The Quiet Christmas Truce of 1914 | Boring History For Sleep

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Welcome in. 
You tired, little ones. 

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Settle in. 
And let me tell you a story from

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the winter of 1914. 
When the Great War was still 

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young and the world had not yet 
learned how terrible modern 

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conflict could be. 
Tonight, you'll hear about an 

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extraordinary moment when 
soldiers on both sides of the 

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Western Front laid down their 
weapons and remembered their 

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shared Humanity. 
Now, as we journey back to the 

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Frozen trenches of Flanders, 
where something remarkable 

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happened on Christmas Eve, I'd 
love if you guys could tap the 

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like button and comment where in
the world, you are listening in 

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from what time it is for you. 
As it significantly helps us 

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out. 
Get comfortable on that comfy 

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mattress. 
Turn on a fan for some noise and

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let's sleep with some history. 
You stand in mud that never 

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quite freezes solid despite the 
bitter December cold seeping 

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through every layer of your 
uniform. 

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The trench stretches before you 
in a zigzag pattern. 

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Carved into Belgian Farmland. 
That five months ago, sugar, 

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beets and wheat. 
Now it grows nothing but more 

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trenches. 
More wire more reasons for men 

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to crouch below the Earth's 
surface, like reluctant miners 

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the walls, around You Weep with 
moisture. 

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Sandbag sag under their own 
weight and wooden boards laid 

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across the trench floor. 
Float slightly when you step on 

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them, releasing Brown water, 
that smells of clay and 

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something organic. 
You've learned not to think 

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about too carefully, your boots,
good British leather. 

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That your mother saved up for a 
permanently damp. 

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You've forgotten what dry socks 
feel like above the trench, the 

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winter Sky hangs low and gray 
the color of old pewter. 

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It's the 23rd of December 1914 
and you've been in this 

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particular stretch of hell for 
11 days. the landscape beyond 

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the sandbags offers no Comfort 
bare trees reduced to splintered

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stumps feels churned into 
moonscapes of craters and wire 

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Farmhouse houses that are now 
just collections of broken brick

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gradually sinking into the mud. 
The cold Works its way into your

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bones with patient persistence. 
It's not the dramatic knife. 

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Sharp cold of mountain Winter's 
but something more Insidious. 

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A damp chill that settles into 
your joints and makes everything

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ache. 
Your fingers are always slightly

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numb, even inside your gloves. 
The tip of your nose, feels like

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it belongs to someone else other
men. 

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Share this trench with you 
shapes bundled in khaki. 

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Wool faces. 
Reddened by wind and sprouting 

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beards that never quite look 
intentional. 

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Young Thompson from Sheffield 
works on a brassiere coaxing 

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reluctant Flames from scraps of 
wood. 

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The smoke rises in a thin column
before the wind snatches it 

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away. 
Sergeant Davies sits on a firing

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step, methodically cleaning his 
rifle with movements that have 

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become automatic. 
After months of repetition, 

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you've learned the rhythm of 
trench life stand to Adorn when 

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attacks are most likely the long
stretches of waiting brief 

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periods of activity when 
supplies arrive orders come down

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the line, The constant knorring 
awareness that a few hundred 

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yards away. 
Other men in different uniforms 

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are doing exactly the same thing
in trenches, that mirror your 

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own, the war itself has become 
something strange and static. 

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In August everyone moved 
quickly, armies marching 

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battles. 
Fought Open Fields. 

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Cavalry Charges that belong to 
earlier, centuries. 

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By September the movement 
slowed. 

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By October it stopped entirely. 
Now, both sides face each other 

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across a strip of Devastation 
called No Man's Land. 

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Neither able to advance neither 
willing to retreat. 

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Your trench connects to others 
in a vast Network that runs from

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the English Channel to the Swiss
border. 

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Hundreds of miles of ditches, 
all filled with men, who'd 

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rather be somewhere else. 
You think about this sometimes 

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during the quiet hours, how many
trenches, how many soldiers 

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standing in cold mud, how many 
families waiting at home the 

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Germans occupy similar trenches 
across the way, you can't see 

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them directly, but, you know, 
they're there. 

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Sometimes you hear them voices, 
calling back and forth, the 

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Clank of equipment. 
The same sound you make at 

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night. 
If the artillery Falls silent, 

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you can hear their work parties 
reinforcing positions. 

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The scrap of shovels against 
Frozen Earth. 

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Someone started calling them 
Fritz though. 

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You've never met a German 
soldier named Fritz. 

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They probably call you 
something. 

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Equally generic the propaganda 
posters show. 

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Monstrous Huns. 
But you've seen German prisoners

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being marched to the rear. 
Young man who looked tired and 

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cold and remarkably like the 
fellows in your own trench. 

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The Frontline here runs through 
what was once farmland. 

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Before the armies came Belgian 
Farmers. 

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Worked. 
These fields grew crops raised 

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families. 
You found a child's toy soldier 

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in the mud last week, a little 
painted figure wearing a uniform

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from some earlier War. 
You kept it in your pocket 

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though. 
You're not sure why your trench 

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has a name Piccadilly because 
some offers. 

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So, with a sense of humor, 
thought the trenches should 

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sound like London streets. 
Other sections are called Regent

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Street. 
Bond Street, Leicester Square. 

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As if giving them familiar 
names, might make them less 

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foreign less terrible. 
It doesn't work but the name 

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stuck anyway, the daily routine 
provides structure morning Stan.

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To when the gray light creeps 
across no man's land and 

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everyone's the fireing step 
rifles, ready? 

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Waiting for an attack that 
usually doesn't come Breakfast, 

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afterward tea that tastes of the
iron Dixie its brood in bread 

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that's often stale. 
Sometimes Jam, the bread arrives

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in sandbags, which strikes he 
was funny. 

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And a grim sort of way 
everything arrives in sandbags. 

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During the day, there are tasks 
repairs to the trench walls 

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where rain is collapsed the 
Earth. 

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Filling new sandbags cleaning 
weapons writing letters home 

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though. 
You've run out of things to say 

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that won't worry your mother. 
The letters. 

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All sound the same after a 
while. 

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I'm well, the food's adequate 
don't worry about me. 

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You don't mention the mud, the 
cold, the rats, the body. 

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You saw last week, still hanging
on the German, wire the rats 

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deserve their own paragraph. 
They're everywhere bold and fat.

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Unafraid of men, they Scurry 
along the trench at night and 

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you've stopped trying to chase 
them away. 

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They were here before you and 
they'll be here after you leave 

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one way or another. 
At least they're warm. 

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Blooded company. 
Winter. 

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Darkness comes early. 
This far. 

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North by four in the afternoon, 
the light starts failing. 

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By five, you need lanterns for 
any details work. 

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The long night stretcher head, 
cold and damp filled with the 

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small sounds of men, trying to 
stay comfortable in 

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uncomfortable places, but 
tonight feels different somehow.

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Maybe it's because tomorrow is 
Christmas Eve. 

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Maybe it's the rumor that's been
passing up and down the line 

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about packages arriving from 
home. 

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Maybe it's just the human need 
to believe that. 

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Something somewhere, like be 
different from the grinding, 

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sameness of trench warfare. 
You pull your coat Tighter and 

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stamp your feet. 
Try to restore circulation. 

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Somewhere in the distance. 
Artillery rumbles. 

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But far away, someone else's 
problem. 

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Here in your section of 
Piccadilly, the evening, settles

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into something approaching 
quiet. 

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The first stars appear in the 
darkening Sky faint at first, 

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then brighter as night deepens. 
You've always liked Stars, they 

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look the same, whether you're in
a trench and Belgium or standing

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in your backyard in England. 
The war hasn't changed them, the

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packages arrive on the afternoon
of Christmas Eve carried up the 

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communication, trenches by men, 
who curse the weight to the mud 

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in equal measure Word spreads 
quickly down the line. 

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Males here Parcels from home. 
You watch as the bundles, get 

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distributed each man's name 
called out. 

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Careful, exchange of sake, 
cardboard boxes wrapped in 

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string. 
Some packages have clearly had 

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difficult Journeys, dented 
stained retired, multiple times.

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Others look remarkably intact as
if they've stepped through a 

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portal from the normal World 
directly into this strange. 

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One your own package Bears your 
mother's handwriting and you 

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recognize the paper she saved 
from last year's holiday the 

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pattern of Holly and bells. 
Now strangely out of place in a 

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trench your hands Shake slightly
as you untie, the string, not 

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from cold this time, but from 
something else, This box 

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traveled from your kitchen table
to your hands, crossing the 

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distance between peace and War. 
Inside a knitted scarf in blue 

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wool. 
Still smelling faintly of home 

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that particular combination of 
soap and cooking and the 

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lavender, your mother keeps in 
drawers a tin of her shortbread 

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somehow unbroken, despite the 
journey a letter in her, careful

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script. 
A small Christmas pudding 

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wrapped in cloth. 
A packet of real tobacco. 

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The good kind. 
Socks three pairs, thick and 

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warm. 
A bar of chocolate. 

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You're not embarrassed by the 
tears. 

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That blur your vision around. 
You other men open their own 

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packages with similar 
expressions. 

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Thompson unwraps. 
Something knitted by his sweet 

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heart. 
A scarf in regimental, Colours 

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slightly uneven in the way that 
proves it was made by hand with 

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love Davies receives a fruitcake
from his sister hard as brick. 

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But pressure nonetheless, the 
package is transformed. 

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The trench temporarily for a 
brief period. 

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The war received and you're 
connected again to kitchens and 

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parlors and people who remember 
you as something other than a 

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soldier. 
The trench fills with the smell 

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of cake and chocolate and 
tobacco sense. 

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That belonged to peace time. 
Some men receive packages from 

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strangers. 
The tobacco fund organized by 

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ladies in London charitable 
organizations, that send gifts 

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to boys at the front. 
These contain practical items, 

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cigarettes socks, small tins of 
meat. 

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They also contain handwritten 
notes from a Grateful Nation. 

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God bless you. 
Come home safe. 

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The notes are signed by people, 
you'll never meet but somehow 

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that makes them more touching. 
Not less the officers receive 

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packages too, though. 
They open them with more 

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restraint conscious of 
maintaining dignity. 

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Still, you see, left tenant 
Carry's face soften as the 

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unwrap something from his wife. 
A photograph you think though? 

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He tucks it away quickly, the 
Christmas pudding, your mother 

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sent his small but Rich studded 
with raisins and candied. 

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Peel you decide to save it for 
tomorrow for the actual day. 

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The shortbread. 
However you share with the men 

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nearby, it breaks into crumbs 
easily and you all eat it slowly

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making it last letting the 
butter and sugar dissolve on 

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your tongues. 
Your mum's a good Baker Thompson

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says shortbread crumbs in his 
mustache. 

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00:11:12,800 --> 00:11:14,600
She'd be pleased to hear you 
say. 

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So you reply, the chocolate goes
into your pocket for later. 

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You've learned to rational 
treats to spread them out over 

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days rather than consuming 
everything at once. 

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00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:26,800
The future is uncertain enough 
without all. 

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So running out of chocolate as 
evening approaches, the packages

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are mostly opened their contents
distributed or stored away. 

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Trench. 
Settles back into its usual 

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rhythms, but something has 
shifted. 

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Presence of these objects from 
home, these tangible, 

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connections to another world has
reminded everyone of what exists

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beyond the wire and mud this Sky
clears as Darkness Falls unusual

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for December in Belgium. 
Stars appear bright and sharp in

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the cold are no. 
Clouds means the temperature 

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will drop further tonight, but 
it also means visibility You can

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see all the way across no man's 
land to where the German 

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trenches are marked by similar 
lines of sandbags in someone 

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notices, the trees small 
evergreen trees appearing along 

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the German parapet at first. 
You're not sure what you're 

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seeing. 
Are they camouflage some new 

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defensive Arrangement but no 
their Christmas trees small 

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Pines and Furs set up along the 
German trench line. 

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And as Darkness deepens, they 
begin to Glow with candles, the 

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site stops conversation in your 
Trench, Men's stare across no 

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man's land at the tiny Points of
Light flickering in the 

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Darkness. seems impossible, 
absurd, even creating trenches 

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as if they were parlors Yet, 
there they are. 

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Little trees glowing in the 
winter night. 

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Each candle a small Defiance of 
the war's Darkness. 

232
00:12:54,600 --> 00:12:57,200
Well, I'll be damned Davies 
mutters. 

233
00:12:57,200 --> 00:13:00,400
The candles, multiply is more 
trees appear along the German 

234
00:13:00,400 --> 00:13:03,900
line. 
Dozens of small lights, warp and

235
00:13:03,908 --> 00:13:07,800
gold, and utterly incongruous 
with the landscape of War. 

236
00:13:08,900 --> 00:13:10,700
Someone has carried those trees 
to the front. 

237
00:13:10,700 --> 00:13:14,800
Lines has set them up as lit. 
Candles despite the cold and 

238
00:13:14,800 --> 00:13:17,200
wind. 
Someone decided that Christmas 

239
00:13:17,200 --> 00:13:19,900
mattered. 
Even here, you think about the 

240
00:13:19,900 --> 00:13:22,600
effort involved. 
The trees would have come from 

241
00:13:22,600 --> 00:13:26,100
supply lines carried through 
communication, trenches placed 

242
00:13:26,100 --> 00:13:28,500
carefully on fire steps or 
sandbags. 

243
00:13:29,500 --> 00:13:33,700
Candles, precious. 
Scarce scandals used, not for 

244
00:13:33,700 --> 00:13:37,200
reading Maps or writing letters,
but for decoration for beauty 

245
00:13:37,200 --> 00:13:41,300
for Christmas, the German 
trenches are perhaps 200 yards 

246
00:13:41,300 --> 00:13:45,100
away, close enough to see the 
candles clearly too far to make 

247
00:13:45,100 --> 00:13:48,600
out individual faces. 
But, you know, men are standing 

248
00:13:48,608 --> 00:13:50,800
over there looking at their 
Christmas trees. 

249
00:13:50,800 --> 00:13:53,800
Perhaps thinking the same 
thoughts, you're thinking now. 

250
00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:56,800
They've got the right idea, 
Thompson says quietly. 

251
00:13:56,800 --> 00:14:01,300
It's Christmas Eve, isn't it or 
to have a tree, nobody responds.

252
00:14:01,300 --> 00:14:03,000
But the sentiment hangs in the 
air. 

253
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:06,700
It is Christmas Eve. 
The calendar doesn't stop for 

254
00:14:06,700 --> 00:14:09,100
war. 
Somewhere in England, families 

255
00:14:09,100 --> 00:14:11,600
are gathering churches are being
decorated. 

256
00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:15,100
Children are being tucked into 
bed, with promises about Father,

257
00:14:15,100 --> 00:14:17,700
Christmas. 
The world continues, its 

258
00:14:17,700 --> 00:14:21,700
algorithms, even when part of it
is frozen in Belgian mud, the 

259
00:14:21,700 --> 00:14:25,300
temperature continues to drop 
your breath, makes clouds in the

260
00:14:25,300 --> 00:14:28,100
air. 
The frost begins to Sparkle on 

261
00:14:28,100 --> 00:14:32,100
the sandbags, on the rim of the 
trench on The Wire stretched 

262
00:14:32,100 --> 00:14:37,100
across no man's land in the 
cold, clear are sounds carried 

263
00:14:37,100 --> 00:14:39,800
differently. 
You can hear the Germans moving 

264
00:14:39,800 --> 00:14:43,700
about in their trenches hear 
their voices then across the 

265
00:14:43,700 --> 00:14:46,700
Frozen distance. 
Someone begins to sing The Voice

266
00:14:46,700 --> 00:14:49,900
carries across No Man's Land 
clearance strong in the cold 

267
00:14:49,900 --> 00:14:52,800
air. 
German words but the melody is 

268
00:14:52,800 --> 00:14:55,200
unmistakable. 
Dylan. 

269
00:14:58,000 --> 00:15:01,200
Silent Night. 
The singer has a good voice 

270
00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:05,200
trained, perhaps and the notes 
rise, pure and true into the 

271
00:15:05,200 --> 00:15:08,100
winter Darkness. 
Other German voices join in 

272
00:15:08,100 --> 00:15:12,700
creating Harmony the song flows,
over The Frozen Ground over the 

273
00:15:12,700 --> 00:15:15,700
wire and the shell holes over 
all the Machinery of War. 

274
00:15:16,500 --> 00:15:19,900
You've heard this carol since 
childhood, sung it in church on 

275
00:15:19,900 --> 00:15:22,000
Christmas Eve but never like 
this. 

276
00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:24,500
Never with such weight behind 
it. 

277
00:15:24,500 --> 00:15:28,800
When the Germans finished their 
verse silence Falls, then from 

278
00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:31,900
somewhere down your own trench 
line, a British voice takes up 

279
00:15:31,900 --> 00:15:35,500
the melody in English silent 
night, holy night. 

280
00:15:36,600 --> 00:15:39,200
More voice is join. 
Hesitant at first, then 

281
00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:42,100
stronger. 
You find yourself singing to the

282
00:15:42,100 --> 00:15:45,000
words coming automatically from 
years of Christmas services. 

283
00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:48,500
The two sides trade verses 
German and English. 

284
00:15:49,300 --> 00:15:52,200
The same prayer in different 
languages floating up towards 

285
00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:54,900
the cold Stars. 
If it feels dreamlike 

286
00:15:54,900 --> 00:15:58,800
impossible, men who spent the 
day preparing to kill each 

287
00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:00,400
other. 
Now, sharing A Christmas Carol 

288
00:16:00,400 --> 00:16:03,200
across the space between their 
trenches other songs. 

289
00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:07,500
Follow the German sing Odeon and
some of your comrades know it 

290
00:16:07,508 --> 00:16:09,000
is. 
Oh, Christmas tree and sing 

291
00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:13,000
along someone with a mouth, 
organ plays, The First Noel, and

292
00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:15,600
the reading notes carry 
surprisingly, well, in the still

293
00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:17,700
air. 
A German voice. 

294
00:16:17,700 --> 00:16:22,600
Clear and young sing something 
you don't recognize a Carol in 

295
00:16:22,600 --> 00:16:25,500
German beautiful. 
Despite the language barrier, 

296
00:16:25,500 --> 00:16:29,800
you realize your smiling around.
You other men are smiling, too. 

297
00:16:29,800 --> 00:16:32,200
Davies, has his eyes closed, 
listening. 

298
00:16:32,900 --> 00:16:36,600
Thompson sways slightly keeping 
time with the music, even the 

299
00:16:36,600 --> 00:16:39,400
officers of stopped their rounds
to listen to this strange, 

300
00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:43,000
spontaneous concert, the singing
continues for over an hour 

301
00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:47,500
carols, you know, and carols. 
You don't German voices, and 

302
00:16:47,500 --> 00:16:51,300
British voices, sometimes 
separate sometimes blending 

303
00:16:51,300 --> 00:16:53,000
together when The Melodies 
match. 

304
00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:55,600
No one seems to be organizing 
it. 

305
00:16:55,600 --> 00:16:58,500
The songs Just flow from one to 
the next. 

306
00:16:58,500 --> 00:17:01,200
As if the trenches themselves 
are having a conversation 

307
00:17:01,200 --> 00:17:04,200
between songs. 
You hear cheering and Applause 

308
00:17:04,200 --> 00:17:07,000
from both sides. 
When a particularly good singer,

309
00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:10,099
finishes are so low. 
Both British and German voices. 

310
00:17:10,099 --> 00:17:13,800
Shout appreciation. 
It's absurd and wonderful and 

311
00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:18,200
deeply strange applauding the 
enemies Christmas carols, the 

312
00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:20,599
cold deepens, but nobody 
suggests going below to the 

313
00:17:20,599 --> 00:17:23,200
dugouts. 
This moment feels too pressure 

314
00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:26,900
to fragile. 
Everyone seems to sense that 

315
00:17:26,900 --> 00:17:30,400
moving might break the spell. 
Might remind the universe that 

316
00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:33,500
this shouldn't be happening. 
A German voice calls out in 

317
00:17:33,500 --> 00:17:37,200
English thickly accented, but 
clear, happy Christmas, Tommy, 

318
00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:39,700
happy Christmas Fritz. 
Someone from your trench calls 

319
00:17:39,708 --> 00:17:43,700
back laughter, ripples along 
both lines, attention that's 

320
00:17:43,700 --> 00:17:47,000
been constant for months. 
Seems to ease slightly like a 

321
00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:50,300
held breath being released. 
More shouts are exchanged. 

322
00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:53,600
How is your Christmas? 
Cold. 

323
00:17:54,200 --> 00:17:58,400
Here. 
All so cold this gets more 

324
00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:01,100
laughter. 
The shared misery of winter 

325
00:18:01,100 --> 00:18:05,200
Warfare becomes briefly a joke 
both sides understand someone 

326
00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:07,500
from the German side shouts we 
have beer. 

327
00:18:07,500 --> 00:18:10,100
You have beer, only run a 
British voice response. 

328
00:18:10,100 --> 00:18:13,600
Rum is good. 
Also this exchange somehow 

329
00:18:13,600 --> 00:18:17,000
seemed hilarious and laughter 
Echoes across no man's land. 

330
00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:20,408
The idea that you're comparing 
beverages with men, you might be

331
00:18:20,416 --> 00:18:22,300
shooting at tomorrow, should be 
disturbing. 

332
00:18:22,300 --> 00:18:27,200
But instead it just feels human,
The Moon Rises nearly full 

333
00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:29,500
turning. 
The frost covered ground between

334
00:18:29,500 --> 00:18:31,600
the trenches into something. 
Almost beautiful. 

335
00:18:32,400 --> 00:18:34,800
In the Moonlight, you can see no
man's land more. 

336
00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:38,500
Clearly the wire the shell 
holes, the scattered debris of 

337
00:18:38,500 --> 00:18:42,400
War, but also the untouched 
patches of Earth, the stubble of

338
00:18:42,408 --> 00:18:44,600
loss Summers, crops poking 
through the snow. 

339
00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:47,900
A German soldier appears on 
their parapets silhouetted 

340
00:18:47,900 --> 00:18:52,000
against the candle at trees. 
He's waving something a bottle 

341
00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:55,300
may be. 
For a moment, everyone tenses is

342
00:18:55,300 --> 00:18:57,900
this a trick? 
But no, he's clearly just 

343
00:18:57,900 --> 00:19:00,800
showing off their Christmas 
beer, proving they really have 

344
00:19:00,800 --> 00:19:02,800
it. 
A British soldier from further 

345
00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:04,700
down. 
Your trench line stands up on a 

346
00:19:04,700 --> 00:19:08,300
firing step visible above the 
parapet, your heart stops. 

347
00:19:08,300 --> 00:19:11,800
This is how men die, exposing 
themselves like that. 

348
00:19:12,700 --> 00:19:16,600
But nobody shoots. 
The German Soldier waves, the 

349
00:19:16,600 --> 00:19:19,700
British soldier waves back, 
then, both dropped back into 

350
00:19:19,700 --> 00:19:22,600
their respective trenches and 
you realize, you've been holding

351
00:19:22,600 --> 00:19:25,200
your breath left tenant carrier 
appears. 

352
00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:28,200
Moving along the trench. 
He's been to the command post 

353
00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:31,300
and he carries news. 
Stand Down from alert. 

354
00:19:31,300 --> 00:19:34,300
He says quietly. 
Normal, watch only tonight 

355
00:19:34,300 --> 00:19:37,800
command, says the German seemed 
to be observing and informal 

356
00:19:37,800 --> 00:19:40,400
truce. 
He pauses then adds its 

357
00:19:40,400 --> 00:19:41,800
Christmas Eve tried to get some 
rest. 

358
00:19:41,800 --> 00:19:44,600
I too rest. 
Seems unlikely with all the 

359
00:19:44,600 --> 00:19:47,900
singing and shouting, but the 
order to stand down from full 

360
00:19:47,900 --> 00:19:51,200
alert means something. 
It means the officers recognize 

361
00:19:51,200 --> 00:19:54,400
that tonight is different. 
It means perhaps that they 

362
00:19:54,400 --> 00:19:56,400
trust. 
The strange piece that settled 

363
00:19:56,400 --> 00:20:00,000
over the front line, more carols
drift The Frozen Ground. 

364
00:20:00,900 --> 00:20:05,500
You recognize as death defeated 
as Oh Come All Ye Faithful sung 

365
00:20:05,500 --> 00:20:07,000
in Latin the old traditional 
version. 

366
00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:10,000
The Latin Works across language 
barriers. 

367
00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:14,300
Both sides can sing it together.
The combined voices creates 

368
00:20:14,300 --> 00:20:17,100
something powerful. 
Hundreds of men singing. 

369
00:20:17,100 --> 00:20:21,500
The same words to the same God 
under the same Stars Thompson. 

370
00:20:21,500 --> 00:20:24,800
Produces a harmonica from 
somewhere and plays along with 

371
00:20:24,800 --> 00:20:27,700
the singing. 
He's not particularly skilled 

372
00:20:27,700 --> 00:20:31,700
but the effort is genuine and 
the simple notes, add to the 

373
00:20:31,700 --> 00:20:36,500
strange beauty of the moment. 
A German voice calls out Bravo 

374
00:20:36,500 --> 00:20:41,100
harmonica and Thompson. 
Laughs delighted the singing 

375
00:20:41,100 --> 00:20:45,100
gradually winds down as the 
night deepens voices, grow 

376
00:20:45,100 --> 00:20:47,100
tired. 
The cold becomes harder to 

377
00:20:47,100 --> 00:20:49,500
ignore. 
And Men begin to remember that 

378
00:20:49,500 --> 00:20:51,800
tomorrow. 
Still exists with all its 

379
00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:55,500
uncertainties. 
But the candles on the German 

380
00:20:55,500 --> 00:20:59,000
Christmas trees. 
Continue to burn small Flames 

381
00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:03,100
steady and still, are you settle
onto a firing stepped in your 

382
00:21:03,100 --> 00:21:07,000
coat and the new scarf your 
mother sent The scarf still 

383
00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:10,400
smells like home and you pull it
up around your nose and mouth 

384
00:21:10,400 --> 00:21:14,100
breathing in that scent. 
Around you, the trench grows 

385
00:21:14,100 --> 00:21:18,200
quieter men finding places to 
rest or wraping themselves in 

386
00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:22,500
blankets for watched duty, but 
sleep doesn't come easily. you 

387
00:21:22,500 --> 00:21:25,400
keep thinking about the singing 
about the German voices, 

388
00:21:25,400 --> 00:21:28,600
blending with British ones about
the man who stood up on the 

389
00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:32,900
German parapet and waved About 
how easy it would be to imagine 

390
00:21:32,900 --> 00:21:34,900
him as a friend, rather than an 
enemy. 

391
00:21:34,900 --> 00:21:39,600
The Stars wheel overhead in 
their ancient patterns Somewhere

392
00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:43,400
far away in another world that 
still exists, despite the war 

393
00:21:43,400 --> 00:21:45,800
church. 
Bells are probably ringing for 

394
00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:49,400
midnight Services here. 
The bells are a place by 

395
00:21:49,408 --> 00:21:53,000
silence. 
A profound unusual silence. 

396
00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:56,800
As if the Earth itself is 
holding its breath, tomorrow's 

397
00:21:56,800 --> 00:21:59,300
Christmas Day. 
What that will bring you don't 

398
00:21:59,300 --> 00:22:02,700
know. 
But tonight there was music and 

399
00:22:02,700 --> 00:22:06,600
light and something that felt 
remarkably like piece, Christmas

400
00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:08,800
morning arrives with frost thick
on everything. 

401
00:22:08,800 --> 00:22:12,100
Turning the world into a study 
and white and gray. 

402
00:22:12,900 --> 00:22:16,700
You wake stiff and cold your 
breath, making clouds in the 

403
00:22:16,700 --> 00:22:20,500
dugouts, dim interior. 
Above, you can hear movement. 

404
00:22:20,500 --> 00:22:25,300
The usual sound of mourning Stan
to men taking their positions, 

405
00:22:25,300 --> 00:22:28,300
along the Firearms. 
Step you climb the Dugout steps,

406
00:22:28,300 --> 00:22:31,100
your joints, protesting, and 
emerge into surprise in 

407
00:22:31,100 --> 00:22:34,000
sunlight. 
The sky is cleared completely 

408
00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:38,200
bright blue and cloudless. 
The kind of winter morning that 

409
00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:39,900
makes everything sharp and 
clear. 

410
00:22:40,700 --> 00:22:43,100
Ice crystals Sparkle on the 
sandbags. 

411
00:22:43,100 --> 00:22:45,900
No man's land looks almost 
peaceful in the Morning. 

412
00:22:45,900 --> 00:22:49,700
Light the horrors of War 
temporally softened by Frost and

413
00:22:49,700 --> 00:22:52,500
sunshine. 
The German trenches are quiet 

414
00:22:52,500 --> 00:22:56,700
but visibly occupied You can see
Men Moving about on their side 

415
00:22:56,700 --> 00:22:58,600
going through their own morning 
routines. 

416
00:22:59,300 --> 00:23:02,500
The Christmas trees from last 
night is still their Candles 

417
00:23:02,500 --> 00:23:05,300
unlit now, but the Evergreen 
branch is still green against 

418
00:23:05,300 --> 00:23:07,700
the brown Earth. 
Then, something extraordinary 

419
00:23:07,700 --> 00:23:11,100
happens, a figure appears about 
the German parapet. 

420
00:23:11,900 --> 00:23:16,200
A man standing fully exposed. 
His hands raised above his head 

421
00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:18,300
in Clearview. 
He's not armed. 

422
00:23:18,300 --> 00:23:21,900
You can see that clearly. 
He stands there waiting. 

423
00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:25,500
As if testing, whether the piece
of last night, will survive the 

424
00:23:25,500 --> 00:23:27,400
daylight? 
Nobody shoots. 

425
00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:31,500
The German Soldier begins 
walking forward across No Man's 

426
00:23:31,500 --> 00:23:34,000
Land. 
Stepping carefully between shell

427
00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:36,600
holes. 
He's young, he can see that now,

428
00:23:36,600 --> 00:23:40,900
probably about your age. 
He's wearing a gray uniform that

429
00:23:40,900 --> 00:23:43,300
looks as mud stained and worn as
your own car. 

430
00:23:43,300 --> 00:23:45,600
Key left. 
Carry appears beside. 

431
00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:48,100
You hold your fire. 
He says quietly. 

432
00:23:48,100 --> 00:23:50,700
Oh, nobody seems inclined to 
shoot anywhere. 

433
00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:55,500
The entire trench watches as the
German Soldier, walks, closer, 

434
00:23:55,500 --> 00:23:59,500
hands, still visible. 
Clearly unarmed soldiers stops 

435
00:23:59,500 --> 00:24:01,300
about halfway across No Man's 
Land. 

436
00:24:01,300 --> 00:24:03,400
Perhaps 100 yards from each 
trench. 

437
00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:06,900
He stands there waiting It's an 
invitation. 

438
00:24:06,900 --> 00:24:10,400
You realize a question being 
asked Across The Frozen Ground 

439
00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:13,300
permission to go out there. 
Sir, you hear yourself asking 

440
00:24:13,300 --> 00:24:15,800
carry looks at you. 
They're not at the waiting 

441
00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:19,800
German and then back at you, 
Something passes across his face

442
00:24:19,800 --> 00:24:24,400
concern, calculation, and then a
kind of resignation. 

443
00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:27,500
If you're going you're not going
alone. 

444
00:24:27,500 --> 00:24:30,100
He says I'll come with you 
others. 

445
00:24:30,100 --> 00:24:32,800
Volunteer immediately Thompson 
Davies. 

446
00:24:32,800 --> 00:24:37,400
Half a dozen more. 
Carry nods right then no weapons

447
00:24:37,400 --> 00:24:41,500
hands visible, slow and steady. 
You climb up the side of the 

448
00:24:41,500 --> 00:24:45,800
trench, your heart hammering. 
This is how men die standing in 

449
00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:50,600
the open exposed to enemy fire. 
Every Instinct screams at you to

450
00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:54,500
get back down to find cover. 
But you think of the singing 

451
00:24:54,500 --> 00:24:59,000
last night of the candles on the
Christmas trees and you keep 

452
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:02,800
climbing the ground of No Man's 
Land is rough under your feet. 

453
00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:07,000
Frozen mud shell holes, Tangles 
of wire. 

454
00:25:07,600 --> 00:25:10,600
You've only seen this landscape 
through periscopes or in brief 

455
00:25:10,600 --> 00:25:12,400
terrifying, moments during 
raids. 

456
00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:16,700
Walking across it in daylight. 
Feels surreal like breaking a 

457
00:25:16,700 --> 00:25:20,600
fundamental rule of the universe
the German Soldier waits as you 

458
00:25:20,600 --> 00:25:23,600
approach. 
You can see his face now young. 

459
00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:28,600
Yes, with light hair and a thin 
mustache. he looks nervous, but 

460
00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:31,400
determined When you're close 
enough to speak. 

461
00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:34,700
He smiles. 
Uncertainly a good morgan. 

462
00:25:34,700 --> 00:25:37,400
He says, good morning. 
Merry Christmas, Merry 

463
00:25:37,400 --> 00:25:40,300
Christmas, you reply his smile 
strengthens. 

464
00:25:40,300 --> 00:25:44,600
He reaches into his coat and 
produces a small flask Schnapps 

465
00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:48,300
he offers for Christmas. 
For tenant career, accepts the 

466
00:25:48,308 --> 00:25:52,500
floss takes a small Sip and 
passes it around the alcohol 

467
00:25:52,500 --> 00:25:55,700
burns going down. 
But warms you from within, when 

468
00:25:55,700 --> 00:25:58,200
it comes to your turn, you drink
and pass it. 

469
00:25:58,200 --> 00:26:01,300
Back to the German Soldier, who 
takes a sip himself before 

470
00:26:01,300 --> 00:26:04,200
offering it again. 
More soldiers are emerging from 

471
00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:07,900
both trenches now tentatively at
first, then with more 

472
00:26:07,900 --> 00:26:11,300
confidence. 
Germans and British walking out 

473
00:26:11,300 --> 00:26:14,700
into No Man's Land meeting in 
the middle like delegates at 

474
00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:18,300
some bizarre conference. 
The Space Between The Trenches, 

475
00:26:18,300 --> 00:26:21,800
which is been a killing ground 
for months becomes a meeting 

476
00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:24,400
place. 
You find yourself shaking hands 

477
00:26:24,400 --> 00:26:26,400
with the German Soldier, who 
offered the schnapps. 

478
00:26:26,400 --> 00:26:29,900
His name is hands. 
He tells you from Bavaria, he 

479
00:26:29,900 --> 00:26:34,300
shows you a photograph of his 
family, parents a sister, a 

480
00:26:34,300 --> 00:26:37,000
sweetheart. 
You show him the photograph you 

481
00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:40,600
carry of your mother and father 
neither of you speaks the others

482
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:42,500
language. 
Well but photographs need no 

483
00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:46,700
translation around, you are the 
meetings are happening soldiers,

484
00:26:46,700 --> 00:26:49,300
trading cigarettes, showing 
photographs attempting 

485
00:26:49,300 --> 00:26:51,800
conversation in broken English 
and German and lots of 

486
00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:54,700
gesturing. 
Someone has produced a soccer 

487
00:26:54,700 --> 00:26:57,900
ball from somewhere. 
You're not sure which side and 

488
00:26:57,900 --> 00:27:00,500
men are kicking it around. 
Playing an impromptu game. 

489
00:27:00,500 --> 00:27:03,300
In the frozen. 
Mud Thompson is engaged in an 

490
00:27:03,300 --> 00:27:06,700
animated exchange with a young 
German who speak surprisingly 

491
00:27:06,700 --> 00:27:09,300
good English. 
They're comparing rationals, 

492
00:27:09,300 --> 00:27:11,500
apparently with Thompson 
offering a tin of bully beef. 

493
00:27:11,500 --> 00:27:15,700
While the German contributes, 
some kind of sausage The trade 

494
00:27:15,700 --> 00:27:19,300
is made with all the solemnity 
of a diplomatic treaty Davies is

495
00:27:19,308 --> 00:27:22,100
tempting to communicate with an 
older German Soldier. 

496
00:27:22,100 --> 00:27:26,700
A sergeant by his insignia. they
have no common language but 

497
00:27:26,700 --> 00:27:29,800
they're both sergeants and 
apparently that transcends 

498
00:27:29,800 --> 00:27:34,000
language barriers They stand 
together nodding at each other 

499
00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:37,600
sharing the universal knowledge 
of men, responsible for keeping 

500
00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:40,500
younger men alive. 
The soccer game, grows more 

501
00:27:40,500 --> 00:27:43,100
organized. 
Someone has set up goals using 

502
00:27:43,100 --> 00:27:46,700
coats and helmets. 
The teams are mixed Germans and 

503
00:27:46,700 --> 00:27:49,900
British playing together. 
Nationality, forgotten in the 

504
00:27:49,900 --> 00:27:51,800
simple joy of kicking a ball 
around. 

505
00:27:52,700 --> 00:27:55,700
You haven't played football 
since before the war and your 

506
00:27:55,700 --> 00:27:59,000
legs are stiff from trench life.
That you join in any way 

507
00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:01,500
laughing as you slip on The 
Frozen Ground. 

508
00:28:01,500 --> 00:28:05,200
The ball is leather old and 
scuffed and it skips 

509
00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:06,900
unpredictably on the rough 
Terrain. 

510
00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:11,300
Someone kicks it into a shell 
hole and three men to British 

511
00:28:11,300 --> 00:28:13,900
one. 
German, climbed down together to

512
00:28:13,900 --> 00:28:16,300
retrieve it. 
Helping each other up, the muddy

513
00:28:16,300 --> 00:28:19,400
side, the absurdity of it makes 
you laugh. 

514
00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:21,800
Yes. 
Today that shell was something 

515
00:28:21,800 --> 00:28:25,000
to be avoided part of the 
landscape of death today. 

516
00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:29,000
It's just an obstacle in a 
football match, the sun climbs 

517
00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:33,100
higher and despite the cold the 
exercise warms you your 

518
00:28:33,100 --> 00:28:37,500
breathing hard your face flushed
and for a brief span, You Forget

519
00:28:37,500 --> 00:28:41,300
Where You Are You could be back 
home playing football on the 

520
00:28:41,300 --> 00:28:45,500
Village Green instead of in no 
man's land between armies, the 

521
00:28:45,500 --> 00:28:47,500
game ends. 
When someone kicks the ball into

522
00:28:47,500 --> 00:28:50,700
a particularly deep crater 
filled with water and everyone 

523
00:28:50,700 --> 00:28:52,500
agrees, its too cold to fish it 
out. 

524
00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:57,300
Men stand around panting and 
grinning British and German 

525
00:28:57,300 --> 00:28:59,700
soldiers. 
Together looking remarkably 

526
00:28:59,700 --> 00:29:03,400
similar in their mud stained 
uniforms and genuine Smiles. 

527
00:29:03,400 --> 00:29:05,700
Hands. 
Find you again, he's been 

528
00:29:05,708 --> 00:29:07,900
talking with Lieutenant, Kerry 
apparently showing him 

529
00:29:07,900 --> 00:29:11,200
something. 
When you approach Carrie, has a 

530
00:29:11,200 --> 00:29:15,000
strange expression on his face, 
sad and amused at the same time 

531
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:17,800
hands. 
Here is a school teacher Carey 

532
00:29:17,800 --> 00:29:21,800
says, before the war in Bavaria 
taught English to Children, 

533
00:29:21,800 --> 00:29:25,400
hands and nods enthusiastically.
Yes, yes! 

534
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:28,300
English literature. 
I teach Shakespeare to students 

535
00:29:28,300 --> 00:29:32,500
very difficult Shakespeare. 
He laughs Hamlet is German, I 

536
00:29:32,500 --> 00:29:36,000
think. 
All the worrying, this gets a 

537
00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:38,000
laugh from the British soldiers 
Within earshot. 

538
00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:41,600
The idea of a German school 
teacher teaching Shakespeare to 

539
00:29:41,600 --> 00:29:45,300
Bavarian children. 
Now standing in a frozen Belgian

540
00:29:45,300 --> 00:29:49,500
field where a Soldiers uniform 
it highlights the strangeness of

541
00:29:49,500 --> 00:29:53,700
everything I have brothers Han 
says his English careful but 

542
00:29:53,700 --> 00:29:58,000
clear one brother all so in the 
Army different place I worry for

543
00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:00,600
him. 
He looks at you you have 

544
00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:05,100
brothers a sister you reply, 
she's nursing in London hands 

545
00:30:05,100 --> 00:30:07,200
nod. 
Seriously nursing is important 

546
00:30:07,200 --> 00:30:10,800
work very brave nurse's you 
realize he's right. 

547
00:30:11,700 --> 00:30:13,800
Your sister faces. 
Her own dangers. 

548
00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:17,400
Caring for wounded man in 
overcrowded hospitals. 

549
00:30:18,100 --> 00:30:20,300
The war has scattered families 
across Europe. 

550
00:30:20,300 --> 00:30:23,800
Everyone in their own, kind of 
service, their own, kind of 

551
00:30:23,808 --> 00:30:26,400
danger, more items are being 
traded around. 

552
00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:29,200
You, a German soldier offers 
cigars. 

553
00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:31,800
Real cigars better than 
anything. 

554
00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:35,600
You've seen in months, British 
soldiers, share tins of tobacco 

555
00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:38,900
chocolate from their Christmas 
Parcels, whatever small 

556
00:30:38,900 --> 00:30:42,600
luxuries, they can spare the 
trading has a ritual quality, 

557
00:30:42,600 --> 00:30:46,100
each exchange, a small lack of 
trust and Goodwill. 

558
00:30:46,100 --> 00:30:50,300
Someone has found a camera a 
British soldier who works in the

559
00:30:50,300 --> 00:30:53,600
Battalion signal section, as 
brought his personal camera to 

560
00:30:53,600 --> 00:30:57,900
the front and now he's taking 
photographs Groups of soldiers, 

561
00:30:57,900 --> 00:31:01,900
posed together Germans, and 
British arms around, each 

562
00:31:01,900 --> 00:31:04,000
other's shoulders, grinning at 
the camera. 

563
00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:06,800
You wonder what these 
photographs will look like 

564
00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:09,000
later, whether anyone will 
believe them. 

565
00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:12,900
You pose with hands and tops and
a young German soldier named 

566
00:31:12,900 --> 00:31:15,700
Carl who speaks knowing English 
but smiles constantly. 

567
00:31:16,600 --> 00:31:20,200
The camera clicks capturing this
impossible moment enemies 

568
00:31:20,200 --> 00:31:24,100
standing together, treating each
other like friends the morning 

569
00:31:24,100 --> 00:31:28,500
wears on surreal and peaceful 
men sit in small groups, sharing

570
00:31:28,500 --> 00:31:32,200
food and cigarettes attempting 
conversation despite language 

571
00:31:32,200 --> 00:31:34,900
barriers. 
Someone has produced a mouth 

572
00:31:34,908 --> 00:31:36,800
organ and is playing Christmas 
carols. 

573
00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:40,200
A few men, sing along the same 
songs from last night but 

574
00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:43,900
Stranger in daylight sung by 
mixed groups of soldiers who 

575
00:31:43,900 --> 00:31:45,600
theoretically should be killing 
each other. 

576
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:49,000
You notice something else 
happening, the recovery of 

577
00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:53,900
bodies, no man's land has held. 
Casualties from both sides, men 

578
00:31:53,900 --> 00:31:57,500
who died in previous raids and 
skirmishes lying, where they 

579
00:31:57,508 --> 00:32:00,500
fell because retrieving bodies 
Under Fire was impossible. 

580
00:32:01,300 --> 00:32:04,400
Now, British soldiers are 
collecting their dead while 

581
00:32:04,400 --> 00:32:08,600
Germans collect theirs working 
separately, but in parallel each

582
00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:10,500
side respectfully, ignoring the 
others. 

583
00:32:10,500 --> 00:32:14,400
Grim task, you help carry one 
body back towards your trench. 

584
00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:18,400
A British soldier, you didn't 
know dead for perhaps a week. 

585
00:32:18,400 --> 00:32:23,200
Frozen in the December cold. 
It feels right to recover him to

586
00:32:23,200 --> 00:32:26,500
bring him back, to let him have 
a proper burial, instead of 

587
00:32:26,500 --> 00:32:30,200
lying in the frozen mud forever.
The Germans are doing the same 

588
00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:33,300
with their casualties, treating 
their dead with the same 

589
00:32:33,300 --> 00:32:36,500
respect. 
The work is hard and sad but 

590
00:32:36,500 --> 00:32:40,600
there's a strange comfort in it.
These men will be buried prayers

591
00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:43,600
will be said their families will
eventually be notified. 

592
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:49,400
Small dignity in an undignified 
War by midday the recovery work 

593
00:32:49,400 --> 00:32:52,400
is mostly complete the dead. 
Lion rows? 

594
00:32:52,400 --> 00:32:54,500
Behind each trench line are 
waiting burial. 

595
00:32:54,500 --> 00:32:59,300
It's sobering a reminder of what
this place usually is what it 

596
00:32:59,300 --> 00:33:03,700
will be again. 
But for now the living room in 

597
00:33:03,700 --> 00:33:07,100
no man's land, still talking 
still Trading still refusing to 

598
00:33:07,100 --> 00:33:10,800
acknowledge that this can't last
the afternoon sun pale and 

599
00:33:10,808 --> 00:33:12,800
winter, weak, hangs low in the 
sky. 

600
00:33:13,500 --> 00:33:16,200
You sit on the edge of a shell 
crater with hands and two other 

601
00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:19,500
German soldiers, sharing the 
remains of your mother's 

602
00:33:19,500 --> 00:33:23,400
shortbread, and a tin of German 
cheese that tastes sharp and 

603
00:33:23,400 --> 00:33:26,800
strange. 
The conversation flows in broken

604
00:33:26,800 --> 00:33:30,300
English and even more broken, 
German supplemented with 

605
00:33:30,300 --> 00:33:32,200
gestures and drawings in the 
frost. 

606
00:33:32,200 --> 00:33:35,900
One of the German soldiers older
than the others with gray 

607
00:33:35,900 --> 00:33:38,800
threading, through his dark 
hair, sketches a house, in the 

608
00:33:38,800 --> 00:33:41,400
ice crystals coating, a flat 
piece of shrapnel. 

609
00:33:42,300 --> 00:33:44,000
He points to it, then to 
himself. 

610
00:33:45,100 --> 00:33:49,500
Mine house. 
He says my house He adds figures

611
00:33:49,500 --> 00:33:54,700
a woman three children, his 
family, you understand without 

612
00:33:54,700 --> 00:33:57,600
needing more words. 
He's showing you what he's 

613
00:33:57,600 --> 00:34:01,000
fighting for, what? 
Waits at home or perhaps, he's 

614
00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:02,800
just reminding himself that such
things. 

615
00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:06,200
Still exist that somewhere 
beyond the trenches and the wire

616
00:34:06,200 --> 00:34:09,800
normal life, continues Thompson 
has found another English 

617
00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:12,800
speaker, a German soldier who 
spent two years working in 

618
00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:16,300
Manchester before the war. 
They're engaged in an animated 

619
00:34:16,300 --> 00:34:19,300
discussion about football, 
proper football, not the 

620
00:34:19,300 --> 00:34:22,400
impromptu game from this 
morning, Thompson. 

621
00:34:22,400 --> 00:34:26,100
Supports Sheffield United, the 
German fellow supported 

622
00:34:26,100 --> 00:34:29,100
Manchester City. 
There are arguing about a match 

623
00:34:29,100 --> 00:34:32,300
from 1912 with the passion of 
men who have something normal to

624
00:34:32,300 --> 00:34:35,300
talk about something that has 
nothing to do with war. 

625
00:34:35,300 --> 00:34:38,100
The ref was blind tops and 
insists. 

626
00:34:38,100 --> 00:34:39,900
No. 
No, the call was correct. 

627
00:34:39,900 --> 00:34:42,900
The German responds grinning 
your Defender was offside. 

628
00:34:42,900 --> 00:34:47,300
It's absurd and wonderful. 
Two men who might be trying to 

629
00:34:47,300 --> 00:34:50,199
kill each other tomorrow, 
arguing about a football match 

630
00:34:50,199 --> 00:34:53,500
from before the war as if 
refereeing decisions matter more

631
00:34:53,500 --> 00:34:56,699
than artillery barrages, you 
noticed left-hand career 

632
00:34:56,699 --> 00:34:59,300
standing at the edge of the 
gathered soldiers, talking with 

633
00:34:59,300 --> 00:35:03,000
a German officer. 
Both men look serious, but not 

634
00:35:03,000 --> 00:35:05,400
hostile. 
They're discussing something 

635
00:35:05,400 --> 00:35:08,100
gesturing back toward their 
respective lines. 

636
00:35:08,100 --> 00:35:11,600
You wonder what officers talked 
about during a spontaneous 

637
00:35:11,600 --> 00:35:14,500
truce? 
Probably Logistics boundaries, 

638
00:35:14,500 --> 00:35:17,600
how long this can reasonably 
continue before someone higher 

639
00:35:17,600 --> 00:35:21,000
up, notices and orders? 
It stopped, the sun continues, 

640
00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:22,900
its descent and the temperature 
drops. 

641
00:35:22,900 --> 00:35:26,200
Noticeably men. 
Begin to shift pulling coats 

642
00:35:26,200 --> 00:35:29,500
tighter stamping feet. 
The day has been extraordinary 

643
00:35:29,500 --> 00:35:32,100
but cold eventually reasserts 
itself. 

644
00:35:32,100 --> 00:35:36,000
Reminding everyone that standing
in a frozen field in December 

645
00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:39,600
has its limits even during a 
truce hands. 

646
00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:42,100
Pulls out, a small package 
wrapped in brown paper. 

647
00:35:43,100 --> 00:35:46,100
He opens it carefully. 
Precious things are always 

648
00:35:46,100 --> 00:35:49,500
opened carefully and reveals a 
photograph and some kind of 

649
00:35:49,508 --> 00:35:52,500
sweet bread. 
He breaks the bread in half and 

650
00:35:52,500 --> 00:35:56,400
offers you a piece. 
Dense, and Rich, studied with 

651
00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:58,600
dried fruit, still fresh enough 
to be soft. 

652
00:35:58,600 --> 00:36:01,400
My mother makes this. 
He says for Christmas. 

653
00:36:01,400 --> 00:36:05,500
She sends it to me, she smiles. 
Like your mother sends you 

654
00:36:05,508 --> 00:36:08,100
things. 
Yes, you nod accepting the 

655
00:36:08,100 --> 00:36:10,200
bread. 
It tastes of cinnamon and 

656
00:36:10,200 --> 00:36:14,000
raisins and something else you 
can't identify It tastes like 

657
00:36:14,008 --> 00:36:17,600
someone's kitchen, like care and
attention and normalcy. 

658
00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:20,700
You pull out the photograph of 
your own mother and show it to 

659
00:36:20,700 --> 00:36:24,400
hands she's pretty. 
He says politely though, your 

660
00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:25,700
mother would laugh at being 
called pretty. 

661
00:36:26,500 --> 00:36:30,100
She's practical and sturdy and 
kind but not what anyone would 

662
00:36:30,100 --> 00:36:33,400
call pretty. 
Still you appreciate Hanson's. 

663
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:36,400
Kindness the photograph had 
showed you is of a young woman 

664
00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:38,400
with Fair hair and a serious 
expression. 

665
00:36:39,300 --> 00:36:43,100
Meaning of eloped her, he says 
my engaged. 

666
00:36:43,800 --> 00:36:46,800
The woman, I will marry your 
fiance, you offer. 

667
00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:48,600
Yes, for fiancee. 
Thank you. 

668
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:51,600
I forget the word. 
He looks at the photograph with 

669
00:36:51,600 --> 00:36:54,500
obvious affection after the war 
we marry. 

670
00:36:54,500 --> 00:36:58,600
She waits for me, he think about
all the people waiting mothers 

671
00:36:58,600 --> 00:37:03,600
fathers sisters fiance's wives, 
On both sides, people waiting 

672
00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:07,100
for men to come home people. 
Checking casualty lists with 

673
00:37:07,100 --> 00:37:10,600
Dread people trying to maintain 
normal life while part of their 

674
00:37:10,600 --> 00:37:15,500
families absent, maybe forever. 
The war says quietly looking 

675
00:37:15,500 --> 00:37:19,400
across no man's land is stupid. 
You're not sure how to respond 

676
00:37:19,400 --> 00:37:21,600
to that. 
It feels like dangerous 

677
00:37:21,600 --> 00:37:26,400
territory, criticizing the war. 
But hands isn't wrong sitting 

678
00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:28,400
here. 
Sharing bread with a German 

679
00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:31,700
soldier, who, teaches, English 
literature to children, who has 

680
00:37:31,700 --> 00:37:35,800
a mother who bakes for him and a
fiance waiting, the war does 

681
00:37:35,800 --> 00:37:40,400
seem stupid, stupid and vast and
Beyond the control of any 

682
00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:42,600
individual Soldier to stop or 
change. 

683
00:37:43,300 --> 00:37:46,800
Stupid, you'd be quietly hands 
nods satisfied that you 

684
00:37:46,808 --> 00:37:50,900
understand, the light is fading,
now the brief winter day drawing

685
00:37:50,900 --> 00:37:53,700
to a close. 
Men are beginning to drift back 

686
00:37:53,700 --> 00:37:57,300
towards their respective. 
Trenches the days strange piece,

687
00:37:57,300 --> 00:38:00,600
winding down. 
There's a reluctant in the 

688
00:38:00,600 --> 00:38:03,900
movement. 
Slowness, as if nobody really 

689
00:38:03,900 --> 00:38:07,600
wants to go back to being 
enemies, you stand your joints 

690
00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:09,400
stiff from sitting on cold 
ground. 

