:03,000 --> 01:10:06,200
curves on a modern Highway 
reducing the risk of losing 

1340
01:10:06,200 --> 01:10:08,600
footing. 
On Corners, even the width of 

1341
01:10:08,608 --> 01:10:12,400
the road, very strategically 
wide on straight sections were 

1342
01:10:12,400 --> 01:10:15,500
multiple Travelers, might pass 
each other narrower through 

1343
01:10:15,500 --> 01:10:18,200
difficult terrain, where 
construction costs mattered more

1344
01:10:18,200 --> 01:10:20,900
than convenient. 
The discovery of these Road 

1345
01:10:20,900 --> 01:10:22,900
networks, didn't just reveal 
impressive. 

1346
01:10:22,900 --> 01:10:26,300
Engineering, it demonstrated 
that the Americas before 

1347
01:10:26,300 --> 01:10:31,300
European contact hosted complex,
organized societies capable of 

1348
01:10:31,300 --> 01:10:35,600
sustained large-scale projects 
requiring across Generations. 

1349
01:10:36,800 --> 01:10:38,900
The roads couldn't have been 
built quickly by small 

1350
01:10:38,900 --> 01:10:41,600
populations. 
They required centralized 

1351
01:10:41,600 --> 01:10:45,400
Authority, that could mobilize 
labor Engineers who could solve 

1352
01:10:45,400 --> 01:10:48,900
technical problems and Society. 
Stable enough to invest 

1353
01:10:48,900 --> 01:10:52,000
resources in infrastructure that
might take decades to complete. 

1354
01:10:52,000 --> 01:10:55,300
You're sitting in a monastery, 
library and 16th century. 

1355
01:10:55,300 --> 01:10:59,400
Spain examining manuscripts that
monks of carefully preserved 

1356
01:10:59,400 --> 01:11:02,000
from the burning and destruction
that followed Conquest. 

1357
01:11:03,000 --> 01:11:06,000
The leather bound Pages smell of
age and secrets. 

1358
01:11:06,500 --> 01:11:09,300
Outside the inquisitions 
influence, still shapes. 

1359
01:11:09,300 --> 01:11:11,800
What knowledge people dare to 
pursue and what questions? 

1360
01:11:11,800 --> 01:11:15,200
They risk asking. 
But here in this quiet room, 

1361
01:11:15,200 --> 01:11:18,800
you're looking at evidence that 
challenge, is everything Europe,

1362
01:11:18,800 --> 01:11:20,500
believes about mathematical 
sophistication. 

1363
01:11:20,500 --> 01:11:24,600
The documents before you can 
contain Mayan astronomical 

1364
01:11:24,600 --> 01:11:28,400
calculations that predict less 
of events with accuracy that 

1365
01:11:28,400 --> 01:11:31,000
European science won't match for
centuries. 

1366
01:11:31,000 --> 01:11:35,000
He trace your finger along 
Columns of dots and bars, the 

1367
01:11:35,000 --> 01:11:38,000
elegant Mayan number system, 
that includes a concept European

1368
01:11:38,000 --> 01:11:40,400
mathematics. 
Still struggles to fully Embrace

1369
01:11:40,400 --> 01:11:43,700
zero as a placeholder a number 
in its own. 

1370
01:11:43,700 --> 01:11:46,100
Right? 
The conspiracy theory that most 

1371
01:11:46,100 --> 01:11:49,700
European wooden accept was 
straightforward, People in the 

1372
01:11:49,708 --> 01:11:53,100
Americas at independently 
developed, advanced mathematics,

1373
01:11:53,100 --> 01:11:57,300
astronomy, and calendar systems,
without any influence from 

1374
01:11:57,300 --> 01:12:02,400
European Asian or African 
civilizations, the conventional 

1375
01:12:02,400 --> 01:12:05,100
wisdom. 
Insisted that such sophisticated

1376
01:12:05,100 --> 01:12:08,500
intellectual achievements, must 
have spread from a single 

1377
01:12:08,500 --> 01:12:12,300
Source, presumably somewhere in 
the Mediterranean or Middle East

1378
01:12:12,300 --> 01:12:15,900
because surely Humanity couldn't
have discovered these Concepts 

1379
01:12:15,900 --> 01:12:20,300
multiple times in isolation, but
the evidence before you tells a 

1380
01:12:20,300 --> 01:12:23,500
different story. 
The Mayan number system works in

1381
01:12:23,500 --> 01:12:27,200
base, 20, rather than the base 
10 that dominates European 

1382
01:12:27,200 --> 01:12:30,100
Counting. 
This wasn't a primitive choice 

1383
01:12:30,100 --> 01:12:33,700
or a sign of mathematical 
confusion, it represented a 

1384
01:12:33,700 --> 01:12:36,200
different but equally valid 
approach to representing 

1385
01:12:36,200 --> 01:12:39,000
quantities. 
One that actually offers certain

1386
01:12:39,000 --> 01:12:41,900
advantages for specific types of
calculations. 

1387
01:12:41,900 --> 01:12:44,300
You're examining a calendar 
calculation. 

1388
01:12:44,300 --> 01:12:47,200
Now watching how the Mayan 
system tracks multiple 

1389
01:12:47,200 --> 01:12:50,000
overlapping Cycles with 
Precision, that makes your head 

1390
01:12:50,000 --> 01:12:52,900
spin slightly. 
They maintained a sacred 

1391
01:12:52,900 --> 01:12:59,500
calendar of 260 days, a solar 
calendar of 365 days and along 

1392
01:12:59,500 --> 01:13:02,300
count that could track dates 
across thousands of years. 

1393
01:13:02,300 --> 01:13:06,200
The mathematical sophistication 
required to keep these systems 

1394
01:13:06,200 --> 01:13:08,900
synchronized while using them 
for practical purposes. 

1395
01:13:08,900 --> 01:13:13,900
Agricultural, planing religious 
ceremonies political events, 

1396
01:13:13,900 --> 01:13:18,000
reveals Minds as sharp as any in
European University's, 

1397
01:13:18,000 --> 01:13:21,400
astronomical observations proved
even more impressive. 

1398
01:13:22,200 --> 01:13:25,400
Mayan mathematicians calculated.
The lunar month to within 

1399
01:13:25,400 --> 01:13:28,300
seconds of what modern 
instruments reveal they 

1400
01:13:28,300 --> 01:13:31,200
predicted solar eclipses with 
accuracy that European 

1401
01:13:31,200 --> 01:13:34,300
astronomers could not match 
until they gained access to 

1402
01:13:34,300 --> 01:13:37,800
better tools and techniques 
centuries later they tracked 

1403
01:13:37,800 --> 01:13:39,500
Venus's movement through the 
sky. 

1404
01:13:39,500 --> 01:13:43,400
So precisely that their 
calculations remain useful to 

1405
01:13:43,400 --> 01:13:45,600
contemporary astronomers 
studying that planet. 

1406
01:13:45,600 --> 01:13:48,700
Cycle's. 
You can imagine my an observers 

1407
01:13:48,700 --> 01:13:52,300
on Pyramid platforms, watching 
the night sky with patient 

1408
01:13:52,300 --> 01:13:56,900
across Generations. 
He didn't have telescopes but 

1409
01:13:56,900 --> 01:14:00,000
they had time. 
Dedication and sophisticated, 

1410
01:14:00,000 --> 01:14:03,000
mathematical tools for analyzing
what they observed. 

1411
01:14:03,000 --> 01:14:06,100
Each generation refine the 
previous generations 

1412
01:14:06,100 --> 01:14:09,500
observations accumulating 
knowledge that eventually 

1413
01:14:09,500 --> 01:14:12,500
allowed them to predict 
celestial events years in 

1414
01:14:12,500 --> 01:14:15,800
advance. 
The conspiracy extended Beyond 

1415
01:14:15,800 --> 01:14:19,500
mathematics into writing 
systems, European scholars, 

1416
01:14:19,500 --> 01:14:23,200
initially refused to accept that
Mayan glyphs represented, a true

1417
01:14:23,208 --> 01:14:25,900
writing system rather than 
simple pictographs. 

1418
01:14:25,900 --> 01:14:30,000
The idea that indigenous 
Americans had independently 

1419
01:14:30,000 --> 01:14:33,600
invented complex written 
language complete with phonetic 

1420
01:14:33,600 --> 01:14:35,800
elements, grammatical 
structures. 

1421
01:14:35,800 --> 01:14:40,500
And the ability to express 
abstract Concepts contradicted. 

1422
01:14:40,500 --> 01:14:44,200
Assumptions of the unique 
Brilliance of Old World 

1423
01:14:44,200 --> 01:14:47,900
civilizations, but the glyphs 
clearly functioned as genuine 

1424
01:14:47,900 --> 01:14:51,100
writing, You're looking at a 
text that records historical 

1425
01:14:51,100 --> 01:14:55,700
events, Royal genius, allergies 
and mythological narratives with

1426
01:14:55,700 --> 01:14:58,700
the same sophistication that 
Latin or Greek achieved. 

1427
01:14:58,700 --> 01:15:02,100
The writing system, combines 
logo, graphic, and phonetic 

1428
01:15:02,100 --> 01:15:04,400
elements. 
Allowing it to represent, both 

1429
01:15:04,400 --> 01:15:06,700
concrete objects and abstract 
ideas. 

1430
01:15:06,700 --> 01:15:10,300
With equal facility. 
Scribes could record sounds 

1431
01:15:10,300 --> 01:15:13,600
meaningless and subtle, 
grammatical distinctions that 

1432
01:15:13,600 --> 01:15:16,300
turn their language into 
permanent readable form. 

1433
01:15:17,300 --> 01:15:20,300
The mathematical achievements 
embedded in Mayan construction, 

1434
01:15:20,300 --> 01:15:23,600
provide another layer of 
evidence, your examining 

1435
01:15:23,600 --> 01:15:27,900
architectural drawings now or 
rather proportions preserved in 

1436
01:15:27,908 --> 01:15:30,300
surviving structures. 
That reveal the mathematical 

1437
01:15:30,300 --> 01:15:34,000
principles underlying their 
design Mayan Builders use 

1438
01:15:34,000 --> 01:15:36,600
sophisticated geometry to create
buildings aligned to 

1439
01:15:36,608 --> 01:15:40,000
astronomical events. 
Pyramids oriented. 

1440
01:15:40,000 --> 01:15:43,100
So that sunlight, creates, 
specific, shadow effects during 

1441
01:15:43,100 --> 01:15:46,900
equinoxes. 
Doorways, positioned to frame 

1442
01:15:46,900 --> 01:15:49,100
particular stars at significant 
dates. 

1443
01:15:49,100 --> 01:15:52,100
The conspiracy theorists of the 
colonial period. 

1444
01:15:52,100 --> 01:15:55,600
Those few Europeans who insisted
on taking Maya intellectual 

1445
01:15:55,600 --> 01:15:59,300
achievement seriously, Faced 
ridicule and professional 

1446
01:15:59,300 --> 01:16:03,300
consequences acknowledging that 
people in the Americas, had 

1447
01:16:03,300 --> 01:16:06,100
independently developed advanced
mathematics, and astronomy 

1448
01:16:06,100 --> 01:16:09,700
challenged theological 
certainties about human Origins 

1449
01:16:09,700 --> 01:16:13,600
and dispersal it complicated 
narratives about European 

1450
01:16:13,600 --> 01:16:16,600
cultural superiority. 
It raised uncomfortable 

1451
01:16:16,600 --> 01:16:19,300
questions about what else 
indigenous peoples might have 

1452
01:16:19,300 --> 01:16:21,800
discovered that conquest and 
disease are destroyed. 

1453
01:16:21,800 --> 01:16:25,100
Before it could be properly, 
documented, your examining a 

1454
01:16:25,100 --> 01:16:28,300
mathematical texts dealing with 
what we'd call calculus the 

1455
01:16:28,300 --> 01:16:29,900
mathematics of continuous 
change. 

1456
01:16:29,900 --> 01:16:32,600
Mayan mathematicians didn't 
develop this. 

1457
01:16:32,600 --> 01:16:35,700
Exactly as Europeans would 
centuries later, but they 

1458
01:16:35,700 --> 01:16:39,400
clearly grasped Concepts about 
tracking changing quantities 

1459
01:16:39,400 --> 01:16:44,000
over time, calculating areas 
under curves and understanding 

1460
01:16:44,000 --> 01:16:46,800
accumulation in ways that 
anticipate later. 

1461
01:16:46,800 --> 01:16:49,700
Mathematical developments the 
zero itself. 

1462
01:16:49,700 --> 01:16:53,700
Deserves special attention Mayan
mathematicians developed this 

1463
01:16:53,700 --> 01:16:56,900
concept in dependently, using it
both as a placeholder. 

1464
01:16:57,600 --> 01:17:01,000
Making positional notation work 
and as a number in his own 

1465
01:17:01,000 --> 01:17:03,500
right. 
European mathematics wouldn't 

1466
01:17:03,500 --> 01:17:06,700
fully Embrace zero until well 
after contact with Arabic 

1467
01:17:06,700 --> 01:17:11,200
mathematical Traditions, yet 
here at functions naturally in a

1468
01:17:11,200 --> 01:17:14,000
system developed in complete, 
isolation from Old World 

1469
01:17:14,000 --> 01:17:17,700
influences, you can almost hear 
the scratch of a Mayan scribes 

1470
01:17:17,700 --> 01:17:19,900
brush against paper made from 
tree bark. 

1471
01:17:20,600 --> 01:17:24,300
Carefully recording calculations
that would preserve astronomical

1472
01:17:24,300 --> 01:17:26,000
knowledge for future 
Generations. 

1473
01:17:26,000 --> 01:17:29,500
The concentration required for 
this work and the understanding 

1474
01:17:29,500 --> 01:17:32,500
that you're contributing to an 
accumulating body of knowledge 

1475
01:17:32,500 --> 01:17:36,000
that transcends individual 
lifetimes creates a connection 

1476
01:17:36,000 --> 01:17:38,900
across centuries. 
Those scribes knew they were 

1477
01:17:38,900 --> 01:17:42,200
building something that mattered
preserving discoveries that took

1478
01:17:42,200 --> 01:17:46,000
generations to accumulate. 
The architectural evidence 

1479
01:17:46,000 --> 01:17:48,000
speaks to practical applications
of this. 

1480
01:17:48,000 --> 01:17:50,800
Mathematical knowledge. 
My Anne Builders created 

1481
01:17:50,800 --> 01:17:53,700
structures that still stands 
centuries after construction 

1482
01:17:53,700 --> 01:17:57,100
despite earthquakes hurricanes 
and the weight of jungle 

1483
01:17:57,100 --> 01:18:00,300
vegetation trying to pull them 
down the proportions of these 

1484
01:18:00,300 --> 01:18:03,000
buildings, reflect a 
sophisticated understanding of 

1485
01:18:03,000 --> 01:18:06,300
Structural Engineering load 
distribution and the 

1486
01:18:06,308 --> 01:18:09,700
relationship between four and 
function, your studying the 

1487
01:18:09,700 --> 01:18:12,800
remains of an astronomical 
Observatory now or what 

1488
01:18:12,800 --> 01:18:15,000
Scholars? 
Have identified, as such based 

1489
01:18:15,000 --> 01:18:18,100
on a alignments that couldn't 
have occurred by Chance the 

1490
01:18:18,100 --> 01:18:21,900
structure tracks solar and lunar
cycles with Precision that 

1491
01:18:21,900 --> 01:18:23,800
required. 
Both mathematical sophistication

1492
01:18:23,800 --> 01:18:26,400
and patience of observation of 
cross. 

1493
01:18:26,400 --> 01:18:29,700
Many years, the builders 
positioned windows and doorways 

1494
01:18:29,700 --> 01:18:33,900
to frame specific, celestial 
events, turning architecture 

1495
01:18:33,900 --> 01:18:36,200
into a permanent record of 
astronomical knowledge. 

1496
01:18:37,300 --> 01:18:40,700
The conspiracy wasn't just about
mathematics existing in 

1497
01:18:40,700 --> 01:18:43,500
isolation from European 
influence, the deeper hidden 

1498
01:18:43,500 --> 01:18:46,100
truth was that human 
intelligence developed 

1499
01:18:46,100 --> 01:18:48,900
sophisticated solutions to 
complex problems, wherever 

1500
01:18:48,900 --> 01:18:52,900
people have time, resources and 
motivation to pursue knowledge, 

1501
01:18:52,900 --> 01:18:56,000
systematically the Mayan, 
mathematical achievements, 

1502
01:18:56,000 --> 01:18:58,800
demonstrated that intellectual 
advancement doesn't require 

1503
01:18:58,800 --> 01:19:02,600
specific, cultural lineages or 
divine inspiration. 

1504
01:19:02,600 --> 01:19:06,400
Limited to particular regions. 
It emerges from Human capacity 

1505
01:19:06,400 --> 01:19:09,300
to observe patterns test ideas 
and build on previous 

1506
01:19:09,300 --> 01:19:12,300
generations, discoveries. 
You're walking through a 

1507
01:19:12,300 --> 01:19:16,000
rainforest in the Amazon, basin,
your booting through mud that 

1508
01:19:16,000 --> 01:19:18,500
smells of decomposition and 
growth occurring. 

1509
01:19:18,500 --> 01:19:22,800
Simultaneously air wraps around 
you like a warm damp blanket, 

1510
01:19:22,800 --> 01:19:26,100
carrying a thousand different 
plants sentence indigenous 

1511
01:19:26,100 --> 01:19:29,300
guides lead you to trees and 
vines that European trained. 

1512
01:19:29,300 --> 01:19:32,900
Doctors insist couldn't possibly
contain the medicinal 

1513
01:19:32,900 --> 01:19:35,300
properties. 
That local people claim the 

1514
01:19:35,300 --> 01:19:37,100
medical establishment in the 
early 20th. 

1515
01:19:37,400 --> 01:19:40,400
Tree maintains firm positions 
about indigenous knowledge, 

1516
01:19:40,400 --> 01:19:43,600
native peoples might have 
stumbled upon a few useful 

1517
01:19:43,600 --> 01:19:46,700
plants through trial and error, 
doctors acknowledge grudgingly, 

1518
01:19:46,700 --> 01:19:50,200
but the sophisticated 
pharmacological understanding 

1519
01:19:50,200 --> 01:19:53,300
they claim seems implausible, 
real medicine requires 

1520
01:19:53,300 --> 01:19:58,100
laboratory research, controlled 
testing and scientific rigor 

1521
01:19:58,100 --> 01:20:01,600
that supposedly couldn't exist 
in cultures without formal 

1522
01:20:01,600 --> 01:20:05,600
academic institutions, but your 
guides demonstrate knowledge. 

1523
01:20:05,600 --> 01:20:09,200
That makes you question these 
dismissive assumptions, they 

1524
01:20:09,200 --> 01:20:11,400
identify specific plants for 
particular. 

1525
01:20:11,400 --> 01:20:15,200
Ailments with confidence born 
from generations, of careful 

1526
01:20:15,200 --> 01:20:19,100
observation, they explain 
preparation methods which parts 

1527
01:20:19,100 --> 01:20:23,200
of a plant to use how to extract
active compounds and what 

1528
01:20:23,200 --> 01:20:25,900
dosages proved effective without
causing harm. 

1529
01:20:25,900 --> 01:20:29,500
They discuss contraindications 
and interactions between 

1530
01:20:29,500 --> 01:20:33,500
different medicines with the 
same careful attention to detail

1531
01:20:33,500 --> 01:20:36,600
that European Farmers assist 
claim as their exclusive domain.

1532
01:20:37,400 --> 01:20:41,400
Your examining sin of Bach. 
Now, the source of quinine that 

1533
01:20:41,400 --> 01:20:44,500
European doctors reluctantly 
admitted could treat malaria. 

1534
01:20:44,500 --> 01:20:49,100
After centuries of indigenous, 
use in South America, your guide

1535
01:20:49,100 --> 01:20:51,300
explains how our ancestors 
identified. 

1536
01:20:51,300 --> 01:20:54,300
This particular tree species, 
among thousands in the forest. 

1537
01:20:55,000 --> 01:20:58,500
How they discovered that bark 
from specific elevations proved 

1538
01:20:58,500 --> 01:21:02,000
more effective than others, and 
how they developed extraction 

1539
01:21:02,000 --> 01:21:05,600
techniques, that maximize the 
active compound concentration. 

1540
01:21:05,600 --> 01:21:09,300
The conspiracy theory that 
medical professionals refused to

1541
01:21:09,300 --> 01:21:13,000
accept was that indigenous 
peoples had developed genuine 

1542
01:21:13,000 --> 01:21:16,200
pharmacological knowledge, 
through systematic observation 

1543
01:21:16,200 --> 01:21:18,900
and experimentation the 
conventional wisdom. 

1544
01:21:18,900 --> 01:21:22,700
Insisted that effective medicine
required written records, formal

1545
01:21:22,700 --> 01:21:26,300
education and scientific 
methodology that supposedly 

1546
01:21:26,300 --> 01:21:30,000
didn't exist in oral cultures. 
Therefore any effective 

1547
01:21:30,000 --> 01:21:33,200
indigenous remedies must 
represent lucky accidents rather

1548
01:21:33,200 --> 01:21:36,500
than true Medical Science. 
But the evidence suggests 

1549
01:21:36,500 --> 01:21:40,400
otherwise your learning about 
Ayahuasca now, not the 

1550
01:21:40,400 --> 01:21:44,100
recreational substance that 
would later attract tourists but

1551
01:21:44,100 --> 01:21:47,300
the medicinal compound that 
indigenous healers developed for

1552
01:21:47,300 --> 01:21:50,900
specific therapeutic purposes. 
The preparation requires 

1553
01:21:50,900 --> 01:21:53,500
combining two plants that 
separately don't produce the 

1554
01:21:53,500 --> 01:21:56,400
desired effects. 
Together, they create a 

1555
01:21:56,408 --> 01:21:59,400
substance, whose mechanism of 
action involves chemical 

1556
01:21:59,400 --> 01:22:01,600
interactions. 
That European farmer College 

1557
01:22:01,600 --> 01:22:04,400
couldn't fully explain for 
decades after Western 

1558
01:22:04,400 --> 01:22:06,000
scientists. 
First encountered it, 

1559
01:22:06,700 --> 01:22:09,400
Sophistication required to 
discover this combination makes 

1560
01:22:09,400 --> 01:22:12,400
your head spin slightly. 
The Amazon contains 

1561
01:22:12,400 --> 01:22:16,400
approximately 80,000 plant 
species, the probability of 

1562
01:22:16,408 --> 01:22:19,300
randomly combining these two 
specific plants in the right 

1563
01:22:19,300 --> 01:22:23,000
proportions. 
Seems astronomically small it 

1564
01:22:23,000 --> 01:22:26,000
indigenous healers, not only 
made this discovery, but also 

1565
01:22:26,000 --> 01:22:28,900
understood the conditions under 
which the medicine worked, most 

1566
01:22:28,900 --> 01:22:33,000
effectively who should receive 
it and who shouldn't and how to 

1567
01:22:33,000 --> 01:22:37,000
manage the experience to achieve
therapeutic rather than merely 

1568
01:22:37,000 --> 01:22:40,100
disorienting effects. 
You can imagine the generations 

1569
01:22:40,100 --> 01:22:42,400
of careful observation this 
knowledge required. 

1570
01:22:43,300 --> 01:22:46,600
Someone noticed that particular 
plants produce specific effects.

1571
01:22:47,100 --> 01:22:49,800
Others experimented with 
different preparations, 

1572
01:22:49,800 --> 01:22:53,100
different combinations and 
different dosages, knowledge 

1573
01:22:53,100 --> 01:22:57,500
accumulated as people compared 
experiences, refined techniques 

1574
01:22:57,500 --> 01:23:00,900
and developed, increasingly 
sophisticated, understanding of 

1575
01:23:00,900 --> 01:23:03,800
how these medicines interacted 
with human physiology. 

1576
01:23:03,800 --> 01:23:06,300
The guides are showing you wound
treatment techniques. 

1577
01:23:06,300 --> 01:23:09,500
Now using plants that prevent 
infection with Effectiveness. 

1578
01:23:09,500 --> 01:23:13,400
European medicine wouldn't match
until antibiotics became 

1579
01:23:13,400 --> 01:23:15,100
available in the mid-20th 
century. 

1580
01:23:15,100 --> 01:23:18,700
They explain how to identify the
right plants even when they're 

1581
01:23:18,700 --> 01:23:21,300
not flowering. 
How to prepare, poultices that 

1582
01:23:21,300 --> 01:23:24,600
prevent bacterial growth and how
to assess whether a wound 

1583
01:23:24,608 --> 01:23:28,500
requires additional intervention
Beyond Botanical treatment, the 

1584
01:23:28,500 --> 01:23:33,000
conspiracy extended to surgical 
knowledge indigenous peoples, in

1585
01:23:33,000 --> 01:23:36,300
several regions performed 
trepanation, drilling holes, in 

1586
01:23:36,300 --> 01:23:39,600
skulls, to relieve pressure, or 
treat, head injuries with 

1587
01:23:39,600 --> 01:23:42,800
survival rates that wouldn't 
shame modern, neurosurgery 

1588
01:23:42,800 --> 01:23:46,400
archaeological, evidence, shows 
healed, skulls demonstrating, 

1589
01:23:46,400 --> 01:23:49,200
that patients, Survived these 
procedures and recovered 

1590
01:23:49,200 --> 01:23:52,300
sufficiently for bone to regrow 
around the surgical opening. 

1591
01:23:52,300 --> 01:23:56,400
This requires, understanding of 
sterility pain management and 

1592
01:23:56,400 --> 01:23:59,600
post-operative care that 
supposedly didn't exist outside 

1593
01:23:59,600 --> 01:24:02,200
European. 
Medical Traditions, your 

1594
01:24:02,200 --> 01:24:05,100
examining coca leaves now which 
are guide choose to manage 

1595
01:24:05,100 --> 01:24:07,000
altitude sickness during 
Mountain Travel. 

1596
01:24:07,000 --> 01:24:10,000
She explains the difference 
between traditional use of the 

1597
01:24:10,000 --> 01:24:13,500
leaf, which provides mild 
stimulation and altitude 

1598
01:24:13,500 --> 01:24:16,900
adaptation and concentrated 
extraction that creates 

1599
01:24:16,900 --> 01:24:20,200
problematic compounds. 
The knowledge embedded in this 

1600
01:24:20,200 --> 01:24:23,100
distinction reveals a 
sophisticated understanding of 

1601
01:24:23,100 --> 01:24:26,600
pharmacology. 
Indigenous people's recognize 

1602
01:24:26,600 --> 01:24:29,700
that route of administration 
dosage and preparation Method. 

1603
01:24:29,700 --> 01:24:33,500
All affect a substance is impact
on human physiology. 

1604
01:24:33,500 --> 01:24:36,700
The medical knowledge in 
compasses more than just 

1605
01:24:36,700 --> 01:24:39,600
pharmaceutical plants, your 
learning about dietary, 

1606
01:24:39,600 --> 01:24:42,900
treatments for specific 
conditions, Physical Therapy 

1607
01:24:42,900 --> 01:24:46,000
techniques for injuries and 
mental health interventions. 

1608
01:24:46,000 --> 01:24:49,200
That modern psychology is only 
beginning to appreciate 

1609
01:24:49,200 --> 01:24:52,100
indigenous. 
Healers understood that treating

1610
01:24:52,100 --> 01:24:55,300
patients required, addressing 
physical psychological and 

1611
01:24:55,300 --> 01:24:57,300
social dimensions of illness and
attaining. 

1612
01:24:57,300 --> 01:25:00,700
His A holistic approach that 
Western medicine, would 

1613
01:25:00,700 --> 01:25:03,700
eventually ReDiscover and 
Rebrand as Integrative 

1614
01:25:03,700 --> 01:25:07,400
Healthcare. 
The guides discussed diagnostic 

1615
01:25:07,400 --> 01:25:10,400
techniques that involve 
observing subtle signs that 

1616
01:25:10,400 --> 01:25:14,000
European trained doctors would 
dismiss a Superstition, but when

1617
01:25:14,000 --> 01:25:16,800
you watch carefully, you notice 
their tracking real 

1618
01:25:16,800 --> 01:25:20,400
physiological. 
Indicators changes in skin color

1619
01:25:20,400 --> 01:25:22,300
that suggests circulatory 
problems. 

1620
01:25:22,300 --> 01:25:25,200
Alterations in breathing 
patterns that indicate 

1621
01:25:25,200 --> 01:25:28,600
respiratory issues and 
behavioral shifts that signal 

1622
01:25:28,600 --> 01:25:31,900
neurological concerns. 
They've simply developed 

1623
01:25:31,900 --> 01:25:35,500
observational skills, so refined
that they can conclusions seem 

1624
01:25:35,500 --> 01:25:37,500
intuitive rather than 
analytical. 

1625
01:25:38,600 --> 01:25:41,100
You can almost smell the bitter 
alkaloids in the plant. 

1626
01:25:41,100 --> 01:25:44,400
Your guide is preparing now 
explaining its use for Digestive

1627
01:25:44,400 --> 01:25:46,800
complaints. 
The preparation involves 

1628
01:25:46,800 --> 01:25:51,400
specific timing harvesting at 
particular seasons processing 

1629
01:25:51,400 --> 01:25:54,800
within certain time frames and 
storing under control 

1630
01:25:54,800 --> 01:25:57,200
conditions. 
This level of detail 

1631
01:25:57,200 --> 01:26:01,100
demonstrates empirical testing 
across Generations, careful, 

1632
01:26:01,100 --> 01:26:04,500
documentation through, oral 
tradition and systematic 

1633
01:26:04,500 --> 01:26:07,800
knowledge, accumulation that 
deserves recognition as genuine 

1634
01:26:07,800 --> 01:26:10,800
scientific methodology. 
Even if it didn't involve 

1635
01:26:10,800 --> 01:26:15,200
written records or laboratory 
equipment, the conspiracy wasn't

1636
01:26:15,200 --> 01:26:18,100
about whether indigenous 
peoples, use plants as medicine,

1637
01:26:18,100 --> 01:26:21,500
even the most dismissive 
European doctors are 

1638
01:26:21,500 --> 01:26:24,100
acknowledged that much. 
The hidden truth was the 

1639
01:26:24,100 --> 01:26:26,700
indigenous cultures had 
developed sophisticated medical 

1640
01:26:26,700 --> 01:26:29,000
knowledge through rigorous 
observation and testing. 

1641
01:26:30,000 --> 01:26:33,000
Creating pharmacological 
understanding that rivaled and 

1642
01:26:33,000 --> 01:26:36,500
sometimes exceeded what European
science had achieved through 

1643
01:26:36,500 --> 01:26:38,900
supposedly Superior academic 
methods. 

1644
01:26:38,900 --> 01:26:42,700
Your standing on a dock in the 
Mediterranean watching divers 

1645
01:26:42,700 --> 01:26:44,900
prepare equipment for an 
expedition that most 

1646
01:26:44,900 --> 01:26:48,700
archaeologists consider a waste 
of time and resources the year 

1647
01:26:48,700 --> 01:26:52,400
is 1953 and conventional wisdom 
insists that underwater 

1648
01:26:52,400 --> 01:26:55,000
archeology represents a 
contradiction in terms. 

1649
01:26:55,000 --> 01:26:57,800
Anything truly important 
wouldn't have ended up at the 

1650
01:26:57,808 --> 01:27:01,100
bottom of the sea experts argue 
and even if significant 

1651
01:27:01,100 --> 01:27:04,700
artifacts did sink The Saltwater
environment would have destroyed

1652
01:27:04,700 --> 01:27:08,100
them centuries ago but the 
divers preparing to descend 

1653
01:27:08,100 --> 01:27:11,400
don't share this pessimism 
they've heard stories from 

1654
01:27:11,400 --> 01:27:14,100
SpongeBob fishermen and local 
Sailors about shipwrecks 

1655
01:27:14,100 --> 01:27:18,100
containing him for he The clay 
jars ancient people's used for 

1656
01:27:18,100 --> 01:27:20,200
transporting wine or oil and 
other Goods. 

1657
01:27:20,200 --> 01:27:23,700
These humble containers might 
reveal information about ancient

1658
01:27:23,700 --> 01:27:27,900
trade routes economic systems, 
and cultural connections that 

1659
01:27:27,900 --> 01:27:31,400
written records never captured, 
because they seemed too mundane 

1660
01:27:31,400 --> 01:27:34,100
to document. 
You watch as the first diver 

1661
01:27:34,100 --> 01:27:37,400
disappears beneath the surface 
following bubbles, that Mark his

1662
01:27:37,400 --> 01:27:40,500
descent. 
The water here is remarkably 

1663
01:27:40,500 --> 01:27:44,100
clear allowing visibility that 
makes underwater exploration 

1664
01:27:44,100 --> 01:27:46,400
feasible. 
If not exactly comfortable 

1665
01:27:46,400 --> 01:27:50,500
minutes, pass with a peculiar 
that waiting always creates. 

1666
01:27:51,300 --> 01:27:55,100
Then the diver surfaces. 
Excitement evident even through 

1667
01:27:55,100 --> 01:27:58,000
his breathing apparatus. 
He's found something. 

1668
01:27:58,000 --> 01:28:01,200
Not just scattered Pottery 
shards but an organized 

1669
01:28:01,200 --> 01:28:03,800
shipwreck with cargo still 
arranged as it was when the 

1670
01:28:03,808 --> 01:28:07,000
vessel sank. 
Perhaps 2000 years ago, the 

1671
01:28:07,000 --> 01:28:09,500
conspiracy theory that 
underwater exploration would 

1672
01:28:09,500 --> 01:28:13,100
eventually prove was that 
ancient Maritime trade operated 

1673
01:28:13,100 --> 01:28:16,300
on a much larger scale than 
historical records suggested 

1674
01:28:16,300 --> 01:28:19,900
conventional wisdom held that 
ancient shipping was limited 

1675
01:28:19,900 --> 01:28:23,900
risky and confined to Coastal 
Waters where Sailors, could keep

1676
01:28:23,900 --> 01:28:26,000
land. 
In sight, the idea of the 

1677
01:28:26,000 --> 01:28:29,100
regular trade routes Criss 
crossed the Mediterranean that 

1678
01:28:29,100 --> 01:28:33,200
ships through carried, massive 
Cargoes across, open water that 

1679
01:28:33,200 --> 01:28:36,400
Maritime Commerce, formed the 
backbone of ancient economies 

1680
01:28:36,400 --> 01:28:39,900
all this seemed like romantic 
exaggeration rather than 

1681
01:28:39,900 --> 01:28:43,200
historical fact. 
But the shipwrecks tell a 

1682
01:28:43,200 --> 01:28:48,200
different story, your examining 
the first recovery now, abroad 

1683
01:28:48,200 --> 01:28:50,200
statue. 
So perfectly preserved by the 

1684
01:28:50,200 --> 01:28:52,600
marine environment that it looks
like it could have been 

1685
01:28:52,600 --> 01:28:56,700
submerged last week rather than 
Millennia ago the copper in the 

1686
01:28:56,708 --> 01:28:59,300
alloy created chemical 
conditions that prevented 

1687
01:28:59,300 --> 01:29:03,700
bacterial degradation Statue 
spent 2000 years at the bottom 

1688
01:29:03,700 --> 01:29:07,200
of the sea and emerged in better
condition than bronzes that 

1689
01:29:07,200 --> 01:29:12,200
survived above ground exposed to
air water cycles and human 

1690
01:29:12,200 --> 01:29:15,300
handling. 
The cargo itself reveals the 

1691
01:29:15,300 --> 01:29:19,000
scope of ancient trade. 
This single ship carried wine 

1692
01:29:19,000 --> 01:29:22,900
from one region, olive oil from 
another and manufactured goods 

1693
01:29:22,900 --> 01:29:26,200
from a third location. 
The amphi bear stamps. 

1694
01:29:26,200 --> 01:29:29,500
Identifying their Origins 
creating a map of commercial 

1695
01:29:29,500 --> 01:29:32,400
connections that stretched 
across the entire Mediterranean 

1696
01:29:32,400 --> 01:29:35,200
World. 
Some jars travel, thousands of 

1697
01:29:35,200 --> 01:29:38,800
miles from their production 
sites, suggesting regular trade 

1698
01:29:38,800 --> 01:29:41,600
routes, that connected diverse 
cultures in sustained. 

1699
01:29:41,600 --> 01:29:45,900
Economic relationships, your 
diving now yourself following 

1700
01:29:45,900 --> 01:29:48,300
the archaeologists who are 
mapping the Rex site with 

1701
01:29:48,300 --> 01:29:51,700
careful precision. 
The ship's remains rest on the 

1702
01:29:51,700 --> 01:29:55,500
seabed like a time capsule 
preserving a moment from ancient

1703
01:29:55,500 --> 01:29:57,700
Commerce. 
The wooden Hull is mostly 

1704
01:29:57,700 --> 01:30:01,400
decayed but the cargo that 
survived shows you how Merchants

1705
01:30:01,400 --> 01:30:04,900
organized their vessels heavy 
items low in the hold for 

1706
01:30:04,900 --> 01:30:08,700
stability fragile Goods, packed 
with protective materials, 

1707
01:30:08,700 --> 01:30:13,000
everything arranged to maximize 
the space available while 

1708
01:30:13,000 --> 01:30:16,900
maintaining seaworthiness the 
conspiracy extended Beyond 

1709
01:30:16,900 --> 01:30:21,100
Simple trade routes underwater 
archeology revealed that ancient

1710
01:30:21,100 --> 01:30:24,300
people's Harbor facilities. 
Far more sophisticated than 

1711
01:30:24,300 --> 01:30:28,300
textual sources suggested your 
swimming over the remains of a 

1712
01:30:28,300 --> 01:30:30,000
Roman Port. 
Now seeing underwater 

1713
01:30:30,000 --> 01:30:32,800
construction that demonstrates 
Advanced engineering knowledge. 

1714
01:30:32,800 --> 01:30:36,100
Stone blocks, fitted together 
with waterproof cement. 

1715
01:30:36,800 --> 01:30:40,600
Breakwater's position to protect
ships from storms, and Mooring, 

1716
01:30:40,600 --> 01:30:43,600
systems designed for vessels 
much larger than the modest 

1717
01:30:43,600 --> 01:30:45,800
craft that historical accounts 
described. 

1718
01:30:46,600 --> 01:30:49,600
The preservation underwater 
often exceeds what survives on 

1719
01:30:49,600 --> 01:30:52,300
land? 
Organic materials that would 

1720
01:30:52,300 --> 01:30:56,600
have rotted away and terrestrial
conditions, would rope and 

1721
01:30:56,600 --> 01:31:00,100
leather remain intact enough to 
study their construction. 

1722
01:31:00,100 --> 01:31:03,700
Your examining wooden parts of 
the ship's Hull that show the 

1723
01:31:03,700 --> 01:31:07,300
techniques ancient ship rights 
used to create vessels capable 

1724
01:31:07,300 --> 01:31:10,900
of Crossing open water, while 
carrying enormous loads, the 

1725
01:31:10,900 --> 01:31:14,300
planking reveals a sophisticated
understanding of how would Flex 

1726
01:31:14,300 --> 01:31:17,900
is under stress, how to join 
pieces to create waterproof 

1727
01:31:17,900 --> 01:31:21,900
seams and how to design hulls, 
that balance cargo capacity 

1728
01:31:21,900 --> 01:31:25,200
against sailing performance. 
The hidden truth that underwater

1729
01:31:25,200 --> 01:31:29,100
archeology exposed was that 
ancient Maritime technology was 

1730
01:31:29,100 --> 01:31:31,800
far more advanced than 
conventional history is 

1731
01:31:31,800 --> 01:31:34,100
acknowledged. 
Ships didn't simply hug 

1732
01:31:34,100 --> 01:31:38,300
coastlines limiting themselves 
to short Journeys with frequent 

1733
01:31:38,300 --> 01:31:41,500
stops, Navigators developed 
techniques for crossing Open 

1734
01:31:41,500 --> 01:31:44,700
Water, using Celestial 
navigation and seasonal wind 

1735
01:31:44,700 --> 01:31:47,600
patterns and accumulated. 
Knowledge about currents and 

1736
01:31:47,608 --> 01:31:50,800
weather shipbuilders created 
vessels that could survive 

1737
01:31:50,800 --> 01:31:53,300
storms powerful enough to sink 
modern craft. 

1738
01:31:54,400 --> 01:31:57,300
Merchants established trade 
networks, that functioned with 

1739
01:31:57,300 --> 01:32:00,500
impressive efficiency, despite 
the absent of modern 

1740
01:32:00,500 --> 01:32:03,300
communication technology, your 
surfacing. 

1741
01:32:03,300 --> 01:32:07,000
Now lungs grateful for fresh air
after breathing through the 

1742
01:32:07,000 --> 01:32:10,600
operators on the water. 
The afternoon sun, sparkles on 

1743
01:32:10,600 --> 01:32:13,800
wavelets, you can see the 
support vessel where 

1744
01:32:13,800 --> 01:32:17,400
archaeologists are cataloging 
the mornings discoveries, each 

1745
01:32:17,400 --> 01:32:20,500
artifact, recovered tells part 
of a larger story about ancient 

1746
01:32:20,500 --> 01:32:22,900
Commerce. 
About the movement of goods 

1747
01:32:22,900 --> 01:32:26,500
ideas and people across 
distances that supposedly 

1748
01:32:26,500 --> 01:32:30,500
represented impossible barriers 
to regular contact the ships 

1749
01:32:30,500 --> 01:32:32,900
themselves demonstrate. 
Technological sophistication 

1750
01:32:32,900 --> 01:32:37,400
that rewrites understanding of 
ancient capabilities Your 

1751
01:32:37,400 --> 01:32:40,400
examining technical drawings. 
Now based on hole remains 

1752
01:32:40,400 --> 01:32:44,000
recovered from multiple wrecks. 
The designs incorporate 

1753
01:32:44,000 --> 01:32:46,300
principles that wouldn't be 
rediscovered until the age of 

1754
01:32:46,308 --> 01:32:49,400
sail. 
Hull shapes that minimize drag 

1755
01:32:49,400 --> 01:32:54,000
Keel configurations that improve
stability and rigging systems 

1756
01:32:54,000 --> 01:32:56,900
that allow sailing Against the 
Wind Through careful tacking, 

1757
01:32:56,900 --> 01:33:01,600
later discoveries would reveal 
even more impressive finds Ships

1758
01:33:01,600 --> 01:33:05,600
carrying bronze computers, the 
empty Catharine mechanism, the 

1759
01:33:05,600 --> 01:33:08,800
demonstrated mechanical 
sophistication, centuries ahead 

1760
01:33:08,800 --> 01:33:13,000
of what historians thought 
possible Rex from the Bronze Age

1761
01:33:13,000 --> 01:33:16,400
containing tin from Cornwall and
Amber from the Baltic proving 

1762
01:33:16,400 --> 01:33:19,700
that trade routes span Europe 
Millennia before written records

1763
01:33:19,700 --> 01:33:23,300
documented, such connections, 
underwater city, show that 

1764
01:33:23,300 --> 01:33:26,400
ancient people's permanent 
structures and shallow Marine 

1765
01:33:26,400 --> 01:33:29,800
environments, creating Harbor 
facilities that served as 

1766
01:33:29,800 --> 01:33:34,200
commercial hubs for centuries. 
The conspiracy wasn't about 

1767
01:33:34,200 --> 01:33:36,900
denying that ancient people's 
travel by sea. 

1768
01:33:36,900 --> 01:33:40,600
Everyone acknowledged that much 
the hidden truth was that 

1769
01:33:40,600 --> 01:33:44,200
Maritime technology navigation, 
knowledge and Commercial 

1770
01:33:44,200 --> 01:33:46,400
organization. 
Had reached levels of 

1771
01:33:46,408 --> 01:33:49,600
sophistication, that challenged 
narratives about primitive, 

1772
01:33:49,600 --> 01:33:53,000
ancients slowly developing 
capabilities that modern 

1773
01:33:53,000 --> 01:33:56,000
societies perfected. 
Ancient Mariners weren't 

1774
01:33:56,000 --> 01:33:59,100
cautious Coastal Sailors. 
Making tentative Journeys along 

1775
01:33:59,100 --> 01:34:02,300
familiar Shores, they were 
confident Navigators, who 

1776
01:34:02,300 --> 01:34:05,600
crossed Open Water regularly 
carrying commercial Cargoes, 

1777
01:34:05,600 --> 01:34:07,700
that sustained complex economic 
systems. 

1778
01:34:07,700 --> 01:34:11,500
Spanning entire Seas, you're in 
a map collection in Istanbul 

1779
01:34:11,500 --> 01:34:13,100
carefully. 
Unrolling a document that 

1780
01:34:13,100 --> 01:34:16,000
cartography. 
Experts insist must be a fraud 

1781
01:34:16,000 --> 01:34:19,000
or a curiosity rather than ever 
evidence of anything. 

1782
01:34:19,000 --> 01:34:23,600
Historically significant, the 
piri, Reis map, created in 1513 

1783
01:34:23,600 --> 01:34:27,000
shows details of coastlines, 
that European explorers 

1784
01:34:27,000 --> 01:34:30,600
supposedly hadn't discovered yet
but what really makes Scholars 

1785
01:34:30,600 --> 01:34:34,200
uncomfortable is how accurate it
appears in places where accuracy

1786
01:34:34,200 --> 01:34:37,700
shouldn't have been possible. 
With the tools and knowledge 

1787
01:34:37,700 --> 01:34:41,200
available to 16th century 
cartographers, the conspiracy 

1788
01:34:41,200 --> 01:34:43,200
theory that makes the academic 
establishment. 

1789
01:34:43,200 --> 01:34:47,500
So uncomfortable is simple, 
ancient civilizations possess 

1790
01:34:47,500 --> 01:34:50,700
geographical knowledge far more 
extensive than conventional 

1791
01:34:50,700 --> 01:34:55,800
histories acknowledge someone 
somewhere had accurately mapped 

1792
01:34:55,800 --> 01:34:59,000
coastlines and perhaps, even 
portions of continents that 

1793
01:34:59,008 --> 01:35:01,800
Europeans wouldn't officially 
explore for centuries. 

1794
01:35:01,800 --> 01:35:07,500
This knowledge somehow survived.
Fragmentary corrupted, but 

1795
01:35:07,500 --> 01:35:11,700
recognizable in maps. 
That later cartographers created

1796
01:35:11,700 --> 01:35:13,800
using sources. 
They claimed derived from 

1797
01:35:13,808 --> 01:35:17,600
antiquity Your examining 
Antarctica's Coastline on the 

1798
01:35:17,600 --> 01:35:21,000
periods map now. 
Shape matches the land 

1799
01:35:21,000 --> 01:35:24,900
underneath the ice sheets with 
unsettling accuracy land. 

1800
01:35:24,900 --> 01:35:27,600
That modern science didn't 
happen, until the mid-20th 

1801
01:35:27,600 --> 01:35:31,400
century using Sonar and Ice 
penetrating radar. 

1802
01:35:31,400 --> 01:35:35,100
How could a 16th century ottoman
Adderall have depicted this 

1803
01:35:35,100 --> 01:35:38,700
Coastline as it appeared before 
glaciation, the conventional 

1804
01:35:38,700 --> 01:35:41,600
explanation that it's a 
distorted representation of 

1805
01:35:41,600 --> 01:35:44,300
South America's coasts, doesn't 
quite satisfy. 

1806
01:35:44,300 --> 01:35:47,600
When you look at the specific 
features, that seem to match sub

1807
01:35:47,600 --> 01:35:50,600
glacial Antarctica. 
The map contains notes 

1808
01:35:50,600 --> 01:35:53,400
explaining that Pierre race 
compiled it from approximately 

1809
01:35:53,400 --> 01:35:56,900
20 Source Maps. 
Some of which he claimed dated 

1810
01:35:56,900 --> 01:36:00,600
to the time of Alexander, the 
Great most historians dismiss 

1811
01:36:00,600 --> 01:36:03,300
this claim as exaggeration or 
misunderstanding. 

1812
01:36:03,300 --> 01:36:06,700
But the accuracy of certain 
sections makes you wonder what 

1813
01:36:06,700 --> 01:36:10,300
those Source materials actually 
showed you're studying the 

1814
01:36:10,300 --> 01:36:12,800
African Coastline. 
Now traced with Precision that 

1815
01:36:12,800 --> 01:36:16,000
European Navigators supposedly 
didn't achieve until after 

1816
01:36:16,000 --> 01:36:18,300
Decades of exploration and 
surveying. 

1817
01:36:18,900 --> 01:36:22,200
The rivers appear incorrect 
positions, the coastal features 

1818
01:36:22,200 --> 01:36:25,400
match reality more closely than 
maps, that European sources 

1819
01:36:25,400 --> 01:36:29,200
created during the same period. 
Someone clearly had better 

1820
01:36:29,200 --> 01:36:30,900
information about African 
geography. 

1821
01:36:30,900 --> 01:36:34,100
Then official exploration, 
record suggests should have been

1822
01:36:34,100 --> 01:36:36,800
available. 
Spiritually extends to other 

1823
01:36:36,800 --> 01:36:38,700
maps from the same general 
period. 

1824
01:36:38,700 --> 01:36:44,400
Your examining these map from 
1531 now which shows Antarctica 

1825
01:36:44,400 --> 01:36:47,900
centered at the south pole with 
a remarkably accurate shape and 

1826
01:36:47,900 --> 01:36:50,600
size again depicting the 
continent. 

1827
01:36:50,600 --> 01:36:53,800
As it would appear without ice 
coverage, the Mountain Rangers 

1828
01:36:53,800 --> 01:36:57,100
correspond to sub glacial 
features that modern geology 

1829
01:36:57,100 --> 01:37:00,400
identifies through methods 
unavailable to Renaissance. 

1830
01:37:00,400 --> 01:37:04,800
Cottagers The conventional 
explanations for these Maps feel

1831
01:37:04,800 --> 01:37:06,800
increasingly strained, the more 
you study them. 

1832
01:37:06,800 --> 01:37:10,400
Yes, cartographers sometimes. 
Copied errors from previous Maps

1833
01:37:10,400 --> 01:37:12,800
creating persistent 
inaccuracies. 

1834
01:37:12,800 --> 01:37:16,700
Yes, mapmakers occasionally 
invented features to fill empty 

1835
01:37:16,700 --> 01:37:20,600
spaces, but the specific 
accuracies, the precise 

1836
01:37:20,600 --> 01:37:23,300
positions of geographical 
features that remain unknown to 

1837
01:37:23,300 --> 01:37:26,600
European explorers, suggest 
something more interesting than 

1838
01:37:26,600 --> 01:37:30,300
random luck or artistic license.
You can imagine ancient 

1839
01:37:30,300 --> 01:37:33,400
Mariners, carefully recording 
coastlines as they explored 

1840
01:37:33,400 --> 01:37:37,200
creating charts, that later 
generations, copied and recopy 

1841
01:37:37,200 --> 01:37:40,700
introducing errors. 
While preserving enough accurate

1842
01:37:40,700 --> 01:37:43,100
detail, that Renaissance cut off
graphers could create 

1843
01:37:43,100 --> 01:37:47,000
surprisingly, precise composite 
Maps, perhaps Phoenician, 

1844
01:37:47,000 --> 01:37:49,900
Sailors range farther than 
classical sources recorded. 

1845
01:37:50,700 --> 01:37:53,900
Perhaps Polynesian Navigators 
shared geographical knowledge 

1846
01:37:53,900 --> 01:37:57,500
with traders who carried it 
Westwood hat civilizations that 

1847
01:37:57,500 --> 01:37:59,900
left no written records. 
Nevertheless mapped their 

1848
01:37:59,900 --> 01:38:03,000
discoveries with sufficient 
skill that fragments survived 

1849
01:38:03,000 --> 01:38:06,300
into historical periods. 
The hidden truth isn't 

1850
01:38:06,300 --> 01:38:09,600
necessarily that ancient 
explorers circumnavigated, the 

1851
01:38:09,600 --> 01:38:12,600
globe, all that lost 
civilizations possess technology

1852
01:38:12,600 --> 01:38:15,400
rivaling. 
Modern capabilities, the 

1853
01:38:15,400 --> 01:38:18,200
conspiracy, that conventional 
wisdom couldn't accept was 

1854
01:38:18,200 --> 01:38:21,000
simpler. 
Human geographical knowledge 

1855
01:38:21,000 --> 01:38:23,500
before. 
European exploration was far 

1856
01:38:23,500 --> 01:38:27,200
more extensive than the 
historical record preserves and 

1857
01:38:27,200 --> 01:38:29,600
this knowledge survived in 
fragmentary form. 

1858
01:38:29,600 --> 01:38:34,200
Through oral Traditions, copied 
maps and cultural memory, That 

1859
01:38:34,200 --> 01:38:38,100
official histories dismissed, as
Legend, your examining Chinese 

1860
01:38:38,100 --> 01:38:40,500
Maps. 
Now, showing Maritime routes 

1861
01:38:40,500 --> 01:38:43,900
across the Indian Ocean that 
supposedly didn't exist before 

1862
01:38:43,900 --> 01:38:47,500
European contact. 
But the detail suggests regular 

1863
01:38:47,500 --> 01:38:51,300
travel between Asia and Africa 
established trade routes and 

1864
01:38:51,300 --> 01:38:54,000
geographical knowledge 
accumulated across centuries of 

1865
01:38:54,008 --> 01:38:58,300
navigation, the maps contain 
practical information locations 

1866
01:38:58,300 --> 01:39:00,400
of Harbors notation of 
dangerous. 

1867
01:39:00,400 --> 01:39:04,600
Reefs indication of seasonal 
wind patterns, that only comes 

1868
01:39:04,600 --> 01:39:08,500
from actual experience sailing 
these Waters repeatedly, the 

1869
01:39:08,500 --> 01:39:11,800
Polynesian, Navigators provide, 
perhaps the most convincing 

1870
01:39:11,800 --> 01:39:15,200
evidence that pre-modern 
people's achieved geographical 

1871
01:39:15,200 --> 01:39:17,900
knowledge on par with anything 
European exploration 

1872
01:39:17,900 --> 01:39:21,800
accomplished. 
Made from sticks and shells and 

1873
01:39:21,800 --> 01:39:24,100
coding information. 
About currents, wave, patterns, 

1874
01:39:24,100 --> 01:39:25,300
and Island. 
Locations. 

1875
01:39:25,300 --> 01:39:28,400
Demonstrates sophisticated 
understanding of ocean, 

1876
01:39:28,400 --> 01:39:31,100
navigation. 
They crossed thousands of miles 

1877
01:39:31,100 --> 01:39:34,900
of open Pacific, settling 
Islands from Hawaii to Easter 

1878
01:39:34,900 --> 01:39:38,000
Island and New Zealand using 
navigational techniques that 

1879
01:39:38,000 --> 01:39:40,900
didn't require written records 
or complex instruments. 

1880
01:39:40,900 --> 01:39:44,400
But nevertheless worked with 
impressive reliability. 

1881
01:39:44,400 --> 01:39:49,200
In a University Library on a 
quiet evening, watching the last

1882
01:39:49,200 --> 01:39:53,200
sunlight fade from Windows, that
Overlook a compass much changed 

1883
01:39:53,200 --> 01:39:56,900
from its founding centuries 
around you, but books contain 

1884
01:39:56,900 --> 01:40:00,100
knowledge, that was once lost, 
then recovered, then sometimes 

1885
01:40:00,100 --> 01:40:02,400
lost again. 
Before finally finding secure 

1886
01:40:02,400 --> 01:40:05,600
homes, in academic institutions 
that preserve and share it. 

1887
01:40:05,600 --> 01:40:09,200
The story of how Humanity, 
rediscovered forgotten truths, 

1888
01:40:09,200 --> 01:40:13,500
create his own Narrative of 
persistence curiosity and the 

1889
01:40:13,500 --> 01:40:16,700
slow accumulation of 
understanding the pattern 

1890
01:40:16,700 --> 01:40:19,400
repeats across civilizations and
centuries. 

1891
01:40:19,400 --> 01:40:22,600
Knowledge emerges through 
careful, observation and testing

1892
01:40:23,500 --> 01:40:28,400
Disasters, natural or human, 
cause destroy the institutions 

1893
01:40:28,400 --> 01:40:32,000
that preserve this knowledge 
fragments survive in, odd 

1894
01:40:32,000 --> 01:40:36,100
places, copies that Scholars 
saved oral Traditions, that 

1895
01:40:36,100 --> 01:40:39,600
communities maintained, and 
practical applications that 

1896
01:40:39,600 --> 01:40:43,400
people continued using even 
after theoretical understanding 

1897
01:40:43,400 --> 01:40:46,100
disappeared. 
Eventually, someone notices the 

1898
01:40:46,100 --> 01:40:50,100
fragments recognizes their 
significance and Begins the 

1899
01:40:50,100 --> 01:40:54,100
patient work of reconstructing. 
What was lost your reading about

1900
01:40:54,100 --> 01:40:56,400
the recovery of Greek, 
mathematical, and philosophical 

1901
01:40:56,400 --> 01:41:00,500
texts and now How Islamic 
scholars preserved works. 

1902
01:41:00,500 --> 01:41:04,100
That Christian Europe, had lost 
or destroyed during chaotic 

1903
01:41:04,100 --> 01:41:05,900
periods. 
Following Rome's, collapse. 

1904
01:41:05,900 --> 01:41:09,700
He Scholars didn't merely 
preserve the texts, they added 

1905
01:41:09,700 --> 01:41:12,500
their own commentaries and 
Discovery as advancing 

1906
01:41:12,500 --> 01:41:15,600
knowledge, that European 
institutions would later reclaim

1907
01:41:15,600 --> 01:41:18,100
and develop further. 
The transmission of knowledge 

1908
01:41:18,100 --> 01:41:21,600
followed complex paths. 
Crossing cultural and religious 

1909
01:41:21,600 --> 01:41:25,000
boundaries surviving periods. 
When certain ideas seem 

1910
01:41:25,000 --> 01:41:28,700
dangerous or irrelevant to the 
society, is that held them the 

1911
01:41:28,700 --> 01:41:30,400
rediscovery of ancient medical 
knowledge. 

1912
01:41:30,400 --> 01:41:33,900
Followed similar patterns, 
You're examining a medieval 

1913
01:41:33,900 --> 01:41:35,700
manuscript. 
Now that shows surgical 

1914
01:41:35,700 --> 01:41:39,100
techniques derive from Roman 
sources but preserved through 

1915
01:41:39,108 --> 01:41:42,500
Arabic translation. 
The Original Latin texts had 

1916
01:41:42,500 --> 01:41:46,300
been lost when libraries burned 
when monasteries dissolved and 

1917
01:41:46,300 --> 01:41:49,000
when Warfare scattered 
collections that represented 

1918
01:41:49,000 --> 01:41:52,100
centuries of accumulated 
learning but the knowledge 

1919
01:41:52,100 --> 01:41:55,800
survived its wanderings 
eventually returning to European

1920
01:41:55,800 --> 01:41:59,400
Medical Practice in Rich by the 
contributions of every culture. 

1921
01:41:59,400 --> 01:42:02,700
It passed through the conspiracy
that conventional wisdom 

1922
01:42:02,700 --> 01:42:06,900
resisted was that knowledge does
not linearly always advancing. 

1923
01:42:06,900 --> 01:42:11,600
Never retreating. 
Understanding accumulates but it

1924
01:42:11,600 --> 01:42:15,700
also disappears civilizations 
achieve sophisticated insights, 

1925
01:42:15,700 --> 01:42:19,700
then lose them. 
When circumstances change, Other

1926
01:42:19,700 --> 01:42:23,500
societies independently, develop
similar ideas or they recover 

1927
01:42:23,500 --> 01:42:26,900
lost Knowledge from fragments 
that survived destruction, the 

1928
01:42:26,900 --> 01:42:30,400
actual history of human learning
involves advances Retreats 

1929
01:42:30,400 --> 01:42:35,600
parallel development recovery 
and synthesis in patterns far 

1930
01:42:35,600 --> 01:42:38,100
more complex than simple 
narratives of progressive 

1931
01:42:38,100 --> 01:42:40,600
Improvement. 
You can feel the weight of all 

1932
01:42:40,600 --> 01:42:43,300
these books around you. 
Each one containing knowledge 

1933
01:42:43,300 --> 01:42:46,600
that someone fought to preserve 
that survived periods. 

1934
01:42:46,600 --> 01:42:49,700
When it seemed destined for 
permanent loss and that returned

1935
01:42:49,700 --> 01:42:53,100
to human awareness through 
persistence and often accident 

1936
01:42:53,100 --> 01:42:57,200
the library represents, not just
current understanding but the 

1937
01:42:57,200 --> 01:43:00,200
accumulated effort of countless 
individuals who believed 

1938
01:43:00,200 --> 01:43:04,500
knowledge mattered enough to 
protect copy translate and 

1939
01:43:04,500 --> 01:43:07,000
transmit despite obstacles and 
dangers. 

1940
01:43:07,000 --> 01:43:10,800
The environmental wisdom of 
indigenous peoples provides. 

1941
01:43:10,800 --> 01:43:13,200
Another example of lost and 
recovered knowledge. 

1942
01:43:13,200 --> 01:43:17,300
Your reading ecological studies.
Now that confirm practices in 

1943
01:43:17,300 --> 01:43:19,900
indigenous communities 
maintained for Centuries 

1944
01:43:19,900 --> 01:43:24,000
controlled burning, that 
prevents catastrophic wildfires 

1945
01:43:24,000 --> 01:43:28,200
crop rotation systems that 
preserve soil, fertility and 

1946
01:43:28,200 --> 01:43:31,400
water management techniques. 
The stain agriculture in 

1947
01:43:31,408 --> 01:43:34,600
marginal environments for 
Generations, European 

1948
01:43:34,600 --> 01:43:37,900
Agricultural Science dismiss, 
these practices as primitive. 

1949
01:43:37,900 --> 01:43:41,700
Then ecological research 
revealed that they embodied 

1950
01:43:41,700 --> 01:43:45,600
sophisticated understanding of 
ecosystem, Dynamics, often 

1951
01:43:45,600 --> 01:43:48,300
proving more sustainable than 
the methods that replace them. 

1952
01:43:49,100 --> 01:43:51,200
The recovery continues in your 
own time. 

1953
01:43:51,200 --> 01:43:53,600
Archaeologists. 
Keep finding evidence. 

1954
01:43:53,600 --> 01:43:56,200
That requires revising 
historical narratives. 

1955
01:43:57,000 --> 01:44:00,300
Linguist decode writing systems 
that preserve Knowledge from 

1956
01:44:00,300 --> 01:44:03,200
cultures that disappeared, 
scientists discover that 

1957
01:44:03,200 --> 01:44:06,100
traditional medicine contain 
compounds with genuine 

1958
01:44:06,100 --> 01:44:09,400
therapeutic value. 
Each Discovery confirms that 

1959
01:44:09,400 --> 01:44:12,800
human achievement extends deeper
into the past than any single 

1960
01:44:12,800 --> 01:44:16,100
generational realizes and that 
knowledge develops in more 

1961
01:44:16,100 --> 01:44:18,700
places and times than 
conventional history has 

1962
01:44:18,700 --> 01:44:21,500
acknowledged the thinking about 
the anti mechanism. 

1963
01:44:21,500 --> 01:44:24,800
Now, the ancient Greek Computing
device recovered from a 

1964
01:44:24,800 --> 01:44:27,600
shipwreck showing that 
mechanical sophistication 

1965
01:44:27,600 --> 01:44:30,400
existed centuries before 
historians thought such 

1966
01:44:30,400 --> 01:44:34,700
technology possible for decades 
after its recovery Scholars, 

1967
01:44:34,700 --> 01:44:38,600
couldn't explain how it worked. 
The device satin museums 

1968
01:44:38,600 --> 01:44:43,800
recognized as important, but not
understood until modern imaging 

1969
01:44:43,800 --> 01:44:46,200
technology. 
Allowed detailed examination of 

1970
01:44:46,200 --> 01:44:50,500
its gears and mechanisms. 
Even then recreating it required

1971
01:44:50,500 --> 01:44:53,700
sophisticated engineering 
knowledge, demonstrating that 

1972
01:44:53,700 --> 01:44:57,100
ancient Crafts People possess 
skills that their society valued

1973
01:44:57,100 --> 01:45:00,900
enough to support, but not to 
document in text that survived 

1974
01:45:01,800 --> 01:45:05,000
The pattern teaches humility 
every generation. 

