Boring History For Sleep | Life as a Tudor Servant Was NOT What You Think

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Imagine the castle or manor 
house already waking up with the

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weight of expectation. 
As the first rays of dawn peek 

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through the small windows 
Because tonight, we're taking on

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the role of a Tudor servant a 
character. 

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That history hardly ever 
mentions. 

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Their days were long, their 
tusks never ending and their 

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lives molded by Duty from 
scrubbing, sweeping carrying 

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trays of food fetching water at 
Sunrise and responding to the 

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households constant demands. 
So before we explore together, 

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take a moment to like the video 
and tell me in the comments what

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time it is and where you're 
tuning in from seeing our small 

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group of listeners gathered for 
stories like this all over the 

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world is always humbling. 
Now, dim your lights, grab your 

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blanket, and let our white noise
and narration do the trick. 

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The Bell Chimes through the 
night, like a furious 

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blacksmith's, Hammer 
immediately. 

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Awakening you despite your 
body's strong desire to act, 

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otherwise that's tutoring for 
you, even though it's still 

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completely dark outside. 
For am the sun, has more 

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important things to do than help
you. 

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You step on something cold and 
Squishy as soon as you roll out 

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of your narrow straw mattress, 
which you share with two other 

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servants. 
You've learned not to look too 

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closely in a household of 40 
people with dubious hygiene 

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habits. 
So hopefully it's just mud from 

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yesterday's rain. 
Some Mysteries are better off 

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remaining unsolved. 
You have precisely one hour 

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before the master and mistress 
expect their morning warmth. 

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So your first task is to light 
the fires throughout the manor 

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house. 
There is no pressure at all. 

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After Gathering your Tinderbox 
kindling and any remaining 

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self-respect from the previous 
day's mishaps, you start the 

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well known dance of igniting 
steel and Flint that will not go

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out. 
First up is the kitchen half. 

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Stone and iron Beast. 
That could likely roast an 

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entire Ox if necessary, getting 
it hot enough to boil water 

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without releasing smoke into the
room is today's more modest 

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objective. 
Your eyebrows are still growing 

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back from the instant with the 
Greenwood last month. 

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And you've mastered this 
particular skill, through months

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of trial and error mostly era. 
You can hear the house gradually

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coming to life as you work 
voices, that are muffled put 

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steps above and the sporadic 
sound of someone stopping their 

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toe on furniture in the dark. 
As its crew gets ready for yet 

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another day of lavish social 
theater, the Tudor Manor House, 

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creaks, and moans like a great 
wooden ship. 

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The next fireplace in the 
spacious Hall has personality 

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meaning. 
It is temperamental and appears 

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to take pleasure in making your 
life difficult. 

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Over the months, you've gotten 
to know this half and you talk 

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to it in soothing low voices 
while you carefully arranged the

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kindling, you know, better than 
your fellow servants, who 

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believe you've gone a little 
soft headed kindness or at least

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imaginative. 
Swearing in languages, you've 

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learned from the foreign traders
who come here will activate this

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fireplace. 
Your back hurts from carrying 

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logs and your hands are 
blackened with soot by the time 

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you like the third fire. 
This one in the Masters private 

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chamber. 
However, witnessing the Flames 

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ignite and spread turning Cold 
Stone into warmth and light is 

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incredibly fulfilling. 
One spark at a time. 

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You're bringing the house to 
life rather than merely starting

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fires. 
As you complete your rounds, the

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morning, light is just starting 
to peek through the heavy 

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shutters in The Tudor 
Countryside Dawn arrives. 

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Slowly like wine soaking into 
linen rather than with a big 

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splash. you've been working for 
more than an hour and just as 

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your day is starting, you 
realize it's actually more 

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morning In the kitchen, you take
a moment to warm your hands over

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the now, Jolly fire and steal a 
piece of bread from the basket 

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on the table from yesterday. 
It's difficult enough to make 

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someone understand but it's 
nearly edible when dipped in the

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hot milk, the cook left steaming
by the fireplace. 

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Even small victories. 
Make a big difference when your 

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life is defined by the tasks, 
you accomplish. 

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And the penalties, you avoid. 
Now that the house is completely

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awake. 
You can hear the sounds of Tudor

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morning. 
Chaos starting upstairs demands 

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for hot water, clean, Linens and
precisely the right temperature 

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for breakfast will soon arise 
for now. 

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However, you give yourself 
permission to enjoy the warmth 

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and the silent fulfillment of a 
job. 

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Well done, during this fleeting 
interval between the lighting of

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fires and the start of actual 
chaos One fire at a time today, 

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feels manageable, but tomorrow 
will bring the same routine in a

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Tudor home freshwater's. 
Like gold, only heavier and more

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prone to spill unexpectedly down
your front. 

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Your arms are already objecting 
to the idea of carrying bucket 

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after Bucket from the courtyard,
well, to different locations 

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throughout the house for your 
next task. 

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Your ancestors would have likely
worship the, well, as a minor 

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deity because it is an 
engineering Marvel. 

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You cannot see the bottom 
because it is so profound when 

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you release the bucket it 
disappears into the darkness 

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with a gratifying Splash that 
resembles an underground cheer. 

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Pulling it back up without 
losing half the water due to 

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physics. 
And your incompetence is the 

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true challenge over the months. 
You've owned a method for this. 

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That combines prayer, dance, and
careful, gravity negotiation 

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When the bucket is properly 
full, the Rope has a certain 

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feel to it, and you've mastered 
the art of reading its weight. 

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If the bucket is too light, it 
didn't fill properly. 

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If it's too, heavy water will 
slosh over the rim and down your

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sleeves quickly, getting you 
damp. 

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The first delivery is always 
made to the Master's chamber 

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where it is anticipated that hot
water for washing will magically

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materialize. 
You care balance the heavy 

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bucket as you ascend the narrow 
servant stairs trying not to 

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consider the consequences of 
slipping. 

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The stairs, which are narrow 
Steep and seemed to move 

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slightly each time you use them.
Obviously designed by someone 

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who never had to carry water up 
them. 

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You're exactly on time because 
Master Thomas is already 

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stirring. 
When you get there. 

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As far as Tudor gentlemen, go, 
he's a decent sort but he has 

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the odd habit of talking to 
himself. 

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While shaving, not strange chat 
mind you. 

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But lengthy discussion about 
crop rotation and Estate 

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Management that imply. 
He is either losing his sense of

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reality or is extremely 
committed to his job. 

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As you fill his washing base 
with water and lay out his 

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clothes for the day, you've 
learned to ignore these little 

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quiz, the Mistress of the house 
needs a completely different 

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strategy. 
The warmth of a summer 

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afternoon, in lady, Margaret's 
early years, which seems to 

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exist only in her memory and 
your increasingly desperate 

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attempts to recreate it 
Precisely what she has in mind, 

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when she talks about the 
temperature of water. 

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Neither too hot nor too cold. 
I testing each bucket with your 

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wrist and making small 
adjustments until the water 

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reaches that fabled ideal 
temperature, you've created what

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you privately refer to as the 
Goldilocks technique. 

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Her Chambers are amazed of 
delicate objects, that seem to 

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multiply when you're not 
looking. 

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Servants with buckets of water, 
could easily topple, the jewelry

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boxes. 
Silk, cushions, and silver 

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mirrors, all of, which were 
placed at precisely the right 

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height and angle. 
You navigate this obstacle 

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course with the focus of a cat 
pursuing a mouse and showing 

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that each step is meticulously 
planned. 

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And executed, the kitchen being 
the Hub of the home naturally. 

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Requires the most water. 
Water is necessary for 

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everything from washing 
vegetables to prepare the days 

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bread according to the Cook 
acnes. 

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A formidable woman, who ruled 
her realm with an iron Laidlaw, 

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and a vocabulary that would make
a sale of blush. 

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She is also picky about her 
water sources, using rainwater 

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to wash delicate herbs. 
Well, water for cooking and 

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drinking and what she 
enigmatically refers to as soft 

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water for the best Pace. 
Trees by your fourth, visit to 

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the well. 
Your hands have grown new 

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calluses to match the old ones 
and your shoulders are 

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complaining formally. 
The walk to the Courtyard, the 

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sound of the bucket, hit the 
water and the steady Rhythm of 

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the Rope passing through your 
hands or possess a meditative 

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quality. 
It's the kind of honest work 

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that at the end of the day, 
leaves you feeling content, but 

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exhausted. 
You can smell breakfast, 

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starting to take shape in the 
kitchen as the sun rises higher 

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bathing, the courtyard stones in
warm, Golden Light. 

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You can now look forward to the 
next part of your day which is 

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helping to prepare the food that
will sustain this small army of 

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nobles servants and Hangers On 
through another day of Tudor 

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life. 
As your morning, water Duties 

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are almost complete. 
You've learned that. 

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If you want to survive, you must
stay out of Agnes's way while 

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still being useful enough. 
To avoid her famous wooden spoon

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to the rear Agnes, the cook 
managers, her kitchen like a 

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general leading troops. the 
kitchen is a unique environment 

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that serves as a workshop, a 
Battleground and a sanctuary, 

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enabling the family to eat with 
remarkable efficiency, and 

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minimal disturbance, Your tasks 
for the morning is to assist in 

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making breakfast, which in a 
Tudor home entails, preparing 

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enough food to feed a small 
village. 

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Although the Gentry may eat 
sparingly, they eat frequently. 

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Each meal must showcase the 
family's abundant and wealth. 

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There is no pressure at all. 
You start with the bread Agnes 

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made Before Dawn. 
When you want to sleep more, it 

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is your responsibility to slice 
it into appropriate, portions 

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that a uniform enough. 
That no one feels cheated by 

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their portion size, thin enough 
to demonstrate refinement and 

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thick enough to absorb meat 
juices. 

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It seems easy Until you realize 
that you're dealing with a knife

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that has seen better days and 
bred that could be used as a 

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weapon. 
Watching Agnes, perform her 

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magic. 
With the morning's, meet course 

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is the true source of 
entertainment. 

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Is cooking a beef joint that 
appears to be big enough to have

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been from a very hopeful cow and
she tackles it with the 

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laser-like focus of a marble 
Sculptor. 

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Her knife work is poetry in 
motion accurate effective and 

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sometimes laced with commentary 
about the origins of the meat 

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that you're pretty certain isn't
supported by science. 

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When you consider that Tudor 
eggs are produced by Tudor 

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chickens, who apparently see, 
laying eggs as a personal favor.

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They are performing for 
Humanity, you realize that your 

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assignment to egg Duty seems are
not cure us, these eggs have 

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personalities, some are just 
plain, some, have odd shapes and

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occasionally, you come across 
one that challenges all of your 

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preconceived notions about 
chickens. 

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It's your responsibility to 
classify them as better used for

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throwing at traveling 
performers, normal and slightly 

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suspicious Agnes, has committed 
every minute of the meticulously

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planned kitchen schedule to 
memory, just as the meat enters,

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the oven, the bread exits. 
The vegetables are chopped 

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according to the cooking time 
depending on what is being 

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prepared. 
Different kinds of wood a Fed 

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Into the Fire. 
Pine for when Agnes is feeling 

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inventive with her, swearing 
Applewood for flavor and Oak for

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consistent Heat. 
You've learned to read the 

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kitchen's moods by watching 
Agnes's movements. 

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The food will be amazing and 
everything will be fine when 

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she's humming to herself. 
Minor catastrophes are Brewing 

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but are likely to be contained 
when she's muttering to herself,

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make yourself useful somewhere 
else until the storm passes 

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during which time she's 
completely silent except for the

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piercing sounds of violent. 
Chopping With its pricey 

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seasonings that cost. 
More than most servants making a

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month. 
The spice cabinet is Agnes's, 

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personal. 
Treasure Trove. 

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She measures out exact amounts 
with the solemnity of a priest. 

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Making communion wine guarding 
these spices like a dragon 

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guarding gold After learning 
this lesson, the hard way after 

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inadvertently knocking over a 
container of imported pepper 

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which took Agnes three months to
replace and forgive your 

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permitted to observe, but a 
strictly prohibited from 

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touching. 
The sounds of orderly chaos and 

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the Aromas of cooking. 
Fill the kitchen as the morning.

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Where is on Pan Sizzle pops 
bubble and Agnes guides the 

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00:11:30,408 --> 00:11:34,000
symphony with commentary that 
varies from uplifting to vividly

231
00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:36,800
descriptive. 
As you chop vegetables in time 

232
00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:38,600
with Agnes's Direction, stir 
pots. 

233
00:11:38,600 --> 00:11:41,100
In time with her humming and 
join in on the daily. 

234
00:11:41,100 --> 00:11:44,200
In the kitchen, you discover 
yourself slipping into the 

235
00:11:44,200 --> 00:11:47,200
rhythm of it all. 
The servants breakfast happens 

236
00:11:47,200 --> 00:11:51,500
in Stolen Moments between tasks,
a quick bite of bread here, A 

237
00:11:51,500 --> 00:11:54,200
Taste of porridge there. 
Always with one eye on Agnes to 

238
00:11:54,200 --> 00:11:56,500
make sure you're not slacking 
off when there's work to be 

239
00:11:56,500 --> 00:11:58,000
done. 
Even if you didn't contribute 

240
00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:00,400
much, there's a certain 
satisfaction in eating food. 

241
00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:04,800
You helped to prepare It's not a
glamorous dining experience by 

242
00:12:04,800 --> 00:12:06,400
the time the Gentry is breakfast
is ready. 

243
00:12:06,400 --> 00:12:09,200
You have developed a healthy 
appetite and a profound 

244
00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:12,500
admiration for Agnes's Talent 
even though, you know, better 

245
00:12:12,500 --> 00:12:16,600
she makes feeding 40 people seem
effortless, every great meal 

246
00:12:16,600 --> 00:12:20,200
requires years of practice hours
of preparation, and the 

247
00:12:20,200 --> 00:12:22,400
occasional Miracle when 
everything works out. 

248
00:12:22,400 --> 00:12:25,300
In spite of unreliable 
ingredients, and temperamental 

249
00:12:25,300 --> 00:12:28,400
ovens. 
In a Tudor Manor House serving 

250
00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:30,900
breakfast is similar to 
performing in a play where 

251
00:12:30,900 --> 00:12:34,000
everyone knows their part, 
except for you and forgetting, 

252
00:12:34,000 --> 00:12:36,600
your lines has more serious 
repercussions than just 

253
00:12:36,600 --> 00:12:39,400
embarrassment. 
The family and their guests of 

254
00:12:39,408 --> 00:12:42,200
gathered in the Magnificent hall
for the mornings meticulously 

255
00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:45,800
planned exhibition of 
sophistication and you carry the

256
00:12:45,800 --> 00:12:49,600
first platters in side. 
With its high ceilings enormous 

257
00:12:49,600 --> 00:12:52,700
wooden beams and tapestries that
most likely cost more than your 

258
00:12:52,700 --> 00:12:54,300
entire Village. 
Made the previous year. 

259
00:12:54,300 --> 00:12:59,300
The Magnificent Hall is built to
impress The room is dominated by

260
00:12:59,300 --> 00:13:02,300
the long oak table which has 
been polished to a Sheen that 

261
00:13:02,300 --> 00:13:04,500
reflects the morning light 
coming in through the tall 

262
00:13:04,500 --> 00:13:07,900
windows. 
This family is Rich tasteful and

263
00:13:07,900 --> 00:13:12,400
sensible enough to show it. 
After weeks of practice and a 

264
00:13:12,400 --> 00:13:15,100
few mishaps that have become 
family Legends, you have 

265
00:13:15,108 --> 00:13:18,500
committed the serving protocol 
to memory, never reach across. 

266
00:13:18,500 --> 00:13:22,400
Someone serve from the left 
clear from the right and never 

267
00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:25,200
ever spill anything on lady, 
Margaret's morning gown. 

268
00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:29,400
Story about you a picture of 
cream and address. 

269
00:13:29,400 --> 00:13:32,100
That was more expensive than 
most people's homes led to the 

270
00:13:32,100 --> 00:13:35,900
creation of that final rule. 
Master Thomas and His Steward 

271
00:13:35,900 --> 00:13:38,600
are already deep in conversation
at the head of the table about 

272
00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:41,800
tenant rents and crop yields. 
You've learned to respect his 

273
00:13:41,800 --> 00:13:44,900
ability to talk about grain 
prices while eating a fantastic 

274
00:13:44,900 --> 00:13:47,000
deal. 
Eat breakfast. 

275
00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:49,800
Like someone who has never 
worried about food but it could 

276
00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:53,200
feed his family for a week. 
Lady Margaret, who was born to 

277
00:13:53,200 --> 00:13:55,800
command attention, overseas the 
meal with Grace. 

278
00:13:55,800 --> 00:13:58,600
You've always thought it should 
be impossible for her to look 

279
00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:01,500
elegant while eating but it 
turns out that all it takes, is 

280
00:14:01,500 --> 00:14:04,500
the correct breeding. 
And enough practice, the 

281
00:14:04,500 --> 00:14:07,900
discussion ranges from London 
news to local, rumors to 

282
00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:10,300
scathing remarks about the 
conduct of different servants, 

283
00:14:10,300 --> 00:14:14,900
which undoubtedly includes you. 
A revolving cast of local Gentry

284
00:14:14,900 --> 00:14:17,800
traveling merchants and distant 
relatives who have come for 

285
00:14:17,800 --> 00:14:21,400
visits of unknown duration, make
up the tables guests, each 

286
00:14:21,400 --> 00:14:23,100
brings their quirks and 
requirements. 

287
00:14:23,100 --> 00:14:26,400
So William always prefers to 
have his meat cut into small 

288
00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:28,600
enough pieces so that his 
remaining teeth won't have to 

289
00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:31,600
work as hard. 
The merchants wife needs a bread

290
00:14:31,600 --> 00:14:34,300
trenches to be perfectly square,
serving. 

291
00:14:34,300 --> 00:14:37,300
The visiting Yorkshire cousin is
a diplomatic smile exercise. 

292
00:14:37,300 --> 00:14:39,900
Because she maintains that 
everything north of the river 

293
00:14:39,900 --> 00:14:41,500
trend is better than everything 
South. 

294
00:14:41,500 --> 00:14:45,900
Even the water Refilling wine 
cups, swapping out, empty 

295
00:14:45,900 --> 00:14:48,300
platters, and attempting to 
blend in with the background 

296
00:14:48,300 --> 00:14:50,100
noise while under constant 
scrutiny. 

297
00:14:50,100 --> 00:14:54,400
You move through the room with 
practice, to see, being present 

298
00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:57,400
enough to anticipate needs while
remaining discreet enough for 

299
00:14:57,400 --> 00:14:59,900
your employers to act as though 
you don't exist when it suits 

300
00:14:59,900 --> 00:15:02,200
them. 
Is the art of excellent service,

301
00:15:02,200 --> 00:15:05,800
you've learned Politics, the 
weather your neighbor's and The 

302
00:15:05,800 --> 00:15:09,200
Perennial Tudor, preoccupation 
with who is marrying, who, and 

303
00:15:09,200 --> 00:15:11,600
why are all topics of 
conversation that swirl around 

304
00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:15,100
you like a river around Stones? 
You learn tidbits of information

305
00:15:15,100 --> 00:15:18,400
that depict a world far bigger 
than the manor house including 

306
00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:21,800
news from the continent, stories
about events in London and 

307
00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:25,000
rumors about the Royal Court 
that seep through social strata.

308
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:28,300
Like rain through leaves, 
sometimes when the formal 

309
00:15:28,300 --> 00:15:31,400
performance falters and genuine 
affection is evident, you can 

310
00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:33,500
see glimmers of warmth between 
family members. 

311
00:15:34,800 --> 00:15:37,100
When their oldest son, mentions 
a persistent cough. 

312
00:15:37,100 --> 00:15:40,800
Lady Margaret, expresses genuine
concern Master. 

313
00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:44,100
Thomas makes his wife laugh with
a private joke and the younger 

314
00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:46,600
kids momentarily. 
Lose their table manners as they

315
00:15:46,600 --> 00:15:48,700
get excited about the 
afternoon's plans. 

316
00:15:49,500 --> 00:15:54,000
With several meet courses, fresh
bread, preserved, fruits cheese,

317
00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:57,300
that smells like it could Rouse 
the dead and whine that flows 

318
00:15:57,300 --> 00:15:59,100
more freely than water in most 
homes. 

319
00:15:59,100 --> 00:16:01,900
The meal itself is a Marvel of 
abundance. 

320
00:16:01,900 --> 00:16:04,900
Every napkin is folded with 
mathematical accuracy. 

321
00:16:04,900 --> 00:16:09,000
Every cup is filled the exact 
level and every dish is 

322
00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:12,700
presented exquisitely. 
The daily demonstration that 

323
00:16:12,700 --> 00:16:15,700
this family has not only 
survived, but thrived in a world

324
00:16:15,700 --> 00:16:17,600
where such success is never 
guaranteed. 

325
00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:21,400
You start the delicate task of 
clearing the table as breakfast 

326
00:16:21,400 --> 00:16:23,900
comes to an end without 
interfering with the ongoing 

327
00:16:23,900 --> 00:16:28,400
conversation for this. 
You need timing patience and the

328
00:16:28,408 --> 00:16:31,500
ability to discern when someone 
is actually done with a dish 

329
00:16:31,500 --> 00:16:34,900
rather than just stopping to 
point out grain tariffs, You've 

330
00:16:34,900 --> 00:16:38,200
honed your intuition for these 
instances, recognizing the 

331
00:16:38,200 --> 00:16:40,900
subtle cues that signal when 
it's appropriate to grab an 

332
00:16:40,900 --> 00:16:43,500
empty plate. 
You've walked miles around the 

333
00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:46,700
wonderful Hall, balance to 
gazillion dishes and managed to 

334
00:16:46,708 --> 00:16:50,000
avoid any major disasters. 
By the time, the family scatters

335
00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:51,400
off to their different morning 
activities. 

336
00:16:52,200 --> 00:16:55,200
Although, they may seem small 
victories are important in a 

337
00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:56,500
world. 
Where your livelihood depends 

338
00:16:56,500 --> 00:16:58,200
on, not dropping things on 
important. 

339
00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:02,100
People, you'll take success, 
wherever you can find it, every 

340
00:17:02,100 --> 00:17:04,900
surface in the manor house, 
whether it needs it or not gets 

341
00:17:04,900 --> 00:17:07,099
attention during the massive 
cleaning campaign that follows 

342
00:17:07,099 --> 00:17:10,900
breakfast, you have brushes rags
and a bucket of water that was 

343
00:17:10,900 --> 00:17:14,300
hot when you began but it is now
cool to the ideal temperature 

344
00:17:14,300 --> 00:17:16,000
for reflecting on your life 
decisions. 

345
00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:20,300
After breakfast, the Great Hall 
needs extra care and you tackle.

346
00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:22,900
This chore with the methodical 
attention to detail of a 

347
00:17:22,900 --> 00:17:25,900
military operation. 
You start by sweeping the floors

348
00:17:25,900 --> 00:17:28,800
rushes which have gathered a 
remarkable, assortment of trash 

349
00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:32,100
from the mornings events, 
throwing food scraps to the dogs

350
00:17:32,100 --> 00:17:34,300
is a part of Tudor dining and 
occasionally. 

351
00:17:34,300 --> 00:17:37,800
The aim is not quite perfect. 
The Russians themselves are a 

352
00:17:37,800 --> 00:17:39,700
constant source of mild horror 
and fascination. 

353
00:17:40,700 --> 00:17:43,700
In addition, to providing a soft
surface For Walkin On and 

354
00:17:43,700 --> 00:17:47,000
absorbing spills, they also hold
on to Insects smells and 

355
00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:50,100
enigmatic stains that. 
If they could speak could reveal

356
00:17:50,100 --> 00:17:53,800
Secrets those are stories. 
You would rather not hear the 

357
00:17:53,800 --> 00:17:56,300
secret is to replace them 
frequently enough to preserve 

358
00:17:56,300 --> 00:17:59,600
basic hygiene without wasting 
money on spending materials. 

359
00:18:00,800 --> 00:18:03,600
The Magnificent table which is 
seen more life than most people 

360
00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:05,700
and bears. 
The scars of it is the next 

361
00:18:05,700 --> 00:18:09,200
piece of furniture, you polish, 
when properly cared for the 

362
00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:12,200
would still shines with a deep 
richness despite being scarred 

363
00:18:12,200 --> 00:18:16,600
by knives stained by wine and 
worn down by years of use, Your 

364
00:18:16,600 --> 00:18:19,100
reflection waivers in its 
surface like a funhouse mirror 

365
00:18:19,100 --> 00:18:23,700
distorted, but recognizable. 
The tapestry is present the true

366
00:18:23,700 --> 00:18:27,400
difficulty, requiring close 
attention, and a thorough 

367
00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:31,100
comprehension of which ones are 
genuinely cleanable, and which 

368
00:18:31,100 --> 00:18:33,200
are held together by dirt and 
obstinacy. 

369
00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:36,700
The hunting scene on the East 
wall is a specially Troublesome 

370
00:18:36,700 --> 00:18:39,300
because lady Margaret demands 
that the threads be kept dust 

371
00:18:39,300 --> 00:18:42,500
free despite the fact that they 
are so delicate that breathing 

372
00:18:42,500 --> 00:18:44,700
on them to forcefully could 
seriously harm them. 

373
00:18:46,200 --> 00:18:48,400
You've mastered the art of 
delicately brushing and 

374
00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:51,300
fervently praying to whatever 
patron saint is in charge of 

375
00:18:51,300 --> 00:18:54,500
household textiles. 
While Agnes prepares the 

376
00:18:54,500 --> 00:18:57,400
afternoon Feast, you have a 
quick break at noon to eat your 

377
00:18:57,408 --> 00:18:59,200
meal in the kitchen with the 
other servants. 

378
00:18:59,800 --> 00:19:03,000
In the servants table rank. 
His less important than who gets

379
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:06,600
the bread first and who dares to
ask for second when Agnes is 

380
00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:09,300
upset. 
Practical topics dominate the 

381
00:19:09,300 --> 00:19:12,600
conversation, such as witch 
rooms require the most attention

382
00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:15,300
who has been tasked with 
maintaining the north Wing's, 

383
00:19:15,300 --> 00:19:17,600
temperamental chimney. 
And whether the Master's 

384
00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:20,100
visiting, nephew will ever learn
how to use a chamber pot 

385
00:19:20,100 --> 00:19:23,900
correctly. breakfast appears to 
be a light snack as the 

386
00:19:23,900 --> 00:19:26,000
afternoon serving 
responsibilities start with 

387
00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:29,900
dinner, the day's main course, 
The kitchen sends forth a parade

388
00:19:29,900 --> 00:19:32,600
of dishes that were challenged 
the organizational skills of a 

389
00:19:32,600 --> 00:19:34,700
Roman legion, multiple meet 
courses. 

390
00:19:34,700 --> 00:19:37,700
Elaborate pies. 
Vegetables prepared in ways that

391
00:19:37,700 --> 00:19:41,000
disguise their humble Origins 
and deserts that are more 

392
00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:44,300
architecture than food. 
You can tell how long a meal 

393
00:19:44,308 --> 00:19:47,000
will take and how hard it will 
be by listening to the noise 

394
00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:50,100
level and the wine consumption 
rate from the servants entrance 

395
00:19:50,100 --> 00:19:54,200
formal service in a keen eye for
detail, are necessary for a 

396
00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:58,100
quiet, restrained meal, there 
will be more wine or stories and

397
00:19:58,100 --> 00:20:00,300
a lot more clean up. 
After a boisterous joyous 

398
00:20:00,300 --> 00:20:04,100
dinner, the conversation is 
Lively, but polite, the wine is 

399
00:20:04,100 --> 00:20:07,300
Flowing, but not overflowing and
the guests appear more focused 

400
00:20:07,300 --> 00:20:09,500
on the food that on making 
memorable mishaps. 

401
00:20:10,200 --> 00:20:13,200
Today's meal is in the middle. 
You move through your duties 

402
00:20:13,200 --> 00:20:16,000
with the smooth efficiency that 
comes from months of practice 

403
00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:19,600
and anticipating needs before 
their expressed and solving 

404
00:20:19,600 --> 00:20:21,700
small problems. 
Before they become large ones 

405
00:20:21,700 --> 00:20:25,200
through necessity and repeated 
practice, you've learned how to 

406
00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:27,400
refill wine cups without 
disrupting crucial 

407
00:20:27,400 --> 00:20:30,400
conversations. 
When someone reaches the point 

408
00:20:30,400 --> 00:20:33,900
in their story, where dramatic 
gestures are required, it takes 

409
00:20:33,900 --> 00:20:37,600
precise, timing, silent movement
and the capacity to temporarily 

410
00:20:37,600 --> 00:20:40,400
disappear. 
You now know which patrons take 

411
00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:42,900
service interruptions. 
Well, and which view them as 

412
00:20:42,900 --> 00:20:45,700
personal slights. 
You find yourself slipping into 

413
00:20:45,700 --> 00:20:48,700
the well-known service Rhythm as
the afternoon wears on and the 

414
00:20:48,700 --> 00:20:51,400
meal continues. 
Its leisurely progression watch,

415
00:20:51,400 --> 00:20:56,300
anticipate act Retreat, repeat, 
it's hard. 

416
00:20:56,300 --> 00:20:58,000
Work that needs continuous 
Focus. 

417
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:00,300
But there's a sense of 
accomplishment when you do it 

418
00:21:00,300 --> 00:21:03,100
well and contribute to the 
efficient operation that keeps 

419
00:21:03,100 --> 00:21:07,200
the manor house running like a 
well kept machine the warm after

420
00:21:07,200 --> 00:21:10,100
noon light, pouring Through the 
Windows slowly, fills the dining

421
00:21:10,100 --> 00:21:13,400
room, Illuminating everything 
with gold and Hughes that in 

422
00:21:13,400 --> 00:21:16,800
part the most ordinary chores 
are magical touch Your 

423
00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:19,500
occasionally gain a glimpse of 
what makes this life bearable in

424
00:21:19,500 --> 00:21:22,200
these moments between the 
pressure to be perfect and the 

425
00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:25,500
demands of service. 
The daily Miracle of abundance 

426
00:21:25,500 --> 00:21:29,400
in a world where such plenty, as
far from guaranteed, the small 

427
00:21:29,400 --> 00:21:33,000
community of fellow servants and
the quiet pride of work done. 

428
00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:36,800
Well, your role changes from 
servant to defender of domestic 

429
00:21:36,800 --> 00:21:39,100
order as the afternoon turns 
into evening. 

430
00:21:39,100 --> 00:21:42,000
And the manor house starts to 
transition from daytime 

431
00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:44,200
productivity to nighttime 
Comfort. 

432
00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:47,800
Although, the evening meal known
as supper is usually lighter 

433
00:21:47,800 --> 00:21:50,500
than dinner, it is just a 
significant in Tudor social 

434
00:21:50,500 --> 00:21:52,800
life. 
You start by getting the great 

435
00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:55,500
haul, ready for the evening's 
events which could range from 

436
00:21:55,500 --> 00:21:58,300
somber business talks to 
spontaneous musical performances

437
00:21:58,300 --> 00:22:01,300
by visitors who might or might 
not be truly talented. 

438
00:22:02,500 --> 00:22:04,600
The furniture is set up to 
promote the proper kind of 

439
00:22:04,608 --> 00:22:08,100
socializing the candles and oil 
lamps are lit and placed to 

440
00:22:08,100 --> 00:22:11,400
provide both illumination and 
atmosphere and the rushes are 

441
00:22:11,408 --> 00:22:13,900
replenished. 
When necessary, you've mastered 

442
00:22:13,900 --> 00:22:17,100
the art of lighting, the evening
lamps via a great deal of trial 

443
00:22:17,100 --> 00:22:19,300
and error. 
Insufficient light causes 

444
00:22:19,300 --> 00:22:23,200
everyone to squint and trip. 
Excessive light produces harsh 

445
00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:26,100
Shadows, that make even the 
friendliest visitors appear to 

446
00:22:26,100 --> 00:22:28,700
be plotting. 
Rebellion The ideal lighting 

447
00:22:28,700 --> 00:22:31,600
creates a cozy welcoming 
Ambience, that enhance his, 

448
00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:35,000
everyone's appearance and 
encourages Frank conversation 

449
00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:39,500
and loose, purse strings. 
The formal choreography of 

450
00:22:39,500 --> 00:22:41,800
dinner calls for a different 
approach than supper service. 

451
00:22:41,800 --> 00:22:46,400
Delicate, pastries, carefully, 
chosen cheeses, fruits preserved

452
00:22:46,400 --> 00:22:49,100
in, Honey, and spices that cost 
more than a servants monthly 

453
00:22:49,100 --> 00:22:52,300
salary and wine that has been 
chosen especially to promote 

454
00:22:52,300 --> 00:22:55,300
clever, conversation and 
beneficial business deals are 

455
00:22:55,300 --> 00:22:58,200
all examples of food that is 
meant to enhance wine and 

456
00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:00,800
conversation rather than take 
Center Stage. 

457
00:23:01,900 --> 00:23:04,400
Like weather patterns, you've 
learned to read the social 

458
00:23:04,400 --> 00:23:06,900
undercurrents in the room and 
know when a seemingly casual 

459
00:23:06,900 --> 00:23:09,900
conversation is really a 
negotiation when laughter 

460
00:23:09,900 --> 00:23:12,800
signals genuine, Amusement 
versus polite obligation. 

461
00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:15,500
And when it's time to make sure 
some wine cups are refilled. 

462
00:23:15,500 --> 00:23:18,800
More often than others, these 
small adjustments to comfort and

463
00:23:18,800 --> 00:23:21,300
Ambience frequently determine 
how well the evening goes. 

464
00:23:22,100 --> 00:23:24,500
During evening activities, the 
house kids pose their own 

465
00:23:24,500 --> 00:23:27,700
special difficulties. 
The Estates are young. 

466
00:23:27,700 --> 00:23:30,800
Master Edmund is in that 
delightful stage of life when he

467
00:23:30,800 --> 00:23:34,000
feels too old to act like a 
child, but isn't disciplined 

468
00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:35,900
enough to refrain from it on a 
regular basis. 

469
00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:39,700
It is concerning that his sister
Catherine has taken to posing 

470
00:23:39,700 --> 00:23:43,200
pointed questions about why 
servants are illiterate and 

471
00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:46,200
whether God truly intended for 
some people to live in luxury. 

472
00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:50,200
While others workers chamber pot
empty, as these discussions need

473
00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:53,300
to be careful steered and 
strategically redirected toward 

474
00:23:53,300 --> 00:23:57,300
less philosophically problematic
subjects. as the evening wears 

475
00:23:57,300 --> 00:24:00,900
on your responsibilities, go 
beyond providing service to 

476
00:24:00,900 --> 00:24:04,300
include preserving The Fragile, 
social ecology that keeps the 

477
00:24:04,300 --> 00:24:07,800
home running efficiently, This 
entails handling, the delicate 

478
00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:10,800
Logistics of seating 
arrangements, making sure that 

479
00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:13,800
particular guests avoid striking
up conversations with 

480
00:24:13,800 --> 00:24:16,800
particular, other guests and 
occasionally generating 

481
00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:19,800
diplomatic diversion when 
conversations Veer into areas 

482
00:24:19,800 --> 00:24:21,900
that could cause resentment or 
undermine honor. 

483
00:24:22,600 --> 00:24:26,000
The visiting Merchants need 
special consideration because 

484
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:29,000
they offer the chance for 
lucrative trade as well as the 

485
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:32,000
possibility of catastrophe. 
If they are offended by 

486
00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:36,200
perceived slights or poor 
hospitality, Bristol's wine 

487
00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:39,800
merchant has brought samples of 
his best Imports for tonight and

488
00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:42,000
the success of the evening, 
could mean the difference 

489
00:24:42,000 --> 00:24:44,900
between the households wine 
cellar being restocked with 

490
00:24:44,900 --> 00:24:48,500
excellent vintages, or having to
settle for local substitutes 

491
00:24:48,500 --> 00:24:50,200
that tastes like they were aged 
in Boots. 

492
00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:53,200
When Sir William pulls out a 
loop that has seen better 

493
00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:56,000
decades and starts what he 
optimistically refers to a 

494
00:24:56,000 --> 00:25:00,800
singing music naturally starts. 
Since he is a knight, he cannot 

495
00:25:00,800 --> 00:25:03,700
be directly dissuaded from 
sharing his artistic talents. 

496
00:25:03,700 --> 00:25:07,100
Even though his voice has all 
the melodic charm of a cart with

497
00:25:07,100 --> 00:25:10,800
ungreased wheels to help other 
guests deal with uncontrollable 

498
00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:13,800
musical experiences, you've 
learned to strategically place 

499
00:25:13,800 --> 00:25:17,100
yourself close to the wine. 
The evening's conversation flows

500
00:25:17,100 --> 00:25:20,500
through topics, both weighty and
trivial news from London, 

501
00:25:20,500 --> 00:25:24,700
speculation about the Harvest 
detail, discussion of neighbors,

502
00:25:24,700 --> 00:25:28,100
romantic scandals and the 
Eternal Tudor fascination with 

503
00:25:28,100 --> 00:25:31,300
whose rising in Royal favor and 
whose falling from Grace. 

504
00:25:32,100 --> 00:25:35,100
You take in bits and pieces of 
this knowledge, while preserving

505
00:25:35,100 --> 00:25:38,700
the appearance of invisible 
efficiency, creating a mental 

506
00:25:38,700 --> 00:25:41,300
map of The Wider World outside, 
the walls of the manor. 

507
00:25:42,100 --> 00:25:45,400
Social energy gradually turns 
toward reflection and getting 

508
00:25:45,400 --> 00:25:48,700
ready for sleep as the night, 
grows darker and the candlelight

509
00:25:48,700 --> 00:25:51,400
fades. 
Though these initial departure 

510
00:25:51,400 --> 00:25:53,900
announcements, usually come at 
least an hour before the actual 

511
00:25:53,900 --> 00:25:57,100
departure, the guests start 
making polite noises about early

512
00:25:57,100 --> 00:26:00,300
mornings and long rides home. 
Followed by more conversation 

513
00:26:00,300 --> 00:26:04,000
final toasts and repeated thanks
for the hospitality of the day. 

514
00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:07,600
Facilitating graceful, endings 
is your responsibility. 

515
00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:10,700
During these closing ceremonies,
you must make sure that 

516
00:26:10,700 --> 00:26:13,800
departing guests have their 
belongings that their horses are

517
00:26:13,800 --> 00:26:17,100
ready that they have traveling 
provisions and that their last 

518
00:26:17,100 --> 00:26:20,300
impression of the hospitality of
the household, a favorable 

519
00:26:20,300 --> 00:26:23,400
enough to encourage them to 
return and to provide positive 

520
00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:25,100
reports to their own Social 
Circles. 

521
00:26:26,500 --> 00:26:29,200
Like in elderly, dog settling 
into its favorite spot by the 

522
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:31,300
fire. 
The house becomes quiet in the 

523
00:26:31,300 --> 00:26:34,000
evening. 
As the last guests leave and the

524
00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:36,900
family withdrawals to their 
private quarters leaving the 

525
00:26:36,900 --> 00:26:39,500
pleasant remnants of a 
successful day of hospitality 

526
00:26:39,500 --> 00:26:41,800
your last tasks of the Day 
begin. 

527
00:26:42,800 --> 00:26:46,500
After a day of meals meetings 
and social events you start the 

528
00:26:46,500 --> 00:26:49,700
evening clean up in the Great 
Hall by working by Lamplight to 

529
00:26:49,700 --> 00:26:51,500
bring order back to the mild 
chaos. 

530
00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:55,000
Every company needs to be 
gathered and cleaned every 

531
00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:58,600
platter needs to be scraped and 
scrubbed and every surface needs

532
00:26:58,600 --> 00:27:01,300
to be wiped down and ready for 
the repeated use tomorrow. 

533
00:27:02,500 --> 00:27:05,500
This task calls for methodical 
attention, there are 

534
00:27:05,508 --> 00:27:08,000
opportunities and 
responsibilities associated with

535
00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:11,800
the leftover food in a Tudor 
home, where the threat of poor 

536
00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:14,800
harvests and uncertain times 
makes every food scrap valuable.

537
00:27:14,800 --> 00:27:18,600
Nothing edible is wasted. 
The excess from tonight, will be

538
00:27:18,600 --> 00:27:21,600
eaten by the servants tomorrow, 
and what's left over, will be 

539
00:27:21,600 --> 00:27:25,200
fed to the pigs dogs. 
And eventually, the compost pile

540
00:27:25,200 --> 00:27:28,300
that will nourish the garden. 
The following year, it's a cycle

541
00:27:28,300 --> 00:27:31,000
of conservation and plenty that 
reflects the common sense of 

542
00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:33,300
those who realize that success 
is never assured. 

543
00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:36,600
You work alongside your fellow 
servants in the comfortable 

544
00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:39,800
Silence of shared labor, each 
person focused on their 

545
00:27:39,800 --> 00:27:43,100
particular tasks, but aware of 
the others movements and needs 

546
00:27:43,100 --> 00:27:46,200
compared to the hurry deficiency
of daytime service. 

547
00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:49,100
This evening work has a 
different Rhythm that is more 

548
00:27:49,100 --> 00:27:52,400
laid back and reflective and 
allows for the occasional quiet 

549
00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:54,400
joke or commentary on the days 
of events. 

550
00:27:55,600 --> 00:27:58,200
Agnes comes out of her kingdom 
in the kitchen, to look over the

551
00:27:58,200 --> 00:28:01,700
days of events, a critical eye 
documenting every step of the 

552
00:28:01,700 --> 00:28:04,100
cleanup. 
She demands that her domain be 

553
00:28:04,100 --> 00:28:06,700
adequately prepared for the 
campaigns of the future. 

554
00:28:06,700 --> 00:28:10,200
But she also gives out a lot of 
Praise when the work satisfies, 

555
00:28:10,200 --> 00:28:13,500
her high expectations She 
acknowledges your efforts 

556
00:28:13,500 --> 00:28:16,800
tonight with a knot of approval 
and adds that fresh bread and 

557
00:28:16,800 --> 00:28:20,300
cheese have been prepared for 
the servants evening meal High, 

558
00:28:20,300 --> 00:28:22,500
Praise indeed from the 
Undisputed, King of the kitchen 

559
00:28:22,500 --> 00:28:24,800
thereafter. 
The serving rooms need to be 

560
00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:26,800
cleaned. 
So you make your way up the 

561
00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:29,200
well-known stairs. 
Once more with new linens, and 

562
00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:31,700
the other items required, to get
the family's private areas, 

563
00:28:31,700 --> 00:28:34,700
ready for the evening, it is 
necessary to lay out Master 

564
00:28:34,700 --> 00:28:37,500
Thomas's bed, linens and 
replenishes washing water in his

565
00:28:37,500 --> 00:28:40,100
chamber. 
More intricate arrangements and 

566
00:28:40,100 --> 00:28:43,600
needed in lady Margaret's rooms.
A clothing needs to be hung 

567
00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:46,100
correctly. 
The jewelry fastened and her or 

568
00:28:46,100 --> 00:28:48,100
Nate hair pieces, set up for use
the next day. 

569
00:28:48,900 --> 00:28:50,800
There are particular 
difficulties in the children's 

570
00:28:50,800 --> 00:28:53,400
rooms. 
Young Master Edmund has made it 

571
00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:55,800
a habit to conceal. 
A variety of treasures beneath, 

572
00:28:55,800 --> 00:28:59,300
his mattress forming lumps, that
would prevent anyone who is not 

573
00:28:59,300 --> 00:29:02,000
as committed to protecting his 
hidden collections from sleeping

574
00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:04,600
comfortably. 
One of the household, small 

575
00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:07,100
Mysteries is who a 10 year old 
girl might be writing to. 

576
00:29:07,100 --> 00:29:09,100
But his sister. 
Catherine has started. 

577
00:29:09,100 --> 00:29:12,600
What seems to be a lengthy 
correspondence with someone as 

578
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:14,000
you complete these evening 
chores. 

579
00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:16,900
You discover that you enjoy the 
more subdued rhythms of working 

580
00:29:16,900 --> 00:29:19,400
at night. 
Instead of rushing to the next 

581
00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:22,900
commitment, there is a sense of 
bringing the day to a satisfying

582
00:29:22,900 --> 00:29:27,800
endless pressure and more time 
to notice details at night, the 

583
00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:32,000
house seems different more cozy,
more Serene with the comforting 

584
00:29:32,000 --> 00:29:34,800
sounds of stone and wood cooling
from the heat of the day. 

585
00:29:35,800 --> 00:29:38,300
At the end of a long day, your 
chamber, which you share with 

586
00:29:38,300 --> 00:29:40,600
two other servants, seems more 
inviting than ever. 

587
00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:44,500
Now the straw mattress that felt
so uncomfortable this morning 

588
00:29:44,500 --> 00:29:47,900
stands for the possibility of 
relaxation and the chance to 

589
00:29:47,900 --> 00:29:51,400
rest weary muscles. 
Even though they are few your 

590
00:29:51,400 --> 00:29:52,600
possessions are waiting for you,
right? 

591
00:29:52,600 --> 00:29:55,600
Where you left them. 
A tiny bit of privacy in a life 

592
00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:57,800
that is mostly devoted to 
meeting the needs of others. 

593
00:29:59,300 --> 00:30:02,200
You pause before bed to consider
the days, minor triumphs and 

594
00:30:02,208 --> 00:30:04,400
doable. 
Setbacks your efforts to be 

595
00:30:04,408 --> 00:30:06,500
helpful. 
Resulted in the timely, lighting

596
00:30:06,500 --> 00:30:09,800
of the fires, the Safe 
Transportation of water, the 

597
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:12,500
serving of the meals without 
great embarrassment and the 

598
00:30:12,508 --> 00:30:16,600
absence of any serious injuries.
These may appear to be small 

599
00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:18,900
achievements. 
In the context of Tudor England,

600
00:30:18,900 --> 00:30:22,300
intricate social structure. 
But they Mark the successful 

601
00:30:22,300 --> 00:30:25,900
conclusion of another work day 
in a society that values 

602
00:30:25,900 --> 00:30:29,300
competence and dependability. 
The same routine will be 

603
00:30:29,300 --> 00:30:31,700
followed tomorrow. 
The early Bell lighting, the 

604
00:30:31,700 --> 00:30:35,600
fires carrying the water and The
NeverEnding cycle of Maintenance

605
00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:38,100
that keeps the manor house 
running smoothly and its 

606
00:30:38,100 --> 00:30:41,200
occupants comfortable. 
But tonight, you provide 

607
00:30:41,200 --> 00:30:43,600
yourself permission to enjoy the
small pleasures of a day. 

608
00:30:43,600 --> 00:30:45,900
Well, lived one little task at a
time. 

609
00:30:45,908 --> 00:30:49,100
While you are in the quiet 
satisfaction of having finished 

610
00:30:49,100 --> 00:30:50,600
your work and fulfilled, your 
obligation. 

611
00:30:50,600 --> 00:30:53,800
Thanks in part to your efforts 
and those of your fellow 

612
00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:57,500
servants, the house around, you 
Falls, a sleep, its occupants 

613
00:30:57,500 --> 00:31:01,100
safe and comfortable. 
It's honest work in uncertain 

614
00:31:01,100 --> 00:31:04,400
times and while it may not lead 
to immense fortune or lasting 

615
00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:07,900
Fame, it provides something 
equally valuable the steady 

616
00:31:07,900 --> 00:31:10,600
rhythm of purposeful days and 
the quiet, Dignity of 

617
00:31:10,608 --> 00:31:14,000
contributing to something larger
than yourself, sleep comes 

618
00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:17,600
naturally to weary bodies and 
contented minds and the problems

619
00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:19,200
of Tomorrow can wait until 
morning. 

620
00:31:20,100 --> 00:31:23,200
For now the act of Simply 
closing your eyes and allowing 

621
00:31:23,200 --> 00:31:26,300
the day's struggles to melt away
into the Cozy darkness of 

622
00:31:26,300 --> 00:31:28,400
well-earned sleep is the 
definition of rest. 

623
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:31,200
And Tranquility temper the 7th 
1533. 

624
00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:35,300
Elizabeth Tudor was born at 
Greenwich Palace amidst a flurry

625
00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:38,000
of anticipation and unease her 
father. 

626
00:31:38,000 --> 00:31:41,000
King Henry, the 8th had broken 
from the Catholic Church to 

627
00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:44,600
marry her mother and Berlin. 
So Elizabeth's birth was charged

628
00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:47,800
with political tensions. 
The king desperate for a male 

629
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:50,900
are found himself disappointed 
when the infant turned out to be

630
00:31:50,900 --> 00:31:53,800
a girl. 
Still baby Elizabeth bore the 

631
00:31:53,800 --> 00:31:57,800
weight of Dynasty hopes her 
every cool cry, analyzed for 

632
00:31:57,800 --> 00:32:02,000
signs, that the Tudor line might
endure, The infant's early days,

633
00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:04,900
unfolded in a quart grappling 
with religious upheaval. 

634
00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:08,100
Henry's new church of England 
stood at odds with Rome. 

635
00:32:08,100 --> 00:32:12,700
Courtiers whispered about the 
king's next move, the queen and 

636
00:32:12,700 --> 00:32:15,900
attempted to Shield her daughter
from the swirling environment. 

637
00:32:15,900 --> 00:32:19,000
Ensuring she received the best 
of available wetness and 

638
00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:21,700
comfort. 
However, the precariousness 

639
00:32:21,700 --> 00:32:25,700
quickly became apparent. 
A few years later and faced 

640
00:32:25,700 --> 00:32:28,600
execution, due to dubious 
charges of treason and adultery 

641
00:32:28,600 --> 00:32:32,300
motherless at 2, Elizabeth was 
declared illegitimate by her 

642
00:32:32,300 --> 00:32:36,500
father's decree, losing her 
title of Princess raised in 

643
00:32:36,500 --> 00:32:39,800
separate Royal households, 
Elizabeth seldom saw Henry the 

644
00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:42,300
8th. 
Various stepmothers came and 

645
00:32:42,300 --> 00:32:44,700
went with some offering brief 
maternal warmth. 

646
00:32:45,700 --> 00:32:49,000
She formed a particularly close 
bond with Catherine, Parr Henry,

647
00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:51,400
sixth wife, who oversaw her 
education? 

648
00:32:52,100 --> 00:32:55,800
Elizabeth tutors recognized a 
remarkably bright mind, she 

649
00:32:55,800 --> 00:32:57,900
excelled in Languages by 
adolescents. 

650
00:32:57,900 --> 00:33:01,600
She spoke fluent, Latin French 
and Italian eventually picking 

651
00:33:01,600 --> 00:33:05,000
up Spanish as well. 
Poured over classical texts, 

652
00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:09,000
gleaning rhetorical finesse from
Cicero, and Morales from Greek 

653
00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:11,700
philosophers. 
Even in childhood, she learned 

654
00:33:11,700 --> 00:33:13,800
to keep her emotions. 
Cloaked forging. 

655
00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:17,300
A calm exterior that masked in 
attention and attribute, that 

656
00:33:17,300 --> 00:33:19,300
would prove crucial in her 
future reign. 

657
00:33:20,100 --> 00:33:24,600
A fateful shift occurred when 
Henry died in the 1547 leaving, 

658
00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:28,700
Elizabeth's half-brother Edward,
the sixth as king. under the 

659
00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:32,500
region of protestant, reformers 
the religious climate more 

660
00:33:32,500 --> 00:33:36,500
radical Elizabeth though. 
Outwardly Cooperative carefully 

661
00:33:36,500 --> 00:33:40,200
navigated factional disputes? 
She relocated the household of 

662
00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:43,800
Catherine Parr who had remarried
to Thomas Seymour that 

663
00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:47,408
Arrangement sparked scandal. 
Seymour was rumored to show. 

664
00:33:47,416 --> 00:33:50,400
Elizabeth overly familiar, 
attention, fueling gossip. 

665
00:33:50,400 --> 00:33:54,000
The tarnished her reputation. 
The teenage princess soon. 

666
00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:57,600
Departed mindful, that any whiff
of impropriety could end her 

667
00:33:57,600 --> 00:34:00,200
precarious position in the 
succession line. 

668
00:34:00,900 --> 00:34:03,400
This brush with danger 
reinforced her instincts. 

669
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:06,800
For self-preservation Edwards. 
Short Reign was followed by that

670
00:34:06,800 --> 00:34:10,800
of Elizabeth's half-sister Mary.
The first a devout Catholic 

671
00:34:10,800 --> 00:34:14,000
determined to restore papal, 
Authority, Mary viewed. 

672
00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:17,300
Elizabeth with suspicion, seeing
in her, a rallying figure for 

673
00:34:17,300 --> 00:34:20,199
Protestant interests as 
rebellions cropped up. 

674
00:34:20,199 --> 00:34:22,400
Elizabeth found herself accused 
of complicity. 

675
00:34:23,300 --> 00:34:25,699
She was taken to the Tower of 
London, where her mother had met

676
00:34:25,699 --> 00:34:29,300
her end and then placed under 
house arrest of Woodstock, the 

677
00:34:29,300 --> 00:34:31,400
Gloom of potential execution, 
hung over her. 

678
00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:36,199
But lacking firm evidence Mary 
couldn't condemn her over two 

679
00:34:36,199 --> 00:34:39,800
years, Elizabeth Trotta. 
Careful path denying any 

680
00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:42,300
involvement in plots while 
discreetly maintaining her 

681
00:34:42,300 --> 00:34:46,699
network of protests and allies 
Eventually Mary's failing 

682
00:34:46,699 --> 00:34:50,900
Health, lifted Elizabeth from 
her shadow, in November, 1558, 

683
00:34:50,900 --> 00:34:56,800
Mary died, childless Elizabeth 
that 25 ascended. 

684
00:34:56,800 --> 00:35:00,200
The throne, the people, welcome 
to her with cautious optimism 

685
00:35:00,200 --> 00:35:02,600
hoping for an end to religious 
Strife. 

686
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:05,700
However, no one could foresee 
the firmness with which 

687
00:35:05,700 --> 00:35:09,300
Elizabeth would steer the ship. 
She inherited a kingdom, 

688
00:35:09,308 --> 00:35:12,300
exhausted by years of 
persecution and entangled in 

689
00:35:12,300 --> 00:35:16,000
European alliances furthermore 
lingering doubts about her 

690
00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:19,300
legitimacy and ability to 
produce an heir plagued. 

691
00:35:19,300 --> 00:35:22,500
The realm courtiers pressed for 
her to marry promptly. 

692
00:35:22,500 --> 00:35:26,100
Believing a queen Revenant 
threatened stability and less. 

693
00:35:26,100 --> 00:35:29,300
A husband took the reins 
Elizabeth though, aware of the 

694
00:35:29,300 --> 00:35:31,900
political logic. 
Also recognized that marriage 

695
00:35:31,900 --> 00:35:34,500
might curb her autonomy in her 
first weeks. 

696
00:35:34,500 --> 00:35:38,600
As Queen, Elizabeth took bold 
symbolic steps, she chose 

697
00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:42,000
moderate Protestant advisors 
like William sessel striving to 

698
00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:45,200
unify the country. 
She declared her intent for a 

699
00:35:45,200 --> 00:35:47,300
religious settlement that 
neither persecuted. 

700
00:35:47,300 --> 00:35:51,200
Catholic's harshly, nor cave to 
people demands She navigated a 

701
00:35:51,200 --> 00:35:54,700
delicate balance cognizant that 
either extreme could undermine 

702
00:35:54,700 --> 00:35:57,200
her rule. 
She moved her Court to Whitehall

703
00:35:57,200 --> 00:36:00,600
re-establishing routine. 
Ceremonial events that signaled 

704
00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:03,700
the monarchy's continuity, 
observers described, her as 

705
00:36:03,700 --> 00:36:07,700
poised with sharp eyes that 
hinted at an agile, strategic 

706
00:36:07,700 --> 00:36:10,700
mind. 
The once Exile, princess stood, 

707
00:36:10,700 --> 00:36:13,700
now at the center of power, 
forging, a monarchy that would 

708
00:36:13,700 --> 00:36:17,400
come to Define an era. 
Thus the stage was set for a 

709
00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:19,000
pivotal chapter in English 
History. 

710
00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:23,900
Elizabeth's early experiences, 
maternal execution paternal 

711
00:36:23,900 --> 00:36:27,200
neglect complex. 
Family Ties, had shaped a 

712
00:36:27,200 --> 00:36:30,800
cautious perceptive approach. 
She had learned to concealer 

713
00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:33,700
personal feelings behind a 
stately demeanor armed with 

714
00:36:33,700 --> 00:36:36,500
intellectual Acumen gleaned from
classical texts. 

715
00:36:36,500 --> 00:36:40,800
The realm now, looked to her for
stability, religious compromise,

716
00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:42,700
and a reassertion of national 
identity. 

717
00:36:43,700 --> 00:36:46,900
For Elizabeth, it was time to 
prove that a female Sovereign, 

718
00:36:46,900 --> 00:36:50,000
even one with a contested 
legitimacy could guide. 

719
00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:52,300
England through his Labyrinth of
political storms. 

720
00:36:53,100 --> 00:36:56,200
From the outset of her Reign 
Elizabeth, the first confronted,

721
00:36:56,200 --> 00:37:00,800
a land by religious factionalism
under Mary, the first staunch 

722
00:37:00,800 --> 00:37:04,500
Catholic policies, reigned with 
Protestant Heretics, burnt at 

723
00:37:04,500 --> 00:37:07,500
the stake. 
Though those violent measures 

724
00:37:07,500 --> 00:37:11,400
ended many Catholics remained 
loyal to Romeo. 

725
00:37:11,400 --> 00:37:15,100
Radical Protestants clamored, 
for more extreme reforms 

726
00:37:15,100 --> 00:37:18,800
Elizabeth recognized that a 
middle path was essential for 

727
00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:21,600
National peace. 
The Elizabethan religious 

728
00:37:21,600 --> 00:37:24,800
settlement of 1559 aimed for a 
broad church approached. 

729
00:37:24,800 --> 00:37:27,900
The act of Supremacy declared 
her Supreme governor of the 

730
00:37:27,900 --> 00:37:30,900
Church of England and the act of
uniformity prescribed. 

731
00:37:30,900 --> 00:37:34,600
A moderate Protestant liturgy 
while it alienated hardliners on

732
00:37:34,600 --> 00:37:37,900
both sides established. 
A stable framework that endured 

733
00:37:37,900 --> 00:37:42,100
this religious compromise, had 
consequences, Catholics abroad, 

734
00:37:42,100 --> 00:37:45,900
questioned her legitimacy urging
Mary, Queen of Scots Elizabeth 

735
00:37:45,900 --> 00:37:49,800
Catholic cousin to claiming 
England's, Throne, Mary exiled 

736
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:52,700
from Scotland in 1568 ended up 
in England. 

737
00:37:52,700 --> 00:37:56,400
Effectively under house arrest 
Elizabeth wary of dethroning a 

738
00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:59,200
fellow anointed Queen face to 
quandary. 

739
00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:02,100
Mary's presence. 
Fueled conspiracies yet 

740
00:38:02,100 --> 00:38:04,000
executing her set a dangerous 
precedent. 

741
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:08,000
This predicament lingered for 
decades turning Mary into an 

742
00:38:08,008 --> 00:38:11,100
epicenter of Catholic plots that
threatened Elizabeth's life and 

743
00:38:11,100 --> 00:38:14,300
reign. 
Beyond religion Elizabeth's 

744
00:38:14,300 --> 00:38:16,000
foreign policy shaped her early 
years. 

745
00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:18,400
On the throne England was 
military. 

746
00:38:18,400 --> 00:38:21,700
Weak. 
Overshadowed by Spanish might 

747
00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:25,800
The queen needed alliance's. 
But hated in tangling treaties, 

748
00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:27,400
that might compromise her 
independence. 

749
00:38:27,400 --> 00:38:30,000
She courted suitors from across 
Europe. 

750
00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:34,900
France is Duke of Anjou. 
Austria's Archduke Charles using

751
00:38:34,900 --> 00:38:38,400
marriage negotiations as 
diplomatic, chess moves each 

752
00:38:38,400 --> 00:38:41,500
negotiation offered short-term 
benefits but she consistently 

753
00:38:41,500 --> 00:38:45,400
evaded an actual wedding. 
By keeping her hand in marriage 

754
00:38:45,400 --> 00:38:48,400
available. 
Elizabeth, dissuaded, certain 

755
00:38:48,400 --> 00:38:51,400
powers from aggression, hoping 
for eventual Union. 

756
00:38:52,200 --> 00:38:56,000
The Saga of the Virgin Queen was
as much political strategy as 

757
00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:58,500
personal inclination 
economically. 

758
00:38:58,500 --> 00:39:01,900
Elizabeth inherited a treasury 
battered by Wars. 

759
00:39:01,900 --> 00:39:06,500
Her ministers notably, William 
Cecil Lord Berkeley instituted, 

760
00:39:06,500 --> 00:39:10,000
reforms curbing inflation, and 
streamlining Revenue collection.

761
00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:12,300
They supported Maritime 
Ventures. 

762
00:39:12,300 --> 00:39:15,800
Encouraging sea captains, like 
Francis Drake to Harris, Spanish

763
00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:19,500
shipping and seized treasure 
such semi-official privateering 

764
00:39:19,500 --> 00:39:22,200
in Rich, Royal coffers and 
stoked Spanish hostility. 

765
00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:24,600
Cole culminating in deeper 
rivalries. 

766
00:39:24,600 --> 00:39:29,300
Meanwhile domestic industry will
in cloth for instance, expanded 

767
00:39:29,300 --> 00:39:32,800
aided, by the stable environment
Elizabeth's government fostered.

768
00:39:32,800 --> 00:39:36,500
As for the queen herself, the 
court recognized her Keen 

769
00:39:36,500 --> 00:39:39,800
intellect and formidable will 
She cherished are Edition 

770
00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:43,400
employing, multiple secretaries 
to handle a constant influx of 

771
00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:47,600
diplomatic, dispatches fluent in
French and Adept in Latin. 

772
00:39:47,600 --> 00:39:51,600
She occasionally scribbled notes
in Italian or Spanish, she 

773
00:39:51,600 --> 00:39:55,500
reveled in masks and pageants 
ending the Arts to glorify her 

774
00:39:55,500 --> 00:39:58,400
monarchy. 
She made a point of progresses 

775
00:39:58,400 --> 00:40:01,400
traveling with her retinue, 
through the countryside, letting

776
00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:04,700
her subjects Glimpse, the Royal 
presence, this practice built 

777
00:40:04,700 --> 00:40:08,200
loyalty for seeing their Queen 
in person or splendent with 

778
00:40:08,208 --> 00:40:10,500
pearls and embroidered gowns 
stirred. 

779
00:40:10,500 --> 00:40:14,200
Patriotic Pride, a lesser known 
aspect was her Reliance on 

780
00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:17,300
intelligence networks. 
Elizabeth aware that 

781
00:40:17,308 --> 00:40:21,300
conspiracies loomed authorized 
spymasters like, Sir, Francis 

782
00:40:21,300 --> 00:40:25,600
Walsingham to intercept letters,
employee informants and uncover 

783
00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:28,400
plots. 
This clandestine, apparatus 

784
00:40:28,400 --> 00:40:31,700
uncovered, multiple assassins or
traitors financed by Spain or 

785
00:40:31,700 --> 00:40:35,000
paper agents. 
By revealing such threats the 

786
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:37,600
queen Justified harsher policies
against recalcitrant. 

787
00:40:37,600 --> 00:40:42,000
Catholics some criticized these 
tactics as oppressive the to 

788
00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:46,100
Elisabeth survival mandated 
vigilance, Another challenge, 

789
00:40:46,100 --> 00:40:48,700
cultural expectations for 
Queen's. 

790
00:40:48,700 --> 00:40:52,100
She faced Jabs about her gender 
with some male. 

791
00:40:52,100 --> 00:40:54,000
Courtiers urging a kingly 
partner. 

792
00:40:54,800 --> 00:40:58,700
She responded by forging a Regal
Persona insisting subjects. 

793
00:40:58,700 --> 00:41:02,300
See her as both king and queen a
line, reflecting her dual role. 

794
00:41:03,500 --> 00:41:06,600
Skillfully navigated male 
dominated councils awarding 

795
00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:09,500
title carefully to ensure, no 
single Noble. 

796
00:41:09,500 --> 00:41:12,500
Overshadowed her. 
She also used fashion as a 

797
00:41:12,500 --> 00:41:16,300
political tool, her elaborate 
gowns iconic, roughs and dual 

798
00:41:16,300 --> 00:41:17,700
Laden. 
Wardrobes signaled. 

799
00:41:17,700 --> 00:41:21,600
The monarchy's Majesty This 
cultivated image buttressed her 

800
00:41:21,600 --> 00:41:23,700
Authority in an era, still 
grappling with a female 

801
00:41:23,700 --> 00:41:27,200
sovereign. in parallel, 
elisabeth's personal Circle, 

802
00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:31,100
remained small She could be 
witty and Charming dancing or 

803
00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:33,800
joking with favorites like 
Robert Dudley but letting 

804
00:41:33,800 --> 00:41:37,400
affection over Sheila Road 
Prudence risk Scandal rumors. 

805
00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:40,400
Flew about her closeness to 
Dudley fueling suspicion that 

806
00:41:40,408 --> 00:41:43,300
she might marry him. 
The potential controversy was 

807
00:41:43,300 --> 00:41:45,300
immense. 
Given Dudley's questionable 

808
00:41:45,300 --> 00:41:50,500
reputation in the end Elisabeth.
She cherished her autonomy. 

809
00:41:50,500 --> 00:41:54,700
Well aware that a consort could 
overshadow or manipulate her the

810
00:41:54,700 --> 00:41:56,300
choice. 
Drew bafflement from a foreign 

811
00:41:56,300 --> 00:42:00,500
courts but domestically it 
enhanced her, Mystique the 

812
00:42:00,500 --> 00:42:04,000
Virgin, Queen identity 
solidified spurring propaganda 

813
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:06,400
that Caster as wedded to the 
realm itself. 

814
00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:10,300
Elizabeth early Reign involved, 
balancing various tasks such as 

815
00:42:10,308 --> 00:42:13,400
forging a delicate, religious 
settlement spurring economic 

816
00:42:13,400 --> 00:42:16,800
growth out. 
Maneuvering Suter in Tangled and

817
00:42:16,800 --> 00:42:20,000
stamping out plots, She 
skillfully used image and 

818
00:42:20,000 --> 00:42:23,000
ceremony to unify the realm 
though critics lurked. 

819
00:42:23,700 --> 00:42:26,800
The government stability rested,
on an ongoing dance with foreign

820
00:42:26,800 --> 00:42:30,500
powers and internal factions. 
Despite the swirling tensions, 

821
00:42:30,500 --> 00:42:32,900
Elizabeth projected calm 
confidence. 

822
00:42:32,900 --> 00:42:36,300
Forging a national identity that
recognized the Queen's Central 

823
00:42:36,300 --> 00:42:38,800
role. 
Her mid-range would bring grave 

824
00:42:38,800 --> 00:42:41,800
a trials, culminating indecisive
conflicts, that tested, the 

825
00:42:41,800 --> 00:42:49,400
metal of both Monarch and 
Kingdom. by the mid-15th, the 

826
00:42:49,400 --> 00:42:52,200
ascendant Spanish Empire under 
King Philip, the second brimmed 

827
00:42:52,200 --> 00:42:56,000
with Zeal to reassert, Catholics
Supremacy and Avenge the raids 

828
00:42:56,000 --> 00:42:59,800
on Spanish Commerce by an 
English privateers religious 

829
00:42:59,800 --> 00:43:01,800
tensions. 
Despite further after the pope 

830
00:43:01,800 --> 00:43:05,100
excommunicated Elizabeth, 
effectively urging Catholic 

831
00:43:05,100 --> 00:43:09,300
monarchs depose her in response 
the Queen's advisors realized 

832
00:43:09,300 --> 00:43:11,900
that war with Spain was no 
longer a distant possibility but

833
00:43:11,900 --> 00:43:14,600
a near inevitability. 
They bolstered the Navy 

834
00:43:14,600 --> 00:43:17,900
encouraging shipbuilders to 
refine vessels for seed and 

835
00:43:17,900 --> 00:43:21,500
maneuverability commanders. 
Like Drake refined hit and run 

836
00:43:21,500 --> 00:43:26,100
tactics designed to hamper 
Spain's massive slower galleys 

837
00:43:26,100 --> 00:43:29,800
additionally the Mary Queen of 
Scots dilemma reached a 

838
00:43:29,800 --> 00:43:33,300
climactic stage She had been 
implicated in multiple plots. 

839
00:43:33,300 --> 00:43:37,500
Culminating in the infamous, 
babington plot of 1586, which 

840
00:43:37,500 --> 00:43:40,100
aimed to assassinate, Elisabeth 
and seat, Mary on the throne 

841
00:43:40,100 --> 00:43:42,200
caught with in terminating 
letters. 

842
00:43:42,200 --> 00:43:46,300
Mary was tried for treason. 
Elizabeth, agonized over 

843
00:43:46,300 --> 00:43:50,100
signing, Mary's death, warrant 
the thought of executing an 

844
00:43:50,100 --> 00:43:53,000
anointed Queen offended. 
Her sense of divine order, but 

845
00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:56,500
Council pressed her that Mary's 
continued survival endangered 

846
00:43:56,500 --> 00:44:02,000
National Security Reluctantly 
Elizabeth signed Mary was 

847
00:44:02,000 --> 00:44:06,500
beheaded in 1587 and act that 
scandalized Catholic Europe. 

848
00:44:07,400 --> 00:44:11,300
Elizabeth famed dismay at the 
news of Mary's, actual execution

849
00:44:11,300 --> 00:44:14,600
chastising ministers for 
carrying out the sentence to 

850
00:44:14,600 --> 00:44:18,600
hastily the sincerity of her 
regret remains debated this 

851
00:44:18,600 --> 00:44:22,300
event further incense Spain and 
soon word came that Philip the 

852
00:44:22,300 --> 00:44:27,000
second was assembling an 
invincible Armada in 1588 that 

853
00:44:27,000 --> 00:44:30,200
formidable Fleet sailed for the 
English Channel intending to 

854
00:44:30,200 --> 00:44:32,800
Rendezvous with forces in the 
low countries and deliver an 

855
00:44:32,800 --> 00:44:35,900
invasion. 
England Grace, for catastrophe, 

856
00:44:35,900 --> 00:44:39,500
Elizabeth visited her troops at 
Tilbury clad in armor, 

857
00:44:39,500 --> 00:44:42,300
delivering a rousing speech 
about having the heart and 

858
00:44:42,300 --> 00:44:44,900
stomach of a king that rallying 
cry. 

859
00:44:44,900 --> 00:44:48,000
Perhaps embroidered in 
subsequent retellings captured, 

860
00:44:48,000 --> 00:44:51,800
the national mood, the English 
Navy in gauge the Armada in a 

861
00:44:51,800 --> 00:44:54,900
series of skirmishes, employing 
fire-ships to showcase. 

862
00:44:55,800 --> 00:44:58,200
Stormy Weather and 
miscalculation forced the 

863
00:44:58,200 --> 00:45:01,500
Spanish to scatter around the 
northern coasts suffering, 

864
00:45:01,500 --> 00:45:05,100
devastating losses. 
The Triumph at Sea became a 

865
00:45:05,100 --> 00:45:06,400
Cornerstone of Elizabeth's 
Legend. 

866
00:45:07,200 --> 00:45:10,100
Though, historians note the 
fortune of unseasonable gales 

867
00:45:10,100 --> 00:45:13,200
played as larger role as 
strategic brilliance boyed by 

868
00:45:13,208 --> 00:45:18,100
Victory, Elizabeth's popularity,
soared poets, extolled her as a 

869
00:45:18,100 --> 00:45:20,100
goddess. 
Presiding over a fortuitous age.

870
00:45:20,100 --> 00:45:24,300
London's population, boomed 
Commerce thrived in relative 

871
00:45:24,300 --> 00:45:28,300
security courteous, staged 
elaborate masks celebrating 

872
00:45:28,300 --> 00:45:32,200
Gloriana, a Monica borrowed from
Edmond Spencer's allegorical, 

873
00:45:32,200 --> 00:45:36,500
poem the fairy queen. 
This Cult of Elisabeth with 

874
00:45:36,500 --> 00:45:40,500
pageantry and stylized 
iconography shaped a golden aura

875
00:45:40,500 --> 00:45:43,900
around her monarchy. 
She bestowed Knight hoods on 

876
00:45:43,900 --> 00:45:46,600
Naval Heroes like Drake though. 
She never turned them into 

877
00:45:46,600 --> 00:45:50,800
Unstoppable political Rivals. 
Indeed part of her genius lay in

878
00:45:50,808 --> 00:45:54,100
praising men, just enough to 
secure their loyalty but not so 

879
00:45:54,100 --> 00:45:56,500
extravagantly. 
As to overshadow, her own Regal 

880
00:45:56,500 --> 00:46:00,900
glow yet cracked surface the war
with Spain dragged on Sprout. 

881
00:46:00,900 --> 00:46:04,600
Radically English expeditions to
support Protestant rebels in the

882
00:46:04,600 --> 00:46:08,100
Netherlands, Walter raid Spanish
ports, often ended in Fiasco's 

883
00:46:08,100 --> 00:46:11,700
training resources. 
The Queen's earlier frugality 

884
00:46:11,700 --> 00:46:15,300
turned to reluctant about fully 
funding new campaigns, prompting

885
00:46:15,300 --> 00:46:18,300
friction with bold but cash 
strapped commanders, some 

886
00:46:18,300 --> 00:46:21,400
younger courtiers, like the Earl
of Essex were impatient with the

887
00:46:21,400 --> 00:46:24,700
Elizabeth's measured approach. 
Essex attempted to replicate, 

888
00:46:24,700 --> 00:46:28,600
despite Drake's glories, LED 
half-baked military, forays and 

889
00:46:28,600 --> 00:46:32,100
returned with meager spoils 
tensions, between the old Queen.

890
00:46:32,100 --> 00:46:35,200
And these ambitious youths 
escalated culminating in the 

891
00:46:35,208 --> 00:46:38,800
Essex rebellion of 1601 where he
tried a coup. 

892
00:46:38,800 --> 00:46:40,100
She crushed it. 
Swiftly. 

893
00:46:40,100 --> 00:46:45,500
And Essex was executed. as 
Elizabeth aged her once intimate

894
00:46:45,500 --> 00:46:49,200
Circle diminished, Long time, 
advisors such as William Cecil 

895
00:46:49,200 --> 00:46:51,700
passed away. 
And favored courtiers either 

896
00:46:51,700 --> 00:46:55,800
died or fell out of favor. 
The queen famous for her, fine 

897
00:46:55,800 --> 00:46:57,200
dresses. 
And elaborate wigs. 

898
00:46:57,200 --> 00:47:00,800
Now faced a more solitary 
existence gossip about her 

899
00:47:00,800 --> 00:47:03,700
vanity circulated. 
She insisted on controling. 

900
00:47:03,700 --> 00:47:05,800
Her image refusing to appear as 
a frail. 

901
00:47:05,800 --> 00:47:10,500
Matron She demanded loyalty from
ladies and waiting scolding them

902
00:47:10,500 --> 00:47:13,400
if they dared over Shadow her 
attire or conversation. 

903
00:47:14,400 --> 00:47:16,500
Although the realm viewed, her, 
as Gloriana. 

904
00:47:17,500 --> 00:47:20,300
Struggle to maintain a Mythic 
aura behind closed doors 

905
00:47:20,300 --> 00:47:24,700
diplomatically the final years 
of her Reign saw a cooling of 

906
00:47:24,700 --> 00:47:27,800
tension with Spain not via a 
formal piece. 

907
00:47:27,800 --> 00:47:31,500
But through mutual exhaustion 
the impetus for large armadas, 

908
00:47:31,500 --> 00:47:35,700
had waned with Spain focusing on
European entanglements, England 

909
00:47:35,700 --> 00:47:39,000
for its part lacked the finances
to continue heavy engagements. 

910
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:43,500
Meanwhile, the seeds of colonial
expansion were sown English, 

911
00:47:43,500 --> 00:47:46,800
seafarers IDE, North America 
establishing fledgling, 

912
00:47:46,800 --> 00:47:50,600
outposts, the concept of an 
overseas Empire was embryonic, 

913
00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:54,000
but emerging, thus approaching 
the turn of the century. 

914
00:47:54,000 --> 00:47:56,400
Elizabeth presided over a stable
yet. 

915
00:47:56,400 --> 00:48:00,100
Evolving monarchy. 
She had defied Invasion facedown

916
00:48:00,100 --> 00:48:04,900
conspiracies and reigned as an 
iconic figure admired across 

917
00:48:04,900 --> 00:48:07,300
Europe. 
But the question of succession 

918
00:48:07,300 --> 00:48:09,800
remained unmarried and 
childless. 

919
00:48:09,800 --> 00:48:15,000
She had never named an air. 
The matter loomed, spurring 

920
00:48:15,000 --> 00:48:17,700
subtle negotiations, as 
different claimants circles. 

921
00:48:18,400 --> 00:48:21,400
This final stretch of her Reign 
tested whether the Tudor lines, 

922
00:48:21,408 --> 00:48:24,700
magic could endure Beyond her 
mortal presence or if it would 

923
00:48:24,700 --> 00:48:28,400
seamlessly transition to a new 
Dynasty by the Twilight of her 

924
00:48:28,400 --> 00:48:30,900
Reign Elizabeth. 
The first found herself 

925
00:48:30,900 --> 00:48:33,600
contending with the question 
that had a dog, her for decades,

926
00:48:33,600 --> 00:48:35,700
who would follow her upon the 
throne. 

927
00:48:36,500 --> 00:48:39,800
No official are had been named. 
though, many whispered that 

928
00:48:39,800 --> 00:48:42,708
James, the sixth of Scotland, a 
Protestant and Son of the 

929
00:48:42,716 --> 00:48:46,400
executed, Mary Queen of Scots 
was the likely candidate 

930
00:48:47,200 --> 00:48:50,700
Elizabeth ever cautious about 
naming a successor, understood 

931
00:48:50,700 --> 00:48:53,600
that the moment she sanctioned 
an air, her Authority might 

932
00:48:53,600 --> 00:48:58,100
Wane, yet the Gentry and the 
powerful were anxious fearing, a

933
00:48:58,100 --> 00:49:01,300
Resurgence of civil Strife if 
the crowns transition lacked 

934
00:49:01,300 --> 00:49:04,700
clarity. 
As the 1590s waned, The Queen's 

935
00:49:04,700 --> 00:49:08,400
quartz or fewer robust 
festivities, Elizabeth's Health 

936
00:49:08,400 --> 00:49:11,600
was not the best and her mood 
dark and by the loss of 

937
00:49:11,600 --> 00:49:14,200
cherished confidants once a 
favored Explorer. 

938
00:49:14,200 --> 00:49:16,700
So, Walter rally fell from 
Elizabeth's favor. 

939
00:49:16,700 --> 00:49:20,400
The of Essex wild Golden Boy 
died? 

940
00:49:20,400 --> 00:49:23,200
A traitor. 
Meanwhile the Luminous Circle 

941
00:49:23,200 --> 00:49:26,000
that had celebrated her youth, 
best of Hardwick. 