691
00:38:10,200 --> 00:38:13,800
Handstands to and you shake 
hands formerly like businessman 

692
00:38:13,800 --> 00:38:17,100
concluding a transaction. 
Merry Christmas hands says, 

693
00:38:17,100 --> 00:38:20,700
Merry Christmas you reply, he 
hesitates then adds. 

694
00:38:21,500 --> 00:38:25,700
Maybe, maybe after the war, you 
visit Bavaria, I show you the 

695
00:38:25,700 --> 00:38:29,600
mountains, very beautiful the 
mountains, the idea of visiting 

696
00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:31,500
Bavaria. 
After the war seems almost 

697
00:38:31,500 --> 00:38:35,300
impossible to imagine the War 
ending life returning to 

698
00:38:35,300 --> 00:38:38,600
something resembling normal 
travel for pleasure instead of 

699
00:38:38,600 --> 00:38:42,800
military orders, But you nod 
anyway I'd like that. 

700
00:38:42,800 --> 00:38:46,200
You say and you mean it you 
watch hands walk back toward the

701
00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:49,600
German lines joining other Grey 
Cloud figures heading home to 

702
00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:53,900
their trenches Thompson appears 
beside you his breath making 

703
00:38:53,900 --> 00:38:57,100
clouds in the cold air Strange 
Day, Thompson. 

704
00:38:57,100 --> 00:38:59,100
Observes very strange. 
You agree. 

705
00:38:59,100 --> 00:39:02,800
You both start walking back 
toward your own trench picking 

706
00:39:02,800 --> 00:39:04,600
your way across the uneven 
ground. 

707
00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:08,700
No man's land is emptying out 
soldiers returning to their 

708
00:39:08,700 --> 00:39:11,800
positions as daylight fails. 
Behind you. 

709
00:39:11,800 --> 00:39:14,600
The space between the trenches 
will soon be just that again. 

710
00:39:14,600 --> 00:39:19,400
No man's land. 
Eddie and dangerous, a place of 

711
00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:23,200
wire and mud and death. 
But for now you can still see 

712
00:39:23,200 --> 00:39:27,000
Footprints everywhere. 
British boots and German boots 

713
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:30,700
all mixed together evidence of 
the days impossible piece. 

714
00:39:30,700 --> 00:39:34,300
When you reach your trench 
climbing down feels like 

715
00:39:34,300 --> 00:39:38,300
returning to a different world. 
The Familiar damp walls, the 

716
00:39:38,300 --> 00:39:42,600
smell of Earth and sandbags the 
narrow confines after the 

717
00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:44,700
relative openness of no man's 
land. 

718
00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:49,500
Other soldiers are climbing in 
settling back into positions 

719
00:39:49,500 --> 00:39:51,600
resuming, the routines of trench
life. 

720
00:39:51,600 --> 00:39:54,800
Sergeant Davey's is organizing, 
the burial detail for the 

721
00:39:54,808 --> 00:39:57,400
recovered bodies. 
They'll be buried properly with 

722
00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:00,300
prayers and marked Graves. 
The least that can be done. 

723
00:40:00,300 --> 00:40:04,400
The German dead have been left 
in no man's land but close to 

724
00:40:04,408 --> 00:40:07,400
their own trenches, where their 
comrades can retrieve them 

725
00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:10,100
easily left tenant carry 
gathers, the officers for a 

726
00:40:10,100 --> 00:40:12,500
brief meeting. 
You're not privy to what they 

727
00:40:12,500 --> 00:40:17,000
discuss, but you can guess what?
To report to higher command, how

728
00:40:17,000 --> 00:40:20,200
to explain the days of events, 
whether the truce will continue,

729
00:40:20,200 --> 00:40:24,100
or if tomorrow brings a return 
to war, you find a spot on a 

730
00:40:24,100 --> 00:40:26,800
firing step and settle in 
wrapping yourself in your coat 

731
00:40:26,800 --> 00:40:29,400
and scarf. 
The Christmas pudding from your 

732
00:40:29,400 --> 00:40:32,100
mother is still in your pack 
along with the rest of the 

733
00:40:32,100 --> 00:40:34,500
chocolate you decide to eat the 
pudding. 

734
00:40:34,500 --> 00:40:37,300
Now while Christmas taste still 
has a few hours left. 

735
00:40:37,300 --> 00:40:41,800
The pudding is dense and sweet 
rich with dried fruit and Brandy

736
00:40:41,800 --> 00:40:46,600
you eat it slowly making it last
letting each Bite dissolve on 

737
00:40:46,608 --> 00:40:49,400
your tongue. 
It tastes of home of your 

738
00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:52,300
mother's kitchen of Christmas 
mornings before the war. 

739
00:40:53,500 --> 00:40:56,900
You save a small piece and offer
it to Thompson who accepts 

740
00:40:56,900 --> 00:41:00,900
greatly best pudding. 
I've had in months tops and says

741
00:41:00,900 --> 00:41:03,800
which isn't saying much given 
the usual rationals but you 

742
00:41:03,800 --> 00:41:06,800
appreciate the compliment. 
Anyway, Darkness settles over 

743
00:41:06,800 --> 00:41:09,800
the trenches. 
Stars come out again. 

744
00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:13,000
Brighten the clear sky. 
Cross. 

745
00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:16,000
No Man's Land. 
You can see the German Christmas

746
00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:19,500
trees being lit. 
Once more candles flickering to 

747
00:41:19,500 --> 00:41:23,700
life in the Gathering dark. 
The site still seems miraculous 

748
00:41:23,700 --> 00:41:28,100
small Flames burning into 
science of everything the war 

749
00:41:28,100 --> 00:41:31,400
represents. 
Someone starts singing again a 

750
00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:32,800
German voice from across the 
way. 

751
00:41:33,900 --> 00:41:38,400
Steal and knocked wants more but
quieter tonight more intimate. 

752
00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:42,200
A few British voices. 
Join in softly, the words 

753
00:41:42,200 --> 00:41:44,500
floating up into the cold air 
like prayers. 

754
00:41:44,500 --> 00:41:48,200
You think about hands probably 
sitting in his own trench. 

755
00:41:48,200 --> 00:41:51,400
Now, perhaps thinking about you,
perhaps looking at the 

756
00:41:51,400 --> 00:41:54,700
photograph of his fiancee 
perhaps wondering, if tomorrow 

757
00:41:54,700 --> 00:41:57,500
will bring more peace or a 
return to violence. 

758
00:41:58,400 --> 00:42:02,900
The singing Fades, the night 
deepens men settle in to watch 

759
00:42:02,900 --> 00:42:06,200
rotations the normal rhythm of 
trench life reasserting itself. 

760
00:42:07,200 --> 00:42:10,600
But everything feels different 
somehow changed by the days of 

761
00:42:10,608 --> 00:42:12,500
Vents and ways. 
You can't quite articulate. 

762
00:42:12,500 --> 00:42:16,900
You close your eyes, not really 
expecting to sleep, but the day 

763
00:42:16,900 --> 00:42:18,700
has been long and emotionally 
exhausting. 

764
00:42:19,500 --> 00:42:22,800
Images drift through your mind. 
Hands showing you his 

765
00:42:22,800 --> 00:42:25,800
photograph, the soccer game in 
no man's land. 

766
00:42:25,800 --> 00:42:30,100
The German Sergeant trading 
tobacco with Davies, the candles

767
00:42:30,100 --> 00:42:32,700
on the Christmas trees, all 
those footprints in the frost 

768
00:42:32,700 --> 00:42:34,800
tomorrow will bring what it 
brings. 

769
00:42:34,800 --> 00:42:39,500
But today, today, there was 
peace today, there were singing 

770
00:42:39,500 --> 00:42:42,800
and laughter and shared food and
handshakes between enemies. 

771
00:42:43,500 --> 00:42:48,000
Today for a little while the war
pause, that's worth something. 

772
00:42:48,800 --> 00:42:51,300
You're not sure what exactly but
it's worth something. 

773
00:42:51,300 --> 00:42:55,100
You wake to the sound of rain. 
Softened at first, then harder 

774
00:42:56,100 --> 00:42:59,700
Clear, whether is broken and 
water, drips from every surface 

775
00:42:59,700 --> 00:43:04,200
turns, the trench floor to 
deeper mud, soaks through every 

776
00:43:04,200 --> 00:43:08,800
layer of clothing. 26th of 
December arrives, cold and wet 

777
00:43:08,800 --> 00:43:10,900
and gray. 
The mood in the trench has 

778
00:43:10,908 --> 00:43:15,000
shifted overnight. 
Menac quieter more withdrawn. 

779
00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:18,300
Yesterday's extraordinary piece 
feels distant now. 

780
00:43:18,300 --> 00:43:22,700
Almost dreamlike you wonder if 
it really happened or if the 

781
00:43:22,700 --> 00:43:25,500
whole thing was some kind of 
shared hallucination brought on 

782
00:43:25,500 --> 00:43:27,900
by cold and loneliness and 
Christmas longing. 

783
00:43:27,900 --> 00:43:30,100
But then you see Thompson 
carefully. 

784
00:43:30,100 --> 00:43:33,200
Tucking away, a German cigar 
wrapping cloth to keep it dry. 

785
00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:37,400
You see, Davies wearing a scarf 
that looks suspiciously German 

786
00:43:37,400 --> 00:43:40,100
in its weave. 
You see the photographs people 

787
00:43:40,100 --> 00:43:43,800
received the extra tins of food 
traded across the lines. 

788
00:43:43,800 --> 00:43:48,300
It happened, all of it happened 
left tenant carry, makes his 

789
00:43:48,300 --> 00:43:52,600
rounds early, his face serious. 
Opposite each group of men 

790
00:43:52,600 --> 00:43:55,800
speaking quietly. 
When he reaches your section, 

791
00:43:55,800 --> 00:43:59,500
his message is brief and clear 
orders from command. 

792
00:43:59,500 --> 00:44:02,900
He says, the truth is over, 
we're to resume normal 

793
00:44:02,900 --> 00:44:05,900
operations, immediately. 
No more, fraternization with the

794
00:44:05,900 --> 00:44:09,100
Enemy. 
Pauses then adds more quietly. 

795
00:44:09,100 --> 00:44:13,100
I'm sorry, lads. 
Today was, yes. 

796
00:44:13,100 --> 00:44:15,800
Today today is today. 
Nobody. 

797
00:44:15,800 --> 00:44:18,200
Argues you all knew this was 
coming. 

798
00:44:18,200 --> 00:44:22,200
Yes, today was a gift and 
anomaly a brief suspension of 

799
00:44:22,200 --> 00:44:25,700
the wars reality. 
But the war itself hasn't gone 

800
00:44:25,700 --> 00:44:30,100
anywhere the same, trenches the 
same wire, the same guns, all 

801
00:44:30,100 --> 00:44:34,500
still here, all still waiting, 
the rain continues, steady and 

802
00:44:34,500 --> 00:44:37,000
cold. 
You stand watch with water 

803
00:44:37,000 --> 00:44:40,400
dripping from your helmet 
running down your neck, soaking 

804
00:44:40,400 --> 00:44:43,800
through your gloves. 
Across No Man's Land, the German

805
00:44:43,800 --> 00:44:47,500
trenches, look the same as they 
did before Christmas sandbags 

806
00:44:47,500 --> 00:44:49,600
and wire. 
And the occasional glimpse of 

807
00:44:49,608 --> 00:44:52,900
Grey uniforms, the Christmas 
trees are gone, you know, notice

808
00:44:52,900 --> 00:44:56,900
taken down during the night, 
perhaps, or maybe the rain, put 

809
00:44:56,900 --> 00:44:59,300
out the candles and someone 
decided there was no point 

810
00:44:59,300 --> 00:45:02,500
keeping them up. 
Either way, the German parapet 

811
00:45:02,500 --> 00:45:06,100
looks ordinary again, functional
and hostile and empty of 

812
00:45:06,108 --> 00:45:10,900
decoration the day passes 
slowly, normal routines, resume 

813
00:45:10,900 --> 00:45:15,000
stand to at dawn and dusk, the 
usual watch rotations. 

814
00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:17,400
The usual maintenance of 
equipment and trenches. 

815
00:45:18,300 --> 00:45:21,600
The rain makes everything harder
turning the clay wall. 

816
00:45:21,600 --> 00:45:25,800
Slippery filling shell holes 
with water transforming the duct

817
00:45:25,800 --> 00:45:30,000
boards into floating hazards. 
Around midday, the rain stops 

818
00:45:30,000 --> 00:45:32,000
but the clouds remain, low and 
heavy. 

819
00:45:32,800 --> 00:45:35,400
In the afternoon, you hear 
artillery, fire in the distance,

820
00:45:35,400 --> 00:45:39,100
not close, someone else's 
sector, but a reminder that the 

821
00:45:39,100 --> 00:45:40,900
war continues along the rest of 
the front. 

822
00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:46,000
Sound carries in the wet are 
dull thuds that Echo across the 

823
00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:48,500
landscape. 
No shots of fired in your sector

824
00:45:48,500 --> 00:45:51,500
though. 
Not yet the officers on both 

825
00:45:51,500 --> 00:45:55,300
sides seem to be maintaining a 
quiet understanding no shooting.

826
00:45:55,300 --> 00:45:58,400
Unless someone starts it It's 
not piece, exactly. 

827
00:45:58,400 --> 00:46:03,200
But it's not quite War either. 
Something in between uncertain 

828
00:46:03,200 --> 00:46:06,500
and temporary Thompson, sits 
beside you during a break, in 

829
00:46:06,500 --> 00:46:09,900
watch duty cleaning his rifle 
with movements that have become 

830
00:46:09,900 --> 00:46:12,000
automatic think. 
We'll see them again. 

831
00:46:12,000 --> 00:46:17,400
He asked quietly the fritz Lads 
from yesterday you shrug Maybe 

832
00:46:17,400 --> 00:46:20,700
we're not going anywhere. 
They're not going anywhere that 

833
00:46:20,700 --> 00:46:22,600
hands fellow. 
You were talking to Thompson 

834
00:46:22,600 --> 00:46:26,400
says seemed nice funny that nice
Fritz. 

835
00:46:26,400 --> 00:46:31,000
He's a school teacher, you say 
in Bavaria teaches Shakespeare 

836
00:46:31,000 --> 00:46:35,500
Thompson, absorbs this My 
brother's a teacher, he says 

837
00:46:35,500 --> 00:46:39,400
Primary School in Sheffield 
wonder if they get along him and

838
00:46:39,400 --> 00:46:41,100
hands, you wander the same 
thing. 

839
00:46:41,100 --> 00:46:44,500
You wonder about a lot of things
with the hands, made it back to 

840
00:46:44,500 --> 00:46:47,200
his trench safely. 
Yesterday whether he standing 

841
00:46:47,200 --> 00:46:50,700
watch right now in the rain, 
just like you, whether he's 

842
00:46:50,700 --> 00:46:54,000
thinking about the same things, 
your thinking about the 

843
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:58,400
afternoon, wears on rations 
arrive, usual, stew, bread. 

844
00:46:58,400 --> 00:47:01,900
Tea, you eat, mechanically not 
really tasting anything. 

845
00:47:02,800 --> 00:47:05,800
The food is warm at least, which
matters more than flavor when 

846
00:47:05,800 --> 00:47:08,900
you're cold and wet has Darkness
approaches men. 

847
00:47:08,900 --> 00:47:10,800
Prepare for another night in the
trenches. 

848
00:47:10,800 --> 00:47:14,300
The routine is so familiar. 
Now, checking weapons. 

849
00:47:14,300 --> 00:47:18,200
Arranging equipment, settling 
into positions for the long dark

850
00:47:18,200 --> 00:47:21,100
hours ahead. 
You've done this 100 times, 

851
00:47:21,100 --> 00:47:25,200
you'll probably do it 100 more 
but tonight feels different. 

852
00:47:25,200 --> 00:47:29,500
You can't quite explain, why? 
But something has changed. 

853
00:47:29,500 --> 00:47:31,800
Maybe it's just the memory of. 
Yes. 

854
00:47:31,800 --> 00:47:34,800
Today, the knowledge that the 
men across the way aren't 

855
00:47:34,800 --> 00:47:37,400
faceless enemies. 
But people with names and 

856
00:47:37,400 --> 00:47:41,100
families and Christmas pudding 
sent from home, the clouds break

857
00:47:41,100 --> 00:47:44,600
briefly as night falls, and 
catch a glimpse of stars before 

858
00:47:44,600 --> 00:47:48,000
the clouds in again. 
You think about the Stars being 

859
00:47:48,000 --> 00:47:51,900
the same everywhere in England 
in Bavaria in no man's land. 

860
00:47:52,600 --> 00:47:56,000
The same Stars looking down on 
everyone in different to human 

861
00:47:56,000 --> 00:47:59,300
conflicts and truces and the 
rain that soaks soldiers on both

862
00:47:59,300 --> 00:48:01,900
sides of the wire. 
Somewhere in the darkness, you 

863
00:48:01,900 --> 00:48:04,200
hear singing again just one 
voice. 

864
00:48:04,200 --> 00:48:06,800
This time distant and faint 
singing. 

865
00:48:06,800 --> 00:48:10,600
Something German that you don't 
recognize the voice is Young and

866
00:48:10,600 --> 00:48:13,300
clear and it carries a cross. 
No Man's Land. 

867
00:48:13,300 --> 00:48:16,400
Like a message in a bottle. 
Reaching anyone, who cares to 

868
00:48:16,400 --> 00:48:18,300
listen. 
Nobody sings Back. 

869
00:48:19,200 --> 00:48:22,500
The moment doesn't feel right 
for it somehow, but you listen 

870
00:48:22,500 --> 00:48:25,200
and you think others are 
listening to standing in their 

871
00:48:25,200 --> 00:48:28,800
respective, trenches hearing 
that lone Voice singing in the 

872
00:48:28,800 --> 00:48:30,900
dark. 
The singing stops. 

873
00:48:31,700 --> 00:48:33,800
The night. 
Settles into silence broken, 

874
00:48:33,800 --> 00:48:37,600
only by the drip of water, and 
the occasional Sound Of Men 

875
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:41,200
Moving about in trenches. 
You lean against the wall of the

876
00:48:41,200 --> 00:48:44,900
trench, your rifle beside you. 
And close your eyes. 

877
00:48:44,900 --> 00:48:47,100
Tomorrow will bring what it 
brings. 

878
00:48:47,100 --> 00:48:51,400
Maybe the informal truce will 
hold, maybe someone will fire a 

879
00:48:51,400 --> 00:48:53,900
shot and everything will 
escalate back to normal Warfare.

880
00:48:53,900 --> 00:48:57,500
Maybe orders will come down from
command to resume active 

881
00:48:57,500 --> 00:48:59,900
operations. 
You can't control any of it. 

882
00:48:59,900 --> 00:49:03,800
But you had Christmas day, you 
had singing and football, and 

883
00:49:03,800 --> 00:49:06,100
shared, food and handshakes in 
no man's land. 

884
00:49:06,100 --> 00:49:08,500
You met. 
A German school teacher named 

885
00:49:08,500 --> 00:49:10,600
Hans, who wants to get married 
after the war. 

886
00:49:10,600 --> 00:49:13,100
And who thinks Shakespeare is 
German, because of all the 

887
00:49:13,100 --> 00:49:16,600
worrying, you saw Christmas 
trees lit with candles in the 

888
00:49:16,600 --> 00:49:18,700
trenches and heard men from 
different armies. 

889
00:49:18,700 --> 00:49:21,100
Singing, the same carols that 
happened. 

890
00:49:21,100 --> 00:49:24,400
It really happened and nobody 
can take it away from you. 

891
00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:28,000
Whatever comes next, the days 
after Christmas blur together, 

892
00:49:28,000 --> 00:49:30,700
in a sequence of cold rain and 
gray Skys. 

893
00:49:30,700 --> 00:49:34,300
The Unofficial truce doesn't 
exactly end, but it erodes 

894
00:49:34,300 --> 00:49:37,500
gradually. 
First come the long range shots,

895
00:49:37,500 --> 00:49:41,100
distant and impersonal. 
Then a few days into the new 

896
00:49:41,100 --> 00:49:44,900
year, the artillery starts up 
again, tentative at first. 

897
00:49:44,900 --> 00:49:48,900
Then more insistent, by 
mid-January 1915, the war has 

898
00:49:48,900 --> 00:49:52,800
resumed in full The Trenches of 
the same, trenches the wire, the

899
00:49:52,800 --> 00:49:56,300
same wire but the brief period 
of Peace might as well have been

900
00:49:56,308 --> 00:49:59,200
a dream. 
You stand watch and fire when 

901
00:49:59,200 --> 00:50:02,900
fired upon duck. 
When shells come over, maintain 

902
00:50:02,900 --> 00:50:05,900
the deadly routine that has 
become normal but something has 

903
00:50:05,900 --> 00:50:10,000
changed even if the war hasn't 
you find yourself looking across

904
00:50:10,000 --> 00:50:12,800
no man's land during Quiet 
Moments and wondering about 

905
00:50:12,800 --> 00:50:15,500
hands. 
Is he still there in the 

906
00:50:15,500 --> 00:50:16,700
trenches opposite? 
Yours? 

907
00:50:16,700 --> 00:50:20,500
Did he survive the winter? 
Did he get more packages from 

908
00:50:20,500 --> 00:50:22,900
his mother or letters from his 
fiancee? 

909
00:50:22,900 --> 00:50:25,800
You'll probably never know. 
Thompson. 

910
00:50:25,800 --> 00:50:28,900
Still has the German cigar 
though, he hasn't smoked it. 

911
00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:32,700
Saving it. 
He says, when anyone asks for 

912
00:50:32,700 --> 00:50:36,600
when the war ends His tone 
suggests, he's not entirely sure

913
00:50:36,600 --> 00:50:40,100
the war will end, but the cigar 
remains carefully wrapped and 

914
00:50:40,100 --> 00:50:43,100
stored away at Talisman, from 
that strange Christmas. 

915
00:50:43,100 --> 00:50:45,800
The photographs people took 
during the truth. 

916
00:50:45,800 --> 00:50:48,200
Get passed around examined, in 
Quiet. 

917
00:50:48,200 --> 00:50:52,700
Moments, you're in one of them 
standing with hands and Carl and

918
00:50:52,700 --> 00:50:54,700
Thompson. 
All of you grinning at the 

919
00:50:54,700 --> 00:50:59,200
camera, like old friends looking
at it now, it seems impossible. 

920
00:50:59,200 --> 00:51:02,900
You and a German soldier with 
arms around each other's 

921
00:51:02,900 --> 00:51:06,400
shoulders, both smiling. 
But there you are captured on 

922
00:51:06,400 --> 00:51:08,500
film proof that it really 
happened. 

923
00:51:08,500 --> 00:51:12,200
Davies mentions once that the 
German Sergeant, he met on 

924
00:51:12,208 --> 00:51:14,700
Christmas Day, wave to him one 
morning during quiet. 

925
00:51:14,700 --> 00:51:17,600
Period. 
Just a brief wave across No 

926
00:51:17,600 --> 00:51:20,700
Man's Land acknowledged. 
And then both men went about 

927
00:51:20,700 --> 00:51:25,400
their business, they didn't 
speak didn't meet again but that

928
00:51:25,400 --> 00:51:28,700
small gesture of recognition 
meant something the war grinds 

929
00:51:28,700 --> 00:51:31,100
on. 
Men are transferred in and out 

930
00:51:31,108 --> 00:51:34,100
of your section. 
Some face North to other parts 

931
00:51:34,100 --> 00:51:37,900
of the front others to 
hospitals, others, to cemeteries

932
00:51:37,900 --> 00:51:42,400
new soldiers, arrived to replace
casualties young men who aren't 

933
00:51:42,400 --> 00:51:44,900
here for Christmas. 
You don't understand when the 

934
00:51:44,908 --> 00:51:48,600
veterans sometimes pause before 
firing, as if remembering that 

935
00:51:48,600 --> 00:51:51,700
the targets and gray uniforms 
have names and families too. 

936
00:51:51,700 --> 00:51:55,000
In February, your unit is moved 
to a different sector. 

937
00:51:55,000 --> 00:51:58,100
You leave the trenches, where 
the Christmas Truce happened 

938
00:51:58,100 --> 00:52:02,100
marching along muddy roads to 
take up positions further north.

939
00:52:02,900 --> 00:52:06,900
The new trenches of the same as 
the old ones mud and wire and 

940
00:52:06,900 --> 00:52:10,000
sandbags. 
But they feel different somehow 

941
00:52:10,800 --> 00:52:12,900
These trenches have no memories 
of singing. 

942
00:52:12,900 --> 00:52:16,900
No invisible lines across no 
man's land where you want played

943
00:52:16,900 --> 00:52:19,300
football with the Enemy. 
You write to your mother 

944
00:52:19,300 --> 00:52:22,400
regularly though, you can't tell
her much about what you've 

945
00:52:22,400 --> 00:52:25,400
experienced. 
The sensors would cut anything 

946
00:52:25,400 --> 00:52:29,600
specific and besides, how do you
explain Christmas day in a 

947
00:52:29,608 --> 00:52:31,500
letter? 
How do you describe singing 

948
00:52:31,500 --> 00:52:35,700
carols with German soldiers, or 
trading chocolate for cigars or 

949
00:52:35,700 --> 00:52:37,800
meeting a schoolteacher named 
hands? 

950
00:52:37,800 --> 00:52:41,300
So you write around it, you tell
her the Christmas pudding was 

951
00:52:41,300 --> 00:52:43,200
wonderful. 
He mentioned that Christmas was 

952
00:52:43,200 --> 00:52:46,800
quieter than expected. 
You think of the scarf which has

953
00:52:46,800 --> 00:52:49,500
kept you warm through the 
winter, you don't mention that 

954
00:52:49,500 --> 00:52:52,500
you shared her shortbread with a
German soldier though. 

955
00:52:52,500 --> 00:52:56,000
You think she might understand 
if you did spring comes slowly 

956
00:52:56,000 --> 00:52:59,400
to Belgium. 
The mud doesn't improve but the 

957
00:52:59,408 --> 00:53:02,400
days grow longer and 
occasionally the sun breaks 

958
00:53:02,400 --> 00:53:05,900
through the clouds. 
The war continues its strange. 

959
00:53:05,900 --> 00:53:10,100
Static dance, months of 
stalemate, interrupted by brief 

960
00:53:10,100 --> 00:53:13,400
of violent offensive that gain a
few hundred yards at terrible 

961
00:53:13,400 --> 00:53:17,000
cost in may you see someone 
being transferred through your 

962
00:53:17,000 --> 00:53:18,800
sector who was at the Christmas 
Truce. 

963
00:53:18,800 --> 00:53:22,200
He is from a different unit 
wounded in the arm but 

964
00:53:22,200 --> 00:53:25,800
recovering being sent to a 
hospital in England, you stop 

965
00:53:25,800 --> 00:53:28,900
him asked if he remembers it. 
Remember it. 

966
00:53:28,900 --> 00:53:32,600
He says, I've told the story 100
times, nobody believes me, they 

967
00:53:32,600 --> 00:53:33,900
think? 
I'm making it up or that I've 

968
00:53:33,900 --> 00:53:37,300
gone shell shocked. 
He laughs, but without much 

969
00:53:37,300 --> 00:53:40,900
humor, but it happened. 
I've got a photograph to prove 

970
00:53:40,900 --> 00:53:42,400
it. 
People will believe it. 

971
00:53:42,408 --> 00:53:44,800
Eventually you say though, 
you're not sure that's true. 

972
00:53:44,800 --> 00:53:49,300
Maybe he says after the war 
perhaps when people want to 

973
00:53:49,308 --> 00:53:52,500
remember the good bits instead 
of the rest, he's probably 

974
00:53:52,500 --> 00:53:54,800
right. 
The Christmas Truce will be the 

975
00:53:54,800 --> 00:53:57,400
kind of story people tell, when 
they need to believe that 

976
00:53:57,400 --> 00:54:02,200
Humanity persists, even in 
terrible circumstances, it will 

977
00:54:02,208 --> 00:54:06,500
be simplified romanticized, 
turned into a parable about 

978
00:54:06,500 --> 00:54:10,900
peace and goodwill. 
The reality, the cold, the 

979
00:54:10,900 --> 00:54:14,000
uncertainty, the knowledge that 
it could not last will fade 

980
00:54:14,000 --> 00:54:17,200
leaving only the bright parts 
You were there? 

981
00:54:18,100 --> 00:54:20,600
You know what? 
It really was complicated. 

982
00:54:20,600 --> 00:54:24,500
And beautiful, and fragile born 
from loneliness, and Christmas 

983
00:54:24,500 --> 00:54:27,100
longing, and the human need for 
connection. 

984
00:54:27,100 --> 00:54:31,700
It was men making a choice for 
one day to be something other 

985
00:54:31,700 --> 00:54:34,800
than enemies. 
It was imperfect and temporary 

986
00:54:34,800 --> 00:54:39,100
and perhaps in the grand scheme 
of the war meaningless except it

987
00:54:39,100 --> 00:54:43,300
wasn't meaningless, not to use 
standing in the Belgian mud. 

988
00:54:43,300 --> 00:54:46,800
Remembering hands his smile and 
the taste of German cheese and 

989
00:54:46,800 --> 00:54:49,600
the sound of mixed voices, 
singing Silent Night. 

990
00:54:50,500 --> 00:54:54,700
Not to Thompson who still 
carries that unsmoked cigar not 

991
00:54:54,700 --> 00:54:58,400
to Davies who received away from
across no man's land and waved 

992
00:54:58,400 --> 00:55:01,500
back the war changes. 
You in many ways over the months

993
00:55:01,500 --> 00:55:06,100
and years you become harder more
cynical less, shocked by things 

994
00:55:06,100 --> 00:55:09,200
that would have horrified your 
younger self You learned to 

995
00:55:09,200 --> 00:55:12,500
sleep in impossible, conditions 
to eat food, you wouldn't have 

996
00:55:12,500 --> 00:55:16,100
fed to a dog before the war to 
accept losses that once would 

997
00:55:16,100 --> 00:55:19,100
have devastated you, but you 
never quite forget Christmas 

998
00:55:19,100 --> 00:55:23,200
Day, 1914. 
The memory becomes a small warm 

999
00:55:23,200 --> 00:55:26,700
thing you carry with you 
protected from the cold and mud 

1000
00:55:26,700 --> 00:55:30,200
and horror. 
On particularly bad days, you 

1001
00:55:30,200 --> 00:55:33,200
take it out and examine it. 
The candles on the Christmas 

1002
00:55:33,200 --> 00:55:37,700
trees, the football game hands 
showing you his photograph, the 

1003
00:55:37,700 --> 00:55:40,400
feeling of standing in no man's 
land without fear. 

1004
00:55:40,400 --> 00:55:43,400
You want to sometimes if hand 
survived the war. 

1005
00:55:44,300 --> 00:55:48,100
If he made it home to Bavaria, 
married, his fiancee went back 

1006
00:55:48,100 --> 00:55:49,600
to teaching Shakespeare to 
Children. 

1007
00:55:49,600 --> 00:55:53,500
You like to think he did. 
He'd like to imagine him telling

1008
00:55:53,500 --> 00:55:54,800
his students about the 
Christmas. 

1009
00:55:54,800 --> 00:55:57,900
He spent singing carols with 
British soldiers, about the 

1010
00:55:57,900 --> 00:56:00,500
strange and temporary piece, 
that came to the trenches. 

1011
00:56:00,500 --> 00:56:05,200
The war finally ends in November
1918, four years after that, 

1012
00:56:05,200 --> 00:56:07,200
Christmas the guns fall, silent 
for good. 

1013
00:56:08,000 --> 00:56:11,800
Not for a day not as a temporary
truce, but permanently. 

1014
00:56:13,200 --> 00:56:16,400
The news comes down the line on 
the 11th Hour of the 11th, day 

1015
00:56:16,400 --> 00:56:19,600
of the 11th month. 
The Armistice has been signed 

1016
00:56:19,600 --> 00:56:23,600
the War is Over, You Stand in a 
trench, not in Belgium anymore, 

1017
00:56:23,600 --> 00:56:26,100
but in France and hear the 
silence. 

1018
00:56:26,100 --> 00:56:29,500
It sounds different from the 
Christmas Truce silence. 

1019
00:56:29,500 --> 00:56:34,300
This silence is final complete 
official. 

1020
00:56:34,300 --> 00:56:38,200
This silence means going home, 
men around you. 

1021
00:56:38,200 --> 00:56:43,500
A cheering crying laughing. 
You feel oddly quiet inside. 

1022
00:56:44,500 --> 00:56:48,900
Four years is a long time. 
The world you left in 1914, is 

1023
00:56:48,900 --> 00:56:52,500
gone replaced by something. 
You don't quite recognize yet. 

1024
00:56:53,600 --> 00:56:57,400
But the war is over and that has
to be enough on the journey home

1025
00:56:57,400 --> 00:56:59,300
on the ship crossing the 
channel. 

1026
00:56:59,300 --> 00:57:04,000
You think about Christmas 19414,
you think about all the men who 

1027
00:57:04,000 --> 00:57:06,000
were there that day British and 
German? 

1028
00:57:06,000 --> 00:57:08,500
And how many of them didn't make
it to this moment? 

1029
00:57:09,400 --> 00:57:11,500
How many are buried in Belgian 
soil? 

1030
00:57:11,500 --> 00:57:15,100
In French soil. 
Engraved scattered across the 

1031
00:57:15,100 --> 00:57:17,500
continent. 
Han's might be one of them. 

1032
00:57:17,500 --> 00:57:21,100
You'll never know. 
The area is a long way from 

1033
00:57:21,100 --> 00:57:24,800
England, and the war has made 
Europe, strange and distant in 

1034
00:57:24,800 --> 00:57:27,400
new ways. 
Probably you'll never see him. 

1035
00:57:27,400 --> 00:57:29,600
Again never know what happened 
to him. 

1036
00:57:29,600 --> 00:57:33,200
Never get to visit those 
mountains, he mentioned but you 

1037
00:57:33,200 --> 00:57:36,900
remember him, you remember his 
kindness, his broken English, 

1038
00:57:36,900 --> 00:57:40,000
his photograph of a fiance 
waiting at home. 

1039
00:57:40,000 --> 00:57:43,800
You remember standing in no 
man's land together sharing 

1040
00:57:43,800 --> 00:57:46,000
bread. 
Talking about families and 

1041
00:57:46,000 --> 00:57:48,100
football and the stupidity of 
War. 

1042
00:57:48,100 --> 00:57:52,100
You remember that for one day, 
the war stopped, not everywhere,

1043
00:57:52,100 --> 00:57:55,200
not permanently. 
But in your sector of the front,

1044
00:57:55,200 --> 00:57:59,400
for one bright winter day, the 
guns fell silent and Men chose 

1045
00:57:59,400 --> 00:58:03,300
peace over violence. 
That's worth remembering that's 

1046
00:58:03,300 --> 00:58:07,400
worth carrying forward into 
whatever comes next years pass 

1047
00:58:07,400 --> 00:58:09,900
the Great Wall becomes the first
world war. 

1048
00:58:09,900 --> 00:58:12,700
When a second one proves that 
Humanity hasn't learned quite 

1049
00:58:12,700 --> 00:58:17,300
enough from the first You grow 
older, the sharp memory of mud 

1050
00:58:17,300 --> 00:58:19,000
and trenches softening at the 
edges. 

1051
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:22,200
While somehow remaining 
intensely clear at their Center.

1052
00:58:22,200 --> 00:58:26,900
You never forget Christmas 1914.
You tell the story occasionally,

1053
00:58:26,900 --> 00:58:29,100
when it seems appropriate to 
your children. 

1054
00:58:29,100 --> 00:58:32,400
When they're old enough to 
understand to fellow veterans 

1055
00:58:32,400 --> 00:58:34,900
who not knowingly, some of them 
were there too. 

1056
00:58:34,900 --> 00:58:38,800
In other sectors were similar, 
truces spontaneously erupted to 

1057
00:58:38,800 --> 00:58:42,000
historians later who want to 
document, what happened before, 

1058
00:58:42,000 --> 00:58:45,500
everyone who remembers his gone.
The story gets told in 

1059
00:58:45,500 --> 00:58:50,000
newspapers in books in 
documentaries, it becomes famous

1060
00:58:50,000 --> 00:58:54,300
the Christmas Truce capitalized 
and turned into a proper 

1061
00:58:54,300 --> 00:58:58,400
historical event. 
People are amazed by it moved by

1062
00:58:58,400 --> 00:59:00,100
it. 
Skeptical of it. 

1063
00:59:00,900 --> 00:59:04,700
Some call it propaganda. 
Some call it proof that humans 

1064
00:59:04,700 --> 00:59:08,100
are fundamentally good. 
It becomes both more and less 

1065
00:59:08,100 --> 00:59:11,000
than what it actually was. 
But you know, the truth of it, 

1066
00:59:11,000 --> 00:59:14,400
you were there. 
You stood in no man's land on 

1067
00:59:14,400 --> 00:59:18,900
Christmas Day, 1914 and shook 
hands with a German soldier 

1068
00:59:18,900 --> 00:59:23,400
named hands, you played football
in frozen mud, you sang silent 

1069
00:59:23,400 --> 00:59:26,500
night in two languages. 
You saw Christmas trees lit with

1070
00:59:26,500 --> 00:59:29,400
candles and trenches small 
Flames burning in the dark. 

1071
00:59:29,400 --> 00:59:32,900
You never found out what 
happened to hands you tried 

1072
00:59:32,900 --> 00:59:37,300
after the war righting to 
schools in Bavaria asking if 

1073
00:59:37,300 --> 00:59:41,000
anyone knew a teacher named Hans
who served in the army, But 

1074
00:59:41,000 --> 00:59:45,100
Bavaria is large, and hands as a
common name and the chaos. 

1075
00:59:45,100 --> 00:59:48,400
After the war made searching 
difficult, eventually, you 

1076
00:59:48,400 --> 00:59:51,700
stopped trying accepting that 
some questions don't get 

1077
00:59:51,700 --> 00:59:53,500
answered. 
But you think about him 

1078
00:59:53,500 --> 00:59:57,900
sometimes specially at Christmas
when you hang decorations on 

1079
00:59:57,900 --> 01:00:01,500
your own tree, when you sing 
carols at church when you sit 

1080
01:00:01,500 --> 01:00:03,300
with your family and warmth and 
peace. 

1081
01:00:04,400 --> 01:00:06,100
You think about a young German 
Man? 

1082
01:00:06,100 --> 01:00:08,800
Who Loved his fiancee, and 
Shakespeare, and wanted to show 

1083
01:00:08,800 --> 01:00:12,800
you the mountains of Bavaria. 
You hope he survived, you hope 

1084
01:00:12,800 --> 01:00:16,000
he made it home married. 
His sweetheart taught children 

1085
01:00:16,000 --> 01:00:18,900
about literature and language, 
grew old in peace. 

1086
01:00:18,900 --> 01:00:22,500
You hope is memory of that 
Christmas is as clear and 

1087
01:00:22,500 --> 01:00:25,300
precious as yours, the world 
changes around you. 

1088
01:00:25,300 --> 01:00:28,500
Another War more terrible than 
the first. 

1089
01:00:29,300 --> 01:00:34,500
Then peace again. 
Uneasy but lasting The trenches 

1090
01:00:34,500 --> 01:00:37,000
in Belgium and France are filled
in though. 

1091
01:00:37,000 --> 01:00:39,000
The scars remain if you know 
where to look. 

1092
01:00:39,800 --> 01:00:43,100
The generation that fought in 
those trenches grows old then 

1093
01:00:43,100 --> 01:00:47,400
begins to fade but the story 
persists, the Christmas Truce 

1094
01:00:47,400 --> 01:00:49,900
becomes one of those moments 
that people need to believe in 

1095
01:00:49,900 --> 01:00:53,400
proof that even in the worst 
circumstances Humanity can 

1096
01:00:53,400 --> 01:00:57,400
assert itself. 
It gets simplified romanticized 

1097
01:00:57,400 --> 01:01:01,600
turned into a symbol. 
But that's all right, symbols 

1098
01:01:01,600 --> 01:01:06,300
matter, stories matter, you know
what matters most though it 

1099
01:01:06,300 --> 01:01:09,700
really happened. 
The singing happened, the 

1100
01:01:09,700 --> 01:01:13,500
football game happened, the 
handshakes and the shared food 

1101
01:01:13,500 --> 01:01:17,800
and the brief bright piece, all 
of it happened, not because 

1102
01:01:17,800 --> 01:01:21,100
government ordered it or 
generals planned it, but because

1103
01:01:21,100 --> 01:01:24,600
ordinary soldiers chose it. 
That choice Echoes forward 

1104
01:01:24,600 --> 01:01:26,900
through time, it echoes in the 
lives. 

1105
01:01:26,900 --> 01:01:29,000
You all went on to live in the 
stories. 

1106
01:01:29,000 --> 01:01:33,400
You told in the simple fact that
for one day, the war stopped 

1107
01:01:34,000 --> 01:01:37,500
Because men on both sides 
decided it should on Christmas 

1108
01:01:37,500 --> 01:01:39,600
Eve in your old age. 
You sometimes stand by the 

1109
01:01:39,608 --> 01:01:42,800
window and look at the stars, 
they're the same stars that 

1110
01:01:42,800 --> 01:01:47,200
Shone over Belgium in 1914, 
unchanged by human Wars or 

1111
01:01:47,200 --> 01:01:50,900
truces or the passage of years. 
You think about all the men 

1112
01:01:50,900 --> 01:01:54,900
standing in trenches that long 
ago night looking up at the same

1113
01:01:54,900 --> 01:02:00,000
Stars hearing the same carols 
and you remember You remember, 

1114
01:02:00,000 --> 01:02:01,700
the candles on the Christmas 
trees? 

1115
01:02:01,700 --> 01:02:06,200
You remember hands is smile and 
Thompson are Monica and the 

1116
01:02:06,200 --> 01:02:10,000
taste of German bread. 
You remember standing in no 

1117
01:02:10,000 --> 01:02:13,700
man's land without fear 
celebrating Christmas with men 

1118
01:02:13,700 --> 01:02:16,500
who were supposed to be enemies 
but chose briefly to be 

1119
01:02:16,508 --> 01:02:20,600
something else. 
He the guns fell silent once and

1120
01:02:20,600 --> 01:02:22,700
the memory of that silence 
carries forward. 

1121
01:02:23,900 --> 01:02:27,600
It reminds you that peace is 
possible that humans can choose 

1122
01:02:27,600 --> 01:02:31,500
kindness over violence, that 
even in the darkest times like 

1123
01:02:31,500 --> 01:02:34,000
confined away through that's 
worth remembering. 

1124
01:02:34,900 --> 01:02:38,100
That's worth preserving. 
That's the gift, those soldiers 

1125
01:02:38,100 --> 01:02:41,700
gave to the Future proof. 
That peace is always possible. 

1126
01:02:41,700 --> 01:02:46,700
If enough people choose at the 
same time, Story ends where it 

1127
01:02:46,700 --> 01:02:50,300
began. 
With men, entrenches cold and 

1128
01:02:50,300 --> 01:02:53,200
Far From Home. 
Choosing to honor something 

1129
01:02:53,200 --> 01:02:56,800
larger than the war. 
Choosing Christmas choosing 

1130
01:02:56,800 --> 01:03:00,900
Humanity choosing peace even 
though they knew it couldn't 

1131
01:03:00,900 --> 01:03:04,300
last. 
It lasted long enough, one day 

1132
01:03:04,300 --> 01:03:08,400
one bright winter day when the 
guns fell silent and the world 

1133
01:03:08,400 --> 01:03:11,600
briefly remembered what piece 
felt like that was enough. 

1134
01:03:11,600 --> 01:03:14,300
That was more than enough, that 
was everything. 

1135
01:03:20,300 --> 01:03:22,800
To yourself on a wooden ship in 
the middle of the Atlantic Ocean

1136
01:03:22,800 --> 01:03:26,700
in the year, 1700. 
The water looks like a wrinkled 

1137
01:03:26,700 --> 01:03:30,000
blue bed sheet with no edges. 
It goes on forever. 

1138
01:03:31,100 --> 01:03:34,200
Sails made of canvas above, you 
snap and Billow in the wind 

1139
01:03:34,200 --> 01:03:36,600
making sounds like thunder in 
the distance. 

1140
01:03:36,600 --> 01:03:39,300
You can hear the word creaking 
all the time below deck. 

1141
01:03:40,200 --> 01:03:43,500
Ship's wooden bones, Bend and 
grown as the waves, lift and 

1142
01:03:43,500 --> 01:03:45,400
dropped the ship in, a 
never-ending Rhythm. 

1143
01:03:45,400 --> 01:03:46,800
That makes your stomach feel 
bad. 

1144
01:03:47,800 --> 01:03:50,700
Now, here's the scary part, you 
have no idea where you are. 

1145
01:03:50,700 --> 01:03:53,800
You have a pretty good idea of 
how far north or south you've 

1146
01:03:53,800 --> 01:03:55,400
gone. 
That's not too hard. 

1147
01:03:56,300 --> 01:03:59,300
Sextant can tell you the angle 
of the Sun at noon, when it is 

1148
01:03:59,308 --> 01:04:03,300
at its highest point in the sky.
To find your latitude compare 

1149
01:04:03,300 --> 01:04:05,800
that angle to tables in a book 
and do some math. 

1150
01:04:05,800 --> 01:04:09,000
That would make your high school
geometry, teacher proud the 

1151
01:04:09,000 --> 01:04:11,800
hundreds of years Sailors, have 
been doing this and it worked 

1152
01:04:11,800 --> 01:04:14,100
great. 
But what about Eastern West 

1153
01:04:14,100 --> 01:04:17,900
that's when things got hard 
scary and very hard to 

1154
01:04:17,900 --> 01:04:21,200
understand to find out how far 
east or west you've traveled 

1155
01:04:21,200 --> 01:04:24,600
your longitude you need to know 
what time it is back home. 

1156
01:04:24,600 --> 01:04:27,600
This may seem easy but it's 
actually very hard. 

1157
01:04:27,600 --> 01:04:30,900
You can figure out that you're 
about 60 degrees west of London,

1158
01:04:30,900 --> 01:04:33,300
if you know that it's noon where
you are now and that it's four 

1159
01:04:33,300 --> 01:04:37,200
in the afternoon back in London.
15 degrees of longitude is equal

1160
01:04:37,200 --> 01:04:40,700
to one hour of time, difference 
is really beautiful math. 

1161
01:04:40,700 --> 01:04:43,700
The kind that makes you feel 
smart, just thinking about it. 

1162
01:04:44,700 --> 01:04:47,800
The problem is that clocks from 
the 1700s were Moody and worked 

1163
01:04:47,800 --> 01:04:51,000
great in your living room but as
soon as you put them on a ship, 

1164
01:04:51,000 --> 01:04:54,600
they became useless. 
Lumps of metal and gears the 

1165
01:04:54,600 --> 01:04:57,500
metal parts of the device 
expanded and contracted when the

1166
01:04:57,500 --> 01:05:00,600
temperature changed the moisture
in the air caused their delicate

1167
01:05:00,600 --> 01:05:03,600
parts to rust. 
The constant rocking motion 

1168
01:05:03,600 --> 01:05:06,700
messed up their pendulums, which
were the weights that kept time 

1169
01:05:06,700 --> 01:05:09,000
steady. 
And what about Salt Air? 

1170
01:05:09,800 --> 01:05:11,900
Salt Air was like poison to 
machines. 

1171
01:05:11,900 --> 01:05:15,300
It ate away at brass and steel. 
Like the ocean waves, that 

1172
01:05:15,300 --> 01:05:19,200
slowly wear down a cliff. 
Sailors in the Age of 

1173
01:05:19,208 --> 01:05:22,000
Exploration were, basically 
driving across a flat desert 

1174
01:05:22,000 --> 01:05:27,500
with no GPS Compass or map, they
had to guess where they were by 

1175
01:05:27,500 --> 01:05:29,700
looking at the sun and making 
educated guesses. 

1176
01:05:29,700 --> 01:05:32,700
And as you might expect this 
caused disasters, that would 

1177
01:05:32,700 --> 01:05:36,300
haunt Maritime history. 
Ships would sail confidently 

1178
01:05:36,300 --> 01:05:39,100
toward what they thought was a 
safe harbor, only to find 

1179
01:05:39,100 --> 01:05:41,700
themselves grinding onto rocks. 
That shouldn't have been there 

1180
01:05:41,700 --> 01:05:45,000
for another 100 miles, whole 
fleets would miss their 

1181
01:05:45,000 --> 01:05:48,700
destinations by hundreds of 
miles and sailors would run out 

1182
01:05:48,700 --> 01:05:51,000
of food and water, as they 
desperately searched, the 

1183
01:05:51,000 --> 01:05:53,600
Horizon for land, that was 
actually far behind them. 

1184
01:05:53,600 --> 01:05:57,200
The ocean was hiding things, and
those things were dangerous. 

1185
01:05:58,100 --> 01:06:02,100
On a foggy October night in 
1707, a British naval fleet led 

1186
01:06:02,100 --> 01:06:04,200
by Admiral. 
Sir, cloudsley shovel was 

1187
01:06:04,200 --> 01:06:07,500
sailing home from Gibraltar. 
This was the worst Maritime 

1188
01:06:07,500 --> 01:06:10,400
disaster of the time. 
The Admirals Navigators told 

1189
01:06:10,400 --> 01:06:11,700
him. 
They were safely to the west of 

1190
01:06:11,700 --> 01:06:13,500
the dangerous. 
Rocks off the Isles of scilly, 

1191
01:06:13,500 --> 01:06:15,800
which are near the South-Western
tip of England. 

1192
01:06:15,800 --> 01:06:18,200
They were wrong 
catastrophically. 

1193
01:06:18,200 --> 01:06:21,900
It was wrong in the past. 
Four ships, hit the rocks that 

1194
01:06:21,900 --> 01:06:23,600
night and went down in a matter 
of hours. 

1195
01:06:23,600 --> 01:06:27,800
Their screams were lost in the 
fog and wind as almost 2000 men.

1196
01:06:27,800 --> 01:06:31,500
Drowned in the cold, Atlantic 
Waters, Admiral shovell was one 

1197
01:06:31,500 --> 01:06:34,000
of them. 
He made it to shore alive but a 

1198
01:06:34,000 --> 01:06:36,400
local woman killed him because 
she wanted his emerald ring. 

1199
01:06:36,400 --> 01:06:39,600
It was the kind of tragedy that 
shows you how cruel it can be 

1200
01:06:39,600 --> 01:06:42,000
when people make mistakes in 
nature Acts. 

1201
01:06:42,900 --> 01:06:45,900
Britain was shocked the country 
that was building an empire that

1202
01:06:45,900 --> 01:06:48,400
stretched around the world 
couldn't even safely get its own

1203
01:06:48,408 --> 01:06:50,900
ships home. 
It was like being a great race 

1204
01:06:50,900 --> 01:06:54,200
car driver who couldn't always 
Park in their own garage. the 

1205
01:06:54,200 --> 01:06:56,500
embarrassment was only worse 
than the rising death toll in 

1206
01:06:56,500 --> 01:06:58,800
the money lost, when Merchant 
ships disappeared into the 

1207
01:06:58,808 --> 01:07:02,100
ocean's, vast anonymity, There 
had to be a change. 

1208
01:07:02,100 --> 01:07:05,900
The question was what? 
And who would be smart enough to

1209
01:07:05,900 --> 01:07:08,500
figure out problem that had 
stumped the smartest people of 

1210
01:07:08,500 --> 01:07:11,300
the time? 
In the village of falbi. 

1211
01:07:11,300 --> 01:07:14,600
In Yorkshire England, a boy 
named John Harrison grew up in a

1212
01:07:14,600 --> 01:07:18,000
world where the Sun moved across
the sky, and the seasons change.

1213
01:07:19,000 --> 01:07:23,000
John was born in 1693 and was 
the kind of kid who noticed 

1214
01:07:23,000 --> 01:07:26,100
things that other kids didn't 
like how Shadows moved across 

1215
01:07:26,100 --> 01:07:28,400
the floor. 
How birds seemed to know exactly

1216
01:07:28,400 --> 01:07:31,300
when Dawn would break and the 
exact rhythm of his own 

1217
01:07:31,300 --> 01:07:34,200
heartbeat. 
His dad was a carpenter, which 

1218
01:07:34,200 --> 01:07:37,500
meant he was a Craftsman, an 
artist and a problem solver all 

1219
01:07:37,500 --> 01:07:40,600
at the same time. 
When people needed a door that 

1220
01:07:40,600 --> 01:07:44,200
fit just right a table, that 
wouldn't wobble or a beam that 

1221
01:07:44,200 --> 01:07:46,500
could hold up a roof for 100 
years, they came to you. 

1222
01:07:47,100 --> 01:07:49,900
Carpentry required an eye for 
detail, and a feel for how 

1223
01:07:49,900 --> 01:07:52,600
materials worked. 
Young John, learned the skills 

1224
01:07:52,600 --> 01:07:56,400
quickly like a sponge soaking up
water but what really interested

1225
01:07:56,400 --> 01:07:58,800
John was something that most 
Carpenters didn't think about 

1226
01:07:58,800 --> 01:08:02,200
very much time. 
He would watch his dad work and 

1227
01:08:02,200 --> 01:08:05,500
pay attention to how long each 
job took how the quality of the 

1228
01:08:05,500 --> 01:08:08,400
word affected, how fast it could
be cut and how his dad's 

1229
01:08:08,400 --> 01:08:10,600
experience helped him. 
Guess how long a project would 

1230
01:08:10,600 --> 01:08:14,200
take with amazing accuracy? 
John was thinking about 

1231
01:08:14,200 --> 01:08:18,200
measurement, precision and the 
Unseen rhythms that controlled 

1232
01:08:18,200 --> 01:08:21,200
everything around him while 
other boys, his age were playing

1233
01:08:21,200 --> 01:08:24,200
games or doing things that made 
their parents sigh heavily. 