1975
01:45:05,000 --> 01:45:08,100
Thinks it understands the past 
that it knows what ancient 

1976
01:45:08,100 --> 01:45:10,700
people could and couldn't 
achieve and what knowledge they 

1977
01:45:10,700 --> 01:45:13,700
possessed or lacked. 
Then new discoveries arrive. 

1978
01:45:13,700 --> 01:45:17,400
Forcing revisions revealing that
the past was more complex, more 

1979
01:45:17,400 --> 01:45:20,400
sophisticated and more 
interesting than simplified 

1980
01:45:20,400 --> 01:45:23,600
narrative suggested. 
The conspiracy theorists who 

1981
01:45:23,600 --> 01:45:26,400
insisted that ancient people's 
deserved more credit than 

1982
01:45:26,400 --> 01:45:29,100
conventional wisdom. 
Granted often proved correct. 

1983
01:45:30,100 --> 01:45:33,400
Though, sometimes for reasons 
different than they imagined as 

1984
01:45:33,400 --> 01:45:35,400
you prepare to leave the 
library, you notice the 

1985
01:45:35,400 --> 01:45:38,300
comfortable weight of knowledge 
accumulated around you. 

1986
01:45:39,000 --> 01:45:41,800
These books, these preserved 
fragments of human, learning 

1987
01:45:41,800 --> 01:45:45,100
represent Victory against 
entropy and Chaos. 

1988
01:45:45,100 --> 01:45:47,800
Someone cared enough to write 
this information down. 

1989
01:45:47,800 --> 01:45:51,600
Others preserved it when easier 
options involve letting it 

1990
01:45:51,600 --> 01:45:54,300
disappear. 
Still others, translated 

1991
01:45:54,300 --> 01:45:58,100
transmitted and eventually 
printed it and forms, that could

1992
01:45:58,100 --> 01:46:00,900
survive across centuries and 
continents, the knowledge 

1993
01:46:00,900 --> 01:46:03,500
Available to You represents, 
countless small acts of 

1994
01:46:03,500 --> 01:46:06,000
preservation. 
Each one affirming that 

1995
01:46:06,000 --> 01:46:09,900
understanding matters, that 
truth deserves protection and 

1996
01:46:09,900 --> 01:46:12,100
that the effort to maintain and 
transmit knowledge. 

1997
01:46:12,100 --> 01:46:16,100
Serves purposes more important 
than any individual lifetime. 

1998
01:46:16,900 --> 01:46:20,800
The slow rediscovery continues. 
Somewhere tonight, someone is 

1999
01:46:20,800 --> 01:46:23,700
examining evidence that will 
revise understanding of what 

2000
01:46:23,700 --> 01:46:26,100
ancient people's achieved 
somewhere. 

2001
01:46:26,100 --> 01:46:30,300
A fragment of lost knowledge is 
being decoded translated or 

2002
01:46:30,300 --> 01:46:34,000
recognized for its significant 
the conspiracy theories that 

2003
01:46:34,000 --> 01:46:36,100
turned out to be true. 
Remind you that healthy 

2004
01:46:36,100 --> 01:46:38,700
skepticism about conventional 
wisdoms serves. 

2005
01:46:38,700 --> 01:46:41,800
Truth better than unquestioned 
acceptance of what authorities 

2006
01:46:41,800 --> 01:46:44,600
claimed. 
The past keeps revealing itself 

2007
01:46:44,600 --> 01:46:48,200
to be more sophisticated more 
accomplished and more 

2008
01:46:48,200 --> 01:46:50,600
interesting than any single 
narrative. 

2009
01:46:50,600 --> 01:46:53,200
Can fully capture You're walking
home. 

2010
01:46:53,200 --> 01:46:56,100
Now through evening, are that 
carries hints of approaching 

2011
01:46:56,100 --> 01:47:00,200
Autumn above, you star, shine 
with the same light that ancient

2012
01:47:00,200 --> 01:47:04,200
astronomers observed mapped and 
predicted with tools. 

2013
01:47:04,200 --> 01:47:07,500
That seemed impossibly primitive
yet somehow worked. 

2014
01:47:07,500 --> 01:47:09,800
The Mind mathematicians were 
seeing these. 

2015
01:47:09,800 --> 01:47:13,700
Same constellations calculating 
their movements with Precision 

2016
01:47:13,700 --> 01:47:17,900
that Rivals modern instruments. 
The Polynesian Navigators used 

2017
01:47:17,900 --> 01:47:21,500
these stars to cross oceans, 
encoding knowledge, and songs 

2018
01:47:21,500 --> 01:47:24,500
and sticks and stories that 
European science. 

2019
01:47:24,500 --> 01:47:27,900
Initially dismissed as 
primitive, the ancient engineers

2020
01:47:27,900 --> 01:47:30,200
whose roads and cities and 
harbors still functions 

2021
01:47:30,200 --> 01:47:32,200
centuries after their creators 
died. 

2022
01:47:32,200 --> 01:47:35,800
Proven that sophistication 
doesn't require the specific 

2023
01:47:35,800 --> 01:47:38,500
technologies that our era takes 
for granted. 

2024
01:47:38,500 --> 01:47:41,100
The real lesson. 
Isn't that ancient people's 

2025
01:47:41,100 --> 01:47:43,100
possessed? 
Mysterious, lost technology or 

2026
01:47:43,100 --> 01:47:45,900
secret technology that modern 
science hasn't rediscovered. 

2027
01:47:45,900 --> 01:47:48,600
The conspiracy theories that 
turned out to be true. 

2028
01:47:48,600 --> 01:47:52,700
Teach something subtler, human 
intelligence given time A 

2029
01:47:52,700 --> 01:47:55,700
motivation, develops 
sophisticated solutions to 

2030
01:47:55,700 --> 01:48:00,000
complex problems, regardless of 
specific cultural circumstances 

2031
01:48:00,000 --> 01:48:03,600
knowledge accumulates, wherever 
people pay attention to their 

2032
01:48:03,600 --> 01:48:07,900
environment test their ideas 
against reality and pass their 

2033
01:48:07,900 --> 01:48:09,200
discoveries to Future 
Generations. 

2034
01:48:09,200 --> 01:48:12,800
The diversity of human 
achievement across cultures and 

2035
01:48:12,800 --> 01:48:16,000
centuries demonstrates that 
there are many paths to 

2036
01:48:16,008 --> 01:48:20,200
understanding many methods that 
work and many ways of being 

2037
01:48:20,200 --> 01:48:22,600
sophisticated that conventional 
wisdom in. 

2038
01:48:22,600 --> 01:48:27,100
Any particular era, might fail 
to recognize or appreciate your 

2039
01:48:27,100 --> 01:48:29,200
home. 
Now, settling into familiar 

2040
01:48:29,200 --> 01:48:31,400
comfort with the satisfaction of
a journey. 

2041
01:48:31,400 --> 01:48:35,100
Completed the stories, you've 
traveled through tonight, lost 

2042
01:48:35,100 --> 01:48:38,800
cities, that were myths, ancient
knowledge that deserved respect 

2043
01:48:38,800 --> 01:48:42,500
civilizations that achieved more
than history, initially. 

2044
01:48:42,500 --> 01:48:46,100
Credited, remind you that 
reality often proves more 

2045
01:48:46,100 --> 01:48:49,000
interesting, than either skeptic
or Enthusiast. 

2046
01:48:49,000 --> 01:48:52,400
Imagine the truth resides 
somewhere between Absolute 

2047
01:48:52,400 --> 01:48:54,800
dismissal and uncritical 
acceptance. 

2048
01:48:55,800 --> 01:49:00,200
The patient work of examining 
evidence, revising theories, and

2049
01:49:00,200 --> 01:49:04,100
acknowledging when conventional 
wisdom needs updating, as you 

2050
01:49:04,100 --> 01:49:06,300
drift towards sleep, you're 
thinking about all the 

2051
01:49:06,308 --> 01:49:08,100
knowledge, still waiting to be 
recovered. 

2052
01:49:08,100 --> 01:49:11,100
All the evidence, not yet, 
discovered and all the 

2053
01:49:11,108 --> 01:49:13,700
conventional wisdom that future 
Generations will. 

2054
01:49:13,700 --> 01:49:15,900
Revise. 
As they uncover truths that this

2055
01:49:15,900 --> 01:49:20,900
era's conspiracies, only hint at
the investigation continues as 

2056
01:49:20,900 --> 01:49:25,700
it always has as it always will.
Somewhere someone is examining a

2057
01:49:25,708 --> 01:49:29,000
fragment of the past that will 
eventually reshape understanding

2058
01:49:29,000 --> 01:49:32,300
of human achievement. 
The slow work of rediscovery. 

2059
01:49:32,300 --> 01:49:36,400
Proceeds, one careful, 
observation at a time, building 

2060
01:49:36,400 --> 01:49:39,400
toward insights that won't fully
emerge for years or decades. 

2061
01:49:39,400 --> 01:49:43,200
But that will eventually add to 
the accumulated understanding 

2062
01:49:43,200 --> 01:49:48,900
that each generation inherits 
revises and passes along the 

2063
01:49:48,900 --> 01:49:52,100
past, remains alive, in its 
influence on the present, in the

2064
01:49:52,100 --> 01:49:55,500
knowledge, that survived to 
shape current understanding and 

2065
01:49:55,500 --> 01:49:59,300
in the Mysteries that still wait
for explanation, the conspiracy 

2066
01:49:59,300 --> 01:50:02,200
theories that proved true. 
Remind you that humility about 

2067
01:50:02,200 --> 01:50:05,400
what you think, you know, serves
truth better than certainly. 

2068
01:50:05,400 --> 01:50:09,900
The human story keeps revealing 
itself to be more complex, more 

2069
01:50:09,900 --> 01:50:13,800
accomplished and more surprising
than any simplified narrative 

2070
01:50:13,800 --> 01:50:16,700
can capture. 
And that complexity that 

2071
01:50:16,700 --> 01:50:20,600
persistent ability of the past 
to surprise, and teach provides 

2072
01:50:20,600 --> 01:50:23,400
its own quiet comfort as you 
settle into rest. 

2073
01:50:24,100 --> 01:50:27,200
Knowing that tomorrow will bring
new opportunities to learn 

2074
01:50:27,200 --> 01:50:30,600
revised and appreciate the 
sophisticated. 

2075
01:50:30,600 --> 01:50:34,600
Achievements of people who came 
before people whose names are 

2076
01:50:34,600 --> 01:50:38,000
lost, but whose discoveries 
encoded in monuments and maps 

2077
01:50:38,000 --> 01:50:41,400
and mathematical systems, 
continue to speak across the 

2078
01:50:41,400 --> 01:50:43,000
centuries. 
If you're willing to listen 

2079
01:50:43,000 --> 01:50:45,900
carefully to what they're 
saying, sweet dreams, my 

2080
01:50:45,900 --> 01:50:54,300
friends. 
You stand at the narrow window 

2081
01:50:54,300 --> 01:50:58,600
of the manor house watching 
November Fade Into December with

2082
01:50:58,600 --> 01:51:01,800
that peculiar quality of late 
Autumn light, that seems to 

2083
01:51:01,808 --> 01:51:05,800
drain color from the world. 
The landscape beyond the thick 

2084
01:51:05,800 --> 01:51:09,400
glass expensive, glass. 
A point of Pride for your 

2085
01:51:09,400 --> 01:51:12,900
household has transformed into 
something spare and honest. 

2086
01:51:13,700 --> 01:51:16,800
The fields that were gold with 
Harvest two months ago now like 

2087
01:51:16,800 --> 01:51:20,800
dark and furrowed waiting for 
spring, like a held breath. 

2088
01:51:20,800 --> 01:51:24,000
This is the time of year when 
your ancestors believed the 

2089
01:51:24,000 --> 01:51:25,700
boundary between worlds, grew 
thin. 

2090
01:51:25,700 --> 01:51:29,300
When the old gods though, you'd 
never speak such thoughts. 

2091
01:51:29,300 --> 01:51:33,300
Allowed with the priest nearby, 
walk the Frozen Earth alongside 

2092
01:51:33,300 --> 01:51:37,400
Christian Saints. 
Tree stand bear against the sky.

2093
01:51:37,400 --> 01:51:41,300
They're branches making patterns
like the veins in an oak leaf 

2094
01:51:41,300 --> 01:51:45,300
pressed flat in a manuscript. 
You know, each of those trees by

2095
01:51:45,300 --> 01:51:48,600
sight, the ancient Oak that 
marks the boundary between your 

2096
01:51:48,600 --> 01:51:52,100
Lord's land and the common 
fields the line of beaches that 

2097
01:51:52,100 --> 01:51:55,600
shelter the road to the village 
and the Twisted Hawthorne where 

2098
01:51:55,600 --> 01:51:59,800
made a celebrations happen in a 
season that feels impossibly 

2099
01:51:59,800 --> 01:52:02,200
distant. 
Now, the cold has been building 

2100
01:52:02,200 --> 01:52:06,100
for weeks that peculiar medieval
coal, that seems to seep through

2101
01:52:06,100 --> 01:52:09,200
stone walls as if they were made
of wool rather than Masonry, 

2102
01:52:10,100 --> 01:52:13,400
You've learned to dress in 
layers a linen shift against 

2103
01:52:13,400 --> 01:52:18,100
your skin, a Woolen kirtle over 
that and today an additional 

2104
01:52:18,100 --> 01:52:21,200
circuit line with rapid further 
that your grandmother made 

2105
01:52:21,200 --> 01:52:24,700
before she died. 
The first still smells faintly 

2106
01:52:24,700 --> 01:52:29,200
of the urge used to store it. 
A mixture of lavender and tansy,

2107
01:52:29,200 --> 01:52:32,400
that brings her back to you. 
Across the years with a Clarity 

2108
01:52:32,400 --> 01:52:34,900
that sometimes catches your 
breath, the manners. 

2109
01:52:34,900 --> 01:52:37,800
Preparation for winter began at 
michaelmas back. 

2110
01:52:37,800 --> 01:52:40,600
When the last warm days of 
September still held the memory 

2111
01:52:40,600 --> 01:52:42,900
of Summer. 
He helped bring in the final 

2112
01:52:42,900 --> 01:52:46,400
Harvest working alongside 
Villages whose families have 

2113
01:52:46,400 --> 01:52:49,100
been tied to this land for 
Generations Beyond Counting. 

2114
01:52:49,900 --> 01:52:52,900
The Wheaton barley was stored in
The Granary rats. 

2115
01:52:52,900 --> 01:52:55,600
Be damned though. 
The barn cats do their best to 

2116
01:52:55,600 --> 01:52:57,300
keep that particular problem 
manageable. 

2117
01:52:58,000 --> 01:53:01,400
Apples were laid carefully and 
straw in the undercroft, each 

2118
01:53:01,400 --> 01:53:04,200
one checked for bruises that 
might spread wrote through the 

2119
01:53:04,200 --> 01:53:07,400
entire store. 
The Autumn pigs were slaughtered

2120
01:53:07,400 --> 01:53:10,200
after Saint. 
Martin's day a process, you've 

2121
01:53:10,200 --> 01:53:13,000
grown accustomed to over the 
years, though, you never quite 

2122
01:53:13,000 --> 01:53:15,400
learn to enjoy it. 
Salted pork. 

2123
01:53:15,400 --> 01:53:19,200
Now, hangs from the rafters of 
the ladder alongside dried fish 

2124
01:53:19,200 --> 01:53:22,000
from the Summers catch and the 
smoke deal that tastes like the 

2125
01:53:22,000 --> 01:53:25,200
river mud, where they were 
caught, Your householders stored

2126
01:53:25,200 --> 01:53:28,600
enough food to see you through 
to spring or so everyone hopes 

2127
01:53:28,600 --> 01:53:32,300
with that particular combination
of faith and anxiety, the 

2128
01:53:32,300 --> 01:53:34,400
characterizes medieval winter 
planning. 

2129
01:53:35,300 --> 01:53:37,400
Crop failures happen. 
Stalls. 

2130
01:53:37,400 --> 01:53:40,400
Go bad. 
Winter can be a season of slow 

2131
01:53:40,400 --> 01:53:44,400
starvation, if preparations were
insufficient or luck proves 

2132
01:53:44,400 --> 01:53:46,600
cruel this year. 
Looks promising. 

2133
01:53:47,600 --> 01:53:50,500
The Harvest was good. 
The weather has been harsh but 

2134
01:53:50,500 --> 01:53:54,200
not catastrophic in your Lord's.
Household has both the resources

2135
01:53:54,200 --> 01:53:56,600
and the will to celebrate 
Christmas properly. 

2136
01:53:57,700 --> 01:54:00,700
This matters more than you might
initially think, because 

2137
01:54:00,700 --> 01:54:04,600
Christmas in the Medieval World 
Isn't just a day, it's a season,

2138
01:54:04,600 --> 01:54:07,900
a statement and sometimes a 
battlefield where social 

2139
01:54:07,900 --> 01:54:11,100
hierarchies are simultaneously 
reinforced and momentarily, 

2140
01:54:11,100 --> 01:54:13,300
suspended. 
The Advent season has been 

2141
01:54:13,300 --> 01:54:16,600
observed with the proper 
solemnity for the past four 

2142
01:54:16,600 --> 01:54:18,700
weeks. 
You've been fasting, or at least

2143
01:54:18,700 --> 01:54:21,700
what passes for fasting when 
you're not a monk, sworn to 

2144
01:54:21,700 --> 01:54:24,900
extreme piety, Know meet on 
Wednesdays. 

2145
01:54:24,900 --> 01:54:27,800
Fridays or Saturdays know? 
Rich foods? 

2146
01:54:27,800 --> 01:54:29,000
No. 
Excessive celebration. 

2147
01:54:30,200 --> 01:54:34,100
Church calls this a time of 
penitence and preparation, a 

2148
01:54:34,100 --> 01:54:36,700
spiritual winter, before the 
birth of Christ to bring light 

2149
01:54:36,700 --> 01:54:39,600
back to the world. 
You've noticed that this 

2150
01:54:39,600 --> 01:54:42,900
enforced or sterility makes the 
upcoming Feast seem even more 

2151
01:54:42,900 --> 01:54:46,000
glorious, which may or may not 
be the church as actual 

2152
01:54:46,000 --> 01:54:48,200
intention. 
The Manor itself has been 

2153
01:54:48,200 --> 01:54:51,700
gradually transforming. 
Fresh rushes have been laid on 

2154
01:54:51,700 --> 01:54:54,900
the floors of the Great Hall 
mixed with herbs that released 

2155
01:54:54,900 --> 01:54:56,500
their scent when crushed under 
foot. 

2156
01:54:57,400 --> 01:55:00,800
The smell reminds you of Summer 
Meadows, which is probably the 

2157
01:55:00,800 --> 01:55:04,500
point an olfactory Defiance of 
Winter's baroness. 

2158
01:55:05,400 --> 01:55:08,500
The walls have been cleaned of 
the years, accumulation of soot 

2159
01:55:08,500 --> 01:55:10,800
and grime. 
A job that fell to you and the 

2160
01:55:10,800 --> 01:55:14,100
other household members over 
several days of hard labor, that

2161
01:55:14,100 --> 01:55:18,300
left everyone's hands Roar and 
their backs aching outside. 

2162
01:55:18,300 --> 01:55:20,500
You can see the first real snow 
of the Season. 

2163
01:55:20,500 --> 01:55:24,200
Beginning to fall, not the wet 
brief flurries that came and 

2164
01:55:24,200 --> 01:55:27,600
melted last week but proper 
snow, that means business. 

2165
01:55:28,600 --> 01:55:32,100
Flakes are small and determined 
the kind that will accumulate 

2166
01:55:32,100 --> 01:55:35,300
and to drifts that might cut off
the manner from the village for 

2167
01:55:35,300 --> 01:55:37,800
days. 
Part of you feels a flutter of 

2168
01:55:37,808 --> 01:55:42,200
anxiety at this isolation but 
another part perhaps the part 

2169
01:55:42,200 --> 01:55:45,900
that remembers older ways of 
thinking feels A peculiar 

2170
01:55:45,900 --> 01:55:49,800
comfort in being snowed in as if
winter itself, has decided to 

2171
01:55:49,800 --> 01:55:52,700
hold you safe in a white cocoon 
and until spring comes to wake 

2172
01:55:52,700 --> 01:55:54,400
you the shortest day of the 
year. 

2173
01:55:54,400 --> 01:55:57,500
Has just passed. 
You noticed its arrival with the

2174
01:55:57,500 --> 01:56:00,300
attention that medieval people 
paid to such markers. 

2175
01:56:01,300 --> 01:56:05,400
At the winter solstice Darkness 
claims nearly 16 hours of every 

2176
01:56:05,400 --> 01:56:08,600
day here in England. 
Leaving only a brief window of 

2177
01:56:08,600 --> 01:56:11,300
Grey, light that barely 
qualifies as day at all. 

2178
01:56:12,300 --> 01:56:15,800
Your ancestors, the truly 
ancient ones before Christianity

2179
01:56:15,800 --> 01:56:19,600
came to these islands lit, great
Fires, at the solstice to 

2180
01:56:19,600 --> 01:56:23,900
encourage the sun to return. 
Church called such practices 

2181
01:56:23,900 --> 01:56:27,500
Pagan Superstition. 
But you notice that, the Advent 

2182
01:56:27,500 --> 01:56:30,500
wreath with its Progressive 
lighting of candles follows a 

2183
01:56:30,500 --> 01:56:34,000
suspiciously similar pattern. 
The Village Church Bell Rings, 

2184
01:56:34,000 --> 01:56:37,100
marking the hour of none, what 
we would call three in the 

2185
01:56:37,108 --> 01:56:40,400
afternoon though, the medieval 
Reckoning of time is less 

2186
01:56:40,400 --> 01:56:44,000
precise than you might prefer. 
The sound carries clearly 

2187
01:56:44,000 --> 01:56:47,600
through the cold air, that 
particular quality of bell tone 

2188
01:56:47,600 --> 01:56:50,800
in Winter. 
That seems to travel further and

2189
01:56:50,800 --> 01:56:52,700
ring longer than it does in 
summer. 

2190
01:56:53,600 --> 01:56:57,000
You recognize the bells voice 
the way, you might recognize a 

2191
01:56:57,000 --> 01:57:00,400
neighbor's knock having heard 
it, Mark the hours, and call to 

2192
01:57:00,400 --> 01:57:04,400
prayer for your entire life. 
Christmas Eve is tomorrow, and 

2193
01:57:04,400 --> 01:57:07,300
the manner has reached that 
state of barely contained energy

2194
01:57:07,300 --> 01:57:09,800
that precedes, any major of 
event. 

2195
01:57:10,500 --> 01:57:13,800
They're still work to be done. 
There's always work to be done 

2196
01:57:13,800 --> 01:57:17,400
in a medieval household. 
But the essential preparations 

2197
01:57:17,400 --> 01:57:20,700
are complete. 
The ale has been brewed and his 

2198
01:57:20,700 --> 01:57:23,800
properly strong which you can 
confirmed through the time. 

2199
01:57:23,800 --> 01:57:25,000
Onward. 
Method of sampling. 

2200
01:57:25,000 --> 01:57:29,000
It Possibly more often than 
strictly necessary for quality 

2201
01:57:29,000 --> 01:57:32,800
control purposes. 
The bread has been baked in 

2202
01:57:32,800 --> 01:57:35,100
quantities. 
That seemed excessive until you 

2203
01:57:35,100 --> 01:57:36,900
remember. 
How many people will need to be 

2204
01:57:36,900 --> 01:57:40,100
fed over the coming days? 
Your role in tomorrow's 

2205
01:57:40,100 --> 01:57:42,500
festivities is both simple and 
complex. 

2206
01:57:43,400 --> 01:57:46,900
You are neither nobility or 
servant but something in between

2207
01:57:46,900 --> 01:57:52,100
what later centuries will call 
yoman or Franklin, a person of 

2208
01:57:52,108 --> 01:57:55,200
some substance Who belongs to 
the manor household without 

2209
01:57:55,200 --> 01:57:58,700
being of the aristocratic class.
This means you'll eat at the 

2210
01:57:58,708 --> 01:58:02,500
great feast but not at the high 
table, you'll participate in the

2211
01:58:02,500 --> 01:58:05,900
celebrations but not lead them. 
You'll observe the social 

2212
01:58:05,900 --> 01:58:08,800
theater of medieval Christmas 
from a position that 

2213
01:58:08,800 --> 01:58:12,200
simultaneously inside and 
outside the performance, the 

2214
01:58:12,200 --> 01:58:15,100
light is failing. 
Now, that early winter dusk that

2215
01:58:15,100 --> 01:58:17,200
makes you feel the day has been 
stolen from you. 

2216
01:58:18,000 --> 01:58:19,500
Candles will need to be lit 
soon. 

2217
01:58:19,500 --> 01:58:23,600
Carefully rationed because 
Beeswax is expensive and Tallow 

2218
01:58:23,600 --> 01:58:27,000
candles smell like rendered fat,
which is exactly what they are. 

2219
01:58:27,800 --> 01:58:31,100
You've grown accustomed to doing
as much as possible by daylight 

2220
01:58:31,100 --> 01:58:33,200
planning, your activities 
around. 

2221
01:58:33,200 --> 01:58:36,600
The sun's brief appearance like 
a farmer planning around rain. 

2222
01:58:36,600 --> 01:58:40,500
But tomorrow tomorrow, the 
Christmas season truly begins. 

2223
01:58:40,500 --> 01:58:43,700
And with it comes a temporary 
suspension of the normal Order 

2224
01:58:43,700 --> 01:58:46,500
of Things. 
The darkness of winter will be 

2225
01:58:46,500 --> 01:58:50,000
pushed back by fire and 
celebration, the usual 

2226
01:58:50,008 --> 01:58:52,100
hierarchies will be played 
inverted. 

2227
01:58:52,800 --> 01:58:56,100
For 12 days, the manner will 
exist in a kind of sanctioned 

2228
01:58:56,100 --> 01:58:59,000
car of all where the rules that 
govern the rest of the year 

2229
01:58:59,000 --> 01:59:03,600
become flexible and negotiable 
and almost dreamlike you turn 

2230
01:59:03,608 --> 01:59:05,900
from the window and head toward 
the Great Hall, where the 

2231
01:59:05,908 --> 01:59:10,200
evening meal is being prepared. 
The smell of pottage that 

2232
01:59:10,200 --> 01:59:13,700
Eternal medieval stew that 
contains whatever vegetables and

2233
01:59:13,700 --> 01:59:16,300
grains are available drifts up 
from the kitchen. 

2234
01:59:17,500 --> 01:59:20,800
It's a humble meal, this last 
supper, before the feast, but it

2235
01:59:20,800 --> 01:59:22,600
tastes of comfort and 
anticipation. 

2236
01:59:23,600 --> 01:59:26,600
Tomorrow, you think smiling to 
yourself tomorrow? 

2237
01:59:26,600 --> 01:59:30,400
The celebration begins Christmas
Eve morning arrives with the 

2238
01:59:30,400 --> 01:59:32,500
kind of cold. 
That makes the water in the wash

2239
01:59:32,500 --> 01:59:35,700
basin, develop a thin skin of 
ice overnight. 

2240
01:59:36,500 --> 01:59:39,900
You break through it with your 
fingers, the shock of cold water

2241
01:59:39,900 --> 01:59:43,200
on your face, serving as a more 
effective, wake up than any 

2242
01:59:43,200 --> 01:59:46,300
amount of coffee could provide, 
not that you have coffee. 

2243
01:59:46,300 --> 01:59:49,600
Anyway, since it won't be common
in England for another 200 

2244
01:59:49,600 --> 01:59:52,700
years. 
You make do with weak ale, which

2245
01:59:52,700 --> 01:59:56,200
is safer to drink than water and
has the additional benefit of 

2246
01:59:56,200 --> 01:59:58,500
making early morning. 
Chores seems slightly less 

2247
01:59:58,500 --> 02:00:01,200
miserable, the manner is already
awake and working. 

2248
02:00:01,200 --> 02:00:04,200
When you emerge from your 
chamber, the household operates 

2249
02:00:04,200 --> 02:00:07,500
on a schedule that treats dawn 
has already late morning, a 

2250
02:00:07,500 --> 02:00:10,300
function of Winter's short days 
and the amount of work that 

2251
02:00:10,300 --> 02:00:13,700
needs to be accomplished before 
the evening's festivities in the

2252
02:00:13,700 --> 02:00:15,900
kitchen. 
A separate building because of 

2253
02:00:15,900 --> 02:00:19,200
fire danger, connected to the 
main hall by a covered walkway. 

2254
02:00:19,200 --> 02:00:23,100
That never quite keeps the food 
as hot as the cooks would like 

2255
02:00:23,900 --> 02:00:27,800
Preparations began before first 
light you make your way there 

2256
02:00:27,800 --> 02:00:30,900
now partly to see if you can 
help and partly because the 

2257
02:00:30,900 --> 02:00:33,900
kitchen is reliably, the warmest
place in the entire manner. 

2258
02:00:34,500 --> 02:00:38,300
The great half dominates one 
wall large enough that you could

2259
02:00:38,300 --> 02:00:40,700
stand up right inside it. 
If the fire wasn't currently 

2260
02:00:40,700 --> 02:00:45,300
roaring a temperature that would
melt lead, cook a woman of 

2261
02:00:45,300 --> 02:00:47,900
indeterminate age. 
Whose face has been reddened by 

2262
02:00:47,900 --> 02:00:51,000
years of working over Flames 
directs. 

2263
02:00:51,000 --> 02:00:53,400
The Controlled Chaos with the 
authority of a military 

2264
02:00:53,400 --> 02:00:55,900
commander. 
The Christmas Feast requires 

2265
02:00:55,900 --> 02:00:59,700
days of preparation and today 
represents the culmination of 

2266
02:00:59,700 --> 02:01:04,200
planning that began weeks ago. 
A wild boar brought down by your

2267
02:01:04,200 --> 02:01:08,100
lord Hunting Party 3 days. 
Previous hangs in the cold room,

2268
02:01:08,100 --> 02:01:12,800
ready for roasting. 
You saw the hunt participated in

2269
02:01:12,800 --> 02:01:14,600
it. 
Actually in remember the precise

2270
02:01:14,600 --> 02:01:18,300
moment when the bore turned at 
Bay its tusks, catching the 

2271
02:01:18,300 --> 02:01:21,100
winter light before the spears 
found their mark. 

2272
02:01:22,500 --> 02:01:26,200
Medieval hunting is less Sport 
and more dangerous necessity. 

2273
02:01:26,200 --> 02:01:29,700
A fact that the ball made 
emphatically clear before it 

2274
02:01:29,700 --> 02:01:31,800
died. 
The ball will be the feast 

2275
02:01:31,800 --> 02:01:35,100
centerpiece roasted whole and 
brought into the hall with 

2276
02:01:35,100 --> 02:01:38,900
appropriate ceremony. 
But it's only one element of a 

2277
02:01:38,900 --> 02:01:41,900
meal that will include dishes 
both familiar and strange to 

2278
02:01:41,900 --> 02:01:45,400
Modern sensibilities. 
You watch as kitchen servants, 

2279
02:01:45,400 --> 02:01:48,200
prepare peacock. 
Yes, peacock. 

2280
02:01:48,800 --> 02:01:51,400
Which will be roasted and then 
carefully reassembled with its 

2281
02:01:51,400 --> 02:01:55,400
iridescent feathers to create a 
display that values spectacle as

2282
02:01:55,400 --> 02:01:59,200
much as flavor. 
Medieval feasting is performance

2283
02:01:59,200 --> 02:02:00,700
art. 
That happens to be edible. 

2284
02:02:00,700 --> 02:02:04,800
Pies are being assembled but not
the sweet desserts. 

2285
02:02:04,800 --> 02:02:08,300
That later centuries will 
associate with the word medieval

2286
02:02:08,300 --> 02:02:12,000
pies, a massive Affairs, some 
large enough that you need both 

2287
02:02:12,000 --> 02:02:15,400
arms to carry them filled with 
combinations, that would puzzle 

2288
02:02:15,400 --> 02:02:19,100
modern Cooks Venice and dried 
fruits. 

2289
02:02:19,900 --> 02:02:24,200
Pork and apples. 
Fish and spices that came all 

2290
02:02:24,200 --> 02:02:28,100
the way from the orientation 
traders, who charge prices that 

2291
02:02:28,100 --> 02:02:30,100
made your lord went even as he 
paid them. 

2292
02:02:31,300 --> 02:02:35,300
These pies, serve partly as food
and partly a storage containers.

2293
02:02:35,300 --> 02:02:38,700
The thick pastry crusts, more 
Structural Engineering than 

2294
02:02:38,700 --> 02:02:43,300
cuisine The spices themselves 
represent wealth in a form that 

2295
02:02:43,300 --> 02:02:45,400
later ages will find hard to 
comprehend. 

2296
02:02:46,400 --> 02:02:50,900
Pepper, cinnamon Ginger and 
cloves that the cook uses with 

2297
02:02:50,900 --> 02:02:55,200
what seems like a bandhan 
actually cost more per pound and

2298
02:02:55,200 --> 02:02:59,900
some of the servants in a year. 
But Christmas demands lavish 

2299
02:02:59,900 --> 02:03:03,200
display and properly. 
Spiced dishes to everyone 

2300
02:03:03,200 --> 02:03:07,100
present that this household has 
both prosperity and access to 

2301
02:03:07,100 --> 02:03:11,200
the far-reaching trade networks.
That connect medieval England to

2302
02:03:11,200 --> 02:03:13,700
The Wider World. 
Your assigned to help with the 

2303
02:03:13,700 --> 02:03:17,000
March pain, that medieval 
precursor to marzipan that 

2304
02:03:17,000 --> 02:03:20,300
combined ground, almonds with 
sugar and rose water into 

2305
02:03:20,300 --> 02:03:22,700
something that shaped into 
elaborate decorations. 

2306
02:03:22,700 --> 02:03:27,400
The almonds came from Spain, the
sugar from Cyprus and the rose 

2307
02:03:27,400 --> 02:03:30,400
water from someone's careful. 
Distillation of this Summer's 

2308
02:03:30,400 --> 02:03:33,900
roses, Your shaping. 
The sweet paste into forms, 

2309
02:03:33,900 --> 02:03:37,000
flowers, and animals, and 
geometric patterns. 

2310
02:03:37,000 --> 02:03:38,500
That would make a mathematician 
happy. 

2311
02:03:39,400 --> 02:03:42,200
While around you, the kitchen's 
work continues at a pace, that 

2312
02:03:42,200 --> 02:03:44,600
would exhaust a modern caterer 
bread. 

2313
02:03:44,600 --> 02:03:48,300
Baking happens in waves with 
lows emerging from the Clay Oven

2314
02:03:48,300 --> 02:03:51,600
in the Bakehouse at intervals, 
timed by experience, rather than

2315
02:03:51,600 --> 02:03:57,100
clocks The finest white bread 
made from wheat flour, that has 

2316
02:03:57,100 --> 02:04:01,500
been saved, multiple times will 
Grace the high table where your 

2317
02:04:01,508 --> 02:04:04,900
lord and his family will sit. 
The course of brown bread. 

2318
02:04:04,900 --> 02:04:09,400
Still perfectly good but made 
from less refined flour, will 

2319
02:04:09,400 --> 02:04:13,000
feed the rest of the household. 
The hierarchy of medieval 

2320
02:04:13,000 --> 02:04:17,400
Society is reflected evening in 
gluten content, the L Supply is 

2321
02:04:17,400 --> 02:04:20,000
a checked and rechecked multiple
Barrel. 

2322
02:04:20,000 --> 02:04:22,500
Stand. 
Ready each marked with symbols 

2323
02:04:22,500 --> 02:04:24,500
that indicate its strength and 
Brewing date. 

2324
02:04:25,300 --> 02:04:27,108
Medieval people drink ale the 
way. 

2325
02:04:27,116 --> 02:04:30,300
Modern people, drink water, not 
because they're all functioning 

2326
02:04:30,300 --> 02:04:34,100
alcoholics, but because 
fermentation makes water safe. 

2327
02:04:34,800 --> 02:04:38,600
The alcohol content is typically
lower than modern beer but the 

2328
02:04:38,600 --> 02:04:41,900
quantities consumed would still 
make designated driving an 

2329
02:04:41,900 --> 02:04:45,200
interesting concept. 
If cars, existed wine is 

2330
02:04:45,208 --> 02:04:48,700
reserved for the high table and 
for mixing into spice drinks 

2331
02:04:48,700 --> 02:04:50,800
that will be heated and served 
throughout the evening. 

2332
02:04:51,700 --> 02:04:55,700
You helped prepare the hypocrisy
yesterday wine mixed with honey 

2333
02:04:55,700 --> 02:05:00,000
and spices strain through cloth 
until it runs, clear and sweet. 

2334
02:05:01,100 --> 02:05:04,800
Tastes like Christmas distilled 
into liquid form warming, you 

2335
02:05:04,800 --> 02:05:08,000
from the inside out in a way 
that the half fire, never quite 

2336
02:05:08,000 --> 02:05:10,800
manages. 
The Great Hall its self is being

2337
02:05:10,800 --> 02:05:13,800
transformed from its everyday 
functionality into something 

2338
02:05:13,800 --> 02:05:17,600
approaching splendor. 
The usual tables have been 

2339
02:05:17,608 --> 02:05:20,700
joined by additional surfaces 
borrowed from neighboring rooms,

2340
02:05:20,700 --> 02:05:24,600
creating a U-shaped that will 
seat everyone from highest to 

2341
02:05:24,600 --> 02:05:27,900
lowest according to their 
station fresh tablecloths. 

2342
02:05:28,600 --> 02:05:32,000
She will linen not the rough 
hemp used for every day meals 

2343
02:05:32,000 --> 02:05:35,100
cover the boards. 
Their whiteness, a statement of 

2344
02:05:35,100 --> 02:05:38,200
cleanliness and status that 
guests will notice in 

2345
02:05:38,200 --> 02:05:40,900
appreciate, decorations are 
appearing as you watch. 

2346
02:05:40,900 --> 02:05:44,900
Transforming the stonehall into 
something warmer and more alive.

2347
02:05:45,700 --> 02:05:48,300
Garlands of Holly and Ivy are 
draped along the walls. 

2348
02:05:48,300 --> 02:05:51,900
The green are Defiance of 
winters barrenness, that carries

2349
02:05:51,900 --> 02:05:56,400
meaning older than Christianity.
The Holly with its red berries, 

2350
02:05:56,400 --> 02:05:59,600
and sharp leaves represents 
masculine energy in the old ways

2351
02:05:59,600 --> 02:06:03,700
of thinking, well, ivy with its 
clinging softness represents the

2352
02:06:03,700 --> 02:06:07,300
feminine bringing them together 
at Christmas symbolizes. 

2353
02:06:07,300 --> 02:06:10,200
The hope that opposites can 
unite and create something 

2354
02:06:10,200 --> 02:06:14,000
harmonious, which makes them 
perfect decorations for a 

2355
02:06:14,000 --> 02:06:17,300
seasoned dedicated to peace and 
goodwill missile toe. 

2356
02:06:17,300 --> 02:06:19,800
Hangs in the doorway. 
Another tradition that the 

2357
02:06:19,800 --> 02:06:22,100
church tolerates with without 
quite approving. 

2358
02:06:23,400 --> 02:06:26,300
The white berries and the fact 
that missile to grows on oak 

2359
02:06:26,300 --> 02:06:30,400
trees without touching Earth. 
Made it sacred to The Druids who

2360
02:06:30,400 --> 02:06:33,500
haven't existed for centuries, 
but whose influence lingers in 

2361
02:06:33,500 --> 02:06:36,300
ways that surfaced during winter
celebrations? 

2362
02:06:37,200 --> 02:06:40,100
You notice that people pause 
slightly when passing beneath it

2363
02:06:40,100 --> 02:06:43,400
aware of its presence. 
Even if they pretend not to be 

2364
02:06:43,400 --> 02:06:46,400
the Lord of The Manor has 
invited guests from neighboring 

2365
02:06:46,400 --> 02:06:49,300
states, which means Chambers are
being prepared for overnight 

2366
02:06:49,300 --> 02:06:52,200
visitors. 
Fresh straw is being laid. 

2367
02:06:52,200 --> 02:06:56,200
In the palates linens are being 
aired and the households best 

2368
02:06:56,200 --> 02:06:58,300
pottery is being brought out 
from Storage. 

2369
02:06:59,100 --> 02:07:02,700
Medieval hospitality is both 
genuine, kindness and social 

2370
02:07:02,700 --> 02:07:05,500
necessity. 
You never know when you might 

2371
02:07:05,500 --> 02:07:08,100
need to show up at someone 
else's door, so, treating 

2372
02:07:08,100 --> 02:07:11,300
visitors well, is essentially an
investment in your own future 

2373
02:07:11,300 --> 02:07:13,400
comfort. 
You take a moment to step 

2374
02:07:13,400 --> 02:07:15,900
outside needing are, that 
doesn't smell of cooking and 

2375
02:07:15,900 --> 02:07:18,400
smoke. 
The courtyard is busy with 

2376
02:07:18,400 --> 02:07:21,600
arriving Provisions. 
A cart is just delivered fish 

2377
02:07:21,600 --> 02:07:24,300
from the coast packed in salt 
for the journey. 

2378
02:07:24,300 --> 02:07:26,700
Another brings wine from 
Bristol. 

2379
02:07:26,700 --> 02:07:30,800
The barrels marked with seals 
that testify to their origin. 

2380
02:07:31,600 --> 02:07:34,500
A third card carries what 
appears to be nothing but 

2381
02:07:34,500 --> 02:07:37,600
firewood. 
Which seems excessive until you 

2382
02:07:37,600 --> 02:07:39,100
remember that keeping the Great 
Hall. 

2383
02:07:39,100 --> 02:07:42,400
Warm enough for feasting 
requires roughly, the equivalent

2384
02:07:42,400 --> 02:07:45,800
of burning a small Forest, The 
Village Fokker arriving. 

2385
02:07:45,800 --> 02:07:48,000
Now those who will help serve 
the feast or provide 

2386
02:07:48,000 --> 02:07:51,500
entertainment You see, the 
minstrel who comes every year, 

2387
02:07:51,500 --> 02:07:54,900
his small stringed, instrument 
wrapped, carefully against the 

2388
02:07:54,900 --> 02:07:57,300
cold. 
There's the Storyteller who can 

2389
02:07:57,300 --> 02:08:00,600
recite romance's about King, 
Arthur, and his knights with the

2390
02:08:00,600 --> 02:08:03,800
dramatic Flair. 
That makes even familiar Tales 

2391
02:08:03,800 --> 02:08:07,200
seem fresh. 
A group of young men carry 

2392
02:08:07,200 --> 02:08:09,900
instruments for dancing, drums 
and pipes. 

2393
02:08:09,900 --> 02:08:11,400
And something that might be a 
primitive. 

2394
02:08:11,400 --> 02:08:15,300
Fiddle children are everywhere 
underfoot and overexcited 

2395
02:08:15,300 --> 02:08:18,000
getting in the way with that 
particular genius. 

2396
02:08:18,000 --> 02:08:20,800
That children have perfected 
across all time periods. 

2397
02:08:20,800 --> 02:08:24,800
They're supposed to be helping 
with preparations, but mostly, 

2398
02:08:24,800 --> 02:08:27,400
they're building anticipation to
levels that make them 

2399
02:08:27,400 --> 02:08:31,700
practically vibrate with energy.
Christmas for medieval, children

2400
02:08:31,700 --> 02:08:37,000
means the rare to plenty more 
food than they usually see sweet

2401
02:08:37,000 --> 02:08:38,900
things. 
They taste only a few times a 

2402
02:08:38,900 --> 02:08:42,800
year and a general atmosphere of
Celebration that makes adults 

2403
02:08:42,800 --> 02:08:46,800
temporarily less strict about 
Behavior. church bell Ring's for

2404
02:08:46,800 --> 02:08:50,700
sex to The noon service 
reminding everyone that beneath 

2405
02:08:50,700 --> 02:08:54,500
all the feasting and celebration
Christmas is ultimately a 

2406
02:08:54,500 --> 02:08:57,600
religious observance. 
A group heads toward the village

2407
02:08:57,600 --> 02:09:00,500
church for prayers. 
Their breath making clouds in 

2408
02:09:00,500 --> 02:09:02,700
the cold. 
Are you can consider joining 

2409
02:09:02,700 --> 02:09:06,000
them but decide your time is 
better spent continuing with 

2410
02:09:06,000 --> 02:09:09,400
preparations. 
God, you figure probably 

2411
02:09:09,400 --> 02:09:12,100
understands the Practical 
necessities of feeding, a 

2412
02:09:12,100 --> 02:09:15,400
household of 40 people plus 
guests, back in the kitchen. 

2413
02:09:15,400 --> 02:09:19,200
The Controlled Chaos has evolved
into something more intense, the

2414
02:09:19,200 --> 02:09:23,700
bore is on the spit now, slowly 
rotating over the fire its fat 

2415
02:09:23,700 --> 02:09:26,700
dripping and sizzling in a way 
that makes your mouth water, 

2416
02:09:26,700 --> 02:09:28,500
despite the substantial 
breakfast. 

2417
02:09:28,500 --> 02:09:31,200
You ate earlier. 
The cook is basting it with a 

2418
02:09:31,200 --> 02:09:34,600
mixture that smells of Honey 
herbs and something sharp that 

2419
02:09:34,600 --> 02:09:38,100
might be vinegar. 
Medieval cooking often, combines

2420
02:09:38,100 --> 02:09:41,700
flavors in ways that later. 
Centuries will forget Sweet and 

2421
02:09:41,700 --> 02:09:46,400
sour together. 
Fruit with meat and spices used 

2422
02:09:46,400 --> 02:09:50,100
with a heavy hand that modern 
palates might find over Welling.

2423
02:09:50,100 --> 02:09:53,400
You help carry dishes from 
Kitchen to haul part of the 

2424
02:09:53,400 --> 02:09:55,500
human chain. 
That moves food, cross the gap 

2425
02:09:55,500 --> 02:09:57,900
between where it's cooked and 
where it will be served. 

2426
02:09:58,800 --> 02:10:02,500
The serving dishes themselves, a
statements of wealth pewter. 

2427
02:10:02,500 --> 02:10:04,900
For the household, silver for 
the high table. 

2428
02:10:05,900 --> 02:10:09,300
Your lord owned, exactly three 
pieces of actual gold plate, 

2429
02:10:09,300 --> 02:10:12,200
which will be displayed 
prominently even though their 

2430
02:10:12,200 --> 02:10:13,900
decorative rather than 
functional. 

2431
02:10:14,700 --> 02:10:17,600
Medieval status is performed 
through material Goods. 

2432
02:10:17,600 --> 02:10:21,100
Christmas is the biggest 
performance of the year, the 

2433
02:10:21,100 --> 02:10:24,800
afternoon passes in a blur of 
activity, punctuated by small 

2434
02:10:24,800 --> 02:10:28,000
moments of connection. 
We share a joke with the Kooks 

2435
02:10:28,000 --> 02:10:31,300
assistance about the peacock, 
which looks considerably more 

2436
02:10:31,300 --> 02:10:33,700
dignified alive than it. 
Does halfway plucked. 

2437
02:10:34,300 --> 02:10:36,900
You help a kitchen boy, who's 
nearly in tears because he 

2438
02:10:36,900 --> 02:10:38,600
dropped a bowl of expensive 
spices. 

2439
02:10:38,600 --> 02:10:42,300
You tell him accidents happen, 
sweep up the loss. 

2440
02:10:42,300 --> 02:10:44,900
And don't mention it to anyone 
who might punish him. 

2441
02:10:45,700 --> 02:10:48,700
You steal a moment to sample. 
The March pane purely for 

2442
02:10:48,700 --> 02:10:52,300
quality control purposes and 
find it perfectly sweet with 

2443
02:10:52,300 --> 02:10:54,400
just enough rose water to make 
it interesting. 

2444
02:10:54,400 --> 02:10:58,500
As Darkness begins to fall, 
which happens appallingly early 

2445
02:10:58,500 --> 02:11:02,200
in an English December. final 
preparations, reach their 

2446
02:11:02,200 --> 02:11:06,000
crescendo Candles a lit 
throughout the hall, they're 

2447
02:11:06,000 --> 02:11:08,700
like reflecting off the Silver 
and pewter to create an 

2448
02:11:08,700 --> 02:11:11,700
atmosphere that transforms the 
everyday space into something 

2449
02:11:11,700 --> 02:11:15,500
approaching magical. 
Fire in the great half has been 

2450
02:11:15,500 --> 02:11:19,300
built up until it Roars like a 
living thing pushing in to the 

2451
02:11:19,308 --> 02:11:20,500
hall. 
With an enthusiasm. 

2452
02:11:20,500 --> 02:11:22,600
That makes the far end almost 
comfortable. 

2453
02:11:22,600 --> 02:11:26,700
He take a moment to stand in the
hall watching the transformation

2454
02:11:26,700 --> 02:11:29,400
from workspace to Feast Hall, 
reach completion. 

2455
02:11:30,500 --> 02:11:32,700
Tables are set, the decorations 
are in place. 

2456
02:11:32,700 --> 02:11:36,800
The food is nearly ready and the
guests are beginning to arrive. 

2457
02:11:37,800 --> 02:11:41,500
In a few hours, this space will 
be filled with people music, 

2458
02:11:41,500 --> 02:11:48,100
food and celebration. but right 
now in this quiet moment, before

2459
02:11:48,100 --> 02:11:52,300
the festivities begin You can 
appreciate the work that went 

2460
02:11:52,300 --> 02:11:54,100
into creating this, medieval 
Christmas. 

2461
02:11:55,100 --> 02:11:59,400
Cooperation, the tradition. 
The small acts of preparation 

2462
02:11:59,400 --> 02:12:02,500
that connect you to centuries of
people who celebrated this same 

2463
02:12:02,500 --> 02:12:05,800
season in similar ways. 
Tomorrow is Christmas day, but 

2464
02:12:05,800 --> 02:12:10,000
tonight is Christmas Eve. 
When the anticipation might 

2465
02:12:10,000 --> 02:12:13,700
actually be better than the 
Fulfillment You head toward your

2466
02:12:13,700 --> 02:12:15,900
chamber to change into your best
clothes. 

2467
02:12:15,900 --> 02:12:19,900
The one saved for special 
occasions, The feast will begin 

2468
02:12:19,900 --> 02:12:23,600
soon and you want to be ready to
experience it properly with all 

2469
02:12:23,600 --> 02:12:26,800
the attention and appreciation, 
that such careful, preparation, 

2470
02:12:26,800 --> 02:12:29,800
deserves evening, arrives with 
the kind of cold. 

2471
02:12:29,800 --> 02:12:33,300
That makes you grateful for 
every piece of wall, you own You

2472
02:12:33,300 --> 02:12:36,600
dress for the feast in your 
finest, garments, a deep blue 

2473
02:12:36,600 --> 02:12:40,300
tunic that your mother made died
with woad that cost more than 

2474
02:12:40,300 --> 02:12:43,500
you like to remember and a 
circuit embroidered with a 

2475
02:12:43,500 --> 02:12:46,300
pattern that tries hard to look 
like noble decoration. 

2476
02:12:46,300 --> 02:12:50,000
While remaining just humble 
enough to avoid accusations of 

2477
02:12:50,000 --> 02:12:54,100
social climbing. 
Medieval fashion is a careful 

2478
02:12:54,100 --> 02:12:57,500
navigation between displaying 
your prosperity and not 

2479
02:12:57,500 --> 02:12:59,600
appearing to rise of your 
station. 

2480
02:12:59,600 --> 02:13:02,800
The Great Hall as reached that 
perfect moment, when all 

2481
02:13:02,800 --> 02:13:06,200
preparation is complete and the 
celebration is about to begin. 

2482
02:13:07,100 --> 02:13:09,800
guests have arrived from 
neighboring manners, their 

2483
02:13:09,800 --> 02:13:12,200
horses stamping in the Stables 
while their owners warm 

2484
02:13:12,200 --> 02:13:15,900
themselves by the fire, the 
social geography of the hall 

2485
02:13:15,900 --> 02:13:18,500
reflects the strict hierarchy of
medieval life. 

2486
02:13:18,500 --> 02:13:22,300
The high table on its raised 
platform at one end, the 

2487
02:13:22,300 --> 02:13:26,200
household tables arranged 
perpendicular to it and space at

2488
02:13:26,200 --> 02:13:28,500
the lower end for entertainers 
and servants. 

2489
02:13:28,500 --> 02:13:31,300
Who will eat after they've 
finished serving your lord 

2490
02:13:31,300 --> 02:13:33,400
enters with the ceremony 
appropriate to his position, 

2491
02:13:33,400 --> 02:13:37,500
accompanied by his lady, wife 
and their children, everyone 

2492
02:13:37,500 --> 02:13:39,700
stands. 
Not because there's a formal 

2493
02:13:39,700 --> 02:13:43,300
rule, requiring it, but because 
some forms of respect are so 

2494
02:13:43,308 --> 02:13:45,900
deeply ingrained, they feel like
natural law. 

2495
02:13:47,500 --> 02:13:50,800
He takes his place at the center
of the high table and only when 

2496
02:13:50,800 --> 02:13:52,900
he seated does. 
Everyone else follow suit? 

2497
02:13:53,700 --> 02:13:56,400
A choreography of medieval 
manners that no one has to think

2498
02:13:56,400 --> 02:13:58,500
about because it's been drilled 
in since childhood. 

2499
02:13:58,500 --> 02:14:02,700
The feast begins with a sermon 
that predates Christianity by 

2500
02:14:02,700 --> 02:14:05,700
centuries. 
A servant enters carrying the 

2501
02:14:05,700 --> 02:14:09,200
Waffle Bowl an enormous. 
Wooden vessel filled with spiced

2502
02:14:09,200 --> 02:14:13,400
ale decorated with ribbons and 
containing What appear to be 

2503
02:14:13,408 --> 02:14:15,900
small. 
Roasted apples floating on top, 

2504
02:14:15,900 --> 02:14:19,500
your lord raises the bowl and 
speaks the traditional words 

2505
02:14:19,500 --> 02:14:25,100
race hail behold or be healthy 
and everyone responds drink 

2506
02:14:25,100 --> 02:14:27,800
hail. 
The bowl is passed around the 

2507
02:14:27,800 --> 02:14:30,000
hall. 
Each person taking a drink. 

2508
02:14:30,700 --> 02:14:34,100
A communal sharing that binds 
everyone present into temporary 

2509
02:14:34,100 --> 02:14:36,800
Fellowship. 
Then the food begins to arrive 

2510
02:14:36,800 --> 02:14:40,500
course after course, in a 
display that makes your earlier,

2511
02:14:40,500 --> 02:14:42,600
sampling seem ridiculously 
inadequate. 

2512
02:14:43,800 --> 02:14:46,700
The bore enters first carried on
a massive. 

2513
02:14:46,700 --> 02:14:49,300
Wooden platter by Four Strong 
servants. 

2514
02:14:49,300 --> 02:14:53,600
Garnished with bay leaves and 
accompanied by musicians playing

2515
02:14:53,600 --> 02:14:56,500
a triumphant Fanfare on 
instruments that sound vaguely 

2516
02:14:56,500 --> 02:15:00,800
like very aggressive kazoos. 
Medieval music is an acquired 

2517
02:15:00,800 --> 02:15:03,000
taste. 
That you've acquired it over 

2518
02:15:03,000 --> 02:15:06,600
years of exposure, the balls 
head is removed and set before 

2519
02:15:06,600 --> 02:15:10,200
your lord, who carves the first 
portion with the knife, he wears

2520
02:15:10,200 --> 02:15:14,000
at his belt that every day, tool
that serves for eating, working 

2521
02:15:14,000 --> 02:15:17,500
and occasional self-defense, 
depending on circumstances. 

2522
02:15:18,400 --> 02:15:21,300
The Meters distributed, 
according to rank with the 

2523
02:15:21,300 --> 02:15:24,700
choices portions going to the 
high table and progressively 

2524
02:15:24,700 --> 02:15:28,800
less prestigious Cuts, moving 
down the social scale, You 

2525
02:15:28,800 --> 02:15:32,000
receive a serving that's 
perfectly respectable, tender 

2526
02:15:32,000 --> 02:15:35,500
and Rich with fat. 
And seasoned with herbs, you 

2527
02:15:35,500 --> 02:15:39,000
helped gather last summer more 
dishes following ways that test 

2528
02:15:39,000 --> 02:15:42,100
Your Capacity. 
The peacock reassembled into 

2529
02:15:42,100 --> 02:15:45,700
something approximating life 
gets admired more than eaten. 

2530
02:15:45,700 --> 02:15:49,000
Its meat is tough and the 
feathers are mostly for show. 

2531
02:15:50,200 --> 02:15:52,600
The pies arrive. 
They're crossed golden and the 

2532
02:15:52,600 --> 02:15:57,300
content steaming fish dishes 
appear required by Church law 

2533
02:15:57,300 --> 02:16:00,600
even during feast days prepared 
in ways that disguise their 

2534
02:16:00,608 --> 02:16:03,000
origin under layers of spices 
and sauces. 

2535
02:16:03,900 --> 02:16:07,700
Vegetables, cooked with butter 
and herbs eggs prepared in 

2536
02:16:07,700 --> 02:16:09,500
combinations. 
That seem designed to use as 

2537
02:16:09,500 --> 02:16:12,800
many eggs as possible. 
Cheese from The Summer's 

2538
02:16:12,800 --> 02:16:17,100
production, aged, just right. 
Bread in quantities. 

2539
02:16:17,100 --> 02:16:18,800
That would normally feed you for
a week. 

2540
02:16:18,800 --> 02:16:22,500
The meal happens in that, 
peculiar medieval Rhythm where 

2541
02:16:22,500 --> 02:16:26,100
eating is punctuated by 
entertainment conversation and 

2542
02:16:26,100 --> 02:16:29,200
periodic breaks for your stomach
to catch up with your ambition. 

2543
02:16:30,200 --> 02:16:34,000
Servants circulate with pictures
of Ale and wine, keeping Cuts 

2544
02:16:34,000 --> 02:16:36,400
filled with the efficiency of 
long practice. 

2545
02:16:37,400 --> 02:16:40,299
The whole grows warmer from the 
Press of bodies and the Roaring 

2546
02:16:40,299 --> 02:16:43,700
fire until you find yourself. 
Pushing back from the table, 

2547
02:16:43,700 --> 02:16:47,500
slightly loosening your belt and
wondering how anyone could 

2548
02:16:47,500 --> 02:16:50,299
possibly eat more. 
But of course, there's always 

2549
02:16:50,299 --> 02:16:53,299
more, the March pain, you 
helped, prepare a rise in 

2550
02:16:53,299 --> 02:16:56,000
elaborate forms, alongside other
sweets. 

2551
02:16:56,000 --> 02:16:58,600
That involve combinations of 
Honey fruit and nuts. 

2552
02:16:58,600 --> 02:17:01,799
Spiced wine is served hot 
warming. 

2553
02:17:01,799 --> 02:17:04,299
You from the inside. 
While simultaneously, making you

2554
02:17:04,299 --> 02:17:07,900
slightly dizzy. 
The conversation around you 

2555
02:17:07,900 --> 02:17:10,900
grows louder as inhibitions 
lower, and the evening 

2556
02:17:10,900 --> 02:17:14,200
progresses toward the moment, 
everyone is actually waiting for

2557
02:17:14,200 --> 02:17:18,100
midnight mass. 
The church bell begins ringing 

2558
02:17:18,100 --> 02:17:22,100
while the feast is still in full
swing, its tone, cutting through

2559
02:17:22,100 --> 02:17:25,100
the noise to remind everyone 
that beneath the celebration. 

2560
02:17:25,100 --> 02:17:29,799
This is a Holy Night. 
The birth of Christ. 

2561
02:17:29,799 --> 02:17:33,700
The theological reason for this 
entire season will be 

2562
02:17:33,700 --> 02:17:36,799
commemorated at midnight in a 
ceremony that's remained. 

2563
02:17:36,799 --> 02:17:39,000
Essentially unchanged for 
centuries. 

2564
02:17:39,700 --> 02:17:43,200
The transformation from Feast 
Hall to worshipers is gradual 

2565
02:17:43,200 --> 02:17:46,299
but inevitable as people begin 
to set down their cups and 

2566
02:17:46,299 --> 02:17:47,900
prepare to make their way to the
church. 

2567
02:17:47,900 --> 02:17:52,400
You bundle yourself back into 
your warmest clothes, adding an 

2568
02:17:52,400 --> 02:17:55,200
additional cloak because the 
walk to the church is short, but

2569
02:17:55,200 --> 02:17:58,799
the building itself has no 
heating Beyond body warmth and a

2570
02:17:58,799 --> 02:18:02,200
few candles. 
The procession from Manor to 

2571
02:18:02,200 --> 02:18:06,200
church happened by Torchlight. 
Align of illuminated figures 

2572
02:18:06,200 --> 02:18:09,100
moving through. 
Darkness, Neil that could be 

2573
02:18:09,100 --> 02:18:13,200
from any Christmas Eve for the 
past 500 years, The Village 

2574
02:18:13,200 --> 02:18:16,900
Church sits apart from the manor
serving, both the household and 

2575
02:18:16,900 --> 02:18:19,900
the village in that uneasy 
partnership that characterizes 

2576
02:18:19,900 --> 02:18:23,700
medieval religious life. 
It's a stone building that was 

2577
02:18:23,700 --> 02:18:25,600
already old when your 
grandparents were young. 

2578
02:18:25,600 --> 02:18:29,299
Its architecture. 
Simple but solid designed to 

2579
02:18:29,299 --> 02:18:31,299
last centuries rather than 
decades. 

2580
02:18:32,100 --> 02:18:35,500
The bell in its Tower continues,
ringing calling the faithful to 

2581
02:18:35,500 --> 02:18:39,200
worship with a voice that 
carries across the Frozen Fields

2582
02:18:39,200 --> 02:18:41,600
inside. 
The church has been transformed 

2583
02:18:41,600 --> 02:18:44,000
by candlelight and Evergreen 
decorations. 

2584
02:18:44,000 --> 02:18:46,400
The normal austerity of stone 
walls. 

2585
02:18:46,400 --> 02:18:49,600
And plain surfaces has been 
softened by Gardens of Holly and

2586
02:18:49,600 --> 02:18:52,100
Ivy. 
While Banks of candles, create 

2587
02:18:52,100 --> 02:18:55,799
pools of warm light, that push 
back against the vast Darkness 

2588
02:18:55,799 --> 02:18:59,700
outside. 
Smell is distinctive, beeswax, 

2589
02:18:59,700 --> 02:19:02,799
and incense, Cold Stone and wool
clothing. 

2590
02:19:02,799 --> 02:19:06,299
That particular Scent of a 
medieval church that combines 

2591
02:19:06,299 --> 02:19:08,100
devotional with practical 
reality. 

2592
02:19:08,900 --> 02:19:10,400
The priest stands ready? 
Investments? 

2593
02:19:10,400 --> 02:19:13,100
That are the finest possessions.
This poor Church owns. 

2594
02:19:13,900 --> 02:19:16,700
The silk and embroidery were 
gifts from your Lord's family 

2595
02:19:16,700 --> 02:19:21,600
Generations ago, passed down and
carefully maintained brought out

2596
02:19:21,600 --> 02:19:26,000
only for the highest holy days. 
In the candlelight they shine 

2597
02:19:26,000 --> 02:19:28,900
with a richness that transforms 
The Humble Village priest in to 

2598
02:19:28,900 --> 02:19:30,400
something approaching 
magnificent. 