942
00:49:26,000 --> 00:49:30,600
Countess of let's start and 
others had scattered England's 

943
00:49:30,600 --> 00:49:34,000
population, soared Beyond 4 
million, many living, 

944
00:49:34,000 --> 00:49:37,300
precariously, and squalid, 
conditions, bread riots 

945
00:49:37,300 --> 00:49:40,400
flickered in adverse Harvest 
years and the cost of warfare 

946
00:49:40,400 --> 00:49:43,500
remained burdensome. 
Some critics murmured that the 

947
00:49:43,500 --> 00:49:46,300
Queen's refusal to adapt to a 
new generation's demands 

948
00:49:46,300 --> 00:49:48,000
indicated, the monarchy was 
adrift. 

949
00:49:49,000 --> 00:49:51,300
Yet Elizabeth never lost her 
political savvy. 

950
00:49:52,000 --> 00:49:53,800
Carefully managed sessions of 
parliament. 

951
00:49:53,800 --> 00:49:58,400
Deftly deflecting demands for 
certain policy changes. she 

952
00:49:58,400 --> 00:50:01,800
employed subtle flattery, 
reminding them that as a mother 

953
00:50:01,800 --> 00:50:05,800
to her people, she prized their 
well-being above all this 

954
00:50:05,800 --> 00:50:10,000
rhetorical Style. combining 
maternal sentiments with Regal 

955
00:50:10,000 --> 00:50:15,400
Authority continued to woo, the 
common Folk Indeed from the 

956
00:50:15,400 --> 00:50:19,000
countryside to London's teaming 
streets, loyalty to the queen 

957
00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:22,700
remained high and outgrowth of 
national pride partly forged by 

958
00:50:22,708 --> 00:50:24,700
that early victory over the 
Spanish Armada. 

959
00:50:25,700 --> 00:50:28,700
In the realm of Arts, the 
Elizabethan theater, blossomed 

960
00:50:28,700 --> 00:50:30,700
spearheaded by William 
Shakespeare. 

961
00:50:30,700 --> 00:50:34,800
Christopher Marlowe. 
And others There were Elizabeth 

962
00:50:34,800 --> 00:50:38,000
seldom attended public 
performance is at the globe, she

963
00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:40,400
invited theatrical troupes to 
court. 

964
00:50:41,200 --> 00:50:44,700
She found enjoyment and comedic 
interlude even if she publicly 

965
00:50:44,700 --> 00:50:47,800
maintained a formal veneer. 
This cultural Renaissance 

966
00:50:47,800 --> 00:50:51,700
ignited under her watch was a 
point of national distinction 

967
00:50:51,700 --> 00:50:55,000
with travelling players bringing
both dramatic Flair and moral 

968
00:50:55,000 --> 00:50:58,700
allegories to distant corners. 
The Synergy of crowns and 

969
00:50:58,700 --> 00:51:01,900
creativity underscored, an Epoch
known as the Elizabethan golden 

970
00:51:01,900 --> 00:51:04,500
age. 
Throughout the religious 

971
00:51:04,500 --> 00:51:07,400
settlement endured though, 
Puritan elements pressed for 

972
00:51:07,400 --> 00:51:10,500
stricter reforms. 
Criticizing the hierarchical 

973
00:51:10,500 --> 00:51:13,300
structure of Bishops. 
The queen tolerated moderate 

974
00:51:13,300 --> 00:51:16,300
Puritan, please, but cracked 
down on radical preachers, who 

975
00:51:16,300 --> 00:51:17,900
undermine her Supreme 
governorship. 

976
00:51:18,800 --> 00:51:22,000
Catholic recusants faced fines 
or pressure to conform though. 

977
00:51:22,000 --> 00:51:25,000
Large-scale persecution was less
aggressive than during cut, 

978
00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:28,900
Mary's Reign, despite friction. 
Elizabeth stance staved off. 

979
00:51:28,900 --> 00:51:31,800
Religious Civil War. 
This equilibrium, they're not 

980
00:51:31,808 --> 00:51:33,000
perfect. 
Enabled. 

981
00:51:33,000 --> 00:51:34,700
Comes and exploration to 
flourish. 

982
00:51:35,600 --> 00:51:38,600
Merchants ventured to the 
Levant, the Baltic, and the 

983
00:51:38,600 --> 00:51:43,000
Americas showing early seeds of 
a global Maritime trade. and the

984
00:51:43,008 --> 00:51:47,100
final few months of her life, 
Elizabeth retreated to Richmond 

985
00:51:47,100 --> 00:51:49,500
Palace. 
She was increasingly frail 

986
00:51:49,500 --> 00:51:51,600
refusing. 
Medical interventions that 

987
00:51:51,600 --> 00:51:54,500
seemed invasive caught. 
Rumors multiplied. 

988
00:51:54,500 --> 00:51:56,300
The Queen's. 
Mind was drifting. 

989
00:51:56,300 --> 00:51:59,400
She was losing. 
Appetite was, she stood for 

990
00:51:59,400 --> 00:52:00,700
hours? 
To Proud to rest? 

991
00:52:02,000 --> 00:52:05,500
Modern historians debate, the 
exact cause of her decline, some

992
00:52:05,500 --> 00:52:09,400
speculate Newman, or depression.
She dreaded naming James 

993
00:52:09,400 --> 00:52:13,400
publicly that subtle negotiation
with his envoys pave, the way 

994
00:52:13,400 --> 00:52:17,000
for a smooth succession. 
Advisors, like Robert Cecil 

995
00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:18,300
quietly. 
Prepared the details. 

996
00:52:19,400 --> 00:52:22,100
According to tradition, 
Elizabeth too. 

997
00:52:22,100 --> 00:52:25,100
Weak to speak in her last hours,
made a vague gesture endorsing 

998
00:52:25,100 --> 00:52:29,300
James as successor. 
She died on March, 24th, 16:03 

999
00:52:29,300 --> 00:52:33,000
age. 69 after 44 years on the 
throne. 

1000
00:52:33,000 --> 00:52:35,700
A record at the time for an 
English Monarch. 

1001
00:52:35,700 --> 00:52:38,900
Her coffin, was carried from 
Whitehall to Westminster Abbey. 

1002
00:52:39,400 --> 00:52:42,700
The silent crowds reflecting on 
an era shape by her image. 

1003
00:52:44,300 --> 00:52:47,700
That day closed the Tudor line 
with James, the sixth of 

1004
00:52:47,700 --> 00:52:49,800
Scotland becoming James. 
The first of England, 

1005
00:52:49,800 --> 00:52:54,200
inaugurating the Stuart Dynasty.
Yet the Tudor brand had not 

1006
00:52:54,200 --> 00:52:57,000
ended in chaos. 
Elizabeth's measured approach 

1007
00:52:57,000 --> 00:52:59,200
for all her. 
Reluctance is ensured a 

1008
00:52:59,200 --> 00:53:02,800
relatively peaceful Handover in 
the wake of her passing tributes

1009
00:53:02,800 --> 00:53:07,000
sword pamphlets hailed her as 
the wisest princess the mother 

1010
00:53:07,000 --> 00:53:10,500
of her people and a near 
legendary Fisher who steered the

1011
00:53:10,508 --> 00:53:12,700
nation from the shadows of 
religious tyranny. 

1012
00:53:13,500 --> 00:53:16,200
The wave of national mourning 
overshadowed her shortcomings, 

1013
00:53:16,200 --> 00:53:20,200
which included, excessive 
favoritism suspicion of Rivals, 

1014
00:53:20,200 --> 00:53:23,800
and stifling certain freedoms 
over the next centuries. 

1015
00:53:25,100 --> 00:53:27,100
Historians would reinterpret her
story. 

1016
00:53:27,100 --> 00:53:31,300
Dissecting the illusions of the 
Virgin Queen narrative, ignoring

1017
00:53:31,300 --> 00:53:34,500
her harsh treatment of 
dissenters, yet marveling at her

1018
00:53:34,500 --> 00:53:37,600
capacity to wield Authority in a
fiercely patriarchal world. 

1019
00:53:38,600 --> 00:53:42,200
stage was set for the transition
from Tudor to Stuart and though,

1020
00:53:42,200 --> 00:53:44,600
overshadowed by the next 
monarchy Zone tensions, 

1021
00:53:44,600 --> 00:53:48,000
Elizabeth's Reign retained, a 
special glow in England's 

1022
00:53:48,000 --> 00:53:51,700
Collective memory An Epoch where
a single woman's will shape 

1023
00:53:51,700 --> 00:53:54,400
Destiny. 
Immediately after Elizabeth's 

1024
00:53:54,400 --> 00:53:57,700
death, a swirl of legacies. 
Confronted the English James, 

1025
00:53:57,700 --> 00:54:01,000
the first newly ascendant 
inherited, a stable realm, but 

1026
00:54:01,000 --> 00:54:04,000
also the burden of living up to 
the fabled glory honor. 

1027
00:54:04,600 --> 00:54:07,500
Of the ensuing decades, the myth
of Elizabeth would be 

1028
00:54:07,500 --> 00:54:11,000
embellished by dramatists 
historians and genealogists 

1029
00:54:11,000 --> 00:54:16,300
forging, a romantic image of a 
Queen unblemished by Era yet. 

1030
00:54:16,300 --> 00:54:19,000
Parallel under currents 
recognized her complexities 

1031
00:54:19,000 --> 00:54:22,900
among the common folk stories of
bounded of her witty repartee, 

1032
00:54:22,900 --> 00:54:26,500
her skill in navigating. 
Suitors, and the spectacle of 

1033
00:54:26,500 --> 00:54:30,300
her Court, In the Catholic 
diaspora, she was demonized as a

1034
00:54:30,300 --> 00:54:34,000
heretic who had executed mayor, 
Mary Queen of Scots this 

1035
00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:37,200
ideological tug of war shaped 
how Europe at large, recalled 

1036
00:54:37,200 --> 00:54:40,600
her reign. 
During the 17th century, English

1037
00:54:40,600 --> 00:54:43,500
authors, occasionally stage, 
plays referencing Elizabeth and 

1038
00:54:43,500 --> 00:54:45,800
glory to critique or praise 
current rulers. 

1039
00:54:45,800 --> 00:54:50,500
The Elizabethan age label took 
hold Conjuring a golden passed 

1040
00:54:50,500 --> 00:54:52,700
full of Maritime exploits and 
cultural refinement. 

1041
00:54:52,700 --> 00:54:55,500
Meanwhile, Puritan writers 
viewed. 

1042
00:54:55,500 --> 00:54:58,800
The queen more critically noting
that her religious compromise 

1043
00:54:58,800 --> 00:55:00,900
left them, yearning for a more 
thorough Reformation. 

1044
00:55:01,900 --> 00:55:05,600
Some pamphleteers portrayed her 
as a cunning politician, Adept 

1045
00:55:05,600 --> 00:55:08,800
at double-dealing among Europe's
Catholic Powers over time. 

1046
00:55:08,800 --> 00:55:12,000
These multiple Vantage points, 
Consolidated into a layered 

1047
00:55:12,000 --> 00:55:14,400
portrait. 
In the 18th and 19th. 

1048
00:55:14,400 --> 00:55:18,700
Centuries national pride sword, 
fueling revivalist interest in 

1049
00:55:18,700 --> 00:55:21,600
The Tudors. 
Elizabeth's image was molded by 

1050
00:55:21,600 --> 00:55:25,000
Victorian taste emphasizing her 
unmarried status as a 

1051
00:55:25,008 --> 00:55:28,800
demonstration of moral fortitude
painters depicted her in 

1052
00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:32,200
elaborate roughs overshadowing. 
Any mention of the day-to-day 

1053
00:55:32,200 --> 00:55:35,600
hardships endured by her 
subjects she became an icon of 

1054
00:55:35,600 --> 00:55:38,300
English Independence, the 
specially, when the British 

1055
00:55:38,300 --> 00:55:41,000
Empire sought parallels between 
the forging of a national 

1056
00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:44,300
identity, under Elizabeth, and 
contemporary Empire Building, 

1057
00:55:45,500 --> 00:55:48,500
The Armada, Triumph narrative 
overshadowed, the fact that 

1058
00:55:48,500 --> 00:55:52,700
storms aided English success, 
her issues, with Mary, Queen of 

1059
00:55:52,700 --> 00:55:56,600
Scots became fodder for tragic 
Romanticism, focusing on 

1060
00:55:56,600 --> 00:55:58,100
courtly, betrayals and 
heartbreak. 

1061
00:55:59,300 --> 00:56:02,500
This romanticization sometimes 
neglected the Queen's shrewd, 

1062
00:56:02,500 --> 00:56:06,800
often ruthless governance. 
Scholars of the 20th century 

1063
00:56:06,800 --> 00:56:09,900
took a more critical lenses. 
They delved into archival 

1064
00:56:09,900 --> 00:56:12,400
documents to unearth, how 
Elizabeth's intelligence Network

1065
00:56:12,400 --> 00:56:16,100
operated, how her finances were 
managed and how propaganda 

1066
00:56:16,100 --> 00:56:19,800
shaped public perception. 
He passed the famed golden 

1067
00:56:19,800 --> 00:56:24,200
speech of 1601 analyzing the 
rhetorical strategies, she used 

1068
00:56:24,208 --> 00:56:27,700
to quell a Restless Parliament. 
The more historians explored, 

1069
00:56:27,700 --> 00:56:31,600
the clearer it became that. 
Her success hinged on forging an

1070
00:56:31,600 --> 00:56:35,800
image that balanced motherly 
affection with Regal severity. 

1071
00:56:36,400 --> 00:56:39,000
Ensuring subjects revered rather
than resented her. 

1072
00:56:39,900 --> 00:56:42,700
Scholars recognized, the notion 
of the cult of Elizabeth with 

1073
00:56:42,700 --> 00:56:45,700
its orchestrated pageantry as an
early form of State PR. 

1074
00:56:46,400 --> 00:56:49,800
From the perspective of women's 
history, Elizabeth significant 

1075
00:56:49,800 --> 00:56:52,900
soared. 
She defied the misogynistic 

1076
00:56:52,900 --> 00:56:56,400
assumptions of hero refusing to 
cede authority to her husband or

1077
00:56:56,400 --> 00:57:00,900
male advisors that Independence 
though hard one showcase the 

1078
00:57:00,900 --> 00:57:03,600
potency of female ruler could 
wield in a male-dominated 

1079
00:57:03,600 --> 00:57:06,100
society. 
Yet the same narrative 

1080
00:57:06,100 --> 00:57:08,200
acknowledges, she was no radical
feminist. 

1081
00:57:08,200 --> 00:57:11,700
She often leveraged stereotypes 
of female Frailty or used her 

1082
00:57:11,700 --> 00:57:16,100
womanly nature, strategically, 
and negotiation thus, her 

1083
00:57:16,100 --> 00:57:19,300
complex relationship with gender
roles remains a topic of ongoing

1084
00:57:19,300 --> 00:57:22,500
debate. 
Archaeological digs at palaces 

1085
00:57:22,500 --> 00:57:25,400
and older States on covered 
physical traces of her travels, 

1086
00:57:25,400 --> 00:57:28,700
like a femoral scaffolds for 
pageants or remains of feasting 

1087
00:57:28,700 --> 00:57:30,900
Halls. 
These glimpses illustrate the 

1088
00:57:30,900 --> 00:57:35,200
vast logistical machine behind. 
Each Royal progress, the queen 

1089
00:57:35,200 --> 00:57:38,300
might arrive with hundreds of 
courtiers and servants imposing 

1090
00:57:38,300 --> 00:57:40,000
a heavy burden on local 
nobility. 

1091
00:57:40,000 --> 00:57:42,800
Hosting the Entourage. 
Yes, from a political 

1092
00:57:42,800 --> 00:57:45,800
standpoint, these visits 
effectively reaffirm the Monkees

1093
00:57:45,800 --> 00:57:49,500
Presents Across The Rail. 
Over and over Elizabeth, use 

1094
00:57:49,500 --> 00:57:52,800
personal displays to connect 
with communities and cultural 

1095
00:57:52,800 --> 00:57:57,200
memory items such as the Tudor 
Rose, elaborate State portraits 

1096
00:57:57,200 --> 00:58:00,300
by painters, like, Nicholas 
Hilliard or references to the 

1097
00:58:00,300 --> 00:58:02,600
Virgin Queen remain in the 
public imagination. 

1098
00:58:03,700 --> 00:58:06,700
Filmmakers and the 20th and 
21st, centuries capitalized on 

1099
00:58:06,700 --> 00:58:09,200
this Allure. 
Producing adaptations that 

1100
00:58:09,200 --> 00:58:11,600
frame, Elizabeth's story with 
romance and Triumph. 

1101
00:58:12,300 --> 00:58:15,800
Some films, portray her as near 
saintly, others highlight her, 

1102
00:58:15,800 --> 00:58:17,200
paranoia or the brutality of 
her. 

1103
00:58:17,200 --> 00:58:20,500
Crackdown on perceived threats. 
Continuing Fascination 

1104
00:58:20,500 --> 00:58:23,700
underscores how she embodies a 
transitional moment in Europe. 

1105
00:58:23,700 --> 00:58:26,900
Where many evil structures gave 
way to early modern States? 

1106
00:58:27,700 --> 00:58:31,400
With new forms of diplomacy 
Espionage, and ideology all 

1107
00:58:31,400 --> 00:58:35,000
converging, thus centuries 
removed from her actual reign. 

1108
00:58:35,700 --> 00:58:38,400
The Elizabeth the first stands 
as both, a symbol of national 

1109
00:58:38,400 --> 00:58:41,700
identity and a figure whose 
complexities resonate with 

1110
00:58:41,700 --> 00:58:44,000
present debates. 
The interplay of female 

1111
00:58:44,000 --> 00:58:47,900
leadership, religious, 
diversity, personal freedom, and

1112
00:58:47,900 --> 00:58:52,300
the power of constructed image 
re-evaluating her life. 

1113
00:58:52,300 --> 00:58:55,500
Reveals how skillful governance 
can stabilize a fractious 

1114
00:58:55,500 --> 00:58:58,000
Kingdom. 
Even if it requires, navigating 

1115
00:58:58,000 --> 00:59:01,600
a delicate balance between 
tolerance and coercion, The 

1116
00:59:01,600 --> 00:59:05,100
conversation around Elizabeth 
remains Dynamic shaped by each 

1117
00:59:05,100 --> 00:59:08,400
generation's Vantage on, 
monarchy gender and the cost of 

1118
00:59:08,400 --> 00:59:12,700
maintaining a carefully wrought.
Facade of unity Elizabeth's 

1119
00:59:12,700 --> 00:59:15,500
story resonates with the notion 
that midlife can be a time of 

1120
00:59:15,508 --> 00:59:17,700
both reflection and strategic 
boldness. 

1121
00:59:17,700 --> 00:59:21,900
She ascended, the throne at 25, 
but arguably her most defining 

1122
00:59:21,900 --> 00:59:24,500
decisions, the forging of a 
moderate religious settlement. 

1123
00:59:24,500 --> 00:59:28,600
The careful dance of marriage, 
negotiations, unfolded, as she 

1124
00:59:28,600 --> 00:59:33,000
matured, Face of personal 
regrets lack of a direct Heir 

1125
00:59:33,000 --> 00:59:35,600
and external crises Spanish 
hostility. 

1126
00:59:35,600 --> 00:59:38,300
Internal plots. 
She repeatedly displayed 

1127
00:59:38,300 --> 00:59:41,200
resilience under the lens of 
older wisdom yet. 

1128
00:59:41,200 --> 00:59:42,800
That's a gas city was not 
innate. 

1129
00:59:42,800 --> 00:59:46,900
It sprang from a youth marked by
precariousness shaping, a 

1130
00:59:46,900 --> 00:59:48,500
thorough calculation in adult 
life. 

1131
00:59:49,400 --> 00:59:52,300
One lesser discussed aspect is 
her intellectual curiosity. 

1132
00:59:52,300 --> 00:59:56,800
She was no passive figurehead. 
She read widely from classical 

1133
00:59:56,800 --> 01:00:00,100
philosophers to contemporary 
political treatises an Engaged 

1134
01:00:00,100 --> 01:00:01,900
in theological debates with 
ambassadors. 

1135
01:00:01,900 --> 01:00:06,100
She wrote translation of texts 
including Plutarch, honing, 

1136
01:00:06,100 --> 01:00:09,500
linguistic, precision, In an 
era, when many noble women 

1137
01:00:09,500 --> 01:00:13,300
possessed only basic literacy, 
Elizabeth depth of scholarship, 

1138
01:00:13,300 --> 01:00:17,000
commanded respect. she used this
knowledge to steer councils 

1139
01:00:17,000 --> 01:00:21,100
referencing classical examples 
of leadership or Mercy grounding

1140
01:00:21,100 --> 01:00:23,800
her decisions in a broader 
worldview than simple real 

1141
01:00:23,800 --> 01:00:27,000
politic Another dimension 
concerns her approach to 

1142
01:00:27,008 --> 01:00:30,300
management and delegation. 
Faced with a swirl of Court, 

1143
01:00:30,300 --> 01:00:34,100
factions some aligned with Cecil
others with Dudley and various 

1144
01:00:34,100 --> 01:00:37,700
URLs vying for influence. 
She balanced them by a rotating.

1145
01:00:37,700 --> 01:00:41,200
Favoring, no single man. 
Overshadowed the rest. 

1146
01:00:41,900 --> 01:00:44,800
This delicate maneuver allowed 
her to maintain her position as 

1147
01:00:44,800 --> 01:00:48,400
the ultimate Arbiter, thereby 
preventing entrenched monopolies

1148
01:00:48,400 --> 01:00:51,400
of power. 
While modern management gurus 

1149
01:00:51,400 --> 01:00:53,600
highlight transparency or direct
leadership. 

1150
01:00:53,600 --> 01:00:57,500
Elizabeth method was Subler. 
She nurtured multiple power 

1151
01:00:57,500 --> 01:01:01,200
centers, pitting them, gently 
against each other, to sustain a

1152
01:01:01,200 --> 01:01:04,500
stable equilibrium. 
This method reveals a strategic 

1153
01:01:04,500 --> 01:01:08,500
cunning that while occasionally 
breeding resentment retained her

1154
01:01:08,500 --> 01:01:10,400
premacy in a fractious 
environment. 

1155
01:01:10,400 --> 01:01:14,900
The swirl of secrecy surrounding
Mary Queen of Scots also 

1156
01:01:14,900 --> 01:01:17,700
underscores Elizabeth's, careful
manipulation of intelligence. 

1157
01:01:18,800 --> 01:01:21,800
Personally reviewed coded 
letters Wade evidence an 

1158
01:01:21,800 --> 01:01:23,800
authorized in filtration of 
Catholic circles. 

1159
01:01:23,800 --> 01:01:27,600
He's actions might unnerve 
contemporary moral standards yet

1160
01:01:27,600 --> 01:01:31,000
in the Cutthroat reality of 16th
century politics such as 

1161
01:01:31,000 --> 01:01:34,600
Espionage was standard. 
The difference is Elizabeth's 

1162
01:01:34,600 --> 01:01:37,400
relative subtlety. 
She rarely boasted of her spy 

1163
01:01:37,400 --> 01:01:40,100
Master's successes. 
She recognized the value of 

1164
01:01:40,100 --> 01:01:42,600
Illusions. 
Letting conspirators believe 

1165
01:01:42,600 --> 01:01:46,800
they had infiltrated her Circle.
While in fact, a Watcher's 

1166
01:01:46,800 --> 01:01:49,900
tracked, every step age and 
Beauty with a distinct sense of 

1167
01:01:49,900 --> 01:01:51,900
gravity and speeches to 
Parliament. 

1168
01:01:51,900 --> 01:01:54,700
She framed herself as a guardian
of the Realms welfare. 

1169
01:01:55,400 --> 01:01:58,900
The dressing them as my lords 
and my good people tapping into 

1170
01:01:58,900 --> 01:02:04,500
paternal or maternal imagery. 
She rarely showed overt Temper 

1171
01:02:04,500 --> 01:02:07,300
Temper in public, the courtiers 
called her sharp tongue in 

1172
01:02:07,308 --> 01:02:12,200
private lace with scathing Witt.
she might banish a courtier from

1173
01:02:12,200 --> 01:02:15,100
her presence for a trifling 
offense, then recall him soon 

1174
01:02:15,100 --> 01:02:18,100
after sending the message that 
loyalty was Paramount, while 

1175
01:02:18,100 --> 01:02:22,300
partial forgiveness, might be 
extended This capacity to Pivot 

1176
01:02:22,300 --> 01:02:26,000
from severity to magnanimity 
cemented, her as unpredictable 

1177
01:02:26,000 --> 01:02:28,000
yet. 
Revered betrayed modern leaders,

1178
01:02:28,000 --> 01:02:29,700
might emulate in more tempered 
forms. 

1179
01:02:30,600 --> 01:02:33,900
Beyond the realm of politics, a 
personal attire and courtly 

1180
01:02:33,900 --> 01:02:35,400
fashion set Trends across 
Europe. 

1181
01:02:36,400 --> 01:02:39,300
Championed fresh tailors to 
experiment with embroidered 

1182
01:02:39,300 --> 01:02:44,000
silks extensive roughs and 
striking color palette, but 

1183
01:02:44,000 --> 01:02:47,800
behind the Magnificent was a 
strategic layering of fabric it 

1184
01:02:47,800 --> 01:02:49,700
signified. 
Her rank, while concealing, 

1185
01:02:49,700 --> 01:02:51,800
normally aging or times of 
ill-health. 

1186
01:02:52,600 --> 01:02:55,400
The resulting mistake helped 
Define the monarchy's brand. 

1187
01:02:56,200 --> 01:02:59,400
Similarly, she championed 
structured ceremonies like a 

1188
01:02:59,400 --> 01:03:01,900
labyrinth coronation 
anniversaries or public feast 

1189
01:03:01,900 --> 01:03:05,300
days these events, reaffirm the 
bond between Sovereign and 

1190
01:03:05,300 --> 01:03:07,900
subject. 
Forging an emotional tie. 

1191
01:03:07,900 --> 01:03:10,400
That buttressed, the monarchies 
intangible Authority. 

1192
01:03:11,300 --> 01:03:13,300
Her approach to the Arts, had 
lasting effects. 

1193
01:03:14,600 --> 01:03:17,400
She never personally funded epic
building projects, like some 

1194
01:03:17,400 --> 01:03:19,800
European Royals given her 
limited treasury. 

1195
01:03:19,800 --> 01:03:23,900
But her patronage of music, 
portraiture and drama, triggered

1196
01:03:23,900 --> 01:03:28,200
a cultural efflorescence. 
He composes thrived producing 

1197
01:03:28,200 --> 01:03:31,500
refined, polyphonic Works 
performed at Chapel, her 

1198
01:03:31,500 --> 01:03:34,100
endorsement of secular drama 
laid, the groundwork for 

1199
01:03:34,100 --> 01:03:37,300
Shakespeare's rise. 
She recognized that cultural 

1200
01:03:37,300 --> 01:03:39,400
Prestige elevated national 
pride. 

1201
01:03:40,200 --> 01:03:43,300
Thus investing in intangible 
Capital, that would Outlast her.

1202
01:03:44,000 --> 01:03:46,900
This Fosters and analogy to 
Modern soft power. 

1203
01:03:46,900 --> 01:03:50,900
A concepting global relations in
some Elizabeth's. 

1204
01:03:50,900 --> 01:03:54,000
Mid to late Reign exemplifies, 
how a leader can orchestrate 

1205
01:03:54,000 --> 01:03:57,400
multi-layered strategies leaning
on intellectual depth. 

1206
01:03:57,400 --> 01:04:02,500
Balancing internal, factions 
leveraging Espionage and forging

1207
01:04:02,500 --> 01:04:06,100
cultural identity. 
How longevity on the throne was 

1208
01:04:06,100 --> 01:04:08,700
no accident. 
It was an evolving Mastery of 

1209
01:04:08,708 --> 01:04:10,600
monarchy in an era thick with 
risk. 

1210
01:04:11,300 --> 01:04:14,100
For those in midlife, her model 
suggests that the lessons 

1211
01:04:14,100 --> 01:04:16,500
gleaned from earlier turmoil. 
Exile. 

1212
01:04:16,500 --> 01:04:19,700
Precarious legitimacy can 
blossom into confident 

1213
01:04:19,700 --> 01:04:23,600
leadership when harnessed with 
discipline even so her story 

1214
01:04:23,600 --> 01:04:26,800
underscores that behind the 
Regal facade lay real heartbreak

1215
01:04:26,800 --> 01:04:29,200
and regrets. 
Particularly on questions of 

1216
01:04:29,200 --> 01:04:32,900
family and moral contradictions 
that humanness only deepens the 

1217
01:04:32,900 --> 01:04:36,100
fascination with this queen who 
navigated a world not designed 

1218
01:04:36,100 --> 01:04:39,400
for women in power forging, a 
golden age from The Crucible of 

1219
01:04:39,400 --> 01:04:42,200
adversity. 
When Elizabeth the first died on

1220
01:04:42,200 --> 01:04:46,000
March 24th 16:03 at Richmond 
Palace. 

1221
01:04:46,000 --> 01:04:49,200
She left a kingdom dramatically 
changed from the one she 

1222
01:04:49,200 --> 01:04:52,100
inherited. 
Elizabeth averted religious 

1223
01:04:52,100 --> 01:04:55,600
Civil Wars, asserted an English 
Navy against Spanish dominance 

1224
01:04:55,600 --> 01:04:58,000
and planted the seeds of a 
maritime Empire. 

1225
01:04:59,000 --> 01:05:01,900
Yet the Queen's final moments, 
offered a poignant contrast to 

1226
01:05:01,900 --> 01:05:04,900
the ceremonial Grandeur that had
marked her public life. 

1227
01:05:05,600 --> 01:05:09,000
A council, she refused to rest 
standing or sitting in Pence of 

1228
01:05:09,000 --> 01:05:11,800
silence for hours as if 
grappling with the knowledge 

1229
01:05:11,800 --> 01:05:15,400
that her story was nearly done 
the question of her successor 

1230
01:05:15,400 --> 01:05:18,200
James, the sixth of Scotland, 
was all but settled. 

1231
01:05:19,000 --> 01:05:22,700
Elizabeth's last gesture whether
a whispered name or silent 

1232
01:05:22,700 --> 01:05:26,000
acceptance, cleared the way for 
the stewards, Bridging the 

1233
01:05:26,008 --> 01:05:29,200
Tudors to a new era. 
The immediate aftermath saw an 

1234
01:05:29,200 --> 01:05:32,500
outpouring of tributes Noble 
houses, and commoners are like 

1235
01:05:32,500 --> 01:05:35,700
more than the Virgin Queen, the 
stalwart figurehead who had 

1236
01:05:35,700 --> 01:05:38,600
reigned 44 years. 
Her body was transported by 

1237
01:05:38,600 --> 01:05:42,100
barge along the Thames, a 
spectacle of black drapes and 

1238
01:05:42,100 --> 01:05:46,300
heraldic flags observers lining,
the shores were called how 

1239
01:05:46,300 --> 01:05:49,700
decades earlier. 
The young Queen had ascended to 

1240
01:05:49,708 --> 01:05:54,300
quell, the chaos left by her 
half-siblings now the realm 

1241
01:05:54,300 --> 01:05:57,700
faced another transition. 
But Elizabeth's half-century of 

1242
01:05:57,700 --> 01:06:00,200
leadership gave many confidence 
in the monarchy's stability. 

1243
01:06:01,100 --> 01:06:04,000
James's succession was mostly 
peaceful a testament to the 

1244
01:06:04,008 --> 01:06:05,800
processes, Elizabeth had 
overseen. 

1245
01:06:06,600 --> 01:06:09,900
Over the centuries. 
Historians dissected her image 

1246
01:06:09,900 --> 01:06:13,000
with fresh angles. 
Some championed her as a golden 

1247
01:06:13,000 --> 01:06:16,900
archetype praising, her 
unwavering sense of Duty, others

1248
01:06:16,900 --> 01:06:18,400
uncovered. 
Her manipulative, use of 

1249
01:06:18,408 --> 01:06:21,500
virginity as political currency 
or pointed out, the 

1250
01:06:21,500 --> 01:06:25,400
authoritarian Edge in, how she 
Stamped Out dissent. 20th 

1251
01:06:25,400 --> 01:06:27,800
century, scholarship introduced 
psychoanalytic readings, 

1252
01:06:27,800 --> 01:06:31,100
linking, her mother's beheading 
to her reluctance to marry 

1253
01:06:31,800 --> 01:06:36,600
Feminist analysis recognized her
capacity to subvert patriarchal 

1254
01:06:36,600 --> 01:06:40,800
Norms, by forging a distinctly. 
Female monarchy that demanded. 

1255
01:06:40,800 --> 01:06:44,500
Masculine respect 
archaeological, research to 

1256
01:06:44,500 --> 01:06:48,700
contributed excavations at 
palatial sites and covered 

1257
01:06:48,700 --> 01:06:52,500
Courtyards used for lavish tilts
or dancing events fragments of 

1258
01:06:52,500 --> 01:06:55,900
decorative tile. 
Bearing Tudor roses art 

1259
01:06:55,900 --> 01:06:58,900
Restorations revealed, how State
portraits were retouched to 

1260
01:06:58,900 --> 01:07:02,200
remove wrinkles or human 
imperfections reinforcing her 

1261
01:07:02,200 --> 01:07:04,900
iconic aura. 
Evolution of her visual 

1262
01:07:04,900 --> 01:07:06,900
propaganda. 
Parallels, modern brand 

1263
01:07:06,900 --> 01:07:10,400
management illustrating. 
How monarchy leveraged delusions

1264
01:07:10,400 --> 01:07:14,800
to maintain public fascination. 
Elizabeth zero characterized by 

1265
01:07:14,800 --> 01:07:18,300
Drake's circumnavigation 
Shakespeare's stage and an 

1266
01:07:18,300 --> 01:07:21,500
assertive national identity. 
A vote to deep sense of 

1267
01:07:21,500 --> 01:07:25,000
nostalgia among every day. 
In English folk actual living 

1268
01:07:25,000 --> 01:07:28,000
conditions for peasants remained
harsh, but the sense of 

1269
01:07:28,008 --> 01:07:32,000
belonging to an upcoming Realms,
sawed Elizabeth harness, that 

1270
01:07:32,000 --> 01:07:36,200
Pride to unify land threatened 
by Continental Powers, she left 

1271
01:07:36,200 --> 01:07:40,000
behind no direct air, but her 
intangible bequest was a 

1272
01:07:40,000 --> 01:07:43,300
monarchy reinvigorated by sense 
of national Destiny. 

1273
01:07:43,300 --> 01:07:46,300
The future conflicts like the 
English Civil War would test 

1274
01:07:46,300 --> 01:07:49,000
that Unity. 
Surely In the present, 

1275
01:07:49,000 --> 01:07:53,300
Elizabeth's story continues to 
enthrall, tourists flocked to 

1276
01:07:53,300 --> 01:07:56,700
the Tower of London or Hampton 
Court longing for glimpses of 

1277
01:07:56,700 --> 01:07:59,500
her ear as grandeur. 
Historians pieced together 

1278
01:07:59,508 --> 01:08:03,100
details from Diaries 
ambassadors, dispatchers and 

1279
01:08:03,100 --> 01:08:06,000
state papers. 
The creative arts, produce films

1280
01:08:06,000 --> 01:08:09,700
reimagining her as everything 
from an iron-willed Warrior to a

1281
01:08:09,700 --> 01:08:11,500
lonely. 
Figure overshadowed by politics 

1282
01:08:11,500 --> 01:08:14,800
such portrayals reflect changing
cultural values. 

1283
01:08:14,800 --> 01:08:19,000
We admire her resilience 
critique her harshness empathize

1284
01:08:19,000 --> 01:08:22,200
with her personal constraints, 
each generation reads, new 

1285
01:08:22,200 --> 01:08:25,500
lessons in her life, where the 
celebrating female Powell 

1286
01:08:25,500 --> 01:08:29,300
lamenting the cost of absolute 
monarchy, Her two rests in 

1287
01:08:29,300 --> 01:08:32,500
Westminster Abbey overshadowed 
by the more elaborate Memorial 

1288
01:08:32,500 --> 01:08:36,100
of her half-sister Mary. 
The first Erected during James 

1289
01:08:36,100 --> 01:08:40,300
the first time it depicts 
Elisabeth recumbent ironically 

1290
01:08:40,300 --> 01:08:43,300
sharing a memorial with Mary and
a symbolic barring of old 

1291
01:08:43,300 --> 01:08:46,300
rivalries while the Effigy is 
fairly simple. 

1292
01:08:46,300 --> 01:08:50,399
Visitors, often linger mindful 
that the occupant reshaped your 

1293
01:08:50,399 --> 01:08:53,300
apps Power Balance, the 
inscriptions hail her, as a 

1294
01:08:53,308 --> 01:08:57,899
paragon of wisdom praising her, 
as of her sex, the pride of all 

1295
01:08:57,899 --> 01:09:00,700
time. 
The Wonder The rhetoric might be

1296
01:09:00,700 --> 01:09:03,800
thick but at Echoes how she was 
revered by her contemporaries. 

1297
01:09:04,500 --> 01:09:07,300
In the end, Elizabeth the first 
stands as a testament, to the 

1298
01:09:07,308 --> 01:09:10,899
Synergy of personal, cunning 
cultural stewardship and 

1299
01:09:10,899 --> 01:09:13,600
Circumstance. 
The child overshadowed by A 

1300
01:09:13,600 --> 01:09:17,300
Father's Quest for a male Heir. 
Grew into a queen who refused to

1301
01:09:17,300 --> 01:09:20,000
be overshadowed by any spouse or
Continental monarch. 

1302
01:09:20,700 --> 01:09:23,700
That improbable Ark from 
uncertain princess, to 

1303
01:09:23,700 --> 01:09:25,899
Undisputed, Sovereign still 
captivates. 

1304
01:09:26,600 --> 01:09:29,000
Her life underscores that 
leadership is rarely 

1305
01:09:29,000 --> 01:09:31,899
straightforward. 
Forging, Alliance is stifling 

1306
01:09:31,899 --> 01:09:35,100
conspiracies and projecting 
Authority, demand constant 

1307
01:09:35,100 --> 01:09:38,600
recalibration indeed. 
Her success lay not in an 

1308
01:09:38,600 --> 01:09:42,899
unyielding set of principles but
in agile responses to crises 

1309
01:09:43,700 --> 01:09:47,000
Through this fluid style, she 
carved a stable realm from a 

1310
01:09:47,000 --> 01:09:50,899
swirl of dangers, centuries, 
later that story endures, 

1311
01:09:50,899 --> 01:09:54,100
bridging history and myth 
echoing that alone. 

1312
01:09:54,100 --> 01:09:58,000
Determined figure armed with 
intellect, cunning and 

1313
01:09:58,000 --> 01:10:00,900
stagecraft can shift an entire 
Kingdom's. 

1314
01:10:00,900 --> 01:10:04,500
Course, when Emperor Alexius, 
the first Common asbach to his 

1315
01:10:04,500 --> 01:10:08,100
emissaries to Pope Urban. 
The second in 1095, he hardly 

1316
01:10:08,100 --> 01:10:09,800
imagined his diplomatic 
Outreach. 

1317
01:10:09,800 --> 01:10:12,100
Would unleash two centuries of 
Bloodshed across three 

1318
01:10:12,100 --> 01:10:14,800
continents. 
The bees and tine ruler merely 

1319
01:10:14,800 --> 01:10:17,900
sought military assistance 
against the seljuk Turks who had

1320
01:10:17,900 --> 01:10:20,600
claimed significant portions of 
Anatolia following the Battle of

1321
01:10:20,600 --> 01:10:24,000
manskirt. 
What transpired instead was the 

1322
01:10:24,000 --> 01:10:26,600
weaponization of religious 
further on an unprecedented 

1323
01:10:26,600 --> 01:10:29,600
scale. 
Pope Urban the second's response

1324
01:10:29,600 --> 01:10:32,500
at the Council of Claremore 
transcended mere strategic 

1325
01:10:32,500 --> 01:10:35,700
calculation. 
The papacy having emerged from 

1326
01:10:35,700 --> 01:10:37,800
the investiture controversy with
its Authority. 

1327
01:10:37,800 --> 01:10:41,100
Diminished saw an opportunity 
Urban speech. 

1328
01:10:41,100 --> 01:10:45,000
So often sanitized in modern 
retellings, was a masterclass in

1329
01:10:45,000 --> 01:10:48,600
medieval propaganda, deploying 
fabricated, atrocity stories, 

1330
01:10:48,600 --> 01:10:50,300
and a scatological fear 
mongering. 

1331
01:10:51,200 --> 01:10:54,100
He falsely claimed that Eastern 
Christians face systematic 

1332
01:10:54,100 --> 01:10:57,100
extermination and that Muslim 
forces were desecrating. 

1333
01:10:57,100 --> 01:11:00,200
Christian holy site in ways that
historical records simply do not

1334
01:11:00,200 --> 01:11:03,600
support. 
Let the Deeds of your ancestors.

1335
01:11:03,600 --> 01:11:06,300
Inspire. 
You Urban proclaimed to the 

1336
01:11:06,300 --> 01:11:09,100
assembled nobility and clergy 
invoking. 

1337
01:11:09,100 --> 01:11:14,200
Not biblical compassion, but 
rather carolingian Conquest. a 

1338
01:11:14,200 --> 01:11:17,200
crusade was marketed not merely 
as a defensive action, but as a 

1339
01:11:17,208 --> 01:11:21,500
path to spiritual and material 
Redemption, Urban Innovation was

1340
01:11:21,500 --> 01:11:25,300
profound, he offered plenary 
indulgences complete Absolution 

1341
01:11:25,300 --> 01:11:28,900
from temporal punishment for 
sins to those who took up arms. 

1342
01:11:28,900 --> 01:11:32,400
This spiritual economy of 
violence, transformed killing 

1343
01:11:32,400 --> 01:11:35,700
from a sin requirements in to a 
means of achieving it. 

1344
01:11:36,700 --> 01:11:39,700
What historians often overlooked
is how the Crusades emerged 

1345
01:11:39,700 --> 01:11:42,400
precisely when Europe was 
experiencing its. 

1346
01:11:42,400 --> 01:11:44,900
First sustained, period, of 
economic growth since the 

1347
01:11:44,900 --> 01:11:46,500
collapse of the Western Roman 
Empire. 

1348
01:11:46,500 --> 01:11:49,900
Agricultural Innovations, had 
increased food production, 

1349
01:11:49,900 --> 01:11:53,200
creating population, pressures, 
and land, scarcity, among the 

1350
01:11:53,200 --> 01:11:56,200
noble classes. 
The promise of new territories, 

1351
01:11:56,200 --> 01:11:58,800
serve the interests of younger 
Sons, disinherited, by 

1352
01:11:58,800 --> 01:12:02,100
primogeniture Urban's, call 
offered a providential solution 

1353
01:12:02,100 --> 01:12:05,000
to social pressures that 
threatened to destabilize the 

1354
01:12:05,000 --> 01:12:07,700
feudal order. 
The earliest crusading armies 

1355
01:12:07,700 --> 01:12:11,100
included, not just Knights, but 
apocalyptic peasant bands, led 

1356
01:12:11,100 --> 01:12:12,500
by charismatic, figures like 
Peter. 

1357
01:12:12,500 --> 01:12:16,500
The hermit these popular 
movements largely written out of

1358
01:12:16,500 --> 01:12:19,800
triumphalist narrative conducted
the first programs against 

1359
01:12:19,800 --> 01:12:23,600
Jewish communities across the 
Rhineland In cities, like, worms

1360
01:12:23,600 --> 01:12:27,100
mints and cologne. 
Thousands of Jews were 

1361
01:12:27,100 --> 01:12:29,700
slaughtered when they refused 
forced baptism. 

1362
01:12:30,700 --> 01:12:33,300
Bishop Albert of Might his 
eyewitness account notes that 

1363
01:12:33,300 --> 01:12:37,700
unless they chose baptism the 
Crusaders, killed the women, as 

1364
01:12:37,700 --> 01:12:39,200
well as the men and nursing 
infants. 

1365
01:12:40,400 --> 01:12:43,100
This violence wasn't an 
aberration, but a logical 

1366
01:12:43,100 --> 01:12:45,900
extension of a worldview that 
regarded non-christians as 

1367
01:12:45,900 --> 01:12:49,200
legitimate targets. 
When these are regular forces 

1368
01:12:49,200 --> 01:12:52,300
reached Byzantine territory, 
they subjected Orthodox, 

1369
01:12:52,300 --> 01:12:55,300
Christian communities to 
pillaging an assault revealing 

1370
01:12:55,300 --> 01:12:57,200
how quickly religious 
justifications could be 

1371
01:12:57,208 --> 01:12:59,100
abandoned when plunder was at 
stake. 

1372
01:12:59,900 --> 01:13:02,700
Emperor alexios alarmed by the 
supposed allies. 

1373
01:13:02,700 --> 01:13:06,600
Hastily transported them across 
the Bosphorus where most were 

1374
01:13:06,600 --> 01:13:10,300
promptly must Sacred by seljuk 
forces at silvertoe an episode 

1375
01:13:10,300 --> 01:13:13,600
sympathetic Chronicles 
strategically minimized, the 

1376
01:13:13,600 --> 01:13:16,400
military contingents that 
followed led by figures like 

1377
01:13:16,400 --> 01:13:20,100
Godfrey of Boolean, Raymond of 
Toulouse and bohemond of taranto

1378
01:13:20,100 --> 01:13:24,000
were hardly more disciplined. 
They extorted Provisions from 

1379
01:13:24,000 --> 01:13:27,400
Byzantine cities and refused to 
swear the customary feudal, 

1380
01:13:27,400 --> 01:13:30,400
Oaths to Alexius. 
Exposing the political Ambitions

1381
01:13:30,400 --> 01:13:33,900
that drove many Crusade leaders.
Their journey through Anatolia 

1382
01:13:33,900 --> 01:13:37,800
was marked by tactical blunders 
an internal power struggles, 

1383
01:13:37,800 --> 01:13:40,400
that somehow escaped the 
sanitized Chronicles produced by

1384
01:13:40,408 --> 01:13:42,400
clerical. 
Propaganda's like full of 

1385
01:13:42,400 --> 01:13:46,000
sharks, what emerges from 
primary sources is not a 

1386
01:13:46,000 --> 01:13:49,100
divinely ordained Mission but a 
chaotic military Expedition 

1387
01:13:49,100 --> 01:13:53,500
driven by competing interests 
logistical failures of tears and

1388
01:13:53,500 --> 01:13:57,500
strategic in coherence. 
The Crusaders weren't unified by

1389
01:13:57,500 --> 01:14:00,400
shared purpose so much as 
trapped in a mutual dependency 

1390
01:14:00,400 --> 01:14:03,500
of hostile territory. 
There are eventual success 

1391
01:14:03,500 --> 01:14:07,300
against overwhelming odds at 
Antioch and Jerusalem Ode to 

1392
01:14:07,300 --> 01:14:09,700
National divisions among their 
Muslim opponents. 

1393
01:14:09,700 --> 01:14:13,900
Unexpected disease, outbreaks 
and sheer desperation than to 

1394
01:14:13,900 --> 01:14:16,500
divine intervention or military 
brilliant's. 

1395
01:14:17,400 --> 01:14:21,000
The mythologizing began almost 
immediately transforming a 

1396
01:14:21,000 --> 01:14:24,200
brutal campaign of Conquest into
a miraculous Triumph of Faith. 

1397
01:14:24,200 --> 01:14:28,800
The fall of Jerusalem on July 
the 15th, 1099 stands as perhaps

1398
01:14:28,800 --> 01:14:32,000
the single most notorious 
episode of the entire crusading 

1399
01:14:32,000 --> 01:14:34,700
era. 
The typical narrative describes 

1400
01:14:34,700 --> 01:14:38,100
the conquest as exceptionally 
brutal, even by medieval 

1401
01:14:38,100 --> 01:14:40,300
standards. 
But seldom examines the 

1402
01:14:40,300 --> 01:14:43,200
psychological mechanics that 
enabled such violence or its 

1403
01:14:43,200 --> 01:14:45,700
broader implications for 
Crusader governance. 

1404
01:14:46,900 --> 01:14:49,400
When the city's defenses, 
finally buckled after a 

1405
01:14:49,400 --> 01:14:52,600
month-long Siege Crusader 
forces, moved methodically 

1406
01:14:52,600 --> 01:14:56,900
through the streets Raymond of 
Aguilera and I witness described

1407
01:14:56,900 --> 01:15:00,300
the scene at the Temple mount. 
Men Road in blood up to their 

1408
01:15:00,300 --> 01:15:04,600
knees and bridle reins in the 
temple and of Solomon men rode 

1409
01:15:04,600 --> 01:15:08,400
in blood up to their knees. 
This was not the chaotic frenzy 

1410
01:15:08,400 --> 01:15:11,100
often depicted in popular 
accounts archaeological, 

1411
01:15:11,100 --> 01:15:14,100
evidence indicates a systematic 
execution of the city's 

1412
01:15:14,100 --> 01:15:17,800
inhabitants, The Crusade as 
Corral civilians into confined 

1413
01:15:17,800 --> 01:15:21,400
spaces, synagogues mosques and 
Courtyards, where they could be 

1414
01:15:21,400 --> 01:15:24,600
efficiently despatched. 
What's missing from many 

1415
01:15:24,600 --> 01:15:26,800
accounts is how this violence 
was ritualized. 

1416
01:15:27,500 --> 01:15:30,000
Survivors, reported, the 
Crusaders singing, hymns and 

1417
01:15:30,000 --> 01:15:33,400
religious canticles during the 
massacre, their Bloodshed wasn't

1418
01:15:33,400 --> 01:15:37,100
merely strategic, but 
performative, a violent liturgy 

1419
01:15:37,100 --> 01:15:41,300
symbolizing, the purification of
Sacred Space. when Godfrey of 

1420
01:15:41,300 --> 01:15:44,300
Boolean entered the Church of 
the Holy Sepulchre, he did so 

1421
01:15:44,300 --> 01:15:47,900
Barefoot and in penitential Garb
even as his followers continued 

1422
01:15:47,900 --> 01:15:51,600
their bloody work This 
ritualized violence established 

1423
01:15:51,600 --> 01:15:53,400
a template, that would be 
repeated throughout the 

1424
01:15:53,400 --> 01:15:56,400
crusading, period. 
The immediate aftermath revealed

1425
01:15:56,400 --> 01:15:58,700
the contradictions inherent in 
the Crusader project. 

1426
01:15:59,600 --> 01:16:01,900
Having secured Christianity's 
holiest sites. 

1427
01:16:01,900 --> 01:16:05,500
Most Crusaders fulfilled their 
vowels and returned to Europe. 

1428
01:16:06,400 --> 01:16:09,000
Only a small fraction remained 
to hold these conquests. 

1429
01:16:09,900 --> 01:16:12,600
The kingdom of Jerusalem that 
emerged was a precarious entity,

1430
01:16:12,600 --> 01:16:15,500
a narrow Coastal strip, 
perpetually on the defensive, 

1431
01:16:15,500 --> 01:16:18,800
never possessing the demographic
depth to secure its existence 

1432
01:16:18,800 --> 01:16:21,400
without constant reinforcement 
from Europe. 

1433
01:16:22,300 --> 01:16:24,600
The governance structures 
established by the remaining 

1434
01:16:24,600 --> 01:16:27,800
Crusaders have been romanticized
as a model of feudal efficiency.

1435
01:16:28,700 --> 01:16:32,300
The reality was Far Messier, the
Frankish nobility that ruled. 

1436
01:16:32,300 --> 01:16:34,800
The kingdom refused meaningful 
integration with the local 

1437
01:16:34,800 --> 01:16:37,300
population. 
While other conquerors 

1438
01:16:37,300 --> 01:16:39,900
throughout history had typically
intermarried with indigenous 

1439
01:16:39,900 --> 01:16:43,700
Elites to secure their rule, the
Crusader States maintained rigid

1440
01:16:43,700 --> 01:16:47,500
social segregation even Eastern.
Christians were relegated to 

1441
01:16:47,500 --> 01:16:50,100
secondary status creating a 
two-tiered society that 

1442
01:16:50,100 --> 01:16:52,800
undermined the Kingdom's 
legitimacy among its subjects. 

1443
01:16:53,600 --> 01:16:56,700
perhaps, most revealing was the 
Crusader States economic 

1444
01:16:56,700 --> 01:17:00,800
Foundation Despite religious 
justifications the kingdom of 

1445
01:17:00,800 --> 01:17:03,900
Jerusalem quickly demonstrated 
its fundamentally extractive 

1446
01:17:03,900 --> 01:17:06,800
nature. 
The Italian Maritime republics 

1447
01:17:06,800 --> 01:17:10,500
Venice, Genoa and Pisa 
established, commercial quarters

1448
01:17:10,500 --> 01:17:14,100
in coastal cities, turning holy 
war into profitable Enterprise? 

1449
01:17:15,000 --> 01:17:17,400
These Merchants secured 
monopolies on trade between 

1450
01:17:17,400 --> 01:17:20,500
Eastern West transforming, 
religious pilgrimage into a 

1451
01:17:20,508 --> 01:17:23,700
commercial activity. 
The kingdom levied taxes on 

1452
01:17:23,700 --> 01:17:27,100
Muslim Caravans passing through 
its territories profiting, from 

1453
01:17:27,100 --> 01:17:30,800
the very Commerce with infidels 
that Crusader rhetoric 

1454
01:17:30,800 --> 01:17:33,600
condemned. 
Agricultural production, relied 

1455
01:17:33,600 --> 01:17:35,900
on the exploitation of the 
Native peasantry through a 

1456
01:17:35,900 --> 01:17:38,200
system that differed little from
serfdom. 

1457
01:17:39,000 --> 01:17:41,700
Indigenous farmers were 
subjected to oppressive taxation

1458
01:17:41,700 --> 01:17:46,700
that channeled to a thin layer 
of Frankish nobility the 

1459
01:17:46,700 --> 01:17:49,800
military orders, the Templars 
and hospitals became major 

1460
01:17:49,800 --> 01:17:52,600
landholders developing 
sophisticated financial 

1461
01:17:52,600 --> 01:17:54,800
instruments that made them 
Europe's first multinational 

1462
01:17:54,800 --> 01:17:58,900
corporations, the gap between 
rhetorical ideals and governance

1463
01:17:58,900 --> 01:18:01,200
realities widened with each 
passing decade. 

1464
01:18:01,200 --> 01:18:05,300
Most striking was the Kingdom's 
diplomatic pragmatism despite 

1465
01:18:05,300 --> 01:18:08,700
their origins in the religious 
Warfare Crusader leaders 

1466
01:18:08,700 --> 01:18:11,500
regularly formed alliances with 
Muslim Powers against rival. 

1467
01:18:11,500 --> 01:18:15,500
Christian factions Baldwin fur, 
negotiated with Fatimid Egypt 

1468
01:18:15,500 --> 01:18:18,400
against Damascus. 
The principality of Antioch 

1469
01:18:18,400 --> 01:18:20,900
allied with a leppo against 
Benzene claims. 

1470
01:18:20,900 --> 01:18:24,200
These expedient Arrangements 
exposed the fundamentally 

1471
01:18:24,200 --> 01:18:27,600
political nature of Institutions
and supposedly dedicated to 

1472
01:18:27,600 --> 01:18:30,500
defending the faith. 
The indigenous response to 

1473
01:18:30,500 --> 01:18:33,700
Crusader rule was neither the 
uniform hostility portrayed in 

1474
01:18:33,700 --> 01:18:36,700
nationalist, historiographies, 
Norther passive, acceptance 

1475
01:18:36,700 --> 01:18:41,200
suggested by Colonial narrative,
logical evidence reveals 

1476
01:18:41,200 --> 01:18:43,400
creative forms of resistance and
accommodation. 

1477
01:18:44,200 --> 01:18:47,000
Local Christians, maintain their
religious practices while 

1478
01:18:47,000 --> 01:18:50,500
adapting to new political 
realities Muslim communities, 

1479
01:18:50,500 --> 01:18:53,100
preserve their identities. 
Through parallel institutions 

1480
01:18:53,100 --> 01:18:56,700
Jewish communities, though, 
devastated by the initial 

1481
01:18:56,700 --> 01:18:59,500
Conquest, eventually, 
re-established the cells and 

1482
01:18:59,500 --> 01:19:02,600
peripheral areas. 
The conquest of Jerusalem, left 

1483
01:19:02,600 --> 01:19:04,400
a lasting impact due to its 
brutality. 

1484
01:19:05,200 --> 01:19:07,100
For Muslim populations 
throughout the region. 

1485
01:19:07,100 --> 01:19:10,500
It represented not just a 
military defeat, but a profound 

1486
01:19:10,500 --> 01:19:13,400
betrayal of intercommunal. 
Norms that are generally 

1487
01:19:13,400 --> 01:19:16,000
protected, civilian populations,
during Warfare. 

1488
01:19:16,700 --> 01:19:19,700
The psychological impact 
reverberated far, beyond the 

1489
01:19:19,708 --> 01:19:23,100
immediate victims creating a 
narrative of existential threat,

1490
01:19:23,100 --> 01:19:25,700
that would fuel counter Crusades
for generations to come. 

1491
01:19:25,700 --> 01:19:29,700
Most striking was the Kingdom's 
diplomatic pragmatism despite 

1492
01:19:29,700 --> 01:19:31,700
their origins in the religious 
Warfare. 

1493
01:19:31,700 --> 01:19:35,000
Crusader leaders regularly. 
Formed alliances with Muslim 

1494
01:19:35,000 --> 01:19:38,100
Powers against rival. 
Christians Baldwin fur 

1495
01:19:38,100 --> 01:19:40,700
negotiated with Fatimid Egypt 
against Damascus. 

1496
01:19:41,700 --> 01:19:44,200
The principality of Antioch 
allied with a leppo against 

1497
01:19:44,200 --> 01:19:47,300
Byzantine claims. 
These expedient Arrangements 

1498
01:19:47,300 --> 01:19:50,400
exposed, the fundamentally 
political nature of Institutions

1499
01:19:50,400 --> 01:19:52,900
and supposedly dedicated to 
defending the face. 

1500
01:19:53,700 --> 01:19:56,400
The indigenous response to 
Crusader rule was, neither the 

1501
01:19:56,400 --> 01:19:58,700
uniform hostility portrayed in 
nationalist. 

1502
01:19:58,700 --> 01:20:02,000
Historiography is Northern 
passive acceptance suggested by 

1503
01:20:02,000 --> 01:20:05,700
Colonial narratives Archie 
logical evidence reveals 

1504
01:20:05,700 --> 01:20:07,800
creative forms of resistance and
accommodation. 

1505
01:20:08,600 --> 01:20:11,400
Local Christians, maintain their
religious practices while 

1506
01:20:11,400 --> 01:20:14,900
adapting to new political 
realities Muslim communities, 

1507
01:20:14,900 --> 01:20:17,500
preserve their identities. 
Through parallel institutions 

1508
01:20:17,500 --> 01:20:21,100
Jewish communities, though, 
devastated by the initial 

1509
01:20:21,100 --> 01:20:23,800
Conquest, eventually 
re-established, the themselves 

1510
01:20:23,800 --> 01:20:27,000
and peripheral areas. 
The conquest of Jerusalem, left 

1511
01:20:27,000 --> 01:20:28,900
a lasting impact due to its 
brutality. 

1512
01:20:29,600 --> 01:20:31,500
For Muslim populations 
throughout the region. 

1513
01:20:31,500 --> 01:20:34,900
It represented not just a 
military defeat, but a profound 

1514
01:20:34,900 --> 01:20:37,900
betrayal of intercommunal. 
Norms that are generally 

1515
01:20:37,900 --> 01:20:40,400
protected, civilian populations,
during Warfare. 

1516
01:20:41,100 --> 01:20:44,100
The psychological impact 
reverberated far, beyond the 

1517
01:20:44,108 --> 01:20:47,400
immediate victims creating a 
narrative of existential threat,

1518
01:20:47,400 --> 01:20:50,100
that would fuel counter Crusades
for generations to come. 

1519
01:20:50,100 --> 01:20:53,900
Pope Innocent the third who had 
authorized The Crusade initially

1520
01:20:53,900 --> 01:20:56,400
expressed shock but quickly 
accepted the reality 

1521
01:20:56,400 --> 01:21:00,300
legitimizing, the conquest, as 
Divine judgment on Greeks 

1522
01:21:00,300 --> 01:21:03,700
schismatics, this theological 
flexibility demonstrated how 

1523
01:21:03,700 --> 01:21:07,500
easily crusading ideology could 
be retro-fitted to justify naked

1524
01:21:07,500 --> 01:21:11,300
aggression against fellow 
Christians. the Latin Empire 

1525
01:21:11,300 --> 01:21:14,100
established in Constantinople 
would last less than six 

1526
01:21:14,100 --> 01:21:16,800
decades, but the breach between 
eastern and western 

1527
01:21:16,800 --> 01:21:20,700
Christianity, proved permanent 
The Children's Crusade and 

1528
01:21:20,700 --> 01:21:23,300
Fourth Crusade, bookended a 
crucial transition. 

1529
01:21:23,300 --> 01:21:27,000
What began as a defensive 
response to a specific request 

1530
01:21:27,000 --> 01:21:30,100
for military assistance evolved 
into an Institutional framework.

1531
01:21:30,100 --> 01:21:33,600
That could justify virtually any
exercise of violence when 

1532
01:21:33,600 --> 01:21:36,000
properly sanctioned by klesia. 
School authorities. 

1533
01:21:37,000 --> 01:21:38,600
The victims of crusading 
violence. 

1534
01:21:38,600 --> 01:21:42,800
Now, included Eastern, 
Christians Jews, Baltic, pagans,

1535
01:21:42,800 --> 01:21:46,100
Christian Heretics and political
opponents of the papacy. 

1536
01:21:47,500 --> 01:21:50,300
Jerusalem had become almost 
incidental to a movement that 

1537
01:21:50,300 --> 01:21:52,800
had developed its own. 
Internal logic of sacred 

1538
01:21:52,800 --> 01:21:56,000
violence, the Islamic response 
to the Crusades challenges 

1539
01:21:56,000 --> 01:21:58,100
simplistic narratives of 
religious polarization. 

1540
01:21:59,200 --> 01:22:02,600
Initially Muslim, rulers viewed.
The First Crusade, not as an 

1541
01:22:02,600 --> 01:22:05,800
existential religious threat, 
but as merely, another Byzantine

1542
01:22:05,800 --> 01:22:08,500
backed incursion into a 
politically fragmented region. 

1543
01:22:09,500 --> 01:22:12,000
The limited resources committed 
to resisting the initial 

1544
01:22:12,000 --> 01:22:14,300
Invasion. 
Reflected this miscalculation. 

1545
01:22:15,500 --> 01:22:17,900
Only gradually did a coherent 
counter Crusade. 

1546
01:22:17,900 --> 01:22:21,300
Ideology emerge transforming, 
localized resistance in to a 

1547
01:22:21,300 --> 01:22:24,900
pan-islamic response. 
The early Muslim worlds disunity

1548
01:22:24,900 --> 01:22:30,000
was, its critical vulnerability.
When Jerusalem fell in 1099, the

1549
01:22:30,000 --> 01:22:33,100
Fatimid caliphate of Egypt was 
engaged in bitter rivalry with 

1550
01:22:33,100 --> 01:22:35,400
the Abbasid caliphate centered 
in Baghdad. 

1551
01:22:36,400 --> 01:22:39,400
The Celtic Turkish Empire was 
fragmenting into competing 

1552
01:22:39,400 --> 01:22:41,800
Emirates. 
These divisions allowed the 

1553
01:22:41,800 --> 01:22:44,800
numerically inferior Crusaders 
to establish footholds and 

1554
01:22:44,800 --> 01:22:47,900
territories that might otherwise
have been easily defended. 

1555
01:22:49,100 --> 01:22:51,900
The first systematic. 
Intellectual response came from 

1556
01:22:51,900 --> 01:22:55,900
Ali IBN to here al-salami, who 
composed the book of holy war 

1557
01:22:55,900 --> 01:23:00,600
around 11:05 Al-salami 
interpreted the Crusader 

1558
01:23:00,600 --> 01:23:03,600
Invasion as Divine punishment 
for Muslim disunity and moral 

1559
01:23:03,600 --> 01:23:06,200
laxity. 
Particularly the abandonment of 

1560
01:23:06,200 --> 01:23:10,100
jihad as a communal obligation. 
His work received limited 

1561
01:23:10,100 --> 01:23:13,000
attention in his lifetime, but 
established conceptual 

1562
01:23:13,000 --> 01:23:15,700
Frameworks that later leaders 
would deploy more effectively. 

1563
01:23:16,700 --> 01:23:20,200
Ahmad at Dean zengi, the Turkish
after beg of mosul and Aleppo 

1564
01:23:20,200 --> 01:23:22,600
represented. 
The first phase of organized. 

1565
01:23:22,600 --> 01:23:25,400
Counter Crusade. 
His recapture of a desert in 

1566
01:23:25,400 --> 01:23:28,400
1144. 
The first major Crusader state 

1567
01:23:28,400 --> 01:23:31,800
to fall inspired a new 
Consciousness among Muslim, 

1568
01:23:31,800 --> 01:23:35,600
Elites zeng's propaganda. 
Portrayed him as a mujahid holy 

1569
01:23:35,600 --> 01:23:38,500
Warrior, rather than merely a 
territorial ruler. 

1570
01:23:39,300 --> 01:23:43,300
His assassination in the 1146 
prevented further advances, but 

1571
01:23:43,300 --> 01:23:46,000
his son neura Dean continued, 
this ideological project. 

1572
01:23:46,900 --> 01:23:49,600
Nurettin Innovations were 
structural rather than merely 

1573
01:23:49,600 --> 01:23:53,200
rhetorical he systematically. 
Redirected religious endowments 

1574
01:23:53,200 --> 01:23:56,500
Wok to fund military campaigns 
against the Crusader states. 

1575
01:23:56,500 --> 01:24:00,700
He sponsored the construction of
madrasas religious schools that 

1576
01:24:00,700 --> 01:24:04,000
promoted Jihad ideology while 
commissioning architectural 

1577
01:24:04,000 --> 01:24:08,000
projects like the minbar pulpit 
intended for Jerusalem's 

1578
01:24:08,000 --> 01:24:10,700
Al-Aqsa. 
Mosque after its recapture this 

1579
01:24:10,700 --> 01:24:14,200
material culture of counter 
Crusade created tangible symbols

1580
01:24:14,200 --> 01:24:17,900
around which resistance could 
coalesce The Byzantine seljuk 

1581
01:24:17,900 --> 01:24:22,100
peace treaty of 1160 allowed 
neurodin to focus exclusively on

1582
01:24:22,100 --> 01:24:25,100
the Latin States creating 
unprecedented pressure on the 

1583
01:24:25,108 --> 01:24:28,300
kingdom of Jerusalem. 
Where at Dean's forces 

1584
01:24:28,300 --> 01:24:31,100
intervened in fatimids, 
succession struggles, his 

1585
01:24:31,100 --> 01:24:35,800
Kurdish, General seller, a Dean 
Saladin eventually, emerged as 

1586
01:24:35,800 --> 01:24:38,700
ruler of Egypt, creating a 
united front against the 

1587
01:24:38,700 --> 01:24:42,600
Crusader States for the first 
time saladin's, complex Legacy 

1588
01:24:42,600 --> 01:24:45,900
has been distorted, by both 
Western Romanticism and modern 

1589
01:24:45,900 --> 01:24:49,100
Arab nationalism contemporary 
evidence suggests. 

1590
01:24:49,100 --> 01:24:51,500
He was neither of the Chevelle 
Rick Paragon, portrayed by 

1591
01:24:51,508 --> 01:24:55,600
saltwater, Scott Nora, Proto 
nationalist hero, Is initial 

1592
01:24:55,600 --> 01:24:59,400
campaigns prioritized 
eliminating Egypt and securing 

1593
01:24:59,400 --> 01:25:01,600
his own gymnastic interests 
only. 

1594
01:25:01,600 --> 01:25:05,200
After consolidating, power did. 
He fully Embrace counter Crusade

1595
01:25:05,200 --> 01:25:08,900
as his Central purpose? 
The Battle of Hatton in 1187 

1596
01:25:08,900 --> 01:25:12,800
represented, the culmination of 
Decades of strategic preparation

1597
01:25:12,800 --> 01:25:16,600
and ideological development 
Saladin's victory was not merely

1598
01:25:16,600 --> 01:25:19,900
military but psychological the 
capture of the True Cross, and 

1599
01:25:19,900 --> 01:25:22,200
mass execution, of Templar, and 
Hospital. 

1600
01:25:22,200 --> 01:25:24,100
Anne. 
Symbolically reversed the 

1601
01:25:24,100 --> 01:25:27,200
humiliation of Jerusalem's fall 
nearly a century earlier. 

1602
01:25:28,100 --> 01:25:31,800
When Jerusalem surrendered later
that year saladin's calculated 

1603
01:25:31,800 --> 01:25:33,600
clemency toward its Christian 
inhabitants. 

1604
01:25:33,600 --> 01:25:38,700
Explicitly contrasted with the 
1099 Massacre establishing moral

1605
01:25:38,700 --> 01:25:40,900
superiority within the conflicts
narrative. 

1606
01:25:41,700 --> 01:25:46,300
The Third Crusade from 1189 to 
1192 revealed, the change 

1607
01:25:46,300 --> 01:25:49,900
dynamics of the conflict. 
Despite mobilizing the full 

1608
01:25:49,900 --> 01:25:54,400
resources of England, France, 
and the Holy Roman Empire, the 

1609
01:25:54,400 --> 01:25:57,400
Expedition secured, only a 
narrow Coastal strip, and 

1610
01:25:57,400 --> 01:25:59,900
negotiated access to Jerusalem 
for pilgrims. 

1611
01:26:00,800 --> 01:26:03,500
This limited outcome, despite 
unprecedented investment 

1612
01:26:03,500 --> 01:26:05,800
Illustrated the counter Crusades
of Effectiveness. 

1613
01:26:05,800 --> 01:26:09,500
The Muslim world had developed 
institutional resilience against

1614
01:26:09,500 --> 01:26:12,600
external aggression while 
crusading had become a fiscally 

1615
01:26:12,600 --> 01:26:14,800
ruinous obligation for European 
monarchs. 

1616
01:26:15,600 --> 01:26:18,300
Less acknowledged in traditional
narratives is how the counter 

1617
01:26:18,300 --> 01:26:21,800
Crusade transformed Islamic 
institutions, the military 

1618
01:26:21,800 --> 01:26:25,300
dominance of slave Soldier, 
mamluk units, accelerated during

1619
01:26:25,300 --> 01:26:28,300
this period, eventually 
culminating in the mamluk 

1620
01:26:28,300 --> 01:26:31,600
sultanate that would deliver the
final blow to Crusader presence 

1621
01:26:31,600 --> 01:26:34,700
in the Levant. 
Religious endowments were 

1622
01:26:34,700 --> 01:26:37,600
increasingly militarized, 
diverting resources from civil 

1623
01:26:37,600 --> 01:26:40,600
development. 
Political legitimacy became 

1624
01:26:40,600 --> 01:26:44,200
increasingly tied to Auntie, 
Frankish credentials narrowing 

1625
01:26:44,200 --> 01:26:46,400
the space for pragmatic 
coexistence. 

1626
01:26:47,300 --> 01:26:50,500
The ayuba dynasty established by
Saladin initially maintained his

1627
01:26:50,500 --> 01:26:54,000
balanced approach, but gradually
succumb to internal rivalries. 

1628
01:26:54,800 --> 01:26:57,200
When are you bid rulers? 
Negotiated the surrender of 

1629
01:26:57,200 --> 01:27:00,200
Jerusalem to Frederick the 
second during the 6th crusade in

1630
01:27:00,200 --> 01:27:03,100
1239. 
They faced intense opposition 

1631
01:27:03,100 --> 01:27:05,200
from religious Scholars and the 
general population. 

1632
01:27:06,300 --> 01:27:10,600
The city was retaken by aw bid 
forces in 1244, demonstrating 

1633
01:27:10,600 --> 01:27:14,500
how counter Crusade ideology had
become self-sustaining, able to 

1634
01:27:14,500 --> 01:27:16,900
override Elite diplomatic 
calculations. 

1635
01:27:18,000 --> 01:27:20,700
The Mongol invasion of the 
mid-13th century initially 

1636
01:27:20,700 --> 01:27:22,900
appeared to Signal a new 
Christian Muslim, alignment 

1637
01:27:22,900 --> 01:27:26,100
against a common threat. 
The Mongols destroyed, the 

1638
01:27:26,100 --> 01:27:29,900
Abbasid caliphate in 1258 
creating a political vacuum that

1639
01:27:29,900 --> 01:27:33,800
transformed Regional Dynamics. 
When Mongol forces entered 

1640
01:27:33,800 --> 01:27:36,400
Syria, they allied with 
christian powers against the 

1641
01:27:36,400 --> 01:27:39,900
mamluks of Egypt who had 
overthrown the ibids, the mamluk

1642
01:27:39,900 --> 01:27:43,200
victory at Angela in 1260 halted
Mongol advancement. 

1643
01:27:43,200 --> 01:27:46,400
And paradoxical reinforced 
counter Crusade ideology by 

1644
01:27:46,400 --> 01:27:49,000
linking it to broader resistance
against foreign domination. 

1645
01:27:50,000 --> 01:27:52,800
The final stage of the counter 
Crusade culminated in the 

1646
01:27:52,800 --> 01:27:56,700
systematic dismantling of 
Crusader territory and a mamluk 

1647
01:27:56,700 --> 01:27:59,800
store, Sultan baybars and his 
successors. 

1648
01:28:01,000 --> 01:28:08,000
The fall of Antioch 1268 Tripoli
1289 and finally a Cree to 1291 

1649
01:28:08,000 --> 01:28:10,900
eliminated Latin presence in the
Levant. 

1650
01:28:11,600 --> 01:28:14,200
These campaigns were marked by 
meticulous planning 

1651
01:28:14,200 --> 01:28:18,000
technological innovation, 
particularly in Siege Warfare 

1652
01:28:18,000 --> 01:28:21,500
and strategic ruthlessness. 
The century is long. 

1653
01:28:21,500 --> 01:28:24,500
In counter had transformed both 
Islamic military organization 

1654
01:28:24,500 --> 01:28:27,200
and religious thought, creating 
new paradigms that would 

1655
01:28:27,200 --> 01:28:30,300
influence Muslim societies for 
generations to come the 

1656
01:28:30,300 --> 01:28:32,800
brutality of the Crusades 
extended beyond the battlefield 

1657
01:28:32,800 --> 01:28:34,700
in to the realm of cultural 
Warfare. 

1658
01:28:35,900 --> 01:28:38,900
While physical violence, 
immediate victims, the crusading

1659
01:28:38,900 --> 01:28:42,200
movements assault on cultural 
identity and knowledge produced 

1660
01:28:42,200 --> 01:28:44,000
casualties that would never be 
counted. 

1661
01:28:44,900 --> 01:28:48,300
This dimension of Crusader 
brutality remains under explored

1662
01:28:48,300 --> 01:28:52,000
overshadows shadowed by more 
visually, dramatic aspects of 

1663
01:28:52,000 --> 01:28:54,600
military conflict. 
The library of Tripoli 

1664
01:28:54,600 --> 01:28:58,300
reportedly containing over 3, 
million volumes represented one 

1665
01:28:58,300 --> 01:29:00,800
of the medieval world's greatest
repositories of knowledge. 

1666
01:29:01,900 --> 01:29:03,700
Crusaders systematically 
destroyed. 

1667
01:29:03,700 --> 01:29:06,900
This Irreplaceable collection, 
when the captured the city in 

1668
01:29:06,900 --> 01:29:11,000
1189 Raymond of agile, who had 
earlier glorified, the 

1669
01:29:11,000 --> 01:29:13,900
bloodbath, that Jerusalem 
described this destruction as 

1670
01:29:13,900 --> 01:29:16,900
necessary because many texts 
contained The Abominable 

1671
01:29:16,900 --> 01:29:20,200
teachings of Mohammed. 
The specific targeting of 

1672
01:29:20,200 --> 01:29:23,600
libraries was not incidental but
ideological an attack on 

1673
01:29:23,600 --> 01:29:28,000
knowledge systems that challenge
Latin Christian exclusivity The 

1674
01:29:28,008 --> 01:29:30,900
Crusaders cultural program 
extended to the built 

1675
01:29:30,900 --> 01:29:33,800
environment. 
Upon capturing Jerusalem, they 

1676
01:29:33,800 --> 01:29:36,300
immediately converted the Dome 
of the Rock in to a church 

1677
01:29:36,300 --> 01:29:40,400
called Templeton domini and also
mosque in to Temple and Solomon.

1678
01:29:41,400 --> 01:29:43,800
These Appropriations were 
coupled with iconographic 

1679
01:29:43,800 --> 01:29:45,100
editions. 
That overlaid Christian 

1680
01:29:45,100 --> 01:29:48,900
symbolism onto his name, sacred 
spaces, art historians have 

1681
01:29:48,900 --> 01:29:51,400
documented how Crusader 
modifications deliberately 

1682
01:29:51,400 --> 01:29:54,700
obscured or defaced his 
inscription while preserving 

1683
01:29:54,700 --> 01:29:57,100
architectural elements. 
That could be incorporated into 

1684
01:29:57,100 --> 01:29:59,800
Christian narrative. 
Frameworks linguistic violence 

1685
01:29:59,800 --> 01:30:02,100
characterized the Crusader 
States throughout their 

1686
01:30:02,100 --> 01:30:04,900
existence. 
Despite rule in predominantly 

1687
01:30:04,900 --> 01:30:07,100
arabic speaking population for 
Generations. 

1688
01:30:07,100 --> 01:30:10,300
Most Frankish Nobles, never 
learned the language of their 

1689
01:30:10,300 --> 01:30:13,000
subjects. 
This linguistic isolation was 

1690
01:30:13,000 --> 01:30:16,800
not merely practical, but 
ideological a refusal to engage 

1691
01:30:16,800 --> 01:30:20,900
with local cultural Frameworks. 
When administrative necessity 

1692
01:30:20,900 --> 01:30:24,400
required translation, this work 
was typically performed by local

1693
01:30:24,400 --> 01:30:28,100
Christians or Jews creating 
mediated power relationships. 

1694
01:30:28,100 --> 01:30:30,100
That reinforced Colonial 
hierarchies. 

1695
01:30:31,300 --> 01:30:34,400
Crusaders ideological impact, 
extended beyond the immediate 

1696
01:30:34,400 --> 01:30:37,000
conflict zones. 
In Europe, the movement 

1697
01:30:37,000 --> 01:30:40,400
accelerated, the development of 
a persecuting society that would

1698
01:30:40,400 --> 01:30:42,800
reach its full expression in the
late medieval period. 

1699
01:30:43,700 --> 01:30:46,400
The juridical framework was 
gradually turned inward 

1700
01:30:46,400 --> 01:30:49,700
providing templates for 
persecuting domestic minorities 

1701
01:30:49,700 --> 01:30:53,500
after being established to 
identify and punish enemies of 

1702
01:30:53,500 --> 01:30:57,300
the Cross abroad. 
The fourth letter in Council of 

1703
01:30:57,300 --> 01:31:01,300
1215, which formalised much 
crusading theology also. 