1234
01:08:24,200 --> 01:08:28,100
When John was about seven years 
old, he got smallpox a disease 

1235
01:08:28,100 --> 01:08:31,000
that killed millions of people 
and left those who survived with

1236
01:08:31,000 --> 01:08:34,500
scars for life. 
John lived, but the sickness 

1237
01:08:34,500 --> 01:08:37,600
kept him in bed for weeks 
someone gave him a watch while 

1238
01:08:37,600 --> 01:08:39,300
he was recovering and it changed
his life. 

1239
01:08:39,300 --> 01:08:42,500
You might think that a watch as 
a boring gift for a sick kid, 

1240
01:08:42,500 --> 01:08:45,399
there were no flashing lights 
moving Parts. 

1241
01:08:45,399 --> 01:08:49,600
You could see or bells and 
whistles that watch though was a

1242
01:08:49,600 --> 01:08:51,399
window into a world of 
precision. 

1243
01:08:51,399 --> 01:08:54,200
For John Harrison. 
He would put it to his ear and 

1244
01:08:54,200 --> 01:08:57,300
listen to the steady tiktok of 
brass and steel like a 

1245
01:08:57,300 --> 01:08:59,700
heartbeat. 
He would watch the hands move 

1246
01:08:59,700 --> 01:09:03,500
slowly around the dial turning 
seconds into minutes minutes 

1247
01:09:03,500 --> 01:09:07,700
into hours and hours into days. 
He took it apart which is the 

1248
01:09:07,700 --> 01:09:10,800
most amazing thing. 
Imagine being seven years old 

1249
01:09:10,800 --> 01:09:13,399
sick, with a disease. 
That is killing people all 

1250
01:09:13,399 --> 01:09:16,399
around you and deciding that. 
The most interesting thing you 

1251
01:09:16,399 --> 01:09:19,600
could do is take apart, a 
complicated machine to see how 

1252
01:09:19,600 --> 01:09:23,000
it works. 
John took out each tiny screw 

1253
01:09:23,000 --> 01:09:26,500
gear and piece of metal with 
great care and put them on his 

1254
01:09:26,500 --> 01:09:29,600
bedside table. 
Then with a level of focus, that

1255
01:09:29,600 --> 01:09:32,300
seems almost impossible for a 
child, he put it all back 

1256
01:09:32,300 --> 01:09:35,700
together and it still worked. 
This wasn't just mechanical 

1257
01:09:35,700 --> 01:09:38,000
skill. 
It was a kind of Genius that 

1258
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:41,800
shows itself early and loudly 
John Harrison knew what he 

1259
01:09:41,800 --> 01:09:44,000
wanted to do before most kids 
could spell their own name. 

1260
01:09:44,899 --> 01:09:46,800
John's interesting clocks didn't
fade. 

1261
01:09:46,800 --> 01:09:49,500
As he got older, he didn't make 
it less deep. 

1262
01:09:49,500 --> 01:09:52,500
He made it deeper, he started 
making clocks. 

1263
01:09:52,500 --> 01:09:56,300
Not as a business at first, but 
as a hobby that took up all of 

1264
01:09:56,300 --> 01:09:59,700
his free time, he worked in his 
father's, carpentry, shop and 

1265
01:09:59,700 --> 01:10:02,900
tried out different materials 
designs and ways to fix the 

1266
01:10:02,900 --> 01:10:05,200
basic problems that made clocks 
inaccurate. 

1267
01:10:06,000 --> 01:10:08,100
Wood was the first thing he 
chose that changed. 

1268
01:10:08,100 --> 01:10:11,000
Everything. 
Other clockmakers used Metal 

1269
01:10:11,000 --> 01:10:13,300
Gears, that changed shape with 
temperature changes. 

1270
01:10:13,300 --> 01:10:17,400
John on the other hand, found 
that certain types of wood like 

1271
01:10:17,400 --> 01:10:19,700
Oak and boxwood had amazing 
qualities. 

1272
01:10:19,700 --> 01:10:22,600
If you cut them the right way 
and put them together the right 

1273
01:10:22,600 --> 01:10:26,400
way, they would naturally adjust
to changes in temperature when 

1274
01:10:26,400 --> 01:10:29,200
one part got bigger, the other 
part got smaller which kept the 

1275
01:10:29,200 --> 01:10:31,900
clocks accuracy stable. 
It was the kind of insight that 

1276
01:10:31,900 --> 01:10:35,100
seems clear in retrospect but 
takes Real Genius to find. 

1277
01:10:36,100 --> 01:10:39,300
John was learning about physics 
and Engineering on his own even 

1278
01:10:39,300 --> 01:10:41,500
though these ideas wouldn't be 
written down for decades. 

1279
01:10:42,400 --> 01:10:44,900
He did this while working in a 
small Workshop, in Yorkshire by 

1280
01:10:44,900 --> 01:10:49,000
candlelight, by the time he was 
in his 20s, John had made clocks

1281
01:10:49,000 --> 01:10:51,600
that were so accurate that they 
only lost about one second a 

1282
01:10:51,600 --> 01:10:53,900
month. 
This was an amazing feat for the

1283
01:10:53,900 --> 01:10:56,700
time. 
People would travel for miles to

1284
01:10:56,700 --> 01:11:00,300
see his clocks which were local 
wonders, but John wasn't happy. 

1285
01:11:00,300 --> 01:11:03,100
He could tell that there was 
something bigger that his skills

1286
01:11:03,100 --> 01:11:06,100
could do some bigger problem 
that only his unique genius 

1287
01:11:06,100 --> 01:11:09,400
could solve, he didn't know yet.
That the problem was waiting for

1288
01:11:09,400 --> 01:11:12,400
him in the form of a 
parliamentary prize, a maritime 

1289
01:11:12,400 --> 01:11:15,700
crisis, and the task of making a
clock, that could keep perfect 

1290
01:11:15,700 --> 01:11:20,600
time, while being tossed around 
on Angry, seas, in 1714 when 

1291
01:11:20,600 --> 01:11:23,800
John Harrison was only 21 and 
still making wooden clocks in 

1292
01:11:23,800 --> 01:11:26,100
Yorkshire. 
The British Parliament, did 

1293
01:11:26,100 --> 01:11:28,300
something strange. 
They asked for help. 

1294
01:11:29,300 --> 01:11:31,900
The longitude act said that 
anyone who could figure out the 

1295
01:11:31,900 --> 01:11:35,500
longitude problem would get a 
prize of 20,000 pounds, which is

1296
01:11:35,500 --> 01:11:40,000
about the same as several 
million pounds today. 20,000 

1297
01:11:40,000 --> 01:11:42,200
pounds. 
Take a moment to think about 

1298
01:11:42,200 --> 01:11:44,400
that. 
Parliament was offering enough 

1299
01:11:44,400 --> 01:11:48,000
money to buy a smallest state 
live, comfortably for life and 

1300
01:11:48,000 --> 01:11:50,500
still have enough left over to 
pay for your grandchildren's 

1301
01:11:50,500 --> 01:11:53,200
education. 
At the time, a skilled 

1302
01:11:53,200 --> 01:11:55,400
Craftsman, could only make 50 
pounds a year. 

1303
01:11:55,408 --> 01:11:58,700
People quit their jobs and spent
their lives trying to solve 

1304
01:11:58,700 --> 01:12:00,800
problems. 
That seemed impossible because 

1305
01:12:00,800 --> 01:12:03,600
of the prize. 
But there were some rules for 

1306
01:12:03,600 --> 01:12:06,400
the prize, Your solution had to 
be able to figure out the 

1307
01:12:06,400 --> 01:12:09,800
longitude within half a degree 
after a ship had sailed to the 

1308
01:12:09,808 --> 01:12:12,000
West Indies and back, which 
could take months. 

1309
01:12:12,900 --> 01:12:15,100
That might not sound very exact 
until you remember. 

1310
01:12:15,100 --> 01:12:18,300
That half a degree of longitude 
at the equator is about 34 

1311
01:12:18,300 --> 01:12:21,100
miles. 
Your method had to tell a ship's

1312
01:12:21,100 --> 01:12:23,300
Captain where he was to within 
the distance. 

1313
01:12:23,300 --> 01:12:26,200
A person could walk in a day 
after months, at Sea, through 

1314
01:12:26,200 --> 01:12:30,400
storms and calm, heat and cold. 
Parliament set up the board of 

1315
01:12:30,408 --> 01:12:33,500
longitude to look at the 
proposed Solutions, this group 

1316
01:12:33,500 --> 01:12:36,800
of scientists naval officers and
government officials were decide

1317
01:12:36,800 --> 01:12:39,700
who should get the prize. 
Some of the smartest people in 

1318
01:12:39,700 --> 01:12:42,500
Britain were on this board. 
Including astronomers who liked 

1319
01:12:42,500 --> 01:12:46,300
the lunar distance method for 
finding longitude The lunar 

1320
01:12:46,300 --> 01:12:49,900
distance method was beautiful in
math and very hard in astronomy.

1321
01:12:50,700 --> 01:12:53,800
Theoretically Navigators could 
figure out their longitude, by 

1322
01:12:53,800 --> 01:12:56,900
measuring the exact position of 
the Moon against background 

1323
01:12:56,900 --> 01:13:00,100
stars and comparing that to 
tables made by astronomers. 

1324
01:13:00,100 --> 01:13:05,300
It took clear skies accurate 
tools, complicated math, and at 

1325
01:13:05,300 --> 01:13:07,100
least an hour of work for each 
measurement. 

1326
01:13:08,200 --> 01:13:11,200
Astronomers were happy with the 
solution but Sailors who were 

1327
01:13:11,200 --> 01:13:13,500
practical wanted to throw their 
Sexton's overboard. 

1328
01:13:13,500 --> 01:13:16,700
A lot of the board members 
specially the astronomers 

1329
01:13:16,700 --> 01:13:19,600
thought that the answer to the 
longitude problem had to come 

1330
01:13:19,600 --> 01:13:23,100
from the Stars. 
After all navigation has always 

1331
01:13:23,100 --> 01:13:26,400
been about looking at the stars.
They thought it was unlikely at 

1332
01:13:26,400 --> 01:13:28,900
best and ridiculous at worst 
that someone could fix this 

1333
01:13:28,900 --> 01:13:32,400
problem with a mechanical device
which was basically a very fancy

1334
01:13:32,400 --> 01:13:35,000
clock. 
John Harrison would have to deal

1335
01:13:35,000 --> 01:13:37,800
with this bias for most of his 
life, but he didn't know that 

1336
01:13:37,800 --> 01:13:41,800
yet. 
John made a choice in 1728 when 

1337
01:13:41,800 --> 01:13:46,100
he was 35, that would shape the 
rest of his life. he would go to

1338
01:13:46,100 --> 01:13:49,000
London, show the board of 
longitude his ideas for a sea 

1339
01:13:49,000 --> 01:13:53,200
clock and when the prize that no
one else had been able to get In

1340
01:13:53,200 --> 01:13:55,700
the 1700s. 
It wasn't easy to get from 

1341
01:13:55,700 --> 01:13:58,800
Yorkshire to London. 
It took days of travel on roads 

1342
01:13:58,800 --> 01:14:00,600
that were barely improved. 
Dirt paths. 

1343
01:14:00,600 --> 01:14:03,300
Staying in coaching Inns where 
the beds had more previous 

1344
01:14:03,300 --> 01:14:06,100
occupants than you wanted to 
think about and spending money 

1345
01:14:06,100 --> 01:14:07,700
that John didn't really have to 
spare. 

1346
01:14:08,500 --> 01:14:10,800
But he went on the trip, 
bringing with him drawing and 

1347
01:14:10,800 --> 01:14:13,200
descriptions of a clock that no 
one had ever seen before. 

1348
01:14:13,200 --> 01:14:17,200
John went to London to find 
Edmond Halley, the same Haley, 

1349
01:14:17,200 --> 01:14:20,600
who has a comet named after him.
Halle was the astronomer Royal 

1350
01:14:20,600 --> 01:14:22,600
and a member of the board of 
longitude. 

1351
01:14:22,600 --> 01:14:25,400
This meant that he could either 
help or hurt. 

1352
01:14:25,400 --> 01:14:28,500
John's goals, John was lucky 
that Hallie was the kind of 

1353
01:14:28,500 --> 01:14:30,900
scientist, who valued, smart 
answers, no matter where they 

1354
01:14:30,900 --> 01:14:34,300
came from. 
Halle looked at John's plans and

1355
01:14:34,300 --> 01:14:38,100
saw that they were truly unique.
This wasn't a crazy person with 

1356
01:14:38,100 --> 01:14:41,700
vague ideas and crazy claims. 
This was a Craftsman who had 

1357
01:14:41,700 --> 01:14:44,400
spent a lot of time thinking 
about how hard it was to keep 

1358
01:14:44,400 --> 01:14:47,600
track of time at Sea and come up
with specific useful Solutions. 

1359
01:14:48,500 --> 01:14:51,500
Highly introduced John to George
Graham London's. 

1360
01:14:51,500 --> 01:14:54,600
Best clockmaker. 
Graham was also smart enough to 

1361
01:14:54,600 --> 01:14:56,200
know when genius came to his 
shop. 

1362
01:14:57,100 --> 01:14:59,900
Graham spent the whole day with 
John listening to his ideas, 

1363
01:14:59,900 --> 01:15:03,000
looking at his drawings and 
slowly, realizing that this 

1364
01:15:03,000 --> 01:15:06,300
country Carpenter had ideas that
London's best instrument makers 

1365
01:15:06,300 --> 01:15:09,000
had missed. 
Graham did something amazing by 

1366
01:15:09,000 --> 01:15:11,400
the end of their meeting. 
He offered to lend John money 

1367
01:15:11,400 --> 01:15:13,300
without charging him interest to
help him build. 

1368
01:15:13,300 --> 01:15:16,300
His first Marine timekeeper, it 
was a leap of faith in what 

1369
01:15:16,300 --> 01:15:18,600
people could do and it changed 
everything. 

1370
01:15:19,900 --> 01:15:22,600
John went back to Yorkshire with
enough money to start building a

1371
01:15:22,600 --> 01:15:25,600
clock that could work at Sea. 
He was about to enter a part of 

1372
01:15:25,608 --> 01:15:26,900
his life that would last for 
decades. 

1373
01:15:26,900 --> 01:15:29,100
Drive him, insane and change the
world. 

1374
01:15:29,100 --> 01:15:31,900
But first he had to make the 
thing. 

1375
01:15:32,600 --> 01:15:36,000
Think about how long it would 
take to make just one clock, not

1376
01:15:36,000 --> 01:15:39,000
as a hobby or a side project. 
But as your main focus for five 

1377
01:15:39,000 --> 01:15:42,500
years of calculating adjusting 
testing and improving. 

1378
01:15:42,500 --> 01:15:46,500
That's what John Harrison did 
from 1730 to 1735. 

1379
01:15:46,500 --> 01:15:49,700
He made his first Marine 
timekeeper which would later be 

1380
01:15:49,700 --> 01:15:53,500
called H1. 
H1 was not a delicate pocket. 

1381
01:15:53,500 --> 01:15:55,500
Watch. 
It was a huge machine that 

1382
01:15:55,500 --> 01:15:58,100
weighed about 75 pounds and was 
about two feet tall. 

1383
01:15:58,100 --> 01:16:01,200
Your first thought when you saw 
it in a museum today would 

1384
01:16:01,200 --> 01:16:03,700
probably be that. 
It looks like a steampunk 

1385
01:16:03,700 --> 01:16:06,900
sculpture with all the brass 
gears and strange moving parts. 

1386
01:16:07,600 --> 01:16:11,100
But every part of H1s design, 
had a specific purpose in the 

1387
01:16:11,100 --> 01:16:13,300
fight against the forces that 
had stopped. 

1388
01:16:13,300 --> 01:16:15,300
Every other attempt at making a 
sea clock. 

1389
01:16:15,300 --> 01:16:18,300
John's main problem was figuring
out how to make a clock, that 

1390
01:16:18,300 --> 01:16:20,800
keeps accurate time, even when 
it is moved. 

1391
01:16:20,800 --> 01:16:25,400
Shaken, heated, cooled and hit 
by salty are all the time. 

1392
01:16:25,400 --> 01:16:28,800
It was like asking someone to 
play a violin while riding a 

1393
01:16:28,800 --> 01:16:29,700
roller coaster during an 
earthquake. 

1394
01:16:30,700 --> 01:16:33,300
The main task is hard enough 
without all those extra things 

1395
01:16:33,300 --> 01:16:35,900
getting in the way. 
John's ideas were brilliant 

1396
01:16:35,900 --> 01:16:38,300
because he had spent years 
thinking about how mechanisms 

1397
01:16:38,300 --> 01:16:42,200
work when they are under stress.
John used to balance mechanism 

1398
01:16:42,200 --> 01:16:45,100
with two weighted bars connected
by Springs and stead of a 

1399
01:16:45,100 --> 01:16:48,500
pendulum A pendulum needs 
gravity to work all the time, 

1400
01:16:48,500 --> 01:16:50,700
but it didn't work on a ship. 
That was tilting. 

1401
01:16:51,500 --> 01:16:54,500
One bar would swing one way and 
the other would swing the other 

1402
01:16:54,500 --> 01:16:57,800
way, when the ship rolled which 
stopped the ship from moving, it

1403
01:16:57,800 --> 01:17:00,400
was a mechanical genius that was
turned into brass and steel. 

1404
01:17:01,400 --> 01:17:03,900
The two balances were like 
dancers moving in perfect 

1405
01:17:03,900 --> 01:17:07,200
opposition, their movement. 
So perfectly timed, that the 

1406
01:17:07,200 --> 01:17:10,500
ship's rocking didn't matter, 
the ship pitched and rolled 

1407
01:17:10,500 --> 01:17:13,300
through the waves, but inside 
each one's mechanism time. 

1408
01:17:13,300 --> 01:17:14,800
Moved forward with calm 
Precision. 

1409
01:17:14,800 --> 01:17:16,800
The temperature was another 
problem. 

1410
01:17:16,800 --> 01:17:21,700
When you heat metal it expands, 
and when you cool it, it shrinks

1411
01:17:22,400 --> 01:17:25,400
You may have noticed this when 
you run hot water over a jar lid

1412
01:17:25,400 --> 01:17:29,100
to make it easier to open these 
tiny changes in size can mess up

1413
01:17:29,108 --> 01:17:31,600
the timing of a clock so much 
that it stops working. 

1414
01:17:32,500 --> 01:17:34,600
John used by metallic strips to 
fix this. 

1415
01:17:34,600 --> 01:17:38,500
The strips were made of brass 
and steel and reacted to changes

1416
01:17:38,500 --> 01:17:42,400
in temperature in ways making up
for each other, then there was 

1417
01:17:42,400 --> 01:17:46,200
friction which is bad for all 
moving Parts, friction was 

1418
01:17:46,200 --> 01:17:48,700
trying to slow things down and 
make them less accurate. 

1419
01:17:48,700 --> 01:17:52,300
Every time gear teeth, meshed 
together or a bearing turned in 

1420
01:17:52,300 --> 01:17:54,800
its housing. 
Most clockmakers of the time 

1421
01:17:54,800 --> 01:17:58,700
used oil to reduce friction but 
oil thickened in the cold thin 

1422
01:17:58,700 --> 01:18:01,700
in the Heat and eventually 
turned into sticky residue that 

1423
01:18:01,708 --> 01:18:05,000
gummed up the works. 
John's answer was to use lignum.

1424
01:18:05,000 --> 01:18:08,600
Vitae a very hard heavy wood 
that has its own natural oils. 

1425
01:18:08,600 --> 01:18:12,000
His bearings were made from the 
wood that doesn't need oil so he

1426
01:18:12,000 --> 01:18:15,000
didn't need any at all. 
John knew a lot about how 

1427
01:18:15,000 --> 01:18:18,100
materials acted when they were 
under stress and every problem 

1428
01:18:18,100 --> 01:18:22,100
had a solution H1 was more than 
just a clock. 

1429
01:18:22,100 --> 01:18:25,300
It was a dissertation in 
mechanical engineering that a 

1430
01:18:25,300 --> 01:18:27,600
man who had never gone to 
college wrote in brass and 

1431
01:18:27,600 --> 01:18:29,700
steel. 
Each one was ready for its 

1432
01:18:29,700 --> 01:18:34,500
trial, in 1735, the board of 
longitude sent John on the HMS, 

1433
01:18:34,500 --> 01:18:36,400
Centurion to Lisbon, Portugal 
and back. 

1434
01:18:37,200 --> 01:18:40,000
This trip would test whether 
this complicated machine could 

1435
01:18:40,000 --> 01:18:41,600
really do what John said, it 
could. 

1436
01:18:43,000 --> 01:18:45,900
Think about how John felt as he 
watched his five years of work. 

1437
01:18:45,900 --> 01:18:48,500
Being carefully, loaded onto a 
royal Navy warship. 

1438
01:18:49,400 --> 01:18:51,300
The open ocean was about to 
judge everything. 

1439
01:18:51,300 --> 01:18:54,500
He had given up every hour. 
He had spent in his workshop and

1440
01:18:54,500 --> 01:18:56,600
every calculation and adjustment
he had made. 

1441
01:18:57,400 --> 01:19:00,900
The trip was hard, the Atlantic 
doesn't care about your precise 

1442
01:19:00,900 --> 01:19:03,200
tools or the work you've done 
for the rest of your life. 

1443
01:19:03,200 --> 01:19:07,900
The centurion's deck was covered
in waves and the ship rolled at 

1444
01:19:07,900 --> 01:19:10,200
angles that made even 
experienced Sailors. 

1445
01:19:10,200 --> 01:19:15,300
Hold onto the railings. 
Below in the captain's cabin, H1

1446
01:19:15,300 --> 01:19:18,700
sat quietly ticking away, 
seemingly unaffected by the 

1447
01:19:18,700 --> 01:19:21,700
chaos around it. 
The ship's Navigators thought 

1448
01:19:21,700 --> 01:19:24,200
they were getting closer to 
England from a certain place on 

1449
01:19:24,200 --> 01:19:26,800
the way back. 
John's clock said they were 

1450
01:19:26,800 --> 01:19:29,600
really about 90 miles east of 
Where The Navigators thought 

1451
01:19:29,600 --> 01:19:32,000
they were. 
John told the captain that they 

1452
01:19:32,000 --> 01:19:34,400
were getting close to England 
near The Dangerous Waters 

1453
01:19:34,400 --> 01:19:36,600
around. 
Start point, he did this with 

1454
01:19:36,600 --> 01:19:39,200
the confidence of someone who 
trusted his own work more than 

1455
01:19:39,200 --> 01:19:43,100
what most people thought. 
Roger Wills the captain believed

1456
01:19:43,100 --> 01:19:46,500
what John said enough to change 
course and when the fog cleared 

1457
01:19:46,500 --> 01:19:49,000
start point was right, where 
John's clock said, it would be. 

1458
01:19:49,800 --> 01:19:52,100
The Navigators had made a 
mistake that could have easily 

1459
01:19:52,100 --> 01:19:54,100
sunk the ship by almost 100 
miles. 

1460
01:19:54,100 --> 01:19:57,200
Each one was correct. 
You might think that this 

1461
01:19:57,200 --> 01:20:00,100
successful trial would have won 
John the longitude prize right 

1462
01:20:00,100 --> 01:20:02,900
away. 
His clock had just shown that it

1463
01:20:02,900 --> 01:20:06,400
could do exactly what Parliament
had promised to pay 20,000 

1464
01:20:06,400 --> 01:20:09,400
pounds to do. 
But you would be underestimated,

1465
01:20:09,400 --> 01:20:12,000
how hard it is to convince 
experts, who are doubtful? 

1466
01:20:12,000 --> 01:20:13,400
That someone has solved a 
problem. 

1467
01:20:13,400 --> 01:20:15,100
They thought was almost 
impossible. 

1468
01:20:16,200 --> 01:20:19,900
The board of longitude said that
H1 had potential which in 

1469
01:20:19,900 --> 01:20:23,400
bureaucratic language means, 
this is interesting, but we're 

1470
01:20:23,400 --> 01:20:25,100
not ready to give you all that 
money yet. 

1471
01:20:25,900 --> 01:20:29,100
They gave John 500 pounds to 
keep working on it, and make a 

1472
01:20:29,100 --> 01:20:31,700
better version. 
It was both encouragement and a 

1473
01:20:31,700 --> 01:20:34,100
clear message show me again and 
do it better. 

1474
01:20:34,100 --> 01:20:36,300
John might have been feeling 
down. 

1475
01:20:36,300 --> 01:20:39,600
He went back to his shop and 
started making plans for H2 

1476
01:20:39,600 --> 01:20:41,900
instead. 
You might think their H2 would 

1477
01:20:41,900 --> 01:20:43,800
take less time. 
Now that John, you how to do it,

1478
01:20:43,800 --> 01:20:46,000
because it took him five years 
to build H1. 

1479
01:20:46,000 --> 01:20:49,700
You would be very wrong. 
It took John almost 20 years to 

1480
01:20:49,700 --> 01:20:52,000
finish H2, but not because he 
works slowly. 

1481
01:20:52,000 --> 01:20:53,900
He kept coming up with better 
ideas. 

1482
01:20:53,900 --> 01:20:56,800
This is the time in John 
Harrison's, life that will test 

1483
01:20:56,800 --> 01:20:58,500
your patience just to hear about
it. 

1484
01:20:59,400 --> 01:21:02,400
Imagine spending your whole 
adult life trying to solve one 

1485
01:21:02,400 --> 01:21:06,200
problem getting close and then 
realizing you could do better 

1486
01:21:06,200 --> 01:21:12,100
and starting over over and over 
for 40 years, H2, which was 

1487
01:21:12,100 --> 01:21:17,200
finished in 1741 was heavier 
than H1 about 86 pounds. 

1488
01:21:18,100 --> 01:21:20,000
But it had changes that made it 
more accurate. 

1489
01:21:20,000 --> 01:21:23,200
In theory, John had fine-tuned 
his temperature compensation 

1490
01:21:23,200 --> 01:21:26,300
system improved his balance 
mechanism and made a lot of 

1491
01:21:26,300 --> 01:21:29,600
small changes that when added 
together made a difference, it 

1492
01:21:29,600 --> 01:21:32,600
was like, seeing a perfectionist
change a document changing the 

1493
01:21:32,600 --> 01:21:35,500
words and punctuation. 
Until each sentence was as clear

1494
01:21:35,500 --> 01:21:40,200
as glass But before H2 could be 
tested at C, John realized, 

1495
01:21:40,200 --> 01:21:43,200
something that worried him he 
had already come up with ways to

1496
01:21:43,200 --> 01:21:46,400
make it better. 
The world of ships was also 

1497
01:21:46,400 --> 01:21:50,200
changing the board of longitude 
had paid for the creation of a 

1498
01:21:50,200 --> 01:21:53,200
new way to measure the distance 
to the Moon and astronomers were

1499
01:21:53,200 --> 01:21:56,200
publishing tables that made 
navigating by the Stars easier. 

1500
01:21:57,000 --> 01:21:59,500
John's chance to prove his 
mechanical solution was running 

1501
01:21:59,500 --> 01:22:02,900
out. 
John started working on H3 in 

1502
01:22:02,900 --> 01:22:06,500
1749. 
It would take him 17 years to 

1503
01:22:06,500 --> 01:22:10,200
finish this version during that 
time he hardly left his 

1504
01:22:10,200 --> 01:22:14,600
Workshop, rarely saw friends and
focused so hard that his friends

1505
01:22:14,600 --> 01:22:17,900
and family will worry. 
William his son who had grown up

1506
01:22:17,900 --> 01:22:21,200
watching his father's Obsession 
became his assistant and later 

1507
01:22:21,200 --> 01:22:23,700
his Advocate when he had to deal
with the board of longitude. 

1508
01:22:24,700 --> 01:22:28,200
H3 was smaller than the ones 
that came before it, but it was 

1509
01:22:28,208 --> 01:22:31,500
much more complicated. 
John added new features like a 

1510
01:22:31,508 --> 01:22:35,300
bimetallic strip to adjust for 
temperature and a caged roller 

1511
01:22:35,300 --> 01:22:38,800
bearing mechanism. 
This design was so ahead of its 

1512
01:22:38,800 --> 01:22:41,600
time that it wasn't rediscovered
and wide, widely used until the 

1513
01:22:41,600 --> 01:22:44,300
Industrial Revolution. 
More than 100 years later. 

1514
01:22:45,300 --> 01:22:48,600
You benefit from something. 
John Harrison came up with while

1515
01:22:48,600 --> 01:22:51,100
trying to solve the longitude 
problem, every time you ride in 

1516
01:22:51,100 --> 01:22:55,300
a car or use a machine with 
roller bearings, But there was a

1517
01:22:55,300 --> 01:22:57,800
problem with H3 that John 
couldn't completely fix. 

1518
01:22:57,800 --> 01:23:01,000
It was more sensitive to the 
ship's movement than his other 

1519
01:23:01,000 --> 01:23:03,700
designs. 
The changes he made in some 

1520
01:23:03,700 --> 01:23:05,500
areas had made other areas 
weaker. 

1521
01:23:05,500 --> 01:23:08,100
It was the kind of trade-off in 
engineering that keeps 

1522
01:23:08,100 --> 01:23:11,400
perfectionists up at night and 
John was definitely a 

1523
01:23:11,400 --> 01:23:13,900
perfectionist. 
John was in his 60s by the 

1524
01:23:13,900 --> 01:23:17,200
middle of the 1750s. 
He had been working on sea 

1525
01:23:17,200 --> 01:23:20,400
clocks for more than 30 years. 
His first try was good enough to

1526
01:23:20,400 --> 01:23:23,200
show that the idea worked but 
not good enough to win. 

1527
01:23:23,200 --> 01:23:26,500
The longitude prize, his later 
attempts had been better in some

1528
01:23:26,508 --> 01:23:29,400
ways, but he still hadn't 
reached the level of perfection.

1529
01:23:29,400 --> 01:23:33,000
He wanted a lot of people would 
have given up the right thing to

1530
01:23:33,000 --> 01:23:34,500
do. 
Would have been to admit that he

1531
01:23:34,500 --> 01:23:36,900
had made important 
contributions, take whatever 

1532
01:23:36,900 --> 01:23:38,400
money. 
The board of longitude was 

1533
01:23:38,400 --> 01:23:40,900
willing to give him and then 
retire knowing that he had 

1534
01:23:40,908 --> 01:23:44,300
helped people learn more John 
Harrison was not like most 

1535
01:23:44,300 --> 01:23:47,100
people and he was not being 
reasonable about this problem. 

1536
01:23:47,900 --> 01:23:50,500
John made a choice in his 
Workshop that must have seemed a

1537
01:23:50,500 --> 01:23:53,900
little crazy even to him. 
He would stop working on H3 and 

1538
01:23:53,900 --> 01:23:56,100
start over from scratch with a 
very different method. 

1539
01:23:56,100 --> 01:23:59,500
His new clock would be nothing 
like the big complicated 

1540
01:23:59,500 --> 01:24:02,100
machines. 
He had spent years building, it 

1541
01:24:02,100 --> 01:24:05,400
would be small elegant and based
on ideas, he had learned while 

1542
01:24:05,400 --> 01:24:07,800
working on the other ones but 
had never fully used. 

1543
01:24:07,800 --> 01:24:12,000
He would make H4, which would be
a watch think of a pocket watch 

1544
01:24:12,000 --> 01:24:14,900
from the 1700s. 
Like the kind you might see in a

1545
01:24:14,900 --> 01:24:17,700
period drama as hanging from a 
gold chain on a gentleman's 

1546
01:24:17,700 --> 01:24:21,200
waistcoat, fancy classy and 
small enough to fit in your 

1547
01:24:21,200 --> 01:24:23,700
hand. 
Now picture this watch being so 

1548
01:24:23,700 --> 01:24:26,400
accurate and well made that it 
will lose less than a minute. 

1549
01:24:26,408 --> 01:24:31,000
After months at Sea, through 
storms and calm, heat and cold. 

1550
01:24:32,600 --> 01:24:36,300
That was H4. 
John Harrison started working on

1551
01:24:36,300 --> 01:24:40,100
H4 in 1755. 
And by 1759, he had made 

1552
01:24:40,100 --> 01:24:43,400
something that looks simple but 
wasn't it was about five inches 

1553
01:24:43,400 --> 01:24:46,000
across, which is big for a 
pocket, watch by today's 

1554
01:24:46,000 --> 01:24:48,800
standards. 
But small compared to H1 H2 or 

1555
01:24:48,800 --> 01:24:51,200
H3, it was only three pounds 
heavy. 

1556
01:24:51,200 --> 01:24:54,600
You could easily hold it in both
hands and admire, its clean 

1557
01:24:54,600 --> 01:24:57,000
white face, elegant Roman 
numerals. 

1558
01:24:57,000 --> 01:25:00,100
And the way its hands moved 
smoothly to Mark second and 

1559
01:25:00,100 --> 01:25:04,600
minutes with perfect timing. 
But the ease was a trick inside 

1560
01:25:04,600 --> 01:25:06,500
H4. 
Silver case was a world of 

1561
01:25:06,500 --> 01:25:09,400
exactness. 
John had put together everything

1562
01:25:09,400 --> 01:25:11,900
he had learned about 
clock-making over the past 30 

1563
01:25:11,900 --> 01:25:14,500
years into a package that could 
fit in your pocket. 

1564
01:25:15,500 --> 01:25:17,100
The balance wheel moved back and
forth. 

1565
01:25:17,100 --> 01:25:20,500
Five times per second, which was
faster than any other Marine. 

1566
01:25:20,500 --> 01:25:24,300
Timekeeper This meant that small
mistakes in each oscillation 

1567
01:25:24,300 --> 01:25:26,200
would average out instead of 
getting worse. 

1568
01:25:27,000 --> 01:25:29,500
It was the application of 
statistical smoothing to 

1569
01:25:29,500 --> 01:25:31,500
mechanical engineering long 
before. 

1570
01:25:31,500 --> 01:25:33,500
Anyone had put these ideas into 
writing. 

1571
01:25:34,300 --> 01:25:37,300
The escapement mechanism, which 
turns the Springs energy into 

1572
01:25:37,300 --> 01:25:40,200
the regular Tick. 
Tock motion was a work of art in

1573
01:25:40,208 --> 01:25:42,300
terms of mint, rice and 
accuracy. 

1574
01:25:43,100 --> 01:25:46,100
John had made sure that every 
tooth on every gear fit together

1575
01:25:46,100 --> 01:25:49,500
perfectly, which cut down on 
friction to almost nothing while

1576
01:25:49,500 --> 01:25:51,700
still keeping the right ratios 
for keeping time. 

1577
01:25:52,900 --> 01:25:56,800
The craftsmanship was so good 
that when you look at H4 under a

1578
01:25:56,800 --> 01:25:59,500
magnifying glass, you can see 
details that shouldn't have been

1579
01:25:59,500 --> 01:26:01,400
possible with tools from the 
18th century. 

1580
01:26:01,400 --> 01:26:05,200
The temperature compensation 
system used by metallic balance 

1581
01:26:05,200 --> 01:26:08,800
that grew and shrank in just the
right amounts to keep the watch 

1582
01:26:08,800 --> 01:26:13,100
accurate in both, arctic cold 
and tropical heat, The jeweled 

1583
01:26:13,100 --> 01:26:16,000
bearings which were tiny Ruby 
bearings that John used. 

1584
01:26:16,000 --> 01:26:18,900
It important friction points. 
Kept the machine from wearing 

1585
01:26:18,900 --> 01:26:21,200
down and kept it accurate for a 
long time. 

1586
01:26:21,200 --> 01:26:24,700
Every part of H4 was the most 
advanced thing that could be 

1587
01:26:24,708 --> 01:26:28,300
done with machines. 
At the time H4 was ready for its

1588
01:26:28,300 --> 01:26:33,000
trial in 1761 when John was 68 
years old, The board of 

1589
01:26:33,008 --> 01:26:35,900
longitude sent the watch on a 
trip to Jamaica to test it. 

1590
01:26:36,700 --> 01:26:39,700
Trip would take months and put 
the watch through all kinds of 

1591
01:26:39,708 --> 01:26:42,000
weather and conditions that 
could happen in the Atlantic. 

1592
01:26:43,100 --> 01:26:46,100
William John son offered to go 
with a H4 on the trip. 

1593
01:26:46,100 --> 01:26:49,100
This was partly because his 
father was too old for such a 

1594
01:26:49,100 --> 01:26:52,200
long and hard journey and partly
because someone needed to wind 

1595
01:26:52,200 --> 01:26:54,200
the watch every day and keep an 
eye on how it was working. 

1596
01:26:55,100 --> 01:26:57,800
Can you picture how William felt
as HMS Deptford? 

1597
01:26:57,800 --> 01:27:01,000
Got ready to leave, he had his 
father's whole life's work. 

1598
01:27:01,000 --> 01:27:03,700
In a silver case, that was small
enough to fit in his pocket. 

1599
01:27:04,400 --> 01:27:07,800
If H4 didn't work all the work, 
the house and family had done 

1600
01:27:07,800 --> 01:27:09,400
for decades would have been for 
nothing. 

1601
01:27:10,200 --> 01:27:13,900
If they were successful, they 
would gain Fame wealth and the 

1602
01:27:13,900 --> 01:27:16,500
satisfaction of solving. 
One of the biggest scientific 

1603
01:27:16,500 --> 01:27:19,800
problems of the time. 
The trip to Jamaica took 81 

1604
01:27:19,800 --> 01:27:21,900
days. 
And during that time, William 

1605
01:27:21,900 --> 01:27:25,200
wound, H4 every day and kept 
careful records of how it 

1606
01:27:25,200 --> 01:27:27,500
worked. 
The watch kept ticking through 

1607
01:27:27,500 --> 01:27:30,900
the heat of the Caribbean and 
the storms of the Atlantic, as 

1608
01:27:30,900 --> 01:27:34,400
well as the calm times when the 
ship barely moved the gaels. 

1609
01:27:34,400 --> 01:27:36,300
When it experienced Sailors 
prayed for deliverance. 

1610
01:27:37,900 --> 01:27:40,900
William compared h4s. 
Time to local astronomical 

1611
01:27:40,900 --> 01:27:43,300
observations. 
When the Deptford finally got to

1612
01:27:43,300 --> 01:27:45,600
Jamaica H4, had lost five 
seconds. 

1613
01:27:45,600 --> 01:27:50,400
Five seconds, the watch was off 
by 5 Seconds after 81 days at 

1614
01:27:50,400 --> 01:27:53,700
Sea during which it traveled, 
thousands of miles in all kinds 

1615
01:27:53,700 --> 01:27:56,100
of weather. 
That mistake meant that the 

1616
01:27:56,100 --> 01:27:59,400
longitude calculation was off by
just over one article mile, 

1617
01:27:59,400 --> 01:28:01,700
which is a lot better than the 
34 miles. 

1618
01:28:01,700 --> 01:28:05,500
The longitude prize needed, The 
trip back was just as amazing. 

1619
01:28:05,500 --> 01:28:09,800
The Deptford came back to 
England after 161 days at Sea 

1620
01:28:09,800 --> 01:28:12,400
and h4s. 
Total era was one minute and 

1621
01:28:12,400 --> 01:28:15,900
54.5 seconds. 
There should have been no doubt 

1622
01:28:15,900 --> 01:28:18,900
that John Harrison had sold the 
longitude problem because it had

1623
01:28:18,900 --> 01:28:20,900
gone so far beyond what was 
needed to win. 

1624
01:28:20,900 --> 01:28:24,500
The highest level of the 
longitude prize, At this point, 

1625
01:28:24,500 --> 01:28:26,700
you might think that the board 
of longitude would have given 

1626
01:28:26,700 --> 01:28:30,000
John the full 20,000 pounds 
prize, right away, ordered 

1627
01:28:30,000 --> 01:28:33,300
several copies of H4 and 
celebrated British creativity. 

1628
01:28:34,400 --> 01:28:36,900
That is not what happened. 
Not even close. 

1629
01:28:36,900 --> 01:28:40,000
If you've ever had to deal with 
red tape, you know how annoying 

1630
01:28:40,000 --> 01:28:42,700
it is, when rules change, goals,
change and committees, ask for 

1631
01:28:42,700 --> 01:28:44,200
more proof before they make a 
decision. 

1632
01:28:45,000 --> 01:28:48,400
Now, multiply that frustration 
by a few decades and had the 

1633
01:28:48,400 --> 01:28:51,000
bitter disappointment of seeing 
lesser solution, get support, 

1634
01:28:51,000 --> 01:28:53,600
while your own work is met with 
endless Stout. 

1635
01:28:54,800 --> 01:28:57,700
John Harrison had that 
experience after H4, successful 

1636
01:28:57,700 --> 01:28:59,800
trial. 
The board of longitudes. 

1637
01:28:59,800 --> 01:29:02,800
Said that H4 had done very well,
but instead of giving them the 

1638
01:29:02,800 --> 01:29:04,500
prize they asked for another 
trial. 

1639
01:29:04,500 --> 01:29:07,000
They said that the first trip 
might have been a fluke. 

1640
01:29:07,800 --> 01:29:10,300
We had to test the watch again 
to make sure it worked the same 

1641
01:29:10,300 --> 01:29:11,100
way. 
Every time. 

1642
01:29:11,100 --> 01:29:16,300
John who is now 70 years old had
to agree. the second trial 

1643
01:29:16,300 --> 01:29:20,400
happened in 1764 on a trip to 
Barbados the board of longitude 

1644
01:29:20,400 --> 01:29:23,400
sent Neville masculine this 
time, he was an astronomer who 

1645
01:29:23,400 --> 01:29:26,000
was very interested in the lunar
distance method of finding 

1646
01:29:26,000 --> 01:29:30,400
longitude Masculine was smart 
and dedicated, but unfortunately

1647
01:29:30,400 --> 01:29:33,800
for John, he was completely sure
that astronomical methods were 

1648
01:29:33,800 --> 01:29:37,700
better than mechanical ones. 
H4 worked perfectly during the 

1649
01:29:37,700 --> 01:29:40,700
trip but mass killings report 
focused on small problems and 

1650
01:29:40,700 --> 01:29:44,200
theoretical issues instead of 
the watches overall accuracy. 

1651
01:29:44,200 --> 01:29:48,000
It was like complaining that the
cup holder is an inch too small.

1652
01:29:48,000 --> 01:29:51,800
When you review a car that gets 
100 miles per gallon when they 

1653
01:29:51,808 --> 01:29:55,200
got back to England, the board 
decided that even though H4 had 

1654
01:29:55,200 --> 01:29:58,300
done a great job, they couldn't 
give him the full prize until 

1655
01:29:58,300 --> 01:30:00,600
John showed everyone, how he 
built things and let other 

1656
01:30:00,600 --> 01:30:04,400
watchmakers copy his work. 
This request, put John in a bad 

1657
01:30:04,400 --> 01:30:06,500
spot. 
He didn't want to share his 

1658
01:30:06,500 --> 01:30:09,500
Secrets because other makers 
could copy his design and he 

1659
01:30:09,500 --> 01:30:10,700
would lose his Edge in the 
market. 

1660
01:30:10,700 --> 01:30:13,900
He would not get the prize. 
He'd worked his whole adult life

1661
01:30:13,900 --> 01:30:17,900
for if he said no. 
It was a bureaucratic Catch 22, 

1662
01:30:17,900 --> 01:30:20,000
that looked like, it was meant 
to keep him from getting the 

1663
01:30:20,000 --> 01:30:24,200
credit he deserved. the board 
finally gave John half of the 

1664
01:30:24,200 --> 01:30:27,800
prize money 10,000 pounds, but 
only if he explained how he did 

1665
01:30:27,800 --> 01:30:31,400
it and made sure that the 
duplicate watches were built It 

1666
01:30:31,400 --> 01:30:33,700
was like winning an Olympic gold
medal and being told, you could 

1667
01:30:33,700 --> 01:30:35,900
only have it if you taught 
everyone else how to do it 

1668
01:30:35,900 --> 01:30:38,200
first. 
If they were happy with how you 

1669
01:30:38,200 --> 01:30:40,600
taught them, you might get the 
rest of your prize later 

1670
01:30:40,600 --> 01:30:42,400
Neville. 
Masculine had become the 

1671
01:30:42,400 --> 01:30:44,900
astronomer Royal and a senior 
member of the board of 

1672
01:30:44,908 --> 01:30:47,200
longitude. 
By this point, he kept pushing 

1673
01:30:47,200 --> 01:30:50,200
for the lunar distance method by
publishing tables and 

1674
01:30:50,200 --> 01:30:53,600
instructions that made 
navigating the Stars easier, it 

1675
01:30:53,600 --> 01:30:55,400
was good work. 
That helped a lot of sailors, 

1676
01:30:55,400 --> 01:30:58,400
but it also meant that the 
person judging John's mechanical

1677
01:30:58,400 --> 01:31:03,600
method had spent years working 
on a competing solution The 

1678
01:31:03,600 --> 01:31:06,200
scientific Community had a 
strong bias against Mechanical 

1679
01:31:06,200 --> 01:31:08,600
Solutions. 
A lot of astronomers thought 

1680
01:31:08,600 --> 01:31:11,300
that navigation was an 
astronomical problem at its core

1681
01:31:11,300 --> 01:31:13,900
and should be solved with 
astronomical tools. 

1682
01:31:13,900 --> 01:31:17,300
They were offended that a 
Craftsman who was not even a 

1683
01:31:17,300 --> 01:31:20,500
real scientist or mathematician 
could use gears and Springs to 

1684
01:31:20,500 --> 01:31:23,800
figure out, longitude, For 
years, John built duplicate 

1685
01:31:23,800 --> 01:31:25,700
watches under the boards 
watchful eye. 

1686
01:31:25,700 --> 01:31:29,000
He showed other watchmakers how 
to do it and gave them more and 

1687
01:31:29,000 --> 01:31:30,800
more detail to explanations of 
his work. 

1688
01:31:31,700 --> 01:31:34,700
William his son, became his 
lawyer, publicist and moral 

1689
01:31:34,700 --> 01:31:37,500
support all at once. 
He argued John's case. 

1690
01:31:37,500 --> 01:31:39,200
Before the board wrote 
pamphlets. 

1691
01:31:39,200 --> 01:31:42,008
Explaining how unfair their 
treatment was and did all of 

1692
01:31:42,016 --> 01:31:45,900
these things? 
John was in his late 70s by the 

1693
01:31:45,900 --> 01:31:48,800
early 1770s and he still hadn't 
won the full. 

1694
01:31:48,800 --> 01:31:51,500
Longitude prize. 
It had turned into a bit of a 

1695
01:31:51,508 --> 01:31:54,400
public Scandal. 
This man had clearly sold the 

1696
01:31:54,400 --> 01:31:56,800
problem that Parliament had 
asked him to, but he couldn't 

1697
01:31:56,800 --> 01:31:59,000
get the promised reward because 
of technical issues, 

1698
01:31:59,000 --> 01:32:02,400
bureaucratic delays, and what 
seemed to be professional 

1699
01:32:02,400 --> 01:32:07,300
jealousy, from the astronomical 
establishment, In 1772 John was 

1700
01:32:07,300 --> 01:32:09,100
desperate. 
Knew he didn't have much time 

1701
01:32:09,100 --> 01:32:12,200
left because he was getting 
older, he did something strange.

1702
01:32:12,200 --> 01:32:16,000
He wrote to King George. 
The third directly, it was a 

1703
01:32:16,000 --> 01:32:17,700
brave. 
Move to go straight to the Royal

1704
01:32:17,700 --> 01:32:20,300
Authority and of going through 
the board of longitude. 

1705
01:32:21,400 --> 01:32:24,200
King George, the third like 
science and was specially 

1706
01:32:24,200 --> 01:32:26,400
interested in tools that were 
very accurate. 

1707
01:32:26,400 --> 01:32:29,500
The King was said to be very 
angry when he found out about 

1708
01:32:29,500 --> 01:32:32,700
John's situation. 
A man has spent 50 years working

1709
01:32:32,700 --> 01:32:35,300
on an important problem and 
still hadn't gotten the promised

1710
01:32:35,300 --> 01:32:37,500
reward. 
He had his four brought to his 

1711
01:32:37,508 --> 01:32:40,100
private Observatory or he 
watched it worked for weeks. 

1712
01:32:40,900 --> 01:32:44,800
The King was sure that John had 
been treated unfairly George the

1713
01:32:44,800 --> 01:32:46,400
third used his power to make 
Parliament. 

1714
01:32:46,400 --> 01:32:48,500
Give John Harrison the rest of 
the prize money. 

1715
01:32:49,200 --> 01:32:51,700
John finally got the full 20,000
pounds. 

1716
01:32:51,700 --> 01:32:55,000
He had been promised almost 60 
years earlier in 1773 when he 

1717
01:32:55,000 --> 01:32:58,300
was 80 years old, it was a win. 
But it was a sad one. 

1718
01:32:59,100 --> 01:33:00,700
John one. 
Not because the scientific 

1719
01:33:00,700 --> 01:33:04,300
Community recognized his work, 
but because the royal family had

1720
01:33:04,300 --> 01:33:06,500
stepped in and stopped them from
objecting any longer. 

1721
01:33:07,300 --> 01:33:09,900
The board of longitude never 
officially said that John had 

1722
01:33:09,900 --> 01:33:11,900
won. 
The longitude prize instead. 

1723
01:33:11,900 --> 01:33:14,500
They made the payment as a 
special Grant from Parliament, 

1724
01:33:14,500 --> 01:33:17,800
which was worded in such a way, 
as to avoid suggesting that the 

1725
01:33:17,800 --> 01:33:22,600
board had made a mistake. 
Three years later in 1776, John 

1726
01:33:22,600 --> 01:33:26,300
Harrison died at the age of 83, 
he had lived long enough to see 

1727
01:33:26,300 --> 01:33:29,600
his work, get praised to know 
that his sea clocks worked and 

1728
01:33:29,600 --> 01:33:32,800
could save lives and to see the 
start of a revolution in how 

1729
01:33:32,800 --> 01:33:35,700
ships navigated that would last 
for the next 200 years. 

1730
01:33:36,700 --> 01:33:39,600
But he died without ever getting
a formal letter from the board 

1731
01:33:39,600 --> 01:33:41,500
of longitude saying that he had 
solved. 

1732
01:33:41,500 --> 01:33:43,900
The problem. 
They had asked him to solve, you

1733
01:33:43,900 --> 01:33:47,300
might not feel like you've won 
even when you do win, as you get

1734
01:33:47,300 --> 01:33:49,900
more comfortable in your 
blankets and the stress of the 

1735
01:33:49,900 --> 01:33:52,900
day starts to fade. 
Let's talk about what happened 

1736
01:33:52,900 --> 01:33:56,300
after John Harrison died. 
This is when his story goes from

1737
01:33:56,300 --> 01:33:58,900
being about a personal Victory 
to a global change. 

1738
01:33:58,900 --> 01:34:03,400
By the 1780s, other watchmakers 
were making Marine chronometers,

1739
01:34:03,400 --> 01:34:06,900
based on John's ideas, these 
watches were very expensive. 

1740
01:34:06,900 --> 01:34:10,300
A good Marine chronometer could 
cost more than the captain of 

1741
01:34:10,300 --> 01:34:13,600
the ship made in a year. 
But for long trips, they quickly

1742
01:34:13,600 --> 01:34:17,200
became very useful, ship owners 
learned that the price of a 

1743
01:34:17,208 --> 01:34:20,500
chronometer was nothing compared
to the value of the cargo they 

1744
01:34:20,500 --> 01:34:24,100
could lose if they got lost. 
A standard equipment, the 

1745
01:34:24,100 --> 01:34:26,100
British Navy started giving 
ship's Marine. 

1746
01:34:26,100 --> 01:34:29,600
Chronometers Captain James Cook 
took a chronometer made by 

1747
01:34:29,600 --> 01:34:31,900
Larkin. 
Kendall on his famous Pacific 

1748
01:34:31,900 --> 01:34:37,400
voyages in the 1770s, it was 
basically a copy of H4 cooked 

1749
01:34:37,400 --> 01:34:40,300
with great enthusiasm about how 
accurate and dependable the 

1750
01:34:40,300 --> 01:34:44,000
chronometer was calling it. 
His trusty friend and never 

1751
01:34:44,000 --> 01:34:46,900
failing guide. 
People pay attention when the 

1752
01:34:46,908 --> 01:34:49,500
man who mapped more of the 
Pacific Ocean than anyone else 

1753
01:34:49,500 --> 01:34:51,800
before him. 
Praises your navigation tool. 

1754
01:34:53,000 --> 01:34:55,800
By the beginning of the 1800s 
Marine, chronometers were the 

1755
01:34:55,800 --> 01:34:57,900
most common way to find 
longitude at sea. 

1756
01:34:58,600 --> 01:35:00,900
The board of longitudes. 
Preferred astronomical, methods 

1757
01:35:00,900 --> 01:35:04,300
were still used as a backup. 
Good Navigators, used every tool

1758
01:35:04,300 --> 01:35:07,700
they could find but John 
Harrison's mechanical solution 

1759
01:35:07,700 --> 01:35:11,000
became the main way to navigate 
for the next 150 years. 

1760
01:35:11,900 --> 01:35:14,000
The effect on trade by sea was 
huge. 

1761
01:35:14,000 --> 01:35:17,200
Now, ships could plan their 
routes with confidence knowing 

1762
01:35:17,200 --> 01:35:19,600
that they could always find out 
where they were on the trip. 

1763
01:35:20,400 --> 01:35:22,800
Marine chronometers, that came 
from John Harrison's. 