2599
02:19:31,100 --> 02:19:34,400
The mass begins in Latin that 
sacred language that most people

2600
02:19:34,400 --> 02:19:37,100
present don't actually 
understand but which carries the

2601
02:19:37,100 --> 02:19:39,400
weight of tradition and divine 
Authority. 

2602
02:19:40,799 --> 02:19:44,799
The priest voice Rises and falls
in the ancient cadences speaking

2603
02:19:44,799 --> 02:19:47,100
words that were already old. 
When England became England. 

2604
02:19:47,100 --> 02:19:50,100
You follow along, not through 
understanding, but through 

2605
02:19:50,100 --> 02:19:53,600
familiarity. 
Knowing when to stand kneel and 

2606
02:19:53,600 --> 02:19:56,400
make responses that are more 
muscle memory than conscious 

2607
02:19:56,400 --> 02:19:59,700
thought, there's something 
profound about participating in 

2608
02:19:59,700 --> 02:20:03,200
a ceremony, you don't fully 
comprehend trusting that the 

2609
02:20:03,200 --> 02:20:06,700
ritual itself carries, meaning, 
beyond your individual grasp of 

2610
02:20:06,700 --> 02:20:11,800
its words The Latin phrases wash
over you like a river ancient 

2611
02:20:11,800 --> 02:20:16,000
and Powerful connecting you to 
centuries of believers who stood

2612
02:20:16,000 --> 02:20:17,700
in churches throughout 
Christendom. 

2613
02:20:18,400 --> 02:20:22,200
Seeking these same words at this
same hour, the Christmas liturgy

2614
02:20:22,200 --> 02:20:25,900
has particular Beauty. 
The joy that breaks through even

2615
02:20:25,900 --> 02:20:28,300
when mediated by a language, you
don't speak. 

2616
02:20:29,300 --> 02:20:32,700
Priest reads the Nativity Story 
in Latin, of course. 

2617
02:20:32,700 --> 02:20:36,500
But you know it well enough to 
follow along in your mind, the 

2618
02:20:36,500 --> 02:20:40,500
journey to Bethlehem, the Inn 
with no room, the stable in the 

2619
02:20:40,500 --> 02:20:44,600
manger, The Angels appear to 
Shepherds and feels that 

2620
02:20:44,600 --> 02:20:46,800
probably looked a lot like the 
one surrounding your village. 

2621
02:20:46,800 --> 02:20:49,900
There's a moment during the 
mass, when the priest elevates, 

2622
02:20:49,900 --> 02:20:53,100
the consecrated host. 
And the entire congregation 

2623
02:20:53,100 --> 02:20:57,300
drops to his knees. 
In unison, the Bell Ring's a 

2624
02:20:57,300 --> 02:21:00,600
small handbell, not the Tower 
Bell and in the candle. 

2625
02:21:00,600 --> 02:21:03,300
It darkness of a medieval Church
on Christmas Eve. 

2626
02:21:03,300 --> 02:21:06,400
You feel the presence of 
something larger than yourself? 

2627
02:21:07,400 --> 02:21:10,500
Whether it's the Divine, the 
weight of tradition, or simply 

2628
02:21:10,500 --> 02:21:13,900
the human need to mark this 
darkest season with light and 

2629
02:21:13,900 --> 02:21:17,000
hope you're not sure, maybe it 
doesn't matter. 

2630
02:21:17,000 --> 02:21:20,000
Maybe all three are aspects of 
the same truth. 

2631
02:21:20,800 --> 02:21:22,500
Carols. 
Begin after the consecration. 

2632
02:21:22,500 --> 02:21:25,200
These aren't the refined hymns. 
That later. 

2633
02:21:25,200 --> 02:21:28,300
Centuries will create but 
rougher older songs that blend 

2634
02:21:28,300 --> 02:21:32,000
Christian themes with folk 
Melodies that probably predate 

2635
02:21:32,000 --> 02:21:35,600
Christianity. 
The tunes are simple enough that

2636
02:21:35,600 --> 02:21:39,500
everyone can join in creating a 
sound, that's more enthusiastic 

2637
02:21:39,500 --> 02:21:43,700
than technically proficient. 
Medieval congregational singing 

2638
02:21:43,700 --> 02:21:47,500
operates on the principle that 
volume compensates for any lack 

2639
02:21:47,500 --> 02:21:49,800
of skill. 
You sing along your voice 

2640
02:21:49,800 --> 02:21:51,600
joining dozens of others in the 
cold. 

2641
02:21:51,600 --> 02:21:56,100
Air, the song tells of angels 
and Shepherds of a star leading 

2642
02:21:56,100 --> 02:22:00,300
wise men from the East and of a 
baby born in circumstances of 

2643
02:22:00,300 --> 02:22:03,500
poverty who nonetheless 
represents salvation for all 

2644
02:22:03,500 --> 02:22:07,100
Humanity. 
The theology is heavy, but the 

2645
02:22:07,100 --> 02:22:10,400
melody is bright that 
particularly medieval 

2646
02:22:10,400 --> 02:22:12,200
combination of profound 
religious. 

2647
02:22:12,200 --> 02:22:15,000
Meaning delivered through 
approachable, even cheerful 

2648
02:22:15,000 --> 02:22:18,400
music, The Mask concludes in the
small hours of the morning 

2649
02:22:18,400 --> 02:22:21,200
Christmas day. 
Now technically though it still 

2650
02:22:21,200 --> 02:22:24,800
feels like night. 
The priest gives his final 

2651
02:22:24,800 --> 02:22:29,000
blessing and the congregation 
begins to stir preparing to head

2652
02:22:29,000 --> 02:22:32,300
back out into the cold. 
But there's a reluctance to 

2653
02:22:32,300 --> 02:22:36,500
leave a desire to extend this 
moment when the entire Community

2654
02:22:36,500 --> 02:22:39,400
stands together in shared 
purpose and shared belief 

2655
02:22:39,400 --> 02:22:42,600
outside. 
The snow has begun again, soft 

2656
02:22:42,600 --> 02:22:45,900
flakes, that catch the torch 
light as the procession reforms 

2657
02:22:45,900 --> 02:22:49,500
for the walk, back to the manor.
Your breath makes clouds in the 

2658
02:22:49,500 --> 02:22:51,600
Frigidaire and your toes of 
lost. 

2659
02:22:51,600 --> 02:22:54,200
Most of their feeling despite 
your Woolen stockings and 

2660
02:22:54,200 --> 02:22:57,000
leather boots. 
But there's a warmth inside you 

2661
02:22:57,000 --> 02:22:58,700
that has nothing to do with 
temperature. 

2662
02:22:59,800 --> 02:23:02,700
To disfunction of having mark, 
this Knight properly of having 

2663
02:23:02,700 --> 02:23:06,300
participated in a tradition that
connects you to believe as a 

2664
02:23:06,308 --> 02:23:09,400
time and space, the manor house.
Appears ahead. 

2665
02:23:09,400 --> 02:23:13,900
It's Windows glowing with 
firelight promising, warmth for 

2666
02:23:13,900 --> 02:23:18,300
the continuation of Celebration.
Because while midnight mass 

2667
02:23:18,300 --> 02:23:22,200
represents the spiritual Heart 
of Christmas Eve, the night is 

2668
02:23:22,200 --> 02:23:26,600
far from over. 
Food still Waits hail still 

2669
02:23:26,600 --> 02:23:30,400
flows and celebration of Christ.
Birth will continue until 

2670
02:23:30,400 --> 02:23:33,300
exhaustion and Dawn finally, 
send everyone to bed. 

2671
02:23:33,300 --> 02:23:36,800
You enter the Great Hall to find
that Servants of kept the fires 

2672
02:23:36,800 --> 02:23:40,000
burning and the food. 
Warm a smaller group remains. 

2673
02:23:40,000 --> 02:23:43,100
Now those Hardy Souls who have 
the stamina to continue 

2674
02:23:43,100 --> 02:23:45,600
celebrating after a feast and a 
midnight mass. 

2675
02:23:46,500 --> 02:23:48,800
You join them accepting a cup of
hot. 

2676
02:23:48,800 --> 02:23:53,400
Spiced wine settling by the fire
to let its warmth seat back into

2677
02:23:53,400 --> 02:23:56,600
your Frozen extremities 
Christmas day has begun. 

2678
02:23:56,600 --> 02:24:01,100
And with it comes the promise of
12, more days of celebration, of

2679
02:24:01,100 --> 02:24:04,500
Fellowship, of temporary, 
suspension of the normal order. 

2680
02:24:05,400 --> 02:24:09,400
You're exactly where you belong 
surrounded by Community wrapped 

2681
02:24:09,400 --> 02:24:13,100
in Tradition, marking the turn 
of the year in ways that your 

2682
02:24:13,100 --> 02:24:16,900
ancestors would recognize. 
It's a good feeling this sense 

2683
02:24:16,900 --> 02:24:20,500
of connection and continuity. 
It's What Christmas Means 

2684
02:24:20,500 --> 02:24:26,300
underneath, all the Theology and
ceremony the simple human need 

2685
02:24:26,300 --> 02:24:31,000
to push back Darkness with light
to combat winter, with warmth 

2686
02:24:31,000 --> 02:24:34,700
and to face the cold season 
together rather than Alone 

2687
02:24:34,700 --> 02:24:37,300
Christmas morning arrives later 
than usual. 

2688
02:24:37,300 --> 02:24:41,100
A concession to the previous 
night's festivities that leaves 

2689
02:24:41,100 --> 02:24:44,300
you grateful for the heavy 
curtains around your bed, and 

2690
02:24:44,300 --> 02:24:46,400
the extra blanket. 
You remember to add before, 

2691
02:24:46,400 --> 02:24:49,800
collapsing into sleep. 
The manor house is quiet with 

2692
02:24:49,800 --> 02:24:52,700
the particular silence that 
follows significant celebration.

2693
02:24:53,800 --> 02:24:57,400
Not the active hush of people 
sleeping, but the exhausted 

2694
02:24:57,400 --> 02:25:00,400
Stillness of people who have 
thoroughly worn themselves out 

2695
02:25:00,400 --> 02:25:02,800
and are taking their time 
recovering. 

2696
02:25:02,800 --> 02:25:06,900
You rise eventually drawn by the
smell of fresh bread and the 

2697
02:25:06,900 --> 02:25:08,800
recognition that however much 
you. 

2698
02:25:08,800 --> 02:25:11,800
Wait last night, hunger has a 
way of returning with the 

2699
02:25:11,800 --> 02:25:15,200
morning. 
The Great Hall shows signs of 

2700
02:25:15,200 --> 02:25:19,300
last night's, Feast the tables. 
Haven't been fully cleared those

2701
02:25:19,300 --> 02:25:21,000
servants have made initial 
progress. 

2702
02:25:21,800 --> 02:25:24,300
Someone has kept the fire going 
for which, you're grateful 

2703
02:25:24,300 --> 02:25:26,500
because the stone walls, hold 
cold. 

2704
02:25:26,500 --> 02:25:29,800
Like, they hold memories, 
stubbornly and for a long time. 

2705
02:25:29,800 --> 02:25:33,500
The breakfast laid out is 
generous even by Feast Day 

2706
02:25:33,500 --> 02:25:35,300
standards. 
Fresh bread. 

2707
02:25:35,300 --> 02:25:38,700
Still warm from the Bakehouse 
butter, that tastes of summer, 

2708
02:25:38,700 --> 02:25:42,500
grass, despite the winter 
season, and cheese aged to that 

2709
02:25:42,500 --> 02:25:46,400
perfect point where it's sharp 
without being overwhelming, Cold

2710
02:25:46,400 --> 02:25:49,800
meets left from yesterday's 
Feast, including slices of that 

2711
02:25:49,800 --> 02:25:51,400
ball. 
That tasted even better cold 

2712
02:25:51,400 --> 02:25:54,400
than they did hot. 
Porridge made rich with honey 

2713
02:25:54,400 --> 02:25:57,200
and nuts. 
Small beer to drink because 

2714
02:25:57,200 --> 02:25:59,400
starting the day with ale is 
perfectly normal. 

2715
02:25:59,400 --> 02:26:02,300
When clean water is suspect, and
coffee hasn't been invented yet.

2716
02:26:02,300 --> 02:26:06,200
People drifted in gradually 
responding to their own internal

2717
02:26:06,200 --> 02:26:09,100
schedule and varying levels of 
recovery from last night's 

2718
02:26:09,100 --> 02:26:12,100
revelries. 
Your Lord arrives looking 

2719
02:26:12,100 --> 02:26:14,600
surprisingly. 
Well, rested, which either 

2720
02:26:14,600 --> 02:26:18,500
speaks to a noble Constitution, 
or having servant to ensure that

2721
02:26:18,500 --> 02:26:21,400
Lords get proper sleep 
regardless of his schedule's. 

2722
02:26:22,300 --> 02:26:25,800
His children trail behind him. 
Still dressed in their Christmas

2723
02:26:25,800 --> 02:26:29,200
finest from yesterday apparently
having slept in their good 

2724
02:26:29,200 --> 02:26:33,200
clothes, rather than changing a 
very medieval approach to 

2725
02:26:33,200 --> 02:26:36,500
laundry conservation. 
The plan for today involves more

2726
02:26:36,500 --> 02:26:40,000
eating naturally because the 
Christmas Feast spans multiple 

2727
02:26:40,000 --> 02:26:42,700
days and yesterday's offerings 
were merely the beginning. 

2728
02:26:43,900 --> 02:26:46,700
But first there's the morning 
gift-giving ceremony. 

2729
02:26:47,500 --> 02:26:50,600
A tradition that sits somewhere 
between religious observance and

2730
02:26:50,600 --> 02:26:54,600
social performance, medieval 
Christmas gifts on what later 

2731
02:26:54,600 --> 02:26:56,200
centuries will make of the 
traditional. 

2732
02:26:57,000 --> 02:26:59,000
There are no wrap packages with 
bows. 

2733
02:26:59,000 --> 02:27:02,000
No surprise is concealed until 
the moment of opening. 

2734
02:27:02,800 --> 02:27:07,200
Instead, gifs are practical 
often expected and carefully 

2735
02:27:07,200 --> 02:27:10,700
calibrated to reflect and 
reinforce social relationships. 

2736
02:27:11,400 --> 02:27:15,000
Your Lord will give gifts to his
household money to serve events 

2737
02:27:15,000 --> 02:27:18,300
cloth to Craftsman. 
Perhaps a new knife to someone 

2738
02:27:18,300 --> 02:27:19,900
who service deserves 
recognition. 

2739
02:27:21,100 --> 02:27:24,200
In return, he'll receive gifts 
that acknowledged his position. 

2740
02:27:25,100 --> 02:27:29,300
Love's handkerchiefs spices and 
things that flatter without 

2741
02:27:29,300 --> 02:27:32,500
presuming equality. 
You've prepared your own modest 

2742
02:27:32,500 --> 02:27:36,200
gifts, a jar of honey from your 
hives to The Cook's major meals.

2743
02:27:36,200 --> 02:27:38,800
All year. 
A carved wooden toy for the 

2744
02:27:38,800 --> 02:27:41,900
Lord's, youngest child and a 
length of ribbon for the lady of

2745
02:27:41,900 --> 02:27:44,600
the man that you purchased from 
a peddler who passed through in 

2746
02:27:44,600 --> 02:27:48,100
autumn These aren't extravagant 
presence, but there are 

2747
02:27:48,100 --> 02:27:51,100
appropriate to your station and 
to the relationships. 

2748
02:27:51,100 --> 02:27:55,000
They acknowledge the gift-giving
happens in the Great Hall with 

2749
02:27:55,000 --> 02:27:56,800
everyone present to witness the 
exchanges. 

2750
02:27:57,700 --> 02:27:59,500
There's a ritualistic quality to
it. 

2751
02:27:59,500 --> 02:28:03,500
Each presentation accompanied by
words of thanks and reciprocal 

2752
02:28:03,500 --> 02:28:04,000
good. 
Wishes. 

2753
02:28:04,800 --> 02:28:08,000
When your lord gives you a small
purse containing coins, you 

2754
02:28:08,000 --> 02:28:11,300
know, the exact amount without 
counting it, three days wages, 

2755
02:28:11,300 --> 02:28:14,800
the standard Christmas gift of 
valued household members. 

2756
02:28:14,800 --> 02:28:18,000
It's enough to feel generous 
without being so much as to 

2757
02:28:18,000 --> 02:28:21,500
disrupt the social order. 
The children receive their gifts

2758
02:28:21,500 --> 02:28:25,200
with an enthusiasm that makes 
the adults smile toys carved 

2759
02:28:25,200 --> 02:28:29,800
from wood, a small horse, a 
ball, and a doll made of cloth 

2760
02:28:29,800 --> 02:28:33,300
and stuffing. 
These are precious items in a 

2761
02:28:33,300 --> 02:28:36,800
world where childhood is shorter
and toys are rare than later. 

2762
02:28:36,800 --> 02:28:38,500
Generations will consider a 
normal. 

2763
02:28:39,300 --> 02:28:42,400
You watch a boy of paps. 
Seven receive his wooden sword 

2764
02:28:42,400 --> 02:28:44,600
with a joy. 
So pure it makes you remember 

2765
02:28:44,600 --> 02:28:47,900
your own childhood. 
When such simple things could 

2766
02:28:47,900 --> 02:28:51,600
contain entire worlds of 
imagination once, the gifts of 

2767
02:28:51,608 --> 02:28:54,500
being exchanged, the serious 
business of continuing, the 

2768
02:28:54,500 --> 02:28:59,200
feast begins, Fresh tables are 
set the servants having cleared 

2769
02:28:59,200 --> 02:29:01,700
last night's remains while you 
were distracted by gift. 

2770
02:29:01,700 --> 02:29:04,100
Giving a new dishes, begin to 
appear. 

2771
02:29:05,100 --> 02:29:07,600
Today's offerings are somewhat 
lighter than yesterday's. 

2772
02:29:07,600 --> 02:29:11,000
A recognition that there are 
still 11 more days of feasting 

2773
02:29:11,000 --> 02:29:13,900
ahead, and pacing is essential 
to survival. 

2774
02:29:13,900 --> 02:29:18,100
Pies appear smaller than last 
night's, massive constructions, 

2775
02:29:18,100 --> 02:29:21,700
but no less elaborate One 
contains dried cherries and 

2776
02:29:21,708 --> 02:29:24,200
spices that tastes like 
concentrated summer. 

2777
02:29:25,100 --> 02:29:27,900
And other holds a mixture of 
meats that have been cooked down

2778
02:29:27,900 --> 02:29:29,600
into something rich and 
satisfying. 

2779
02:29:30,500 --> 02:29:33,300
There are pastries filled with 
cheese and herbs, small enough 

2780
02:29:33,300 --> 02:29:36,400
to eat with your hands, which 
you do, despite the grease that 

2781
02:29:36,400 --> 02:29:40,000
accumulates on your fingers. 
Truly magnificent offering is 

2782
02:29:40,000 --> 02:29:44,100
the subtlety that peculiar 
medieval creation that's part 

2783
02:29:44,100 --> 02:29:47,100
Food. 
Part art project an entirely 

2784
02:29:47,100 --> 02:29:48,700
concerned with impressing 
guests. 

2785
02:29:49,700 --> 02:29:54,700
Today's version is a castle made
entirely of March pain, complete

2786
02:29:54,700 --> 02:29:58,000
with tiny sugar, towers and 
walls details with such care. 

2787
02:29:58,000 --> 02:29:59,800
You feel almost guilty eating 
it. 

2788
02:30:00,600 --> 02:30:06,000
Almost the sweetness is intense,
the Almond flavor pronounced and

2789
02:30:06,000 --> 02:30:09,000
the entire creation. 
Represent hours of someone's 

2790
02:30:09,000 --> 02:30:11,500
careful work that will be 
consumed in minutes. 

2791
02:30:12,300 --> 02:30:15,100
Medieval feasting has always 
been partly about conspicuous 

2792
02:30:15,100 --> 02:30:18,900
consumption and this sugary 
Castle delivers that message 

2793
02:30:18,900 --> 02:30:22,300
with Clarity entertainment 
companies the meal because 

2794
02:30:22,300 --> 02:30:24,800
eating for hours would be 
tedious without distraction. 

2795
02:30:25,600 --> 02:30:29,500
The minstrel from yesterday, 
reappears, this time performing 

2796
02:30:29,500 --> 02:30:33,300
songs that range from religious 
hymns to stories of courtly. 

2797
02:30:33,300 --> 02:30:37,000
Love to ballads about Robin Hood
that are probably treasonous. 

2798
02:30:37,000 --> 02:30:39,100
If anyone bothered to think too 
hard about them. 

2799
02:30:40,100 --> 02:30:44,600
Tunes are catchy in that way, 
Medieval music has modal scales 

2800
02:30:44,600 --> 02:30:48,100
that sound simultaneously 
familiar and strange to ears 

2801
02:30:48,100 --> 02:30:51,700
trained on later harmonies 
between courses, a juggler 

2802
02:30:51,700 --> 02:30:54,800
performs, keeping six wooden 
balls in the air with a skill 

2803
02:30:54,800 --> 02:30:57,400
that looks effortless but 
represents years of practice. 

2804
02:30:57,400 --> 02:31:00,300
When someone from the audience 
calls out a challenge. 

2805
02:31:00,300 --> 02:31:04,000
He adds knives through the 
rotational their blades catching

2806
02:31:04,000 --> 02:31:07,900
the firelight, as they spin. 
It's the kind of performance 

2807
02:31:07,900 --> 02:31:11,900
that makes you hold your breath 
partly from admiration and 

2808
02:31:11,900 --> 02:31:14,900
partly from the very real 
possibility that someone might 

2809
02:31:14,900 --> 02:31:19,300
need bandages soon. 
Medieval entertainment doesn't 

2810
02:31:19,300 --> 02:31:22,400
include safety nets, literal or 
figurative. 

2811
02:31:22,400 --> 02:31:26,800
The Storyteller takes his turn, 
settling onto a stall, near the 

2812
02:31:26,808 --> 02:31:29,800
fire and launching into a 
romance about Circle away and 

2813
02:31:29,800 --> 02:31:33,900
his various Adventures. 
His voice Rises and falls with 

2814
02:31:33,900 --> 02:31:37,100
the drama. 
Describing battles with giants, 

2815
02:31:37,100 --> 02:31:41,600
encounters with temptresses and 
moral dilemmas that somehow 

2816
02:31:41,600 --> 02:31:44,700
always resolved in ways that 
reinforce the importance of 

2817
02:31:44,700 --> 02:31:47,200
Christian virtue and feudal 
loyalty. 

2818
02:31:48,200 --> 02:31:52,400
You've heard this story before. 
Probably several times, but the 

2819
02:31:52,400 --> 02:31:54,600
telling matters as much as the 
tale. 

2820
02:31:55,300 --> 02:31:58,400
The storytellers art is in 
bringing familiar narratives to 

2821
02:31:58,400 --> 02:32:01,300
life in making audiences feel 
emotions. 

2822
02:32:01,300 --> 02:32:04,200
They already know are coming the
meal stretches through the 

2823
02:32:04,200 --> 02:32:08,000
afternoon in that Timeless way 
that medieval feasts have where 

2824
02:32:08,000 --> 02:32:10,600
you lose track of, whether 
you're eating lunch or dinner or

2825
02:32:10,600 --> 02:32:14,200
something in between, Servants. 
Keep bringing food and people 

2826
02:32:14,200 --> 02:32:17,300
keeping it though. 
The pace has slowed considerably

2827
02:32:17,300 --> 02:32:21,100
from last night's enthusiasm 
there's a limit to how much Rose

2828
02:32:21,100 --> 02:32:24,600
Meat and spiced wine. 
Any human system can process and

2829
02:32:24,600 --> 02:32:27,200
your approaching yours with a 
certainty of someone who has 

2830
02:32:27,200 --> 02:32:29,100
done this before and should know
better. 

2831
02:32:29,100 --> 02:32:33,800
Somehow, never learns as the 
winter afternoon Fades, which it

2832
02:32:33,800 --> 02:32:35,700
does appallingly. 
Early leaving, you feeling? 

2833
02:32:35,700 --> 02:32:39,300
Cheated of daylight. 
Someone suggest games, this is 

2834
02:32:39,300 --> 02:32:42,000
met with enthusiasm by those 
young enough to still have 

2835
02:32:42,000 --> 02:32:45,400
energy and grows from those of 
us who eaten too much to move 

2836
02:32:45,400 --> 02:32:48,400
with any Grace. 
But the suggestion carries the 

2837
02:32:48,400 --> 02:32:51,800
day and tables are pushed back 
to create space in the Great 

2838
02:32:51,800 --> 02:32:53,900
Hall. 
The games that follow are the 

2839
02:32:53,900 --> 02:32:55,400
traditional Christmas 
diversions. 

2840
02:32:55,400 --> 02:32:59,400
Some religious and origin. 
Others considerably older and 

2841
02:32:59,400 --> 02:33:02,200
more Pagan than the church would
prefer to acknowledge. 

2842
02:33:03,000 --> 02:33:07,100
Hoodman blind is played first. 
A medieval version of Blind 

2843
02:33:07,100 --> 02:33:10,000
Man's Bluff. 
Where someone is hooded and must

2844
02:33:10,000 --> 02:33:13,100
catch other players by sound and
touch alone. 

2845
02:33:13,100 --> 02:33:17,600
The game quickly, descends into 
cheerful chaos with hooded 

2846
02:33:17,600 --> 02:33:20,900
players dumpling into Furniture 
while everyone else shrinks with

2847
02:33:20,908 --> 02:33:23,600
laughter and offers misleading 
directions. 

2848
02:33:23,600 --> 02:33:27,700
Hot cockles comes next. 
A game that seems designed to 

2849
02:33:27,700 --> 02:33:30,200
test both physical endurance and
social bonds. 

2850
02:33:31,100 --> 02:33:34,700
One person Neil's blindfolded, 
While others take turns striking

2851
02:33:34,700 --> 02:33:37,700
their back and the kneeling 
person must guess who hit them. 

2852
02:33:38,400 --> 02:33:40,300
It's rougher than its sounds and
watching. 

2853
02:33:40,300 --> 02:33:43,000
It makes you grateful that 
medieval Society, has some 

2854
02:33:43,000 --> 02:33:44,800
concept of rank appropriate 
play. 

2855
02:33:45,600 --> 02:33:47,400
The servants participated 
enthusiastically. 

2856
02:33:48,800 --> 02:33:51,500
Currently viewing this as an 
opportunity for socialist, 

2857
02:33:51,500 --> 02:33:53,900
sanctioned revenge against 
authority figures who have 

2858
02:33:53,900 --> 02:33:56,900
annoyed them throughout the 
year, someone produces a ball 

2859
02:33:56,900 --> 02:34:01,100
leather stuffed with rags and an
impromptu game of catch develops

2860
02:34:01,100 --> 02:34:02,700
that rapidly becomes 
competitive. 

2861
02:34:03,600 --> 02:34:07,300
Medieval people take their games
seriously, even informal ones. 

2862
02:34:08,100 --> 02:34:10,800
The ball flies back and forth 
with increasing velocity. 

2863
02:34:10,800 --> 02:34:14,100
Until someone makes an errant 
throw that sends it directly 

2864
02:34:14,100 --> 02:34:17,500
into the remnants of the feast, 
scattering pastries, and 

2865
02:34:17,500 --> 02:34:21,100
sloshing wine. 
The resulting laughter suggests,

2866
02:34:21,100 --> 02:34:24,000
this might have been intentional
music starts up again. 

2867
02:34:24,000 --> 02:34:28,600
This time for danceing The dance
is a communal rather than 

2868
02:34:28,600 --> 02:34:32,400
partnered with long lines of 
people moving through patterns 

2869
02:34:32,400 --> 02:34:37,100
that everyone knows by heart. 
The steps are simple but the 

2870
02:34:37,100 --> 02:34:40,400
combinations are complex, 
requiring attention and 

2871
02:34:40,400 --> 02:34:42,900
coordination. 
That's challenging after several

2872
02:34:42,900 --> 02:34:47,400
cups of wine. you join in partly
because refusing would be 

2873
02:34:47,408 --> 02:34:51,100
anti-social and partly because 
the movement feels good after 

2874
02:34:51,100 --> 02:34:54,700
hours of sitting and eating the,
Carol dance is a particularly 

2875
02:34:54,700 --> 02:34:57,700
enjoyable, combining song with 
movement in patterns, that 

2876
02:34:57,708 --> 02:35:02,000
Circle the whole These dancers 
are old probably predating 

2877
02:35:02,000 --> 02:35:04,400
Christianity, their circular 
forms. 

2878
02:35:04,400 --> 02:35:07,200
Echoing the wheel of the year 
and the cycles of Seasons. 

2879
02:35:07,200 --> 02:35:12,000
The church's christianized them,
adding religious lyrics to Pagan

2880
02:35:12,000 --> 02:35:15,900
forms, creating that typical 
medieval blend of old and new 

2881
02:35:15,900 --> 02:35:18,900
beliefs, that characterizes so 
much of the holiday. 

2882
02:35:18,900 --> 02:35:21,800
As you move through the dance, 
you become aware of the 

2883
02:35:21,800 --> 02:35:25,500
community or part of These are 
people, you've known your entire

2884
02:35:25,500 --> 02:35:28,500
life whose families have been 
connected to yours for 

2885
02:35:28,500 --> 02:35:31,800
Generations. 
The Lord's grandfather, New York

2886
02:35:31,800 --> 02:35:34,600
grandfather, The Cook's mother 
taught your mother. 

2887
02:35:34,600 --> 02:35:38,700
How to brew proper ale. 
The children playing in the 

2888
02:35:38,700 --> 02:35:41,300
corner will grow up to work. 
Alongside your own children, 

2889
02:35:41,300 --> 02:35:44,800
continuing patterns of 
relationship that stretch back 

2890
02:35:44,800 --> 02:35:47,400
Beyond memory. 
This interconnection is what 

2891
02:35:47,400 --> 02:35:50,800
medieval life actually means. 
Underneath all the historical 

2892
02:35:50,800 --> 02:35:54,800
discussion of feudalism and 
hierarchy, You're not isolated 

2893
02:35:54,800 --> 02:35:59,000
individuals, pursuing separate 
parts, but threads in a fabric. 

2894
02:35:59,000 --> 02:36:01,000
That's been weaving itself for 
centuries. 

2895
02:36:01,900 --> 02:36:04,900
Christmas Feast is partly about 
celebrating Christ's birth. 

2896
02:36:04,900 --> 02:36:08,200
Yes, but it's also about 
reinforcing the social bonds 

2897
02:36:08,200 --> 02:36:11,300
that reminding everyone of their
place in the larger pattern. 

2898
02:36:11,300 --> 02:36:14,700
The dancing continues until 
people are genuinely exhausted 

2899
02:36:14,700 --> 02:36:17,200
flushed with exertion and dizzy 
from spinning. 

2900
02:36:18,200 --> 02:36:21,000
Someone calls for more wine and 
servants appear with pictures 

2901
02:36:21,000 --> 02:36:24,500
because apparently, there's no 
upper limit to how much liquid a

2902
02:36:24,500 --> 02:36:26,400
medieval Feast can produce and 
consume. 

2903
02:36:26,400 --> 02:36:30,100
You accept one more cup, more 
from habit than desire. 

2904
02:36:30,700 --> 02:36:33,400
Holding it while you catch your 
breath and let your heart rate 

2905
02:36:33,400 --> 02:36:35,100
return to something approaching 
normal. 

2906
02:36:35,800 --> 02:36:39,500
Fire in the great half is built 
up again with massive logs, 

2907
02:36:39,500 --> 02:36:41,000
added that will burn through the
night. 

2908
02:36:41,700 --> 02:36:45,100
The Yule Log tradition, that 
enormous piece of wood that's 

2909
02:36:45,100 --> 02:36:46,300
supposed to burn throughout the 
Christmas. 

2910
02:36:46,300 --> 02:36:51,000
Season sits at the half's heart 
glowing with heat that pushes 

2911
02:36:51,000 --> 02:36:55,100
back against the winter cold. 
This log was cut from an oak 

2912
02:36:55,100 --> 02:36:59,100
tree with ceremony dragged to 
the manner with celebration and 

2913
02:36:59,100 --> 02:37:02,000
lit with Embers saved from last 
year's, yule log. 

2914
02:37:03,200 --> 02:37:07,200
It's a tradition that predates 
Christianity by centuries, a 

2915
02:37:07,200 --> 02:37:09,700
file worshiping ritual that the 
church tolerates because 

2916
02:37:09,700 --> 02:37:13,300
traditions this old are 
impossible to eradicate evening 

2917
02:37:13,300 --> 02:37:16,300
settles over the manner, the 
calling it evening feels wrong. 

2918
02:37:16,300 --> 02:37:20,200
When darkness arrived hours ago,
time during the Christmas season

2919
02:37:20,200 --> 02:37:24,300
operates differently measured 
not by clocks which are rare and

2920
02:37:24,300 --> 02:37:28,700
temperamental anyway, but by the
rhythm of Feasts, entertainments

2921
02:37:28,700 --> 02:37:32,200
and rest periods that flow into 
one another without clear, 

2922
02:37:32,200 --> 02:37:35,500
boundaries the Great Hall as 
reach that perfect state of 

2923
02:37:35,500 --> 02:37:38,800
comfortable exhaustion, where 
everyone is content to Simply 

2924
02:37:38,800 --> 02:37:43,100
exist together, Some people are 
still eating working through the

2925
02:37:43,100 --> 02:37:45,100
seemingly infinite supplies of 
food. 

2926
02:37:45,100 --> 02:37:49,700
Others are talking their 
conversations animated by wine 

2927
02:37:49,700 --> 02:37:52,308
and fellowship. 
Children are sprawled near the 

2928
02:37:52,316 --> 02:37:55,100
fire, not quite asleep, but 
clearly heading that direction. 

2929
02:37:56,000 --> 02:37:58,100
Dogs that have been begging 
scraps all day. 

2930
02:37:58,100 --> 02:38:02,400
Now lie, contentedly under 
tables their bellies full and 

2931
02:38:02,400 --> 02:38:05,400
their loyalty temporary 
purchased with roast meat. 

2932
02:38:05,400 --> 02:38:09,100
You find yourself a spot near 
the fire not too close to be 

2933
02:38:09,100 --> 02:38:11,700
uncomfortably hot but close 
enough to benefit from his 

2934
02:38:11,700 --> 02:38:15,100
warmth. 
The heat makes you drowsy that 

2935
02:38:15,100 --> 02:38:18,800
Pleasant heavy that comes from 
physical satisfaction and the 

2936
02:38:18,808 --> 02:38:22,900
knowledge that you have nowhere 
else to be nothing else you must

2937
02:38:22,900 --> 02:38:24,700
do. 
Christmas. 

2938
02:38:24,700 --> 02:38:29,000
You realize is partly about this
about permission to Simply exist

2939
02:38:29,000 --> 02:38:32,900
without the constant pressure of
work and obligation the minstrel

2940
02:38:32,900 --> 02:38:36,200
plays quietly now. 
Soft tunes that underscore 

2941
02:38:36,200 --> 02:38:38,100
rather than dominate, the Halls 
atmosphere. 

2942
02:38:39,000 --> 02:38:42,600
Someone is telling a story in 
one corner, their voice rise in 

2943
02:38:42,600 --> 02:38:44,900
and falling while listeners 
respond with occasional 

2944
02:38:44,900 --> 02:38:47,000
laughter. 
A group near the far. 

2945
02:38:47,000 --> 02:38:49,900
End is singing not a 
performance, but the Casual 

2946
02:38:49,900 --> 02:38:52,600
music making that happens when 
people who've known each other 

2947
02:38:52,600 --> 02:38:55,300
forever, harmonize, without 
thinking about it. 

2948
02:38:55,300 --> 02:38:59,300
You let your eyes drift closed 
from a moment, just resting 

2949
02:38:59,300 --> 02:39:01,200
them. 
And when you open them again, 

2950
02:39:01,200 --> 02:39:04,900
some undefined amount of time as
passed and the fire has burned 

2951
02:39:04,900 --> 02:39:09,600
lower, The hall is quieter. 
Now people having gradually 

2952
02:39:09,600 --> 02:39:13,600
migrated to their beds or simply
fallen asleep where they sat. 

2953
02:39:14,500 --> 02:39:17,800
This is normal for Christmas 
celebrations, sleep happens when

2954
02:39:17,800 --> 02:39:21,200
it happens, in whatever 
location, you happen to occupy 

2955
02:39:21,200 --> 02:39:24,200
when exhaustion finally wins 
tomorrow. 

2956
02:39:24,200 --> 02:39:26,800
Or today, depending on how you 
count time. 

2957
02:39:26,800 --> 02:39:30,500
After midnight, the feast will 
continue more food, more 

2958
02:39:30,500 --> 02:39:34,500
entertainment, more Fellowship, 
The 12 Days of Christmas, 

2959
02:39:34,500 --> 02:39:38,300
stretch ahead each day, bringing
similar patterns of Celebration 

2960
02:39:38,300 --> 02:39:42,200
each night blending into the 
next and the season becomes a 

2961
02:39:42,200 --> 02:39:45,500
single extended experience 
rather than discrete days. 

2962
02:39:45,500 --> 02:39:50,300
But for now, in this moment, 
your content to sit by the fire 

2963
02:39:50,300 --> 02:39:54,300
surrounded by Community, warm 
and fed and safe. 

2964
02:39:55,300 --> 02:39:59,000
Winter ranges outside but inside
the man Awards, Christmas holds 

2965
02:39:59,000 --> 02:40:03,400
Darkness at Bay with light cold 
with warmth and isolation with 

2966
02:40:03,400 --> 02:40:05,200
Fellowship. 
It's enough. 

2967
02:40:05,200 --> 02:40:09,700
It's everything really the 
second day of Christmas arrives 

2968
02:40:09,700 --> 02:40:13,000
with your body's, insistent 
reminder, that you're not as 

2969
02:40:13,000 --> 02:40:16,300
young as you want were and that 
medieval feasting takes a 

2970
02:40:16,308 --> 02:40:19,300
physical toll that would benefit
from Modern pain relievers. 

2971
02:40:19,300 --> 02:40:22,400
You extract yourself from 
wherever you ended up sleeping 

2972
02:40:23,700 --> 02:40:27,200
Appears to be a pile of cushions
never half which explains why 

2973
02:40:27,200 --> 02:40:29,800
one side of your body feels 
roasted while the other feels 

2974
02:40:29,800 --> 02:40:34,400
Frozen and Survey the Great Hall
in Morning Light, the space 

2975
02:40:34,400 --> 02:40:38,100
looks like the aftermath of a 
very successful party which is 

2976
02:40:38,100 --> 02:40:41,600
exactly what it is. 
Servants are already moving 

2977
02:40:41,600 --> 02:40:45,200
through clearing the detritus of
yesterday's celebrations. 

2978
02:40:45,200 --> 02:40:48,500
With the efficient resignation 
of people who know they'll be 

2979
02:40:48,500 --> 02:40:50,200
doing the same work for 11, more
days. 

2980
02:40:50,200 --> 02:40:53,300
You help where you can carrying 
dishes to the kitchen 

2981
02:40:53,300 --> 02:40:56,500
straightening benches, and 
trying to find where your shoes 

2982
02:40:56,500 --> 02:40:59,800
ended up after last night's 
dancing, removed them from your 

2983
02:40:59,800 --> 02:41:02,500
feet. 
Breakfast is a quieter than yes 

2984
02:41:02,500 --> 02:41:03,500
today. 
Partly. 

2985
02:41:03,500 --> 02:41:06,300
Because several people are still
asleep and partly because 

2986
02:41:06,300 --> 02:41:09,100
everyone's ambition for food has
been temporarily satisfied. 

2987
02:41:10,100 --> 02:41:14,100
You settle for bread and cheese 
small beer and an apple from the

2988
02:41:14,100 --> 02:41:16,100
Autumn storage. 
That's gone slightly soft. 

2989
02:41:16,100 --> 02:41:18,300
But tastes sweet enough to 
forgive its texture. 

2990
02:41:19,200 --> 02:41:22,700
Medieval mornings after feast 
days are exercises, in gentle 

2991
02:41:22,700 --> 02:41:25,900
recovery, allowing your body to 
catch up with what your 

2992
02:41:25,900 --> 02:41:29,200
enthusiasm inflicted upon it. 
The day, unfolds, with less 

2993
02:41:29,200 --> 02:41:32,700
structure than yesterday's 
ceremony, This is boxing day 

2994
02:41:32,700 --> 02:41:34,400
though. 
It won't be called that for 

2995
02:41:34,400 --> 02:41:37,900
several more centuries. 
The tradition of giving gifts to

2996
02:41:37,900 --> 02:41:40,000
servants and the poor has 
already happened. 

2997
02:41:40,000 --> 02:41:42,900
Yesterday's presence. 
Covered that obligation. 

2998
02:41:43,600 --> 02:41:46,600
Today is for continuing the 
celebration in whatever form. 

2999
02:41:46,600 --> 02:41:49,900
Appeals to people's current 
energy levels, some choose to 

3000
02:41:49,900 --> 02:41:53,600
hunt bundling into warm clothes 
and heading out with dogs and 

3001
02:41:53,608 --> 02:41:56,600
weapons to pursue Winter game 
through snowy fields. 

3002
02:41:57,300 --> 02:42:01,200
Hunting during Christmas is 
partly sport, partly necessity 

3003
02:42:01,200 --> 02:42:04,100
and partly an excuse to escape 
the manor. 

3004
02:42:04,100 --> 02:42:07,100
House is increasingly crowded 
and aromatic interior. 

3005
02:42:08,100 --> 02:42:10,500
You can consider joining them, 
but decide that standing in 

3006
02:42:10,500 --> 02:42:13,700
Frozen Fields waiting for deer 
sounds less appealing than 

3007
02:42:13,700 --> 02:42:16,700
staying by the fire. 
Instead you participate in the 

3008
02:42:16,708 --> 02:42:21,100
games that develop or throughout
the day, Someone has produced a 

3009
02:42:21,100 --> 02:42:24,400
set of dice carve from bone and 
gambling begins with the 

3010
02:42:24,400 --> 02:42:27,200
enthusiastic disregard for 
church prohibitions. 

3011
02:42:27,200 --> 02:42:31,500
That characterizes medieval 
attitudes toward gaming wages. 

3012
02:42:31,500 --> 02:42:35,600
Small amounts a few coins. 
A knife that seemed better days 

3013
02:42:35,600 --> 02:42:38,600
a promise to do someone share of
work next week. 

3014
02:42:39,600 --> 02:42:43,700
The dice clatter across the 
table and fortunes rise and fall

3015
02:42:43,700 --> 02:42:46,900
with each throw medieval dice 
games are wonderfully. 

3016
02:42:46,900 --> 02:42:49,300
Simple compared to what later? 
Centuries will divide. 

3017
02:42:49,300 --> 02:42:53,100
The rules are straightforward 
the outcomes depend entirely on 

3018
02:42:53,100 --> 02:42:56,300
chance and the entertainment 
value comes from the social 

3019
02:42:56,300 --> 02:42:58,200
interaction more than the game 
itself. 

3020
02:42:58,200 --> 02:43:03,200
You win some lose more and don't
particularly care about either 

3021
02:43:03,200 --> 02:43:05,700
outcome. 
The point is the participation, 

3022
02:43:05,700 --> 02:43:09,900
the fellowship and the shared 
experience of trying your luck 

3023
02:43:09,900 --> 02:43:13,300
against fate and your friends 
cards haven't been invented yet 

3024
02:43:13,300 --> 02:43:14,800
or at least haven't reached 
England. 

3025
02:43:14,800 --> 02:43:17,200
So you're spared the complexity 
that playing cards will 

3026
02:43:17,200 --> 02:43:21,200
eventually bring to gaming. 
Instead, there are board games 

3027
02:43:21,200 --> 02:43:24,800
carved into wooden surfaces 
games, involving moving pieces, 

3028
02:43:24,800 --> 02:43:28,300
according to dice, throws and 
games that require strategy and 

3029
02:43:28,300 --> 02:43:31,100
planning. 
Someone produces a chess set and

3030
02:43:31,100 --> 02:43:33,900
you watch a match between two 
players who take the game. 

3031
02:43:33,900 --> 02:43:37,000
Seriously enough that Spectators
full silent during crucial 

3032
02:43:37,000 --> 02:43:41,100
moments, the children have their
own games happening in corners 

3033
02:43:41,100 --> 02:43:44,100
and corridors. 
They play with the wooden toys 

3034
02:43:44,100 --> 02:43:48,300
from yesterday's gifs creating 
elaborate scenarios that seem to

3035
02:43:48,300 --> 02:43:52,800
involve Knights dragons and a 
surprising amount of falling 

3036
02:43:52,800 --> 02:43:56,100
over dramatically. 
Their energy is boundless in 

3037
02:43:56,100 --> 02:43:57,500
that way. 
That makes adults 

3038
02:43:57,500 --> 02:43:59,700
simultaneously, envious and 
exhausted. 

3039
02:43:59,700 --> 02:44:02,300
You remember having that much 
Vitality? 

3040
02:44:02,300 --> 02:44:06,300
Once though it feels like a 
previous lifetime, rather than a

3041
02:44:06,300 --> 02:44:10,000
previous decade, midday brings 
another meal because of course 

3042
02:44:10,000 --> 02:44:12,400
it does. 
The feast continues with 

3043
02:44:12,400 --> 02:44:16,100
offerings, that aim for variety 
rather than volume, at least. 

3044
02:44:16,100 --> 02:44:19,300
That seems to be the intention 
though the actual quantities. 

3045
02:44:19,300 --> 02:44:24,400
Remain substantial. 
Roasted foul today, smaller 

3046
02:44:24,400 --> 02:44:27,300
birds that cook faster than 
yesterday's, massive bore. 

3047
02:44:28,200 --> 02:44:31,400
Fish prepared with enough spices
to disguise its origin. 

3048
02:44:31,400 --> 02:44:34,900
A concession to religious rules 
about when meat can be eaten. 

3049
02:44:35,800 --> 02:44:38,500
Vegetable dishes that actually 
taste of their ingredients 

3050
02:44:38,500 --> 02:44:40,200
rather than the sources covering
them. 

3051
02:44:40,200 --> 02:44:43,300
There's a meat pie that turns 
out to contain lamprey. 

3052
02:44:44,000 --> 02:44:47,400
That peculiar eel-like fish that
wealthy people consider a 

3053
02:44:47,400 --> 02:44:50,400
delicacy despite its appearance 
suggesting otherwise. 

3054
02:44:51,400 --> 02:44:53,400
You try it because refusing 
would be rude. 

3055
02:44:53,400 --> 02:44:57,200
Discover it tastes like River 
mud and regret it and quietly 

3056
02:44:57,200 --> 02:44:58,900
feed the rest to a dog under the
table. 

3057
02:44:58,900 --> 02:45:02,300
The dog appears equally 
unimpressed but he eats it 

3058
02:45:02,300 --> 02:45:05,200
anyway because dogs have 
different standards than humans.

3059
02:45:05,200 --> 02:45:07,700
When it comes to food evaluation
the afternoon. 

3060
02:45:07,700 --> 02:45:10,400
Entertainment comes from an 
unexpected Source. 

3061
02:45:10,400 --> 02:45:12,800
Visitors arrive from a 
neighboring manner. 

3062
02:45:12,800 --> 02:45:16,000
Their lord, having to decide to 
make a Christmas call that 

3063
02:45:16,000 --> 02:45:18,800
combines social obligation with 
genuine friendliness. 

3064
02:45:19,800 --> 02:45:21,900
Medieval visiting during 
Christmases. 

3065
02:45:21,900 --> 02:45:25,100
Expected staying isolated, 
during the season of Fellowship 

3066
02:45:25,100 --> 02:45:28,300
would be considered anti-social 
ordering on hostile. 

3067
02:45:29,400 --> 02:45:32,800
The visitors bring gifts for 
their hosts and Barrel of wine. 

3068
02:45:32,800 --> 02:45:37,500
A haunch of venison, some 
expensive candles, and a 

3069
02:45:37,500 --> 02:45:40,800
welcomed with the enthusiasm 
that such generosity deserves 

3070
02:45:40,800 --> 02:45:44,900
with new guests, come new 
stories, fresh, gossip and 

3071
02:45:44,900 --> 02:45:47,200
different perspectives on shared
acquaintance's. 

3072
02:45:48,100 --> 02:45:51,900
Medieval people are tremendous 
gossips, treating news about 

3073
02:45:51,900 --> 02:45:55,000
neighbors with the attention 
that later ages will reserve for

3074
02:45:55,000 --> 02:45:58,200
celebrity scandals. 
You learn about marriages being 

3075
02:45:58,200 --> 02:46:02,200
arranged lands being disputed 
and Priests behaving in ways 

3076
02:46:02,200 --> 02:46:05,600
that suggest their vows of 
celibacy are more aspirational 

3077
02:46:05,600 --> 02:46:09,000
than actual. 
The specifics would probably 

3078
02:46:09,000 --> 02:46:12,100
sound tedious to Outsiders. 
But for you, these are the 

3079
02:46:12,100 --> 02:46:14,300
stories that make up the fabric 
of Your World. 

3080
02:46:14,300 --> 02:46:16,800
The Visitors bring their own 
entertainment, as well. 

3081
02:46:16,800 --> 02:46:20,800
One of them is apparently known 
for his riddles and he proceeds 

3082
02:46:20,800 --> 02:46:24,100
to pose questions that range 
from clever to grow in inducing.

3083
02:46:25,200 --> 02:46:29,600
What has hands but cannot clap. 
A clock except that, hardly 

3084
02:46:29,600 --> 02:46:31,700
anyone presenters seen an actual
clock? 

3085
02:46:31,700 --> 02:46:36,300
So the answer Falls flat, What 
gets wetter as it dries. 

3086
02:46:37,200 --> 02:46:40,500
A towel which works better and 
produces satisfied nod from 

3087
02:46:40,500 --> 02:46:43,600
those who guessed correctly 
evening brings music and more 

3088
02:46:43,600 --> 02:46:45,900
dancing. 
Because apparently yesterday is 

3089
02:46:45,900 --> 02:46:47,900
dancing wasn't sufficient to 
exhaust. 

3090
02:46:47,900 --> 02:46:51,200
Everyone's enthusiasm for 
spinning in circles to Medieval 

3091
02:46:51,200 --> 02:46:56,400
Tunes, The dance is tonight are 
more elaborate with patterns 

3092
02:46:56,400 --> 02:46:58,900
that require instruction for 
those unfamiliar with them. 

3093
02:46:59,900 --> 02:47:02,900
You watch your lord attempt to 
particularly complex step? 

3094
02:47:03,600 --> 02:47:08,200
Stumble recover with dignity, 
mostly intact and continued as 

3095
02:47:08,200 --> 02:47:11,900
if nothing happened. 
Medieval Aristocrats are very 

3096
02:47:11,900 --> 02:47:15,100
good at pretending that public. 
Mishaps are intentional choices.

3097
02:47:15,100 --> 02:47:18,900
Someone suggests to Christmas 
play and a group of the more 

3098
02:47:18,900 --> 02:47:21,700
theatrical household members, 
begin organizing a performance. 

3099
02:47:22,600 --> 02:47:25,200
These aren't elaborate 
Productions with scripts and 

3100
02:47:25,200 --> 02:47:28,800
rehearsals but improvised 
entertainment based on familiar 

3101
02:47:28,800 --> 02:47:31,800
stories. 
Tonight's offering appears to be

3102
02:47:31,800 --> 02:47:35,900
the Nativity with servants and 
minor Nobles volunteering for 

3103
02:47:35,900 --> 02:47:40,000
roles that include Shepards 
angels and what appears to be a 

3104
02:47:40,000 --> 02:47:43,500
very reluctant donkey played by 
someone wearing a blanket and 

3105
02:47:43,500 --> 02:47:47,400
making half-hearted braying 
sound the players Charming in 

3106
02:47:47,400 --> 02:47:51,000
its amateurish, with actors for 
getting their lines, Angels 

3107
02:47:51,000 --> 02:47:55,300
Wings falling off mid-scene and 
the baby Jesus represented by a 

3108
02:47:55,300 --> 02:47:58,300
wooden doll that looks nothing. 
Like an infant and everything, 

3109
02:47:58,300 --> 02:48:02,500
like a carved log with a face 
painted on it. but the audience 

3110
02:48:02,500 --> 02:48:06,600
loves it, responding with cheers
and laughter and genuine, 

3111
02:48:06,600 --> 02:48:10,600
appreciation for the effort, And
devil entertainment values 

3112
02:48:10,600 --> 02:48:14,400
participation over Perfection, 
the attempt over the achievement

3113
02:48:14,400 --> 02:48:17,200
as night. 
Deepens, the celebration settles

3114
02:48:17,200 --> 02:48:21,300
in to the now, familiar pattern 
of eating drinking talking and 

3115
02:48:21,300 --> 02:48:24,400
generally existing together in 
that comfortable way that 

3116
02:48:24,400 --> 02:48:27,400
happened when people have shared
several days of continuous 

3117
02:48:27,400 --> 02:48:31,600
celebration. 
The wine flows loosening tongues

3118
02:48:31,600 --> 02:48:34,000
and lowering inhibitions and 
ways that tomorrow might bring 

3119
02:48:34,008 --> 02:48:37,000
regrets. 
But a night produces only warmth

3120
02:48:37,000 --> 02:48:40,000
and fellowship, you find 
yourself in a conversation with 

3121
02:48:40,000 --> 02:48:43,400
one of the visiting Nobles. 
Discussing topics that range 

3122
02:48:43,400 --> 02:48:46,700
from the weather or was a safe 
subject to the political 

3123
02:48:46,700 --> 02:48:49,300
situation with France, less 
safe. 

3124
02:48:49,300 --> 02:48:52,700
But interesting to speculation 
about what the New Year might 

3125
02:48:52,700 --> 02:48:57,200
bring Medieval people are both 
fatalistic about the future 

3126
02:48:57,200 --> 02:49:00,200
believing that God's will 
ultimately determine to 

3127
02:49:00,200 --> 02:49:04,500
everything and actively engaged 
in trying to shape circumstances

3128
02:49:04,500 --> 02:49:07,700
to their advantage. 
The contradiction doesn't bother

3129
02:49:07,700 --> 02:49:10,000
anyone. 
The conversation drifts to 

3130
02:49:10,000 --> 02:49:13,400
memories of previous Christmases
and stories emerge about 

3131
02:49:13,408 --> 02:49:17,700
celebrations in years passed. 
The Christmas when snow fell so 

3132
02:49:17,700 --> 02:49:20,500
heavily, that the man was 
isolated for a week. 

3133
02:49:21,600 --> 02:49:23,900
The Christmas when the Boris 
escaped before it could be 

3134
02:49:23,900 --> 02:49:27,900
roasted and had to be recaptured
in an adventure that apparently 

3135
02:49:27,900 --> 02:49:30,900
involved. 
Three servants, two dogs and 

3136
02:49:30,900 --> 02:49:34,700
considerable property damage. 
The Christmas when the priest 

3137
02:49:34,700 --> 02:49:38,100
had drunk too much was sale and 
delivered midnight, mass in 

3138
02:49:38,100 --> 02:49:41,000
Latin, that was creatively 
interpreted at best. 

3139
02:49:41,000 --> 02:49:44,200
These stories, connect you to 
the history of the place and 

3140
02:49:44,200 --> 02:49:47,600
people around you creating a 
sense of continuity that 

3141
02:49:47,600 --> 02:49:50,100
stretches Beyond individual life
times. 

3142
02:49:50,800 --> 02:49:52,500
You're not just celebrating this
Christmas. 

3143
02:49:52,500 --> 02:49:56,000
You're participating in a 
tradition that your grandparents

3144
02:49:56,000 --> 02:49:59,100
knew that your grandchildren 
will know that creates a thread 

3145
02:49:59,100 --> 02:50:01,100
of shared experience, running 
through time. 

3146
02:50:01,100 --> 02:50:04,900
The fire burns low again. 
And again, it's built up with 

3147
02:50:04,900 --> 02:50:07,300
fresh logs that will carry 
warmth through the night. 

3148
02:50:08,700 --> 02:50:11,100
The Yule Log continues, its slow
combustion. 

3149
02:50:12,100 --> 02:50:15,000
A constant presence that anchors
the celebration. 

3150
02:50:15,800 --> 02:50:20,400
To something older than 
Christianity older than Rome as 

3151
02:50:20,400 --> 02:50:24,000
old as humans gathering around, 
fire to push back, darkness and 

3152
02:50:24,000 --> 02:50:27,000
cold. 
Sleep comes, gradually people 

3153
02:50:27,000 --> 02:50:31,000
drifting away or simply settling
where they sit in cloaks and 

3154
02:50:31,008 --> 02:50:35,200
blankets content to rest in the 
great Halls communal warmth. 

3155
02:50:35,900 --> 02:50:38,800
You find your own sleeping Spot 
somewhere between the fire and 

3156
02:50:38,800 --> 02:50:41,600
the wall where warmth and stone 
created balance. 

3157
02:50:41,600 --> 02:50:45,100
That feels just right. 
Tomorrow will bring another day 

3158
02:50:45,100 --> 02:50:48,700
of Celebration and the day after
that, and the day after that, 

3159
02:50:48,700 --> 02:50:52,900
until the 12 days of passed and 
Epiphany arrives to Mark the end

3160
02:50:52,900 --> 02:50:56,700
of the Christmas season. 
But that's a future concern for 

3161
02:50:56,700 --> 02:51:01,000
now, surrounded by Community, 
warm and fed and safe you. 

3162
02:51:01,000 --> 02:51:04,200
Let sleep, take you. 
Your last conscious thought of 

3163
02:51:04,200 --> 02:51:07,200
vague sense of contentment. 
That this is What Christmas 

3164
02:51:07,200 --> 02:51:11,800
Means not the presence or the 
food, or any single element. 

3165
02:51:11,800 --> 02:51:15,700
But the whole experience of 
living within community of 

3166
02:51:15,700 --> 02:51:19,700
marking times, passage together 
of creating shared memories, 

3167
02:51:19,700 --> 02:51:22,800
that will warm you through 
Winters Yet to Come the middle 

3168
02:51:22,800 --> 02:51:25,400
Days of Christmas blur together,
with that Pleasant in 

3169
02:51:25,400 --> 02:51:29,200
distinctness, that comes from 
continuous celebration without 

3170
02:51:29,200 --> 02:51:31,200
the anchoring routine of normal 
work. 

3171
02:51:32,000 --> 02:51:35,400
You've lost track of whether 
this is the third fourth or 5th 

3172
02:51:35,400 --> 02:51:37,500
day. 
Not because you're drunk, 

3173
02:51:37,500 --> 02:51:40,200
though. 
The steady consumption of Ale 

3174
02:51:40,200 --> 02:51:42,700
and wine certainly isn't helping
temporal clarity. 

3175
02:51:43,700 --> 02:51:47,200
But because the days themselves 
of merged into one extended, 

3176
02:51:47,200 --> 02:51:50,500
present tents, where time is 
measured by meals and 

3177
02:51:50,500 --> 02:51:54,300
entertainment, rather than by 
any more conventional metric 

3178
02:51:54,300 --> 02:51:58,000
this morning or possibly after 
noon, the winter light, makes it

3179
02:51:58,000 --> 02:51:59,900
hard to tell. 
You, find yourself with 

3180
02:51:59,900 --> 02:52:03,400
unexpected free time. 
The servants have the Great Hall

3181
02:52:03,400 --> 02:52:05,900
in hand. 
The kitchen is managing without 

3182
02:52:05,900 --> 02:52:08,700
your help and the current 
entertainment doesn't require 

3183
02:52:08,700 --> 02:52:13,200
audience participation You take 
advantage of this rare Solitude 

3184
02:52:13,200 --> 02:52:15,800
to claim a chair near. 
The fire wrapped in a blanket 

3185
02:52:15,800 --> 02:52:19,800
that smells of wood smoke and 
wool content to Simply sit and 

3186
02:52:19,800 --> 02:52:23,600
watch the Flames medievals. 
A mesmerizing in ways that 

3187
02:52:23,600 --> 02:52:28,100
Modern Heating can't replicate 
Flames move with unpredictable 

3188
02:52:28,100 --> 02:52:31,000
Beauty, finding shapes in the 
burning wood. 

3189
02:52:31,000 --> 02:52:35,500
That seem almost meaningful. 
Your ancestors saw Spirits in 

3190
02:52:35,500 --> 02:52:39,700
such Flames, reduces in their 
flickering and believe that fire

3191
02:52:39,700 --> 02:52:42,300
was a living thing with 
intelligence and intention. 

3192
02:52:43,300 --> 02:52:46,800
The Church disapproves of such 
thinking, but sitting here alone

3193
02:52:46,800 --> 02:52:48,900
with the fire, you can 
understand the impulse. 

3194
02:52:49,800 --> 02:52:53,500
The Flames do seem alive, 
dancing, and breathing, and 

3195
02:52:53,500 --> 02:52:56,000
consuming the wood with what 
looks remarkably. 

3196
02:52:56,000 --> 02:52:58,900
Like, hunger. 
The Great Hall is quieter than 

3197
02:52:58,900 --> 02:53:02,100
it's been since Christmas Eve. 
Most people are elsewhere 

3198
02:53:02,100 --> 02:53:06,100
hunting sleeping off last 
night's feast or Participating 

3199
02:53:06,100 --> 02:53:08,700
in some entertainment happening 
in another part of the manor. 

3200
02:53:09,700 --> 02:53:13,700
Quiet, feels precious after days
of constant noise and activity. 

3201
02:53:14,800 --> 02:53:17,500
You're not anti-social, you've 
thoroughly enjoyed the 

3202
02:53:17,500 --> 02:53:21,200
celebration, but everyone needs 
occasional Solitude to process 

3203
02:53:21,200 --> 02:53:24,800
experience and simply exist 
without performing for others. 

3204
02:53:24,800 --> 02:53:29,100
Your thoughts drift to 
Christmases past memories Rising

3205
02:53:29,100 --> 02:53:32,400
like the Sparks from the fire? 
You remember childhood 

3206
02:53:32,400 --> 02:53:36,400
Christmases, when the feast 
seemed impossibly Grand and you 

3207
02:53:36,400 --> 02:53:40,100
believed without question that 
the season was magical, You 

3208
02:53:40,100 --> 02:53:42,600
remember the first Christmas 
after your father died? 

3209
02:53:42,600 --> 02:53:46,600
When the celebration felt Hollow
despite everyone's efforts to 

3210
02:53:46,600 --> 02:53:49,800
maintain traditions. 
You remember, last year's 

3211
02:53:49,800 --> 02:53:52,800
Christmas, which seemed 
unremarkable at the time. 

3212
02:53:52,800 --> 02:53:56,600
But now carries a poignancy at 
lack then Because you understand

3213
02:53:56,600 --> 02:53:59,800
how each celebration is unique. 
Even when following familiar 

3214
02:53:59,800 --> 02:54:02,600
patterns, medieval life 
encourages, this kind of 

3215
02:54:02,600 --> 02:54:06,200
reflection this awareness of 
times passage and the cycles 

3216
02:54:06,200 --> 02:54:10,400
that structure human existence. 
The agricultural year creates a 

3217
02:54:10,400 --> 02:54:13,700
rhythm of planting and harvest 
growth and dormancy. 

3218
02:54:14,500 --> 02:54:18,400
The church year marks time with 
Saints days and holy Seasons the

3219
02:54:18,400 --> 02:54:21,700
human life cycle moves from 
birth through childhood adult 

3220
02:54:21,700 --> 02:54:26,300
hood old age and death. 
The visibility that later ages 

3221
02:54:26,300 --> 02:54:28,900
will try to hide but that 
medieval people accept as 

3222
02:54:28,900 --> 02:54:31,200
natural. 
Christmas sits at the 

3223
02:54:31,200 --> 02:54:34,800
intersection of the Cycle's. 
The darkest time of the natural 

3224
02:54:34,800 --> 02:54:38,200
year, the celebration of Christ 
birth in the religious year. 