1704
01:31:01,300 --> 01:31:03,500
Mandated, that Jews were 
distinctive clothing, 

1705
01:31:03,500 --> 01:31:06,700
institutionalizing their 
otherness intellectual 

1706
01:31:06,700 --> 01:31:09,100
casualties included, the 
severing of philosophical and 

1707
01:31:09,100 --> 01:31:12,100
scientific exchanges that have 
previously flourished across 

1708
01:31:12,100 --> 01:31:15,000
religious boundaries. 
The translation movement 

1709
01:31:15,000 --> 01:31:18,600
centered in Toledo and Sicily, 
which had transmitted critical 

1710
01:31:18,600 --> 01:31:22,000
Greek, text preserved in Arabic 
commentaries faced increasing 

1711
01:31:22,000 --> 01:31:25,400
suspicion. 
As crusading ideology, hardened 

1712
01:31:25,400 --> 01:31:27,100
boundaries, between Christian 
and Muslim. 

1713
01:31:27,100 --> 01:31:29,700
Intellectual worlds 
opportunities for cross 

1714
01:31:29,700 --> 01:31:32,800
fertilization diminished 
delaying European access to 

1715
01:31:32,800 --> 01:31:34,700
crucial classical knowledge for 
Generations. 

1716
01:31:34,700 --> 01:31:39,300
Even artistic production was 
militarized, the Shah sonderland

1717
01:31:39,300 --> 01:31:42,800
initially composed before the 
first crusade was expanded and a

1718
01:31:42,800 --> 01:31:44,600
modified to incorporate 
crusading themes. 

1719
01:31:44,600 --> 01:31:48,100
Transforming a regional conflict
into an existential struggle 

1720
01:31:48,100 --> 01:31:52,000
between Christianity and Islam. 
This literary weaponization 

1721
01:31:52,000 --> 01:31:54,800
created, cultural templates. 
That would influence European 

1722
01:31:54,800 --> 01:31:56,700
perceptions of Muslims for 
centuries. 

1723
01:31:57,500 --> 01:32:00,000
Similar Charles similar 
Transformations occurred in 

1724
01:32:00,000 --> 01:32:03,000
Visual Arts, where depictions of
Muslims became increasingly, 

1725
01:32:03,000 --> 01:32:06,200
stereotyped, and dehumanized in 
manuscript illumination and 

1726
01:32:06,200 --> 01:32:09,000
church, sculpture. 
Women's experience, as During 

1727
01:32:09,000 --> 01:32:11,900
the crusading, period reveal 
particularly complex, dimensions

1728
01:32:11,900 --> 01:32:16,000
of cultural violence. 
Anaconda's Alexia documents, how

1729
01:32:16,000 --> 01:32:19,800
female nobles were forced into 
marriages with Crusader leaders 

1730
01:32:19,800 --> 01:32:22,300
creating bloodline claims to 
Eastern territories. 

1731
01:32:23,300 --> 01:32:27,000
In the Crusader States policies 
regarding into marriage shifted,

1732
01:32:27,000 --> 01:32:30,600
according to demographic 
necessity rather than principled

1733
01:32:30,600 --> 01:32:33,800
acceptance, local Christian 
families permitted temporary 

1734
01:32:33,800 --> 01:32:36,800
accommodations with Frankish 
women when they were scarce but 

1735
01:32:36,800 --> 01:32:39,000
these Arrangements remained 
exceptional rather than 

1736
01:32:39,000 --> 01:32:43,100
normative the cultural Legacy of
Crusader brutality survived 

1737
01:32:43,100 --> 01:32:44,600
long. 
After the military conflicts 

1738
01:32:44,600 --> 01:32:49,200
ended the Portuguese and Spanish
Voyages of Discovery explicitly 

1739
01:32:49,200 --> 01:32:52,400
frame, their Enterprise's 
extensions of crusading with 

1740
01:32:52,400 --> 01:32:55,200
Columbus carrying a crusader 
Banner when he landed in the 

1741
01:32:55,200 --> 01:32:57,600
Americas. 
The juridical Frameworks 

1742
01:32:57,600 --> 01:33:00,500
developed to dispossess Muslims 
and Jews in Iberia following the

1743
01:33:00,500 --> 01:33:03,200
Reconquista were directly 
transported to the Americas. 

1744
01:33:03,200 --> 01:33:06,500
Informing Colonial practices 
toward indigenous populations. 

1745
01:33:07,500 --> 01:33:10,400
The papal, bulls that divided 
the new world between European 

1746
01:33:10,400 --> 01:33:14,500
powers explicitly referenced 
crusading presidents in the 

1747
01:33:14,500 --> 01:33:16,900
Muslim world. 
The cultural memory of Crusader 

1748
01:33:16,900 --> 01:33:18,800
aggression. 
Created in during suspicion 

1749
01:33:18,800 --> 01:33:20,700
toward Western intellectual 
Traditions. 

1750
01:33:20,700 --> 01:33:24,600
The early openness toward Greek 
philosophical traditions which 

1751
01:33:24,600 --> 01:33:27,600
had produced figures like 
avicenna and a vero's facing 

1752
01:33:27,600 --> 01:33:30,300
resistance within Muslim 
intellectual circles. 

1753
01:33:31,200 --> 01:33:34,100
theological positions that 
emphasized distinctive, Islamic 

1754
01:33:34,100 --> 01:33:37,300
identity gained prominence over 
those that had sought common 

1755
01:33:37,300 --> 01:33:41,100
philosophical ground with other 
traditions, This cultural 

1756
01:33:41,100 --> 01:33:43,800
retrenchment represented a 
significant loss for 

1757
01:33:43,800 --> 01:33:47,000
intellectual exchange across 
civilizational boundaries. 

1758
01:33:47,000 --> 01:33:51,300
Perhaps most profoundly the 
Crusades transformed religious 

1759
01:33:51,300 --> 01:33:54,800
violence from an incidental 
feature of political conflict 

1760
01:33:54,800 --> 01:33:56,700
into a central expression of 
devotion. 

1761
01:33:58,000 --> 01:34:00,700
By sanctifying Warfare through 
elaborate theological 

1762
01:34:00,700 --> 01:34:04,000
Frameworks, the movement created
templates for religious 

1763
01:34:04,000 --> 01:34:07,800
militancy that transcended its 
immediate historical context. 

1764
01:34:07,800 --> 01:34:11,800
These templates proved 
remarkably adaptable capable of 

1765
01:34:11,800 --> 01:34:14,600
being invoked in radically 
different circumstances across 

1766
01:34:14,600 --> 01:34:17,500
centuries. 
The cultural brutality of the 

1767
01:34:17,500 --> 01:34:20,500
Crusades thus extended far 
beyond the immediate violence of

1768
01:34:20,500 --> 01:34:23,500
conquest and occupation 
reshaping how religious 

1769
01:34:23,500 --> 01:34:25,800
communities understood 
themselves in relation to 

1770
01:34:25,800 --> 01:34:28,100
others. 
When the Crusaders Rule people 

1771
01:34:28,100 --> 01:34:30,800
had to deal with intimate forms 
of violence every day that are 

1772
01:34:30,808 --> 01:34:33,400
often left out of stories that 
are mostly about battles. 

1773
01:34:33,400 --> 01:34:37,000
These daily acts of violence, 
which hurt, people's bodies, 

1774
01:34:37,000 --> 01:34:40,100
families, and spiritual lives, 
were part of life for 

1775
01:34:40,100 --> 01:34:42,200
indigenous. 
People living on Crusader lands,

1776
01:34:42,200 --> 01:34:45,800
evidence from archaeology court 
records and non-latin, 

1777
01:34:45,800 --> 01:34:48,700
Chronicles shows patterns of 
dominance that went beyond 

1778
01:34:48,700 --> 01:34:52,400
regular military operations. 
Movement itself became a tool of

1779
01:34:52,400 --> 01:34:54,800
control. 
The Crusader States set up 

1780
01:34:54,800 --> 01:34:58,000
complex networks of internal 
checkpoints that made it hard 

1781
01:34:58,000 --> 01:35:00,500
for Palestinian Farmers to get 
to their farms and crops. 

1782
01:35:01,300 --> 01:35:04,300
Toll booths made it costly for 
locals to travel between towns. 

1783
01:35:04,300 --> 01:35:08,000
These limits, significantly 
impacted Muslim pilgrimage 

1784
01:35:08,000 --> 01:35:11,100
routes transforming religious 
Journeys in periods of frequent 

1785
01:35:11,100 --> 01:35:12,800
harassment and financial 
demands. 

1786
01:35:13,600 --> 01:35:17,500
In the 1180 IBN, jubayr was 
moving through Crusader lands 

1787
01:35:17,500 --> 01:35:19,600
and wrote about how Muslim 
Travelers were detained. 

1788
01:35:19,600 --> 01:35:22,400
Without a reason. 
Had their goods taken away and 

1789
01:35:22,400 --> 01:35:24,400
were physically abused at these 
border areas. 

1790
01:35:25,600 --> 01:35:27,900
Physical punishment and crusader
law systems. 

1791
01:35:27,900 --> 01:35:31,700
Demonstrated racial hierarchy. 
The leave her disa sees caught 

1792
01:35:31,700 --> 01:35:34,400
records show that the sentences 
given to Frank's and Native 

1793
01:35:34,400 --> 01:35:37,300
Christians were very different 
and the sentences given to 

1794
01:35:37,300 --> 01:35:39,000
Muslims and Jews were even 
tougher. 

1795
01:35:39,000 --> 01:35:42,400
Frankish people who broke 
property laws were usually fine.

1796
01:35:42,400 --> 01:35:45,500
But native, people who broke the
law could be mutilated. 

1797
01:35:46,500 --> 01:35:49,200
Written reports of different 
punishments are backed up by 

1798
01:35:49,200 --> 01:35:51,400
archaeological evidence from 
burial sites. 

1799
01:35:52,200 --> 01:35:55,500
Skeletal remains show patterns 
of amputated, Limbs and Trauma 

1800
01:35:55,500 --> 01:35:57,800
consistent with judicial 
torture. 

1801
01:35:57,800 --> 01:36:00,800
That are more common in non-fish
cemeteries. 

1802
01:36:01,900 --> 01:36:05,000
Under Crusader rule Holmes 
turned into dangerous places 

1803
01:36:05,000 --> 01:36:08,300
Latin, settlers were given more 
property rights than native 

1804
01:36:08,300 --> 01:36:10,600
people. 
And Native landowners were often

1805
01:36:10,600 --> 01:36:13,000
turned into tenants on land that
their families had owned for 

1806
01:36:13,000 --> 01:36:16,500
Generations. 
In cities housing was separated 

1807
01:36:16,500 --> 01:36:19,300
with Muslims and Eastern 
Christians, living in separate 

1808
01:36:19,300 --> 01:36:22,500
areas that got more crowded as 
Latin settlers moved in and took

1809
01:36:22,500 --> 01:36:25,600
the best spots. 
Archaeological digs in a Creator

1810
01:36:25,600 --> 01:36:28,900
and tired during the Crusader 
era show, the Stark difference 

1811
01:36:28,900 --> 01:36:30,400
between the large Frankish 
compounds. 

1812
01:36:30,400 --> 01:36:33,700
And the more crowded native 
areas getting to water, which 

1813
01:36:33,700 --> 01:36:36,500
was important in the temperature
of the Levant became another way

1814
01:36:36,500 --> 01:36:39,600
of controlling people. 
The Crusader government changed,

1815
01:36:39,600 --> 01:36:43,000
the flow of water to help Latin 
towns and military bases, which 

1816
01:36:43,000 --> 01:36:46,800
messed up traditional irrigation
systems in Jerusalem systems 

1817
01:36:46,800 --> 01:36:50,100
were increasingly reserved for 
Frank issues, these restrictions

1818
01:36:50,100 --> 01:36:52,800
meant that native people had to 
drive farther to get water. 

1819
01:36:53,600 --> 01:36:56,600
This hydraulic colonialism in 
entirely changed farming 

1820
01:36:56,600 --> 01:36:59,800
methods, and Community habits 
that are developed over 100s of 

1821
01:36:59,808 --> 01:37:01,500
years to make the best use of 
water. 

1822
01:37:02,800 --> 01:37:06,800
During the Crusades religious 
experience changed in big ways. 

1823
01:37:07,600 --> 01:37:10,700
Muslims and Jews could practice 
their faiths but there were many

1824
01:37:10,700 --> 01:37:14,500
restrictions in many places. 
Going to the mosque was limited.

1825
01:37:15,800 --> 01:37:18,500
So Muslims from rural areas 
often had to go to cities for 

1826
01:37:18,500 --> 01:37:21,300
Friday prayers where they could 
be watched more closely. 

1827
01:37:22,300 --> 01:37:25,100
And places where there were many
Christians, the call to prayer 

1828
01:37:25,100 --> 01:37:29,500
at hand was not allowed. 
The band stopped a key part of 

1829
01:37:29,508 --> 01:37:32,500
Muslim life. 
Jewish communities had to deal 

1830
01:37:32,500 --> 01:37:35,400
with new rules about building, 
and fixing up synagogues. 

1831
01:37:36,100 --> 01:37:38,900
Archaeological evidence showed 
that Jewish religious buildings 

1832
01:37:38,900 --> 01:37:42,200
were purposely left out of urban
makeover projects. 

1833
01:37:43,100 --> 01:37:45,500
There were many problems for 
Christian villages in the East, 

1834
01:37:45,500 --> 01:37:49,400
theoretically they shared the 
same Faith as the Crusaders yet,

1835
01:37:49,400 --> 01:37:51,500
their distinct religious 
beliefs, and liturgical 

1836
01:37:51,500 --> 01:37:53,900
practices were increasingly 
undermining each other. 

1837
01:37:54,900 --> 01:37:58,100
The Latin patriarchate regularly
placed Orthodox Bishops, with 

1838
01:37:58,100 --> 01:38:01,000
Latin appointed ones disrupting 
the historical lines of 

1839
01:38:01,000 --> 01:38:04,700
succession within the church. 
Latin power stepped in and took 

1840
01:38:04,700 --> 01:38:08,300
away the religious freedom of 
Greek, Armenian, Syrian and 

1841
01:38:08,300 --> 01:38:11,600
Coptic Christians, their actions
caused divisions Within These 

1842
01:38:11,600 --> 01:38:14,200
Christian communities, that 
lasted longer than the Crusader 

1843
01:38:14,200 --> 01:38:17,500
States themselves, during the 
Crusades, it was challenging to 

1844
01:38:17,500 --> 01:38:21,500
start a family and be sexual. 
When Latin men married, local. 

1845
01:38:21,500 --> 01:38:24,700
Christian, women, especially it 
caused complicated legal 

1846
01:38:24,700 --> 01:38:28,200
questions about inheritance and 
Status these unions placed their

1847
01:38:28,200 --> 01:38:31,300
children in a challenging 
situation frequently facing 

1848
01:38:31,300 --> 01:38:33,700
abuse from both sides for 
Muslim. 

1849
01:38:33,700 --> 01:38:35,600
Women being Crusaders, made them
more vulnerable. 

1850
01:38:36,600 --> 01:38:39,300
Contemporary Islamic legal 
opinions known as fatwa 

1851
01:38:39,300 --> 01:38:42,600
discussed the prevalence of 
abuse against women by Crusader 

1852
01:38:42,600 --> 01:38:44,900
troops. 
These papers demonstrate, the 

1853
01:38:44,900 --> 01:38:47,700
struggle of communities, to 
maintain their Unity amidst. 

1854
01:38:47,700 --> 01:38:51,500
Systematic dominance under the 
Crusader senorial system working

1855
01:38:51,500 --> 01:38:55,200
in agriculture changed. 
Native American farmers, were 

1856
01:38:55,200 --> 01:38:58,900
given new responsibilities such 
as working as corvey on Crusader

1857
01:38:58,900 --> 01:39:01,800
building projects to meet the 
needs of European markets. 

1858
01:39:01,800 --> 01:39:03,800
Traditional planting patterns 
were changed. 

1859
01:39:04,500 --> 01:39:07,500
Cash crops like sugarcane, which
needed a lot of watering and 

1860
01:39:07,500 --> 01:39:09,100
processing were given more 
attention. 

1861
01:39:09,900 --> 01:39:12,500
Archaeological and paleo 
Botanical studies show that 

1862
01:39:12,500 --> 01:39:14,800
these changes had long lasting 
effects on the environment. 

1863
01:39:14,800 --> 01:39:18,100
Such as more soil, erosion, and 
tree loss that changed the 

1864
01:39:18,100 --> 01:39:21,800
levantine landscape forever. 
Every day conversations were 

1865
01:39:21,800 --> 01:39:25,600
full of linguistic. 
Abuse Latin or old French court.

1866
01:39:25,600 --> 01:39:28,400
Cases often required native 
defendants to rely on bias 

1867
01:39:28,400 --> 01:39:30,900
translators. 
More business contracts, 

1868
01:39:30,900 --> 01:39:34,200
required Latin documents, making
it harder for Arabs to do 

1869
01:39:34,200 --> 01:39:36,200
business. 
Over Generations. 

1870
01:39:36,200 --> 01:39:40,200
This linguistic, exclusion led 
to a kind of cultural Amnesia as

1871
01:39:40,200 --> 01:39:43,100
indigenous communities fought to
keep up their literary and 

1872
01:39:43,100 --> 01:39:45,500
intellectual Traditions, while 
being shut out of government 

1873
01:39:45,500 --> 01:39:48,100
programs. 
Medical Care, showed and 

1874
01:39:48,100 --> 01:39:50,000
strength, and the Order of 
things and Society. 

1875
01:39:51,000 --> 01:39:53,300
Historical records. 
Praise the hospitals built by 

1876
01:39:53,300 --> 01:39:56,700
the military orders, but most of
their clients were pilgrims and 

1877
01:39:56,700 --> 01:39:59,800
settlers from Latin. 
America, native people, relied 

1878
01:39:59,800 --> 01:40:02,300
on traditional networks of 
healing that had fewer means 

1879
01:40:02,300 --> 01:40:06,600
when the Crusaders were in 
charge Archaeological evidence 

1880
01:40:06,600 --> 01:40:09,800
from Cemetery sites shows that 
the health of native people. 

1881
01:40:09,800 --> 01:40:12,800
In those areas, got worse during
the Crusader time. 

1882
01:40:13,500 --> 01:40:16,400
Skeletal pathologies show that 
they were malnourished and sick 

1883
01:40:16,400 --> 01:40:19,500
more than people who lived there
before the Crusaders, these 

1884
01:40:19,500 --> 01:40:22,200
kinds of personal violence were 
not just a side effect of 

1885
01:40:22,200 --> 01:40:24,900
Crusader rule. 
They were what it was the 

1886
01:40:24,900 --> 01:40:27,300
Crusader States. 
Didn't just keep their power by 

1887
01:40:27,300 --> 01:40:30,200
the winning battles. 
They also kept it by enforcing 

1888
01:40:30,200 --> 01:40:33,500
daily rules of body control, 
space, separation and spiritual 

1889
01:40:33,500 --> 01:40:36,400
disturbance. 
And Saladin took back Jerusalem 

1890
01:40:36,400 --> 01:40:39,600
in 1187 who was just as 
important that he lifted these 

1891
01:40:39,600 --> 01:40:42,600
daily restrictions on movement 
worship and property ownership. 

1892
01:40:42,600 --> 01:40:44,300
As it was that he won the war 
itself. 

1893
01:40:45,200 --> 01:40:47,100
Native people's support for his 
troops. 

1894
01:40:47,100 --> 01:40:49,200
Wasn't based on some vague 
theological agreement. 

1895
01:40:49,200 --> 01:40:52,500
It was a response to the 
personal violence of Crusader 

1896
01:40:52,500 --> 01:40:54,600
rule. 
The Crusades continued to be 

1897
01:40:54,600 --> 01:40:57,100
violent. 
After 8, krefel in 1291 

1898
01:40:57,100 --> 01:41:00,700
diplomatic relations, religious 
discourse, and cultural memory 

1899
01:41:00,700 --> 01:41:03,300
still echo. 
Its effects understanding the 

1900
01:41:03,300 --> 01:41:06,200
crusading movements Legacy 
demands appreciating how its 

1901
01:41:06,200 --> 01:41:08,800
violence altered institutions 
and mentalities throughout 

1902
01:41:08,800 --> 01:41:12,100
civilization's generating 
patterns that remained today 

1903
01:41:12,100 --> 01:41:14,700
diplomatic consequences. 
Followed immediately. 

1904
01:41:16,200 --> 01:41:21,000
In 1302 Mongol Emperor, gazan 
Khan issued piece over here to 

1905
01:41:21,000 --> 01:41:24,000
European nations, offering 
United action against the 

1906
01:41:24,000 --> 01:41:27,900
mamluks and creating distrust, 
Pope Boniface, the 8th wondered 

1907
01:41:27,900 --> 01:41:30,900
if Islam had tainted. 
The Mongols Christianity, this 

1908
01:41:30,900 --> 01:41:34,300
diplomatic setback showed how 
much crusading ideology has 

1909
01:41:34,300 --> 01:41:37,800
limited cross, civilizational, 
cooperation pragmatic. 

1910
01:41:37,800 --> 01:41:39,900
Coalitions, were nearly 
unimaginable due to the 

1911
01:41:39,900 --> 01:41:43,000
religious Warfare Paradigm 
crusading violence. 

1912
01:41:43,000 --> 01:41:46,400
Set permanent precedence in 
European politics. special 

1913
01:41:46,400 --> 01:41:49,600
levies for expeditions generated
new fiscal mechanisms that 

1914
01:41:49,600 --> 01:41:53,200
increased state power, Henry, 
the second of England, imposed 

1915
01:41:53,200 --> 01:41:55,300
the salad and tie that in an 
1188. 

1916
01:41:55,300 --> 01:41:58,700
One of the earliest systematic 
National taxes in medieval 

1917
01:41:58,700 --> 01:42:01,400
Europe. 
Financial advances, outlasted 

1918
01:42:01,400 --> 01:42:04,000
the Crusades and became 
permanent parts of new States. 

1919
01:42:05,100 --> 01:42:08,200
Sternal cruelty helped extract 
resources from local communities

1920
01:42:08,200 --> 01:42:11,600
crusading laws, were assimilated
in European communities, 

1921
01:42:11,600 --> 01:42:15,100
domestic religious minorities. 
Gradually adopted fourth lateran

1922
01:42:15,100 --> 01:42:17,700
Council restrictions against 
enemies of the faith. 

1923
01:42:18,300 --> 01:42:21,300
The medieval Inquisition used 
existing methods to locate and 

1924
01:42:21,300 --> 01:42:23,500
suppress Muslim resistance, and 
conquered regions. 

1925
01:42:23,500 --> 01:42:26,400
Crusades were used against 
cathars and Southern France. 

1926
01:42:26,400 --> 01:42:30,100
Pagan people in northeastern 
Europe and people opponents in 

1927
01:42:30,100 --> 01:42:32,700
Italy. 
European societies, handled 

1928
01:42:32,700 --> 01:42:35,700
internal diversity differently. 
Due to this procedural Legacy. 

1929
01:42:36,500 --> 01:42:40,100
Colonial expansions after the 
15th century expressly cited, 

1930
01:42:40,100 --> 01:42:43,400
Crusades Portuguese, armies 
deliberately continued. 

1931
01:42:43,400 --> 01:42:46,800
The Crusades when they took 
Suter in North Africa, in 1415. 

1932
01:42:47,600 --> 01:42:50,600
Columbus thought his journeys 
would revive the possibility of 

1933
01:42:50,608 --> 01:42:54,000
freeing Jerusalem by a levoid 
Muslim, controlled territory. 

1934
01:42:55,600 --> 01:42:59,500
Papal, bulls that directly cited
crusading Powers Justified the 

1935
01:42:59,500 --> 01:43:02,800
Spanish conquest of the Americas
by providing indigenous 

1936
01:43:02,800 --> 01:43:05,100
Americans. 
With foundations, for battle 

1937
01:43:05,100 --> 01:43:08,300
against Muslims, the memory of 
Crusader assault affected, 

1938
01:43:08,300 --> 01:43:11,700
ottoman institutions and 
diplomacy the Millet system 

1939
01:43:11,700 --> 01:43:14,000
which United religious 
minorities under their 

1940
01:43:14,000 --> 01:43:17,100
leadership with relative 
autonomy was partially a 

1941
01:43:17,100 --> 01:43:20,900
response to Crusader subjugation
of Eastern Christians, ottoman, 

1942
01:43:20,900 --> 01:43:23,300
diplomatic correspondence, with 
European nations. 

1943
01:43:23,300 --> 01:43:27,100
Sometimes invoked Crusader 
atrocities to frame current 

1944
01:43:27,100 --> 01:43:31,000
disputes, the sultanate to 
Sacred site contradicted, the 

1945
01:43:31,008 --> 01:43:34,600
Crusader Narrative of Freedom, 
the Crusades caused significant 

1946
01:43:34,600 --> 01:43:37,200
theological and institutional 
damage to Eastern Christians. 

1947
01:43:38,100 --> 01:43:40,300
Eastern Christians who 
acknowledged people Authority, 

1948
01:43:40,300 --> 01:43:42,100
while keeping their liturgical 
Customs. 

1949
01:43:42,100 --> 01:43:46,000
Formed unih churches, dividing, 
Orthodox communities permanently

1950
01:43:47,000 --> 01:43:49,900
The Maronite Church in Lebanon, 
the Greek Catholic Church in 

1951
01:43:49,900 --> 01:43:53,100
Syria and Palestine and the 
Armenian Catholic Church of 

1952
01:43:53,100 --> 01:43:55,200
evolved from these difficult 
talks, between Eastern, 

1953
01:43:55,200 --> 01:43:58,900
Christians and Latin Authority. 
Modern Middle Eastern. 

1954
01:43:58,900 --> 01:44:02,300
Sectarian Dynamics are shaped by
these ecclesiastical divisions 

1955
01:44:02,300 --> 01:44:05,900
political identities, Jewish 
communities across Europe, saw 

1956
01:44:05,900 --> 01:44:08,200
the Crusades as a major break 
with Christianity. 

1957
01:44:09,100 --> 01:44:11,900
The first Crusades targeted 
brutality against Rhineland 

1958
01:44:11,900 --> 01:44:15,500
Villages devastated, centuries 
old Jewish study centres and 

1959
01:44:15,500 --> 01:44:17,000
caused a steady, Eastward 
migration. 

1960
01:44:18,100 --> 01:44:20,700
Sacred, poetry put him 
commemorated. 

1961
01:44:20,700 --> 01:44:22,800
These massacres preserving their
memory. 

1962
01:44:23,900 --> 01:44:26,500
Theological links between 
crusading and anti-jewish 

1963
01:44:26,500 --> 01:44:29,800
violence, set precedence for 
successive persecutions. 

1964
01:44:29,800 --> 01:44:35,500
Including expulsions, from 
England, 1290 France. 1306 and 

1965
01:44:35,500 --> 01:44:39,600
Spain. 4992, cultural Legacy 
created lasting symbols 

1966
01:44:39,600 --> 01:44:42,200
nationalist. 
Colonial and religious groups 

1967
01:44:42,200 --> 01:44:44,000
used the Crusader cross for 
centuries. 

1968
01:44:44,000 --> 01:44:47,900
The Swedish flag used during the
northern Crusades and the 

1969
01:44:47,900 --> 01:44:51,500
International Red Cross flag. 
Paradox at Clear humanitarian 

1970
01:44:51,500 --> 01:44:56,200
symbol bear The Crusade across 
these visual continuity, show 

1971
01:44:56,200 --> 01:44:58,700
How Deeply crusading 
iconography, shaped European 

1972
01:44:58,700 --> 01:45:01,100
culture. 
Often without historical 

1973
01:45:01,100 --> 01:45:03,700
context. 
Literary and artistic 

1974
01:45:03,700 --> 01:45:06,700
depictions. 
Skewed stories medieval epic 

1975
01:45:06,700 --> 01:45:09,000
poems. 
Like the song of Roland made 

1976
01:45:09,000 --> 01:45:12,100
Muslims into monsters shaping 
European perceptions for 

1977
01:45:12,100 --> 01:45:15,200
Generations. 
Renaissance paintings of Moors 

1978
01:45:15,200 --> 01:45:18,900
used Crusader iconography. 
These cultural Productions 

1979
01:45:18,900 --> 01:45:21,600
actively maintained differences 
between Christian Europe and the

1980
01:45:21,608 --> 01:45:24,900
Muslim world. 
Modern nationalism in the 19th 

1981
01:45:24,900 --> 01:45:27,100
century, politicized crusading 
memory. 

1982
01:45:27,800 --> 01:45:30,600
European Colonial powers in the 
Middle East Justified their 

1983
01:45:30,600 --> 01:45:34,500
presence with Crusader Tales. 
Press coverage, purposely 

1984
01:45:34,500 --> 01:45:37,600
evoked, Crusader imagery when 
British general Allenby invaded 

1985
01:45:37,600 --> 01:45:41,100
Jerusalem in 1917. 
Syrian French mandate 

1986
01:45:41,100 --> 01:45:43,600
authorities rebuilt. 
Crusader Castle's as proof of 

1987
01:45:43,600 --> 01:45:46,600
their dominance Arab nationalist
organizations. 

1988
01:45:46,600 --> 01:45:49,400
Defined their struggle as 
continuing salad in liberation 

1989
01:45:49,400 --> 01:45:53,400
of Jerusalem in response to 
Colonial appropriation political

1990
01:45:53,400 --> 01:45:56,100
discourse about the Crusade 
shows their unfinished business.

1991
01:45:57,000 --> 01:45:59,500
The immediate uproar, 
demonstrated the lasting impact 

1992
01:45:59,500 --> 01:46:01,800
of the term. 
When President George W, bush, 

1993
01:46:01,800 --> 01:46:06,300
referred to the war on terror. 
As a crusade in 2001, extremist 

1994
01:46:06,300 --> 01:46:09,000
movements in Western and Muslim 
countries, use crusading 

1995
01:46:09,000 --> 01:46:12,300
iconography showing the 
conflicts enduring relevance to 

1996
01:46:12,300 --> 01:46:15,000
Modern Problems. 
Excavation can continue to 

1997
01:46:15,000 --> 01:46:18,500
reveal Crusade of violence is 
material Legacy. recent 

1998
01:46:18,500 --> 01:46:22,000
excavations at caesarea, 
maritima found, Frankish, and 

1999
01:46:22,000 --> 01:46:26,400
Christian Mass, Graves from 
baybars, 1265 Conquest, The bone

2000
01:46:26,400 --> 01:46:29,400
remains indicate hurried burial 
after systematic execution. 

2001
01:46:30,200 --> 01:46:33,100
Echoing Crusader tactics at 
Jerusalem about two centuries 

2002
01:46:33,100 --> 01:46:36,100
before. 
Popular culture romanticizes, 

2003
01:46:36,100 --> 01:46:38,700
but this archaeological record 
is sobering. 

2004
01:46:39,300 --> 01:46:42,300
Many Eastern Mediterranean 
tourism economies whitewash, 

2005
01:46:42,300 --> 01:46:44,700
Crusader, Bloodshed by 
commodifying their past. 

2006
01:46:45,400 --> 01:46:49,200
Crusader castles like crac de 
Chevalier in Syria and Belvoir 

2007
01:46:49,200 --> 01:46:51,400
in Israel are portrayed as 
architectural. 

2008
01:46:51,400 --> 01:46:53,600
Marvels rather than the military
weaponry. 

2009
01:46:54,600 --> 01:46:57,500
This limited commemoration shows
continued difficulties in 

2010
01:46:57,500 --> 01:47:00,800
confronting Crusader brutality 
and its effects on Western 

2011
01:47:00,800 --> 01:47:04,500
Middle Eastern relations. 
A pistol melodically the 

2012
01:47:04,500 --> 01:47:07,300
Crusades changed how different 
civilizations perceived 

2013
01:47:07,300 --> 01:47:10,200
themselves and others. 
This time hardened religious 

2014
01:47:10,200 --> 01:47:14,200
identities Associated territory 
with confession and Sanctified 

2015
01:47:14,200 --> 01:47:17,600
violence in defense of Faith, 
all of which continued to impact

2016
01:47:17,600 --> 01:47:21,500
contemporary conflicts. 
The Crusades changed the 

2017
01:47:21,500 --> 01:47:23,700
conceptual terrain of 
international contacts. 

2018
01:47:24,500 --> 01:47:26,300
True revolutionary, historical 
events. 

2019
01:47:26,300 --> 01:47:28,700
Create new paradigms that last 
beyond their immediate 

2020
01:47:28,700 --> 01:47:32,500
influence, By this metric, the 
Crusades violence was one of 

2021
01:47:32,508 --> 01:47:35,300
history's. 
Most significant events after 

2022
01:47:35,300 --> 01:47:38,700
nearly a millennium Urban. 
The second's Fatal sermon at 

2023
01:47:38,700 --> 01:47:41,800
Claremont continues to impact 
our world because it cuts to the

2024
01:47:41,808 --> 01:47:44,900
heart of how civilizations 
identify themselves and others. 

2025
01:47:45,700 --> 01:47:47,800
Crucifer violence. 
Hans modern discourse. 

2026
01:47:47,800 --> 01:47:50,900
As the Middle East struggles 
with recurrent Wars and Europe, 

2027
01:47:50,900 --> 01:47:53,200
grapples with religious and 
cultural identity. 

2028
01:47:54,100 --> 01:47:56,100
Addressing this history is 
enduring legacies. 

2029
01:47:56,100 --> 01:47:59,000
Requires understanding its 
complexity Beyond triumphalist, 

2030
01:47:59,000 --> 01:48:02,300
narratives and simplistic 
condemnations The Crusades 

2031
01:48:02,300 --> 01:48:05,400
cruelty was a revolutionary 
historical process with lasting 

2032
01:48:05,400 --> 01:48:07,800
effects. 
Harry Houdini's Story, begins 

2033
01:48:07,800 --> 01:48:10,800
not with Fanfare, but with a 
toddler on a rickety ship Bound 

2034
01:48:10,800 --> 01:48:13,700
for America. 
Born, Eric Vice in Budapest on 

2035
01:48:13,700 --> 01:48:16,600
March, 24th 1874. 
He was the fourth of seven 

2036
01:48:16,600 --> 01:48:19,300
children to a rabbi father. 
In his wife, the family 

2037
01:48:19,300 --> 01:48:22,700
emigrated to the United States 
in 1878 Landing. 

2038
01:48:22,700 --> 01:48:26,700
In Wisconsin, young airik as he 
was nicknamed grew up on 

2039
01:48:26,700 --> 01:48:29,100
Miracles, far less glamorous 
than Grand Illusions. 

2040
01:48:29,100 --> 01:48:32,700
His father, lost his first 
pulpit in 1882 and the race 

2041
01:48:32,700 --> 01:48:37,400
family fell into dire poverty. 
Eric small town boy with lofty, 

2042
01:48:37,400 --> 01:48:40,100
aspirations skillfully, juggled 
his work and survival 

2043
01:48:40,100 --> 01:48:43,600
obligations with his early 
Showbiz, Instincts by age 9. 

2044
01:48:43,600 --> 01:48:46,300
He was performing as a trapeze 
artist and billing himself as 

2045
01:48:46,300 --> 01:48:50,000
Eric The prince of the air, in 
one of many makeshift tent shows

2046
01:48:50,000 --> 01:48:52,400
even as a child. 
He seemed to understand that 

2047
01:48:52,400 --> 01:48:56,000
real Escape was needed. 
Escaping hunger with shoe 

2048
01:48:56,000 --> 01:48:59,200
shining and newspaper rounds and
escaping obscurity by wowing 

2049
01:48:59,200 --> 01:49:02,300
circus crowds. 
The name Houdini was still years

2050
01:49:02,300 --> 01:49:04,700
away. 
Eric Weiss spent his earlier, 

2051
01:49:04,700 --> 01:49:07,100
lessons, running errands for 
theaters and dabbling in 

2052
01:49:07,108 --> 01:49:10,600
gymnastics, at the age of 13, 
Eric Weiss and his father, 

2053
01:49:10,600 --> 01:49:13,800
relocated to New York City 
settling into a drafty boarding 

2054
01:49:13,800 --> 01:49:17,600
house situated on East 79th. 
Street, he took on any odd, jobs

2055
01:49:17,600 --> 01:49:21,000
available, even working as a 
wild-eyed, carnival Beast, Man. 

2056
01:49:21,000 --> 01:49:25,000
Simply to help his family make 
ends meet A rabbi and Appleton 

2057
01:49:25,000 --> 01:49:27,600
Wisconsin. 
Had once been his father's proud

2058
01:49:27,600 --> 01:49:30,100
position. 
Now the future escape artist was

2059
01:49:30,100 --> 01:49:32,400
dancing on tightrope for spare 
change. 

2060
01:49:33,300 --> 01:49:36,600
By his teens, he was tall and 
sinew in are to make an 

2061
01:49:36,600 --> 01:49:40,100
impression and athletic 
cross-country Runner turned 

2062
01:49:40,100 --> 01:49:43,800
Showman. 
In 1891, Eric tried to turn his 

2063
01:49:43,800 --> 01:49:46,700
mechanical skill for locks and 
chains in to a magic career. 

2064
01:49:47,700 --> 01:49:51,500
He read the autobiography of 
French magician, Jean, Roberta, 

2065
01:49:51,500 --> 01:49:55,800
and wrongly assumed that adding 
an I meant like Huda in French. 

2066
01:49:55,800 --> 01:50:01,000
Thus, wise, became Vise and Eris
became Harry Houdini He later 

2067
01:50:01,008 --> 01:50:03,800
insisted Harry was in homage to 
his Idol, Harry kellar. 

2068
01:50:03,800 --> 01:50:07,000
But in truth, the name who 
Houdini mostly came from a 

2069
01:50:07,000 --> 01:50:11,000
childhood nickname for Eric This
optimistic renaming did not 

2070
01:50:11,000 --> 01:50:14,100
instantly, conjure success. 
He and his younger brother, 

2071
01:50:14,100 --> 01:50:16,800
Theo, even formed a Vaudeville 
act called the brothers who 

2072
01:50:16,800 --> 01:50:19,800
Houdini which flopped so badly. 
They returned to New York near 

2073
01:50:19,800 --> 01:50:23,400
starvation wages. 
For years who Houdini's career 

2074
01:50:23,400 --> 01:50:27,000
was the opposite of spectacular.
He presented himself as the king

2075
01:50:27,000 --> 01:50:29,600
of cards and performed in the 
sleazy dime museums. 

2076
01:50:29,600 --> 01:50:32,400
His first magic shows were 
routine parlor tricks that 

2077
01:50:32,408 --> 01:50:34,400
rarely paid more than a few 
dollars per night. 

2078
01:50:34,400 --> 01:50:37,200
A couple in their acts 
traversed, various theater's 

2079
01:50:37,200 --> 01:50:40,800
Pockets brimming with talent but
depleted by limited funds. 

2080
01:50:40,800 --> 01:50:45,200
One moment they were in Chicago 
at the 1893 World's Fair with 

2081
01:50:45,200 --> 01:50:49,100
Hope Diamond Shimmer the next 
just as quickly, they were boxed

2082
01:50:49,100 --> 01:50:52,400
into an opium denside show the 
early 20th century. 

2083
01:50:52,400 --> 01:50:55,500
Showbiz was a terrifying 
experience, combining elements 

2084
01:50:55,500 --> 01:50:59,800
of starvation and hardship, 
Through those struggles, who 

2085
01:50:59,800 --> 01:51:04,100
deenie learned of lesson. 
Confinement in a mess box posed,

2086
01:51:04,100 --> 01:51:06,400
a greater risk than imprisonment
by creditors. 

2087
01:51:06,400 --> 01:51:09,500
He tinkered with handcuffs and 
shackles in his off-hours 

2088
01:51:09,500 --> 01:51:13,500
convinced their must be away out
there was Little Wonder give his

2089
01:51:13,500 --> 01:51:15,600
name that he became obsessed 
with getting out. 

2090
01:51:15,600 --> 01:51:19,100
He tested keys in his slimy 
apartment and studied 

2091
01:51:19,100 --> 01:51:20,700
locksmithing using ragged 
manuals. 

2092
01:51:21,600 --> 01:51:24,200
When Houdini first approached a 
lock one, friend would later 

2093
01:51:24,200 --> 01:51:27,500
quip that locked screamed at an 
SOS by morning. 

2094
01:51:28,700 --> 01:51:31,900
By 1894 his wife Bess formerly 
Wilhelmina. 

2095
01:51:31,900 --> 01:51:34,800
Rana was relieved that he was 
making more money as a dormant 

2096
01:51:34,800 --> 01:51:36,200
and bouncer than he was with his
magic. 

2097
01:51:36,200 --> 01:51:39,200
It took a few more years of 
scraping by before anything, 

2098
01:51:39,200 --> 01:51:40,900
resembling a big break 
materialized. 

2099
01:51:40,900 --> 01:51:44,300
But let's say, the stage was set
for Houdini to really break out 

2100
01:51:44,300 --> 01:51:47,400
the year. 1889 was who Dean is 
Houdini moment? 

2101
01:51:47,400 --> 01:51:51,000
He was performing in Saint Paul 
Minnesota, doing the same card 

2102
01:51:51,000 --> 01:51:53,600
tricks and juggling acts that 
had entertained Midwestern 

2103
01:51:53,600 --> 01:51:57,300
saloons for a decade. 
When fate in the form of 

2104
01:51:57,300 --> 01:52:00,800
wardville manager, Martin Beck 
noted on his dressing room door.

2105
01:52:01,700 --> 01:52:04,700
Beck was already booking big 
novelty acts and needed 

2106
01:52:04,700 --> 01:52:06,100
something new to wow the 
audience. 

2107
01:52:07,300 --> 01:52:10,500
Houdini demonstrated to be his 
preferred distraction technique,

2108
01:52:10,500 --> 01:52:14,300
which involved escaping from a 
pair of prison hancox, a feat, 

2109
01:52:14,300 --> 01:52:17,500
that would have left most men 
speak less, The normally 

2110
01:52:17,500 --> 01:52:21,800
unflappable back size lit up. 
Stick with those Escape stunts, 

2111
01:52:21,800 --> 01:52:24,200
he advised, and I'll get you on 
the Orpheum circuit. 

2112
01:52:25,100 --> 01:52:27,900
Within weeks, who deenie was 
performing at the top of hill 

2113
01:52:27,900 --> 01:52:30,400
Halls Across America. 
The public had suddenly Gone 

2114
01:52:30,400 --> 01:52:33,000
Wild for the idea that a man 
could slip through steel 

2115
01:52:33,000 --> 01:52:35,500
restraints, as easily as you 
slip through airport, security. 

2116
01:52:35,500 --> 01:52:37,700
And who Deanie became their 
handcuff? 

2117
01:52:37,700 --> 01:52:41,700
Who dini He wasn't the first 
escape artist ever, but he 

2118
01:52:41,700 --> 01:52:43,700
invented the concept of Escape 
Mania. 

2119
01:52:44,600 --> 01:52:48,500
Every evening from Saint Paul to
Chicago, Houdini lived up to his

2120
01:52:48,500 --> 01:52:51,900
name by springing, free from 
County jail cells supplied by 

2121
01:52:51,900 --> 01:52:55,600
impressed, local sheriffs, tied 
in leather straps and dipped 

2122
01:52:55,600 --> 01:52:57,900
into rivers in wooden crates. 
He'd emerged minutes later 

2123
01:52:57,900 --> 01:53:01,400
dripping but Unchained, he was 
performing escapes that were so 

2124
01:53:01,400 --> 01:53:04,100
physically. 
Impossible newspaper, miss you. 

2125
01:53:04,100 --> 01:53:08,500
Okay girls fainted one local 
paper headlined if I put these 

2126
01:53:08,500 --> 01:53:11,700
cuffs on you'll never escape and
who Houdini escaped. 

2127
01:53:11,700 --> 01:53:14,800
Anyway, basking in the headlines
and leaving jailers to eat 

2128
01:53:14,800 --> 01:53:16,800
another bite of plain donuts for
supper. 

2129
01:53:18,100 --> 01:53:21,800
By the year, 1900 Beckett 
arrayed, for Houdini to travel 

2130
01:53:21,800 --> 01:53:26,800
abroad and in London Who dini 
Rose to even greater Fame in 

2131
01:53:26,800 --> 01:53:29,500
England, he encountered a 
notoriously skeptical, police 

2132
01:53:29,500 --> 01:53:32,600
force at Scotland Yard, the 
initial audition resulted in 

2133
01:53:32,600 --> 01:53:35,300
Houdini being restrained, in the
renowned yards iron's. 

2134
01:53:35,300 --> 01:53:37,900
The confidently walked out in 
just five minutes. 

2135
01:53:38,900 --> 01:53:41,900
Houdini immediately secured a 
six-month contract at London's 

2136
01:53:41,900 --> 01:53:44,500
Alhambra theater where he 
quickly Rose to fame. 

2137
01:53:44,500 --> 01:53:48,700
Americans and Brits are like 
flocked to his shows and to 

2138
01:53:48,700 --> 01:53:52,400
Houdini this was no illusion, 
his salary, shot up to 300 

2139
01:53:52,400 --> 01:53:56,800
dollars a week, a fortune at the
time, a young man who wants a 

2140
01:53:56,800 --> 01:54:00,000
beans and rice with Stage mates,
in New York was now presenting 

2141
01:54:00,000 --> 01:54:02,000
gold medals to his mother and 
renting. 

2142
01:54:02,000 --> 01:54:07,800
A 25,000 dollar browse Stone in 
Harlem by 1904 As a nice bonus 

2143
01:54:07,800 --> 01:54:10,700
for poor. 
Mama wise, even bought her, our 

2144
01:54:10,700 --> 01:54:13,200
gown rumored to have been made 
for Queen Victoria. 

2145
01:54:13,200 --> 01:54:16,500
A proudest hour of the family's 
history who Dinah later said. 

2146
01:54:17,400 --> 01:54:21,100
By his mid-twenties, Houdini had
largely overcome his poverty. 

2147
01:54:21,800 --> 01:54:24,100
Newspapers began calling him. 
The Handcuff King. 

2148
01:54:24,100 --> 01:54:26,200
So, a title. 
He wore with pride. 

2149
01:54:27,100 --> 01:54:30,700
He was also forthright about his
methods who Houdini freely 

2150
01:54:30,700 --> 01:54:32,900
admitted to hiding skeleton keys
in his pockets. 

2151
01:54:32,900 --> 01:54:36,400
Tucking bits of wire into his 
sleeve and occasionally, using 

2152
01:54:36,400 --> 01:54:39,300
his teeth to pick a lot. 
He was genuinely risking his 

2153
01:54:39,300 --> 01:54:42,300
life to escape from jail cells. 
He studied every handcuff made 

2154
01:54:42,300 --> 01:54:45,000
and had what one locksmith 
friend turned photographic 

2155
01:54:45,000 --> 01:54:47,100
memory for tricky locking 
mechanisms. 

2156
01:54:47,100 --> 01:54:51,600
Not that he needed memorization 
for long as he dryly noted in 

2157
01:54:51,600 --> 01:54:54,800
his 1910 book. 
A simple shoelace Loop could 

2158
01:54:54,800 --> 01:54:56,900
open old cuffs almost as cleanly
as a key. 

2159
01:54:58,000 --> 01:55:01,900
Every Newsboy in New York. 
So new the name who deeney he 

2160
01:55:01,900 --> 01:55:04,900
discarded, his old card tricks, 
as easily as one with throw away

2161
01:55:04,908 --> 01:55:07,800
last season shoe polish. 
He was now preoccupied with 

2162
01:55:07,800 --> 01:55:10,600
impossible. 
Escapees nail, riveted packing 

2163
01:55:10,600 --> 01:55:14,200
crates, Straight Jackets, 
Berlin, Police sell turn arounds

2164
01:55:14,200 --> 01:55:17,700
and yes even a man called swim 
in a Chicago River once. 

2165
01:55:18,600 --> 01:55:20,400
Houdini had invited. 
The very police. 

2166
01:55:20,400 --> 01:55:23,600
He was escaping from to hold him
down and watching them fail by 

2167
01:55:23,600 --> 01:55:26,000
midday was the best free 
publicity imaginable. 

2168
01:55:26,900 --> 01:55:28,600
Houdini had charged for being 
locked up. 

2169
01:55:28,600 --> 01:55:31,400
He probably would have paid off 
his entire contract in stash of 

2170
01:55:31,400 --> 01:55:35,700
cuff keys. 
By 1905, the world knew him and 

2171
01:55:35,700 --> 01:55:38,600
its breathless. 
Newsmen wanted more more danger,

2172
01:55:38,600 --> 01:55:42,000
more distance, more Houdini with
the handcuffs. 

2173
01:55:42,000 --> 01:55:44,500
Tricks safely under his belt, 
who dini needed a new way to 

2174
01:55:44,508 --> 01:55:47,600
surprise the world and when it 
came to upping the ante who 

2175
01:55:47,600 --> 01:55:49,300
Houdini was a natural risk 
taker. 

2176
01:55:50,600 --> 01:55:54,100
Around 1908, he retreated from 
handcuffs in favor of dramatic 

2177
01:55:54,100 --> 01:55:57,800
water escapes, the milk can 
escape his first major liquid 

2178
01:55:57,800 --> 01:56:00,100
act involved. 
Who dini, padlocking himself 

2179
01:56:00,100 --> 01:56:02,400
inside. 
A massive milk can filled with 

2180
01:56:02,400 --> 01:56:05,900
water and Challenge and audience
member to seal the top then 

2181
01:56:05,900 --> 01:56:08,800
second later, he'd pop out, 
like, he'd never skip breakfast.

2182
01:56:08,800 --> 01:56:12,400
The stunt was so successful. 
He took it overseas immediately 

2183
01:56:12,400 --> 01:56:14,900
and crowd members, began 
betting, whether Houdini would 

2184
01:56:14,900 --> 01:56:17,700
dangle like a drowned insect or 
slip out Victorious. 

2185
01:56:18,700 --> 01:56:22,300
Spoiler who Deanie won every 
time much to the disappointment 

2186
01:56:22,300 --> 01:56:25,300
of the Boeing skeptic's. 
Once the milk can became well 

2187
01:56:25,300 --> 01:56:28,700
known imitators crept in like 
moths to a flame proof cloth. 

2188
01:56:28,700 --> 01:56:31,900
Who dini never want to be 
outdone went around building 

2189
01:56:31,900 --> 01:56:35,800
more elaborate traps in 1912 he 
unveiled what would become his 

2190
01:56:35,800 --> 01:56:39,100
most infamous gimmick? 
The Chinese water torture cell 

2191
01:56:39,100 --> 01:56:43,400
which Houdini himself preferred 
to call Simply upside down For 

2192
01:56:43,400 --> 01:56:45,300
that purpose. 
He commissioned a custom tank of

2193
01:56:45,300 --> 01:56:49,200
mahogany and steel. 
Thick plate, glass window and 

2194
01:56:49,200 --> 01:56:52,800
plumbing fixtures in effect a 
giant aquarium on its side. 

2195
01:56:52,800 --> 01:56:56,700
He would be spread eagle down 
and dropped in head, first feet.

2196
01:56:56,700 --> 01:57:01,000
First Eyes, Only on the crowd as
water poured into fill the cell 

2197
01:57:01,000 --> 01:57:04,000
completely every spectator. 
Expected him to drown. 

2198
01:57:04,800 --> 01:57:08,400
Instead Houdini held his breath 
over three minutes. 

2199
01:57:08,400 --> 01:57:11,700
In fact, and unlocked his way 
out while completely upside 

2200
01:57:11,700 --> 01:57:14,200
down. 
The Act was so spectacular that 

2201
01:57:14,200 --> 01:57:16,400
audiences Believe The 
Illusionist had a fish like 

2202
01:57:16,400 --> 01:57:19,700
appearance and it remains one of
Houdini's greatest trials to 

2203
01:57:19,700 --> 01:57:23,400
this day. 
Along with water Feats, who do 

2204
01:57:23,400 --> 01:57:27,100
you need delighted in Airbender 
bonus, cape's, no tall. 

2205
01:57:27,100 --> 01:57:29,100
Building was safe. 
As long as he was in town. 

2206
01:57:29,100 --> 01:57:33,000
One, early stuntman in Leeds. 
England, showed him Bound in a 

2207
01:57:33,008 --> 01:57:36,000
straight jacket, and then 
hoisted by his ankles, 200 feet 

2208
01:57:36,000 --> 01:57:39,300
up a crane above the crowd with 
thousands watching he would 

2209
01:57:39,308 --> 01:57:42,200
wiggle free and plain sight. 
A stunt that Drew comparable 

2210
01:57:42,200 --> 01:57:45,700
ticket sales to a Beatles 
concert or Super Bowl today in 

2211
01:57:45,700 --> 01:57:48,500
New York police actually banned 
him from dangling from Highwire 

2212
01:57:48,500 --> 01:57:50,900
officers. 
So who dini chartered a tugboat 

2213
01:57:50,900 --> 01:57:53,600
and performed his packed cabin 
overboard stunts in the East 

2214
01:57:53,600 --> 01:57:57,500
River on July, 7th 1912. 
They nailed a crate around him, 

2215
01:57:57,500 --> 01:58:00,800
sank it and then Houdini 
squeaked himself loose 

2216
01:58:00,800 --> 01:58:03,300
underwater before anyone ran to 
find the phone book on how to 

2217
01:58:03,300 --> 01:58:06,300
pronounce subpoena. 
Even death, defying wasn't 

2218
01:58:06,300 --> 01:58:09,700
enough, without death itself. 
Who dini became equally famous 

2219
01:58:09,700 --> 01:58:12,700
for his buried alive acts. 
Well though, those performances 

2220
01:58:12,700 --> 01:58:17,200
even gave him nightmares in a 
1915 stunt, he can set it to 

2221
01:58:17,200 --> 01:58:20,800
Barium himself under six feet of
dirt, using only his arms as 

2222
01:58:20,800 --> 01:58:24,100
excavation tools. 
The ground compacted around him 

2223
01:58:24,100 --> 01:58:27,300
halfway down. 
He began clawing rapidly only 

2224
01:58:27,300 --> 01:58:30,100
just managing to break the 
surface before Panic took hold. 

2225
01:58:30,900 --> 01:58:34,400
He emerged in a nearly comical 
jumble of dirty hair and frantic

2226
01:58:34,400 --> 01:58:36,600
apologies. 
It was rumored after with the 

2227
01:58:36,600 --> 01:58:39,300
Houdini's, emergency call was 
one Houdini please. 

2228
01:58:39,300 --> 01:58:42,000
No rush. 
Reporters frequently, 

2229
01:58:42,000 --> 01:58:45,500
questioned, whether Houdini was 
ticklish, had a sidecar attached

2230
01:58:45,500 --> 01:58:48,200
due to these other coffin. 
Tricks typically Houdini would 

2231
01:58:48,200 --> 01:58:50,800
joke that the obituary column 
posed, the greatest threat to 

2232
01:58:50,800 --> 01:58:53,400
his life. 
No matter how elaborate the Trap

2233
01:58:53,400 --> 01:58:56,700
who Deanie and sited on 
transparency the force. 

2234
01:58:56,700 --> 01:58:59,400
Some tricks, he'd even stripped 
down and invite the audience to 

2235
01:58:59,400 --> 01:59:01,200
feel his biceps or punch him in 
the gut. 

2236
01:59:01,200 --> 01:59:05,100
Proving he had no hidden keys 
for his straight jacket 

2237
01:59:05,100 --> 01:59:07,300
escapees. 
He sometimes will nothing but a 

2238
01:59:07,300 --> 01:59:09,400
g-string. 
In the torture cell. 

2239
01:59:09,400 --> 01:59:11,100
He made sure. 
Everyone saw him chained up 

2240
01:59:11,108 --> 01:59:14,000
through glass. 
One wag equipped that Houdini 

2241
01:59:14,000 --> 01:59:17,100
had nothing to hide. 
In fact, he practically showed 

2242
01:59:17,100 --> 01:59:20,800
everything off stage. 
These tactics built his image as

2243
01:59:20,800 --> 01:59:23,000
a straight shooter or bare 
straight shooter. 

2244
01:59:23,000 --> 01:59:25,400
More precisely in a business 
known for Hocus. 

2245
01:59:25,400 --> 01:59:29,100
Pocus journalists lauded him as 
the only magician who performed 

2246
01:59:29,100 --> 01:59:32,600
without the veil of Deceit. 
Not realizing who denied that 

2247
01:59:32,600 --> 01:59:36,700
line himself on a poster? 
In any case, if Houdini had a 

2248
01:59:36,700 --> 01:59:39,600
motto in the trenches of public 
stunts, it would be, we may 

2249
01:59:39,600 --> 01:59:41,600
water board me, but we won't 
water. 

2250
01:59:41,600 --> 01:59:44,700
Skip me, thus, who, Houdini 
consistently elevated, the 

2251
01:59:44,700 --> 01:59:48,400
standard, and the anxiety of 
ticket holders till Newsboys 

2252
01:59:48,400 --> 01:59:52,500
began promoting The Next Houdini
spectacle, by 1914, who 

2253
01:59:52,500 --> 01:59:54,100
Houdini's signature escapees 
were polished. 

2254
01:59:54,100 --> 01:59:57,600
And Timeless critics noted that,
even his Old Milton looked 

2255
01:59:57,600 --> 02:00:00,600
different, he would now 
sometimes float on grill, inside

2256
02:00:00,600 --> 02:00:03,200
it. 
Raising the difficulty, Legend 

2257
02:00:03,200 --> 02:00:06,200
has it, who need discarded, the 
grill later because the bars 

2258
02:00:06,200 --> 02:00:09,000
look too helpful. 
Like accidentally giving a 

2259
02:00:09,000 --> 02:00:10,700
ladder to someone who is 
supposed to be trapped. 

2260
02:00:11,400 --> 02:00:14,700
The torture sell itself, 
underwent refinements by the end

2261
02:00:14,700 --> 02:00:17,700
of his career, Houdini traveled,
with a spare, set of locks 

2262
02:00:17,700 --> 02:00:21,900
chains. and even a second cell 
in case of emergency Imagine 

2263
02:00:21,900 --> 02:00:26,000
yourself jammed headfirst in an 
iron coffin of water with no key

2264
02:00:26,000 --> 02:00:29,500
in a ticking clock, he liked to 
say on posters it borders on the

2265
02:00:29,500 --> 02:00:32,500
supernatural. 
The public believed him though 

2266
02:00:32,500 --> 02:00:34,200
naturally, no one was ever, 
quite sure. 

2267
02:00:34,200 --> 02:00:37,100
How he did it. 
Houdini sidekick and wife. 

2268
02:00:37,100 --> 02:00:40,500
Best often co-starred in a minor
role during these moments of 

2269
02:00:40,500 --> 02:00:43,800
theatrical faith. 
She handled the props managed 

2270
02:00:43,800 --> 02:00:46,000
the timing. 
And once nearly fainted, when an

2271
02:00:46,000 --> 02:00:49,800
assistant accidentally locked 
her in a safe on stage She 

2272
02:00:49,800 --> 02:00:52,400
recovered just long enough to 
Signal, who need to open it 

2273
02:00:52,400 --> 02:00:56,100
afterward, she quit that if 
Houdini had failed, she'd have 

2274
02:00:56,100 --> 02:00:58,400
to update his act of The 
Cremation cell. 

2275
02:00:59,800 --> 02:01:03,800
In every incredible stunts, best
was quietly in the wings. 

2276
02:01:03,800 --> 02:01:06,900
The real Houdini often joked 
that behind every greater Escape

2277
02:01:06,900 --> 02:01:08,500
artists. 
There was an even greater stage 

2278
02:01:08,500 --> 02:01:11,100
manager. 
So while Harry stared in the 

2279
02:01:11,100 --> 02:01:14,400
cell of Doom, best was the 
silence Secretary of magic. 

2280
02:01:14,400 --> 02:01:18,900
Making sure who Houdini solos 
had a solid on core Houdini 

2281
02:01:18,900 --> 02:01:21,500
stunts and become a full-time 
job of being otherworldly. 

2282
02:01:21,500 --> 02:01:25,500
But the world was certainly 
watching newspapers and fans 

2283
02:01:25,500 --> 02:01:29,100
bellowed impossible at every 
escape, the law enforcement 

2284
02:01:29,100 --> 02:01:32,600
establishment, treated him with 
a mixture of admiration and 

2285
02:01:32,600 --> 02:01:36,300
embarrassment Los Angeles. 
Police insisted, he was a humbug

2286
02:01:36,300 --> 02:01:39,300
then grudgingly hired him to 
escape from the LA jail. 

2287
02:01:39,300 --> 02:01:42,700
He turned the entire planets 
jail system into his toolbox. 

2288
02:01:43,600 --> 02:01:46,500
To Houdini these were hard 
lessons about locks and Human 

2289
02:01:46,500 --> 02:01:48,900
Nature. 
If you bend the rules just a bit

2290
02:01:48,908 --> 02:01:52,200
or break, the lock, everyone 
will ask you to break free next.

2291
02:01:52,200 --> 02:01:56,100
It was like the ultimate game of
tag except Houdini was always 

2292
02:01:56,100 --> 02:01:58,100
it. 
And chains were just part of the

2293
02:01:58,100 --> 02:02:01,200
catch by the late 1910s. 
Who Houdini's name had 

2294
02:02:01,200 --> 02:02:04,000
International cache, he was rich
and Restless. 

2295
02:02:04,000 --> 02:02:06,800
There were no more dime museums 
in New York, paying him by the 

2296
02:02:06,800 --> 02:02:09,600
burger and fries. 
Now he entertained Kings and 

2297
02:02:09,600 --> 02:02:13,800
commoners, he continued to talk 
constantly in Great Britain, 

2298
02:02:13,800 --> 02:02:16,000
Europe, Russia, and the 
Netherlands. 

2299
02:02:16,000 --> 02:02:19,700
And everywhere he went, he 
Houdini challenged local police 

2300
02:02:19,700 --> 02:02:23,700
to one of his Escape belts, 
every city became a stage, every

2301
02:02:23,700 --> 02:02:27,300
prison were a Proving Ground. 
In Moscow, for example, he 

2302
02:02:27,300 --> 02:02:29,200
escaped from a boxcar Bound for 
Siberia. 

2303
02:02:29,200 --> 02:02:32,900
The key supposedly was kept at 
the North Pole with the new 

2304
02:02:32,900 --> 02:02:36,000
country conquered. 
He collected souvenirs orders 

2305
02:02:36,000 --> 02:02:38,700
from ministers, official 
certificates of Escape Artistry.

2306
02:02:38,700 --> 02:02:42,300
And sometimes even a lawsuit or 
two, you want sued a German 

2307
02:02:42,300 --> 02:02:45,700
officer for claiming Houdini 
only escaped by bribery, who 

2308
02:02:45,700 --> 02:02:48,800
Houdini prove the man Wrong by 
popping open the judges safe 

2309
02:02:48,800 --> 02:02:52,300
with the courts own keys. 
Newsreels eventually lured, who 

2310
02:02:52,300 --> 02:02:55,200
need to the movies. 
He starred in a couple of early 

2311
02:02:55,200 --> 02:03:00,000
silent pictures in 1918 to 1999 
like the master mystery or beat 

2312
02:03:00,000 --> 02:03:01,800
up a robot and got into a 
biplane Chase. 

2313
02:03:02,600 --> 02:03:05,700
Audience is scratch their heads 
though, was this an action film 

2314
02:03:05,700 --> 02:03:09,600
or a really weird magic show. 
Ultimately, Houdini found film 

2315
02:03:09,600 --> 02:03:13,300
less lucrative than Vaudeville 
as he told the press his box 

2316
02:03:13,300 --> 02:03:15,200
office. 
Receipts, beat Hollywood, silent

2317
02:03:15,200 --> 02:03:17,400
Charisma. 
So he returned to live 

2318
02:03:17,400 --> 02:03:20,500
audiences. 
He also had another pioneering 

2319
02:03:20,500 --> 02:03:24,200
gig in the skies in 1910. 
He became the first person to 

2320
02:03:24,200 --> 02:03:26,000
Pilot a powered airplane in 
Australia. 

2321
02:03:27,100 --> 02:03:30,100
He's lifting off more than just 
our Spirits, a reporter pulling 

2322
02:03:30,100 --> 02:03:33,400
wrote, Houdini was always 
seeking new challenges, whether 

2323
02:03:33,400 --> 02:03:37,100
it was digging through dirt or 
scaling clouds off stage 

2324
02:03:37,100 --> 02:03:39,000
Houdini's. 
Fame, brought him a celebrity 

2325
02:03:39,000 --> 02:03:42,200
lifestyle to match. 
He joined organizations of 

2326
02:03:42,200 --> 02:03:45,300
magicians became president of 
the Society of American 

2327
02:03:45,300 --> 02:03:49,400
Magicians in 1917 and insisted 
on professionalism among his 

2328
02:03:49,400 --> 02:03:52,900
peers. 
His Harlem Brownstone at 278 W, 

2329
02:03:52,900 --> 02:03:57,900
to 1313 of became a museum of 
sorts filled with rare tricks 

2330
02:03:57,900 --> 02:04:01,500
mystical Oddities and books on 
every bit of a cult nonsense. 

2331
02:04:01,500 --> 02:04:05,300
He wanted to debug He bought a 
snazzy car and a custom line 

2332
02:04:05,300 --> 02:04:08,100
suitcase of locks and picks. 
In a humorous. 

2333
02:04:08,100 --> 02:04:11,100
Act of generosity. 
He reportedly spent his turns, 

2334
02:04:11,100 --> 02:04:13,900
on a ceremonial gown, 
purportedly tailored for Queen 

2335
02:04:13,900 --> 02:04:16,800
Victoria and threw a grand party
to Showcase meat. 

2336
02:04:16,800 --> 02:04:20,000
All to ensure his impoverished 
mother, could be the center of 

2337
02:04:20,000 --> 02:04:22,800
attention at the ball. 
That day, we could kill each 

2338
02:04:22,800 --> 02:04:26,400
other laughing Houdini later 
said for once he had shown up 

2339
02:04:26,400 --> 02:04:29,200
high society and their jaws had 
hit the floor at his wildness. 

2340
02:04:29,900 --> 02:04:32,700
Throughout the 1910s, who Deanie
was touring roughly Like a 

2341
02:04:32,700 --> 02:04:36,900
Rockstar by 1920 who deenie was 
earning a salary significantly 

2342
02:04:36,900 --> 02:04:38,900
higher than that of an ordinary 
stage magician. 

2343
02:04:39,800 --> 02:04:43,200
People literally travel to his 
show even coming on, pilgrimage 

2344
02:04:43,200 --> 02:04:46,600
when Houdini arrived in a city. 
He had realized that by turning 

2345
02:04:46,600 --> 02:04:49,500
every performance into the 
biggest stunt ever, he could 

2346
02:04:49,500 --> 02:04:51,700
keep the crowds coming back. 
So he did. 

2347
02:04:51,700 --> 02:04:54,700
And in a way who Deanie had 
become that Rarity among 

2348
02:04:54,700 --> 02:04:57,800
entertainers, a guy who was 
famous primarily for surviving 

2349
02:04:57,800 --> 02:05:00,800
things. 
Yet for all the flash, one 

2350
02:05:00,800 --> 02:05:04,300
aspect of who Dennis Persona 
remained personal even at the 

2351
02:05:04,300 --> 02:05:07,100
height of Fame. 
He was curious almost whistle at

2352
02:05:07,100 --> 02:05:10,800
the fringes of existence, he 
himself once admitted that he'd 

2353
02:05:10,800 --> 02:05:14,500
love nothing more than a moments
contact Beyond with his beloved 

2354
02:05:14,500 --> 02:05:20,000
mother who had died in 1913. 
So as 1920s optimism flourished,

2355
02:05:20,000 --> 02:05:23,100
Houdini quietly became the 
Moonlighting skeptic. 

2356
02:05:23,100 --> 02:05:25,500
He would attend Sailors in 
secret. 

2357
02:05:25,500 --> 02:05:29,300
Take on private investigation of
mediums and write articles 

2358
02:05:29,300 --> 02:05:32,200
exposing the Machinery behind 
Ghostly tablos. 

2359
02:05:33,000 --> 02:05:36,600
In short, he was determined to 
apply his Escape Artistry to the

2360
02:05:36,600 --> 02:05:39,600
spiritual Realm. 
But first one more leap. 

2361
02:05:39,600 --> 02:05:42,900
The biggest one yet was about to
unfold, even people who thought 

2362
02:05:42,900 --> 02:05:45,300
Houdini stunts were Hokum 
respected that his battles. 

2363
02:05:45,300 --> 02:05:49,500
Against phony Spirits were 
remarkably sincere in contrast 

2364
02:05:49,500 --> 02:05:52,700
to other magicians who casually 
pretended to be mediums on stage

2365
02:05:52,700 --> 02:05:55,100
who Deanie had? 
No desire to deceive. 

2366
02:05:55,900 --> 02:05:59,100
By the early 1920s. 
He had seen too many families 

2367
02:05:59,100 --> 02:06:01,600
ruined by con artists calling 
out from the void. 

2368
02:06:02,300 --> 02:06:05,400
On one hand, he was the showman 
who managed to smuggle himself 

2369
02:06:05,400 --> 02:06:08,800
in to a floating tank, drowned 
and miraculously survived. 

2370
02:06:09,500 --> 02:06:12,500
On the other hand, he was a 
grieving, son, having promised 

2371
02:06:12,500 --> 02:06:15,300
his mother on her deathbed that,
if anyone in the family could 

2372
02:06:15,300 --> 02:06:18,000
communicate with the dead, he 
would be the first to test it. 

2373
02:06:18,900 --> 02:06:21,800
What transpired was who Dennis 
most significant Act of date. 

2374
02:06:21,800 --> 02:06:26,400
He transformed into the Undead's
most terrifying, adversary along

2375
02:06:26,400 --> 02:06:28,800
with his wife Bess and a secret 
card Ray. 

2376
02:06:28,800 --> 02:06:32,100
The most famous being a lady 
named Rose mackenberg, a real 

2377
02:06:32,108 --> 02:06:36,000
life, ghost detective Houdini 
set about exposing human leakers

2378
02:06:36,000 --> 02:06:40,300
who talk to the Dead. 
They attended sails on the cover

2379
02:06:40,300 --> 02:06:43,800
even sabotaging stage. 
Levitations and phony knocking 

2380
02:06:43,800 --> 02:06:45,900
songs. 
They documented cunning tricks. 

2381
02:06:45,900 --> 02:06:49,500
Like smoked meat. 
Used to Spur ectoplasm sticky, 

2382
02:06:49,500 --> 02:06:51,700
bandages. 
Smuggled up sleeves and hidden 

2383
02:06:51,700 --> 02:06:55,900
colluding accomplices. 
When newspapers of the day, ran 

2384
02:06:55,900 --> 02:06:58,500
the stories of hoodoo, Houdini 
often, quipped. 

2385
02:06:58,500 --> 02:07:00,900
That at least the ghost stories 
had actual ghost writers. 

2386
02:07:00,900 --> 02:07:04,200
As he could barely find anyone 
willing to donate even a dime. 

2387
02:07:04,800 --> 02:07:07,200
Houdini's fire. 
For this Crusade came to a 

2388
02:07:07,200 --> 02:07:10,400
symbolic climax in 1926 when he 
testified before Congress. 

2389
02:07:10,400 --> 02:07:14,400
It was a rare appearance outside
the stage a stiff legislative 

2390
02:07:14,400 --> 02:07:17,600
hearing room, instead of a 
wardville theater, Houdini 

2391
02:07:17,600 --> 02:07:20,700
accompanied by Senator Arthur 
Kappa boldly declared that 

2392
02:07:20,700 --> 02:07:22,700
spiritualism was a complete 
scam. 

2393
02:07:22,700 --> 02:07:25,700
He was not joking. 
He was a magician who had made a

2394
02:07:25,700 --> 02:07:28,800
career out of deceiving death. 
He boldly declared that these 

2395
02:07:28,800 --> 02:07:32,200
media should be ashamed. 
Society was transfixed 

2396
02:07:32,200 --> 02:07:37,000
newspapers, called it up, Rory 
es and the Apex of Houdini's 

2397
02:07:37,000 --> 02:07:41,100
anti spiritualist Crusade. 
Even supported bills to 

2398
02:07:41,108 --> 02:07:43,800
criminalize fake fortune telling
and phony spiritual 

2399
02:07:43,800 --> 02:07:46,900
Communications. 
Observers were aware, that who 

2400
02:07:46,900 --> 02:07:50,200
Deanie had previously performed 
fake sale answers, on small 

2401
02:07:50,200 --> 02:07:52,700
stages solely for financial 
gain. 

2402
02:07:53,700 --> 02:07:57,600
But that was a long time ago and
now the focus was on the psychic

2403
02:07:57,600 --> 02:08:00,000
charlatans. 
Felt a bit of irony and 

2404
02:08:00,000 --> 02:08:02,500
sometimes joked. 
I put the ghost in Ghostbusters 

2405
02:08:02,500 --> 02:08:05,800
to audiences and Truth. 
This Mission wasn't about 

2406
02:08:05,800 --> 02:08:10,800
laughs, it was deeply personal 
Best and Houdini had agreed on a

2407
02:08:10,808 --> 02:08:14,800
secret code Roosevelt. 
The title of bess's favorite 

2408
02:08:14,800 --> 02:08:17,700
song to confirm, whether Houdini
could truly communicate from the

2409
02:08:17,700 --> 02:08:21,300
other side after his death. 
So far, every message from the 

2410
02:08:21,300 --> 02:08:24,400
spirit world would have been 
hogwash to him and him to us. 

2411
02:08:25,500 --> 02:08:28,600
Who dini also wielded his Fame 
and organizational power in more

2412
02:08:28,600 --> 02:08:32,400
direct ways from 17 to his 
death, who dini served as the 

2413
02:08:32,400 --> 02:08:35,600
president of the magician's 
Union society of American 

2414
02:08:35,600 --> 02:08:38,100
Magicians. 
Urging his fellow magicians to 

2415
02:08:38,100 --> 02:08:40,900
expose frauds and to avoid 
joining the psychic movement. 

2416
02:08:40,900 --> 02:08:44,500
If a medium dead lecture him, 
who deenie would challenge them 

2417
02:08:44,500 --> 02:08:47,400
on stage? 
He famously offered 10,000 

2418
02:08:47,400 --> 02:08:50,100
dollars. 
A small fortune to anyone who 

2419
02:08:50,100 --> 02:08:51,900
could perform a real spiritual 
feet. 

2420
02:08:51,900 --> 02:08:55,300
He couldn't explain. 
Unsurprisingly he never wrote 

2421
02:08:55,300 --> 02:08:58,400
any checks, he frequently 
asserted that claiming it was. 

2422
02:08:58,408 --> 02:09:01,200
All real was just as unethical 
as claiming the Titanic was 

2423
02:09:01,200 --> 02:09:03,700
Unsinkable. 
And we all know how that turned 

2424
02:09:03,700 --> 02:09:06,000
out. 
The public found who Dennis 

2425
02:09:06,000 --> 02:09:08,900
switched to ghost busting both 
fascinating and confusing. 

2426
02:09:08,900 --> 02:09:13,200
Here was a man who escaped death
physically now chasing after 

2427
02:09:13,200 --> 02:09:16,900
fake death claims. 
Some newspapers played along 

2428
02:09:16,900 --> 02:09:19,600
beautifully reporting, every 
snare he made at so called 

2429
02:09:19,600 --> 02:09:23,000
spiritual journalism. 
Others grumbled that Houdini was

2430
02:09:23,000 --> 02:09:24,700
murdering market share from 
mediums. 

2431
02:09:25,400 --> 02:09:28,800
An editorial openly questioned. 
Whether Houdini saw himself as a

2432
02:09:28,800 --> 02:09:32,900
hero or a villain. throughout it
all who Houdini never utilized 

2433
02:09:32,900 --> 02:09:36,900
his magic to solve this problem 
instead, he relied on basic 

2434
02:09:36,900 --> 02:09:39,000
sleight of hand knowledge and 
friends that intelligence 

2435
02:09:39,900 --> 02:09:42,800
Houdini maintained a clear 
perspective in a world of 

2436
02:09:42,800 --> 02:09:45,300
Deceit. 
There are tricks in every trade 

2437
02:09:45,300 --> 02:09:48,300
and no one is more greedy than 
those who trade on the Dead. 

2438
02:09:49,000 --> 02:09:52,800
Houdini's Crusade gave him a new
identity, not just Escapist 

2439
02:09:52,800 --> 02:09:56,700
Entertainer but public educator.
He went on lecture tours. 

2440
02:09:56,700 --> 02:10:00,200
Not only on how to break locks 
but also on how to spot a fake 

2441
02:10:00,200 --> 02:10:03,700
mediums tacky gimmicks. 
For instance, he wants walked on

2442
02:10:03,700 --> 02:10:06,800
stage at a big spiritualist 
convention in tears, only to 

2443
02:10:06,800 --> 02:10:09,500
yank off his sham crystal ball 
and show the camera inside. 

2444
02:10:10,500 --> 02:10:13,300
People want Something to Believe
In he'd say, but at least they 

2445
02:10:13,300 --> 02:10:15,200
should know. 
If it's a dollop of egg or an 

2446
02:10:15,200 --> 02:10:18,000
echo of the real thing. 
In these interviews, he called 

2447
02:10:18,000 --> 02:10:21,300
charlatans Crooks and liars. 
And to sum, he was the very 

2448
02:10:21,300 --> 02:10:24,500
definition of a fanatic. 
However, for many others, 

2449
02:10:24,500 --> 02:10:28,100
particularly The Grieving widows
and widowers, he emerged as an 

2450
02:10:28,100 --> 02:10:32,400
improbable defender of reason. 
He brought in any expert or not 

2451
02:10:32,400 --> 02:10:35,200
who had evidence of the 
afterlife and tested it under 

2452
02:10:35,200 --> 02:10:38,200
harsh light. 
He even brought in trained stage

2453
02:10:38,200 --> 02:10:40,900
hypnotists to test mediums 
claiming trance States. 

2454
02:10:41,600 --> 02:10:44,800
This all culminated in a 
congressional Hearing in 1926 

2455
02:10:44,800 --> 02:10:47,500
after, which Houdini felt 
Vindicated, that at least 

2456
02:10:47,508 --> 02:10:51,100
lawmakers were listening. 
He would brag years later that 

2457
02:10:51,100 --> 02:10:53,400
he had become history's first. 
Professional, Ghostbuster 

2458
02:10:53,400 --> 02:10:58,000
decades before Ghostbusters hit 
the pop charts, Houdini didn't 

2459
02:10:58,000 --> 02:11:01,200
anticipate, the intense personal
button, nature of this battle. 