1764
01:35:22,800 --> 01:35:25,900
Designs were used by clipper 
ships that raced tea from China 

1765
01:35:25,900 --> 01:35:29,200
to England, Merchant ships, that
connected Europe with the 

1766
01:35:29,208 --> 01:35:31,700
Americas. 
And Naval Expeditions that 

1767
01:35:31,700 --> 01:35:35,300
mapped the world's remaining 
coastline The changes to safety 

1768
01:35:35,300 --> 01:35:37,400
were just as big. 
There were a lot fewer 

1769
01:35:37,400 --> 01:35:41,300
shipwrecks caused by navigation,
mistakes. now captains could 

1770
01:35:41,300 --> 01:35:44,300
safely get close to dangerous 
coastlines at night or in fog 

1771
01:35:44,300 --> 01:35:47,600
knowing where they were The 
ocean was still dangerous 

1772
01:35:47,600 --> 01:35:51,200
because storms icebergs, broken 
equipment, and human mistakes 

1773
01:35:51,200 --> 01:35:54,700
still sank ships. 
However, one major cause of 

1774
01:35:54,700 --> 01:35:56,600
Maritime disaster, had mostly 
been removed. 

1775
01:35:57,500 --> 01:36:00,500
More subtly being able to keep 
track of time accurately at Sea 

1776
01:36:00,500 --> 01:36:02,900
led to the creation of accurate 
charts and maps. 

1777
01:36:03,800 --> 01:36:08,000
Now every Harbor entrance, every
dangerous Shoal and every 

1778
01:36:08,000 --> 01:36:10,800
Coastline could be found with 
precision and saved for Future 

1779
01:36:10,800 --> 01:36:13,200
Sailors. 
The oceans of the world were 

1780
01:36:13,200 --> 01:36:17,000
slowly, but surely changing from
vast unknown areas where 

1781
01:36:17,000 --> 01:36:19,800
positions were unclear to map 
areas where locations were 

1782
01:36:19,800 --> 01:36:22,400
known. 
The ideas about technology that 

1783
01:36:22,400 --> 01:36:24,600
John came up with had an effect 
on clock-making. 

1784
01:36:24,600 --> 01:36:28,200
Well, into the 20th century, his
new ideas for temperature, 

1785
01:36:28,200 --> 01:36:31,300
compensation, friction 
reduction, and precision, 

1786
01:36:31,300 --> 01:36:34,100
balance mechanisms became 
standard parts of high-quality 

1787
01:36:34,100 --> 01:36:37,400
watches. 
Watchmakers studied his designs 

1788
01:36:37,400 --> 01:36:40,300
the same way musicians study 
back or Architects. 

1789
01:36:40,300 --> 01:36:44,200
Study old temples as examples of
how to use basic ideas with 

1790
01:36:44,200 --> 01:36:47,500
genius level skill. 
Lieutenant Commander Rupert, 

1791
01:36:47,500 --> 01:36:50,300
goold said that restoring the 
original Harrison sea clocks, 

1792
01:36:50,300 --> 01:36:53,600
which had fallen into disrepair 
was one of the best things that 

1793
01:36:53,600 --> 01:36:57,400
ever happened to him. 
When I opened H1 and saw John's,

1794
01:36:57,400 --> 01:36:59,600
wooden gears and carefully 
planned mechanisms. 

1795
01:36:59,600 --> 01:37:03,200
It was like talking to a Master 
Craftsman from hundreds of years

1796
01:37:03,200 --> 01:37:05,600
ago. 
Clocks were more than just old 

1797
01:37:05,600 --> 01:37:08,000
things. 
They were also working examples 

1798
01:37:08,000 --> 01:37:11,700
of ideas that were still useful.
The Harrison sea clocks made it 

1799
01:37:11,700 --> 01:37:14,900
through World War Two in London.
They were kept safe in a vault 

1800
01:37:14,900 --> 01:37:17,100
during the blitz. 
When German bombs fell on the 

1801
01:37:17,108 --> 01:37:20,800
city every night, they were 
cleaned restored and then put on

1802
01:37:20,800 --> 01:37:22,100
display at the Royal 
Observatory. 

1803
01:37:22,100 --> 01:37:25,500
In Greenwich where they still 
are today, you can see them 

1804
01:37:25,500 --> 01:37:27,900
ticking away, just like they did
hundreds of years ago. 

1805
01:37:27,900 --> 01:37:31,900
If you ever go to London H1 
through H5, and a few of John's,

1806
01:37:31,900 --> 01:37:34,800
other clocks are there, but the 
Marine chronometer was not the 

1807
01:37:34,800 --> 01:37:36,500
best navigation tool for all 
time. 

1808
01:37:37,200 --> 01:37:40,900
By the end of the 20th century 
GPS systems that use satellites 

1809
01:37:40,900 --> 01:37:43,500
started to take the place of 
mechanical navigation tools. 

1810
01:37:44,300 --> 01:37:46,700
Ships could now tell where they 
were within feet instead of 

1811
01:37:46,700 --> 01:37:49,700
miles and they could do it all 
the time instead of having to do

1812
01:37:49,700 --> 01:37:53,600
it once a day. 
The change happened slowly, but 

1813
01:37:53,600 --> 01:37:56,400
by the early 2000s Marine 
chronometers were no longer the 

1814
01:37:56,400 --> 01:37:59,700
main tools for navigation, they 
were used as backups and safety 

1815
01:37:59,700 --> 01:38:02,200
devices. 
But even this technological 

1816
01:38:02,200 --> 01:38:05,500
advancement doesn't take away 
from what Harrison did GPS 

1817
01:38:05,500 --> 01:38:07,600
satellites need very accurate 
clocks. 

1818
01:38:07,600 --> 01:38:10,500
Like atomic clocks that make 
John's chronometers look rough 

1819
01:38:10,500 --> 01:38:14,200
by comparison. 
But the basic idea is still the 

1820
01:38:14,200 --> 01:38:17,700
same to navigate correctly, you 
need to keep track of time 

1821
01:38:17,700 --> 01:38:20,600
correctly. 
John Harrison knew this truth so

1822
01:38:20,600 --> 01:38:23,100
well that he spent his whole 
life trying to make it better. 

1823
01:38:23,100 --> 01:38:26,200
And every navigation system, 
since then has been built on 

1824
01:38:26,200 --> 01:38:29,600
that, the story of Harrison also
changed, how we think about 

1825
01:38:29,600 --> 01:38:33,200
scientific recognition and the 
link between practical skills 

1826
01:38:33,200 --> 01:38:36,800
and theoretical science. 
John was not a mathematician 

1827
01:38:36,800 --> 01:38:40,600
with a degree from a university 
or a natural philosopher from 

1828
01:38:40,600 --> 01:38:43,500
the upper class. 
He was a working-class craftsmen

1829
01:38:43,500 --> 01:38:46,500
who solved a problem by trying 
different things over and over 

1830
01:38:46,500 --> 01:38:50,600
using his mechanical intuition 
and being very stubborn. 

1831
01:38:51,400 --> 01:38:53,000
His success called into 
question. 

1832
01:38:53,000 --> 01:38:55,800
The idea that only traditional 
academic sources can lead to 

1833
01:38:55,800 --> 01:38:58,900
important scientific 
breakthroughs historians have 

1834
01:38:58,900 --> 01:39:00,600
been both embarrassed and 
fascinated. 

1835
01:39:00,600 --> 01:39:03,600
By the way, the board of 
longitude treated Harrison in 

1836
01:39:03,600 --> 01:39:06,900
the last few decades. 
How could smart well-meaning? 

1837
01:39:06,900 --> 01:39:09,000
People not see that the answer 
to the problem. 

1838
01:39:09,000 --> 01:39:12,900
They had defined was so clear. 
The answer has to do with class 

1839
01:39:12,900 --> 01:39:16,700
bias jealousy among 
professionals institutional, 

1840
01:39:16,700 --> 01:39:19,000
inertia. 
And the fact that people tend to

1841
01:39:19,000 --> 01:39:22,000
prefer solutions that come from 
people who are like them in 

1842
01:39:22,000 --> 01:39:25,800
stead of people who are not 
Today several museums have 

1843
01:39:25,800 --> 01:39:28,800
working copies of Harrisons 
chronometers that were made by 

1844
01:39:28,800 --> 01:39:31,400
skilled craftsmen, who followed 
his original plans. 

1845
01:39:31,400 --> 01:39:35,200
These replicas still work as 
well as they did, in the 1700s 

1846
01:39:35,200 --> 01:39:37,800
losing only a few seconds. 
A month, even though they were 

1847
01:39:37,800 --> 01:39:39,600
made with tools and methods from
that time. 

1848
01:39:40,400 --> 01:39:43,300
Shows how well John's designed 
worked and how well he 

1849
01:39:43,300 --> 01:39:46,700
understood the underlying ideas.
The story of Harrison has 

1850
01:39:46,700 --> 01:39:50,400
inspired books movies and even a
best-selling novel by David, 

1851
01:39:50,400 --> 01:39:53,800
Sobel called longitude, which 
told millions of people about 

1852
01:39:53,800 --> 01:39:56,200
John's fight and victory 
students. 

1853
01:39:56,200 --> 01:39:59,000
Learn about him as a role model 
for hard work and new ideas 

1854
01:39:59,000 --> 01:40:01,500
Engineers. 
Look at his mechanisms as 

1855
01:40:01,500 --> 01:40:04,100
examples of how to solve 
problems in a smart way. 

1856
01:40:04,900 --> 01:40:07,400
And anyone who has ever felt 
like an expert, didn't believe 

1857
01:40:07,400 --> 01:40:10,600
in them confined, something 
inspiring in his refusal to give

1858
01:40:10,608 --> 01:40:14,600
up as you start to feel sleepy. 
Let's take a step back and think

1859
01:40:14,600 --> 01:40:17,400
about what John Harrison's work 
really means in the grand scheme

1860
01:40:17,400 --> 01:40:19,900
of things. 
It's not just about one man, 

1861
01:40:19,900 --> 01:40:22,700
making fancy clocks. 
It's also about how we, as 

1862
01:40:22,700 --> 01:40:26,700
people relate to time space and 
our place in the universe time 

1863
01:40:26,700 --> 01:40:29,000
was mostly a local thing for 
most of human history. 

1864
01:40:29,000 --> 01:40:32,600
Noon was when the sun was at its
highest point where you were 

1865
01:40:32,600 --> 01:40:36,500
standing the sun's path across 
each Village City and Valley Sky

1866
01:40:36,500 --> 01:40:40,500
set the time for each place. 
This worked well when most 

1867
01:40:40,500 --> 01:40:43,100
people didn't go more than a few
miles from where they were born.

1868
01:40:43,900 --> 01:40:46,900
But a society is grew and 
communication got better this 

1869
01:40:46,900 --> 01:40:48,700
way of keeping time caused 
problems. 

1870
01:40:48,700 --> 01:40:51,000
What time does the morning coach
leave. 

1871
01:40:51,000 --> 01:40:54,400
When should we get together? 
The absence of a standardized 

1872
01:40:54,400 --> 01:40:57,200
time became progressively, 
problematic, when organizing 

1873
01:40:57,200 --> 01:40:59,500
activities, requiring 
coordination across distant 

1874
01:40:59,500 --> 01:41:03,200
locations, The longitude problem
made people rethink how they 

1875
01:41:03,200 --> 01:41:06,200
thought about time. 
To use Harrison's chronometers 

1876
01:41:06,200 --> 01:41:09,600
to find your way, you needed to 
know the time in both your area 

1877
01:41:09,600 --> 01:41:13,300
and at a reference point, 
Greenwich England became that 

1878
01:41:13,308 --> 01:41:16,200
reference point and this is how 
we got Greenwich Mean Time. 

1879
01:41:16,200 --> 01:41:19,400
All of a sudden time wasn't just
something that people in one 

1880
01:41:19,400 --> 01:41:22,200
place, could see. 
It was a global standard that 

1881
01:41:22,200 --> 01:41:25,700
linked far away places on Earth.
This change in how people 

1882
01:41:25,700 --> 01:41:29,300
thought about time eventually 
led to the time zones were used 

1883
01:41:29,300 --> 01:41:31,400
now. 
In the 19th century. 

1884
01:41:31,400 --> 01:41:34,900
When railroad started linking 
far off cities, it became 

1885
01:41:34,900 --> 01:41:37,000
impossible to keep track of 
local times. 

1886
01:41:37,000 --> 01:41:39,600
It was a nightmare to 
coordinated train schedule. 

1887
01:41:39,600 --> 01:41:41,700
That used dust of different 
local times. 

1888
01:41:41,700 --> 01:41:45,500
The answer was to break the 
world up into time zones, Each 

1889
01:41:45,500 --> 01:41:47,200
of which was set to a standard 
time. 

1890
01:41:47,200 --> 01:41:50,400
Greenwich was the main Meridian,
which is the point from which 

1891
01:41:50,400 --> 01:41:51,800
all other longitudes are 
measured. 

1892
01:41:51,800 --> 01:41:54,900
When you look at your watch to 
see if your late for a meeting 

1893
01:41:54,900 --> 01:41:57,800
or to help a friend on the other
side of the world, figure out 

1894
01:41:57,800 --> 01:42:00,800
what time it is. 
Using a way of thinking that 

1895
01:42:00,800 --> 01:42:03,500
came from John Harrison's work 
on the longitude problem. 

1896
01:42:04,300 --> 01:42:07,800
Standardization of time was 
necessary for navigation, which 

1897
01:42:07,800 --> 01:42:09,600
is why it became the same all 
over the world. 

1898
01:42:10,500 --> 01:42:12,400
Harrison's. 
Chronometers were all an 

1899
01:42:12,400 --> 01:42:14,300
important step in the history of
human precision. 

1900
01:42:15,200 --> 01:42:17,800
Before the Industrial 
Revolution, most things were 

1901
01:42:17,800 --> 01:42:20,500
made by hand. 
It fit the frame of the door. 

1902
01:42:20,500 --> 01:42:23,800
The wheel was round enough 
people used their eyes and 

1903
01:42:23,800 --> 01:42:27,500
experience to make measurements 
instead of exact tools, the work

1904
01:42:27,500 --> 01:42:31,000
of John Harrison required and 
showed a level of accuracy that 

1905
01:42:31,000 --> 01:42:33,500
was not needed before. 
And was almost impossible to 

1906
01:42:33,500 --> 01:42:37,600
imagine, it was necessary to 
shape each gear tooth in H4, to 

1907
01:42:37,600 --> 01:42:40,400
within a few millimeters. 
Every Spring had to have the 

1908
01:42:40,408 --> 01:42:43,300
right amount of tension. 
Each bearing needed to be the 

1909
01:42:43,300 --> 01:42:46,000
right size. 
This wasn't rough craftsmanship.

1910
01:42:46,000 --> 01:42:47,900
It was Precision Engineering 
before. 

1911
01:42:47,900 --> 01:42:51,600
That word, even existed, John 
had to come up with new ways and

1912
01:42:51,600 --> 01:42:53,900
tools to get the accuracy his 
designs needed. 

1913
01:42:54,700 --> 01:42:57,400
This focus on accuracy spread 
from clock-making to other 

1914
01:42:57,400 --> 01:43:01,000
areas, the Industrial Revolution
was based on machines that got 

1915
01:43:01,000 --> 01:43:03,600
better and better at making 
parts that fit together better 

1916
01:43:03,600 --> 01:43:06,000
and better. 
The tolerance standards that 

1917
01:43:06,000 --> 01:43:10,000
modern manufacturing takes for 
granted Parts machine to 1,000 

1918
01:43:10,000 --> 01:43:13,400
of an inch components designed 
to fit together with minimal 

1919
01:43:13,400 --> 01:43:16,100
gaps. 
These ideas came about in part 

1920
01:43:16,100 --> 01:43:18,900
because of the Precision culture
that clockmakers like Harrison 

1921
01:43:18,900 --> 01:43:22,800
started, Harrison's life also 
shows how strong people can be, 

1922
01:43:22,800 --> 01:43:26,600
which is very moving. 
He started making sea clocks 

1923
01:43:26,600 --> 01:43:30,000
when he was in his thirties, but
it wasn't until he was 80 that 

1924
01:43:30,000 --> 01:43:34,200
he got full credit for them. 
That's a lot of work on one 

1925
01:43:34,200 --> 01:43:38,600
problem over 50 years 50 years 
of math changes let downs and 

1926
01:43:38,600 --> 01:43:42,200
little wins believing that what 
he was doing mattered for 50 

1927
01:43:42,200 --> 01:43:44,400
years even when powerful people 
told him. 

1928
01:43:44,400 --> 01:43:46,800
It didn't. 
Think about how much you want to

1929
01:43:46,800 --> 01:43:50,100
achieve that goal, most of us 
have trouble staying focused on 

1930
01:43:50,100 --> 01:43:53,300
a project for a few months when 
results don't come quickly. 

1931
01:43:53,300 --> 01:43:56,600
When others don't immediately, 
notice our hard work, or when 

1932
01:43:56,600 --> 01:43:58,900
the way forward seems unclear, 
we get discouraged. 

1933
01:43:58,900 --> 01:44:01,900
John Harrison had to deal with 
all of these problems for 

1934
01:44:01,900 --> 01:44:05,400
decades, but he never gave up. 
There are a lot of things that 

1935
01:44:05,400 --> 01:44:08,800
made him keep going. 
There was Pride for sure the 

1936
01:44:08,800 --> 01:44:11,700
pride of the Craftsman in making
something that works perfectly. 

1937
01:44:11,700 --> 01:44:15,900
There was ambition the chance to
win, the longitude prize and get

1938
01:44:15,908 --> 01:44:18,700
recognition for it. 
But there was also something 

1939
01:44:18,700 --> 01:44:22,600
deeper a belief, that the 
problem could be fixed, that it 

1940
01:44:22,600 --> 01:44:25,800
was possible to keep time 
accurately at Sea and that he 

1941
01:44:25,800 --> 01:44:29,000
was the one who could do it. 
It's not common to find someone 

1942
01:44:29,000 --> 01:44:32,500
who has this mix of technical 
skill, stubbornness an 

1943
01:44:32,500 --> 01:44:35,700
unshakable self-confidence. 
A lot of people have one or two 

1944
01:44:35,700 --> 01:44:38,500
of these traits, but having all 
three for a long time, creates 

1945
01:44:38,500 --> 01:44:41,100
the kind of focused intensity 
that can solve problems that 

1946
01:44:41,100 --> 01:44:44,500
others think are impossible. 
As your breathing slows and your

1947
01:44:44,508 --> 01:44:46,300
mind starts to Drift Off to 
Sleep. 

1948
01:44:46,300 --> 01:44:50,000
Let's think about what we can 
learn from John Harrison's story

1949
01:44:50,000 --> 01:44:53,300
today in a world that seems very
different from 18th century 

1950
01:44:53,300 --> 01:44:56,300
England, but still has many of 
the same basic problems. 

1951
01:44:57,100 --> 01:44:59,200
The first lesson is about being 
an expert and having 

1952
01:44:59,200 --> 01:45:01,700
credibility. 
There were a lot of smart people

1953
01:45:01,700 --> 01:45:05,200
on the board of longitude like 
Royal astronomers mathematicians

1954
01:45:05,200 --> 01:45:07,800
and naval officers. 
They really thought they knew 

1955
01:45:07,800 --> 01:45:10,500
the best way to solve the 
longitude problem, they weren't 

1956
01:45:10,500 --> 01:45:13,900
mean or dumb. 
But they were so sure that 

1957
01:45:13,900 --> 01:45:17,200
astronomy had to be the answer 
that they couldn't fully see the

1958
01:45:17,200 --> 01:45:21,000
value of mechanical answer. 
Specially one suggested by 

1959
01:45:21,000 --> 01:45:22,300
someone who wasn't in their 
field. 

1960
01:45:23,200 --> 01:45:26,100
We see this happen. 
A lot in history, experts in a 

1961
01:45:26,100 --> 01:45:29,100
field become so attached to 
certain methods that they 

1962
01:45:29,100 --> 01:45:30,700
refused to consider other 
options. 

1963
01:45:31,900 --> 01:45:34,400
Officially those suggested by 
people who aren't experts. 

1964
01:45:35,400 --> 01:45:38,300
This is a reminder that having 
credentials and an education 

1965
01:45:38,300 --> 01:45:39,800
doesn't mean you're open to new 
ideas. 

1966
01:45:40,700 --> 01:45:43,200
Sometimes the person who make 
the Breakthrough, doesn't know 

1967
01:45:43,200 --> 01:45:44,900
that what they're trying to do 
is impossible. 

1968
01:45:44,900 --> 01:45:48,200
Second, there's the lesson about
how to be perfect and keep 

1969
01:45:48,208 --> 01:45:50,500
going. 
John Harrison could have stopped

1970
01:45:50,500 --> 01:45:53,100
after H1 showed that the basic 
idea worked. 

1971
01:45:53,800 --> 01:45:56,700
He could have taken his partial 
payment and fame and lived 

1972
01:45:56,700 --> 01:46:00,000
comfortably in his later years. 
Instead, he kept asking for 

1973
01:46:00,000 --> 01:46:03,000
better more polished and more 
perfect answers. 

1974
01:46:04,100 --> 01:46:07,500
H4 was his fifth, major Triad 
fixing a problem, that his first

1975
01:46:07,500 --> 01:46:10,508
try had mostly fixed. 
It's good that you're trying to 

1976
01:46:10,516 --> 01:46:12,900
be perfect, but it's also a 
little worrying. 

1977
01:46:12,900 --> 01:46:15,000
When does the search for 
improvement? 

1978
01:46:15,000 --> 01:46:17,300
Make it hard to put a good 
enough solution into action, 

1979
01:46:17,300 --> 01:46:21,100
Harrison worked on his designs 
for decades, but Sailors, kept 

1980
01:46:21,100 --> 01:46:23,700
dying because of navigation, 
mistakes that H1 could have 

1981
01:46:23,708 --> 01:46:26,000
fixed. 
People who work on hard 

1982
01:46:26,000 --> 01:46:28,800
problems, have to deal with the 
tension between wanting 

1983
01:46:28,800 --> 01:46:31,200
everything to be perfect and 
being practical. 

1984
01:46:32,100 --> 01:46:33,900
Third. 
There's the lesson about getting

1985
01:46:33,900 --> 01:46:38,200
credit and being recognized John
Harris needed outside proof that

1986
01:46:38,200 --> 01:46:41,100
he had sold the problem. 
Like the longitude Prize or 

1987
01:46:41,100 --> 01:46:42,700
official recognition from the 
board. 

1988
01:46:43,400 --> 01:46:46,000
He got most of what he wanted 
but not always in the way he 

1989
01:46:46,000 --> 01:46:48,300
wanted the board. 
Never said, he was the winner, 

1990
01:46:48,300 --> 01:46:51,400
in an official way instead of 
being recognized by the 

1991
01:46:51,400 --> 01:46:53,700
institution. 
The prize money came from the 

1992
01:46:53,700 --> 01:46:56,300
Royal Family. 
His Vindication was both 

1993
01:46:56,300 --> 01:46:59,500
complete and incomplete. 
Many of us spend our lives 

1994
01:46:59,500 --> 01:47:02,900
looking for recognition for our 
work, whether it's getting a 

1995
01:47:02,900 --> 01:47:06,200
promotion getting good reviews, 
making a lot of money or just 

1996
01:47:06,200 --> 01:47:09,800
getting praise from people. 
We look up to Harrison's Story 

1997
01:47:09,800 --> 01:47:13,100
shows that validation can come 
in surprising ways, and may not 

1998
01:47:13,108 --> 01:47:14,900
be as satisfying as we thought 
it would be. 

1999
01:47:15,700 --> 01:47:18,900
The work itself, the joy of 
solving the problem and making 

2000
01:47:18,900 --> 01:47:21,800
something that works. 
Well might have to be the reward

2001
01:47:21,800 --> 01:47:24,500
forth. 
There's the lesson about how 

2002
01:47:24,500 --> 01:47:27,500
things get better. 
There wasn't one brilliant idea 

2003
01:47:27,500 --> 01:47:30,800
or lucky find that solved the 
longitude problem it was fixed 

2004
01:47:30,800 --> 01:47:32,900
over the course of Decades of 
small changes. 

2005
01:47:32,900 --> 01:47:36,700
Each one building on the last 
Harrison's first clock, taught 

2006
01:47:36,700 --> 01:47:39,600
him things that he used to make 
his second clock, which taught 

2007
01:47:39,600 --> 01:47:41,600
him things that he used to make 
his third clock. 

2008
01:47:42,500 --> 01:47:45,000
Progress was made up of a lot of
small steps forward. 

2009
01:47:45,000 --> 01:47:48,800
Not one big jump, this pattern 
holds true for most major 

2010
01:47:48,800 --> 01:47:50,900
accomplishments. 
We like to think that 

2011
01:47:50,900 --> 01:47:54,100
breakthroughs happen in dramatic
Eureka moments but real 

2012
01:47:54,100 --> 01:47:56,000
progress. 
Usually looks more like John 

2013
01:47:56,000 --> 01:47:58,200
Harrison's. 
Workshop years of careful 

2014
01:47:58,200 --> 01:48:01,300
testing countless small changes 
and slowly building up knowledge

2015
01:48:01,300 --> 01:48:03,000
and skill. 
Fifth. 

2016
01:48:03,600 --> 01:48:05,500
There's the lesson about picking
your problems. 

2017
01:48:05,500 --> 01:48:08,800
John Harris and could have made 
a good living as a clockmaker by

2018
01:48:08,800 --> 01:48:10,700
making regular clocks, for 
regular people. 

2019
01:48:10,700 --> 01:48:14,800
Instead he decided to take on 
one of the hardest, technical 

2020
01:48:14,800 --> 01:48:18,000
problems of his time. 
This decision shaped his whole 

2021
01:48:18,000 --> 01:48:21,300
life, leading him to Victory but
also to years of anger and 

2022
01:48:21,300 --> 01:48:25,800
disappointment We all pick 
problems to work on, even if we 

2023
01:48:25,800 --> 01:48:28,700
don't mean to. 
Some people pick problems that 

2024
01:48:28,700 --> 01:48:32,300
are both solvable and rewarding.
Some people choose problems that

2025
01:48:32,300 --> 01:48:36,400
are hard, but important. 
Some people like Harrison pick 

2026
01:48:36,400 --> 01:48:39,100
problems that seem almost 
impossible but a very important.

2027
01:48:40,100 --> 01:48:42,200
There isn't one right? 
Answer for what kind of problem 

2028
01:48:42,200 --> 01:48:45,200
to solve but the choice you make
will affect the way you live. 

2029
01:48:46,000 --> 01:48:50,000
Last but not least, there's the 
lesson about time, John Harrison

2030
01:48:50,000 --> 01:48:53,500
devoted his life to accurately 
measuring time recording, its 

2031
01:48:53,500 --> 01:48:56,500
Passage through Springs, and 
gears and making its flow 

2032
01:48:56,500 --> 01:48:59,300
visible and measurable. 
But his own sense of time was 

2033
01:48:59,300 --> 01:49:03,100
shaped by Decades of hard work, 
the slower accumulation of skill

2034
01:49:03,100 --> 01:49:06,000
and knowledge, and a level of 
patience that most of us can't 

2035
01:49:06,000 --> 01:49:08,700
even begin to. 
Imagine in this age of instant 

2036
01:49:08,700 --> 01:49:11,800
communication and quick change, 
its hard to believe that 

2037
01:49:11,800 --> 01:49:15,200
Harrison would spend 50 years. 
On one problem, we used to 

2038
01:49:15,200 --> 01:49:18,400
getting quick results, quick 
feedback, and instant 

2039
01:49:18,400 --> 01:49:21,600
satisfaction. 
Harrison story reminds us that 

2040
01:49:21,600 --> 01:49:25,300
some goals, take a different 
kind of time instead of days or 

2041
01:49:25,300 --> 01:49:27,500
months. 
They take decades and progresses

2042
01:49:27,500 --> 01:49:29,900
slow. 
Recognition may not come until 

2043
01:49:29,900 --> 01:49:33,400
the end if at all. 
As you start to fall asleep, 

2044
01:49:33,400 --> 01:49:35,800
picture yourself visiting John 
Harrison's Workshop in the 

2045
01:49:35,800 --> 01:49:38,900
1750s. 
The room would smell like metal 

2046
01:49:38,900 --> 01:49:42,700
filings and oil would shavings 
and the smell of a place where 

2047
01:49:42,700 --> 01:49:46,300
people work hard. candles and 
the little bit of sunlight that 

2048
01:49:46,300 --> 01:49:49,200
came through the small Windows 
would give off light, it was so 

2049
01:49:49,200 --> 01:49:52,300
dim that it barely lit up the 
incredibly fine work, John did 

2050
01:49:52,300 --> 01:49:56,500
squinting at tiny gears and 
Springs you would hear the 

2051
01:49:56,500 --> 01:49:59,400
ticking of many clocks, not just
one each clock. 

2052
01:49:59,400 --> 01:50:02,000
Mark time in a slightly 
different way, as John tested 

2053
01:50:02,000 --> 01:50:06,200
changed and improved his 
designs, The Sounds would mix 

2054
01:50:06,200 --> 01:50:09,300
and get in each other's way, 
making complicated rhythms, that

2055
01:50:09,300 --> 01:50:12,800
never quite fit together, tick, 
tock, tick, tock a doesn't 

2056
01:50:12,800 --> 01:50:15,300
different voice is a measuring, 
the same invisible river that 

2057
01:50:15,300 --> 01:50:18,200
flows by all the time. 
And there would be John himself,

2058
01:50:18,200 --> 01:50:21,200
probably in his 60s or 70s. 
By the time before was being 

2059
01:50:21,200 --> 01:50:25,200
built his eyesight, wasn't what 
it used to be but his hands were

2060
01:50:25,208 --> 01:50:27,500
still steady. 
His mind was still sharp and his

2061
01:50:27,500 --> 01:50:30,500
determination was still strong. 
He would have tools, he made 

2062
01:50:30,500 --> 01:50:32,700
himself for jobs, that no one 
else had ever done before. 

2063
01:50:32,700 --> 01:50:36,500
Like specialized files, 
custom-made measuring tools 

2064
01:50:36,500 --> 01:50:39,400
Jigs, and fixtures to hold small
parts while he worked on them. 

2065
01:50:39,400 --> 01:50:42,800
If you asked him, why he kept 
going after 30 or 40 years 

2066
01:50:42,800 --> 01:50:45,600
without full recognition, he 
probably wouldn't have a 

2067
01:50:45,600 --> 01:50:47,900
dramatic answer. 
He might just say that. 

2068
01:50:47,900 --> 01:50:51,500
The problem could be fixed that 
he knew how to fix it and that 

2069
01:50:51,500 --> 01:50:54,500
the world needed The Fixx, it 
might have been that easy for 

2070
01:50:54,500 --> 01:50:57,100
John Harrison. 
Story is ultimately about what 

2071
01:50:57,100 --> 01:51:00,700
people can do, what can happen 
when intelligence skill and 

2072
01:51:00,700 --> 01:51:03,500
determination come together and 
stay together for a lifetime. 

2073
01:51:03,500 --> 01:51:05,600
It's about believing in your own
work. 

2074
01:51:10,400 --> 01:51:14,200
Imagine yourself on a cool 
evening and 400 BCE strolling 

2075
01:51:14,200 --> 01:51:16,600
through the winding narrow 
streets of ancient Athens. 

2076
01:51:16,600 --> 01:51:19,600
The sky is painted in rows and 
gold Hues. 

2077
01:51:19,600 --> 01:51:22,600
That would make any Instagram 
filter envious as the sun has 

2078
01:51:22,600 --> 01:51:25,300
just slipped behind the hills. 
You're going to learn that. 

2079
01:51:25,300 --> 01:51:27,600
Greek homes were much more 
advanced than you may think. 

2080
01:51:27,600 --> 01:51:31,000
They weren't simple Huts where 
people huddled like Antarctic 

2081
01:51:31,000 --> 01:51:34,100
Penguins to stay warm, though 
their method differed greatly 

2082
01:51:34,100 --> 01:51:37,200
from our contemporary Solutions,
Greek homes were built with 

2083
01:51:37,200 --> 01:51:38,800
sleep comfort as their top 
priority. 

2084
01:51:39,800 --> 01:51:42,500
Creek Architects used to healthy
dose of centuries worth of 

2085
01:51:42,500 --> 01:51:44,600
practical knowledge to create 
homes. 

2086
01:51:44,600 --> 01:51:47,300
That were essentially climate 
control systems made of stone 

2087
01:51:47,300 --> 01:51:51,700
wood and Clay tiles, rather than
fighting the climate built 

2088
01:51:51,700 --> 01:51:53,700
around a central Courtyard known
as an Atrium. 

2089
01:51:53,700 --> 01:51:56,800
The typical Greek home 
functioned as a clever climate 

2090
01:51:56,800 --> 01:51:59,300
control system and the center of
family life. 

2091
01:52:00,200 --> 01:52:03,400
Imagine a tiny outdoor space 
that is encircled by living 

2092
01:52:03,400 --> 01:52:06,700
areas and covered walkways 
forming a microclimate that 

2093
01:52:06,700 --> 01:52:09,300
retains warmth in the winter and
stays cooler in the summer. 

2094
01:52:10,100 --> 01:52:12,600
This was environmental 
engineering masquerading as 

2095
01:52:12,600 --> 01:52:15,300
architecture. 
Not merely a matter of taste. 

2096
01:52:15,300 --> 01:52:19,100
These houses had thick walls 
made of sun-dried mud bricks 

2097
01:52:19,100 --> 01:52:20,900
which were remarkably 
insulating. 

2098
01:52:21,600 --> 01:52:24,500
Consider them to be ancient 
thermal mass that releases heat 

2099
01:52:24,500 --> 01:52:28,000
gradually during the cool nights
and absorbs it slowly during the

2100
01:52:28,000 --> 01:52:30,700
warm days. 
These walls, which in some 

2101
01:52:30,708 --> 01:52:33,900
locations could be as thick as 
two feet served as a barrier 

2102
01:52:33,900 --> 01:52:36,300
between the sleeping quarters 
inside and the occasionally 

2103
01:52:36,300 --> 01:52:39,400
severe Mediterranean weather. 
Outside the importance of 

2104
01:52:39,400 --> 01:52:42,100
orientation for comfort is 
something that many contemporary

2105
01:52:42,100 --> 01:52:45,200
Architects have forgotten. 
But Greek, Builders understood 

2106
01:52:45,200 --> 01:52:48,900
in order to benefit from winter 
sun and offer protection from 

2107
01:52:48,900 --> 01:52:51,100
summer. 
Heat, houses were thoughtfully 

2108
01:52:51,100 --> 01:52:54,800
placed in order to avoid the 
harsh afternoon sun that could 

2109
01:52:54,800 --> 01:52:58,200
turn a bedroom into an oven, the
main sleeping areas were usually

2110
01:52:58,200 --> 01:53:00,600
positioned on the side of the 
house that would receive the 

2111
01:53:00,600 --> 01:53:03,100
Morning Light. 
There will Windows, but they 

2112
01:53:03,100 --> 01:53:06,300
were not for picturesque views. 
They were strategically placed 

2113
01:53:06,300 --> 01:53:09,600
and small These were 
thoughtfully designed apertures,

2114
01:53:09,600 --> 01:53:12,900
that permitted ventilation while
reducing heat loss, rather than 

2115
01:53:12,900 --> 01:53:16,400
the expansive picture windows. 
We are accustomed to wooden 

2116
01:53:16,400 --> 01:53:20,300
shutters oiled cloth, or even 
thin sheets of translucent stone

2117
01:53:20,300 --> 01:53:23,200
that let in light, but keep out 
drafts, could be used to cover 

2118
01:53:23,200 --> 01:53:26,200
these windows on chilly, 
evenings, the floors in sleeping

2119
01:53:26,200 --> 01:53:29,000
quarters were frequently, 
composed of packed and smooth 

2120
01:53:29,000 --> 01:53:32,600
plaster, which may seem archaic 
until you consider that Earth's 

2121
01:53:32,600 --> 01:53:36,100
offer Superior thermal mass and 
maintain a constant temperature,

2122
01:53:36,100 --> 01:53:39,400
thick rugs, and animal hides 
could be used to cover these 

2123
01:53:39,400 --> 01:53:42,700
flaws in the winter, providing 
surprisingly good insulation 

2124
01:53:42,700 --> 01:53:45,800
against the chili floor. 
Another astute consideration was

2125
01:53:45,800 --> 01:53:49,400
room height, Greek bedrooms 
naturally encouraged relaxation 

2126
01:53:49,400 --> 01:53:52,700
because of their comparatively 
low ceilings, which meant less 

2127
01:53:52,700 --> 01:53:55,900
Air volume to heat and a Cozier 
more intimate atmosphere. 

2128
01:53:56,800 --> 01:53:59,500
When your heating system is 
primarily based on body heat and

2129
01:53:59,500 --> 01:54:02,900
oil lamps, High ceilings may 
look impressive but they do a 

2130
01:54:02,908 --> 01:54:04,600
terrible job of keeping you 
warm. 

2131
01:54:04,600 --> 01:54:08,000
The art of the Alcove which are 
tiny enclosed sleeping, areas 

2132
01:54:08,000 --> 01:54:11,300
that resemble bedrooms inside, 
bedrooms was also perfected by 

2133
01:54:11,300 --> 01:54:13,900
the Greeks. 
These alcoves were frequently 

2134
01:54:13,900 --> 01:54:16,700
incorporated into the thickest 
section of the House's walls 

2135
01:54:16,700 --> 01:54:19,400
resulting in three sides of 
natural insulation. 

2136
01:54:20,100 --> 01:54:22,100
Sleeping in an Alcove was 
similar to sleeping in a 

2137
01:54:22,108 --> 01:54:24,700
comfortable cave that was 
created by someone who genuinely

2138
01:54:24,700 --> 01:54:27,800
cared about your well-being. 
Many homes had what we might 

2139
01:54:27,800 --> 01:54:30,800
refer to as a winter room and a 
summer room which allowed 

2140
01:54:30,800 --> 01:54:33,100
families to move around the 
house according to the time of 

2141
01:54:33,100 --> 01:54:35,200
year. 
The summer room would be bigger 

2142
01:54:35,200 --> 01:54:38,000
better ventilated and made to 
remain cool. 

2143
01:54:38,000 --> 01:54:40,600
Even on the hottest days. 
While the winter room would be 

2144
01:54:40,600 --> 01:54:43,800
smaller better protected and 
oriented to receive the most 

2145
01:54:43,800 --> 01:54:47,200
sunlight for the warmest. 
Summer nights, Greek homes also 

2146
01:54:47,200 --> 01:54:50,300
had covered outdoor sleeping 
spaces these areas offered 

2147
01:54:50,300 --> 01:54:53,500
shelter from due in the sporadic
summer, rains, along with the 

2148
01:54:53,508 --> 01:54:57,300
cooling benefits of nighttime 
breezes It was similar to having

2149
01:54:57,300 --> 01:54:59,800
a permanent camping set up 
without having to Fumble with 

2150
01:54:59,800 --> 01:55:02,200
tent poles. 
At night, sleep was also taken 

2151
01:55:02,200 --> 01:55:04,300
into consideration when 
designing, Greek homes. 

2152
01:55:04,300 --> 01:55:06,700
Entrance is the quiet sleeping 
quarters. 

2153
01:55:06,700 --> 01:55:10,000
Father inside the house were 
separated from the dusty noisy 

2154
01:55:10,000 --> 01:55:12,600
Street by a sequence of rooms 
and courtyards. 

2155
01:55:13,400 --> 01:55:16,600
This meant that local dogs. 
Early morning Traders and late 

2156
01:55:16,600 --> 01:55:18,500
night party. 
Goers were far less likely to 

2157
01:55:18,500 --> 01:55:21,800
disrupt your restful sleep. 
Most significantly Greek Home 

2158
01:55:21,800 --> 01:55:24,100
Design. 
Understood the cycle Comfort was

2159
01:55:24,100 --> 01:55:26,600
just as important for restful 
sleep as physical comfort. 

2160
01:55:27,500 --> 01:55:30,800
The design, fostered, a feeling 
of seclusion and safety that 

2161
01:55:30,800 --> 01:55:32,600
promoted mental and physical 
relaxation. 

2162
01:55:33,800 --> 01:55:37,000
Usually located away from public
spaces and intended to feel like

2163
01:55:37,000 --> 01:55:39,800
Havens sleeping. 
Quarters with the most secure 

2164
01:55:39,800 --> 01:55:42,300
section of the house. 
Let's move on to discussing what

2165
01:55:42,300 --> 01:55:44,600
the Greeks actually slept on. 
After discussing the 

2166
01:55:44,600 --> 01:55:46,400
architectural shell, that 
shielded them. 

2167
01:55:46,400 --> 01:55:51,000
Greek bedding was surprisingly 
sophisticated combining natural 

2168
01:55:51,000 --> 01:55:53,400
materials in ways that 
contemporary sleep scientists 

2169
01:55:53,400 --> 01:55:56,300
would likely approve of this 
contrasts with the idea of 

2170
01:55:56,308 --> 01:55:59,300
ancient people tossing and 
turning on rough straw pallets. 

2171
01:55:59,300 --> 01:56:03,000
The Klein a bed frame that 
served as both furniture and art

2172
01:56:03,000 --> 01:56:05,800
was the Cornerstone of Greek 
sleeping comfort. 

2173
01:56:06,700 --> 01:56:09,100
These were well-made pieces that
frequently had curved. 

2174
01:56:09,100 --> 01:56:13,100
Headrests ornamental legs and 
built-in storage spaces rather 

2175
01:56:13,100 --> 01:56:15,400
than the straightforward 
rectangular platforms. 

2176
01:56:15,400 --> 01:56:18,800
We might have expected a 
well-made Klein was made to last

2177
01:56:18,800 --> 01:56:21,800
for many generations and was 
frequently handed down from 

2178
01:56:21,800 --> 01:56:25,400
parents to children as a family.
Heirloom Greek bed frames were 

2179
01:56:25,400 --> 01:56:28,400
usually higher off the ground 
than contemporary beds and 

2180
01:56:28,400 --> 01:56:32,800
constructed of wood usually 
Olive oak, or imported Cedar for

2181
01:56:32,800 --> 01:56:35,600
the wealthy. 
In addition to offering storage 

2182
01:56:35,600 --> 01:56:38,700
space underneath and shielding 
sleepers from drafting the 

2183
01:56:38,700 --> 01:56:41,200
floor. 
This elevation also produced a 

2184
01:56:41,200 --> 01:56:45,000
psychologically significant and 
cozy feeling In a literal sense.

2185
01:56:45,000 --> 01:56:48,000
Climbing into bed meant 
ascending to a place of safety 

2186
01:56:48,000 --> 01:56:51,500
and rest, the actual sleeping 
surface was made up of a 

2187
01:56:51,500 --> 01:56:54,500
foundation made of leather 
straps or woven rope, which was 

2188
01:56:54,500 --> 01:56:56,600
more flexible than a 
contemporary box spring. 

2189
01:56:57,500 --> 01:57:00,200
After that, this Foundation was 
covered with several layers of 

2190
01:57:00,200 --> 01:57:03,500
carefully selected materials, 
Each of which had a distinct 

2191
01:57:03,500 --> 01:57:05,500
function in the pursuit of 
comfort at night. 

2192
01:57:05,500 --> 01:57:08,500
Usually, the first layer 
consisted of a thick mattress 

2193
01:57:08,500 --> 01:57:10,800
made of wool filled with 
materials that were chosen. 

2194
01:57:10,800 --> 01:57:13,100
According to local availability 
and family wealth. 

2195
01:57:13,900 --> 01:57:16,900
The mattresses of wealthy Greeks
may be filled with imported silk

2196
01:57:16,900 --> 01:57:20,100
fibers, goose feathers or even 
soft sheeps wool. 

2197
01:57:20,800 --> 01:57:23,600
Wool was mixed with dried 
seaweed or cleaned straw in 

2198
01:57:23,600 --> 01:57:28,200
middle class households reads, 
dried grasses, or the wall from 

2199
01:57:28,200 --> 01:57:30,300
the family's own sheep. 
Could be used to make cozy 

2200
01:57:30,300 --> 01:57:33,900
sleeping surfaces in, even the 
smallest of homes, it was 

2201
01:57:33,908 --> 01:57:36,300
surprising how well these old 
mattresses can control the 

2202
01:57:36,300 --> 01:57:39,000
temperature. 
In addition to wicking moisture 

2203
01:57:39,000 --> 01:57:42,100
away from the body wool in 
particular, has the amazing 

2204
01:57:42,100 --> 01:57:45,300
ability to keep you cool in the 
summer and warm in the winter. 

2205
01:57:46,200 --> 01:57:49,000
These characteristics were 
intuitively understood by Greek 

2206
01:57:49,000 --> 01:57:51,600
bed makers. 
He used them to design sleeping 

2207
01:57:51,600 --> 01:57:54,300
surfaces, that adjusted to the 
body temperature of the sleeper,

2208
01:57:54,300 --> 01:57:57,700
as well as the room temperature 
depending on the season and 

2209
01:57:57,700 --> 01:58:01,200
individual preference, layers of
Woolen blankets and linen sheets

2210
01:58:01,200 --> 01:58:04,800
were placed over the mattress. 
The quality of Greek textiles 

2211
01:58:04,800 --> 01:58:08,100
was well known throughout 
Antiquity and sleeping Linens. 

2212
01:58:08,100 --> 01:58:11,100
Were valued enough to demand 
Hefty expenditures often 

2213
01:58:11,100 --> 01:58:14,400
included in a Brides. 
Dowry a set of luxurious bed. 

2214
01:58:14,400 --> 01:58:15,900
Linens was meant to be used for 
many years. 

2215
01:58:15,900 --> 01:58:19,200
The ability to design layered 
bedding systems, that could be 

2216
01:58:19,200 --> 01:58:22,400
modified for various conditions 
was a specialty of the Greeks. 

2217
01:58:23,300 --> 01:58:26,600
Sleeper may only use a thin wool
and cover and a light linen 

2218
01:58:26,600 --> 01:58:29,900
sheet on warm summer nights. 
Additional layers could be added

2219
01:58:29,900 --> 01:58:33,100
as the temperature dropped such 
as quilted covers filled with 

2220
01:58:33,108 --> 01:58:35,700
wool or down, fur, throws or 
heavier. 

2221
01:58:35,700 --> 01:58:39,500
Woolen blankets, pillows were 
smaller, firmer supports 

2222
01:58:39,500 --> 01:58:42,300
intended, to maintain the head, 
and neck in the proper alignment

2223
01:58:42,300 --> 01:58:45,900
while sleeping, rather than the 
fluffy oversized, cushions were 

2224
01:58:45,900 --> 01:58:48,600
accustomed to today. 
His he's were thought to be 

2225
01:58:48,600 --> 01:58:51,200
necessary for a comfortable 
night's sleep and were 

2226
01:58:51,200 --> 01:58:53,900
frequently filled with soft 
materials, like, wool, feathers,

2227
01:58:53,900 --> 01:58:57,300
or dried herbs in order to 
combine comfort and aroma 

2228
01:58:57,300 --> 01:58:59,400
therapy. 
Some Greek pillows were even 

2229
01:58:59,400 --> 01:59:01,400
filled with lavender or rose 
petals. 

2230
01:59:01,400 --> 01:59:04,800
Rich people may own several sets
of bedding for various times of 

2231
01:59:04,800 --> 01:59:07,800
year and events more. 
Blankets that could turn a bed 

2232
01:59:07,808 --> 01:59:10,800
into a comfortable cocoon 
thicker mattresses and heavier 

2233
01:59:10,800 --> 01:59:12,600
wools were all features of 
winter bedding. 

2234
01:59:13,500 --> 01:59:16,400
Breathability and cooling with 
the main features of summer 

2235
01:59:16,400 --> 01:59:19,500
bedding, which featured lighter 
materials and fewer layers. 

2236
01:59:19,500 --> 01:59:21,300
That were simple to modify on 
hot nights. 

2237
01:59:21,300 --> 01:59:24,600
Additionally, Greek bedding 
included useful elements that 

2238
01:59:24,600 --> 01:59:26,600
are frequently absent from 
contemporary bedding. 

2239
01:59:27,300 --> 01:59:29,600
In order to keep them from 
falling off, while you were 

2240
01:59:29,600 --> 01:59:32,800
sleeping, many blankets, 
featured Loops or ties, that 

2241
01:59:32,800 --> 01:59:34,700
allowed them to be fastened to 
the bed frame. 

2242
01:59:35,300 --> 01:59:38,300
Foot warmers, which are special 
Pockets or compartments, where 

2243
01:59:38,300 --> 01:59:41,000
heated stones or metal objects 
can be placed to warm, cold 

2244
01:59:41,000 --> 01:59:43,600
feet, we're built into some 
sleeping systems. 

2245
01:59:43,600 --> 01:59:47,300
Greek, bedding was influenced by
color and design for cycleogical

2246
01:59:47,300 --> 01:59:50,400
as well as aesthetic reasons. 
Lovely bedding. 

2247
01:59:50,400 --> 01:59:53,300
Contributed to the setting that 
encouraged rest and restful 

2248
01:59:53,300 --> 01:59:56,000
sleep. 
In order to provide a feeling of

2249
01:59:56,008 --> 01:59:59,800
comfort and individuality Greeks
may have had their bedding 

2250
01:59:59,800 --> 02:00:03,100
embroidered with geometric 
designs, mythological scenes or 

2251
02:00:03,100 --> 02:00:06,500
family symbols, the Greeks were 
also aware of the significance 

2252
02:00:06,500 --> 02:00:08,600
of maintaining bedding for both 
health and comfort. 

2253
02:00:09,600 --> 02:00:12,500
To keep freshness. 
And keep insects away, sleeping 

2254
02:00:12,500 --> 02:00:15,800
areas were fumigated with herbs 
blankets were cleaned and 

2255
02:00:15,808 --> 02:00:18,900
retarded and mattresses were 
frequently aired and refilled. 

2256
02:00:18,900 --> 02:00:22,500
Clean well-maintained bedding, 
just slept better and lasted 

2257
02:00:22,500 --> 02:00:24,800
longer. 
So this attention to cleanliness

2258
02:00:24,800 --> 02:00:28,200
was about more than just hygiene
another Greek invention, that 

2259
02:00:28,200 --> 02:00:31,100
enhanced Comfort while 
safeguarding Priceless textiles 

2260
02:00:31,100 --> 02:00:33,400
was the seasonal storage of 
bedding. 

2261
02:00:34,200 --> 02:00:35,800
In order to prevent insect 
damage. 

2262
02:00:35,800 --> 02:00:39,000
Heavy winter, bedding was 
meticulously cleaned and stored 

2263
02:00:39,000 --> 02:00:42,800
during the summer frequently 
with fragrant herbs, this meant 

2264
02:00:42,800 --> 02:00:45,500
that families could bring out 
clean fresh bedding. 

2265
02:00:45,500 --> 02:00:47,600
That was ready to provide the 
most warmth and comfort. 

2266
02:00:47,600 --> 02:00:50,500
When the cold weather returned 
because bedding could be made at

2267
02:00:50,500 --> 02:00:54,000
home and purchased locally, even
small Greek homes frequently had

2268
02:00:54,000 --> 02:00:57,200
surprisingly cozy sleeping 
Arrangements, A family could 

2269
02:00:57,200 --> 02:01:00,300
make cozy beds with locally 
sourced wool, home-grown herbs 

2270
02:01:00,300 --> 02:01:04,200
and textiles woven on domestic 
looms even if they could not 

2271
02:01:04,200 --> 02:01:07,700
afford imported silk will find 
furs without electric blankets 

2272
02:01:07,700 --> 02:01:10,100
or Central Heating. 
You may be wondering how the 

2273
02:01:10,100 --> 02:01:13,800
Greek stayed warm during those 
frigid metador Winters the 

2274
02:01:13,800 --> 02:01:16,100
solution combines clever 
heating, techniques 

2275
02:01:16,100 --> 02:01:19,400
architectural gimmicks and a 
thorough comprehension of the 

2276
02:01:19,400 --> 02:01:22,600
flow of heat through structures 
knowledge that would be very 

2277
02:01:22,600 --> 02:01:24,500
helpful to many contemporary 
homeowners. 

2278
02:01:24,500 --> 02:01:27,800
The Brazier a transportable 
metal container made to safely 

2279
02:01:27,800 --> 02:01:30,900
store burning wood or charcoal 
indoors served as the main 

2280
02:01:30,900 --> 02:01:33,100
heating Source in the majority 
of Greek homes. 

2281
02:01:33,900 --> 02:01:36,600
These were carefully designed 
heating devices that provided 

2282
02:01:36,600 --> 02:01:39,900
warmth while lowering the risk 
of fires or carbon monoxide 

2283
02:01:39,900 --> 02:01:43,200
poisoning not rudimentary fire 
pots that filled rooms with 

2284
02:01:43,208 --> 02:01:46,400
smoked consider them the 
ancestors of space heaters. 

2285
02:01:46,400 --> 02:01:50,300
But with centuries of refinement
from Tiny personal warmers that 

2286
02:01:50,300 --> 02:01:53,300
could warm a single sleeping 
Alcove to massive family models 

2287
02:01:53,300 --> 02:01:57,300
that could warm an entire room. 
Greek braziers came in a variety

2288
02:01:57,300 --> 02:02:00,600
of shapes and sizes. 
The best bros were constructed 

2289
02:02:00,600 --> 02:02:03,800
of iron or bronze and had 
perforations on the side that 

2290
02:02:03,800 --> 02:02:07,200
safely contain the burning fuel 
while allowing heat to radiate 

2291
02:02:07,200 --> 02:02:10,300
effectively. 
Some even featured movable vents

2292
02:02:10,300 --> 02:02:13,300
that let users regulate the 
airflow and heat output these 

2293
02:02:13,300 --> 02:02:15,700
heating systems fuel was 
carefully selected for its 

2294
02:02:15,708 --> 02:02:18,600
safety and heat output. 
Because it burned hotter 

2295
02:02:18,600 --> 02:02:21,200
produced less smoke and was 
easier to manage. 

2296
02:02:21,200 --> 02:02:25,300
Charcoal was favored over wood 
in addition to providing warmth 

2297
02:02:25,300 --> 02:02:29,000
burning aromatic Woods like 
cedar or Sandalwood allowed 

2298
02:02:29,000 --> 02:02:31,800
wealthy families to fill the air
with Pleasant sense, that 

2299
02:02:31,800 --> 02:02:34,200
encouraged rest and sleep, Greek
homes. 