3225
02:54:38,200 --> 02:54:41,700
And for you, personally, a 
moment to reflect on your own 

3226
02:54:41,700 --> 02:54:44,300
Journey Through Time. 
You think about the people 

3227
02:54:44,300 --> 02:54:47,600
who've passed away since last 
Christmas Your neighbor's wife 

3228
02:54:47,600 --> 02:54:51,400
died in childbirth both mother 
and infant to a lost despite the

3229
02:54:51,400 --> 02:54:54,200
midwife's. 
Best efforts an old man from The

3230
02:54:54,200 --> 02:54:56,600
Village whose name you're 
ashamed to realize you forgot 

3231
02:54:56,600 --> 02:55:01,000
and though you remember his face
and his kindness, a child who 

3232
02:55:01,000 --> 02:55:04,500
fell through, ice on the Mill, 
Pond gone before, anyone could 

3233
02:55:04,500 --> 02:55:08,100
reach him. 
Medieval death is commonplace in

3234
02:55:08,100 --> 02:55:11,500
ways that later. 
Centuries will forget Constant 

3235
02:55:11,500 --> 02:55:13,400
presence. 
That makes the celebration of 

3236
02:55:13,400 --> 02:55:17,300
life, all the more important, 
but you also think about new 

3237
02:55:17,300 --> 02:55:20,900
arrivals Babies born in the past
year who are experiencing their 

3238
02:55:20,900 --> 02:55:23,600
first Christmas though, they're 
too young to remember it. 

3239
02:55:24,400 --> 02:55:27,400
Marriages that joined families 
in bonds that will Ripple 

3240
02:55:27,400 --> 02:55:31,300
through generations. 
New households established new 

3241
02:55:31,300 --> 02:55:35,800
positions, filled the constant 
renewal that balances deaths 

3242
02:55:35,800 --> 02:55:40,100
persistence. 
Life continues, patterns, repeat

3243
02:55:40,100 --> 02:55:43,900
and Christmas marks the turn of 
the year with acknowledgment 

3244
02:55:43,900 --> 02:55:47,300
that both endings and Beginnings
are part of the same cycle. 

3245
02:55:47,300 --> 02:55:51,600
The fire pops loudly, sending 
Sparks up the chimney and 

3246
02:55:51,608 --> 02:55:55,800
startling you from your reverie 
You add another log watching, it

3247
02:55:55,800 --> 02:55:59,000
catch and begin, its own 
transformation, from solid wood 

3248
02:55:59,000 --> 02:56:03,400
to Flame, and heat. 
And eventually Ash The cycle of 

3249
02:56:03,400 --> 02:56:06,500
consumption and transformation. 
Seems like it should mean. 

3250
02:56:06,500 --> 02:56:09,800
Something should carry some 
deeper significance that you can

3251
02:56:09,800 --> 02:56:12,300
almost grasp but not quite 
articulate. 

3252
02:56:13,500 --> 02:56:16,400
Medieval people are comfortable 
with this kind of incomplete 

3253
02:56:16,400 --> 02:56:19,300
understanding with truths that 
feel real. 

3254
02:56:19,300 --> 02:56:23,000
Even when they can't be, fully 
explained a servant appears with

3255
02:56:23,000 --> 02:56:25,900
food because, of course, there's
more food. 

3256
02:56:25,900 --> 02:56:29,500
There's always more food during 
Christmas and you accept a plate

3257
02:56:29,500 --> 02:56:31,000
without really looking at what's
on it. 

3258
02:56:32,000 --> 02:56:35,900
The eating has become almost 
automatic a background activity 

3259
02:56:35,900 --> 02:56:38,400
that continues regardless of 
actual hunger. 

3260
02:56:39,300 --> 02:56:42,200
YouTube mechanically while 
continuing to watch the fire 

3261
02:56:42,200 --> 02:56:45,500
finding yourself. 
Surprisingly content with this 

3262
02:56:45,500 --> 02:56:49,200
moment of solitary existence 
within the larger celebration, 

3263
02:56:49,200 --> 02:56:52,900
the door opens admitting cold 
air, and several people 

3264
02:56:52,900 --> 02:56:54,900
returning from some outdoor 
activity. 

3265
02:56:55,700 --> 02:56:59,000
They're laughing flushed with 
exertion and cold bringing 

3266
02:56:59,000 --> 02:57:02,900
energy, that disrupts your quiet
contemplation, but that you find

3267
02:57:02,900 --> 02:57:07,000
yourself welcoming anyway, 
Solitude is precious but so is 

3268
02:57:07,000 --> 02:57:09,500
community. 
And the balance between them is 

3269
02:57:09,500 --> 02:57:13,200
what makes life bearable. 
Someone settles near you an 

3270
02:57:13,200 --> 02:57:15,900
older man, whose name, you know,
but whose life story, you've 

3271
02:57:15,900 --> 02:57:19,200
never fully heard. 
In the Casual way that happens 

3272
02:57:19,200 --> 02:57:21,300
during Christmas. 
When normal social boundaries 

3273
02:57:21,300 --> 02:57:26,100
relaxed, he begins talking about
his own memories Christmas from 

3274
02:57:26,100 --> 02:57:29,400
50 years ago, when the current 
Lodge grandfather, ruled the 

3275
02:57:29,400 --> 02:57:31,400
manner, and the world was 
simultaneously different. 

3276
02:57:31,400 --> 02:57:35,400
And exactly the same histories 
are fascinating, not for their 

3277
02:57:35,400 --> 02:57:39,100
drama, but for their ordinary 
Miss. he talks about Feast that 

3278
02:57:39,100 --> 02:57:41,800
sound like the one you're 
currently experiencing about 

3279
02:57:41,800 --> 02:57:45,500
music and games and about the 
particular quality of Fellowship

3280
02:57:45,500 --> 02:57:49,300
that Christmas creates He 
mentions people long Dead, with 

3281
02:57:49,300 --> 02:57:52,000
a casualness of someone who's 
outlived most of his generation.

3282
02:57:52,000 --> 02:57:57,400
Treating mortality, is a fact, 
rather than a tragedy medieval 

3283
02:57:57,400 --> 02:58:00,100
old age, brings this 
perspective, if you live long 

3284
02:58:00,100 --> 02:58:03,600
enough, Death Becomes a familiar
companion rather than a 

3285
02:58:03,600 --> 02:58:06,500
terrifying. 
Stranger you listen Asking 

3286
02:58:06,500 --> 02:58:09,500
occasional questions, learning 
things about the man as history 

3287
02:58:09,500 --> 02:58:13,800
that no written record captures.
These oral histories are how 

3288
02:58:13,808 --> 02:58:17,600
medieval communities, remember 
themselves, stories passed from 

3289
02:58:17,600 --> 02:58:21,500
person to person each telling 
adding and subtracting details. 

3290
02:58:21,500 --> 02:58:23,900
And the truth becomes less 
important than the meaning. 

3291
02:58:25,200 --> 02:58:27,900
The old man's memories are 
historically, accurate, probably

3292
02:58:27,900 --> 02:58:29,800
but their true in a deeper 
sense. 

3293
02:58:30,700 --> 02:58:34,100
Capture the feeling of those 
past celebrations, the texture 

3294
02:58:34,100 --> 02:58:37,600
of Life lived, within this 
community and the continuity 

3295
02:58:37,600 --> 02:58:40,500
that connects past to present 
more people. 

3296
02:58:40,500 --> 02:58:44,100
Join your Fireside Gathering 
drawn by the warmth and the 

3297
02:58:44,100 --> 02:58:48,600
conversation Someone contributes
their own memories and someone 

3298
02:58:48,600 --> 02:58:51,400
else tells a story they heard 
from their grandmother and 

3299
02:58:51,400 --> 02:58:54,500
gradually the solitary 
reflection transforms into 

3300
02:58:54,500 --> 02:58:57,800
communal remembering. 
This is how medieval people 

3301
02:58:57,800 --> 02:59:02,300
process experience not through 
individual introspection though 

3302
02:59:02,300 --> 02:59:04,900
that happens. 
But through shared storytelling 

3303
02:59:04,900 --> 02:59:08,100
that creates Collective 
understanding the afternoons, 

3304
02:59:08,100 --> 02:59:10,900
slides toward evening with that 
winter repeatedly that still 

3305
02:59:10,900 --> 02:59:14,100
surprises you, even though 
you've experienced it every year

3306
02:59:14,100 --> 02:59:17,900
of your life. 
Fire needs constant feeding and 

3307
02:59:17,900 --> 02:59:21,000
you take your turn adding logs, 
maintaining the warmth that 

3308
02:59:21,000 --> 02:59:25,300
makes the Great Hall habitable. 
The your log continues at Slow 

3309
02:59:25,300 --> 02:59:27,800
Burn. 
Smaller than when it was lit on 

3310
02:59:27,800 --> 02:59:30,700
Christmas Eve, but still 
substantial still serving. 

3311
02:59:30,700 --> 02:59:33,500
Its purpose of carrying fire 
through the darkest season. 

3312
02:59:33,500 --> 02:59:37,800
Someone suggests mulled wine and
a servant is dispatched to heat 

3313
02:59:37,800 --> 02:59:41,000
some with spices. 
The drink arrives and wooden 

3314
02:59:41,008 --> 02:59:43,900
cups that warm your hands while 
the wine, warms your inside 

3315
02:59:43,900 --> 02:59:47,300
creating a double comfort. 
That makes the winter evening 

3316
02:59:47,300 --> 02:59:50,800
feel less threatening Medieval 
people are experts at these 

3317
02:59:50,800 --> 02:59:54,200
small Comforts that creating 
warmth and light and fellowship 

3318
02:59:54,200 --> 02:59:58,500
to combat the cold and dark that
surrounds the storing continues.

3319
02:59:58,500 --> 03:00:02,400
Ranging from personal memories 
to folktales to outright 

3320
03:00:02,400 --> 03:00:05,400
Fabrications that everyone 
recognizes as such. 

3321
03:00:05,400 --> 03:00:09,200
But enjoys any way, A story 
about a knight and a dragon. 

3322
03:00:09,208 --> 03:00:13,200
A story about a clever peasant 
who outwitted a demon. 

3323
03:00:14,200 --> 03:00:17,500
Story about ancient Kings and 
their great Deeds that probably 

3324
03:00:17,500 --> 03:00:21,200
never happened but the capture 
something true about human 

3325
03:00:21,200 --> 03:00:24,600
ambition and folly. 
Medieval people don't 

3326
03:00:24,600 --> 03:00:27,200
distinguish, sharply between 
history and Legend. 

3327
03:00:27,200 --> 03:00:31,700
Between fact and story. 
They're all ways of 

3328
03:00:31,700 --> 03:00:34,800
understanding the world. 
All valid, in their own terms, 

3329
03:00:34,800 --> 03:00:38,500
he contribute Your Own Story. 
Something that happened to you 

3330
03:00:38,500 --> 03:00:41,900
years ago, that's become Smooth 
by repeated, telling into 

3331
03:00:41,900 --> 03:00:46,600
something almost Mythic The 
facts have been simplified the 

3332
03:00:46,600 --> 03:00:50,000
timeline compressed and the 
ending made more satisfying than

3333
03:00:50,008 --> 03:00:54,800
the messy reality probably was. 
But the story Works drawing 

3334
03:00:54,800 --> 03:00:58,000
laughter and response from your 
audience creating connection 

3335
03:00:58,000 --> 03:01:02,200
through shared narrative the 
evening meal arrives more food 

3336
03:01:02,200 --> 03:01:05,200
always more food. 
But tonight it feels less like 

3337
03:01:05,200 --> 03:01:08,000
gorging and more like fuel for 
the storytelling. 

3338
03:01:08,800 --> 03:01:11,600
You eat without paying much 
attention focused on the 

3339
03:01:11,600 --> 03:01:16,000
conversation on the faces around
you lit by firelight and on the 

3340
03:01:16,000 --> 03:01:19,900
scents of being exactly where 
you belong has night deepens the

3341
03:01:19,900 --> 03:01:22,100
Gathering settles into 
comfortable companionship. 

3342
03:01:23,000 --> 03:01:27,000
The story slow and eventually 
stop replaced by the contented 

3343
03:01:27,000 --> 03:01:30,800
Silence of people who've said 
what needed saying and are now 

3344
03:01:30,808 --> 03:01:32,700
content to Simply exist 
together. 

3345
03:01:33,900 --> 03:01:38,200
Fire crackles someone shifts 
position and a dog-sized in 

3346
03:01:38,200 --> 03:01:41,500
sleep small sounds that 
emphasize rather than break the 

3347
03:01:41,500 --> 03:01:45,800
quiet you let your mind drift 
again this time forward rather 

3348
03:01:45,800 --> 03:01:48,900
than backward. 
What will next Christmas bring 

3349
03:01:48,900 --> 03:01:52,400
will everyone currently present 
be here to celebrate it? 

3350
03:01:53,100 --> 03:01:55,600
Will new people join the 
Gathering While others depart 

3351
03:01:55,600 --> 03:01:59,900
through death or distance. 
The future is unknowable which 

3352
03:01:59,900 --> 03:02:03,000
medieval people except with a 
faith that later ages will find 

3353
03:02:03,000 --> 03:02:06,300
you the admirable or fatalistic,
depending on their perspective. 

3354
03:02:06,300 --> 03:02:10,900
But that's a future. 
Tonight surrounded by community 

3355
03:02:10,900 --> 03:02:14,800
and warmth with stories told and
heard your content with the 

3356
03:02:14,800 --> 03:02:17,900
present moment. 
This is what the Christmas 

3357
03:02:17,900 --> 03:02:21,700
season offers, not just feasting
and entertainment but these 

3358
03:02:21,700 --> 03:02:25,800
quieter moments of connection 
and reflection of understanding 

3359
03:02:25,800 --> 03:02:29,000
your place within the larger 
patterns of community and time. 

3360
03:02:29,000 --> 03:02:32,400
The fire burns on Eternal in the
moment. 

3361
03:02:32,400 --> 03:02:35,300
Even though, you know, it will 
eventually consume its Fuel and 

3362
03:02:35,300 --> 03:02:37,800
die. 
But there will be more wood to 

3363
03:02:37,800 --> 03:02:41,400
morrow, more fires to warm, 
future Knights and more 

3364
03:02:41,400 --> 03:02:44,900
Christmases to celebrate in 
years, to come the patterns, 

3365
03:02:44,900 --> 03:02:49,000
repeat the Cycles turn, and your
part of something that extends 

3366
03:02:49,000 --> 03:02:52,600
beyond your individual life into
past and future alike, to 

3367
03:02:52,600 --> 03:02:54,700
comforting, thought this sense 
of continuity. 

3368
03:02:55,600 --> 03:02:57,200
You're not alone. 
Not really. 

3369
03:02:58,100 --> 03:03:01,100
You're connected to everyone, 
who came before and everyone who

3370
03:03:01,100 --> 03:03:04,200
will come after all of you 
celebrating the same season, 

3371
03:03:04,200 --> 03:03:08,400
marking the same turning of the 
Year, finding meaning in similar

3372
03:03:08,400 --> 03:03:12,100
rituals of light and want and 
fellowship Sleek comes easily 

3373
03:03:12,100 --> 03:03:15,100
tonight. 
Your mind settled by reflection 

3374
03:03:15,100 --> 03:03:18,400
and connection. 
Your body warm from fire and 

3375
03:03:18,400 --> 03:03:22,000
wine, your spirit content with 
its place in the world. 

3376
03:03:23,200 --> 03:03:25,500
Tomorrow will bring another day 
of Celebration. 

3377
03:03:26,300 --> 03:03:31,100
But for now this moment of Peace
by the fire is enough more than 

3378
03:03:31,100 --> 03:03:33,200
enough. 
Everything really everything. 

3379
03:03:34,000 --> 03:03:36,500
The final days of the Christmas 
season arrived with a feeling 

3380
03:03:36,500 --> 03:03:39,100
that simultaneously Melancholy 
and relieved. 

3381
03:03:39,700 --> 03:03:41,700
The celebration has been 
glorious. 

3382
03:03:41,700 --> 03:03:46,500
The fellowship genuine and the 
feasting abundant, but even the 

3383
03:03:46,500 --> 03:03:50,400
best parties must eventually end
a medieval stamina has its 

3384
03:03:50,400 --> 03:03:53,400
limits. 
You wake on what you determine 

3385
03:03:53,400 --> 03:03:56,300
must be somewhere around the 
10th or 11th day of Christmas 

3386
03:03:56,300 --> 03:04:00,200
your body informing you. 
With some emphasis that it would

3387
03:04:00,200 --> 03:04:03,500
appreciate a return to normal 
eating patterns and regular 

3388
03:04:03,500 --> 03:04:06,500
sleep schedule. 
The manor house shows signs of 

3389
03:04:06,508 --> 03:04:10,500
the continuous celebration, the 
Great Hall despite daily 

3390
03:04:10,500 --> 03:04:15,300
cleanings as accumulated, the 
patina of 12 days of use The 

3391
03:04:15,300 --> 03:04:17,100
Russians on the floor need 
replacing. 

3392
03:04:17,800 --> 03:04:20,800
The tables are showing permanent
stains from spilled wine and 

3393
03:04:20,800 --> 03:04:24,900
dropped food, even the 
decorations, the holy and Ivy, 

3394
03:04:24,900 --> 03:04:28,000
that seemed so fresh on 
Christmas Eve are looking tired.

3395
03:04:28,000 --> 03:04:31,000
Their leaves drooping their 
branches drying out. 

3396
03:04:31,000 --> 03:04:35,300
They're still a piffany ahead. 
The 12th night when the 

3397
03:04:35,300 --> 03:04:38,600
Christmas season of fishly 
concludes with one final 

3398
03:04:38,600 --> 03:04:41,300
celebration. 
Honoring the arrival of the 

3399
03:04:41,300 --> 03:04:45,400
three kings at Christ's Manger. 
This last Feast will Mark the 

3400
03:04:45,400 --> 03:04:49,300
transition back to ordinary time
to the regular patterns of work 

3401
03:04:49,300 --> 03:04:52,100
and obligation that structure 
medieval life outside. 

3402
03:04:52,100 --> 03:04:55,000
The holy Seasons. 
You spend the morning helping 

3403
03:04:55,000 --> 03:04:58,600
with preparations partly from 
obligation and partly from the 

3404
03:04:58,600 --> 03:05:01,900
recognition that keeping busy 
makes time pass more pleasantly.

3405
03:05:03,200 --> 03:05:06,100
The kitchen is preparing yet. 
Another Feast though. 

3406
03:05:06,100 --> 03:05:09,200
The Kooks enthusiasm seemed 
somewhat diminished by two weeks

3407
03:05:09,200 --> 03:05:13,100
of continuous cooking. 
You help where you can chopping 

3408
03:05:13,100 --> 03:05:15,800
vegetables with less Precision 
than the task, probably 

3409
03:05:15,800 --> 03:05:19,900
requires, stirring pots and 
trying to stay out of the way. 

3410
03:05:19,900 --> 03:05:24,300
When actual competent Cooks need
space to work, the final feasts 

3411
03:05:24,300 --> 03:05:27,500
menu represents a great greatest
hits collection from the past 12

3412
03:05:27,500 --> 03:05:30,400
days dishes that were 
particularly successful 

3413
03:05:30,400 --> 03:05:34,700
reappear. while experiments that
didn't work so well a quietly 

3414
03:05:34,700 --> 03:05:39,000
omitted, the bore makes a final 
appearance or at least part of 

3415
03:05:39,000 --> 03:05:41,900
it, do transformed into a pie 
that combines the remaining meet

3416
03:05:41,900 --> 03:05:45,500
with so many spices that its 
original identity is more 

3417
03:05:45,500 --> 03:05:48,700
theoretical than actual More 
peacock. 

3418
03:05:48,700 --> 03:05:51,600
Because apparently the first 
peacock wasn't displaying 

3419
03:05:51,600 --> 03:05:55,300
enough. 
Fish dishes that honor religious

3420
03:05:55,300 --> 03:05:58,300
tradition while secretly making 
everyone wish for just a little 

3421
03:05:58,308 --> 03:06:01,000
more meat. 
The subtlety for tonight's Feast

3422
03:06:01,000 --> 03:06:03,500
is reportedly even more 
elaborate than previous 

3423
03:06:03,500 --> 03:06:06,200
offerings though. 
The kitchen is keeping it hidden

3424
03:06:06,200 --> 03:06:07,900
until the proper moment of 
Revelation. 

3425
03:06:08,800 --> 03:06:12,200
You've caught glimpses, 
something involving castles and 

3426
03:06:12,200 --> 03:06:15,900
possibly dragons, all made from 
March pain, and sugar work that 

3427
03:06:15,900 --> 03:06:17,600
represents someone's heroic 
effort. 

3428
03:06:18,300 --> 03:06:20,000
But the full effect is being 
saved. 

3429
03:06:20,000 --> 03:06:23,000
For Maximum Impact. 
The afternoon, brings a 

3430
03:06:23,000 --> 03:06:25,700
reflective quality. 
Sense of ending. 

3431
03:06:25,700 --> 03:06:28,300
That makes you notice details. 
You've been taking for granted 

3432
03:06:29,200 --> 03:06:32,900
The way finite plays on the 
great Halls walls, the sound of 

3433
03:06:32,900 --> 03:06:34,800
familiar voices, and 
conversation. 

3434
03:06:35,600 --> 03:06:39,200
Smell of wood smoke and food and
the accumulated Center of two 

3435
03:06:39,200 --> 03:06:43,100
weeks of Celebration. 
These sensory experience is of 

3436
03:06:43,100 --> 03:06:47,100
surrounded, you constantly, but 
now, knowing there are about to 

3437
03:06:47,100 --> 03:06:49,000
end. 
They suddenly seemed precious 

3438
03:06:49,000 --> 03:06:52,400
and worth fixing in memory. 
Some guests, begin departing 

3439
03:06:52,400 --> 03:06:55,800
needing to return to their own 
manners and obligations before a

3440
03:06:55,800 --> 03:06:59,200
piffany. 
The farewells are genuine and 

3441
03:06:59,200 --> 03:07:02,600
Promises to visit in the new 
year or exchanged with the 

3442
03:07:02,600 --> 03:07:05,900
understanding that such visits 
may or may not actually happen 

3443
03:07:05,900 --> 03:07:10,000
depending on whether work and 
the other factors that govern 

3444
03:07:10,000 --> 03:07:13,600
medieval life. 
You participate in the goodbyes 

3445
03:07:13,600 --> 03:07:17,600
feeling that peculiar medieval 
blend of formality and warmth 

3446
03:07:17,600 --> 03:07:21,400
that characterizes relationships
between people who neither 

3447
03:07:21,400 --> 03:07:25,000
family nor strangers, but 
something in between as evening 

3448
03:07:25,000 --> 03:07:28,700
approaches the household gathers
for the final Feast with an 

3449
03:07:28,700 --> 03:07:30,400
energy. 
That's different from previous 

3450
03:07:30,400 --> 03:07:33,500
nights. 
They're still enthusiasm but 

3451
03:07:33,500 --> 03:07:36,700
it's tempered by fatigue and the
knowledge that this is the last 

3452
03:07:36,700 --> 03:07:40,600
such gathering for many months. 
The next major celebration will 

3453
03:07:40,600 --> 03:07:43,600
be Easter and that feels 
impossibly distant from this. 

3454
03:07:43,600 --> 03:07:46,400
December evening. 
The meal begins with the usual 

3455
03:07:46,400 --> 03:07:49,600
ceremony, but proceeds with 
slightly less Gusto than earlier

3456
03:07:49,600 --> 03:07:53,000
Feasts. people are eating 
because it's expected more than 

3457
03:07:53,000 --> 03:07:56,700
because they're actually hungry 
after 12 days of continuous, 

3458
03:07:56,700 --> 03:07:59,800
feasting You work your way 
through a plate of food, that 

3459
03:07:59,800 --> 03:08:03,100
would have excited you immensely
to weeks ago, but now seems 

3460
03:08:03,100 --> 03:08:06,400
somewhat redundant. 
How many different ways can one 

3461
03:08:06,400 --> 03:08:09,400
prepare roasted meat? 
Apparently quite a few. 

3462
03:08:09,400 --> 03:08:12,300
But at this point, there are all
starting to taste similar 

3463
03:08:12,300 --> 03:08:16,300
regardless of spices and sauces.
The subtleties revealed draws 

3464
03:08:16,300 --> 03:08:20,300
appropriate gasps of admiration 
and it's a March pain, castles 

3465
03:08:20,300 --> 03:08:23,500
even more elaborate than 
previous attempts, complete with

3466
03:08:23,508 --> 03:08:26,900
tiny sugar Knights and what 
appears to be a dragon made from

3467
03:08:26,900 --> 03:08:29,000
spun sugar. 
That's colored red with some 

3468
03:08:29,000 --> 03:08:31,700
kind of dye. 
The artistic achievement is 

3469
03:08:31,700 --> 03:08:34,900
remarkable and everyone 
acknowledges it appropriately 

3470
03:08:34,900 --> 03:08:37,400
before the structure is 
dismantled and consumed. 

3471
03:08:38,400 --> 03:08:42,100
Medieval art is meant to be 
temporary Beauty created for the

3472
03:08:42,100 --> 03:08:46,000
moment rather than preserved for
posterity entertainment, for the

3473
03:08:46,000 --> 03:08:49,400
final night, includes the best 
performance from the past 12 

3474
03:08:49,400 --> 03:08:51,700
days. 
The minstrel plays his favorite 

3475
03:08:51,700 --> 03:08:54,600
songs. 
The Storyteller accounts is most

3476
03:08:54,600 --> 03:08:57,800
successful Tale, the jugular 
performs his most impressive 

3477
03:08:57,800 --> 03:09:02,000
routine adding even more knives 
to his rotation until it seems 

3478
03:09:02,000 --> 03:09:04,600
impossible that he won't 
accidentally stab someone. 

3479
03:09:05,500 --> 03:09:09,100
Medieval audiences appreciate 
technical skill and tonight's 

3480
03:09:09,100 --> 03:09:12,800
performance is represent Mastery
earned through years of practice

3481
03:09:12,800 --> 03:09:16,600
his dancing again. 
But gentler this time as if 

3482
03:09:16,600 --> 03:09:19,100
everyone's collectively 
acknowledged that aggressive 

3483
03:09:19,100 --> 03:09:21,600
celebration would be more than 
tired bodies can manage. 

3484
03:09:22,600 --> 03:09:24,700
The carols are sung with real 
feelings. 

3485
03:09:24,700 --> 03:09:28,300
He's familiar songs taking on 
extra meaning as they Mark the 

3486
03:09:28,300 --> 03:09:31,800
end of the season. 
You join the singing, your voice

3487
03:09:31,800 --> 03:09:34,700
blending with dozens of others 
in harmony, that are more 

3488
03:09:34,700 --> 03:09:37,500
enthusiastic than perfect. 
But the creates Something 

3489
03:09:37,500 --> 03:09:39,900
Beautiful. 
Nonetheless, as midnight 

3490
03:09:39,900 --> 03:09:43,600
approaches, the Gathering takes 
on a more solemn tone Epiphany. 

3491
03:09:43,600 --> 03:09:45,300
Celebrates the arrival of the 
major. 

3492
03:09:45,300 --> 03:09:48,900
I, those wise men from the East 
to follow the star to find the 

3493
03:09:48,900 --> 03:09:49,500
Christ. 
Child. 

3494
03:09:50,600 --> 03:09:53,300
In medieval thinking, they 
represent the inclusion of 

3495
03:09:53,308 --> 03:09:56,800
Gentiles and Christianity's 
promise the expansion of 

3496
03:09:56,808 --> 03:10:00,300
Salvation Beyond its Jewish 
Origins to Encompass the entire 

3497
03:10:00,300 --> 03:10:04,200
world. 
It's heavy theological stuff but

3498
03:10:04,200 --> 03:10:06,600
mostly you think about the 
journey, those men made 

3499
03:10:06,600 --> 03:10:09,700
traveling vast distances 
following what they believed 

3500
03:10:09,700 --> 03:10:12,100
was. 
Divine guidance arriving to 

3501
03:10:12,100 --> 03:10:14,100
offer gifts to a baby born in 
poverty. 

3502
03:10:14,100 --> 03:10:18,100
The story resonates in ways that
transcend its religious meaning 

3503
03:10:19,200 --> 03:10:22,400
The idea of a journey of 
following something, you believe

3504
03:10:22,400 --> 03:10:24,300
in even when the path is 
unclear. 

3505
03:10:25,100 --> 03:10:27,800
Of offering what you have to 
something greater than yourself.

3506
03:10:27,800 --> 03:10:31,600
These are Universal Human 
Experience, is that medieval 

3507
03:10:31,600 --> 03:10:35,600
people understand, viscerally. 
Your own life has been a journey

3508
03:10:35,600 --> 03:10:40,500
of sorts with paths taken and 
not take and decisions made with

3509
03:10:40,500 --> 03:10:43,900
imperfect information and faith,
that things will work out 

3510
03:10:43,900 --> 03:10:45,600
combined with effort to make 
them do. 

3511
03:10:45,600 --> 03:10:49,300
So a blessing is pronounced over
the Gathering. the priest 

3512
03:10:49,300 --> 03:10:52,300
speaking words that commend 
everyone to God's care in the 

3513
03:10:52,300 --> 03:10:56,100
coming year, The prayer is in 
Latin naturally, but the 

3514
03:10:56,100 --> 03:10:58,100
sentiment comes through clearly 
enough. 

3515
03:10:58,100 --> 03:11:01,100
May you be safe? 
May you prosper. 

3516
03:11:01,100 --> 03:11:04,100
May you live to celebrate 
together again next Christmas. 

3517
03:11:05,100 --> 03:11:08,400
Simple wishes that carry weight 
because medieval life makes none

3518
03:11:08,400 --> 03:11:11,800
of them guaranteed the Gathering
begins to disperse. 

3519
03:11:12,700 --> 03:11:16,000
People seeking their beds with 
the satisfaction of Celebration 

3520
03:11:16,000 --> 03:11:18,300
completed. 
The Great Hall will be 

3521
03:11:18,300 --> 03:11:21,600
thoroughly cleaned tomorrow, the
decorations removed and the 

3522
03:11:21,600 --> 03:11:25,600
normal routine resumed. 
But tonight for these Final 

3523
03:11:25,600 --> 03:11:29,200
hours, the Christmas season 
still holds protecting you 

3524
03:11:29,200 --> 03:11:33,100
within its bubble of sanctions 
celebration before releasing you

3525
03:11:33,100 --> 03:11:35,500
back to the regular patterns of 
medieval existence. 

3526
03:11:36,300 --> 03:11:39,500
You find yourself as you have on
previous nights near the fire 

3527
03:11:39,500 --> 03:11:42,800
watching the Flames with 
thoughts that are too scattered 

3528
03:11:42,800 --> 03:11:47,000
to form coherent patterns. 
The Yule Log has burned down to 

3529
03:11:47,000 --> 03:11:50,200
almost nothing. 
Soon to be extinguished, its 

3530
03:11:50,200 --> 03:11:53,500
remains saved to light next. 
Year's log in continuation of 

3531
03:11:53,500 --> 03:11:56,800
tradition. 
Fires warmth still surround you 

3532
03:11:56,800 --> 03:12:00,000
but you can sense the cold, 
Beyond it, winter. 

3533
03:12:00,000 --> 03:12:03,200
Still holding the world in its 
grip, despite Christmases 

3534
03:12:03,200 --> 03:12:14,500
temporary defiant. 
Your sitting outside a cave 

3535
03:12:14,500 --> 03:12:17,000
entrance in what will one day? 
Be called France? 

3536
03:12:17,900 --> 03:12:21,100
But that name won't exist for 
another 30,000 years. 

3537
03:12:22,000 --> 03:12:26,700
The year is approximately 35,000
BCE and you've just finished a 

3538
03:12:26,700 --> 03:12:30,600
meal of roasted ibex. 
Fire crackles beside. 

3539
03:12:30,600 --> 03:12:34,300
You sending occasional Sparks 
upward into the darkness. 

3540
03:12:34,300 --> 03:12:37,600
And as your eyes follow, those 
brief orange Embers. 

3541
03:12:37,600 --> 03:12:41,200
They continue traveling and they
meet something far more 

3542
03:12:41,200 --> 03:12:44,800
permanent. 
Stars not just a handful of 

3543
03:12:44,800 --> 03:12:48,700
stars but thousands upon 
thousands of them spread across 

3544
03:12:48,700 --> 03:12:51,900
the sky in a brilliant that 
would make any modern city 

3545
03:12:51,900 --> 03:12:56,200
dweller weak with disbelief. 
There's no light pollution here,

3546
03:12:56,200 --> 03:12:59,700
no glow of distant towns or 
passing cars. 

3547
03:12:59,700 --> 03:13:03,900
The Milky Way stretches overhead
like a river of cream poured 

3548
03:13:03,900 --> 03:13:07,000
across Blackstone. 
So bright, you could almost read

3549
03:13:07,000 --> 03:13:09,100
by it. 
If reading was something new how

3550
03:13:09,100 --> 03:13:14,100
to do But you don't need reading
your mind is already doing 

3551
03:13:14,100 --> 03:13:18,500
something far, more fundamental.
It's finding patterns. 

3552
03:13:19,600 --> 03:13:25,100
This isn't a conscious decision.
Your brain like every human 

3553
03:13:25,100 --> 03:13:28,300
brain that will follow yours 
through the Millennia is a 

3554
03:13:28,300 --> 03:13:31,900
pattern recognition machine. 
It's what keeps you alive. 

3555
03:13:33,000 --> 03:13:37,000
That Russell in the grass might 
be wind or it might be a cave 

3556
03:13:37,000 --> 03:13:39,900
lion. 
That particular arrangement of 

3557
03:13:39,900 --> 03:13:42,800
broken branches. 
Might mean another human past 

3558
03:13:42,800 --> 03:13:45,000
this way, or it might mean 
nothing. 

3559
03:13:45,000 --> 03:13:48,600
At all your survival. 
Depends on sorting signal from 

3560
03:13:48,600 --> 03:13:52,800
noise and you've gotten 
remarkably good at it. so when 

3561
03:13:52,800 --> 03:13:56,400
you look at the stars, your 
brain does what it does best, it

3562
03:13:56,400 --> 03:14:00,300
connects dots that cluster over 
there looks somewhat like the 

3563
03:14:00,300 --> 03:14:04,300
Ibex you hunted earlier See how 
those stars form the curve of 

3564
03:14:04,300 --> 03:14:06,800
horns. 
And that group to the east 

3565
03:14:06,800 --> 03:14:09,100
resembles, the bear, you saw 
last spring. 

3566
03:14:09,800 --> 03:14:12,500
Though you've never get close 
enough to one, to confirm the 

3567
03:14:12,500 --> 03:14:15,100
details. 
You don't have names for these 

3568
03:14:15,100 --> 03:14:17,200
patterns yet, at least not 
names. 

3569
03:14:17,200 --> 03:14:21,300
That will survive, but you 
recognize them night after 

3570
03:14:21,300 --> 03:14:23,500
night. 
They're there in the same 

3571
03:14:23,500 --> 03:14:25,300
positions, relative, to each 
other. 

3572
03:14:25,300 --> 03:14:29,900
This is remarkable actually 
almost everything else in your 

3573
03:14:29,900 --> 03:14:36,600
world changes the seasons shift 
animals migrate, Rivers, flood 

3574
03:14:36,600 --> 03:14:41,800
and received trees grow and 
fall, even the moon transforms 

3575
03:14:41,800 --> 03:14:46,200
its face across each month. 
Swelling from a sliver to a 

3576
03:14:46,200 --> 03:14:50,500
bright Circle and back again. 
But these Stars these particular

3577
03:14:50,500 --> 03:14:54,600
Arrangements, they are constant.
Or mostly constant. 

3578
03:14:54,600 --> 03:14:57,900
Anyway, you've noticed they do 
move across the sky. 

3579
03:14:57,900 --> 03:15:02,100
Each night Wheeling from east to
west, but they maintain their 

3580
03:15:02,100 --> 03:15:06,800
relationships to each other. 
The Ibex Stars, stay Ibex shaped

3581
03:15:06,800 --> 03:15:11,900
the Bears remain bare like, you 
don't know it yet, but you've 

3582
03:15:11,900 --> 03:15:14,800
just made one of the most 
important discoveries in human 

3583
03:15:14,800 --> 03:15:17,900
history. 
You found something reliable in 

3584
03:15:17,900 --> 03:15:21,700
an unreliable world over the 
following nights and months. 

3585
03:15:21,700 --> 03:15:25,500
You notice more. 
Those same star patterns appear 

3586
03:15:25,500 --> 03:15:28,800
in the East each evening and 
travel Westwood eventually 

3587
03:15:28,800 --> 03:15:31,000
disappearing. 
Below the Western Horizon. 

3588
03:15:31,000 --> 03:15:36,100
If you stay awake, long enough, 
and sometimes you do whether by 

3589
03:15:36,100 --> 03:15:39,400
choice or because something has 
spooked the group and everyone's

3590
03:15:39,400 --> 03:15:42,800
remaining alert. 
You see new patterns rise in the

3591
03:15:42,800 --> 03:15:47,300
east to replace the its like 
watching a very slow parade. 

3592
03:15:47,300 --> 03:15:50,900
Except this parade repeats 
itself with extraordinary 

3593
03:15:50,900 --> 03:15:53,500
precision, You begin to 
anticipate? 

3594
03:15:54,500 --> 03:15:57,700
You know that when certain stars
appear, just above the Eastern 

3595
03:15:57,700 --> 03:16:00,500
Horizon at dusk, the weather 
will soon. 

3596
03:16:00,500 --> 03:16:03,500
Turn colder. 
You've seen this correlation 

3597
03:16:03,500 --> 03:16:06,200
enough times that it's no longer
a coincidence. 

3598
03:16:07,100 --> 03:16:10,700
When other stars dominate the 
night sky, the herds will be 

3599
03:16:10,700 --> 03:16:13,700
moving through the valley and 
hunting will be good. 

3600
03:16:14,500 --> 03:16:18,900
This knowledge gets shared 
around fires under those same 

3601
03:16:18,900 --> 03:16:21,800
Stars, you and others discuss 
these observations. 

3602
03:16:21,800 --> 03:16:25,000
The sharing isn't formal 
education as future 

3603
03:16:25,000 --> 03:16:27,000
civilizations will understand 
it. 

3604
03:16:27,600 --> 03:16:31,500
There are no schools, no books 
and no formal teachers but 

3605
03:16:31,500 --> 03:16:35,500
knowledge passes any way through
conversation and demonstration 

3606
03:16:35,500 --> 03:16:38,700
through the simple Act of 
pointing upward and helping 

3607
03:16:38,700 --> 03:16:39,900
others. 
See what you see? 

3608
03:16:41,100 --> 03:16:45,400
A young member of your group 
perhaps 10 or 11 years old sits 

3609
03:16:45,400 --> 03:16:47,600
beside you. 
One night you point out the 

3610
03:16:47,600 --> 03:16:51,400
patterns, you know, tracing 
invisible lines between stars 

3611
03:16:51,400 --> 03:16:54,700
with your finger. 
The child's eyes, follow your 

3612
03:16:54,700 --> 03:17:00,200
hand, and you can see the moment
of recognition that same spark 

3613
03:17:00,200 --> 03:17:03,100
of understanding that Lit your 
own mind years ago. 

3614
03:17:04,000 --> 03:17:07,500
Patterns aren't random, they 
mean, something they can be 

3615
03:17:07,500 --> 03:17:11,200
learned, neither of you, 
realizes it, but you're creating

3616
03:17:11,200 --> 03:17:13,400
something that will Outlast both
your lives. 

3617
03:17:13,400 --> 03:17:18,100
Both your descendants and both 
your entire lineages stretching,

3618
03:17:18,100 --> 03:17:23,400
forward, 10,000 years, you're 
creating tradition, you're 

3619
03:17:23,400 --> 03:17:25,000
building the foundation of 
astronomy. 

3620
03:17:25,000 --> 03:17:29,300
The Stars wheel, overhead 
indifferent, your newfound 

3621
03:17:29,300 --> 03:17:32,100
attention. 
They've been there for billions 

3622
03:17:32,100 --> 03:17:36,100
of years before you and they'll 
remain for billions more after 

3623
03:17:36,100 --> 03:17:39,400
your gone. 
But in this moment in the simple

3624
03:17:39,400 --> 03:17:43,000
Act of watching and wondering 
you've joined a project that 

3625
03:17:43,000 --> 03:17:47,200
your species will continue for 
as long as it exists, you've 

3626
03:17:47,200 --> 03:17:50,200
started asking the question that
will echo through every 

3627
03:17:50,200 --> 03:17:53,900
civilization that follows What 
are those lights? 

3628
03:17:53,900 --> 03:17:58,700
And what do they mean? 
It's approximately 15,000 BC now

3629
03:17:58,700 --> 03:18:02,600
and your standing in what will 
eventually be known as Germany? 

3630
03:18:03,400 --> 03:18:07,000
Watching the moon rise over a 
landscape of ice and Scattered 

3631
03:18:07,000 --> 03:18:10,800
Pine, the glaciers have been 
retreating for Generations, but 

3632
03:18:10,800 --> 03:18:13,800
winter still brings a cold that 
can kill the unwearing. 

3633
03:18:13,800 --> 03:18:17,600
You've survived 203 of these 
Winters, which makes you 

3634
03:18:17,600 --> 03:18:20,400
remarkably old by the standards 
of your time. 

3635
03:18:20,400 --> 03:18:23,500
And you've learned something 
that younger people often miss. 

3636
03:18:24,500 --> 03:18:29,800
The Sky Keeps time. 
Not just any time the perfect 

3637
03:18:29,800 --> 03:18:32,500
time you discovered this 
gradually. 

3638
03:18:32,500 --> 03:18:35,000
The way most important things 
are discovered. 

3639
03:18:35,000 --> 03:18:39,500
One year, you noticed that the 
moon went through exactly 12 

3640
03:18:39,500 --> 03:18:44,600
complete Cycles from new to full
and back to New again before the

3641
03:18:44,600 --> 03:18:48,300
seasons completed their circuit.
Well, almost 12. 

3642
03:18:48,300 --> 03:18:51,900
It was actually a bit more than 
12 but close enough that you 

3643
03:18:51,900 --> 03:18:53,600
could use it as a rough 
calendar. 

3644
03:18:54,900 --> 03:18:58,900
When the moon had cycled through
its phases 12 times, you could 

3645
03:18:58,900 --> 03:19:02,900
expect the warm season to arrive
soon when it cycled through 

3646
03:19:02,900 --> 03:19:04,900
another 12. 
The cold would return. 

3647
03:19:04,900 --> 03:19:09,400
This was useful but the moon 
alone was not quite reliable 

3648
03:19:09,400 --> 03:19:13,000
enough. 
Some years counting 12 moons 

3649
03:19:13,000 --> 03:19:15,800
brought you to the season change
right on schedule. 

3650
03:19:15,800 --> 03:19:18,500
Other years you'd be off by 
several weeks. 

3651
03:19:19,400 --> 03:19:22,400
It was frustrating like trying 
to catch fish with the net. 

3652
03:19:22,400 --> 03:19:26,300
That had inconsistent holes. 
But then you paid attention to 

3653
03:19:26,300 --> 03:19:29,600
the Stars specifically to which 
stars were visible. 

3654
03:19:29,600 --> 03:19:33,900
Just Before Dawn, you've noticed
that certain Stars would appear 

3655
03:19:33,900 --> 03:19:37,500
on the Eastern Horizon just 
before the sun rose and this 

3656
03:19:37,500 --> 03:19:40,800
appearance correlated even 
better with the seasons than the

3657
03:19:40,800 --> 03:19:43,300
moon did. 
When you could see a particular 

3658
03:19:43,300 --> 03:19:48,100
bright star Rising just before 
Daybreak new with certainly that

3659
03:19:48,100 --> 03:19:50,100
the herds would arrive within 
days. 

3660
03:19:50,900 --> 03:19:54,900
When another star made its first
pre-dawn appearance, you could 

3661
03:19:54,900 --> 03:19:57,900
prepare for the cold. 
You didn't know the physics 

3662
03:19:57,900 --> 03:20:00,500
behind this. 
You didn't know that Earth 

3663
03:20:00,500 --> 03:20:04,100
orbits the Sun or that the Stars
apparent positions shift 

3664
03:20:04,100 --> 03:20:08,700
gradually throughout the year 
because this orbital motion you 

3665
03:20:08,700 --> 03:20:10,200
didn't need to know the 
mechanism. 

3666
03:20:10,200 --> 03:20:14,400
You just needed to know it 
worked and it did with the 

3667
03:20:14,408 --> 03:20:16,900
reliability that bordered on the
miraculous. 

3668
03:20:17,800 --> 03:20:21,400
Other patterns emerged as you 
watched the moon's position 

3669
03:20:21,400 --> 03:20:25,500
against the background Stars 
changed nightly moving Eastward 

3670
03:20:25,500 --> 03:20:28,800
through the same star patterns 
that the sun seemed to travel 

3671
03:20:28,800 --> 03:20:29,900
through. 
During the year. 

3672
03:20:29,900 --> 03:20:33,900
The moon completed its journey 
through these patterns in about 

3673
03:20:33,900 --> 03:20:39,700
20 days, one, complete cycle 
from New Moon to New Moon, This 

3674
03:20:39,700 --> 03:20:41,800
realization helped you 
understand why? 

3675
03:20:41,800 --> 03:20:45,900
The 12 months didn't quite match
up with the seasonal year, the 

3676
03:20:45,900 --> 03:20:49,000
moon and the sun were traveling 
along the same path through the 

3677
03:20:49,000 --> 03:20:52,800
stars, but at different speeds, 
you began marking these 

3678
03:20:52,800 --> 03:20:58,200
observations on Bones and 
antlers you carved, notches not 

3679
03:20:58,200 --> 03:21:02,600
random decorations, but 
deliberate counts, 29, notches 

3680
03:21:02,600 --> 03:21:06,600
for a lunar month. 12 sets of 
these for a year with the 

3681
03:21:06,600 --> 03:21:08,800
additional marks, to track the 
discrepancy. 

3682
03:21:09,700 --> 03:21:12,500
These weren't Idol. 
Doodling, passed around a fire. 

3683
03:21:12,500 --> 03:21:15,500
They were data. 
They were records. 

3684
03:21:15,500 --> 03:21:19,800
They were Humanities first, 
spreadsheets carved into 

3685
03:21:19,800 --> 03:21:22,400
whatever material was hard 
enough to last. 

3686
03:21:23,300 --> 03:21:26,000
The Precision of these records 
is startling. 

3687
03:21:26,000 --> 03:21:30,200
Modern archeologists examining 
Ice Age artifacts have found 

3688
03:21:30,200 --> 03:21:33,700
counting systems that tracked 
lunar phases with remarkable 

3689
03:21:33,700 --> 03:21:36,600
accuracy. 
You weren't primitive in your 

3690
03:21:36,600 --> 03:21:39,500
thinking, you were sophisticated
observers. 

3691
03:21:39,500 --> 03:21:43,000
Using the tools available to 
you, the fact that you lacked 

3692
03:21:43,000 --> 03:21:46,400
telescopes or mathematical 
notation didn't make you less 

3693
03:21:46,400 --> 03:21:49,300
intelligent. 
It made you more impressive, 

3694
03:21:49,300 --> 03:21:52,000
actually, because you figured 
out so much with. 

3695
03:21:52,000 --> 03:21:56,500
So little this time keeping had 
immediate practical value, 

3696
03:21:56,500 --> 03:21:59,800
knowing when Seasons would 
change meant knowing when to 

3697
03:21:59,800 --> 03:22:02,600
move Camp when to hunt specific 
animals. 

3698
03:22:02,600 --> 03:22:06,400
And when to gather particular 
plants, a group, that could 

3699
03:22:06,400 --> 03:22:09,800
predict these changes had 
significant advantages over a 

3700
03:22:09,800 --> 03:22:11,800
group that reacted to them as 
they occurred. 

3701
03:22:12,500 --> 03:22:16,400
You could prepare, you could 
plan, you could survive when 

3702
03:22:16,400 --> 03:22:19,600
others might not, but something 
else was happening, too 

3703
03:22:19,600 --> 03:22:24,100
something harder to quantify. 
By tracking time, you were 

3704
03:22:24,100 --> 03:22:27,200
developing a new relationship 
with the future, instead of 

3705
03:22:27,208 --> 03:22:30,800
living entirely in the present 
moment, reacting to whatever 

3706
03:22:30,800 --> 03:22:33,800
each day brought, you are 
beginning to anticipate. 

3707
03:22:33,800 --> 03:22:38,700
You were building mental models 
of how the world worked. models 

3708
03:22:38,700 --> 03:22:43,600
that extended Beyond immediate 
sensory experience you were in a

3709
03:22:43,608 --> 03:22:48,600
real sense beginning to think 
abstractly The night sky, became

3710
03:22:48,600 --> 03:22:52,400
your most reliable reference, 
the ground, Beneath Your Feet, 

3711
03:22:52,400 --> 03:22:55,900
change with floods and fires, 
and the slow grinding of 

3712
03:22:55,900 --> 03:22:59,900
glaciers, the plants and animals
around, you migrated and 

3713
03:22:59,900 --> 03:23:04,600
evolved. even the climate 
shifted across Generations, but 

3714
03:23:04,600 --> 03:23:09,400
those Stars those patterns in 
the sky remained constant enough

3715
03:23:09,400 --> 03:23:13,400
to build your life around They 
were the one fixed reference in 

3716
03:23:13,400 --> 03:23:16,400
a fluid world. 
You didn't worship the Stars 

3717
03:23:16,400 --> 03:23:20,600
exactly though, that would come 
later for other cultures, your 

3718
03:23:20,600 --> 03:23:24,100
relationship with their was more
practical than spiritual at this

3719
03:23:24,100 --> 03:23:26,000
point. 
They were tools. 

3720
03:23:26,000 --> 03:23:28,400
They were the most accurate 
calendar. 

3721
03:23:28,400 --> 03:23:32,600
You had the most reliable clock 
and the best map for predicting 

3722
03:23:32,600 --> 03:23:35,400
the future. 
They were quite literally your 

3723
03:23:35,400 --> 03:23:37,900
guide to survive all as you 
stand there. 

3724
03:23:37,900 --> 03:23:40,800
Watching them, the moon rise. 
You feel a satisfaction that 

3725
03:23:40,800 --> 03:23:45,200
transcends me? 
Utility There's something deeply

3726
03:23:45,200 --> 03:23:48,100
pleasing about understanding how
the sky works. 

3727
03:23:48,900 --> 03:23:52,100
About being able to predict what
will appear where and when 

3728
03:23:52,100 --> 03:23:55,700
you've turned mystery into 
knowledge and Chaos into 

3729
03:23:55,700 --> 03:23:58,900
pattern, you've looked at the 
universe and found it 

3730
03:23:58,900 --> 03:24:03,600
comprehensible the Stars 
continue their ancient dance and

3731
03:24:03,600 --> 03:24:07,000
you can continue your watch 
adding another night's 

3732
03:24:07,000 --> 03:24:09,900
observations to a lifetime of 
accumulated knowledge. 

3733
03:24:09,900 --> 03:24:13,500
You don't know that people will 
still be doing this same thing 

3734
03:24:13,500 --> 03:24:17,800
15,000 years from now. 
Using tools you can't imagine to

3735
03:24:17,800 --> 03:24:21,500
ask questions you'd never think 
to pose But you'd probably 

3736
03:24:21,500 --> 03:24:25,400
appreciate the continuity. 
You've started something after 

3737
03:24:25,400 --> 03:24:29,000
all, you've begun the long 
project of mapping the heavens 

3738
03:24:29,000 --> 03:24:31,300
and that project has barely 
begun. 

3739
03:24:31,300 --> 03:24:34,800
You're standing on a ziggurat in
ancient Babylon. 

3740
03:24:34,800 --> 03:24:40,000
And the year is approximately 
1700 BCE the structure Beneath 

3741
03:24:40,000 --> 03:24:43,800
Your Feet rises in, massive 
tears above the Euphrates River 

3742
03:24:43,800 --> 03:24:46,600
Valley. 
Each level smaller than the one 

3743
03:24:46,600 --> 03:24:50,900
below creating a stepped pyramid
that serves as both Temple and 

3744
03:24:50,900 --> 03:24:53,900
Observatory. 
The years warm, it's almost 

3745
03:24:53,900 --> 03:24:57,700
always warm here and the sounds 
of the city of faded with the 

3746
03:24:57,700 --> 03:25:01,200
sunset. 
Now, there's just you the night 

3747
03:25:01,200 --> 03:25:05,400
and your duty, you are a priest 
astronomer which, in this 

3748
03:25:05,400 --> 03:25:08,700
civilization, means your one of 
the most powerful people in the 

3749
03:25:08,700 --> 03:25:11,800
Kingdom. 
King's consult you before making

3750
03:25:11,800 --> 03:25:15,300
important decisions. 
Farmers depend on your 

3751
03:25:15,300 --> 03:25:19,700
calculations to know when to 
plant the entire Empire runs 

3752
03:25:19,700 --> 03:25:22,400
according to calendars. 
You and your colleagues maintain

3753
03:25:22,400 --> 03:25:27,500
this isn't symbolic power. 
This is real Authority, derived 

3754
03:25:27,500 --> 03:25:30,900
from real knowledge and that 
knowledge comes from the sky. 

3755
03:25:30,900 --> 03:25:34,500
Your people have been watching 
the heavens systematically for 

3756
03:25:34,500 --> 03:25:37,900
centuries, keeping records that 
span Generations. 

3757
03:25:37,900 --> 03:25:41,300
These aren't casual observations
noted. 

3758
03:25:41,300 --> 03:25:42,800
When someone happens to 
remember. 

3759
03:25:42,800 --> 03:25:47,300
This is rigorous continuous 
monitoring with each night sky. 

3760
03:25:47,300 --> 03:25:50,900
Carefully recorded on clay 
tablets, that fill entire 

3761
03:25:50,900 --> 03:25:54,000
library's. 
You've inherited these records 

3762
03:25:54,000 --> 03:25:57,600
and you add to them. 
Nightly continuing a scientific 

3763
03:25:57,600 --> 03:26:00,600
tradition, that will Outlast 
your civilization itself. 

3764
03:26:01,500 --> 03:26:05,400
Tonight, your tracking Venus, 
the evening star. 

3765
03:26:05,400 --> 03:26:07,500
You call it though, you've 
noticed it all. 

3766
03:26:07,500 --> 03:26:11,200
So appears as the Morning Star 
at different times of year, what

3767
03:26:11,200 --> 03:26:14,000
you don't yet realize is that 
these are the same object. 

3768
03:26:15,100 --> 03:26:17,000
A planet closer to the Sun than 
Earth. 

3769
03:26:17,800 --> 03:26:21,200
Though the concept of planets, 
as worlds, rather than wandering

3770
03:26:21,200 --> 03:26:25,300
stars is still centuries away. 
What you do know is that Venus 

3771
03:26:25,300 --> 03:26:29,000
follows a complex pattern 
through the sky, appearing and 

3772
03:26:29,000 --> 03:26:33,000
disappearing with a regularity 
you've learned to predict This 

3773
03:26:33,000 --> 03:26:36,800
predictability is everything in 
a world where so much is 

3774
03:26:36,800 --> 03:26:39,700
uncertain. 
Where crops might fail where 

3775
03:26:39,700 --> 03:26:43,800
diseases strike without warning.
Where enemies could attack at 

3776
03:26:43,800 --> 03:26:48,200
any time the sky offers 
constancy The fact that you can 

3777
03:26:48,200 --> 03:26:51,800
predict celestial events, gives 
you a kind of power over chaos 

3778
03:26:51,800 --> 03:26:55,500
itself, when you announce that 
Venus will disappear from the 

3779
03:26:55,500 --> 03:26:59,400
evening sky and 5 days and 
reappear as the morning star in 

3780
03:26:59,400 --> 03:27:02,200
83 days and then it happens. 
Exactly. 

3781
03:27:02,200 --> 03:27:05,500
As you've said, your 
demonstrating Mastery over the 

3782
03:27:05,500 --> 03:27:09,000
cosmos itself, or at least 
that's how it appears to those, 

3783
03:27:09,000 --> 03:27:10,800
who don't understand your 
methods. 

3784
03:27:10,800 --> 03:27:14,400
But you understand your methods 
and then not magic their 

3785
03:27:14,400 --> 03:27:18,300
mathematics, your civilization 
has developed sophisticated 

3786
03:27:18,300 --> 03:27:23,000
arithmetic, including a base 60 
counting system that will 

3787
03:27:23,000 --> 03:27:26,500
eventually give the world's 60 
second minutes and 60 Minutes 

3788
03:27:26,500 --> 03:27:29,000
hours. 
You use this mathematics to 

3789
03:27:29,000 --> 03:27:32,800
track Celestial Cycles 
calculating the relationships 

3790
03:27:32,800 --> 03:27:36,200
between different astronomical 
periods with impressive 

3791
03:27:36,200 --> 03:27:39,100
precision. 
The moon has been especially 

3792
03:27:39,100 --> 03:27:44,200
well studied your predecessors 
discovered the Sorrows cycle, a 

3793
03:27:44,200 --> 03:27:48,900
period of approximately 18 years
and 11 days after which eclipses

3794
03:27:48,900 --> 03:27:51,500
repeat in almost identical 
patterns. 

3795
03:27:51,500 --> 03:27:56,200
This means that if you record 
every eclipse for 18 years, you 

3796
03:27:56,200 --> 03:27:59,800
can predict eclipses for the 
next 18 years and the 18. 

3797
03:27:59,800 --> 03:28:02,700
After that. 
It's not perfect small 

3798
03:28:02,700 --> 03:28:07,400
variations accumulate over time,
but it's remarkably accurate, 

3799
03:28:07,400 --> 03:28:10,700
and it makes you appear. 
Almost prophetic to those who 

3800
03:28:10,700 --> 03:28:13,700
don't know, the mathematics 
behind your predictions. 

3801
03:28:13,700 --> 03:28:17,700
You've all been tracking the 
five visible planets though. 

3802
03:28:17,700 --> 03:28:23,100
You don't call them that yet. 
Mercury, Venus Mars, Jupiter and

3803
03:28:23,100 --> 03:28:26,000
Saturn wander among the fixed 
Stars. 

3804
03:28:26,000 --> 03:28:28,700
Each following its own complex 
path. 

3805
03:28:28,700 --> 03:28:33,100
Mercury never Strays far from 
the Sun appearing briefly, after

3806
03:28:33,100 --> 03:28:37,600
sunset, or Before Sunrise, Venus
make its more dramatic 

3807
03:28:37,600 --> 03:28:41,100
appearance is becoming the 
brightest object in the sky, 

3808
03:28:41,100 --> 03:28:44,800
besides the Sun and Moon. 
Mars occasionally seems to move 

3809
03:28:44,800 --> 03:28:49,000
backward a phenomenon called 
retrograde motion, that will 

3810
03:28:49,000 --> 03:28:51,000
puzzle astronomers for 
centuries. 

3811
03:28:52,300 --> 03:28:56,900
Jupiter and Saturn, move more 
slowly taking years to complete 

3812
03:28:56,900 --> 03:28:59,300
their Journeys. 
Through the Stars, these 

3813
03:28:59,300 --> 03:29:01,400
observations have practical 
applications. 

3814
03:29:01,400 --> 03:29:05,700
Your calendar based on lunar 
months, but adjusted to keep 

3815
03:29:05,700 --> 03:29:09,400
Pace with the solar year, 
requires constant monitoring to 

3816
03:29:09,400 --> 03:29:12,200
remain accurate. 
You add extra months when 

3817
03:29:12,200 --> 03:29:16,000
necessary a practice called 
intercalation to prevent the 

3818
03:29:16,000 --> 03:29:18,600
calendar from drifting away from
the seasons. 

3819
03:29:18,600 --> 03:29:21,800
This ensures that religious 
festivals occur at the 

3820
03:29:21,800 --> 03:29:25,400
appropriate times of year that 
Farmers plant at the optimal 

3821
03:29:25,400 --> 03:29:29,400
moment and that the entire 
civilization stays synchronized 

3822
03:29:29,400 --> 03:29:33,200
with natural cycles. 
But there's more than 

3823
03:29:33,200 --> 03:29:36,900
practicality at work here. 
You've begun to see patterns 

3824
03:29:36,900 --> 03:29:41,000
within patterns relationships 
between celestial events. 

3825
03:29:41,000 --> 03:29:43,700
That suggests the universe 
operates according to 

3826
03:29:43,700 --> 03:29:47,400
comprehensible rules. 
When you calculate that Mars 

3827
03:29:47,400 --> 03:29:50,200
will appear in a certain 
position relative to certain 

3828
03:29:50,200 --> 03:29:53,300
stars on a certain date and then
it happens. 

3829
03:29:53,300 --> 03:29:57,500
You're not just predicting the 
future your Glimpse in the 

3830
03:29:57,500 --> 03:29:59,300
underlying order of creation 
itself. 

3831
03:29:59,300 --> 03:30:03,700
Your culture has woven the sky 
into every aspect of life. 

3832
03:30:04,400 --> 03:30:08,600
The Zodiac those 12 patterns of 
stars through which the Sun 

3833
03:30:08,600 --> 03:30:12,800
appears to travel during the 
year, has become a framework for

3834
03:30:12,800 --> 03:30:16,400
understanding time. 
And fate each month, belongs to 

3835
03:30:16,400 --> 03:30:19,700
a different zodiac sign. 
And the position of planets 

3836
03:30:19,700 --> 03:30:23,400
within these signs is believed 
influence Earthly events. 

3837
03:30:23,400 --> 03:30:27,000
This is the beginning of 
astrology, which will later 

3838
03:30:27,000 --> 03:30:30,400
diverge from astronomy, but 
which in your time is 

3839
03:30:30,400 --> 03:30:34,100
inseparable from it. 
Both are attempts to find 

3840
03:30:34,100 --> 03:30:38,600
meaning in the sky to understand
how Celestial patterns relate to

3841
03:30:38,600 --> 03:30:42,300
terrestrial existence. 
You don't see a conflict between

3842
03:30:42,300 --> 03:30:46,100
the spiritual and the 
mathematical for you calculating

3843
03:30:46,100 --> 03:30:50,200
the precise moment of a lunar 
eclipse and believing that a 

3844
03:30:50,200 --> 03:30:53,600
Klipsch Carry's Divine 
significance, a complementary 

3845
03:30:53,600 --> 03:30:58,300
activities, the mathematics, 
proves the divine order, The 

3846
03:30:58,300 --> 03:31:01,600
predictability of the heavens 
demonstrates that the universe 

3847
03:31:01,600 --> 03:31:05,600
is not chaotic but rather 
follows laws established by the 

3848
03:31:05,600 --> 03:31:08,600
Gods. 
Your calculations are in a 

3849
03:31:08,600 --> 03:31:13,100
sense, a way of reading the gods
intention as the night deepens. 

3850
03:31:13,100 --> 03:31:15,300
You record your observations on 
a fresh. 

3851
03:31:15,300 --> 03:31:17,900
Clay. 
Tablet pressing wedge-shaped 

3852
03:31:17,900 --> 03:31:21,200
marks into the soft surface with
your reads stylists. 

3853
03:31:22,000 --> 03:31:25,800
Centuries from now archeologists
will unearth tablets like this 

3854
03:31:25,800 --> 03:31:30,200
and Marvel at their accuracy. 
They'll recognize genuine 

3855
03:31:30,200 --> 03:31:35,000
astronomical data recorded with 
scientific precision, they'll 

3856
03:31:35,000 --> 03:31:38,000
see that your civilization 
understood far more about 

3857
03:31:38,000 --> 03:31:42,300
Celestial mechanics than history
often credits you with knowing 

3858
03:31:43,200 --> 03:31:47,200
but for now, you're simply doing
your job, you're watching 

3859
03:31:47,200 --> 03:31:52,200
recording calculating and slowly
building a body of knowledge 

3860
03:31:52,200 --> 03:31:56,800
that will influence every 
civilization that follows When 

3861
03:31:56,800 --> 03:32:00,200
Greek astronomers later develop 
their models of the cosmos, 

3862
03:32:00,200 --> 03:32:04,600
they'll build on Babylonian 
observations when Islamic 

3863
03:32:04,600 --> 03:32:08,000
scholars, preserve an expand 
astronomical knowledge during 

3864
03:32:08,000 --> 03:32:12,000
Europe's, Dark Ages, Phil 
reference apollonian mathematics

3865
03:32:12,000 --> 03:32:15,400
when modern astronomy. 
Finally emerges, it will carry 

3866
03:32:15,400 --> 03:32:17,700
forward, Traditions that began 
on ziggurats. 