2460
02:11:01,200 --> 02:11:05,400
He unintentionally stirred up 
controversy by becoming both a 

2461
02:11:05,400 --> 02:11:08,200
celebrity investigator, and a 
subject of tabloid curiosity 

2462
02:11:08,200 --> 02:11:10,600
newspapers. 
Reported with relish that 

2463
02:11:10,600 --> 02:11:13,700
Houdini was arrogant, 
unscientific or just plain, 

2464
02:11:13,700 --> 02:11:17,100
superstitions, some even claimed
the devil had cursed him at one 

2465
02:11:17,100 --> 02:11:19,900
sale once. 
Friends from his youth saw a 

2466
02:11:19,900 --> 02:11:22,000
change. 
The man who wants joyfully bowed

2467
02:11:22,000 --> 02:11:24,600
to, his audience's was now 
hostile toward clothing horses 

2468
02:11:24,600 --> 02:11:28,100
of the occult. he argued openly 
with old friends are Arthur 

2469
02:11:28,100 --> 02:11:30,500
Conan Doyle, the Sherlock, 
Holmes author, who had 

2470
02:11:30,500 --> 02:11:34,100
championed spiritualism, Doyle 
called Houdini blasphemer for 

2471
02:11:34,100 --> 02:11:37,100
exposing mediums who Houdini 
called Doyle a fool for 

2472
02:11:37,100 --> 02:11:40,300
believing them their friendship.
Once built on, mutual respect 

2473
02:11:40,300 --> 02:11:43,800
fractured on fraudulent fanta's,
despite the growing friction, 

2474
02:11:43,800 --> 02:11:47,200
who Houdini admitted he himself.
Wanted a sign that maybe there 

2475
02:11:47,200 --> 02:11:51,500
was something Beyond but only if
it was genuine As president of 

2476
02:11:51,500 --> 02:11:55,100
magicians, he asked colleague to
help craft the ultimate sitting.

2477
02:11:55,900 --> 02:11:59,200
Before his first wife's death, 
they agreed on that secret code.

2478
02:11:59,900 --> 02:12:02,600
The early seances, Houdini 
invests held on Halloween each 

2479
02:12:02,600 --> 02:12:05,000
year, became Legend year after 
year. 

2480
02:12:05,000 --> 02:12:08,300
She announced there was shell 
was no message every time the 

2481
02:12:08,300 --> 02:12:11,200
telephone rang on those nights 
Houdini's heart would skip. 

2482
02:12:11,200 --> 02:12:14,900
However, Houdini's final 
performance in 1926 revealed, 

2483
02:12:14,900 --> 02:12:17,900
something about him. 
A man who had defied every 

2484
02:12:17,900 --> 02:12:20,200
possible trick was now, 
anticipating that he would 

2485
02:12:20,200 --> 02:12:24,000
approach death like any other 
Challenge and yet, like, any 

2486
02:12:24,000 --> 02:12:26,500
outstanding showman, he would 
only tell the ending after the 

2487
02:12:26,500 --> 02:12:29,600
final curtain, who needs 
distaste for spiritualism? 

2488
02:12:29,600 --> 02:12:32,500
Had a consequence True. 
Believers in the movement no 

2489
02:12:32,500 --> 02:12:35,000
longer, saw Houdini as the 
gentle, jugular from New York, 

2490
02:12:35,000 --> 02:12:39,400
but rather, as a charismatic 
figure, Certain journalists 

2491
02:12:39,400 --> 02:12:41,500
began printing that who Deen. 
He had become a Villain. 

2492
02:12:41,500 --> 02:12:44,000
Like an official family 
exterminator. 

2493
02:12:44,000 --> 02:12:47,500
At every funeral. 
Some spiritualists leaders, took

2494
02:12:47,500 --> 02:12:50,300
it personally. 
After all who deenie had 

2495
02:12:50,300 --> 02:12:53,600
millions of dollars Fame and a 
loyal following. 

2496
02:12:55,200 --> 02:12:58,400
When he exposed their tricks on 
National radio many mediums 

2497
02:12:58,400 --> 02:13:00,300
retaliated by attacking his 
character. 

2498
02:13:00,300 --> 02:13:03,900
Conspiracy-minded, gossip 
columns, suggested who Deanie 

2499
02:13:03,900 --> 02:13:07,200
only took on mediums, because 
his own psychic powers will weak

2500
02:13:07,200 --> 02:13:10,600
the irony being, of course. 
That who deny explicitly denied 

2501
02:13:10,600 --> 02:13:13,900
having any, mystical Powers 
other than what any talented 

2502
02:13:13,900 --> 02:13:15,600
locksmith and beastmen might 
possess. 

2503
02:13:16,700 --> 02:13:18,200
Sir. 
Arthur Conan Doyle was perhaps 

2504
02:13:18,200 --> 02:13:21,000
the most enraged public figure 
among Houdini's, upset 

2505
02:13:21,000 --> 02:13:25,200
constituency the two men had 
been warm acquaintances Doyle. 

2506
02:13:25,200 --> 02:13:28,800
Even participated means in 
seances with Houdini's mother in

2507
02:13:28,800 --> 02:13:33,800
1922, until Houdini began 
mocking, Doyle's beliefs Doyle 

2508
02:13:33,800 --> 02:13:38,000
who'd risked a claim by publicly
endorsing Spirits felt 

2509
02:13:38,000 --> 02:13:40,900
personally insulted when Houdini
compared metaphysics to a cheap 

2510
02:13:40,900 --> 02:13:44,500
parlor trick, the rift became 
bitter and enduring Doyle 

2511
02:13:44,500 --> 02:13:47,700
persisted in attending Spirit, 
Gatherings and publicly declared

2512
02:13:47,700 --> 02:13:50,200
who Deena heretic, even 
associating him with 

2513
02:13:50,200 --> 02:13:53,400
Supernatural, curses once, and 
Sensational headline, had it 

2514
02:13:53,400 --> 02:13:58,600
evil spirits put curse on Harry.
Houdini a joke Houdini himself 

2515
02:13:58,600 --> 02:14:02,600
read with weary amusement. 
The Friendship Never recovered 

2516
02:14:02,600 --> 02:14:05,900
and the image of Doyle is True 
Believer versus who, Dennis, the

2517
02:14:05,900 --> 02:14:07,800
ultimate doubt of became a 
literary trope. 

2518
02:14:08,600 --> 02:14:12,000
Sherlock, Holmes Versus Houdini 
had a lovely ring to it. 

2519
02:14:12,000 --> 02:14:16,200
The tabloids noted. 
The feud burdened by the 

2520
02:14:16,200 --> 02:14:18,700
scene's. 
He often confided in friends 

2521
02:14:18,700 --> 02:14:20,800
that he truly wanted 
spiritualism to be real. 

2522
02:14:20,800 --> 02:14:24,100
He had nearly started the ghost,
wrestling course himself, but 

2523
02:14:24,100 --> 02:14:25,900
Doyle's, dogmatism pushed him 
away. 

2524
02:14:26,900 --> 02:14:29,000
Still Houdini channeled 
frustration into action. 

2525
02:14:29,000 --> 02:14:32,600
He had City Newspapers, keep 
publishing the spiritualist 

2526
02:14:32,600 --> 02:14:35,100
victims wanted ads. 
Disguising himself to get 

2527
02:14:35,108 --> 02:14:38,700
invitations, then reported back 
to the public, the Silly Ways, 

2528
02:14:38,700 --> 02:14:42,300
mediums tried to fool them. 
To Houdini's credit, even when 

2529
02:14:42,300 --> 02:14:45,900
he poked fun at Saints theatrics
often with a pun or two, he 

2530
02:14:45,900 --> 02:14:49,500
never got mean-spirited. 
He liked to say, we all need a 

2531
02:14:49,500 --> 02:14:52,200
touching word after we lose 
someone, but let's make sure I 

2532
02:14:52,200 --> 02:14:53,900
touching words aren't glued on 
by trickery. 

2533
02:14:54,900 --> 02:14:56,900
Not all blow back was public 
debate though. 

2534
02:14:56,900 --> 02:15:00,700
Some of it was deeply personal 
bests who Deanie's wife took the

2535
02:15:00,700 --> 02:15:04,000
brunt of their shared Obsession 
although she supported his 

2536
02:15:04,000 --> 02:15:06,600
Crusade Shield. 
So desperately yearned for any 

2537
02:15:06,600 --> 02:15:09,500
sign from Beyond that would 
indicate her husband was still 

2538
02:15:09,500 --> 02:15:14,900
with her, if he died first Every
Halloween from 1926 onward, best

2539
02:15:14,900 --> 02:15:17,500
sat in darkness, holding 
Houdini's, coffin key, and 

2540
02:15:17,500 --> 02:15:19,900
singing. 
Their secret song, when waiting 

2541
02:15:19,900 --> 02:15:24,400
for Roosevelt believed their 
pre-arranged code Year after 

2542
02:15:24,400 --> 02:15:29,300
year, there was no response in 
1936 a decade After the Promise.

2543
02:15:29,300 --> 02:15:32,300
Best publicly declared that 
Houdini had indeed never reached

2544
02:15:32,300 --> 02:15:35,000
out. 
She said ten years is long 

2545
02:15:35,000 --> 02:15:39,300
enough to wait for any man. 
This tearful final Seance made 

2546
02:15:39,300 --> 02:15:41,700
headlines. 
Some people wrote it off as the 

2547
02:15:41,700 --> 02:15:44,900
end of a gimmick but magician 
still holds silent sessions at 

2548
02:15:44,900 --> 02:15:48,600
his grave to this day. 
However in 1926 life continued 

2549
02:15:48,600 --> 02:15:52,000
with its usual peculiarities, 
Houdini continued touring and 

2550
02:15:52,000 --> 02:15:54,800
lecturing the world, still 
adored the escapists showman on 

2551
02:15:54,800 --> 02:15:57,600
stage. 
Those who knew him could see a 

2552
02:15:57,600 --> 02:15:59,800
seriousness in his eyes. 
That hadn't been there in the 

2553
02:15:59,800 --> 02:16:03,400
old days of card tricks. 
Every new bill for a seance 

2554
02:16:03,400 --> 02:16:06,700
critical lecture and every press
interview about medium, tricks 

2555
02:16:06,700 --> 02:16:10,800
added to an invisible tally. 
He kept in his mind at night, he

2556
02:16:10,800 --> 02:16:13,400
was said to have had unsettling 
dreams about being restrained or

2557
02:16:13,400 --> 02:16:16,500
drowning nightmares. 
No one could applaud as they did

2558
02:16:16,500 --> 02:16:20,600
his on stage escapades, but 
still every morning, he put on 

2559
02:16:20,600 --> 02:16:22,800
his costume as a tabloid 
publicity photographer and 

2560
02:16:22,800 --> 02:16:26,000
locking enthusiast. 
He joked in private letters. 

2561
02:16:27,000 --> 02:16:30,300
To defeat death is one thing to 
defeat, those who profit from 

2562
02:16:30,300 --> 02:16:33,100
Death. 
Scare tactic is another The 

2563
02:16:33,108 --> 02:16:36,500
public for its part had mixed 
reactions, many admired 

2564
02:16:36,500 --> 02:16:39,900
Houdini's, honesty and back to 
his legislative efforts, some 

2565
02:16:39,900 --> 02:16:42,600
religious newspapers, even 
published his cynical gags. 

2566
02:16:42,600 --> 02:16:44,299
For example, who Houdini wrote 
that. 

2567
02:16:44,299 --> 02:16:47,200
If fireflies came out, only 
after someone died people would 

2568
02:16:47,200 --> 02:16:51,000
buy electric lights and of 
higher in mediums. but a portion

2569
02:16:51,008 --> 02:16:54,799
of fans felt mildly betrayed 
after cheering him in Applause 

2570
02:16:54,799 --> 02:16:57,600
lines for years. 
A few older admirers were 

2571
02:16:57,600 --> 02:16:59,900
puzzled at seeing his name on 
expose of their favorite. 

2572
02:16:59,900 --> 02:17:03,700
Mediums magician colleagues 
either applauded his Integrity 

2573
02:17:03,700 --> 02:17:06,799
or grumbled that he was 
attracting too much controversy.

2574
02:17:07,600 --> 02:17:10,100
Societies magazines, began 
publishing articles, such as 

2575
02:17:10,100 --> 02:17:12,900
Houdini slaves. 
Fairy photos and Holmes, 

2576
02:17:12,900 --> 02:17:15,700
Creator's, Seavers ties with 
Houdini, which gave the public 

2577
02:17:15,700 --> 02:17:17,900
the impression that he was a 
magician turned cop. 

2578
02:17:18,600 --> 02:17:21,000
Even who Dennis own press agents
had to scramble. 

2579
02:17:22,000 --> 02:17:24,799
They shifted headlines from 
Houdini's wild rides to 

2580
02:17:24,799 --> 02:17:28,200
Houdini's wild sites. 
Where wild here meant decidedly 

2581
02:17:28,200 --> 02:17:30,799
unimpressive magic without C 
through trickery. 

2582
02:17:31,600 --> 02:17:34,600
Some days, he waved off the dust
UPS by announcing a new escape 

2583
02:17:34,600 --> 02:17:36,900
challenge, like, dangling from a
plane. 

2584
02:17:37,700 --> 02:17:40,299
And the media happily obliged on
other days. 

2585
02:17:40,299 --> 02:17:43,000
Scribblers would ask him if his 
fight against ghostly is meant 

2586
02:17:43,000 --> 02:17:46,299
he now believed only in himself 
who deenie would laugh and say 

2587
02:17:46,299 --> 02:17:49,700
if you can survive being locked 
in a safe and then thrown from a

2588
02:17:49,700 --> 02:17:53,700
plane, the only thing you're 
sure of his gravity despite 

2589
02:17:53,700 --> 02:17:56,500
everything Houdini appeared to 
accept the consequences. 

2590
02:17:56,500 --> 02:17:58,900
There was the nature of a 
showman to feed on attention 

2591
02:17:58,900 --> 02:18:01,000
after all. 
And nothing attracted headlines,

2592
02:18:01,000 --> 02:18:03,000
like Houdini versus the Unseen 
World. 

2593
02:18:03,900 --> 02:18:07,100
Still, he knew his legacy was 
shifting. he wrote later that he

2594
02:18:07,100 --> 02:18:09,900
wanted to be remembered, not for
tricks or big muscles, but for 

2595
02:18:09,900 --> 02:18:14,700
fighting scams in his heart, he 
hoped people would credit him 

2596
02:18:14,700 --> 02:18:18,400
with something deeper since than
just a 1000, straight jacket 

2597
02:18:18,400 --> 02:18:21,700
escapes. 
As the critics sneered and the 

2598
02:18:21,700 --> 02:18:24,799
spiritualist hissed, Houdini 
honed his wit and pick locks 

2599
02:18:24,799 --> 02:18:27,900
determined to end this act. 
According to his own terms, the 

2600
02:18:27,900 --> 02:18:30,799
Final Act of Houdini's life 
unfolded, like a scripted 

2601
02:18:30,799 --> 02:18:35,299
nightmare of his own on October 
9th, 1926 performing in Albany 

2602
02:18:35,299 --> 02:18:38,400
New York, he injured his ankle 
during a trick, a reminder that 

2603
02:18:38,400 --> 02:18:41,900
even a Superman has the limits. 
He hobbled through shows until 

2604
02:18:41,900 --> 02:18:45,200
doctors advised rest. 
But who deenie ever proud to 

2605
02:18:45,200 --> 02:18:48,799
deliver the show Shrugged it off
saying a broken ankle is not 

2606
02:18:48,799 --> 02:18:55,700
going to stop Houdini. 
Then came Halloween. 1926 is 

2607
02:18:55,700 --> 02:18:59,400
preyed, while resting in 
Montreal on October the 22nd. 

2608
02:18:59,400 --> 02:19:03,200
After a lecture, a member of the
audience, a punching medical 

2609
02:19:03,200 --> 02:19:06,500
student asked who Deen if he was
as tough as rumors. 

2610
02:19:07,100 --> 02:19:09,000
Not me out of. 
You can do any jokes. 

2611
02:19:09,799 --> 02:19:13,100
Student Dr. J Gordon. 
Whitehead, obliged with the 

2612
02:19:13,100 --> 02:19:16,200
series of Swift. 
Blows to Houdini stomach Landing

2613
02:19:16,200 --> 02:19:17,799
several before Harry could tense
up. 

2614
02:19:18,600 --> 02:19:22,100
Houdini gospel laughed it off. 
He called it a fun experiment, 

2615
02:19:22,100 --> 02:19:25,299
telling reporters later, he'd 
felt nothing but an empty pain. 

2616
02:19:26,299 --> 02:19:29,200
That evening, he boarded a train
for Detroit, attributing the 

2617
02:19:29,200 --> 02:19:32,400
discomfort in his gut to that 
playful punch in his stubborn 

2618
02:19:32,400 --> 02:19:35,900
foot. 
On October the 24th who 

2619
02:19:35,900 --> 02:19:38,900
Houdini's show in Detroit began 
with an uncharacteristically. 

2620
02:19:38,900 --> 02:19:42,200
Slow start. 
He complained of cramps and cold

2621
02:19:42,200 --> 02:19:45,400
sweats after a late night 
performance, which insisted on 

2622
02:19:45,407 --> 02:19:48,299
doing despite temperatures 
spiking to 104 degrees 

2623
02:19:48,299 --> 02:19:52,200
Fahrenheit in his dressing room.
He collapsed backstage a doctor 

2624
02:19:52,200 --> 02:19:55,600
diagnosed acute appendicitis and
urge immediate surgery who 

2625
02:19:55,600 --> 02:19:58,100
Deanie known for pep talk to 
Talking as body reportedly, 

2626
02:19:58,100 --> 02:20:00,000
grinned and said, I'll do this 
show. 

2627
02:20:00,000 --> 02:20:04,200
If it's my last by 6:00 a.m. he 
could no longer delay, who 

2628
02:20:04,200 --> 02:20:07,500
Houdini was rushed into surgery,
the appendectomy revealed a 

2629
02:20:07,508 --> 02:20:11,300
ruptured appendix had sent 
infection peritonitis coursing 

2630
02:20:11,300 --> 02:20:14,400
through his abdomen. 
The Great Houdini now fought for

2631
02:20:14,400 --> 02:20:17,200
his life with novelty anti 
serums and multiple operations, 

2632
02:20:17,200 --> 02:20:20,800
but The Escape Artist metaphor. 
He couldn't outmaneuver on 

2633
02:20:20,800 --> 02:20:24,900
October the 31st, 1926 
Halloween, he finally. 

2634
02:20:24,900 --> 02:20:28,900
Passed away a 52 year old man 
who had Brave death for our 

2635
02:20:28,900 --> 02:20:32,100
entertainment. 
He's off reported final words 

2636
02:20:32,100 --> 02:20:35,600
were hushed. 
I'm tired of fighting the world 

2637
02:20:35,608 --> 02:20:39,900
was stunned, newspapers, 
published gloomy headlines, the 

2638
02:20:39,900 --> 02:20:43,700
master of escapes, had vanished,
possibly due to a cunning move 

2639
02:20:43,700 --> 02:20:46,600
or a stroke of Fate. 
The official cause listed was 

2640
02:20:46,600 --> 02:20:50,400
peritonitis from a ruptured 
appendix But already the legend 

2641
02:20:50,400 --> 02:20:53,500
of Houdini needed an even more 
spectacular finale. 

2642
02:20:53,500 --> 02:20:57,300
Many whispered that the friendly
jab in Montreal had been more 

2643
02:20:57,300 --> 02:21:01,200
serious than who dini let on A 
few doctors of the are indeed 

2644
02:21:01,200 --> 02:21:04,200
speculated that whiteheads blows
had caused the appendix to burst

2645
02:21:04,200 --> 02:21:07,000
While others argued the 
situation was mere coincidence. 

2646
02:21:08,200 --> 02:21:10,300
The truth remains something will
never fully know. 

2647
02:21:10,300 --> 02:21:12,800
Even some Modern medical 
journals debate. 

2648
02:21:12,800 --> 02:21:15,400
How often barely trauma. 
Actually causes a pentas. 

2649
02:21:15,400 --> 02:21:18,800
We do know this, the surgeon 
discovered, no abnormalities 

2650
02:21:18,800 --> 02:21:21,400
apart from the spread of 
infection and who is family 

2651
02:21:21,400 --> 02:21:24,100
discreetly maintained as it was 
merely a tragic accident. 

2652
02:21:25,500 --> 02:21:28,900
But for the public, the timing 
belt, Eerie the man who spent 

2653
02:21:28,900 --> 02:21:32,100
his life, escaping death had 
been tricked by our one natural 

2654
02:21:32,100 --> 02:21:35,200
enemy. 
Time Millions turned out to 

2655
02:21:35,200 --> 02:21:37,400
silently. 
Imagine who dies version of the 

2656
02:21:37,400 --> 02:21:39,800
last greater escape on that, 
dark Halloween. 

2657
02:21:40,800 --> 02:21:43,300
Biographers later noted it as a 
poetic. 

2658
02:21:43,300 --> 02:21:47,400
If tragic symmetry Houdini's, 
final moment occurred on the 

2659
02:21:47,400 --> 02:21:51,200
night of spirits while doctors 
tended his body Houdini's mind, 

2660
02:21:51,200 --> 02:21:54,100
reportedly raced to that final 
promise he'd made to best 

2661
02:21:55,000 --> 02:21:58,100
Between operations in his 
hospital bed, Houdini mumbled 

2662
02:21:58,100 --> 02:22:01,400
the code, Roosevelt believed, 
fervently, hoping for a response

2663
02:22:01,400 --> 02:22:03,600
alas. 
He never came through. 

2664
02:22:03,600 --> 02:22:06,800
In fact, by some reports he 
asked for his notebook to jot 

2665
02:22:06,800 --> 02:22:10,100
down any bizarre occurrences as 
though expecting us to ghostly 

2666
02:22:10,100 --> 02:22:13,900
pain, to answer him. 
On November 1st, under the watch

2667
02:22:13,900 --> 02:22:17,200
of his stunned wife and two 
brothers who Houdini let go of 

2668
02:22:17,200 --> 02:22:20,300
his mortal frame. 
The world lost, not just an 

2669
02:22:20,300 --> 02:22:23,300
escape artist but a showman who 
had always insisted on reality, 

2670
02:22:23,300 --> 02:22:27,200
the news of his death 
disseminated swiftly, akin to 

2671
02:22:27,208 --> 02:22:30,600
Wild smoke emanating. 
From a fog machine movie houses.

2672
02:22:30,600 --> 02:22:34,900
Dimmed lights, theaters, held 
brief Memorial shows across the 

2673
02:22:34,900 --> 02:22:38,400
globe, magicians, knelt severing
a straight jacket on stage and 

2674
02:22:38,400 --> 02:22:41,900
observing a moment of silence 
indeed, who Deanie had vanished 

2675
02:22:41,900 --> 02:22:44,700
from the realm of Life, leaving 
a legacy of unresolved 

2676
02:22:44,700 --> 02:22:47,500
Mysteries. 
Did his last heroic, act lie in 

2677
02:22:47,500 --> 02:22:50,300
hunting out any phony, mediums 
or in proving that even the 

2678
02:22:50,300 --> 02:22:52,300
greatest man someday given to 
fate. 

2679
02:22:53,200 --> 02:22:55,400
That remained a question for the
midnight philosophers. 

2680
02:22:56,100 --> 02:22:58,100
We are aware of how people 
remember him. 

2681
02:22:59,000 --> 02:23:02,700
As promised best held one, final
Seance, a decade later. 

2682
02:23:02,700 --> 02:23:06,700
And on Halloween 1936, she 
declared Houdini did not come 

2683
02:23:06,700 --> 02:23:10,100
through. 
Every year on that date magician

2684
02:23:10,100 --> 02:23:14,000
still gather at his grave site 
or when the city says, no gather

2685
02:23:14,000 --> 02:23:16,400
elsewhere to honor the legendary
Escape artists. 

2686
02:23:16,400 --> 02:23:19,900
They closed their eyes, they 
whisper the secret song and 

2687
02:23:19,900 --> 02:23:22,200
whether a breeze or not they say
it in unison. 

2688
02:23:22,200 --> 02:23:24,500
Roosevelt. 
Believe. 

2689
02:23:26,100 --> 02:23:30,800
It's tradition part. 
Tribute part hope Houdini 

2690
02:23:30,800 --> 02:23:32,500
himself would like to be amused 
by all. 

2691
02:23:32,500 --> 02:23:35,500
Perhaps making one last 
wonderful escape with a Sly 

2692
02:23:35,500 --> 02:23:37,600
grin. 
For nearly three centuries. 

2693
02:23:37,600 --> 02:23:40,200
We have never really known how 
he pulled most of his tricks off

2694
02:23:40,200 --> 02:23:42,200
and perhaps that mystery is 
fitting. 

2695
02:23:43,100 --> 02:23:45,300
Who deeney left? 
No key to the afterlife behind. 

2696
02:23:45,300 --> 02:23:47,600
Only the legend of his Earthly 
feats. 

2697
02:23:48,400 --> 02:23:51,300
He remains a figure who cheated 
the Grim Reaper on stage time, 

2698
02:23:51,300 --> 02:23:53,600
and again, and who wrote in 
effect in a picture of 

2699
02:23:53,600 --> 02:23:57,000
mediocrity, every time he won. 
the individual who had 

2700
02:23:57,000 --> 02:24:00,900
experienced life in a unique 
way, imparted a final lesson to 

2701
02:24:00,900 --> 02:24:04,300
us, Sometimes the greatest 
Escape is not from chains or 

2702
02:24:04,300 --> 02:24:07,100
water, but from the ordinary, 
imagine yourself curled up, in a

2703
02:24:07,100 --> 02:24:09,500
cozy chair, with a mug of 
something warm, because we're 

2704
02:24:09,500 --> 02:24:11,700
going to meet one of the most 
misunderstood figures in 

2705
02:24:11,700 --> 02:24:14,500
American history. 
Perhaps, you and your parents, 

2706
02:24:14,500 --> 02:24:16,500
whom the Disney song About Davy 
Crockett. 

2707
02:24:17,100 --> 02:24:19,100
The frontier hero with the 
coonskin cap. 

2708
02:24:20,400 --> 02:24:23,300
Instead of starting with bear 
wrestling or political speeches,

2709
02:24:23,300 --> 02:24:26,800
the true tale of David Crockett 
begins with the Restless lad who

2710
02:24:26,800 --> 02:24:29,900
couldn't settle into anything 
and he was far more fascinating 

2711
02:24:29,900 --> 02:24:33,800
than any myth. 
David sometimes known as Davey 

2712
02:24:33,800 --> 02:24:38,000
until the politicians had their 
hands on him was born in 1786 

2713
02:24:38,000 --> 02:24:41,200
into a nomadic family, in a 
one-room cabin and what is now 

2714
02:24:41,200 --> 02:24:45,100
Eastern Tennessee. 
John his father was the type of 

2715
02:24:45,108 --> 02:24:47,600
man who would constantly look to
the adjacent Valley for 

2716
02:24:47,600 --> 02:24:50,000
brighter. 
Prospects, young David likely 

2717
02:24:50,000 --> 02:24:52,700
assumed that having a permanent 
address was something that only 

2718
02:24:52,700 --> 02:24:55,100
other people experience because 
the Crockett's packed up and 

2719
02:24:55,100 --> 02:24:58,000
moved. 
So frequently, now it's easy to 

2720
02:24:58,000 --> 02:25:01,100
pick your rugged outdoorsy kids 
growing up on the frontier, but 

2721
02:25:01,100 --> 02:25:02,900
David was really quite The 
Eccentric. 

2722
02:25:02,900 --> 02:25:07,100
Unlike his peers, David appeared
to have an aversion to sitting 

2723
02:25:07,100 --> 02:25:09,900
still even though they were 
learning to plow fields and tend

2724
02:25:09,900 --> 02:25:11,100
to livestock. 
School. 

2725
02:25:11,100 --> 02:25:14,500
As he knew, it seemed to snug as
a pair of pine box shoes, and 

2726
02:25:14,500 --> 02:25:16,400
his thoughts ran a mark like a 
free chicken. 

2727
02:25:17,400 --> 02:25:20,400
Formal education wasn't for him.
After only four days of class, 

2728
02:25:20,400 --> 02:25:24,200
this decision would come back to
haunt him years later when he 

2729
02:25:24,208 --> 02:25:26,300
struggled to sound adult in 
letters to his wife. 

2730
02:25:27,900 --> 02:25:32,800
The tender age of 13 David's 
father likely distraught rented,

2731
02:25:32,800 --> 02:25:36,200
him out to a cattle driver. 
Envision yourself as a 13 year 

2732
02:25:36,200 --> 02:25:39,100
old, who is unexpectedly tasked 
with transporting, hundreds of 

2733
02:25:39,108 --> 02:25:41,300
finicky cows over Uncharted 
land. 

2734
02:25:42,200 --> 02:25:45,400
David learned that cows had zero
regard for a Young Person's 

2735
02:25:45,400 --> 02:25:48,700
timetable or dignity as he 
trudged through muck for months 

2736
02:25:48,700 --> 02:25:52,800
while sleeping under the stars. 
However, he felt a connection to

2737
02:25:52,800 --> 02:25:54,900
that trip. 
Because of his Restless 

2738
02:25:54,900 --> 02:25:58,700
personality, he thrived on the 
wide Road where he was always 

2739
02:25:58,700 --> 02:26:01,700
moving and had to tackle 
difficulties as they arose. 

2740
02:26:01,700 --> 02:26:04,600
David had gained the 
self-assurance that comes from 

2741
02:26:04,600 --> 02:26:07,600
facing adversity, head-on, and 
had grown three inches. 

2742
02:26:07,600 --> 02:26:11,200
By the time he reached home, 
However, he still had issues 

2743
02:26:11,200 --> 02:26:14,300
with his studies in a family 
where everyone could write their

2744
02:26:14,300 --> 02:26:16,500
names. 
He felt like the outcast because

2745
02:26:16,500 --> 02:26:19,100
he still couldn't read past 
first grade when he was 15 years

2746
02:26:19,100 --> 02:26:21,400
old. 
So he struck a bargain with his 

2747
02:26:21,400 --> 02:26:23,400
dad. 
He'd pay off the family's 

2748
02:26:23,400 --> 02:26:25,100
obligations. 
If he could go back to school. 

2749
02:26:25,900 --> 02:26:29,300
Imagine a classroom for full of 
seven year olds with 15 year 

2750
02:26:29,300 --> 02:26:33,500
old, David Kramden, his banging 
the small desk, trying to learn 

2751
02:26:33,500 --> 02:26:36,400
his letters at a time when other
boys is age or already planning 

2752
02:26:36,400 --> 02:26:39,700
marriage and starting families. 
Although it must have been 

2753
02:26:39,700 --> 02:26:42,600
difficult for his pride. 
David persisted for a few months

2754
02:26:42,600 --> 02:26:45,100
as he gradually acquired. 
The fundamental abilities 

2755
02:26:45,100 --> 02:26:47,800
necessary for the complex life 
that lay ahead. 

2756
02:26:48,900 --> 02:26:52,100
Like many other youngsters David
found himself thrust into 

2757
02:26:52,100 --> 02:26:55,700
manhood on the frontier before 
he was ready at the age of 16. 

2758
02:26:55,700 --> 02:26:59,000
He had found a job with a nearby
farmer where he could support 

2759
02:26:59,000 --> 02:27:02,400
his family and begin to shape 
his future even when things 

2760
02:27:02,400 --> 02:27:04,600
became rough. 
He had a way of making people 

2761
02:27:04,600 --> 02:27:07,600
laugh and his stubborn streak 
would keep them going long after

2762
02:27:07,600 --> 02:27:10,200
they gave up. 
He wasn't the brightest student 

2763
02:27:10,200 --> 02:27:13,900
or the toughest worker but he 
had something else in those 

2764
02:27:13,900 --> 02:27:16,500
formative years. 
He virtually appears as a 

2765
02:27:16,500 --> 02:27:19,800
towering lanky boy with a normal
hands and a wicked grin. 

2766
02:27:19,800 --> 02:27:21,600
That seems to be perpetually 
hatching. 

2767
02:27:21,600 --> 02:27:25,200
A plot parents were first 
frightened by his Boundless 

2768
02:27:25,200 --> 02:27:28,700
Energy that they eventually came
to forgive him for his charisma.

2769
02:27:29,700 --> 02:27:32,300
Years would pass before he 
became the renowned from tears. 

2770
02:27:32,300 --> 02:27:36,300
But he had all the making of an 
outlaw, an innate desire to 

2771
02:27:36,300 --> 02:27:39,600
strike off on his own and the 
growing suspicion that the easy 

2772
02:27:39,600 --> 02:27:41,500
way out might not be the best 
choice. 

2773
02:27:42,600 --> 02:27:44,200
Delving, further into our 
narrative. 

2774
02:27:44,200 --> 02:27:47,500
Let us discuss how a young, 
David discovered, a profound 

2775
02:27:47,500 --> 02:27:50,100
truth. 
The ability to bring joy to 

2776
02:27:50,100 --> 02:27:53,400
another person's life is nearly 
as valuable as their material 

2777
02:27:53,400 --> 02:27:56,900
needs. 
Almost there, David was smitten 

2778
02:27:56,900 --> 02:27:58,900
with a girl from the 
neighborhood named Polly Finley.

2779
02:27:58,900 --> 02:28:02,400
When he was 19 years old. 
Polly the daughter of a fairly 

2780
02:28:02,400 --> 02:28:04,600
well-off farmer. 
Had her misgivings about this 

2781
02:28:04,600 --> 02:28:07,400
clumsy young man who couldn't 
seem to commit to a career. 

2782
02:28:08,200 --> 02:28:11,300
She wasn't your typical Frontier
woman though by local standards.

2783
02:28:11,300 --> 02:28:15,700
She was actually quite refined. 
As a charmingly awkward, wooing 

2784
02:28:15,700 --> 02:28:18,100
tactic. 
David would attend social events

2785
02:28:18,100 --> 02:28:20,200
in the hopes of winning her over
with his impressive, 

2786
02:28:20,200 --> 02:28:23,100
storytelling, abilities. 
And more importantly, his still 

2787
02:28:23,100 --> 02:28:24,800
developing practical 
capabilities. 

2788
02:28:25,600 --> 02:28:28,500
The catch was that David had 
never mastered accurate shooting

2789
02:28:28,500 --> 02:28:30,700
to use this may not appear 
significant. 

2790
02:28:30,700 --> 02:28:35,000
But in 1805 Tennessee, a guy who
fail to strike his Target was as

2791
02:28:35,000 --> 02:28:38,900
valuable as a chocolate teapot. 
David realized he was in over 

2792
02:28:38,900 --> 02:28:40,500
his head. 
When Polly's, father proposed 

2793
02:28:40,500 --> 02:28:43,000
they go hunting together. 
It was a test of David 

2794
02:28:43,000 --> 02:28:47,000
suitability as a possible son in
law there after he did what any 

2795
02:28:47,000 --> 02:28:48,700
reasonable young man in love 
with do. 

2796
02:28:49,500 --> 02:28:52,900
Practice until his ears, rang 
Non-Stop and his shoulder turned

2797
02:28:52,900 --> 02:28:56,000
purple from overuse whenever he 
had a spare moment. 

2798
02:28:56,000 --> 02:28:59,400
He would borrow rifles for 
ammunition and shoot at anything

2799
02:28:59,400 --> 02:29:00,700
that would remain still long 
enough. 

2800
02:29:01,400 --> 02:29:04,000
David transformed, the entire 
County into his own private 

2801
02:29:04,000 --> 02:29:07,800
range by using objects, such as 
tin cans, fence, posts, and 

2802
02:29:07,800 --> 02:29:10,400
trees. 
He was able to thread a 50, yard

2803
02:29:10,400 --> 02:29:14,400
musket ball needle, by the 
timely wed, Polly in 1806, a 

2804
02:29:14,400 --> 02:29:18,100
testament to his perseverance. 
I mean, not exactly, but it's 

2805
02:29:18,100 --> 02:29:20,800
near enough. 
Marriage was both a blessing and

2806
02:29:20,800 --> 02:29:24,300
a curse for David though. 
She brought stability, poly. 

2807
02:29:24,300 --> 02:29:26,900
Also introduced expectations to 
his Restless temperament. 

2808
02:29:27,700 --> 02:29:29,300
No one should live in a tent 
with a wife. 

2809
02:29:29,300 --> 02:29:32,600
It wasn't enough to just eat 
whatever the kids caught or 

2810
02:29:32,600 --> 02:29:34,800
foraged, they required regular 
meals. 

2811
02:29:34,800 --> 02:29:38,400
The age-old conundrum of how to 
reconcile risk-taking with one's

2812
02:29:38,400 --> 02:29:40,200
responsibilities was before 
David. 

2813
02:29:40,200 --> 02:29:43,200
His response was as imaginative 
as usual. 

2814
02:29:43,200 --> 02:29:46,900
He would go on hunting trips for
weeks at a stretch returning 

2815
02:29:46,900 --> 02:29:50,500
with a bounty of wild turkey 
bear and deer that would feed 

2816
02:29:50,500 --> 02:29:54,200
the family and be sold off. 
These were no ordinary camping. 

2817
02:29:54,200 --> 02:29:58,400
Excursions, rather David would 
go far into Uncharted Territory.

2818
02:29:58,400 --> 02:30:00,800
Often more than 100 miles from 
civilization. 

2819
02:30:00,800 --> 02:30:04,700
Subsisting only on wild foods 
and his ever improving 

2820
02:30:04,700 --> 02:30:07,700
Marksmanship. 
The remarkable thing about David

2821
02:30:07,700 --> 02:30:10,700
hunting skills is that they came
about almost unintentionally. 

2822
02:30:10,700 --> 02:30:13,900
He had no aspirations of 
becoming a world-renowned 

2823
02:30:13,900 --> 02:30:17,400
marksman, his only goals were to
provide for his family and on 

2824
02:30:17,400 --> 02:30:19,600
occasion, treat Polly to a store
bought dress. 

2825
02:30:21,200 --> 02:30:24,300
But David became someone special
over those countless hours of 

2826
02:30:24,300 --> 02:30:27,500
tracking animals through dense 
forests and Crossing streams. 

2827
02:30:28,300 --> 02:30:32,100
He had an almost miraculous 
knack for reading the forest for

2828
02:30:32,100 --> 02:30:34,800
seeing when and where animals 
would be and how they would act.

2829
02:30:35,800 --> 02:30:38,600
When David returned from hunting
trips with tales, that were too 

2830
02:30:38,600 --> 02:30:41,600
Fantastical to be true. 
His neighbors started to take 

2831
02:30:41,608 --> 02:30:45,100
note Bears that he had pursued 
for several days prior to 

2832
02:30:45,100 --> 02:30:48,500
obtaining, the ideal photograph 
using Justice patience and 

2833
02:30:48,500 --> 02:30:51,500
knowledge of the deer's habits. 
He had successfully brought them

2834
02:30:51,500 --> 02:30:54,300
within Arms, Reach. 
He seemed to have the power to 

2835
02:30:54,300 --> 02:30:56,800
hypnotize, wild turkeys with his
turkey calls. 

2836
02:30:56,800 --> 02:30:59,800
The unintended consequence of 
David's Rising profile. 

2837
02:30:59,800 --> 02:31:02,700
As a hunter though, was that 
others began looking to him to 

2838
02:31:02,700 --> 02:31:06,500
fix their own issues as well. 
Animals in Danger from a wolf 

2839
02:31:06,500 --> 02:31:08,800
pack, Dave Crockett should be 
summoned. 

2840
02:31:08,800 --> 02:31:12,300
Strange Footprints surrounding 
the chicken coop, he'll take 

2841
02:31:12,300 --> 02:31:15,200
care of it. 
Unidentified rumbling in the 

2842
02:31:15,200 --> 02:31:18,200
forest later at night. 
Hopefully, my point is clear. 

2843
02:31:18,900 --> 02:31:21,900
The ability to narrate stories 
was what set David apart from 

2844
02:31:21,900 --> 02:31:24,200
other Adept Hunters along with 
the meat. 

2845
02:31:24,200 --> 02:31:26,500
He brought home exciting new 
experiences. 

2846
02:31:26,500 --> 02:31:29,600
Even among Dane, hunting trip 
would seem like an epic 

2847
02:31:29,600 --> 02:31:31,100
adventure when he was in his 
element. 

2848
02:31:31,100 --> 02:31:34,800
What would all the close calls 
flashes of Genius planning and 

2849
02:31:34,800 --> 02:31:37,700
of course, the occasional 
idiotic move that almost cost 

2850
02:31:37,700 --> 02:31:40,500
him his life. 
David had a talent for making 

2851
02:31:40,500 --> 02:31:42,700
even old Tales sound. 
Thrilling, a new. 

2852
02:31:42,700 --> 02:31:45,200
So, even though pollywood roll 
her eyes, she would listen 

2853
02:31:45,200 --> 02:31:48,200
intently. 
When David was in his 

2854
02:31:48,208 --> 02:31:51,600
mid-twenties he had settled into
a routine hunt. 

2855
02:31:51,600 --> 02:31:56,300
Provide tell stories, repeat. 
While he was still a young 

2856
02:31:56,308 --> 02:31:59,300
husband attempting to master the
most important role of his life.

2857
02:31:59,300 --> 02:32:01,800
He was laying the groundwork for
the fame. 

2858
02:32:01,800 --> 02:32:04,600
That would come later. 
You would think, David's issues 

2859
02:32:04,600 --> 02:32:06,300
would go away if he just 
mastered hunting? 

2860
02:32:06,300 --> 02:32:08,300
But surprises are a part of 
life. 

2861
02:32:09,000 --> 02:32:11,500
David learned the hard way that 
not even his famed. 

2862
02:32:11,500 --> 02:32:14,300
Hunting abilities could ensure 
Financial stability on the 

2863
02:32:14,308 --> 02:32:18,000
frontier as his family expanded 
Polly had bestowed upon him. 

2864
02:32:18,000 --> 02:32:20,100
Two boys, John Wesley and 
William. 

2865
02:32:21,500 --> 02:32:23,500
Modifications. 
That would radically all to 

2866
02:32:23,500 --> 02:32:26,800
David's life occurred in 1813. 
David joined. 

2867
02:32:26,800 --> 02:32:30,100
The Tennessee militia as a Scout
during the creek War which broke

2868
02:32:30,100 --> 02:32:33,100
out in Alabama, along with many 
other young, men seeking 

2869
02:32:33,100 --> 02:32:36,800
excitement, stable employment 
and an opportunity to serve 

2870
02:32:36,800 --> 02:32:40,100
their Nation. 
Unlike in the movies, this 

2871
02:32:40,100 --> 02:32:42,300
wasn't something like military 
Expedition. 

2872
02:32:43,100 --> 02:32:46,100
David devoted most of his time 
to slogging through marshes 

2873
02:32:46,100 --> 02:32:48,900
searching for Creek, fighters 
who are more familiar with the 

2874
02:32:48,900 --> 02:32:52,300
area than he was and discovering
that military food was 

2875
02:32:52,300 --> 02:32:55,300
infinitely worse than anything. 
He had ever prepared himself. 

2876
02:32:56,200 --> 02:32:58,900
however, David learned, an 
important lesson, during his 

2877
02:32:58,900 --> 02:33:03,000
time in the military, he was 
born with leadership skills, his

2878
02:33:03,000 --> 02:33:06,300
fellow troops, relied on him for
guidance confidence in his 

2879
02:33:06,300 --> 02:33:09,600
judgment in high stakes 
situations, and inspiration, 

2880
02:33:09,600 --> 02:33:13,700
when time seemed Bleak, its As a
leader, he didn't believe in 

2881
02:33:13,700 --> 02:33:17,000
barking out commands and 
expecting followers to follow 

2882
02:33:17,000 --> 02:33:20,800
suit, instead, he set a good 
example by treating everyone 

2883
02:33:20,800 --> 02:33:24,400
with the same laid-back. 
Respect he'd learned to value in

2884
02:33:24,400 --> 02:33:27,200
a world where acting 
superficially may result in 

2885
02:33:27,200 --> 02:33:30,500
death. 
After serving his Country, David

2886
02:33:30,500 --> 02:33:33,800
came home to discover that his 
Fame had expanded Beyond Tales 

2887
02:33:33,800 --> 02:33:36,300
of hunting. 
He had a reputation for being 

2888
02:33:36,300 --> 02:33:39,200
calm Under Pressure. 
Able to make tough calls without

2889
02:33:39,200 --> 02:33:41,900
letting his humor get in the way
and someone who could handle 

2890
02:33:41,900 --> 02:33:45,800
himself in Risky situations. 
These traits would be crucial 

2891
02:33:45,800 --> 02:33:48,400
for David as he approached. 
What he would later refer to as 

2892
02:33:48,400 --> 02:33:50,900
his bare period. 
To make matters. 

2893
02:33:50,900 --> 02:33:53,300
Worse bears in early 19th 
century. 

2894
02:33:53,300 --> 02:33:57,600
Tennessee, were enormous common 
and completely disrespectful of 

2895
02:33:57,600 --> 02:34:01,100
human property rights. 
When bears came into towns and 

2896
02:34:01,100 --> 02:34:03,400
search of food, they would rip 
apart Huts. 

2897
02:34:03,400 --> 02:34:06,900
Generally make life difficult 
for the people who would manage 

2898
02:34:06,900 --> 02:34:08,600
to establish a civilized 
society. 

2899
02:34:09,600 --> 02:34:12,800
When confronted with a problem 
there, most people either hoped 

2900
02:34:12,800 --> 02:34:15,600
it would go away or summoned a 
more courageous friend or 

2901
02:34:15,600 --> 02:34:19,400
relative for assistance. 
When others saw obstacles, David

2902
02:34:19,400 --> 02:34:21,800
saw opportunity. 
Their hunting. 

2903
02:34:21,800 --> 02:34:24,800
He came to see, may be more than
simply a hobby, it could be a 

2904
02:34:24,800 --> 02:34:28,300
full-fledged Enterprise, The 
meat from bears was highly 

2905
02:34:28,300 --> 02:34:32,000
prized their fat could be 
processed into oil for use in 

2906
02:34:32,008 --> 02:34:35,100
cooking and lighting and their 
fur was constantly sought after.

2907
02:34:35,900 --> 02:34:39,100
So when farms and municipalities
needed help with a bear problem,

2908
02:34:39,100 --> 02:34:42,400
they would call David, who 
became something of a specialist

2909
02:34:42,400 --> 02:34:45,400
in the field. 
He was meticulous and to be 

2910
02:34:45,408 --> 02:34:48,300
honest, slightly obsessed when 
it came to hunting bears. 

2911
02:34:49,500 --> 02:34:52,200
David would take on the role of 
a naturalist studying certain 

2912
02:34:52,200 --> 02:34:55,500
Bears, observing and studying 
their behaviors for several days

2913
02:34:55,500 --> 02:34:58,700
or weeks before diving tactics 
that were adapted to their 

2914
02:34:58,700 --> 02:35:02,000
unique personalities. 
Yes, the Bears personalities. 

2915
02:35:02,000 --> 02:35:05,100
David maintained. 
The each one was unique with its

2916
02:35:05,100 --> 02:35:08,100
own set of peculiarities tastes 
and degrees of brainpower. 

2917
02:35:08,900 --> 02:35:12,500
The outcomes were remarkable 
David killed. 58 bears in one. 

2918
02:35:12,500 --> 02:35:16,900
Very fruitful winter, One 
season, not cross a number of 

2919
02:35:16,900 --> 02:35:19,000
years. 
He was able to become so 

2920
02:35:19,000 --> 02:35:22,600
proficient at hunting bears that
he could find kill and prepare 

2921
02:35:22,600 --> 02:35:25,000
one in a day or less before 
moving onto the next. 

2922
02:35:25,800 --> 02:35:28,100
A title, that David felt 
somewhat humiliating yet 

2923
02:35:28,100 --> 02:35:31,800
gratifying was bear hunter of 
the district, a Monica, that his

2924
02:35:31,800 --> 02:35:33,300
neighbor's began to use about 
him. 

2925
02:35:33,300 --> 02:35:37,100
However, there were unforeseen 
obstacles on the path to success

2926
02:35:37,100 --> 02:35:39,800
in the Bear in Industry. 
David's hunting trips became 

2927
02:35:39,800 --> 02:35:43,400
increasingly longer and more 
frequent often lasting weeks. 

2928
02:35:43,400 --> 02:35:46,500
It must have been incredibly 
challenging for poly to manage 

2929
02:35:46,500 --> 02:35:50,300
their household and raise their 
children, all by herself, more 

2930
02:35:50,300 --> 02:35:52,200
muddy and wild smelling David 
would come home. 

2931
02:35:52,200 --> 02:35:55,200
After his bare exploits, the 
more varied feeling's pollywood 

2932
02:35:55,200 --> 02:35:59,700
have During his time, spent 
hunting bears, David also began 

2933
02:35:59,700 --> 02:36:02,900
to rise from the status of Local
Hero to that of legendary figure

2934
02:36:02,900 --> 02:36:05,800
in his own right. 
His extraordinary success and 

2935
02:36:05,800 --> 02:36:07,900
amusing anecdotes made him a 
popular speaker. 

2936
02:36:07,900 --> 02:36:11,400
And people started asking him to
parties only to hear about his 

2937
02:36:11,400 --> 02:36:13,900
travels. 
When David realized, he could 

2938
02:36:13,900 --> 02:36:16,600
take his life's events and 
transform them into stories. 

2939
02:36:16,600 --> 02:36:19,700
That could Captivate an 
audience, he had a great 

2940
02:36:19,708 --> 02:36:23,000
aptitude for performing. 
David never felt the need to 

2941
02:36:23,000 --> 02:36:25,600
embellish his hunting 
achievements, which is an 

2942
02:36:25,600 --> 02:36:28,400
intriguing aspect. 
It was astonishing enough that 

2943
02:36:28,400 --> 02:36:31,200
it was true. 
However, he did hone an ability 

2944
02:36:31,200 --> 02:36:32,900
to paint vivid pictures of Every
Day. 

2945
02:36:32,900 --> 02:36:36,500
Life bringing drama and humor to
what others might perceive as 

2946
02:36:36,500 --> 02:36:40,300
dull happening. 
An ordinary bear hunt of evolved

2947
02:36:40,300 --> 02:36:43,300
into a Titanic, showdown between
humanity and the natural world 

2948
02:36:43,300 --> 02:36:45,400
complete with terrifying 
moments. 

2949
02:36:45,400 --> 02:36:49,000
Brilliant moments. 
And more often than not at least

2950
02:36:49,000 --> 02:36:51,800
one instance of David's actions 
that were ingenious at the 

2951
02:36:51,800 --> 02:36:53,800
moment, but almost cost him his 
life. 

2952
02:36:54,600 --> 02:36:57,400
As we wind down for the next 
chapter, it's important to 

2953
02:36:57,400 --> 02:37:00,500
discuss how sometimes we have no
choice but to start over 

2954
02:37:00,500 --> 02:37:02,600
regardless of how prepared we 
are. 

2955
02:37:03,300 --> 02:37:06,000
While David was expecting to 
become famous in his hometown, 

2956
02:37:06,000 --> 02:37:09,500
for his bear hunting exploits 
unexpectedly gained a reputation

2957
02:37:09,500 --> 02:37:12,100
as someone who could solve 
problems and get things done. 

2958
02:37:12,900 --> 02:37:15,700
Because of his Stellar 
reputation is Neighbors elected 

2959
02:37:15,700 --> 02:37:18,200
him to the position of 
magistrate in 1817. 

2960
02:37:18,200 --> 02:37:21,600
A magistrate was effectively a 
municipal judge who presided 

2961
02:37:21,600 --> 02:37:23,500
over smaller cases and 
disagreements. 

2962
02:37:24,300 --> 02:37:27,300
Just to refresh your memory, 
David's official education was 

2963
02:37:27,300 --> 02:37:29,700
limited to a few months in a 
one-room schoolhouse. 

2964
02:37:30,400 --> 02:37:33,200
So when he was suddenly tasked 
with interpreting laws and 

2965
02:37:33,200 --> 02:37:36,300
administering Justice, it was 
like expecting someone who had 

2966
02:37:36,300 --> 02:37:38,300
never piloted an airplane to 
ride horses. 

2967
02:37:38,300 --> 02:37:42,500
However, David brought his usual
mix of modesty and common sense 

2968
02:37:42,500 --> 02:37:44,900
to the task. 
He had a really relaxed demeanor

2969
02:37:44,900 --> 02:37:49,100
in court fairness practical 
Solutions and David skill in 

2970
02:37:49,100 --> 02:37:51,400
mediating disputes amongst 
squabbling. 

2971
02:37:51,400 --> 02:37:54,100
Neighbors were more important 
than complicated procedures and 

2972
02:37:54,100 --> 02:37:57,200
legal presents. 
David would advise the disputing

2973
02:37:57,200 --> 02:38:00,400
Farmers to go for a walk over 
the contested ground and try to 

2974
02:38:00,400 --> 02:38:02,400
come to an agreement when they 
were arguing over? 

2975
02:38:02,400 --> 02:38:05,100
Who owned? 
What David may substitute 

2976
02:38:05,100 --> 02:38:08,100
Community work for a fine where 
the offender is unable to pay 

2977
02:38:08,100 --> 02:38:10,800
the original amount. 
His ruling were, mostly 

2978
02:38:10,800 --> 02:38:13,900
reasonable and Equitable, 
however, they lacked legal 

2979
02:38:13,900 --> 02:38:16,800
sophistication. 
Greater political prospects 

2980
02:38:16,800 --> 02:38:18,600
arose. 
As a result of the Magistrate 

2981
02:38:18,600 --> 02:38:20,700
Office. 
No one could have been more 

2982
02:38:20,700 --> 02:38:23,500
surprised than David when he was
elected to the Tennessee State 

2983
02:38:23,500 --> 02:38:28,000
Assembly in 1821. 
Present in the state. 

2984
02:38:28,000 --> 02:38:30,800
Capital was a man whose 
constituency was represented by 

2985
02:38:30,808 --> 02:38:33,200
someone who continued to 
struggle with language and 

2986
02:38:33,208 --> 02:38:36,300
spelling. 
However, David's political 

2987
02:38:36,300 --> 02:38:38,600
ideology was surprisingly 
uncomplicated. 

2988
02:38:38,600 --> 02:38:41,500
The government had to assist 
common people in resolving 

2989
02:38:41,500 --> 02:38:44,000
actual issues. 
Not add further burdens to their

2990
02:38:44,000 --> 02:38:46,700
lives. 
His character was congruent with

2991
02:38:46,700 --> 02:38:49,800
his approach to legislation in 
contrast to his fellow 

2992
02:38:49,800 --> 02:38:53,900
legislators, David spoke frankly
about the issues at hand rather 

2993
02:38:53,900 --> 02:38:56,300
than delivering, lengthy 
ceremonial speeches. 

2994
02:38:56,300 --> 02:38:59,100
Replete with allusions to 
classical figures and legalese. 

2995
02:38:59,100 --> 02:39:03,100
Regardless of party pressure 
usually voted according to his 

2996
02:39:03,100 --> 02:39:06,000
conscience which included 
supporting legislation that 

2997
02:39:06,000 --> 02:39:09,200
would help low income households
purchase land and opposing 

2998
02:39:09,200 --> 02:39:11,900
policies that appeared to 
benefit primarily the wealthy 

2999
02:39:13,000 --> 02:39:17,300
However, everything changed when
a tragic event occurred, David 

3000
02:39:17,300 --> 02:39:20,100
was left to raise their three 
children alone after Polly 

3001
02:39:20,100 --> 02:39:23,800
passed away in 1815. 
A devastating loss befell him 

3002
02:39:23,800 --> 02:39:26,500
with Polly is his Rock. 
He was able to channel his 

3003
02:39:26,500 --> 02:39:28,600
Restless Spirit while keeping 
the peace at home. 

3004
02:39:28,600 --> 02:39:32,400
David felt completely 
disoriented with without her and

3005
02:39:32,400 --> 02:39:35,200
it had nothing to do with 
navigating the terrain hunting 

3006
02:39:35,200 --> 02:39:38,500
farming, raising children and 
attending to his political 

3007
02:39:38,500 --> 02:39:41,200
responsibilities were. 
All things that David attempted 

3008
02:39:41,200 --> 02:39:42,600
to handle on his own for 
appeared. 

3009
02:39:42,600 --> 02:39:46,500
It was a hopeless predicament. 
David sought assistance after 

3010
02:39:46,500 --> 02:39:48,800
realizing, he couldn't give his 
children, the attention, they 

3011
02:39:48,800 --> 02:39:50,700
required due to his busy 
lifestyle. 

3012
02:39:51,500 --> 02:39:54,200
Elizabeth Patton was a widow 
with two children when he wed 

3013
02:39:54,200 --> 02:39:57,400
her in 1816. 
Elizabeth had the patience 

3014
02:39:57,400 --> 02:39:59,400
competence and practicality to 
manage. 

3015
02:39:59,400 --> 02:40:01,600
David's unorthodox, professional
trajectory. 

3016
02:40:02,600 --> 02:40:05,000
While the blended family Dynamic
was harmonious. 

3017
02:40:05,000 --> 02:40:08,100
David's aspirations for public 
office were intensifying. 

3018
02:40:08,100 --> 02:40:12,900
He became a United States 
senator in 1827 David Crockett, 

3019
02:40:12,900 --> 02:40:14,900
who had spent his whole life in 
the woods and small. 

3020
02:40:14,900 --> 02:40:18,500
Frontier towns, suddenly found 
himself navigating the complex 

3021
02:40:18,500 --> 02:40:21,500
political landscape of the 
nation's capital when he was 

3022
02:40:21,500 --> 02:40:24,300
elected to the House of 
Representatives, which required 

3023
02:40:24,300 --> 02:40:26,800
him to leave Tennessee for 
extended periods of time to 

3024
02:40:26,800 --> 02:40:31,300
serve in Washington DC, At 
dinner parties this towering 

3025
02:40:31,300 --> 02:40:34,300
unassuming Congressman would 
tell tales about his bear hunts 

3026
02:40:34,300 --> 02:40:37,000
and appeared genuinely 
bewildered by the complex, 

3027
02:40:37,000 --> 02:40:39,600
social conventions that dictated
political life. 

3028
02:40:40,500 --> 02:40:42,700
The members of Washington 
Society were at a lost to 

3029
02:40:42,700 --> 02:40:45,800
understand him. 
Folksy, demeanor of David belied

3030
02:40:45,800 --> 02:40:47,500
his acute intellect and strong 
ideals. 

3031
02:40:47,500 --> 02:40:51,200
His colleague had assumed, he 
was alive Frontiersman, who was 

3032
02:40:51,200 --> 02:40:54,400
easily influenced. 
Land policy was the central 

3033
02:40:54,400 --> 02:40:57,600
political problem for David. 
Poor households were having a 

3034
02:40:57,600 --> 02:41:00,200
hard time getting Farmland. 
He thought while Rich 

3035
02:41:00,200 --> 02:41:04,000
speculators were buying up large
tracks for investment People who

3036
02:41:04,000 --> 02:41:07,600
had been living on and improving
land without legal title known 

3037
02:41:07,600 --> 02:41:10,700
as squatters would be granted 
the right to acquire that land 

3038
02:41:10,700 --> 02:41:12,300
at reasonable prices through the
law. 

3039
02:41:12,300 --> 02:41:15,300
He suggested. 
Although David saw it as a 

3040
02:41:15,300 --> 02:41:18,800
matter of basic Justice, it 
pitted him against influential 

3041
02:41:18,800 --> 02:41:20,500
groups that favored the status 
quo. 

3042
02:41:20,500 --> 02:41:24,800
David won over voters, but 
alienated powerful politicians 

3043
02:41:24,800 --> 02:41:26,400
with his support for common 
settlers. 

3044
02:41:26,400 --> 02:41:29,400
David became more and more 
alienated within his own 

3045
02:41:29,400 --> 02:41:32,100
political party. 
As he fought against certain of 

3046
02:41:32,100 --> 02:41:35,100
President, Andrew Jackson's 
policies, especially the Indian 

3047
02:41:35,100 --> 02:41:37,900
Removal Act which he believed to
be morally, reprehensible, 

3048
02:41:39,000 --> 02:41:42,400
Ironically, David actually had 
very complex political ideas 

3049
02:41:42,400 --> 02:41:44,700
despite how simple they appeared
to him. 

3050
02:41:45,400 --> 02:41:49,600
Democracy he realized entailed 
more than just majority rule it 

3051
02:41:49,600 --> 02:41:52,000
also entailed defending the 
rights of the defenseless. 

3052
02:41:52,000 --> 02:41:54,800
He thought the government should
look out for everyone's best 

3053
02:41:54,800 --> 02:41:56,600
interests. 
Not just the wealthy and 

3054
02:41:56,600 --> 02:41:59,400
Powerful. 
Politicians who favored easier 

3055
02:41:59,400 --> 02:42:01,800
Arrangements. 
They were not novel Notions but 

3056
02:42:01,800 --> 02:42:04,600
they were uncomfortable. 
David came to terms with the 

3057
02:42:04,600 --> 02:42:08,000
fact that his time as Tennessee 
politician, was likely numbered 

3058
02:42:08,000 --> 02:42:11,800
by the early 1830s, he lost 
popularity due to his rejection 

3059
02:42:11,800 --> 02:42:15,100
of popular ideas and a master 
and army of foes, due to his 

3060
02:42:15,100 --> 02:42:18,800
unwavering adherence to his 
principles adapting to political

3061
02:42:18,800 --> 02:42:22,700
reality or forging, a new route 
entirely would Shape the 

3062
02:42:22,700 --> 02:42:26,600
remainder of his life. as you 
settle in, for this section of 

3063
02:42:26,600 --> 02:42:30,600
David's Journey, you'll find out
how at the same time, it can be 

3064
02:42:30,608 --> 02:42:34,000
freeing and terrible to stand up
for your beliefs, even if it 

3065
02:42:34,000 --> 02:42:37,900
means losing everything you've 
worked for David stay in the 

3066
02:42:37,908 --> 02:42:40,600
nation's capital was as 
entertaining as watching a fish 

3067
02:42:40,608 --> 02:42:41,400
scale. 
A tree. 

3068
02:42:41,400 --> 02:42:45,000
There was his job to represent 
his constituents vote on 

3069
02:42:45,000 --> 02:42:47,100
legislation and serve on 
committees. 

3070
02:42:48,100 --> 02:42:50,400
He felt like he was speaking a 
different language when it came 

3071
02:42:50,400 --> 02:42:52,000
to the culture of political 
manipulation. 

3072
02:42:53,300 --> 02:42:56,500
David adamantly refused to let 
the political ramifications of 

3073
02:42:56,500 --> 02:42:58,500
his votes, influences 
decision-making. 

3074
02:42:58,500 --> 02:43:02,200
In contrast to his fellow 
lawmakers who established 

3075
02:43:02,200 --> 02:43:04,600
coalitions and traded votes like
poker chips. 

3076
02:43:05,600 --> 02:43:08,400
When David's beliefs were in 
line with public opinion, this 

3077
02:43:08,400 --> 02:43:11,300
strategy was effective. 
Nevertheless, it proved 

3078
02:43:11,300 --> 02:43:14,200
Troublesome when they were not 
Most of his Tennessee 

3079
02:43:14,200 --> 02:43:17,100
constituents wanted Native, 
American territories open for 

3080
02:43:17,100 --> 02:43:19,900
white colonization. 
Therefore they supported the 

3081
02:43:19,900 --> 02:43:23,800
Indian Removal Act of 1830. 
Not because he was a specialty 

3082
02:43:23,800 --> 02:43:26,900
Progressive on racial Problems 
by today's standards but because

3083
02:43:26,900 --> 02:43:29,900
David had met and respected 
Native American's as individuals

3084
02:43:29,900 --> 02:43:32,800
he was a posed to it. 
He thought it was morally, 

3085
02:43:32,800 --> 02:43:35,900
reprehensible to forcefully, 
uproot entire communities from 

3086
02:43:35,900 --> 02:43:39,100
their ancient homelands. 
Classic David Crockett, 

3087
02:43:39,100 --> 02:43:42,800
passionate direct, and totally 
at variance with political 

3088
02:43:42,800 --> 02:43:45,100
Acumen. 
That was his opposition speech 

3089
02:43:45,100 --> 02:43:47,900
in Congress. 
Concerning the distinction 

3090
02:43:47,900 --> 02:43:51,200
between what is legally required
and what is morally acceptable. 

3091
02:43:52,200 --> 02:43:53,500
He spoke about Cherokee 
families. 

3092
02:43:53,500 --> 02:43:56,400
He had known as well as 
Government dishonesty and broken

3093
02:43:56,400 --> 02:43:59,500
promises. 
Despite his colleagues courteous

3094
02:43:59,500 --> 02:44:02,600
listening, they ultimately voted
to have him removed from office 

3095
02:44:02,600 --> 02:44:05,500
even while David's vote, didn't 
sway, the result. 

3096
02:44:05,500 --> 02:44:08,500
It did demonstrate that he was 
unreliable when it came to 

3097
02:44:08,500 --> 02:44:11,800
supporting party policies. 
There were covert, but effective

3098
02:44:11,800 --> 02:44:14,000
efforts by the political Elite 
to undermine David. 

3099
02:44:14,900 --> 02:44:17,100
More trustworthy party members 
were given committee 

3100
02:44:17,100 --> 02:44:19,700
assignments. 
In Portland meeting invitations 

3101
02:44:19,700 --> 02:44:23,100
were misplaced his colleagues 
and Congress no longer sought 

3102
02:44:23,100 --> 02:44:27,100
his advice on proposed laws. 
As he continued to serve as a 

3103
02:44:27,108 --> 02:44:30,400
representative for his area. 
David felt further and further 

3104
02:44:30,400 --> 02:44:32,000
removed from the political 
process. 

3105
02:44:33,100 --> 02:44:35,800
David faced political 
persecution in his home state of

3106
02:44:35,800 --> 02:44:38,700
Tennessee due to his stance 
against Indian relocation. 

3107
02:44:39,800 --> 02:44:42,300
His detractors said, he'd been 
in Tangled in the corruption of 

3108
02:44:42,308 --> 02:44:45,500
Washington politics and had lost
touch with his Heritage and that

3109
02:44:45,500 --> 02:44:49,500
he cared more about Indians than
his own constituency. although 

3110
02:44:49,500 --> 02:44:52,600
David had changed while serving 
in Congress, it was not in the 

3111
02:44:52,600 --> 02:44:55,600
manner, his detractors had 
envisioned and this fact made 

3112
02:44:55,600 --> 02:44:58,900
the criticism all the more 
hurtful David had grown 

3113
02:44:58,900 --> 02:45:01,800
increasingly certain that much 
political expertise was nothing 

3114
02:45:01,800 --> 02:45:03,900
more than a pretense to escape 
moral accountability. 

3115
02:45:03,900 --> 02:45:06,600
Rather than being politically 
intelligent. 

3116
02:45:06,600 --> 02:45:09,700
He has seen coworkers vote for 
initiatives, they were 

3117
02:45:09,700 --> 02:45:12,500
personally against just because 
it suited their political 

3118
02:45:12,500 --> 02:45:14,900
agenda. 
He was witnessed to the manner 

3119
02:45:14,900 --> 02:45:18,400
in which powerful people's 
pockets dictated laws that were 

3120
02:45:18,400 --> 02:45:22,400
ill-suited to the common welfare
rather than turning him cynical,

3121
02:45:22,400 --> 02:45:25,000
The Experience had helped him 
better understand what was 

3122
02:45:25,000 --> 02:45:29,200
important to him. as usual David
remained unyielding in the face 

3123
02:45:29,200 --> 02:45:32,600
of political pressure, He did 
not learn to moderate his views 

3124
02:45:32,600 --> 02:45:36,800
or compromise, more skillfully. 
Rather, he got more vocal he 

3125
02:45:36,800 --> 02:45:39,400
started traveling around 
Tennessee, giving talks in which

3126
02:45:39,400 --> 02:45:42,700
he details, his voting record. 
The reasons for his opposition 

3127
02:45:42,700 --> 02:45:45,700
to popular ideas and his 
Newfound, knowledge of the inner

3128
02:45:45,700 --> 02:45:49,200
workings of government. 
Though, in detaining, David had 

3129
02:45:49,200 --> 02:45:50,500
a natural talent for 
storytelling. 

3130
02:45:50,500 --> 02:45:53,400
These remarks were political 
suicide. 

3131
02:45:54,400 --> 02:45:57,300
Campaigning for the 1833. 
Election was a bloodbath. 

3132
02:45:57,300 --> 02:46:00,700
There was no shortage of 
ammunition for David to trackers

3133
02:46:00,700 --> 02:46:03,000
his stance against popular 
initiatives. 

3134
02:46:03,000 --> 02:46:06,800
His many trips out of Tennessee,
while in Congress and his ties 

3135
02:46:06,800 --> 02:46:10,800
to controversial causes For 
someone whose whole sense of 

3136
02:46:10,800 --> 02:46:13,900
self was based on serving the 
people being portrayed, as an 

3137
02:46:13,900 --> 02:46:15,900
alien who had become 
disconnected from everyday, life

3138
02:46:15,900 --> 02:46:17,800
must have been extremely 
hurtful. 

3139
02:46:18,600 --> 02:46:22,200
David retaliated with Candor and
humor, which proved ineffective,

3140
02:46:22,200 --> 02:46:25,100
against a well-organized, 
political enemy, no matter, the 

3141
02:46:25,100 --> 02:46:28,400
political Fallout, he pledged to
keep voting, his conscience and 

3142
02:46:28,400 --> 02:46:31,300
told voters, just how he felt 
about a variety of subjects. 

3143
02:46:32,100 --> 02:46:35,600
It was Noble based on principles
and destined to fail. 

3144
02:46:36,400 --> 02:46:39,000
As the votes were tallied, 
David's congressional seat was 

3145
02:46:39,000 --> 02:46:41,800
vacated. 
He was out of politics and faced

3146
02:46:41,800 --> 02:46:44,300
an uncertain future after years 
of Public Service. 

3147
02:46:45,000 --> 02:46:48,400
He was at the age of 47 which 
was neither two young, nor too 

3148
02:46:48,400 --> 02:46:51,100
old to retire gracefully. 
The two old to start over 

3149
02:46:51,100 --> 02:46:53,800
comfortably. 
David was aware that he needed 

3150
02:46:53,800 --> 02:46:55,300
to find his life's purpose 
while. 

3151
02:46:56,600 --> 02:46:59,000
Elizabeth remained patient 
regarding their financial 

3152
02:46:59,000 --> 02:47:01,000
condition. 
All though David was 

3153
02:47:01,000 --> 02:47:03,300
disappointed. 
He was so liberated from 

3154
02:47:03,300 --> 02:47:06,000
unattainable expectations. 
As a result of his loss. 

3155
02:47:07,100 --> 02:47:09,300
He was free from the burden of 
considering the potential 

3156
02:47:09,300 --> 02:47:12,500
political repercussions of his 
statements and the impact they 

3157
02:47:12,500 --> 02:47:15,800
could have on his career. 
It had been years since he could

3158
02:47:15,800 --> 02:47:18,600
do or say anything he wanted 
without worrying about how it 

3159
02:47:18,600 --> 02:47:21,000
might affect his chances of 
winning the next election. 

3160
02:47:21,000 --> 02:47:24,500
The price he had to pay for this
Independence was financially 

3161
02:47:24,500 --> 02:47:28,400
instability public dissolution 
meant and the realization that 

3162
02:47:28,400 --> 02:47:30,500
his time in politics was 
essentially over. 

3163
02:47:31,500 --> 02:47:33,800
It did, however, bring with it 
opportunities. 

3164
02:47:34,600 --> 02:47:37,700
Texas that enormous Western 
territory where independence 

3165
02:47:37,700 --> 02:47:41,200
from Mexico was being discussed 
started to play on David's mind.

3166
02:47:42,000 --> 02:47:44,500
To all appearances. 
It was the type of community 

3167
02:47:44,500 --> 02:47:47,200
where a guy could start over 
where values might take 

3168
02:47:47,200 --> 02:47:50,800
precedence over party, 
affiliation As we settle in, for

3169
02:47:50,808 --> 02:47:54,100
the last stretch of David's 
Journey will witness first-hand 

3170
02:47:54,100 --> 02:47:57,300
how the conclusion of one dream 
may pave the way for a new and 

3171
02:47:57,300 --> 02:48:01,900
perhaps more significant one. 
David pondered his next move for

3172
02:48:01,900 --> 02:48:04,200
months. 
After his electoral loss, his 

3173
02:48:04,200 --> 02:48:06,900
life had been organized and 
directed by politics for more 

3174
02:48:06,900 --> 02:48:09,800
than 10 years and now it was all
gone. 

3175
02:48:10,500 --> 02:48:13,400
He resembled a river that had 
been blocked for a long time and

3176
02:48:13,400 --> 02:48:16,700
suddenly the barrier had broke 
and releasing him but also 

3177
02:48:16,700 --> 02:48:18,200
leaving him with no idea where 
to go. 

3178
02:48:19,200 --> 02:48:22,600
Evidently suffering with what 
felt like early retirement from 

3179
02:48:22,600 --> 02:48:25,600
the only work that had ever 
truly suited him Elizabeth 

3180
02:48:25,600 --> 02:48:29,400
observed as Peter paste, around 
their cabin starting and then 

3181
02:48:29,400 --> 02:48:32,900
abandoning projects. 
David usually came up with the 

3182
02:48:32,900 --> 02:48:35,700
solution if Tennessee wasn't 
interested in him. 

3183
02:48:35,700 --> 02:48:39,100
He'd look for another place. 
That was when Americans were 

3184
02:48:39,100 --> 02:48:42,400
looking for a location to start 
over where land was inexpensive 

3185
02:48:42,400 --> 02:48:45,600
and Prospects were endless. 
Many began to hear stories of 

3186
02:48:45,608 --> 02:48:48,000
Texas. 
The Mexican government was 

3187
02:48:48,000 --> 02:48:51,400
actively courting American 
settlers by Distributing large 

3188
02:48:51,400 --> 02:48:54,600
tracks of land to those families
who were ready to uproot and go.

3189
02:48:55,400 --> 02:48:58,800
Texas was the Pinnacle of new 
beginnings for David who had 

3190
02:48:58,800 --> 02:49:00,600
lived his whole life seeking 
opportunity. 

3191
02:49:01,700 --> 02:49:04,500
It wasn't just personal reasons 
that led David to Texas. 

3192
02:49:04,500 --> 02:49:06,800
Something major was about to 
happen. 

3193
02:49:06,800 --> 02:49:09,300
According to his political 
instincts, and he had been 

3194
02:49:09,300 --> 02:49:12,000
keeping up with the news about 
the escalating tensions, between

3195
02:49:12,000 --> 02:49:14,100
the Mexican Government and 
American settlers. 

3196
02:49:15,000 --> 02:49:17,700
The settlers dissatisfaction 
with Mexican policies. 

3197
02:49:17,700 --> 02:49:22,000
Such as those that limited local
autonomy, mandated Catholicism 

3198
02:49:22,000 --> 02:49:25,400
among settlers and restricted 
immigration was growing. 

3199
02:49:26,400 --> 02:49:28,800
Conflicts were regular, people 
were caught between their 

3200
02:49:28,800 --> 02:49:31,300
everyday demands and Far Away 
government policies. 

3201
02:49:31,300 --> 02:49:34,200
Were Echoes of those that have 
molded David's own political 

3202
02:49:34,200 --> 02:49:38,100
career. 
He saw In late 1835, David set 

3203
02:49:38,100 --> 02:49:40,300
off for Texas on an exploratory 
Mission. 

3204
02:49:40,300 --> 02:49:44,900
He intended to serve the area, 
perhaps, purchase some land and 

3205
02:49:44,900 --> 02:49:47,500
then returned to Tennessee to 
finalize his plans to move. 

3206
02:49:48,400 --> 02:49:50,900
nevertheless, he was also 
cognizant of the fact that 

3207
02:49:50,900 --> 02:49:55,000
regardless of his intentions, he
might find himself, embroiled if

3208
02:49:55,000 --> 02:49:58,900
political events in Texas were 
to escalate When faced with 

3209
02:49:58,900 --> 02:50:01,800
disagreements about right and 
wrong David and never been Adept

3210
02:50:01,800 --> 02:50:05,300
at maintaining objectivity. 
By traveling through Arkansas 

3211
02:50:05,300 --> 02:50:08,300
and into Texas, with a small 
band of followers, David was 

3212
02:50:08,300 --> 02:50:10,700
able to learn about the local 
conditions and interact with 

3213
02:50:10,700 --> 02:50:12,800
American settlers on multiple 
occasions. 

3214
02:50:12,800 --> 02:50:16,100
What he discovered was a people 
who were both Mexican and 

3215
02:50:16,100 --> 02:50:19,100
American in their cultural and 
practical identities. 

3216
02:50:19,100 --> 02:50:22,500
They were attempting to form 
communities based on familiar 

3217
02:50:22,500 --> 02:50:25,700
Traditions, while also adjusting
to new rules and expectations. 

3218
02:50:26,400 --> 02:50:29,000
Hard-working couples wanting a 
better life for their children. 

3219
02:50:29,000 --> 02:50:32,200
The settlers David meteored, his
neighbors in Tennessee. 

3220
02:50:32,200 --> 02:50:36,300
They want Solitude to cultivate 
land, engage in trade, and Rule 

3221
02:50:36,300 --> 02:50:40,100
themselves rationally. 
However, Mexican policies that 

3222
02:50:40,100 --> 02:50:42,900
appeared more intent on 
controlling them and helping 

3223
02:50:42,900 --> 02:50:44,900
them. 
Grow were becoming more and more

3224
02:50:44,900 --> 02:50:49,200
frustrating for them. 
David came away from his talks 

3225
02:50:49,200 --> 02:50:52,200
with these families with the 
conviction that the settlers 

3226
02:50:52,200 --> 02:50:54,800
would require Leaders with 
expertise in both military 

3227
02:50:54,800 --> 02:50:58,600
strategy and political reality 
in the event of an impending 

3228
02:50:58,600 --> 02:51:01,500
battle. 
The timing of David's arrival. 

3229
02:51:01,500 --> 02:51:04,500
In Texas was impeccable, though,
he could not have predicted it. 

3230
02:51:05,400 --> 02:51:08,000
The tense situation had quickly 
developed between the Mexican 

3231
02:51:08,000 --> 02:51:11,400
authorities and the settlers 
dissolving, the Mexican Congress

3232
02:51:11,400 --> 02:51:15,200
and advancing for total control 
General, Santa Ana jeopardized 

3233
02:51:15,200 --> 02:51:18,300
the minimal autonomy that had 
initially attracted American 

3234
02:51:18,300 --> 02:51:21,200
Immigration. 
The Texans who had just begun to

3235
02:51:21,200 --> 02:51:24,300
organize resistance, were in 
need of prominent, political and

3236
02:51:24,300 --> 02:51:27,100
Military personalities, who 
might provide credibility to 

3237
02:51:27,100 --> 02:51:29,600
their. 
Cause the scenario seemed like 

3238
02:51:29,600 --> 02:51:33,600
an opportunity for David to put 
his political experience and 

3239
02:51:33,600 --> 02:51:36,300
knowledge to use for causes in 
which he truly believed. 