2300
02:02:34,200 --> 02:02:36,600
Frequently had extremely 
Advanced built-in heating 

2301
02:02:36,600 --> 02:02:40,700
systems for their era hypocrisy 
or underfloor heating systems 

2302
02:02:40,700 --> 02:02:44,200
were found in some homes. 
These systems heated rooms from 

2303
02:02:44,200 --> 02:02:47,900
below by circulating hot air 
from a furnace through spaces. 

2304
02:02:47,900 --> 02:02:51,000
Beneath the floor cities in 
Northern Greece where Winters 

2305
02:02:51,000 --> 02:02:54,100
were harsher were specially fond
of this system, the Greeks 

2306
02:02:54,100 --> 02:02:56,300
devised a number of clever 
heating techniques that 

2307
02:02:56,300 --> 02:02:59,300
concentrated heat where it was 
most needed particularly for 

2308
02:02:59,300 --> 02:03:02,400
sleeping quarters. 
After being warmed by the fire 

2309
02:03:02,400 --> 02:03:05,800
heated stones, or metal objects 
were put in bed warmers which 

2310
02:03:05,800 --> 02:03:08,600
are specialized containers 
designed to safely, hold hot 

2311
02:03:08,600 --> 02:03:10,100
objects without scorching the 
bedding. 

2312
02:03:10,900 --> 02:03:14,200
For added aromatherapy benefits.
These Antiquated, hot water 

2313
02:03:14,200 --> 02:03:17,300
bottles were frequently scented 
with herbs and could keep a bed 

2314
02:03:17,300 --> 02:03:19,900
warm for hours. 
The art of heating clothing, for

2315
02:03:19,900 --> 02:03:23,500
sleeping was also perfected by 
the Greeks. sleeping clothes 

2316
02:03:23,500 --> 02:03:26,000
were made to regulate body 
temperature in addition to being

2317
02:03:26,000 --> 02:03:29,800
modest, Sleeping tunics and 
wool, nightgowns created a 

2318
02:03:29,800 --> 02:03:32,100
personal microclimate that 
remained comfortable. 

2319
02:03:32,100 --> 02:03:35,200
All Night Long by retaining body
heat while letting moisture out.

2320
02:03:36,300 --> 02:03:37,900
To help stop heat loss from the 
head. 

2321
02:03:37,900 --> 02:03:42,300
Some sleeping garments even had 
hoods or caps by placing Brazos 

2322
02:03:42,300 --> 02:03:45,300
strategically and using bed, 
curtains or canopies to create 

2323
02:03:45,300 --> 02:03:48,300
smaller easier to heat spaces 
surrounding the sleeping area 

2324
02:03:48,300 --> 02:03:51,800
room heating was frequently 
concentrated in sleeping areas. 

2325
02:03:52,700 --> 02:03:55,500
Even if the rest of the room was
fairly cool, thick, curtains 

2326
02:03:55,500 --> 02:03:57,900
around a bed could retain warm 
air and provide a comfortable 

2327
02:03:57,900 --> 02:04:02,300
sleeping environmental mass or 
the capacity of dense materials 

2328
02:04:02,300 --> 02:04:05,600
to store and release heat. 
Gradually was another advantage 

2329
02:04:05,600 --> 02:04:09,200
of Greek heating systems when 
braziers or sunlight warmed 

2330
02:04:09,200 --> 02:04:11,900
stone or clay walls. 
During the day, the heat would 

2331
02:04:11,900 --> 02:04:15,500
continue to radiate through the 
night, providing a steady gentle

2332
02:04:15,500 --> 02:04:17,300
warmth that didn't require 
constant. 

2333
02:04:17,300 --> 02:04:20,700
Fuel feeding Community heating 
was typical for low income 

2334
02:04:20,700 --> 02:04:22,500
families. 
During the coldest months, 

2335
02:04:22,500 --> 02:04:26,000
extended families, may sleep 
together using body heat and 

2336
02:04:26,000 --> 02:04:27,700
little fuel heating to stay 
warm. 

2337
02:04:28,500 --> 02:04:32,300
It was more than just economics 
group sleeping actually resulted

2338
02:04:32,300 --> 02:04:34,500
in more comfortable and 
controlled temperatures than 

2339
02:04:34,500 --> 02:04:38,400
individual heating systems, the 
Greeks created Advanced fuel 

2340
02:04:38,400 --> 02:04:41,000
management systems that reduced 
expenses and effort while 

2341
02:04:41,000 --> 02:04:44,100
optimizing Heat. 
In order to guarantee a supply 

2342
02:04:44,100 --> 02:04:47,400
of clean burning fuel for winter
heating, charcoal was frequently

2343
02:04:47,400 --> 02:04:50,600
prepared ahead of time during 
warm weather wood that burns. 

2344
02:04:50,600 --> 02:04:53,100
Well and emits little, smoke 
indoors was carefully. 

2345
02:04:53,100 --> 02:04:56,300
Chosen and seasoned heat 
recovery systems were installed 

2346
02:04:56,300 --> 02:04:59,300
in some Greek homes to recover 
and repurpose lost warm air. 

2347
02:04:59,900 --> 02:05:02,800
Cooking fires, which were in any
case, required for food, 

2348
02:05:02,800 --> 02:05:05,000
preparation were placed and 
vented. 

2349
02:05:05,000 --> 02:05:06,700
So that their heat could warm 
sleeping. 

2350
02:05:06,700 --> 02:05:09,100
Quarters before being expelled 
Outdoors. 

2351
02:05:09,100 --> 02:05:12,800
Every piece of fuel burned had 
its heating value maximized by 

2352
02:05:12,800 --> 02:05:16,100
this dual-purpose strategy, the 
intricate task of keeping the 

2353
02:05:16,100 --> 02:05:18,800
entire house at a comfortable. 
Temperature was handled by 

2354
02:05:18,800 --> 02:05:23,100
dedicated Heating and for the 
wealthy These experts knew how 

2355
02:05:23,100 --> 02:05:26,700
to arrange braziers for optimal.
Effectiveness Bank Fires for 

2356
02:05:26,700 --> 02:05:29,600
consistent, overnight Heating 
and coordinate, various heating 

2357
02:05:29,600 --> 02:05:32,000
sources to ensure cozy sleeping 
conditions. 

2358
02:05:32,000 --> 02:05:33,900
When it came to Old heating 
systems. 

2359
02:05:33,900 --> 02:05:36,800
Safety was always the top 
priority, Greek homes 

2360
02:05:36,800 --> 02:05:39,400
frequently, had sleeping 
quarters with stone or tile 

2361
02:05:39,400 --> 02:05:42,600
floors surrounding heating 
appliances to prevent fires 

2362
02:05:42,600 --> 02:05:45,900
heating devices were carefully, 
placed away from bedding, and 

2363
02:05:45,900 --> 02:05:49,500
easily, flammable, textiles and 
water containers were kept 

2364
02:05:49,500 --> 02:05:52,700
closed by for emergency fire. 
Suppression the significance of 

2365
02:05:52,700 --> 02:05:54,900
air quality and heated. 
Sleeping areas was also 

2366
02:05:54,900 --> 02:05:57,900
recognized by the Greeks 
ventilation systems. 

2367
02:05:57,900 --> 02:06:00,800
Prevented hazardous gas, 
accumulation from burning fuel 

2368
02:06:00,800 --> 02:06:03,600
while allowing fresh air to 
enter heated rooms. 

2369
02:06:04,300 --> 02:06:07,300
Some homes had advanced chimney 
systems that kept heat inside. 

2370
02:06:07,300 --> 02:06:10,000
While safely drawing combustion,
gases and smoke outside. 

2371
02:06:10,000 --> 02:06:13,300
Greek family is were able to 
control fuel expenses and 

2372
02:06:13,300 --> 02:06:15,700
maintained year-round Comfort 
through the use of seasonal 

2373
02:06:15,700 --> 02:06:18,900
heating techniques. 
Heating may only be used to warm

2374
02:06:18,900 --> 02:06:20,800
bed linens before bed in mild 
weather. 

2375
02:06:21,600 --> 02:06:24,600
Several heating systems would be
used to provide layers of warmth

2376
02:06:24,600 --> 02:06:26,400
throughout the house during cold
snaps. 

2377
02:06:27,200 --> 02:06:29,900
Because of this adaptable, 
strategy heating could be 

2378
02:06:29,908 --> 02:06:32,700
changed to accommodate, family, 
budgets and weather conditions. 

2379
02:06:32,700 --> 02:06:36,900
Imagine living in a world where 
sleep was a sacred journey into 

2380
02:06:36,900 --> 02:06:39,300
the world of the Gods rather 
than merely a biological 

2381
02:06:39,300 --> 02:06:41,600
necessity. 
As you get ready for your own 

2382
02:06:41,600 --> 02:06:45,000
journey into sleep tonight. 
The ancient Greeks understood 

2383
02:06:45,000 --> 02:06:47,800
that the transition from waking 
to sleeping required, both 

2384
02:06:47,800 --> 02:06:49,500
physical and spiritual 
preparation. 

2385
02:06:49,500 --> 02:06:53,500
So they approached bed time with
the same respect and ritual that

2386
02:06:53,500 --> 02:06:56,700
we might save for significant 
life events, Greek bedtime, 

2387
02:06:56,700 --> 02:06:59,100
Customs, predate. 
The act of actually getting into

2388
02:06:59,100 --> 02:07:01,800
bed because the evening was 
viewed as a period of 

2389
02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:04,400
transition, during which the 
lines separating, the Divine and

2390
02:07:04,400 --> 02:07:08,300
Mortal Realms grew increasingly,
blurred preparation was crucial 

2391
02:07:08,300 --> 02:07:11,200
for both spiritual protection 
and sound sleep. 

2392
02:07:11,200 --> 02:07:14,600
These were well-planned routines
that encouraged both physical 

2393
02:07:14,600 --> 02:07:18,200
comfort and mental Tranquility 
rather than superstitious 

2394
02:07:18,200 --> 02:07:20,800
beliefs. 
The most significant aspect of 

2395
02:07:20,800 --> 02:07:23,300
Greek bedtime, preparation was 
the lighting ritual. 

2396
02:07:23,300 --> 02:07:27,200
The harsh light of the day was 
gradually replaced by the soft 

2397
02:07:27,200 --> 02:07:30,800
glow of oil lamps filled with 
olive oil and scented with herbs

2398
02:07:30,800 --> 02:07:32,900
like chamomile or lavender as 
night fell. 

2399
02:07:33,600 --> 02:07:36,200
Like in evening lamps served as 
more than just a means of 

2400
02:07:36,208 --> 02:07:38,900
Illumination. 
It was a form of meditation that

2401
02:07:38,900 --> 02:07:42,200
assisted the Mind shift from the
active energy of the day, to the

2402
02:07:42,208 --> 02:07:45,500
quiet receptive, state of the 
night, Greek oil lamps were 

2403
02:07:45,500 --> 02:07:48,200
themselves, works of art 
frequently embellished with 

2404
02:07:48,200 --> 02:07:51,900
pictures of serene Gods, symbols
of protection, will Serena 

2405
02:07:51,900 --> 02:07:54,800
landscapes. 
In contrast to the harsh 

2406
02:07:54,800 --> 02:07:57,700
constant illumination of 
contemporary electric lights. 

2407
02:07:57,700 --> 02:08:01,400
The light they produced was warm
and flickering in ways that 

2408
02:08:01,400 --> 02:08:03,900
contemporary science has only 
just begun to comprehend. 

2409
02:08:03,900 --> 02:08:07,600
This soft erratic light, 
naturally, promoted sleepiness, 

2410
02:08:07,600 --> 02:08:11,600
and assisted in regulating the 
body's circadian rhythms before 

2411
02:08:11,600 --> 02:08:14,900
going to bed, personal hygiene, 
and spiritual purification were 

2412
02:08:14,900 --> 02:08:17,800
thought to be crucial. 
Greeks used water that had 

2413
02:08:17,800 --> 02:08:20,400
frequently been centered with 
flour oils or herbs to wash 

2414
02:08:20,400 --> 02:08:23,600
their faces hands and feet. 
This was about cleaning away. 

2415
02:08:23,600 --> 02:08:26,000
The spiritual debris that could 
build up from day-to-day 

2416
02:08:26,000 --> 02:08:28,700
activities and potentially 
disrupt restful sleep. 

2417
02:08:28,700 --> 02:08:32,500
Not just the dirt of the day. 
The sleeping mind was a Sacred 

2418
02:08:32,500 --> 02:08:34,700
Space that needed to be prepared
for and protected. 

2419
02:08:34,700 --> 02:08:37,700
Because the Greeks thought that 
dreams were messages from the 

2420
02:08:37,700 --> 02:08:41,600
gods, Many Greeks would offer 
small sacrifices to the gods of 

2421
02:08:41,600 --> 02:08:45,500
sleep hypnos, and dreams 
Morpheus before bed. 

2422
02:08:45,500 --> 02:08:47,800
In order to obtain restful sleep
and enlightening. 

2423
02:08:47,800 --> 02:08:51,100
Vision visions These sacrifices 
could be as easy as leaving. 

2424
02:08:51,100 --> 02:08:54,400
A small piece of bread on a home
Shrine, or a few drops of wine 

2425
02:08:54,400 --> 02:08:57,400
on the ground Greek bed time, 
rituals included, prayer and 

2426
02:08:57,400 --> 02:09:00,400
meditation. 
But these were the somber formal

2427
02:09:00,400 --> 02:09:02,600
prayers. 
We might anticipate, rather, 

2428
02:09:02,600 --> 02:09:05,300
they were prayers for protection
during the vulnerable hours of 

2429
02:09:05,300 --> 02:09:07,500
sleep. 
Thanksgiving for the day's 

2430
02:09:07,500 --> 02:09:10,200
blessings and soft dialogues 
with Guardian gods. 

2431
02:09:11,600 --> 02:09:13,900
Deep peaceful sleep was 
encouraged by these spiritual 

2432
02:09:13,900 --> 02:09:16,600
exercises which also helped to 
calm racing. 

2433
02:09:16,600 --> 02:09:19,100
Thoughts and Foster a sense of 
divine protection. 

2434
02:09:19,100 --> 02:09:22,500
Greek sleeping areas frequently 
featured, small household, 

2435
02:09:22,500 --> 02:09:26,200
shrines, sacred symbols, or 
protective amulets that were 

2436
02:09:26,200 --> 02:09:28,500
thought to ward off, evil 
spirits and Nightmares. 

2437
02:09:29,400 --> 02:09:32,400
These were psychological AIDs 
that contributed to a feeling of

2438
02:09:32,400 --> 02:09:35,900
security and Tranquility in the 
sleeping environment rather than

2439
02:09:35,900 --> 02:09:38,100
manifestations of archaic 
superstition. 

2440
02:09:39,100 --> 02:09:42,200
Your mind, can fall asleep, more
fully when your bedroom feels 

2441
02:09:42,200 --> 02:09:45,600
safe and sacred for various 
kinds of sleep difficulties. 

2442
02:09:45,600 --> 02:09:48,600
The Greeks had particular 
rituals people who experience 

2443
02:09:48,600 --> 02:09:52,100
nightmares might burn certain 
herbs such as juniper berries, 

2444
02:09:52,100 --> 02:09:55,300
or Bailey leaves, who smoke was 
thought to purify the sleeping 

2445
02:09:55,300 --> 02:09:57,400
area and encourage restful 
sleep? 

2446
02:09:58,200 --> 02:10:01,200
Gentle prayers were offered to 
Nyx the goddess of night for the

2447
02:10:01,200 --> 02:10:04,200
gift of deep sleep, and natural 
drowsiness in order to treat 

2448
02:10:04,200 --> 02:10:07,400
insomnia, seasonal, sleep, 
rituals, recognize that the 

2449
02:10:07,400 --> 02:10:10,000
agricultural calendar and 
weather had an impact on 

2450
02:10:10,000 --> 02:10:13,900
sleeping needs. 
Warmth safety, and the prospect 

2451
02:10:13,900 --> 02:10:17,100
of Springtime with the main 
themes of bedtime rituals during

2452
02:10:17,100 --> 02:10:20,900
The Long Winter nights. 
Cooling cleansing and a 

2453
02:10:20,900 --> 02:10:23,200
connection to nature, which was 
alive and vibrant. 

2454
02:10:23,200 --> 02:10:26,500
During the warm months, with the
main focuses of Summer, sleep, 

2455
02:10:26,500 --> 02:10:29,400
rituals everyone in the home, 
was able to sleep soundly. 

2456
02:10:29,400 --> 02:10:33,200
Thanks to family sleep customs. 
Before going to bed parents 

2457
02:10:33,200 --> 02:10:36,000
would bless their kids 
frequently by giving them a 

2458
02:10:36,000 --> 02:10:38,700
gentle pat on the forehead and 
muttering prayers for restful 

2459
02:10:38,700 --> 02:10:41,600
sleep in a safe night. 
In addition to strengthening 

2460
02:10:41,600 --> 02:10:44,400
Family Ties, these private 
moments offered psychological 

2461
02:10:44,400 --> 02:10:47,100
Solace, that improved, 
everyone's quality of sleep. 

2462
02:10:47,100 --> 02:10:49,600
The actual sleeping area was 
also prepared. 

2463
02:10:49,600 --> 02:10:53,100
According to Greek customs. 
Sleeping areas were fumigated 

2464
02:10:53,100 --> 02:10:57,000
with aromatic herbs that both 
freshen the air and created a 

2465
02:10:57,000 --> 02:10:59,900
sacred atmosphere. 
Bedding was arranged in specific

2466
02:10:59,900 --> 02:11:03,400
patterns thought to promote 
comfort, and peace and beds were

2467
02:11:03,400 --> 02:11:05,500
frequently sprinkled with 
blessed or centered, water 

2468
02:11:05,500 --> 02:11:09,000
Greek, bed time, Customz, 
included, activities, that are 

2469
02:11:09,000 --> 02:11:11,700
now known to be very helpful for
maintaining proper sleep 

2470
02:11:11,700 --> 02:11:14,300
hygiene. 
Modern Sleep Experts. 

2471
02:11:14,300 --> 02:11:17,500
Advised the following practices 
for better sleep, creating a 

2472
02:11:17,508 --> 02:11:20,900
calm sleeping environment. 
Focusing on relaxation and 

2473
02:11:20,900 --> 02:11:23,800
thankfulness gradually. 
Lowering the lights and 

2474
02:11:23,800 --> 02:11:26,500
scheduling bedtime activities 
regularly though. 

2475
02:11:26,500 --> 02:11:29,100
They were frequently customized 
to each person's requirements 

2476
02:11:29,100 --> 02:11:31,600
and preferences. 
Personal bedtime rituals, 

2477
02:11:31,600 --> 02:11:35,300
usually included aspects of 
introspection thankfulness and 

2478
02:11:35,300 --> 02:11:38,800
Dreamworld preparation. 
In order to let go of any 

2479
02:11:38,800 --> 02:11:41,300
resentment or anxiety, that 
might keep them from sleeping. 

2480
02:11:42,000 --> 02:11:45,000
Some Greeks would reflect on the
days of events in an attitude of

2481
02:11:45,000 --> 02:11:48,000
forgiveness and learning, others
would engage in periods of 

2482
02:11:48,008 --> 02:11:51,000
Silent reflection. 
Letting the Mind naturally, 

2483
02:11:51,000 --> 02:11:54,500
transition into the receptive 
state that facilitates both 

2484
02:11:54,500 --> 02:11:57,400
sleep and deep dreams. 
It was believed that the daily 

2485
02:11:57,400 --> 02:12:00,300
shift from waking to sleeping 
offered a chance for Spiritual 

2486
02:12:00,300 --> 02:12:03,300
Rejuvenation, and a closer 
relationship with God. 

2487
02:12:04,100 --> 02:12:07,300
Sleep was a journey into a world
where extraordinary experiences 

2488
02:12:07,300 --> 02:12:11,200
were possible and normal rules. 
Didn't apply in addition to 

2489
02:12:11,200 --> 02:12:12,900
being a time for the body to 
rest. 

2490
02:12:13,800 --> 02:12:16,500
Preparing for bed, became a 
practice of both practical, 

2491
02:12:16,500 --> 02:12:19,800
wisdom and spiritual devotion. 
As a result of this realization 

2492
02:12:19,800 --> 02:12:23,500
Greek, sleep, Customs. 
Also involved communal aspects, 

2493
02:12:23,500 --> 02:12:26,200
particularly during holidays or 
stressful periods. 

2494
02:12:26,900 --> 02:12:28,600
Families, may pray together in 
the evening. 

2495
02:12:28,600 --> 02:12:31,500
Communities, May engaging 
Customs meant to encourage 

2496
02:12:31,500 --> 02:12:34,200
restful, sleep for all a 
neighborhood, May perform 

2497
02:12:34,200 --> 02:12:37,000
protective rituals. 
During trying times, these 

2498
02:12:37,000 --> 02:12:40,200
Customs strengthened social ties
and improve the well-being of 

2499
02:12:40,200 --> 02:12:42,500
the individual. 
And the group consider yourself 

2500
02:12:42,500 --> 02:12:45,300
an athlete philosopher or 
Merchants from ancient Greece, 

2501
02:12:45,300 --> 02:12:47,800
who must travel far from the 
convenience of your 

2502
02:12:47,800 --> 02:12:51,300
well-planned, sleeping Quarters 
at home How did you get a good 

2503
02:12:51,300 --> 02:12:53,300
night's sleep? 
When visiting new places that 

2504
02:12:53,300 --> 02:12:55,600
might not meet your specific 
Comfort standards? 

2505
02:12:56,700 --> 02:12:58,500
Greek solutions to the problem 
of sleep. 

2506
02:12:58,500 --> 02:13:02,400
During travel were both clever 
and useful resulting in systems.

2507
02:13:02,400 --> 02:13:04,800
That may seem surprisingly 
familiar to Travelers today. 

2508
02:13:04,800 --> 02:13:08,200
The Greeks established a vast 
system of hospitality that 

2509
02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:10,800
allowed people to sleep 
comfortably even in far-flung 

2510
02:13:10,800 --> 02:13:13,900
places. 
According to the idea of Zinnia 

2511
02:13:13,900 --> 02:13:17,900
or sacred Hospitality giving 
Travelers decent places to sleep

2512
02:13:17,900 --> 02:13:21,600
was not only smart business, but
also a religious Duty that Zeus 

2513
02:13:21,600 --> 02:13:24,600
himself oversaw. 
Even modest households took 

2514
02:13:24,600 --> 02:13:27,100
pride in providing the best 
sleeping Arrangements they could

2515
02:13:27,100 --> 02:13:31,200
because of this Divine mandate 
for Hospitality Panda Kai on or 

2516
02:13:31,200 --> 02:13:34,800
professional ins developed into 
sophisticated establishments 

2517
02:13:34,800 --> 02:13:37,400
that focused on giving tourists 
a comfortable place to stay. 

2518
02:13:38,400 --> 02:13:40,800
These were the gritty taverns. 
You might see in historical 

2519
02:13:40,800 --> 02:13:43,500
dramas rather. 
They were well, run 

2520
02:13:43,500 --> 02:13:46,300
establishments that recognized 
that guests who slept well were 

2521
02:13:46,300 --> 02:13:48,300
likely to return and refer 
others to the Inn. 

2522
02:13:49,200 --> 02:13:52,800
The top Greek insert fully 
designed sleeping quarters, high

2523
02:13:52,800 --> 02:13:56,700
quality, Linens heating systems 
and even simple conveniences 

2524
02:13:56,700 --> 02:13:59,600
that catered to the needs of 
their guests Greeks. 

2525
02:13:59,600 --> 02:14:02,100
Generally provided varying 
degrees of lodging, according to

2526
02:14:02,108 --> 02:14:04,500
the social standing and 
financial constraints of their 

2527
02:14:04,500 --> 02:14:06,900
guests. 
But even the most basic rooms 

2528
02:14:06,900 --> 02:14:08,400
were made with the comfort of 
their sleep. 

2529
02:14:08,400 --> 02:14:12,300
In mind, individual sleeping, 
alcoves or divided spaces that 

2530
02:14:12,300 --> 02:14:14,200
offered privacy and lessen noise
from other. 

2531
02:14:14,200 --> 02:14:16,800
Visitors, were a feature of 
common sleeping areas. 

2532
02:14:17,700 --> 02:14:20,500
These common areas frequently 
featured Heating braziers, and 

2533
02:14:20,500 --> 02:14:23,900
restrooms enabling visitors to 
keep up their personal hygiene 

2534
02:14:23,900 --> 02:14:27,200
practices, the art of portable 
comfort for travelers, who might

2535
02:14:27,200 --> 02:14:29,600
not always find adequate. 
Lodging was perfected by the 

2536
02:14:29,600 --> 02:14:32,800
Greeks, Rich tourists brought 
their own bedding. 

2537
02:14:32,800 --> 02:14:35,800
Such as foldable bed frames. 
That could be used to make any 

2538
02:14:35,800 --> 02:14:39,300
reasonably level surface into a 
cozy sleeping area like weight 

2539
02:14:39,300 --> 02:14:43,100
blankets and portable pillows. 
These portable sleeping systems 

2540
02:14:43,100 --> 02:14:45,900
were made to be both efficient 
and portable offering 

2541
02:14:45,900 --> 02:14:49,100
comfortable, familiarity and 
strange places for colder 

2542
02:14:49,100 --> 02:14:52,300
climates or Seasons portable. 
Heating Solutions were 

2543
02:14:52,300 --> 02:14:54,600
frequently incorporated into 
Greek travel sleeping 

2544
02:14:54,600 --> 02:14:57,300
Arrangements. 
Small metal containers, that 

2545
02:14:57,300 --> 02:15:00,300
could be used as personal 
braziers warming stones, that 

2546
02:15:00,300 --> 02:15:03,400
could be heated over cooking 
fires and used to warm bedding, 

2547
02:15:03,400 --> 02:15:05,900
or specialty made clothing. 
That could be used for both 

2548
02:15:05,900 --> 02:15:09,000
sleeping and traveling are some 
examples of the items that 

2549
02:15:09,000 --> 02:15:11,900
Travelers might bring. 
Even in difficult circumstances 

2550
02:15:11,900 --> 02:15:15,300
season to Greek tourists could 
remain warm and cozy. 

2551
02:15:15,300 --> 02:15:18,400
Thanks to these portable Comfort
Systems in order to help 

2552
02:15:18,400 --> 02:15:21,000
Travelers make well-informed 
decisions about where to sleep. 

2553
02:15:21,000 --> 02:15:24,200
The Greeks created complex 
systems for assessing the 

2554
02:15:24,200 --> 02:15:26,900
quality of lodging. 
Along trade routes 

2555
02:15:26,900 --> 02:15:30,500
recommendations, were passed 
down, and some Innings gained a 

2556
02:15:30,500 --> 02:15:33,200
reputation for having very 
comfortable beds that attracted 

2557
02:15:33,200 --> 02:15:34,900
tourists from all over the 
Mediterranean. 

2558
02:15:36,000 --> 02:15:38,400
These quality, requirements 
covered things, like noise 

2559
02:15:38,400 --> 02:15:41,600
levels, security room, 
temperature control and clean 

2560
02:15:41,600 --> 02:15:43,900
bedding. 
All of which are important for 

2561
02:15:43,900 --> 02:15:46,200
restful. 
Sleep, Travelers, particularly 

2562
02:15:46,200 --> 02:15:48,800
those on religious pilgrimages 
frequently found. 

2563
02:15:48,800 --> 02:15:50,500
Excellent accommodations in 
Temple. 

2564
02:15:50,500 --> 02:15:53,800
Complexes these hallowed 
sleeping areas were kept in the 

2565
02:15:53,808 --> 02:15:57,000
best possible condition and 
frequently offered conveniences 

2566
02:15:57,000 --> 02:15:59,200
that were on par with the finest
private lodgings. 

2567
02:16:00,000 --> 02:16:02,700
In addition to being physically 
comfortable, Templar 

2568
02:16:02,700 --> 02:16:05,800
accommodations offered a sense 
of spiritual Tranquility that 

2569
02:16:05,800 --> 02:16:08,800
many visitors found to be 
conducive to incredibly sound 

2570
02:16:08,800 --> 02:16:12,400
sleep, Greek cities created laws
pertaining to lodging that 

2571
02:16:12,400 --> 02:16:15,000
included particular requirements
for sleeping Arrangements. 

2572
02:16:15,800 --> 02:16:18,000
Clean bedding. 
Sufficient Heating in cold 

2573
02:16:18,000 --> 02:16:21,100
weather and reasonably quiet and
secure sleeping quarters were 

2574
02:16:21,100 --> 02:16:24,900
all requirements for inkeepers. 
When staying in reputable 

2575
02:16:24,900 --> 02:16:27,900
logging establishments Travelers
could rely on at least minimal 

2576
02:16:27,900 --> 02:16:29,200
Comfort. 
Thanks to these early 

2577
02:16:29,200 --> 02:16:32,500
Hospitality standards Travelers 
frequently stayed in private 

2578
02:16:32,500 --> 02:16:35,600
homes, particularly those who 
had business contacts or letters

2579
02:16:35,600 --> 02:16:39,000
of introduction. 
Greek Hospitality Traditions 

2580
02:16:39,000 --> 02:16:41,100
meant that host took. 
Great pride in giving their 

2581
02:16:41,100 --> 02:16:44,200
guests comfortable sleeping 
Arrangements frequently using 

2582
02:16:44,200 --> 02:16:47,000
the finest bedding, and sleeping
areas from their own families, 

2583
02:16:47,000 --> 02:16:50,500
in terms of comfort, and 
individual attention, these 

2584
02:16:50,500 --> 02:16:52,799
private accommodations 
frequently outperformed 

2585
02:16:52,799 --> 02:16:55,000
commercial. 
Lodging the Greeks developed 

2586
02:16:55,000 --> 02:16:57,900
sleeping solutions for travelers
that addressed particular issues

2587
02:16:57,900 --> 02:17:02,299
that various kinds of Travelers 
might encounter. in order to 

2588
02:17:02,299 --> 02:17:05,700
safeguard their valuable cargo 
while they slept Merchants 

2589
02:17:05,700 --> 02:17:08,700
needed, safe, sleeping 
Arrangements, Scholars and 

2590
02:17:08,700 --> 02:17:11,400
philosophers, required peaceful 
areas, where they could study 

2591
02:17:11,400 --> 02:17:14,500
and reflect Accommodations that 
promoted, physical, 

2592
02:17:14,500 --> 02:17:17,700
recuperation, and Optimal 
Performance were necessary for 

2593
02:17:17,700 --> 02:17:21,100
athletes practical, advice on 
adjusting to various climates 

2594
02:17:21,100 --> 02:17:23,100
and elevations. 
That could impact Sleep Quality 

2595
02:17:23,100 --> 02:17:25,799
was part of the Greek travel 
sleeping culture. 

2596
02:17:26,500 --> 02:17:29,400
Travelers with experience new 
how to modify their sleeping 

2597
02:17:29,400 --> 02:17:32,600
arrangements, for the heat of 
the desert, the cold of the 

2598
02:17:32,600 --> 02:17:34,500
mountains, or the humidity of 
the coast. 

2599
02:17:36,000 --> 02:17:38,900
Because of this environmental 
Consciousness traveling didn't 

2600
02:17:38,900 --> 02:17:42,200
have to mean, compromising the 
quality of one's sleep, before 

2601
02:17:42,200 --> 02:17:44,799
reaching their destination, 
Travelers were able to find 

2602
02:17:44,799 --> 02:17:46,200
appropriate. 
Logging thanks to the 

2603
02:17:46,200 --> 02:17:49,600
communication systems that the 
Greeks developed information 

2604
02:17:49,600 --> 02:17:53,299
about inequality, seasonal 
availability, and any special 

2605
02:17:53,299 --> 02:17:55,799
accommodations that might be 
required, was disseminated 

2606
02:17:55,799 --> 02:17:59,500
through trade Networks, The 
uncertainty and discomfort of 

2607
02:17:59,500 --> 02:18:02,299
looking for lodging. 
When exhausted from travel were 

2608
02:18:02,299 --> 02:18:05,200
eliminated, thanks to the 
advanced planning, which allowed

2609
02:18:05,200 --> 02:18:07,900
travelers to frequently set up 
cozy, sleeping arrangements 

2610
02:18:07,900 --> 02:18:11,000
before they arrived, Greek 
travel accommodations frequently

2611
02:18:11,000 --> 02:18:13,700
included features, that allowed 
them to continue their own sleep

2612
02:18:13,700 --> 02:18:15,100
schedule while they were away 
from home. 

2613
02:18:15,900 --> 02:18:19,799
Thins, may offer quiet areas for
meditation before bed, oil lamps

2614
02:18:19,799 --> 02:18:22,799
for evening, rituals or access 
to laundry facilities. 

2615
02:18:22,799 --> 02:18:25,200
So that guests can continue 
their traditional hygiene 

2616
02:18:25,200 --> 02:18:27,400
habits. 
Travelers sleep promoting 

2617
02:18:27,400 --> 02:18:30,299
routines which they had 
established at home were 

2618
02:18:30,299 --> 02:18:32,799
protected from disruption by 
this attention to Ritual, 

2619
02:18:32,799 --> 02:18:35,400
continuity, Greek. 
Lodging systems were designed 

2620
02:18:35,400 --> 02:18:38,500
with seasonal travel in mind 
offering distinct lodging 

2621
02:18:38,500 --> 02:18:40,299
options for summer and winter 
travel. 

2622
02:18:41,100 --> 02:18:44,000
While winter accommodations 
prioritized warmth and weather 

2623
02:18:44,000 --> 02:18:46,299
protection. 
Some are accommodations May 

2624
02:18:46,299 --> 02:18:49,900
prioritize Cooling and 
ventilation in order to maximize

2625
02:18:49,900 --> 02:18:53,299
Comfort throughout the year, 
summons provided distinct rooms 

2626
02:18:53,299 --> 02:18:56,100
for each season in order to 
accommodate everything from 

2627
02:18:56,100 --> 02:18:59,000
small Merchants parties to large
military Expeditions. 

2628
02:18:59,000 --> 02:19:02,500
The Greeks also created sleeping
arrangements for Group Travel 

2629
02:19:03,500 --> 02:19:06,200
These systems included 
logistical strategies that made 

2630
02:19:06,200 --> 02:19:08,000
sure everyone could sleep 
comfortably. 

2631
02:19:08,000 --> 02:19:11,299
Even when traveling with a large
group of people, portable 

2632
02:19:11,299 --> 02:19:14,100
sleeping equipment and 
organizational techniques for 

2633
02:19:14,100 --> 02:19:17,400
managing group, sleeping spaces,
think about how the ancient 

2634
02:19:17,400 --> 02:19:19,700
Greeks viewed sleep. 
As you get more comfortable in 

2635
02:19:19,700 --> 02:19:22,000
your contemporary bed with 
memory foam and temperature 

2636
02:19:22,000 --> 02:19:25,799
control for them sleep was more 
than just a daily annoyance, 

2637
02:19:25,799 --> 02:19:28,500
that interfered with more vital 
tasks or a biological 

2638
02:19:28,500 --> 02:19:31,200
requirement. 
Rather it was believed that 

2639
02:19:31,200 --> 02:19:33,299
sleep was a profound part of 
human life. 

2640
02:19:33,299 --> 02:19:38,000
That provided insights into 
Life, Death Consciousness and 

2641
02:19:38,000 --> 02:19:41,400
our relationship to the Divine 
Greek philosophers pondered the 

2642
02:19:41,400 --> 02:19:43,400
nature of sleep in its 
significance for human 

2643
02:19:43,400 --> 02:19:47,400
well-being for a long time. 
According to Aristotle, sleep is

2644
02:19:47,400 --> 02:19:50,300
crucial for mental Clarity and 
emotional equilibrium, in 

2645
02:19:50,300 --> 02:19:54,100
addition to physical well-being.
He noted that those who didn't 

2646
02:19:54,100 --> 02:19:56,900
get enough, sleep became 
agitated distracted and 

2647
02:19:56,900 --> 02:20:00,100
incapable of making wise 
decisions, observations that 

2648
02:20:00,100 --> 02:20:03,300
contemporary sleep, researchers,
amply supported the Greeks 

2649
02:20:03,300 --> 02:20:05,800
realized that the quality of 
sleep had an impact on all 

2650
02:20:05,800 --> 02:20:09,800
facets of daily life including 
mental Clarity, emotional 

2651
02:20:09,800 --> 02:20:14,200
stability, and physical health. 
Because of this knowledge, they 

2652
02:20:14,200 --> 02:20:16,800
began to view the environment 
and preparation for sleep is 

2653
02:20:16,800 --> 02:20:19,100
important issues. 
Deserving of considerable care 

2654
02:20:19,100 --> 02:20:22,300
and funding the Greek who got 
enough sleep was seen as more 

2655
02:20:22,300 --> 02:20:26,300
moral more sane and more able to
make contributions to society. 

2656
02:20:26,300 --> 02:20:29,700
The various forms of sleep and 
their differing advantages for 

2657
02:20:29,700 --> 02:20:31,800
human health were acknowledged 
in Greek culture. 

2658
02:20:32,800 --> 02:20:35,800
Deep dreamless sleep was prized 
for its healing properties and 

2659
02:20:35,800 --> 02:20:38,100
capacity to revitalize, the body
and mind. 

2660
02:20:39,000 --> 02:20:42,000
Sleeping with dreams was valued 
because it could yield answers 

2661
02:20:42,000 --> 02:20:45,600
to difficult problems. 
Creative inspiration, and divine

2662
02:20:45,600 --> 02:20:48,200
messages. 
Even quick naps were 

2663
02:20:48,200 --> 02:20:50,700
acknowledged as useful 
strategies for preserving mental

2664
02:20:50,700 --> 02:20:52,400
acuity. 
During demanding days. 

2665
02:20:52,400 --> 02:20:55,300
The Greeks, came up with complex
theories regarding the 

2666
02:20:55,300 --> 02:20:58,800
connection between sleep 
environment, sleep position, and

2667
02:20:58,800 --> 02:21:02,400
the quality of sleep and dreams,
they thought that certain sounds

2668
02:21:02,400 --> 02:21:05,500
and smells could affect the 
quality of sleep that sleeping 

2669
02:21:05,500 --> 02:21:08,000
in particular, positions could 
encourage different kinds of 

2670
02:21:08,008 --> 02:21:10,900
dreams and that the beds 
orientation in relation to 

2671
02:21:10,900 --> 02:21:13,700
celestial bodies, could have an 
impact on the spiritual state of

2672
02:21:13,700 --> 02:21:17,000
the sleeper, Greek perceptions 
of time and daily routines were 

2673
02:21:17,000 --> 02:21:18,700
closely linked to their views on
sleep. 

2674
02:21:18,700 --> 02:21:21,800
They created their daily 
schedules to accommodate these 

2675
02:21:21,800 --> 02:21:24,900
rhythms rather than work against
the because they understood that

2676
02:21:24,900 --> 02:21:27,600
human energy and alertness 
naturally varied throughout the 

2677
02:21:27,600 --> 02:21:30,000
day. 
This meant that sleep was not 

2678
02:21:30,000 --> 02:21:33,300
limited to the evening but also 
included deliberate rest in 

2679
02:21:33,300 --> 02:21:35,300
intervals to sustain Optimal 
Performance. 

2680
02:21:35,300 --> 02:21:38,700
Sleep was seen by the Greeks as 
a kind of everyday. 

2681
02:21:39,100 --> 02:21:42,300
Death and rebirth that offered 
chances for personal growth and 

2682
02:21:42,300 --> 02:21:45,700
spiritual rejuvenation. 
It was believed that every night

2683
02:21:45,700 --> 02:21:48,100
sleep was avoid into the 
underworld that might offer 

2684
02:21:48,100 --> 02:21:50,800
spiritual Insight wisdom and 
healing. 

2685
02:21:51,600 --> 02:21:55,500
This realization elevated sleep 
to a sacred activity and made 

2686
02:21:55,500 --> 02:21:58,300
getting ready for sleep. 
A spiritual practice, the 

2687
02:21:58,300 --> 02:22:00,500
ability to sleep. 
Well, was praised in Greek 

2688
02:22:00,500 --> 02:22:03,500
culture as a sign of discernment
self-control and good. 

2689
02:22:03,508 --> 02:22:07,100
Living individuals with sound 
sleep habits were valued for 

2690
02:22:07,100 --> 02:22:08,700
their intelligence and 
self-control. 

2691
02:22:08,700 --> 02:22:11,700
While those with sleep issues 
were frequently perceived as 

2692
02:22:11,700 --> 02:22:14,000
also in need of Direction in 
other facets of life. 

2693
02:22:14,800 --> 02:22:18,100
Getting enough sleep was seen as
a social obligation, as well as 

2694
02:22:18,100 --> 02:22:21,000
a personal accomplishment. 
The Greeks understood that 

2695
02:22:21,000 --> 02:22:23,600
people sleep requirements 
differed from person to person 

2696
02:22:23,600 --> 02:22:27,400
and evolved over the course of a
lifetime adults required 

2697
02:22:27,400 --> 02:22:29,300
quality. 
Sleep for Optimal Performance. 

2698
02:22:29,300 --> 02:22:32,600
Children required more sleep for
healthy growth and development, 

2699
02:22:32,600 --> 02:22:36,200
and elderly people required, 
distinct sleep schedules to 

2700
02:22:36,200 --> 02:22:38,100
account for the normal aging 
process. 

2701
02:22:39,500 --> 02:22:41,900
For its time. 
This personalized, knowledge of 

2702
02:22:41,908 --> 02:22:45,500
sleep requirements was highly 
sophisticated Sleep Disorders 

2703
02:22:45,500 --> 02:22:48,600
were viewed in Greek medicine, 
as Grave medical conditions that

2704
02:22:48,600 --> 02:22:52,000
needed to be treated thoroughly 
and buy a professional doctors 

2705
02:22:52,000 --> 02:22:53,500
realized that chronic sleep 
issues. 

2706
02:22:53,500 --> 02:22:56,600
Might be a sign of underlying 
emotional or physical imbalances

2707
02:22:56,600 --> 02:22:58,400
that needed to be treated for 
General Health. 

2708
02:22:59,200 --> 02:23:02,500
A well-established specialty, 
sleep medicine, integrated 

2709
02:23:02,500 --> 02:23:04,900
psychological and spiritual 
interventions with physical 

2710
02:23:04,900 --> 02:23:08,100
treatments, the various sleep 
states and their implications 

2711
02:23:08,100 --> 02:23:10,600
for health and well-being were 
thoroughly categorized by the 

2712
02:23:10,600 --> 02:23:12,600
Greeks. 
It was acknowledged that 

2713
02:23:12,600 --> 02:23:15,600
different intermediate states, 
such as dream, sleep, deep 

2714
02:23:15,600 --> 02:23:19,200
sleep, and light, sleep each had
distinct purposes and needed 

2715
02:23:19,200 --> 02:23:22,400
different kinds of assistance. 
Modern sleep science was 

2716
02:23:22,400 --> 02:23:24,800
thousands of years behind this 
sophisticated. 

2717
02:23:24,800 --> 02:23:28,300
Understanding of sleep stages, 
Greek perspectives on dreams 

2718
02:23:28,300 --> 02:23:32,200
were acknowledging that they 
could be used for anything from 

2719
02:23:32,200 --> 02:23:34,900
Divine communication to 
psychological processing. 

2720
02:23:36,300 --> 02:23:39,100
People who had particularly 
Vivid or significant dreams 

2721
02:23:39,100 --> 02:23:42,800
might seek the advice of experts
to understand their meaning as 

2722
02:23:42,800 --> 02:23:45,800
dream, interpretation was a 
respected skill that required 

2723
02:23:45,800 --> 02:23:49,000
training and wisdom the Greeks 
held that moral and ethical 

2724
02:23:49,000 --> 02:23:50,600
behavior. 
During the day, had an impact on

2725
02:23:50,608 --> 02:23:53,600
the quality of sleep, it was 
believed that people who led 

2726
02:23:53,600 --> 02:23:56,400
moral lives, slept better and 
had more fulfilling dreams, 

2727
02:23:56,400 --> 02:23:59,600
whereas people who acted badly 
might have trouble sleeping and 

2728
02:23:59,600 --> 02:24:02,100
have nightmares. 
People were encouraged to live 

2729
02:24:02,100 --> 02:24:05,100
in ways that supported both 
social harmony and individual 

2730
02:24:05,100 --> 02:24:08,300
rest because of the link between
ethics and Sleep Quality. 

2731
02:24:08,300 --> 02:24:11,700
Greek culture, understood. 
That sleep was a delicate state 

2732
02:24:11,700 --> 02:24:13,600
that needed to be respected and 
guarded. 

2733
02:24:14,300 --> 02:24:17,100
Creating environments that 
encouraged everyone to get a 

2734
02:24:17,100 --> 02:24:20,500
good night's sleep was viewed as
a community Duty and disturbing 

2735
02:24:20,500 --> 02:24:23,600
someone's sleep unnecessarily 
was regarded as a serious social

2736
02:24:23,600 --> 02:24:26,300
transgression. 
People were able to rely on 

2737
02:24:26,300 --> 02:24:28,600
getting the rest, they required,
thanks to this group's 

2738
02:24:28,600 --> 02:24:31,400
dedication to improving the 
quality of their sleep. 

2739
02:24:31,400 --> 02:24:34,700
In order to recognize, how 
shifting daylight whether and 

2740
02:24:34,700 --> 02:24:37,200
social activities, impacted 
sleep patterns throughout the 

2741
02:24:37,200 --> 02:24:40,500
year the Greeks created seasonal
approaches to sleep. 

2742
02:24:41,300 --> 02:24:43,800
People knew that winter and 
summer, sleep were different. 

2743
02:24:43,800 --> 02:24:47,600
And instead of fighting against 
these natural variations, they 

2744
02:24:47,600 --> 02:24:50,100
modified their sleeping 
schedules, rituals and 

2745
02:24:50,100 --> 02:24:51,500
arrangements to accommodate 
them. 

2746
02:24:51,500 --> 02:24:53,900
In order to promote General 
Health and character 

2747
02:24:53,900 --> 02:24:57,200
development, Greek, Educational 
Systems taught students, how to 

2748
02:24:57,200 --> 02:24:59,800
get enough sleep. 
Young people discovered that 

2749
02:24:59,800 --> 02:25:02,500
getting enough sleep was 
essential to growing up to be 

2750
02:25:02,500 --> 02:25:05,600
responsible adults, who could 
make valuable contributions to 

2751
02:25:05,600 --> 02:25:07,400
society. 
Good. 

2752
02:25:07,400 --> 02:25:09,800
Sleep habits were insured to be 
passed down through the 

2753
02:25:09,800 --> 02:25:11,700
generations. 
Thanks to this educational 

2754
02:25:11,700 --> 02:25:14,600
emphasis on sleep. 
Wisdom, the Greeks recognize 

2755
02:25:14,600 --> 02:25:17,700
that sleep was, fundamentally 
social, and intensely personal 

2756
02:25:17,700 --> 02:25:21,800
impacting, not only one's own 
well-being, but also the harmony

2757
02:25:21,800 --> 02:25:24,000
of one's family and the 
prosperity of the community. 

2758
02:25:24,800 --> 02:25:27,600
Communities with well-rested 
residents were more tranquil, 

2759
02:25:27,600 --> 02:25:31,800
effective and enjoyable, places 
to live and families with 

2760
02:25:31,800 --> 02:25:34,100
healthy sleep patterns, 
performed better as social 

2761
02:25:34,100 --> 02:25:36,600
units. 
Imagine exploring a house from 

2762
02:25:36,600 --> 02:25:38,300
ancient Greece. 
That was built with the 

2763
02:25:38,308 --> 02:25:41,300
intention of encouraging. 
The kind of deep rejuvenating, 

2764
02:25:41,300 --> 02:25:43,900
sleep. 
That is necessary for the body 

2765
02:25:43,900 --> 02:25:47,500
and soul to thrive. 
The sacred Journey from waking 

2766
02:25:47,500 --> 02:25:50,700
consciousness into the world of 
dreams and divine communication 

2767
02:25:50,700 --> 02:25:53,400
was supported by every 
architectural, detail in these 

2768
02:25:53,400 --> 02:25:56,400
homes, which were more than just
places to lie down. 

2769
02:25:56,400 --> 02:25:59,500
Greek sleeping Arrangements were
based on the realization that 

2770
02:25:59,500 --> 02:26:01,600
physical settings. 
That facilitated this 

2771
02:26:01,600 --> 02:26:04,900
significant daily shift were 
necessary for the passage from 

2772
02:26:04,900 --> 02:26:07,600
day to night and from 
Consciousness to sleep. 

2773
02:26:08,400 --> 02:26:11,000
With several walls and 
Courtyards separating sleeping 

2774
02:26:11,000 --> 02:26:13,100
areas from the sounds of 
everyday, life or Street 

2775
02:26:13,100 --> 02:26:16,600
activity, bedrooms were arranged
throughout the house to provide 

2776
02:26:16,600 --> 02:26:20,000
the most quiet possible. 
What we might refer to as sleep 

2777
02:26:20,000 --> 02:26:23,900
Suites where integrated areas 
found in the most affluent Greek

2778
02:26:23,900 --> 02:26:26,400
homes. 
These included not only the 

2779
02:26:26,400 --> 02:26:29,900
actual sleeping area but also 
areas for preparing for evening,

2780
02:26:29,900 --> 02:26:33,700
rituals, storing seasonal, 
bedding and even tiny private 

2781
02:26:33,700 --> 02:26:36,500
Courtyards where sleepers could 
enjoy the fresh air while still 

2782
02:26:36,500 --> 02:26:38,600
staying in their most private 
domestic setting. 

2783
02:26:39,900 --> 02:26:42,400
These sweets, understood that 
having a bed in a room, wasn't 

2784
02:26:42,400 --> 02:26:44,900
enough for restful sleep, Greek,
Architects. 

2785
02:26:44,900 --> 02:26:47,700
Understood the importance of 
sound control for restful sleep 

2786
02:26:47,700 --> 02:26:50,400
so they gave careful 
consideration to acoustic 

2787
02:26:50,400 --> 02:26:53,100
design. 
Sleeping places were frequently,

2788
02:26:53,100 --> 02:26:56,500
constructed with thick walls, 
placed away from workshops, and 

2789
02:26:56,500 --> 02:26:59,600
animal quarters and featured 
architectural, elements that 

2790
02:26:59,600 --> 02:27:01,500
either reflected or absorbed 
sound. 

2791
02:27:02,500 --> 02:27:05,900
Early examples of sound masking 
were even found in some affluent

2792
02:27:05,900 --> 02:27:08,600
residences which used wind 
chimes or flowing. 

2793
02:27:08,600 --> 02:27:11,200
Water features to produce 
calming background noises that 

2794
02:27:11,200 --> 02:27:14,300
drowned out more annoying. 
Sounds the Greeks invented 

2795
02:27:14,300 --> 02:27:16,900
architectural methods of scent 
control that improved the 

2796
02:27:16,908 --> 02:27:18,700
quality of sleep by using 
aromatherapy. 

2797
02:27:19,600 --> 02:27:22,800
Built-in niches for burning 
aromatic herbs ventilation 

2798
02:27:22,800 --> 02:27:25,600
systems that Drew are through 
herb gardens before entering 

2799
02:27:25,600 --> 02:27:28,900
bedrooms or storage systems. 
That kept betting centered with 

2800
02:27:28,900 --> 02:27:32,200
rose petals or lavender are some
examples of sleeping areas. 

2801
02:27:33,100 --> 02:27:35,800
These fragrant systems served as
useful instruments for 

2802
02:27:35,800 --> 02:27:37,500
encouraging calm and sound 
sleep. 

2803
02:27:37,500 --> 02:27:41,000
Not just enjoyable. 
Extravagances Beyond merely 

2804
02:27:41,000 --> 02:27:44,200
concealing, sleeping quarters 
from view Greek, sleeping 

2805
02:27:44,200 --> 02:27:46,700
architecture featured 
sophisticated approaches to 

2806
02:27:46,700 --> 02:27:51,500
privacy Spaces, that felt 
isolated safe and shielded from 

2807
02:27:51,500 --> 02:27:53,800
the outside world were created 
by these designs. 

2808
02:27:54,700 --> 02:27:58,100
Cycle privacy. 
The kind of profound relaxation 

2809
02:27:58,100 --> 02:28:01,200
necessary for genuinely healing 
sleep and fulfilling dreams 

2810
02:28:01,200 --> 02:28:04,400
depended on this feeling of 
sanctuary, the Greeks designed 

2811
02:28:04,400 --> 02:28:07,300
bedrooms that could comfortably 
accommodate both single people 

2812
02:28:07,300 --> 02:28:10,300
and couples because they 
recognize that sleeping areas 

2813
02:28:10,300 --> 02:28:13,200
needed to support both 
individual and shared rest. 

2814
02:28:14,100 --> 02:28:18,000
Multiple sleeping alcoves in one
room movable partitions, that 

2815
02:28:18,000 --> 02:28:21,300
could create private areas in 
larger spaces or adaptable 

2816
02:28:21,300 --> 02:28:24,000
Furniture Arrangements that 
could be changed to suit 

2817
02:28:24,000 --> 02:28:27,600
shifting needs or a few examples
of this Greek Architects created

2818
02:28:27,600 --> 02:28:30,700
cutting-edge methods of climate 
control that allowed sleeping 

2819
02:28:30,700 --> 02:28:34,400
spaces to remain cozy all year, 
round without constantly using 

2820
02:28:34,400 --> 02:28:36,700
fuel. 
These could be passive 

2821
02:28:36,700 --> 02:28:39,100
ventilation systems. 
That moved are without causing 

2822
02:28:39,100 --> 02:28:42,300
drafts thermal Mass walls. 
That gradually stored and 

2823
02:28:42,300 --> 02:28:45,300
released heat or movable 
architectural elements. 