3867
03:32:17,700 --> 03:32:22,400
Like the one beneath your feet. 
The Stars wheel overhead, the 

3868
03:32:22,400 --> 03:32:25,100
same stars that Ice Age Hunters 
watched. 

3869
03:32:25,600 --> 03:32:27,200
But you're seeing them 
differently. 

3870
03:32:27,200 --> 03:32:31,600
Now, your measuring them 
calculating their movements and 

3871
03:32:31,600 --> 03:32:34,500
finding mathematical 
relationships in their patterns.

3872
03:32:35,400 --> 03:32:39,500
You've transformed them from 
mysterious lights into data 

3873
03:32:39,500 --> 03:32:43,100
points, in an increasingly 
sophisticated understanding of 

3874
03:32:43,100 --> 03:32:45,700
the cosmos. 
You've turned Wonder into 

3875
03:32:45,700 --> 03:32:47,800
science that you don't use that 
word yet. 

3876
03:32:48,500 --> 03:32:52,700
Above you, the Milky Way glows 
and somewhere within it though 

3877
03:32:52,700 --> 03:32:56,200
you'll never know this, the 
light of your own son is just 

3878
03:32:56,200 --> 03:33:01,100
one star among billions. 
But on this night in this moment

3879
03:33:01,100 --> 03:33:05,000
you're doing the work that will 
eventually reveal even that 

3880
03:33:05,000 --> 03:33:08,300
humbling. 
Truth, your watching recording 

3881
03:33:08,300 --> 03:33:12,100
and thinking activities that 
will prove to be among 

3882
03:33:12,100 --> 03:33:15,700
Humanity's most powerful tools 
for understanding the universe. 

3883
03:33:16,700 --> 03:33:20,500
Your standing on the deck of a 
Polynesian voyaging canoe, and 

3884
03:33:20,500 --> 03:33:25,400
the year is approximately 800 
CE, the nearest land is three 

3885
03:33:25,400 --> 03:33:29,600
days behind you and the nearest 
land ahead is perhaps five days 

3886
03:33:29,600 --> 03:33:32,000
away. 
Though you won't know for 

3887
03:33:32,000 --> 03:33:34,600
certain until you see it around 
you. 

3888
03:33:34,600 --> 03:33:38,700
The Pacific Ocean extends to 
every Horizon an expanse of 

3889
03:33:38,700 --> 03:33:40,800
water. 
So vast that all the world's 

3890
03:33:40,800 --> 03:33:44,600
land could fit within it with 
room to spare And you have no 

3891
03:33:44,600 --> 03:33:50,900
instruments, no Compass, no sex,
and no GPS, you have something 

3892
03:33:50,900 --> 03:33:54,700
better, you have the stars and 
you know, how to read them. 

3893
03:33:55,400 --> 03:33:59,800
Your canoe is magnificent, 60 
feet of a hole carved from 

3894
03:33:59,800 --> 03:34:03,800
breadfruit trees with two, hulls
joined by a platform that 

3895
03:34:03,800 --> 03:34:05,900
provides stability and rough 
Seas. 

3896
03:34:05,900 --> 03:34:11,000
The sale is woven from pandanus 
leaves and it catches the trade 

3897
03:34:11,000 --> 03:34:14,000
winds that will carry you, 
across hundreds of miles of open

3898
03:34:14,000 --> 03:34:16,600
ocean. 
You're traveling with 30 other 

3899
03:34:16,608 --> 03:34:20,100
people carrying plants and 
animals to establish on a new 

3900
03:34:20,108 --> 03:34:22,100
island. 
Assuming you find it. 

3901
03:34:23,000 --> 03:34:26,000
This isn't exploration for 
exploration sake. 

3902
03:34:26,000 --> 03:34:31,400
This is colonization migration. 
The deliberate expansion of your

3903
03:34:31,400 --> 03:34:36,000
people across a vast ocean and 
your navigating by methods, that

3904
03:34:36,000 --> 03:34:39,400
would seem impossible to many 
other cultures you have no 

3905
03:34:39,400 --> 03:34:42,500
written charts. 
You've never ridden down any 

3906
03:34:42,500 --> 03:34:46,300
direction or drawn any Maps, 
everything, you know about 

3907
03:34:46,300 --> 03:34:51,200
navigation, every technique, 
every star path, every wave 

3908
03:34:51,200 --> 03:34:55,000
pattern exists in your memory 
and in the memories of The 

3909
03:34:55,000 --> 03:34:58,600
Navigators who talk to you, this
knowledge was passed down 

3910
03:34:58,600 --> 03:35:03,100
orally, demonstrated at Sea and 
practice until it became 

3911
03:35:03,100 --> 03:35:06,600
intuitive. 
What looks like magic to outside

3912
03:35:06,600 --> 03:35:11,000
is actually a sophisticated 
science based on careful 

3913
03:35:11,000 --> 03:35:12,900
observation of natural 
phenomena. 

3914
03:35:12,900 --> 03:35:18,900
The stars are your primary tools
Before departing you memorize 

3915
03:35:18,900 --> 03:35:22,800
star paths. 
Specific stars that rise and set

3916
03:35:22,800 --> 03:35:26,500
at consistent points on the 
horizon, creating paths across 

3917
03:35:26,500 --> 03:35:29,500
the sky, that correspond to 
directions across the ocean. 

3918
03:35:29,500 --> 03:35:33,600
When you want to sail toward 
your destination Island, you've 

3919
03:35:33,600 --> 03:35:37,000
identify the appropriate staff 
and keep your canoe aligned with

3920
03:35:37,008 --> 03:35:40,100
it. 
As each star rises in the East 

3921
03:35:40,100 --> 03:35:45,000
travels across the sky and sets 
in the west, you use it to 

3922
03:35:45,000 --> 03:35:49,000
maintain your course, when one 
star becomes too high to use 

3923
03:35:49,000 --> 03:35:51,900
effectively. 
You switch to the next star in 

3924
03:35:51,900 --> 03:35:55,900
the sequence. 
This continues all night every 

3925
03:35:55,900 --> 03:35:59,200
night for as many nights as the 
journey requires. 

3926
03:35:59,200 --> 03:36:03,300
During the day, you have the sun
which Rises and sets of 

3927
03:36:03,300 --> 03:36:05,600
predictable points, depending on
the season. 

3928
03:36:06,600 --> 03:36:10,600
You also have the swells long 
period waves generated by 

3929
03:36:10,600 --> 03:36:14,400
distant storms that travel 
across the ocean inconsistent 

3930
03:36:14,400 --> 03:36:17,300
Direction's. 
You can feel these swells 

3931
03:36:17,300 --> 03:36:20,600
through the hole and sense their
Direction even when surface 

3932
03:36:20,600 --> 03:36:24,400
waves obscure them. 
By combining Sun position with 

3933
03:36:24,400 --> 03:36:27,500
swell Direction. 
You maintain your course, during

3934
03:36:27,500 --> 03:36:30,700
daylight hours. 
But the Stars provide the most 

3935
03:36:30,700 --> 03:36:34,800
reliable guidance, You know, 
dozens of stars by name 

3936
03:36:34,800 --> 03:36:38,500
understand their rising and 
setting points and can estimate 

3937
03:36:38,500 --> 03:36:41,900
your latitude, by observing, 
which stars passed directly 

3938
03:36:41,900 --> 03:36:45,600
overhead. 
The North Star Polaris is too 

3939
03:36:45,600 --> 03:36:49,300
far north to be useful in most 
of the Pacific, but other stars,

3940
03:36:49,300 --> 03:36:53,000
serve, similar functions, the 
Southern Cross points. 

3941
03:36:53,000 --> 03:36:57,700
South Arcuris, which you call 
hooker, Leah passes. 

3942
03:36:57,700 --> 03:37:00,200
Nearly overhead at Hawaii's 
latitude. 

3943
03:37:00,200 --> 03:37:02,800
When huckle layer is directly 
above you. 

3944
03:37:02,800 --> 03:37:06,100
You know, you're at the correct 
latitude to find those islands. 

3945
03:37:07,100 --> 03:37:10,900
You've also memorized reference 
Islands, small, atolls and 

3946
03:37:10,900 --> 03:37:13,800
islands that lie between your 
starting point and destination. 

3947
03:37:13,800 --> 03:37:17,800
Even if you don't plan to stop 
at these references, knowing 

3948
03:37:17,800 --> 03:37:21,700
their positions, helps you 
navigate If you spot one of them

3949
03:37:21,700 --> 03:37:25,500
you can adjust your course 
accordingly, if you don't spot 

3950
03:37:25,500 --> 03:37:28,900
one, you expected to see you 
know you've drifted and can 

3951
03:37:28,900 --> 03:37:33,000
calculate the correction needed.
The sophistication of this 

3952
03:37:33,000 --> 03:37:36,200
system is staggering. 
Your essentially maintaining 

3953
03:37:36,200 --> 03:37:39,000
dead reckoning. 
Across hundreds or thousands of 

3954
03:37:39,000 --> 03:37:42,200
miles of featureless ocean 
updating your position. 

3955
03:37:42,200 --> 03:37:46,200
Constantly based on every 
available cue, you watch for 

3956
03:37:46,200 --> 03:37:50,500
clouds that form over distant 
Islands, invisible below the 

3957
03:37:50,500 --> 03:37:53,500
Horizon but revealed by the 
clouds they generate. 

3958
03:37:54,300 --> 03:37:58,300
You observe sea birds and know 
which species fly far from land 

3959
03:37:58,300 --> 03:38:02,000
and which stay close to shore 
you note the color of the water,

3960
03:38:02,000 --> 03:38:06,000
the type of floating debris and 
the temperature changes that 

3961
03:38:06,000 --> 03:38:10,600
indicate different currents. 
On clear nights, the navigation 

3962
03:38:10,600 --> 03:38:14,100
is almost relaxing. 
The stars are bright and 

3963
03:38:14,100 --> 03:38:17,600
obvious, the moon provides 
additional light and you can see

3964
03:38:17,600 --> 03:38:21,800
the Horizon clearly. 
But tonight clouds obscure much 

3965
03:38:21,800 --> 03:38:24,600
of the sky. 
This would Panic a less 

3966
03:38:24,600 --> 03:38:27,900
experienced Navigator, but 
you've sailed through worse 

3967
03:38:27,900 --> 03:38:30,600
conditions, you find gaps in the
clouds. 

3968
03:38:30,600 --> 03:38:34,700
Catch glimpses of familiar stars
and use those brief views to 

3969
03:38:34,700 --> 03:38:38,400
maintain your course. 
When stars aren't visible at 

3970
03:38:38,400 --> 03:38:42,800
all, you rely on the swells, on 
the winds Direction, and on 

3971
03:38:42,800 --> 03:38:47,200
subtle signs that others might 
miss entirely, your people have 

3972
03:38:47,200 --> 03:38:51,200
been making Journeys like this. 
For over 1000 Years, spreading 

3973
03:38:51,200 --> 03:38:55,600
across the Pacific in waves of 
migration that populated Islands

3974
03:38:55,600 --> 03:38:58,100
from Hawaii to New Zealand to 
Easter Island. 

3975
03:38:58,100 --> 03:39:01,300
This represents one of 
Humanity's greatest 

3976
03:39:01,300 --> 03:39:04,600
navigational. 
Achievements settling thousands 

3977
03:39:04,600 --> 03:39:08,600
of islands scattered across the 
world's largest ocean using 

3978
03:39:08,600 --> 03:39:13,600
nothing but observation memory 
and skill cultures with metal 

3979
03:39:13,600 --> 03:39:16,200
tools and written. 
Languages could not match what 

3980
03:39:16,200 --> 03:39:19,100
your people accomplished with 
wooden, canoes and oral 

3981
03:39:19,100 --> 03:39:24,600
knowledge. the key was the Stars
reliability on a notion with out

3982
03:39:24,600 --> 03:39:28,700
landmarks where currents can 
push you off course and wins can

3983
03:39:28,700 --> 03:39:33,500
shift unpredictably the Stars 
remained constant They appeared 

3984
03:39:33,500 --> 03:39:37,600
in the same positions, followed 
the same paths and maintain 

3985
03:39:37,600 --> 03:39:39,500
their same relationships to each
other. 

3986
03:39:39,500 --> 03:39:43,300
This Celestial constancy 
provided the reference frame, 

3987
03:39:43,300 --> 03:39:46,000
you needed to navigate 
terrestrial uncertainty. 

3988
03:39:46,800 --> 03:39:50,200
Your navigation is astronomy in 
its most practical form. 

3989
03:39:50,200 --> 03:39:53,400
You don't care about the 
physical nature of stars. 

3990
03:39:53,400 --> 03:39:56,200
Whether they're distant Sons or 
lights on. 

3991
03:39:56,200 --> 03:39:59,100
A celestial sphere, makes no 
difference to your work. 

3992
03:40:00,100 --> 03:40:03,800
What matters is their positions,
their movements and they 

3993
03:40:03,800 --> 03:40:07,800
usefulness as guides you've 
developed and applied science of

3994
03:40:07,800 --> 03:40:11,500
astronomy focused, entirely on 
what works rather than why it 

3995
03:40:11,500 --> 03:40:14,100
works. 
Your theories about the cosmos. 

3996
03:40:14,100 --> 03:40:18,600
Might strike later astronomers 
as primitive But your practical 

3997
03:40:18,600 --> 03:40:21,700
knowledge of celestial 
navigation, is extraordinarily 

3998
03:40:21,700 --> 03:40:25,000
sophisticated. 
As Dawn, approaches you spot 

3999
03:40:25,000 --> 03:40:29,000
something on the horizon. 
Cloud with a greenish tinted at 

4000
03:40:29,008 --> 03:40:34,000
his base reflecting vegetation 
on an island below, its the 

4001
03:40:34,000 --> 03:40:37,200
reference at all. 
You expected to see right? 

4002
03:40:37,200 --> 03:40:40,400
Where it should be. 
You'll navigation has been 

4003
03:40:40,400 --> 03:40:43,100
accurate. 
You adjust your course, slightly

4004
03:40:43,100 --> 03:40:47,000
compensating for the current 
that pushed you, marginally East

4005
03:40:47,000 --> 03:40:50,900
during the night and continued 
toward your destination around. 

4006
03:40:50,900 --> 03:40:54,500
You, people are waking preparing
food and tending to the plants 

4007
03:40:54,500 --> 03:40:58,400
and animals your transporting. 
Children play on the platform. 

4008
03:40:58,400 --> 03:41:01,700
Between the holes, two young to 
understand the Precision 

4009
03:41:01,700 --> 03:41:05,200
required to find a tiny Island 
in an enormous ocean. 

4010
03:41:05,200 --> 03:41:08,600
They'll learn though. 
Some of them will become 

4011
03:41:08,600 --> 03:41:12,000
Navigators themselves, 
memorizing, the same staff 

4012
03:41:12,000 --> 03:41:16,200
paths, you know, learning to 
read the same subtle signs and 

4013
03:41:16,200 --> 03:41:19,200
continuing Traditions that 
stretch back through more 

4014
03:41:19,200 --> 03:41:23,500
Generations than anyone can 
count the sun rises and the 

4015
03:41:23,500 --> 03:41:27,500
Stars fade, your nighttime 
navigation, tools disappear. 

4016
03:41:27,500 --> 03:41:30,900
But you've already noted your 
position and set your daytime 

4017
03:41:30,900 --> 03:41:34,500
course in a few days. 
If your calculations remain 

4018
03:41:34,500 --> 03:41:38,200
accurate, you'll cite your 
destination, a new island to 

4019
03:41:38,200 --> 03:41:42,400
settle the new home for your 
people found by following lights

4020
03:41:42,400 --> 03:41:45,700
in the sky across an ocean. 
That covers nearly a third of 

4021
03:41:45,700 --> 03:41:48,600
the planet. 
The Stars didn't care about your

4022
03:41:48,600 --> 03:41:51,100
journey. 
They would have shown just as 

4023
03:41:51,100 --> 03:41:54,400
brightly with you, were there to
see them or not, but by learning

4024
03:41:54,400 --> 03:41:58,100
to read them by understanding 
their movements with the off 

4025
03:41:58,100 --> 03:41:59,600
Precision to stake. 
Your life. 

4026
03:41:59,600 --> 03:42:03,200
On that understanding, you've 
transformed them from merely 

4027
03:42:03,200 --> 03:42:07,300
beautiful lights into the most 
reliable tools Humanity. 

4028
03:42:07,700 --> 03:42:10,500
Ever found for exploring the 
world. 

4029
03:42:10,500 --> 03:42:14,100
You've proven that careful 
observation and rigorous mental 

4030
03:42:14,100 --> 03:42:15,800
training. 
Can overcome seemingly 

4031
03:42:15,800 --> 03:42:20,000
impossible challenges? 
You've shown that the sky is 

4032
03:42:20,000 --> 03:42:21,800
more than something to wonder 
at. 

4033
03:42:22,400 --> 03:42:27,300
It's something to use to rely on
and to trust with your survival 

4034
03:42:27,300 --> 03:42:30,300
and in doing. 
So you've continued the project 

4035
03:42:30,300 --> 03:42:32,500
begun by those Ice Age 
observers. 

4036
03:42:32,500 --> 03:42:36,200
The long patient work of 
understanding what those lights 

4037
03:42:36,200 --> 03:42:38,300
are and what they can tell us 
about the world. 

4038
03:42:38,300 --> 03:42:42,500
We inhabit your standing in the 
Library of Alexandria and the 

4039
03:42:42,500 --> 03:42:47,000
year is approximately 200 BCE 
the room around, you can 

4040
03:42:47,000 --> 03:42:50,700
contains hundreds of thousands, 
of Scrolls, the accumulated, 

4041
03:42:50,700 --> 03:42:53,900
knowledge of the ancient world 
gathered from every culture. 

4042
03:42:53,900 --> 03:42:58,500
The Hellenistic Empire has 
touched But right now, you're 

4043
03:42:58,500 --> 03:43:00,400
not interested in poetry or 
philosophy. 

4044
03:43:00,400 --> 03:43:03,900
Your focused on a particular. 
Scroll that contains 

4045
03:43:03,900 --> 03:43:07,600
astronomical observations from 
Babylon and you're trying to 

4046
03:43:07,600 --> 03:43:11,200
reconcile those observations 
with a new geometric model of 

4047
03:43:11,200 --> 03:43:14,900
the cosmos you are in the 
terminology of your time, a 

4048
03:43:14,900 --> 03:43:18,400
mathematician and natural 
philosopher though, later ages 

4049
03:43:18,400 --> 03:43:21,800
will call you an astronomer. 
Your name might be remembered, 

4050
03:43:21,800 --> 03:43:25,700
perhaps your aristarchus or 
eratosthenes or Hippa. 

4051
03:43:26,600 --> 03:43:29,900
Or it might be forgotten. 
Lost among the thousands of 

4052
03:43:29,900 --> 03:43:32,900
Scholars who worked in 
Alexandria during its golden 

4053
03:43:32,900 --> 03:43:34,700
age. 
But whether or not your 

4054
03:43:34,700 --> 03:43:38,400
individual name, survives the 
work you're doing will change 

4055
03:43:38,400 --> 03:43:41,000
Humanities relationship with the
sky forever. 

4056
03:43:41,700 --> 03:43:45,000
You're not just observing the 
heavens anymore, you're 

4057
03:43:45,000 --> 03:43:49,000
measuring them. this represents 
a fundamental shift in approach 

4058
03:43:49,000 --> 03:43:53,600
earlier civilizations, watch the
sky and recorded what they saw 

4059
03:43:53,600 --> 03:43:57,900
identifying patterns and using 
those patterns for practical 

4060
03:43:57,900 --> 03:44:02,200
purposes, You're doing something
different, you're asking 

4061
03:44:02,200 --> 03:44:06,400
quantitative questions and 
demanding numerical answers, not

4062
03:44:06,400 --> 03:44:08,300
just where does the sun appear 
to move? 

4063
03:44:08,300 --> 03:44:12,400
But how large is the Sun? 
Not just do the stars move, but 

4064
03:44:12,400 --> 03:44:16,400
how far away are they? 
Your culture has advantages that

4065
03:44:16,400 --> 03:44:20,200
earlier observers lacked Greek 
mathematics has developed 

4066
03:44:20,200 --> 03:44:22,900
geometric tools. 
Powerful enough to model 

4067
03:44:22,900 --> 03:44:27,000
Celestial mechanics, your 
understanding of circles angles 

4068
03:44:27,000 --> 03:44:30,000
and ratios allows you to make 
calculations that would have 

4069
03:44:30,008 --> 03:44:33,500
been impossible for the 
Babylonians despite their 

4070
03:44:33,500 --> 03:44:36,600
sophisticated arithmetic. 
You also have access to 

4071
03:44:36,600 --> 03:44:40,400
centuries of Babylonian 
observations giving you data 

4072
03:44:40,400 --> 03:44:43,800
spanning longer periods than any
single lifetime could provide 

4073
03:44:43,800 --> 03:44:47,400
consider eritos. 
These famous calculation of 

4074
03:44:47,408 --> 03:44:51,000
Earth's circumference performed 
right here in Alexandria, 

4075
03:44:51,000 --> 03:44:55,200
roughly 50 years ago. 
He noticed that at noon on the 

4076
03:44:55,200 --> 03:44:59,600
summer solstice, The sun was 
directly overhead in seen 

4077
03:44:59,600 --> 03:45:03,800
casting no Shadow. 
While in Alexandria It cast a 

4078
03:45:03,800 --> 03:45:07,700
shadow corresponding to an angle
of approximately 7 degrees. 

4079
03:45:07,700 --> 03:45:11,100
By measuring the distance 
between these cities and using 

4080
03:45:11,100 --> 03:45:14,200
basic geometry. 
He calculated Earth's 

4081
03:45:14,200 --> 03:45:18,200
circumference with remarkable 
accuracy, this wasn't just 

4082
03:45:18,200 --> 03:45:20,200
clever. 
It was revolutionary. 

4083
03:45:20,200 --> 03:45:24,500
He'd measured the size of the 
entire planet using nothing but 

4084
03:45:24,500 --> 03:45:28,700
Shadows, angles and reasoning. 
Your attempting something. 

4085
03:45:28,700 --> 03:45:34,100
Similarly audacious calculating 
the distance to the Moon, you 

4086
03:45:34,100 --> 03:45:37,100
know, that during a lunar 
eclipse, Earth's Shadow falls on

4087
03:45:37,100 --> 03:45:40,300
the moon and by carefully 
measuring the shadow size 

4088
03:45:40,300 --> 03:45:44,200
relative to the moon's diameter.
You can determine the ratio of 

4089
03:45:44,200 --> 03:45:47,200
distances. 
The mathematics is tricky. 

4090
03:45:47,200 --> 03:45:52,100
You need precise observations of
eclipses, careful, measurements 

4091
03:45:52,100 --> 03:45:55,700
of angles and sophisticated 
geometric reasoning, but it's 

4092
03:45:55,700 --> 03:45:58,300
doable. 
And when you finish, you'll have

4093
03:45:58,300 --> 03:46:02,300
a number The Moon is 
approximately 60 Earth radii 

4094
03:46:02,300 --> 03:46:05,500
away. 
This is astonishing accuracy for

4095
03:46:05,500 --> 03:46:09,000
observations made with naked 
eyes and simple measuring tools.

4096
03:46:09,800 --> 03:46:13,600
You have no telescope's, no 
Precision Instruments, just 

4097
03:46:13,600 --> 03:46:17,200
calibrated sticks and circles 
divided into degrees. 

4098
03:46:17,200 --> 03:46:22,100
Your determining Cosmic distance
is measuring the unmeasurable 

4099
03:46:22,100 --> 03:46:25,300
pulling numbers from what had 
been pure mystery. 

4100
03:46:26,200 --> 03:46:29,600
Other scholars in Alexandria are
tackling different questions. 

4101
03:46:29,600 --> 03:46:34,200
Our stockists has proposed 
something radical, perhaps Earth

4102
03:46:34,200 --> 03:46:36,700
orbits the sun rather than the 
reverse. 

4103
03:46:36,700 --> 03:46:41,200
His geometric arguments are 
compelling if Earth's circles 

4104
03:46:41,200 --> 03:46:44,700
the sun, it explains certain 
observations about planetary 

4105
03:46:44,700 --> 03:46:47,600
motions more elegantly than the 
traditional model. 

4106
03:46:48,400 --> 03:46:53,000
But his idea faces resistance. 
If Earth moves shouldn't, we 

4107
03:46:53,000 --> 03:46:57,100
feel it shouldn't the Stars 
shift position as Earth travels 

4108
03:46:57,100 --> 03:47:00,900
around its orbit. 
The lack of observable, stellar 

4109
03:47:00,900 --> 03:47:03,400
parallax. 
The apparent shift in Star 

4110
03:47:03,400 --> 03:47:06,700
positions caused by. 
Earth's motion seems to argue 

4111
03:47:06,700 --> 03:47:10,400
against a moving Earth. 
What aristarchus doesn't know is

4112
03:47:10,400 --> 03:47:13,200
that he's right? 
But the stars are far more 

4113
03:47:13,200 --> 03:47:17,700
distant than anyone imagines. 
The Parallax exists, but it's 

4114
03:47:17,700 --> 03:47:20,000
too small to detect without 
telescopes. 

4115
03:47:20,000 --> 03:47:24,600
His correct Theory will be 
largely forgotten, buried under 

4116
03:47:24,600 --> 03:47:28,400
the weight of common sense that 
insists the Solid Ground beneath

4117
03:47:28,400 --> 03:47:31,500
our feet must be stationary. 
Truth. 

4118
03:47:31,500 --> 03:47:36,000
Sometimes loses to intuition. 
At least temporarily you're also

4119
03:47:36,000 --> 03:47:39,600
working on cataloging stars with
unprecedented precision. 

4120
03:47:40,800 --> 03:47:44,100
Your predecessor Parker's 
created a star catalog that 

4121
03:47:44,100 --> 03:47:48,200
listed roughly a thousand stars 
noting their positions and 

4122
03:47:48,200 --> 03:47:51,000
relative brightnesses your 
expanding. 

4123
03:47:51,000 --> 03:47:55,500
This work adding more stars, 
refining the measurements and 

4124
03:47:55,500 --> 03:48:00,100
developing a magnitude system to
classify brighteners This might 

4125
03:48:00,108 --> 03:48:04,700
seem like me a bookkeeping, but 
it's crucial to understand how 

4126
03:48:04,700 --> 03:48:07,600
the heavens change. 
You first need to know their 

4127
03:48:07,600 --> 03:48:10,600
normal state, Only with precise 
catalogs. 

4128
03:48:10,600 --> 03:48:15,400
Can you detect phenomena like 
Novi new stars that appear when 

4129
03:48:15,400 --> 03:48:19,800
none existed before or track 
subtle changes in planetary 

4130
03:48:19,800 --> 03:48:23,600
positions, the geometric models 
you're developing represent 

4131
03:48:23,600 --> 03:48:26,000
Humanities first serious 
attempts. 

4132
03:48:26,000 --> 03:48:27,800
At explaining Celestial 
mechanics. 

4133
03:48:27,800 --> 03:48:32,100
You describe the cosmos as a 
series of nested spheres. 

4134
03:48:32,100 --> 03:48:36,000
Each carrying different, 
celestial objects, all rotating 

4135
03:48:36,000 --> 03:48:39,500
around Earth at the center. 
It's wrong in most details. 

4136
03:48:39,500 --> 03:48:44,200
But the approaches sound, create
a mathematical model tested 

4137
03:48:44,200 --> 03:48:47,900
against observations and refine 
it when discrepancies appear. 

4138
03:48:48,800 --> 03:48:52,200
This is science. 
Even if the specific conclusions

4139
03:48:52,200 --> 03:48:55,600
will be overturned, your 
particularly interested in 

4140
03:48:55,600 --> 03:48:59,200
planetary motion. 
The five visible planets 

4141
03:48:59,200 --> 03:49:05,000
Mercury, Venus Mars, Jupiter, 
and Saturn wander Among the 

4142
03:49:05,000 --> 03:49:07,600
Stars in ways. 
That simple circular motion. 

4143
03:49:07,600 --> 03:49:12,300
Can't explain Mars, occasionally
appears to stop move backward, 

4144
03:49:12,300 --> 03:49:14,500
then resume its normal 
Direction. 

4145
03:49:15,400 --> 03:49:18,800
How can this be if planets? 
Move on simple circles? 

4146
03:49:19,600 --> 03:49:24,600
Your solution involves epicycles
small circles who centers travel

4147
03:49:24,600 --> 03:49:28,800
along larger circles, a planet 
moves along its epicycle while 

4148
03:49:28,800 --> 03:49:32,200
the epicycle center moves, along
a larger circle around Earth. 

4149
03:49:33,100 --> 03:49:35,900
With the right combination of 
circles, moving at the right 

4150
03:49:35,900 --> 03:49:39,800
speeds, you can match observed, 
planetary, motions quite. 

4151
03:49:39,800 --> 03:49:44,100
Well, the model is complicated. 
Requiring multiple episodes for 

4152
03:49:44,100 --> 03:49:47,900
some planets but it works. 
It predicts where planets will 

4153
03:49:47,900 --> 03:49:50,600
appear in the sky months or 
years in advance. 

4154
03:49:50,600 --> 03:49:54,800
This model will dominate 
astronomy for over 1000 Years. 

4155
03:49:54,800 --> 03:49:58,800
Not because people are stubborn 
or ignorant, but because it's 

4156
03:49:58,800 --> 03:50:03,300
genuinely useful, it predicts 
Celestial phenomena accurately 

4157
03:50:03,300 --> 03:50:07,000
enough and navigation, calendar,
making and other practical 

4158
03:50:07,000 --> 03:50:09,500
purposes. 
The fact that it's based on 

4159
03:50:09,500 --> 03:50:12,800
incorrect assumptions, about 
Earth centrality, doesn't matter

4160
03:50:12,800 --> 03:50:16,200
for prediction. 
A wrong model that works is more

4161
03:50:16,200 --> 03:50:19,700
useful than no model at all. 
But something else is happening 

4162
03:50:19,700 --> 03:50:22,100
in your work. 
That transcends any specific 

4163
03:50:22,100 --> 03:50:26,600
model or measurement? 
Your establishing the principle 

4164
03:50:26,600 --> 03:50:30,000
that the Universe operates 
according to mathematical laws, 

4165
03:50:30,000 --> 03:50:32,400
discoverable through reason and 
observation. 

4166
03:50:32,400 --> 03:50:36,600
The heavens aren't merely 
mysterious or Divine their 

4167
03:50:36,600 --> 03:50:38,900
comprehensible. 
They follow rules. 

4168
03:50:38,900 --> 03:50:43,200
Those rules can be written down,
calculated and predicted. 

4169
03:50:44,000 --> 03:50:48,000
This idea more than any 
particular Discovery is your 

4170
03:50:48,000 --> 03:50:52,400
culture's greatest contribution 
to astronomy as evening Falls 

4171
03:50:52,400 --> 03:50:53,900
and you finally leave the 
library. 

4172
03:50:53,900 --> 03:50:58,200
You walk out into the 
Mediterranean night The stars 

4173
03:50:58,200 --> 03:51:02,400
are emerging the same stars that
I Sage Hunters watched. 

4174
03:51:03,000 --> 03:51:07,000
That Babylonian priests tracked 
and the Polynesian Navigators 

4175
03:51:07,000 --> 03:51:09,100
followed, but you see them 
differently. 

4176
03:51:09,100 --> 03:51:13,200
Now you don't just observe them,
you measure them. 

4177
03:51:13,200 --> 03:51:16,900
You don't merely note their 
patterns, you create 

4178
03:51:16,900 --> 03:51:20,100
mathematical models to explain 
those patterns. 

4179
03:51:20,900 --> 03:51:25,200
You've transformed them from 
objects of Wonder into objects 

4180
03:51:25,200 --> 03:51:28,000
of study. 
The transformation isn't 

4181
03:51:28,000 --> 03:51:31,400
complete, of course, many of 
your measurements are rough. 

4182
03:51:31,400 --> 03:51:35,300
Many of your models are wrong 
and many questions remain 

4183
03:51:35,300 --> 03:51:39,000
unanswerable with your current 
tools, but you've established 

4184
03:51:39,000 --> 03:51:42,700
something crucial the project of
understanding the cosmos through

4185
03:51:42,700 --> 03:51:45,200
mathematics and systematic 
observation. 

4186
03:51:45,900 --> 03:51:49,400
Shown that human reason can 
grapple with Celestial phenomena

4187
03:51:49,400 --> 03:51:53,100
that the Apparently unreachable 
can be measured and that 

4188
03:51:53,100 --> 03:51:57,200
Mysteries can become mathematics
somewhere in your calculations 

4189
03:51:57,200 --> 03:52:01,100
and models buried in geometric, 
diagrams and numerical tables 

4190
03:52:01,100 --> 03:52:05,300
lie, the seeds of Revelation 
that won't flower for centuries.

4191
03:52:06,200 --> 03:52:09,500
Your work on Stellar positions, 
will eventually prove Earth 

4192
03:52:09,500 --> 03:52:12,300
moves. 
Your geometric techniques will 

4193
03:52:12,300 --> 03:52:14,800
help demonstrate the vast scale 
of the cosmos. 

4194
03:52:15,900 --> 03:52:19,900
Your insistence that observation
must match Theory will become 

4195
03:52:19,900 --> 03:52:24,600
the foundation of the scientific
method but tonight your simply 

4196
03:52:24,600 --> 03:52:28,200
satisfied to have added a few 
more measurements to Humanity's 

4197
03:52:28,200 --> 03:52:30,300
growing understanding of the 
heavens. 

4198
03:52:31,100 --> 03:52:35,900
The stars shine on indifferent 
your calculations, but you've 

4199
03:52:35,900 --> 03:52:39,200
measured their positions with 
unprecedented Precision. 

4200
03:52:39,200 --> 03:52:44,000
You've turned skywards mystery 
into Earthly mathematics, you've

4201
03:52:44,000 --> 03:52:47,900
continued, the long journey from
to understanding and that 

4202
03:52:47,900 --> 03:52:52,100
journey is far from over. 
You're on a rooftop in Padua, 

4203
03:52:52,100 --> 03:52:56,500
Italy and the year is 16009 in 
your hands. 

4204
03:52:56,500 --> 03:52:59,600
You hold an instrument that will
change human understanding of 

4205
03:52:59,600 --> 03:53:01,900
the cosmos more profoundly than 
anything. 

4206
03:53:01,900 --> 03:53:05,900
Since the invention of 
mathematics itself, it's a tube 

4207
03:53:05,900 --> 03:53:09,600
roughly three feet, long fitted 
with carefully ground lenses at 

4208
03:53:09,600 --> 03:53:12,700
each end, capable of magnifying 
distant objects. 

4209
03:53:12,700 --> 03:53:17,700
Approximately 20 times you call 
it a telescope from Greek Roots,

4210
03:53:17,700 --> 03:53:20,900
meaning fasting. 
And tonight, you're about to 

4211
03:53:20,900 --> 03:53:24,700
turn it towards the sky for 
perhaps the hundredth time, each

4212
03:53:24,700 --> 03:53:28,100
session revealing something new 
that contradicts centuries of 

4213
03:53:28,100 --> 03:53:31,700
accepted truth. 
The device itself is barely a 

4214
03:53:31,700 --> 03:53:35,800
year old, at least in its 
current form Dutch, spectacle 

4215
03:53:35,800 --> 03:53:39,100
makers, discovered that certain 
combination of lenses could 

4216
03:53:39,100 --> 03:53:43,200
magnify distant objects and when
you heard about this, you 

4217
03:53:43,200 --> 03:53:45,200
immediately recognized its 
potential. 

4218
03:53:45,200 --> 03:53:49,400
You've spent months grinding 
lenses, testing configuration 

4219
03:53:49,400 --> 03:53:52,200
and improving the design and 
until you achieved 

4220
03:53:52,200 --> 03:53:55,300
magnifications, far beyond what 
the Dutch achieved. 

4221
03:53:56,100 --> 03:53:59,900
Where they saw a novelty, you 
saw a revolution your 

4222
03:53:59,900 --> 03:54:02,300
colleagues. 
At the University of Padua were 

4223
03:54:02,300 --> 03:54:05,900
initially skeptical. 
Some refused to even look 

4224
03:54:05,900 --> 03:54:08,200
through the device. 
Insisting that. 

4225
03:54:08,200 --> 03:54:11,800
Anything seen through glass 
lenses must be an artifact or 

4226
03:54:11,800 --> 03:54:14,900
Illusion rather than reality, 
others looked. 

4227
03:54:14,900 --> 03:54:19,200
But dismissed what they saw 
unable to reconcile observations

4228
03:54:19,200 --> 03:54:21,900
with their understanding of how 
the cosmos should work. 

4229
03:54:22,700 --> 03:54:25,900
But you've persisted and your 
observations have become 

4230
03:54:25,900 --> 03:54:30,100
increasingly difficult to 
dismiss to night your focusing 

4231
03:54:30,100 --> 03:54:32,800
on Jupiter. 
You've been watching this planet

4232
03:54:32,800 --> 03:54:36,100
for weeks now and what you've 
discovered is staggering. 

4233
03:54:36,100 --> 03:54:41,600
Jupiter has moons at least four 
of them visible as Tiny Points 

4234
03:54:41,600 --> 03:54:44,700
of Light arranged in a line 
extending from the planets 

4235
03:54:44,700 --> 03:54:49,500
bright disk Night by Night. 
You've watched, these moons 

4236
03:54:49,500 --> 03:54:53,800
change position orbiting Jupiter
exactly as the moon orbits 

4237
03:54:53,800 --> 03:54:56,700
Earth. 
This is revolutionary because it

4238
03:54:56,700 --> 03:54:59,500
proves that not everything in 
the heavens orbits Earth. 

4239
03:55:00,400 --> 03:55:03,200
Here is the celestial body with 
his own satellite. 

4240
03:55:03,200 --> 03:55:06,800
A miniature planetary system 
that demolishes the Earth 

4241
03:55:06,800 --> 03:55:10,700
centered Cosmos accepted since 
ancient times. 

4242
03:55:10,700 --> 03:55:14,700
You've been keeping detailed 
records sketching Jupiter's 

4243
03:55:14,700 --> 03:55:18,400
moons in different positions, 
each night and calculating their

4244
03:55:18,400 --> 03:55:22,200
orbital periods. 
The innermost Moon completes its

4245
03:55:22,200 --> 03:55:27,100
orbit in roughly 42 hours, the 
outermost takes about 16 days. 

4246
03:55:27,100 --> 03:55:30,200
The Precision of their movements
is beautiful. 

4247
03:55:30,200 --> 03:55:34,100
They're following the same 
mathematical laws that govern 

4248
03:55:34,100 --> 03:55:38,200
the moon's orbit around Earth 
Suggesting Universal principles,

4249
03:55:38,200 --> 03:55:42,500
rather than special cases. 
But Jupiter's moons aren't your 

4250
03:55:42,500 --> 03:55:46,600
only Discovery. 
The moon Earth's moon has been 

4251
03:55:46,600 --> 03:55:50,500
equally revelatory Through your 
telescope, the smooth. 

4252
03:55:50,500 --> 03:55:54,800
Perfect, sphere described by 
ancient philosophers transforms 

4253
03:55:54,800 --> 03:55:57,800
into a rough mountainous world. 
You see? 

4254
03:55:57,800 --> 03:56:00,900
Craters, valleys and towering 
Peaks. 

4255
03:56:00,900 --> 03:56:03,500
That cast Long Shadows across, 
Luna Plains. 

4256
03:56:04,200 --> 03:56:07,400
You've even measured the height 
of some mountains by calculating

4257
03:56:07,400 --> 03:56:10,300
Shadow lengths finding Peaks 
that rival. 

4258
03:56:10,300 --> 03:56:13,500
Earth's highest Summits. 
The moon isn't a perfect 

4259
03:56:13,500 --> 03:56:16,500
celestial object made of 
quintessence as Aristotle. 

4260
03:56:16,500 --> 03:56:19,700
Claimed. 
It's a world as physical and a 

4261
03:56:19,700 --> 03:56:23,800
regular as Earth itself. 
Venus has provided more evidence

4262
03:56:23,800 --> 03:56:27,400
against earth-centered models 
through your telescope. 

4263
03:56:27,400 --> 03:56:30,800
You've observed that Venus goes 
through phases, like the moon. 

4264
03:56:30,800 --> 03:56:34,300
Sometimes appearing as a 
crescent, sometimes, as a 

4265
03:56:34,300 --> 03:56:38,100
gibbous shape and sometimes 
nearly full, this only makes 

4266
03:56:38,100 --> 03:56:41,100
sense. 
If Venus orbits the sun passing 

4267
03:56:41,100 --> 03:56:44,400
between us and the sun, when it 
appears as a crescent and moving

4268
03:56:44,400 --> 03:56:48,200
beyond the sun, when it appears 
full in an earth-centered 

4269
03:56:48,200 --> 03:56:51,800
system, where Venus orbits 
between Earth and the Sun, it 

4270
03:56:51,800 --> 03:56:53,900
should only ever appear as a 
crescent. 

4271
03:56:54,800 --> 03:56:58,300
The phases of Venus are direct 
evidence for a sun-centered 

4272
03:56:58,300 --> 03:57:02,400
solar system, you've also been 
observing the sun itself using 

4273
03:57:02,400 --> 03:57:06,800
projection methods to avoid 
damaging your eyes The sun. 

4274
03:57:06,800 --> 03:57:10,500
Supposedly the most perfect 
celestial object is marked with 

4275
03:57:10,500 --> 03:57:15,600
spots, dark blemishes that 
appear change shape and 

4276
03:57:15,600 --> 03:57:19,800
disappear over days or weeks by 
tracking these spots. 

4277
03:57:19,800 --> 03:57:24,000
You've determined that the sun 
rotates completing one 

4278
03:57:24,000 --> 03:57:29,900
revolution, approximately every 
27 days, This rotation combined,

4279
03:57:29,900 --> 03:57:33,800
with the imperfect nature of 
sunspots further demolishes, the

4280
03:57:33,800 --> 03:57:37,800
idea of celestial Perfection, 
the Milky Way has revealed its 

4281
03:57:37,800 --> 03:57:41,000
Secret. 
To the naked eye, it appears as 

4282
03:57:41,000 --> 03:57:44,800
a hazy band of light across the 
sky through your telescope. 

4283
03:57:44,800 --> 03:57:49,600
It resolves into thousands upon 
thousands of individual Stars 

4284
03:57:49,600 --> 03:57:53,100
too distant and numerous to see 
separately without 

4285
03:57:53,100 --> 03:57:57,400
magnification, this suggests, 
the universe contains far more 

4286
03:57:57,408 --> 03:58:01,900
stars than anyone imagined Not 
the few thousand visible to the 

4287
03:58:01,908 --> 03:58:07,700
naked eye, but potentially 
millions or billions extending 

4288
03:58:07,700 --> 03:58:10,800
far beyond what earlier 
astronomers thought possible. 

4289
03:58:10,800 --> 03:58:14,800
Each of these observations 
contradicts established Doctrine

4290
03:58:15,600 --> 03:58:20,200
The church's cosmology based on 
Aristotle and Ptolemy places 

4291
03:58:20,200 --> 03:58:24,700
Earth at the center of a smaller
ordered Universe with perfect 

4292
03:58:24,700 --> 03:58:28,600
celestial bodies. 
Moving on, perfect circles your 

4293
03:58:28,600 --> 03:58:32,800
observations suggest, a vastly 
larger universe within perfect 

4294
03:58:32,800 --> 03:58:37,900
celestial bodies where Earth is 
not Central You're not trying to

4295
03:58:37,900 --> 03:58:42,000
challenge religious Authority, 
you'll simply reporting what you

4296
03:58:42,000 --> 03:58:46,600
see, but the implications are 
impossible to ignore the 

4297
03:58:46,600 --> 03:58:49,100
resistance you face isn't 
entirely unreasonable. 

4298
03:58:49,100 --> 03:58:54,400
Your telescope is new technology
and its reliability isn't yet 

4299
03:58:54,400 --> 03:58:57,600
proven. 
How can anyone be certain that 

4300
03:58:57,600 --> 03:59:01,800
what appears in the telescope 
truly represents reality rather 

4301
03:59:01,800 --> 03:59:04,500
than optical illusions created 
by lenses? 

4302
03:59:04,500 --> 03:59:09,800
Your response is pragmatic The 
telescope accurately shows 

4303
03:59:09,800 --> 03:59:14,800
distant terrestrial objects. 
Ships that are below the Horizon

4304
03:59:14,800 --> 03:59:19,100
and buildings in distant cities.
If it works. 

4305
03:59:19,100 --> 03:59:22,400
Reliably for Earthly 
observations, why should 

4306
03:59:22,400 --> 03:59:25,000
Celestial observations be 
different? 

4307
03:59:25,000 --> 03:59:29,000
You're also making your findings
public publishing your 

4308
03:59:29,000 --> 03:59:32,400
observations in language 
accessible to educated readers. 

4309
03:59:32,400 --> 03:59:37,600
Not just in Latin for Scholars. 
Your book siderius, nuncius, The

4310
03:59:37,600 --> 03:59:41,300
Starry Messenger, spreads your 
discoveries across Europe within

4311
03:59:41,300 --> 03:59:44,900
months other observers with 
telescope's, confirm your 

4312
03:59:44,900 --> 03:59:48,300
findings. 
Jupiter's moons can be seen by 

4313
03:59:48,300 --> 03:59:50,500
anyone with adequate 
magnification. 

4314
03:59:50,500 --> 03:59:55,000
The phases of Venus are 
independently verified and the 

4315
03:59:55,000 --> 03:59:57,600
moon's, mountains are 
photographed with increasing 

4316
03:59:57,600 --> 04:00:02,500
detail as telescope technology. 
Improves the cumulative weight 

4317
04:00:02,500 --> 04:00:06,800
of these observations forces. 
A revolution in thought, The 

4318
04:00:06,800 --> 04:00:10,200
cosmos is not small ordered and 
geocentric. 

4319
04:00:10,200 --> 04:00:14,900
Its vast. 
Perhaps infinite with Earth as 

4320
04:00:14,900 --> 04:00:18,600
just one planet among several 
orbiting an ordinary star. 

4321
04:00:18,600 --> 04:00:22,500
This Insight is simultaneously 
humbling and exhilarating. 

4322
04:00:23,400 --> 04:00:27,500
Humanity has been demoted from 
the center of creation, but in 

4323
04:00:27,500 --> 04:00:31,500
exchange, we've discovered a far
grander Universe than anyone 

4324
04:00:31,500 --> 04:00:34,800
imagined as you pack up your 
telescope for the night. 

4325
04:00:34,800 --> 04:00:37,800
You reflect on how one simple 
device. 

4326
04:00:37,800 --> 04:00:42,300
A tube with lenses has 
demolished Millennia of accepted

4327
04:00:42,300 --> 04:00:44,900
truth. 
The ancient Greeks would have 

4328
04:00:44,900 --> 04:00:46,800
given anything for this 
technology. 

4329
04:00:46,800 --> 04:00:50,300
They had the mathematical 
sophistication to understand 

4330
04:00:50,300 --> 04:00:53,500
what you're seeing, but they 
lack the tools to see it. 

4331
04:00:53,500 --> 04:00:57,000
The observations that would have
resolved their debates about 

4332
04:00:57,000 --> 04:00:59,400
Earth's motion were always there
in the sky. 

4333
04:01:00,200 --> 04:01:02,700
Invisible. 
Only because human eyes could 

4334
04:01:02,700 --> 04:01:06,500
not detect them without help 
this raises a humbling question 

4335
04:01:06,500 --> 04:01:10,700
and What else is in the sky? 
That you can't see even with 

4336
04:01:10,700 --> 04:01:14,400
your telescope? 
Your instrument magnifies 20 

4337
04:01:14,400 --> 04:01:18,800
times, which is impressive, but 
surely this isn't the limit of 

4338
04:01:18,800 --> 04:01:21,800
what possible future observers 
with better. 

4339
04:01:21,800 --> 04:01:24,700
Telescopes will undoubtedly see 
things your missing. 

4340
04:01:25,600 --> 04:01:28,400
How much larger is the universe 
than what you can see. 

4341
04:01:29,300 --> 04:01:32,400
How many more discoveries await?
Merely better technology. 

4342
04:01:32,400 --> 04:01:36,700
You don't know it yet. 
But your telescope represents 

4343
04:01:36,700 --> 04:01:40,300
the first of many technological 
leaps that will progressively 

4344
04:01:40,300 --> 04:01:42,400
reveal. 
The cosmos is true nature, 

4345
04:01:43,100 --> 04:01:47,200
Better lenses, then reflecting 
telescopes then photography then

4346
04:01:47,200 --> 04:01:50,900
spectroscopy, then radio 
astronomy, then space-based 

4347
04:01:50,900 --> 04:01:53,700
telescopes free from atmospheric
distortion. 

4348
04:01:54,400 --> 04:01:59,200
Each advancement will reveal new
phenomena answer old questions 

4349
04:01:59,200 --> 04:02:04,100
and raise new Mysteries. 
Your 17 inch telescope is 

4350
04:02:04,100 --> 04:02:07,700
primitive compared to what's 
coming, but it's sophisticated 

4351
04:02:07,700 --> 04:02:12,200
enough to begin the revolution. 
The stars shine overhead. 

4352
04:02:12,200 --> 04:02:16,100
Now known to be distant Suns 
rather than lights on a 

4353
04:02:16,100 --> 04:02:19,800
celestial sphere. 
The planets visible as bright 

4354
04:02:19,800 --> 04:02:22,800
points to the naked. 
Eye are revealed through your 

4355
04:02:22,800 --> 04:02:27,900
telescope as worlds, Jupiter 
with its Cloud bands and moons 

4356
04:02:27,900 --> 04:02:31,700
Saturn with its mysterious 
elongated shape. 

4357
04:02:32,400 --> 04:02:34,800
You can't quite resolved, the 
rings with your current 

4358
04:02:34,800 --> 04:02:37,200
telescope. 
But you know something, odd 

4359
04:02:37,200 --> 04:02:40,800
extends from the PlanetSide and 
Mars with hints of surface 

4360
04:02:40,800 --> 04:02:43,100
features. 
You've lived through one of 

4361
04:02:43,108 --> 04:02:44,900
History's. 
Great turning points. 

4362
04:02:44,900 --> 04:02:49,200
The moment, when Humanity first 
saw the cosmos as it truly is, 

4363
04:02:49,200 --> 04:02:53,600
rather than as we imagine, it 
must be the implications will 

4364
04:02:53,600 --> 04:02:56,900
take generations to fully 
understand that the basic 

4365
04:02:56,900 --> 04:03:00,400
factors clear. 
We are far smaller and the 

4366
04:03:00,400 --> 04:03:03,300
universe far larger than anyone 
dreamed. 

4367
04:03:03,300 --> 04:03:07,900
And that's wonderful because it 
means there's so much more to 

4368
04:03:07,900 --> 04:03:12,300
discover so many more Mysteries 
waiting in the dark between the 

4369
04:03:12,300 --> 04:03:16,300
Stars, you're working in a 
Cambridge office and the year is

4370
04:03:16,300 --> 04:03:23,300
approximately 1726 papers cover 
your desk calculations diagrams 

4371
04:03:23,300 --> 04:03:25,900
and observations from 
astronomers across Europe. 

4372
04:03:25,900 --> 04:03:29,200
Your attempting something that 
many colleagues consider 

4373
04:03:29,200 --> 04:03:31,900
impossible. 
You're trying to calculate the 

4374
04:03:31,900 --> 04:03:35,600
distance to a comet using 
nothing but geometric principles

4375
04:03:35,600 --> 04:03:38,400
and observations from multiple 
locations. 

4376
04:03:38,400 --> 04:03:42,600
If you succeed, you'll prove 
that comets are distant 

4377
04:03:42,600 --> 04:03:46,600
celestial objects, rather than 
atmospheric phenomena and you'll

4378
04:03:46,600 --> 04:03:49,800
demonstrate that mathematics can
measure even the seemingly 

4379
04:03:49,800 --> 04:03:53,600
unmeasurable, your name is 
Edmond Halley and you've 

4380
04:03:53,600 --> 04:03:56,700
dedicated much of your career to
understanding Celestial 

4381
04:03:56,700 --> 04:03:59,300
mechanics. 
You've been Fascinated by 

4382
04:03:59,300 --> 04:04:04,600
comets, those mysterious objects
that appear unpredictably Blaze 

4383
04:04:04,600 --> 04:04:08,900
across the sky for weeks or 
months, then vanish Aristotle. 

4384
04:04:08,900 --> 04:04:12,800
Believed they were atmospheric 
disturbances, whether phenomena 

4385
04:04:12,800 --> 04:04:16,800
rather than celestial objects, 
This view persisted for 

4386
04:04:16,800 --> 04:04:20,800
centuries, but you're convinced 
Aristotle was wrong. 

4387
04:04:21,600 --> 04:04:25,800
The evidence is in the geometry.
You have observations of comets 

4388
04:04:25,800 --> 04:04:29,300
from different locations on 
Earth, measured carefully by 

4389
04:04:29,300 --> 04:04:32,700
skilled astronomers. 
If comets were atmospheric 

4390
04:04:32,700 --> 04:04:36,600
phenomena relatively close to 
Earth, observers at different 

4391
04:04:36,600 --> 04:04:40,100
locations, should see them at 
noticeably different positions, 

4392
04:04:40,100 --> 04:04:44,700
against the background Stars, 
This is Parallax, this same 

4393
04:04:44,700 --> 04:04:48,600
principle that makes nearby 
objects appear to shift when you

4394
04:04:48,600 --> 04:04:52,100
close one eye and open the other
but commentary Parallax. 

4395
04:04:52,100 --> 04:04:56,300
When measurable at all is Tiny, 
suggesting these objects are 

4396
04:04:56,300 --> 04:05:00,500
extremely distant. 
Moreover, you've been studying 

4397
04:05:00,500 --> 04:05:04,800
historical records of comet, 
sightings comparing their paths 

4398
04:05:04,800 --> 04:05:08,500
across the sky, their 
appearance, and their behavior, 

4399
04:05:08,500 --> 04:05:10,900
and you've noticed something 
remarkable. 

4400
04:05:11,700 --> 04:05:18,600
Comets that appeared in 1500 and
3167 and 1682. 

4401
04:05:18,600 --> 04:05:22,900
Followed nearly identical paths.
They appeared in similar regions

4402
04:05:22,900 --> 04:05:26,600
of the sky, moved in similar, 
directions, and brightened and 

4403
04:05:26,600 --> 04:05:30,300
Faded in similar patterns. 
What if these were three 

4404
04:05:30,300 --> 04:05:36,000
different comets but the same 
Comet returning periodically The

4405
04:05:36,000 --> 04:05:39,700
mathematics support this 
hypothesis using Newton's laws 

4406
04:05:39,700 --> 04:05:43,700
of motion and gravitation, which
your friend Isaac published, 40 

4407
04:05:43,700 --> 04:05:47,300
years ago, you can calculate 
orbital paths for objects, 

4408
04:05:47,300 --> 04:05:50,500
moving through the solar system.
When you apply these 

4409
04:05:50,500 --> 04:05:55,600
calculations to the 1682 Comet, 
assuming it's in a highly 

4410
04:05:55,600 --> 04:05:59,300
elliptical orbit around the sun,
you get an orbital period of 

4411
04:05:59,300 --> 04:06:06,100
roughly 75 to 76 years. 
Count back 76 years from 1682 

4412
04:06:06,100 --> 04:06:12,000
and you reach 69007 count back 
another 76 years and you reach 

4413
04:06:12,000 --> 04:06:15,700
150031. 
The timing matches the 

4414
04:06:15,700 --> 04:06:18,100
historical sightings almost 
perfectly. 

4415
04:06:18,100 --> 04:06:22,500
This means you can make a 
prediction if your hypothesis is

4416
04:06:22,500 --> 04:06:24,700
correct. 
This Comet should return around 

4417
04:06:24,700 --> 04:06:30,600
1758 or 1759. 
You'll be long dead by then your

4418
04:06:30,600 --> 04:06:34,500
already in your seventh is but 
the comet will either appear as 

4419
04:06:34,500 --> 04:06:39,400
predicted confirming your 
calculations or it won't proving

4420
04:06:39,400 --> 04:06:41,800
you wrong. 
Either way the prediction is 

4421
04:06:41,800 --> 04:06:45,100
testable which makes it 
scientific rather than mere 

4422
04:06:45,100 --> 04:06:49,200
speculation What you're doing? 
Represents a new kind of 

4423
04:06:49,200 --> 04:06:52,500
astronomy. 
Earlier, observers watch the sky

4424
04:06:52,500 --> 04:06:56,300
and recorded what they saw, they
identified patterns and made 

4425
04:06:56,300 --> 04:07:00,000
predictions based on those 
patterns, but their predictions 

4426
04:07:00,000 --> 04:07:03,900
were essentially extrapolations,
assuming the future will 

4427
04:07:03,900 --> 04:07:06,700
resemble the past. 
You're doing something 

4428
04:07:06,700 --> 04:07:11,200
different, you're using physical
laws, mathematical models and 

4429
04:07:11,200 --> 04:07:14,700
theoretical understanding to 
predict phenomena that haven't 

4430
04:07:14,700 --> 04:07:17,900
been observed yet. 
You're not just recording the 

4431
04:07:17,900 --> 04:07:22,900
universe, your calculating it. 
Newton's work made this possible

4432
04:07:22,900 --> 04:07:27,200
his laws of motion and Universal
gravitational provided for the 

4433
04:07:27,200 --> 04:07:31,000
first time, a unified framework 
for understanding, both 

4434
04:07:31,000 --> 04:07:33,100
Celestial and terrestrial 
mechanics. 

4435
04:07:33,100 --> 04:07:37,300
The same force that pulls an 
apple downward pulls the moon to

4436
04:07:37,300 --> 04:07:42,000
order and Earth toward the Sun. 
The same mathematical laws that 

4437
04:07:42,000 --> 04:07:45,900
described projectile motion on 
Earth, describe planetary, 

4438
04:07:45,900 --> 04:07:49,700
orbits in the heavens. 
This unification is profound. 

4439
04:07:49,700 --> 04:07:54,200
It means the universe operates 
according to comprehensive all 

4440
04:07:54,200 --> 04:07:58,100
Universal principles rather than
separate rules for different 

4441
04:07:58,100 --> 04:08:01,200
domains. 
You've applied these principles 

4442
04:08:01,200 --> 04:08:04,800
to various problems. 
You calculate the path of the 

4443
04:08:04,800 --> 04:08:08,800
1682. 
Comet determining its orbital 

4444
04:08:08,800 --> 04:08:10,900
elements with unprecedented 
Precision. 

4445
04:08:10,900 --> 04:08:14,700
You've worked on improving 
tables of planetary positions, 

4446
04:08:14,700 --> 04:08:19,600
incorporating perturbations the 
subtle gravitational influences 

4447
04:08:19,600 --> 04:08:23,600
that planets exert on each 
other, causing small deviations 

4448
04:08:23,600 --> 04:08:26,500
from perfect. 
Elliptical orbits, you've 

4449
04:08:26,500 --> 04:08:29,600
studied the Moon's motion 
wrestling with the three-body 

4450
04:08:29,600 --> 04:08:32,200
problem. 
The mathematical challenge of 

4451
04:08:32,200 --> 04:08:36,000
precisely calculating Health, 3 
gravatt, interacting objects 

4452
04:08:36,000 --> 04:08:39,000
move. 
The moon problem is particularly

4453
04:08:39,000 --> 04:08:42,300
vexing. 
The moon's orbit is influenced, 

4454
04:08:42,300 --> 04:08:46,700
not just by Earth, but also by 
the sun and the combined 

4455
04:08:46,700 --> 04:08:50,700
gravitational effects create 
orbital irregularities that are 

4456
04:08:50,700 --> 04:08:54,000
devilishly difficult to 
calculate Newton himself 

4457
04:08:54,000 --> 04:08:57,300
struggle with the Luna motion. 
And the problem won't be fully 

4458
04:08:57,300 --> 04:09:00,900
sold for another Century. 
But you've made progress 

4459
04:09:00,900 --> 04:09:04,700
improving predictions enough 
that Navigators can use your 

4460
04:09:04,708 --> 04:09:09,100
lunar tables, to determine 
longitude at sea, A practical, 

4461
04:09:09,100 --> 04:09:13,100
application of celestial 
mechanics that saves lives and 

4462
04:09:13,100 --> 04:09:16,300
enables exploration. 
You've also been thinking about 

4463
04:09:16,300 --> 04:09:20,800
Stellar distances, the stars are
clearly far more distant than 

4464
04:09:20,800 --> 04:09:23,300
planets. 
They show no measurable 

4465
04:09:23,300 --> 04:09:26,300
Parallax, even from 
observations, made six months 

4466
04:09:26,300 --> 04:09:30,200
apart, when Earth is on opposite
sides of its orbit around the 

4467
04:09:30,200 --> 04:09:32,900
sun. 
This means Stellar distances 

4468
04:09:32,900 --> 04:09:37,100
must be enormous compared to 
solar system scales But, how 

4469
04:09:37,100 --> 04:09:40,300
enormous? 
Can these distances be measured 

4470
04:09:40,300 --> 04:09:44,600
at all you suspect? 
They can eventually though, not 

4471
04:09:44,600 --> 04:09:48,300
with current instruments. 
If telescope's become powerful 

4472
04:09:48,300 --> 04:09:51,500
enough and measurements. 
Precise enough stellar parallax 

4473
04:09:51,500 --> 04:09:54,500
should become detectable. 
The math is straightforward. 

4474
04:09:54,500 --> 04:09:59,600
Measure a star's position in 
summer measuring in winter, when

4475
04:09:59,600 --> 04:10:03,200
Earth is moved to the opposite 
side of its orbit and calculate 

4476
04:10:03,200 --> 04:10:06,900
the distance based on the 
apparent shift, the challenge is

4477
04:10:06,900 --> 04:10:10,400
that even the nearest stars are 
so distant that their Parallax 

4478
04:10:10,400 --> 04:10:14,300
is measured in fractions of an 
ark second Angles. 

4479
04:10:14,300 --> 04:10:17,700
So small, they require 
instruments far more precise 

4480
04:10:17,700 --> 04:10:21,200
than what's currently available 
but your confident that future 

4481
04:10:21,200 --> 04:10:24,500
astronomers will make these 
measurements technology. 

4482
04:10:24,500 --> 04:10:29,100
Improves telescopes become more 
powerful measurement techniques,

4483
04:10:29,100 --> 04:10:32,700
become more refined what's 
impossible to day becomes 

4484
04:10:32,700 --> 04:10:35,900
routine tomorrow. 
The Stars distances will 

4485
04:10:35,900 --> 04:10:39,900
eventually be known and when 
that happens, Humanity will 

4486
04:10:39,900 --> 04:10:43,900
finally understand the true 
scale of the cosmos as you 

4487
04:10:43,900 --> 04:10:47,400
review your calculations one 
more time, checking for errors, 

4488
04:10:47,400 --> 04:10:50,400
you can consider how far 
astronomy has come in. 

4489
04:10:50,400 --> 04:10:54,200
Just a few Generations. 
When you were born telescopes 

4490
04:10:54,200 --> 04:10:57,300
were relatively new. 
The healing of centric model was

4491
04:10:57,300 --> 04:10:59,900
still controversial and the 
physical laws. 

4492
04:10:59,900 --> 04:11:02,200
Governing Celestial motion were 
unknown. 