3240
02:51:37,000 --> 02:51:40,100
The Texas settlers were 
demanding much, they simply 

3241
02:51:40,100 --> 02:51:42,500
wanted to be able to follow 
their own Traditions when it 

3242
02:51:42,500 --> 02:51:45,300
came to government freely 
practiced, their religion and 

3243
02:51:45,300 --> 02:51:47,200
have a say in matters that 
directly touch them. 

3244
02:51:48,500 --> 02:51:51,800
Now that he was away from home 
politics, David could endorse 

3245
02:51:51,800 --> 02:51:54,000
the same causes. 
He had fought for in Congress. 

3246
02:51:54,900 --> 02:51:58,600
San Antonio was Under Siege when
David arrived in February 1836 

3247
02:51:58,600 --> 02:52:02,600
as general, Santa Anna's, 
Mexican Army's closed in the 

3248
02:52:02,600 --> 02:52:04,900
small garrisons sought sanctuary
in the Alamo. 

3249
02:52:04,900 --> 02:52:08,300
A former mission. 
With only 200 Defenders up 

3250
02:52:08,300 --> 02:52:11,400
against thousands of Mexican 
forces, the situation was Dire. 

3251
02:52:12,100 --> 02:52:14,900
However, David knew from his 
military experience that with 

3252
02:52:14,900 --> 02:52:18,500
persistence and cunning, even in
the face of overwhelming odds, 

3253
02:52:18,500 --> 02:52:22,700
victory was possible. 
For David, staying in the Alamo 

3254
02:52:22,700 --> 02:52:25,400
wasn't a choice at all. 
Everything he had ever done up 

3255
02:52:25,400 --> 02:52:27,300
to this point had been leading 
up to this point. 

3256
02:52:27,300 --> 02:52:31,100
His years spent hunting alone 
in, perilous Wilderness his 

3257
02:52:31,100 --> 02:52:34,300
lessons in leadership, under 
duress, from military duty, and 

3258
02:52:34,300 --> 02:52:36,800
the lessons he had learned about
the value of sticking up for 

3259
02:52:36,800 --> 02:52:41,200
beliefs, no matter the cost from
his political career 50 years 

3260
02:52:41,200 --> 02:52:43,900
old, and still clinging to the 
belief that certain conflicts 

3261
02:52:43,900 --> 02:52:47,100
were worth fighting for. 
He had a wife and children back 

3262
02:52:47,100 --> 02:52:50,800
in Tennessee, the symbolic and 
Military significance of David's

3263
02:52:50,800 --> 02:52:53,000
Presence at the Alamo. 
Cannot be overstated. 

3264
02:52:53,700 --> 02:52:55,900
He was willing to put his 
reputation on the line for 

3265
02:52:55,900 --> 02:52:59,400
Texas's Independence, and he had
served as a congressman in the 

3266
02:52:59,400 --> 02:53:02,600
United States. 
His ruling bolstered support for

3267
02:53:02,600 --> 02:53:05,600
the Texas cause and showed that 
the war was about National 

3268
02:53:05,600 --> 02:53:08,900
issues of self-governance and 
personal freedom, rather than 

3269
02:53:08,900 --> 02:53:12,500
Petty Regional disputes. 
David had to have understood his

3270
02:53:12,500 --> 02:53:15,500
chances of survival were limited
as the Mexican Army in circle 

3271
02:53:15,500 --> 02:53:19,500
the Alamo, but he was so wise 
enough to know that values not 

3272
02:53:19,500 --> 02:53:22,700
survival are often more 
essential and that it's better 

3273
02:53:22,700 --> 02:53:26,400
to lose a battle than to lose a 
life for a greater cause The 

3274
02:53:26,400 --> 02:53:28,500
Restless youngster suddenly had 
something to stand for. 

3275
02:53:28,500 --> 02:53:32,100
I'll link the evening together, 
as coming to a close and with 

3276
02:53:32,100 --> 02:53:35,000
it, we reach the beginning and 
finish of David's Story. 

3277
02:53:35,000 --> 02:53:38,200
The moment when a Restless 
politician from the frontier 

3278
02:53:38,200 --> 02:53:41,400
became an enduring emblem of the
American bravery in Independence

3279
02:53:41,400 --> 02:53:46,600
from February 23rd until March 
6th. 1836, the Alamo was 

3280
02:53:46,608 --> 02:53:50,400
besieged for 13 days, a former 
Congressman seeking A New 

3281
02:53:50,408 --> 02:53:53,500
Beginning, David Crockett became
a symbol of Common People 

3282
02:53:53,500 --> 02:53:56,800
prepared to give their all for 
the idea of self-determination 

3283
02:53:56,800 --> 02:54:00,800
during those two weeks. 
A complicated man who had spent 

3284
02:54:00,800 --> 02:54:03,800
50 years trying to balance 
practical demands with moral 

3285
02:54:03,800 --> 02:54:06,000
beliefs. 
The David who fought at the 

3286
02:54:06,000 --> 02:54:08,200
Alamo was nothing like the 
legendary figure with the 

3287
02:54:08,208 --> 02:54:11,300
coonskin cap. 
Inside the Alamo. 

3288
02:54:11,300 --> 02:54:14,700
David had a dual purpose 
bolstering morale and providing 

3289
02:54:14,700 --> 02:54:17,800
Military Support. 
His background as a scout in the

3290
02:54:17,800 --> 02:54:21,300
creek war made him an asset for 
planning and reconnaissance, but

3291
02:54:21,300 --> 02:54:24,100
more significantly, his 
storytelling skills, lifted 

3292
02:54:24,100 --> 02:54:26,200
morale. 
In, what everyone knew would be 

3293
02:54:26,200 --> 02:54:29,800
their last days. 
Picture, this David was keeping 

3294
02:54:29,800 --> 02:54:32,400
his fellow Defenders motivated, 
during those long hours of 

3295
02:54:32,400 --> 02:54:35,600
waiting for the last attack by 
telling stories about his bear 

3296
02:54:35,600 --> 02:54:39,500
hunts and political experiences.
In the Mayhem of the last 

3297
02:54:39,500 --> 02:54:42,400
conflict. 
Precise circumstances of David's

3298
02:54:42,400 --> 02:54:45,800
demise a murky at best. 
A generation of America's was 

3299
02:54:45,800 --> 02:54:49,100
inspired by his presence of the 
Alamo and considered his death 

3300
02:54:49,100 --> 02:54:53,000
as proof that Democratic ideas 
will worth dying for We all know

3301
02:54:53,000 --> 02:54:55,100
that he died fighting and never 
surrendered. 

3302
02:54:55,100 --> 02:54:58,400
The defeated Congressman had 
figured out how to cast the most

3303
02:54:58,400 --> 02:55:01,600
consequential vote of his life. 
Fascinatingly, though. 

3304
02:55:01,600 --> 02:55:05,400
The real David Crockett started 
Fading Into Oblivion shortly 

3305
02:55:05,400 --> 02:55:08,800
after he passed away, and that 
is what truly defines his 

3306
02:55:08,800 --> 02:55:11,300
legacy. 
Newspapers began reporting 

3307
02:55:11,300 --> 02:55:14,500
greatly embellished accounts of 
his Frontier Adventures within a

3308
02:55:14,500 --> 02:55:16,500
few months, in a matter of 
years. 

3309
02:55:16,500 --> 02:55:19,900
He went from being portrayed as 
a mere mortal to a superhero who

3310
02:55:19,900 --> 02:55:23,000
could drink the Mississippi 
River dry, and beat his weight 

3311
02:55:23,000 --> 02:55:26,900
in Wildcats and cheap novels. 
Even though the real David, most

3312
02:55:26,900 --> 02:55:29,700
likely, never sported, a 
coonskin cap, it came to 

3313
02:55:29,700 --> 02:55:32,500
symbolize him. 
A meticulous and principled, 

3314
02:55:32,500 --> 02:55:34,500
politician became a naive 
Frontiersman. 

3315
02:55:35,500 --> 02:55:37,700
What this change reveals about 
the way Americans have 

3316
02:55:37,700 --> 02:55:40,000
historically treated their 
Heroes as significant. 

3317
02:55:40,700 --> 02:55:43,700
A Heroes should be simple and 
are symbols, should be obvious, 

3318
02:55:43,700 --> 02:55:47,300
the complicated real life. 
David Crockett who had 

3319
02:55:47,300 --> 02:55:50,900
difficulty spelling but had 
strong moral convictions was an 

3320
02:55:50,900 --> 02:55:54,100
accomplished Hunter and a 
brilliant political thinker and 

3321
02:55:54,100 --> 02:55:56,300
was too complicated for 
simplistic mythology. 

3322
02:55:57,600 --> 02:56:00,500
Because of this, he became a 
cartoon character in popular 

3323
02:56:00,500 --> 02:56:04,300
culture which oversimplified 
him, despite this a crucial 

3324
02:56:04,300 --> 02:56:07,400
aspect of the historical, David 
managed to evade the myths 

3325
02:56:07,400 --> 02:56:10,500
regardless of the numerous urban
legends surrounding him. 

3326
02:56:10,500 --> 02:56:14,000
The fundamental truths. 
That captivated audience is the 

3327
02:56:14,000 --> 02:56:16,900
common people are capable of 
extraordinary Deeds that 

3328
02:56:16,900 --> 02:56:19,000
principles. 
Take precedence over political 

3329
02:56:19,000 --> 02:56:22,500
expediency and that at times 
during the right thing demands 

3330
02:56:22,500 --> 02:56:24,700
giving up everything remain 
powerful. 

3331
02:56:25,900 --> 02:56:29,100
The impact that David had on 
American society did not cease 

3332
02:56:29,100 --> 02:56:31,500
with his death. 
A regular guy thrown into 

3333
02:56:31,500 --> 02:56:35,400
extraordinary circumstances who 
Rises to the occasion, he became

3334
02:56:35,400 --> 02:56:37,300
an archetype of the reluctant 
hero. 

3335
02:56:38,100 --> 02:56:40,400
Throughout American 
storytelling, for over two 

3336
02:56:40,400 --> 02:56:43,500
centuries characters, like Jimmy
Stewart from Frank, Capra, 

3337
02:56:43,500 --> 02:56:45,300
films, and contemporary 
politicians. 

3338
02:56:45,300 --> 02:56:47,700
Who highlight their humble 
Origins have repeated. 

3339
02:56:47,700 --> 02:56:49,400
David's example of honest 
leadership. 

3340
02:56:50,300 --> 02:56:52,800
The way, David dealt with the 
conflict between pragmatic 

3341
02:56:52,800 --> 02:56:56,500
politics and moral convictions 
is what gives his story modern 

3342
02:56:56,500 --> 02:56:59,300
relevance? 
Compromises, inevitable 

3343
02:56:59,300 --> 02:57:02,200
ineffective leadership but he 
was also aware that there are 

3344
02:57:02,200 --> 02:57:04,600
certain beliefs, that must never
be compromised. 

3345
02:57:04,600 --> 02:57:07,900
The ups and downs of striving 
for moral Integrity. 

3346
02:57:07,900 --> 02:57:11,200
In intricate, political 
institutions are laid bare by 

3347
02:57:11,200 --> 02:57:14,300
his political career. 
The lesson we may learn from 

3348
02:57:14,300 --> 02:57:17,800
David's tragic political career 
is that he was never effective 

3349
02:57:17,800 --> 02:57:19,900
because he refused to compromise
his ideals. 

3350
02:57:20,700 --> 02:57:23,400
That seeming failure. 
However, became something far 

3351
02:57:23,400 --> 02:57:27,100
more substantial when he died at
the Alamo David by laying down 

3352
02:57:27,100 --> 02:57:30,200
his life, for the independence 
of Texas, demonstrated that 

3353
02:57:30,200 --> 02:57:33,500
there are values higher than 
political power that true 

3354
02:57:33,500 --> 02:57:36,400
citizens of a Democratic Society
are willing to put their 

3355
02:57:36,400 --> 02:57:39,100
personal interests on the back 
burner in order to uphold 

3356
02:57:39,100 --> 02:57:42,900
greater ideals. 
Think about David's rise from a 

3357
02:57:42,908 --> 02:57:45,500
fidgety youngster to an American
icon. 

3358
02:57:45,500 --> 02:57:48,600
As you drift off to sleep 
tonight, he was never able to 

3359
02:57:48,600 --> 02:57:52,400
settle down become politically 
powerful or a mass substantial 

3360
02:57:52,400 --> 02:57:55,000
riches. 
The knowledge that he had spent 

3361
02:57:55,000 --> 02:57:58,300
his life in accordance with his 
own moral compass that he had 

3362
02:57:58,300 --> 02:58:01,300
utilized his talents for causes 
he believed in and that he had 

3363
02:58:01,300 --> 02:58:04,000
not backed down when faced with 
the final test was something 

3364
02:58:04,000 --> 02:58:07,200
more significant to him. 
Instead of being the heroic 

3365
02:58:07,200 --> 02:58:10,500
frontiersmen, portrayed in 
popular culture, the real David 

3366
02:58:10,500 --> 02:58:14,100
Crockett was a multi-faceted 
imperfect human being who 

3367
02:58:14,100 --> 02:58:16,800
demonstrated that regular 
individuals are capable of 

3368
02:58:16,800 --> 02:58:18,700
remarkable acts of moral 
bravery. 

3369
02:58:19,500 --> 02:58:21,600
Being heroic isn't about having 
it all together. 

3370
02:58:21,600 --> 02:58:24,300
It's about having the courage to
fight for what you think is, 

3371
02:58:24,300 --> 02:58:26,200
right? 
No matter the cost. 

3372
02:58:27,000 --> 02:58:29,000
His narrative serves as a 
reminder of this. 

3373
02:58:29,800 --> 02:58:32,500
As we wrap up our evening 
together, it's worth reflecting 

3374
02:58:32,500 --> 02:58:35,000
on how we all encounter 
situations where we have to 

3375
02:58:35,008 --> 02:58:37,700
decide between doing what's easy
and what's right? 

3376
02:58:37,700 --> 02:58:40,600
Or putting our own interests 
ahead of our moral compass. 

3377
02:58:41,500 --> 02:58:44,000
The moral decisions made by 
average citizens form, the 

3378
02:58:44,000 --> 02:58:47,800
Bedrock of our Democratic, and 
free society as David Crockett's

3379
02:58:47,800 --> 02:58:51,400
account hints, rest easy. 
And always keep in mind that 

3380
02:58:51,400 --> 02:58:53,900
being heroic does not 
necessitate to coonskin cap. 

3381
02:58:53,900 --> 02:58:56,600
No matter the cost. 
You must have the guts to follow

3382
02:58:56,600 --> 02:58:58,600
your own. 
Moral compass, Napoleon, 

3383
02:58:58,600 --> 02:59:02,100
bonaparte's story, opens, not in
the halls of Parisian power, but

3384
02:59:02,100 --> 02:59:06,000
on a rugged Mediterranean 
island, He was born Napoleonic 

3385
02:59:06,000 --> 02:59:11,500
Bonaparte in 1769, in a jaxco, 
Corsica only months after France

3386
02:59:11,500 --> 02:59:15,000
sees the island from Genoa. 
As a boy, he spoke the Italian 

3387
02:59:15,000 --> 02:59:18,300
Corsican dialect and Harvard 
Fierce pride in his Corsican 

3388
02:59:18,300 --> 02:59:20,800
heritage. 
Sent to Mainland France for 

3389
02:59:20,800 --> 02:59:23,900
schooling at age nine. 
He arrived a thin intense child,

3390
02:59:23,900 --> 02:59:27,200
who felt himself very much, an 
outsider classmates. 

3391
02:59:27,200 --> 02:59:29,000
Mocked his accent and provincial
manners. 

3392
02:59:30,200 --> 02:59:32,900
In Quiet Moments under the 
ancient, Oaks of Biryani 

3393
02:59:32,900 --> 02:59:37,100
Academy, young Bonaparte dreamed
of home, the smell of the Mackie

3394
02:59:37,100 --> 02:59:40,800
shrubs on Corsican hillsides and
tales of heroism by horse and 

3395
02:59:40,800 --> 02:59:44,200
Patriot pasquali. 
These memories fueled, a 

3396
02:59:44,200 --> 02:59:46,700
lifelong resentment in a drive 
to proof himself in a world that

3397
02:59:46,700 --> 02:59:50,400
perceived him as a foreigner. 
Yet France also open New 

3398
02:59:50,400 --> 02:59:53,600
Horizons for him at the Royal 
military school in Paris 

3399
02:59:53,600 --> 02:59:56,700
Napoleon. 
As he still signed his name, 

3400
02:59:56,700 --> 02:59:59,700
immersed himself in 
Enlightenment ideas and Military

3401
02:59:59,700 --> 03:00:01,800
techs. 
He was a various reader of 

3402
03:00:01,800 --> 03:00:03,800
Rousseau and Voltaire 
cultivating. 

3403
03:00:03,800 --> 03:00:05,700
Radical notion about meriton 
reason. 

3404
03:00:06,500 --> 03:00:09,500
Commissioned, as a young 
artillery officer, he honed a 

3405
03:00:09,500 --> 03:00:11,600
mathematical Precision in 
ballistics and a Steely. 

3406
03:00:11,600 --> 03:00:15,000
Calm under pressure still in the
late 1780s. 

3407
03:00:15,000 --> 03:00:18,100
The ambitious left tenant found 
himself idling on halfway in 

3408
03:00:18,108 --> 03:00:21,300
provincial Garrison's chafing at
the lack of opportunity. 

3409
03:00:21,900 --> 03:00:24,300
Letters to his family, betray a 
Restless mind. 

3410
03:00:25,000 --> 03:00:26,800
He wrote an unfinished story on 
essays. 

3411
03:00:26,800 --> 03:00:29,700
On course can history longing to
carve out a place for himself? 

3412
03:00:30,600 --> 03:00:34,400
By 1789, the French revolution's
fiery rhetoric gripped. 

3413
03:00:34,400 --> 03:00:37,700
Him the revolution's eruption 
promised career opportunities 

3414
03:00:37,700 --> 03:00:40,200
for talented individuals and 
Bonaparte. 

3415
03:00:40,200 --> 03:00:43,700
Now known as Bonaparte in French
was determined to capitalize on 

3416
03:00:43,700 --> 03:00:46,400
this opportunity. 
He returned to Corsica during 

3417
03:00:46,400 --> 03:00:49,300
the early Revolution hoping to 
spread the new ideals. 

3418
03:00:50,100 --> 03:00:53,800
However, Ireland politics turned
against him, the revered. 

3419
03:00:53,800 --> 03:00:56,100
Powerly deemed Napoleon a 
traitor for siding with the 

3420
03:00:56,100 --> 03:01:01,200
French Republic. in 1793 after a
bit of falling out and attempted

3421
03:01:01,200 --> 03:01:04,900
to depose his government, the 
Bonaparte family, fled their 

3422
03:01:04,900 --> 03:01:08,900
Homeland under threat The 24 
year old artillery, Captain 

3423
03:01:08,900 --> 03:01:11,900
arrived back in France as a 
refugee but also as a 

3424
03:01:11,900 --> 03:01:14,000
stormtrooper Republican officer 
hungry for action. 

3425
03:01:14,800 --> 03:01:19,500
He soon got his chance at the 
end of 1793 royalists and the 

3426
03:01:19,500 --> 03:01:22,700
southern Port of tulong revolted
and welcome to British forces. 

3427
03:01:23,600 --> 03:01:27,100
The besieging Revolutionary Army
faltered until Bonaparte through

3428
03:01:27,100 --> 03:01:30,300
a mix of Corsican connections, 
and share assertiveness was 

3429
03:01:30,300 --> 03:01:31,700
assigned to direct the 
artillery. 

3430
03:01:32,800 --> 03:01:36,700
Amidst the Thunder of cannons 
and acrid smoke, Napoleon, Sean,

3431
03:01:36,700 --> 03:01:40,600
he emplaced, batteries with 
lethal, Effectiveness, blasting,

3432
03:01:40,600 --> 03:01:42,600
the harbor and forcing the 
British to flee. 

3433
03:01:43,400 --> 03:01:46,900
In the final assault, a bayonet 
wound scarred his thigh but 

3434
03:01:46,900 --> 03:01:49,900
victory was complete the 
achievement was stunning. 

3435
03:01:49,900 --> 03:01:52,600
A little known Corsica had 
masterminded the recapture of 

3436
03:01:52,608 --> 03:01:56,500
too long word of his Brilliance 
traveled to Paris and Stage 24 

3437
03:01:56,500 --> 03:01:58,500
Bonaparte was promoted to 
Brigadier General. 

3438
03:01:58,500 --> 03:02:02,100
The scent of gunpowder at 2 Los 
signaled, his attempt to 

3439
03:02:02,100 --> 03:02:05,800
prominence but revolutionary 
fortunes shifted quickly just 

3440
03:02:05,800 --> 03:02:09,000
months later Robespierre in the 
radical Jack in, his fell from 

3441
03:02:09,000 --> 03:02:12,300
Power. 
Napoleon considered a robust 

3442
03:02:12,300 --> 03:02:14,200
beer Ally by association was 
arrested. 

3443
03:02:14,200 --> 03:02:17,600
He was briefly jailed in a dank 
sell at Fort Carey. 

3444
03:02:18,600 --> 03:02:20,600
The omniscient Fates that 
elevated him. 

3445
03:02:20,600 --> 03:02:22,800
Now threatened to cut short his 
assent. 

3446
03:02:23,600 --> 03:02:27,000
He emerged unscathed but 
unemployed pacing the Paris 

3447
03:02:27,000 --> 03:02:29,800
streets in a threadbare coat. 
Surviving on meager rations. 

3448
03:02:30,800 --> 03:02:34,600
During the slow are in 1795. 
Even toyed, with leaving France,

3449
03:02:34,600 --> 03:02:37,900
to serve the ottoman Sultan and 
ironic Prospect for one, who 

3450
03:02:37,900 --> 03:02:39,800
would one day, humble the great 
powers of Europe. 

3451
03:02:41,000 --> 03:02:43,300
Opportunity, however, not 
knocked again, that October 

3452
03:02:43,300 --> 03:02:47,200
royalist mobs stormed toward the
ruling convention aiming to 

3453
03:02:47,200 --> 03:02:50,800
topple The Fragile Republic. 
General Paul baras. 

3454
03:02:50,800 --> 03:02:54,200
The some desperate to save the 
revolution tap, the only 

3455
03:02:54,200 --> 03:02:56,400
artillery expert. 
He knew who could be ruthless 

3456
03:02:56,400 --> 03:03:00,300
enough, Napoleon Bonaparte. 
Napoleon did not hesitate 

3457
03:03:00,300 --> 03:03:02,900
stationing cannon in the streets
of Paris. 

3458
03:03:02,900 --> 03:03:06,000
He met the royalist charged with
blasts of great shot at Point 

3459
03:03:06,000 --> 03:03:08,300
Blank Range. 
The cobblestones of the roof 

3460
03:03:08,300 --> 03:03:11,200
Centauri shook with each 
thunderous volley shredding the 

3461
03:03:11,200 --> 03:03:14,100
Insurgent columns and sending 
the survivors into panicked 

3462
03:03:14,100 --> 03:03:17,100
flight. 
A whiff of great shot one 

3463
03:03:17,100 --> 03:03:19,800
witness called it. 
Costly describing how shred 

3464
03:03:19,800 --> 03:03:22,200
banners and bodies littered the 
Smoky Avenues. 

3465
03:03:22,200 --> 03:03:26,500
Bonapartes decisive action, save
the Revolutionary government in 

3466
03:03:26,500 --> 03:03:30,600
a single brutal afternoon, he 
became the Republic Savior, and 

3467
03:03:30,600 --> 03:03:33,400
also earned a reputation for 
cold blooded efficiency that 

3468
03:03:33,400 --> 03:03:36,700
some would not forget Paris grew
quiet at dusk. 

3469
03:03:36,700 --> 03:03:41,400
The are heavy with the Tang of 
spent gunpowder and a newness, a

3470
03:03:41,400 --> 03:03:43,800
young General ad show. 
He would not hesitate to fire on

3471
03:03:43,800 --> 03:03:45,400
his fellow Frenchman to secure 
order. 

3472
03:03:46,200 --> 03:03:49,000
Far from hiding. 
This bloody episode Napoleon 

3473
03:03:49,000 --> 03:03:50,600
later had its celebrated each 
year. 

3474
03:03:50,600 --> 03:03:54,200
Defending himself with the 
remark that a soldier is only a 

3475
03:03:54,200 --> 03:03:57,000
machine to obey orders. 
The reward for this loyal 

3476
03:03:57,000 --> 03:03:59,600
service was extraordinary, 
within weeks. 

3477
03:03:59,600 --> 03:04:03,500
The directory, the new executive
body gave 26 year old Bonaparte,

3478
03:04:03,500 --> 03:04:07,300
command of the army of Italy. 
A post that season generals had 

3479
03:04:07,300 --> 03:04:11,700
coverted Around the same time he
met Josephine Dubai on a 

3480
03:04:11,700 --> 03:04:13,900
glamorous Creole Widow, six 
years. 

3481
03:04:13,900 --> 03:04:15,900
His senior who was connected to 
Paris. 

3482
03:04:15,900 --> 03:04:21,000
The attraction was immediate and
consuming in March 1796 just 

3483
03:04:21,000 --> 03:04:24,500
days before departing to take up
his new command Napoleon married

3484
03:04:24,500 --> 03:04:26,500
Josephine in a private civil 
ceremony. 

3485
03:04:27,300 --> 03:04:29,300
He adored her with an Earnest 
impassioned. 

3486
03:04:29,300 --> 03:04:30,900
Love that. 
Blazed through the letters. 

3487
03:04:30,900 --> 03:04:33,000
He would soon send daily from 
the Italian front. 

3488
03:04:33,800 --> 03:04:36,500
Josephine, provided the social 
polish and connections he 

3489
03:04:36,500 --> 03:04:38,500
lacked. 
He gave her devotion and the 

3490
03:04:38,500 --> 03:04:42,200
promise of Destiny, As he rode 
out of Paris in the spring rain 

3491
03:04:42,200 --> 03:04:47,000
Napoleon Bonaparte was a curious
figure, a Corsican outside, a 

3492
03:04:47,000 --> 03:04:50,100
turned Republican General, 
recently a penniless Outkast. 

3493
03:04:50,100 --> 03:04:53,000
Now, head of an army. 
His Ambitions were boundless. 

3494
03:04:53,000 --> 03:04:55,700
France answered, giving him an 
Army in a beautiful wife 

3495
03:04:55,700 --> 03:04:57,800
intended to repay both with 
Glory. 

3496
03:04:57,800 --> 03:05:01,700
The die was cast, the little 
corporals rapid Ascent was about

3497
03:05:01,700 --> 03:05:04,000
to commence. 
The Slender young General who 

3498
03:05:04,000 --> 03:05:07,400
arrived to lead, the army of 
Italy in 1796, founded 

3499
03:05:07,400 --> 03:05:11,500
dispirited ragtag Force, clad in
rags and hungry for both food 

3500
03:05:11,500 --> 03:05:15,100
and Victory. 
Napoleon's predecessors had a 

3501
03:05:15,100 --> 03:05:16,900
little in the grinding war 
against Austria. 

3502
03:05:17,700 --> 03:05:20,300
But the new Commander 
electrified, his men from the 

3503
03:05:20,300 --> 03:05:23,300
outset. 
Gathering, the troops who looked

3504
03:05:23,300 --> 03:05:24,700
skeptically at his slight 
stature. 

3505
03:05:24,700 --> 03:05:27,900
And Youthful face, he pointed 
toward the enemy's Richlands 

3506
03:05:27,900 --> 03:05:31,400
beyond the Alps soldiers, he 
cried, you are ill-fed and 

3507
03:05:31,400 --> 03:05:33,700
almost naked. 
I will lead you into the most 

3508
03:05:33,700 --> 03:05:37,600
fertile planes in the world, 
Rich, provinces and great 

3509
03:05:37,600 --> 03:05:40,300
cities. 
Will lie in your power in them. 

3510
03:05:40,300 --> 03:05:44,200
You will find honor glory and 
riches the soldiers erupted in. 

3511
03:05:44,200 --> 03:05:47,600
Cheers, skepticism gave way to 
further as he promised to 

3512
03:05:47,608 --> 03:05:51,300
transform their threadbare 
desperation into Triumph. during

3513
03:05:51,300 --> 03:05:53,800
the early days of the campaign, 
in The Damp foot hills of 

3514
03:05:53,800 --> 03:05:56,900
Piedmont men who were on the 
verge of deserting and stead 

3515
03:05:56,900 --> 03:05:59,600
found themselves prepared to 
follow this fiery little general

3516
03:05:59,600 --> 03:06:03,300
to the farthest reaches of the 
Earth, Napoleon promptly 

3517
03:06:03,300 --> 03:06:06,400
fulfilled his promise. 
He moved with startling speed 

3518
03:06:06,400 --> 03:06:09,700
and aggression catching Austrian
and piedmontese armies off. 

3519
03:06:09,700 --> 03:06:13,600
Balance with bold tactics in a 
world of Battles, Through the 

3520
03:06:13,600 --> 03:06:16,200
mountain passes. 
He demonstrated a predator's 

3521
03:06:16,200 --> 03:06:20,300
Instinct striking, where least 
expected and driving his 

3522
03:06:20,300 --> 03:06:22,900
exhausted troops, forward with 
sheer force of will. 

3523
03:06:23,800 --> 03:06:28,400
At Monte Dago, Melissa, Mo and 
Mondovi French Canon and 

3524
03:06:28,400 --> 03:06:31,000
bayonets rooted forces. 
That months before would have 

3525
03:06:31,000 --> 03:06:34,700
sent them reeling the Austrian, 
generals, many twice bonapartes 

3526
03:06:34,700 --> 03:06:37,200
as age were confounded by his 
unpredictable maneuvers. 

3527
03:06:38,000 --> 03:06:40,800
They haven't seen anything yet. 
Napoleon boasted confidently, 

3528
03:06:40,800 --> 03:06:44,000
after one victory in our time. 
No one has the slightest 

3529
03:06:44,000 --> 03:06:47,100
conception of what is great. 
It is up to me to give them an 

3530
03:06:47,100 --> 03:06:49,700
example. 
His bravado was backed by 

3531
03:06:49,700 --> 03:06:51,900
action. 
He negotiated Piedmont 

3532
03:06:51,900 --> 03:06:54,800
withdrawal from the war within 
weeks, then turned the army of 

3533
03:06:54,808 --> 03:06:56,600
Italy against the austrians 
occupying. 

3534
03:06:56,600 --> 03:07:01,100
Lombardi in May 1796 Napoleon 
cemented his Legend at the 

3535
03:07:01,108 --> 03:07:02,900
bridge. 
Over the Adda river near the 

3536
03:07:02,900 --> 03:07:06,600
town of Lodi the Austrian rear 
guard had taken up a strong 

3537
03:07:06,600 --> 03:07:09,700
position across the river their 
Canon covering the narrow wooden

3538
03:07:09,700 --> 03:07:13,300
span Rather than wait for a 
safer Crossing Bonaparte. 

3539
03:07:13,300 --> 03:07:15,500
Decided on a frontal, assault 
that defied. 

3540
03:07:15,500 --> 03:07:18,900
All conventional sense. 
Amidst the deafening Roar of 

3541
03:07:18,900 --> 03:07:21,200
enemy gums. 
He personally helped aim French,

3542
03:07:21,200 --> 03:07:24,500
Canon's and rallied a column of 
grenadiers for a head on charge.

3543
03:07:25,200 --> 03:07:27,800
Tricolor flag in hand. 
He plunged onto the bridge, at 

3544
03:07:27,800 --> 03:07:30,300
the head of his men. 
Grape shot, whistled, passed, 

3545
03:07:30,300 --> 03:07:32,100
his ears planks. 
Splintered. 

3546
03:07:32,100 --> 03:07:35,200
Under the blast of our Tillery. 
For an instant, the attack 

3547
03:07:35,200 --> 03:07:38,500
faltered under withering fire. 
But Napoleon stood firm in the 

3548
03:07:38,508 --> 03:07:41,600
Smoke his sword drawn and his 
uniform powdered with Gunsmoke. 

3549
03:07:42,600 --> 03:07:43,500
His presence. 
Ignited. 

3550
03:07:43,500 --> 03:07:48,000
The troops with a final yell 
honorable the troops surged 

3551
03:07:48,000 --> 03:07:54,000
forward of Lawrence overrunning.
The Austrian guns on the far 

3552
03:07:54,000 --> 03:07:58,000
Bank, the stunned enemy broken. 
Fled Lodi was a small battle, 

3553
03:07:58,000 --> 03:08:00,900
but in its drama, lay the seed 
of a myth. 

3554
03:08:01,800 --> 03:08:04,900
The soldiers raised by their 
General's, Fearless exposure to 

3555
03:08:04,908 --> 03:08:07,300
Fire and is willingness to do a 
corporal's Work. 

3556
03:08:07,308 --> 03:08:11,400
Loading guns, affectionately, 
dubbed him Le Petit Caporal the 

3557
03:08:11,400 --> 03:08:14,600
little corporal. 
That night, as the exhausted 

3558
03:08:14,600 --> 03:08:16,300
French, camped under a moonlit 
sky. 

3559
03:08:16,300 --> 03:08:19,600
In Napoleon could not sleep the 
adrenaline of Victory and 

3560
03:08:19,600 --> 03:08:22,200
survival course through him in 
later years. 

3561
03:08:22,200 --> 03:08:25,400
He would recall that at Lodi 
from that moment on I foresaw 

3562
03:08:25,400 --> 03:08:28,400
what I might be. 
Already, I felt the Earth flea 

3563
03:08:28,400 --> 03:08:30,700
from beneath me as if I were 
being carried into the sky. 

3564
03:08:31,800 --> 03:08:34,400
It was at Lodi that Napoleon 
Bonaparte began to believe 

3565
03:08:34,400 --> 03:08:38,000
unequivocally in his Destiny, 
through the Summer and Autumn of

3566
03:08:38,000 --> 03:08:42,100
1796 Napoleon LED his army on a 
Relentless offensive that read 

3567
03:08:42,100 --> 03:08:44,800
like something out of Caesar's 
commentaries Napoleon. 

3568
03:08:44,800 --> 03:08:47,800
Swiftly crossed the Po River 
flanked enemy positions using 

3569
03:08:47,800 --> 03:08:50,200
Mountain tracks and repeatedly 
in circle. 

3570
03:08:50,200 --> 03:08:54,100
The austrians in battle after 
battle castiglioni are called 

3571
03:08:54,100 --> 03:08:57,100
revelry, the French overcame 
Superior numbers through 

3572
03:08:57,100 --> 03:09:00,300
Bonaparte to imaginative tactics
and the esri de corps. 

3573
03:09:00,300 --> 03:09:04,400
He instilled his troops marched 
hungry and forth over the Alps 

3574
03:09:04,400 --> 03:09:07,400
referring to him as father, 
Violet due to his unexpected 

3575
03:09:07,400 --> 03:09:11,400
arrival, much like the first 
Violet of spring, they came to 

3576
03:09:11,400 --> 03:09:14,200
believe he could do. 
It could take any Fortress and 

3577
03:09:14,200 --> 03:09:19,100
defeat any foe an often he did. 
after a grueling Siege Napoleon 

3578
03:09:19,100 --> 03:09:24,100
captured Mantua in early 1797 
breaking Austrian resistance in 

3579
03:09:24,100 --> 03:09:27,500
Italy, By that spring, he had 
Advanced to the very edge of 

3580
03:09:27,508 --> 03:09:30,600
Austrian territory. 
Once Mighty Habsburg Empire, 

3581
03:09:30,600 --> 03:09:34,700
shocked by the string of defeats
inflicted by this, upstart sued 

3582
03:09:34,700 --> 03:09:36,600
for peace, rather than CVN a 
threatened. 

3583
03:09:36,600 --> 03:09:40,800
But apart dictated terms, like a
seasoned Statesman in the Treaty

3584
03:09:40,800 --> 03:09:45,500
of Campo formio October 1797. 
He reshaped the map of Northern 

3585
03:09:45,500 --> 03:09:49,200
Italy creating new republics 
under French influence and 

3586
03:09:49,200 --> 03:09:51,300
seeded Venetia to Austria as 
compensation. 

3587
03:09:52,400 --> 03:09:55,800
Remarkably, he negotiated this 
piece directly outshining the 

3588
03:09:55,800 --> 03:09:57,100
politicians back in. 
Paris. 

3589
03:09:57,100 --> 03:10:00,300
Here was a general taking the 
initiative to formulate foreign 

3590
03:10:00,300 --> 03:10:02,900
policy, a sign of The Growing 
Power. 

3591
03:10:02,900 --> 03:10:06,300
He was accumulating Meanwhile in
the territories he conquered 

3592
03:10:06,300 --> 03:10:10,200
Napoleon revealed other facets. 
He presented himself as a 

3593
03:10:10,200 --> 03:10:13,200
liberator, abolishing feudal, 
Privileges and spreading 

3594
03:10:13,200 --> 03:10:15,000
revolutionary principles in 
Italy. 

3595
03:10:15,700 --> 03:10:18,600
But he also levied heavy 
contributions and sent convoys 

3596
03:10:18,600 --> 03:10:21,900
of looted art back to France, 
wagon, loads of painting and 

3597
03:10:21,900 --> 03:10:25,100
sculptures spoils from Milan 
Verona, and Venus trundled over 

3598
03:10:25,100 --> 03:10:27,600
the Alps Bound. 
For the Louvre evidence that 

3599
03:10:27,600 --> 03:10:31,300
Napoleon understood the 
propaganda of culture parisians 

3600
03:10:31,300 --> 03:10:34,600
with thrilled at the arrival of 
masterpieces and the news of 

3601
03:10:34,608 --> 03:10:37,300
victory. 
The directors in Paris, found 

3602
03:10:37,300 --> 03:10:39,700
themselves eclipsed by the glory
of their young General. 

3603
03:10:40,400 --> 03:10:42,700
As his Fame grew. 
So, did the complexities of his 

3604
03:10:42,700 --> 03:10:46,100
character Napoleon. 
The Romantic for instance, was 

3605
03:10:46,100 --> 03:10:49,400
on full display in Italy 
separated, from Josephine. 

3606
03:10:49,400 --> 03:10:52,500
He wrote her letters almost 
nightly pouring out his heart in

3607
03:10:52,500 --> 03:10:55,500
unguarded prose. 
I have loved you for a long 

3608
03:10:55,508 --> 03:10:57,600
time. 
He wrote after one battle and I 

3609
03:10:57,600 --> 03:10:59,200
feel that I love you more each 
day. 

3610
03:11:00,500 --> 03:11:03,800
I thought I loved you a few days
ago, but since I saw you, I feel

3611
03:11:03,800 --> 03:11:06,000
that I love you. 
A thousand times more words that

3612
03:11:06,000 --> 03:11:09,100
reveal a passionate even 
obsessive attachment on the 

3613
03:11:09,100 --> 03:11:11,400
battlefield. 
He was icy and calculated, but 

3614
03:11:11,400 --> 03:11:13,800
alone in his tent by 
candlelight, he could be almost 

3615
03:11:13,800 --> 03:11:17,500
feverish with longing, 
unbeknownst to him, Josephine's 

3616
03:11:17,500 --> 03:11:20,700
replies were in frequent and 
often perfunctory, the worldly 

3617
03:11:20,700 --> 03:11:24,100
Creole was enjoying Paris 
society and a discrete a fair on

3618
03:11:24,100 --> 03:11:26,700
the side, this imbalance of 
affection. 

3619
03:11:26,700 --> 03:11:29,500
The Conqueror of Italy begging 
for love was a poignant 

3620
03:11:29,500 --> 03:11:32,200
contradiction. 
The soldiers saw their General 

3621
03:11:32,200 --> 03:11:34,400
as a demigod yet in matters of 
the heart. 

3622
03:11:34,400 --> 03:11:37,300
He could be as vulnerable as any
man Napoleon. 

3623
03:11:37,300 --> 03:11:39,900
Was the most renowned figure in 
France by the time he returned 

3624
03:11:39,900 --> 03:11:43,200
to Paris at the end of 1797 
newspapers. 

3625
03:11:43,200 --> 03:11:47,100
Hailed him as Italy. 
The Italian hero, extolling, his

3626
03:11:47,100 --> 03:11:51,900
triumph over challenges Walking 
through the tuileries gardens 

3627
03:11:51,900 --> 03:11:55,800
civilians gaped and officers 
snapped to attention the energy.

3628
03:11:55,800 --> 03:11:58,700
He exuded had altered the course
of a continent in a matter of 

3629
03:11:58,708 --> 03:12:01,500
months. 
Yet the directory grew weary 

3630
03:12:01,500 --> 03:12:04,400
here was a general, whose 
popularity rivaled their 

3631
03:12:04,400 --> 03:12:08,400
legitimacy. in Napoleon's 
piercing gray eyes and Kurt 

3632
03:12:08,400 --> 03:12:11,400
self-confidence, some directory 
members, Glimpse to Potential 

3633
03:12:11,400 --> 03:12:14,700
Threat, For the time being, they
showered him with honors, 

3634
03:12:14,700 --> 03:12:17,900
inviting him to dine, with 
directors and seeking his advice

3635
03:12:17,900 --> 03:12:20,900
on Grand strategy. 
However, these politicians 

3636
03:12:20,900 --> 03:12:24,600
secretly felt a sense of relief 
when Bonaparte accepted a new 

3637
03:12:24,608 --> 03:12:26,600
assignment that took him far 
from Paris. 

3638
03:12:27,400 --> 03:12:30,200
The Restless general. 
Just 28 was already looking 

3639
03:12:30,200 --> 03:12:33,800
Beyond Italy. 
In his omnivorous mine, the next

3640
03:12:33,800 --> 03:12:37,400
Grand Adventure was forming. 
He spoke of an expedition to 

3641
03:12:37,400 --> 03:12:40,400
Egypt a bold, strike aimed in 
directly at England. 

3642
03:12:40,400 --> 03:12:42,900
It was all dayshas and full of 
risk. 

3643
03:12:42,900 --> 03:12:46,400
Perfectly suited to Napoleon 
Bonaparte who by now, believe 

3644
03:12:46,400 --> 03:12:49,500
Destiny had extraordinary play 
on for him Napoleon. 

3645
03:12:49,500 --> 03:12:52,000
Embarked on his campaign in the 
east, as both conquer and 

3646
03:12:52,000 --> 03:12:54,100
Visionary. 
Determined to etch his name, 

3647
03:12:54,100 --> 03:12:57,900
alongside Alexander the Great. 
In May 1798. 

3648
03:12:57,900 --> 03:13:01,800
He sets sail from France with a 
fleet of soldiers, Scholars and 

3649
03:13:01,800 --> 03:13:03,900
dreams leaving the Comforts of 
Europe. 

3650
03:13:03,900 --> 03:13:07,400
For the fabled, Sands of Egypt, 
The Voyage itself felt like a 

3651
03:13:07,400 --> 03:13:11,000
journey into Legend on Deck 
Under the Stars, Napoleon would 

3652
03:13:11,000 --> 03:13:14,400
point out constellations to his 
servant and news about the glory

3653
03:13:14,400 --> 03:13:18,000
of antique by day. 
He devoured books on the Orient 

3654
03:13:18,800 --> 03:13:21,600
He was not merely leading an 
army, he was crafting an image 

3655
03:13:21,600 --> 03:13:25,400
of himself as an enlightened 
Liberator and a new seizure of 

3656
03:13:25,408 --> 03:13:28,600
the East. 
The soldiers packed tightly in 

3657
03:13:28,600 --> 03:13:31,400
the sweltering holds were 
regaled with their generals 

3658
03:13:31,400 --> 03:13:34,000
proclamations, that they were 
Bound for Immortal Glory. 

3659
03:13:35,000 --> 03:13:37,900
Many were seasick and anxious 
yet, they believed in him. 

3660
03:13:38,600 --> 03:13:41,300
It was said that as their ships 
passed by the Great Pyramids. 

3661
03:13:41,300 --> 03:13:44,700
Visible on the horizon, Napoleon
dramatically addressed his 

3662
03:13:44,700 --> 03:13:48,500
troops soldiers, from the summit
of these pyramids. 40 centuries 

3663
03:13:48,500 --> 03:13:51,500
looked down upon you, the line 
echoing across the Desert. 

3664
03:13:51,500 --> 03:13:53,300
Wind sent shivers down the 
ranks. 

3665
03:13:53,300 --> 03:13:56,900
It was bombastic, historically 
dubious and utterly effective in

3666
03:13:56,908 --> 03:13:59,600
stirring. 
Men's Souls Bonaparte was 

3667
03:13:59,600 --> 03:14:01,700
scripting his mythology, even as
it unfolded. 

3668
03:14:02,600 --> 03:14:05,800
After a swift conquest of the 
port of Alexandria Napoleon 

3669
03:14:05,800 --> 03:14:08,500
marched his army, Inland to 
confront the ruling mamluk 

3670
03:14:08,500 --> 03:14:12,800
Warlords. 
On July 21st, 1798 near the 

3671
03:14:12,800 --> 03:14:15,600
village of Ember Bay. 
Napoleon deployed his troops in 

3672
03:14:15,600 --> 03:14:18,700
massive Square's with the hazy 
outline of pyramids in the 

3673
03:14:18,700 --> 03:14:21,400
distance. 
The battle of the pyramids as it

3674
03:14:21,400 --> 03:14:23,900
came to be known as much the 
theater as combat. 

3675
03:14:24,700 --> 03:14:27,800
Mamluk Cavalry, and colorful 
silk and Armour charged 

3676
03:14:27,800 --> 03:14:30,200
repeatedly renowned for their 
ferocity. 

3677
03:14:30,200 --> 03:14:33,100
But the shattered against the 
disciplined French squares, 

3678
03:14:33,100 --> 03:14:36,900
bristling with bayonets amid, 
the volleys and Canon smoke, 

3679
03:14:36,900 --> 03:14:39,800
French drummers beat a steady 
Rhythm that mingled with the 

3680
03:14:39,800 --> 03:14:43,300
distant cries of camels and the 
clang, of scimitars Napoleon 

3681
03:14:43,300 --> 03:14:46,400
seated, atop a gray Arabian, 
charger surveyed the 

3682
03:14:46,400 --> 03:14:47,800
battlefield, through his 
Spyglass. 

3683
03:14:47,800 --> 03:14:52,100
Outwardly, calm, When the dust 
settled by late afternoon, 

3684
03:14:52,100 --> 03:14:55,700
thousands of mamluk riders, lay 
dead or dying in the Nile 

3685
03:14:55,700 --> 03:14:57,800
marshes. 
The French losses were 

3686
03:14:57,800 --> 03:15:01,000
relatively light word spread 
among the locals that the young 

3687
03:15:01,000 --> 03:15:04,400
General had Supernatural Powers.
How else could one explain such 

3688
03:15:04,400 --> 03:15:09,100
a lopsided victory. the Napoleon
courage, these Whispers, he 

3689
03:15:09,100 --> 03:15:13,000
established himself in Cairo and
convened, Dwayne Council of 

3690
03:15:13,000 --> 03:15:17,400
local notables pledging respect 
for his llama and the people In 

3691
03:15:17,400 --> 03:15:20,100
proclamations, he professed 
admiration for the prophet 

3692
03:15:20,100 --> 03:15:23,200
Muhammad and claimed the French 
were friends of Muslims, even 

3693
03:15:23,200 --> 03:15:26,400
inventing a tale of a mystical 
conversation with arms in a 

3694
03:15:26,400 --> 03:15:28,800
pyramid. 
Such declaration's were cynical 

3695
03:15:28,800 --> 03:15:31,000
but shrewd aimed at pacifying a 
land. 

3696
03:15:31,008 --> 03:15:34,900
He knew little about Bonaparte, 
the chameleon was adapting once 

3697
03:15:34,900 --> 03:15:37,500
more in Cairo. 
He appeared draped in an 

3698
03:15:37,500 --> 03:15:40,800
oriental robe at times, playing 
the part of the Liberator of the

3699
03:15:40,800 --> 03:15:43,700
East. 
However, reality intruded on his

3700
03:15:43,700 --> 03:15:48,600
grandiose plans, in August 1798,
mere weeks after the Triumph at 

3701
03:15:48,600 --> 03:15:50,300
the pyramids disaster, struck at
sea. 

3702
03:15:51,000 --> 03:15:52,900
The British Admiral Horatio 
Nelson caught. 

3703
03:15:52,900 --> 03:15:56,200
The French Fleet anchored in a 
bouquet Bay and annihilated it 

3704
03:15:56,200 --> 03:16:00,600
in a fiery night-long battle. 
In one night, Napoleon's 

3705
03:16:00,600 --> 03:16:03,700
communication with France was 
severed, his army was stranded 

3706
03:16:03,700 --> 03:16:08,100
in Egypt, unfazed outwardly, he 
doubled down on forging a new 

3707
03:16:08,108 --> 03:16:10,700
narrative. 
If returned to Europe was cut 

3708
03:16:10,700 --> 03:16:13,900
off, he would turn his Conquest 
into a transformative mission. 

3709
03:16:14,900 --> 03:16:18,900
he established the institute in 
Cairo, where scholar study 

3710
03:16:18,900 --> 03:16:21,800
started everything from ancient 
hieroglyphs, the Rosetta Stone 

3711
03:16:21,800 --> 03:16:24,600
would soon be on Earth by his 
team, to Modern irrigation, 

3712
03:16:25,800 --> 03:16:28,400
French officers, stroll the 
streets with notebooks and stead

3713
03:16:28,400 --> 03:16:31,900
of only muskets the occupation 
took on a curious duel nature, 

3714
03:16:31,900 --> 03:16:36,000
brutal military rule on one 
hand, suppressing revolts with 

3715
03:16:36,000 --> 03:16:39,600
mass execution when needed and 
in enlightened exploration on 

3716
03:16:39,600 --> 03:16:43,100
the other, Napoleon ordered 
local printers to produce a 

3717
03:16:43,100 --> 03:16:47,600
French Arabic newspaper created,
legit praising french fries and 

3718
03:16:47,600 --> 03:16:52,200
reforms commissioned artists to 
sketch, ruins and scientists to 

3719
03:16:52,200 --> 03:16:55,800
catalog, Egypt's flora and 
fauna. under the glow of 

3720
03:16:55,800 --> 03:16:59,000
lanterns and cairo's palaces 
conversations about philosophy 

3721
03:16:59,000 --> 03:17:02,600
and governance, unfolded in both
French and Arabic this blend of 

3722
03:17:02,600 --> 03:17:04,800
force and charm. 
Offensive was bonapartes 

3723
03:17:04,800 --> 03:17:08,700
approached to Empire Building 
through both sword and pain yet.

3724
03:17:08,700 --> 03:17:13,500
Egypt would test Napoleon has 
never before in early 1799 

3725
03:17:13,500 --> 03:17:16,200
hungry for further Laurels and 
concerned by an impending 

3726
03:17:16,200 --> 03:17:18,900
ottoman counter-attack. 
He marched North into ottoman 

3727
03:17:18,900 --> 03:17:21,700
Syria. 
Today's Israel, Palestine an 

3728
03:17:21,700 --> 03:17:24,700
Overland journey through sinai's
deserts into a crucible of 

3729
03:17:24,700 --> 03:17:27,800
hardship. 
The campaign swiftly turned into

3730
03:17:27,800 --> 03:17:31,200
a terrifying ordeal. 
The sun above was merciless, 

3731
03:17:31,200 --> 03:17:35,100
water was scarce plagued 
stalked, the ranks still 

3732
03:17:35,100 --> 03:17:38,500
Napoleon pushed on capturing 
coastal towns like El arish and 

3733
03:17:38,500 --> 03:17:41,600
Garza and then storming Jaffer 
in March 1799. 

3734
03:17:42,700 --> 03:17:46,700
That Jaffa a horrifying incident
tarnished his reputation after 

3735
03:17:46,700 --> 03:17:49,100
the city fell, thousands of 
Ottoman, soldiers, who had 

3736
03:17:49,100 --> 03:17:52,300
surrendered including a Garrison
previously, paroled by the 

3737
03:17:52,300 --> 03:17:55,600
French were executed under 
Napoleon's orders, most by 

3738
03:17:55,600 --> 03:17:58,300
shooting or bayonet. 
It was an act of Ruthless 

3739
03:17:58,300 --> 03:18:00,800
expedience. 
He could neither feed nor guard.

3740
03:18:00,800 --> 03:18:02,900
So many prisoners, while enemy 
forces. 

3741
03:18:02,900 --> 03:18:05,900
Gathered nearby. 
The beach outside, Jaffa became 

3742
03:18:05,900 --> 03:18:09,100
a field of death later. 
Accounts describe Columns of 

3743
03:18:09,108 --> 03:18:12,600
prisoners being led out under 
guard forced to knee in the 

3744
03:18:12,600 --> 03:18:16,100
dunes and the crackle of musket 
fire mingling with screams 

3745
03:18:16,100 --> 03:18:18,700
Napoleon. 
Never publicly acknowledged, 

3746
03:18:18,700 --> 03:18:22,800
this massacre within days, he 
had moved on But some of his 

3747
03:18:22,800 --> 03:18:26,000
officers were sickened by it. 
The general who spoke of 

3748
03:18:26,000 --> 03:18:28,500
Enlightenment had shown. 
He would also cross any moral 

3749
03:18:28,500 --> 03:18:30,900
line for military necessity 
days. 

3750
03:18:30,900 --> 03:18:34,700
Later in the same city, another 
scene, emerged immortalized in 

3751
03:18:34,700 --> 03:18:37,500
paint and propaganda as a 
Counterpoint to the Bloodshed. 

3752
03:18:37,500 --> 03:18:41,200
A vicious outbreak of Bubonic. 
Plague ravaged the French Camp 

3753
03:18:41,200 --> 03:18:44,100
after Jaffa soldiers. 
Lay moaning in a makeshift 

3754
03:18:44,100 --> 03:18:46,700
Hospital housed in an old 
Caravan Surrey. 

3755
03:18:47,200 --> 03:18:50,000
Fear of contagion spread even 
faster than the disease. 

3756
03:18:50,000 --> 03:18:52,800
Many troops did not go near the 
stricken. 

3757
03:18:53,700 --> 03:18:56,700
Napoleon understood that fear, 
could destroy his army faster 

3758
03:18:56,700 --> 03:18:59,700
than played itself. 
So on a warm morning in 

3759
03:18:59,700 --> 03:19:02,100
mid-march, he visited the play 
hospital in Jaffa. 

3760
03:19:02,800 --> 03:19:05,000
According to accounts, he Strode
through the lower. 

3761
03:19:05,000 --> 03:19:07,800
Archways of the mosque turned 
infirmary with a calm expression

3762
03:19:07,800 --> 03:19:11,700
as a raise of light pierced, the
dusty are rows of the second 

3763
03:19:11,700 --> 03:19:15,300
line, the walls, their faces 
etched with feverish agony, 

3764
03:19:16,000 --> 03:19:19,800
Napoleon showed no hesitation he
moved from cot to cot speaking 

3765
03:19:19,800 --> 03:19:22,900
softly, even touching one 
soldiers in flame bubo with his 

3766
03:19:22,900 --> 03:19:26,100
bare hand, in a gesture of 
compassion, and courage, the men

3767
03:19:26,108 --> 03:19:29,400
watched in astonishment as their
General, the same man who had 

3768
03:19:29,400 --> 03:19:32,200
ordered Prisoners shot days 
before now, comforted The 

3769
03:19:32,200 --> 03:19:34,200
Afflicted with near saintly 
composure. 

3770
03:19:34,200 --> 03:19:37,700
One soldier, reportedly tried 
weekly to rise and salute 

3771
03:19:37,700 --> 03:19:42,000
Napoleon, gently bade him, rest 
this visit became legendary 

3772
03:19:42,000 --> 03:19:45,300
later back in France. 
The event would be commemorated 

3773
03:19:45,300 --> 03:19:47,900
by artist. 
Antoine genre in a massive 

3774
03:19:47,900 --> 03:19:50,900
painting depicting Bonaparte as 
a Fearless healer reaching out 

3775
03:19:50,900 --> 03:19:54,300
to the plague and bathed in a 
quasi religious glow. 

3776
03:19:55,700 --> 03:19:58,700
The painting glossed over the 
Grimmer context, yet its power 

3777
03:19:58,700 --> 03:20:00,700
endures. 
It was propaganda. 

3778
03:20:00,700 --> 03:20:04,600
As much as compassion, Napoleon 
crafting, the myth of himself as

3779
03:20:04,600 --> 03:20:06,500
both ruthless conqueror and 
benevolent hero. 

3780
03:20:06,500 --> 03:20:10,700
That spring, however, military 
realities, were harsh Napoleon's

3781
03:20:10,700 --> 03:20:13,300
Advanced Into the Heart of Syria
and countered the formidable 

3782
03:20:13,300 --> 03:20:16,400
walls, of Accra British 
warships, aided the ottoman 

3783
03:20:16,400 --> 03:20:20,000
Defenders and despite repeated 
assaults The Fortress of Akron 

3784
03:20:20,000 --> 03:20:23,400
did not fall. 
Bonapartes Army grew weaker by 

3785
03:20:23,400 --> 03:20:27,100
the day, plague heat and stiff 
resistance sap their strength. 

3786
03:20:28,100 --> 03:20:31,300
After two months of frustration 
and Napoleon, finally lifted The

3787
03:20:31,300 --> 03:20:35,400
Siege in May 1799. 
He led his gaunt Warren, man on 

3788
03:20:35,400 --> 03:20:38,400
a grueling Retreat. 
Back to Egypt harassed by a 

3789
03:20:38,400 --> 03:20:41,400
mounted ottoman forces, and 
bedeviled by the merciless 

3790
03:20:41,400 --> 03:20:44,000
climate. 
The omniscient narrator of 

3791
03:20:44,000 --> 03:20:46,500
History might note that the 
event was the first serious 

3792
03:20:46,500 --> 03:20:50,200
setback in Napoleon's career. 
Outside the walls of Accra. 

3793
03:20:50,200 --> 03:20:54,200
The limits of his fortune became
evident in one poignant incident

3794
03:20:54,200 --> 03:20:56,700
during the retreat, French 
soldier, too. 

3795
03:20:56,700 --> 03:20:58,300
Sick to walk. 
Begged not to be left behind 

3796
03:20:58,300 --> 03:21:02,500
Napoleon, paused and in a red 
display of quite Mercy, ordered 

3797
03:21:02,500 --> 03:21:03,800
that a horse. 
Be left for the man. 

3798
03:21:03,800 --> 03:21:08,900
A small Redemption for jaffas 
Horror by late 1799 back in 

3799
03:21:08,900 --> 03:21:12,600
Cairo, Napoleon received word of
political turmoil in France and 

3800
03:21:12,600 --> 03:21:14,800
the threat of invasion by 
European coalitions. 

3801
03:21:14,800 --> 03:21:18,300
Sensing that his moment on the 
larger World stage had arrived. 

3802
03:21:18,300 --> 03:21:21,500
He made a fateful decision, he 
would abandon the Egyptian 

3803
03:21:21,500 --> 03:21:23,500
Enterprise and returned to Paris
post haste. 

3804
03:21:24,500 --> 03:21:27,300
He left general clayburgh in 
charge of the army with secret 

3805
03:21:27,300 --> 03:21:30,400
instructions to negotiate 
withdrawal and slipped out of 

3806
03:21:30,400 --> 03:21:34,700
Egypt with a few close aides in 
August 1799 by luck and still, 

3807
03:21:34,700 --> 03:21:37,600
he navigated through the British
blockades and arrived in France 

3808
03:21:37,600 --> 03:21:39,800
in October where he was greeted 
as a hero. 

3809
03:21:40,700 --> 03:21:44,000
Astonishingly the disasters, The
Fleets destruction and the 

3810
03:21:44,000 --> 03:21:47,000
failure at Echo will largely 
suppressed or ignored in the 

3811
03:21:47,008 --> 03:21:49,800
news instead. 
France, heard only of the 

3812
03:21:49,808 --> 03:21:52,200
triumphs, the battle of the 
pyramids, the scientific 

3813
03:21:52,200 --> 03:21:54,600
discoveries and the Bold Eastern
Adventure. 

3814
03:21:55,200 --> 03:21:58,700
In the public eye Napoleon 
returned from Egypt, draped in 

3815
03:21:58,700 --> 03:22:03,900
Oriental mystery and Glory. 
As he intended he brought home 

3816
03:22:03,900 --> 03:22:08,200
Scholars, reports exotic animals
and art further, fueling the 

3817
03:22:08,200 --> 03:22:11,900
legend he was weaving around 
himself, The Egyptian Expedition

3818
03:22:11,900 --> 03:22:15,700
ultimately was a mixed success 
of best in Practical terms, but 

3819
03:22:15,700 --> 03:22:19,200
in terms of Napoleon's self-made
mythology, it was a Triumph. 

3820
03:22:19,800 --> 03:22:22,900
He had shown France, not only a 
general of Battlefield genius, 

3821
03:22:22,900 --> 03:22:26,600
but also a leader who aspire to 
Greatness on a civilizational 

3822
03:22:26,600 --> 03:22:28,800
scale. 
He cast himself as a new 

3823
03:22:28,800 --> 03:22:32,400
Alexander, a law giver and 
Patron of knowledge as well as a

3824
03:22:32,408 --> 03:22:35,000
warrior. 
The contradictions were Stark. 

3825
03:22:35,000 --> 03:22:38,300
The same man who executed 
prisoners and poisoned plague 

3826
03:22:38,300 --> 03:22:41,200
victims also posed as an 
emancipator and enlightened 

3827
03:22:41,200 --> 03:22:43,800
ruler. 
Only seemed aware that to 

3828
03:22:43,800 --> 03:22:46,600
achieve immortality, a leader, 
had to shape his narrative. 

3829
03:22:47,700 --> 03:22:49,300
In Egypt. 
He learned the power of image 

3830
03:22:49,300 --> 03:22:52,000
and propaganda. 
From the grandiose proclamations

3831
03:22:52,000 --> 03:22:55,300
and commissioned paintings to 
the curated flow of news back to

3832
03:22:55,300 --> 03:22:58,100
Europe. 
He ensured that he Napoleon 

3833
03:22:58,100 --> 03:23:00,800
Bonaparte would not be 
considered merely another French

3834
03:23:00,800 --> 03:23:03,000
General. 
He would become a figure worthy 

3835
03:23:03,000 --> 03:23:06,300
of epochs a man who conquered 
ancient lands and engaged in 

3836
03:23:06,300 --> 03:23:09,200
conversation with the pyramids 
as he returned to France. 

3837
03:23:09,200 --> 03:23:13,000
He prepared for his next daring 
action, seizing political power,

3838
03:23:13,900 --> 03:23:16,200
The savior of France had 
returned from the deserts 

3839
03:23:16,200 --> 03:23:19,100
burnished by Sun and fame. 
Ready to dictate the next 

3840
03:23:19,100 --> 03:23:21,200
chapter of the Revolution, the 
France. 

3841
03:23:22,200 --> 03:23:25,900
Napoleon returned to in 1799 was
ripe for change. 

3842
03:23:25,900 --> 03:23:29,500
In the directory. 
Government was deeply unpopular 

3843
03:23:29,500 --> 03:23:34,300
marred by corruption, economic 
troubles and Military setbacks 

3844
03:23:34,300 --> 03:23:38,400
in Europe during his absence. 
Paris buzzed with rumors of Coos

3845
03:23:38,400 --> 03:23:42,800
and conspiracies Emmanuel caes. 
One of the directors, famously 

3846
03:23:42,800 --> 03:23:46,300
muttered that France needed 
ahead a sword to complete the 

3847
03:23:46,300 --> 03:23:49,300
revolution's work. 
Fresh from his Egyptian mystique

3848
03:23:49,300 --> 03:23:52,700
and Italian Laurel's Napoleon 
appeared to many as the ideal 

3849
03:23:52,700 --> 03:23:56,000
candidate for this role. 
Ever the political opportunist. 

3850
03:23:56,000 --> 03:24:00,800
He quietly aligned with plotters
including Caesar and his Savvy 

3851
03:24:00,800 --> 03:24:05,800
younger brother Lucia Bonaparte.
Behind closed doors in prison 

3852
03:24:05,800 --> 03:24:09,400
salons, thick with cigar smoke, 
the plot of scheme to topple the

3853
03:24:09,400 --> 03:24:11,500
directory throughout October 
1799. 

3854
03:24:12,700 --> 03:24:16,000
Napoleon was cautious at first, 
assessing every detail like a 

3855
03:24:16,000 --> 03:24:19,100
battlefield plan. 
But as the crowds cheered him in

3856
03:24:19,100 --> 03:24:21,900
the streets, and even the fickle
newspapers, hailed him, he 

3857
03:24:21,900 --> 03:24:23,700
realized that now was The 
crucial moment. 

3858
03:24:24,600 --> 03:24:26,700
We command get caught in the 
current of events. 

3859
03:24:26,700 --> 03:24:30,000
You can find it to a friend, but
I will direct events myself. 

3860
03:24:31,400 --> 03:24:34,300
The omniscient, narrator might 
observe that fortune was once 

3861
03:24:34,300 --> 03:24:37,900
again, favoring him Napoleon put
his plan in motion on the 

3862
03:24:37,900 --> 03:24:43,700
morning of 18 Premiere year 8, 
November 9th, 1799 by the 

3863
03:24:43,700 --> 03:24:47,400
Republican calendar under the 
pretext of a supposed Jack in 

3864
03:24:47,400 --> 03:24:50,000
the threat. 
He persuaded the councils 

3865
03:24:50,000 --> 03:24:53,200
France's legislature to move 
their session out of volatile 

3866
03:24:53,200 --> 03:24:56,800
Paris to the Suburban. 
Chateau of San Luis where his 

3867
03:24:56,800 --> 03:24:58,200
loyal troops could surround 
them. 

3868
03:24:59,400 --> 03:25:02,600
The air was tense and thick with
the Intrigue as Bonaparte on his

3869
03:25:02,600 --> 03:25:06,100
generals uniform mounted a horse
and trotted through the Paris 

3870
03:25:06,100 --> 03:25:09,200
streets flanked by grenadiers. 
He had told Joe's fiend to be 

3871
03:25:09,208 --> 03:25:12,100
ready for any outcome success or
is death or imprisonment. 

3872
03:25:13,200 --> 03:25:15,000
If I fail, I shall be outlawed 
tomorrow. 

3873
03:25:15,000 --> 03:25:20,900
He said Flatley By afternoon and
a grain November Skies soldiers,

3874
03:25:20,900 --> 03:25:25,000
occupied key positions around 
Saint clew inside, bewildered, 

3875
03:25:25,000 --> 03:25:26,700
deputies gathered and gilded 
Chambers. 

3876
03:25:26,700 --> 03:25:31,000
Suspecting something was amiss 
Napoleon paste in an 

3877
03:25:31,000 --> 03:25:33,600
anti-chamber 
uncharacteristically nervous. 

3878
03:25:34,300 --> 03:25:37,700
He was a man used to commanding 
armies not quelling politicians 

3879
03:25:37,700 --> 03:25:40,300
and for perhaps the first time 
doubted him. 

3880
03:25:41,100 --> 03:25:43,900
Nonetheless, he steeled himself 
and strolled into the Hall of 

3881
03:25:43,908 --> 03:25:45,700
the Council of ancients head 
high. 

3882
03:25:46,300 --> 03:25:49,800
He addressed the Ancients with 
controlled passion, decrying the

3883
03:25:49,800 --> 03:25:53,100
incapable directory and the 
perils facing France. 

3884
03:25:54,200 --> 03:25:56,400
His hands trembled slightly as 
he gestured. 

3885
03:25:57,300 --> 03:26:00,300
This was no Battlefield. 
And the Hostile stares of 

3886
03:26:00,300 --> 03:26:02,300
connected. 
Deputies were a new kind of 

3887
03:26:02,300 --> 03:26:05,500
danger. 
Some applauded, but others in 

3888
03:26:05,500 --> 03:26:08,100
descent. 
Napoleon next move to the 

3889
03:26:08,100 --> 03:26:10,700
Council of 500. 
The lower house where things 

3890
03:26:10,700 --> 03:26:13,800
would soon descend into chaos. 
The moment, he entered the 

3891
03:26:13,800 --> 03:26:17,500
orangery where 500 legislators 
were meeting a hostile raw rose 

3892
03:26:17,500 --> 03:26:20,200
up down with the Tyrant, Outlaw 
him in. 

3893
03:26:20,200 --> 03:26:23,700
Deputies screamed upon seeing 
soldiers at his back, Napoleon 

3894
03:26:23,700 --> 03:26:27,000
momentarily, stumbled, over his 
words, declaring that his only 

3895
03:26:27,000 --> 03:26:28,600
goal was to preserve the 
Republic. 

3896
03:26:28,600 --> 03:26:32,700
His presents inflamed, the 
assembly, a lot of deputies 

3897
03:26:32,700 --> 03:26:35,800
rushed at him one even lunging 
as if to stab him with a paper 

3898
03:26:35,800 --> 03:26:39,600
knife. 
Amid shouts of hodler Outlaw him

3899
03:26:39,600 --> 03:26:43,300
Napoleon, turned pale and 
reportedly began to shake. 

3900
03:26:44,100 --> 03:26:46,100
For a heartbeat. 
It seemed his carefully laid 

3901
03:26:46,100 --> 03:26:49,000
too, might collapse in 
embarrassment, grenadiers 

3902
03:26:49,000 --> 03:26:52,600
hustled him out as the hall 
erupted in pandemonium outside 

3903
03:26:52,600 --> 03:26:55,000
in the palace. 
Courtyard, Napoleon, Court, his 

3904
03:26:55,000 --> 03:26:57,100
breath, sweat. 
Beading on his forehead. 

3905
03:26:57,100 --> 03:27:00,800
In the cool atem are he was used
to Battlefield Glory, but this 

3906
03:27:00,800 --> 03:27:03,500
was raw political theater and it
was almost lost. 

3907
03:27:03,500 --> 03:27:06,400
The day was saved by a 
combination of military force 

3908
03:27:06,400 --> 03:27:10,000
and his brothers, quick wits. 
Lucien Bonaparte decisively, 

3909
03:27:10,000 --> 03:27:12,500
took the stage as president of 
the Council of 500. 

3910
03:27:13,400 --> 03:27:15,800
He Slipped Away In A dressed the
soldiers waiting outside. 

3911
03:27:16,700 --> 03:27:20,400
With a dramatic flourishing, 
drew his sword and pointed it, 

3912
03:27:20,400 --> 03:27:23,100
and Napoleon's chest shouting. 
The, his brother been attacked 

3913
03:27:23,100 --> 03:27:26,100
by assassin's inside and that he
would strike in Napoleon down 

3914
03:27:26,100 --> 03:27:28,000
himself. 
If ever the general betrayed the

3915
03:27:28,000 --> 03:27:32,000
people, The grenadiers perplexed
but swayed by losing his bravado

3916
03:27:32,000 --> 03:27:34,600
rallied. 
They burst into the hall with 

3917
03:27:34,600 --> 03:27:37,900
fixed bayonets clearing, it of 
recalcitrant deputies in minutes

3918
03:27:37,900 --> 03:27:41,300
legislators scrambled out, 
windows or bolted for the doors 

3919
03:27:41,300 --> 03:27:42,900
as soldiers occupied the 
chamber. 

3920
03:27:43,600 --> 03:27:47,000
By evening SoundCloud was silent
for the measured Tramp of boots 

3921
03:27:47,000 --> 03:27:50,300
on marble floors. 
A rump of hand-picked deputies 

3922
03:27:50,300 --> 03:27:52,200
brought back under bayonet 
guard. 

3923
03:27:52,200 --> 03:27:55,400
Voted to abolish the directory 
and appointed a three-man 

3924
03:27:55,400 --> 03:27:56,600
consulate to govern. 
France. 

3925
03:27:57,700 --> 03:28:00,400
The coup so far messier than 
planned had succeeded. 

3926
03:28:01,300 --> 03:28:04,300
Napoleon was named first Consul 
the dominant position in the new

3927
03:28:04,300 --> 03:28:06,700
government. 
As he rode back to Paris that 

3928
03:28:06,700 --> 03:28:09,700
night under escort. 
He was exhausted but exultant, 

3929
03:28:10,300 --> 03:28:12,600
the revolution is over. 
He declared to an aide with 

3930
03:28:12,600 --> 03:28:14,700
quiet. 
Triumph, I am the revolution 

3931
03:28:14,700 --> 03:28:17,400
now. 
In reality, it was a new 

3932
03:28:17,408 --> 03:28:20,800
beginning, the 30 year old 
General had seized control of 

3933
03:28:20,808 --> 03:28:23,900
the nation. 
Over the next months Napoleon, 

3934
03:28:23,900 --> 03:28:26,600
solidified, his power with 
breathtaking, speed and 

3935
03:28:26,600 --> 03:28:29,700
shrewdness. 
While Sierra's and do call the 

3936
03:28:29,700 --> 03:28:33,300
other two consoles were shunted 
aside into a relevance Bonaparte

3937
03:28:33,300 --> 03:28:35,600
set up residence. 
In the trailer is Palace, the 

3938
03:28:35,600 --> 03:28:39,000
former Royal residence signaling
that a new kind of ruler had 

3939
03:28:39,000 --> 03:28:41,300
arrived. 
He worked for oceanly some 

3940
03:28:41,300 --> 03:28:44,300
times, 18 hours, a day, 
overseeing everything from 

3941
03:28:44,300 --> 03:28:46,500
military operations to 
administrative reforms. 

3942
03:28:47,200 --> 03:28:49,900
The third person omniscient view
allows a glimpse in to his 

3943
03:28:49,900 --> 03:28:52,700
private routine. 
Rise in Before Dawn he would 

3944
03:28:52,700 --> 03:28:55,100
dictate letters to multiple 
secretaries and succession. 

3945
03:28:55,100 --> 03:28:57,200
His mind leaping from topic to 
topic. 

3946
03:28:57,200 --> 03:29:00,500
Then meet ministers then 
generals sorting each issue with

3947
03:29:00,500 --> 03:29:03,600
the decisive Clarity. 
He seemed to scarcely need sleep

3948
03:29:03,600 --> 03:29:06,100
running on ambition and endless 
cups of strong coffee. 

3949
03:29:07,100 --> 03:29:08,900
France, weary of a decade of 
revolutionary. 

3950
03:29:08,900 --> 03:29:11,900
Chaos responded in 
enthusiastically to firmly 

3951
03:29:11,900 --> 03:29:14,300
leadership. 
Even as Napoleon Titan 

3952
03:29:14,300 --> 03:29:17,500
censorship on the press and set 
up in a fishing secret police 

3953
03:29:17,500 --> 03:29:20,100
under Joseph. 
Fouche, many welcome the 

3954
03:29:20,100 --> 03:29:22,400
stability. 
These measures brought a new 

3955
03:29:22,408 --> 03:29:25,000
slogan appeared Authority. 
Not Liberty. 

3956
03:29:26,600 --> 03:29:29,600
The very people who had once 
shouted for Freedom now, craved 

3957
03:29:29,600 --> 03:29:33,500
order and Bonaparte. 
Delivered, it Abroad. 

3958
03:29:33,500 --> 03:29:36,700
He continued to prove his genius
on the battlefield further 

3959
03:29:36,700 --> 03:29:41,500
cementing his position at home. 
In 1800 when Austria threatened 

3960
03:29:41,500 --> 03:29:44,500
to overturn the gains of the 
Revolution Napoleon, led a 

3961
03:29:44,500 --> 03:29:47,500
dramatic crossing of the Alps, 
guiding the army of the reserve 

3962
03:29:47,500 --> 03:29:50,300
through the high passes with 
Canon dragged by mules and men 

3963
03:29:50,300 --> 03:29:52,300
in scenes. 
That would later be immortalized

3964
03:29:52,300 --> 03:29:54,400
in art, albeit with a white 
charger. 

3965
03:29:54,400 --> 03:29:57,400
He likely never rode He 
surprised the austrians in 

3966
03:29:57,400 --> 03:29:59,900
Northern Italy by securing a 
victory at Morengo. 

3967
03:29:59,900 --> 03:30:04,600
In June, 1800 a fierce battle 
where a midday crisis almost led

3968
03:30:04,600 --> 03:30:08,200
to the French's defeat, but a 
timely cavalry charge reversed, 

3969
03:30:08,200 --> 03:30:12,800
the outcome Moreno became Mythic
in France, Napoleon spun. 

3970
03:30:12,800 --> 03:30:15,700
It is a grand Triumph of his 
personal leadership, indeed, 

3971
03:30:15,700 --> 03:30:18,808
when his exhausted troops, 
cheered Vive Bonaparte on the 

3972
03:30:18,816 --> 03:30:22,600
blood soaked fields of Morango. 
It reinforced his near me, 

3973
03:30:22,600 --> 03:30:26,100
Messianic, status Austria sued 
for peace and Britain to sign 

3974
03:30:26,100 --> 03:30:29,800
the Treaty of Emilio in. 1802, a
rare moment of General European 

3975
03:30:29,800 --> 03:30:33,000
peace that the first console 
used to consolidate his regime. 

3976
03:30:33,000 --> 03:30:36,100
During these years. 
Napoleon revealed himself, not 

3977
03:30:36,100 --> 03:30:39,100
just as a brilliant General, but
as a statement of extraordinary 

3978
03:30:39,100 --> 03:30:43,500
talent and contradictions, he 
set about rebuilding France, the

3979
03:30:43,500 --> 03:30:46,700
consulate saw sweeping reforms, 
a new legal code, the code 

3980
03:30:46,700 --> 03:30:51,100
civilian code, was drafted to 
enshrine equality before the law

3981
03:30:51,100 --> 03:30:53,500
property rights and secular 
Authority. 

3982
03:30:54,300 --> 03:30:57,700
Napoleon took a direct hand. 
In its formulation personally, 

3983
03:30:57,700 --> 03:30:59,700
chairing. 
Many sessions of the Council of 

3984
03:30:59,700 --> 03:31:02,800
State quill in hand, debating 
points of contract law 

3985
03:31:02,800 --> 03:31:05,900
inheritance. 
The code completed in 1804 

3986
03:31:05,900 --> 03:31:08,600
eliminated, feudal, remnants and
became one of Napoleon's 

3987
03:31:08,600 --> 03:31:11,900
proudest achievements. 
A lasting framework of Justice. 

3988
03:31:12,800 --> 03:31:15,500
At the same time, he broke a 
reconciliation with the Catholic

3989
03:31:15,500 --> 03:31:19,900
Church through the concordat of 
1801 healing, the rift caused by

3990
03:31:19,900 --> 03:31:21,800
a revolutionary de 
christianisation. 

3991
03:31:22,800 --> 03:31:26,200
To the horror of ideologues this
pragmatic deal recognized 

3992
03:31:26,200 --> 03:31:29,200
Catholicism as the religion of 
most Frenchmen though, not the 

3993
03:31:29,200 --> 03:31:31,900
state, religion and restored 
some church influence. 

3994
03:31:31,900 --> 03:31:36,000
But under Napoleon's terms The 
once anti-clerical General 

3995
03:31:36,000 --> 03:31:39,100
understood that to pacify 
France, he must placate her 

3996
03:31:39,100 --> 03:31:42,200
Believers thus in Notre. 
Dame Cathedral where 

3997
03:31:42,200 --> 03:31:45,100
revolutionaries had. 
Once exalted reason Mass was 

3998
03:31:45,100 --> 03:31:47,400
celebrated Again, by order of 
the first console. 