2824
02:28:45,300 --> 02:28:48,000
That could be adjusted 
seasonally to maximize Comfort, 

2825
02:28:48,000 --> 02:28:51,000
certain Greek houses, had 
distinct sleeping areas for 

2826
02:28:51,000 --> 02:28:54,600
various family members and uses 
the sleeping spaces for kids 

2827
02:28:54,600 --> 02:28:57,300
were made to offer suitable, 
privacy and easy supervision. 

2828
02:28:58,100 --> 02:29:00,800
Securities and Hospitality were 
combined in the guests. 

2829
02:29:00,800 --> 02:29:03,500
Sleeping areas. 
Elderly family members may have 

2830
02:29:03,500 --> 02:29:05,700
sleeping Arrangements. 
That preserve their comfort and 

2831
02:29:05,700 --> 02:29:07,400
dignity. 
While meeting their evolving 

2832
02:29:07,400 --> 02:29:10,200
physical needs, the Greeks 
developed architectural. 

2833
02:29:10,200 --> 02:29:13,500
Sleep-related storage solution 
that kept clothes bedding and 

2834
02:29:13,500 --> 02:29:16,500
other personal belongings 
accessible and organized without

2835
02:29:16,500 --> 02:29:20,500
overcrowding sleeping areas. 
In order to maintain peaceful 

2836
02:29:20,500 --> 02:29:23,800
clutter-free sleeping spaces 
that encourage mental, calm 

2837
02:29:23,800 --> 02:29:27,800
built in niches underbed storage
spaces and Specialty, Furniture 

2838
02:29:27,800 --> 02:29:31,200
Blended practicality with visual
appeal, Greek, sleeping 

2839
02:29:31,200 --> 02:29:34,400
architecture frequently included
features that shielded occupants

2840
02:29:34,400 --> 02:29:35,900
from the harsher aspects of 
nature. 

2841
02:29:35,900 --> 02:29:38,500
While fostering a sense of 
connection with it. 

2842
02:29:38,500 --> 02:29:42,400
This could include windows that 
a framed by views of the sky or 

2843
02:29:42,400 --> 02:29:46,800
Gardens but are made to keep out
intruding light insects and 

2844
02:29:46,800 --> 02:29:49,300
weather. 
The Greek belief that sleep was 

2845
02:29:49,300 --> 02:29:51,800
a natural part of life's Rhythm 
was reinforced by these 

2846
02:29:51,800 --> 02:29:55,400
associations, with nature, the 
Greeks created architectural 

2847
02:29:55,400 --> 02:29:58,100
strategies for artificial 
lighting that promoted restful 

2848
02:29:58,100 --> 02:30:01,800
sleep. niches for oil, lamps 
were placed to provide soft 

2849
02:30:01,800 --> 02:30:04,600
moveable lighting that could be 
progressively, turned down as 

2850
02:30:04,600 --> 02:30:08,200
bed, time Drew near certainly 
sleeping spaces had very 

2851
02:30:08,200 --> 02:30:10,800
lighting settings that 
permitted, various pre-bed time,

2852
02:30:10,800 --> 02:30:14,300
activities, such as reading 
talking or peaceful reflection, 

2853
02:30:14,300 --> 02:30:16,800
Greek sleeping quarters 
frequently, featured 

2854
02:30:16,800 --> 02:30:20,100
architectural elements, that 
encourage personal hygiene, and 

2855
02:30:20,100 --> 02:30:22,800
Priestly rituals. 
These could include restrooms 

2856
02:30:22,800 --> 02:30:26,500
places to keep an exhibit 
private religious objects or 

2857
02:30:26,500 --> 02:30:29,000
areas intended for peaceful 
prayer or meditation, 

2858
02:30:29,000 --> 02:30:32,400
maintaining the regular evening 
routines that encouraged sound. 

2859
02:30:32,400 --> 02:30:35,800
Sleep was made simpler by these 
integrated facilities Beyond 

2860
02:30:35,800 --> 02:30:38,500
basic heating systems, the 
Greeks, developed architectural 

2861
02:30:38,500 --> 02:30:40,200
solutions for temperature 
control. 

2862
02:30:41,000 --> 02:30:43,700
Sleeping spaces could have 
adjustable wall openings that 

2863
02:30:43,700 --> 02:30:45,400
could be adjusted to regulate 
air flow. 

2864
02:30:45,400 --> 02:30:48,900
According to seasonal, 
requirements thermal chimneys 

2865
02:30:48,900 --> 02:30:51,800
that Drew hot air away during 
the summer or cold are wells 

2866
02:30:51,800 --> 02:30:54,800
that offered natural, cooling, 
Greek, Architects, created 

2867
02:30:54,800 --> 02:30:56,800
sleeping areas. 
That could progressively change 

2868
02:30:56,800 --> 02:31:00,100
from Bright daylight to 
softening illumination to total 

2869
02:31:00,100 --> 02:31:02,400
darkness. 
Because they recognized that the

2870
02:31:02,400 --> 02:31:05,400
daily cycle of light and 
darkness had an impact on the 

2871
02:31:05,400 --> 02:31:08,500
quality of sleep. 
This could include a variety of 

2872
02:31:08,500 --> 02:31:12,700
window sizes, movable shutters 
or architectural elements that 

2873
02:31:12,700 --> 02:31:15,300
support natural circadian 
rhythms by directing and 

2874
02:31:15,300 --> 02:31:17,900
filtering light. 
The sleeping areas in the most 

2875
02:31:17,900 --> 02:31:20,900
opulent, Greek homes could be 
fully altered to suit changing 

2876
02:31:20,900 --> 02:31:25,000
needs and personal preferences. 
Modular bedding systems could be

2877
02:31:25,000 --> 02:31:28,700
combined in different ways to 
create customized Comfort zones.

2878
02:31:28,700 --> 02:31:33,100
Movable partitions allowed rooms
to be rearranged and adjustable 

2879
02:31:33,100 --> 02:31:34,600
Furniture. 
Could accommodate different 

2880
02:31:34,600 --> 02:31:37,500
sleeping, positions, water 
features that offered both 

2881
02:31:37,500 --> 02:31:41,700
functional advantages and cycle.
Comfort were frequently included

2882
02:31:41,700 --> 02:31:45,200
in Greek sleeping architecture. 
Small fountains or water 

2883
02:31:45,200 --> 02:31:48,500
channels could offer cycle 
comfort from being in close 

2884
02:31:48,500 --> 02:31:51,600
proximity to Nature. 
White noise to drown out 

2885
02:31:51,600 --> 02:31:55,200
distracting noises and cooling 
during hot weather instead of 

2886
02:31:55,208 --> 02:31:58,200
interfering with sleep, these 
water features were intended to 

2887
02:31:58,200 --> 02:32:00,700
improve it. 
The Greeks created architectural

2888
02:32:00,700 --> 02:32:03,700
security strategies, that made 
sleepers, feel totally secure 

2889
02:32:03,700 --> 02:32:07,300
without feeling confined. 
Multiple exits from sleeping 

2890
02:32:07,300 --> 02:32:10,600
areas, discreet. 
Yet secure locks or design 

2891
02:32:10,600 --> 02:32:13,400
elements that offer unobstructed
views of possible approach 

2892
02:32:13,400 --> 02:32:15,000
routes or a few examples of 
this. 

2893
02:32:15,000 --> 02:32:18,500
The type of profound relaxation 
that encourage genuinely 

2894
02:32:18,500 --> 02:32:21,800
restorative, sleep required, 
physical security, Greek, 

2895
02:32:21,800 --> 02:32:24,400
sleeping, quarters frequently, 
had architectural features that 

2896
02:32:24,400 --> 02:32:27,200
reinforce the idea that dreams 
were messages from God that 

2897
02:32:27,200 --> 02:32:30,700
needed to be properly received 
certain orientations with 

2898
02:32:30,700 --> 02:32:32,600
respect to Temples or natural 
features. 

2899
02:32:32,600 --> 02:32:36,000
Built-in spaces for dream 
recording materials, or 

2900
02:32:36,000 --> 02:32:38,500
architectural features that were
thought to draw positive 

2901
02:32:38,500 --> 02:32:41,400
spiritual influences. 
While you slept are examples of 

2902
02:32:41,408 --> 02:32:44,600
this, consider how the ancient 
Greeks modified their sleeping 

2903
02:32:44,600 --> 02:32:48,200
arrangements to complement, 
rather than conflict with the 

2904
02:32:48,200 --> 02:32:50,900
natural cycles of the 
Mediterranean year, as the 

2905
02:32:50,900 --> 02:32:53,800
season shift out, your 
contemporary climate controlled 

2906
02:32:53,800 --> 02:32:56,100
bedroom. 
They took a sensible yet. 

2907
02:32:56,100 --> 02:32:58,800
Sophisticated approach to 
seasonal, sleep adaptation, 

2908
02:32:58,800 --> 02:33:01,700
understanding that different 
tactics were needed at different

2909
02:33:01,700 --> 02:33:04,400
times of the year to achieve 
comfortable, sleep, Greek 

2910
02:33:04,400 --> 02:33:07,200
winter, sleeping Arrangements, 
turned houses into comfortable 

2911
02:33:07,200 --> 02:33:10,500
Havens, that preserve the air 
quality required for restful 

2912
02:33:10,500 --> 02:33:14,300
sleep while optimizing warmth. 
Families would frequently 

2913
02:33:14,300 --> 02:33:16,000
combined their sleeping 
Arrangements. 

2914
02:33:16,000 --> 02:33:19,200
During the coldest months 
switching from Summer bedrooms 

2915
02:33:19,200 --> 02:33:22,800
to smaller easier to Heat Winter
sleeping areas, that improved 

2916
02:33:22,800 --> 02:33:26,100
temperature control, and use 
less fuel adaptable to changing 

2917
02:33:26,100 --> 02:33:27,300
temperatures throughout the 
night. 

2918
02:33:27,300 --> 02:33:30,900
Winter bedding, systems were 
Masterworks of layered warmth. 

2919
02:33:31,600 --> 02:33:34,600
The Greeks would make their beds
with heavy linen sheets that 

2920
02:33:34,600 --> 02:33:36,400
could be added or removed as 
needed. 

2921
02:33:36,400 --> 02:33:40,700
Fur throws and several wool 
blankets because they could be 

2922
02:33:40,700 --> 02:33:43,300
swiftly pulled up in the event. 
That the temperature dropped 

2923
02:33:43,300 --> 02:33:46,600
during the night, the heaviest 
blankets were frequently stored 

2924
02:33:46,600 --> 02:33:49,000
at the foot of the bed. 
In order to prepare for winter 

2925
02:33:49,000 --> 02:33:51,500
sleep, the Greeks would Heat 
their bedding before using it 

2926
02:33:51,500 --> 02:33:55,700
use warming pans or heated 
stones or even briefly exposed 

2927
02:33:55,700 --> 02:33:57,700
blankets and mattresses to 
Brazier Heat. 

2928
02:33:58,900 --> 02:34:02,000
In addition to providing 
physical Comfort, this pre 

2929
02:34:02,000 --> 02:34:03,300
warming ritual was a warm 
evening. 

2930
02:34:03,300 --> 02:34:06,400
Custom that facilitated family 
members transition from a busy 

2931
02:34:06,400 --> 02:34:09,200
day to a peaceful night. 
The purpose of winter sleeping 

2932
02:34:09,200 --> 02:34:12,000
clothes was to keep people warm 
without limiting their Mobility 

2933
02:34:12,000 --> 02:34:15,600
or making them overheat Many 
families had special winter 

2934
02:34:15,600 --> 02:34:18,100
nightwear, that was both warmer 
and more comfortable than their 

2935
02:34:18,100 --> 02:34:21,200
summer sleeping clothes and 
Greeks wall, layered sleeping, 

2936
02:34:21,200 --> 02:34:23,700
garments made of soft wool. 
That could be adjusted during 

2937
02:34:23,700 --> 02:34:25,600
the night. 
In order to cope with the 

2938
02:34:25,600 --> 02:34:28,300
psychological effects of long, 
Dark Knights and cold weather, 

2939
02:34:28,300 --> 02:34:31,900
the Greeks created sleep Customs
tailored to the winter season. 

2940
02:34:32,800 --> 02:34:35,700
During the months, when people 
spent more time indoors, these 

2941
02:34:35,700 --> 02:34:38,300
could include long evening Talks
by the fire before bed. 

2942
02:34:39,300 --> 02:34:41,500
Special winter foods that 
encouraged coziness and 

2943
02:34:41,500 --> 02:34:44,900
relaxation or family bonding 
activities that took place in 

2944
02:34:44,900 --> 02:34:47,100
groups. 
The Greek understanding that the

2945
02:34:47,100 --> 02:34:50,100
body's needs changed as daylight
hours, increased and 

2946
02:34:50,100 --> 02:34:53,100
temperatures became more 
moderate, was reflected in the 

2947
02:34:53,100 --> 02:34:54,700
springtime sleeping 
Arrangements. 

2948
02:34:54,700 --> 02:34:58,000
It was thought that spring was 
the best season to clean and 

2949
02:34:58,000 --> 02:35:01,000
reorganize, sleeping areas to 
air out bedding that had been 

2950
02:35:01,008 --> 02:35:04,200
stored during the winter and to 
gradually switch from bulky 

2951
02:35:04,200 --> 02:35:07,100
winter, sleeping arrangements, 
to lighter spring Comfort 

2952
02:35:07,100 --> 02:35:09,900
Systems in order to welcome the 
rebirth of nature. 

2953
02:35:09,900 --> 02:35:12,900
Greek, spring, sleep Customs 
involved, the ceremonial 

2954
02:35:12,900 --> 02:35:16,500
cleaning and blessing of 
sleeping areas in celebration of

2955
02:35:16,500 --> 02:35:18,800
the return of growth and life. 
To the Natural World. 

2956
02:35:18,800 --> 02:35:22,500
Bedrooms were meticulously 
cleaned bedding was cleaned and 

2957
02:35:22,500 --> 02:35:25,300
allowed to air out and sleeping 
areas were frequently. 

2958
02:35:25,300 --> 02:35:28,600
Adorned with fresh flowers or 
herbs spring sleep, schedule's 

2959
02:35:28,600 --> 02:35:31,900
adapted bedtimes and morning 
routines to accommodate, rather 

2960
02:35:31,900 --> 02:35:35,400
than conflict with people's 
innately higher levels of energy

2961
02:35:35,400 --> 02:35:39,200
as daylight hours increased The 
Greeks realized that modifying 

2962
02:35:39,200 --> 02:35:41,400
daily routines to align with 
seasonal. 

2963
02:35:41,400 --> 02:35:43,900
Energy patterns was more 
effective than fighting natural 

2964
02:35:43,900 --> 02:35:47,400
sleep, rhythms ancient, Greek 
summer, sleeping necessitated 

2965
02:35:47,400 --> 02:35:50,100
completely different techniques 
aimed at staying cool, while 

2966
02:35:50,100 --> 02:35:51,600
preserving security, and 
comfort. 

2967
02:35:52,700 --> 02:35:56,500
Greek homes often had outdoor or
semi outdoor sleeping areas that

2968
02:35:56,500 --> 02:35:59,700
benefited from cool night 
breezes as well as specialized 

2969
02:35:59,700 --> 02:36:01,400
summer. 
Sleeping areas that maximized 

2970
02:36:01,400 --> 02:36:04,000
airflow, while minimizing heat 
retention Greek. 

2971
02:36:04,000 --> 02:36:06,900
Summer bedding was simple, but 
thoughtfully selected for its 

2972
02:36:06,900 --> 02:36:09,600
ability to keep cool. 
Even on the hottest nights, 

2973
02:36:09,600 --> 02:36:12,300
comfortable sleeping conditions 
were made possible by light 

2974
02:36:12,300 --> 02:36:16,500
linen sheets easily, removable 
thin wool, blankets and bedding.

2975
02:36:16,500 --> 02:36:18,800
That had been stored with 
cooling herbs, like eucalyptus 

2976
02:36:18,800 --> 02:36:22,100
or mint, the timing of Summer 
sleep was changed to accommodate

2977
02:36:22,100 --> 02:36:24,400
Mediterranean climates inherent 
cooling Cycles. 

2978
02:36:25,200 --> 02:36:28,700
Greeks may sleep later to enjoy 
cooler evening temperatures take

2979
02:36:28,700 --> 02:36:31,700
off after new naps during the 
hottest part of the day and Rise

2980
02:36:31,700 --> 02:36:34,500
early to enjoy the cool morning 
hours before the heat of the day

2981
02:36:34,500 --> 02:36:37,700
becomes unbearable. 
Despite the hot weather cooling 

2982
02:36:37,700 --> 02:36:40,100
rituals that reduce body 
temperature and encouraged 

2983
02:36:40,100 --> 02:36:42,800
relaxation were part of the 
Greek summer sleep preparation. 

2984
02:36:43,800 --> 02:36:46,200
The use of fans and other 
cooling equipment to create 

2985
02:36:46,200 --> 02:36:49,500
comfortable sleeping conditions,
light evening meals that didn't 

2986
02:36:49,500 --> 02:36:52,800
increase internal heat or cool 
baths before bed could all be 

2987
02:36:52,808 --> 02:36:56,000
part of this, the Greeks 
understood that Autumn was a 

2988
02:36:56,000 --> 02:36:59,000
time to prepare for winter, 
while still taking advantage of 

2989
02:36:59,000 --> 02:37:01,200
the Pleasant weather and 
bountiful harvests of late 

2990
02:37:01,200 --> 02:37:04,500
summer and this was reflected in
their sleeping Arrangements. 

2991
02:37:05,300 --> 02:37:08,100
The best time to make winter 
bedding, stock up on heating 

2992
02:37:08,100 --> 02:37:10,400
fuel and gradually change, 
sleeping arrangements from 

2993
02:37:10,400 --> 02:37:12,100
Summer to Winter, was in the 
fall. 

2994
02:37:12,100 --> 02:37:15,500
Gratitude rituals that honor the
years Harvest and prime the mind

2995
02:37:15,500 --> 02:37:17,900
for the contemplative, winter 
months were common in Greek, 

2996
02:37:17,900 --> 02:37:21,600
Autumn sleep customs. 
These exercises facilitated, the

2997
02:37:21,600 --> 02:37:25,800
mental shift from Somers active,
externally, focused energy to 

2998
02:37:25,800 --> 02:37:29,700
Winters, need for inward focused
restful energy, the Greeks 

2999
02:37:29,700 --> 02:37:32,400
created intricate systems for 
keeping sleeping gear and 

3000
02:37:32,400 --> 02:37:35,100
seasonal bedding. 
In good shape while making the 

3001
02:37:35,100 --> 02:37:36,600
most of the storage space. 
That was available. 

3002
02:37:36,600 --> 02:37:40,100
Winter bedding was aired and 
stored in the summer to avoid 

3003
02:37:40,100 --> 02:37:42,900
heat and humidity damage, while 
some of her bedding was 

3004
02:37:42,900 --> 02:37:44,800
meticulously. 
Cleaned and preserved with 

3005
02:37:44,800 --> 02:37:48,000
fragrant herbs in the winter, 
understanding how shifting 

3006
02:37:48,000 --> 02:37:51,300
daylight patterns impacted, not 
only sleep timing, but also 

3007
02:37:51,300 --> 02:37:54,400
Sleep Quality and dream content 
was part of the Greek seasonal, 

3008
02:37:54,400 --> 02:37:57,000
sleep wisdom. 
They changed their expectations 

3009
02:37:57,000 --> 02:38:00,600
and sleeping Arrangements in 
response to the fact that people

3010
02:38:00,600 --> 02:38:03,400
naturally slept differently on 
Long Summer Nights than on Long 

3011
02:38:03,400 --> 02:38:05,700
Winter nights. 
The Greeks were all so aware 

3012
02:38:05,700 --> 02:38:07,500
that seasonal variations in 
sleep. 

3013
02:38:07,500 --> 02:38:10,700
Had an impact on family and 
Community Dynamics, in addition 

3014
02:38:10,700 --> 02:38:14,400
to individual rest Seasonal 
sleeping Arrangements, created 

3015
02:38:14,400 --> 02:38:17,800
yearly cycles, that supported 
both intimacy and independence 

3016
02:38:17,800 --> 02:38:21,000
by bringing families closer 
together in the winter and 

3017
02:38:21,000 --> 02:38:23,100
allowing for more individual 
privacy in the summer. 

3018
02:38:23,100 --> 02:38:26,100
Another Advanced component of 
Greek sleep was done, was 

3019
02:38:26,100 --> 02:38:28,900
seasonal nutrition, which 
suggested different foods to 

3020
02:38:28,900 --> 02:38:31,300
support restful sleep at 
different seasons of the year. 

3021
02:38:32,500 --> 02:38:35,500
While some sleep Foods 
emphasized, cool, easily, 

3022
02:38:35,500 --> 02:38:38,600
digestible options, that didn't 
interfere with rest during warm 

3023
02:38:38,600 --> 02:38:42,200
weather, winter sleep Foods, 
might emphasize warming spices. 

3024
02:38:42,200 --> 02:38:45,900
And Hearty ingredients, imagine 
living in a society where social

3025
02:38:45,900 --> 02:38:48,600
obligations and Community 
relationships, played a bigger 

3026
02:38:48,600 --> 02:38:51,900
role in your sleep than just 
being a personal private 

3027
02:38:51,900 --> 02:38:54,400
experience. 
Ancient Greek, society 

3028
02:38:54,400 --> 02:38:57,500
established institutions and 
practices that promoted restful 

3029
02:38:57,500 --> 02:39:00,300
sleep for individuals. 
While fortifying the social Ties

3030
02:39:00,300 --> 02:39:03,400
That bound communities together 
because they recognize that 

3031
02:39:03,400 --> 02:39:06,300
getting enough, sleep was both a
personal need and a shared 

3032
02:39:06,300 --> 02:39:09,600
obligation, Greek architecture. 
And social Arrangements were 

3033
02:39:09,600 --> 02:39:12,200
based on the knowledge that 
family sleep patterns had an 

3034
02:39:12,200 --> 02:39:15,000
impact on everyone's Health, 
which encouraged everyone in the

3035
02:39:15,000 --> 02:39:18,200
family to get enough sleep. 
The sleeping arrangements for 

3036
02:39:18,200 --> 02:39:21,500
parents kids servants, and other
family members were planted 

3037
02:39:21,500 --> 02:39:24,500
minimize disruptions and 
maximize comfort and security. 

3038
02:39:24,500 --> 02:39:28,700
The Greek idea of phlox senior 
or love of strangers included 

3039
02:39:28,700 --> 02:39:31,500
particular duties to give 
visitors Travelers and guests 

3040
02:39:31,500 --> 02:39:34,800
are comfortable place to sleep. 
These were considered to be 

3041
02:39:34,800 --> 02:39:36,800
sacred obligations, that the 
gods themselves. 

3042
02:39:36,800 --> 02:39:41,000
Upheld not, merely polite, 
social behavior reputation's 

3043
02:39:41,000 --> 02:39:43,000
were frequently based on the 
caliber of sleep. 

3044
02:39:43,000 --> 02:39:46,200
That visitors received in 
specific homes and families took

3045
02:39:46,200 --> 02:39:48,800
pride in their ability to 
provide exceptional sleeping 

3046
02:39:48,800 --> 02:39:51,200
Hospitality. 
Greek Community is established 

3047
02:39:51,200 --> 02:39:53,800
unofficial, but efficient 
procedures for controlling 

3048
02:39:53,800 --> 02:39:56,300
activities and noise that could 
interfere with sleep. 

3049
02:39:57,000 --> 02:39:58,800
They were unspoken Norms in 
neighborhoods. 

3050
02:39:58,800 --> 02:40:01,000
Regarding what kinds of 
nighttime activities were 

3051
02:40:01,000 --> 02:40:02,700
appropriate. 
How late social? 

3052
02:40:02,700 --> 02:40:05,700
Gatherings could go on and when 
noisy activities should stop 

3053
02:40:06,600 --> 02:40:09,600
Everyone was able to rely on the
silence required for restful, 

3054
02:40:09,600 --> 02:40:12,000
sleep. 
Thanks to these Community Norms 

3055
02:40:12,000 --> 02:40:14,800
because the Greeks understood 
that sleep issues could impact 

3056
02:40:14,800 --> 02:40:17,400
entire communities. 
They developed Collective 

3057
02:40:17,400 --> 02:40:20,000
approaches to sleep Health, that
address social and environmental

3058
02:40:20,000 --> 02:40:22,500
factors that affect the quality 
of sleep. 

3059
02:40:22,500 --> 02:40:26,200
Communities could cooperate to 
manage lighting that disrupted 

3060
02:40:26,200 --> 02:40:30,100
natural sleep cycles control 
sources of noise, pollution or 

3061
02:40:30,100 --> 02:40:32,800
address security issues that 
prevented residents from getting

3062
02:40:32,800 --> 02:40:35,800
a good night's sleep. 
Greek social Customs included 

3063
02:40:35,800 --> 02:40:38,400
particular procedures for 
resolving disputes and issues 

3064
02:40:38,400 --> 02:40:41,300
pertaining to sleep. 
There were established social 

3065
02:40:41,300 --> 02:40:44,400
mechanisms in place to handle 
situations, where someone's 

3066
02:40:44,400 --> 02:40:47,500
actions were interfering with 
others, sleep in a way, that 

3067
02:40:47,500 --> 02:40:49,000
would preserve peace in the 
community. 

3068
02:40:49,800 --> 02:40:52,900
These systems understood that if
sleep disputes were not managed 

3069
02:40:52,900 --> 02:40:56,400
carefully, they could develop 
into major social issues, the 

3070
02:40:56,400 --> 02:40:59,500
Greeks created parallel systems.
That gave everyone from 

3071
02:40:59,500 --> 02:41:02,600
affluent, citizens to working 
slaves, suitable, rest 

3072
02:41:02,600 --> 02:41:05,200
opportunities because they 
recognize that different social 

3073
02:41:05,200 --> 02:41:07,900
classes had different, sleep 
requirements, and limitations, 

3074
02:41:07,900 --> 02:41:10,700
the idea that everyone should 
have enough sleep for their 

3075
02:41:10,708 --> 02:41:12,900
health and productivity was 
widely acknowledged. 

3076
02:41:12,900 --> 02:41:15,600
Even though the specific 
Arrangements, varied greatly 

3077
02:41:15,600 --> 02:41:17,900
Greek, Civic and religious 
celebrations. 

3078
02:41:17,900 --> 02:41:20,900
Included measures to deal with 
the sleep disturbance, that big 

3079
02:41:20,900 --> 02:41:24,300
crowds invariably caused 
systems, that offered sleeping, 

3080
02:41:24,300 --> 02:41:27,700
accommodations controlled noise 
levels at night and assisted 

3081
02:41:27,700 --> 02:41:29,400
people in sticking to sleep 
schedules. 

3082
02:41:29,400 --> 02:41:31,800
Despite the excitement of 
special occasions were developed

3083
02:41:31,800 --> 02:41:33,500
as a result of Festival 
organizers. 

3084
02:41:33,500 --> 02:41:37,000
Recognition that attendees 
needed to rest in order to fully

3085
02:41:37,000 --> 02:41:40,600
participate in multi-day events.
The Greeks created complex 

3086
02:41:40,600 --> 02:41:43,300
methods for communal sleeping. 
That could be used for family 

3087
02:41:43,300 --> 02:41:46,600
get-togethers, religious 
pilgrimages and military 

3088
02:41:46,600 --> 02:41:49,800
operations. 
These systems included social 

3089
02:41:49,800 --> 02:41:51,800
norms that preserved comfort and
privacy. 

3090
02:41:51,800 --> 02:41:55,600
Even in crowded situations, 
equipment that was portable and 

3091
02:41:55,600 --> 02:41:59,000
easy to set up and systematic 
approaches to managing shared 

3092
02:41:59,000 --> 02:42:02,400
sleeping areas, Greek marriage, 
Traditions included, special 

3093
02:42:02,400 --> 02:42:05,200
consideration for sleeping 
Arrangements that promoted 

3094
02:42:05,200 --> 02:42:08,300
intimacy within the marriage as 
well as individual rest. 

3095
02:42:09,400 --> 02:42:11,300
There were established 
traditions for Designing 

3096
02:42:11,300 --> 02:42:14,300
sleeping areas that encouraged 
individual comfort. 

3097
02:42:14,300 --> 02:42:17,700
And Harmony within the marriage,
a newlyweds were given bedding 

3098
02:42:17,700 --> 02:42:20,700
and bedroom Furnishings as 
wedding, presents understanding 

3099
02:42:20,700 --> 02:42:23,700
that children sleep needs. 
Differ from those of adults, the

3100
02:42:23,700 --> 02:42:26,900
Greeks created family structures
that encouraged young people to 

3101
02:42:26,900 --> 02:42:29,900
get a good night's sleep while 
teaching them, the social skills

3102
02:42:29,900 --> 02:42:33,400
needed to live in a community. 
Early on kids were taught that 

3103
02:42:33,400 --> 02:42:36,200
their sleeping patterns had an 
impact on other people and that 

3104
02:42:36,200 --> 02:42:38,300
it was their duty to improve the
quality of sleep. 

3105
02:42:38,300 --> 02:42:41,300
In the home, Greek, social 
Customs regarding illness and 

3106
02:42:41,308 --> 02:42:44,500
sleep acknowledge that caring 
for ill, family members, and 

3107
02:42:44,500 --> 02:42:47,800
necessitated, modifying 
household sleep, schedule's, and

3108
02:42:47,800 --> 02:42:50,300
that sick people required 
different sleeping Arrangements.

3109
02:42:51,200 --> 02:42:53,900
Families frequently received 
support from their communities 

3110
02:42:53,900 --> 02:42:57,100
in overcoming these obstacles 
enabling everyone to get enough 

3111
02:42:57,100 --> 02:42:59,500
sleep. 
During trying time the Greeks 

3112
02:42:59,500 --> 02:43:02,800
created seasonal, social Customs
that complemented rather than 

3113
02:43:02,800 --> 02:43:05,000
contradicted these natural 
changes in daylight. 

3114
02:43:05,000 --> 02:43:08,200
And whether because they 
recognize that these changes had

3115
02:43:08,200 --> 02:43:11,400
an impact on community social 
rhythms, as well as individual 

3116
02:43:11,400 --> 02:43:14,100
sleep patterns. 
While summer Customs 

3117
02:43:14,100 --> 02:43:16,500
accommodated, the lighter sleep 
patterns that came with longer 

3118
02:43:16,500 --> 02:43:19,200
days, winter. 
Social activities were made to 

3119
02:43:19,200 --> 02:43:22,400
work with longer sleep needs. 
Professional experts, who are 

3120
02:43:22,400 --> 02:43:24,900
knowledgeable about sleep 
medicine and could offer 

3121
02:43:24,900 --> 02:43:27,200
guidance and treatment to those 
who are having trouble. 

3122
02:43:27,200 --> 02:43:30,200
Sleeping were frequently found 
in Greek, community's. 

3123
02:43:30,900 --> 02:43:33,600
These professionals provided 
holistic approaches to sleep 

3124
02:43:33,600 --> 02:43:36,200
Health that met the needs of the
individual, as well as the 

3125
02:43:36,200 --> 02:43:39,400
community by fusing their 
knowledge of Medicine with an 

3126
02:43:39,400 --> 02:43:41,600
awareness of the social and 
environmental elements that 

3127
02:43:41,600 --> 02:43:45,000
influence sleep, understanding 
that children, adults and 

3128
02:43:45,000 --> 02:43:47,100
Elders. 
All had unique needs that needed

3129
02:43:47,100 --> 02:43:50,800
to be met the Greeks created 
systems for addressing the Sleep

3130
02:43:50,800 --> 02:43:55,200
needs of various age groups 
within communities Regardless of

3131
02:43:55,200 --> 02:43:58,600
each resident's unique 
situation, Community areas and 

3132
02:43:58,600 --> 02:44:01,300
activities were created to 
promote healthy, sleep habits, 

3133
02:44:01,300 --> 02:44:04,800
recognizing that communities, 
survival frequently depended on.

3134
02:44:04,800 --> 02:44:06,900
Ensuring that important 
individuals could get enough 

3135
02:44:06,900 --> 02:44:09,600
sleep. 
Even during trying times, Greek,

3136
02:44:09,600 --> 02:44:12,100
social Customs included 
particular approaches to 

3137
02:44:12,100 --> 02:44:15,100
managing sleep during 
emergencies, or crises during 

3138
02:44:15,100 --> 02:44:18,600
conflicts natural disasters, or 
other disruptions these crisis, 

3139
02:44:18,600 --> 02:44:20,700
sleep systems supported 
Community functioning. 

3140
02:44:20,700 --> 02:44:22,800
It's worth. 
Considering how much of the 

3141
02:44:22,800 --> 02:44:25,500
ancient Greeks knowledge about 
sleep is still applicable and 

3142
02:44:25,500 --> 02:44:27,800
useful in our day and age as you
get ready to go to sleep 

3143
02:44:27,800 --> 02:44:30,900
tonight, surrounded by 
contemporary, convenience's that

3144
02:44:30,900 --> 02:44:34,400
they could never have imagined. 
Some aspects of human well-being

3145
02:44:34,400 --> 02:44:37,900
are genuinely Timeless as 
evidence by the Greeks methods 

3146
02:44:37,900 --> 02:44:41,200
of rest and sleep, which have 
been largely confirmed by modern

3147
02:44:41,200 --> 02:44:43,400
science. 
Many of the results of modern 

3148
02:44:43,400 --> 02:44:46,200
sleep research were predicted by
the Greeks, understanding of the

3149
02:44:46,200 --> 02:44:48,800
relationship between sleep 
environment and Sleep Quality. 

3150
02:44:49,700 --> 02:44:53,400
Their focus on air quality, 
noise, reduction, lighting and 

3151
02:44:53,400 --> 02:44:56,700
temperature regulation. 
Demonstrated in innate awareness

3152
02:44:56,700 --> 02:45:00,300
of the elements that either 
support or obstruct sound sleep.

3153
02:45:01,200 --> 02:45:03,400
Many of the environmental 
changes that Greeks made to 

3154
02:45:03,408 --> 02:45:06,300
their homes and bedtime rituals 
are still advised by 

3155
02:45:06,308 --> 02:45:09,000
contemporary Sleep. 
Experts current research 

3156
02:45:09,000 --> 02:45:11,100
demonstrates that regular 
evening routines. 

3157
02:45:11,100 --> 02:45:13,800
Help regulate circadian rhythms 
and promote better sleep 

3158
02:45:13,800 --> 02:45:17,100
quality, confirming the Greek 
emphasis on bedtime rituals and 

3159
02:45:17,100 --> 02:45:20,100
sleep preparation. 
Their gradual change from Bright

3160
02:45:20,100 --> 02:45:22,900
daylight to soft evening, 
lighting to Darkness is in line.

3161
02:45:22,900 --> 02:45:25,500
With current advice on how to 
control light exposure to 

3162
02:45:25,500 --> 02:45:28,500
promote healthy, sleep cycles, 
modern knowledge of sleep 

3163
02:45:28,500 --> 02:45:31,300
medicine and chronobiology was 
foreshadowed by the Greeks, 

3164
02:45:31,300 --> 02:45:34,800
understanding that sleep needs 
differ from person to person and

3165
02:45:34,800 --> 02:45:36,900
evolve over the course of a 
person's life. 

3166
02:45:37,600 --> 02:45:40,600
They're adaptable ideas about 
the environment timing, and 

3167
02:45:40,608 --> 02:45:43,600
length of sleep, demonstrated a 
deep comprehension of human 

3168
02:45:43,600 --> 02:45:46,900
sleep patterns that contemporary
science has only lately come to 

3169
02:45:46,900 --> 02:45:49,300
fully understand. 
Modern research on the 

3170
02:45:49,300 --> 02:45:52,700
relationships between Sleep 
Quality, mental health, and 

3171
02:45:52,700 --> 02:45:54,900
overall. 
Life satisfaction was for 

3172
02:45:54,900 --> 02:45:57,100
shadowed by the Greeks 
integration of sleep with 

3173
02:45:57,100 --> 02:45:58,700
spiritual and psychological 
well-being. 

3174
02:45:58,700 --> 02:46:02,600
Modern sleep studies have fully 
validated their understanding 

3175
02:46:02,600 --> 02:46:05,000
that sleep has an impact on 
social relationships. 

3176
02:46:05,000 --> 02:46:08,600
Intellectual performance, 
emotional stability, and 

3177
02:46:08,600 --> 02:46:11,500
physical health, for anyone who 
wants to work with natural 

3178
02:46:11,500 --> 02:46:14,300
rhythms, rather, than against 
them Greek approaches to 

3179
02:46:14,300 --> 02:46:16,100
seasonal. 
Sleep adaptation are still 

3180
02:46:16,108 --> 02:46:18,300
applicable. 
They serve as models for how 

3181
02:46:18,300 --> 02:46:21,500
contemporary people might modify
their sleep patterns to promote,

3182
02:46:21,500 --> 02:46:24,300
well-being, all year, round by 
modifying their bedding, sleep 

3183
02:46:24,300 --> 02:46:25,900
schedule, and sleeping 
environment. 

3184
02:46:25,900 --> 02:46:29,100
According to the seasons for 
modern society is dealing with 

3185
02:46:29,100 --> 02:46:32,300
pervasive sleep issues. 
The Greek emphasis on sleep as a

3186
02:46:32,308 --> 02:46:34,600
communal issue. 
Rather than merely an individual

3187
02:46:34,600 --> 02:46:36,300
one provides insightful 
information. 

3188
02:46:37,400 --> 02:46:40,300
Their realization that peaceful 
social settings and Community 

3189
02:46:40,300 --> 02:46:43,700
collaboration are necessary for 
restful sleep points to methods 

3190
02:46:43,700 --> 02:46:46,700
of improving sleep Health, that 
go beyond changing personal 

3191
02:46:46,700 --> 02:46:48,900
habits. 
Many aspects of contemporary, 

3192
02:46:48,900 --> 02:46:52,100
sleep systems were foreshadowed 
by Greek Innovations in bedding 

3193
02:46:52,100 --> 02:46:55,300
and sleep furniture. 
The use of layered bedding, 

3194
02:46:55,300 --> 02:46:59,400
adjustable sleeping surfaces and
materials that control moisture 

3195
02:46:59,400 --> 02:47:02,900
and temperature, demonstrated a 
knowledge of sleep comfort that 

3196
02:47:02,900 --> 02:47:05,700
contemporary manufacturers 
invest millions of dollars in 

3197
02:47:05,700 --> 02:47:09,100
studying and creating current 
studies on sleeps role in memory

3198
02:47:09,100 --> 02:47:12,500
consolidation, emotional 
processing and creative problem 

3199
02:47:12,500 --> 02:47:14,500
solving. 
To confirmed the Greek 

3200
02:47:14,500 --> 02:47:17,600
understanding that dreams and 
sleep States serves significant 

3201
02:47:17,600 --> 02:47:19,400
psychological and spiritual 
purposes. 

3202
02:47:20,600 --> 02:47:23,600
Their thoughtful consideration 
of dreams and sleep experiences.

3203
02:47:23,600 --> 02:47:25,200
Demonstrated a profound 
appreciation. 

3204
02:47:25,200 --> 02:47:28,600
For the significance of sleep 
that goes well beyond mere, 

3205
02:47:28,600 --> 02:47:31,800
physical relaxation, modern 
Travelers, who struggle with jet

3206
02:47:31,800 --> 02:47:35,300
lag strange surroundings, and 
Disturbed sleep patterns can 

3207
02:47:35,300 --> 02:47:38,100
learn from the Greeks, 
approaches to travel sleeping 

3208
02:47:38,100 --> 02:47:42,400
and sleeping away from home. 
Their portable Comfort Systems 

3209
02:47:42,400 --> 02:47:46,000
flexibility tactics and focus on
preserving a custom sleep 

3210
02:47:46,000 --> 02:47:49,100
patterns offer helpful advice 
for today's travel sleep issues.

3211
02:47:49,100 --> 02:47:52,100
Modern integrator approaches to 
sleep disorders were 

3212
02:47:52,100 --> 02:47:54,700
foreshadowed by the Greek 
understanding the sleep 

3213
02:47:54,700 --> 02:47:57,100
medicine, necessitates 
comprehensive approaches 

3214
02:47:57,100 --> 02:48:00,700
addressing physical 
psychological, environmental and

3215
02:48:00,700 --> 02:48:03,500
social factors. 
There are understanding that 

3216
02:48:03,500 --> 02:48:06,400
sleep issues frequently mirror 
larger imbalances in life. 

3217
02:48:06,400 --> 02:48:09,500
Provides insightful, viewpoints 
for modern sleep medicine, 

3218
02:48:09,500 --> 02:48:13,000
modern home design and bedroom 
layout are influenced by Greek 

3219
02:48:13,000 --> 02:48:15,000
architectural, approaches to 
sleeping areas. 

3220
02:48:15,800 --> 02:48:20,000
Their focus on privacy climate 
control acoustic design and the 

3221
02:48:20,000 --> 02:48:23,200
psychological aspects of 
sleeping areas provides advice 

3222
02:48:23,200 --> 02:48:26,200
for Designing modern bedrooms, 
that genuinely promote sound 

3223
02:48:26,200 --> 02:48:28,100
sleep. 
Modern families, can learn the 

3224
02:48:28,100 --> 02:48:31,200
value of healthy sleep habits 
from the Greeks who Incorporated

3225
02:48:31,200 --> 02:48:33,600
sleep, wisdom into education and
child rearing. 

3226
02:48:33,600 --> 02:48:37,100
They provide hope for resolving.
Today's childhood sleep issues 

3227
02:48:37,100 --> 02:48:40,500
by acknowledging that sleep 
skills are required and can be 

3228
02:48:40,500 --> 02:48:43,200
enhanced with practice and 
focus, Greek. 

3229
02:48:43,200 --> 02:48:45,800
Seasonal, sleeping Customs, 
provide alternatives to the 

3230
02:48:45,800 --> 02:48:48,800
artificially regulated settings,
that Define a large portion of 

3231
02:48:48,800 --> 02:48:52,000
contemporary life. 
For those who are interested in 

3232
02:48:52,000 --> 02:48:54,100
more natural, methods of 
regulating sleep in the 

3233
02:48:54,108 --> 02:48:57,400
Circadian, rhythm their methods 
for dealing with seasonal energy

3234
02:48:57,400 --> 02:49:00,100
patterns, temperature, 
fluctuations and natural light 

3235
02:49:00,100 --> 02:49:03,400
cycles offer Guidance. 
The Greek understanding that a 

3236
02:49:03,400 --> 02:49:05,000
good night. 
Sleep is both a personal need 

3237
02:49:05,000 --> 02:49:07,600
and social obligation provides 
insights. 

3238
02:49:07,600 --> 02:49:10,900
That may be useful in addressing
modern sleep issues brought on 

3239
02:49:10,900 --> 02:49:14,100
by environmental and social 
variables that are out of an 

3240
02:49:14,100 --> 02:49:17,000
individual's control. 
Their Community focused 

3241
02:49:17,000 --> 02:49:20,000
approaches to sleep, Health 
offer policy recommendations 

3242
02:49:20,000 --> 02:49:22,900
that could enhance the quality 
of sleep for whole population's.

3243
02:49:22,900 --> 02:49:26,400
Most significantly, the Greek 
conception of sleep as a sacred 

3244
02:49:26,400 --> 02:49:29,600
restorative process that merits 
reverence care and attention, 

3245
02:49:29,600 --> 02:49:32,900
provides a Counterpoint to 
Modern views of sleep as a waste

3246
02:49:32,900 --> 02:49:34,400
of time or a loss of 
productivity. 

3247
02:49:35,200 --> 02:49:38,000
The referent view of sleep is a 
daily chance for rest, and 

3248
02:49:38,000 --> 02:49:41,400
Rejuvenation offers a useful 
Counterpoint to contemporary 

3249
02:49:41,400 --> 02:49:45,400
sleep, deprivation, and anxiety.
Try some greek-inspired sleep 

3250
02:49:45,400 --> 02:49:47,000
techniques. 
As you get into bed tonight, 

3251
02:49:47,000 --> 02:49:51,400
establishing slow changes from 
Bright to dim lighting sticking 

3252
02:49:51,400 --> 02:49:54,700
to regular bedtime routines. 
Monitoring the temperature and 

3253
02:49:54,700 --> 02:49:57,900
noise levels of your sleeping 
space or just approaching sleep 

3254
02:49:57,900 --> 02:50:00,200
with the same. 
Reverence and expectation that 

3255
02:50:00,200 --> 02:50:02,700
the Greeks brought to their 
nightly foray into the world of 

3256
02:50:02,700 --> 02:50:05,200
Dreams. 
The ancient Greeks recognize 

3257
02:50:05,200 --> 02:50:07,900
something that our contemporary 
Society, occasionally overlooks,

3258
02:50:08,600 --> 02:50:11,400
Sleep patterns have an impact on
not only how we feel the 

3259
02:50:11,400 --> 02:50:14,700
following day but also how we 
conduct our entire lives. 

3260
02:50:15,500 --> 02:50:19,000
Then knowledge of relaxation 
comfort and the sacredness of 

3261
02:50:19,000 --> 02:50:22,000
sleep provides Timeless advice 
for anyone looking to improve 

3262
02:50:22,000 --> 02:50:24,700
their life. 
Not just their quality of sleep 

3263
02:50:24,700 --> 02:50:27,800
rest well knowing that you're 
engaging in one of the oldest 

3264
02:50:27,800 --> 02:50:29,600
and most fundamental human 
Customs. 

3265
02:50:29,600 --> 02:50:33,400
One that links you to thousands 
of generations of people who 

3266
02:50:33,400 --> 02:50:37,500
have found solace wisdom and 
Rejuvenation in the soft Embrace

3267
02:50:37,500 --> 02:50:40,300
of sound sleep. 
In addition to your own deepest 

3268
02:50:40,300 --> 02:50:50,600
needs for rest and recuperation,
each other, this you'll see in 

3269
02:50:50,600 --> 02:50:54,000
your favorite armchair, maybe 
with a cup of tea getting cold 

3270
02:50:54,000 --> 02:50:56,900
on the side table, and someone 
asks you to name the richest 

3271
02:50:56,900 --> 02:51:00,500
person who ever lived you might 
consider Bezos or musk 

3272
02:51:00,500 --> 02:51:03,900
particularly on a positive day. 
When Tesla stock isn't 

3273
02:51:03,900 --> 02:51:07,200
experiencing significant 
fluctuations but you'd be wrong.

3274
02:51:07,200 --> 02:51:10,400
The richest human being in 
recorded, history was a man, 

3275
02:51:10,408 --> 02:51:13,800
most people have never heard of 
and here's the kicker he 

3276
02:51:13,800 --> 02:51:16,000
disappeared. 
So completely that for centuries

3277
02:51:16,000 --> 02:51:19,600
individuals, wondered, if he'd 
ever existed at all, his name 

3278
02:51:19,600 --> 02:51:22,600
was Mansa Musa and calling him 
wealthy as like calling the 

3279
02:51:22,600 --> 02:51:26,400
ocean damp This guy had so much 
gold that when he went on 

3280
02:51:26,400 --> 02:51:29,100
vacation. 
Well, pilgrimage to Mecca in 

3281
02:51:29,100 --> 02:51:32,500
1324, he accidentally crashed 
the Egyptian economy for a 

3282
02:51:32,500 --> 02:51:34,600
decade. 
This was not an intentional 

3283
02:51:34,600 --> 02:51:36,700
action. 
He was just being generous 

3284
02:51:36,700 --> 02:51:39,800
tossing around gold, like, you 
might toss breadcrumbs to ducks 

3285
02:51:39,800 --> 02:51:42,500
at the park. 
The only difference was that his

3286
02:51:42,500 --> 02:51:45,300
bread crumbs were actual gold 
bars, and the Ducks were entire 

3287
02:51:45,300 --> 02:51:48,000
cities. 
But here's where our story gets 

3288
02:51:48,000 --> 02:51:51,100
intriguing in that deliciously 
mysterious way that makes you 

3289
02:51:51,100 --> 02:51:52,900
want to pull the blankets up a 
little higher. 

3290
02:51:53,700 --> 02:51:57,800
Mansa Musa ruled the Mali Empire
in West Africa exerting control 

3291
02:51:57,800 --> 02:52:02,500
over an abundance of gold mines.
Mansa, musa's Empire spanned an 

3292
02:52:02,500 --> 02:52:06,100
area larger than Western Europe,
requiring, every gold dust that 

3293
02:52:06,100 --> 02:52:10,200
emerged from those mines to 
submit to him first, Imagine 

3294
02:52:10,200 --> 02:52:12,800
having a monopoly on the thing. 
Everyone wanted most in the 

3295
02:52:12,800 --> 02:52:16,000
medieval world, it's like owning
all the coffee shops and Wi-Fi 

3296
02:52:16,000 --> 02:52:19,400
passwords simultaneously. 
The thing about Musa that made 

3297
02:52:19,400 --> 02:52:21,700
him different from your average.
Billionaire wasn't just the 

3298
02:52:21,700 --> 02:52:24,400
mind-boggling wealth. 
It was what he did with it. 

3299
02:52:24,400 --> 02:52:28,000
While other rulers hoarded their
riches like dragons sleeping on 

3300
02:52:28,000 --> 02:52:30,700
Treasure piles. 
Musa built universities, 

3301
02:52:30,700 --> 02:52:34,700
libraries and mosques. 
He turned him Book 2 into the 

3302
02:52:34,700 --> 02:52:37,900
intellectual Hub of the world, a
place where Scholars from across

3303
02:52:37,900 --> 02:52:40,700
Africa Europe, and the Middle 
East came to study and debate. 

3304
02:52:41,500 --> 02:52:44,400
Picture Oxford or Harvard, but 
with better weather and more 

3305
02:52:44,400 --> 02:52:47,300
gold leaf on everything. 
Now you might be wondering why 

3306
02:52:47,300 --> 02:52:48,900
you've never heard of this guy 
in school. 

3307
02:52:48,900 --> 02:52:51,600
Well that's partly because 
Medieval Europe was still 

3308
02:52:51,600 --> 02:52:54,300
figuring out that the World 
extended beyond their backyards 

3309
02:52:54,300 --> 02:52:57,300
and partly because what happened
next was so strange that 

3310
02:52:57,300 --> 02:52:59,400
Chronicles didn't quite know how
to write it down. 

3311
02:53:00,500 --> 02:53:03,900
See Mansa Musa didn't just fade 
away like most historical 

3312
02:53:03,900 --> 02:53:06,300
figures. 
He didn't die in battle, or 

3313
02:53:06,300 --> 02:53:09,800
succumb, to some medieval play. 
He didn't even retire to a 

3314
02:53:09,800 --> 02:53:12,000
luxurious Palace somewhere to 
count his gold coins. 

3315
02:53:12,000 --> 02:53:17,200
He vanished completely Seemed as
though, the Earth had opened up 

3316
02:53:17,200 --> 02:53:22,200
engulfing him, his family, his 
court and nearly half of his 

3317
02:53:22,200 --> 02:53:26,400
Empire's gold reserves. 
One day, he was there running 

3318
02:53:26,400 --> 02:53:29,300
the most prosperous kingdom in 
the world and the next day. 

3319
02:53:30,200 --> 02:53:33,900
Nothing not a trace. 
There was not even a whisper 

3320
02:53:33,900 --> 02:53:37,100
there was not even a strongly 
worded letter of resignation. 

3321
02:53:38,200 --> 02:53:40,300
The last reliable sighting of 
Mansa. 

3322
02:53:40,300 --> 02:53:44,100
Musa was in 1337 when he was 
supposedly preparing for another

3323
02:53:44,100 --> 02:53:47,600
grand Expedition, some claim 
that Mansa Musa was planning to 

3324
02:53:47,600 --> 02:53:50,500
sail across the Atlantic. 
A move that a cured more than 

3325
02:53:50,500 --> 02:53:53,900
150 years before Columbus lost 
his way in search of India. 

3326
02:53:54,800 --> 02:53:57,700
Others claim he was organizing a
massive trade mission to China. 

3327
02:53:58,600 --> 02:54:01,400
Few Whispers that he discovered 
something in the deepest mines 

3328
02:54:01,400 --> 02:54:04,700
of his Empire. something that 
made even his legendary wealth, 

3329
02:54:04,700 --> 02:54:08,000
seemed insignificant But then 
silents. 

3330
02:54:09,000 --> 02:54:12,000
The silence was so profound that
it prompted you to double, check

3331
02:54:12,000 --> 02:54:15,400
the functionality of your phone.
His advisors claimed, he'd gone 

3332
02:54:15,408 --> 02:54:18,500
into seclusion for religious 
contemplation, his enemies 

3333
02:54:18,500 --> 02:54:20,700
assumed he died and were 
preparing their armies 

3334
02:54:20,700 --> 02:54:23,200
accordingly. 
His people waited for 

3335
02:54:23,200 --> 02:54:26,700
announcements that never came it
was as if the richest man in 

3336
02:54:26,700 --> 02:54:30,100
history had simply decided that 
being unimaginably wealthy was 

3337
02:54:30,100 --> 02:54:32,600
overrated and had gone off to 
try something else entirely. 

3338
02:54:34,200 --> 02:54:36,500
What makes this disappearance 
even more puzzling. 

3339
02:54:36,500 --> 02:54:38,900
Is that Musa wasn't just any 
ruler. 

3340
02:54:38,900 --> 02:54:43,100
He was obsessively organized. 
This was a man who planned his 

3341
02:54:43,100 --> 02:54:46,000
famous pilgrimage down to the 
last camel load of Provisions. 