4493
04:11:02,200 --> 04:11:06,200
Now less than a century later. 
Your calculating Comet, orbits 

4494
04:11:06,200 --> 04:11:10,400
predicting future appearances 
and treating the heavens as a 

4495
04:11:10,400 --> 04:11:14,000
domain subject to the same 
mathematical laws that Govern 

4496
04:11:14,000 --> 04:11:17,500
Earthly, phenomena. 
The transformation isn't 

4497
04:11:17,500 --> 04:11:22,200
complete many Mysteries. 
Remain the nature of stars is 

4498
04:11:22,200 --> 04:11:24,600
unknown. 
Are they distant sons? 

4499
04:11:24,600 --> 04:11:29,300
And if so, how far away and how 
large The structure of the Milky

4500
04:11:29,300 --> 04:11:32,100
Way is unclear, is it a flat 
disc? 

4501
04:11:32,100 --> 04:11:36,200
A sphere, or something else? 
Entirely the possibility of 

4502
04:11:36,200 --> 04:11:38,500
other galaxies? 
Hasn't even been seriously 

4503
04:11:38,500 --> 04:11:42,600
considered most astronomers 
assumed more visible stars, 

4504
04:11:42,600 --> 04:11:46,500
belong to one unified system, 
but the methodology is now 

4505
04:11:46,500 --> 04:11:50,400
established You observe you 
measure you calculate you 

4506
04:11:50,400 --> 04:11:54,500
predict and you test. 
When predictions fail, you 

4507
04:11:54,500 --> 04:11:57,400
refine your models. 
When you phenomena are 

4508
04:11:57,400 --> 04:12:00,500
discovered, you incorporate them
into your framework. 

4509
04:12:00,500 --> 04:12:05,300
This is science and its proving 
extraordinarily powerful for 

4510
04:12:05,300 --> 04:12:08,900
understanding nature. 
Your Comet prediction in 

4511
04:12:08,900 --> 04:12:13,700
particular feels like a gamble 
against mortality itself, your 

4512
04:12:13,700 --> 04:12:16,700
wagering that mathematics and 
physics can project forward 

4513
04:12:16,700 --> 04:12:21,700
decades into the future that the
universe is lawful enough, and 

4514
04:12:21,700 --> 04:12:24,100
that your understanding is 
complete enough to make 

4515
04:12:24,100 --> 04:12:27,700
predictions across time scales 
longer than human lifetimes. 

4516
04:12:27,700 --> 04:12:32,200
If you're right, and the comet 
returns when predicted, it will 

4517
04:12:32,200 --> 04:12:36,100
be one of science's, great 
triumphs, a demonstration that 

4518
04:12:36,100 --> 04:12:40,600
human reason can grasp Cosmic 
patterns and use them to predict

4519
04:12:40,600 --> 04:12:43,400
the unpredictable. 
You won't live to see it. 

4520
04:12:44,100 --> 04:12:47,100
But your content with that, 
you've done the work, you've 

4521
04:12:47,100 --> 04:12:51,000
made the calculations, the comet
will either confirm your 

4522
04:12:51,000 --> 04:12:54,200
hypothesis or it won't. 
But either outcome advances 

4523
04:12:54,200 --> 04:12:58,800
knowledge and that ultimately is
what drives you not personal 

4524
04:12:58,800 --> 04:13:01,500
Glory or the satisfaction of 
being proven, right? 

4525
04:13:01,500 --> 04:13:05,100
But the simple desire to 
understand how the universe 

4526
04:13:05,100 --> 04:13:07,700
works. 
The stars shine outside your 

4527
04:13:07,700 --> 04:13:11,900
window distant and mysterious 
but less mysterious than they 

4528
04:13:11,900 --> 04:13:16,700
were each generation peels back.
Another layer of cosmic mystery 

4529
04:13:16,700 --> 04:13:19,700
armed with better tools, better 
mathematics. 

4530
04:13:19,700 --> 04:13:24,000
And better understanding your 
generation has accomplished 

4531
04:13:24,000 --> 04:13:28,100
remarkable things, but your 
certain future Generations will 

4532
04:13:28,100 --> 04:13:33,000
accomplish more. 
The universe is vast complex and

4533
04:13:33,000 --> 04:13:37,100
wonderful, and Humanity has 
barely begun to explore it. 

4534
04:13:37,100 --> 04:13:40,600
Your standing outside, the Dome 
of the Mount Wilson Observatory 

4535
04:13:40,600 --> 04:13:46,900
in California, and the year is 
1924 the Sunset hours ago and 

4536
04:13:46,900 --> 04:13:50,700
now the Milky Way stretches 
overhead in magnificent detail 

4537
04:13:50,700 --> 04:13:53,200
visible. 
Despite the growing light, 

4538
04:13:53,200 --> 04:13:57,100
pollution from Los Angeles in 
the valley below inside the Dome

4539
04:13:57,100 --> 04:14:00,800
behind you sits the hooker. 
Telescope 100 inches of 

4540
04:14:00,800 --> 04:14:03,700
reflecting mirror. 
The largest telescope in the 

4541
04:14:03,700 --> 04:14:07,600
world capable of gathering more 
light and seeing faint of 

4542
04:14:07,600 --> 04:14:10,300
objects than any instrument in 
human history. 

4543
04:14:10,300 --> 04:14:14,500
And tonight, you've used it to 
make a discovery that will 

4544
04:14:14,500 --> 04:14:17,900
fundamentally change Humanity's 
understanding of its place. 

4545
04:14:17,900 --> 04:14:22,200
In the cosmos, your name is 
Edwin Hubble and you've been 

4546
04:14:22,208 --> 04:14:26,900
photographing spiral nebulae. 
Those fuzzy spiral-shaped 

4547
04:14:26,900 --> 04:14:28,700
objects scattered across the 
sky. 

4548
04:14:29,800 --> 04:14:31,700
Stromers. 
Have debated their nature for 

4549
04:14:31,700 --> 04:14:34,300
years? 
Are they gas clouds within our 

4550
04:14:34,300 --> 04:14:38,700
own Galaxy or they distant 
galaxies themselves separate 

4551
04:14:38,700 --> 04:14:40,900
Island universe as beyond the 
Milky Way? 

4552
04:14:41,800 --> 04:14:45,400
The debate has been Fierce with 
respected scientists on both 

4553
04:14:45,400 --> 04:14:48,400
sides, but you think you finally
settled it? 

4554
04:14:48,400 --> 04:14:51,900
You've been focusing on 
Andromeda the largest and 

4555
04:14:51,900 --> 04:14:55,700
brightest of the Spiral nebulae 
using the hooker telescopes 

4556
04:14:55,700 --> 04:14:58,300
light Gathering Power. 
You've been taking long 

4557
04:14:58,300 --> 04:15:02,300
exposure, photographs images 
that accumulate light over 

4558
04:15:02,300 --> 04:15:06,600
hours, revealing details 
invisible to direct observation.

4559
04:15:06,600 --> 04:15:10,500
And in these photographs, you've
identified individual Stars 

4560
04:15:10,500 --> 04:15:14,500
within Andromeda, not just the 
bright blue white stars that 

4561
04:15:14,500 --> 04:15:19,100
Mark spiral arms, but specific 
types of variable Stars called 

4562
04:15:19,100 --> 04:15:23,400
cefi, it's Sophia's are crucial 
because their brightness varies,

4563
04:15:23,400 --> 04:15:27,800
predictably pulsing brighter and
dimmer over periods ranging from

4564
04:15:27,800 --> 04:15:30,700
days to months. 
More importantly, there's a 

4565
04:15:30,700 --> 04:15:34,500
direct relationship between a 
sefs period and its intrinsic 

4566
04:15:34,500 --> 04:15:37,600
brightness. 
Longer period safes are 

4567
04:15:37,600 --> 04:15:40,100
inherently brighter than short 
period ones. 

4568
04:15:40,100 --> 04:15:44,500
This relationship was discovered
by Henrietta Leavitt working 

4569
04:15:44,500 --> 04:15:48,500
with sapphires in the magellanic
clouds and it provides a method 

4570
04:15:48,500 --> 04:15:52,500
for measuring Cosmic distances. 
Here's the beautiful logic. 

4571
04:15:53,300 --> 04:15:56,600
If you know a set feeds 
intrinsic brightness and can 

4572
04:15:56,600 --> 04:16:00,600
measure its apparent brightness 
you can calculate its distance. 

4573
04:16:00,600 --> 04:16:04,300
It's like seeing a light bulb 
and determining how far away it 

4574
04:16:04,300 --> 04:16:08,300
is by how dim it appears. 
If you know, it's 100 watt bulb,

4575
04:16:08,300 --> 04:16:11,500
you can tell whether it's 10 
feet away or 100 feet away by 

4576
04:16:11,500 --> 04:16:15,300
its apparent brightness, the 
Seafoods you found in Andromeda 

4577
04:16:15,300 --> 04:16:19,400
have periods, indicating their 
extremely luminous stars, yet 

4578
04:16:19,400 --> 04:16:21,800
they appear very faint in your 
photographs. 

4579
04:16:21,800 --> 04:16:25,500
The only way to reconcile these 
facts is if Andromeda is 

4580
04:16:25,500 --> 04:16:29,500
extraordinarily distant. 
Not thousands or tens of 

4581
04:16:29,500 --> 04:16:32,800
thousands of light years away, 
but nearly a million light 

4582
04:16:32,800 --> 04:16:34,900
years. 
This place. 

4583
04:16:34,900 --> 04:16:38,400
Is it far beyond any reasonable 
estimate of the Milky Ways? 

4584
04:16:38,400 --> 04:16:42,000
Size Andromeda isn't a gas cloud
within our galaxy. 

4585
04:16:42,000 --> 04:16:46,200
It's a Galaxy itself comparable 
in size to the Milky Way, 

4586
04:16:46,200 --> 04:16:49,100
containing hundreds of billions 
of stars. 

4587
04:16:50,100 --> 04:16:54,400
If Andromeda is a Galaxy then 
likely all spiral nebulae are 

4588
04:16:54,400 --> 04:16:57,400
Galaxys. 
This means the universe contains

4589
04:16:57,400 --> 04:17:00,500
not one Galaxy, but countless 
millions of them. 

4590
04:17:01,200 --> 04:17:04,400
Scattered through space at 
distances that dwarfed, the 

4591
04:17:04,408 --> 04:17:08,000
distance is between Stars within
any single Galaxy. 

4592
04:17:08,000 --> 04:17:12,600
The universe is vastly almost 
incomprehensibly larger than 

4593
04:17:12,600 --> 04:17:15,400
anyone imagined. 
But you've made another 

4594
04:17:15,400 --> 04:17:19,300
Discovery even more startling, 
you've been measuring the 

4595
04:17:19,300 --> 04:17:23,100
Spectra of galaxies, analyzing 
the light they emit to, 

4596
04:17:23,100 --> 04:17:27,200
determine which wavelengths are 
present, what you found is that 

4597
04:17:27,200 --> 04:17:29,700
nearly, every galaxy shows a 
redshift. 

4598
04:17:29,700 --> 04:17:33,200
Meaning their light is shifted 
toward longer red wavelengths. 

4599
04:17:33,200 --> 04:17:37,300
Compared to what it should be 
and the more distant the Galaxy,

4600
04:17:37,300 --> 04:17:40,800
the greater the redshift. 
This redshift has a clear 

4601
04:17:40,800 --> 04:17:44,100
interpretation. 
These galaxies are moving away 

4602
04:17:44,100 --> 04:17:47,000
from us. 
The shift in wavelength is a 

4603
04:17:47,000 --> 04:17:50,700
Doppler effect the same 
phenomenon that makes a train 

4604
04:17:50,700 --> 04:17:53,000
whistles pitch, drop as it 
passes you. 

4605
04:17:53,000 --> 04:17:56,800
When a light source moves away 
its lightest stretched to longer

4606
04:17:56,800 --> 04:18:01,500
wavelengths, red shifted. 
When it approaches the lightest 

4607
04:18:01,500 --> 04:18:04,600
compressed to Shorter 
wavelengths, blue shifted. 

4608
04:18:04,600 --> 04:18:07,200
Moreover you've noticed a 
relationship. 

4609
04:18:08,100 --> 04:18:11,700
The father away a galaxy is the 
faster its receding. 

4610
04:18:12,600 --> 04:18:16,100
Double the distance and the 
recession of velocity doubles as

4611
04:18:16,100 --> 04:18:18,200
well. 
This relationship. 

4612
04:18:18,200 --> 04:18:21,700
What will become known as 
Hubble's Law has profound 

4613
04:18:21,700 --> 04:18:25,000
implications. 
If all distant galaxies are 

4614
04:18:25,000 --> 04:18:28,600
moving away from us and their 
recession, velocity increases 

4615
04:18:28,600 --> 04:18:31,600
with distance. 
The universe itself must be 

4616
04:18:31,600 --> 04:18:34,200
expanding. 
This is difficult to grasp. 

4617
04:18:34,200 --> 04:18:38,000
You're not saying Galaxy is a 
moving through space away from 

4618
04:18:38,000 --> 04:18:40,200
us as if we're at the center of 
an explosion. 

4619
04:18:41,000 --> 04:18:45,400
You're saying space itself is 
expanding carrying galaxies 

4620
04:18:45,400 --> 04:18:49,800
along with it, it's like dots on
an inflating balloon as the 

4621
04:18:49,800 --> 04:18:53,400
balloon, expands all dots move 
away from each other. 

4622
04:18:53,400 --> 04:18:58,400
But no dot is at the center of 
the expansion every observer in 

4623
04:18:58,400 --> 04:19:03,200
any Galaxy would see all other 
galaxies receding with more 

4624
04:19:03,200 --> 04:19:08,000
distant ones, receding faster. 
This expansion suggests, the 

4625
04:19:08,000 --> 04:19:11,600
universe has a history. 
If galaxies are currently moving

4626
04:19:11,600 --> 04:19:15,700
apart, they must have been 
closer together in the past, run

4627
04:19:15,700 --> 04:19:19,400
the expansion backward and you 
eventually reach a point where 

4628
04:19:19,400 --> 04:19:23,400
all matter was concentrated in 
incredibly small dents. 

4629
04:19:24,500 --> 04:19:26,800
This is the beginning of what 
will later be called? 

4630
04:19:26,800 --> 04:19:31,100
The Big Bang Theory the idea 
that the Universe began in an 

4631
04:19:31,100 --> 04:19:35,800
extremely hot dense State and 
has been expanding and cooling 

4632
04:19:35,800 --> 04:19:39,400
ever since the implications 
Cascade outward. 

4633
04:19:39,400 --> 04:19:44,000
If the universe is expanding and
had a beginning, it has an age. 

4634
04:19:44,800 --> 04:19:47,800
You can estimate this age by 
calculating how long it would 

4635
04:19:47,800 --> 04:19:51,100
take Galaxy to reach their 
current separation, give their 

4636
04:19:51,100 --> 04:19:54,500
observed velocities. 
Your initial estimates, suggest 

4637
04:19:54,500 --> 04:19:58,000
an age of a few billion years 
which is troubling young, 

4638
04:19:58,000 --> 04:20:01,900
geologists already have evidence
that Earth is older than that. 

4639
04:20:03,100 --> 04:20:04,900
But the principle is 
established. 

4640
04:20:05,800 --> 04:20:10,500
The universe isn't Eternal and 
unchanging, its Dynamic, and 

4641
04:20:10,500 --> 04:20:12,100
evolving with the definite 
history. 

4642
04:20:12,100 --> 04:20:16,100
As you stand beneath the stars, 
you realize your witnessing 

4643
04:20:16,100 --> 04:20:20,100
something unprecedented in human
history every previous 

4644
04:20:20,100 --> 04:20:24,300
generation believed the universe
was static unchanging in its 

4645
04:20:24,300 --> 04:20:27,000
large-scale structure. 
Oh, planets. 

4646
04:20:27,000 --> 04:20:30,000
Moved and comets appeared and 
stars, occasionally exploded, 

4647
04:20:30,000 --> 04:20:33,500
but the overall Universe its 
size its structure. 

4648
04:20:33,500 --> 04:20:36,800
Its fundamental nature was 
thought to be eternal. 

4649
04:20:37,600 --> 04:20:39,700
You've discovered this 
assumption is wrong. 

4650
04:20:39,700 --> 04:20:45,000
The universe is not static, it's
expanding Cooling and evolving. 

4651
04:20:45,000 --> 04:20:48,300
It had a beginning and will have
a future different from its 

4652
04:20:48,300 --> 04:20:51,500
present state. 
This discovery comes from 

4653
04:20:51,500 --> 04:20:56,200
technology, the 100 inch 
telescope photographic plates, 

4654
04:20:56,200 --> 04:21:00,100
sensitive enough, to capture 
faint light, and spectroscopes 

4655
04:21:00,100 --> 04:21:04,200
capable of analyzing that light.
None of this was available. 

4656
04:21:04,200 --> 04:21:08,600
Even 50 years ago, your 
Discovery was always waiting in 

4657
04:21:08,600 --> 04:21:13,400
the sky visible in principle but
invisible in practice until 

4658
04:21:13,400 --> 04:21:16,800
instruments became sophisticated
enough to detect it. 

4659
04:21:17,600 --> 04:21:19,600
How many more discoveries are 
out there? 

4660
04:21:19,600 --> 04:21:23,900
Waiting for better technology? 
You think about the long chain 

4661
04:21:23,900 --> 04:21:26,800
of observations and insights 
that led to this moment? 

4662
04:21:27,600 --> 04:21:30,900
Ancient astronomers identifying 
Celestial patterns. 

4663
04:21:31,600 --> 04:21:36,000
Babylonians calculating 
planetary positions Greeks, 

4664
04:21:36,000 --> 04:21:40,100
creating geometric models 
telescopes revealing Jupiter's 

4665
04:21:40,100 --> 04:21:44,700
moons and Saturn's rings. 
Newton's Laws enable orbital 

4666
04:21:44,700 --> 04:21:47,800
calculations. 
Photography allows long 

4667
04:21:47,800 --> 04:21:51,300
exposures that see deeper into 
space than eyes alone could. 

4668
04:21:52,400 --> 04:21:55,500
Spectroscopy reveals the 
physical properties of distant 

4669
04:21:55,500 --> 04:21:59,000
objects, each Advanced built on 
previous work. 

4670
04:21:59,000 --> 04:22:02,900
Each generation seeing father 
and understanding more deeply. 

4671
04:22:04,000 --> 04:22:06,200
And now you've pushed the 
frontier again. 

4672
04:22:06,200 --> 04:22:10,000
You've measured the universe and
found it vast. 

4673
04:22:10,000 --> 04:22:13,900
And anyone thought you've 
discovered that its expanding 

4674
04:22:14,800 --> 04:22:17,300
That it has a history that is 
not eternal. 

4675
04:22:18,100 --> 04:22:21,700
Future Generations, will push 
father still answering 

4676
04:22:21,700 --> 04:22:23,900
questions? 
You haven't even thought to ask 

4677
04:22:23,900 --> 04:22:26,400
yet. 
Will they find the edge of the 

4678
04:22:26,400 --> 04:22:28,600
universe? 
Or is it infinite? 

4679
04:22:28,600 --> 04:22:32,100
What happened in those first 
moments after the expansion 

4680
04:22:32,100 --> 04:22:35,300
began? 
Are there other universes Beyond

4681
04:22:35,300 --> 04:22:38,000
hours? 
You don't know, but you're 

4682
04:22:38,000 --> 04:22:41,800
confident, they'll keep looking.
The hooker telescope Dome closes

4683
04:22:41,800 --> 04:22:44,700
for the night. 
Your photographic plates are 

4684
04:22:44,700 --> 04:22:47,700
secure ready for detailed 
analysis tomorrow. 

4685
04:22:47,700 --> 04:22:51,300
The data is recorded, the 
measurements are made and the 

4686
04:22:51,300 --> 04:22:53,300
conclusions are becoming 
inescapable. 

4687
04:22:53,300 --> 04:22:58,300
The universe is larger stranger 
and more wonderful than Humanity

4688
04:22:58,300 --> 04:23:01,500
ever imagined. 
And that ultimately is the most 

4689
04:23:01,500 --> 04:23:03,900
exciting thing you could 
possibly discover. 

4690
04:23:03,900 --> 04:23:07,900
Not that we understand 
everything that they are so much

4691
04:23:07,900 --> 04:23:12,200
more to explore your monitoring 
a radio telescope in northern 

4692
04:23:12,200 --> 04:23:16,400
England and the year is 1965 the
instrument. 

4693
04:23:16,400 --> 04:23:20,400
You're using doesn't look like a
traditional telescope, no dough 

4694
04:23:20,400 --> 04:23:23,100
No IP. 
Just an array of horn-shaped 

4695
04:23:23,100 --> 04:23:27,200
antennas pointed at the sky 
connected to sensitive radio 

4696
04:23:27,200 --> 04:23:29,900
receivers. 
You're not looking at the sky 

4697
04:23:29,900 --> 04:23:33,700
invisible light, but in radio 
waves, which passed through 

4698
04:23:33,700 --> 04:23:37,700
clouds and work during daytime 
opening, the Heavens to 

4699
04:23:37,700 --> 04:23:42,200
Observation 24 hours. a day, 
your name is irrelevant to this 

4700
04:23:42,200 --> 04:23:45,400
particular night, but the 
discovery you're about to 

4701
04:23:45,400 --> 04:23:49,100
confirm is not You've been 
detecting a persistent 

4702
04:23:49,100 --> 04:23:53,900
background noise in your data. 
Faint radio signal, that appears

4703
04:23:53,900 --> 04:23:56,900
to come equally from all 
directions, in the sky. 

4704
04:23:56,900 --> 04:24:00,300
At first, you thought it was 
instrumental error or perhaps 

4705
04:24:00,300 --> 04:24:02,500
radio interference from nearby 
cities. 

4706
04:24:03,400 --> 04:24:07,400
But extensive checks of ruled 
out these explanations, the 

4707
04:24:07,400 --> 04:24:11,900
signal is real, it's Cosmic in 
origin and its uniform across 

4708
04:24:11,900 --> 04:24:15,100
the entire Sky to within one 
part in 10,000. 

4709
04:24:16,000 --> 04:24:18,800
This uniform signal is 
extraordinary because it 

4710
04:24:18,800 --> 04:24:21,700
shouldn't exist. 
If it came from stars or 

4711
04:24:21,700 --> 04:24:25,200
galaxies, it would be stronger 
in some directions than others 

4712
04:24:25,200 --> 04:24:29,800
concentrated in the Milky Ways. 
Plain for instance, or showing 

4713
04:24:29,800 --> 04:24:32,000
bright spots where galaxies 
cluster. 

4714
04:24:32,000 --> 04:24:35,400
But this signal is almost 
perfectly isotropic. 

4715
04:24:35,400 --> 04:24:39,700
The same from every direction. 
It's like the universe has a 

4716
04:24:39,700 --> 04:24:43,200
temperature and what your 
detecting is thermal radiation 

4717
04:24:43,200 --> 04:24:47,500
from the cosmos itself. 
Signals wavelength corresponds 

4718
04:24:47,500 --> 04:24:51,700
to extremely cold thermal 
radiation about three degrees of

4719
04:24:51,700 --> 04:24:55,300
absolute zero. 
This is puzzling until you 

4720
04:24:55,300 --> 04:24:57,300
remember recent theoretical 
work. 

4721
04:24:57,300 --> 04:25:01,300
Suggesting that if the universe 
began in a hot dense State, the 

4722
04:25:01,300 --> 04:25:05,800
Big Bang, it would have cooled 
as it expanded in its earliest 

4723
04:25:05,800 --> 04:25:07,700
moments. 
The universe would have been hot

4724
04:25:07,700 --> 04:25:10,800
enough to Glow, brightly 
invisible light, even in 

4725
04:25:10,800 --> 04:25:14,400
ultraviolet and x-rays. 
But as it expanded, this 

4726
04:25:14,400 --> 04:25:18,200
radiation would have stretched 
to longer wavelengths shifted by

4727
04:25:18,200 --> 04:25:22,000
the expansion itself. 
Until today appears as faint 

4728
04:25:22,000 --> 04:25:25,900
radio waves your detecting. 
The Afterglow of the Big Bang 

4729
04:25:25,900 --> 04:25:29,400
itself radiation that has 
traveled through space, for 

4730
04:25:29,400 --> 04:25:34,300
nearly 14 billion years cooling 
from temperature of thousands of

4731
04:25:34,300 --> 04:25:37,900
degrees to just a few degrees 
above absolute zero. 

4732
04:25:37,900 --> 04:25:42,200
This Cosmic microwave background
radiation is direct evidence 

4733
04:25:42,200 --> 04:25:45,200
that the Universe had a hot 
beginning that it's been 

4734
04:25:45,600 --> 04:25:49,500
Expanding and cooling ever since
that, the Big Bang Theory is 

4735
04:25:49,500 --> 04:25:52,300
correct. 
This discovery transforms 

4736
04:25:52,300 --> 04:25:55,900
cosmology from speculation to 
observational science. 

4737
04:25:56,700 --> 04:26:00,500
Before this, the Big Bang was 
one Theory among several for the

4738
04:26:00,500 --> 04:26:04,500
universe's origin now, it's 
strongly supported by direct 

4739
04:26:04,500 --> 04:26:08,500
evidence radiation, that could 
only exist if the universe began

4740
04:26:08,500 --> 04:26:12,600
in a hot dense state. 
Alternative theories that 

4741
04:26:12,600 --> 04:26:14,900
proposed an eternal 
steady-state. 

4742
04:26:14,900 --> 04:26:19,100
Universe cannot explain this 
uniform background radiation. 

4743
04:26:19,100 --> 04:26:23,400
The evidence is overwhelming. 
But the cosmic microwave 

4744
04:26:23,400 --> 04:26:26,400
background isn't just 
confirmation of the Big Bang. 

4745
04:26:26,400 --> 04:26:30,600
It's a snapshot of the early 
Universe a window into 

4746
04:26:30,600 --> 04:26:34,700
conditions when the cosmos was 
just 380,000 years old. 

4747
04:26:34,700 --> 04:26:38,800
Before that time, the universe 
was too hot for atoms to form 

4748
04:26:38,800 --> 04:26:43,700
electrons and protons existed, 
as a plasma and photons 

4749
04:26:43,700 --> 04:26:45,600
scattered off. 
These charged particles 

4750
04:26:45,600 --> 04:26:50,400
constantly making the universe 
opaque when the universe called 

4751
04:26:50,400 --> 04:26:54,500
enough atoms to form photons 
suddenly could travel freely. 

4752
04:26:55,400 --> 04:26:58,500
The radiation, you're detecting 
comes from that moment of 

4753
04:26:58,500 --> 04:27:01,100
recombination. 
When the universe became 

4754
04:27:01,100 --> 04:27:05,400
transparent, I studying this 
radiation in detail measuring 

4755
04:27:05,400 --> 04:27:07,400
its temperature in different 
directions. 

4756
04:27:07,400 --> 04:27:12,100
Looking for tiny variations in 
intensity, Astronomers will 

4757
04:27:12,100 --> 04:27:15,300
learn about the universe's 
structure at that early time 

4758
04:27:15,300 --> 04:27:18,200
slightly denser regions in the 
primordial. 

4759
04:27:18,200 --> 04:27:21,900
Plasma will appear a slightly 
warmer spots in the microwave 

4760
04:27:21,900 --> 04:27:24,900
background. 
These density variations were 

4761
04:27:24,900 --> 04:27:28,900
the seeds that eventually grew 
into galaxies clusters of 

4762
04:27:28,900 --> 04:27:32,500
galaxies and the large-scale 
structure visible in the 

4763
04:27:32,500 --> 04:27:35,500
universe today. 
Over the following decades, 

4764
04:27:35,500 --> 04:27:39,300
increasingly sophisticated 
instruments will map The Cosmic 

4765
04:27:39,300 --> 04:27:42,300
microwave background with 
extraordinary, Precision 

4766
04:27:42,300 --> 04:27:48,300
satellites like c. 
O b e w m, a p and plank will 

4767
04:27:48,300 --> 04:27:52,600
measure of variations as small 
as one part in 100,000. 

4768
04:27:53,600 --> 04:27:56,900
Revealing details information 
about the universe's composition

4769
04:27:56,900 --> 04:28:01,500
age and geometry, these 
measurements will determine that

4770
04:28:01,500 --> 04:28:05,300
the universe is approximately 
13.8 billion years old. 

4771
04:28:06,100 --> 04:28:10,000
That it's geometrically flat and
that it contains, not just 

4772
04:28:10,000 --> 04:28:13,600
ordinary matter, but also dark 
matter and dark energy, 

4773
04:28:13,600 --> 04:28:18,400
mysterious substances, whose 
nature remains unknown, but 

4774
04:28:18,400 --> 04:28:20,900
whose gravitational effects are 
undeniable. 

4775
04:28:20,900 --> 04:28:25,000
The cosmic microwave background 
will also provide evidence for 

4776
04:28:25,000 --> 04:28:29,200
Cosmic inflation, a brief 
period, of exponential expansion

4777
04:28:29,200 --> 04:28:32,300
that occurred in the universe's.
First fraction of a second 

4778
04:28:32,300 --> 04:28:36,300
inflation explains why. 
The universe is so uniform on 

4779
04:28:36,300 --> 04:28:40,500
large, scales lights, 
geometrically flat, and why 

4780
04:28:40,500 --> 04:28:43,600
certain types of irregularity 
appear in the dense density, 

4781
04:28:43,600 --> 04:28:46,500
distribution of matter without 
inflation. 

4782
04:28:46,500 --> 04:28:49,000
The universe's, observe 
properties would require 

4783
04:28:49,000 --> 04:28:53,300
extraordinarily fine-tuned 
initial conditions Within 

4784
04:28:53,300 --> 04:28:56,300
inflation, these properties 
emerge naturally from, well 

4785
04:28:56,300 --> 04:28:59,800
understood physics as you 
examine the data streaming. 

4786
04:28:59,800 --> 04:29:02,400
From the radio telescope, your 
struck by. 

4787
04:29:02,400 --> 04:29:05,000
How much can be learned from 
such a faint signal. 

4788
04:29:05,000 --> 04:29:07,900
This radiation is incredibly 
weak. 

4789
04:29:08,700 --> 04:29:12,400
The total energy from the cosmic
microwave background hitting a 

4790
04:29:12,400 --> 04:29:15,800
person's body as far less than 
the energy from distant 

4791
04:29:15,800 --> 04:29:18,700
Starlight, which itself is 
minimal yet. 

4792
04:29:18,700 --> 04:29:22,200
This faint signal, contains 
information about the universe's

4793
04:29:22,200 --> 04:29:26,400
age, composition geometry and 
early history. 

4794
04:29:26,400 --> 04:29:30,200
It's as if the cosmos has left, 
its signature written in 

4795
04:29:30,200 --> 04:29:34,400
radiation, weighting billions of
years for technology to become 

4796
04:29:34,400 --> 04:29:38,900
sophisticated enough to read it.
You think about the long chain 

4797
04:29:38,900 --> 04:29:42,300
of discoveries that led here? 
Hubble discovered Galactic 

4798
04:29:42,300 --> 04:29:45,200
recession, implying the 
universe's expands 

4799
04:29:45,200 --> 04:29:49,200
extrapolating, this expansion 
backward to a hot dense. 

4800
04:29:49,400 --> 04:29:52,700
Beginning theoretical physicists
are calculating. 

4801
04:29:52,700 --> 04:29:55,100
What conditions would be like in
the early Universe? 

4802
04:29:55,100 --> 04:29:58,900
Predicting that thermal 
radiation from, that era, should

4803
04:29:58,900 --> 04:30:03,100
still be detectable Engineers 
are developing radio astronomy, 

4804
04:30:03,100 --> 04:30:07,100
creating instruments, sensitive 
enough to detect faint Cosmic 

4805
04:30:07,100 --> 04:30:12,300
signals and now the detection 
itself confirming predictions 

4806
04:30:12,300 --> 04:30:14,700
and opening new avenues of 
research. 

4807
04:30:15,500 --> 04:30:18,200
Cosmic microwave background is 
also humbling. 

4808
04:30:18,200 --> 04:30:22,600
It shows that the matter were 
familiar with atoms molecules 

4809
04:30:22,600 --> 04:30:25,800
everything made of protons 
neutrons and electrons, 

4810
04:30:25,800 --> 04:30:31,400
comprises only about 5% of the 
universe's total energy content.

4811
04:30:31,400 --> 04:30:35,900
The rest is dark matter, and 
dark energy, substances, whose 

4812
04:30:35,900 --> 04:30:40,000
nature is completely unknown. 
We've mapped the universe 

4813
04:30:40,000 --> 04:30:43,900
measured its aged determined, 
its composition and discovered 

4814
04:30:43,900 --> 04:30:48,200
that we don't understand 95% of 
what it contains yet. 

4815
04:30:48,200 --> 04:30:51,200
This ignorance is exciting 
rather than discouraging. 

4816
04:30:51,200 --> 04:30:54,500
It means astronomy is far from 
finished. 

4817
04:30:54,500 --> 04:30:58,900
There are fundamental Mysteries 
remaining questions whose 

4818
04:30:58,900 --> 04:31:03,200
answers will require new 
physics, new observations and 

4819
04:31:03,200 --> 04:31:06,400
perhaps revolutionary insights 
comparable to those that 

4820
04:31:06,400 --> 04:31:08,900
launched quantum mechanics or 
relativity. 

4821
04:31:08,900 --> 04:31:13,000
The universe is still surprising
us, still revealing, that 

4822
04:31:13,000 --> 04:31:16,400
reality is stranger and more 
wonderful than our theories 

4823
04:31:16,400 --> 04:31:19,800
predict. 
As Dawn approaches and your 

4824
04:31:19,800 --> 04:31:23,900
observing shift ends, you 
prepare your preliminary report 

4825
04:31:23,900 --> 04:31:29,000
the signal is real, its Cosmic 
and it matches predictions for 

4826
04:31:29,000 --> 04:31:31,200
the cold radiation from The Big 
Bang. 

4827
04:31:32,100 --> 04:31:36,000
Other observers will confirm it 
independently that's already 

4828
04:31:36,000 --> 04:31:37,700
happening. 
Actually, with similar, 

4829
04:31:37,700 --> 04:31:41,900
detections reported by other 
teams soon, this discovery will 

4830
04:31:41,900 --> 04:31:45,300
be announced publicly and it 
will transform Humanities 

4831
04:31:45,300 --> 04:31:49,300
understanding of cosmic history.
The Stars fade as the sky 

4832
04:31:49,300 --> 04:31:54,300
brightens but you know, they're 
still there still shining their 

4833
04:31:54,300 --> 04:31:57,200
light mixing with the faint 
microwave glow from the 

4834
04:31:57,200 --> 04:32:01,700
universe's hot beginning that 
glow has traveled for nearly 14 

4835
04:32:01,700 --> 04:32:05,400
billion years to reach your 
antennas carrying information 

4836
04:32:05,400 --> 04:32:09,500
about a time when no stars 
existed when no galaxies had 

4837
04:32:09,500 --> 04:32:12,400
formed. 
And when the universe was just a

4838
04:32:12,400 --> 04:32:17,000
hot dense plasma beginning, its 
long expansion toward the cool 

4839
04:32:17,000 --> 04:32:19,200
structured Cosmos. 
We inhabit today. 

4840
04:32:19,200 --> 04:32:23,100
Somewhere in that ancient 
radiation in its tiny 

4841
04:32:23,100 --> 04:32:27,200
temperature variations and 
subtle polarization patterns 

4842
04:32:27,200 --> 04:32:31,300
like answers to questions. 
Humanity hasn't yet learned to 

4843
04:32:31,300 --> 04:32:34,200
ask. 
Future astronomers will extract 

4844
04:32:34,200 --> 04:32:38,000
those answers learning things 
about the universe's origin 

4845
04:32:38,000 --> 04:32:40,500
structure and fate that you 
can't even imagine. 

4846
04:32:40,500 --> 04:32:44,900
But tonight you've contributed 
your part to that ongoing 

4847
04:32:44,900 --> 04:32:47,600
project. 
Detecting, The Whisper from the 

4848
04:32:47,600 --> 04:32:51,700
beginning confirming that the 
Universe has a history and 

4849
04:32:51,700 --> 04:32:54,300
opening a new window on Cosmic 
time. 

4850
04:32:54,300 --> 04:32:58,400
You're lying on your back in a 
dark field and the year is now 

4851
04:32:58,400 --> 04:33:02,900
no specific year. 
Really, this could be tonight to

4852
04:33:02,900 --> 04:33:05,099
tomorrow night or any clear 
night. 

4853
04:33:05,099 --> 04:33:09,000
When you decide to look up 
rather than down out rather than

4854
04:33:09,000 --> 04:33:12,599
in the grass beneath you is 
slightly damp with the evening 

4855
04:33:12,599 --> 04:33:15,400
due. 
The air is cool and above you, 

4856
04:33:15,400 --> 04:33:19,900
the sky Blazers with stars. 
If your far from cities, you can

4857
04:33:19,900 --> 04:33:23,400
see the Milky Way. 
That same river of light that 

4858
04:33:23,400 --> 04:33:25,900
our ancestors saw though, you 
know. 

4859
04:33:25,900 --> 04:33:29,700
Now it actually the combined 
light of billions of stars in 

4860
04:33:29,700 --> 04:33:34,300
our galaxies disc viewed Edge on
from Earth's position within it.

4861
04:33:34,300 --> 04:33:38,099
You can see planets too though 
you need to know where to look 

4862
04:33:38,099 --> 04:33:41,099
and where Venus might be 
brilliant in the west. 

4863
04:33:41,099 --> 04:33:46,000
Just after Sunset, Jupiter could
be high overhead, its moons. 

4864
04:33:46,099 --> 04:33:50,300
Invisible to your naked eyes. 
But their nonetheless, exactly 

4865
04:33:50,300 --> 04:33:54,800
as Galileo saw them, Mars might 
show its distinctive red, orange

4866
04:33:54,800 --> 04:33:57,700
color. 
Dust storms in its thin 

4867
04:33:57,700 --> 04:34:01,500
atmosphere reflecting sunlight 
from 90 million miles away. 

4868
04:34:01,500 --> 04:34:06,000
And you can see stars, thousands
of them with Naked Eyes, 

4869
04:34:06,000 --> 04:34:09,700
Millions, through modest, 
telescopes and billions through 

4870
04:34:09,700 --> 04:34:13,599
instruments, like Hubble or the 
James Webb Space Telescope. 

4871
04:34:13,599 --> 04:34:18,200
Each one is a son, many hosting 
planets, some of those planets 

4872
04:34:18,200 --> 04:34:22,099
potentially harboring life, the 
light, Reaching Your Eyes left 

4873
04:34:22,099 --> 04:34:27,000
those Stars years, or decades or
centuries ago, making you a time

4874
04:34:27,000 --> 04:34:30,500
traveler of sorts seeing the 
universe not as it is. 

4875
04:34:30,500 --> 04:34:35,300
But as it was You know things 
those ancient observers couldn't

4876
04:34:35,300 --> 04:34:38,700
have imagined, you know, the 
stars are powered by nuclear 

4877
04:34:38,700 --> 04:34:43,400
fusion converting hydrogen to 
helium in their cores generating

4878
04:34:43,400 --> 04:34:47,500
energy through Einstein's famous
equation relating mass and 

4879
04:34:47,500 --> 04:34:51,900
energy, you know, the universe 
is approximately 13.8 billion 

4880
04:34:51,900 --> 04:34:56,099
years old formed in a hot big 
bang and expanding ever since 

4881
04:34:56,099 --> 04:35:00,099
you know, that galaxies cluster 
into groups and super clusters 

4882
04:35:00,099 --> 04:35:03,900
forming a cosmic web of 
structure spanning billions of 

4883
04:35:03,900 --> 04:35:07,599
light years, you know, the 
universe contains Dark Matter 

4884
04:35:07,599 --> 04:35:11,400
invisible substance detected 
only through its gravitational 

4885
04:35:11,400 --> 04:35:18,099
effects making up roughly 27% of
the universe's total energy, you

4886
04:35:18,099 --> 04:35:23,200
know that dark energy even more 
mysterious comprises about 68% 

4887
04:35:23,200 --> 04:35:28,200
and its causing the universe's 
expansion to accelerate distant 

4888
04:35:28,200 --> 04:35:32,400
galaxies on not just moving away
their moving away faster over. 

4889
04:35:32,500 --> 04:35:37,000
Time driven by the mysterious 
Dark Energy whose nature is one 

4890
04:35:37,000 --> 04:35:41,000
of physics greatest unsolved 
problems, you know that many 

4891
04:35:41,000 --> 04:35:44,400
stars have planets that 
exoplanets number in the 

4892
04:35:44,408 --> 04:35:48,400
thousands already discovered and
that more are found constantly, 

4893
04:35:48,400 --> 04:35:52,800
you know, some of these worlds 
are roughly earth-sized orbiting

4894
04:35:52,800 --> 04:35:56,099
Their Stars a distance is where 
liquid water could exist. 

4895
04:35:57,200 --> 04:36:01,200
You know, the chemistry of life 
carbon-based molecules water and

4896
04:36:01,200 --> 04:36:04,099
energy is common throughout the 
Universe. 

4897
04:36:04,099 --> 04:36:08,099
You know that if life exists 
here it probably exists 

4898
04:36:08,099 --> 04:36:11,900
elsewhere too though whether 
it's common or rare simple or 

4899
04:36:11,900 --> 04:36:16,200
complex contemporary or extinct 
remains unknown yet. 

4900
04:36:16,200 --> 04:36:19,500
Despite all this knowledge, 
you're lying in a field. 

4901
04:36:19,500 --> 04:36:21,200
Looking at stars. 
Exactly. 

4902
04:36:21,200 --> 04:36:25,099
As humans have done for hundreds
of thousands of years, the 

4903
04:36:25,099 --> 04:36:26,900
technology has changed 
dramatically. 

4904
04:36:28,000 --> 04:36:31,599
You might have a telescope 
beside you or a smartphone app, 

4905
04:36:31,599 --> 04:36:35,400
identifying constellation or 
coordinates for satellites 

4906
04:36:35,400 --> 04:36:38,700
passing overhead. 
The fundamental activity is 

4907
04:36:38,700 --> 04:36:42,700
unchanged. 
Your watching the sky wandering 

4908
04:36:42,700 --> 04:36:46,500
about those lights, continuing a
tradition older than 

4909
04:36:46,500 --> 04:36:50,500
civilization itself. 
Stars your seeing of the same 

4910
04:36:50,500 --> 04:36:55,200
Stars, ancient observers saw 
give or take a few Supernova and

4911
04:36:55,200 --> 04:36:58,700
proper motion over millennia. 
The patterns are almost 

4912
04:36:58,700 --> 04:37:03,200
identical if an Ice Age Hunter 
or a Babylonian priest, or a 

4913
04:37:03,200 --> 04:37:06,800
Polynesian Navigator joined you.
In this field, you'd recognize 

4914
04:37:06,800 --> 04:37:11,900
the same constellations point to
the same bright stars and share 

4915
04:37:11,900 --> 04:37:16,599
the same sense of wonder at the 
vastness of what's different is 

4916
04:37:16,599 --> 04:37:19,200
understanding. 
You know, what those lights are,

4917
04:37:19,200 --> 04:37:22,599
how far away they are, what 
they're made of how they formed 

4918
04:37:22,599 --> 04:37:26,599
and how they'll die, you know, 
the physics governing their 

4919
04:37:26,599 --> 04:37:30,599
behavior, the chemistry of their
atmospheres and the mechanics of

4920
04:37:30,599 --> 04:37:33,599
their orbits. 
You've turned mystery into 

4921
04:37:33,599 --> 04:37:37,599
knowledge but somehow the Wonder
remains undiminished. 

4922
04:37:38,300 --> 04:37:42,099
Perhaps it's even greater now 
because you understand, not just

4923
04:37:42,099 --> 04:37:45,700
what you're seeing, but what it 
means, billions of Worlds 

4924
04:37:45,700 --> 04:37:49,200
scattered across in 
comprehensible distances, all 

4925
04:37:49,200 --> 04:37:54,000
governed by universal laws, all 
part of one vast interconnected 

4926
04:37:54,000 --> 04:37:56,800
Cosmos. 
This knowledge was hard one. 

4927
04:37:56,800 --> 04:38:00,599
It required countless observers 
spending countless nights 

4928
04:38:00,599 --> 04:38:04,200
recording positions measuring 
angles timing of events and 

4929
04:38:04,200 --> 04:38:08,700
noting correlations, It required
mathematical genius to create 

4930
04:38:08,700 --> 04:38:12,800
models, explaining observations 
it, required technological, 

4931
04:38:12,800 --> 04:38:14,599
innovation, to build 
instruments. 

4932
04:38:14,599 --> 04:38:17,200
Extending human Senses Into 
Realms. 

4933
04:38:17,200 --> 04:38:20,700
We can't perceive unaided it 
required patience. 

4934
04:38:20,700 --> 04:38:24,500
The patience to make 
observations over lifetimes to 

4935
04:38:24,500 --> 04:38:28,000
pursue answers across 
generations and to accept that, 

4936
04:38:28,000 --> 04:38:30,800
some questions wouldn't be 
answered in any individual 

4937
04:38:30,800 --> 04:38:33,800
lifetime. 
But mostly it required, 

4938
04:38:33,800 --> 04:38:38,500
curiosity that simple desire to 
understand to know what those 

4939
04:38:38,500 --> 04:38:41,800
lights are and what they mean 
has driven Humanity's. 

4940
04:38:41,800 --> 04:38:44,000
Astronomical efforts from the 
beginning. 

4941
04:38:44,000 --> 04:38:48,800
We didn't need to understand the
Stars to survive early humans 

4942
04:38:48,800 --> 04:38:52,099
managed without knowing Stellar 
distances or Galactic 

4943
04:38:52,099 --> 04:38:55,800
structures. 
But we wanted to know anyway and

4944
04:38:55,800 --> 04:38:59,700
that wanting was enough to 
motivate Millennia of effort as 

4945
04:38:59,700 --> 04:39:02,000
you lie there. 
You might wonder what future 

4946
04:39:02,000 --> 04:39:05,800
observers will know that you 
don't what discoveries await 

4947
04:39:05,800 --> 04:39:08,900
better instruments deeper 
observations and more 

4948
04:39:08,900 --> 04:39:12,700
sophisticated theories. 
Will we find life on other 

4949
04:39:12,700 --> 04:39:15,000
worlds or evidence that we are 
alone? 

4950
04:39:15,000 --> 04:39:19,900
Will we understand dark matter 
and dark energy or will they 

4951
04:39:19,900 --> 04:39:23,700
remain mysterious? 
Will we discover the universe's 

4952
04:39:23,700 --> 04:39:27,800
ultimate fate? 
Endless expansion eventual, 

4953
04:39:27,800 --> 04:39:32,000
collapse or something stranger. 
Will we develop Technologies 

4954
04:39:32,000 --> 04:39:35,599
allowing travel to other stars 
or will the distances prove 

4955
04:39:35,599 --> 04:39:37,400
insurmountable? 
You don't know. 

4956
04:39:37,400 --> 04:39:40,300
And that's wonderful. 
It means astronomy. 

4957
04:39:40,300 --> 04:39:43,500
Story isn't finished. 
There are still Mysteries to 

4958
04:39:43,500 --> 04:39:48,000
solve discoveries to make and 
Revolutions in understanding 

4959
04:39:48,000 --> 04:39:52,600
waiting to happen. 
The universe is vast and strange

4960
04:39:52,600 --> 04:39:56,900
and Humanity as barely begun. 
Exploring it what we've learned 

4961
04:39:56,900 --> 04:40:00,800
in our brief time as a species 
is impressive, but what remains 

4962
04:40:00,800 --> 04:40:04,800
to learn is surely greater 
still, the stars shine on 

4963
04:40:04,800 --> 04:40:08,900
indifferent to human observation
following physical laws 

4964
04:40:08,900 --> 04:40:12,200
established billions of years 
ago in the universe's hot 

4965
04:40:12,200 --> 04:40:15,100
begining. 
They'll continue shining long 

4966
04:40:15,100 --> 04:40:19,300
after humanity is gone whether 
that's thousands millions or 

4967
04:40:19,300 --> 04:40:23,300
billions of years from now. 
But while we're here, While we 

4968
04:40:23,300 --> 04:40:27,600
have the capacity to wonder and 
observe, and understand we're 

4969
04:40:27,600 --> 04:40:31,700
part of something magnificent. 
The universe coming to know 

4970
04:40:31,700 --> 04:40:35,200
itself. 
Because that's what astronomy is

4971
04:40:35,200 --> 04:40:38,000
ultimately. 
It's the cosmos developing 

4972
04:40:38,000 --> 04:40:42,400
awareness, asking questions 
about its own nature and seeking

4973
04:40:42,400 --> 04:40:44,800
answers to how and why it 
exists. 

4974
04:40:46,000 --> 04:40:50,100
We are the universe observing 
itself, matter and energy 

4975
04:40:50,100 --> 04:40:54,000
arranged in patterns complex 
enough to contemplate their own 

4976
04:40:54,000 --> 04:40:56,600
Origins. 
When you look at stars and 

4977
04:40:56,600 --> 04:40:59,500
wonder about them, your 
participating in something. 

4978
04:40:59,500 --> 04:41:04,800
Profound the long patient work 
of understanding of transforming

4979
04:41:04,800 --> 04:41:08,800
mystery into knowledge of 
finding Humanity's place in the 

4980
04:41:08,800 --> 04:41:13,300
vast Cosmic story. 
So when clear nights come step 

4981
04:41:13,300 --> 04:41:18,200
outside, look up your caring, 
forward a tradition, hundreds of

4982
04:41:18,200 --> 04:41:22,400
thousands of years old joining 
countless observers across time 

4983
04:41:22,400 --> 04:41:25,600
who have shared your curiosity, 
you're seeing light that 

4984
04:41:25,600 --> 04:41:28,200
traveled across space and time 
to reach your eyes. 

4985
04:41:28,200 --> 04:41:32,600
Photons that began their 
Journeys years or centuries ago 

4986
04:41:32,600 --> 04:41:36,200
from distant Sons. 
Your witnessing a universe of 

4987
04:41:36,200 --> 04:41:39,700
almost incomprehensible scale 
and Beauty governed. 

4988
04:41:39,700 --> 04:41:43,300
By elegant laws we've only 
partially understood and in 

4989
04:41:43,308 --> 04:41:47,200
doing so your continuing the 
work, those First curious humans

4990
04:41:47,200 --> 04:41:49,700
began on African grasslands so 
long ago. 

4991
04:41:50,700 --> 04:41:54,000
The work of looking upward 
wondering what those lights 

4992
04:41:54,000 --> 04:41:58,400
might be and slowly patiently, 
figuring it out. 

4993
04:41:59,400 --> 04:42:04,500
The journey isn't finished, the 
sky, holds mystery still waiting

4994
04:42:04,500 --> 04:42:08,300
for observers with new tools and
new insights to reveal them. 

4995
04:42:09,200 --> 04:42:13,800
tonight, your part of that 
Journey, Connected across time 

4996
04:42:13,800 --> 04:42:18,500
to everyone, who's ever wondered
about the Stars, welcome to that

4997
04:42:18,500 --> 04:42:22,900
ancient Fellowship of star. 
Watchers, the universe is vast, 

4998
04:42:22,900 --> 04:42:26,900
beautiful and comprehensible, 
and it's been waiting billions 

4999
04:42:26,900 --> 04:42:29,700
of years for mine's capable of 
understanding it. 

5000
04:42:30,600 --> 04:42:34,700
You're one of those mines. 
Look up, wonder and know that 

5001
04:42:34,700 --> 04:42:38,100
your participating in one of 
Humanity's greatest projects. 

5002
04:42:38,900 --> 04:42:42,200
The long patient effort to 
understand how the universe 

5003
04:42:42,200 --> 04:42:46,900
works and our place within it. 
Sweet dreams beneath the stars. 

5004
04:42:54,100 --> 04:42:56,500
From the Vantage of old 
Macedonia, where Elders, 

5005
04:42:56,500 --> 04:42:58,800
gathered beneath olive trees to 
swap hush law. 

5006
04:42:58,800 --> 04:43:03,100
The story of Hercules emerged in
Sparks of disbelief, They 

5007
04:43:03,100 --> 04:43:05,500
whispered about a force that 
blurred, the boundaries between 

5008
04:43:05,500 --> 04:43:10,100
the mortal and divine Realms. 
This child born in modesty Rings

5009
04:43:10,100 --> 04:43:13,900
possessed an unsettling gift 
Feats of Strength performed. 

5010
04:43:13,900 --> 04:43:16,900
So calmly that someone did if 
the gods had quietly laid a 

5011
04:43:16,900 --> 04:43:20,200
blessing or a curse at his feet.
Tyrion's was a farming Community

5012
04:43:20,200 --> 04:43:22,600
framed by rocky hills and 
cloudstream skies. 

5013
04:43:22,600 --> 04:43:26,400
A place to find by the routine, 
labor and rigid social caution. 

5014
04:43:27,000 --> 04:43:29,900
The boys, first display of 
uncanny power was witnessed by a

5015
04:43:29,900 --> 04:43:33,900
shepherd with a single tug. 
He reigned in an ox known to 

5016
04:43:33,900 --> 04:43:37,000
drag grown men like ragdolls. 
It wasn't the show of force 

5017
04:43:37,000 --> 04:43:40,300
itself that troubled on, because
it was the Eerie silents with 

5018
04:43:40,300 --> 04:43:43,300
which he did it as though, 
testing a boundary rather than 

5019
04:43:43,300 --> 04:43:46,600
reveling in might. 
Soon neighbor's recalled. 

5020
04:43:46,600 --> 04:43:50,900
Other Oddities doors unhinged by
a careless push Footprints left 

5021
04:43:50,900 --> 04:43:54,100
in stone and animals that 
yielded to his hand without 

5022
04:43:54,100 --> 04:43:57,800
resistance. though, some saw him
as tears protect her and 

5023
04:43:57,800 --> 04:44:02,200
training, others felt uneasy 
Mortals were fragile, being's 

5024
04:44:02,200 --> 04:44:05,700
gifs of such magnitude often 
Drew Divine ire. 

5025
04:44:06,200 --> 04:44:10,600
Hercules for his part behaved 
like any curious youth combing 

5026
04:44:10,600 --> 04:44:13,300
Riverbanks for turtles or 
carving shapes into the soft 

5027
04:44:13,300 --> 04:44:14,900
rock. 
Yep. 

5028
04:44:14,900 --> 04:44:17,700
Beneath each childlike Pastime 
looked and awareness of 

5029
04:44:17,700 --> 04:44:20,000
difference. 
He sensed that the world around 

5030
04:44:20,000 --> 04:44:23,100
him fit like a shirt. 
One size too, small familiar but

5031
04:44:23,100 --> 04:44:26,200
constricting a single 
miscalculation could fracture 

5032
04:44:26,200 --> 04:44:30,900
relationships or destroy Trust. 
As he neared 15, rumors of 

5033
04:44:30,908 --> 04:44:35,200
unnatural Predators swept, the 
farmlands muttered, a wolves the

5034
04:44:35,200 --> 04:44:38,400
size of ponies with eyes lit by 
feral intelligence. 

5035
04:44:39,100 --> 04:44:42,000
The local militia dared not test
the truth of those claims 

5036
04:44:42,000 --> 04:44:45,600
leaving the fields in a state of
hush Hercules, compelled by 

5037
04:44:45,600 --> 04:44:49,100
equal parts curiosity and Duty 
gathered a simple Spear and 

5038
04:44:49,100 --> 04:44:52,100
ventured into the pine forests 
alone for three nights. 

5039
04:44:52,100 --> 04:44:54,900
The darkness, swallowed him on 
the fourth Dawn. 

5040
04:44:54,900 --> 04:44:57,600
He reappeared at the Village 
Edge, cloths, torn blood, 

5041
04:44:57,600 --> 04:44:59,700
running down his arms. 
Yeti carried. 

5042
04:44:59,700 --> 04:45:02,800
No trophy only the quiet 
certainly that the threat was 

5043
04:45:02,800 --> 04:45:06,400
gone word of his deeds through 
Travelers wagons and along 

5044
04:45:06,400 --> 04:45:09,100
Shepherd's Roots, echoing into 
Lands Beyond. 

5045
04:45:09,100 --> 04:45:12,300
It was said that the Monstrous 
wolves vanished to swiftly as 

5046
04:45:12,308 --> 04:45:14,400
they had come in The Villages 
eyes. 

5047
04:45:14,400 --> 04:45:17,700
Such might have signaled, a 
guardian, or even a chosen 

5048
04:45:17,700 --> 04:45:19,700
instrument of the Gods. 
Soon. 

5049
04:45:19,700 --> 04:45:21,500
They build humble altars to 
honor him. 

5050
04:45:21,508 --> 04:45:25,300
They offered tiny bowls of grain
and small cups of wine as 

5051
04:45:25,300 --> 04:45:27,500
offering to the boy who had 
ensured their nights. 

5052
04:45:28,300 --> 04:45:31,600
Hercules accepted, none of it 
openly, he would pause at those 

5053
04:45:31,600 --> 04:45:35,000
altars gaze at them in faint 
puzzlement, then slip away 

5054
04:45:35,000 --> 04:45:38,200
inside him. 
A tug of longing clashed with 

5055
04:45:38,208 --> 04:45:41,300
the weight of expectation. 
The cherished, The farmlands 

5056
04:45:41,300 --> 04:45:43,500
rhythms Morning, Light over till
death. 

5057
04:45:43,500 --> 04:45:46,800
The lull of cicadas in the 
summer yet, each casual 

5058
04:45:46,800 --> 04:45:49,000
greeting. 
Now carried a jolt of war and 

5059
04:45:49,000 --> 04:45:52,800
every dirt path. 
He Rome for our felt narrower as

5060
04:45:52,800 --> 04:45:55,300
though funneling him towards 
some vast unseen Road. 

5061
04:45:56,100 --> 04:45:59,300
Occasionally he stole into the 
hills to commune with Nature's 

5062
04:45:59,300 --> 04:46:02,700
raw pulse pressing. 
His broad hands against Boulders

5063
04:46:02,700 --> 04:46:05,200
as though listening for 
whispered secrets of stone. 

5064
04:46:06,700 --> 04:46:08,800
Turing's was never the seat of 
sophistication. 

5065
04:46:08,800 --> 04:46:11,900
Unlike Athens or thieves it 
lacked. 

5066
04:46:11,900 --> 04:46:14,100
Gilded temples and philosophical
gatherings. 

5067
04:46:15,000 --> 04:46:17,900
In a way, the Simplicity of 
tyrion's allowed Hercules to 

5068
04:46:17,908 --> 04:46:19,600
flourish without being 
overwhelmed. 

5069
04:46:19,600 --> 04:46:24,100
By rumors, people accepted him 
half-way, half hopeful because 

5070
04:46:24,100 --> 04:46:27,400
they needed him, he held back 
storms that might devour them in

5071
04:46:27,400 --> 04:46:30,000
a single goal. 
He soon learned of a summons 

5072
04:46:30,000 --> 04:46:33,000
from King. 
Arthur of my Sinai, a monarch 

5073
04:46:33,000 --> 04:46:36,000
who demanded field and 
recognized the usefulness of a 

5074
04:46:36,000 --> 04:46:39,700
mortal wielding near Devine. 
Might Friends warned him of 

5075
04:46:39,700 --> 04:46:43,400
Palace politics, even the local 
priest stooped with age, 

5076
04:46:43,400 --> 04:46:46,800
cautioned that power-hungry 
rulers often feed on Legends 

5077
04:46:46,800 --> 04:46:48,800
until there's little left of the
legend itself. 

5078
04:46:49,700 --> 04:46:52,900
However, Hercules sensed an 
unspoken reminder, that a 

5079
04:46:52,900 --> 04:46:54,300
simple. 
Shepherd's life would never be 

5080
04:46:54,300 --> 04:46:58,300
his Gathering sparse belongings.
He took one last, look at the 

5081
04:46:58,300 --> 04:47:01,800
Farmland, the lopsided fences, 
the distant bleeding of goats 

5082
04:47:01,800 --> 04:47:03,600
that once filled his childhood 
mornings. 

5083
04:47:04,300 --> 04:47:08,500
Then, as Dawn's first gleam, 
touched the Horizon, he set out 

5084
04:47:08,500 --> 04:47:11,000
for my Sinai. 
Those who witnessed his 

5085
04:47:11,000 --> 04:47:14,000
departure claimed a hush fell 
upon tyrion's like the land 

5086
04:47:14,000 --> 04:47:18,100
itself held its breath waiting. 
The path, he walked would lead 

5087
04:47:18,100 --> 04:47:20,900
to Triumph and sorrow. 
Forging, a destiny, both 

5088
04:47:20,900 --> 04:47:24,900
luminous and chattering. 
In his heart Hercules, hoped to 

5089
04:47:24,900 --> 04:47:26,800
find a way back to quiet field 
someday. 

5090
04:47:26,800 --> 04:47:30,500
But deep down he suspected the 
gods had other plans entirely. 

5091
04:47:31,700 --> 04:47:33,500
The road to my scene. 
He stretched through rolling 

5092
04:47:33,500 --> 04:47:36,500
plains dotted with olive Groves 
and Jagged Hillside. 

5093
04:47:36,500 --> 04:47:40,600
Hercules, traveled, quietly, 
observing the land more than 

5094
04:47:40,600 --> 04:47:44,000
pondering the future. 
Yeti couldn't ignore the murmur 

5095
04:47:44,000 --> 04:47:46,900
that followed him. 
A hum of anticipation carried by

5096
04:47:46,900 --> 04:47:50,100
Traders, roadside Shepherds and 
vagrant bars. 

5097
04:47:51,100 --> 04:47:52,900
Upon arrival at the Fortified 
City. 

5098
04:47:52,900 --> 04:47:57,600
He faced a spectacle drummers at
the gates banners hoisted. 

5099
04:47:57,600 --> 04:48:01,100
High and crowds craning to see 
if a rumor exceeded reality. 

5100
04:48:01,800 --> 04:48:03,900
King Euros. 
This is Palace gleamed. 

5101
04:48:03,900 --> 04:48:07,800
Atop a rise of white stone. 
Once inside, Hercules, found 

5102
04:48:07,800 --> 04:48:10,800
himself before a ruler, whose 
thin lips twitched at each 

5103
04:48:10,808 --> 04:48:14,100
mention of his name. 
Despite grandiose surroundings 

5104
04:48:14,100 --> 04:48:18,400
curious, these exuded an air of 
self-importance undermined by a 

5105
04:48:18,400 --> 04:48:21,400
hint of anxiety. 
In the hushed courteous. 

5106
04:48:21,400 --> 04:48:24,300
I'd Hercules with an odd mix of 
curiosity and caution. 

5107
04:48:24,300 --> 04:48:27,200
They had heard the rumors of 
Unstoppable strength. 

5108
04:48:27,200 --> 04:48:32,000
Now they assess the man himself,
broad shouldered, wind Beacon 

5109
04:48:32,000 --> 04:48:36,700
eyes, calm, as Still Water, 
these wasted, no time. 

5110
04:48:37,600 --> 04:48:39,400
Word of your Deeds as traveled 
far. 

5111
04:48:39,400 --> 04:48:43,300
He said feigning warmth, to 
prove your loyalty, you shall 

5112
04:48:43,300 --> 04:48:45,300
fulfill labors for the glory of 
my Sinai. 

5113
04:48:46,200 --> 04:48:50,400
And the gods, of course. 
Clause followed from courtiers 

5114
04:48:50,400 --> 04:48:53,400
though it felt forced Hercules 
bowed. 

5115
04:48:53,400 --> 04:48:57,400
Not out of fear, but recognizing
that refusal would brand him. 

5116
04:48:57,400 --> 04:49:00,300
An enemy of a kingdom that 
seemed both powerful and Petty. 

5117
04:49:01,200 --> 04:49:05,200
Besides he sensed Destiny's 
nudge again, that intangible 

5118
04:49:05,200 --> 04:49:07,800
Force hinting these labors might
shape his future. 