3999
03:31:48,100 --> 03:31:49,900
No detail of governance. 
Escaped him. 

4000
03:31:50,600 --> 03:31:52,900
He created the bank of France to
stabilize the current currency 

4001
03:31:52,900 --> 03:31:57,100
overhauled education with newly 
says and scholarships and reform

4002
03:31:57,100 --> 03:32:00,900
taxation so revenues flowed, 
reliably roads and bridges were 

4003
03:32:00,900 --> 03:32:04,400
built or a cross the country. 
In the Twilight Halls of the 

4004
03:32:04,408 --> 03:32:06,500
twillery. 
Courtiers once again, danced at 

4005
03:32:06,500 --> 03:32:08,300
balls. 
But this time, honoring a 

4006
03:32:08,308 --> 03:32:11,800
soldier in place of a king. 
France was regaining prosperity 

4007
03:32:11,800 --> 03:32:15,400
and confidence under Napoleon's 
firm hand all the while 

4008
03:32:15,400 --> 03:32:18,300
bonapartes personal power, grew 
ever more concentrated. 

4009
03:32:19,200 --> 03:32:22,500
In 1802 a national plebiscite to
mimir. 

4010
03:32:22,500 --> 03:32:24,200
Carefully. 
Managed by his officials. 

4011
03:32:24,200 --> 03:32:28,200
Made him first consul for life. 
The result was announced with 

4012
03:32:28,200 --> 03:32:32,900
Fanfare, an implausible majority
of Voters in favor which 

4013
03:32:32,900 --> 03:32:36,000
flattered him immensely, he 
would famously dismiss 

4014
03:32:36,000 --> 03:32:38,700
objections by pointing to such 
plebiscites claiming. 

4015
03:32:38,700 --> 03:32:42,900
He had the people's mandate An 
emperor in Waiting in all, but 

4016
03:32:42,900 --> 03:32:44,700
name he began to Envision a 
dynasty. 

4017
03:32:45,400 --> 03:32:48,200
In the quiet of his private 
study and pondered the fate of 

4018
03:32:48,200 --> 03:32:51,200
Caesar and Charmaine concluding 
that the revolution needed the 

4019
03:32:51,200 --> 03:32:53,000
permanents of monarchy in a new 
form. 

4020
03:32:53,000 --> 03:32:55,400
His siblings were given honors 
and arranger. 

4021
03:32:55,400 --> 03:32:58,900
Advantageous, marriages Napoleon
was positioning, the bonapartes 

4022
03:32:58,900 --> 03:33:02,800
as France's new royal family, 
much to the ridicule of some old

4023
03:33:02,800 --> 03:33:06,100
revolutionaries who muttered 
that we did not destroy one 

4024
03:33:06,100 --> 03:33:09,700
aristocracy to create another 
But many others went along 

4025
03:33:09,700 --> 03:33:12,400
eagerly trading. 
Ideological Purity for the 

4026
03:33:12,400 --> 03:33:16,900
trappings of a renewed Court. 
like 1804 foiled plot against 

4027
03:33:16,900 --> 03:33:20,700
his life, such as the infernal 
machine bomb on a Paris Street 

4028
03:33:20,708 --> 03:33:25,100
in 1800 And royalist intrigues, 
provided the pretext to take the

4029
03:33:25,100 --> 03:33:29,500
final step. 
In the spring of 1804 evidence 

4030
03:33:29,500 --> 03:33:32,800
of a bourbon princes 
involvement, in a conspiracy LED

4031
03:33:32,800 --> 03:33:36,300
Napoleon to order, the Duke of 
onyeme seized from neutral 

4032
03:33:36,300 --> 03:33:39,600
territory and executed an action
that sent a chill through 

4033
03:33:39,600 --> 03:33:42,200
Europe's aristocracy but 
eliminated a potential 

4034
03:33:42,200 --> 03:33:45,600
figurehead for monarchists. 
Soon after the Senate petition 

4035
03:33:45,600 --> 03:33:48,100
Napoleon to assume the title of 
Emperor to stabilize the 

4036
03:33:48,108 --> 03:33:50,700
government, it was staged, 
managed yet. 

4037
03:33:50,700 --> 03:33:53,800
It answered a real yearning, 
among the French for continuity 

4038
03:33:53,800 --> 03:33:56,600
and Glory. 
Napoleon accepted. 

4039
03:33:56,600 --> 03:33:58,800
Another plebiscite was held 
again. 

4040
03:33:58,800 --> 03:34:01,600
Approving by an overwhelming 
margin, that Bonaparte become 

4041
03:34:01,600 --> 03:34:06,600
emperor of the French under 2nd 
1804 Notre Dame cathedral in 

4042
03:34:06,600 --> 03:34:09,400
Paris hosted a coronation the 
likes of which Europe had not 

4043
03:34:09,400 --> 03:34:12,400
seen in decades. 
The medieval edifice wants to 

4044
03:34:12,400 --> 03:34:14,500
face and neglected in the 
Revolutionary term. 

4045
03:34:14,500 --> 03:34:17,800
Oil was lavishly restored and 
draped in crimson and gold for 

4046
03:34:17,800 --> 03:34:20,500
the occasion. 
Dignitaries from across Europe. 

4047
03:34:20,500 --> 03:34:23,400
Some grudging others, curious 
attended. 

4048
03:34:24,200 --> 03:34:27,100
Pope Pius, the seventh himself 
was brought from Rome to bless 

4049
03:34:27,100 --> 03:34:30,400
the ceremony, a stunning coup 
that led to mantle of ancient 

4050
03:34:30,400 --> 03:34:33,900
legitimacy, the atmosphere 
inside, Notre Dame mixed 

4051
03:34:33,900 --> 03:34:37,500
Grandeur with spectacle. 
Incense wafted through the air 

4052
03:34:37,500 --> 03:34:42,500
of candles illuminated the Nave 
and the 35 year old Napoleon 

4053
03:34:42,500 --> 03:34:46,800
clad in Robes of velvet and 
ermine process down the aisle to

4054
03:34:46,800 --> 03:34:50,800
the strains of Glorious music. 
But true to his character, he 

4055
03:34:50,800 --> 03:34:53,400
subtly upended Tradition at the 
climactic moment. 

4056
03:34:54,200 --> 03:34:57,500
As the pope prepared to anoint 
and Crown Him Napoleon, stepped 

4057
03:34:57,500 --> 03:35:01,100
forward, took the crown, the new
golden diode and modeled on 

4058
03:35:01,108 --> 03:35:04,200
Charlemagne's into his hands and
placed it upon his head. 

4059
03:35:04,200 --> 03:35:07,700
The audience gasped, softly. 
It was unheard of from a monk to

4060
03:35:07,700 --> 03:35:09,900
Crown himself. 
Then Napoleon Crown. 

4061
03:35:09,900 --> 03:35:13,300
Josephine's, Empress gently 
setting, a small crown on her 

4062
03:35:13,300 --> 03:35:16,100
bowed head. 
Even as tears of emotion, filled

4063
03:35:16,100 --> 03:35:19,100
her eyes, their marriage had 
been Rocky over the issue of an 

4064
03:35:19,100 --> 03:35:21,300
air. 
But today, they presented a 

4065
03:35:21,300 --> 03:35:24,700
united front in Majesty. 
The pope raised a hand in 

4066
03:35:24,700 --> 03:35:27,300
blessing effectively ratifying 
what had already occurred. 

4067
03:35:27,300 --> 03:35:31,900
Observers noted the symbolism 
Napoleon signaled, that he owed 

4068
03:35:31,900 --> 03:35:34,300
his throne to no one. 
But himself in the French people

4069
03:35:34,300 --> 03:35:37,800
by the grace of God and the 
constitution of the Republic as 

4070
03:35:37,800 --> 03:35:40,100
the formula ran. 
Some detractors. 

4071
03:35:40,100 --> 03:35:42,600
Whispered, it was the ultimate 
Act of bonaparte's arrogance. 

4072
03:35:42,600 --> 03:35:45,800
Others saw in it the genius of a
man who made and recognized his 

4073
03:35:45,800 --> 03:35:48,800
own destiny. 
Either way Napoleon had risen 

4074
03:35:48,800 --> 03:35:51,800
from Corsican, obscurity to 
Imperial Zenith in just 15 

4075
03:35:51,800 --> 03:35:54,900
years. 
As the Cannons boomed, a 21 gun 

4076
03:35:54,900 --> 03:35:58,000
salute across Paris and the 
newly crowned Emperor stepped 

4077
03:35:58,000 --> 03:36:00,900
out on the cathedral steps. 
In the same uniform. 

4078
03:36:00,900 --> 03:36:04,000
He wore at moringo beneath the 
Imperial mantle the crowds 

4079
03:36:04,000 --> 03:36:08,000
acclaimed him wildly Many had 
tears in their eyes but leaving 

4080
03:36:08,000 --> 03:36:09,700
they beheld the savior of 
France. 

4081
03:36:09,700 --> 03:36:13,400
Crowned in glory Thus, the 
French Republic, gave way to the

4082
03:36:13,400 --> 03:36:16,100
French Empire with Napoleon the 
first on the throne. 

4083
03:36:16,900 --> 03:36:19,800
In him, he saw a rare 
combination of revolutionary 

4084
03:36:19,800 --> 03:36:21,200
change and traditional 
Authority. 

4085
03:36:22,000 --> 03:36:24,700
Kept the slogan, Liberty, 
equality, fraternity, on his 

4086
03:36:24,700 --> 03:36:26,700
lips. 
Even as he founded in new 

4087
03:36:26,700 --> 03:36:30,100
nobility, granted Marshalls 
princely titles and sat on a 

4088
03:36:30,100 --> 03:36:32,400
throne. 
The third person, omniscient 

4089
03:36:32,400 --> 03:36:36,100
perspective discerns in Napoleon
a consciousness of this Paradox.

4090
03:36:36,100 --> 03:36:39,300
He sincerely viewed himself as 
the guarantor of the 

4091
03:36:39,300 --> 03:36:42,900
revolution's core gains even 
while accumulating power more 

4092
03:36:42,900 --> 03:36:44,900
absolute than any bourbon before
him. 

4093
03:36:46,000 --> 03:36:48,700
On the night, after the 
coronation in theory Palace, the

4094
03:36:48,700 --> 03:36:52,500
emperor, sat long awake. 
The Imperial Crown rested on a 

4095
03:36:52,500 --> 03:36:55,400
table nearby. 
Did he feel Triumph will the 

4096
03:36:55,400 --> 03:36:57,800
weight of what he had assumed 
perhaps both? 

4097
03:36:57,800 --> 03:37:01,300
He had achieved Grandeur but the
drive that fueled him did not 

4098
03:37:01,300 --> 03:37:03,600
Abate. 
He murmured to one confident on 

4099
03:37:03,600 --> 03:37:07,300
the evening, I have crown 
Josephine but is only a wreath 

4100
03:37:07,300 --> 03:37:09,600
on a journey. 
I refuse to slack off on the 

4101
03:37:09,608 --> 03:37:11,400
throne. 
We have only begun. 

4102
03:37:12,600 --> 03:37:16,600
Indeed, New Horizons of power 
stretched out before him Kings, 

4103
03:37:16,600 --> 03:37:20,400
to topple Nations, to found, and
an Empire that at its height. 

4104
03:37:20,400 --> 03:37:23,800
Would redraw the map of Europe 
and leave an indelible mark on 

4105
03:37:23,808 --> 03:37:26,400
History. 
Napoleon's empire burst onto the

4106
03:37:26,400 --> 03:37:30,200
world stage with all the pomp of
a revived Roman Empire and the 

4107
03:37:30,200 --> 03:37:34,400
energy of a modern nation state.
By 1805, the newly. 

4108
03:37:34,400 --> 03:37:37,100
Crowned emperor of the French 
stood at the Apex of his power 

4109
03:37:37,100 --> 03:37:39,600
and Charisma. 
He had transformed France 

4110
03:37:39,600 --> 03:37:42,200
internally. 
And now he set out to reshape 

4111
03:37:42,200 --> 03:37:46,400
Europe in France's image and 
under France's domination courts

4112
03:37:46,400 --> 03:37:49,200
across the continent. 
He from Vienna to Berlin. 

4113
03:37:49,200 --> 03:37:52,400
Watched the self-made Monarch 
with a mix of all fear and 

4114
03:37:52,400 --> 03:37:56,100
loathing they dubbed him, the 
Corsican ogre in private yet 

4115
03:37:56,100 --> 03:37:58,500
could not deny his Brilliance in
war in governance. 

4116
03:37:58,500 --> 03:38:01,800
Napoleon's contradictions were 
becoming the world's problem. 

4117
03:38:01,800 --> 03:38:05,500
A child of Revolution who donned
a crown, a promoter of a 

4118
03:38:05,500 --> 03:38:09,500
galatian law, who married in to 
the Asian regime in 1809, he 

4119
03:38:09,500 --> 03:38:12,900
divorce Josephine, who had 
failed to produce an heir, a 

4120
03:38:12,900 --> 03:38:15,600
married Louise. 
And Austrian hard at Samhain 

4121
03:38:15,600 --> 03:38:18,100
Arch Duchess. 
That's a lion himself to the 

4122
03:38:18,100 --> 03:38:22,900
habsburgs. 
The Empire Zenith roughly 1807 

4123
03:38:22,900 --> 03:38:25,700
to 1809. 
It seemed nothing could stand 

4124
03:38:25,700 --> 03:38:28,100
against him. 
His Empire stretched from the 

4125
03:38:28,108 --> 03:38:31,400
Atlantic to the Russian border 
from the North Sea to Naples. 

4126
03:38:31,400 --> 03:38:35,400
His brother Joseph sat on the 
throne in Naples, Joseph also 

4127
03:38:35,400 --> 03:38:38,700
ruled in Spain after 1808. 
His brother Louie, governed in 

4128
03:38:38,700 --> 03:38:40,800
Holland. 
His brothers, Jerome reigned in 

4129
03:38:40,808 --> 03:38:43,200
Westphalia. 
And in Italy, he himself wore 

4130
03:38:43,200 --> 03:38:46,900
the iron crown of Lombardy. 
A veritable family system of 

4131
03:38:46,900 --> 03:38:50,000
bonapartes replaced. 
Old dynasties Napoleon's 

4132
03:38:50,000 --> 03:38:52,500
Marshals once commoners and 
Soldiers of Fortune. 

4133
03:38:52,500 --> 03:38:56,800
Now, ruled as Dukes over Concord
province's, the map of Europe 

4134
03:38:56,800 --> 03:39:00,800
was redrawn with French client, 
republics and kingdoms Napoleon 

4135
03:39:00,800 --> 03:39:03,900
dismantle the ancient. 
Holy Roman Empire in the German 

4136
03:39:03,900 --> 03:39:07,600
Heartland in 1806, erasing, a 
millennium of history in the 

4137
03:39:07,600 --> 03:39:09,300
process. 
In its place. 

4138
03:39:09,300 --> 03:39:12,000
He created the confederation of 
the Rhine under his protection. 

4139
03:39:13,100 --> 03:39:16,500
From Portugal to Prussia, nearly
the whole of Continental Europe.

4140
03:39:16,500 --> 03:39:19,800
Either lay under his Direct 
Control or dance to his tune. 

4141
03:39:20,500 --> 03:39:23,600
These years saw Napoleon's 
military genius at its 

4142
03:39:23,600 --> 03:39:27,200
Undisputed Peak. 
The war of the third Coalition 

4143
03:39:27,200 --> 03:39:30,900
in 1805, brought France, head to
head with Austria, Russia and 

4144
03:39:30,900 --> 03:39:33,400
Britain. 
Napoleon's response was 

4145
03:39:33,400 --> 03:39:36,700
characteristically audacious. 
He abandoned his frequently 

4146
03:39:36,700 --> 03:39:40,100
discussed plan to invade Britain
as the Royal Navy still held 

4147
03:39:40,100 --> 03:39:43,300
sway over the seas. 
And instead he swiftly marched 

4148
03:39:43,300 --> 03:39:47,100
his Grand Army, Eastward In a 
master stroke of maneuver, he 

4149
03:39:47,100 --> 03:39:51,000
encircled an Austrian Army at 
all, in October 1805, without a 

4150
03:39:51,000 --> 03:39:54,100
major fight, forcing its 
surrender then as an Austrian 

4151
03:39:54,100 --> 03:39:57,100
and Russian combined Force, 
attempted to regroup, Napoleon 

4152
03:39:57,100 --> 03:40:00,100
lured them into a trap on the 
fields of austerlitz in Moravia.

4153
03:40:00,700 --> 03:40:03,700
On December 2nd, 1805 exactly 
one year. 

4154
03:40:03,700 --> 03:40:06,000
After his coronation, he 
delivered what he himself, 

4155
03:40:06,000 --> 03:40:09,100
regarded as his tactical 
Masterpiece, the Battle of 

4156
03:40:09,100 --> 03:40:12,000
austerlitz also called The 
Battle of the three emperors. 

4157
03:40:13,000 --> 03:40:16,900
At dawn, a gentle fog, blanketed
the plane concealing parts of 

4158
03:40:16,900 --> 03:40:20,300
the French positions. 
Napoleon intentionally exposed 

4159
03:40:20,300 --> 03:40:21,800
to his right flank to the Allies
attack. 

4160
03:40:21,800 --> 03:40:24,900
And when the succumbed his 
deception, he launched an attack

4161
03:40:24,900 --> 03:40:28,600
on their Center, As the 
mid-morning Sun, the famed son 

4162
03:40:28,600 --> 03:40:30,600
of Australia's burned through 
the Mist. 

4163
03:40:31,800 --> 03:40:34,300
The French seized the high 
pratts and Heights splitting. 

4164
03:40:34,300 --> 03:40:38,200
The enemy Army in two Napoleon 
galloped past cheering columns 

4165
03:40:38,200 --> 03:40:41,000
as they rolled up the Allied 
Lines by early afternoon. 

4166
03:40:41,000 --> 03:40:44,500
The Coalition Army was in full 
Retreat and thousands of enemy 

4167
03:40:44,500 --> 03:40:46,100
soldiers. 
Drowned in the ice of frozen 

4168
03:40:46,100 --> 03:40:48,000
lakes that the French artillery 
shattered. 

4169
03:40:48,000 --> 03:40:51,900
The victory was complete. 
Watching the remnants of the 

4170
03:40:51,900 --> 03:40:54,100
Russian army. 
Limb, Poway Napoleon remarked to

4171
03:40:54,100 --> 03:40:56,200
his Marshals with pride 
gentlemen. 

4172
03:40:56,200 --> 03:41:00,000
Remember this day it may well be
the greatest of my life indeed 

4173
03:41:00,000 --> 03:41:02,400
austerlitz served as the 
crowning achievement of his 

4174
03:41:02,400 --> 03:41:05,800
Imperial reign. 
Austria, capitulated signing the

4175
03:41:05,800 --> 03:41:07,700
Treaty of pressburg and seeding 
territory. 

4176
03:41:08,400 --> 03:41:11,700
The Holy Roman Emperor abdicated
his ancient title shortly after 

4177
03:41:11,700 --> 03:41:15,900
effectively ending the Holy 
Roman Empire. in gratitude 

4178
03:41:15,900 --> 03:41:19,500
Napoleon soldiers, nicknamed 
him, the Soleil Dusty litz, the 

4179
03:41:19,500 --> 03:41:22,700
son of austerlitz, a symbol of 
the glory, he had brought them 

4180
03:41:23,700 --> 03:41:27,000
With Austria, cowd Napoleon 
turned on Prussia in 1806. 

4181
03:41:27,000 --> 03:41:30,500
When that Kingdom belatedly an 
unwise, Lee challenged French 

4182
03:41:30,500 --> 03:41:33,300
dominance. 
The Emperors response was Swift 

4183
03:41:33,300 --> 03:41:37,900
and devastating in October 1806.
He crushed the proud Prussian 

4184
03:41:37,900 --> 03:41:39,800
Army. 
In a twin battle on the same day

4185
03:41:39,800 --> 03:41:42,500
Jana and our state outside 
Jenner. 

4186
03:41:42,500 --> 03:41:45,600
Napoleon's forces routed, a 
Prussian Army while on a nearby 

4187
03:41:45,600 --> 03:41:48,900
Field Marshal devou with a 
smaller French Court, defeated 

4188
03:41:48,900 --> 03:41:52,500
the main Prussian Army at our 
state Frederick the great Smith 

4189
03:41:52,500 --> 03:41:55,500
of Prussian military prowess 
crumbled in a single morning. 

4190
03:41:56,400 --> 03:41:59,700
The French marched into Berlin 
and Napoleon visited the tomb of

4191
03:41:59,700 --> 03:42:01,200
Frederick contemplatively 
marking. 

4192
03:42:01,200 --> 03:42:04,100
If you were alive, we wouldn't 
be here today. 

4193
03:42:05,200 --> 03:42:07,600
In a display of both magnanimity
and shrewdness. 

4194
03:42:07,600 --> 03:42:10,600
He took the sword of Frederick 
the great as a he ordered that 

4195
03:42:10,600 --> 03:42:13,000
the Fallen Prussian officers be 
respectfully buried. 

4196
03:42:13,000 --> 03:42:16,800
Despite the trophy Napoleon's 
empire burst onto the world 

4197
03:42:16,800 --> 03:42:19,800
stage with all the pomp of a 
revived Roman Empire and the 

4198
03:42:19,800 --> 03:42:24,300
energy of a modern nation state.
By 1805, the newly. 

4199
03:42:24,300 --> 03:42:26,800
Crowned emperor of the French 
stood at the Apex of his power 

4200
03:42:26,800 --> 03:42:29,100
and Charisma. 
He had transformed France 

4201
03:42:29,100 --> 03:42:31,600
internally. 
And now he set out to reshape 

4202
03:42:31,600 --> 03:42:34,600
Europe in France's image and 
under France's domination. 

4203
03:42:35,500 --> 03:42:38,200
Court to cross the continent 
from Vienna to Berlin. 

4204
03:42:38,200 --> 03:42:41,500
Watched the self-made Monarch 
with a mix of all fear and 

4205
03:42:41,500 --> 03:42:45,700
loathing a dubbed him, the 
Corsican ogre in private yet, 

4206
03:42:45,700 --> 03:42:47,900
could not deny his Brilliance 
and wearing governance. 

4207
03:42:47,900 --> 03:42:51,200
Napoleon's contradictions were 
becoming the world's problem. 

4208
03:42:51,200 --> 03:42:54,800
A child of Revolution who donned
a crown, a promoter of a 

4209
03:42:54,808 --> 03:42:58,700
galatian law, who married into 
the ancient regime in 1809 to 

4210
03:42:58,700 --> 03:43:02,100
divorce Josephine, who had 
failed to produce an heir and 

4211
03:43:02,100 --> 03:43:05,500
married Marie Louise and 
Austrian arched Duchess thus 

4212
03:43:05,500 --> 03:43:10,400
lying himself to the habsburg's 
At the Empire Zenith roughly 

4213
03:43:10,400 --> 03:43:13,900
1807 to 1809. 
It seemed nothing could stand 

4214
03:43:13,900 --> 03:43:16,200
against him. 
His Empire stretched from the 

4215
03:43:16,200 --> 03:43:19,200
Atlantic to the Russian border 
from the North Sea to Naples. 

4216
03:43:19,200 --> 03:43:23,600
His brother Joseph sat on the 
throne in Naples Joseph, ruled 

4217
03:43:23,600 --> 03:43:26,300
in Spain. 
After 1808, his brother Louie, 

4218
03:43:26,300 --> 03:43:28,800
governed in Holland. 
His brother Jerome reigned in 

4219
03:43:28,800 --> 03:43:32,100
Westphalia and in Italy, he 
himself wore the iron crown of 

4220
03:43:32,100 --> 03:43:36,400
Lombardy A veritable family 
system of bonaparte's replaced 

4221
03:43:36,400 --> 03:43:40,300
old dynasties Napoleon's, 
Marshals once commoners and 

4222
03:43:40,300 --> 03:43:42,900
Soldiers of Fortune. 
Now, ruled as Duke's over 

4223
03:43:42,908 --> 03:43:46,400
conquered provinces, the map of 
Europe was redrawn with French 

4224
03:43:46,400 --> 03:43:50,400
client, republics and kingdoms. 
Napoleon dismantled the ancient.

4225
03:43:50,400 --> 03:43:54,500
Holy Roman Empire in the German 
Heartland in 1806, erasing, a 

4226
03:43:54,500 --> 03:43:57,200
millennium of history of the 
process in its place. 

4227
03:43:57,200 --> 03:43:59,700
He created the confederation of 
the Rhine under his protection. 

4228
03:44:01,000 --> 03:44:03,900
From Portugal to Prussia, nearly
the whole of Continental Europe.

4229
03:44:03,900 --> 03:44:07,000
Either lay under his Direct 
Control or dance to his tune. 

4230
03:44:07,700 --> 03:44:10,700
These years saw Napoleon's 
military genius at his 

4231
03:44:10,700 --> 03:44:13,900
Undisputed Peak. 
The war of the third Coalition 

4232
03:44:13,900 --> 03:44:17,700
in 1805, brought France, head to
head with Austria, Russia and 

4233
03:44:17,700 --> 03:44:20,100
Britain. 
Napoleon's response was 

4234
03:44:20,100 --> 03:44:23,700
characteristically or dacious, 
he abandoned his frequently 

4235
03:44:23,700 --> 03:44:27,000
discussed plan to invade Britain
as the Royal Navy still held 

4236
03:44:27,000 --> 03:44:30,000
sway over the seas. 
And in Stead he swiftly marched 

4237
03:44:30,000 --> 03:44:33,800
his Grand Army, Eastwood In a 
master stroke of maneuver, he 

4238
03:44:33,800 --> 03:44:37,800
encircled an Austrian Army at 
all, in October, 1805, without a

4239
03:44:37,800 --> 03:44:39,600
major fight, forcing its 
surrender. 

4240
03:44:40,600 --> 03:44:43,200
Then, as an Austrian and Russian
combined Force, attempted to 

4241
03:44:43,200 --> 03:44:46,200
regroup, Napoleon lured them 
into a trap on the fields of 

4242
03:44:46,200 --> 03:44:51,200
Australia in Moravia. 
On December 2nd, 1805 exactly 

4243
03:44:51,200 --> 03:44:53,500
one year. 
After his coronation, he 

4244
03:44:53,500 --> 03:44:55,900
delivered what he himself, 
regarded as his tactical 

4245
03:44:55,900 --> 03:44:58,900
Masterpiece, the Battle of 
austerlitz also called The 

4246
03:44:58,900 --> 03:45:03,000
Battle of the three emperors. 
At dawn, a gentle fog, blanketed

4247
03:45:03,000 --> 03:45:05,600
the plane concealing parts of 
the French positions. 

4248
03:45:05,600 --> 03:45:09,200
Napoleon intentionally exposed 
his right flank to the Allies 

4249
03:45:09,200 --> 03:45:11,000
attack. 
And when they succumb to his 

4250
03:45:11,000 --> 03:45:14,900
deception, he launched an attack
on their Center, as the mid 

4251
03:45:14,900 --> 03:45:18,600
morning sun, the famed son of 
austerlitz, burned Through The 

4252
03:45:18,600 --> 03:45:21,300
Mists, the French seized the 
high, pratts and Heights 

4253
03:45:21,300 --> 03:45:23,600
splitting. 
The enemy Army in two Napoleon 

4254
03:45:23,600 --> 03:45:26,400
galloped past cheering columns 
as they rolled up the Allied 

4255
03:45:26,400 --> 03:45:29,700
Lines by early afternoon. 
The Coalition Army was in full 

4256
03:45:29,700 --> 03:45:31,900
Retreat and thousands of enemy 
soldiers. 

4257
03:45:31,900 --> 03:45:34,800
Drowned in the ice of frozen 
lakes that the French artillery 

4258
03:45:34,800 --> 03:45:37,000
shattered. 
The victory was complete. 

4259
03:45:38,300 --> 03:45:40,600
Watching the remnants of the 
Russian army limp away in 

4260
03:45:40,600 --> 03:45:43,800
Napoleon remarked to his 
Marshals with pride gentlemen. 

4261
03:45:43,800 --> 03:45:47,200
Remember this day it may well be
the greatest of my life. 

4262
03:45:48,400 --> 03:45:51,700
Indeed Austin served as the 
crowning achievement of his 

4263
03:45:51,700 --> 03:45:55,400
Imperial reign. 
Austria, capitulated signing the

4264
03:45:55,400 --> 03:45:57,300
Treaty of pressburg and seeding 
territory. 

4265
03:45:57,300 --> 03:46:00,600
The Holy Roman Emperor, 
abdicated his ancient title 

4266
03:46:00,600 --> 03:46:04,500
shortly after effectively ending
the Holy Roman Empire in 

4267
03:46:04,500 --> 03:46:07,700
gratitude, Napoleon soldiers, 
nicknamed him, the Soleil, 

4268
03:46:07,700 --> 03:46:11,600
Dustin the son of austerlitz, a 
symbol of the glory, he had 

4269
03:46:11,608 --> 03:46:15,400
brought them With Austria, 
cowled Napoleon turned on 

4270
03:46:15,400 --> 03:46:18,500
pressure in 1806. 
When that Kingdom, relatedly and

4271
03:46:18,500 --> 03:46:20,700
unwisely challenged French 
dominance. 

4272
03:46:21,300 --> 03:46:25,600
The emperor's response was Swift
and devastating in October 1806.

4273
03:46:25,600 --> 03:46:27,600
He crushed the proud Prussian 
Army. 

4274
03:46:27,600 --> 03:46:32,600
In a twin battle on the same day
Jenner and our Stead. outside 

4275
03:46:32,600 --> 03:46:36,500
jaina Napoleon's, forces routed,
oppression Army while on a 

4276
03:46:36,500 --> 03:46:39,600
nearby Field Marshal davout with
a smaller French Corps, defeated

4277
03:46:39,600 --> 03:46:43,400
the main Prussian Army at our 
state Frederick the Great's myth

4278
03:46:43,400 --> 03:46:46,300
of Prussian military, prowess 
crumbled in a single morning. 

4279
03:46:47,200 --> 03:46:50,400
The French marched into Berlin 
and Napoleon visited the tomb of

4280
03:46:50,400 --> 03:46:52,100
Frederick contemplatively 
remarking. 

4281
03:46:52,100 --> 03:46:54,600
If he were alive, we wouldn't be
here today. 

4282
03:46:55,700 --> 03:46:58,000
In a display of both magnanimity
and shrewdness. 

4283
03:46:58,000 --> 03:47:01,300
He took the sword of Frederick 
the great as a he ordered that 

4284
03:47:01,300 --> 03:47:03,700
the Fallen Prussian officers be 
respectfully buried. 

4285
03:47:03,700 --> 03:47:07,000
Despite the trophy, the 
peninsula War has the conflict. 

4286
03:47:07,000 --> 03:47:10,000
In Spain, came to be known 
became a vicious years-long. 

4287
03:47:10,000 --> 03:47:14,500
Guerrilla struggle, the Napoleon
later referred to as the Spanish

4288
03:47:14,500 --> 03:47:17,200
ulcer. 
Draining his resources. 

4289
03:47:18,300 --> 03:47:20,100
It was the first major crack in 
his Empire. 

4290
03:47:20,100 --> 03:47:23,700
The mighty French arm designed 
for set-piece battles. 

4291
03:47:23,700 --> 03:47:27,300
Found itself bleeding in a 
symmetric war of ambushes and 

4292
03:47:27,300 --> 03:47:31,700
reprisals in the Spanish Hills. 
Napoleon himself traveled to 

4293
03:47:31,700 --> 03:47:35,900
Spain in late 1808 to Blitz, the
resisting Spanish armies and did

4294
03:47:35,900 --> 03:47:39,200
win conventional battles with 
typical Brilliance but he could 

4295
03:47:39,200 --> 03:47:42,100
not pacify the proud and hostile
populace indefinitely. 

4296
03:47:43,100 --> 03:47:46,400
The British seized the chance 
and landed forces under Arthur, 

4297
03:47:46,400 --> 03:47:49,400
Wellesley the future Duke of 
Wellington to support the 

4298
03:47:49,400 --> 03:47:53,000
Spaniards and Portuguese. 
For the first time, Napoleon's 

4299
03:47:53,000 --> 03:47:56,700
Aura of invincibility was under 
Threat by an Insurrection and a 

4300
03:47:56,700 --> 03:47:59,800
foreign Expedition on his flank.
Still at the Empire's height, 

4301
03:47:59,800 --> 03:48:02,800
these troubles seemed minor 
compared to the Grand canvas of 

4302
03:48:02,800 --> 03:48:06,900
Napoleon's dominance. 
In 1809 Austria, encouraged by 

4303
03:48:06,900 --> 03:48:09,600
French difficulties in Spain to 
challenge. 

4304
03:48:09,600 --> 03:48:13,200
Napoleon once more, the emperor 
responded with swift Fury 

4305
03:48:13,200 --> 03:48:16,000
though, the Austrian surprised 
him and handed him. 

4306
03:48:16,000 --> 03:48:19,300
His first personal defeat in a 
pitched battle at Aspen essling 

4307
03:48:19,300 --> 03:48:22,900
just outside Vienna. 
Where in May 1809 Archduke, 

4308
03:48:22,900 --> 03:48:25,900
Charles inflicted heavy losses 
as Napoleon's attempt across? 

4309
03:48:25,900 --> 03:48:28,800
The Danube was repelled, the 
French regrouped. 

4310
03:48:29,500 --> 03:48:32,900
In July, in spearheaded a 
significant attack during the 

4311
03:48:32,900 --> 03:48:35,600
Battle of wagon. 
A two-day intense battle on the 

4312
03:48:35,600 --> 03:48:38,800
plane's close to Vienna. 
It was a grim attritional battle

4313
03:48:38,800 --> 03:48:42,400
lacking, the elegant maneuvers 
of Australis but Napoleon's 

4314
03:48:42,400 --> 03:48:44,700
larger reserve of men and 
artillery prevailed. 

4315
03:48:45,300 --> 03:48:47,500
Austria sued for peace again, 
after wagon. 

4316
03:48:48,200 --> 03:48:51,800
As part of the settlement and to
solidify the new Franco Austrian

4317
03:48:51,800 --> 03:48:55,300
Amity, Napoleon took the 
dramatic step of divorcing 

4318
03:48:55,300 --> 03:48:58,500
Josephine. 
His beloved, but now 46 year old

4319
03:48:58,508 --> 03:49:01,500
Empress who had given him no 
children and marrying 

4320
03:49:01,500 --> 03:49:03,400
archduchess Marie Louise of 
Austria. 

4321
03:49:04,400 --> 03:49:07,900
The Act was a profound personal 
sacrifice for him, both he and 

4322
03:49:07,908 --> 03:49:11,800
Josephine wept bitterly at their
formal parting, despite passed 

4323
03:49:11,800 --> 03:49:16,200
infidelities on both sides. 
Yet Napoleon ever pragmatic 

4324
03:49:16,200 --> 03:49:18,900
about power. 
Knew the Bonaparte Legacy needed

4325
03:49:18,900 --> 03:49:21,700
an air of his own blood and an 
Austrian princess would bring 

4326
03:49:21,700 --> 03:49:23,200
legitimacy in the eyes of 
Europe. 

4327
03:49:24,300 --> 03:49:28,000
In 1811 married, Louise bore 
him, a son, who Napoleon grandly

4328
03:49:28,000 --> 03:49:29,200
titled? 
The king of Rome. 

4329
03:49:30,100 --> 03:49:33,500
At 42, the emperor had a healthy
male, Heir, that year marked the

4330
03:49:33,500 --> 03:49:35,200
Pinnacle of Napoleonic 
confidence. 

4331
03:49:36,100 --> 03:49:38,800
He spoke a founding a dynasty 
that would last 100 years. 

4332
03:49:39,700 --> 03:49:41,900
One evening, holding the infant 
prints in his arms. 

4333
03:49:41,900 --> 03:49:43,500
Beneath the glow of chandelier 
light. 

4334
03:49:43,500 --> 03:49:47,600
He said to have murmured, you 
will be my living trophy, you 

4335
03:49:47,600 --> 03:49:51,000
will inherit all I have made 
amidst, these triumphs 

4336
03:49:51,000 --> 03:49:55,200
Napoleon's influence went beyond
Warfare and politics leaving an 

4337
03:49:55,200 --> 03:49:58,600
imprint on society and even 
distant continents, he spread 

4338
03:49:58,600 --> 03:50:00,300
the Napoleonic Code to the 
lands. 

4339
03:50:00,300 --> 03:50:03,800
He conquered laying foundations 
for legal systems from Italy to 

4340
03:50:03,800 --> 03:50:07,400
the Rhineland systems that 
emphasized clear laws and the 

4341
03:50:07,408 --> 03:50:10,800
end of feudal practices. 
He abolished surfed him in 

4342
03:50:10,800 --> 03:50:13,900
Poland and introduced religious 
toleration and secular education

4343
03:50:13,900 --> 03:50:15,700
in many backward corners of 
Europe. 

4344
03:50:16,700 --> 03:50:19,000
In the German states and 
elsewhere, his rule 

4345
03:50:19,000 --> 03:50:22,400
inadvertently sparked feeling of
nationalism subject. 

4346
03:50:22,400 --> 03:50:25,200
People's even as they resented 
French domination. 

4347
03:50:25,200 --> 03:50:29,300
Also, absorbed the ideas of the 
French Revolution that Napoleon 

4348
03:50:29,300 --> 03:50:33,300
carried with his armies. 
A young German or Italian in 

4349
03:50:33,300 --> 03:50:36,700
1810 might at once hate 
Napoleon's, oppressive taxes, 

4350
03:50:36,700 --> 03:50:40,500
and conscription yet be inspired
by the new concepts of Liberty 

4351
03:50:40,500 --> 03:50:42,100
and nationhood that came in his 
wake. 

4352
03:50:42,900 --> 03:50:45,600
The consequences of Israel to 
cross the Atlantic. 

4353
03:50:46,700 --> 03:50:50,500
In 1803 needing funds for war 
and sensing that holding 

4354
03:50:50,500 --> 03:50:53,500
territory in America was 
untenable after losing Haiti to 

4355
03:50:53,500 --> 03:50:56,700
a slave rebellion, Napoleon 
sold, the vast Louisiana, 

4356
03:50:56,700 --> 03:51:00,300
territory to the United States. 
An act that doubled the size of 

4357
03:51:00,300 --> 03:51:03,300
the young American Republic and 
reshaped, Global geopolitics 

4358
03:51:03,300 --> 03:51:06,300
equipped that this sale would 
forever thwart, British 

4359
03:51:06,300 --> 03:51:09,300
Ambitions in the new world and 
ensure an American power that 

4360
03:51:09,300 --> 03:51:12,600
could rival England. 
In a way, he was crafting the 

4361
03:51:12,600 --> 03:51:16,200
future Beyond his own Empire. 
Similarly his toppling of the 

4362
03:51:16,200 --> 03:51:18,700
Spanish regime jolted Spain's 
colonies in Latin. 

4363
03:51:18,700 --> 03:51:22,000
America leaders like Simon 
Bolivar would soon take 

4364
03:51:22,000 --> 03:51:23,900
advantage of the chaos to fight 
for independence. 

4365
03:51:23,900 --> 03:51:27,300
Indirectly influenced by 
Napoleonic upheaval. 

4366
03:51:27,300 --> 03:51:31,600
However at the beginning of the 
1810s Napoleon's World appeared 

4367
03:51:31,600 --> 03:51:34,600
to be completely focused on him.
He had achieved something 

4368
03:51:34,600 --> 03:51:38,600
unprecedented, a French Empire 
that dominated Europe in a 

4369
03:51:38,608 --> 03:51:42,400
manner, not seen since Roman 
times Flanked by his Marshals at

4370
03:51:42,400 --> 03:51:44,600
Grand Victory. 
Parade's the emperor's Pier 

4371
03:51:44,600 --> 03:51:47,000
would stand on a reviewing 
platform in his iconic. 

4372
03:51:47,000 --> 03:51:50,100
Buy corn hat, and simple green 
uniform of the Imperial Guard 

4373
03:51:50,100 --> 03:51:53,100
while thousands of troops passed
in martial splendor. 

4374
03:51:53,900 --> 03:51:57,400
Bands played Lamar's and other 
patriotic hymns that once 

4375
03:51:57,400 --> 03:52:00,000
belonged to the revolution. 
But when were Now co-opted to 

4376
03:52:00,000 --> 03:52:04,500
celebrate an emperor, To observe
as in London or Vienna it might 

4377
03:52:04,500 --> 03:52:07,800
have looked as if Europe was 
lost in a trance of Napoleonic 

4378
03:52:07,800 --> 03:52:10,700
Glory. 
And indeed, many of the common 

4379
03:52:10,700 --> 03:52:12,700
folk in France and her satellite
States. 

4380
03:52:12,700 --> 03:52:16,000
Revered, Napoleon sincerely 
crediting him with delivering 

4381
03:52:16,000 --> 03:52:19,300
efficient government national 
pride and victory after victory.

4382
03:52:20,000 --> 03:52:21,800
Yet within Napoleon's tight 
Circle. 

4383
03:52:21,800 --> 03:52:24,500
There were those who sent the 
dangers of hubris creeping in 

4384
03:52:24,500 --> 03:52:28,700
tally, Ral his Wily foreign 
minister till Napoleon dismissed

4385
03:52:28,700 --> 03:52:31,200
him once. 
Remarked acidly that Napoleon's 

4386
03:52:31,200 --> 03:52:35,200
downfall would be his inability 
to stop himself ill, Nepal 

4387
03:52:35,200 --> 03:52:38,100
delimits, he wander colleague. 
The man knows no limits. 

4388
03:52:39,300 --> 03:52:42,200
Fouche, the police Minister kept
secret dossi's mapping 

4389
03:52:42,200 --> 03:52:45,700
discontent and conspiracies 
aware that not all hearts with 

4390
03:52:45,700 --> 03:52:48,200
the emperor. 
Even some Marshals grumbled 

4391
03:52:48,200 --> 03:52:51,500
about the endless Wars and their
human costs mothers across 

4392
03:52:51,500 --> 03:52:54,700
France, quite likely cursed, the
Emperor who took their sons year

4393
03:52:54,700 --> 03:52:58,400
after year for his granddaughter
May The empire was powerful but 

4394
03:52:58,400 --> 03:53:01,900
brittle in places Reliant 
entirely on one man's brilliant 

4395
03:53:01,900 --> 03:53:05,400
and Charisma in 1812 at the 
height of his control. 

4396
03:53:05,400 --> 03:53:08,400
Napoleon assembled, the largest 
army Europe had ever seen over 

4397
03:53:08,400 --> 03:53:11,100
half a million men drawn from 
every corner of his domains. 

4398
03:53:11,100 --> 03:53:14,200
LED them Eastward in a campaign 
that he believed would secure 

4399
03:53:14,200 --> 03:53:17,100
his dominance once. 
And for all the target, his 

4400
03:53:17,100 --> 03:53:20,100
former Ally, the Russian Tsar 
who had drifted out of the 

4401
03:53:20,108 --> 03:53:23,600
continental system and defied 
French influence confident in 

4402
03:53:23,600 --> 03:53:26,700
his Destiny and a custom to 
Rapid victories Napoleon. 

4403
03:53:26,700 --> 03:53:29,100
Wagered everything on one more 
lightning War. 

4404
03:53:30,000 --> 03:53:34,400
The Grand Army, the Cosmopolitan
host of Frenchmen Italians 

4405
03:53:34,400 --> 03:53:39,200
Germans polls and others marched
off with singing and high morale

4406
03:53:39,200 --> 03:53:43,200
and a summer Skies, it was the 
apogee of Napoleon's hubris an 

4407
03:53:43,200 --> 03:53:45,000
emperor at the peak of his 
power. 

4408
03:53:45,000 --> 03:53:48,000
Thinking, the conquest of the 
vast Russian planes would be, 

4409
03:53:48,000 --> 03:53:50,100
but another Triumph to notch on 
his belt. 

4410
03:53:50,900 --> 03:53:53,600
He told a diplomat we should be 
in Moscow in two months. 

4411
03:53:55,100 --> 03:53:57,700
As the column snaked East 
drummers tapping out, the 

4412
03:53:57,700 --> 03:54:00,800
Cadence on Dusty Rhodes. 
An eagle's glinting in the sun, 

4413
03:54:00,800 --> 03:54:04,200
none could imagine that the 
Zenith of the empire was also 

4414
03:54:04,200 --> 03:54:06,000
the beginning of a catastrophic 
decline. 

4415
03:54:06,000 --> 03:54:09,700
For now though, Napoleon star 
blazed as bright as the midday 

4416
03:54:09,700 --> 03:54:12,800
sun in the minds of many. 
He was the master of Europe. 

4417
03:54:12,800 --> 03:54:16,200
Perhaps even invincible. 
The thought that this supreme 

4418
03:54:16,200 --> 03:54:18,400
height might precede a fall had 
not yet troubled. 

4419
03:54:18,400 --> 03:54:20,000
The dreams of the emperor of the
French. 

4420
03:54:20,000 --> 03:54:24,400
However at the beginning of the 
1810s Napoleon's World appeared 

4421
03:54:24,400 --> 03:54:27,300
to be completely focused on him.
He had achieved something 

4422
03:54:27,300 --> 03:54:31,800
unprecedented, a French Empire 
that dominated Europe in a man 

4423
03:54:31,800 --> 03:54:35,400
and not seen since Roman times. 
Flanked by his Marshals at Grand

4424
03:54:35,400 --> 03:54:38,600
Victory parades the emperor's 
Pier would stand on a reviewing 

4425
03:54:38,600 --> 03:54:41,500
platform in his iconic. 
Buy corn hat, and simple green 

4426
03:54:41,500 --> 03:54:44,800
uniform of the Imperial Guard 
while thousands of troops passed

4427
03:54:44,800 --> 03:54:48,300
in martial splendor. 
Bands played LA marseillaise and

4428
03:54:48,300 --> 03:54:51,800
other patriotic hymns that once 
belonged to the revolution, but 

4429
03:54:51,800 --> 03:54:54,000
were Now co-opted to celebrate 
an emperor. 

4430
03:54:54,700 --> 03:54:58,000
To observe as in London or 
Vienna, it might have looked as 

4431
03:54:58,000 --> 03:55:00,900
if Europe was lost in a chance 
of Napoleonic Glory. 

4432
03:55:01,600 --> 03:55:05,200
And indeed, many of the common 
folk in France and her satellite

4433
03:55:05,200 --> 03:55:07,300
States. 
Revered, Napoleon sincerely 

4434
03:55:07,300 --> 03:55:09,500
crediting him with delivering 
efficient government. 

4435
03:55:09,500 --> 03:55:13,800
National pride and victory after
Victory, yet within Napoleon's. 

4436
03:55:13,800 --> 03:55:15,800
Tight Circle. 
There were those who sent the 

4437
03:55:15,800 --> 03:55:19,700
dangers of hubris creeping in 
tally, Ral his Wily foreign 

4438
03:55:19,700 --> 03:55:22,400
minister till Napoleon dismissed
him once. 

4439
03:55:22,400 --> 03:55:25,300
Remarked acidly that Napoleon's 
downfall would be his inability 

4440
03:55:25,300 --> 03:55:29,300
to stop himself ill, Nepal 
delimits, he wander colleague. 

4441
03:55:29,300 --> 03:55:33,900
The man knows no limits. 
Fouche, the police Minister kept

4442
03:55:33,900 --> 03:55:35,700
secret. 
Dozier's mapping discontent and 

4443
03:55:35,700 --> 03:55:39,000
conspiracies aware that not all 
Hearts were with the emperor. 

4444
03:55:39,000 --> 03:55:42,200
Even some Marshals grumbled 
about the endless Wars and their

4445
03:55:42,200 --> 03:55:45,700
human costs mothers across 
France, quite likely cursed, the

4446
03:55:45,708 --> 03:55:48,300
Emperor who took their sons year
after year, for his 

4447
03:55:48,300 --> 03:55:51,900
granddaughter Army The empire 
was powerful, but brittle in 

4448
03:55:51,900 --> 03:55:56,100
places Reliant entirely on one 
man's Brilliance and Charisma in

4449
03:55:56,100 --> 03:55:58,200
1812 at the height of his 
control. 

4450
03:55:58,200 --> 03:56:01,200
Napoleon assembled, the largest 
army Europe had ever seen over 

4451
03:56:01,200 --> 03:56:04,000
half a million men drawn from 
every corner of his domains. 

4452
03:56:04,000 --> 03:56:07,000
LED them Eastward in a campaign 
that he believed would secure 

4453
03:56:07,000 --> 03:56:09,900
his dominance once. 
And for all the target, his 

4454
03:56:09,900 --> 03:56:12,900
former Ally, the Russian Tsar 
who had drifted out of the 

4455
03:56:12,900 --> 03:56:16,500
continental system and defied 
French influence confident in 

4456
03:56:16,500 --> 03:56:19,500
his Destiny and a custom to 
Rapid victories Napoleon. 

4457
03:56:19,500 --> 03:56:21,900
Wagered everything on one more 
lightning War. 

4458
03:56:22,800 --> 03:56:27,100
The Grand Army, a Cosmopolitan 
host of Frenchmen Italians 

4459
03:56:27,100 --> 03:56:31,300
Germans polls and others marched
off with singing and high 

4460
03:56:31,300 --> 03:56:33,900
morale. 
And summer Skies, it was the 

4461
03:56:33,900 --> 03:56:37,300
apigee of Napoleon's, hubris and
Emperor at the peak of his 

4462
03:56:37,300 --> 03:56:38,900
power. 
Thinking the conquest of the 

4463
03:56:38,900 --> 03:56:42,400
vast Russian planes would be, 
but another Triumph to notch on 

4464
03:56:42,400 --> 03:56:45,400
his belt. 
He told a diplomat, we should be

4465
03:56:45,400 --> 03:56:49,300
a Moscow in two months. 
As the column snake decede. 

4466
03:56:49,300 --> 03:56:52,700
Drummers tapping out, the 
Cadence on Dusty roads in Eagles

4467
03:56:52,700 --> 03:56:55,500
glinting in the sun. 
None could imagine that the 

4468
03:56:55,508 --> 03:56:58,200
Zenith of the empire was also 
the beginning of a catastrophic 

4469
03:56:58,200 --> 03:57:01,000
decline. 
For now though, Napoleon star 

4470
03:57:01,000 --> 03:57:02,800
blazed as bright as the midday 
Sun. 

4471
03:57:02,800 --> 03:57:05,600
The minds of many. 
He was the master of Europe. 

4472
03:57:05,600 --> 03:57:09,100
Perhaps even invincible. 
The thought that this supreme 

4473
03:57:09,100 --> 03:57:11,900
height might precede a full had 
not yet troubled, the dreams of 

4474
03:57:11,900 --> 03:57:14,900
the emperor of the French, the 
ACT left thousands on the far 

4475
03:57:14,900 --> 03:57:17,000
Bank, who shouted as the 
remaining Escape path. 

4476
03:57:17,000 --> 03:57:20,000
Burned, early December saw the 
Grande Army. 

4477
03:57:20,000 --> 03:57:23,600
Possibly 20,000 ragged 
frostbitten survivors from 

4478
03:57:23,600 --> 03:57:27,000
600,000 stagger into Poland, and
Prussia. 

4479
03:57:27,700 --> 03:57:30,100
Napoleon's side with 
satisfaction when he entered 

4480
03:57:30,100 --> 03:57:32,800
friendly territory after 
narrowly escaping arrest 

4481
03:57:32,800 --> 03:57:34,800
multiple times during the 
retreat. 

4482
03:57:35,400 --> 03:57:39,600
The cost was nearly unfathomable
the Russian winter attacks and 

4483
03:57:39,600 --> 03:57:43,900
starvation reduced, the overall 
centering Russia, less than 10% 

4484
03:57:43,900 --> 03:57:47,000
of survived snow shattered, 
Napoleon's European 

4485
03:57:47,000 --> 03:57:50,300
invincibility. 
Paris rumors about the disaster 

4486
03:57:50,300 --> 03:57:53,100
for shadowed. 
His return Napoleon, abandoned 

4487
03:57:53,100 --> 03:57:56,100
the remaining troops and rode a 
sled, back to France and Cognito

4488
03:57:56,100 --> 03:58:01,500
and quickly in December 1812. 
He left Marshal, Ney and others 

4489
03:58:01,500 --> 03:58:05,600
to oversee the terrible retreat.
Poland left his forces to 

4490
03:58:05,600 --> 03:58:08,700
averted domestic coup, the 
general named melaye had 

4491
03:58:08,700 --> 03:58:12,200
launched a strange coup in Paris
falsely announcing Napoleon's 

4492
03:58:12,200 --> 03:58:17,200
death illustrating how delicate 
things were Napoleon crossed 

4493
03:58:17,200 --> 03:58:18,700
blizzards day and night to 
Paris. 

4494
03:58:18,700 --> 03:58:22,000
Before the year's end, made the 
country, believe everything was 

4495
03:58:22,000 --> 03:58:26,900
fine masking the devastation. 
Short-lived facade after Russia 

4496
03:58:26,900 --> 03:58:30,200
won Europe's rulers, formed a 
coalition to destroy the weaker 

4497
03:58:30,200 --> 03:58:32,600
Empire. 
Prussia joined Russia, against 

4498
03:58:32,600 --> 03:58:37,400
France in early 1813 Austria 
prepared to jump Napoleon 

4499
03:58:37,400 --> 03:58:40,200
quickly, recruited youngsters 
and Last Resort reserves to 

4500
03:58:40,200 --> 03:58:43,700
replace his veterans. 
As before he examined maps and 

4501
03:58:43,700 --> 03:58:47,500
made massive plans to defeat the
Allies, he was still alive, but 

4502
03:58:47,500 --> 03:58:50,800
reality was looming his Marshals
feared, he could win an 

4503
03:58:50,800 --> 03:58:52,900
interminable War because the 
French were exhausted. 

4504
03:58:53,900 --> 03:58:58,500
Napoleon returned triumphantly 
in mid 1813 in March 1813. 

4505
03:58:58,500 --> 03:59:01,700
He was beat the Russo, Prussian 
Army at Lutz and bouts and with 

4506
03:59:01,700 --> 03:59:04,000
hardly trained conscripts demand
and straightening his 

4507
03:59:04,000 --> 03:59:07,200
operational competence. 
He hoped to prevent catastrophe 

4508
03:59:07,200 --> 03:59:09,700
again. 
Too many odds were against him, 

4509
03:59:09,700 --> 03:59:13,700
October 1813 saw the Battle of 
Leipzig later, renamed, the 

4510
03:59:13,700 --> 03:59:17,200
Battle of nations in Saxony 
three days of fierce fighting 

4511
03:59:17,200 --> 03:59:20,200
between Napoleon's, Marshals and
guard and a combined Russian 

4512
03:59:20,200 --> 03:59:24,600
Austrian and Swedish army. 
Napoleon was outnumbered roughly

4513
03:59:24,600 --> 03:59:27,300
two to one attrition and hostile
teamwork. 

4514
03:59:27,300 --> 03:59:29,700
Defeated him despite his 
expertise and bravery. 

4515
03:59:30,900 --> 03:59:34,400
Scared French officer blew up a 
crucial bridge to early trapping

4516
03:59:34,400 --> 03:59:36,700
a rear guard on the wrong side 
of the river to be captured. 

4517
03:59:36,700 --> 03:59:39,700
Napoleon lost the biggest battle
in European history. 

4518
03:59:39,700 --> 03:59:42,400
In French. 
Rule in Germany, many of 

4519
03:59:42,400 --> 03:59:44,200
Napoleon's German allies to 
factored. 

4520
03:59:44,200 --> 03:59:48,100
The Rhine Confederation fell 
while retreating over the Elder 

4521
03:59:48,100 --> 03:59:53,400
River his beloved polish hero, 
martial Pontius drowned Napoleon

4522
03:59:53,400 --> 03:59:57,300
retreated France with his 70,000
defeated soldiers, resolved to 

4523
03:59:57,300 --> 04:00:00,000
fight. 
In early 1814, the Allies 

4524
04:00:00,000 --> 04:00:02,600
invaded France, expecting a 
quick march to Paris. 

4525
04:00:03,400 --> 04:00:06,100
Napoleon's little Force, 
defeated elements of the bigger 

4526
04:00:06,100 --> 04:00:10,000
Allied soldiers in the six days 
campaign in February. 1814 one 

4527
04:00:10,000 --> 04:00:13,000
of his most successful defensive
campaigns often overlooked. 

4528
04:00:13,800 --> 04:00:16,800
His youthful mobility and skills
surprised his opponents at 

4529
04:00:16,800 --> 04:00:19,100
Champa, bear Montague and 
Montrose. 

4530
04:00:19,700 --> 04:00:22,400
Seeing the emperor Sprint. 
Like a firefighter gave French 

4531
04:00:22,400 --> 04:00:24,400
peasants. 
Hope math told him. 

4532
04:00:24,400 --> 04:00:28,300
He was two outnumbered to win. 
Despite his few victories, the 

4533
04:00:28,300 --> 04:00:30,700
Allies reached Paris by late 
March 1814. 

4534
04:00:31,500 --> 04:00:35,700
After Marshalls marmol and Morty
left to defend Paris concluded 

4535
04:00:35,700 --> 04:00:38,600
resistance was pointless. 
The Coalition Army, took it 

4536
04:00:38,600 --> 04:00:42,000
practically and peace. 
After centuries without foreign 

4537
04:00:42,000 --> 04:00:44,200
rule. 
The Victorious, Tsar Alexander, 

4538
04:00:44,200 --> 04:00:47,000
King Frederick, William of 
Prussia and other dignitaries 

4539
04:00:47,000 --> 04:00:52,000
entered Paris on March, 31st 
1814 Parisians flocked to the 

4540
04:00:52,000 --> 04:00:55,100
boulevards in despair or relief 
as Napoleon's epic adventure 

4541
04:00:55,100 --> 04:00:57,800
ended. 
Napoleon was outraged and 

4542
04:00:57,800 --> 04:01:00,400
unhappy in Fontainebleau 
following paris's loss. 

4543
04:01:01,000 --> 04:01:03,500
He pondered marching his 
remaining men to seize the city,

4544
04:01:03,500 --> 04:01:06,900
his Marshals, confronted him 
exhausted and honest for the 

4545
04:01:06,900 --> 04:01:11,200
first time, Marshall's nae odeno
and LeFevre who had followed him

4546
04:01:11,200 --> 04:01:13,000
across Europe. 
Advised him to reason. 

4547
04:01:13,000 --> 04:01:16,600
They came to France was defeated
and resistance would be fatal 

4548
04:01:16,600 --> 04:01:21,000
Napoleon was Furious, accusing 
them of cowardice and betrayal. 

4549
04:01:21,000 --> 04:01:24,700
He faced a reality alone in 
Fontainebleau at night the 

4550
04:01:24,700 --> 04:01:26,500
Allies sought his unconditional 
surrender. 

4551
04:01:26,500 --> 04:01:30,100
Even his steps unusual and 
Brother Joseph persuaded him to 

4552
04:01:30,100 --> 04:01:34,900
submit for the nation. 
Marshals neon MacDonald on April

4553
04:01:34,900 --> 04:01:39,300
4th 1814 Philippe must abdicate 
before the Army could march on 

4554
04:01:39,300 --> 04:01:43,100
Paris, Napoleon abdicated for 
his son, expecting an Allied 

4555
04:01:43,100 --> 04:01:46,300
Regency, when rejected, he 
realized the game was over 

4556
04:01:46,300 --> 04:01:51,200
Napoleon abdicated on April 
11th, 1814 relinquishing, French

4557
04:01:51,200 --> 04:01:53,200
Regal. 
Wrights, you received an annual 

4558
04:01:53,208 --> 04:01:56,700
stipend and a modest guard on 
Elba, the smaller Italian Island

4559
04:01:56,700 --> 04:02:00,000
from the Allies, a beautiful 
prison, for a Fallen King. 

4560
04:02:01,100 --> 04:02:04,000
Napoleon said, goodbye to his 
old guard in Fontaine, blows 

4561
04:02:04,000 --> 04:02:08,200
Courtyard on April 20th 1814. 
France would remember a touching

4562
04:02:08,208 --> 04:02:11,600
scene Napoleon continued 
speaking with a steady 

4563
04:02:11,600 --> 04:02:15,700
impassioned voice saying to the 
soldiers of my old guard? 

4564
04:02:15,700 --> 04:02:19,500
I bid you farewell you've been 
my constant companion on the 

4565
04:02:19,500 --> 04:02:23,600
path to honor and glory for 20 
years do not mourn my fate. 

4566
04:02:23,600 --> 04:02:26,100
I want to document our wonderful
Deeds. 

4567
04:02:26,100 --> 04:02:30,800
Sweet kids. 
Goodbye Napoleon veteran 

4568
04:02:30,800 --> 04:02:35,000
grenadiers of 12 campaigns cried
the emperor, kissed the Imperial

4569
04:02:35,000 --> 04:02:38,400
Eagle flag one last time and 
hugged General Petty who was 

4570
04:02:38,408 --> 04:02:42,600
holding the regimental Eagle. 
He said goodbye kids raising his

4571
04:02:42,600 --> 04:02:46,000
hand in salutation. 
Napoleon despite his best 

4572
04:02:46,000 --> 04:02:49,600
efforts jumped into a carriage 
crying that night, many jaded 

4573
04:02:49,600 --> 04:02:52,500
soldiers, lay under the stars 
unsure of France's or their 

4574
04:02:52,508 --> 04:02:55,000
future without Lumpur, a veteran
mermaid. 

4575
04:02:55,000 --> 04:02:57,900
It's over a wonderful person 
left. 

4576
04:02:59,500 --> 04:03:01,700
An imaginary Kingdom held 
European ruler. 

4577
04:03:01,700 --> 04:03:06,600
Napoleon Bonaparte captive. 
He arrived at Elba 190 square 

4578
04:03:06,600 --> 04:03:09,600
miles of rugged terrain and 
Vineyards and Tuscany in late, 

4579
04:03:09,600 --> 04:03:14,400
April, 1814, He was rarely 
self-pitying, keeping the title 

4580
04:03:14,400 --> 04:03:16,800
Emperor, the Allies. 
Gave him the name as a polite 

4581
04:03:16,800 --> 04:03:19,200
fiction. 
He established a small Court in 

4582
04:03:19,200 --> 04:03:22,900
Port of ferrario elba's main 
town and rained like France in 

4583
04:03:22,900 --> 04:03:26,100
miniature. 
Napoleon was Restless on Elba 

4584
04:03:26,100 --> 04:03:29,200
for nine months, he studied 
lilliput's iron mines and 

4585
04:03:29,208 --> 04:03:32,900
quarries planned to modernize 
Agriculture and designed a flag.

4586
04:03:32,900 --> 04:03:36,400
A diagonal band of white with 
red and bees symbolizing 

4587
04:03:36,400 --> 04:03:39,400
industriousness, and potentially
nodding to his Imperial emblem. 

4588
04:03:40,200 --> 04:03:43,000
He formed a small Navy and army 
with a few ships and hundreds of

4589
04:03:43,008 --> 04:03:45,300
people including a loyal Old 
Guard Detachment. 

4590
04:03:45,300 --> 04:03:49,300
He wrote tight Roots inspected, 
Olive, Orchards and talked to 

4591
04:03:49,300 --> 04:03:51,300
Port. 
Fisherman, villagers said his 

4592
04:03:51,300 --> 04:03:55,100
micromanagement improved roads, 
built a small hospital and 

4593
04:03:55,100 --> 04:03:58,900
accelerated tax collection. 
Elba's people were amazed and 

4594
04:03:58,900 --> 04:04:02,500
perplexed that this powerful man
cared about their humble life. 

4595
04:04:03,400 --> 04:04:06,600
A friendly Elven Elder joked. 
He thinks he's still ruling, the

4596
04:04:06,600 --> 04:04:10,200
world. 
Poland's Vigor overwhelmed as a 

4597
04:04:10,200 --> 04:04:13,500
delicate appearance connections 
and newspapers kept him abreast 

4598
04:04:13,500 --> 04:04:16,100
of French and European 
happenings this information 

4599
04:04:16,100 --> 04:04:19,000
nordid him. 
The restored bourbon monarchy, 

4600
04:04:19,000 --> 04:04:20,600
the 18th was unpopular in 
France. 

4601
04:04:20,600 --> 04:04:23,900
The Arrogant Return of the old 
aristocracy led to the dismissal

4602
04:04:23,900 --> 04:04:26,400
of many Napoleon Affiliated 
French officers, and bureaucrats

4603
04:04:26,400 --> 04:04:30,400
rumors of royalist Revenge and 
economic recessions circulated 

4604
04:04:30,400 --> 04:04:32,300
peasants. 
Feared, the Bourbons would 

4605
04:04:32,300 --> 04:04:34,400
retake their game's often 
Napoleon's reign. 

4606
04:04:35,200 --> 04:04:38,000
During a Congress of the great 
countries in Vienna to redraw 

4607
04:04:38,000 --> 04:04:39,800
Europe's map often Napoleon's 
fall. 

4608
04:04:39,800 --> 04:04:43,000
The British may send Napoleon to
a remote Atlantic Rock. 

4609
04:04:43,000 --> 04:04:46,300
If he becomes too difficult in 
Elba the island felt like a 

4610
04:04:46,300 --> 04:04:48,600
gilded prison. 
The Bonaparte family was 

4611
04:04:48,600 --> 04:04:51,900
Infamous for their infighting 
and Napoleon's mother and sister

4612
04:04:51,900 --> 04:04:55,100
clashed often Napoleon's busy 
mind, was bored. 

4613
04:04:55,100 --> 04:04:57,400
He was sad. 
Looking at the sea via a 

4614
04:04:57,400 --> 04:04:59,700
telescope from elba's, Cliffs in
early 1815. 

4615
04:04:59,700 --> 04:05:03,200
I live like a sleeping volcano. 
Read one letter. 

4616
04:05:03,200 --> 04:05:06,500
He could not bear the world 
going on without him his 

4617
04:05:06,500 --> 04:05:08,300
insatiable ambition and Fate 
One. 

4618
04:05:09,200 --> 04:05:12,500
In late February 1815, Napoleon 
returned to France, to reclaim 

4619
04:05:12,500 --> 04:05:13,900
his crown. 
After hearing, the Congress of 

4620
04:05:13,900 --> 04:05:17,000
Vienna was in disorder and 
France's anger, with Louis, the 

4621
04:05:17,000 --> 04:05:20,200
18th was growing. 
It appeared in possible and 

4622
04:05:20,200 --> 04:05:22,900
expelled Emperor. 
The Allied ships, trying to 

4623
04:05:22,900 --> 04:05:26,300
incite a civilian Insurrection 
to overthrow a reconstituted. 

4624
04:05:26,300 --> 04:05:29,800
Monarchy Napoleon had the 
ability to bring dreams to life.

4625
04:05:31,300 --> 04:05:36,200
Napoleon fled elbow on February 
26th 1815 and a loose guards. 

4626
04:05:36,200 --> 04:05:38,700
He traveled to France with 
several hundred. 

4627
04:05:38,700 --> 04:05:41,600
Loyal Warriors, aboard the ship 
in constant and on numerous 

4628
04:05:41,600 --> 04:05:43,500
smaller vessels to evade British
surveillance. 

4629
04:05:44,300 --> 04:05:48,700
He escaped capture on the voyage
by chance and daring, Napoleon 

4630
04:05:48,700 --> 04:05:52,000
stared at the proud with a 
familiar fire as the coat. 

4631
04:05:52,000 --> 04:05:54,500
Does your appeared? 
France's hours. 

4632
04:05:54,500 --> 04:05:58,100
He informed his troops Bonaparte
believed Louis, the 18th France 

4633
04:05:58,100 --> 04:06:02,400
would fail on March 1st 1815, 
the French Riviera witnessed an 

4634
04:06:02,400 --> 04:06:05,200
astonishing sight. 
Napoleon Bonaparte. 

4635
04:06:05,200 --> 04:06:08,700
The exiled Emperor landed near 
can with a tiny force and 

4636
04:06:08,700 --> 04:06:10,300
unfurled his tricolor flag once 
more. 

4637
04:06:11,100 --> 04:06:13,700
Dressed in his trademark grey 
coat and cocked hat. 

4638
04:06:13,700 --> 04:06:15,500
He stepped ashore and 
proclaimed. 

4639
04:06:15,500 --> 04:06:20,300
I have come to save France. 
Thus began the episode known as 

4640
04:06:20,300 --> 04:06:23,900
the 100 days a final blaze of 
Napoleon's meteoric, life. 

4641
04:06:25,000 --> 04:06:28,400
He marched northward voiding the
royalist stronghold of Provence 

4642
04:06:28,400 --> 04:06:30,900
using the Alpine route through 
the dolphin. 

4643
04:06:30,900 --> 04:06:34,800
A His band was small barely a 
thousand men but as they 

4644
04:06:34,800 --> 04:06:38,700
Advanced Napoleon's Charisma and
France is simmering discontent 

4645
04:06:38,700 --> 04:06:42,600
began to work miracles, a town 
after town locals, especially 

4646
04:06:42,600 --> 04:06:46,200
veterans and peasants turned out
with curiosity and growing 

4647
04:06:46,200 --> 04:06:49,100
enthusiasm. 
To many, the news of his return 

4648
04:06:49,100 --> 04:06:51,200
felt like a long-lost family 
member coming home. 

4649
04:06:51,200 --> 04:06:54,900
A pivotal moment, came on March,
7th near the mountain town of 

4650
04:06:54,908 --> 04:06:58,200
loughrey, Royal troops of the 
5th, regiment and orders to 

4651
04:06:58,208 --> 04:07:01,900
arrest the user confronted, 
Napoleon on the road, the two 

4652
04:07:01,900 --> 04:07:04,900
forces faced each other nervous 
and Silent Napoleon. 

4653
04:07:04,900 --> 04:07:08,200
Fearless Strode forward. 
Alone flung open his coat to 

4654
04:07:08,200 --> 04:07:11,000
bear his chest and shouted to 
the soldiers are raid against 

4655
04:07:11,008 --> 04:07:13,700
him soldiers. 
If there is one among you, who 

4656
04:07:13,700 --> 04:07:15,900
wants to kill his General? 
His Emperor here. 

4657
04:07:15,900 --> 04:07:20,200
I am for a tense heartbeat, no 
one moved then in an emotional 

4658
04:07:20,200 --> 04:07:22,000
Rush, the Royal troops erupted 
in. 

4659
04:07:22,000 --> 04:07:25,500
Cheers Vivo rang out as they 
threw down. 

4660
04:07:25,500 --> 04:07:28,100
Their white Bourbon cockades and
surged toward Napoleon. 

4661
04:07:28,100 --> 04:07:31,300
The men of the 5th. 
Join Napoleon's ranks in unison.

4662
04:07:31,700 --> 04:07:34,800
I Witnesses saw veterans, crying
and laughing as they Embrace, 

4663
04:07:34,800 --> 04:07:37,700
their former leader. 
Word quickly spread throughout 

4664
04:07:37,700 --> 04:07:41,300
the countryside, Napoleon had 
returned, and the Army was 

4665
04:07:41,300 --> 04:07:45,100
United by him. 
King Louis the 18th attempts to 

4666
04:07:45,108 --> 04:07:48,600
muster resistance faltered as 
one regiment after another, 

4667
04:07:48,600 --> 04:07:52,800
either went over to Bonaparte or
melted away through May once 

4668
04:07:52,800 --> 04:07:55,300
Napoleon's, trusted bravest of 
the Brave had initially 

4669
04:07:55,300 --> 04:07:57,900
promised, the king he would 
bring Napoleon back in an iron 

4670
04:07:57,900 --> 04:08:00,800
cage but confronted with the fur
of his troops for the emperor 

4671
04:08:00,800 --> 04:08:05,100
nay too defected overwhelmed by 
old loyalties and perhaps the 

4672
04:08:05,100 --> 04:08:09,500
irresistible tide of sentiment. 
By March 20th, Napoleon reached 

4673
04:08:09,500 --> 04:08:12,000
Paris. 
Louis the 18th had already fled 

4674
04:08:12,000 --> 04:08:15,900
into Exile supposedly leaving so
hastily that, he lost a shoe, 

4675
04:08:15,900 --> 04:08:18,900
thus, giving a touch of fast to 
the bourbon, King's second 

4676
04:08:18,900 --> 04:08:22,900
departure, That night Napoleon 
entered the Wheeler's to the 

4677
04:08:22,900 --> 04:08:26,500
ecstatic war of parisians. 
Who, just weeks earlier, had 

4678
04:08:26,500 --> 04:08:29,900
been murmuring against him as 
the ogre public opinion had. 

4679
04:08:29,900 --> 04:08:33,600
Once again, whiplashed 
Remarkably in a matter of 20 

4680
04:08:33,600 --> 04:08:36,000
days without a single shot fired
in Anger. 

4681
04:08:36,000 --> 04:08:38,500
Napoleon had rigor regained his 
throne. 

4682
04:08:38,500 --> 04:08:42,400
It was one of the most dramatic 
political The Comebacks in 

4683
04:08:42,408 --> 04:08:45,200
history servers are Testament to
his unequaled, ability to 

4684
04:08:45,200 --> 04:08:48,700
inspire or intimidate and they 
also reflect the French people's

4685
04:08:48,700 --> 04:08:52,900
ambivalence about the restored 
monarchy The tricolor flew once 

4686
04:08:52,900 --> 04:08:56,100
more from public buildings in 
the streets people sang llamas 

4687
04:08:56,100 --> 04:08:59,000
and lip. 
Bonfires Napoleon moved quickly 

4688
04:08:59,000 --> 04:09:02,600
to consolidate this unexpected. 
Second chance he sent letters 

4689
04:09:02,600 --> 04:09:05,200
professing peaceful intentions 
and offering new alliances. 

4690
04:09:05,200 --> 04:09:08,900
He even adopted a more liberal 
tone, promulgating a revised 

4691
04:09:08,900 --> 04:09:11,300
Constitution. 
The additional act that granted 

4692
04:09:11,300 --> 04:09:13,700
a free oppress, and a 
constitutional monarchy style 

4693
04:09:13,700 --> 04:09:16,200
government. 
An olive branch to liberals and 

4694
04:09:16,200 --> 04:09:18,200
moderates in France, who wanted 
reform. 

4695
04:09:18,200 --> 04:09:21,200
The emperor claimed he had 
learned from Exile and now 

4696
04:09:21,200 --> 04:09:23,400
desire to be a benign ruler of a
free people. 

4697
04:09:23,400 --> 04:09:26,800
Many were skeptical of this late
hour conversion to liberalism, 

4698
04:09:26,800 --> 04:09:29,100
but they preferred him to the 
Bourbons regardless. 

4699
04:09:29,100 --> 04:09:33,700
However, Napoleon's, escape and 
restoration shook Europe. the 

4700
04:09:33,700 --> 04:09:36,700
crowned heads at the Congress of
Vienna were cast and Furious, 

4701
04:09:37,600 --> 04:09:40,600
Coalition of practically every 
other European power, Britain 

4702
04:09:40,600 --> 04:09:43,900
Prussia, Austria, Russia and 
others immediately formed 

4703
04:09:43,900 --> 04:09:46,500
declaring Napoleon and Outlaw 
and enemy of World Peace. 

4704
04:09:47,600 --> 04:09:50,500
The devil has been Unchained. 
So the Austrian foreign minister

4705
04:09:50,500 --> 04:09:53,400
Netanyahu. 
The shocked outrage of the 

4706
04:09:53,408 --> 04:09:57,100
aristocracies the aristocracies 
quickly mobilized their Idol 

4707
04:09:57,100 --> 04:10:00,500
armies to decisively Crush 
Napoleon, Napoleon aware that 

4708
04:10:00,500 --> 04:10:03,300
diplomacy was hopeless, the 
Allies refused anything short of

4709
04:10:03,300 --> 04:10:06,800
his second abdication prepared 
for war with a mix of urgency in

4710
04:10:06,800 --> 04:10:11,000
confidence yet, Perhaps 125,000 
soldiers of the regular army 

4711
04:10:11,000 --> 04:10:13,000
immediately at and plus 
volunteers. 

4712
04:10:13,000 --> 04:10:16,600
Swelling, the ranks daily Both 
veterans and new recruits were 

4713
04:10:16,600 --> 04:10:19,900
present, many driven by a 
patriotic Zeal to ensure that 

4714
04:10:19,900 --> 04:10:21,900
foreign monarchs would not 
dictate to France. 

4715
04:10:21,900 --> 04:10:26,100
He also reconstituted the 
formidable Imperial Guard Still 

4716
04:10:26,100 --> 04:10:29,400
facing him would soon be several
massive Allied armies converging

4717
04:10:29,400 --> 04:10:32,300
from all sides, potentially over
half a million men. 

4718
04:10:33,200 --> 04:10:36,100
Napoleon strategic Instinct 
guided him to swiftly and 

4719
04:10:36,100 --> 04:10:38,900
forcefully attack the closest 
adversaries before the Coalition

4720
04:10:38,900 --> 04:10:41,300
could fully unite. 
He famously said, to his 

4721
04:10:41,308 --> 04:10:44,400
Marshals, we must make a 
campaign that is prompt and 

4722
04:10:44,400 --> 04:10:46,700
energetic as in the days of our 
youth. 

4723
04:10:47,700 --> 04:10:51,000
In June 1815, he marched into. 
What is now Belgium then part of

4724
04:10:51,008 --> 04:10:53,800
the United Kingdom of the 
Netherlands, to preempt, the 

4725
04:10:53,800 --> 04:10:57,000
Anglo Dutch Army under the Duke 
of Wellington and the Prussian 

4726
04:10:57,000 --> 04:10:59,800
Army under martial. 
Blucher, hoping to defeat in 

4727
04:10:59,800 --> 04:11:05,200
turn On June, the 16th, 1815 
Napoleon's are made in Nord 

4728
04:11:05,200 --> 04:11:08,200
clashed with the prussians at 
linear and the Anglo Allied 

4729
04:11:08,200 --> 04:11:13,100
Forces at Napoleon. 
Defeated blue marking it as his 

4730
04:11:13,100 --> 04:11:15,700
last victory. 
However it was not a route since

4731
04:11:15,700 --> 04:11:19,200
Blue's prussians with Drew in 
good order bruised but not 

4732
04:11:19,200 --> 04:11:23,100
broken. 
Marshal's fight at Wellington's.

4733
04:11:23,100 --> 04:11:26,200
Forces was inconclusive? 
Ney was unable to prevent 

4734
04:11:26,200 --> 04:11:28,400
Wellington from later. 
Pulling back to a defensive 

4735
04:11:28,400 --> 04:11:30,000
position near the village of 
Waterloo. 

4736
04:11:30,800 --> 04:11:35,500
Two days later on June 1815, 
Napoleon faced Wellington's. 

4737
04:11:35,500 --> 04:11:38,800
British-led Allied Army on the 
rolling plateau of monsen, Jean 

4738
04:11:38,800 --> 04:11:41,700
just south of Waterloo. 
The ground had been soaked by 

4739
04:11:41,700 --> 04:11:43,800
heavy rains, the night before 
delaying. 