3342
02:54:46,000 --> 02:54:49,900
He didn't do anything on a whim 
yet, somehow he managed to 

3343
02:54:49,900 --> 02:54:52,600
vanish without leaving behind a 
single clue about where he'd 

3344
02:54:52,600 --> 02:54:55,600
gone or why, you know, that 
feeling when you're looking for 

3345
02:54:55,600 --> 02:54:57,200
your keys. 
And you've checked everywhere 

3346
02:54:57,200 --> 02:55:00,400
twice, But they've somehow 
vanished into that mysterious 

3347
02:55:00,400 --> 02:55:02,500
Dimension where lost socks. 
Go to Party. 

3348
02:55:02,500 --> 02:55:07,500
Well, imagine that feeling, but 
instead of keys it's the world's

3349
02:55:07,500 --> 02:55:10,800
richest man and instead of your 
house, it's an Empire. 

3350
02:55:10,800 --> 02:55:14,200
The size of Western Europe, 
that's precisely what happened 

3351
02:55:14,200 --> 02:55:18,100
to the Mali Empire in 1337. 
The Mali Empire wasn't just 

3352
02:55:18,100 --> 02:55:21,700
well, he was stupid wealthy, the
kind of wealthy that makes 

3353
02:55:21,700 --> 02:55:23,700
lottery winners. 
Look like their counting pocket 

3354
02:55:23,700 --> 02:55:26,800
change. 
The Empire sat on top of the 

3355
02:55:26,800 --> 02:55:29,800
largest gold deposits in the 
known world and Mansa Musa, 

3356
02:55:29,800 --> 02:55:33,700
controlled every ounce of it. 
But gold wasn't even his only 

3357
02:55:33,700 --> 02:55:35,900
trick. 
He also controlled the salt 

3358
02:55:35,900 --> 02:55:39,700
mines and if you think salt is 
an exciting you've never lived 

3359
02:55:39,700 --> 02:55:43,400
in a world without Refrigeration
salt was literally worth its 

3360
02:55:43,400 --> 02:55:45,700
weighting gold, which was 
convenient. 

3361
02:55:45,700 --> 02:55:49,500
Since Musa had plenty of both 
picture, the Empire as a massive

3362
02:55:49,500 --> 02:55:53,000
spider, web with Musa at the 
center and every strand 

3363
02:55:53,000 --> 02:55:57,100
representing a trade route. 
Caravans loaded with gold salt 

3364
02:55:57,100 --> 02:56:00,800
Ivory and slaves, moved along 
these routes like blood through 

3365
02:56:00,800 --> 02:56:03,500
arteries. 
The Empire's Capital Cities, 

3366
02:56:03,500 --> 02:56:08,600
niani Timbuktu and Jenny were 
Medieval Las Vegas but instead 

3367
02:56:08,600 --> 02:56:11,600
of losing money, everyone was 
making it hand over fist. 

3368
02:56:12,300 --> 02:56:15,200
Merchants from as far away as 
Venice and Cairo would make the 

3369
02:56:15,200 --> 02:56:17,800
dangerous journey across the 
Sahara, just to get a piece of 

3370
02:56:17,800 --> 02:56:20,800
the action. 
But here's where things get as 

3371
02:56:20,800 --> 02:56:24,400
twisty as a pretzel factory, the
Mali Empire Had A peculiar 

3372
02:56:24,400 --> 02:56:26,200
system of succession, that would
make. 

3373
02:56:26,200 --> 02:56:29,100
Even the most complicated family
reunion looks straightforward. 

3374
02:56:29,100 --> 02:56:32,200
The crown didn't automatically 
pass from father to son. 

3375
02:56:32,200 --> 02:56:36,300
Instead, it went to the previous
rulers brother then to his son, 

3376
02:56:36,300 --> 02:56:40,200
then to the next brother and so 
on, like a royal game of musical

3377
02:56:40,200 --> 02:56:41,900
chairs that could last for 
Generations. 

3378
02:56:43,000 --> 02:56:45,300
This system had worked 
beautifully for centuries, 

3379
02:56:45,300 --> 02:56:48,700
mainly because there was so much
wealth to go around that. 

3380
02:56:48,700 --> 02:56:51,800
Even the distant cousins lived 
better than most European Kings 

3381
02:56:51,800 --> 02:56:55,600
when Mansa Musa disappeared. 
This orderly system suddenly 

3382
02:56:55,600 --> 02:56:57,400
looked like a house of cards in 
a windstorm. 

3383
02:56:57,400 --> 02:57:01,700
Nobody knew if he was dead alive
or just taking a really long 

3384
02:57:01,700 --> 02:57:04,300
bathroom break. 
His designated Heir. 

3385
02:57:04,300 --> 02:57:08,400
A nephew named Miguel stepped up
to fill the void but ruling an 

3386
02:57:08,400 --> 02:57:10,200
Empire isn't like how sitting 
for a friend. 

3387
02:57:10,200 --> 02:57:12,900
You can't just water the plants 
and collect the mail. 

3388
02:57:14,000 --> 02:57:16,400
Megan found himself trying to 
hold together a massive 

3389
02:57:16,400 --> 02:57:19,600
political and economic machine 
without the instruction manual. 

3390
02:57:20,200 --> 02:57:22,600
The first sign that something 
was seriously wrong came from 

3391
02:57:22,600 --> 02:57:25,400
the gold mines. 
The miners who had worked for 

3392
02:57:25,400 --> 02:57:28,000
Generations under the watchful 
eye of musa's appointed 

3393
02:57:28,000 --> 02:57:31,100
Governors suddenly found 
themselves with no clear chain 

3394
02:57:31,100 --> 02:57:33,900
of command. 
Some mines shut down entirely 

3395
02:57:33,900 --> 02:57:36,600
when local Chiefs couldn't agree
on who had the authority to keep

3396
02:57:36,600 --> 02:57:39,200
them running. 
Others kept operating, but with 

3397
02:57:39,200 --> 02:57:41,800
no one to report to about 
production levels or security, 

3398
02:57:41,800 --> 02:57:44,900
it was like having an ATM that 
kept spitting out money, but 

3399
02:57:44,900 --> 02:57:48,200
with no Bank behind it. 
The confusion spread like 

3400
02:57:48,200 --> 02:57:51,800
spilled coffee on a white 
tablecloth trade routes that had

3401
02:57:51,800 --> 02:57:55,100
operated smoothly for decades 
suddenly became hazardous as 

3402
02:57:55,100 --> 02:57:57,500
local rulers sentencing 
opportunity. 

3403
02:57:57,500 --> 02:58:00,600
Started demanding their own 
tribute from passing Caravan, 

3404
02:58:01,700 --> 02:58:04,800
Some Caravans simply stopped 
coming which was catastrophic 

3405
02:58:04,800 --> 02:58:07,800
for cities, that depended on 
trade like fish depend on water.

3406
02:58:08,600 --> 02:58:11,300
Timbuktu, which had been the 
intellectual capital of the 

3407
02:58:11,300 --> 02:58:14,500
world, found its University's 
struggling to pay Scholars as 

3408
02:58:14,500 --> 02:58:17,700
funding dried up. 
What made the situation even 

3409
02:58:17,700 --> 02:58:20,500
more bizarre was the complete 
absence of any explanation. 

3410
02:58:21,300 --> 02:58:24,500
In medieval times when a ruler 
died, there were ceremonies and 

3411
02:58:24,500 --> 02:58:27,500
announcements and usually quite 
a bit of dramatic whaling. 

3412
02:58:28,200 --> 02:58:31,300
When they went missing search 
parties, were organized rewards 

3413
02:58:31,300 --> 02:58:33,000
were offered and generally 
speaking. 

3414
02:58:33,000 --> 02:58:36,200
Someone made a fuss. 
But in musa's case, there was 

3415
02:58:36,200 --> 02:58:39,300
nothing no official statement, 
No search efforts. 

3416
02:58:39,300 --> 02:58:41,500
No, leaked gossip from Palace 
servants. 

3417
02:58:42,200 --> 02:58:45,500
It was as if the entire Imperial
Court had collectively decided 

3418
02:58:45,500 --> 02:58:48,800
to pretend nothing had happened.
The neighboring kingdoms, 

3419
02:58:48,800 --> 02:58:51,800
meanwhile, were watching this 
unfold like spectators at a 

3420
02:58:51,800 --> 02:58:54,200
tennis match. 
The kingdom of Songhai to the 

3421
02:58:54,200 --> 02:58:57,400
East and the Moroccan Sultans to
the North had spent decades 

3422
02:58:57,400 --> 02:58:59,200
being politely envious of 
mali's. 

3423
02:58:59,200 --> 02:59:02,200
Wealth, while maintaining 
careful diplomatic relations. 

3424
02:59:02,900 --> 02:59:05,000
Now, they found themselves 
wondering if they should send 

3425
02:59:05,000 --> 02:59:08,000
condolence gifts, 
congratulations cards or 

3426
02:59:08,000 --> 02:59:11,600
Invasion armies. 
The uncertainty was driving 

3427
02:59:11,600 --> 02:59:12,800
everyone. 
A little crazy. 

3428
02:59:13,700 --> 02:59:16,600
Some historians believe that 
Muses disappearance was actually

3429
02:59:16,600 --> 02:59:19,600
part of an elaborate plan 
possibly connected to 

3430
02:59:19,600 --> 02:59:21,700
information. 
He'd received about Portuguese 

3431
02:59:21,700 --> 02:59:24,800
explorers who were beginning to 
probe the West African Coast. 

3432
02:59:24,800 --> 02:59:27,900
Other suggest that he 
discovered, something in his 

3433
02:59:27,900 --> 02:59:30,900
Empire's archives or mines that 
required immediate and secret 

3434
02:59:30,900 --> 02:59:34,000
action. 
Few romantic Souls like to 

3435
02:59:34,000 --> 02:59:36,800
imagine that he'd simply grown 
tired of being the richest man 

3436
02:59:36,800 --> 02:59:40,200
alive and had decided to try 
being anonymous for a while. 

3437
02:59:40,200 --> 02:59:42,900
Let's take a step back and talk 
about the last time. 

3438
02:59:42,900 --> 02:59:45,800
Anyone was absolutely, 
positively sure, they were 

3439
02:59:45,800 --> 02:59:48,800
handsome was and boy. 
Did they know where he was? 

3440
02:59:49,800 --> 02:59:52,600
It was 1324 and Musa had 
decided. 

3441
02:59:52,600 --> 02:59:55,200
It was time to fulfill his 
religious duty of making the 

3442
02:59:55,200 --> 02:59:58,300
Hajj to Mecca. 
Now, when most people go on 

3443
02:59:58,300 --> 03:00:01,600
pilgrimage they pack light. 
Maybe bring a few snacks for the

3444
03:00:01,600 --> 03:00:03,800
road and try not to spend too 
much money. 

3445
03:00:04,700 --> 03:00:07,400
Moussa approached his pilgrimage
the way some people approach, 

3446
03:00:07,400 --> 03:00:10,600
Black Friday shopping, With 
overwhelming force and a 

3447
03:00:10,600 --> 03:00:12,500
complete disregard for Economic 
Consequences. 

3448
03:00:12,500 --> 03:00:16,400
Imagine a caravan so vast that 
it resembled a bustling small 

3449
03:00:16,400 --> 03:00:19,300
City. 
We were referring to a caravan 

3450
03:00:19,300 --> 03:00:23,100
of 60,000 individuals. 
Comprising soldiers servants, 

3451
03:00:23,100 --> 03:00:27,500
Merchants Scholars, and likely a
few individuals who merely wish 

3452
03:00:27,500 --> 03:00:31,400
to observe the excitement. 
The most significant aspect is 

3453
03:00:31,400 --> 03:00:35,100
that Musa brought 80 camels. 
Each of which carried 300 pounds

3454
03:00:35,100 --> 03:00:37,300
of gold. 
This mounts to approximately 

3455
03:00:37,300 --> 03:00:41,100
24,000 pounds of gold, which 
Musa casually carried across the

3456
03:00:41,100 --> 03:00:42,900
desert as if it were a routine 
tasks. 

3457
03:00:44,100 --> 03:00:46,800
To put the situation in 
perspective, that's more gold 

3458
03:00:46,800 --> 03:00:49,500
than most countries had in their
entire National treasuries. 

3459
03:00:50,800 --> 03:00:53,300
Caravan moved across North 
Africa, like a slow motion 

3460
03:00:53,300 --> 03:00:56,400
parade of abundance. 
Every city, they passed through 

3461
03:00:56,400 --> 03:00:59,000
became temporarily the richest 
place on Earth. 

3462
03:00:59,800 --> 03:01:03,900
Musa didn't just travel. 
He celebrated He threw parties 

3463
03:01:03,900 --> 03:01:05,400
that would make modern 
billionaires. 

3464
03:01:05,400 --> 03:01:07,400
Birthday bashes look like modest
potluck dinners. 

3465
03:01:07,400 --> 03:01:12,100
He employed local musicians 
occupied entire marketplaces and

3466
03:01:12,100 --> 03:01:15,800
lavishly distributed gold as if 
it were a fashion statement but 

3467
03:01:15,800 --> 03:01:18,000
the real fireworks happened in 
Cairo. 

3468
03:01:18,000 --> 03:01:20,900
The city was already one of the 
great trading hubs of the 

3469
03:01:20,900 --> 03:01:23,400
Medieval World. 
A place where Merchants from 

3470
03:01:23,400 --> 03:01:27,400
Europe Asia and Africa came to 
make deals and exchange Not Just

3471
03:01:27,400 --> 03:01:31,500
Goods but gossip When Musa 
rolled into town, with his 

3472
03:01:31,500 --> 03:01:34,200
golden Caravan. 
It was like a celebrity walking 

3473
03:01:34,200 --> 03:01:37,600
into a Small Town, Diner, every 
conversation, stopped. 

3474
03:01:37,600 --> 03:01:41,100
Every I turned every hand 
extended in greeting. 

3475
03:01:42,100 --> 03:01:44,100
Musa stayed in Cairo for three 
months. 

3476
03:01:44,100 --> 03:01:47,200
And during that time, he 
single-handedly redefined the 

3477
03:01:47,200 --> 03:01:50,500
concept of generous spending. 
He bought everything that caught

3478
03:01:50,500 --> 03:01:54,000
his eye tipped servants with 
chunks of gold, and made 

3479
03:01:54,000 --> 03:01:56,800
donations to local mosques that 
left the religious leaders 

3480
03:01:56,800 --> 03:02:00,100
speechless. 
One chronicler wrote that Musa 

3481
03:02:00,100 --> 03:02:03,200
gave away so much gold that its 
value didn't recover for 10 

3482
03:02:03,200 --> 03:02:07,700
years. 10 years, this behavior 
is not generosity. 

3483
03:02:07,700 --> 03:02:12,200
It resembles economic Warfare 
disguised as kindness, the 

3484
03:02:12,200 --> 03:02:14,300
Egyptian merchants and 
government officials found 

3485
03:02:14,300 --> 03:02:16,700
themselves in a complex and 
challenging situation. 

3486
03:02:16,700 --> 03:02:20,200
On one hand, they were making 
more money than they'd ever 

3487
03:02:20,200 --> 03:02:20,800
dreamed. 
Of. 

3488
03:02:20,800 --> 03:02:24,100
On the other hand, they were 
watching their entire monetary 

3489
03:02:24,100 --> 03:02:27,700
system collapse in real time 
when gold becomes as common as 

3490
03:02:27,700 --> 03:02:29,600
sand. 
Suddenly, your life savings 

3491
03:02:29,600 --> 03:02:33,400
don't seem quite as substantial.
Some clever merchants started, 

3492
03:02:33,400 --> 03:02:36,200
trading their gold for silver 
and other Goods, essentially 

3493
03:02:36,200 --> 03:02:38,600
playing the medieval equivalent 
of currency speculation. 

3494
03:02:38,600 --> 03:02:42,800
However, this is where the story
becomes particularly intriguing 

3495
03:02:42,800 --> 03:02:45,800
as it prompts one to consider. 
Whether medieval people were 

3496
03:02:45,800 --> 03:02:48,100
inherently, more skilled at 
drama than we are today. 

3497
03:02:48,100 --> 03:02:51,500
Moose's display of wealth wasn't
just about showing off. 

3498
03:02:51,500 --> 03:02:55,400
It was a carefully. 
Calculated diplomatic move, he 

3499
03:02:55,400 --> 03:02:58,000
was announcing to the world that
Molly wasn't just some distant 

3500
03:02:58,000 --> 03:02:59,300
Kingdom. 
That happened to have gold 

3501
03:02:59,300 --> 03:03:01,800
mines. 
It was a major power that could 

3502
03:03:01,800 --> 03:03:05,500
afford to destabilize entire 
economies casually just by being

3503
03:03:05,500 --> 03:03:08,300
generous. 
The news of Moose's pilgrimage 

3504
03:03:08,300 --> 03:03:11,800
swiftly disseminated throughout 
the Medieval World, akin to a 

3505
03:03:11,800 --> 03:03:15,300
lively conversation at a family 
gathering European map makers 

3506
03:03:15,300 --> 03:03:19,100
who had previously labeled most 
of Africa as here be dragons or 

3507
03:03:19,100 --> 03:03:21,500
just left it blank. 
Suddenly started drawing 

3508
03:03:21,500 --> 03:03:23,600
details. 
Pictures of a king holding a 

3509
03:03:23,600 --> 03:03:28,100
massive gold nugget. 
The famous Catalan atlas of 1375

3510
03:03:28,100 --> 03:03:32,500
shows music on his throne crown 
on his head gold, orb, in his 

3511
03:03:32,500 --> 03:03:35,100
hand with the caption describing
him as the richest king in the 

3512
03:03:35,108 --> 03:03:37,700
world. 
But perhaps the most telling 

3513
03:03:37,700 --> 03:03:40,400
detail about musa's pilgrimage 
was, what happened on the way 

3514
03:03:40,400 --> 03:03:42,900
back. 
By the time he reached Cairo 

3515
03:03:42,900 --> 03:03:45,400
again, the gold market still 
hadn't recovered from his 

3516
03:03:45,400 --> 03:03:48,400
previous visit. 
The irony wasn't lost on anyone.

3517
03:03:48,400 --> 03:03:50,500
The man who had crashed the gold
market. 

3518
03:03:50,500 --> 03:03:53,100
Now found himself in the unusual
position of having to borrow 

3519
03:03:53,100 --> 03:03:55,700
money. 
Yes, the richest man in the 

3520
03:03:55,708 --> 03:03:56,900
world. 
Took out a loan. 

3521
03:03:56,900 --> 03:04:00,000
He needed, Egyptian gold to fund
the remainder of his journey 

3522
03:04:00,000 --> 03:04:01,900
home. 
Promising to pay it back with 

3523
03:04:01,900 --> 03:04:06,100
interest once he reached his own
gold, mine's This little detail 

3524
03:04:06,100 --> 03:04:09,400
tells us something important 
about Moose's character, he 

3525
03:04:09,400 --> 03:04:11,900
wasn't just wealthy. 
He was practical. 

3526
03:04:11,900 --> 03:04:16,300
He understood that wealth was a 
tool, not a trophy, he was 

3527
03:04:16,300 --> 03:04:18,600
willing to go into debt, 
temporarily to maintain his 

3528
03:04:18,600 --> 03:04:21,600
Expeditions momentum. 
Confident that he could easily 

3529
03:04:21,600 --> 03:04:23,600
repay the loan once he returned 
to his Empire. 

3530
03:04:25,200 --> 03:04:27,700
It's the kind of financial 
flexibility that comes from 

3531
03:04:27,700 --> 03:04:29,400
owning most of the world's gold 
Supply. 

3532
03:04:29,400 --> 03:04:32,600
The pilgrimage also revealed 
something else about Musa. 

3533
03:04:32,600 --> 03:04:36,000
He was genuinely curious about 
the world Beyond his Empire. 

3534
03:04:36,000 --> 03:04:39,700
He spent time in cairo's 
library's met with Scholars, and

3535
03:04:39,700 --> 03:04:41,900
religious leaders, and generally
acted. 

3536
03:04:41,900 --> 03:04:44,500
Like a man who understood that 
knowledge was as valuable as 

3537
03:04:44,500 --> 03:04:47,500
gold. 
Some historians believe that it 

3538
03:04:47,500 --> 03:04:50,200
was during this pilgrimage that.
He first heard rumors about 

3539
03:04:50,200 --> 03:04:52,700
lands Across the Western Ocean 
rumors. 

3540
03:04:52,700 --> 03:04:55,200
That would later play a crucial 
role in his mysterious 

3541
03:04:55,200 --> 03:04:57,500
disappearance. 
You know, how some people have a

3542
03:04:57,500 --> 03:05:00,000
lucky penny or maybe a special 
coffee mug that just makes their

3543
03:05:00,000 --> 03:05:02,700
day better. 
Well, Mansa Musa had entire 

3544
03:05:02,700 --> 03:05:04,900
mountains. 
That did that for him, except 

3545
03:05:04,900 --> 03:05:08,400
instead of luck or caffeine, 
they provided literally tons of 

3546
03:05:08,400 --> 03:05:12,300
gold, the Bamba can beer 
goldfields weren't just minds. 

3547
03:05:12,300 --> 03:05:15,100
They were the economic 
foundation of the Medieval World

3548
03:05:15,100 --> 03:05:17,600
and most a controlled them, like
a medieval oil. 

3549
03:05:17,600 --> 03:05:19,200
Shake with a really shiny 
product. 

3550
03:05:20,500 --> 03:05:23,000
The nature of gold mining in, 
medieval Africa, differed. 

3551
03:05:23,000 --> 03:05:26,100
Significantly from the typical 
guy with a pickaxe and a dream 

3552
03:05:26,100 --> 03:05:28,300
operation. 
These was sophisticated 

3553
03:05:28,300 --> 03:05:31,300
Enterprises that had been 
running for Centuries with 

3554
03:05:31,300 --> 03:05:34,500
techniques passed down through 
generations like family recipes.

3555
03:05:35,400 --> 03:05:38,500
The miners used a combination of
surface panning and deep shaft 

3556
03:05:38,500 --> 03:05:40,300
mining. 
That would have impressed Roman 

3557
03:05:40,300 --> 03:05:43,100
Engineers. 
They diverted Rivers built a 

3558
03:05:43,100 --> 03:05:46,200
labyrinth water systems and 
created mining communities that 

3559
03:05:46,200 --> 03:05:47,600
were basically underground 
cities. 

3560
03:05:48,400 --> 03:05:50,300
But here's where it gets 
intriguing in that makes you 

3561
03:05:50,308 --> 03:05:54,700
want to dig deeper sort of way. 
The exact locations of these 

3562
03:05:54,700 --> 03:05:57,200
mines were state secrets of the 
highest order. 

3563
03:05:58,000 --> 03:06:01,100
Musa didn't just control the 
gold, he controlled the 

3564
03:06:01,100 --> 03:06:03,900
knowledge of where it came from 
foreign Merchants. 

3565
03:06:03,900 --> 03:06:06,100
Could buy all the goal they 
wanted in the markets of 

3566
03:06:06,100 --> 03:06:09,100
Timbuktu or Jenny but they were 
never allowed near the actual 

3567
03:06:09,100 --> 03:06:11,800
mines. 
It was like having the world's 

3568
03:06:11,800 --> 03:06:15,400
most exclusive Club except 
instead of a Velvet Rope, there 

3569
03:06:15,400 --> 03:06:18,400
were armed guards and a policy 
of permanent membership denial 

3570
03:06:18,400 --> 03:06:21,100
for Outsiders. 
The secrecy wasn't just about 

3571
03:06:21,100 --> 03:06:23,500
protecting the gold. 
It was about protecting the 

3572
03:06:23,500 --> 03:06:27,300
entire economic system. 
If word got out about the exact 

3573
03:06:27,300 --> 03:06:30,500
location and scale of the minds,
every ambitious King from 

3574
03:06:30,500 --> 03:06:33,100
Morocco, to Egypt would have 
started planning Invasion 

3575
03:06:33,100 --> 03:06:35,400
routes. 
So Musa, created layers of 

3576
03:06:35,400 --> 03:06:38,900
security that would make modern 
intelligence agencies jealous. 

3577
03:06:39,900 --> 03:06:42,900
The gold was mined in one 
location, processed in another 

3578
03:06:42,900 --> 03:06:45,700
and transported through a 
network of routes that changed 

3579
03:06:45,700 --> 03:06:48,200
regularly. 
The mine is themselves, were 

3580
03:06:48,200 --> 03:06:50,800
Bound by Oaths, that were more 
serious than modern 

3581
03:06:50,800 --> 03:06:54,200
non-disclosure agreements. 
They were not just employees, 

3582
03:06:54,200 --> 03:06:57,100
they were part of a secret 
society that understood their 

3583
03:06:57,100 --> 03:06:59,100
work was the foundation of an 
entire civilization. 

3584
03:07:00,300 --> 03:07:02,800
Many of them lived their entire 
lives within the mining 

3585
03:07:02,800 --> 03:07:05,500
communities, rarely venturing 
into the outside world. 

3586
03:07:05,500 --> 03:07:08,500
They developed their own 
Customs, their dialects and 

3587
03:07:08,500 --> 03:07:11,400
their ways of talking about 
their work, the outside is 

3588
03:07:11,400 --> 03:07:15,200
couldn't understand. 
What made the situation even 

3589
03:07:15,200 --> 03:07:18,800
more remarkable was the scale of
production conservative 

3590
03:07:18,800 --> 03:07:21,900
estimates suggest that during 
musa's Reign the Mali Empire 

3591
03:07:21,900 --> 03:07:24,100
produced more gold than the rest
of the world combined. 

3592
03:07:24,700 --> 03:07:27,900
We're talking about thousands of
pounds of gold per year, flowing

3593
03:07:27,900 --> 03:07:29,700
out of the earth like water from
a spring. 

3594
03:07:30,600 --> 03:07:33,900
This wasn't just mining, it was 
geological Magic on an 

3595
03:07:33,900 --> 03:07:37,700
industrial scale but gold wasn't
the only secret hiding in mali's

3596
03:07:37,700 --> 03:07:41,000
Minds. 
The same geological formations 

3597
03:07:41,000 --> 03:07:43,700
that produced gold. 
Also contained other valuable 

3598
03:07:43,700 --> 03:07:48,200
minerals, silver copper, and 
most importantly, Salt. 

3599
03:07:49,200 --> 03:07:52,600
The salt mines of Taja were, 
almost, as valuable as the gold 

3600
03:07:52,600 --> 03:07:55,100
mines, and they were even more 
carefully guarded. 

3601
03:07:56,000 --> 03:08:00,100
In a world without Refrigeration
salt was a crucial commodity and

3602
03:08:00,100 --> 03:08:03,300
managing its Supply was akin to 
managing the entire food chain. 

3603
03:08:03,300 --> 03:08:06,500
The relationship between moose 
and his mind as was complex, 

3604
03:08:06,500 --> 03:08:09,800
almost like a married between 
practical necessity and mutual 

3605
03:08:09,800 --> 03:08:12,200
respect. 
He provided protection 

3606
03:08:12,200 --> 03:08:16,400
infrastructure and fair 
compensation while they provided

3607
03:08:16,400 --> 03:08:18,000
the foundation of his Empire's 
wealth. 

3608
03:08:18,000 --> 03:08:21,800
It was not exactly feudalism nor
was it modern capitalism. 

3609
03:08:21,800 --> 03:08:25,700
It was something uniquely 
African A system that balanced 

3610
03:08:25,700 --> 03:08:28,200
individual skill with Collective
responsibility. 

3611
03:08:29,000 --> 03:08:31,800
Some historians believe that 
Muses disappearance was directly

3612
03:08:31,800 --> 03:08:34,800
connected to something 
discovered in the mines, maybe 

3613
03:08:34,800 --> 03:08:37,700
it was a new deposit, so vast 
that it required complete 

3614
03:08:37,700 --> 03:08:41,300
secrecy to exploit safely. 
Maybe it was the discovery of 

3615
03:08:41,308 --> 03:08:45,800
other materials precious stones 
rare metals or even written 

3616
03:08:45,800 --> 03:08:47,900
records from previous 
civilizations. 

3617
03:08:48,600 --> 03:08:52,200
The mines had been worked for 
centuries before Muses time and 

3618
03:08:52,200 --> 03:08:55,000
its entirely possible that they 
contained archaeological. 

3619
03:08:55,000 --> 03:08:57,000
Treasures, along with geological
ones. 

3620
03:08:57,800 --> 03:09:00,000
There's all the Intriguing 
possibility that Musa 

3621
03:09:00,000 --> 03:09:02,900
discovered, the mines were 
running out, medieval mining 

3622
03:09:02,900 --> 03:09:06,400
techniques while sophisticated 
were limited by the technology 

3623
03:09:06,400 --> 03:09:09,400
of the time. 
If geological surveys had 

3624
03:09:09,400 --> 03:09:11,500
suggested that the gold deposits
were finite. 

3625
03:09:11,500 --> 03:09:14,900
Mussa might have realized that 
his Empires Foundation was less 

3626
03:09:14,900 --> 03:09:18,600
permanent than everyone assumed 
that kind of information would 

3627
03:09:18,600 --> 03:09:22,000
have required immediate and 
secret action to protect mali's 

3628
03:09:22,000 --> 03:09:25,300
future The transportation of 
gold from the mines. 

3629
03:09:25,300 --> 03:09:27,900
To the markets was itself, a 
masterpiece of logistics. 

3630
03:09:28,800 --> 03:09:32,300
Caravan's moved in carefully, 
planned sequences with decoy 

3631
03:09:32,300 --> 03:09:34,900
Roots, false destinations and 
security measures. 

3632
03:09:34,900 --> 03:09:37,500
That would have impressed, 
modern armored car companies. 

3633
03:09:37,500 --> 03:09:42,000
The gold was disguised to divide
it among multiple Caravans and 

3634
03:09:42,000 --> 03:09:44,800
transported along routes that 
changed with the seasons and the

3635
03:09:44,800 --> 03:09:48,500
political climate But perhaps 
the most important secret about 

3636
03:09:48,500 --> 03:09:50,900
the mines was something that 
Musa took with him when he 

3637
03:09:50,900 --> 03:09:53,200
vanished. 
The knowledge of how to find 

3638
03:09:53,200 --> 03:09:56,500
nude deposits. 
Medieval African Prospectors had

3639
03:09:56,500 --> 03:09:59,100
techniques for reading the 
landscape, understanding 

3640
03:09:59,100 --> 03:10:02,300
geological formations and 
predicting, where gold might be 

3641
03:10:02,300 --> 03:10:05,300
found that were far more 
advanced than anything Europeans

3642
03:10:05,300 --> 03:10:08,300
possessed. 
When Musa disappeared, he took 

3643
03:10:08,300 --> 03:10:11,400
not just his knowledge but the 
entire institutional memory of 

3644
03:10:11,400 --> 03:10:13,100
the Empire's geological 
expertise. 

3645
03:10:13,100 --> 03:10:16,500
Here's where our story takes a 
term that Stranger Than Anything

3646
03:10:16,500 --> 03:10:20,300
Hollywood could dream up. 
Sitting in his Palace in the 

3647
03:10:20,300 --> 03:10:23,100
Army surrounded by more gold 
than most people can imagine 

3648
03:10:23,100 --> 03:10:25,500
Mansa. 
Musa became obsessed with 

3649
03:10:25,500 --> 03:10:28,300
something that should have been 
completely irrelevant to the 

3650
03:10:28,300 --> 03:10:32,000
world's richest man. 
The Western Ocean, not the 

3651
03:10:32,000 --> 03:10:34,100
Mediterranean which was 
basically medieval 

3652
03:10:34,100 --> 03:10:37,300
civilization's highway but the 
Atlantic which most people 

3653
03:10:37,300 --> 03:10:40,000
considered the edge of the world
where dragons lived in ships 

3654
03:10:40,000 --> 03:10:43,800
went to die. 
Now, you might be thinking, why 

3655
03:10:43,800 --> 03:10:46,400
would someone who can control 
half of Africa's wealth care 

3656
03:10:46,400 --> 03:10:50,000
about a bunch of water? 
Well, it turns out that Musa 

3657
03:10:50,000 --> 03:10:53,400
wasn't just wealthy. 
He was curious and in medieval 

3658
03:10:53,400 --> 03:10:56,700
times curiosity about the 
unknown was often the first step

3659
03:10:56,700 --> 03:10:58,700
toward doing something 
completely insane. 

3660
03:10:59,700 --> 03:11:02,600
According to several Arab 
historians Musa had become 

3661
03:11:02,600 --> 03:11:05,900
convinced that there were Lands 
Beyond the Western Ocean lands, 

3662
03:11:05,900 --> 03:11:08,400
that might contain riches, that 
would make even his legendary 

3663
03:11:08,400 --> 03:11:12,100
wealthy modest. 
The Story Goes that musa's 

3664
03:11:12,100 --> 03:11:14,600
predecessor a ruler named 
abubakari. 

3665
03:11:14,600 --> 03:11:17,600
The second had become so 
obsessed with exploring the 

3666
03:11:17,600 --> 03:11:20,700
Atlantic that he'd abdicated, 
his throne to lead, a naval 

3667
03:11:20,708 --> 03:11:24,200
Expedition himself, indeed a 
medieval African king 

3668
03:11:24,200 --> 03:11:26,600
relinquished, his crown to 
embark on a voyage into the 

3669
03:11:26,608 --> 03:11:31,500
unknown. abubakari had assembled
a fleet of 2000 ships, loaded 

3670
03:11:31,500 --> 03:11:36,100
them with supplies and Syed, 
West in 1311, Only one ship 

3671
03:11:36,100 --> 03:11:38,700
returned and its Captain 
reported that the others had 

3672
03:11:38,700 --> 03:11:42,200
been swallowed by the ocean. 
Most reasonable people would 

3673
03:11:42,200 --> 03:11:44,900
have taken the incident as a 
sign that maybe the Atlantic 

3674
03:11:44,900 --> 03:11:47,100
wasn't worth the trouble, but 
Musa wasn't. 

3675
03:11:47,100 --> 03:11:49,800
Most people. 
Musa was a man who saw a 

3676
03:11:49,800 --> 03:11:51,700
business opportunity and a 
collapsed Golden Market. 

3677
03:11:52,500 --> 03:11:55,300
The Disappearance of Abu 
bakari's Fleet didn't discourage

3678
03:11:55,300 --> 03:11:59,000
him, it challenged him. 
He began planning an expedition 

3679
03:11:59,000 --> 03:12:01,500
that would make his predecessors
attempt to look like a pleasure 

3680
03:12:01,500 --> 03:12:04,100
Cruise. 
Multiple sources provide 

3681
03:12:04,100 --> 03:12:07,700
evidence of musus Ambitions in 
the Atlantic revealing a man who

3682
03:12:07,700 --> 03:12:09,800
was Thinking Beyond the 
conventional boundaries of his 

3683
03:12:09,808 --> 03:12:13,000
time, he commissioned the 
construction of ships that were 

3684
03:12:13,000 --> 03:12:16,000
larger and more advanced than 
anything Africa had ever seen. 

3685
03:12:16,900 --> 03:12:20,400
These were not merely trading 
vessels but exploration vessels 

3686
03:12:20,400 --> 03:12:24,400
built to transport month's worth
of supplies and outfitted with 

3687
03:12:24,400 --> 03:12:26,600
navigational equipment, that 
would have been fitting for 

3688
03:12:26,600 --> 03:12:29,800
European ship, a century later, 
but here's where it gets even 

3689
03:12:29,800 --> 03:12:32,700
more interesting in that makes 
you want to check your history 

3690
03:12:32,700 --> 03:12:35,700
books, sort of way. 
Historians. 

3691
03:12:35,700 --> 03:12:38,400
Hold the belief that Moose's 
ships successfully traversed. 

3692
03:12:38,400 --> 03:12:40,400
The Atlantic long before 
Columbus. 

3693
03:12:40,400 --> 03:12:44,000
Lost his way in search of India.
There are tantalizing hints 

3694
03:12:44,000 --> 03:12:46,400
linguistic. 
Similarities between West 

3695
03:12:46,400 --> 03:12:49,000
African languages and certain 
Native American dialects 

3696
03:12:49,000 --> 03:12:51,700
archaeological evidence of 
African presence in 

3697
03:12:51,700 --> 03:12:55,300
pre-columbian America. 
And most intriguingly references

3698
03:12:55,300 --> 03:12:58,700
in Mayan and Aztec text to dark 
skinned visitors from across the

3699
03:12:58,700 --> 03:13:01,600
Eastern Sea. 
The preparation for musa's 

3700
03:13:01,600 --> 03:13:04,900
Atlantic expedition, was 
typically thorough Moussa, 

3701
03:13:04,900 --> 03:13:07,300
didn't simply assemble a fleet 
of boats and rely on luck. 

3702
03:13:07,300 --> 03:13:10,900
He spent years studying, ocean 
currents, wind patterns, and 

3703
03:13:10,900 --> 03:13:14,500
navigation techniques. 
He consulted Arab Sailors who 

3704
03:13:14,500 --> 03:13:17,300
had experienced with 
long-distance Ocean Travel and 

3705
03:13:17,300 --> 03:13:20,600
he even brought in experts from 
as far away as China and India. 

3706
03:13:22,000 --> 03:13:24,400
His voyage was going to be a 
scientific Expedition. 

3707
03:13:24,400 --> 03:13:27,000
Not a medieval equivalent of a 
road trip. 

3708
03:13:27,800 --> 03:13:30,500
The ships themselves were 
marvels of medieval engineering.

3709
03:13:31,300 --> 03:13:34,500
Based on descriptions from Arab,
chroniclers, they were massive 

3710
03:13:34,500 --> 03:13:37,500
vessels. 
Some over 200 feet long with 

3711
03:13:37,500 --> 03:13:41,200
multiple decks sophisticated 
steering systems and storage 

3712
03:13:41,200 --> 03:13:45,300
capacity for months of supplies.
They were built using techniques

3713
03:13:45,300 --> 03:13:48,300
that combined traditional 
African shipbuilding within 

3714
03:13:48,300 --> 03:13:51,100
Innovations, borrowed from Arab 
and possibly even Chinese 

3715
03:13:51,100 --> 03:13:54,600
Maritime technology. 
But perhaps the most telling 

3716
03:13:54,600 --> 03:13:57,800
detail about Moose's, Atlantic 
preparations, was the secrecy 

3717
03:13:57,800 --> 03:14:01,000
surrounding them. 
Muscat, the Atlantic Expedition 

3718
03:14:01,000 --> 03:14:04,300
quiet, unlike his famous 
pilgrimage that aimed to impress

3719
03:14:04,300 --> 03:14:05,700
the world with mali's. 
Wealth. 

3720
03:14:06,600 --> 03:14:09,600
Ships were built in remote 
locations, supplies were 

3721
03:14:09,600 --> 03:14:12,600
gathered, discreetly and crew 
members were sworn to secrecy. 

3722
03:14:14,200 --> 03:14:15,900
This Mission wasn't about 
showing off. 

3723
03:14:16,600 --> 03:14:18,700
This was about achieving 
something that would change the 

3724
03:14:18,700 --> 03:14:21,300
world. 
Many historians can conclude 

3725
03:14:21,300 --> 03:14:25,300
that Musa didn't vanish at all. 
He sailed especially give the 

3726
03:14:25,300 --> 03:14:28,500
timing of his disappearance just
as these preparations were 

3727
03:14:28,500 --> 03:14:32,000
reaching completion. 
The theory goes that Musa, 

3728
03:14:32,000 --> 03:14:35,300
perhaps inspired by his 
predecessors failure and armed 

3729
03:14:35,300 --> 03:14:38,200
with better ship and more 
knowledge decided to lead the 

3730
03:14:38,200 --> 03:14:41,400
Expedition himself. 
It would explain why he 

3731
03:14:41,400 --> 03:14:43,800
disappeared. 
So completely why, there were no

3732
03:14:43,808 --> 03:14:47,100
remains or obvious successes and
why the preparations for the 

3733
03:14:47,100 --> 03:14:48,800
Atlantic Voyage stopped so 
abruptly. 

3734
03:14:50,300 --> 03:14:54,100
If Musa did sale West, it raises
fascinating questions about what

3735
03:14:54,100 --> 03:14:57,300
he might have found. 
The Atlantic currents that flow 

3736
03:14:57,300 --> 03:14:58,900
from West Africa to the 
Americas. 

3737
03:14:58,900 --> 03:15:02,000
Would have carried his ships 
directly to the Caribbean or the

3738
03:15:02,008 --> 03:15:05,600
coast of South America. 
Given the sophistication of his 

3739
03:15:05,600 --> 03:15:08,300
preparation and the resources at
his disposal. 

3740
03:15:08,300 --> 03:15:11,700
It's entirely possible that he 
not only survived the journey, 

3741
03:15:11,700 --> 03:15:14,500
but also established contact 
with Native American 

3742
03:15:14,500 --> 03:15:18,300
civilizations. 
The idea of Mansa Musa the 

3743
03:15:18,300 --> 03:15:21,900
richest man in medieval history.
Encountering the Inca or Maya 

3744
03:15:21,900 --> 03:15:25,500
Empires decades before European 
contact, is the kind of 

3745
03:15:25,500 --> 03:15:27,500
historical. 
What if that makes you wonder 

3746
03:15:27,500 --> 03:15:31,100
how different the world might 
have been The meeting of two 

3747
03:15:31,100 --> 03:15:34,000
incredibly wealthy and 
sophisticated civilizations 

3748
03:15:34,000 --> 03:15:37,500
occurred, not through Conquest 
but through exploration and 

3749
03:15:37,500 --> 03:15:39,900
trade. 
It's a tantalizing possibility 

3750
03:15:39,900 --> 03:15:41,500
that history has largely 
forgotten. 

3751
03:15:41,500 --> 03:15:44,500
You know that Eerie feeling you 
get when you're in a house and 

3752
03:15:44,500 --> 03:15:47,300
the air conditioning suddenly 
shuts off and you realize there 

3753
03:15:47,300 --> 03:15:50,200
was this constant background hum
that you'd completely gotten 

3754
03:15:50,200 --> 03:15:53,900
used to. that's exactly what 
happened to the Medieval World 

3755
03:15:53,900 --> 03:15:57,700
after Mansa Musa, vanished, the 
constant Buzz of news trade 

3756
03:15:57,700 --> 03:16:00,400
updates and diplomatic messages 
from the Mali Empire just 

3757
03:16:01,300 --> 03:16:03,800
Stopped and the silence was 
deafening. 

3758
03:16:04,600 --> 03:16:07,100
The immediate aftermath of 
musa's disappearance was like 

3759
03:16:07,100 --> 03:16:10,800
watching dominoes fall in slow 
motion, his nephew McGann who 

3760
03:16:10,800 --> 03:16:13,100
had been left in charge tried to
maintain the illusion that 

3761
03:16:13,100 --> 03:16:16,400
everything was normal Royal 
proclamations continued to be 

3762
03:16:16,408 --> 03:16:19,500
issued, trade agreements were 
honored and the Machinery of 

3763
03:16:19,500 --> 03:16:22,500
government kept running. 
But anyone paying attention 

3764
03:16:22,500 --> 03:16:25,000
could see that something 
fundamental had changed. 

3765
03:16:25,000 --> 03:16:28,200
It was like watching an 
orchestra continue playing after

3766
03:16:28,200 --> 03:16:31,700
the conductor at left the stage.
the first people to notice with 

3767
03:16:31,700 --> 03:16:35,100
a merchants, these Merchants 
akin to International 

3768
03:16:35,100 --> 03:16:38,600
businessmen from the Medieval 
Era possessed a keen awareness 

3769
03:16:38,600 --> 03:16:42,400
of political instability. 
Caravan routes which have been 

3770
03:16:42,408 --> 03:16:45,200
stable for decades, suddenly 
lost their reliability. 

3771
03:16:46,200 --> 03:16:48,100
Traders who had made Regular 
trips to mali's. 

3772
03:16:48,100 --> 03:16:52,300
Markets started reporting delays
confusion and a general sense 

3773
03:16:52,300 --> 03:16:54,900
that nobody was quite sure who 
was in charge of what. 

3774
03:16:55,700 --> 03:16:57,800
It was like trying to do 
business with a company where 

3775
03:16:57,800 --> 03:17:00,500
all the phones kept going to 
voicemail within a year. 

3776
03:17:00,500 --> 03:17:03,600
Rumors began to circulate 
Traders whispered. 

3777
03:17:03,600 --> 03:17:05,800
In the Cairo markets that 
jealous relatives had 

3778
03:17:05,800 --> 03:17:09,800
assassinated Musa, Sailors in 
the ports of Morocco asserted 

3779
03:17:09,800 --> 03:17:11,600
that Christian Crusaders had 
captured him. 

3780
03:17:12,500 --> 03:17:15,500
European courts, many of which 
had never heard of Marley until 

3781
03:17:15,508 --> 03:17:17,900
musa's famous pilgrimage, 
suddenly found themselves, 

3782
03:17:17,900 --> 03:17:21,700
fascinated by reports of 
succession crises and civil wars

3783
03:17:21,700 --> 03:17:25,300
in the mysterious Golden Empire.
Perhaps the most intriguing 

3784
03:17:25,300 --> 03:17:27,200
theories Came From Within Mali 
itself. 

3785
03:17:28,000 --> 03:17:31,200
Palace servants spoke in hushed 
tones About musa's final days 

3786
03:17:31,200 --> 03:17:34,000
claiming he'd been spending long
hours in the Royal Library 

3787
03:17:34,000 --> 03:17:37,100
studying ancient texts and 
Consulting Scholars about 

3788
03:17:37,100 --> 03:17:38,900
subjects that nobody else 
understood. 

3789
03:17:39,700 --> 03:17:42,400
Some said, he'd become obsessed 
with prophecies about the end of

3790
03:17:42,400 --> 03:17:44,800
the world. 
Others claimed, he discovered 

3791
03:17:44,800 --> 03:17:47,300
something in the deepest, mines 
that had convinced him to 

3792
03:17:47,300 --> 03:17:50,600
abandon his throne. 
The Atlantic Expedition Theory, 

3793
03:17:50,600 --> 03:17:54,600
gain traction, slowly mainly 
because it sounded so completely

3794
03:17:54,600 --> 03:17:58,100
insane that it took a while for 
people to consider it seriously.

3795
03:17:59,300 --> 03:18:02,900
But as the months passed and no 
trace of Musa appeared anywhere 

3796
03:18:02,900 --> 03:18:05,300
in Africa. 
All the Middle East, the idea 

3797
03:18:05,300 --> 03:18:08,100
that he'd sailed into the 
Western Ocean started to seem 

3798
03:18:08,100 --> 03:18:11,300
less crazy and more like the 
kind of thing that someone with 

3799
03:18:11,300 --> 03:18:14,500
unlimited resources and a 
serious case of Wanderlust might

3800
03:18:14,500 --> 03:18:17,400
actually do. 
What made the Atlantic Theory, 

3801
03:18:17,400 --> 03:18:20,500
particularly compelling was the 
discovery of musa's personal 

3802
03:18:20,500 --> 03:18:22,900
effects? 
It's more accurate to say that 

3803
03:18:22,900 --> 03:18:26,900
there was no discovery made. 
When medieval rulers died, they 

3804
03:18:26,900 --> 03:18:30,700
left behind distinctive, 
personal items, crowns SEPTA's, 

3805
03:18:30,700 --> 03:18:33,500
religious artifacts and personal
jewelry. 

3806
03:18:34,300 --> 03:18:37,400
These items were usually 
displayed buried with the ruler 

3807
03:18:37,400 --> 03:18:41,200
or passed down to successes. 
But none of musa's personal 

3808
03:18:41,200 --> 03:18:45,400
effects were ever found his 
crown, his famous golden staff, 

3809
03:18:45,400 --> 03:18:47,500
and his personal copies of the 
Quran. 

3810
03:18:47,500 --> 03:18:50,500
All gone. 
It was, as if he'd packed for a 

3811
03:18:50,500 --> 03:18:53,300
very long trip. 
The economic impact of musa's 

3812
03:18:53,300 --> 03:18:56,300
disappearance rippled outward 
like waves from a stone dropped 

3813
03:18:56,300 --> 03:18:59,200
in Stillwater. 
The gold market which had been 

3814
03:18:59,208 --> 03:19:02,200
stable for decades under his 
careful management began to 

3815
03:19:02,200 --> 03:19:06,000
fluctuate, wildly. 
Some mines, shut down entirely. 

3816
03:19:06,000 --> 03:19:08,600
When local managers couldn't get
clear direction from the central

3817
03:19:08,600 --> 03:19:11,000
government. 
Others kept operating but with 

3818
03:19:11,000 --> 03:19:14,800
reduced security, leading to the
first recorded, gold thefts in 

3819
03:19:14,800 --> 03:19:18,500
mali's history. 
Meanwhile, neighboring kingdoms 

3820
03:19:18,500 --> 03:19:21,200
watched these developments with 
the mixture of concern and 

3821
03:19:21,200 --> 03:19:23,900
opportunity that medieval rulers
were famous for. 

3822
03:19:25,100 --> 03:19:27,800
The Moroccan Sultans who had 
spent years being politely 

3823
03:19:27,800 --> 03:19:30,700
envious of mali's. 
Wealth began making subtle 

3824
03:19:30,700 --> 03:19:34,500
diplomatic overtures to mali's, 
border provinces the kingdom of 

3825
03:19:34,500 --> 03:19:36,400
song High which should be 
mali's. 

3826
03:19:36,400 --> 03:19:39,600
Respectful Eastern neighbor 
started expanding its influence 

3827
03:19:39,600 --> 03:19:42,300
into territories that had 
previously been under Marley's 

3828
03:19:42,300 --> 03:19:45,400
control. 
Perhaps the most poignant aspect

3829
03:19:45,400 --> 03:19:48,400
of musa's disappearance was its 
effect on the people of Mali 

3830
03:19:48,400 --> 03:19:51,400
itself. 
At stake wasn't just the loss of

3831
03:19:51,400 --> 03:19:53,700
a ruler. 
It was the loss of a symbol. 

3832
03:19:54,500 --> 03:19:58,300
Musa had represented, not just 
wealth and power, but the idea 

3833
03:19:58,300 --> 03:20:01,100
that African civilizations could
compete with anyone in the 

3834
03:20:01,100 --> 03:20:04,600
world, his pilgrimage had firmly
established Marley on the 

3835
03:20:04,600 --> 03:20:07,100
medieval map, both literally and
figuratively. 

3836
03:20:08,100 --> 03:20:11,500
His disappearance left to cycle 
void, that was a significant as 

3837
03:20:11,500 --> 03:20:15,000
the political one. 
The scholars of Timbuktu who had

3838
03:20:15,000 --> 03:20:17,500
enjoyed generous, Royal 
patronage under musa's rule, 

3839
03:20:17,500 --> 03:20:19,900
found themselves in a 
particularly difficult position.

3840
03:20:19,900 --> 03:20:23,200
The library's in universe is 
that had made the city, the 

3841
03:20:23,200 --> 03:20:26,000
intellectual center of the 
Medieval World, suddenly faced 

3842
03:20:26,000 --> 03:20:29,400
funding cuts and uncertain. 
Futures some Scholars. 

3843
03:20:29,400 --> 03:20:32,800
Packed up their books and headed
for Cairo or Baghdad where 

3844
03:20:32,800 --> 03:20:36,600
patronage was more reliable. 
Others stayed, hoping that Musa 

3845
03:20:36,600 --> 03:20:38,700
would return all that. 
His successors would continue 

3846
03:20:38,700 --> 03:20:42,400
his educational Investments as 
months turned into years, the 

3847
03:20:42,400 --> 03:20:44,400
theories about Lucas 
disappearance became more 

3848
03:20:44,408 --> 03:20:46,600
elaborate and frankly more 
entertaining. 

3849
03:20:47,300 --> 03:20:49,600
Some claimed he'd been 
transformed into a spirit and 

3850
03:20:49,600 --> 03:20:52,200
was wandering. 
The desert protecting Travelers 

3851
03:20:52,200 --> 03:20:54,300
and Merchants others. 
Insisted. 

3852
03:20:54,300 --> 03:20:57,900
He discovered a secret Valley 
where gold grew on trees and was

3853
03:20:57,900 --> 03:21:01,800
living there in Paradise. 
A few romantic Souls maintain 

3854
03:21:01,800 --> 03:21:04,600
that he'd fallen in love with a 
mysterious princess from a 

3855
03:21:04,600 --> 03:21:07,200
distant land and had abandoned 
his throne for love. 

3856
03:21:08,000 --> 03:21:10,400
But perhaps the most persistent 
theory was also the most 

3857
03:21:10,400 --> 03:21:13,200
practical both medieval and 
modern historians. 

3858
03:21:13,200 --> 03:21:15,700
Hold the belief that Musa 
meticulously planned, and 

3859
03:21:15,700 --> 03:21:18,000
carried out his disappearance as
a political strategy. 

3860
03:21:19,000 --> 03:21:21,600
The idea is that he'd identified
threats to his Empire. 

3861
03:21:22,400 --> 03:21:25,500
Perhaps, Portuguese exploration 
of the African Coast or internal

3862
03:21:25,500 --> 03:21:28,700
political challenges and had 
decided that the best way to 

3863
03:21:28,700 --> 03:21:31,500
protect Molly, was to make 
himself unavailable for capture 

3864
03:21:31,500 --> 03:21:35,000
or assassination while secretly 
managing the Empire's transition

3865
03:21:35,000 --> 03:21:37,300
to new leadership. 
You may be wondering what 

3866
03:21:37,300 --> 03:21:39,800
happened to the gold. 
The theory is, and how this 

3867
03:21:39,800 --> 03:21:41,600
relates to your life in the 21st
century. 