5119
04:49:07,800 --> 04:49:13,000
His first assignment, the nemean
lion Villagers near nimia spoke 

5120
04:49:13,000 --> 04:49:14,500
of a cat, the size of a war 
horse. 

5121
04:49:14,500 --> 04:49:19,800
Its fur impervious to Spears or 
arrows Euro demanded, its Pelt, 

5122
04:49:19,800 --> 04:49:22,200
as proof setting out with 
minimal supplies. 

5123
04:49:22,200 --> 04:49:25,600
Hercules ventured into a region 
Shadow by tall grasses, and 

5124
04:49:25,600 --> 04:49:28,600
Jagged Rock. 
On the second day, he spotted 

5125
04:49:28,600 --> 04:49:30,500
massive, paw prints pressed into
the soil. 

5126
04:49:30,500 --> 04:49:33,100
Following them. 
He entered a dank Cavern, over 

5127
04:49:33,100 --> 04:49:35,800
hung by dripping Vines, the lion
emerged. 

5128
04:49:35,800 --> 04:49:39,500
It's coach shimmering like 
steel, arrows, snapped against 

5129
04:49:39,500 --> 04:49:41,500
its hide. 
Confirming the rumors. 

5130
04:49:41,500 --> 04:49:45,200
They grappled the Beast roaring 
with unnatural ferocity while 

5131
04:49:45,200 --> 04:49:48,500
Hercules wrestled. 
In silence locking powerful arms

5132
04:49:48,500 --> 04:49:52,300
around the creatures neck. 
At last he wrenched, it downward

5133
04:49:52,300 --> 04:49:56,100
ending its life with a blow that
reverberated in his bones. 

5134
04:49:56,900 --> 04:50:01,000
No Victory cry, escaped, his 
lips, only relief, he skinned 

5135
04:50:01,000 --> 04:50:03,600
the lion with his claws. 
And then draped the Pelt over 

5136
04:50:03,600 --> 04:50:07,400
his shoulder. 
When he returned these balked at

5137
04:50:07,400 --> 04:50:08,800
the sight of that massive 
trophy. 

5138
04:50:08,800 --> 04:50:12,800
Commanding the city Gates shut. 
He insisted Hercules remain 

5139
04:50:12,800 --> 04:50:16,300
outside gutier to displaying 
future conquests from a 

5140
04:50:16,300 --> 04:50:19,200
distance. 
Thus began a curious ritual. 

5141
04:50:19,200 --> 04:50:21,800
Each time. 
Hercules completed the labor, 

5142
04:50:21,800 --> 04:50:25,200
the king would peer down from 
the safety of high walls, making

5143
04:50:25,200 --> 04:50:30,200
excuses to avoid direct contact 
the champion calming compliance,

5144
04:50:30,200 --> 04:50:34,400
never argued, he found no Pride 
enforcing an audience fulfilling

5145
04:50:34,400 --> 04:50:37,300
Duty was enough. 
Shortly after he faced the 

5146
04:50:37,308 --> 04:50:40,700
learning and Hydra a serpent 
with nine heads that regrow if 

5147
04:50:40,700 --> 04:50:44,500
cut Hercules approached, the 
swamp of learner its murky 

5148
04:50:44,500 --> 04:50:48,500
Waters, stinking of wrote he 
attacked but each severed head, 

5149
04:50:48,500 --> 04:50:51,500
sprouted two more. 
Only with the help of his nephew

5150
04:50:51,500 --> 04:50:55,600
Ayo allows who caught her eyes 
the stump with Torchlight did 

5151
04:50:55,600 --> 04:50:59,500
Hercules Triumph lifting the 
central head still hissing in 

5152
04:50:59,500 --> 04:51:01,700
death. 
He returned to my Sinai, the 

5153
04:51:01,700 --> 04:51:04,400
king appearing over parapets, 
dismissed the victory. 

5154
04:51:04,400 --> 04:51:08,300
You had helped he sneered yet 
the people watching from a 

5155
04:51:08,300 --> 04:51:12,900
farmer told labor as mounted the
Serenity and high end sacred to 

5156
04:51:12,900 --> 04:51:16,300
Artemis tested his finesse. 
He chased it for a year across 

5157
04:51:16,300 --> 04:51:18,600
forests and streams. 
Before cornering, the golden 

5158
04:51:18,600 --> 04:51:22,200
antlered creature rather than 
slay it, merely captured and 

5159
04:51:22,200 --> 04:51:24,700
displayed it. 
Then set it free, earning 

5160
04:51:24,700 --> 04:51:27,600
grudging respect from the 
goddess, he subdued the air 

5161
04:51:27,600 --> 04:51:31,500
mountian boar, bringing it back 
alive after each feet has found 

5162
04:51:31,500 --> 04:51:34,500
reasons to belittle. 
It still words spread forging 

5163
04:51:34,500 --> 04:51:37,700
Hercules's name into That 
outgrew, even the king's 

5164
04:51:37,700 --> 04:51:40,500
attempts to contain it Hercules 
tasked, with cleaning, the 

5165
04:51:40,500 --> 04:51:44,300
audience stables and impossible,
massive filth left for decades. 

5166
04:51:44,300 --> 04:51:49,300
Diverted two rivers in a single 
day, washing away the grime and 

5167
04:51:49,300 --> 04:51:53,700
exposing the Stables owner, or 
guess for his dishonesty along. 

5168
04:51:53,700 --> 04:51:56,200
The way. 
The hero recognized these tasks 

5169
04:51:56,200 --> 04:51:58,100
weren't simply chores from a 
cowardly. 

5170
04:51:58,100 --> 04:52:01,400
King, they served as Rites of 
Passage Each laborer, 

5171
04:52:01,400 --> 04:52:04,700
illuminated facets of 
responsibility, cunning and 

5172
04:52:04,700 --> 04:52:08,300
mercy. 
Yet Hercules to Growing Gulf 

5173
04:52:08,300 --> 04:52:12,400
between himself and normal life.
Day by day, the realm saw him 

5174
04:52:12,400 --> 04:52:14,800
less as a man and more as a 
living weapon. 

5175
04:52:15,600 --> 04:52:18,400
Behind the Feats and rumors 
loomed and unspoken Shadow 

5176
04:52:18,400 --> 04:52:21,300
stories hinted. 
He was a toning for a private 

5177
04:52:21,300 --> 04:52:25,500
tragedy caused by Divine curse. 
Carried that burden silently. 

5178
04:52:25,500 --> 04:52:29,500
Forging ahead on a path. 
Paved by others demands in 

5179
04:52:29,500 --> 04:52:32,800
fulfilling each new labor, 
Hercules grew, ever more certain

5180
04:52:32,800 --> 04:52:35,700
that his real battle lay within 
a test to see where the 

5181
04:52:35,700 --> 04:52:38,900
Monstrous foes or guilt from a 
pass soaked in blood would claim

5182
04:52:38,900 --> 04:52:43,000
him first. 
Over time, eurasia's list of 

5183
04:52:43,000 --> 04:52:46,300
Labor's seem to endless. 
Well of peril, Some missions 

5184
04:52:46,300 --> 04:52:50,000
exuded a sense of malice, as if 
the king aimed to eliminate 

5185
04:52:50,000 --> 04:52:53,000
Hercules by challenging him to 
confront real life nightmares. 

5186
04:52:53,800 --> 04:52:57,000
It wasn't the magnitude of tasks
that hallowed Hercules's Spirit.

5187
04:52:57,000 --> 04:53:00,100
It was the sense that each 
success fueled, the king's 

5188
04:53:00,100 --> 04:53:04,100
resentment, my cine narrowed a 
champion who stroden only to 

5189
04:53:04,100 --> 04:53:06,600
drop proof of another Victory 
before Vanishing again. 

5190
04:53:07,500 --> 04:53:11,000
A dawn, one day a messenger 
gasping for breath approached, 

5191
04:53:11,000 --> 04:53:15,800
Hercules outside the city walls.
Threat looked by Lake stem 

5192
04:53:15,800 --> 04:53:18,300
phelous. 
Where ravenous Birds terrorized 

5193
04:53:18,300 --> 04:53:22,100
Farmers, their iron like 
feathers, cut flesh, and the 

5194
04:53:22,108 --> 04:53:25,400
beating of their wings filled 
the sky with a menacing clang. 

5195
04:53:26,400 --> 04:53:29,700
Justinian birds were rumored to 
be spawn of an ancient curse 

5196
04:53:29,700 --> 04:53:34,100
feasting on anyone who strayed 
near the marsh eurystheus is 

5197
04:53:34,100 --> 04:53:36,400
decree. 
Was Terrace exterminate them. 

5198
04:53:37,300 --> 04:53:39,100
Traveling to the lake. 
Hercules. 

5199
04:53:39,100 --> 04:53:42,000
Found the Marshland choked with 
tall, Reeds and stagnant water. 

5200
04:53:43,000 --> 04:53:46,100
At dusk, he glimpsed shadowy 
shapes perched in Twisted, 

5201
04:53:46,100 --> 04:53:50,000
trees, Harrows alone would not 
suffice for every creature. 

5202
04:53:50,000 --> 04:53:52,800
He felled others scattered into 
the Gloom. 

5203
04:53:53,600 --> 04:53:56,600
Recalling an old tale. 
He fashioned bronze clappers, 

5204
04:53:56,600 --> 04:53:59,000
forging a rackets. 
So loud, its startled. 

5205
04:53:59,000 --> 04:54:02,700
The flock Skyward As they took 
flight, he shot them down. 

5206
04:54:02,700 --> 04:54:06,600
Systematically. 
The carcasses drifted into reads

5207
04:54:06,600 --> 04:54:09,200
painting, the swamp red, under 
the waning Sun. 

5208
04:54:09,200 --> 04:54:13,000
The few that escaped took the 
legend of this Unstoppable, 

5209
04:54:13,000 --> 04:54:16,200
Archer with them. 
More labor, followed. 

5210
04:54:16,900 --> 04:54:19,600
Fetching, the cretan bull, a 
massive Beast rumored to 

5211
04:54:19,608 --> 04:54:22,500
breathe, fire, brought him 
face-to-face with an animal 

5212
04:54:22,500 --> 04:54:25,600
maddened by captivity rather 
than slay it. 

5213
04:54:25,600 --> 04:54:29,400
He subdued it, and brought it to
my sceny, only to watch the 

5214
04:54:29,400 --> 04:54:33,500
sower behind the gate. 
Later, capturing the mares of 

5215
04:54:33,500 --> 04:54:35,600
diameters. 
Required wrestling Savage 

5216
04:54:35,600 --> 04:54:39,600
horses, bred for violence. 
Some say Hercules fed diameters 

5217
04:54:39,600 --> 04:54:43,100
to his mares in a moment of 
Grimm Poetic Justice ending 

5218
04:54:43,100 --> 04:54:46,200
their thirst for human flesh. 
Yet it was an act that left 

5219
04:54:46,200 --> 04:54:50,700
Hercules uneasy dispatching. 
A tyrant solved one evil, but 

5220
04:54:50,700 --> 04:54:54,300
the memory haunted him, what 
lines, separated righteous 

5221
04:54:54,300 --> 04:54:58,100
punishment from barbarity. 
In these wandering, he 

5222
04:54:58,100 --> 04:55:01,500
discovered people who welcomed 
him as a living legend yet 

5223
04:55:01,500 --> 04:55:05,600
recognized his underlying 
Melancholy children peered 

5224
04:55:05,600 --> 04:55:07,700
around corners hoping to see the
giant. 

5225
04:55:07,700 --> 04:55:10,400
Who wrestled monsters old man 
offered wine. 

5226
04:55:10,400 --> 04:55:14,400
Praise him as champion of the 
downtrodden occasionally 

5227
04:55:14,400 --> 04:55:17,500
Hercules. 
Paws to help build a wall or fix

5228
04:55:17,500 --> 04:55:20,800
a broken roof acts of normalcy 
that anchored him to Every Day 

5229
04:55:20,800 --> 04:55:23,500
Life. 
But the moment always came when 

5230
04:55:23,500 --> 04:55:26,900
a new labor call or a rumor of a
monstrous threat demanded his 

5231
04:55:26,900 --> 04:55:30,900
presence at night. 
He grappled with nightmares, the

5232
04:55:30,900 --> 04:55:34,400
unwritten story behind his, 
fourth servitude, nored at him a

5233
04:55:34,400 --> 04:55:38,000
rumor that he'd once been driven
crazed by Hera's Roth, Causing 

5234
04:55:38,000 --> 04:55:40,400
him to commit unspeakable, Deeds
against those. 

5235
04:55:40,400 --> 04:55:44,300
He loved Although few dead 
mention, it allowed, the weight 

5236
04:55:44,300 --> 04:55:48,000
of that guilt, never left his 
eyes even the Unstoppable, 

5237
04:55:48,000 --> 04:55:50,800
Hercules could not outrun sorrow
that sprang from within 

5238
04:55:50,800 --> 04:55:53,100
eventually. 
There is theist delivered. 

5239
04:55:53,100 --> 04:55:56,200
Yet another test to steal the 
girdle of hippolyta. 

5240
04:55:56,200 --> 04:56:00,400
Queen of the warrior women known
as Amazons in a land Beyond The 

5241
04:56:00,400 --> 04:56:03,700
Aegean Hercules, Came Upon a 
culture of discipline fighters 

5242
04:56:03,700 --> 04:56:06,400
who lived independent of typical
patriarchal laws. 

5243
04:56:06,400 --> 04:56:11,200
Initially hippolyta welcome 
dialogue impressed by rumors of 

5244
04:56:11,200 --> 04:56:14,500
a hero who balanced power with 
compassion She considered 

5245
04:56:14,500 --> 04:56:16,700
granting him the girdle as a 
diplomatic gesture. 

5246
04:56:16,700 --> 04:56:21,000
But Hera ever meddlesome spread 
to see among the Amazons 

5247
04:56:21,000 --> 04:56:24,400
Whispering that Hercules planned
to abduct their Queen in the 

5248
04:56:24,400 --> 04:56:28,600
ensuing, chaos swords, clashed 
alliances, shattered and 

5249
04:56:28,600 --> 04:56:31,600
hippolyte fell dying. 
She handed the girdle to 

5250
04:56:31,608 --> 04:56:36,100
Hercules her expression etched, 
with betrayal, and sorrow, he 

5251
04:56:36,100 --> 04:56:38,200
departed. 
With the prize cursing, the gods

5252
04:56:38,200 --> 04:56:41,800
who Twisted every peaceful 
solution into conflict This 

5253
04:56:41,800 --> 04:56:45,200
pattern of tragedy bled across 
each Mission, the more, he 

5254
04:56:45,200 --> 04:56:48,900
accomplished the less Solace. 
He found, the blame was easily 

5255
04:56:48,900 --> 04:56:52,200
laid at eurosys feet but 
Hercules understood that the 

5256
04:56:52,208 --> 04:56:55,300
seeds of Discord came from the 
gods themselves and from his 

5257
04:56:55,300 --> 04:56:59,900
heart burdened by regrets no 
monstrous Hydra or invulnerable.

5258
04:56:59,900 --> 04:57:02,800
Lion caused him as much pain as 
the memories. 

5259
04:57:02,800 --> 04:57:07,100
He couldn't arise each laborer 
though celebrated by others felt

5260
04:57:07,100 --> 04:57:10,200
like an extension of penance 
still Hercules pressed on. 

5261
04:57:11,600 --> 04:57:14,200
Partially out of Duty and 
partially from an instinct that 

5262
04:57:14,200 --> 04:57:17,000
stopping might let darker 
forces, run rampant. 

5263
04:57:17,000 --> 04:57:21,500
He was no politician, no, orator
that people believed in him and 

5264
04:57:21,500 --> 04:57:24,600
in their belief, he found a 
reason to shoulder his tortured 

5265
04:57:24,600 --> 04:57:27,700
past. 
So he continued forging 

5266
04:57:27,700 --> 04:57:31,500
alliances with honest, Souls 
meeting, cunning foes in remote 

5267
04:57:31,500 --> 04:57:35,100
lands and slaying nightmares. 
So ordinary folk could rest at 

5268
04:57:35,100 --> 04:57:40,000
night through scorching deserts 
and perilous Seas, Hercules Rome

5269
04:57:40,000 --> 04:57:43,200
like a Wandering, Guardian his 
reputation, derived more from 

5270
04:57:43,200 --> 04:57:47,500
his deeds than his words. 
Even so a question circled 

5271
04:57:47,500 --> 04:57:51,100
endlessly in his mind Which 
saving the world ever wash away 

5272
04:57:51,100 --> 04:57:54,200
the blood on his conscience or 
was he doomed to carry his 

5273
04:57:54,200 --> 04:57:58,300
haunted Legacy until the end. 
As the Labor's approach their 

5274
04:57:58,300 --> 04:58:01,100
conclusion, Hercules observed a 
change in the political 

5275
04:58:01,100 --> 04:58:03,500
landscape. 
My scene is commoners. 

5276
04:58:03,500 --> 04:58:07,400
Adored him weaving new songs 
about his might, but the courts 

5277
04:58:07,400 --> 04:58:11,500
seized with jealousy, King Urich
Thais cornered by his decree 

5278
04:58:11,500 --> 04:58:15,100
pressed onward with increasingly
Brazen demands the ordered 

5279
04:58:15,100 --> 04:58:19,100
Hercules to Journey to the far 
edges of the known world. some 

5280
04:58:19,100 --> 04:58:22,300
suspected the king hoped, the 
hero would never return sparing 

5281
04:58:22,300 --> 04:58:26,300
him the embarrassment of living 
in another man shadow Test soon 

5282
04:58:26,300 --> 04:58:28,300
arrived in the form of the 
cattle of Gary. 

5283
04:58:28,300 --> 04:58:32,000
On the creature, Gary on rumored
to have three bodies. 

5284
04:58:32,000 --> 04:58:35,500
Fused into one reigned over a 
Sons scorched, land beyond the 

5285
04:58:35,500 --> 04:58:38,600
pillars, marking the westernmost
boundary of mortal travel. 

5286
04:58:38,600 --> 04:58:43,600
The prize, a herd of crimson 
cattle, prized by gods and Kings

5287
04:58:43,600 --> 04:58:48,200
alike, Hercules set off Crossing
mountain, passes scorching 

5288
04:58:48,200 --> 04:58:53,100
deserts and nameless Seas. 
He famously split a landmass to 

5289
04:58:53,100 --> 04:58:55,500
create a straight. 
Some said in a moment of 

5290
04:58:55,500 --> 04:58:59,200
frustration others, as a 
statement of power raising what 

5291
04:58:59,200 --> 04:59:02,600
would later be called, the 
pillars of Hercules, He 

5292
04:59:02,600 --> 04:59:05,600
eventually arrived at Gary. 
Ons domain where a monstrous 

5293
04:59:05,600 --> 04:59:09,100
Hound guarded the cattle. 
Battling Gary on demanded 

5294
04:59:09,100 --> 04:59:12,200
strategy for each torso, wielded
a different weapon. 

5295
04:59:12,900 --> 04:59:15,800
Hercules exploited, the 
confusion striking, while the 

5296
04:59:15,808 --> 04:59:19,500
giant struggled to coordinate, 
his three Minds with Gary on 

5297
04:59:19,500 --> 04:59:22,600
slain, he heard of the cattle 
through hostile territories 

5298
04:59:22,600 --> 04:59:25,200
clashing with thieves and 
hostile Kings along the way. 

5299
04:59:26,000 --> 04:59:28,100
His triumphant returned to my 
Sinai. 

5300
04:59:28,100 --> 04:59:31,400
Driving, those surreal 
red-headed animals caused a stir

5301
04:59:31,400 --> 04:59:33,300
of both admiration and Dread 
yet. 

5302
04:59:33,300 --> 04:59:36,700
The Restless welcomed him only 
from a safe distance soldiers, 

5303
04:59:36,700 --> 04:59:39,500
corralled the cattle 
sacrificing, many on your wrist.

5304
04:59:39,500 --> 04:59:41,700
This is orders. 
The more the king tried to 

5305
04:59:41,700 --> 04:59:45,300
belittle Hercules's efforts, the
more ordinary citizens hail the 

5306
04:59:45,300 --> 04:59:49,000
hero as a savior of the realm. 
Privately Hercules remained 

5307
04:59:49,000 --> 04:59:52,600
unmoved by their cheers. 
Each new conquest carried Echoes

5308
04:59:52,600 --> 04:59:55,800
of moral conflict as if he were 
a blade used by manipulative 

5309
04:59:55,800 --> 04:59:58,300
hands. 
Another Monumental feat 

5310
04:59:58,300 --> 05:00:01,900
involved, the golden apples of 
the Hesperides guarded by a 

5311
05:00:01,900 --> 05:00:03,400
serpent coiled, in a hidden 
Orchard. 

5312
05:00:03,400 --> 05:00:06,900
Tales said the Apple's conferred
in mortality, though, most 

5313
05:00:06,900 --> 05:00:08,500
Mortals never reach the 
far-flung. 

5314
05:00:09,600 --> 05:00:12,300
Hercules traveled for months 
uncertain. 

5315
05:00:12,300 --> 05:00:16,000
If such a place truly existed, 
eventually he encountered, Atlas

5316
05:00:16,000 --> 05:00:18,800
the Titan condemned to hold the 
sky on his shoulders. 

5317
05:00:19,500 --> 05:00:22,700
Seizing an opportunity Hercules 
offered to take that Cosmic 

5318
05:00:22,700 --> 05:00:26,900
burden temporarily, if Atlas 
would fetch the apples, Atlas, 

5319
05:00:26,900 --> 05:00:28,900
retrieved them. 
But then tried to abandon 

5320
05:00:28,900 --> 05:00:32,400
Hercules, hoping to free himself
from eternal torment. 

5321
05:00:33,000 --> 05:00:36,400
Through a cunning Ploy, Hercules
tricked Atlas into reclaiming, 

5322
05:00:36,400 --> 05:00:38,900
the heavens walking off with the
fabled fruit. 

5323
05:00:39,800 --> 05:00:42,200
When he presented the golden 
apples to Thais. 

5324
05:00:42,200 --> 05:00:46,100
The king had no idea what to do 
with them, Legend, says Athena 

5325
05:00:46,100 --> 05:00:48,600
herself. 
Intervened returning the apples 

5326
05:00:48,600 --> 05:00:52,500
to their rightful place. 
In that moment, Hercules 

5327
05:00:52,500 --> 05:00:55,500
glimpsed the gods, casual 
involvement, they toyed with 

5328
05:00:55,500 --> 05:00:58,400
Mortal Affairs, granting 
fleeting favors or curses 

5329
05:00:58,400 --> 05:01:01,300
shaping Destinies as one like 
Shuffle coin's. 

5330
05:01:01,300 --> 05:01:05,200
He realized that each laborer 
was less about your is commands 

5331
05:01:05,200 --> 05:01:08,800
and more about the gods in 
scrutable agenda and his path of

5332
05:01:08,800 --> 05:01:11,500
atonement. 
Only one task remained 

5333
05:01:11,500 --> 05:01:13,900
descending into the underworld 
to capture. 

5334
05:01:13,900 --> 05:01:17,700
Cerberus the three-headed Hound 
of Hades this. 

5335
05:01:17,700 --> 05:01:21,400
Final labor surpassed mortal 
limits for no living Soul, 

5336
05:01:21,400 --> 05:01:24,100
dared, approach that dismal 
realm without invitation. 

5337
05:01:25,000 --> 05:01:28,400
Hercules ventured down the dark 
corridors of the earth Guided by

5338
05:01:28,400 --> 05:01:31,400
wailing spirits, and the 
unrelenting, pull of cosmic 

5339
05:01:31,400 --> 05:01:33,800
Gloom Before the Throne of 
Hades. 

5340
05:01:33,800 --> 05:01:37,000
He offered to wrestle, Cerberus 
barehanded if permitted to bring

5341
05:01:37,008 --> 05:01:40,900
the Beast to the surface, the 
god, of the Dead, consented more

5342
05:01:40,900 --> 05:01:44,200
amused than alarmed. 
Their struggle was fierce. 

5343
05:01:44,200 --> 05:01:49,000
Each of Cerberus is headed and 
snarled, snake-like Tails, 

5344
05:01:49,000 --> 05:01:52,000
lashing in Fury, yet the hero 
subdued the Beast. 

5345
05:01:52,000 --> 05:01:56,900
Hauling it above ground to my 
scenes Gates, When the snarling 

5346
05:01:56,900 --> 05:02:01,400
Hound of death, he hid trembling
behind his walls, Hercules 

5347
05:02:01,400 --> 05:02:04,500
Mission done. 
Gently returned Cerberus to 

5348
05:02:04,500 --> 05:02:07,800
Heidi's with all labors 
completed, Hercules stood 

5349
05:02:07,800 --> 05:02:11,800
outside my walls Eyes On The 
Fortress that had dominated his 

5350
05:02:11,800 --> 05:02:13,700
life. 
He expected neither. 

5351
05:02:13,700 --> 05:02:16,200
Thanks Nora release for he 
understood. 

5352
05:02:16,200 --> 05:02:18,600
His service wasn't to erase the 
butt to something deeper. 

5353
05:02:19,500 --> 05:02:22,600
Turning from the city, he felt 
both emptiness and freedom. 

5354
05:02:23,300 --> 05:02:26,400
He'd Concord beasts and brave 
Terrors unknown to Mortal men. 

5355
05:02:26,400 --> 05:02:30,600
Now, the question loomed, could 
he conquer the Shadows that 

5356
05:02:30,600 --> 05:02:33,800
clung to his heart? 
He walked away the crowds on 

5357
05:02:33,800 --> 05:02:36,900
certain whether to his departure
or celebrate, their kings 

5358
05:02:36,900 --> 05:02:40,600
deliverance from jealousy. 
Quietly Hercules carried with 

5359
05:02:40,608 --> 05:02:44,300
him, The Echoes of every 
monstrous Roar, every anguished 

5360
05:02:44,300 --> 05:02:46,800
cry. 
Forging a destiny severed from 

5361
05:02:46,808 --> 05:02:49,600
Royal commands but still Bound 
by the gods and scrutable 

5362
05:02:49,600 --> 05:02:52,300
Design. 
Released from your wrist. 

5363
05:02:52,300 --> 05:02:54,500
These is demands Hercules 
drifted. 

5364
05:02:55,200 --> 05:02:57,600
Some claimed, he roamed until he
found a remote Valley. 

5365
05:02:57,600 --> 05:03:01,300
Building a modest home beside a 
sparkling Brook there. 

5366
05:03:01,300 --> 05:03:04,900
He tried to cultivate olives and
Vine crops as those seeking 

5367
05:03:04,900 --> 05:03:07,900
normalcy. 
Villagers in the vicinity grew 

5368
05:03:07,900 --> 05:03:10,900
accustomed to spotting a giant 
figure ending fences or hauling 

5369
05:03:10,900 --> 05:03:14,200
timber for the first time he 
blended into daily life. 

5370
05:03:14,200 --> 05:03:18,300
If only briefly It Tranquility 
proved a Lucifer. 

5371
05:03:18,900 --> 05:03:20,700
Strangers arrived testing the 
legend. 

5372
05:03:20,700 --> 05:03:24,000
Some wanted to measure strength 
against the fame, demigod 

5373
05:03:24,000 --> 05:03:27,800
brandishing swords or arrogant 
boasts, others offered 

5374
05:03:27,800 --> 05:03:31,100
alliance's steeped in Hidden 
agendas, Hercules, repelled 

5375
05:03:31,100 --> 05:03:33,200
them. 
But each confrontation frayed, 

5376
05:03:33,200 --> 05:03:36,700
the delicate piece, rumors 
circulated about a new champion 

5377
05:03:36,700 --> 05:03:39,800
who might best him. 
And with each rumor came another

5378
05:03:39,800 --> 05:03:41,900
challenge. 
Her tiring of this drama 

5379
05:03:41,900 --> 05:03:45,300
Hercules, took to the road 
relinquishing, the valley to 

5380
05:03:45,300 --> 05:03:47,900
preserve. 
Its calm, he wondered from City 

5381
05:03:47,900 --> 05:03:52,200
to City, forging a reputation as
a roving Problem, Solver in 

5382
05:03:52,200 --> 05:03:55,700
Attica, he drove away, Raiders 
who prayed on vulnerable farms 

5383
05:03:55,700 --> 05:04:00,000
in a tolia immediate disputes 
among tribal leaders to Proud to

5384
05:04:00,000 --> 05:04:03,400
seek peace themselves. 
Some towns offered him gold or 

5385
05:04:03,400 --> 05:04:07,000
titles but he reused yearning 
for something intangible. 

5386
05:04:07,000 --> 05:04:08,600
That mortal wealth could not 
provide. 

5387
05:04:09,500 --> 05:04:13,000
Whispers of his identity 
proceeded him, children, recited

5388
05:04:13,000 --> 05:04:16,800
his labors as bedtime stories. 
Local bars named beverages after

5389
05:04:16,800 --> 05:04:20,000
him and traveling minstrels 
Twisted details for dramatic 

5390
05:04:20,000 --> 05:04:23,100
Flair. 
Along the way, Hercules and 

5391
05:04:23,100 --> 05:04:26,700
counted day and era, a woman 
said to possess both Keen 

5392
05:04:26,700 --> 05:04:28,000
intellect and Resolute 
compassion. 

5393
05:04:28,700 --> 05:04:31,500
She saw through the aura of 
Legend urging him to confront 

5394
05:04:31,500 --> 05:04:34,700
the guilt, that shadowed him. 
Her strength of spirit matched, 

5395
05:04:34,700 --> 05:04:37,500
his physical might, and their 
bond blossomed into love. 

5396
05:04:38,500 --> 05:04:39,900
For a while. 
He believed. 

5397
05:04:39,900 --> 05:04:43,100
He might carve out a life of 
shared purpose, perhaps leading 

5398
05:04:43,100 --> 05:04:45,700
a small settlement or teaching 
others to defend themselves with

5399
05:04:45,700 --> 05:04:49,000
doubt tyranny. 
They married weaving fresh 

5400
05:04:49,000 --> 05:04:52,400
Hope's in today's that felt 
gentler yet the old Cycles 

5401
05:04:52,400 --> 05:04:56,100
returned one evening. 
While traveling together, they 

5402
05:04:56,100 --> 05:04:59,500
encountered, the Centaur nessus 
at a river crossing nessus, 

5403
05:04:59,500 --> 05:05:03,400
offered to Ferry Daya across the
water but partway he revealed 

5404
05:05:03,400 --> 05:05:07,400
his intent to abductor, Hercules
Swift, to act to Let Her Fly. 

5405
05:05:07,400 --> 05:05:11,600
Its tip lace with Hydra poison. 
The wounded Centaur collapsed. 

5406
05:05:11,600 --> 05:05:15,200
Blood soaking the shore in his 
final breaths. 

5407
05:05:15,200 --> 05:05:17,500
He whispered to seat today in 
Aira. 

5408
05:05:18,100 --> 05:05:20,500
Should she ever fear losing 
Hercules's? 

5409
05:05:20,500 --> 05:05:24,200
Love a garment stained with his.
Blood would bind him to her 

5410
05:05:24,200 --> 05:05:27,900
moved by desperation. 
She gathered some of that blood 

5411
05:05:27,900 --> 05:05:32,800
to distort to see the Trap. 
Life continued Hercules 

5412
05:05:32,800 --> 05:05:36,400
continued to be a Wandering 
force with day and error either 

5413
05:05:36,400 --> 05:05:38,500
by his side or anxiously waiting
at home. 

5414
05:05:39,300 --> 05:05:42,000
Over time, she worried about 
rumors of his infidelity 

5415
05:05:42,000 --> 05:05:43,900
traveling. 
The world exposed him to 

5416
05:05:43,900 --> 05:05:48,000
Temptations and his Legend, Drew
admirers of every stripe in a 

5417
05:05:48,000 --> 05:05:51,000
moment of fragile insecurity. 
She recalled Necessities final 

5418
05:05:51,000 --> 05:05:54,000
words, she treated a robe with 
the centers blood. 

5419
05:05:54,000 --> 05:05:57,300
Believing it a charm that would 
secure Hercules's devotional, 

5420
05:05:57,300 --> 05:06:00,800
when Hercules donned it. 
The old poison ignited, like, 

5421
05:06:00,800 --> 05:06:03,700
living fire adhering to his 
flesh. 

5422
05:06:04,400 --> 05:06:08,000
He tore at the fabric that the 
agony only worse and ripping his

5423
05:06:08,000 --> 05:06:10,700
skin away, realizing the 
horrifying betrayal. 

5424
05:06:10,700 --> 05:06:14,800
You raged in confusion? 
Not knowing the entire truth of 

5425
05:06:14,800 --> 05:06:18,600
why the road burned him alive. 
Faced with the insurmountable 

5426
05:06:18,600 --> 05:06:21,500
pain. 
He sensed no earthly remedy 

5427
05:06:21,500 --> 05:06:25,100
could quell it. 
Daya horrified by what she had 

5428
05:06:25,100 --> 05:06:29,200
caused either fled or took her 
life accounts, differ Hercules 

5429
05:06:29,200 --> 05:06:32,500
in his torment. 
Built a funeral pyre on Mount 

5430
05:06:32,500 --> 05:06:35,500
weater. 
Step by tortured step, he 

5431
05:06:35,500 --> 05:06:38,500
climbed each footfall echoing 
the weights. 

5432
05:06:38,500 --> 05:06:41,100
He'd carried all his life. 
Guilt Duty. 

5433
05:06:41,100 --> 05:06:45,600
Heartbreak, he stretched himself
upon the wood begging for an end

5434
05:06:45,600 --> 05:06:48,700
to his suffering. 
Flames were lit, devouring, 

5435
05:06:48,700 --> 05:06:52,000
mortal flesh that once battled 
monsters and kings. 

5436
05:06:52,900 --> 05:06:56,600
Smoke curled toward the sky. 
Bearing, the essence of a hero 

5437
05:06:56,600 --> 05:07:00,100
who had saved entire Realms yet 
fail to escape Divine, cunning 

5438
05:07:00,100 --> 05:07:02,900
and human Frailty. 
Some say that in those final 

5439
05:07:02,900 --> 05:07:07,300
moments Zeus intervened, lifting
his son's Immortal Spirit to 

5440
05:07:07,300 --> 05:07:11,600
Olympus others claim, Hercules 
simply became Ash The price of 

5441
05:07:11,600 --> 05:07:15,300
mixing, superhuman Deeds with 
all two human vulnerabilities. 

5442
05:07:15,300 --> 05:07:18,800
Wherever the truth lies, the 
Legendary Champions. 

5443
05:07:18,800 --> 05:07:22,500
Last mortal breath, vanished in 
mayo fulfilling at the destiny 

5444
05:07:22,500 --> 05:07:24,200
shaped by both Triumph and 
Agony. 

5445
05:07:24,200 --> 05:07:26,800
Even the wind seemed to pause in
reverends. 

5446
05:07:27,600 --> 05:07:30,900
As though acknowledging that no 
Beast or King had ever broken 

5447
05:07:30,900 --> 05:07:32,600
him as completely as love and 
betrayal. 

5448
05:07:33,700 --> 05:07:36,800
Hercules end on Mount wetter 
thundered through the Greek 

5449
05:07:36,800 --> 05:07:40,300
world like a mournful lament, 
those who admire him as a 

5450
05:07:40,300 --> 05:07:42,300
liberator, stood in stunned, 
silence. 

5451
05:07:43,000 --> 05:07:46,200
While others who had envied him 
spoke in hushed voices were at 

5452
05:07:46,200 --> 05:07:49,500
the cruel, Caprice of fate. 
Priests and local temples 

5453
05:07:49,500 --> 05:07:50,800
offered contradictory 
explanations. 

5454
05:07:50,800 --> 05:07:55,200
Some insisted his spirit rose to
the heavens, others deemed it. 

5455
05:07:55,200 --> 05:07:58,500
Just another tragic demise 
albeit of an extraordinary 

5456
05:07:58,500 --> 05:08:01,300
mortal. 
In the weeks that followed 

5457
05:08:01,300 --> 05:08:05,000
altars across the Aegean, both 
Solomon offerings in his memory,

5458
05:08:05,000 --> 05:08:10,000
drips of wine, handfuls of 
grain, even small wood, carvings

5459
05:08:10,000 --> 05:08:13,600
depicting a lion's Pelt or a 
hefty Club ordinary. 

5460
05:08:13,600 --> 05:08:16,600
Folks struggled to reconcile. 
The downfall of a figure who had

5461
05:08:16,600 --> 05:08:21,800
bested Lions, hydras and Giants 
How could such a Champions come 

5462
05:08:21,800 --> 05:08:25,400
to something as simple yet? 
Devastating as poisoned fabric. 

5463
05:08:26,400 --> 05:08:29,300
For many it. 
Confirmed that no one, not even 

5464
05:08:29,300 --> 05:08:32,500
a demigod was immune to the 
brutal, interplay of divine, 

5465
05:08:32,500 --> 05:08:36,700
grudges, and human failings. 
At mycenae King arrest. 

5466
05:08:36,700 --> 05:08:40,000
These Court reportedly watched 
the news unfolded with uneasy 

5467
05:08:40,000 --> 05:08:42,500
satisfaction though. 
The king had long resented, 

5468
05:08:42,500 --> 05:08:45,600
Hercules learning of his 
agonizing death offered. 

5469
05:08:45,600 --> 05:08:48,600
No genuine relief. 
Only a Halo sense that the 

5470
05:08:48,600 --> 05:08:50,600
Realms most potent Shield was 
gone. 

5471
05:08:50,600 --> 05:08:53,600
Some whispered that if a 
champion like Hercules can be 

5472
05:08:53,608 --> 05:08:56,500
vanquished the gods, would turn 
a harsher eye. 

5473
05:08:56,500 --> 05:09:00,200
On lesser Mortals. 
Fear lingard, in the corridors 

5474
05:09:00,200 --> 05:09:03,500
of power. 
As though Hercules is fiery end 

5475
05:09:03,500 --> 05:09:06,100
and shifted the cosmic balance 
in unpredictable ways. 

5476
05:09:07,000 --> 05:09:11,000
Stories multiplied as Tales, do 
certain bars favored, the 

5477
05:09:11,008 --> 05:09:14,500
uplifting version, Zeus, where 
do you guys in his son's, 

5478
05:09:14,500 --> 05:09:17,800
heroism welcomed him. 
Among The Immortals, they spun 

5479
05:09:17,800 --> 05:09:21,900
visions of, Hercules Seated on 
Olympus sipping, ambrosia, in 

5480
05:09:21,900 --> 05:09:23,900
the presence of swirling 
constellations. 

5481
05:09:23,900 --> 05:09:27,700
Others told The Bleak aside, 
that the Flames consumed, not 

5482
05:09:27,700 --> 05:09:31,100
just his body, but every Vestige
of his once glorious spirit, 

5483
05:09:31,900 --> 05:09:36,100
scattering him into Oblivion. 
Across the seas foreign scribes 

5484
05:09:36,100 --> 05:09:38,700
embellished details. 
Turning him into a half 

5485
05:09:38,700 --> 05:09:41,800
legendary King in land. 
He never visited or crediting 

5486
05:09:41,800 --> 05:09:43,200
him with Feats. 
He never performed. 

5487
05:09:44,000 --> 05:09:46,300
Amid these Tales day near as 
part. 

5488
05:09:46,300 --> 05:09:49,800
In the tragedy sparked, endless 
debate, some portrayed her as a 

5489
05:09:49,800 --> 05:09:53,500
naive victim of necessary, 
deception others, painted her as

5490
05:09:53,500 --> 05:09:55,500
a jealous spouse. 
Who rally destroyed? 

5491
05:09:55,500 --> 05:09:58,400
What she claimed to love. 
Still others insisted the real 

5492
05:09:58,400 --> 05:10:00,700
blame lay. 
With the gods to many listeners.

5493
05:10:00,700 --> 05:10:03,900
It hardly mattered heartbreak 
had been the final monster 

5494
05:10:03,900 --> 05:10:07,300
Hercules, couldn't defeat. 
Curiously in small villages, 

5495
05:10:07,300 --> 05:10:10,900
scattered near the site of his 
labors Hercules is memory 

5496
05:10:10,900 --> 05:10:13,800
retained, a more grounded 
quality in these Pockets. 

5497
05:10:13,800 --> 05:10:17,200
Older Farmers recalled how he 
wants to prepare to Broken die 

5498
05:10:17,200 --> 05:10:19,900
or rescued a Lost Child in the 
midst of a colossal Quest. 

5499
05:10:20,600 --> 05:10:23,900
Children heard bedtime stories 
of a giant who was kind enough 

5500
05:10:23,900 --> 05:10:26,600
to share bread with Travellers 
in need here. 

5501
05:10:26,600 --> 05:10:31,100
The heroic Feats, remained 
awe-inspiring, but so did the 

5502
05:10:31,100 --> 05:10:34,300
everyday decency? 
He displayed over time that 

5503
05:10:34,300 --> 05:10:38,700
dichotomy colossal, strength 
paired with unfeigned, humility 

5504
05:10:38,700 --> 05:10:42,500
became the tapestry of his 
Legend rulers from other 

5505
05:10:42,500 --> 05:10:46,900
city-states seeing the potency 
of Hercules's name, erected 

5506
05:10:46,900 --> 05:10:50,900
shrines, dedicated to him as a 
protective spirit They wanted to

5507
05:10:50,900 --> 05:10:52,400
Travelers to believe their 
territory. 

5508
05:10:52,400 --> 05:10:56,400
Enjoyed the heroes blessing in 
some cities, small festivals, 

5509
05:10:56,400 --> 05:10:59,600
arose, featuring contests of 
strength, reminiscent of his 

5510
05:10:59,600 --> 05:11:02,700
fabled deeds. 
However, a whisper of caution 

5511
05:11:02,700 --> 05:11:05,800
permeated every public 
commemoration Hercules had 

5512
05:11:05,800 --> 05:11:09,500
conquered monstrous beasts and 
overcoming possible tasks yet a 

5513
05:11:09,500 --> 05:11:12,700
subtle Sting from the Mortal 
realm, had done him might alone,

5514
05:11:12,700 --> 05:11:16,600
could not out. 
Maneuver fail, the complexities 

5515
05:11:16,600 --> 05:11:18,900
of love. 
For those who want knew him, 

5516
05:11:18,900 --> 05:11:21,800
personally, worried as like, I 
allows or local Chiefs grateful 

5517
05:11:21,800 --> 05:11:24,400
for his help. 
His absence left an Abe on 

5518
05:11:24,400 --> 05:11:26,500
description. 
They were called The Quiet 

5519
05:11:26,500 --> 05:11:29,700
conviction, that guided him, the
guilt that shadowed his eyes 

5520
05:11:29,700 --> 05:11:33,200
after each impossible feat. 
His final torment seemed to 

5521
05:11:33,200 --> 05:11:36,000
Cosmic Injustice. 
He had also a stark reminder 

5522
05:11:36,000 --> 05:11:38,900
that the line between Divine and
human was never clean. 

5523
05:11:38,900 --> 05:11:42,900
Hercules had walked that line 
throughout his life wrestling 

5524
05:11:42,900 --> 05:11:45,100
monstrous forms on behalf of the
powerless. 

5525
05:11:45,100 --> 05:11:49,300
While An Invisible War of 
deities, raged overhead over 

5526
05:11:49,300 --> 05:11:53,300
decades Recollections. 
Softened younger Generations 

5527
05:11:53,300 --> 05:11:57,100
heard only the grand arcs the 
nemean lion, the Hydra the 

5528
05:11:57,100 --> 05:12:00,600
Unstoppable hero details of 
heartbreak and moral doubt, 

5529
05:12:00,600 --> 05:12:04,200
vanished in the retailing 
replaced by carved statues 

5530
05:12:04,200 --> 05:12:08,100
brandishing clubs, or wearing 
Lions skins, Yet in rare corners

5531
05:12:08,100 --> 05:12:10,500
of Greece of the full story as 
preserved by those who had 

5532
05:12:10,508 --> 05:12:14,300
reason to remember a Titan among
men who was neither, holy God, 

5533
05:12:14,300 --> 05:12:17,400
nor entirely mortal undone At 
Last by the same 

5534
05:12:17,400 --> 05:12:19,500
vulnerabilities. 
He had once tried to transcend, 

5535
05:12:19,500 --> 05:12:23,700
thus, Hercules is flame burned 
on in the minds of those who 

5536
05:12:23,700 --> 05:12:26,300
found resonance in his struggles
even long. 

5537
05:12:26,300 --> 05:12:31,000
After the funeral pyres Embers 
cool to Ash time and distance 

5538
05:12:31,000 --> 05:12:33,800
transformed Hercules from a man 
into a myth. 

5539
05:12:33,800 --> 05:12:39,200
Greek cities, grew Allied and 
Ward, new Heroes Rose and fell 

5540
05:12:39,200 --> 05:12:43,000
in the retelling of old stories.
His name emerged as a beacon of 

5541
05:12:43,008 --> 05:12:47,100
impossible feats, Philosophers 
invoked him as a parable, some 

5542
05:12:47,100 --> 05:12:51,200
praising perseverance, others 
warning against arrogance, in 

5543
05:12:51,200 --> 05:12:53,500
remote, Villages, older 
Generations. 

5544
05:12:53,500 --> 05:12:55,100
Passed down, more intimate 
accounts. 

5545
05:12:55,100 --> 05:12:58,700
How a colossal figure once 
mended a roof before chasing off

5546
05:12:58,700 --> 05:13:01,800
Marauders or how he accepted a 
bowl of wine on a cold night 

5547
05:13:01,800 --> 05:13:05,200
without flaunting his stature? 
As the classical era. 

5548
05:13:05,200 --> 05:13:07,700
Gave way to Roman ascendancy. 
Hercules. 

5549
05:13:07,700 --> 05:13:11,300
Evolved into a Roman emblem. 
soldiers, prayed to Hercules, 

5550
05:13:11,300 --> 05:13:14,700
Invictus equating him with 
conquest and unrelenting will 

5551
05:13:15,300 --> 05:13:17,600
Statues, proliferated from 
Grand. 

5552
05:13:17,600 --> 05:13:20,600
Marble works in the Forum to 
Tiny household shrines. 

5553
05:13:21,300 --> 05:13:24,900
Emperors hungry for legitimacy 
raped themselves in the 

5554
05:13:24,908 --> 05:13:28,800
demigods, imagery, hoping some 
shred of that Timeless, prowess 

5555
05:13:28,800 --> 05:13:30,800
might cloak their human 
frailties. 

5556
05:13:30,800 --> 05:13:34,300
However, the bragging about 
strength often, overshadowed the

5557
05:13:34,308 --> 05:13:38,800
deeper nuances of Hercules's 
trials, centuries later medieval

5558
05:13:38,800 --> 05:13:42,400
Scholars, wrestled with Pagan 
Legacy attempting to blend 

5559
05:13:42,400 --> 05:13:46,000
ancient myths and Christian 
Frameworks Hercules became a 

5560
05:13:46,008 --> 05:13:48,900
cautionary. 
Fitzgerald powerful yet undone 

5561
05:13:48,900 --> 05:13:53,100
by sin and trickery in the 
Renaissance artist seized upon 

5562
05:13:53,100 --> 05:13:56,800
his heroic silhouette Palaces, 
displayed frescoes of him 

5563
05:13:56,800 --> 05:14:00,000
wrestling lions, or heaving 
Mountainside highlighting the 

5564
05:14:00,000 --> 05:14:03,500
human form in Dynamic Glory. 
playwrights toyed, with his 

5565
05:14:03,500 --> 05:14:07,200
Persona, sometimes as tragic 
hero sometimes as comedic foil, 

5566
05:14:07,200 --> 05:14:11,800
each era, reinterpreting him a 
new despite these cultural 

5567
05:14:11,800 --> 05:14:16,600
Metamorphoses Echoes of his true
complexity, endured in certain 

5568
05:14:16,600 --> 05:14:20,400
monastic, libraries meticulous, 
scribes noted lesson known 

5569
05:14:20,400 --> 05:14:22,900
episodes. 
The moral Agony behind his 

5570
05:14:22,900 --> 05:14:26,900
labors, the Heartbreak that 
ended, his mortal story and the 

5571
05:14:26,908 --> 05:14:29,800
persistent question of whether 
he ever truly found peace. 

5572
05:14:30,800 --> 05:14:34,200
For some he embodied the tragedy
of a life shaped by the Divine 

5573
05:14:34,200 --> 05:14:36,400
lineage yet rooted in Mortal 
imitations. 

5574
05:14:37,200 --> 05:14:39,300
For others. 
He served as a beacon of 

5575
05:14:39,300 --> 05:14:42,800
aspiration proof that mortal 
will could confront, even the 

5576
05:14:42,800 --> 05:14:45,000
gods designs and sometimes 
Triumph. 

5577
05:14:45,700 --> 05:14:49,500
Beyond texts and statutory. 
Hercules lived on, in the 

5578
05:14:49,500 --> 05:14:53,100
intangible, rail of folk memory.
Fisherman of distant coasts, 

5579
05:14:53,100 --> 05:14:55,900
recited short prayers to him 
before braving storms. 

5580
05:14:55,900 --> 05:14:59,000
As if the old Guardian might 
still Shield them from the Seas 

5581
05:14:59,000 --> 05:15:01,800
Wrath. 
Caravans Crossing desert Roots 

5582
05:15:01,800 --> 05:15:05,900
invoke his name for safe, 
passage parents uncertain, how 

5583
05:15:05,900 --> 05:15:07,400
to quiet a Restless child at 
night. 

5584
05:15:08,200 --> 05:15:11,300
Spun lullabyes of a gentle giant
who wants fought off walls. 

5585
05:15:11,300 --> 05:15:14,800
So families could sleep in 
safety. these understated 

5586
05:15:14,800 --> 05:15:18,600
tributes carried for the essence
of a hero who despite Divine 

5587
05:15:18,600 --> 05:15:23,000
drama always answered mortal 
need For a contemporary 

5588
05:15:23,000 --> 05:15:25,300
Observer. 
Perhaps in the middle Decades of

5589
05:15:25,300 --> 05:15:29,100
life, Hercules is tail resonates
on several levels. 

5590
05:15:29,100 --> 05:15:31,700
There's the unbridled strength 
of Youth. 

5591
05:15:31,700 --> 05:15:34,900
Those Unstoppable surges of 
ambition or optimism. 

5592
05:15:34,900 --> 05:15:38,300
Then there's the gradual 
intrusion of responsibility, 

5593
05:15:38,300 --> 05:15:42,300
regret and heartbreak. 
Middle-aged can bring reflection

5594
05:15:42,300 --> 05:15:45,600
how even the strongest Among Us 
wrestle with past mistakes, 

5595
05:15:45,600 --> 05:15:49,400
unfulfilled desires and the 
weight of moral compromise, 

5596
05:15:49,400 --> 05:15:53,300
Hercules with his Unstoppable 
arms and vulnerable heart 

5597
05:15:53,300 --> 05:15:56,800
mirrors. 
That Universal dilemma overall. 

5598
05:15:56,800 --> 05:16:01,300
It's The Duality that Define him
Savior and Destroyer, Victor and

5599
05:16:01,300 --> 05:16:05,400
victim, demigod, and man, he 
sawed of mortal confines yet 

5600
05:16:05,400 --> 05:16:08,100
remained Shackled by the gods 
whims and his own remorse. 

5601
05:16:09,100 --> 05:16:10,400
Scholars. 
Today, still debate. 

5602
05:16:10,400 --> 05:16:13,600
The meaning of his final Act. 
Was the funeral pyre, a mere 

5603
05:16:13,600 --> 05:16:17,700
surrender to Agony or deliberate
Transcendence of mortal bounds. 

5604
05:16:18,400 --> 05:16:20,100
Did the smoke carry him to 
Olympus? 

5605
05:16:20,100 --> 05:16:23,300
Or was it a symbolic? 
Final note to the Ballard of an 

5606
05:16:23,300 --> 05:16:26,800
exhausted hero. 
Some epilogues insist, he found 

5607
05:16:26,800 --> 05:16:31,200
a measure of immortality a seat 
among the pantheon, a cosmic nod

5608
05:16:31,200 --> 05:16:33,700
to the labor as he performed in 
the service of humanity and 

5609
05:16:33,700 --> 05:16:36,500
divine prerogative. 
Others claimed, his Spirit. 

5610
05:16:36,500 --> 05:16:39,900
Roams, the Mortal Realm. 
Occasionally glimpsed in moments

5611
05:16:39,900 --> 05:16:42,900
of dire need. 
Most except that the ultimate 

5612
05:16:42,900 --> 05:16:45,100
truth. 
Like so many ancient Tales 

5613
05:16:45,100 --> 05:16:49,200
remains wrapped in shifting, 
layers of interpretation and so 

5614
05:16:49,200 --> 05:16:53,600
Hercules remains a fixture in 
the collective psyche, he stands

5615
05:16:53,600 --> 05:16:56,200
for more than might alone. 
He stands for the cost of 

5616
05:16:56,200 --> 05:17:00,000
greatness, the fleeting nature 
of redemption and the fragile 

5617
05:17:00,000 --> 05:17:03,500
boundary that separates God's 
from men, where the chiseled in 

5618
05:17:03,500 --> 05:17:05,500
marble or a counted in a Village
Tavern. 

5619
05:17:05,500 --> 05:17:10,000
His Legend in dues, he is the 
champion forever, forging New 

5620
05:17:10,000 --> 05:17:12,700
Legends, even centuries after 
his final breath. 

5621
05:17:13,500 --> 05:17:17,000
In that sense, Hercules lives on
wherever human hearts still 

5622
05:17:17,000 --> 05:17:22,000
strive endure and grapple with 
the powers Divine or Earthly 

5623
05:17:22,000 --> 05:17:31,400
that shape our destinies. 
In the year, 742 CE the 

5624
05:17:31,400 --> 05:17:34,000
prosperous city, state of 
Corazon, glittered under the 

5625
05:17:34,000 --> 05:17:38,200
Noonday Sun, a Nexus for Caravan
routes, feeding distant Empires 

5626
05:17:38,200 --> 05:17:42,000
chorus, and thrived on the 
exchange of saffron, silk star, 

5627
05:17:42,000 --> 05:17:44,600
charts and rumors whispered 
behind curtain. 

5628
05:17:44,600 --> 05:17:47,900
Telcos At its Center Loom to 
Grand Marketplace. 

5629
05:17:47,900 --> 05:17:50,800
Whose voltage roof trapped the 
daily bustle in a ceaseless. 

5630
05:17:50,800 --> 05:17:56,700
Echo Traders from the end tour. 
Is antium Tang, China, the 

5631
05:17:56,700 --> 05:18:00,600
Abbasid caliphate, and Beyond, 
mingled among stalls, stacked 

5632
05:18:00,600 --> 05:18:04,800
high with lapis, lazuli, dried 
fruit and perfume Sandalwood. 

5633
05:18:05,600 --> 05:18:09,200
Some hailed it as a Marvel of 
Cosmopolitan life where fortunes

5634
05:18:09,200 --> 05:18:11,100
might pivot in a single 
conversation. 

5635
05:18:12,200 --> 05:18:16,400
Among the people navigating, the
throng was Korea bint yazed, a 

5636
05:18:16,400 --> 05:18:19,100
traveling scholar, whose lineage
traced back to the once renowned

5637
05:18:19,100 --> 05:18:23,400
zoroastrian Priests of Persia. 
Her face betrayed concentration.

5638
05:18:23,400 --> 05:18:26,300
As she studied hieroglyphic 
notation in a weathered scroll. 

5639
05:18:27,100 --> 05:18:29,700
Unmarried and unconcerned with 
the expectations. 

5640
05:18:29,700 --> 05:18:32,700
Placed upon a woman of her 
station, she had roamed from one

5641
05:18:32,700 --> 05:18:35,400
end of the Silk Road to the 
other piece to gather knowledge.

5642
05:18:35,400 --> 05:18:37,600
That seldom found its way into 
the official annals. 

5643
05:18:38,400 --> 05:18:41,600
The swirl of corazon's Commerce 
did not distract her, she 

5644
05:18:41,600 --> 05:18:44,400
focused on a lead, suggesting 
that rare manuscripts, had 

5645
05:18:44,400 --> 05:18:46,900
surfaced in a private collection
near the city's Eastern quarter.

5646
05:18:47,800 --> 05:18:51,400
this rumor if proven, true could
illuminate corners of History, 

5647
05:18:51,400 --> 05:18:55,100
barely glimpsed by modern 
Scholars, Korea pressed deeper 

5648
05:18:55,100 --> 05:18:57,500
into a Labyrinth of narrow 
Lane's behind the four main 

5649
05:18:57,500 --> 05:19:01,000
Bazaar, Guided by coded map 
etched into her memory. 

5650
05:19:01,000 --> 05:19:05,000
Eager boys, offered to carry her
satchels for a coin and watchful

5651
05:19:05,000 --> 05:19:09,500
guards in brass trimmed uniforms
each pass by She brushed off all

5652
05:19:09,500 --> 05:19:13,700
offers of help too many watches.
Too many years at last. 

5653
05:19:13,700 --> 05:19:16,200
She arrived at a courtyard 
hidden behind a plain wooden 

5654
05:19:16,200 --> 05:19:18,400
door. 
Its walls were plastered and 

5655
05:19:18,400 --> 05:19:21,000
cream white. 
While Vines spiraled up lattices

5656
05:19:21,000 --> 05:19:25,000
under a hazy afternoon sky, 
Within that secluded Enclave. 

5657
05:19:25,000 --> 05:19:28,900
Stood an elderly bibliophile 
named kazem, Al talabi his hands

5658
05:19:28,900 --> 05:19:32,000
trembling under the burden of a 
Slender volume Bound in jade 

5659
05:19:32,000 --> 05:19:34,900
green leather their meeting was 
brief career. 

5660
05:19:34,900 --> 05:19:38,000
Offered him carefully wrapped 
objects fragments of ancient 

5661
05:19:38,000 --> 05:19:40,900
mathematics, tablets and covered
near Samaritan. 

5662
05:19:40,900 --> 05:19:44,100
And in exchange kazem 
relinquished, the Jade bound 

5663
05:19:44,100 --> 05:19:47,300
Texas. he warned her that 
certain circles would stop at 

5664
05:19:47,300 --> 05:19:50,000
nothing to keep these Pages 
hidden for they revealed 

5665
05:19:50,000 --> 05:19:53,200
knowledge rumored to disrupt any
Empire reliant on controlling 

5666
05:19:53,200 --> 05:19:57,000
scholarship She nodded Gravely 
accustomed to the Shadows that 

5667
05:19:57,000 --> 05:20:00,400
dogged rare manuscripts. 
Across the years, she had 

5668
05:20:00,400 --> 05:20:04,000
learned that truth took many 
forms each requiring, a subtle 

5669
05:20:04,000 --> 05:20:06,500
approach to keep it from 
Vanishing under official 

5670
05:20:06,500 --> 05:20:10,000
censure. 
Emerging once again, into the 

5671
05:20:10,000 --> 05:20:12,000
main Bazaar. 
Career carefully, hid, the new 

5672
05:20:12,000 --> 05:20:13,700
acquisition beneath her 
traveling cloak. 

5673
05:20:14,400 --> 05:20:17,700
She knew better than to linger 
Horizons seeming, tolerance of 

5674
05:20:17,700 --> 05:20:20,600
foreign ideas, could transform 
abruptly of power shifted. 

5675
05:20:21,400 --> 05:20:24,400
Memories of burned Scrolls and 
harassed scribes in other 

5676
05:20:24,400 --> 05:20:27,800
dominions, haunted her, fueling 
her determination to preserve 

5677
05:20:27,800 --> 05:20:31,000
the text at any cost. 
She arranged with a local 

5678
05:20:31,000 --> 05:20:33,900
Caravan heading, Eastward its 
leader a woman named. 

5679
05:20:33,900 --> 05:20:37,800
Hassoun who had a reputation for
out maneuvering desert Bandits 

5680
05:20:38,800 --> 05:20:41,700
Without Illusions, carrier 
recognized that partnering with 

5681
05:20:41,700 --> 05:20:45,600
such a skilled Merchants would 
cost her yet safety for the Jade

5682
05:20:45,600 --> 05:20:49,900
bound book was Paramount. before
the Caravan departed, Korea, 

5683
05:20:49,900 --> 05:20:53,000
paid her respects at a small 
Shrine dedicated to wise men of 

5684
05:20:53,008 --> 05:20:56,400
antiquity A single Candle, 
flickered by the older, 

5685
05:20:56,400 --> 05:20:59,400
Illuminating offerings left. 
By Travelers praying for Clear, 

5686
05:20:59,400 --> 05:21:03,000
roads, and fair weather. 
She exhaled a silent oath that 

5687
05:21:03,000 --> 05:21:05,500
she would not let ignorance 
Devour the pressure's knowledge 

5688
05:21:05,500 --> 05:21:08,300
in her care. 
Beyond the city's gate, slay an 

5689
05:21:08,300 --> 05:21:11,200
expansive desert and studded 
with dunes and ham by Fierce 

5690
05:21:11,200 --> 05:21:13,600
winds. 
But her route lady, even father 

5691
05:21:13,600 --> 05:21:16,900
along Mountain, Trails rumored 
to house, hidden monasteries and

5692
05:21:16,900 --> 05:21:20,900
ephemeral Oasis towns. 
The Unstoppable pulse of 

5693
05:21:20,908 --> 05:21:22,600
curiosity, drove her to press 
forward. 

5694
05:21:22,600 --> 05:21:25,700
Regardless of perils that might 
look in the next Bend of the 

5695
05:21:25,708 --> 05:21:29,400
road. 
Dawn arrived, painting the sky 

5696
05:21:29,400 --> 05:21:32,500
with ocher and salmon. 
Hughes carrier joined up. 

5697
05:21:32,500 --> 05:21:35,000
Soon in the other Travelers at 
the designated meeting point 

5698
05:21:35,000 --> 05:21:38,100
where camel's braids and Donkey 
drivers prepared. 

5699
05:21:38,100 --> 05:21:41,600
Loads of Bali and dried fruit. 
The Caravan Synergy was 

5700
05:21:41,600 --> 05:21:45,700
immediately evident each person 
had a distinct tasks ensuring 

5701
05:21:45,700 --> 05:21:47,100
that. 
By the time, the sun fully 

5702
05:21:47,100 --> 05:21:49,300
breached the Horizon, they were 
on the move. 

5703
05:21:50,000 --> 05:21:53,200
Career walked near us soon, who 
shared glimpses of the terrain 

5704
05:21:53,200 --> 05:21:56,500
ahead and introduced carrier to 
the Caravans unspoken rules 

5705
05:21:56,500 --> 05:22:00,400
trust the signals ration, water 
meticulously, and never 

5706
05:22:00,400 --> 05:22:02,500
questioned. 
The necessity of midnight halts.

5707
05:22:03,400 --> 05:22:06,200
In these borderless regions, 
vigilance was currency. 

5708
05:22:07,100 --> 05:22:10,100
With the sun mounting, the 
Caravan snaked through a parched

5709
05:22:10,100 --> 05:22:13,200
plane dotted by Twiztid. 
Shrubs a hush fell over them. 

5710
05:22:13,200 --> 05:22:15,600
Broken only by the soft 
shuffling of hooves and the 

5711
05:22:15,608 --> 05:22:17,400
gentle clink of metal 
fastenings. 

5712
05:22:17,400 --> 05:22:20,600
Korea's thoughts drifted to the 
Codex, inside her bag. 

5713
05:22:20,600 --> 05:22:24,300
She had only glimpsed, a few 
pages thus far intricate, 

5714
05:22:24,300 --> 05:22:27,900
diagrams of planetary movement. 
Cryptic references to an ancient

5715
05:22:27,900 --> 05:22:31,500
empire that preceded, the 
footnotes scrolled in an 

5716
05:22:31,500 --> 05:22:33,900
unfamiliar script. 
Accurate. 