4740
04:11:43,800 --> 04:11:45,400
Napoleon's attack until late 
morning. 

4741
04:11:45,400 --> 04:11:49,300
While it dried Napoleon's fate 
would be decided on a field of 

4742
04:11:49,300 --> 04:11:52,400
clover and Rye. 
One mile long and three miles 

4743
04:11:52,400 --> 04:11:56,200
wide with Wellington Scarlett. 
Coated infantry in Union, Jack 

4744
04:11:56,200 --> 04:11:58,600
flags a raid together against 
the tri-color standards of 

4745
04:11:58,608 --> 04:12:02,100
France. 
Wellington experience defensive 

4746
04:12:02,100 --> 04:12:06,500
General had a raid, his 68,000 
troops behind gentle ridges and 

4747
04:12:06,500 --> 04:12:09,700
in strong points, like the farm 
of lahiya sent and he anxiously 

4748
04:12:09,700 --> 04:12:12,700
awaited the arrival of Blue's 
prussians to bolster him. 

4749
04:12:14,100 --> 04:12:18,100
Napoleon had around 72,000 
troops including the router in 

4750
04:12:18,100 --> 04:12:21,100
Imperial Guard, but he too was 
looking over his shoulder for 

4751
04:12:21,100 --> 04:12:23,700
the prussians, hoping his 
subordinate Marshal grouchy, 

4752
04:12:23,700 --> 04:12:26,700
would keep them at Bay. 
There's Battle of Waterloo was 

4753
04:12:26,700 --> 04:12:30,100
fierce and unrelenting a true 
end game between the year as 

4754
04:12:30,100 --> 04:12:33,200
greatest commanders. 
Napoleon launched a midday 

4755
04:12:33,200 --> 04:12:36,200
assault with a grand, battery of
artillery and a main attack 

4756
04:12:36,200 --> 04:12:39,600
against the Allied Center. 
While nailed Cavalry Charges 

4757
04:12:39,600 --> 04:12:41,100
that thundered against 
Wellington's. 

4758
04:12:41,100 --> 04:12:43,900
Infantry Square's. 
The British and their allies 

4759
04:12:43,900 --> 04:12:46,400
held firm on the ridge despite 
horrific losses. 

4760
04:12:47,300 --> 04:12:50,100
By late afternoon, Nei 
misunderstanding an enemy 

4761
04:12:50,100 --> 04:12:52,600
movement mistakenly believed. 
The Anglo Allied line was 

4762
04:12:52,600 --> 04:12:55,100
faltering and led one of 
military history's. 

4763
04:12:55,100 --> 04:12:58,900
Most infamous Mass Cavalry 
Charges dozens of squadrons with

4764
04:12:58,900 --> 04:13:01,300
glittering quranism. 
Penance thundering over the 

4765
04:13:01,300 --> 04:13:03,300
ridge without infantry or 
artillery support. 

4766
04:13:04,100 --> 04:13:06,200
They were met by the Resolute. 
Infantry squares. 

4767
04:13:06,200 --> 04:13:09,600
Wellington soldiers and Silent 
rows behind bayonets. 

4768
04:13:09,600 --> 04:13:13,100
Endured repeated waves of French
Horseman swirling around their 

4769
04:13:13,100 --> 04:13:15,200
bristling Square's unable to 
break them. 

4770
04:13:16,300 --> 04:13:19,500
Days Valor was undeniable, his 
horse was shot from under him 

4771
04:13:19,500 --> 04:13:22,000
five times that day, but the 
Chargers game, nothing. 

4772
04:13:22,000 --> 04:13:23,600
But heaps of dead men and 
horses. 

4773
04:13:23,600 --> 04:13:27,600
Napoleon watched this spectacle 
and reportedly exclaimed, that 

4774
04:13:27,600 --> 04:13:31,200
they had gone mad. 
As the afternoon wore on news 

4775
04:13:31,200 --> 04:13:33,700
reached Napoleon that her 
crushing forces were approaching

4776
04:13:33,700 --> 04:13:36,400
from the East blue, Heroes, 
coming fulfilling his promise to

4777
04:13:36,400 --> 04:13:39,000
Wellington. 
For the love of God, come as 

4778
04:13:39,000 --> 04:13:41,300
fast as you can, will fight to 
the last man. 

4779
04:13:42,100 --> 04:13:45,600
In Deed by early evening, 
Prussian Advanced units under 

4780
04:13:45,600 --> 04:13:49,400
below attack the French right 
flank at the Village of Plank 

4781
04:13:49,400 --> 04:13:51,600
and War. 
Forcing Napoleon to divert 

4782
04:13:51,600 --> 04:13:54,300
troops, including part of the 
young guard, to hold them off 

4783
04:13:54,308 --> 04:13:58,600
the iron Vice was closing. 
With time dwindling Napoleon 

4784
04:13:58,600 --> 04:14:01,900
took a final risk, he committed 
his Imperial Guard, his most 

4785
04:14:01,900 --> 04:14:05,200
loyal and Elite Italians in a 
final bid to break Wellington 

4786
04:14:05,200 --> 04:14:07,500
center before the prussians 
could fully Unite with the 

4787
04:14:07,500 --> 04:14:10,100
Allies. 
These battle-hardened, veterans 

4788
04:14:10,100 --> 04:14:13,700
short, but tall and reputation 
marched up the ridge in solid 

4789
04:14:13,700 --> 04:14:17,600
columns, drums, beating the 
pasta Shahs the vampire, they 

4790
04:14:17,600 --> 04:14:20,600
cried as Napoleon watched them 
go, these men who had never 

4791
04:14:20,600 --> 04:14:23,800
tasted defeat, the Allied line 
buckled under the initial 

4792
04:14:23,800 --> 04:14:27,200
impact, but Wellington had kept 
some units in reserve lying down

4793
04:14:27,200 --> 04:14:30,200
behind the ridge. 
At his command, the British 

4794
04:14:30,200 --> 04:14:32,500
guards and other units. 
Stood up close range, and 

4795
04:14:32,500 --> 04:14:35,100
poured, volleys into the flanks 
of the advancing guard columns, 

4796
04:14:35,800 --> 04:14:39,900
A brutal firefight ensued near 
the summit of the ridge. under 

4797
04:14:39,900 --> 04:14:43,100
hail storms of musket balls and 
great shot for the first time in

4798
04:14:43,100 --> 04:14:47,000
memory, the Imperial Guard 
recoil, The cry went up among 

4799
04:14:47,000 --> 04:14:51,300
the Allied troops like guardrail
which means the guard is falling

4800
04:14:51,300 --> 04:14:53,600
back. 
Shock Ripple through the French 

4801
04:14:53,600 --> 04:14:56,500
lines, disbelief turned to 
panic, as the guards Retreat 

4802
04:14:56,500 --> 04:14:59,700
became General. 
Wellington seized the moment, 

4803
04:14:59,700 --> 04:15:02,700
waving his hat and ordering a 
general Advance all along the 

4804
04:15:02,700 --> 04:15:05,100
line. 
Here's prussians now, arriving 

4805
04:15:05,100 --> 04:15:08,400
in for sashed into the French, 
right, Napoleon's Army 

4806
04:15:08,400 --> 04:15:10,200
exhausted. 
And with its morale shattered 

4807
04:15:10,200 --> 04:15:12,700
began to disintegrate on a 
gentle slope. 

4808
04:15:12,700 --> 04:15:15,300
A square of the old God, formed 
to act as a rearguard for the 

4809
04:15:15,300 --> 04:15:18,100
fleeing Army. 
Surrounded by Allied Forces. 

4810
04:15:18,100 --> 04:15:19,900
They were given a chance to 
surrender. 

4811
04:15:21,200 --> 04:15:25,100
One apocryphal version tells 
that when called to yield a 

4812
04:15:25,100 --> 04:15:27,500
Guard general perhaps, come on, 
retorted. 

4813
04:15:28,200 --> 04:15:32,500
Legarde Mehran PA. 
The guard dies but does not 

4814
04:15:32,500 --> 04:15:35,400
surrender. 
Followed by a defiant mad. 

4815
04:15:36,600 --> 04:15:39,600
When eventually overwhelmed, 
many of these steadfast 

4816
04:15:39,600 --> 04:15:42,700
grenadiers indeed died where 
they stood rather than 

4817
04:15:42,700 --> 04:15:47,700
capitulate. among the chaos 
Napoleon who had remained on the

4818
04:15:47,700 --> 04:15:51,800
field and the guards repulsed, 
almost fell into enemy hands, as

4819
04:15:51,800 --> 04:15:56,200
all seemed lost his Marshals, 
persuaded him to depart, He fled

4820
04:15:56,200 --> 04:15:59,300
the field in a carriage. 
As Darkness fell racing back 

4821
04:15:59,300 --> 04:16:03,500
toward Paris, his dream of 
renewed, Glory shattered, the 

4822
04:16:03,500 --> 04:16:06,800
Battle of Waterloo was over, 
Napoleon's final gamble at 

4823
04:16:06,800 --> 04:16:10,300
failed. 
Napoleon reportedly said, cifani

4824
04:16:10,300 --> 04:16:15,900
or it's finished then as he 
left, Back in Paris, Napoleon 

4825
04:16:15,900 --> 04:16:18,300
attempted to Rally support for 
continuing resistance. 

4826
04:16:19,400 --> 04:16:22,900
But the political will was gone 
the legend of turned against him

4827
04:16:22,900 --> 04:16:25,100
and even the ever-loyal martial 
name. 

4828
04:16:25,100 --> 04:16:28,200
Now, urged abdication, saying 
another, round of Civil War 

4829
04:16:28,200 --> 04:16:32,700
would Rouen France. 
On June 22nd 1815 Napoleon 

4830
04:16:32,700 --> 04:16:35,500
abdicated for the second time 
and in favor of his young son, 

4831
04:16:35,500 --> 04:16:38,400
Napoleon the second though the 
Allies ignored this and restored

4832
04:16:38,400 --> 04:16:41,400
Louis the 18th again. 
He then made his way to the 

4833
04:16:41,408 --> 04:16:45,000
Atlantic coast, initially hoping
to escape the United States. 

4834
04:16:46,000 --> 04:16:48,400
For weeks, he lingered at 
rochefort with two British 

4835
04:16:48,400 --> 04:16:50,300
warships, blocking any attempt 
to sail. 

4836
04:16:51,100 --> 04:16:54,200
Finally, realizing he could not 
allude the global reach of 

4837
04:16:54,200 --> 04:16:56,900
British Sea power, Napoleon 
surrendered himself to the 

4838
04:16:56,900 --> 04:17:01,700
British captain Maitland of HMS 
bellerophon on July 15th 1815. 

4839
04:17:01,700 --> 04:17:05,800
He would be treated as a former 
head of state and allowed 

4840
04:17:05,800 --> 04:17:07,200
retirement in Britain or 
elsewhere. 

4841
04:17:07,200 --> 04:17:11,100
Instead the British driven by 
their governments resolve that 

4842
04:17:11,100 --> 04:17:13,900
he never troubled the world 
again, decided to send him to 

4843
04:17:13,900 --> 04:17:17,300
the remote, South Atlantic 
island of Saint Helena far from 

4844
04:17:17,300 --> 04:17:21,700
any European Shore. 
In October 1815, Napoleon 

4845
04:17:21,700 --> 04:17:25,700
arrived, at the start volcanic 
island, roughly 1200 miles from 

4846
04:17:25,700 --> 04:17:29,600
the coast of Africa, the thus 
began his second final Exile on 

4847
04:17:29,600 --> 04:17:31,800
a speck of land. 
That was essentially an open-air

4848
04:17:31,800 --> 04:17:35,500
prison. 
He was 46 years old, the climate

4849
04:17:35,500 --> 04:17:38,900
was dammed the terrain rugged 
but confined there would be no 

4850
04:17:38,900 --> 04:17:42,300
dramatic Escape or return from 
this place, the British Governor

4851
04:17:42,300 --> 04:17:45,400
so Hudson Lowe was due to full 
of watchful restricting, 

4852
04:17:45,400 --> 04:17:48,100
Napoleon's movements, to prevent
any chance of rescue. 

4853
04:17:48,100 --> 04:17:52,100
Napoleon was given a residence 
Longwood house which was damp 

4854
04:17:52,100 --> 04:17:54,600
Windswept, and hardly 
comfortable by Imperial 

4855
04:17:54,600 --> 04:17:57,100
standards. 
He passed the next almost six 

4856
04:17:57,100 --> 04:18:01,200
years in a strange half-life A 
small cohort of loyal followers 

4857
04:18:01,200 --> 04:18:04,200
voluntarily accompanied him 
General's, Bertrand and 

4858
04:18:04,200 --> 04:18:07,700
month-long counter Locka, says, 
and his valet Marshal among 

4859
04:18:07,700 --> 04:18:09,900
others. 
And if they formed a tiny Court 

4860
04:18:09,900 --> 04:18:12,900
in Exile, Napoleon established a
daily routine. 

4861
04:18:12,900 --> 04:18:15,900
Dictating his Memoirs and 
thoughts to his companions. 

4862
04:18:15,900 --> 04:18:19,300
Specially less cases, who 
recorded his conversations in, 

4863
04:18:19,300 --> 04:18:22,500
what would become the memorial 
of Saint Helena. tending, a 

4864
04:18:22,500 --> 04:18:25,200
small garden, reading, 
voraciously history, and 

4865
04:18:25,200 --> 04:18:28,200
literature, and the newspapers 
when he could get them and 

4866
04:18:28,200 --> 04:18:30,700
taking the occasional ride or 
walk, when his health allowed, 

4867
04:18:31,400 --> 04:18:34,000
Over time his robust 
Constitution began to fail. 

4868
04:18:34,000 --> 04:18:37,100
He grew throughout from lack of 
exercise and rich food. 

4869
04:18:37,100 --> 04:18:39,800
They still dined for each night 
on Silver Plate. 

4870
04:18:39,800 --> 04:18:43,900
Maintaining pretense of an 
imperial household He suffered 

4871
04:18:43,900 --> 04:18:45,500
from what appeared to be a 
stomach ailment. 

4872
04:18:45,500 --> 04:18:48,400
Perhaps an ulcer or ultimately 
stomach cancer. 

4873
04:18:48,400 --> 04:18:50,500
His father had died of stomach, 
cancer 2. 

4874
04:18:51,300 --> 04:18:54,100
Some speculated he was being 
slowly poisoned indeed. 

4875
04:18:54,100 --> 04:18:56,800
Arsenic was later. 
Found in hair samples though. 

4876
04:18:56,800 --> 04:18:58,900
Modern historians, leaned 
towards natural illness, 

4877
04:18:58,900 --> 04:19:02,200
exacerbated by the conditions 
and possibly the Arsenic present

4878
04:19:02,200 --> 04:19:04,300
in things like the wallpaper 
die. 

4879
04:19:05,300 --> 04:19:08,600
Emotionally and intellectually 
Napoleon oscillated between 

4880
04:19:08,600 --> 04:19:11,400
border bitterness and reflective
car. 

4881
04:19:11,400 --> 04:19:15,200
He would spend hours mapping out
alternative histories what he 

4882
04:19:15,208 --> 04:19:18,100
should have done at Waterloo or 
regretting not crushing the 

4883
04:19:18,100 --> 04:19:21,300
crush's more decisively early or
lamenting the Folly of the 

4884
04:19:21,300 --> 04:19:24,300
Russian campaign. 
But other times he would delve 

4885
04:19:24,300 --> 04:19:26,600
into philosophical discussions 
about fate in the future 

4886
04:19:26,600 --> 04:19:29,900
Generations. 
He once stated they wanted me to

4887
04:19:29,900 --> 04:19:32,800
be another Washington referring 
to how Britain might have 

4888
04:19:32,800 --> 04:19:36,100
expected him to quietly retire 
and farm, but they will not find

4889
04:19:36,100 --> 04:19:40,300
another Washington in me. 
As months turned to years, 

4890
04:19:40,300 --> 04:19:44,600
Napoleon became preoccupied with
shaping his legacy in dictation 

4891
04:19:44,600 --> 04:19:46,300
sessions. 
He portrayed himself as the 

4892
04:19:46,300 --> 04:19:49,400
champion of the people's rights 
against reactionary monarchs and

4893
04:19:49,400 --> 04:19:53,600
as a soldier philosopher, who 
spread revolutionary ideals He 

4894
04:19:53,600 --> 04:19:55,700
insisted that his True Glory was
not the 40 battles. 

4895
04:19:55,700 --> 04:19:58,000
He won for defeat at Waterloo, 
overshadowed them. 

4896
04:19:58,000 --> 04:20:02,000
But what will live forever is my
civil code, the administrative 

4897
04:20:02,000 --> 04:20:04,400
reforms the memory of a Nation. 
I transformed. 

4898
04:20:04,400 --> 04:20:08,700
He described the grand amay as a
Band of Brothers who achieved 

4899
04:20:08,700 --> 04:20:12,200
The Impossible out of love for 
France, even expressed some 

4900
04:20:12,200 --> 04:20:15,200
remorse or at least sadness over
the human cost of his Ambitions 

4901
04:20:15,200 --> 04:20:18,900
at times sitting on the porch. 
At Longwood gazing at the 

4902
04:20:18,908 --> 04:20:20,700
Atlantic rollers under a gray 
sky. 

4903
04:20:20,700 --> 04:20:24,600
One imagines Napoleon pondering 
the ultimate futility of worldly

4904
04:20:24,600 --> 04:20:27,200
power. 
Nevertheless he never lost a 

4905
04:20:27,200 --> 04:20:30,600
certain pride and combativeness 
when sir Hudson low would visit 

4906
04:20:30,600 --> 04:20:33,400
with Petty regulations or refuse
him, the title of Emperor and 

4907
04:20:33,400 --> 04:20:35,600
correspondence. 
The British addressed him as 

4908
04:20:35,600 --> 04:20:38,500
general Bonaparte, Napoleon 
would bristle with anger. 

4909
04:20:38,500 --> 04:20:41,500
Sometimes refusing to see the 
governor at all, cloaking 

4910
04:20:41,500 --> 04:20:44,900
himself in dignified, silence 
his Entourage remained fiercely 

4911
04:20:44,900 --> 04:20:48,500
loyal, sharing in these 
indigenous in 1818. 

4912
04:20:48,500 --> 04:20:52,200
Las cases was deported by 
Lucille for allegedly, trying to

4913
04:20:52,200 --> 04:20:54,800
smuggle. 
Let To Europe Napoleon was 

4914
04:20:54,800 --> 04:20:59,200
outraged but he continued his 
dictations with others over time

4915
04:20:59,200 --> 04:21:02,200
reports of his declining Health 
reached Europe and softened some

4916
04:21:02,200 --> 04:21:04,400
hearts. 
Even royalists in France, became

4917
04:21:04,400 --> 04:21:07,600
less harsh and a simmering 
bonapartist, sentiment emerged 

4918
04:21:07,600 --> 04:21:12,100
in 1821 as Napoleon's condition,
worsened constant abdominal 

4919
04:21:12,100 --> 04:21:13,900
pain, nausea and physical 
weakening. 

4920
04:21:13,900 --> 04:21:17,500
He took to bed in April, he 
sensed the end was near and made

4921
04:21:17,500 --> 04:21:21,000
a will famously asking to be 
buried on the banks of the sin, 

4922
04:21:21,000 --> 04:21:23,700
among the French people who may 
have loved so much. 

4923
04:21:24,700 --> 04:21:27,600
On May the 5th 1821 during a 
ferocious storm. 

4924
04:21:27,600 --> 04:21:31,100
Napoleon died. 
His last words in Delirium were 

4925
04:21:31,100 --> 04:21:35,500
recorded by those at his bedside
as France, schooly Army. 

4926
04:21:36,900 --> 04:21:41,200
Tetani Josephine. 
France. 

4927
04:21:42,200 --> 04:21:44,500
The army. 
Head of the army. 

4928
04:21:45,500 --> 04:21:49,100
Josephine. 
Even at the final moment, his 

4929
04:21:49,100 --> 04:21:52,900
mind clung to what he cherished,
his country, his soldiers, his 

4930
04:21:52,900 --> 04:21:56,100
glory and perhaps a fleeting 
thought of the first wife, he 

4931
04:21:56,100 --> 04:22:00,000
had loved Napoleon was buried on
Saint Helena in a shaded Valley,

4932
04:22:00,000 --> 04:22:02,600
in a modest. 
Grave marked only by a simple, 

4933
04:22:02,608 --> 04:22:06,000
Tombstone, the British wary of 
any symbol left it nameless. 

4934
04:22:06,800 --> 04:22:10,500
But death, only magnified the 
legend within years, Memoirs, 

4935
04:22:10,500 --> 04:22:12,900
like the memorial of Saint 
Helena spread, across Europe, 

4936
04:22:12,900 --> 04:22:15,500
painting. 
Napoleon is a romantic hero and 

4937
04:22:15,500 --> 04:22:19,100
Martyr of of sorts, the great 
man and done by fate and the 

4938
04:22:19,100 --> 04:22:22,300
malice of lesser men. 
The term Napoleon complex would 

4939
04:22:22,300 --> 04:22:25,000
come to describe, not 
psychological height issues but 

4940
04:22:25,000 --> 04:22:28,500
the complexity of his historical
image Tyrant or enlightened 

4941
04:22:28,500 --> 04:22:31,100
ruler military genius or 
Reckless conqueror. 

4942
04:22:31,600 --> 04:22:35,700
In 1840, as political Tides 
changed in France, King Louis 

4943
04:22:35,700 --> 04:22:39,600
Philippe obtained permission to 
bring Napoleon's remains home in

4944
04:22:39,600 --> 04:22:42,600
a grande State ceremony. 
Napoleon's body was exhumed 

4945
04:22:42,600 --> 04:22:47,200
found remarkably well preserved,
and transported to Paris lined 

4946
04:22:47,200 --> 04:22:49,400
by hundreds of thousands of 
Silent on Lucas. 

4947
04:22:49,400 --> 04:22:52,900
His coffin passed under the 
Arctic Tree on that Monument. 

4948
04:22:52,900 --> 04:22:55,900
He commissioned at the height of
his power and he was finally 

4949
04:22:55,900 --> 04:22:58,500
laid to rest with full honors in
a red Pourri. 

4950
04:22:58,500 --> 04:23:02,500
Sarcophagus at France thus 
symbolically reconciled with 

4951
04:23:02,500 --> 04:23:03,300
her. 
Prodigal son. 

4952
04:23:03,300 --> 04:23:07,600
He described the grand amay as a
Band of Brothers who achieve the

4953
04:23:07,608 --> 04:23:11,000
impossible out of love for 
France, even expressed some 

4954
04:23:11,000 --> 04:23:14,200
remorse or at least sadness over
the human cost of his Ambitions 

4955
04:23:14,200 --> 04:23:18,500
at times sitting on the porch at
Longwood gazing at the Atlantic 

4956
04:23:18,500 --> 04:23:21,900
rollers under a gray sky. 
One imagines Napoleon pondering 

4957
04:23:21,900 --> 04:23:24,000
the ultimate futility of worldly
power. 

4958
04:23:24,000 --> 04:23:27,600
Nevertheless he never lost a 
certain pride and combativeness 

4959
04:23:27,600 --> 04:23:30,900
when sir Hudson low would visit 
with Petty or regulations or 

4960
04:23:30,900 --> 04:23:34,000
refusing Title of Emperor and 
correspondence that British 

4961
04:23:34,000 --> 04:23:36,600
addressed him as general 
Bonaparte, Napoleon would 

4962
04:23:36,600 --> 04:23:39,300
bristle with anger. 
Sometimes refusing to see the 

4963
04:23:39,300 --> 04:23:42,000
governor at all, cloaking 
himself in dignified, silence 

4964
04:23:42,000 --> 04:23:45,200
his Entourage remained fiercely 
loyal, sharing in these 

4965
04:23:45,200 --> 04:23:48,800
indignities. 
In 1818, less cases was deported

4966
04:23:48,800 --> 04:23:52,200
by Latin milieu for allegedly, 
trying to smuggle, letters to 

4967
04:23:52,200 --> 04:23:55,200
Europe. 
Napoleon was outraged but he 

4968
04:23:55,208 --> 04:23:58,900
continued his dictations with 
others over time reports of his 

4969
04:23:58,900 --> 04:24:01,400
declining Health reached Europe 
and softened some hearts. 

4970
04:24:01,400 --> 04:24:04,900
Even royalists in France, became
less harsh and a simmering 

4971
04:24:04,900 --> 04:24:09,200
bonapartist, sentiment emerged 
in 1821 as Napoleon's condition,

4972
04:24:09,200 --> 04:24:12,400
worsened constant abdominal 
pain, nausea and physical 

4973
04:24:12,400 --> 04:24:15,300
weakening. 
He took to bed in April, he 

4974
04:24:15,300 --> 04:24:18,400
sensed the end was near and made
a will famously asking to be 

4975
04:24:18,408 --> 04:24:21,600
buried on the banks of the sane,
and among the French people who 

4976
04:24:21,600 --> 04:24:25,800
may have loved so much. 
On May the 5th 1821 during a 

4977
04:24:25,800 --> 04:24:29,700
ferocious storm, Napoleon died. 
His last words mermaid in 

4978
04:24:29,700 --> 04:24:32,900
Delirium, were recorded by those
at his bedside, as France, 

4979
04:24:32,900 --> 04:24:36,600
jewelry Army. 
Tech army. 

4980
04:24:37,300 --> 04:24:40,200
Josephine. 
France. 

4981
04:24:41,200 --> 04:24:43,600
The army. 
Head of the army. 

4982
04:24:44,500 --> 04:24:48,200
Josephine. 
Even at the final moment, his 

4983
04:24:48,200 --> 04:24:51,900
mind clung to what he cherished,
his country, his soldiers, his 

4984
04:24:51,900 --> 04:24:55,200
glory and perhaps a fleeting 
thought of the first wife, he 

4985
04:24:55,200 --> 04:24:59,100
had loved Napoleon was buried on
Saint Helena in a shaded Valley,

4986
04:24:59,100 --> 04:25:01,600
in a modest. 
Grave marked only by a simple, 

4987
04:25:01,600 --> 04:25:05,000
Tombstone, the British wary of 
any symbol left it nameless. 

4988
04:25:05,900 --> 04:25:09,500
But death, only magnified the 
legend within years, Memoirs, 

4989
04:25:09,500 --> 04:25:11,900
like the memorial of Saint 
Helena spread across Europe, 

4990
04:25:11,900 --> 04:25:16,100
painting Napoleon as a romantic 
hero and Martyr of sorts the 

4991
04:25:16,100 --> 04:25:18,900
great man and done by fate of 
the malice of lesser men. 

4992
04:25:18,900 --> 04:25:22,100
The term Napoleon complex would 
come to describe, not 

4993
04:25:22,100 --> 04:25:25,400
psychological height issues, but
the complexity of his historical

4994
04:25:25,400 --> 04:25:29,100
image Tyrant or enlightened 
ruler military genius, or 

4995
04:25:29,100 --> 04:25:32,900
Reckless conqueror. 
In 1840, as political Tides 

4996
04:25:32,900 --> 04:25:36,000
changed in France, King Louis 
Philippe obtained permission to 

4997
04:25:36,000 --> 04:25:39,600
bring Napoleon's remains home. 
The grand State ceremony, 

4998
04:25:39,600 --> 04:25:43,400
Napoleon's body was exhumed 
found remarkably well preserved,

4999
04:25:43,400 --> 04:25:47,600
and transported to Paris lined 
by hundreds of thousands of 

5000
04:25:47,600 --> 04:25:50,700
Silent onlookers, his coffin 
passed under the Arctic Tree on 

5001
04:25:50,708 --> 04:25:53,400
that Monument. 
He commissioned at the height of

5002
04:25:53,400 --> 04:25:56,600
his power and he was finally 
laid to rest with full honors in

5003
04:25:56,600 --> 04:26:00,700
a red, poor furry, sarcophagus 
at France, thus symbolically 

5004
04:26:00,700 --> 04:26:03,400
reconciled with her. 
Prodigal son, picture yourself 

5005
04:26:03,400 --> 04:26:06,000
settling into your favorite 
reading chair on a foggy. 

5006
04:26:06,000 --> 04:26:10,000
Edinburgh evening in 1886. 
The gas lamps, flicker outside 

5007
04:26:10,000 --> 04:26:12,400
your window. 
Casting dancing Shadows on 

5008
04:26:12,400 --> 04:26:14,900
cobblestone streets. 
That seemed to whisper secrets. 

5009
04:26:16,000 --> 04:26:19,300
This exact atmosphere enveloped 
a young medical student named 

5010
04:26:19,300 --> 04:26:23,600
Arthur Conan Doyle as he sat in 
his cramped, flat staring at a 

5011
04:26:23,600 --> 04:26:26,500
blank piece of paper and 
questioning how he would manage 

5012
04:26:26,500 --> 04:26:29,600
to pay his rent. 
You know that feeling when 

5013
04:26:29,600 --> 04:26:32,000
you're desperately trying to 
come up with a brilliant idea 

5014
04:26:32,000 --> 04:26:34,900
and your brain feels like it's 
been stuffed with cotton wool. 

5015
04:26:35,900 --> 04:26:38,500
Well, that's precisely where 
Arthur found himself. 

5016
04:26:38,500 --> 04:26:42,100
He'd been scribbling away at 
various stories trying to make a

5017
04:26:42,100 --> 04:26:44,600
name for himself as a writer, 
but nothing seemed to stick. 

5018
04:26:45,400 --> 04:26:48,400
His medical practice was about a
successful as a chocolate teapot

5019
04:26:48,400 --> 04:26:51,000
and his bank account was looking
rather anemic. 

5020
04:26:52,300 --> 04:26:54,200
But here's where the story gets 
captivating. 

5021
04:26:54,200 --> 04:26:58,700
Arthur had been studying under 
Professor named Dr. Joseph Bell.

5022
04:26:58,700 --> 04:27:01,100
And this man was absolutely 
extraordinary. 

5023
04:27:02,000 --> 04:27:04,800
Not in a flashy. 
Look at me, sort of way, but in 

5024
04:27:04,800 --> 04:27:07,400
a quietly, brilliant fashion, 
that would make your jaw. 

5025
04:27:07,400 --> 04:27:08,900
Drop. 
Dr. Belle. 

5026
04:27:08,900 --> 04:27:12,000
Have this uncanny ability to 
look at a patient and deduce. 

5027
04:27:12,000 --> 04:27:14,900
Their entire life story. 
Just from observing the smallest

5028
04:27:14,900 --> 04:27:17,900
details. 
He'd glance at someone's hands 

5029
04:27:17,900 --> 04:27:21,100
and tell them their profession. 
Notice a particular type of mud 

5030
04:27:21,100 --> 04:27:23,900
on their boots and know exactly 
which part of Edinburgh. 

5031
04:27:23,900 --> 04:27:25,100
They'd walk through that 
morning. 

5032
04:27:25,100 --> 04:27:28,400
There was like watching a 
magician except the tricks were 

5033
04:27:28,400 --> 04:27:32,000
real and the magic was simply 
Keen, observation mixed with 

5034
04:27:32,000 --> 04:27:35,300
logical thinking. 
Arthur would sit in those 

5035
04:27:35,300 --> 04:27:39,200
medical lectures completely 
mesmerized watching Dr. Belle 

5036
04:27:39,200 --> 04:27:40,800
work. 
His deductive Wizardry on 

5037
04:27:40,800 --> 04:27:44,400
unsuspecting patients. 
The excellent doctor would peer 

5038
04:27:44,400 --> 04:27:47,000
at a man's fingernails and 
announce are. 

5039
04:27:47,000 --> 04:27:49,700
I see, you're a carpenter, who's
been working with Oak recently, 

5040
04:27:49,700 --> 04:27:52,200
and judging by that. 
Slight stain, on your thumb, 

5041
04:27:52,200 --> 04:27:54,600
you've been using a particular 
type of varnish. 

5042
04:27:54,600 --> 04:27:56,600
That's only sold in three shops 
in the city. 

5043
04:27:57,700 --> 04:27:59,900
The patients would stare at him,
like, he'd just read their 

5044
04:27:59,900 --> 04:28:02,500
minds, but Arthur began to 
understand that it wasn't mine 

5045
04:28:02,500 --> 04:28:04,700
reading at all. 
It was merely the skill of 

5046
04:28:04,700 --> 04:28:05,700
recognizing. 
What? 

5047
04:28:05,700 --> 04:28:08,900
Others missed and linking 
seemingly unconnected elements. 

5048
04:28:09,800 --> 04:28:11,600
Dr. Belle wasn't performing 
magic tricks. 

5049
04:28:11,600 --> 04:28:14,800
He was demonstrating that the 
world is full of Clues. 

5050
04:28:14,800 --> 04:28:16,300
If you just know how to read 
them. 

5051
04:28:17,600 --> 04:28:21,000
As Arthur sat in his flat, that 
foggy evening, the memory of Dr.

5052
04:28:21,000 --> 04:28:23,900
Bell's methods began to 
percolate through his mind, like

5053
04:28:23,900 --> 04:28:28,500
a perfectly brewed cup of tea. 
What if he thought someone could

5054
04:28:28,500 --> 04:28:30,900
solve crimes using the same 
techniques? 

5055
04:28:31,800 --> 04:28:34,400
what if a detective could see, 
not just what happened at a 

5056
04:28:34,400 --> 04:28:40,500
crime scene, but how who, and 
why the idea began to take shape

5057
04:28:40,500 --> 04:28:43,600
slowly like a photographed 
developing in a dark room. 

5058
04:28:44,700 --> 04:28:48,400
Arthur imagined a tall thin man 
with sharp features and even 

5059
04:28:48,400 --> 04:28:51,700
sharper intellect. 
He had the ability to enter a 

5060
04:28:51,700 --> 04:28:55,000
room and instantly identify the 
17 details that others had 

5061
04:28:55,000 --> 04:28:57,500
overlooked. 
A person who found the Ordinary 

5062
04:28:57,500 --> 04:29:00,300
World rather dull that came 
alive when presented with a 

5063
04:29:00,300 --> 04:29:04,800
puzzle that needed solving. 
And so in that small Edinburgh, 

5064
04:29:04,800 --> 04:29:08,200
flat with the fog, pressing 
against the windows and the gas 

5065
04:29:08,200 --> 04:29:11,400
lamp flickering on his desk. 
Arthur Conan Doyle began to 

5066
04:29:11,400 --> 04:29:14,100
write about a Consulting 
detective named Sherlock Holmes.

5067
04:29:14,800 --> 04:29:17,500
He had no idea that he was about
to create the most famous 

5068
04:29:17,500 --> 04:29:20,800
fictional detective in history 
or that over a century later. 

5069
04:29:20,800 --> 04:29:23,900
People would still be arguing 
about whether Holmes was real or

5070
04:29:23,900 --> 04:29:26,300
not. 
Dr. Bell's methods, didn't just 

5071
04:29:26,300 --> 04:29:29,800
Inspire the character Arthur 
created, he was a blend of 

5072
04:29:29,800 --> 04:29:33,900
Victorian anxieties, scientific 
optimism and the growing belief 

5073
04:29:33,900 --> 04:29:35,500
that logic could solve any 
problem. 

5074
04:29:36,500 --> 04:29:39,300
Homes represented everything. 
The Victorian era wanted to 

5075
04:29:39,300 --> 04:29:43,400
believe about itself that reason
would triumph over chaos that 

5076
04:29:43,400 --> 04:29:46,600
careful observation could reveal
truth and that even the most 

5077
04:29:46,600 --> 04:29:49,200
complex Mysteries could be 
unraveled by a sufficiently 

5078
04:29:49,200 --> 04:29:52,300
clever mind. 
Little did Arthur know that his 

5079
04:29:52,300 --> 04:29:55,600
creation would outlive him 
outgrow him and eventually 

5080
04:29:55,600 --> 04:29:58,800
become more real to many people 
than the man who dreamed him up.

5081
04:29:58,800 --> 04:30:03,000
Let's delve deeper into Doctor. 
Joseph Bell was comprehending 

5082
04:30:03,000 --> 04:30:05,200
him as akin to comprehending the
hidden element in your 

5083
04:30:05,200 --> 04:30:07,600
grandmother's. 
Renowned recipe without him. 

5084
04:30:07,600 --> 04:30:10,900
There would be no Sherlock 
Holmes, and the world would be a

5085
04:30:10,900 --> 04:30:12,500
significantly less interesting 
place. 

5086
04:30:13,400 --> 04:30:15,600
Dr. Belle wasn't your typical 
Victorian gentleman. 

5087
04:30:15,600 --> 04:30:18,400
While other doctors of his era 
were still debating. 

5088
04:30:18,400 --> 04:30:20,900
Whether washing hands between 
patients was really necessary. 

5089
04:30:20,900 --> 04:30:24,400
Bell was revolutionizing the 
entire approach to medical 

5090
04:30:24,400 --> 04:30:27,300
diagnosis. 
He believed that a doctor's job 

5091
04:30:27,300 --> 04:30:30,100
wasn't just to treat symptoms 
but to become a detective of the

5092
04:30:30,108 --> 04:30:33,900
human body piecing together 
Clues to solve the mystery of 

5093
04:30:33,900 --> 04:30:35,600
what was actually wrong with the
patient. 

5094
04:30:37,200 --> 04:30:39,600
Imagine walking into his 
classroom at the University of 

5095
04:30:39,600 --> 04:30:41,600
Edinburgh. 
The room would be thick with 

5096
04:30:41,600 --> 04:30:44,800
anticipation, the students, 
waited to see what Miracle of 

5097
04:30:44,800 --> 04:30:46,800
deduction, their Professor would
perform that day. 

5098
04:30:47,800 --> 04:30:49,300
Bellwood. 
Summon a volunteer patient 

5099
04:30:49,300 --> 04:30:52,000
prompting, a hapless individual 
to shuffle forward. 

5100
04:30:52,000 --> 04:30:55,700
Like Lee pondering their current
circumstances Bellwood 

5101
04:30:55,700 --> 04:30:58,800
meticulously circle around them.
His Keen eyes scrutinizing, 

5102
04:30:58,800 --> 04:31:03,200
every detail, are might say 
stroking, his chin thoughtfully.

5103
04:31:03,200 --> 04:31:07,000
I see you've recently returned 
from the continent Germany. 

5104
04:31:07,000 --> 04:31:09,800
I'd say based on the particular 
type of clay under your 

5105
04:31:09,800 --> 04:31:12,800
fingernails. 
Your regard by profession, but 

5106
04:31:12,800 --> 04:31:14,500
you've been doing some carpentry
work lately. 

5107
04:31:14,500 --> 04:31:18,500
Oak judging by the wood shavings
in your hair and that slight 

5108
04:31:18,500 --> 04:31:20,900
limp suggest you injured. 
Your left leg about three weeks 

5109
04:31:20,900 --> 04:31:24,500
ago, probably from a fall. 
The patient would not in 

5110
04:31:24,500 --> 04:31:26,900
amazement confirming. 
Every detail while the students 

5111
04:31:26,900 --> 04:31:29,400
scribbled frantically in their 
notebooks trying to capture the 

5112
04:31:29,400 --> 04:31:32,400
magic But Bell would always 
explain his reasoning. 

5113
04:31:32,400 --> 04:31:34,800
The clay was a specific type 
found. 

5114
04:31:34,800 --> 04:31:38,700
Only in certain German regions. 
Calluses on the man's hands, 

5115
04:31:38,700 --> 04:31:41,800
show the pattern of someone who 
worked with plants but had 

5116
04:31:41,800 --> 04:31:44,300
recently been gripping, 
different tools, the wood 

5117
04:31:44,300 --> 04:31:47,400
shavings were a clear indicator 
and the man's preference for his

5118
04:31:47,400 --> 04:31:49,900
right leg during walking 
revealed, a recent injury. 

5119
04:31:51,000 --> 04:31:53,700
What made Bell. 
Truly extraordinary wasn't just 

5120
04:31:53,700 --> 04:31:55,600
his powers of observation, 
though. 

5121
04:31:55,600 --> 04:31:59,200
Those were remarkable but his 
ability to teach others to see 

5122
04:31:59,200 --> 04:32:02,100
the world differently. 
He would tell his students that 

5123
04:32:02,100 --> 04:32:04,200
most people looked but didn't 
observe. 

5124
04:32:04,200 --> 04:32:08,900
They saw a man with dirty hands 
and thought laborer, but they 

5125
04:32:08,900 --> 04:32:11,600
missed the specific type of dirt
that could tell them exactly 

5126
04:32:11,600 --> 04:32:14,100
what kind of work he did and 
where he'd been doing it. 

5127
04:32:14,900 --> 04:32:16,600
Hell. 
Had this wonderful way of making

5128
04:32:16,600 --> 04:32:20,200
the ordinary seem extraordinary.
He'd pick up a walking. 

5129
04:32:20,200 --> 04:32:23,000
Stick left behind by a patient 
and turned it into a treasure 

5130
04:32:23,000 --> 04:32:26,100
Trove of information. 
The wear patterns on the handle 

5131
04:32:26,100 --> 04:32:29,400
could tell him if the owner was 
left or right handed the type of

5132
04:32:29,400 --> 04:32:31,700
wood and craftsmanship reveal 
their social class. 

5133
04:32:32,500 --> 04:32:35,200
Scratches and dents told stories
of how it had been used. 

5134
04:32:35,200 --> 04:32:38,600
Even the height of the stick 
provided clues about the owner 

5135
04:32:38,600 --> 04:32:42,200
statue and gate Arthur Conan 
Doyle would sit in these 

5136
04:32:42,200 --> 04:32:45,500
demonstrations. 
Absolutely captivated years 

5137
04:32:45,500 --> 04:32:48,400
later he would write about Dr. 
Belle with obvious affection, 

5138
04:32:48,400 --> 04:32:51,300
describing him as a man who 
could diagnose, not just 

5139
04:32:51,300 --> 04:32:55,200
diseases. 
But entire life, stories, Bell 

5140
04:32:55,200 --> 04:32:57,600
became Arthur's model for what a
truly observant person could 

5141
04:32:57,600 --> 04:32:59,300
achieve. 
And those classroom 

5142
04:32:59,300 --> 04:33:01,700
demonstrations became the 
blueprint for countless 

5143
04:33:01,700 --> 04:33:05,900
Sherlock, Holmes Adventures, but
here's something delightfully 

5144
04:33:05,900 --> 04:33:07,400
ironic about the whole 
situation. 

5145
04:33:08,500 --> 04:33:11,000
Dr. Belle, the man who inspired 
the world's most famous 

5146
04:33:11,000 --> 04:33:14,099
detective was, actually quite 
modest about his abilities. 

5147
04:33:14,099 --> 04:33:17,599
He insisted that his methods 
weren't magical or even 

5148
04:33:17,599 --> 04:33:20,700
particularly difficult. 
They just required patience 

5149
04:33:20,700 --> 04:33:23,900
practice, and a willingness to 
pay attention to details. 

5150
04:33:23,900 --> 04:33:26,000
That others ignored. 
Bellwood. 

5151
04:33:26,000 --> 04:33:28,800
Often say that the key to his 
success was simply remembering 

5152
04:33:28,800 --> 04:33:32,400
that every person carries their 
story written on their body, in 

5153
04:33:32,400 --> 04:33:35,900
their clothes and in their 
mannerisms, most people he 

5154
04:33:35,900 --> 04:33:38,400
explained are so focused on 
looking ahead that they never 

5155
04:33:38,400 --> 04:33:41,200
really look around. 
They missed the poetry written 

5156
04:33:41,200 --> 04:33:43,099
in. 
Calluses the stories told by 

5157
04:33:43,099 --> 04:33:46,099
shoe leather and the novels 
hidden in the way someone holds 

5158
04:33:46,099 --> 04:33:48,900
their shoulders. 
When Arthur finally created 

5159
04:33:48,900 --> 04:33:51,400
Sherlock Holmes, he was 
essentially asking the question.

5160
04:33:51,400 --> 04:33:54,700
What if someone took Dr? 
Bell's methods and applied them?

5161
04:33:54,700 --> 04:33:59,099
Not to medicine but to cry. 
What if that Keen eye for detail

5162
04:33:59,099 --> 04:34:01,900
and logical mind were turned 
towards solving Mysteries and 

5163
04:34:01,900 --> 04:34:05,900
stead of diagnosing illnesses. 
The result was a character who 

5164
04:34:05,900 --> 04:34:08,900
could walk into a room and 
immediately see things that 

5165
04:34:08,900 --> 04:34:12,400
would take Ordinary People hours
to notice if they notice them at

5166
04:34:12,408 --> 04:34:14,200
all. 
Let's transport ourselves to 

5167
04:34:14,200 --> 04:34:17,500
Victorian London for a moment 
because understanding the world 

5168
04:34:17,500 --> 04:34:20,300
that Embrace Sherlock Holmes is 
like understanding why certain 

5169
04:34:20,300 --> 04:34:23,900
songs become hits. 
It's all about timing atmosphere

5170
04:34:23,900 --> 04:34:27,200
and what people desperately need
to hear at exactly the right 

5171
04:34:27,200 --> 04:34:30,800
moment. 
Picture London in the 1890s and 

5172
04:34:30,800 --> 04:34:33,500
you'll find yourself in a city 
that was both magnificent and 

5173
04:34:33,500 --> 04:34:38,300
terrifying often simultaneously.
The industrial revolution had 

5174
04:34:38,300 --> 04:34:42,200
transformed it into this massive
sprawling, Beast of a metropolis

5175
04:34:42,200 --> 04:34:45,300
with over 4 million. 
People crammed into spaces that 

5176
04:34:45,300 --> 04:34:47,400
had been designed for maybe a 
quarter of that number. 

5177
04:34:48,300 --> 04:34:51,200
The city was growing so fast 
that it seemed to be bursting at

5178
04:34:51,200 --> 04:34:54,000
the seams like a sausage. 
That's been over stuffed. 

5179
04:34:54,000 --> 04:34:56,599
You'd walk down streets where 
magnificent. 

5180
04:34:56,599 --> 04:35:00,000
Victorian Mansion, stood just a 
few blocks away from slums that 

5181
04:35:00,000 --> 04:35:04,000
would make your stomach turn. 
The contrast was jarring, one 

5182
04:35:04,000 --> 04:35:06,500
moment, you might be strolling 
past elegant gasoline 

5183
04:35:06,500 --> 04:35:09,000
boulevards, where well-dressed 
gentleman tip their hats to 

5184
04:35:09,000 --> 04:35:12,400
ladies in elaborate bustles. 
And the next you'd find yourself

5185
04:35:12,400 --> 04:35:16,200
in narrow fog, choked Alleyways,
where the sun barely penetrated 

5186
04:35:16,200 --> 04:35:18,000
and danger, lurked around every 
corner. 

5187
04:35:18,800 --> 04:35:20,800
This was the London of Jack, the
Ripper after all. 

5188
04:35:22,099 --> 04:35:23,900
The very real terror of those 
unsolved. 

5189
04:35:23,900 --> 04:35:26,700
Murders had gripped, the city 
just a few years before Holmes 

5190
04:35:26,700 --> 04:35:29,599
made his debut. 
People were genuinely frightened

5191
04:35:29,599 --> 04:35:31,800
and the police seemed completely
baffled. 

5192
04:35:31,800 --> 04:35:35,800
The idea that someone could 
commit such horrible crimes, and

5193
04:35:35,800 --> 04:35:39,400
simply vanished into the urban 
maze was deeply, unsettling to a

5194
04:35:39,400 --> 04:35:41,700
society that prided itself on 
order and progress. 

5195
04:35:42,700 --> 04:35:44,099
But here's where it gets 
intriguing. 

5196
04:35:44,700 --> 04:35:47,099
This era was also the age of 
scientific optimism. 

5197
04:35:47,099 --> 04:35:50,400
People believe that rational 
thinking and careful observation

5198
04:35:50,400 --> 04:35:53,900
could solve any problem, Darwin 
had shown them that even the 

5199
04:35:53,900 --> 04:35:56,400
mysteries of human existence 
could be unraveled through 

5200
04:35:56,400 --> 04:35:59,400
patient study. 
Electric lights, were beginning 

5201
04:35:59,400 --> 04:36:02,500
to push back the darkness, and 
the telegraph was shrinking. 

5202
04:36:02,500 --> 04:36:05,200
The world. 
There was this wonderful sense 

5203
04:36:05,200 --> 04:36:07,900
that Humanity was on the verge 
of conquering all the great 

5204
04:36:07,900 --> 04:36:11,500
mysteries of existence. 
Into this mixture of fear and 

5205
04:36:11,500 --> 04:36:14,900
hopes step Sherlock Holmes and 
he was Flawless for the moment. 

5206
04:36:14,900 --> 04:36:18,599
This character could make sense 
of the chaos of city life. 

5207
04:36:18,599 --> 04:36:22,900
He could walk into the most 
baffling situation and through 

5208
04:36:22,900 --> 04:36:26,099
pure logic and observation 
restore order to the world. 

5209
04:36:27,000 --> 04:36:29,800
He was like a lighthouse in a 
storm cutting through the fog of

5210
04:36:29,800 --> 04:36:32,099
uncertainty, with the bright 
beam of reason. 

5211
04:36:33,400 --> 04:36:34,599
Timing couldn't have been 
better. 

5212
04:36:34,599 --> 04:36:38,500
People wanted stories that show 
the world made sense that every 

5213
04:36:38,500 --> 04:36:41,900
problem had a solution and that 
good could win over evil through

5214
04:36:41,900 --> 04:36:44,400
cleverness, rather than luck or 
divine intervention. 

5215
04:36:45,599 --> 04:36:48,300
Holmes represented, the 
Victorian dream of the rational 

5216
04:36:48,300 --> 04:36:51,400
man who could solve any puzzle. 
If he just applied enough 

5217
04:36:51,400 --> 04:36:53,099
intelligence and careful of 
observation. 

5218
04:36:54,200 --> 04:36:56,900
But there was another layer to 
London's Readiness for homes. 

5219
04:36:56,900 --> 04:37:00,900
The city had transformed into a 
vibrant Hub of individuals from 

5220
04:37:00,900 --> 04:37:03,800
diverse backgrounds. 
In a single day, you might 

5221
04:37:03,800 --> 04:37:07,900
encounter a Russian count, a 
Chinese Merchant and Irish dock 

5222
04:37:07,900 --> 04:37:11,599
worker and a Scottish Professor.
Each person carried Their Own 

5223
04:37:11,599 --> 04:37:16,000
Story, their own secrets and 
their own Mysteries The city 

5224
04:37:16,000 --> 04:37:19,099
itself had become a kind of 
living breathing puzzle and 

5225
04:37:19,099 --> 04:37:21,700
people were fascinated by the 
idea that someone could read the

5226
04:37:21,700 --> 04:37:23,099
clues. 
Hidden in plain sight. 

5227
04:37:24,000 --> 04:37:27,200
The police blessed their hearts 
were doing their best, but they 

5228
04:37:27,200 --> 04:37:30,300
were essentially using medieval 
methods to solve modern crimes. 

5229
04:37:31,000 --> 04:37:33,700
They heavily relied on 
confession, I witnessed 

5230
04:37:33,700 --> 04:37:36,099
testimony and capturing 
criminals in the act. 

5231
04:37:36,800 --> 04:37:40,300
The idea of carefully examining 
a crime scene for clues of using

5232
04:37:40,300 --> 04:37:43,500
scientific methods to analyze 
evidence of building a case 

5233
04:37:43,500 --> 04:37:46,500
through logical deduction. 
These were revolutionary 

5234
04:37:46,500 --> 04:37:48,900
Concepts that most real 
detectives hadn't even 

5235
04:37:48,900 --> 04:37:51,599
considered. 
So, when readers open those 

5236
04:37:51,599 --> 04:37:53,800
early Holmes stories, they 
weren't just getting 

5237
04:37:53,800 --> 04:37:56,099
entertainment. 
They were getting a glimpse of 

5238
04:37:56,099 --> 04:37:59,099
what crime solving could be like
if someone really smart was in 

5239
04:37:59,099 --> 04:38:02,500
charge. 
Home's represented everything 

5240
04:38:02,500 --> 04:38:05,200
that Victorian readers wished. 
Their actual police force could 

5241
04:38:05,200 --> 04:38:09,599
be observant, logical, 
Incorruptible and successful. 

5242
04:38:10,500 --> 04:38:13,099
The story is also tapped into 
something deeply satisfying 

5243
04:38:13,099 --> 04:38:14,599
about. 
The Victorian belief in 

5244
04:38:14,599 --> 04:38:18,400
progress, here was proof that 
human intelligence properly 

5245
04:38:18,400 --> 04:38:22,800
applied, could triumph over any 
challenge Holmes never solved 

5246
04:38:22,800 --> 04:38:24,099
crimes, through luck or 
accident. 

5247
04:38:24,108 --> 04:38:27,900
He solved them, through careful 
observation, logical thinking 

5248
04:38:27,900 --> 04:38:31,400
and refusing to accept that any 
mystery was unsolvable. 

5249
04:38:32,099 --> 04:38:34,900
This was a society that was 
simultaneously proud of its 

5250
04:38:34,900 --> 04:38:37,300
achievements. 
And worried about his problems 

5251
04:38:37,300 --> 04:38:40,599
crime was Rising. 
The cities were becoming more 

5252
04:38:40,599 --> 04:38:43,700
complex and dangerous and 
traditional Solutions were not 

5253
04:38:43,700 --> 04:38:45,900
working. 
Home's, offered hope that 

5254
04:38:45,900 --> 04:38:48,599
intelligence and Method could 
restore order to a world that 

5255
04:38:48,599 --> 04:38:50,599
sometimes seem to be spinning 
out of control. 

5256
04:38:50,599 --> 04:38:54,200
Now, here's where our story 
takes a fascinating term because

5257
04:38:54,200 --> 04:38:56,900
Arthur Conan Doyle didn't just 
create a character he 

5258
04:38:56,900 --> 04:38:59,300
accidentally invented an entire 
literary. 

5259
04:38:59,300 --> 04:39:03,700
Genre The, for the arrival of 
homes crime fiction lacked a 

5260
04:39:03,700 --> 04:39:07,000
crucial component. 
You see crime stories existed 

5261
04:39:07,000 --> 04:39:09,900
before homes, but they were 
quite different creatures. 

5262
04:39:09,900 --> 04:39:13,400
Most of them were Sensational 
Tales focused on the gruesome 

5263
04:39:13,400 --> 04:39:16,000
details of murders. 
All the dramatic capture of 

5264
04:39:16,000 --> 04:39:18,400
villains. 
They were less about solving 

5265
04:39:18,400 --> 04:39:21,400
puzzles and more about shocking 
readers with Tales of urban 

5266
04:39:21,400 --> 04:39:24,200
horror. 
Think of them as the Victorian 

5267
04:39:24,200 --> 04:39:26,599
equivalent of those breathless 
newspaper headlines. 

5268
04:39:26,599 --> 04:39:29,599
You see at the grocery store 
checkout designed to grab 

5269
04:39:29,599 --> 04:39:31,599
attention, rather than Engage 
The Mind. 

5270
04:39:32,500 --> 04:39:35,599
A few detective stories that did
exist were often clumsy Affairs 

5271
04:39:35,599 --> 04:39:39,100
where the solution came out of 
nowhere, like a magician, 

5272
04:39:39,100 --> 04:39:41,800
pulling a rabbit from a hat 
without showing it to you first.

5273
04:39:42,700 --> 04:39:45,500
Readers were expected to sit 
back and be amazed rather than 

5274
04:39:45,500 --> 04:39:47,100
participate in the solving 
process. 

5275
04:39:47,100 --> 04:39:50,500
It was entertaining but it 
wasn't particularly satisfying 

5276
04:39:50,500 --> 04:39:53,400
entertainment. 
Then Along came home and 

5277
04:39:53,400 --> 04:39:56,800
suddenly everything changed 
after created, what would become

5278
04:39:56,800 --> 04:40:00,800
known as Fair played Detective 
fiction stories where the reader

5279
04:40:00,800 --> 04:40:03,900
was giving all the same Clues as
the detective and could 

5280
04:40:03,900 --> 04:40:06,100
theoretically solve the mystery 
themselves. 

5281
04:40:07,000 --> 04:40:10,200
Of course, most of us would miss
the significance of tobacco 

5282
04:40:10,200 --> 04:40:13,500
Ashton's, all the 17 different 
types of footprints, but the 

5283
04:40:13,508 --> 04:40:15,900
clues were there for anyone 
sharp enough to spot them. 

5284
04:40:15,900 --> 04:40:19,400
This Innovation was 
revolutionary in stead of just 

5285
04:40:19,400 --> 04:40:22,900
reading about crime, people 
could now participate in solving

5286
04:40:22,900 --> 04:40:25,900
them Arthur had turned passive 
entertainment in to an 

5287
04:40:25,900 --> 04:40:29,300
interactive experience readers 
would eagerly follow home 

5288
04:40:29,300 --> 04:40:32,000
through his investigations, 
trying to spot the clues 

5289
04:40:32,000 --> 04:40:34,200
themselves. 
Attempting to deduce the 

5290
04:40:34,200 --> 04:40:37,600
solution before the brilliant. 
Detective revealed it, It was 

5291
04:40:37,608 --> 04:40:40,300
akin to the difference between 
observing someone play a game 

5292
04:40:40,308 --> 04:40:43,800
and engaging in it yourself. 
But Arthur's Innovation went 

5293
04:40:43,800 --> 04:40:45,600
deeper than just including 
Clues. 

5294
04:40:45,600 --> 04:40:48,700
He devised an impeccable and 
gratifying framework for 

5295
04:40:48,700 --> 04:40:51,200
detective stories, which remains
in use today. 

5296
04:40:51,200 --> 04:40:54,100
Every home story follows a 
similar pattern. 

5297
04:40:54,100 --> 04:40:58,400
A baffling mystery is presented 
Holmes, observes details that 

5298
04:40:58,400 --> 04:41:01,000
others Miss. 
He forms a theory based on 

5299
04:41:01,000 --> 04:41:03,700
logical deduction and then he 
proves his theory through 

5300
04:41:03,700 --> 04:41:07,200
dramatic revelation. 
Once you've immersed yourself in

5301
04:41:07,200 --> 04:41:10,800
this well, choreographed darks 
other types of crime stories. 

5302
04:41:10,800 --> 04:41:14,400
Begin to feel incomplete. 
The Genius of this structure is 

5303
04:41:14,400 --> 04:41:16,800
that it mirrors the way our 
minds work when we're trying to 

5304
04:41:16,800 --> 04:41:19,900
solve a problem? 
We gather information, we form 

5305
04:41:19,900 --> 04:41:23,100
hypotheses, we test them and we 
reach conclusions. 

5306
04:41:24,300 --> 04:41:26,900
Holmes's stories felt natural 
because they followed the same 

5307
04:41:26,900 --> 04:41:30,200
thought processes that readers 
used in their own lives just 

5308
04:41:30,200 --> 04:41:34,100
with much more dramatic Stakes. 
Arthur also created something 

5309
04:41:34,100 --> 04:41:37,800
that hadn't existed before the 
recurring detective character. 

5310
04:41:38,700 --> 04:41:40,900
Previous crime stories 
typically, featured different 

5311
04:41:40,900 --> 04:41:44,000
protagonists in each Tale. 
But home's was the same. 

5312
04:41:44,000 --> 04:41:47,500
Brilliant detective in every 
story, growing more familiar to 

5313
04:41:47,500 --> 04:41:50,900
readers with the adventure. 
People began to feel like they 

5314
04:41:50,900 --> 04:41:53,100
knew him personally. 
Like he was a friend. 

5315
04:41:53,100 --> 04:41:55,700
They could rely on to make sense
of a confusing world. 

5316
04:41:55,700 --> 04:41:59,100
This familiarity allowed Arthur 
to develop homes as character in

5317
04:41:59,100 --> 04:42:01,300
ways that wouldn't have been 
possible with one-off 

5318
04:42:01,300 --> 04:42:05,200
protagonists. readers learned 
about his habits, his methods, 

5319
04:42:05,200 --> 04:42:09,900
his preferences and even his 
weaknesses Holmes became real to

5320
04:42:09,900 --> 04:42:12,100
people in a way that few 
fictional characters ever 

5321
04:42:12,100 --> 04:42:15,600
achieve, he wasn't just a 
problem-solving machine, he was 

5322
04:42:15,608 --> 04:42:18,900
a person with quirks and flaws 
and a distinctive personality 

5323
04:42:20,000 --> 04:42:22,900
The success of homes is stories.
Also established the template 

5324
04:42:22,900 --> 04:42:26,700
for the detective sidekick Dr. 
Watson played a crucial role as 

5325
04:42:26,700 --> 04:42:28,400
the reader's representative in 
the story. 

5326
04:42:28,400 --> 04:42:31,700
He was intelligent enough to 
understand home's explanation, 

5327
04:42:31,700 --> 04:42:34,800
but not so brilliant that he 
could solve the mystery to 

5328
04:42:34,800 --> 04:42:36,900
himself. 
He asked the question that 

5329
04:42:36,900 --> 04:42:40,100
readers wanted to ask and 
expressed the amazement that 

5330
04:42:40,100 --> 04:42:42,300
viewers felt when home's 
revealed his deductions. 

5331
04:42:43,100 --> 04:42:45,800
Arthur stumbled upon something 
that would become one of the 

5332
04:42:45,800 --> 04:42:48,000
most enduring formulas in all of
literature. 

5333
04:42:48,700 --> 04:42:53,000
Brilliant detective, the loyal 
companion, the baffling mystery,

5334
04:42:53,000 --> 04:42:56,400
the careful investigation, The 
Logical solution. 

5335
04:42:56,400 --> 04:43:00,000
These elements were so perfectly
balanced that they created a 

5336
04:43:00,000 --> 04:43:02,700
template that countless writers 
would follow for the next 

5337
04:43:02,700 --> 04:43:06,000
century and beyond. 
What's particularly remarkable 

5338
04:43:06,000 --> 04:43:08,700
is that Arthur didn't set out to
create a new genre. 

5339
04:43:08,700 --> 04:43:12,100
He was merely attempting to 
craft entertaining stories that 

5340
04:43:12,100 --> 04:43:15,000
would contribute to his 
financial stability, but in 

5341
04:43:15,000 --> 04:43:18,600
creating homes, he attacked into
something fundamental about how 

5342
04:43:18,600 --> 04:43:22,300
human minds work and what kinds 
of stories satisfy us at the 

5343
04:43:22,308 --> 04:43:25,000
deepest level. 
The impact was immediate and 

5344
04:43:25,000 --> 04:43:28,100
Lasting other writers began 
creating their own detective 

5345
04:43:28,100 --> 04:43:30,500
characters, but they all 
followed the homes model. 

5346
04:43:31,700 --> 04:43:34,300
The genre that Arthur had 
accidentally invented became one

5347
04:43:34,300 --> 04:43:37,600
of the most popular forms of 
fiction, spawning, thousands of 

5348
04:43:37,600 --> 04:43:42,100
books, plays movies and 
television shows, here's where 

5349
04:43:42,100 --> 04:43:45,000
our story takes an ironic twist,
that would make homes in 

5350
04:43:45,008 --> 04:43:49,300
himself, smile, Riley. 
Arthur Conan Doyle have been 

5351
04:43:49,300 --> 04:43:51,600
created the most beloved 
detective in literary. 

5352
04:43:51,600 --> 04:43:54,200
History began to view his 
Creation with something 

5353
04:43:54,200 --> 04:43:56,800
approaching horror. 
It's like watching someone 

5354
04:43:56,800 --> 04:43:59,400
created a beautiful garden and 
then become frustrated when 

5355
04:43:59,400 --> 04:44:01,600
everyone wants to talk about the
flowers and stuffed the 

5356
04:44:01,600 --> 04:44:04,400
vegetables. 
You see Arthur had bigger 

5357
04:44:04,400 --> 04:44:08,100
Ambitions than writing detective
stories, he fancied himself, a 

5358
04:44:08,100 --> 04:44:10,500
serious literary author. 
The kind who would write 

5359
04:44:10,500 --> 04:44:13,500
important historical novels that
would be studied in universities

5360
04:44:13,500 --> 04:44:16,500
for Generations. 
He dreamed of crafting sweeping 

5361
04:44:16,500 --> 04:44:20,600
epics about, medieval knights 
and Noble calls is stories, that

5362
04:44:20,600 --> 04:44:23,300
would Elevate the human spirit 
and earn him a place among the 

5363
04:44:23,300 --> 04:44:26,500
foremost literary Masters. 
But every time he published a 

5364
04:44:26,500 --> 04:44:29,600
historical novel readers would 
politely applaud and then 

5365
04:44:29,600 --> 04:44:33,900
immediately asked When's the 
next home Story coming out, it 

5366
04:44:33,900 --> 04:44:35,800
was like being a chef who 
creates an elaborate 

5367
04:44:35,800 --> 04:44:39,300
seven-course meal, only to have 
everyone ignore the artistically

5368
04:44:39,300 --> 04:44:42,500
arranged vegetables and ask for 
more of the simple bread rolls. 

5369
04:44:43,700 --> 04:44:46,200
The problem was that homes have 
become phenomenally successful. 

5370
04:44:47,200 --> 04:44:50,400
By the 1890s Arthur was earning 
more money from his detective 

5371
04:44:50,400 --> 04:44:52,300
stories than he had ever dreamed
possible. 

5372
04:44:53,000 --> 04:44:55,700
The Strand magazine was paying 
him handsomely for each new 

5373
04:44:55,700 --> 04:44:58,300
home's adventure, and readers, 
couldn't get enough of them, 

5374
04:44:58,300 --> 04:45:01,900
however, Arthur realized that 
success could also be a form of 

5375
04:45:01,908 --> 04:45:04,600
isolation. 
He began to feel like home's was

5376
04:45:04,600 --> 04:45:07,000
overshadowing everything else he
wanted to accomplish. 

5377
04:45:07,900 --> 04:45:10,600
People introduced him as the 
creator of Sherlock Holmes. 

5378
04:45:10,600 --> 04:45:13,900
Not as the author of historical 
novels about medieval England, 

5379
04:45:13,900 --> 04:45:17,800
his serious literary work was 
being treated as a side project.

5380
04:45:17,800 --> 04:45:21,200
While his detective stories were
considered his main achievement 

5381
04:45:22,100 --> 04:45:24,300
It was deeply frustrating for a 
man who had worked. 

5382
04:45:24,300 --> 04:45:26,900
So hard to establish himself as 
a serious writer. 

5383
04:45:27,800 --> 04:45:31,000
In 1893 Arthur made one of the 
most shocking decisions in 

5384
04:45:31,000 --> 04:45:33,600
literary history. 
Bringing the situation to its 

5385
04:45:33,600 --> 04:45:36,000
peak. 
He decided to kill off Sherlock 

5386
04:45:36,000 --> 04:45:38,500
Holmes. 
He did not kill off Sherlock. 

5387
04:45:38,500 --> 04:45:42,800
Holmes gradually through old age
or in a subtle manner instead, 

5388
04:45:42,800 --> 04:45:46,400
he did so dramatically in a 
story called the final problem, 

5389
04:45:46,400 --> 04:45:49,700
he sent home's tumbling over the
Reichenbach Falls, and 

5390
04:45:49,700 --> 04:45:52,900
Switzerland locked in Mortal 
Combat with his arch, nemesis 

5391
04:45:52,900 --> 04:45:56,800
Professor Moriarty Arthur 
believed he was liberating 

5392
04:45:56,800 --> 04:45:59,900
himself from the detective, whom
he considered a burden. 

5393
04:45:59,900 --> 04:46:03,300
He imagined that with Holmes 
gone readers would finally pay 

5394
04:46:03,300 --> 04:46:06,300
attention to his other work. 
He could write about historical 

5395
04:46:06,300 --> 04:46:10,000
subjects, explore spiritual 
themes and create the kind of 

5396
04:46:10,000 --> 04:46:12,100
literature that would earn him 
lasting respect. 

5397
04:46:13,300 --> 04:46:15,900
But Arthur seriously 
underestimated how much people 

5398
04:46:15,900 --> 04:46:18,600
loved homes. 
The reaction to the final 

5399
04:46:18,600 --> 04:46:21,800
problem was unlike anything. 
The literary world had ever seen

5400
04:46:21,800 --> 04:46:26,500
readers were devastated. 
The Strand magazine, lost 20,000

5401
04:46:26,500 --> 04:46:29,800
subscribers overnight. 
People wore black armbands in 

5402
04:46:29,800 --> 04:46:33,300
mourning, some readers wrote, 
Furious letters, accusing Arthur

5403
04:46:33,300 --> 04:46:35,900
of literary murder. 
Others simply refused to believe

5404
04:46:35,900 --> 04:46:39,200
that Holmes was really dead. 
The outcry was so intense that 

5405
04:46:39,200 --> 04:46:42,400
it surprised even after he'd 
considered home to be merely 

5406
04:46:42,400 --> 04:46:46,600
another character in yet another
story but to readers Holmes had 

5407
04:46:46,600 --> 04:46:50,100
evolved into something far more 
significant, he was a symbol of 

5408
04:46:50,108 --> 04:46:53,300
rational thought triumphing over
chaos of Justice. 

5409
04:46:53,300 --> 04:46:56,400
Prevailing over, evil of 
intelligence, solving problems 

5410
04:46:56,400 --> 04:46:59,500
that seemed impossible. 
Killing home's felt like killing

5411
04:46:59,500 --> 04:47:02,300
hope itself. 
For eight years, after held 

5412
04:47:02,300 --> 04:47:06,200
firm, he continued writing his 
historical, novels his spiritual

5413
04:47:06,200 --> 04:47:08,700
exploration, and his serious 
literary works. 

5414
04:47:09,600 --> 04:47:11,900
But the ghost of homes, haunted,
everything he did. 

5415
04:47:12,700 --> 04:47:15,000
Rita's kept asking when the 
detective would return 

5416
04:47:15,000 --> 04:47:18,600
Publishers kept offering him 
enormous sums for new home 

5417
04:47:18,600 --> 04:47:20,500
stories and Arthur kept 
insisting. 

5418
04:47:20,500 --> 04:47:22,100
That the character was dead and 
buried. 

5419
04:47:23,100 --> 04:47:27,900
Finally, in 1901, Arthur gave 
into the pressure, he wrote The 

5420
04:47:27,900 --> 04:47:31,300
Hound of the Baskervilles, which
he positioned as a story from 

5421
04:47:31,300 --> 04:47:34,500
before Holmes's death. 
But readers weren't satisfied 

5422
04:47:34,500 --> 04:47:37,000
with a prequel. 
They wanted their detective back

5423
04:47:37,000 --> 04:47:38,700
in the presence. 
Solving new Mysteries. 

5424
04:47:40,200 --> 04:47:43,200
The demand was so intense that 
Arthur eventually had to perform

5425
04:47:43,200 --> 04:47:45,200
literary. 
Resurrection surgery, bringing 

5426
04:47:45,200 --> 04:47:48,000
home's back to life in the 
adventure of the empty house in 

5427
04:47:48,000 --> 04:47:51,400
1903. 
Arthur's explanation for how 

5428
04:47:51,400 --> 04:47:53,400
home survived the fall was in 
genius. 

5429
04:47:53,400 --> 04:47:56,200
But clearly written by someone 
who was trying to solve a 

5430
04:47:56,200 --> 04:47:57,900
problem, he'd never intended to 
create. 

5431
04:47:58,900 --> 04:48:01,900
Home had faked his death. 
He explained living in hiding 

5432
04:48:01,900 --> 04:48:04,500
for three years while tracking 
down the rest of Moriarty's 

5433
04:48:04,500 --> 04:48:07,500
organization. 
It was a clever solution that 

5434
04:48:07,500 --> 04:48:09,900
you could almost hear Arthur 
sighing, as he wrote it. 

5435
04:48:09,900 --> 04:48:13,200
The whole episode reveals 
something, fascinating about the

5436
04:48:13,200 --> 04:48:16,800
relationship between authors and
their creations, Arthur had 

5437
04:48:16,800 --> 04:48:18,700
intended homes to be a temporary
character. 

5438
04:48:18,700 --> 04:48:22,100
A means to an end a way to pay 
the bills while he worked on 

5439
04:48:22,100 --> 04:48:25,400
more important projects. 
But great fictional characters 

5440
04:48:25,400 --> 04:48:28,800
have a way of taking on lives of
their own becoming more real to 

5441
04:48:28,800 --> 04:48:30,700
readers than the people who 
created them. 

5442
04:48:32,000 --> 04:48:34,500
For the remainder of his life. 
Arthur continued to write home 

5443
04:48:34,500 --> 04:48:37,900
stories yet, he never fully 
reconciled with the success of 

5444
04:48:37,908 --> 04:48:40,700
his creation. 
He was proud of the detectives 

5445
04:48:40,700 --> 04:48:44,500
popularity, but he was also 
frustrated that his serious work

5446
04:48:44,500 --> 04:48:46,100
never received the same 
attention. 

5447
04:48:46,900 --> 04:48:49,800
It's one of literature's finest 
ironies that the work Arthur 

5448
04:48:49,800 --> 04:48:51,600
considered his lesser 
achievement, turned out to be 

5449
04:48:51,608 --> 04:48:53,200
his greatest contribution to the
world. 

5450
04:48:53,200 --> 04:48:56,200
Now, let's dive into something 
that makes the home stories 

5451
04:48:56,200 --> 04:48:59,500
particularly fascinating. 
The way Arthur woe real 

5452
04:48:59,500 --> 04:49:01,500
scientific advances into his 
fictional. 

5453
04:49:01,500 --> 04:49:04,200
Detective work. 
It's like watching someone build

5454
04:49:04,200 --> 04:49:07,000
a bridge between the world of 
imagination and the world of 

5455
04:49:07,000 --> 04:49:09,800
scientific progress, creating 
something that was both 

5456
04:49:09,800 --> 04:49:13,900
entertaining and educational. 
Arthur wasn't just a writer. 

5457
04:49:13,900 --> 04:49:16,900
He was a trained physician who 
had studied the latest 

5458
04:49:16,900 --> 04:49:20,900
scientific methods of his time. 
When he created home's, he was 

5459
04:49:20,900 --> 04:49:24,100
essentially asking the question.
What would crime solving look 

5460
04:49:24,100 --> 04:49:25,400
like? 
If it were approached with the 

5461
04:49:25,400 --> 04:49:29,500
same scientific rigor, that was 
revolutionizing medicine and 

5462
04:49:29,500 --> 04:49:33,000
other fields? 
consider homes as famous method 

5463
04:49:33,000 --> 04:49:36,100
of deducing, someone's entire 
life story from Tiny, physical 

5464
04:49:36,100 --> 04:49:39,900
Clues, This approach wasn't just
literally fantasy. 

5465
04:49:39,900 --> 04:49:43,500
It was based on real scientific 
principles that Arthur had 

5466
04:49:43,500 --> 04:49:47,100
learned in medical school. 
Dr. Joseph Bell had shown that 

5467
04:49:47,100 --> 04:49:49,800
careful observation could reveal
incredible amounts of 

5468
04:49:49,800 --> 04:49:51,900
information about a person's 
life and habits. 

5469
04:49:52,800 --> 04:49:55,600
Arthur took this concept and 
applied it to detective, work, 

5470
04:49:55,600 --> 04:49:58,600
creating a character who could 
read people like books. 

5471
04:49:59,300 --> 04:50:02,000
Holmes's use of fingerprints is 
particularly intriguing because 

5472
04:50:02,000 --> 04:50:03,700
Arthur was actually ahead of his
time. 

5473
04:50:03,700 --> 04:50:06,900
Police forces didn't widely, use
fingerprinting until the early 

5474
04:50:06,900 --> 04:50:11,300
1900s, despite the publication 
of the first home story in 1887 

5475
04:50:11,300 --> 04:50:14,600
Arthur, had read about the 
scientific work on fingerprints 

5476
04:50:14,600 --> 04:50:16,700
and Incorporated it into his 
fiction. 

5477
04:50:16,700 --> 04:50:19,000
Before most real detectives had 
even heard of it. 

5478
04:50:19,800 --> 04:50:22,800
In many ways, Holmes was using 
forensic techniques that 

5479
04:50:22,800 --> 04:50:25,600
wouldn't become standard police 
procedure for another decade or 

5480
04:50:25,600 --> 04:50:27,800
two. 
The same was true for many. 

5481
04:50:27,800 --> 04:50:31,200
Other scientific methods that 
home's employed the analyzed 

5482
04:50:31,200 --> 04:50:33,800
handwriting study studied 
different types of tobacco Ash 

5483
04:50:33,800 --> 04:50:37,600
examined Footprints, with 
scientific precision and used 

5484
04:50:37,600 --> 04:50:39,700
chemical test to detect 
bloodstains. 

5485
04:50:40,600 --> 04:50:43,800
These weren't just clever plot 
devices, they were based on real

5486
04:50:43,800 --> 04:50:46,900
scientific techniques that were 
being developed in Laboratories 

5487
04:50:46,900 --> 04:50:49,900
around the world. 
Arthur was particularly 

5488
04:50:49,900 --> 04:50:52,200
fascinated by the emerging field
of Toxicology. 

5489
04:50:53,400 --> 04:50:56,000
Study of poisons and their 
effects on the human body. 

5490
04:50:56,000 --> 04:50:59,900
Arthur's medical background, and
his interest in using science to

5491
04:50:59,900 --> 04:51:03,700
solve crimes, evident in several
home stories, that feature 

5492
04:51:03,700 --> 04:51:05,500
exotic poisons and their 
detection. 

5493
04:51:06,400 --> 04:51:08,800
He understood that poison was 
often a weapon of choice for 

5494
04:51:08,800 --> 04:51:11,700
Cleaver criminals, because it 
was difficult to detect with the

5495
04:51:11,700 --> 04:51:14,000
crude methods of available to 
most police forces. 

5496
04:51:15,100 --> 04:51:18,600
Holmes's laboratory at 221B, 
Baker Street was filled with the

5497
04:51:18,600 --> 04:51:21,300
kind of equipment that real 
scientists were using to make 

5498
04:51:21,300 --> 04:51:25,100
breakthrough discoveries. 
Any serious research facility of

5499
04:51:25,100 --> 04:51:27,300
the time would have contained 
the chemical operators 

5500
04:51:27,300 --> 04:51:30,000
microscopes and reference books 
that are described. 

5501
04:51:30,800 --> 04:51:33,200
He was showing readers that 
scientific methods could be 

5502
04:51:33,200 --> 04:51:34,700
applied to criminal 
investigation. 

5503
04:51:34,700 --> 04:51:38,100
Turning detective work from a 
matter of luck and intuition 

5504
04:51:38,100 --> 04:51:42,200
into a systematic process. 
But Arthur's genius was in, 

5505
04:51:42,200 --> 04:51:44,700
making these scientific methods 
at successful toward ordinary 

5506
04:51:44,700 --> 04:51:47,200
readers. 
He didn't bog down his stories 

5507
04:51:47,200 --> 04:51:49,800
with technical details or 
lengthy explanations of 

5508
04:51:49,800 --> 04:51:53,500
scientific principles. 
Instead he showed homes using 

5509
04:51:53,500 --> 04:51:56,500
these methods in action solving 
crimes through careful 

5510
04:51:56,500 --> 04:51:58,000
observation and logical 
analysis. 

5511
04:51:58,900 --> 04:52:01,300
Readers could follow the 
detectives reasoning process 

5512
04:52:01,300 --> 04:52:04,000
without needing background in 
chemistry or biology. 

5513
04:52:04,000 --> 04:52:08,800
This approach had an unexpected 
educational affect many readers 

5514
04:52:08,800 --> 04:52:12,200
learned about scientific methods
through Holmes's stories often 

5515
04:52:12,200 --> 04:52:14,900
without realizing they were 
getting a science lesson, along 

5516
04:52:14,900 --> 04:52:18,100
with their entertainment. 
Stories helped popularize. 

5517
04:52:18,100 --> 04:52:20,700
The idea that rational 
scientific thinking could solve 

5518
04:52:20,700 --> 04:52:24,300
complex problems contributing to
the growing public respect for 

5519
04:52:24,300 --> 04:52:27,300
scientific methods. 
The Victorian belief that human 

5520
04:52:27,300 --> 04:52:29,200
behavior, followed logical 
patterns, that were 

5521
04:52:29,200 --> 04:52:32,500
understandable and predictable 
also influenced homes as 

5522
04:52:32,500 --> 04:52:35,800
approach to Crime solving. 
If you studied someone carefully

5523
04:52:35,800 --> 04:52:39,100
enough home suggested, you could
understand their motivations 

5524
04:52:39,100 --> 04:52:41,900
predict their actions and solve 
the puzzles. 

5525
04:52:41,900 --> 04:52:44,700
They created. 
This was a reassuring message 

5526
04:52:44,700 --> 04:52:47,300
for readers who were living 
through a period of Rapid social

5527
04:52:47,300 --> 04:52:50,900
change and uncertainty, the 
scientific accuracy of home's 

5528
04:52:50,900 --> 04:52:53,700
methods varied. 
Of course, some of his 

5529
04:52:53,700 --> 04:52:57,100
deductions were based on solid 
observational principles While 

5530
04:52:57,100 --> 04:53:00,200
others were more fantastic. 
But Arthur was careful to 

5531
04:53:00,200 --> 04:53:03,500
ground, even his most dramatic 
solution in scientific 

5532
04:53:03,500 --> 04:53:05,900
reasoning. 
He wanted readers to believe 

5533
04:53:05,900 --> 04:53:09,000
that Holmes is methods could 
actually work even if they were 

5534
04:53:09,000 --> 04:53:11,100
sometimes exaggerated for 
dramatic effect. 

5535
04:53:12,200 --> 04:53:14,900
What's particularly remarkable 
is how many of homes is 

5536
04:53:14,900 --> 04:53:17,200
fictional forensic. 
Techniques eventually became 

5537
04:53:17,200 --> 04:53:20,800
standard police procedure, 
author's, imagination frequently

5538
04:53:20,800 --> 04:53:23,800
for sore real scientific 
advancements proposing 

5539
04:53:23,800 --> 04:53:26,600
investigative techniques that 
would not gain widespread 

5540
04:53:26,600 --> 04:53:30,800
acceptance for years or decades.
In many ways, the home story 

5541
04:53:30,800 --> 04:53:33,500
served as a kind of training 
manual for future detectives 

5542
04:53:33,500 --> 04:53:36,300
showing them possibilities. 
They might not have considered 

5543
04:53:36,300 --> 04:53:39,000
otherwise. 
The scientific Foundation of 

5544
04:53:39,000 --> 04:53:41,000
homes is methods. 
Also helped to establish The 

5545
04:53:41,000 --> 04:53:43,100
credibility of detective 
fiction, as a genre. 

5546
04:53:43,900 --> 04:53:45,700
These weren't just wild 
adventures stories. 

5547
04:53:45,700 --> 04:53:48,400
They were logical puzzles. 
That could be sold through 

5548
04:53:48,400 --> 04:53:51,300
careful reasoning. 
This intellectual respectability

5549
04:53:51,300 --> 04:53:54,400
helped, Elevate crime, fiction 
from Mere Sensational 

5550
04:53:54,400 --> 04:53:57,100
entertainment, to a more 
sophisticated form of literature

5551
04:53:57,100 --> 04:54:00,300
as we reached the end of our 
cozy Journey Through the origins

5552
04:54:00,300 --> 04:54:02,500
of Sherlock Holmes. 
It's worth pondering. 

5553
04:54:02,500 --> 04:54:05,900
Why this character has refused 
to stay buried in the Victorian 

5554
04:54:05,900 --> 04:54:09,500
era where he was born. 
Like a particularly persistent 

5555
04:54:09,500 --> 04:54:13,200
ghost homes has haunted every 
generation since Arthur, first 

5556
04:54:13,200 --> 04:54:16,800
dreamed him up adapting to New 
Times while somehow remaining 

5557
04:54:16,800 --> 04:54:20,400
eternally himself. 
The remarkable thing about homes

5558
04:54:20,400 --> 04:54:22,900
is, how he's managed to 
transcend his original time and 

5559
04:54:22,900 --> 04:54:25,400
place. 
You can transplant him to modern

5560
04:54:25,400 --> 04:54:26,000
day. 
London. 

5561
04:54:26,000 --> 04:54:29,500
Give him a smartphone and access
to the internet and he still 

5562
04:54:29,500 --> 04:54:30,900
fundamentally the same 
character. 

5563
04:54:31,900 --> 04:54:35,500
His methods change, you might 
use DNA analysis instead of 

5564
04:54:35,500 --> 04:54:38,900
tobacco, Ash identification, but
is essential, nature remains 

5565
04:54:38,900 --> 04:54:41,500
unchanged. 
He continues to be a brilliant 

5566
04:54:41,500 --> 04:54:45,100
Outsider, who perceives what 
others Overlook a man capable of

5567
04:54:45,100 --> 04:54:47,600
bringing order to chaos through 
sheer intellect. 

5568
04:54:48,600 --> 04:54:51,300
This adaptability suggests that 
Arthur tapped into something 

5569
04:54:51,300 --> 04:54:54,200
deeper than just Victorian 
anxieties about crime and urban 

5570
04:54:54,200 --> 04:54:56,500
life. 
He created a character who 

5571
04:54:56,500 --> 04:54:59,900
represents Timeless human 
desires, the wish to make sense 

5572
04:54:59,900 --> 04:55:02,900
of a confusing world. 
The hope that intelligence can 

5573
04:55:02,900 --> 04:55:06,100
triumph over evil and the 
comfort of knowing that there's 

5574
04:55:06,100 --> 04:55:08,600
someone out there who can solve 
problems that seem impossible to

5575
04:55:08,600 --> 04:55:11,500
the rest of us. 
Every generation has found its 

5576
04:55:11,500 --> 04:55:14,300
reasons to love homes during the
world wars. 

5577
04:55:14,300 --> 04:55:16,800
He represented British 
resilience and the Triumph for 

5578
04:55:16,808 --> 04:55:21,700
civilization over barbarism in 
the 196s became a Counter 

5579
04:55:21,700 --> 04:55:24,000
Culture hero. 
The ultimate individualist who 

5580
04:55:24,000 --> 04:55:27,700
refused to conform to social 
expectations in our current age 

5581
04:55:27,700 --> 04:55:30,400
of information overload. 
He's the person who can cut 

5582
04:55:30,400 --> 04:55:33,300
through the noise and find the 
signal and can separate truth 

5583
04:55:33,300 --> 04:55:35,800
from the overwhelming flood of 
data that surrounds us. 

5584
04:55:37,400 --> 04:55:40,300
The stories themselves have 
taken on a life that goes far 

5585
04:55:40,300 --> 04:55:41,800
beyond what Arthur ever 
imagined. 

5586
04:55:42,900 --> 04:55:46,400
There are more than 25,000 home 
stories that have been written 

5587
04:55:46,400 --> 04:55:49,600
by other authors, creating a 
vast literary universe. 

5588
04:55:49,600 --> 04:55:52,200
That continues to expand more 
than a century after the 

5589
04:55:52,200 --> 04:55:56,000
character's creation. 
Holmes appeared in every medium 

5590
04:55:56,000 --> 04:55:59,400
imaginable. 
Radio shows, television series 

5591
04:55:59,400 --> 04:56:03,700
movies, video games, and even 
virtual reality experiences. 

5592
04:56:04,500 --> 04:56:07,900
But perhaps, the most remarkable
thing about homes is how he's 

5593
04:56:07,900 --> 04:56:10,300
managed to become more real than
many actual people. 

5594
04:56:10,300 --> 04:56:14,400
You can visit 221 B Baker Street
in London, where there's a 

5595
04:56:14,400 --> 04:56:16,900
museum dedicated to the 
fictional detective. 

5596
04:56:16,900 --> 04:56:21,100
The Royal Mail issues stamps, 
featuring homes, the British 

5597
04:56:21,100 --> 04:56:22,900
government has given him an 
official address. 

5598
04:56:22,900 --> 04:56:26,400
There are societies around the 
world, dedicated to studying his

5599
04:56:26,400 --> 04:56:29,300
methods and analyzing his 
adventures as if they were 

5600
04:56:29,300 --> 04:56:32,100
historical documents. 
This blurring of the line 

5601
04:56:32,100 --> 04:56:35,200
between fiction and reality, 
would have amused Arthur you 

5602
04:56:35,200 --> 04:56:38,400
spent so much of his later life.
Trying to convince people that 

5603
04:56:38,400 --> 04:56:40,300
Holmes was just a character in 
stories. 

5604
04:56:40,300 --> 04:56:43,600
He'd written. 
But the Public's insistence on 

5605
04:56:43,600 --> 04:56:46,000
treating homes. 
As a real person speaks to 

5606
04:56:46,000 --> 04:56:48,900
something profound about the 
power of outstanding, fictional 

5607
04:56:48,900 --> 04:56:52,300
characters to capture our 
imaginations and become part of 

5608
04:56:52,300 --> 04:56:56,900
our shared cultural reality. 
The influence of homes on real 

5609
04:56:56,900 --> 04:56:59,000
world, detective work has been 
enormous. 

5610
04:56:59,800 --> 04:57:02,400
Police departments around the 
world have adopted methods that 

5611
04:57:02,400 --> 04:57:05,900
homes used in fiction decades 
before they became standard 

5612
04:57:05,900 --> 04:57:09,000
practice. 
The careful examination of crime

5613
04:57:09,000 --> 04:57:12,100
scenes, the scientific analysis 
of evidence from the 

5614
04:57:12,108 --> 04:57:14,200
psychological profiling of 
suspects. 

5615
04:57:14,200 --> 04:57:17,300
These techniques that seem 
obvious to us now were 

5616
04:57:17,300 --> 04:57:19,400
revolutionary when Arthur first 
wrote about them. 

5617
04:57:19,400 --> 04:57:23,100
Holmes has also influenced how 
we think about problem solving 

5618
04:57:23,100 --> 04:57:25,500
in general. 
Is method of careful 

5619
04:57:25,500 --> 04:57:29,500
observation, logical deduction, 
and systematic analysis has been

5620
04:57:29,500 --> 04:57:33,300
applied to Fields, far beyond 
criminal investigation, Business

5621
04:57:33,300 --> 04:57:36,100
Leaders. 
Scientists and Educators have 

5622
04:57:36,100 --> 04:57:40,000
all found ways to apply himajin 
thinking to their challenges as 

5623
04:57:40,000 --> 04:57:42,600
you settle back into your 
comfortable, chair, and perhaps,

5624
04:57:42,600 --> 04:57:45,200
Close Your Eyes For a Moment. 
Consider this. 

5625
04:57:46,300 --> 04:57:48,900
Somewhere in the world right 
now, someone is discovering 

5626
04:57:48,900 --> 04:57:52,400
Sherlock Holmes for the first 
time their experience in that 

5627
04:57:52,400 --> 04:57:56,100
same sense of wonder that 
readers felt more than a century

5628
04:57:56,100 --> 04:57:57,800
ago. 
When they first encountered the 

5629
04:57:57,800 --> 04:58:02,000
tall thin detective with his 
piercing eyes and incredible 

5630
04:58:02,000 --> 04:58:05,800
deductive abilities. 
The character that Arthur Conan 

5631
04:58:05,800 --> 04:58:09,200
Doyle created in frustration, 
developed with reluctance and 

5632
04:58:09,200 --> 04:58:12,100
tried to kill off in 
exasperation has become one of 

5633
04:58:12,100 --> 04:58:14,400
the most enduring figures in all
of literature. 

5634
04:58:14,400 --> 04:58:18,000
Holmes represents our Eternal. 
Hope that reason can triumph 

5635
04:58:18,000 --> 04:58:21,000
over chaos that careful 
observation can reveal Hidden 

5636
04:58:21,000 --> 04:58:23,000
Truths. 
And that there's always a 

5637
04:58:23,000 --> 04:58:27,000
logical solution to even the 
most baffling mystery. in a 

5638
04:58:27,000 --> 04:58:30,500
world that often seems random 
and senseless homes offers, the 

5639
04:58:30,500 --> 04:58:32,800
comforting assurance, that 
everything makes sense, if you 

5640
04:58:32,800 --> 04:58:35,800
just know how to look at it 
properly, He's the friend. 

5641
04:58:35,800 --> 04:58:39,200
We all wish we had the mind. 
We all wish we possessed. 

5642
04:58:39,200 --> 04:58:41,900
And the reassurance, we all need
that somewhere out there. 

5643
04:58:41,900 --> 04:58:45,100
Some one is smart enough to 
solve the problems that baffle 

5644
04:58:45,100 --> 04:58:48,000
the rest of us. 
In the year, 1162, amidst, the 

5645
04:58:48,000 --> 04:58:51,200
sweeping steppes of Mongolia the
child was born into a world of 

5646
04:58:51,208 --> 04:58:55,300
cold winds and endless Plains, 
this child named to mu-jin would

5647
04:58:55,300 --> 04:58:56,800
grow to become the great 
Genghis. 

5648
04:58:56,800 --> 04:58:59,900
Khan a name that would Echo 
across history as the founder of

5649
04:58:59,900 --> 04:59:02,700
the Mongol Empire. 
But before he became a 

5650
04:59:02,700 --> 04:59:06,300
conqueror, he was simply a boy, 
born into struggle shaped by the

5651
04:59:06,300 --> 04:59:09,000
harshness of his environment and
the conflict of his people. 

5652
04:59:09,000 --> 04:59:13,800
The Mongolian steppes stretched 
far, and wide a vast expanse of 

5653
04:59:13,808 --> 04:59:17,000
grasslands, where the sky met 
the Earth in a seamless Horizon.

5654
04:59:18,300 --> 04:59:19,500
Life. 
Here was simple. 

5655
04:59:19,500 --> 04:59:21,300
Yet brutal. 
No magic. 

5656
04:59:21,300 --> 04:59:24,500
Tribes moved with their herds, 
living off the land and 

5657
04:59:24,500 --> 04:59:27,100
surviving the harsh Winters and 
the scorching Summers. 

5658
04:59:27,900 --> 04:59:31,500
It was a world where strength 
loyalty and resilience with the 

5659
04:59:31,508 --> 04:59:35,100
keys to survival. 
To early years were marked by 

5660
04:59:35,100 --> 04:59:38,300
hardship. 
He was the son of yasuke, a 

5661
04:59:38,300 --> 04:59:40,600
minor tribal leader and his wife
Hulen. 

5662
04:59:41,500 --> 04:59:45,000
When TAMU was just a young boy, 
his father was poisoned by a 

5663
04:59:45,000 --> 04:59:48,100
rival tribe. 
This sudden loss left his family

5664
04:59:48,100 --> 04:59:50,800
vulnerable and they were 
abandoned by their own Clan. 

5665
04:59:50,800 --> 04:59:54,900
His mother Holland took on the 
responsibility of raising to 

5666
04:59:54,900 --> 04:59:58,400
move in and his siblings alone. 
The family was left to fend for 

5667
04:59:58,400 --> 05:00:02,500
themselves on the open steps, 
relying on foraging hunting and 

5668
05:00:02,500 --> 05:00:06,500
sheer determination to survive. 
These early struggles, forged a 

5669
05:00:06,500 --> 05:00:09,500
deep resilience in. 
He learned to endure hunger, 

5670
05:00:09,500 --> 05:00:12,400
cold and the constant threat of 
violence. 

5671
05:00:13,400 --> 05:00:16,700
But he also learned the value of
unity, the importance of family 

5672
05:00:16,700 --> 05:00:20,300
and the need for loyalty. 
His mother's strength became a 

5673
05:00:20,300 --> 05:00:23,400
guiding force in his life. 
She taught him that survival 

5674
05:00:23,400 --> 05:00:26,000
required, not only physical 
strength, but also wisdom, 

5675
05:00:26,000 --> 05:00:30,800
patience and unyielding spirit. 
Let's temujin, Grew Older. 

5676
05:00:30,800 --> 05:00:34,000
He began to understand the 
fragmented world of the Mongol 

5677
05:00:34,000 --> 05:00:36,100
tribes. 
There were endless feuds 

5678
05:00:36,100 --> 05:00:39,400
shifting alliances and a 
constant struggle for power. 

5679
05:00:40,200 --> 05:00:42,500
He saw how disunity left his 
people vulnerable. 

5680
05:00:43,400 --> 05:00:46,500
He dreamed of something greater 
of a world where the tribes 

5681
05:00:46,500 --> 05:00:49,000
could be United, where the 
endless conflicts could be 

5682
05:00:49,000 --> 05:00:52,600
replaced with a shared purpose, 
but before he could realize this

5683
05:00:52,600 --> 05:00:54,800
Vision, he faced countless 
challenges. 

5684
05:00:55,800 --> 05:00:59,300
Trail was a constant threat. 
One of his closest friends 

5685
05:00:59,300 --> 05:01:02,500
Jamaica who had once sworn 
Brotherhood with him would later

5686
05:01:02,500 --> 05:01:06,000
become his rival. 
Temujin path was marked by 

5687
05:01:06,000 --> 05:01:10,700
moments of capture imprisonment 
and Escape each setback. 

5688
05:01:10,700 --> 05:01:13,600
Hardened his resolve. 
He believed that strength was 

5689
05:01:13,600 --> 05:01:17,200
found not just in the sword but 
in the unity of purpose and 

5690
05:01:17,200 --> 05:01:21,900
loyalty In time temujin began to
gather followers who saw his 

5691
05:01:21,900 --> 05:01:24,700
vision. 
He was not just a warrior, he 

5692
05:01:24,700 --> 05:01:26,100
was a leader who understood 
people. 

5693
05:01:26,100 --> 05:01:30,300
He rewarded loyalty and Merit 
rather than noble, birth a 

5694
05:01:30,300 --> 05:01:32,600
revolutionary idea in a world 
Bound by tradition. 

5695
05:01:33,600 --> 05:01:36,700
His reputation grew and more 
tribes pledged their allegiance 

5696
05:01:36,700 --> 05:01:39,400
to him. 
His ability, to inspire, to 

5697
05:01:39,400 --> 05:01:41,700
strategize, and to adapt to set 
him apart. 

5698
05:01:42,500 --> 05:01:47,100
He was relentless determined and
focused on a single goal to 

5699
05:01:47,100 --> 05:01:49,600
unite the Mongol tribes under 
one Banner. 

5700
05:01:50,600 --> 05:01:54,200
In 1206 after years of battles 
alliances and strategic 

5701
05:01:54,200 --> 05:01:56,600
Brilliance to mu-jin achieved 
his dream. 

5702
05:01:56,600 --> 05:02:00,100
He was declared Genghis. 
Khan meaning, Universal ruler. 

5703
05:02:00,100 --> 05:02:03,300
It was a title that reflected 
his role as the unifier of the 

5704
05:02:03,300 --> 05:02:06,500
Mongols, a leader, who brought 
together the once fractured 

5705
05:02:06,500 --> 05:02:10,400
tribes into a formidable Force. 
But Genghis Khan's Vision did 

5706
05:02:10,400 --> 05:02:12,100
not stop at the borders of 
Mongolia. 

5707
05:02:12,100 --> 05:02:15,000
He saw beyond the steps Beyond 
the Horizon. 

5708
05:02:15,000 --> 05:02:18,300
His ambition was to create a 
world where his people could 

5709
05:02:18,300 --> 05:02:21,800
Thrive, where the divisions that
weaken them for centuries, could

5710
05:02:21,800 --> 05:02:25,700
be replaced by a new order. 
His army is skilled Horsemen and

5711
05:02:25,700 --> 05:02:27,800
fierce Warrior's began to 
expand. 

5712
05:02:27,800 --> 05:02:31,400
The Mongol territory, they moved
with speed discipline and 

5713
05:02:31,400 --> 05:02:34,600
precision, conquering lands. 
That had once seemed unreachable

5714
05:02:35,600 --> 05:02:39,300
The campaigns of Genghis, Khan 
swept across Central Asia, in to

5715
05:02:39,300 --> 05:02:42,600
China and Beyond. 
His leadership was marked by a 

5716
05:02:42,608 --> 05:02:46,200
combination of Ruthless 
efficiency and strategic genius.

5717
05:02:47,100 --> 05:02:49,800
He understood the importance of 
adapting to New Challenges 

5718
05:02:49,800 --> 05:02:53,300
incorporating new technologies 
and learning from the cultures 

5719
05:02:53,300 --> 05:02:57,000
he encountered. under his rule, 
the Mongol Empire became a 

5720
05:02:57,008 --> 05:03:01,200
Melting Pot of ideas, trade, and
communication, But Genghis Khan 

5721
05:03:01,200 --> 05:03:04,300
was more than just a conqueror, 
he established laws to bring 

5722
05:03:04,308 --> 05:03:08,300
order to the chaos of his 
expanding Empire, his code known

5723
05:03:08,300 --> 05:03:11,800
as the Yasser emphasized, 
loyalty discipline and justice. 

5724
05:03:12,600 --> 05:03:15,900
Promoted religious tolerance 
recognizing that Unity required 

5725
05:03:15,900 --> 05:03:17,900
respecting the beliefs of 
diverse peoples. 

5726
05:03:17,900 --> 05:03:22,100
He created systems of 
communication trade routes and 

5727
05:03:22,100 --> 05:03:24,700
infrastructure that connected 
distant parts of his Empire. 

5728
05:03:24,700 --> 05:03:28,100
The Silk Road once a dangerous 
route. 

5729
05:03:28,100 --> 05:03:31,600
Flourished under Mongol 
protection facilitating the 

5730
05:03:31,600 --> 05:03:35,600
exchange of goods ideas and 
cultures as you breathe in 

5731
05:03:35,600 --> 05:03:38,600
deeply picture. 
The vast Mongolian steppes under

5732
05:03:38,600 --> 05:03:43,000
a night sky, filled with stars. 
The grass sways gently in the 

5733
05:03:43,000 --> 05:03:46,300
breeze and the world is quiet, 
except for the soft sound of 

5734
05:03:46,300 --> 05:03:48,500
horses. 
And the distant crackle of 

5735
05:03:48,508 --> 05:03:52,300
campfires, Genghis, Khan's 
Legacy stretches across these 

5736
05:03:52,300 --> 05:03:54,800
planes. 
A reminder, of a leader who 

5737
05:03:54,800 --> 05:03:58,700
dared to dream of unity who face
the harshness of his world with 

5738
05:03:58,700 --> 05:04:01,900
an unbreakable spirit. 
His life was a journey of 

5739
05:04:01,900 --> 05:04:03,900
resilience vision and 
transformation. 

5740
05:04:04,800 --> 05:04:08,200
He turned adversity into 
strength, chaos, into order and 

5741
05:04:08,200 --> 05:04:10,500
disunity into a vast and 
enduring Empire. 

5742
05:04:11,400 --> 05:04:14,200
Though his methods were Fierce 
his impact on the world was 

5743
05:04:14,200 --> 05:04:18,100
profound the connections. 
He forged between East and West,

5744
05:04:18,100 --> 05:04:21,800
reshaped, history, leaving a 
legacy that endures to this day.

5745
05:04:23,100 --> 05:04:26,900
You sink deeper into relaxation.
Let the story of Genghis, Khan 

5746
05:04:26,900 --> 05:04:28,600
remind you of the power of 
perseverance. 

5747
05:04:28,600 --> 05:04:32,600
The strength found in unity, and
the importance of vision. 

5748
05:04:33,600 --> 05:04:36,600
His life filled with challenges 
and triumphs speaks to the 

5749
05:04:36,600 --> 05:04:40,300
boundless potential within each 
of us, the ability to overcome 

5750
05:04:40,300 --> 05:04:43,300
to lead and to create lasting 
change. 

5751
05:04:44,800 --> 05:04:47,500
As you drift, even deeper into 
the calming Embrace of sleep, 

5752
05:04:47,500 --> 05:04:50,400
let the Echoes of Genghis, 
Khan's Journey, gently guide, 

5753
05:04:50,400 --> 05:04:53,700
your thoughts, his story. 
One of struggle vision and 

5754
05:04:53,700 --> 05:04:57,100
unrelenting, determination is a 
reminder of the strength that 

5755
05:04:57,100 --> 05:04:59,700
lies within every challenge, we 
face and the boundless 

5756
05:04:59,700 --> 05:05:02,300
potential, we possessed to shape
our own destinies. 

5757
05:05:03,200 --> 05:05:06,500
Pick the endless, Mongolian 
steppes beneath of vast night 

5758
05:05:06,500 --> 05:05:11,500
sky, where the stars shine like 
scattered diamonds Illuminating,

5759
05:05:11,500 --> 05:05:14,800
the dark Plains below. 
The wind moves, softly 

5760
05:05:14,800 --> 05:05:17,900
Whispering Tales of ancient 
conquests and unification 

5761
05:05:17,900 --> 05:05:21,500
carrying with it. 
The faint of grasslands and 

5762
05:05:21,500 --> 05:05:25,200
distant fires. 
This is the world where Genghis,

5763
05:05:25,200 --> 05:05:29,600
Khan forged his legacy, a world 
where survival was harsh, but 

5764
05:05:29,600 --> 05:05:31,700
the spirit of resilience was 
even stronger. 

5765
05:05:32,500 --> 05:05:36,000
As his Empire expanded. 
So too, did his influence his 

5766
05:05:36,000 --> 05:05:38,900
conquests stretched from his 
life was a journey of resilience

5767
05:05:38,900 --> 05:05:42,300
vision and transformation. 
He turned adversity into 

5768
05:05:42,300 --> 05:05:46,500
strength, chaos, into order and 
disunity into a vast and 

5769
05:05:46,500 --> 05:05:49,300
enduring Empire. 
Though his methods were Fierce 

5770
05:05:49,300 --> 05:05:53,000
his impact on the world was 
profound the connections. 

5771
05:05:53,000 --> 05:05:56,800
He forged between East and West 
was shaped history, leaving a 

5772
05:05:56,800 --> 05:06:00,900
legacy that endures to this day.
Sink deeper into relaxation. 

5773
05:06:00,900 --> 05:06:04,600
Let the story of Genghis, Khan 
remind you of the power of 

5774
05:06:04,600 --> 05:06:08,200
perseverance. 
Strength, found in unity and the

5775
05:06:08,200 --> 05:06:11,900
importance of vision. 
His life filled with challenges 

5776
05:06:11,900 --> 05:06:14,700
and triumphs speaks to the 
boundless potential within each 

5777
05:06:14,700 --> 05:06:19,300
of us, the ability to overcome 
to lead and to create lasting 

5778
05:06:19,300 --> 05:06:22,900
change. 
As you drifting even deeper into

5779
05:06:22,900 --> 05:06:25,500
the calming Embrace of sleep. 
Let the Echoes of Genghis, 

5780
05:06:25,500 --> 05:06:27,400
Khan's Journey, gently guide, 
your thoughts. 

5781
05:06:27,400 --> 05:06:30,100
His story. 
One of struggle vision. 

5782
05:06:30,100 --> 05:06:33,600
And unrelenting, determination 
is a reminder of the strength 

5783
05:06:33,600 --> 05:06:35,800
that lies within every 
challenge, we face and the 

5784
05:06:35,800 --> 05:06:38,200
boundless potential, we 
possessed to shape our own 

5785
05:06:38,200 --> 05:06:41,500
destinies. 
Picture the endless Mongolian 

5786
05:06:41,500 --> 05:06:45,900
steppes beneath a vast night sky
where the stars shine like 

5787
05:06:45,900 --> 05:06:49,300
scattered diamonds Illuminating,
the dark Plains below. 

5788
05:06:50,300 --> 05:06:53,300
The wind moves, softly 
Whispering Tales of ancient 

5789
05:06:53,300 --> 05:06:56,100
conquests and unification 
carrying with it. 

5790
05:06:56,100 --> 05:06:59,100
The faint of grasslands and 
distant fires. 

5791
05:07:00,400 --> 05:07:03,100
This is the world where as you 
breathe in slowly picture, the 

5792
05:07:03,100 --> 05:07:07,100
vast expanse of his Empire, the 
land stretching Beyond sight 

5793
05:07:07,100 --> 05:07:11,300
mountains, rise in the distance 
Rivers carve paths through 

5794
05:07:11,300 --> 05:07:14,800
fertile, valleys and open Plains
roll, endlessly toward the 

5795
05:07:14,808 --> 05:07:17,600
Horizon. 
Each part of this landscape once

5796
05:07:17,600 --> 05:07:21,800
divided is now United, under a 
common rule, a testament, the 

5797
05:07:21,800 --> 05:07:25,600
power for shared purpose. 
Genghis, Khan's dream of unity 

5798
05:07:25,600 --> 05:07:29,000
has become a reality on shape, 
by his unwavering will and 

5799
05:07:29,000 --> 05:07:32,200
strategic brilliance. 
But even as his empire grew 

5800
05:07:32,200 --> 05:07:35,800
Genghis Khan remained tied to 
the Simplicity of his roots, he 

5801
05:07:35,800 --> 05:07:39,000
lived a life close to the Earth 
surrounded by the people who had

5802
05:07:39,000 --> 05:07:40,300
followed him from the very 
beginning. 

5803
05:07:41,000 --> 05:07:44,800
He never allowed himself to be 
consumed by luxury or excess his

5804
05:07:44,800 --> 05:07:47,400
strength Lane, his ability to 
understand both the Warriors 

5805
05:07:47,400 --> 05:07:50,900
Path and the leaders burden to 
balance the frosty of Conquest 

5806
05:07:50,900 --> 05:07:55,800
with the wisdom of governance. 
As the years passed, Genghis 

5807
05:07:55,800 --> 05:07:59,100
Khan continued to guide, his 
people, his vision, extending 

5808
05:07:59,100 --> 05:08:02,400
Beyond his own lifetime. 
He established systems of Law 

5809
05:08:02,400 --> 05:08:05,700
and Order ensuring that Justice 
and discipline held his empire 

5810
05:08:05,700 --> 05:08:10,500
together. his code, the Yasser 
provided structure and fairness 

5811
05:08:10,500 --> 05:08:14,700
holding even the highest ranking
leaders accountable, This 

5812
05:08:14,700 --> 05:08:17,500
commitment to order and loyalty 
became the backbone of the 

5813
05:08:17,500 --> 05:08:20,900
Mongol Empire a legacy that 
would endure long after his 

5814
05:08:20,900 --> 05:08:25,100
death. 
In 1227 Genghis, Khan's Journey 

5815
05:08:25,100 --> 05:08:27,800
came to an end. 
He passed away during a military

5816
05:08:27,800 --> 05:08:30,800
campaign, his body returned to 
the land, he had known since 

5817
05:08:30,800 --> 05:08:34,300
childhood, his burial place 
remains a mystery hidden 

5818
05:08:34,300 --> 05:08:37,900
somewhere in the vast, steppes a
secret held tightly by those who

5819
05:08:37,900 --> 05:08:39,900
revered him. 
But though, his physical 

5820
05:08:39,900 --> 05:08:43,300
presence faded, his legacy 
continued to shape the world, 

5821
05:08:43,300 --> 05:08:47,200
his descendants carried his 
vision forward, expanding the 

5822
05:08:47,200 --> 05:08:51,000
Empire, and cementing his place 
in history. as you breathe 

5823
05:08:51,000 --> 05:08:54,900
deeply feel the quiet power of 
Genghis, Khan's story resonating

5824
05:08:54,900 --> 05:08:58,600
within you, his life, teachers 
us that even in the face of 

5825
05:08:58,600 --> 05:09:03,100
unimaginable challenges, a 
determined Spirit can overcome a

5826
05:09:03,100 --> 05:09:06,300
Clear Vision can unify and 
resilient can shake the course 

5827
05:09:06,300 --> 05:09:09,300
of history. 
Transformed his hardships into 

5828
05:09:09,300 --> 05:09:13,100
strength, his struggles into 
purpose, and his dreams into 

5829
05:09:13,100 --> 05:09:17,300
reality. 
Imagine the steps once more now,

5830
05:09:17,300 --> 05:09:21,800
calm under the vast night sky. 
Stars continue their silent 

5831
05:09:21,800 --> 05:09:24,600
watch. 
The wind carries a sense of 

5832
05:09:24,600 --> 05:09:27,600
timelessness and the land 
stretches out in quiet. 

5833
05:09:27,600 --> 05:09:30,300
Peace the world rests much like 
you do. 

5834
05:09:30,300 --> 05:09:34,300
Now, embracing the Stillness 
that follows the storm, the calm

5835
05:09:34,300 --> 05:09:38,100
that comes after a journey. 
Well, traveled allow yourself to

5836
05:09:38,100 --> 05:09:41,300
let go completely. 
Surrender to this peaceful 

5837
05:09:41,300 --> 05:09:44,200
Stillness. 
The story of Genghis, Khan, as 

5838
05:09:44,200 --> 05:09:48,200
taking you across endless planes
through battles, struggles and 

5839
05:09:48,200 --> 05:09:52,000
victories. 
Now you rest knowing that 

5840
05:09:52,000 --> 05:09:56,200
strength resilience and vision 
lie within you just as they did 

5841
05:09:56,200 --> 05:09:59,800
with him. 
The Journey of Discovery growth 

5842
05:09:59,800 --> 05:10:03,100
and purpose is yours to continue
when you wake up. 

5843
05:10:04,300 --> 05:10:07,800
As you sink deeper into the 
Embrace of sleep, let Echoes of 

5844
05:10:07,800 --> 05:10:09,000
Genghis. 
Khan's Legacy. 

5845
05:10:09,000 --> 05:10:12,900
Ripple through your mind like a 
soft steady current His journey 

5846
05:10:12,900 --> 05:10:15,500
was vast stretching across 
endless, Plains. 

5847
05:10:15,500 --> 05:10:18,800
And through the annals of 
History yet, his life was also a

5848
05:10:18,800 --> 05:10:23,000
reflection of universal truths. 
Strength in adversity, Vision, 

5849
05:10:23,000 --> 05:10:26,200
Beyond boundaries and the 
enduring power of unity. 

5850
05:10:27,200 --> 05:10:30,800
Imagine the Stillness of the 
steps at dawn, the first light 

5851
05:10:30,800 --> 05:10:33,600
of day, casting, a golden hue 
across the endless, grasslands. 

5852
05:10:34,800 --> 05:10:38,300
The world holds its breath in 
quiet anticipation, a moment 

5853
05:10:38,300 --> 05:10:40,100
suspended, between night and 
day. 

5854
05:10:40,700 --> 05:10:43,100
This is the same land that 
shaped to mujin. 

5855
05:10:43,100 --> 05:10:47,600
The boy who became Genghis Khan.
The cold winds, the hardships, 

5856
05:10:47,600 --> 05:10:51,000
the endless Horizons, all these 
elements, forged his Spirit, 

5857
05:10:51,000 --> 05:10:54,600
teaching him to endure to adapt,
and to lead. 

5858
05:10:55,600 --> 05:10:58,700
As you breed deeply. 
Let that same sense of quiet 

5859
05:10:58,700 --> 05:11:02,500
resilience settle within you. 
Just as the steps stretched 

5860
05:11:02,500 --> 05:11:05,900
Beyond sight, so too do the 
possibilities within your own 

5861
05:11:05,900 --> 05:11:08,300
life. 
The Journey of Genghis. 

5862
05:11:08,300 --> 05:11:11,200
Khan reminds us that no matter 
how vast the challenges before 

5863
05:11:11,200 --> 05:11:14,800
us, the human spirit is capable 
of incredible endurance and 

5864
05:11:14,800 --> 05:11:18,400
transformation. 
In your mind's eye picture, the 

5865
05:11:18,400 --> 05:11:21,400
endless, Caravans that travel 
the Silk Road under the 

5866
05:11:21,400 --> 05:11:25,000
protection of the Mongol Empire 
Merchants from distant lands. 

5867
05:11:25,000 --> 05:11:28,400
Moved steadily along ancient 
Roots, their carts loaded with 

5868
05:11:28,400 --> 05:11:32,300
silks, spices and knowledge. 
The world is connected in ways, 

5869
05:11:32,300 --> 05:11:35,700
it had never been before ideas 
flowing freely across 

5870
05:11:35,700 --> 05:11:38,900
continents. 
These connections once fragile 

5871
05:11:38,900 --> 05:11:42,100
and uncertain, now we've a 
tapestry of shared Human 

5872
05:11:42,100 --> 05:11:44,800
Experience. 
Genghis Khan's Vision brought 

5873
05:11:44,800 --> 05:11:47,700
people together creating 
Pathways where there had once 

5874
05:11:47,700 --> 05:11:52,000
been barriers his legacy lives 
not just in the conquests but in

5875
05:11:52,000 --> 05:11:55,100
the bridges he built between 
cultures the systems of order, 

5876
05:11:55,100 --> 05:11:59,000
he established and the idea that
Unity even amidst diversity as 

5877
05:11:59,000 --> 05:12:02,200
possible. 
Now, let your thoughts drift 

5878
05:12:02,200 --> 05:12:03,900
further into the Stillness of 
night. 

5879
05:12:04,700 --> 05:12:06,700
Campfires have burned down to 
Embers. 

5880
05:12:06,700 --> 05:12:09,400
Their soft, glow. 
Casting faint light to cross the

5881
05:12:09,400 --> 05:12:13,900
faces of Warriors, Nomads and 
travelers. the air is filled 

5882
05:12:13,900 --> 05:12:17,400
with the faint of smoke, and the
quiet murmur of people at rest, 

5883
05:12:18,200 --> 05:12:21,800
This moment of peace hard-earned
and cherished, reflects the 

5884
05:12:21,800 --> 05:12:24,900
balance that Genghis, Khan 
sought a world where strength 

5885
05:12:24,900 --> 05:12:26,900
and stability allowed for 
moments of Tranquility. 

5886
05:12:28,100 --> 05:12:29,900
Feel the calm sprayed through 
your body. 

5887
05:12:29,900 --> 05:12:33,400
Each breath, drawing, you deeper
into a space of comfort and 

5888
05:12:33,400 --> 05:12:37,300
safety. the struggles of the day
fall away like grains of sand 

5889
05:12:37,300 --> 05:12:41,100
carried by the wind, your part 
of a larger Story one, where 

5890
05:12:41,100 --> 05:12:44,100
each challenge you face shapes 
you, where every moment of 

5891
05:12:44,100 --> 05:12:47,400
resilience adds to your 
strengths, like the great Khan, 

5892
05:12:47,400 --> 05:12:50,800
you possess the power to endure,
to dream, and to create a legacy

5893
05:12:50,800 --> 05:12:53,400
of your own. 
And imagine now, the vast plain 

5894
05:12:53,400 --> 05:12:55,600
stretching out Beneath The Sky 
filled with stars. 

5895
05:12:55,600 --> 05:12:59,600
The universe seems infinite yet.
There is a profound sense of 

5896
05:12:59,600 --> 05:13:02,200
Peace in knowing that you are a 
part of this Grand experience. 

5897
05:13:03,100 --> 05:13:06,200
The wind Whispers gently 
carrying with it, the stories of

5898
05:13:06,200 --> 05:13:09,500
the past, the hopes of the 
present, and the dreams of the 

5899
05:13:09,500 --> 05:13:13,400
future, you're connected to 
this, Timeless flow, your spirit

5900
05:13:13,400 --> 05:13:17,300
at ease, your heart steady. 
As your mind, drifts further 

5901
05:13:17,300 --> 05:13:19,500
into sleep. 
Let the essence of Genghis. 

5902
05:13:19,500 --> 05:13:23,700
Khan's story remain with you his
life shaped by hardship and 

5903
05:13:23,700 --> 05:13:26,500
Triumph reminds us that within 
every challenge. 

5904
05:13:26,500 --> 05:13:30,400
Lies an opportunity for growth, 
his journey from a boy abandoned

5905
05:13:30,400 --> 05:13:33,600
on the steps to a ruler who 
United vast lands, is a 

5906
05:13:33,608 --> 05:13:36,000
testament to the power of 
determination and vision. 

5907
05:13:36,000 --> 05:13:39,400
You too carry that same 
potential within you, the 

5908
05:13:39,400 --> 05:13:42,300
ability to overcome to rise and 
to transform. 

5909
05:13:43,400 --> 05:13:45,000
The world outside gross 
softener. 

5910
05:13:45,000 --> 05:13:47,800
Now, the edges of reality 
blurring as you surrender to 

5911
05:13:47,800 --> 05:13:51,800
rest, Your breath is slow steady
and calm. 

5912
05:13:52,900 --> 05:13:56,000
Each inhale fills you with a 
sense of possibility, each 

5913
05:13:56,000 --> 05:13:57,800
exhale. 
Releases any tension you've been

5914
05:13:57,800 --> 05:14:02,200
holding The night wraps around 
you like a warm cloak protecting

5915
05:14:02,200 --> 05:14:05,400
and soothing you as you drift 
further into peaceful sleep. 

5916
05:14:06,200 --> 05:14:09,500
As you drift, even deeper into 
the Embrace of sleep, the vast 

5917
05:14:09,500 --> 05:14:13,300
plains of History, stretch 
endlessly before you Serene and 

5918
05:14:13,300 --> 05:14:16,100
Timeless. 
The gentle rhythm of your breath

5919
05:14:16,100 --> 05:14:19,200
mirrors, the calm steady wins of
the Mongolian, steppes 

5920
05:14:19,200 --> 05:14:22,800
Whispering stories of Courage, 
resilience and transformation. 

5921
05:14:24,300 --> 05:14:28,300
the Journey of Genghis, Khan 
Lingus, softly in your mind, a 

5922
05:14:28,300 --> 05:14:31,500
reminder that every challenge 
faced, every hardship, overcome 

5923
05:14:31,500 --> 05:14:35,500
shapes the path towards 
something, greater In this 

5924
05:14:35,500 --> 05:14:38,600
peaceful expanse, the world 
feels Limitless. 

5925
05:14:39,400 --> 05:14:42,900
The night sky filled with an 
infinite sea of stars, reflects 

5926
05:14:42,900 --> 05:14:44,600
the boundless potential within 
you. 

5927
05:14:44,600 --> 05:14:48,700
Each star glimmers with a quiet 
Brilliance, a beacon of 

5928
05:14:48,700 --> 05:14:52,100
possibility, hope, and the 
dreams that lie, waiting Beyond 

5929
05:14:52,100 --> 05:14:55,400
the Horizon. 
Just as Genghis, Khan dead to 

5930
05:14:55,400 --> 05:14:56,900
look beyond the confines of his 
world. 

5931
05:14:56,900 --> 05:15:00,800
You too are capable of breaking 
through barriers of envisioning,

5932
05:15:00,800 --> 05:15:03,400
New Paths. 
Of creating a life to find by 

5933
05:15:03,400 --> 05:15:07,400
your own resilience and purpose.
Imagine The Quiet of the ancient

5934
05:15:07,400 --> 05:15:11,200
world, no City light's. 
No noise of Modern Life. 

5935
05:15:11,200 --> 05:15:14,200
Just the pure unbroken Silence 
of the night. 

5936
05:15:15,100 --> 05:15:18,100
The grass beneath you is soft. 
Cool and fragrant. 

5937
05:15:18,800 --> 05:15:21,700
The Heir is Chris carrying the 
center of Earth and distant 

5938
05:15:21,700 --> 05:15:24,300
fires. 
The only sounds of the faint 

5939
05:15:24,300 --> 05:15:27,300
rustling of the wind and the 
occasional softener of a horse 

5940
05:15:27,300 --> 05:15:30,200
standing, watch. 
This Tranquility is a gift. 

5941
05:15:31,000 --> 05:15:34,700
Space where you can let go 
breathe deeply and allow your 

5942
05:15:34,700 --> 05:15:38,500
mind to float freely. 
As you inhale, drawing a sense 

5943
05:15:38,500 --> 05:15:41,400
of calm strength. 
With each exhale, release, the 

5944
05:15:41,408 --> 05:15:44,500
burdens of the day, the worries 
that cling like Shadows. 

5945
05:15:45,800 --> 05:15:48,000
In this space. 
There is no need to rush. 

5946
05:15:48,000 --> 05:15:52,500
No need to struggle. 
You are safe held gently by the 

5947
05:15:52,500 --> 05:15:55,200
vastness of history and the 
quiet wisdom it offers. 

5948
05:15:56,000 --> 05:16:00,500
Like the open steps your mind, 
expands free from constraints 

5949
05:16:00,500 --> 05:16:04,700
filled with possibility. 
The story of Genghis, Khan is 

5950
05:16:04,700 --> 05:16:08,700
one of transformation of a young
boy who endured pain and loss, 

5951
05:16:08,700 --> 05:16:12,300
but who Rose to become a leader 
who reshaped the world, his 

5952
05:16:12,300 --> 05:16:15,300
journey reminds us that strength
is born in moments of adversity.

5953
05:16:16,300 --> 05:16:19,700
That the spirit is forged in the
fires of challenge, his vision 

5954
05:16:19,700 --> 05:16:23,300
was clear, his resolve 
unbreakable and within you, too 

5955
05:16:23,308 --> 05:16:26,700
lies that same seed of 
potential, that same capacity 

5956
05:16:26,700 --> 05:16:29,100
for growth. 
For the vision for resilience, 

5957
05:16:30,000 --> 05:16:33,000
Picture the endless Plains 
bathed in the soft glow of dawn.

5958
05:16:34,300 --> 05:16:38,000
First of sunlight touched the 
Horizon casting a warm Golden 

5959
05:16:38,000 --> 05:16:41,900
Light over the land. 
The sky shifts from Deep Indigo 

5960
05:16:41,900 --> 05:16:45,900
to Gentle of pink and orange. 
The world awakens slowly 

5961
05:16:45,900 --> 05:16:49,100
peacefully as the night. 
Gives way to a new day. 

5962
05:16:50,200 --> 05:16:55,100
This transition from Darkness to
light is a symbol of Hope a 

5963
05:16:55,100 --> 05:16:56,300
reminder that no matter how 
long. 

5964
05:16:56,300 --> 05:16:59,700
The night may seem the dawn 
always comes. 

5965
05:17:01,200 --> 05:17:03,600
Let this thought settle gently 
in your mind. 

5966
05:17:04,700 --> 05:17:08,000
Just as the night must yield to 
the morning, every struggle you 

5967
05:17:08,000 --> 05:17:10,900
face every challenge, you 
endure, holds the promise of 

5968
05:17:10,908 --> 05:17:14,500
renewal of new beginnings of 
possibilities, yet to be 

5969
05:17:14,500 --> 05:17:17,700
realized. 
The Journey of life, like the 

5970
05:17:17,700 --> 05:17:19,900
Journey of Genghis. 
Khan is one of Cycles. 

5971
05:17:20,700 --> 05:17:24,300
Hardship and triumphs of 
Darkness and Light of endings 

5972
05:17:24,300 --> 05:17:27,400
and New Beginnings. 
Feel your body, relax even 

5973
05:17:27,400 --> 05:17:30,900
further. 
Each muscle Letting Go your mind

5974
05:17:30,900 --> 05:17:34,500
sinking deeper into the comfort 
of sleep. the weight of the 

5975
05:17:34,500 --> 05:17:39,700
world lifts away leaving you 
light free and appease The Winds

5976
05:17:39,700 --> 05:17:42,700
of the steps, the vast Horizon's
in the quiet, strength of 

5977
05:17:42,700 --> 05:17:45,200
history, in Bellevue, and a 
cocoon of serenity. 

5978
05:17:46,300 --> 05:17:49,100
In this state of deep 
relaxation, know that you are 

5979
05:17:49,100 --> 05:17:51,800
part of something timeless. 
Struggles. 

5980
05:17:51,800 --> 05:17:55,100
The victory is the dreams of 
those who came before you live 

5981
05:17:55,100 --> 05:17:57,300
on whispering, their wisdom and 
encouragement. 

5982
05:17:58,400 --> 05:18:01,000
Your connected to this greater 
tapestry of humanity. 

5983
05:18:01,000 --> 05:18:05,100
A thread woven through the 
fabric of time, resilient and 

5984
05:18:05,100 --> 05:18:11,000
Unbroken William Shakespeare was
born in the spring of 1564 in 

5985
05:18:11,000 --> 05:18:13,200
the small town of Stratford upon
Avon England. 

5986
05:18:14,200 --> 05:18:17,400
Though, the exact date of his 
birth is not known tradition, 

5987
05:18:17,400 --> 05:18:21,300
holds it, to be April 23rd. 
The streets of Stratford were 

5988
05:18:21,300 --> 05:18:25,500
quiet lined with Timber framed 
houses, their white plaster 

5989
05:18:25,500 --> 05:18:28,000
walls crisscrossed by dark. 
Wooden beams. 

5990
05:18:29,100 --> 05:18:31,800
The gentle flow of the river 
Avon at meandered, through the 

5991
05:18:31,800 --> 05:18:35,200
town, reflecting the sky and its
soft, Rippling Waters. 

5992
05:18:36,400 --> 05:18:39,500
William was the third child of 
John Shakespeare, a glove maker 

5993
05:18:39,500 --> 05:18:43,200
and local merchants and Mary 
Ardent who came from a respected

5994
05:18:43,200 --> 05:18:46,000
farming family. 
Their home on Henley Street was 

5995
05:18:46,000 --> 05:18:49,500
modest but comfortable filled 
with the sense of leather and 

5996
05:18:49,500 --> 05:18:51,000
parchment from his father's 
work. 

5997
05:18:52,100 --> 05:18:55,500
In those early days, William's 
world was shaped by the sounds 

5998
05:18:55,500 --> 05:18:58,800
of bustling markets, church 
bells and the hum of 

5999
05:18:58,808 --> 05:19:02,800
conversation among townsfolk. 
The air in Stratford was filled 

6000
05:19:02,800 --> 05:19:06,900
with the rhythms of Every Day. 
Life, the changing seasons and 

6001
05:19:06,900 --> 05:19:09,600
The Echoes of a world on the 
brink of cultural Awakening. 

6002
05:19:10,800 --> 05:19:14,500
As a boy, William likely spent 
time exploring the fields and 

6003
05:19:14,500 --> 05:19:18,400
woods beyond the town where 
wildflowers bloomed and the 

6004
05:19:18,400 --> 05:19:22,300
calls of birds filled the air. 
He may have wandered along the 

6005
05:19:22,300 --> 05:19:25,900
banks of the Avon, his curious 
eyes taking in the flowing 

6006
05:19:25,900 --> 05:19:28,900
water. 
Lifting light and the Small 

6007
05:19:28,900 --> 05:19:32,900
Wonders of Nature. 
William attended, the King's new

6008
05:19:32,900 --> 05:19:37,000
school where he received a solid
education in Reading Writing and

6009
05:19:37,000 --> 05:19:40,200
classical literature. 
He studied the works of Roman 

6010
05:19:40,200 --> 05:19:44,500
poets, like Ovid and playwrights
like plutus and Seneca, these 

6011
05:19:44,500 --> 05:19:46,800
ancient stories of gods Heroes 
and tragic. 

6012
05:19:46,800 --> 05:19:50,700
Fates, ignited his imagination 
giving him a foundation that 

6013
05:19:50,700 --> 05:19:52,700
would later blossom into his own
masterpieces. 

6014
05:19:53,800 --> 05:19:56,600
The days at school were long 
filled with the scratch of 

6015
05:19:56,600 --> 05:20:00,400
quills, on parchment. 
The low hum of Latin recitations

6016
05:20:00,400 --> 05:20:02,800
and the occasional Creek of 
wooden benches. 

6017
05:20:04,000 --> 05:20:07,100
William learned not only the 
rules of language but also the 

6018
05:20:07,100 --> 05:20:10,300
power of Storytelling the 
ability to capture The Human 

6019
05:20:10,300 --> 05:20:13,900
Experience in words. 
When William was 18, he married 

6020
05:20:13,900 --> 05:20:16,900
Anne Hathaway, a farmer's 
daughter who lived in a small 

6021
05:20:16,900 --> 05:20:20,200
cottage outside of Stratford 
Their marriage was a quieter 

6022
05:20:20,200 --> 05:20:24,300
held in the local church. 
Surrounded by family and friends

6023
05:20:24,300 --> 05:20:28,500
a year later, they welcome their
first child Susanna followed by 

6024
05:20:28,508 --> 05:20:32,500
Twinz hamnet and Judith. 
The small house they shared was 

6025
05:20:32,500 --> 05:20:35,400
filled with the sounds of 
children's laughter and the 

6026
05:20:35,400 --> 05:20:39,900
simple Comforts of family life. 
yet even as a young man with a 

6027
05:20:39,908 --> 05:20:43,500
family, William's mind seemed to
yearn for something more. 

6028
05:20:44,500 --> 05:20:47,800
Somewhere within him, the seeds 
of creativity were beginning to 

6029
05:20:47,800 --> 05:20:51,200
sprout. 
By the late 1580s or early 

6030
05:20:51,200 --> 05:20:54,000
1590s. 
Shakespeare left Stratford and 

6031
05:20:54,000 --> 05:20:58,100
made his way to London, a city 
alive with energy opportunity 

6032
05:20:58,100 --> 05:21:02,600
and artistic expression. 
London in the 1590s was a place 

6033
05:21:02,608 --> 05:21:06,000
of contrasts cobblestone, 
streets, filled with carriages, 

6034
05:21:06,000 --> 05:21:09,700
merchants selling their Wares 
and the hustle and bustle of a 

6035
05:21:09,708 --> 05:21:12,800
growing Metropolis. 
It was a city where theaters 

6036
05:21:12,800 --> 05:21:15,700
were becoming centers of 
cultural life drawing, people 

6037
05:21:15,700 --> 05:21:20,000
from all walks of society, 
Amidst this vibrant, chaos 

6038
05:21:20,000 --> 05:21:22,900
William Shakespeare found his 
place in the world of theater. 

6039
05:21:23,700 --> 05:21:26,600
He began his career as an actor 
and playwright with the company 

6040
05:21:26,600 --> 05:21:28,200
called the Lord Chamberlain's 
men. 

6041
05:21:28,900 --> 05:21:30,500
His early plays were performed 
in small. 

6042
05:21:30,500 --> 05:21:33,100
Theater's where audience is 
gathered in the dim light. 

6043
05:21:33,100 --> 05:21:37,000
Eager to be transported by 
stories of Love, betrayal and 

6044
05:21:37,000 --> 05:21:40,200
adventure. 
The center of burning Tallow 

6045
05:21:40,200 --> 05:21:43,500
candles filled the air mingling 
with the excited Whispers of the

6046
05:21:43,500 --> 05:21:46,200
crowd. 
Shakespeare's Talent quickly 

6047
05:21:46,200 --> 05:21:49,400
became evident and his Works 
began to Captivate London's 

6048
05:21:49,400 --> 05:21:52,500
theater goers. 
His early successes included 

6049
05:21:52,500 --> 05:21:56,300
plays like Henry the 6th and 
Titus andronicus stories of War 

6050
05:21:56,300 --> 05:21:59,400
revenge and political Intrigue 
each line. 

6051
05:21:59,400 --> 05:22:01,000
He wrote seemed to pulse with 
life. 

6052
05:22:01,600 --> 05:22:04,500
Filled with the richness of 
human emotion and the beauty of 

6053
05:22:04,500 --> 05:22:08,600
language. 
By the late 1590s, Shakespeare 

6054
05:22:08,600 --> 05:22:10,700
had become a respected figure in
the theater world. 

6055
05:22:11,500 --> 05:22:13,800
He purchased shares in the 
newly-built Globe, Theater. 

6056
05:22:13,800 --> 05:22:16,800
A wooden structure that would 
become the heart of his creative

6057
05:22:16,800 --> 05:22:19,700
endeavors. 
The globe, stood on the Southern

6058
05:22:19,700 --> 05:22:22,900
Bank of the River Thames. 
Its thatched roof and open are 

6059
05:22:22,900 --> 05:22:24,700
staged, welcoming thousands of 
eager. 

6060
05:22:24,700 --> 05:22:28,100
Spectators, it was here that 
some of his greatest plays, came

6061
05:22:28,100 --> 05:22:32,700
to life Romeo and Juliet A, 
Midsummer Night's Dream and The 

6062
05:22:32,700 --> 05:22:36,000
Merchant of Venice. 
These stories of a young love 

6063
05:22:36,000 --> 05:22:40,500
magical Realms and complex Human
Relationships resonated with 

6064
05:22:40,500 --> 05:22:45,100
audiences who laughed wept and 
Marvel at the Tails unfolding 

6065
05:22:45,100 --> 05:22:47,800
before them as his reputation 
grew. 

6066
05:22:47,800 --> 05:22:52,700
So, did the depth of his work. 
In the early, 1600s Shakespeare 

6067
05:22:52,700 --> 05:22:56,500
wrote some of his most profound 
and Powerful tragedies Hamlet, a

6068
05:22:56,500 --> 05:23:01,100
fellow King Lear and Macbeth. 
These plays explored, the darker

6069
05:23:01,100 --> 05:23:04,400
corners of the human soul. 
Delving into themes of ambition,

6070
05:23:04,400 --> 05:23:09,300
jealousy, Madness, and fate. 
Imagine the dimly lit stage, the

6071
05:23:09,300 --> 05:23:12,600
flicker of Candlelight, the 
hushed anticipation of the crowd

6072
05:23:12,600 --> 05:23:15,700
as the curtain Rose. 
The words of Shakespeare filled 

6073
05:23:15,700 --> 05:23:19,800
the air weaving, a tapestry of 
emotion, drama, and insight that

6074
05:23:19,800 --> 05:23:21,300
would echo through the 
centuries. 

6075
05:23:22,000 --> 05:23:25,400
Even as he found success in 
London, Shakespeare never lost 

6076
05:23:25,400 --> 05:23:27,100
his connection to Stratford upon
Avon. 

6077
05:23:27,800 --> 05:23:31,100
He returned frequently to his 
home town, where he purchased 

6078
05:23:31,100 --> 05:23:34,000
new place, one of the largest 
houses in the town. 

6079
05:23:35,200 --> 05:23:39,000
It was a place of peace and 
reflection a retreat from the 

6080
05:23:39,000 --> 05:23:42,900
bustling world of the theater. 
As he entered the later years of

6081
05:23:42,900 --> 05:23:46,800
his life, his writing took on a 
gentler tone plays, like the 

6082
05:23:46,800 --> 05:23:50,300
Tempest and the Winter's Tale 
spoke of forgiveness, Redemption

6083
05:23:50,300 --> 05:23:55,000
and the passage of time. 
These final Works reflected a 

6084
05:23:55,000 --> 05:23:58,100
man who had seen much of life's 
Beauty and sorrow and who sought

6085
05:23:58,100 --> 05:24:03,400
peace and understanding. 
On April 23rd, 1616 at the age 

6086
05:24:03,400 --> 05:24:05,900
of 52. 
William Shakespeare passed away 

6087
05:24:05,900 --> 05:24:08,900
in his home town of Stratford 
upon his life. 

6088
05:24:08,900 --> 05:24:13,600
Had been a journey of words 
stories and Imagination, a 

6089
05:24:13,600 --> 05:24:15,700
journey that left an indelible 
mark on the world. 

6090
05:24:15,700 --> 05:24:19,300
He was buried in the chance of 
Holy Trinity Church in where his

6091
05:24:19,308 --> 05:24:22,500
gravestone still rested today, 
as you breathe deeply. 

6092
05:24:22,500 --> 05:24:25,800
Now, let the story of William, 
Shakespeare settled gently into 

6093
05:24:25,800 --> 05:24:30,900
your mind. his legacy lives on 
in every play, every sonnet and 

6094
05:24:30,900 --> 05:24:34,800
every line that continues to 
inspire Generations His words, 

6095
05:24:34,800 --> 05:24:38,000
remind us of the beauty of 
language, the complexity of The 

6096
05:24:38,000 --> 05:24:40,800
Human Experience and the power 
of Storytelling. 

6097
05:24:41,800 --> 05:24:44,500
William Shakespeare's life was 
one of continuous growth, 

6098
05:24:44,500 --> 05:24:49,000
creativity and exploration. 
Even though he left the world 

6099
05:24:49,000 --> 05:24:53,000
far too early at the age of 52, 
his legacy continued to flourish

6100
05:24:53,000 --> 05:24:56,800
long after his death. 
His Works were not confined to 

6101
05:24:56,800 --> 05:24:59,200
his own time. 
They transcended Generations, 

6102
05:24:59,200 --> 05:25:02,900
cultures and continents shaping 
the world of literature theater 

6103
05:25:02,900 --> 05:25:04,900
and languages in ways. 
No one could have predicted. 

6104
05:25:05,800 --> 05:25:07,200
In the Years, following his 
passing. 

6105
05:25:08,200 --> 05:25:10,900
Shakespeare's fellow actors and 
Friends, John hemming, Jesus and

6106
05:25:10,900 --> 05:25:14,200
Henry Condell took on the task 
of preserving his work. 

6107
05:25:15,500 --> 05:25:18,900
They compiled and published the 
first folio in 1623. 

6108
05:25:19,800 --> 05:25:22,200
A collection that in short, his 
plays would be remembered and 

6109
05:25:22,200 --> 05:25:25,800
performed for centuries to come 
this remarkable volume contain 

6110
05:25:25,800 --> 05:25:31,900
36 of his plays plays including 
comedies, history, and tragedies

6111
05:25:31,900 --> 05:25:34,400
preserving works. 
That may otherwise have been 

6112
05:25:34,408 --> 05:25:36,900
lost. 
Without the dedication of these 

6113
05:25:36,900 --> 05:25:40,400
friends, some of Shakespeare's 
most beloved works such as 

6114
05:25:40,400 --> 05:25:42,600
Macbeth. 
And the Tempest might never have

6115
05:25:42,600 --> 05:25:46,800
reached us. 
Thanks to this labor of love his

6116
05:25:46,800 --> 05:25:50,100
stories, endured spreading far 
beyond theaters of London, to 

6117
05:25:50,100 --> 05:25:53,900
inspire future generations of 
readers, actors and writers. 

6118
05:25:55,300 --> 05:25:57,300
Shakespeare's influence on the 
English language is 

6119
05:25:57,300 --> 05:26:00,700
unparalleled. he coined or 
popularized thousands of words 

6120
05:26:00,700 --> 05:26:04,600
and phrases many of which are 
still in use today, expressions 

6121
05:26:04,600 --> 05:26:08,700
like break, the ice wild goose, 
chase and Heart of Gold. 

6122
05:26:08,700 --> 05:26:10,400
Can all be traced back to his 
plays. 

6123
05:26:11,000 --> 05:26:14,200
His ability to capture, human 
emotion and experience in words,

6124
05:26:14,200 --> 05:26:17,700
gave the language a richness and
expressiveness that endures. 

6125
05:26:18,600 --> 05:26:20,700
His Works. 
Reflected The Human Condition in

6126
05:26:20,700 --> 05:26:25,500
all its complexity, the joys, 
the Sorrows, the triumphs, and 

6127
05:26:25,500 --> 05:26:28,400
the tragedies. 
Shakespeare's characters were 

6128
05:26:28,400 --> 05:26:32,100
not just figures on a stage but 
living breathing reflections of 

6129
05:26:32,100 --> 05:26:35,200
humanity. 
They spoke of Love ambition, 

6130
05:26:35,200 --> 05:26:39,200
betrayal and Redemption with a 
Clarity that resonated across 

6131
05:26:39,200 --> 05:26:42,900
time. 
Imagine Romeo and Juliet young 

6132
05:26:42,900 --> 05:26:45,300
lovers torn apart by the feud of
their families. 

6133
05:26:45,300 --> 05:26:49,100
Speaking words that Echo the 
passion and heartbreaks of every

6134
05:26:49,100 --> 05:26:52,500
generation picture handle it. 
The introspective Prince 

6135
05:26:52,500 --> 05:26:56,300
grappling with questions of 
Life, Death and morality. 

6136
05:26:57,300 --> 05:27:00,500
Think of King Lear an old man 
facing the consequences of his 

6137
05:27:00,500 --> 05:27:04,500
pride and folly or Macbeth 
driven to ruin by ambition and 

6138
05:27:04,500 --> 05:27:06,900
fate. 
These stories were not just 

6139
05:27:06,900 --> 05:27:09,800
meant to entertain, they were 
designed to make audiences, 

6140
05:27:09,800 --> 05:27:13,400
think feel and understand 
themselves in the world around 

6141
05:27:13,400 --> 05:27:16,600
them. 
In Shakespeare's time, the 

6142
05:27:16,600 --> 05:27:19,400
theater was a place where the 
barriers of class and Status 

6143
05:27:19,400 --> 05:27:22,500
melted away. 
Where the common folk and the 

6144
05:27:22,500 --> 05:27:25,100
nobility could come together to 
share in the experience of a 

6145
05:27:25,108 --> 05:27:28,100
story. 
The Globe Theater with its 

6146
05:27:28,100 --> 05:27:32,100
thatched roof and wooden beams, 
echoed with the laughter tears 

6147
05:27:32,100 --> 05:27:35,300
and Applause of audiences who 
saw their lives reflected on 

6148
05:27:35,300 --> 05:27:37,900
stage. 
Shakespeare understood that 

6149
05:27:37,900 --> 05:27:42,200
stories had the power to unite 
people to reveal truths and to 

6150
05:27:42,200 --> 05:27:46,000
inspire change. 
In his Quiet Moments, 

6151
05:27:46,000 --> 05:27:49,700
Shakespeare returned to 
Stratford upon where he enjoyed 

6152
05:27:49,700 --> 05:27:51,700
the Peace of his family home 
here. 

6153
05:27:51,700 --> 05:27:54,100
He could. 
Escape the noise of the city and

6154
05:27:54,100 --> 05:27:57,200
the demands of the theater. 
He tended to his Affairs and 

6155
05:27:57,200 --> 05:27:59,300
spent time with his family as 
and walked the familiar streets 

6156
05:27:59,300 --> 05:28:01,700
of his home town. 
But even in retirement, the 

6157
05:28:01,700 --> 05:28:04,600
creative spark never truly, left
him later years. 

6158
05:28:04,600 --> 05:28:07,100
He collaborated, with the 
younger playwrights and 

6159
05:28:07,100 --> 05:28:11,200
continued to refine his craft. 
The serenity of Stratford 

6160
05:28:11,200 --> 05:28:14,600
offered him a chance to reflect 
on his life's work to find peace

6161
05:28:14,600 --> 05:28:16,600
in the knowledge that he had 
given the world, something 

6162
05:28:16,600 --> 05:28:20,300
Timeless and extraordinary. 
Though, his life ended on April,

6163
05:28:20,300 --> 05:28:23,400
23rd, 1616. 
His impact was only just 

6164
05:28:23,400 --> 05:28:25,600
beginning. 
Over the centuries. 

6165
05:28:25,600 --> 05:28:28,600
Shakespeare's Works were 
performed in countless theaters,

6166
05:28:28,600 --> 05:28:32,400
translated into every major 
language and adapted into 

6167
05:28:32,400 --> 05:28:37,100
countless forms. stories found 
new life in operas films novels 

6168
05:28:37,100 --> 05:28:40,400
and modern reinterpretations 
that brought his characters into

6169
05:28:40,400 --> 05:28:44,400
new settings and contexts 
generations of actors from 

6170
05:28:44,400 --> 05:28:47,600
Humble players to celebrated 
Stars, found their voices. 

6171
05:28:47,600 --> 05:28:51,200
Through Shakespeare's words, 
directors re-imagined, his place

6172
05:28:51,200 --> 05:28:55,500
in Endless ways, setting them in
modern cities, distant Futures 

6173
05:28:55,500 --> 05:28:59,900
and warn landscapes. 
Each interpretation shed new 

6174
05:28:59,900 --> 05:29:03,400
light on his Timeless themes. 
In schools and universities 

6175
05:29:03,400 --> 05:29:05,900
students. 
Continue to explore, his plays 

6176
05:29:05,900 --> 05:29:10,000
discovering the brilliant, and 
depth of his writing his Sonics,

6177
05:29:10,000 --> 05:29:13,300
with their delicate Beauty, and 
insight into the nature of love 

6178
05:29:13,300 --> 05:29:16,000
and time. 
Continue to touch the hearts of 

6179
05:29:16,000 --> 05:29:19,700
readers across the globe. 
Shakespeare's Legacy is not just

6180
05:29:19,700 --> 05:29:22,700
in the pages of books or on the 
stages of theaters. 

6181
05:29:22,700 --> 05:29:25,900
It lives in the way we use 
language, the way we tell 

6182
05:29:25,900 --> 05:29:30,200
stories, and the way we 
understand ourselves, His genius

6183
05:29:30,200 --> 05:29:33,300
lies in his ability to capture 
the full spectrum of Human 

6184
05:29:33,300 --> 05:29:37,000
Experience from the lightest 
moments of Comedy, to the 

6185
05:29:37,008 --> 05:29:41,200
darkest depths of tragedy. 
As you lie here, feeling the 

6186
05:29:41,200 --> 05:29:43,900
weight of sleep, gently pressing
upon, you know, that 

6187
05:29:43,908 --> 05:29:48,000
Shakespeare's story is one of 
her inspiration, creativity and 

6188
05:29:48,000 --> 05:29:51,800
boundless imagination. 
He reminds us that even the 

6189
05:29:51,800 --> 05:29:54,100
simplest Beginnings. 
Can lead to extraordinary 

6190
05:29:54,100 --> 05:29:56,300
Journeys. 
That the world is full of 

6191
05:29:56,300 --> 05:29:57,700
stories. 
Waiting to be told. 

6192
05:29:57,700 --> 05:30:02,200
And that words have the power to
change hearts and Minds, allow 

6193
05:30:02,200 --> 05:30:06,000
his life story to guide you into
a restful Slumber where dreams 

6194
05:30:06,000 --> 05:30:10,200
unfold like the scenes of a play
filled with wonder Beauty and 

6195
05:30:10,200 --> 05:30:14,300
endless possibility. 
Let the words of the past wrap 

6196
05:30:14,300 --> 05:30:18,200
around, you like a soft blanket.
Comforting and timeless. 

6197
05:30:19,200 --> 05:30:21,900
As we continue to reflect on The
Life and Legacy of William, 

6198
05:30:21,900 --> 05:30:25,000
Shakespeare, his story weaves 
are rich, tapestry of 

6199
05:30:25,008 --> 05:30:28,600
creativity, resilience and 
Timeless brilliance. 

6200
05:30:29,800 --> 05:30:33,000
Though the world around him 
changed, his Works remained 

6201
05:30:33,000 --> 05:30:36,700
steadfast a beacon of human 
expression that endured across 

6202
05:30:36,700 --> 05:30:39,600
centuries. 
The years following his death, 

6203
05:30:39,600 --> 05:30:41,300
saw a gradual rise in 
recognition. 

6204
05:30:42,300 --> 05:30:46,300
Scholars actors and audiences 
began to understand the profound

6205
05:30:46,300 --> 05:30:49,600
impact of his words. 
In the decades, after his 

6206
05:30:49,600 --> 05:30:55,900
passing of the first folio 
published in 763 1,623 by his 

6207
05:30:55,900 --> 05:30:58,900
friends and fellow actors 
secured his place in history. 

6208
05:30:59,600 --> 05:31:02,600
This collection ensured that 
plays like Macbeth The Tempest 

6209
05:31:02,600 --> 05:31:06,500
12th night and Julius Caesar 
would be preserved and shared 

6210
05:31:06,500 --> 05:31:10,000
with future Generations. 
Each of these Works held a 

6211
05:31:10,000 --> 05:31:13,300
mirror to society reflecting the
complexities of human nature 

6212
05:31:13,300 --> 05:31:18,500
politics and morality. 
As time went on Shakespeare's. 

6213
05:31:26,800 --> 05:31:29,600
By the 18th century. 
His influence had reached the 

6214
05:31:29,600 --> 05:31:33,100
Far Corners of the world with 
translations bringing his words,

6215
05:31:33,100 --> 05:31:37,200
to new languages and cultures. 
the universality of his themes, 

6216
05:31:37,200 --> 05:31:42,500
love, and ambition, betrayal and
Redemption resonated with people

6217
05:31:42,500 --> 05:31:47,300
from all walks of life, His 
birthplace stratford-upon slowly

6218
05:31:47,300 --> 05:31:50,200
became a place of pilgrimage for
lovers of literature and 

6219
05:31:50,200 --> 05:31:52,500
theater. 
Visitors walked the same 

6220
05:31:52,500 --> 05:31:56,400
cobblestone streets passed by 
the same Riverbanks and stood in

6221
05:31:56,400 --> 05:31:59,000
the same rooms where 
Shakespeare, once lived the 

6222
05:31:59,000 --> 05:32:02,500
small town grew into a symbol of
creativity and artistic Heritage

6223
05:32:02,500 --> 05:32:05,800
forever, linked to the legacy of
its most famous son. 

6224
05:32:07,300 --> 05:32:10,600
As the centuries progressed 
Shakespeare's plays were studied

6225
05:32:10,600 --> 05:32:14,800
in schools performed in Grand 
Theaters and adapted for New 

6226
05:32:14,800 --> 05:32:17,600
Media. 
Actors found endless 

6227
05:32:17,600 --> 05:32:21,000
opportunities to breathe life 
into his characters from the 

6228
05:32:21,000 --> 05:32:24,300
tragic figures of Hamlet and 
King Lear to the comedic, 

6229
05:32:24,300 --> 05:32:26,000
Brilliance of Much Ado About 
Nothing. 

6230
05:32:26,000 --> 05:32:30,200
In A, Midsummer Night's Dream. 
Directors reimagined his stories

6231
05:32:30,200 --> 05:32:33,700
in modern settings on 
battlefields in boardrooms. 

6232
05:32:33,700 --> 05:32:37,500
And in far-off galaxies proving 
that his themes remained ever 

6233
05:32:37,500 --> 05:32:39,800
relevant. 
His influence on the Arts is 

6234
05:32:39,800 --> 05:32:43,000
immeasurable painters depicted 
scenes from his plays in Rich 

6235
05:32:43,000 --> 05:32:46,400
vibrant, canvases, composers, 
like, Felix Mendelssohn, and 

6236
05:32:46,400 --> 05:32:49,800
Giuseppe Verdi turned his Works 
into operas and orchestral 

6237
05:32:49,800 --> 05:32:53,100
pieces, poets, and writers Drew 
inspiration from his words 

6238
05:32:53,100 --> 05:32:55,700
finding new ways to explore the 
Human Experience. 

6239
05:32:57,000 --> 05:33:00,300
In the 19th century, 
Shakespearean festivals began to

6240
05:33:00,308 --> 05:33:04,300
emerge celebrating his works, 
with performance, as lectures 

6241
05:33:04,300 --> 05:33:07,300
and readings, the Royal 
Shakespeare company. 

6242
05:33:07,300 --> 05:33:10,700
Founded in the 20th century 
became a beacon for the 

6243
05:33:10,700 --> 05:33:13,800
continued performance and 
exploration of his plays. 

6244
05:33:14,700 --> 05:33:17,200
The dedication to his work 
ensured that his stories 

6245
05:33:17,200 --> 05:33:19,700
remained alive. 
The vaulting with each new 

6246
05:33:19,700 --> 05:33:23,700
interpretation of performance. 
Shakespeare's works also found a

6247
05:33:23,700 --> 05:33:27,000
home in cinema with directors, 
like Laurence Olivier, Kenneth 

6248
05:33:27,000 --> 05:33:30,000
Branagh and baz luhrman bringing
his place to the Silver Screen. 

6249
05:33:31,500 --> 05:33:34,300
Films adapted, from his plays 
reached audiences around the 

6250
05:33:34,300 --> 05:33:37,500
world, introducing his 
characters and stories to new 

6251
05:33:37,500 --> 05:33:42,000
generations. power of Cinema 
allowed his words to take on New

6252
05:33:42,000 --> 05:33:45,700
Dimensions with stunning visuals
and Powerful performance is 

6253
05:33:45,700 --> 05:33:49,600
amplifying their emotional depth
Even in the modern world, his 

6254
05:33:49,600 --> 05:33:52,000
influence persists. 
Expressions. 

6255
05:33:52,000 --> 05:33:55,800
He penned over 400 years ago, a 
part of everyday language when 

6256
05:33:55,800 --> 05:33:58,900
someone speaks of wearing their 
heart on their sleeve or 

6257
05:33:58,900 --> 05:34:02,000
describes a task as a wild 
goose, chase, they are echoing 

6258
05:34:02,000 --> 05:34:05,200
Shakespeare's voice his ability 
to capture The Human Condition 

6259
05:34:05,200 --> 05:34:08,900
in that his words would forever 
be woven into the fabric of Our 

6260
05:34:08,900 --> 05:34:11,400
Lives. 
As you like comfortably 

6261
05:34:11,400 --> 05:34:15,400
breathing gently, Imagine The 
Quiet streets of Stratford upon 

6262
05:34:15,400 --> 05:34:19,900
Avon bathed in the soft glow of 
Twilight picture, the river Avon

6263
05:34:19,900 --> 05:34:23,500
flowing peacefully, its surface 
shimmering with the last rays of

6264
05:34:23,508 --> 05:34:26,300
the Setting Sun. 
The breeze carries the faint 

6265
05:34:26,300 --> 05:34:29,900
Center of blooming flowers and 
the world slows to a tranquil 

6266
05:34:29,900 --> 05:34:33,700
hush at the image of a young 
William with eyes full of wonder

6267
05:34:33,700 --> 05:34:37,000
and curiosity, fill your mind. 
See him wandering the 

6268
05:34:37,000 --> 05:34:38,700
countryside dreaming of the 
stories. 

6269
05:34:38,700 --> 05:34:41,900
He would one day tell his 
journey reminds us that 

6270
05:34:41,900 --> 05:34:44,900
creativity passion and 
perseverance can shape a legacy 

6271
05:34:44,900 --> 05:34:48,200
that outlives us all. 
Allow these thoughts to soothe 

6272
05:34:48,200 --> 05:34:51,100
you like the gentle turning of 
pages in an old book. 

6273
05:34:52,000 --> 05:34:54,700
The weight of history and the 
Timeless beauty of Shakespeare's

6274
05:34:54,700 --> 05:34:57,700
words settle around you. 
A comforting presence that 

6275
05:34:57,700 --> 05:34:59,800
Whispers of endless 
possibilities. 

6276
05:35:00,900 --> 05:35:04,000
Sleep, draws you deeper know 
that you are connected to a rich

6277
05:35:04,000 --> 05:35:07,100
lineage of dreamers, thinkers 
and storytellers. 

6278
05:35:08,200 --> 05:35:09,800
The same stories that moved 
audiences. 

6279
05:35:09,800 --> 05:35:13,300
And Shakespeare's time continue 
to resonate today, Bridging the 

6280
05:35:13,300 --> 05:35:14,800
Gap between past and present.