5717
05:22:33,900 --> 05:22:36,600
These writings expanded, the 
known timeline of advanced 

5718
05:22:36,600 --> 05:22:40,200
astronomy by centuries. 
She resolved to study every 

5719
05:22:40,200 --> 05:22:44,300
page, once the Caravan reached a
safe haven. of soon signaled, a 

5720
05:22:44,308 --> 05:22:47,400
holt near a cluster of sunk 
scorched Boulders granting the 

5721
05:22:47,400 --> 05:22:51,100
group respite from the crushing 
midday Heat, While some dosed in

5722
05:22:51,100 --> 05:22:54,200
makeshift shade career took 
cautious sips from her water 

5723
05:22:54,200 --> 05:22:56,700
skin feeling the dryness killing
to her throat. 

5724
05:22:57,400 --> 05:23:00,100
Arrest listlessness stirred 
within her equal parts, 

5725
05:23:00,100 --> 05:23:04,300
excitement and anxiety. 
She replied Chasm Al talibi 

5726
05:23:04,300 --> 05:23:06,900
warning. 
Powerful figures had an interest

5727
05:23:06,900 --> 05:23:10,500
in ensuring no one deciphered. 
The text for them knowledge was 

5728
05:23:10,500 --> 05:23:13,200
a finite resource Best Kept 
under strict watch. 

5729
05:23:14,300 --> 05:23:17,800
As a swirl of wind kicked sand 
across her path carrier gripped 

5730
05:23:17,800 --> 05:23:21,200
her Satchel silently vowing. 
She would not be silenced by 

5731
05:23:21,200 --> 05:23:23,300
Twilight. 
The Caravan approached a modest 

5732
05:23:23,300 --> 05:23:26,700
Oasis lined with date palms that
cast Long Shadows across 

5733
05:23:26,700 --> 05:23:29,700
Stillwater. 
Soon guided her camels into a 

5734
05:23:29,700 --> 05:23:32,900
semi-circle forming a protective
barrier against stray Wanderers 

5735
05:23:32,900 --> 05:23:35,600
several Travelers set about 
erecting tents. 

5736
05:23:35,600 --> 05:23:38,000
While others gathered wood for 
small fires. 

5737
05:23:38,000 --> 05:23:39,700
That would ward off the chill of
desert night. 

5738
05:23:40,500 --> 05:23:43,500
Career found herself drawn to 
the water's edge were subdued 

5739
05:23:43,500 --> 05:23:47,200
conversation Rose Among weary 
Merchants some speculated about 

5740
05:23:47,200 --> 05:23:50,200
the political tensions brewing 
in distant courts, others 

5741
05:23:50,200 --> 05:23:51,800
lamented the rising cost of 
salt. 

5742
05:23:52,600 --> 05:23:56,900
As Darkness settled the Oasis 
took on another worldly hush a 

5743
05:23:56,900 --> 05:24:00,300
crescent moon glimmered overhead
Illuminating faint outlines of 

5744
05:24:00,300 --> 05:24:03,000
crumbling Stone pillars 
suggesting an abandoned 

5745
05:24:03,000 --> 05:24:07,100
settlement from a forgotten era.
Under that quiet Vault of stars.

5746
05:24:07,100 --> 05:24:10,900
Korea couldn't resist scanning a
few more pages of the Jade bound

5747
05:24:10,900 --> 05:24:14,700
manuscript its text merged 
empirical observations with 

5748
05:24:14,700 --> 05:24:17,400
philosophical notes referencing 
the grand Wheel of Time. 

5749
05:24:18,300 --> 05:24:20,800
She recognized a bleak 
references to astronomical 

5750
05:24:20,800 --> 05:24:23,800
systems older than the widely 
recognized ptolemaic model. 

5751
05:24:24,600 --> 05:24:27,200
If deciphered fully such 
knowledge, might challenge many 

5752
05:24:27,200 --> 05:24:29,400
assumptions cherished by a 
steamed academies. 

5753
05:24:30,000 --> 05:24:33,300
Meanwhile, as soon stepped away 
from the main group beckoning 

5754
05:24:33,300 --> 05:24:35,200
career to join her near a 
withered acacia. 

5755
05:24:35,900 --> 05:24:38,600
You Stand Out, Among our 
company, the merchant remarked, 

5756
05:24:38,600 --> 05:24:42,000
in a measured tone your eyes, 
never rest and you guard that 

5757
05:24:42,008 --> 05:24:45,300
bag as if it carries, the soul 
of a king Carrier. 

5758
05:24:45,300 --> 05:24:48,600
Wary of revealing too much 
offered that she was merely a 

5759
05:24:48,600 --> 05:24:50,300
scholar into trusted with a rare
item. 

5760
05:24:51,400 --> 05:24:52,900
Of soon. 
Nodded but warned Korea that 

5761
05:24:52,900 --> 05:24:55,300
roving spies seeking Advantage 
for rival. 

5762
05:24:55,300 --> 05:24:59,800
Factions often infiltrated 
caravan's she suggested Korea 

5763
05:24:59,800 --> 05:25:03,200
remain Vigilant, especially 
given the extraordinary bustle 

5764
05:25:03,200 --> 05:25:07,300
in chorazin where rumor traveled
like wildfire unable to sleep 

5765
05:25:07,300 --> 05:25:08,908
career. 
Lingard by The Embers of the 

5766
05:25:08,916 --> 05:25:10,600
fire. 
After most Travelers are dosed 

5767
05:25:10,600 --> 05:25:12,500
off. 
She studied the swirling 

5768
05:25:12,500 --> 05:25:15,800
patterns of the night sky 
mindful of the coded star charts

5769
05:25:15,800 --> 05:25:18,900
in the manuscript. 
Passing Caravan sometimes 

5770
05:25:18,900 --> 05:25:20,700
recounted Legends of a hidden 
library. 

5771
05:25:20,700 --> 05:25:24,300
In the mountain city of varish, 
where lines of knowledge 

5772
05:25:24,300 --> 05:25:26,400
stretched back to centuries 
unknown. 

5773
05:25:27,400 --> 05:25:30,500
Carrier wondered if that Library
could fill the gaps in her text.

5774
05:25:31,300 --> 05:25:33,800
she believed the Jade bound 
manuscript might be only a 

5775
05:25:33,800 --> 05:25:37,100
fragment of a larger puzzle, 
Scattered across the Silk Road, 

5776
05:25:37,100 --> 05:25:40,800
shifting tapestry, morning 
unveiled, a horizon brushed with

5777
05:25:40,800 --> 05:25:44,200
Amber and the Caravan proceeded 
along a rocky escarpment, 

5778
05:25:44,200 --> 05:25:48,200
overlooking a vast junefield 
rolling, slopes of sand, rippled

5779
05:25:48,200 --> 05:25:50,600
beneath the wind like the 
surface of a living sea. 

5780
05:25:51,300 --> 05:25:55,200
At midday, they paused for Water
rationed by a soon with practice

5781
05:25:55,200 --> 05:25:58,000
deficiency. 
Carrier noticed that one of the 

5782
05:25:58,000 --> 05:26:01,600
other Travelers a soft-spoken, 
man named Malik carried a small 

5783
05:26:01,608 --> 05:26:05,000
chest meticulously locked. 
He traveled with Perpetual 

5784
05:26:05,000 --> 05:26:07,700
worried etched into his features
eyes darting. 

5785
05:26:07,700 --> 05:26:09,500
Whenever torque turned to rumors
of desert. 

5786
05:26:09,500 --> 05:26:12,700
Raiders Secrets seem to coil 
around each member of this 

5787
05:26:12,700 --> 05:26:14,600
assemblage as though. 
No one ventured. 

5788
05:26:14,600 --> 05:26:18,100
These roads without hidden 
motives Late in the afternoon, 

5789
05:26:18,100 --> 05:26:20,700
the Caravan encountered, a party
of Horsemen. 

5790
05:26:20,700 --> 05:26:22,900
Flying. 
The banner of a minor warlord to

5791
05:26:22,900 --> 05:26:26,000
be in League with the Region's. 
Most feared Bandit, clairs 

5792
05:26:26,000 --> 05:26:29,100
tension, crackled through the 
group as soon halted, the 

5793
05:26:29,100 --> 05:26:31,200
Caravan waiting for the Riders 
to approach. 

5794
05:26:31,900 --> 05:26:34,600
After a terse greeting, the 
horsemen rode on apparently 

5795
05:26:34,600 --> 05:26:37,800
uninterested in Conflict. 
But the encounter rattled 

5796
05:26:37,800 --> 05:26:41,400
everyone Career noticed as soon 
as posture remained rigid with 

5797
05:26:41,400 --> 05:26:43,800
caution long. 
After the Riders vanished, in a 

5798
05:26:43,800 --> 05:26:46,600
plume of dust, the merchant 
murmured about changing their 

5799
05:26:46,600 --> 05:26:48,800
root seeking narrower Trails 
less. 

5800
05:26:48,800 --> 05:26:51,700
Patrolled by predatory 
Chieftains that evening brought 

5801
05:26:51,700 --> 05:26:54,000
them to a narrow Gorge its 
walls. 

5802
05:26:54,000 --> 05:26:55,800
Towering on, either side in 
Jagged ridges. 

5803
05:26:55,800 --> 05:26:59,100
As soon insisted they make camp 
in a sheltered Alcove half 

5804
05:26:59,100 --> 05:27:02,600
hidden behind weathered boulders
By the flicker of firelight 

5805
05:27:02,600 --> 05:27:04,500
career. 
Finally delved into the central 

5806
05:27:04,500 --> 05:27:08,500
chapter of the manuscript? 
Strange, symbols Park, Kunia 

5807
05:27:08,500 --> 05:27:12,400
form, part and known script 
decorated the margins, each sign

5808
05:27:12,400 --> 05:27:13,900
accompanied by cryptic 
commentary. 

5809
05:27:13,900 --> 05:27:16,900
The text recounted a 
civilization that mapped 

5810
05:27:16,900 --> 05:27:19,700
constellations in ways, 
contrasting, with every known 

5811
05:27:19,700 --> 05:27:22,800
chart. 
Diagrammatic lines, implied in 

5812
05:27:22,800 --> 05:27:25,300
advanced geometry, far 
exceeding, the standard 

5813
05:27:25,300 --> 05:27:29,300
calculation of her time. 
Just as Korea's pulse quickened,

5814
05:27:29,300 --> 05:27:32,300
at the Revelation, a cry, rang 
out near the edge of camp. 

5815
05:27:33,000 --> 05:27:34,400
She rushed towards the 
commotion. 

5816
05:27:34,400 --> 05:27:38,300
Heart pounding. 
Malik stood, trembling by his 

5817
05:27:38,300 --> 05:27:43,300
small chest, which now lay open 
his contents, missing Anguish 

5818
05:27:43,300 --> 05:27:46,000
colored his voice as he pleaded 
for help insisting. 

5819
05:27:46,000 --> 05:27:49,000
That something vital had been 
stolen, crucial letter from the 

5820
05:27:49,000 --> 05:27:51,300
governor of Basra hidden within 
that chest. 

5821
05:27:52,000 --> 05:27:54,600
How soon assembled the Caravan 
members demanding an 

5822
05:27:54,600 --> 05:27:58,600
explanation, tempers flared 
suspicion circled and whispered 

5823
05:27:58,600 --> 05:28:00,500
accusations rippled through the 
group. 

5824
05:28:01,500 --> 05:28:03,500
Searching for Footprints beneath
Lantern light. 

5825
05:28:04,400 --> 05:28:07,100
They discovered evidence of at 
least two Intruders who had come

5826
05:28:07,100 --> 05:28:10,600
and gone Without a Trace. 
No sign indicated who among 

5827
05:28:10,600 --> 05:28:14,600
them, might be an accomplice 
theft underscore fumes earlier 

5828
05:28:14,600 --> 05:28:18,600
warning in these transitory 
worlds Secrets, attract cunning 

5829
05:28:18,600 --> 05:28:22,700
opportunists Career, crypto 
manuscript more tightly wishing 

5830
05:28:22,700 --> 05:28:25,400
to vanish inside the Labyrinth 
of lines and symbols that 

5831
05:28:25,400 --> 05:28:28,200
promised an era unbounded by 
Petty intrigued. 

5832
05:28:28,900 --> 05:28:30,900
Yet, she remained anchored in 
the caravan's. 

5833
05:28:30,900 --> 05:28:33,700
Tents reality. 
The road ahead felt increasingly

5834
05:28:33,700 --> 05:28:36,700
perilous and the cost of 
preserving knowledge seemed set 

5835
05:28:36,700 --> 05:28:40,200
to rise the following Sunrise 
found the Caravan subdued. 

5836
05:28:40,200 --> 05:28:43,800
Each member wary of neighbors. 
Who might conceal hidden agendas

5837
05:28:44,600 --> 05:28:47,900
Assume LED them out of the Gorge
at a Brisk Pace, aiming to put 

5838
05:28:47,900 --> 05:28:50,200
distance between their group. 
And whoever had orchestrated, 

5839
05:28:50,200 --> 05:28:54,000
the nighttime theft, a pale wind
carried, the center of flint and

5840
05:28:54,000 --> 05:28:56,300
dust, stinging eyes and shopping
lips. 

5841
05:28:57,100 --> 05:28:59,200
Their route. 
Descended along a dry River bed,

5842
05:28:59,200 --> 05:29:02,800
flanked by stunned cameras, 
shrubs offering scant protection

5843
05:29:02,800 --> 05:29:06,800
from the intense filing, son, 
Korea, trudged in silence 

5844
05:29:06,800 --> 05:29:11,300
mindful that trust could be a 
luxury as midday Drew near they 

5845
05:29:11,300 --> 05:29:13,800
spotted, the remnants of a 
caravan serai built against the 

5846
05:29:13,800 --> 05:29:16,900
side of a bluff. 
It's once sturdy walls had caved

5847
05:29:16,900 --> 05:29:20,200
in and battered, archways led 
into Courtyard Stern with Fallen

5848
05:29:20,200 --> 05:29:22,600
Timber. 
Soon signaled a cautious 

5849
05:29:22,600 --> 05:29:25,300
approach and certain whether 
Travelers are outlaws might be 

5850
05:29:25,300 --> 05:29:29,100
occupying the ruins the group 
explored in pairs stepping over 

5851
05:29:29,100 --> 05:29:31,700
cracked tiles littered with the 
Scorpion husks. 

5852
05:29:32,300 --> 05:29:35,400
Know living presence emerged 
though evidence of a hasty 

5853
05:29:35,400 --> 05:29:39,300
departure scattered coals torn 
blankets suggested. 

5854
05:29:39,300 --> 05:29:41,100
Someone had sheltered there not 
long before. 

5855
05:29:42,000 --> 05:29:45,100
Since water was available from a
half collapsed system have soon 

5856
05:29:45,100 --> 05:29:47,900
decided they would rest under 
what remained of the Kara have 

5857
05:29:47,900 --> 05:29:51,200
answered his roof. 
Malik hovered by his broken 

5858
05:29:51,200 --> 05:29:54,200
chest sifting through remnants 
of cloth as those searching for 

5859
05:29:54,200 --> 05:29:57,000
any clue. 
Career drifted away from the 

5860
05:29:57,000 --> 05:30:00,300
group drawn to an overgrown 
Courtyard where a dried Fountain

5861
05:30:00,300 --> 05:30:04,200
stood Vines draped its cracked 
base in trailing over carved 

5862
05:30:04,200 --> 05:30:08,300
motifs of intertwine certains. 
Time and neglected worn away the

5863
05:30:08,300 --> 05:30:12,000
finer details yet a mysterious 
energy lingered as though the 

5864
05:30:12,000 --> 05:30:16,100
place once echoed with 
conversate about Cosmic truths 

5865
05:30:16,100 --> 05:30:20,700
Beyond mortal comprehension. 
She pulled out the Jade bound 

5866
05:30:20,700 --> 05:30:23,900
book to scrutinize a passage 
describing the Four Points 

5867
05:30:23,900 --> 05:30:25,800
beyond the boundary of Earthly 
measure. 

5868
05:30:27,100 --> 05:30:30,300
The text postulated that certain
alignment patterns stars in 

5869
05:30:30,308 --> 05:30:33,300
specific conjunctions allowed 
glimpses into knowledge 

5870
05:30:33,300 --> 05:30:37,400
unattainable through ordinary 
means this notion was not 

5871
05:30:37,400 --> 05:30:40,700
entirely foreign given that many
mystical traditions in Persia 

5872
05:30:40,700 --> 05:30:44,200
and India spoke of cosmic Gates.
Still the clarity of these 

5873
05:30:44,200 --> 05:30:47,800
instructions startled, her the 
manuscript seemed lesser mere 

5874
05:30:47,800 --> 05:30:50,500
curiosity and more carefully. 
Constructed key. 

5875
05:30:50,500 --> 05:30:53,700
She wondered if others who 
sought it, might comprehend it 

5876
05:30:53,700 --> 05:30:56,800
significance. 
Meanwhile afsoon prepared spiced

5877
05:30:56,800 --> 05:30:58,400
lentils and shared them among 
the group. 

5878
05:30:58,400 --> 05:31:00,800
Her gestures. 
Calm, yet determined, to 

5879
05:31:00,800 --> 05:31:03,400
maintain Unity tension. 
Still hovered. 

5880
05:31:03,400 --> 05:31:06,500
Like a low cloud with suspicions
that the thieves might be part 

5881
05:31:06,500 --> 05:31:09,800
of a larger plot. 
Over a sparse meal career 

5882
05:31:09,800 --> 05:31:11,700
gleaned fragments of each 
Travelers story. 

5883
05:31:12,500 --> 05:31:16,600
Textile Merchant returning from 
Cairo, a widower heading to some

5884
05:31:16,600 --> 05:31:19,800
arkan to meet his strange son. 
And amateur scribe, hoping to 

5885
05:31:19,800 --> 05:31:23,300
gain employment in the library 
of nishapur, they are by layer. 

5886
05:31:23,300 --> 05:31:26,800
She sensed each person guarded 
Secrets, born of loss and 

5887
05:31:26,800 --> 05:31:31,500
ambition or desperation As dusk 
fell Moonlight filtered through 

5888
05:31:31,500 --> 05:31:34,900
this Caravan sarai's gaps 
accentuating outlines of 

5889
05:31:34,900 --> 05:31:38,200
pillars. 
The group huddled around, small 

5890
05:31:38,200 --> 05:31:42,200
fires soft conversation revolved
around the abrupt shift in 

5891
05:31:42,200 --> 05:31:44,300
weather. 
The possibility of encountering,

5892
05:31:44,300 --> 05:31:47,300
warlord, patrols and whether 
rumors of a plague in the 

5893
05:31:47,308 --> 05:31:50,000
western provinces were 
exaggerated, though. 

5894
05:31:50,000 --> 05:31:53,600
The chatter seemed ordinary 
career felt a current of urgency

5895
05:31:53,600 --> 05:31:55,600
running beneath it. 
Everyone. 

5896
05:31:55,600 --> 05:31:59,100
Understood the precariousness of
traveling, these roots at any 

5897
05:31:59,108 --> 05:32:00,900
moment. 
Violence storms, or human 

5898
05:32:00,900 --> 05:32:03,800
treachery could obliterate, the 
careful calculations of even the

5899
05:32:03,800 --> 05:32:07,800
most disciplined Merchant. 
Restless career ventured into 

5900
05:32:07,800 --> 05:32:10,600
the courtyard once more. 
She ran her fingertips over the 

5901
05:32:10,608 --> 05:32:13,200
carved serpents using that 
knowledge itself. 

5902
05:32:13,200 --> 05:32:15,900
Often took the shape of 
something fearsome and winding 

5903
05:32:15,900 --> 05:32:18,800
capable of Enlightenment, but 
also of Destruction, depending 

5904
05:32:18,800 --> 05:32:22,000
on who wielded it, Before she 
could lose herself in 

5905
05:32:22,000 --> 05:32:24,900
speculation, a subtle Motion in 
the archway, Drew her attention.

5906
05:32:25,600 --> 05:32:28,000
She turned to see Malik shadowed
in Moonlight. 

5907
05:32:28,000 --> 05:32:32,000
His face still wore traces of 
Anguish he approached and in 

5908
05:32:32,000 --> 05:32:35,000
hushed tones apologized. 
If his Panic had disrupted, the 

5909
05:32:35,008 --> 05:32:37,800
Caravan stability. 
Then he posed a startling 

5910
05:32:37,800 --> 05:32:40,400
question. 
Is your book, truly worth 

5911
05:32:40,400 --> 05:32:44,800
risking your life. 
Career hesitated, contemplating 

5912
05:32:44,800 --> 05:32:47,500
her answer. 
She confessed that its Pages 

5913
05:32:47,500 --> 05:32:50,800
might Safeguard insights from an
older civilization knowledge 

5914
05:32:50,800 --> 05:32:53,800
that could enrich the world. 
If studied openly, yet she 

5915
05:32:53,800 --> 05:32:57,000
recognized the hazards. 
No single text was worth a life 

5916
05:32:57,008 --> 05:33:00,100
unless it all contained the 
means to prevent greater harm 

5917
05:33:00,900 --> 05:33:03,900
Malik nodded revealing that his 
lost letter held the potential 

5918
05:33:03,900 --> 05:33:05,600
to end a trade blockade 
strangling. 

5919
05:33:05,600 --> 05:33:08,200
His hometown. 
Without it, he feared entire 

5920
05:33:08,200 --> 05:33:11,400
families would starve. 
They shared a poignant silence. 

5921
05:33:11,400 --> 05:33:14,400
Realizing each bore a heavy 
burden for reasons that extended

5922
05:33:14,400 --> 05:33:17,800
Beyond self-interest. 
Their exchange was interrupted 

5923
05:33:17,800 --> 05:33:19,800
by a faint. 
Shout from afsoon who was 

5924
05:33:19,800 --> 05:33:23,000
patrolling the perimeter, a 
silhouette darted across the 

5925
05:33:23,000 --> 05:33:27,000
ruins, then vanished behind a 
crumbling wall alarmed carrier 

5926
05:33:27,000 --> 05:33:30,000
and Malik hurried back to the 
main Courtyard, only to find the

5927
05:33:30,000 --> 05:33:31,500
rest of the Travelers on their 
feet. 

5928
05:33:33,000 --> 05:33:36,200
The intrusion lasted mere 
seconds, but it confirmed the 

5929
05:33:36,208 --> 05:33:39,400
presence of Watchers trailing 
them, the memory of the stolen 

5930
05:33:39,400 --> 05:33:43,500
lettered in every mind Gathering
her sexual close carrier, 

5931
05:33:43,500 --> 05:33:45,200
recognized that Pursuit was 
inevitable. 

5932
05:33:45,200 --> 05:33:48,200
She could only hope that she 
carried would Outlast. 

5933
05:33:48,200 --> 05:33:51,400
The desert shifting alliances 
and the Relentless greed of 

5934
05:33:51,400 --> 05:33:54,800
unknown adversaries early the 
next day after soon, insisted 

5935
05:33:54,800 --> 05:33:56,500
they abandoned the ruin Before 
Sunrise. 

5936
05:33:56,500 --> 05:34:00,600
Lantern swinging from camel 
Saddles cast flickering halos in

5937
05:34:00,600 --> 05:34:04,900
the pre-dawn Gloom Career walked
at the caravan's rear scanning, 

5938
05:34:04,900 --> 05:34:08,500
The Horizon for Silhouettes, she
felt more exposed than ever 

5939
05:34:08,500 --> 05:34:11,800
especially with the manuscript 
drawing unseen eyes. 

5940
05:34:12,800 --> 05:34:16,200
A swirl of wind rustle, the 
sparse vegetation carrying the 

5941
05:34:16,200 --> 05:34:18,100
forlorn Hall of a distant 
jackal. 

5942
05:34:18,800 --> 05:34:21,700
Although no further Intruder 
appeared, the Caravans 

5943
05:34:21,700 --> 05:34:25,300
Collective nerves remained Raw. 
Their root now wound through a 

5944
05:34:25,300 --> 05:34:29,600
series of Rocky Badlands. 
Eroded Hills tinted red and okra

5945
05:34:29,600 --> 05:34:32,800
rows around them in Jagged 
formations reminiscent of a 

5946
05:34:32,800 --> 05:34:34,900
broken Amphitheater. 
At times. 

5947
05:34:34,900 --> 05:34:37,700
The path was scarcely wide 
enough for two camels to pass 

5948
05:34:37,700 --> 05:34:39,900
dust coated. 
Every surface clinging to 

5949
05:34:39,900 --> 05:34:43,400
clothes and creeping into water 
skins, The Travelers advanced in

5950
05:34:43,400 --> 05:34:46,400
single file. 
Each footstep measured Malik, no

5951
05:34:46,400 --> 05:34:49,000
longer shy. 
Kept pace with Korea, forging, 

5952
05:34:49,000 --> 05:34:52,000
an unspoken Alliance based on 
empathy rather than shared 

5953
05:34:52,000 --> 05:34:54,500
purpose. 
By noon, they reached an 

5954
05:34:54,500 --> 05:34:57,500
outcropping that afforded a 
sweeping view of the surrounding

5955
05:34:57,500 --> 05:35:00,200
valleys. 
Of soon pointed to a distant. 

5956
05:35:00,200 --> 05:35:03,800
Caravan crossing a ridge, its 
figures small as insects against

5957
05:35:03,800 --> 05:35:06,500
the harsh light. 
Better to let the move on 

5958
05:35:06,500 --> 05:35:09,700
without our parts in to secting 
she murmured concerned. 

5959
05:35:09,700 --> 05:35:11,500
They might be Bandits or rival. 
Merchants. 

5960
05:35:12,500 --> 05:35:15,000
She had planned a side route 
that skirted known Bandit 

5961
05:35:15,000 --> 05:35:17,300
strongholds though. 
It meant trudging through more 

5962
05:35:17,300 --> 05:35:21,100
challenging to rain. 
No one objected safety trumped 

5963
05:35:21,100 --> 05:35:24,900
speed in these uncertain Wilds 
as the day wore on the punishing

5964
05:35:24,900 --> 05:35:28,400
Sun pressed down some Travelers 
began to show signs of heat 

5965
05:35:28,400 --> 05:35:30,300
exhaustion. 
Soon. 

5966
05:35:30,300 --> 05:35:32,900
A lot of extra water rations 
mindful that supplies were 

5967
05:35:32,900 --> 05:35:35,000
finite careers. 
Thought swirled with 

5968
05:35:35,000 --> 05:35:38,500
calculations how many days until
they reached an established town

5969
05:35:38,500 --> 05:35:42,000
with the manuscripts possible 
Revelations be worth the perils.

5970
05:35:42,000 --> 05:35:45,200
She reminded herself that 
knowledge had never come cheap. 

5971
05:35:46,000 --> 05:35:48,300
Especially not the kind that 
might undermine established 

5972
05:35:48,300 --> 05:35:51,900
systems of power. 
Still, she felt an undercurrent 

5973
05:35:51,900 --> 05:35:55,100
of apprehension. 
Unseen forces seemed determined 

5974
05:35:55,100 --> 05:35:58,100
to intercept their path. 
Twilight offered a brief 

5975
05:35:58,100 --> 05:36:01,600
respite, they pitched camp at a 
plateau peppered with hearty 

5976
05:36:01,600 --> 05:36:04,000
desert. 
Shrubs wind woe through the 

5977
05:36:04,000 --> 05:36:06,900
Stony Hollows producing a low 
moan that set everyone on edge. 

5978
05:36:07,600 --> 05:36:11,600
This time of soon posted watches
in rotating pairs Korea 

5979
05:36:11,600 --> 05:36:14,300
volunteered for the midnight 
shift, hoping to glean some 

5980
05:36:14,300 --> 05:36:17,800
Solitude for reading When her 
turn arrived, she positioned 

5981
05:36:17,800 --> 05:36:21,100
herself near a small fire 
scanning, the Starlet Horizon 

5982
05:36:21,100 --> 05:36:24,300
while carefully turning pages of
the Jade bound kodaks. 

5983
05:36:24,300 --> 05:36:28,100
A diagram carefully Inked 
depicted, a swirling Cosmos 

5984
05:36:28,100 --> 05:36:30,100
dotted with unfamiliar 
constellations. 

5985
05:36:30,100 --> 05:36:34,100
The accompanying text mentioned,
a geometry, bridging mine, and 

5986
05:36:34,100 --> 05:36:36,700
universe though. 
The specifics remained cloaked 

5987
05:36:36,700 --> 05:36:39,500
in our cake jargon. 
She sensed movement at the edge 

5988
05:36:39,500 --> 05:36:42,300
of the firelight and gripped the
book protectively, but it was 

5989
05:36:42,300 --> 05:36:44,900
only in elderly Trader from 
their group, awakened, by 

5990
05:36:44,900 --> 05:36:49,200
coughing he approached nodding 
politely I see that you carry 

5991
05:36:49,200 --> 05:36:51,300
more than curiosity. 
He said, glancing at the 

5992
05:36:51,300 --> 05:36:54,500
manuscripts glowing Pages. 
He spoke of his younger days 

5993
05:36:54,500 --> 05:36:57,400
when he traveled to a 
Mountaintop Sanctuary rumored to

5994
05:36:57,400 --> 05:36:59,200
house writings older than any 
Empire. 

5995
05:36:59,900 --> 05:37:02,800
The priests there. 
He claimed hinted that scattered

5996
05:37:02,800 --> 05:37:05,800
relics across the Silk Road. 
Formed pieces of a grand puzzle.

5997
05:37:06,700 --> 05:37:09,800
He stopped short of elaborating 
perhaps wary of scaring her with

5998
05:37:09,800 --> 05:37:13,100
improbable myths, or reluctant 
to resurrect memories. 

5999
05:37:13,100 --> 05:37:16,900
Best left buried. 
Carrier nodded intrigued yet 

6000
05:37:16,900 --> 05:37:19,300
cautious. 
She had heard variations of the 

6001
05:37:19,300 --> 05:37:21,200
Mountaintop Library tail in her 
Journeys. 

6002
05:37:21,900 --> 05:37:24,900
One version, placed it in Tibet 
and other in the highlands of 

6003
05:37:24,908 --> 05:37:28,100
Persia and yet another in the 
Himalayas near the Indus 

6004
05:37:28,100 --> 05:37:31,300
regardless of location. 
The consistent theme was that a 

6005
05:37:31,308 --> 05:37:34,000
hidden repository of ancient 
texts might hold radical 

6006
05:37:34,000 --> 05:37:36,700
knowledge of mathematics 
medicine and astronomy. 

6007
05:37:37,500 --> 05:37:39,700
Could her manuscript be part of 
that Lost Legacy? 

6008
05:37:40,700 --> 05:37:42,900
she recalled hearing rumors, 
that certain references, 

6009
05:37:42,900 --> 05:37:45,500
connected the library's 
existence, to the taboo notion 

6010
05:37:45,500 --> 05:37:48,900
of cyclical time, where 
civilizations Rose and fell, 

6011
05:37:48,900 --> 05:37:53,400
repeatedly, each leaving fainted
Echoes for the next The elderly 

6012
05:37:53,400 --> 05:37:55,700
trade, a coughed again and 
excused himself to rest. 

6013
05:37:56,500 --> 05:38:00,800
Alone Korea gazed at the Codex. 
Swirl of questions filling her 

6014
05:38:00,808 --> 05:38:04,000
mind. 
Just then a sharp whistle 

6015
05:38:04,000 --> 05:38:05,900
pierced. 
The night, are she sprang to her

6016
05:38:05,908 --> 05:38:08,500
feet have soon, came running 
sword in hand. 

6017
05:38:08,500 --> 05:38:11,700
A scout on the perimeter shouted
news of footsteps on the far 

6018
05:38:11,700 --> 05:38:14,000
side of the plateau, everyone 
scrambled for weapons. 

6019
05:38:14,000 --> 05:38:17,300
Adrenaline, surged within 
moments, The Intruders. 

6020
05:38:17,300 --> 05:38:20,100
Fled, Vanishing, a swiftly as 
they derived leaving only 

6021
05:38:20,100 --> 05:38:23,500
Footprints of soon suspected. 
They were testing the Caravans 

6022
05:38:23,500 --> 05:38:26,500
defenses. 
Tension sword though know 

6023
05:38:26,500 --> 05:38:29,800
battling sued, the message was 
clear someone to track them with

6024
05:38:29,808 --> 05:38:33,000
precision. 
As the group attempted to settle

6025
05:38:33,000 --> 05:38:36,300
back into assemblance of rest, 
Korea's mind, refused to quiet. 

6026
05:38:37,300 --> 05:38:39,400
She wondered if the vanished 
Intruders belong to a 

6027
05:38:39,400 --> 05:38:42,700
clandestine order or was simply 
Bandits with a knack for 

6028
05:38:42,700 --> 05:38:45,300
intimidation. 
Either way, the manuscripts 

6029
05:38:45,300 --> 05:38:49,100
significant seemed Amplified. 
In that uneasy Darkness, she 

6030
05:38:49,100 --> 05:38:52,300
cradled her pressure's book, 
Feeling the weight of unspoken 

6031
05:38:52,300 --> 05:38:54,500
centuries pressed between its 
covers. 

6032
05:38:55,300 --> 05:38:58,600
The next day would bring new 
confrontation, but for now she 

6033
05:38:58,600 --> 05:39:01,300
could only watch the flickering,
Embers and awake, the uncertain 

6034
05:39:01,300 --> 05:39:04,000
Dawn. 
Arrived with a brittle Clarity 

6035
05:39:04,000 --> 05:39:06,800
that rendered every stone, 
ashram and weary expression in 

6036
05:39:06,800 --> 05:39:09,400
sharp focusing wasted. 
No time. 

6037
05:39:09,400 --> 05:39:12,800
Ordering a quick departure. 
The Caravan assembled under a 

6038
05:39:12,800 --> 05:39:14,500
sky streaked with lavender and 
Rose. 

6039
05:39:14,500 --> 05:39:17,500
A fleeting Beauty overshadowed 
by a need for vigilance. 

6040
05:39:18,400 --> 05:39:22,500
Camels loaded, watch rotations 
decided they moved out following

6041
05:39:22,500 --> 05:39:24,900
a narrow winding track that 
descended toward lower 

6042
05:39:24,900 --> 05:39:28,200
elevations, the arrow there. 
Tasted metallic as if charged 

6043
05:39:28,200 --> 05:39:31,700
with pent-up tension, By 
mid-morning the landscape began,

6044
05:39:31,700 --> 05:39:35,300
transitioning to Hill Country, 
small streams fed by recent 

6045
05:39:35,300 --> 05:39:37,100
rains. 
Cut through the top, terrain, 

6046
05:39:37,100 --> 05:39:39,500
offering a chance to refill 
water skins. 

6047
05:39:40,300 --> 05:39:42,500
The Travelers approached a 
shallow Creek where reads 

6048
05:39:42,500 --> 05:39:46,100
Russell in the wind carrier 
noticed footprints in the Soggy 

6049
05:39:46,100 --> 05:39:48,100
Earth. 
A separate group had passed here

6050
05:39:48,100 --> 05:39:50,000
recently heading in the same 
direction. 

6051
05:39:51,300 --> 05:39:55,100
Soon scaled muttering about the 
possibility of thin miles. 

6052
05:39:55,100 --> 05:39:57,300
They might be trailing, those 
who had invaded, their camps 

6053
05:39:57,300 --> 05:40:01,200
concerned rippled through the 
Caravan eager to stay ahead. 

6054
05:40:01,200 --> 05:40:04,000
After soon, pushed the group 
onward at a grueling Pace. 

6055
05:40:04,000 --> 05:40:08,100
Korea's carves ached as the 
trails exact between Rocky slope

6056
05:40:08,100 --> 05:40:09,600
and patches of thorny 
vegetation. 

6057
05:40:10,600 --> 05:40:13,300
In the distance, the outlines of
a fortified town on occasionally

6058
05:40:13,300 --> 05:40:15,500
emerged. 
Only to disappear behind Ridge 

6059
05:40:15,500 --> 05:40:17,900
lines. 
She guessed it to be garish. 

6060
05:40:17,900 --> 05:40:21,100
A midsize Trading, Post rumored 
to host, Pilgrims from the 

6061
05:40:21,100 --> 05:40:23,600
industry region. 
If they could reach Gary by 

6062
05:40:23,600 --> 05:40:26,200
Nightfall, The Caravan would 
have a solid perimeter. 

6063
05:40:26,200 --> 05:40:27,900
Walter Shield them at least 
temporarily. 

6064
05:40:28,800 --> 05:40:31,100
Eventually they spotted walls of
Pale Stone. 

6065
05:40:31,100 --> 05:40:35,100
Crowned, by watchtowers of soon 
signaled for calm, reminding 

6066
05:40:35,100 --> 05:40:37,900
everyone that unknown, dangers 
could look within a walled town 

6067
05:40:37,900 --> 05:40:41,400
as readily as outside 
approaching the gates, they 

6068
05:40:41,400 --> 05:40:44,600
encountered a row of guards 
wearing mismatched armor, After 

6069
05:40:44,600 --> 05:40:47,500
examining as soon as travel 
permits the guards allowed the 

6070
05:40:47,500 --> 05:40:49,100
entry in exchange for a modest 
toll. 

6071
05:40:49,700 --> 05:40:52,000
Inside the streets, were cramped
with stalls. 

6072
05:40:52,000 --> 05:40:54,700
Selling earthenware died, cloth,
and hammered bronze jewelry. 

6073
05:40:54,700 --> 05:40:58,200
The Aromas of grilled meat and 
fresh bread teased weary 

6074
05:40:58,200 --> 05:41:00,800
Travelers, but an undercurrent 
of weariness ran through the 

6075
05:41:00,808 --> 05:41:03,600
crowd of soon. 
Found a secure compound where 

6076
05:41:03,600 --> 05:41:06,600
the Caravan could rest 
stonewalls in closed to 

6077
05:41:06,600 --> 05:41:09,000
Courtyard that provided storage 
for the camels and a small 

6078
05:41:09,008 --> 05:41:12,700
stable for donkeys. 
Carrier anxious to clean any 

6079
05:41:12,700 --> 05:41:15,600
insight into who might be 
pursuing them ventured into the 

6080
05:41:15,600 --> 05:41:19,200
towns winding Lane's. 
She discovered a Public Square, 

6081
05:41:19,200 --> 05:41:21,300
where men played strategy games 
on carved. 

6082
05:41:21,300 --> 05:41:25,500
Wooden boards, nearby, a cluster
of pilgrims chanted vs in a 

6083
05:41:25,500 --> 05:41:28,800
language unfamiliar to her amid.
These scenes rumors. 

6084
05:41:28,800 --> 05:41:32,700
Floated a band of masked Riders 
had passed through a day. 

6085
05:41:32,700 --> 05:41:35,600
Early asking about a certain 
traveling scholar. 

6086
05:41:36,300 --> 05:41:39,300
The mentioned, chilled her, she 
hurried back to the compound 

6087
05:41:39,300 --> 05:41:43,000
only to find Malik pacing by the
gate, fidgeting, with a Leather 

6088
05:41:43,000 --> 05:41:47,000
Pouch, he had overheard similar 
chatter strangers, seeking news 

6089
05:41:47,000 --> 05:41:50,700
of a woman carrying, forbidden, 
documents career realized the 

6090
05:41:50,700 --> 05:41:53,200
net was tightening. 
They still had a window to slip 

6091
05:41:53,200 --> 05:41:56,200
away, but not much of one she 
conferred with a soon. 

6092
05:41:56,200 --> 05:41:58,600
Who suggested leaving crash 
under cover of Darkness, 

6093
05:41:58,600 --> 05:42:03,000
continuing East along, seldom 
used back roads, although it 

6094
05:42:03,000 --> 05:42:05,900
entailed more risk weighting 
might let their pursuers 

6095
05:42:05,900 --> 05:42:09,600
converge. 
After Sunset, the Caravan packed

6096
05:42:09,600 --> 05:42:14,300
up stealthily torches were kept 
minimal camel Silence with calm,

6097
05:42:14,300 --> 05:42:16,500
handling. 
A hush enveloped them as they 

6098
05:42:16,500 --> 05:42:19,700
slipped through garages. 
Secondary gate, bribing a night 

6099
05:42:19,708 --> 05:42:21,800
Watchman, who scarcely looked at
their faces. 

6100
05:42:22,600 --> 05:42:25,300
Outside the walls, Moonlight on 
the grassland. 

6101
05:42:26,100 --> 05:42:28,800
Curry clutched. 
The manuscript absorbing the 

6102
05:42:28,800 --> 05:42:31,000
night's chill. 
She couldn't escape the 

6103
05:42:31,000 --> 05:42:34,200
conviction that her Mission had 
become a race one in which the 

6104
05:42:34,200 --> 05:42:38,100
cost of failure was a reputable 
loss, not just for her but for 

6105
05:42:38,100 --> 05:42:40,500
an entire lineage of knowledge 
that might vanish again. 

6106
05:42:41,300 --> 05:42:44,000
Guided by a soon's, careful 
planning, they pressed into a 

6107
05:42:44,008 --> 05:42:47,000
region of Rolling Hills shape by
centuries of flood and drought. 

6108
05:42:47,900 --> 05:42:50,700
Occasional clusters of Cyprus 
trees broke the monotony, 

6109
05:42:50,700 --> 05:42:52,600
crickets chirped in the 
darkness. 

6110
05:42:52,600 --> 05:42:54,800
The group maintained strict 
silence. 

6111
05:42:54,800 --> 05:42:57,400
Halting often to listen for 
sounds of pursuit. 

6112
05:42:57,400 --> 05:42:59,900
Each time the night Breeze. 
Whispered through the brush 

6113
05:42:59,900 --> 05:43:02,700
carrier braced for a distant, 
hoofbeat or a flash of 

6114
05:43:02,708 --> 05:43:06,500
Torchlight yet hours, passed 
with no sign of the ambush. 

6115
05:43:07,100 --> 05:43:10,300
As the moon descended, they 
reached a shallow Ravine dotted 

6116
05:43:10,300 --> 05:43:13,900
with smooth, ancient Boulders 
have soon called for a halt to 

6117
05:43:13,908 --> 05:43:16,200
rest. 
The animals carrier Found A Flat

6118
05:43:16,200 --> 05:43:18,800
Rock and sank onto it physically
spent. 

6119
05:43:18,800 --> 05:43:22,200
But mentally alert. 
She glanced at Malik, whose eyes

6120
05:43:22,200 --> 05:43:25,000
reflected, the same exhaustion 
mixed with defiance. 

6121
05:43:25,900 --> 05:43:28,700
The sky above the showed, the 
faint glow of approaching Dawn 

6122
05:43:28,700 --> 05:43:32,400
tomorrow, perhaps the next day, 
they would come up on the 

6123
05:43:32,400 --> 05:43:35,500
mountain route leading to varash
the rumored city of hidden 

6124
05:43:35,500 --> 05:43:38,200
monasteries. 
If the Caravan made at that far 

6125
05:43:38,200 --> 05:43:41,100
the Jade manuscript might, 
finally find a place where it's 

6126
05:43:41,100 --> 05:43:43,500
Arcane Revelation could be 
deciphered without fear. 

6127
05:43:44,600 --> 05:43:48,000
But that hope remained fragile 
like a candle flame in Augusta, 

6128
05:43:48,000 --> 05:43:50,700
corridor. 
The first of mourning lit, the 

6129
05:43:50,700 --> 05:43:53,800
Ravine revealing Dusty grass and
scrub that offered little 

6130
05:43:53,800 --> 05:43:57,000
camouflage wearily. 
The Caravan assembled and 

6131
05:43:57,000 --> 05:44:00,100
continued mindful that speed was
their best defense. 

6132
05:44:01,000 --> 05:44:03,600
Over the next hours, they 
traversed, rolling slopes that 

6133
05:44:03,600 --> 05:44:05,800
ascended, gradually into Stony 
Highlands. 

6134
05:44:05,800 --> 05:44:09,200
The trail grew hazardous lined 
with the loose gravel and sharp 

6135
05:44:09,200 --> 05:44:11,900
descents, several times a 
misstep. 

6136
05:44:11,900 --> 05:44:15,500
Nearly sent a donkey tumbling 
into a Gorge the group's morale 

6137
05:44:15,500 --> 05:44:17,700
though. 
Frayed held steady under aphs 

6138
05:44:17,700 --> 05:44:20,700
firm Direction. 
Korea noticed the are thinning 

6139
05:44:20,700 --> 05:44:24,300
as they climbed accompanied by a
crisp coolness that sharpened 

6140
05:44:24,300 --> 05:44:27,700
her senses tiny Alpine flowers, 
clung to crevices. 

6141
05:44:27,700 --> 05:44:31,600
Their vivid petals are welcome 
contrast to weeks of unrelenting

6142
05:44:31,600 --> 05:44:34,800
dust From avantage point, 
overlooking a sprawling Valley, 

6143
05:44:34,800 --> 05:44:38,800
she glimpsed distant peaks in 
the mysterious Haze locals 

6144
05:44:38,800 --> 05:44:42,500
called these the Thousand Year. 
Mountains rumored to shelter, 

6145
05:44:42,500 --> 05:44:46,200
monastic Retreats older than 
recorded dynasties. the prospect

6146
05:44:46,200 --> 05:44:49,200
of reaching them, bolstered her 
spirit, even as her body, 

6147
05:44:49,200 --> 05:44:53,600
complained of fatigue, Near 
midday, the Caravan stopped by a

6148
05:44:53,600 --> 05:44:56,700
regular trickling through a 
rocky defile. while watering the

6149
05:44:56,700 --> 05:45:00,000
animals have soon and Korea 
consulted, a hand sketched map 

6150
05:45:00,000 --> 05:45:03,000
that indicated variously, two 
more days beyond the far ridges,

6151
05:45:03,000 --> 05:45:06,900
the path ahead would be even 
more treacherous cutting across 

6152
05:45:06,900 --> 05:45:11,200
unpredictable passes, sometimes 
blocked by landslides Korea felt

6153
05:45:11,200 --> 05:45:13,100
her heartbeat quicker than 
recalling. 

6154
05:45:13,100 --> 05:45:16,000
Rumors that entire Caravans have
been buried by Southern Rock 

6155
05:45:16,000 --> 05:45:19,300
Falls in these mountains, yet 
the urgency to evade pursuers 

6156
05:45:19,300 --> 05:45:23,400
overshadowed every other fear. 
They pressed on the root turning

6157
05:45:23,400 --> 05:45:26,200
into a steep climb dotted with 
ancient stone markers. 

6158
05:45:26,200 --> 05:45:30,200
At each Switchback, carrier saw 
inscriptions worn by centuries 

6159
05:45:30,200 --> 05:45:33,700
of whether She paused to trace 
her fingers over a faint symbol 

6160
05:45:33,700 --> 05:45:37,600
a stylized Sun, encompassed by 
The intersecting circles, 

6161
05:45:37,600 --> 05:45:41,000
something about it resonated 
with the diagrams in her Jade 

6162
05:45:41,000 --> 05:45:43,600
bound codex. 
She made a mental note to 

6163
05:45:43,600 --> 05:45:46,100
compare them later. 
Suspecting these markers might 

6164
05:45:46,100 --> 05:45:48,800
be vestiges of the same 
civilization described in the 

6165
05:45:48,800 --> 05:45:52,600
manuscript cryptic pages. 
Whenever she glimpsed fresh and 

6166
05:45:52,600 --> 05:45:56,600
scriptions her curiosity, 
ignited a new late in the 

6167
05:45:56,600 --> 05:46:00,000
afternoon, the skies dark and 
ominously thunder rumbled among 

6168
05:46:00,000 --> 05:46:03,200
the Peaks and a biting, wind 
heralded and approaching storm 

6169
05:46:03,200 --> 05:46:06,300
soon urged. 
Everyone to hurry, they located 

6170
05:46:06,300 --> 05:46:08,100
a natural overhang near a rocky 
ledge. 

6171
05:46:08,100 --> 05:46:10,300
Providing partial Shelter From 
the elements. 

6172
05:46:11,300 --> 05:46:14,700
Reign Unleashed its Fury soon. 
After they took cover slamming 

6173
05:46:14,700 --> 05:46:18,700
the landscape in waves, like 
tore the sky illuminated ragged 

6174
05:46:18,700 --> 05:46:21,700
silhouettes of mountains, the 
downpour threatened to wash away

6175
05:46:21,700 --> 05:46:24,100
the path. 
Huddled together, The Travelers 

6176
05:46:24,100 --> 05:46:26,800
watched rivulets, former cross 
the rocky ground carrying 

6177
05:46:26,800 --> 05:46:30,300
Pebbles and debris, downhill, 
the storm raged for hours, 

6178
05:46:30,300 --> 05:46:34,300
pinning them under the overhang 
career used the enforced pause 

6179
05:46:34,300 --> 05:46:38,200
to wrap the Codex, Sheltering it
beneath the canvas, she examined

6180
05:46:38,200 --> 05:46:40,000
the section. 
She had not yet deciphered 

6181
05:46:40,000 --> 05:46:43,900
focusing on references to a 
temple of Horizon's the text 

6182
05:46:43,900 --> 05:46:46,600
included, mathematical 
guidelines for charting star 

6183
05:46:46,600 --> 05:46:48,300
positions from an elevated 
Vantage. 

6184
05:46:49,100 --> 05:46:51,500
With each flash of lightning, 
she glimpsed the manuscript 

6185
05:46:51,500 --> 05:46:54,300
swirling lines and felt A 
peculiar kinship, with those 

6186
05:46:54,300 --> 05:46:56,300
unknown Scholars from centuries 
past. 

6187
05:46:56,900 --> 05:46:59,100
They had once Brave, the 
Wilderness of ideas. 

6188
05:46:59,100 --> 05:47:03,400
Now in a literal wilderness. 
She carried their legacy. 

6189
05:47:04,400 --> 05:47:07,500
Eventually the worst of the 
storm passed leaving dripping 

6190
05:47:07,500 --> 05:47:09,200
rocks in a deep chill in its 
wake. 

6191
05:47:10,000 --> 05:47:12,200
The group decided to remain 
under the overhang for the 

6192
05:47:12,208 --> 05:47:14,300
night. 
Wary of slick, trails and 

6193
05:47:14,300 --> 05:47:17,500
potential landslides. 
By flickering lamp light. 

6194
05:47:17,500 --> 05:47:21,800
As soon distributed dried figs 
and salted lamb conversation, 

6195
05:47:21,800 --> 05:47:24,400
drifted from the challenges of 
the climb to more philosophical 

6196
05:47:24,400 --> 05:47:27,400
musings, the futility of borders
in a land shape. 

6197
05:47:27,400 --> 05:47:31,000
By Millennia, the intangible 
line between fate and science. 

6198
05:47:32,000 --> 05:47:35,100
Malik spoke quietly of his 
father, who had died under a 

6199
05:47:35,100 --> 05:47:37,700
tyrants regime while trying to 
protect valuable manuscripts. 

6200
05:47:38,700 --> 05:47:41,600
Listening to him Korea sense. 
That each traveler had been 

6201
05:47:41,600 --> 05:47:44,700
guided here by a longing for 
redemption or renewal. 

6202
05:47:46,200 --> 05:47:49,400
Sometime after midnight career, 
woke to the faint, crackle of 

6203
05:47:49,408 --> 05:47:51,700
footsteps. 
She inched toward the edge of 

6204
05:47:51,700 --> 05:47:55,500
their makeshift shelter, heart, 
pounding two figures hunched, 

6205
05:47:55,500 --> 05:47:57,100
low hovered near the pack 
animals. 

6206
05:47:57,100 --> 05:47:59,800
She recognized them as 
strangers, not members of the 

6207
05:47:59,800 --> 05:48:04,200
Caravan, Before she could raise 
an alarm as soon, emerged from 

6208
05:48:04,200 --> 05:48:06,400
the darkness, like a phantom 
sword drawn. 

6209
05:48:07,100 --> 05:48:11,000
A Turf, standoff ensued broken 
by frantic Whispers, The 

6210
05:48:11,000 --> 05:48:12,400
Intruders fled. 
Once they saw, they were 

6211
05:48:12,400 --> 05:48:14,700
outnumbered the Caravans 
Travelers. 

6212
05:48:14,700 --> 05:48:18,100
Now fully awakened spent the 
rest of the night in guarded 

6213
05:48:18,100 --> 05:48:20,700
watch, cold and uneasy with 
Dawn. 

6214
05:48:20,700 --> 05:48:22,200
They surveyed the sodden 
landscape. 

6215
05:48:22,900 --> 05:48:25,600
Landslides had ripped through 
parts of the trail, but it 

6216
05:48:25,600 --> 05:48:28,900
appeared possible with caution. 
Though, The Intruders had not 

6217
05:48:28,900 --> 05:48:32,700
returned the sense of pursuit 
remained acute carrier conferred

6218
05:48:32,700 --> 05:48:35,700
with a soon, both concluding 
that time was running short. 

6219
05:48:35,700 --> 05:48:39,700
If Ash was Within Reach, they 
needed to seize the chance to 

6220
05:48:39,700 --> 05:48:42,900
perform more enemies closed in. 
Hoisting packs onto weary 

6221
05:48:42,900 --> 05:48:44,600
camel's. 
The group set forth again. 

6222
05:48:45,300 --> 05:48:48,200
The distant Peaks back and like,
Cain little Witnesses, and 

6223
05:48:48,200 --> 05:48:49,800
career. 
Whispered, a fervent hope that 

6224
05:48:49,800 --> 05:48:53,000
the city's rumored monasteries 
could offer refuge and perhaps 

6225
05:48:53,000 --> 05:48:56,300
reveal how to unlock the 
manuscripts deeper secrets. the 

6226
05:48:56,300 --> 05:49:00,300
final stretch of various proved 
grueling narrow Trails Clinton 

6227
05:49:00,300 --> 05:49:04,100
to mountain ridges, overlooking 
Miss shrouded abysses, each step

6228
05:49:04,100 --> 05:49:08,000
required vigilance At times, 
they paused to listen for rock 

6229
05:49:08,000 --> 05:49:11,000
falls in the distance markers of
an unstable Terrain. 

6230
05:49:12,000 --> 05:49:16,000
The Agri thinner and breath came
in short gasps yet Beyond every 

6231
05:49:16,000 --> 05:49:19,000
precarious. 
Turn a new Vista opened crisp, 

6232
05:49:19,000 --> 05:49:22,900
Lakes reflecting the sky hidden 
valleys studied with wildflowers

6233
05:49:22,900 --> 05:49:26,100
the occasional Stone ruined 
perched on a Ledge like an 

6234
05:49:26,100 --> 05:49:29,100
ancient Sentinel. 
The extremes of this landscape 

6235
05:49:29,100 --> 05:49:31,100
both and unsettled The 
Travelers. 

6236
05:49:31,800 --> 05:49:35,000
By late after noon, the slopes 
relaxed into a wide Plateau 

6237
05:49:35,000 --> 05:49:39,300
rising from the plateaus Edge, 
stood, varash, and closed, by a 

6238
05:49:39,300 --> 05:49:42,500
high stone Rampart. 
At first glance, the city 

6239
05:49:42,500 --> 05:49:44,200
appeared car from the mountain 
itself. 

6240
05:49:44,200 --> 05:49:47,900
Its walls blending with the 
surrounding Cliffs missed 

6241
05:49:47,900 --> 05:49:51,100
swirled around parapets, 
creating a dreamlike vision. 

6242
05:49:52,100 --> 05:49:56,200
According to Legend was older 
than any recorded Dynasty built 

6243
05:49:56,200 --> 05:49:58,600
upon a site revered for its 
Celestial alignments. 

6244
05:49:59,800 --> 05:50:02,200
A hush fell over the Caravan as 
they approached, the massive 

6245
05:50:02,200 --> 05:50:05,800
gate inside the city's. 
Winding streets ascended, in 

6246
05:50:05,808 --> 05:50:09,400
tears houses with slate, roofs 
leaned against sturdy. 

6247
05:50:09,400 --> 05:50:13,000
Ramparts while Cobblestone 
Lane's converged on a Central 

6248
05:50:13,000 --> 05:50:16,100
Square. 
Steam Rose from communal, baths 

6249
05:50:16,100 --> 05:50:19,600
that taped into natural, Hot 
Springs monks in dark, robes 

6250
05:50:19,600 --> 05:50:22,700
shuffled along the corridors 
carrying Scrolls tucked beneath 

6251
05:50:22,700 --> 05:50:25,200
their arms. 
Carriers census. 

6252
05:50:25,200 --> 05:50:27,600
Ignited, at the first glimpse of
this environment. 

6253
05:50:28,700 --> 05:50:31,000
Feel an undercurrent of 
scholarship humming through the 

6254
05:50:31,000 --> 05:50:34,800
city, like a Subterranean River.
A potent contrast of the chaotic

6255
05:50:34,800 --> 05:50:39,000
markets of Corazon. 
Apsom guided the Caravan to a 

6256
05:50:39,000 --> 05:50:40,900
spacious Courtyard in used by 
trade emissaries. 

6257
05:50:41,600 --> 05:50:44,300
Soon after settling career, 
excused herself in ventured into

6258
05:50:44,308 --> 05:50:47,200
the city's upper levels 
following directions gleaned 

6259
05:50:47,200 --> 05:50:50,000
from a scribe at the Inn. 
She was searching for a specific

6260
05:50:50,000 --> 05:50:52,500
Monastery. 
Library rumored to house ancient

6261
05:50:52,500 --> 05:50:54,800
manuscripts. 
Paralleling her Jade bound text 

6262
05:50:54,800 --> 05:50:57,100
crossing a series of stone 
bridges. 

6263
05:50:57,100 --> 05:50:59,600
That arched over narrow. 
Gulches she noticed the 

6264
05:50:59,600 --> 05:51:02,600
architecture, displayed 
recurring motifs, spiral 

6265
05:51:02,600 --> 05:51:05,900
carving, geometric borders, 
reminiscent of the codexes, 

6266
05:51:05,900 --> 05:51:10,000
marginal designs at last. 
She arrived at a massive carved 

6267
05:51:10,000 --> 05:51:12,100
door flanked by statues of robed
figures. 

6268
05:51:12,100 --> 05:51:15,200
The discrete signed identified 
it as the library of high 

6269
05:51:15,200 --> 05:51:19,800
windows Inside, the atmosphere 
was reverential Golden Light, 

6270
05:51:19,800 --> 05:51:23,200
filtered through stained glass, 
windows, Illuminating shelves, 

6271
05:51:23,200 --> 05:51:26,900
stacked from floor to ceiling 
with Scrolls Cody's and tablets 

6272
05:51:26,900 --> 05:51:30,900
monks novices and a few Learners
travelers from distant lands. 

6273
05:51:30,900 --> 05:51:34,100
Moved quite quietly between 
reading alcoves Carrier 

6274
05:51:34,100 --> 05:51:37,200
approached a Tall Bearded monk 
who introduced himself as 

6275
05:51:37,200 --> 05:51:40,100
brother Callan. 
With measured politeness, he 

6276
05:51:40,100 --> 05:51:42,800
asked her purpose. 
Carrier revealed her codex 

6277
05:51:42,800 --> 05:51:46,100
explaining in hushed tones that 
she believed it referenced an 

6278
05:51:46,100 --> 05:51:48,800
advanced astronomy predating 
recognized schools of thought. 

6279
05:51:49,600 --> 05:51:52,500
Intrigued brother Kaelyn, led 
her to a private study of 

6280
05:51:52,500 --> 05:51:55,300
chamber, lit by oil lamps there.
He produced a set of 

6281
05:51:55,300 --> 05:51:58,100
meticulously preserved star 
charts and scribed on leather. 

6282
05:51:58,900 --> 05:52:02,200
To careers, amazement certain 
passages, aligned closely with 

6283
05:52:02,200 --> 05:52:06,100
the diagrams in her manuscript 
upon closer inspection, they 

6284
05:52:06,100 --> 05:52:08,800
found near identical glyphs 
representing cardinal points 

6285
05:52:08,800 --> 05:52:12,500
Beyond normal mapping. 
Brother's eyes glimmered with 

6286
05:52:12,508 --> 05:52:15,300
excitement. 
These references appear in only 

6287
05:52:15,300 --> 05:52:18,400
are oldest records believed to 
have been copied from text 

6288
05:52:18,400 --> 05:52:23,100
salvaged Millennia ago. 
As the evening deepened, they 

6289
05:52:23,100 --> 05:52:26,600
piece together parallel lines of
text cross reference in them 

6290
05:52:26,600 --> 05:52:31,200
with genealogies straw altars 
and cryptic commentaries, The 

6291
05:52:31,200 --> 05:52:34,200
Synergy suggested that the Jade 
bound book might indeed be part 

6292
05:52:34,200 --> 05:52:37,200
of a nearly lost tradition. 
However, a vital section, 

6293
05:52:37,200 --> 05:52:41,200
remained missing, It was rumored
that a sister manuscript in a 

6294
05:52:41,200 --> 05:52:44,600
monastery, father East High in a
remote range where few ventured 

6295
05:52:44,600 --> 05:52:47,800
carriers Hearts sank. 
Knowing the road ahead, might 

6296
05:52:47,800 --> 05:52:51,700
hold even greater dangers yet. 
She also felt invigorated, the 

6297
05:52:51,700 --> 05:52:55,300
puzzle had grown more intricate 
weaving her fate with ancient 

6298
05:52:55,300 --> 05:52:57,200
Legacy that demanded 
guardianship. 

6299
05:52:58,100 --> 05:53:00,800
Upon returning to the end. 
She found as soon and Malik in 

6300
05:53:00,800 --> 05:53:02,800
heated discussion with the rest 
of the Caravan. 

6301
05:53:03,300 --> 05:53:05,800
News had arrived. 
That unidentified Riders were 

6302
05:53:05,800 --> 05:53:09,400
poking, around various Gates 
questioning Travelers about a 

6303
05:53:09,400 --> 05:53:11,100
woman scholar and her prized 
artifact. 

6304
05:53:11,800 --> 05:53:13,600
There are rival. 
Here was no secret. 

6305
05:53:14,600 --> 05:53:17,900
For the moment, the city's laws,
prevented open aggression, but 

6306
05:53:17,900 --> 05:53:20,200
no one believed that protection 
would last indefinitely. 

6307
05:53:21,100 --> 05:53:23,200
Assume proposed. 
They break the Caravan into 

6308
05:53:23,200 --> 05:53:27,000
smaller groups for anonymity, 
Malik pledged to stand by Korea,

6309
05:53:27,000 --> 05:53:30,400
recognizing that her success. 
Might Ripple far beyond personal

6310
05:53:30,400 --> 05:53:34,200
gain Under the Inn's lantern 
glow, Korea, shared what? 

6311
05:53:34,200 --> 05:53:37,100
She and brother Kalan had 
uncovered, the group listened in

6312
05:53:37,100 --> 05:53:39,400
solemn. 
Silence, understanding the 

6313
05:53:39,400 --> 05:53:42,300
gravity of her discovery. 
Perhaps it offered a new 

6314
05:53:42,308 --> 05:53:45,400
perspective on the cosmos, 
perhaps it threatened structures

6315
05:53:45,400 --> 05:53:48,900
built on carefully, managed 
knowledge. either way, their 

6316
05:53:48,900 --> 05:53:52,200
pursuers would not relent, Still
Korea felt A Renewed 

6317
05:53:52,200 --> 05:53:54,800
determination. 
The tapestry of centuries had 

6318
05:53:54,800 --> 05:53:58,700
woven her path in this moment. 
With the city of varish as an 

6319
05:53:58,700 --> 05:54:01,300
unlikely Refuge. 
She now held a clearer vision of

6320
05:54:01,300 --> 05:54:05,000
the manuscripts purpose. 
Dawn would bring decisions where

6321
05:54:05,000 --> 05:54:08,700
the to remain to search for the 
sister text, or to Brave unknown

6322
05:54:08,700 --> 05:54:10,800
dangers. 
In that flickering moment of 

6323
05:54:10,800 --> 05:54:13,800
possibility, each traveler 
realized they had become part of

6324
05:54:13,808 --> 05:54:17,300
a tale larger than themselves. 
A saga carried Along by 

6325
05:54:17,300 --> 05:54:21,100
caravan's forged in Hidden, 
libraries and destined to Echo 

6326
05:54:21,100 --> 05:54:23,800
across the shifting dunes and 
precarious peaks of time.