3868
03:21:41,600 --> 03:21:46,100
Well, pour yourself another cup 
of tea because the ending of 

3869
03:21:46,100 --> 03:21:49,400
this story is both more and less
satisfying than you might expect

3870
03:21:49,400 --> 03:21:53,300
in that wonderful human way that
real history defies, our need 

3871
03:21:53,300 --> 03:21:56,800
for neat conclusions. 
The truth is nobody knows what 

3872
03:21:56,800 --> 03:22:00,400
happened to Mansa Musa, despite 
centuries of Investigation 

3873
03:22:00,400 --> 03:22:03,900
speculation and the occasional 
treasure hunter with more 

3874
03:22:03,900 --> 03:22:07,500
enthusiasm than sense, his fate 
remains one of history's most 

3875
03:22:07,500 --> 03:22:11,000
compelling Mysteries. 
No convenient diary detailing 

3876
03:22:11,000 --> 03:22:14,700
his plans was left behind no 
loyal servant pended details 

3877
03:22:14,700 --> 03:22:16,500
Memoir. 
And no archaeological. 

3878
03:22:16,500 --> 03:22:18,600
Discovery has yielded to finish 
of answers. 

3879
03:22:18,600 --> 03:22:22,800
He simply vanished as completely
as if he'd never existed at all.

3880
03:22:24,300 --> 03:22:25,900
But here's the thing about 
Mysteries. 

3881
03:22:25,900 --> 03:22:29,100
Sometimes the not knowing is 
more important than the knowing.

3882
03:22:29,700 --> 03:22:32,800
Musa's disappearance created a 
legend that has lost it longer 

3883
03:22:32,800 --> 03:22:36,100
than most medieval kingdoms, 
which had clear and documented 

3884
03:22:36,100 --> 03:22:38,200
endings. 
While other rulers are 

3885
03:22:38,200 --> 03:22:41,500
remembered for their deaths, 
their defeats or their boring 

3886
03:22:41,500 --> 03:22:44,400
administrative achievements, 
Musa is remembered for his 

3887
03:22:44,400 --> 03:22:48,700
ultimate mystery. 
He became in effect Immortal 

3888
03:22:48,700 --> 03:22:51,600
through absence, the Mali Empire
itself. 

3889
03:22:51,600 --> 03:22:54,300
Limped along for another Century
or so after musa's 

3890
03:22:54,300 --> 03:22:56,000
disappearance. 
But it was never the same 

3891
03:22:56,000 --> 03:22:58,500
observing. 
The Mali Empire after the 

3892
03:22:58,500 --> 03:23:01,500
departure of its lead. 
Singer is a kin to witnessing a 

3893
03:23:01,500 --> 03:23:04,300
band attempt to carry on despite
the absence of the unique 

3894
03:23:04,300 --> 03:23:06,000
element that contributed to its 
magic. 

3895
03:23:06,800 --> 03:23:09,900
The gold mines continued to 
produce wealth, the trade 

3896
03:23:09,900 --> 03:23:12,600
routes, remained profitable, and
the cities, maintain their 

3897
03:23:12,600 --> 03:23:14,700
importance. 
But the Empire gradually 

3898
03:23:14,700 --> 03:23:18,300
fragmented into smaller kingdoms
that were easier to manage, but 

3899
03:23:18,300 --> 03:23:22,000
less impressive to contemplate. 
What's fascinating is, how much 

3900
03:23:22,000 --> 03:23:24,600
is story was forgotten, and then
rediscovered. 

3901
03:23:25,600 --> 03:23:28,900
For centuries After mali's, 
Decline European historians 

3902
03:23:28,900 --> 03:23:31,800
dismissed stories about the 
golden African king as myths. 

3903
03:23:32,300 --> 03:23:35,100
Presumably because they couldn't
imagine that medieval Africa, 

3904
03:23:35,100 --> 03:23:37,500
had produced someone wealthy 
than any European ruler. 

3905
03:23:38,100 --> 03:23:40,700
It wasn't until the 20th 
century, that serious, 

3906
03:23:40,700 --> 03:23:44,700
historical research, confirmed 
that yes, there really had been 

3907
03:23:44,700 --> 03:23:48,000
a man who controlled most of the
world's gold Supply and who had 

3908
03:23:48,000 --> 03:23:50,600
casually crashed the Egyptian 
economy just by being generous. 

3909
03:23:51,400 --> 03:23:54,600
Today Mansa, Musa is finally 
getting his due recognition. 

3910
03:23:54,600 --> 03:23:58,000
He regularly appears on lists of
the wealthiest people in 

3911
03:23:58,000 --> 03:24:00,800
history, adjusted for inflation,
and purchasing power. 

3912
03:24:01,700 --> 03:24:05,000
Modern estimates, put his wealth
at somewhere between 400 billion

3913
03:24:05,000 --> 03:24:09,200
dollars and 600 billion dollars.
In today's money, making him 

3914
03:24:09,200 --> 03:24:12,200
roughly four times wealthier 
than the current richest person 

3915
03:24:12,200 --> 03:24:14,900
alive. 
This is impressive, considering 

3916
03:24:14,900 --> 03:24:18,100
he has been deceased for seven 
centuries, but most of his real 

3917
03:24:18,100 --> 03:24:21,500
Legacy isn't just about money. 
It's about imagination. 

3918
03:24:22,400 --> 03:24:25,200
He embodies the Innovative 
mindset of the Medieval World 

3919
03:24:25,200 --> 03:24:28,800
advocating for the use of wealth
and power for exploration 

3920
03:24:28,800 --> 03:24:31,900
education. 
And genuine curiosity about the 

3921
03:24:31,900 --> 03:24:34,600
world. 
His pilgrimage was not solely 

3922
03:24:34,600 --> 03:24:38,400
motivated by religious duty, but
also by the desire to map his 

3923
03:24:38,400 --> 03:24:41,500
kingdom and established 
diplomatic relations with the 

3924
03:24:41,500 --> 03:24:45,400
global Community his possible. 
Atlantic Expedition, wasn't just

3925
03:24:45,400 --> 03:24:47,800
about Conquest, it was about to 
Discovery. 

3926
03:24:49,000 --> 03:24:51,700
In our modern world, where we're
constantly told that the Age of 

3927
03:24:51,708 --> 03:24:54,300
Exploration is over and that 
everything has been discovered. 

3928
03:24:54,300 --> 03:24:58,000
Musa's story serves as a 
reminder that human curiosity 

3929
03:24:58,000 --> 03:25:00,100
and ambition can take us to 
places. 

3930
03:25:00,100 --> 03:25:03,400
We never imagined. 
He looked at notion that 

3931
03:25:03,400 --> 03:25:05,600
everyone else, considered 
impossible and saw an 

3932
03:25:05,608 --> 03:25:07,700
opportunity. 
He looked at wealth that 

3933
03:25:07,708 --> 03:25:10,600
everyone else would have hoarded
and saw a tool for building 

3934
03:25:10,600 --> 03:25:14,400
something greater The mystery of
his disappearance also speaks to

3935
03:25:14,400 --> 03:25:17,400
something, deeply human about 
our relationship with success 

3936
03:25:17,400 --> 03:25:20,100
and achievement. 
Here was a man who had 

3937
03:25:20,100 --> 03:25:24,600
everything, literally everything
and he chose to walk away from 

3938
03:25:24,600 --> 03:25:28,400
it. whether he sailed into the 
Atlantic retreated to a secret 

3939
03:25:28,400 --> 03:25:31,500
location, while simply decided 
that being the richest man in 

3940
03:25:31,500 --> 03:25:35,200
the world was overrated, he made
a choice that prioritized 

3941
03:25:35,200 --> 03:25:40,000
mystery over certainly an 
adventure over security Maybe 

3942
03:25:40,000 --> 03:25:41,600
that's why musa's story 
resonates. 

3943
03:25:41,600 --> 03:25:44,800
So strongly today, in a world 
where we're constantly tracking 

3944
03:25:44,800 --> 03:25:46,800
monitoring and documenting 
everything. 

3945
03:25:46,800 --> 03:25:49,500
There's something appealing 
about someone who managed to 

3946
03:25:49,500 --> 03:25:52,400
disappear. 
So completely he reminds us that

3947
03:25:52,400 --> 03:25:56,900
even in our hyper-connected age,
there are still Mysteries and 

3948
03:25:56,900 --> 03:25:59,800
places where the human Spirit 
can go that surveillance cameras

3949
03:25:59,800 --> 03:26:03,100
and GPS tracking can't. 
So the next time you're feeling 

3950
03:26:03,108 --> 03:26:06,600
overwhelmed by the demands of 
Modern Life remember Mansa Musa.

3951
03:26:06,600 --> 03:26:09,000
Remember that? 
The richest man in history, 

3952
03:26:09,000 --> 03:26:13,000
chose mystery over certainty 
Adventure over security and the 

3953
03:26:13,000 --> 03:26:16,400
unknown over the comfortable. 
He reminds us that sometimes the

3954
03:26:16,400 --> 03:26:19,200
most important Journeys are the 
ones that take us beyond the 

3955
03:26:19,208 --> 03:26:22,500
map, beyond the known, beyond 
the places where we think we're 

3956
03:26:22,500 --> 03:26:25,000
supposed to be. 
And if you ever find yourself, 

3957
03:26:25,000 --> 03:26:26,800
wondering, what happened to all 
that gold? 

3958
03:26:26,800 --> 03:26:29,500
Well, maybe it's still out there
somewhere. 

3959
03:26:29,500 --> 03:26:32,500
Waiting for someone curious 
enough to go looking for it. 

3960
03:26:33,300 --> 03:26:35,500
After all the world is still 
full of mysteries. 

3961
03:26:35,500 --> 03:26:38,400
And some of the best stories are
the ones that never really end. 

3962
03:26:38,400 --> 03:26:42,100
Remember, sometimes the most 
valuable Treasures are the ones 

3963
03:26:42,100 --> 03:26:45,000
that remain hidden waiting for 
the right person to discover 

3964
03:26:45,000 --> 03:26:47,300
them just like Mansa Musa 
himself. 

3965
03:26:47,300 --> 03:26:50,200
Some things are worth more when 
they remain wonderfully 

3966
03:26:50,200 --> 03:26:58,400
mysteriously unknown. 
Picturing England in the 1500s, 

3967
03:26:58,400 --> 03:27:02,000
a damp sheep filled Kingdom City
off the coast of Europe. 

3968
03:27:02,000 --> 03:27:05,600
Watching Spain Hall shiploads of
gold back from the Americas. 

3969
03:27:06,500 --> 03:27:08,200
While Spain was becoming 
incredibly. 

3970
03:27:08,200 --> 03:27:10,000
Well, he from his new world 
adventures. 

3971
03:27:10,000 --> 03:27:13,300
The English was still trying to 
figure out basic matters, such 

3972
03:27:13,300 --> 03:27:16,500
as not executing so many of 
their monarchs but sometimes, 

3973
03:27:16,500 --> 03:27:18,200
underdogs are just getting 
warmed up. 

3974
03:27:19,300 --> 03:27:21,900
Elizabeth. 
The first a woman sat on the 

3975
03:27:21,908 --> 03:27:25,200
throne capable of engaging 
diplomatically in the morning 

3976
03:27:25,200 --> 03:27:28,200
and authorizing a pirate raid. 
By tee time, she looked at 

3977
03:27:28,200 --> 03:27:30,800
Spain's treasure Fleet sailing 
past and thought the English 

3978
03:27:30,800 --> 03:27:34,200
deserved a share of that. 
Well, Enter the Sea Dogs, which 

3979
03:27:34,200 --> 03:27:36,600
sounds Innocent. 
But was actually England's 

3980
03:27:36,600 --> 03:27:38,900
cheeky name for their officially
unofficial Pirates. 

3981
03:27:39,500 --> 03:27:42,900
These were men such as Francis 
Drake, who had the audacity to 

3982
03:27:42,900 --> 03:27:45,100
sail around the entire world. 
Just to prove. 

3983
03:27:45,100 --> 03:27:48,100
It could be done stopping along 
the way to liberate Spanish 

3984
03:27:48,100 --> 03:27:50,400
treasure. 
When Drake came home with a 

3985
03:27:50,408 --> 03:27:53,400
ship, so loaded with stolen 
Spanish gold, that it nearly 

3986
03:27:53,400 --> 03:27:57,500
sank, Elizabeth didn't arrest 
him, she knighted him, the 

3987
03:27:57,500 --> 03:28:00,800
Spanish understandably were 
getting tired of this Behavior. 

3988
03:28:01,500 --> 03:28:04,800
So in 1588 they decided to send 
a little reminder called the 

3989
03:28:04,800 --> 03:28:09,300
Spanish Armada 130 ships, packed
with soldiers heading straight 

3990
03:28:09,300 --> 03:28:12,000
for Englund Shores. 
You might expect this to be 

3991
03:28:12,000 --> 03:28:16,100
wearing and gets its come up 
once David vs Goliath except 

3992
03:28:16,100 --> 03:28:18,900
Goliath has canons and centuries
of Naval experience. 

3993
03:28:19,700 --> 03:28:22,600
But here's where geography 
becomes Destiny and where 

3994
03:28:22,600 --> 03:28:25,300
England's, Terrible Weather. 
Finally worked in their favor. 

3995
03:28:26,000 --> 03:28:28,700
Picture the Spanish Admiral, who
had spent months planning this 

3996
03:28:28,700 --> 03:28:32,800
Invasion, his ships, loaded with
troops feeling confident, then 

3997
03:28:32,800 --> 03:28:35,800
he hits the English Channel and 
discovers that English weather 

3998
03:28:35,800 --> 03:28:40,000
isn't just unpleasant. 
Actively hostile, the wind 

3999
03:28:40,000 --> 03:28:43,700
starts howling, the seas turn 
nasty and suddenly those massive

4000
03:28:43,700 --> 03:28:46,100
proud warships are being tossed 
around violently. 

4001
03:28:46,900 --> 03:28:50,000
The English meanwhile had 
smaller more, Nimble ships, that

4002
03:28:50,000 --> 03:28:54,000
danced around the Spanish Fleet 
they Dart in fire their cannons 

4003
03:28:54,000 --> 03:28:56,000
and zip away before the Spanish 
could respond. 

4004
03:28:56,000 --> 03:28:59,400
It was Naval guerrilla warfare 
and the Spanish weren't ready 

4005
03:28:59,400 --> 03:29:02,100
for it. 
But the real hero of this story 

4006
03:29:02,100 --> 03:29:04,800
wasn't English bravery or 
cunning it was the weather. 

4007
03:29:05,600 --> 03:29:08,000
A massive storm. 
Scattered the Spanish Fleet 

4008
03:29:08,000 --> 03:29:11,200
sending ships crashing into 
rocks, running a ground and 

4009
03:29:11,200 --> 03:29:14,500
generally having the worst day 
in Naval History, the Spanish 

4010
03:29:14,500 --> 03:29:17,300
called it. 
El, viento protestante, the 

4011
03:29:17,300 --> 03:29:22,100
Protestant wind even goddess 
seemed had picked sides, When 

4012
03:29:22,100 --> 03:29:24,500
the dust settled, Spain 
seemingly Invincible. 

4013
03:29:24,500 --> 03:29:27,400
Navy was in tatters. 
And little England had proven 

4014
03:29:27,400 --> 03:29:30,700
that sometimes being small, and 
Scrappy beats being big and 

4015
03:29:30,700 --> 03:29:34,100
powerful underweight, friend, 
somehow winning an arm wrestling

4016
03:29:34,100 --> 03:29:37,500
contest against the Jim's 
bodybuilder, improbable that 

4017
03:29:37,500 --> 03:29:41,000
undeniably impressive. 
This Victory not only protected 

4018
03:29:41,000 --> 03:29:44,100
England from Invasion, but also 
signaled, the arrival of a new 

4019
03:29:44,100 --> 03:29:47,700
player in the global Arena, the 
Spanish Empire, which is seemed 

4020
03:29:47,700 --> 03:29:50,100
as permanent as the Sunrise 
suddenly looked vulnerable. 

4021
03:29:50,100 --> 03:29:53,600
An England that soggy little 
island that nobody had taken, 

4022
03:29:53,608 --> 03:29:57,000
seriously started getting some 
intriguing ideas about what it 

4023
03:29:57,000 --> 03:29:58,700
might accomplish on the world 
stage. 

4024
03:29:59,800 --> 03:30:02,200
The age of Spanish dominance was
beginning to crack. 

4025
03:30:02,200 --> 03:30:05,300
And through those cracks 
English, ambition was starting 

4026
03:30:05,300 --> 03:30:10,800
to grow persistent Unstoppable 
and surprisingly resilient The 

4027
03:30:10,808 --> 03:30:13,200
foundation was being laid for 
what would become the largest 

4028
03:30:13,200 --> 03:30:16,500
Empire in human history. 
After beating the Spanish Armada

4029
03:30:16,500 --> 03:30:19,900
England had confidence but still
relatively little money compared

4030
03:30:19,900 --> 03:30:23,300
to his European neighbors. 
They needed a business plan and 

4031
03:30:23,300 --> 03:30:27,600
unfortunately the business plans
of the 1600s often involved what

4032
03:30:27,600 --> 03:30:31,400
we politely call morally 
questionable practices Enter the

4033
03:30:31,408 --> 03:30:35,000
merchant companies organizations
with grand names, such as the 

4034
03:30:35,000 --> 03:30:38,300
company of merchant adventurers.
These weren't your typical 

4035
03:30:38,300 --> 03:30:40,700
Corner shops. 
They were massive trading 

4036
03:30:40,700 --> 03:30:44,600
corporations with royal Charters
that basically said go forth and

4037
03:30:44,600 --> 03:30:48,500
make money and don't ask too 
many questions about how The 

4038
03:30:48,500 --> 03:30:51,700
East India Company was the crown
jewel of these operations and 

4039
03:30:51,700 --> 03:30:53,700
calling. 
It just a Trading Company under 

4040
03:30:53,700 --> 03:30:58,200
State, its true nature, Founded 
in 1600, is started as a simple 

4041
03:30:58,200 --> 03:31:01,800
idea. 
Sail to Asia by spices and silk,

4042
03:31:01,800 --> 03:31:04,300
and Selma back home for a normal
profits. 

4043
03:31:05,300 --> 03:31:08,400
Became the world's first Global 
Corporation, except with more 

4044
03:31:08,400 --> 03:31:11,300
cannons and fewer HR 
departments, you have to 

4045
03:31:11,308 --> 03:31:14,300
understand spices back then 
weren't just about making food 

4046
03:31:14,300 --> 03:31:17,700
taste better, they were 
incredibly valuable pepper was 

4047
03:31:17,708 --> 03:31:19,400
literally worth its weight in 
Silver. 

4048
03:31:19,400 --> 03:31:22,800
And Nutmeg was so precious that 
wars were fought over tiny 

4049
03:31:22,800 --> 03:31:25,900
islands that grew it. 
The Dutch had monopolized much 

4050
03:31:25,900 --> 03:31:28,600
of the spice trade charging 
whatever they wanted, and the 

4051
03:31:28,600 --> 03:31:30,700
English decided they should get 
in on that business. 

4052
03:31:31,900 --> 03:31:34,300
But the East Indy company wasn't
content to just trade. 

4053
03:31:34,300 --> 03:31:37,500
They started hiring their own 
armies, making their own 

4054
03:31:37,500 --> 03:31:40,500
treaties and essentially running
their own foreign policy. 

4055
03:31:41,400 --> 03:31:43,300
A modern Corporation deciding to
start. 

4056
03:31:43,300 --> 03:31:46,900
Conquering countries that's 
basically what happened except 

4057
03:31:46,900 --> 03:31:50,600
with sailing ships and elaborate
uniforms the company's expansion

4058
03:31:50,600 --> 03:31:52,700
into India. 
Perfectly demonstrates, how 

4059
03:31:52,700 --> 03:31:56,000
ambition can snowball Beyond 
anyone's original intentions. 

4060
03:31:56,900 --> 03:31:59,700
They'd started by just wanting 
to set up trading posts along 

4061
03:31:59,700 --> 03:32:02,900
the coast little fortified 
compounds where they could store

4062
03:32:02,900 --> 03:32:06,600
goods and conduct business. 
But in India, in the 1600s was a

4063
03:32:06,608 --> 03:32:10,100
complex Patchwork of competing 
kingdoms and the Mughal Empire 

4064
03:32:10,100 --> 03:32:12,300
which had been holding 
everything together was starting

4065
03:32:12,300 --> 03:32:15,200
to weaken. 
In this power of vacuum stepped 

4066
03:32:15,200 --> 03:32:18,500
the East India Company, they'd 
make alliances with local 

4067
03:32:18,500 --> 03:32:21,400
rulers, provide military 
support, and gradually become 

4068
03:32:21,400 --> 03:32:24,200
indispensable. 
Before anyone quite realized 

4069
03:32:24,200 --> 03:32:27,500
what was happening, the company 
wasn't just trading in India, it

4070
03:32:27,500 --> 03:32:28,900
was running. 
Large chunks of it. 

4071
03:32:30,000 --> 03:32:33,700
The Battle of Plassey in 1757 
was one of those moments that 

4072
03:32:33,700 --> 03:32:36,600
seemed minor at the time, but 
changed everything, Robert 

4073
03:32:36,600 --> 03:32:38,400
Clive. 
A company official, who'd 

4074
03:32:38,400 --> 03:32:41,200
started as a clock and worked 
his way up to general defeated. 

4075
03:32:41,200 --> 03:32:43,400
The nawab of Bengal with a much 
smaller Force. 

4076
03:32:43,400 --> 03:32:45,600
This unexpected Victory. 
Paved. 

4077
03:32:45,600 --> 03:32:49,000
The way for unprecedented power.
But Victory came with 

4078
03:32:49,000 --> 03:32:52,700
consequences, nobody had thought
through suddenly the East India.

4079
03:32:52,700 --> 03:32:55,000
Company was responsible for 
governing millions of people 

4080
03:32:55,000 --> 03:32:58,300
across vast territories. 
They had gone from being 

4081
03:32:58,300 --> 03:33:02,300
Merchants to being rulers, and 
they were completely unprepared 

4082
03:33:02,300 --> 03:33:06,500
for this transformation. the 
wealth flowing back to Britain 

4083
03:33:06,500 --> 03:33:10,600
was staggering Bengal alone was 
generating revenues that dwarfed

4084
03:33:10,600 --> 03:33:14,400
many European kingdoms entire 
budgets, The taxes that had 

4085
03:33:14,400 --> 03:33:17,100
previously benefited local 
rulers were now contributing 

4086
03:33:17,100 --> 03:33:20,400
significantly to British coffers
and the company shareholders 

4087
03:33:20,400 --> 03:33:22,200
were experiencing unprecedented 
wealth. 

4088
03:33:22,900 --> 03:33:25,900
Naturally, the foundation of 
this, well rested on systems 

4089
03:33:25,900 --> 03:33:28,600
that were fundamentally 
extractive and frequently cruel.

4090
03:33:29,600 --> 03:33:33,100
The company exploited, their 
territories prioritizing profit 

4091
03:33:33,100 --> 03:33:35,700
margins, over the well-being of 
the people, under their control.

4092
03:33:36,800 --> 03:33:39,900
Famines became more common and 
more deadly when local resources

4093
03:33:39,900 --> 03:33:42,300
were diverted to company 
profits, rather than local 

4094
03:33:42,300 --> 03:33:44,000
needs. 
Back in London. 

4095
03:33:44,000 --> 03:33:46,900
People were starting to notice 
that their little Trading 

4096
03:33:46,900 --> 03:33:50,500
Company had somehow acquired an 
Empire, the British government 

4097
03:33:50,500 --> 03:33:53,000
wasn't entirely sure what to do 
with this situation. 

4098
03:33:53,000 --> 03:33:56,500
The company was generating 
enormous wealth for the country 

4099
03:33:56,500 --> 03:33:58,900
but it was all. 
So making decisions that 

4100
03:33:58,900 --> 03:34:01,300
affected in international 
relations and the lives of 

4101
03:34:01,308 --> 03:34:04,200
millions of people. 
This was the beginning of a 

4102
03:34:04,208 --> 03:34:06,900
pattern that would define the 
British Empire for centuries. 

4103
03:34:06,900 --> 03:34:10,000
Private ambition leading to 
public responsibility. 

4104
03:34:10,000 --> 03:34:14,000
Commercial Ventures, growing 
into political control and a 

4105
03:34:14,000 --> 03:34:16,500
small island nation, finding 
itself, responsible for 

4106
03:34:16,500 --> 03:34:18,700
governing vast populations 
across the globe. 

4107
03:34:18,700 --> 03:34:21,400
Often without any clear plan for
how to do it. 

4108
03:34:21,400 --> 03:34:25,400
Ethically, or effectively. 
Stage was set for an Empire that

4109
03:34:25,400 --> 03:34:28,700
would span continents and 
reshape the world built, not 

4110
03:34:28,700 --> 03:34:31,300
through Grand strategy, but 
through the accumulated 

4111
03:34:31,300 --> 03:34:34,800
decisions of merchants soldiers.
And administrators, who often 

4112
03:34:34,800 --> 03:34:38,300
had no idea what they were 
creating by the 1700s. 

4113
03:34:38,300 --> 03:34:41,300
Britain had stumbled into 
something resembling a strategy 

4114
03:34:41,300 --> 03:34:43,700
though. 
Calling it a strategy might be 

4115
03:34:43,700 --> 03:34:45,600
generous. 
It was more organized 

4116
03:34:45,600 --> 03:34:49,400
opportunism with excellent Naval
support Britain had discovered 

4117
03:34:49,400 --> 03:34:52,700
that if you control the Seas, 
you could control global trade 

4118
03:34:52,700 --> 03:34:55,900
control, the highways and you 
don't need to own every town. 

4119
03:34:55,900 --> 03:34:58,700
You just need to control how 
people and goods move between 

4120
03:34:58,700 --> 03:35:00,600
them. 
This is where the Royal Navy 

4121
03:35:00,600 --> 03:35:04,500
enters our story with full force
by the mid-1700s, Britain was 

4122
03:35:04,500 --> 03:35:07,700
building ships constantly 
everywhere with the assumption 

4123
03:35:07,700 --> 03:35:09,300
that you could never have too 
many. 

4124
03:35:10,100 --> 03:35:13,000
They had honed their Naval 
Warfare skills to such an extent

4125
03:35:13,000 --> 03:35:16,400
that any potential enemy found 
in countering a British Fleet to

4126
03:35:16,408 --> 03:35:19,100
be highly unwelcome. 
This Naval strategy. 

4127
03:35:19,100 --> 03:35:21,800
Truly demonstrated its 
Effectiveness during the Seven 

4128
03:35:21,800 --> 03:35:27,000
Years War while 1000 and 56 to 
1,763. 

4129
03:35:28,100 --> 03:35:30,500
Well, European powers engaged in
land battles. 

4130
03:35:30,500 --> 03:35:32,800
Britain pursued, a distinct 
strategy. 

4131
03:35:32,800 --> 03:35:36,400
They'd swoop in capture 
strategic ports, and Islands, 

4132
03:35:36,400 --> 03:35:39,500
disrupt, enemy trade routes and 
generally make life. 

4133
03:35:39,500 --> 03:35:42,100
Miserable for anyone who 
depended on Maritime Commerce, 

4134
03:35:42,800 --> 03:35:46,000
take the capture of Quebec in 
1759, which sounds 

4135
03:35:46,000 --> 03:35:48,800
straightforward, but was 
actually extraordinarily daring.

4136
03:35:49,600 --> 03:35:51,500
General Wolfe and his troops had
to scale. 

4137
03:35:51,500 --> 03:35:53,900
Supposedly unclimbable cliffs in
the middle of the night, 

4138
03:35:53,900 --> 03:35:56,700
surprise, the French Defenders 
and capture one of the most 

4139
03:35:56,700 --> 03:35:58,100
important cities in North 
America. 

4140
03:35:58,100 --> 03:36:00,900
It was the kind of plan that 
should have failed spectacularly

4141
03:36:00,900 --> 03:36:03,900
but somehow worked perfectly 
though. 

4142
03:36:03,900 --> 03:36:06,100
They both wolf and the French 
command died in the Battle. 

4143
03:36:06,100 --> 03:36:09,200
The result of all these Naval 
dominance was that Britain 

4144
03:36:09,200 --> 03:36:12,100
started accumulating territories
to an unpressed dented rate. 

4145
03:36:13,000 --> 03:36:16,200
Gibraltar controlled access to 
the Mediterranean Malta, was 

4146
03:36:16,208 --> 03:36:18,700
perfectly positioned for Middle 
Eastern trade routes. 

4147
03:36:19,600 --> 03:36:21,500
The Cape of Good. 
Hope controlled the sea route to

4148
03:36:21,508 --> 03:36:23,900
Asia. 
It was strategic positioning on 

4149
03:36:23,900 --> 03:36:25,800
a global scale. 
With each acquisition. 

4150
03:36:25,800 --> 03:36:27,400
Making the next one more 
valuable. 

4151
03:36:28,000 --> 03:36:30,900
From a logistical perspective. 
Governing a global Empire with a

4152
03:36:30,900 --> 03:36:34,000
sailing ship as your fastest 
communication method presents 

4153
03:36:34,000 --> 03:36:37,400
unique challenges. 
Messages between London and 

4154
03:36:37,400 --> 03:36:40,100
India, took months, which meant 
that by the time. 

4155
03:36:40,100 --> 03:36:42,100
Headquarters heard about a 
problem and sent back 

4156
03:36:42,100 --> 03:36:44,600
instructions. 
The situation had usually either

4157
03:36:44,600 --> 03:36:47,900
resolved itself, or gotten 
spectacularly worse, this 

4158
03:36:47,900 --> 03:36:50,900
communication delay, created a 
dynamic where British officials 

4159
03:36:50,900 --> 03:36:52,900
on the ground had enormous 
autonomy. 

4160
03:36:52,900 --> 03:36:55,600
They couldn't ask London for 
permission every time they 

4161
03:36:55,600 --> 03:36:58,300
needed to make a decision. 
So they often just made it and 

4162
03:36:58,300 --> 03:37:01,600
hoped it would be approved. 
Retroactively Some officials 

4163
03:37:01,600 --> 03:37:04,900
used this Freedom responsibly 
others discovered that power 

4164
03:37:04,900 --> 03:37:08,800
exercised 8,000 miles away from 
any oversight can corrupt, 

4165
03:37:08,800 --> 03:37:11,900
absolutely. 
You'd have company officials, 

4166
03:37:11,900 --> 03:37:15,800
essentially running their own 
kingdoms, making treaties waging

4167
03:37:15,800 --> 03:37:19,100
Wars and collecting taxes. 
All while technically being 

4168
03:37:19,100 --> 03:37:22,600
employees of a trading company 
based in London, the system 

4169
03:37:22,600 --> 03:37:25,500
worked when these officials were
competent and honest, but it 

4170
03:37:25,508 --> 03:37:28,400
created opportunities for abuse 
that were difficult to control 

4171
03:37:28,400 --> 03:37:32,600
from such distances. 
The American colonies served as 

4172
03:37:32,600 --> 03:37:35,000
a prime illustration of the 
potential pitfalls of this 

4173
03:37:35,000 --> 03:37:37,400
system. 
Strapped for cash off after the 

4174
03:37:37,400 --> 03:37:40,800
costly, 7 Years War, the British
government decided that the 

4175
03:37:40,800 --> 03:37:43,100
American should contribute to 
their own defense costs. 

4176
03:37:43,900 --> 03:37:46,600
This seemed reasonable from 
London's perspective after all 

4177
03:37:46,600 --> 03:37:49,000
British troops are just spent 
years protecting American 

4178
03:37:49,000 --> 03:37:51,000
colonists from French and Indian
attacks. 

4179
03:37:52,300 --> 03:37:54,800
But the colonists had gotten 
used to managing their Affairs 

4180
03:37:54,800 --> 03:37:58,600
and suddenly being asked to pay 
taxes, they'd had no say in 

4181
03:37:58,600 --> 03:38:02,900
imposing felt fundamentally 
unfair, the famous no taxation 

4182
03:38:02,900 --> 03:38:05,900
without representation wasn't 
just a catchy slogan. 

4183
03:38:05,900 --> 03:38:09,200
It was a fundamental complained 
about the impossibility of 

4184
03:38:09,200 --> 03:38:11,600
governing an Empire when 
communication took months and 

4185
03:38:11,600 --> 03:38:15,600
local conditions changed daily, 
The British response to American

4186
03:38:15,600 --> 03:38:19,200
complaints was essentially we've
been doing this successfully all

4187
03:38:19,200 --> 03:38:21,100
over the world, just go along 
with it. 

4188
03:38:22,200 --> 03:38:24,800
But North America was different 
from India or the Caribbean. 

4189
03:38:24,800 --> 03:38:27,900
The colonists were mostly 
British, descended shared 

4190
03:38:27,900 --> 03:38:31,100
British legal traditions, and 
had enough economic independence

4191
03:38:31,100 --> 03:38:34,100
to cause real trouble. 
If they organized when that 

4192
03:38:34,108 --> 03:38:37,300
trouble finally came Britain, 
discovered that Naval Supremacy 

4193
03:38:37,300 --> 03:38:40,400
while excellent for controling 
trade routes and capturing 

4194
03:38:40,400 --> 03:38:43,500
Islands was less useful for 
fighting a land war against 

4195
03:38:43,500 --> 03:38:46,400
people who knew the terrain and 
had the support of the local 

4196
03:38:46,400 --> 03:38:49,200
population. 
You could control the coasts 

4197
03:38:49,200 --> 03:38:52,600
control, the interior required 
different tactics, entirely. 

4198
03:38:53,900 --> 03:38:56,300
The loss of the American 
colonies was Britain's first. 

4199
03:38:56,300 --> 03:38:59,200
Major Imperial setback, but it 
wouldn't be the last. 

4200
03:38:59,200 --> 03:39:03,100
The lesson was clear Empires 
built on Naval power and 

4201
03:39:03,100 --> 03:39:04,700
Commercial Advantage, were 
vulnerable. 

4202
03:39:04,700 --> 03:39:08,000
When local populations decided 
they no longer wanted to be 

4203
03:39:08,000 --> 03:39:11,100
governed by distant foreigners, 
no matter how powerful those 

4204
03:39:11,100 --> 03:39:13,700
foreigners might be at Sea. 
After losing the American 

4205
03:39:13,700 --> 03:39:16,600
colonies, Britain was hurt and 
embarrassed, but determined to 

4206
03:39:16,600 --> 03:39:18,000
prove, they could do better 
elsewhere. 

4207
03:39:18,000 --> 03:39:21,700
They were lucky to have India, 
which was becoming their most 

4208
03:39:21,700 --> 03:39:25,400
lucrative relationship, even if 
it was unexpectedly complex. 

4209
03:39:26,200 --> 03:39:30,500
By the 1800s, calling India, the
jewel in the crown wasn't just 

4210
03:39:30,500 --> 03:39:33,200
poetic language, it was an 
economic reality. 

4211
03:39:34,100 --> 03:39:36,900
The wealth flowing from the 
subcontinent was extraordinary 

4212
03:39:36,900 --> 03:39:42,300
cotton spices tea, opium and 
manufactured goods were 

4213
03:39:42,300 --> 03:39:44,600
generating revenues that made 
Britain, one of the wealthiest 

4214
03:39:44,600 --> 03:39:48,500
Nations on Earth but this wealth
came with responsibilities and 

4215
03:39:48,500 --> 03:39:52,100
complications that nobody had 
really planned for the thing 

4216
03:39:52,100 --> 03:39:55,000
about governing 300 million 
people across the subcontinent 

4217
03:39:55,000 --> 03:39:59,200
is that it's incredibly complex.
Your managing people who speak 

4218
03:39:59,200 --> 03:40:02,700
dozens of different languages, 
followed different religions and

4219
03:40:02,700 --> 03:40:05,400
have centuries of complicated 
relationships with each other 

4220
03:40:05,400 --> 03:40:08,000
and you're expected to make a 
profit while doing it. 

4221
03:40:08,700 --> 03:40:10,800
The East India Company, had 
grown from a trading 

4222
03:40:10,800 --> 03:40:14,100
organization into essentially, a
parallel government complete 

4223
03:40:14,100 --> 03:40:16,800
with its own armies, tax systems
and legal codes. 

4224
03:40:17,500 --> 03:40:20,400
Company, officials, lived, 
lavishly building, elaborate 

4225
03:40:20,400 --> 03:40:22,700
mansions, and hosting parties 
that would have impressed 

4226
03:40:22,700 --> 03:40:25,600
European royalty. 
But they were also dealing with 

4227
03:40:25,600 --> 03:40:28,800
famines rebellions and the 
constant challenge of 

4228
03:40:28,808 --> 03:40:31,300
maintaining control over 
territories larger than most 

4229
03:40:31,300 --> 03:40:34,400
European countries. 
The Indian rebellion of 1857 

4230
03:40:34,400 --> 03:40:36,900
served as a significant 
Awakening. 

4231
03:40:37,600 --> 03:40:41,500
A mutiny among Indian, soldiers,
escalated into a widespread 

4232
03:40:41,500 --> 03:40:43,000
Uprising throughout Northern 
India. 

4233
03:40:43,000 --> 03:40:47,100
Thereby forcing the company to 
fight for its own Survival, The 

4234
03:40:47,100 --> 03:40:49,000
immediate trigger was rumors 
about ammunition. 

4235
03:40:49,000 --> 03:40:51,500
Cartridges, being greased with 
cow and pig fat. 

4236
03:40:51,500 --> 03:40:55,300
Offensive to both Hindu and 
Muslim soldiers, but the real 

4237
03:40:55,308 --> 03:40:58,600
cause is went much deeper. 
The company had been gradually 

4238
03:40:58,600 --> 03:41:01,100
taking over more and more 
aspects of Indian life. 

4239
03:41:01,100 --> 03:41:05,100
Raising taxes changing 
traditional arrangements and 

4240
03:41:05,100 --> 03:41:07,800
generally making life more 
difficult for local populations 

4241
03:41:07,800 --> 03:41:11,700
while getting richer themselves.
Eventually the changes created 

4242
03:41:11,700 --> 03:41:13,900
enough resentment to explode 
into open Rebellion. 

4243
03:41:14,700 --> 03:41:17,900
The rebellion was brutal on both
sides with atrocities that 

4244
03:41:17,900 --> 03:41:19,500
shocked. 
Even people accustomed to 

4245
03:41:19,500 --> 03:41:22,000
Colonial violence. 
When British forces. 

4246
03:41:22,000 --> 03:41:25,000
Finally regained control the 
response was Swift and decisive 

4247
03:41:25,000 --> 03:41:27,800
East. 
India Company was dissolved and 

4248
03:41:27,800 --> 03:41:30,100
the British government took 
Direct Control of India. 

4249
03:41:30,900 --> 03:41:32,900
Someone responsible needed to 
take charge. 

4250
03:41:33,600 --> 03:41:37,000
The new Arrangement known as the
British, Raj was supposed to be 

4251
03:41:37,000 --> 03:41:39,500
more professional and less 
extractive than company rule. 

4252
03:41:40,100 --> 03:41:43,000
The idea was that government 
officials unlike company 

4253
03:41:43,000 --> 03:41:46,300
employees were prioritized 
beneficial governance over pure 

4254
03:41:46,300 --> 03:41:49,300
profit. 
In practice, it was more a 

4255
03:41:49,300 --> 03:41:52,200
change in management structure 
than a fundamental reform of a 

4256
03:41:52,200 --> 03:41:54,900
system designed to benefit 
outside as at the expense of 

4257
03:41:54,900 --> 03:41:57,600
locals. 
This period saw the construction

4258
03:41:57,600 --> 03:42:01,000
of massive infrastructure 
projects, Railways telegraphs, 

4259
03:42:01,000 --> 03:42:04,300
irrigation systems and 
administrative buildings that 

4260
03:42:04,300 --> 03:42:06,100
still got the Indian landscape 
today. 

4261
03:42:07,700 --> 03:42:10,900
British built these, not out of 
altruism but because effective 

4262
03:42:10,900 --> 03:42:14,500
extraction requires effective 
infrastructure, better roads and

4263
03:42:14,500 --> 03:42:16,400
Railways, made everything work 
more efficiently. 

4264
03:42:17,200 --> 03:42:19,800
The primary beneficiary was 
still Britain, the railway 

4265
03:42:19,800 --> 03:42:23,800
system perfectly demonstrates, 
this Dynamic by 1900. 

4266
03:42:23,800 --> 03:42:26,800
India had one of the largest 
railway networks in the world, 

4267
03:42:26,800 --> 03:42:30,800
which was genuinely impressive 
and useful trains connected 

4268
03:42:30,800 --> 03:42:34,500
remote regions for facilitated 
trade and made travel easier for

4269
03:42:34,500 --> 03:42:37,200
millions of people. 
But the network was designed 

4270
03:42:37,200 --> 03:42:40,800
primarily to move raw materials,
from the interior to Coastal 

4271
03:42:40,800 --> 03:42:44,800
ports, and finished goods from 
ports to markets a pattern that 

4272
03:42:44,800 --> 03:42:48,100
benefited British manufacturers 
much more than Indian ones. 

4273
03:42:48,900 --> 03:42:51,300
Imperial wealth was 
simultaneously transforming 

4274
03:42:51,300 --> 03:42:54,900
British Society. 
Bengali fortunes enabled, the 

4275
03:42:54,900 --> 03:42:57,800
construction of Grand mansions 
in the countryside. 

4276
03:42:57,800 --> 03:43:00,900
Entire families, could live 
comfortably on the pensions of 

4277
03:43:00,908 --> 03:43:05,000
relatives, who'd served in 
India, Indian textiles foods and

4278
03:43:05,008 --> 03:43:07,100
ideas were influencing British 
culture. 

4279
03:43:07,100 --> 03:43:11,000
Despite Britain, maintaining 
strict hierarchies that kept 

4280
03:43:11,000 --> 03:43:13,200
Indians subordinate within their
own country. 

4281
03:43:13,200 --> 03:43:17,300
Everyone recognized the irony 
British officials in India, 

4282
03:43:17,300 --> 03:43:19,800
lived in luxury, while promoting
the civilizing mission of 

4283
03:43:19,808 --> 03:43:22,200
Empire. 
Whereas back in Britain in 

4284
03:43:22,200 --> 03:43:24,600
industrial cities were filled 
with workers enduring 

4285
03:43:24,600 --> 03:43:27,500
conditions, often worse than 
those faced by many Indians. 

4286
03:43:28,800 --> 03:43:31,500
The wealth that made Britain a 
global power was unevenly 

4287
03:43:31,500 --> 03:43:33,500
distributed, even among the 
British themselves. 

4288
03:43:34,600 --> 03:43:37,000
But perhaps the most significant
long-term impact was 

4289
03:43:37,000 --> 03:43:40,000
educational. 
The British introduced English 

4290
03:43:40,000 --> 03:43:43,000
language education partly to 
create a class of Indians who 

4291
03:43:43,008 --> 03:43:45,900
could serve as intermediaries 
between British administrators 

4292
03:43:45,900 --> 03:43:49,500
and the local population. the 
unintended consequence was 

4293
03:43:49,500 --> 03:43:52,500
creating a generation of Indian 
intellectuals who could read 

4294
03:43:52,500 --> 03:43:55,800
British political philosophy, 
including ideas about democracy 

4295
03:43:55,800 --> 03:44:00,400
in individual rights and 
self-governance This educated 

4296
03:44:00,400 --> 03:44:02,600
class began to ask uncomfortable
questions. 

4297
03:44:02,600 --> 03:44:05,600
If these principles were 
beneficial enough for Britain. 

4298
03:44:05,600 --> 03:44:08,000
Why weren't they beneficial 
enough for India? 

4299
03:44:08,600 --> 03:44:11,900
Ironically the British was 
sowing the seeds of Independence

4300
03:44:11,900 --> 03:44:13,600
through the very educational 
system. 

4301
03:44:13,600 --> 03:44:16,900
They had established to enhance 
the effectiveness of their rule 

4302
03:44:16,900 --> 03:44:19,900
by the mid-1800s. 
Britain had achieved something 

4303
03:44:19,900 --> 03:44:23,600
unprecedented in human history. 
They had become so globally 

4304
03:44:23,600 --> 03:44:26,100
dominant that they were 
essentially playing geopolitics 

4305
03:44:26,100 --> 03:44:29,300
alone at the top. 
But success brought its own 

4306
03:44:29,300 --> 03:44:31,700
problems. 
When you're the World's dominant

4307
03:44:31,700 --> 03:44:34,700
power, everyone else starts 
looking for ways to knock you 

4308
03:44:34,700 --> 03:44:38,100
down, enter Russia with all the 
subtlety of a freight train. 

4309
03:44:39,300 --> 03:44:42,600
The Russians were expanding 
south and east, methodically 

4310
03:44:42,600 --> 03:44:44,200
acquiring Central Asian 
territories. 

4311
03:44:45,200 --> 03:44:48,400
From Britain's perspective such 
activity was deeply concerning 

4312
03:44:48,400 --> 03:44:51,700
because Russian expansion taught
Afghanistan meant Russian 

4313
03:44:51,700 --> 03:44:54,100
expansion. 
Toward India, a nobody was 

4314
03:44:54,100 --> 03:44:55,700
allowed to threaten the jewel in
the crown. 

4315
03:44:57,200 --> 03:45:00,100
Thus began what Rudyard Kipling 
called the great game. 

4316
03:45:00,100 --> 03:45:03,600
A decade's long strategic 
competition between Britain and 

4317
03:45:03,600 --> 03:45:06,400
Russia that played out across 
some of the most inhospitable 

4318
03:45:06,400 --> 03:45:08,900
terrain on Earth. 
It was expensive. 

4319
03:45:08,900 --> 03:45:12,900
Dangerous, geopolitics with real
consequences measured in 

4320
03:45:12,900 --> 03:45:15,200
Empires. 
The problem was geography. 

4321
03:45:15,200 --> 03:45:18,600
The distance between Russian 
territory and British, India was

4322
03:45:18,600 --> 03:45:22,100
filled with mountains, deserts, 
and tribal territories that 

4323
03:45:22,100 --> 03:45:26,100
nobody really controlled 
Afghanistan was the key piece. 

4324
03:45:26,100 --> 03:45:29,600
Whoever controlled Afghanistan. 
Could threaten India but 

4325
03:45:29,600 --> 03:45:32,500
Afghanistan Had An Inconvenient 
habit of being completely 

4326
03:45:32,500 --> 03:45:38,100
unconquerable. 
First Afghan war. 1839 to 1842 

4327
03:45:38,100 --> 03:45:41,800
was Britain's attempt to install
a friendly ruler in Kabul and it

4328
03:45:41,800 --> 03:45:45,700
went disastrously wrong. 
The plan involved marching an 

4329
03:45:45,700 --> 03:45:48,500
army through mountain passes to 
impose a government on people 

4330
03:45:48,500 --> 03:45:52,300
who really didn't want one. 
The Retreat from carpal became 

4331
03:45:52,300 --> 03:45:55,900
legendary for all the wrong 
reasons of the roughly 16,000 

4332
03:45:55,900 --> 03:45:59,200
people who began their Retreat. 
Only one British officer made it

4333
03:45:59,200 --> 03:46:02,400
back to tell the story. 
It was a military disaster that 

4334
03:46:02,400 --> 03:46:05,000
should have made everyone 
reconsider their entire approach

4335
03:46:05,000 --> 03:46:07,200
to foreign policy. 
But here's the thing about 

4336
03:46:07,200 --> 03:46:09,600
Imperial momentum. 
Once you're committed to 

4337
03:46:09,600 --> 03:46:12,200
defending everywhere, you can't 
really afford to look weak 

4338
03:46:12,200 --> 03:46:14,900
anyway. 
So despite the Afghan disaster, 

4339
03:46:14,900 --> 03:46:18,700
Britain kept expanding building 
Naval bases, signing treaties, 

4340
03:46:18,700 --> 03:46:21,700
with local rulers, and getting 
drawn into conflicts, that seem 

4341
03:46:21,700 --> 03:46:27,900
to multiply endlessly. 
Crimean War 1853 to 1856 was 

4342
03:46:27,900 --> 03:46:30,600
officially presented as a 
conflict, to protect the Ottoman

4343
03:46:30,600 --> 03:46:34,800
Empire from Russian expansion. 
However, its true purpose was to

4344
03:46:34,800 --> 03:46:37,400
maintain the balance of power 
that secured Britain's Global 

4345
03:46:37,400 --> 03:46:39,700
position. 
Fighting in the Crimean. 

4346
03:46:39,700 --> 03:46:42,800
Peninsula was difficult and 
messy, and nobody looked 

4347
03:46:42,800 --> 03:46:46,000
particularly competent. 
This was also the war that 

4348
03:46:46,000 --> 03:46:49,500
introduced the world to Florence
Nightingale and modern nursing 

4349
03:46:49,500 --> 03:46:52,800
which tells you something about 
how badly things were going. 

4350
03:46:52,800 --> 03:46:56,000
That the most memorable outcomes
improvements in medical care for

4351
03:46:56,000 --> 03:46:59,500
wounded soldiers. 
The Charge of the Light Brigade 

4352
03:46:59,500 --> 03:47:03,600
became famous poetry, but it was
famous because 600 Cavalry, 

4353
03:47:03,600 --> 03:47:06,700
charging directly into Canon 
fire was such a spectacular, 

4354
03:47:06,700 --> 03:47:09,900
example of military. 
Incompetence that people 

4355
03:47:09,900 --> 03:47:13,500
couldn't stop talking about it. 
Meanwhile, the cost of 

4356
03:47:13,500 --> 03:47:16,200
maintaining this Global Empire 
was becoming astronomical 

4357
03:47:17,200 --> 03:47:20,600
Britain's Imperial commitments 
were accumulating steadily and 

4358
03:47:20,600 --> 03:47:24,200
each one required its Army and 
Navy to maintain the Royal Navy 

4359
03:47:24,200 --> 03:47:27,200
alone was larger than the next 
two navies combined and 

4360
03:47:27,200 --> 03:47:30,300
maintaining that Supremacy meant
constantly building new ships to

4361
03:47:30,300 --> 03:47:32,000
keep up with technological 
advances. 

4362
03:47:33,100 --> 03:47:36,300
When Ironclad warships replaced,
wooden ones, Britain had to 

4363
03:47:36,308 --> 03:47:39,800
replace its entire fleet. 
When steam power became 

4364
03:47:39,800 --> 03:47:42,400
standard, they had to build 
cooling stations around the 

4365
03:47:42,400 --> 03:47:44,700
world. 
It was a never-ending cycle of 

4366
03:47:44,700 --> 03:47:48,000
expensive upgrades on land. 
Britain was maintaining 

4367
03:47:48,000 --> 03:47:50,900
Garrison's from Gibraltar to 
Hong Kong and each Garrison 

4368
03:47:50,900 --> 03:47:53,500
needed supplies reinforcements 
and local support. 

4369
03:47:54,300 --> 03:47:57,400
The logistics of empire were 
mind-boggling coordinating 

4370
03:47:57,400 --> 03:47:59,700
military operations across 
multiple time zones. 

4371
03:47:59,700 --> 03:48:03,100
When your fastest communication 
was still limited by the speed 

4372
03:48:03,100 --> 03:48:05,500
of telegraph cables, that could 
be cut by anyone with 

4373
03:48:05,500 --> 03:48:09,800
determination and basic tools. 
When local populations decided 

4374
03:48:09,800 --> 03:48:12,800
they'd had enough of foreign 
rule, the Indian Mutiny had. 

4375
03:48:12,800 --> 03:48:14,600
Demonstrated, how quickly things
could go wrong? 

4376
03:48:14,600 --> 03:48:18,100
Every British colony now, needs 
enough troops to maintain order 

4377
03:48:18,100 --> 03:48:20,700
but not so many that the cost 
becomes prohibitive. 

4378
03:48:21,800 --> 03:48:25,200
It was a delicate balance, that 
required constant attention and 

4379
03:48:25,200 --> 03:48:29,000
enormous resources. 
Back home British Society was 

4380
03:48:29,000 --> 03:48:31,700
dealing with the contradictions 
of Empire and increasingly 

4381
03:48:31,700 --> 03:48:34,900
uncomfortable ways while the 
wealth from India and other 

4382
03:48:34,900 --> 03:48:36,600
colonies funded British 
Prosperity. 

4383
03:48:36,600 --> 03:48:40,000
It also raised moral questions 
that were difficult to dismiss 

4384
03:48:41,100 --> 03:48:43,900
How do you reconcile believing 
in Liberty and Justice with 

4385
03:48:43,900 --> 03:48:45,800
ruling over 100s of millions of 
people? 

4386
03:48:45,800 --> 03:48:49,400
But no say in their governments.
Some British intellectuals 

4387
03:48:49,400 --> 03:48:52,200
convince themselves that Empire 
was actually beneficial for 

4388
03:48:52,200 --> 03:48:55,800
colonized people's a civilizing 
mission that brought progress in

4389
03:48:55,800 --> 03:48:57,600
Enlightenment to backward 
societies. 

4390
03:48:58,500 --> 03:49:01,200
Others were more honest about 
the economic motivations, but 

4391
03:49:01,200 --> 03:49:03,600
argued that the benefits justify
the costs. 

4392
03:49:04,400 --> 03:49:07,300
Still others, began questioning 
whether the whole Enterprise was

4393
03:49:07,300 --> 03:49:10,100
sustainable or ethical. 
These debates were mostly 

4394
03:49:10,100 --> 03:49:13,300
academic for ordinary British 
people who enjoyed Imperial 

4395
03:49:13,300 --> 03:49:16,000
Prosperity without having to 
think too deeply about where it 

4396
03:49:16,000 --> 03:49:18,800
came from. 
But they were becoming very real

4397
03:49:18,800 --> 03:49:20,200
for the growing number of 
educated. 

4398
03:49:20,200 --> 03:49:24,100
Indians Africans and others who 
are beginning to organize and 

4399
03:49:24,100 --> 03:49:27,300
demand changes to the Colonial 
system by 1900. 

4400
03:49:27,300 --> 03:49:30,200
Britain's Empire covered roughly
a quarter of the earth's land 

4401
03:49:30,200 --> 03:49:32,800
surface and ruled over 400 
million people. 

4402
03:49:32,800 --> 03:49:36,300
Which sounds impressive, Until 
you realize that managing that 

4403
03:49:36,300 --> 03:49:39,400
many people across, that much 
territory was extraordinarily 

4404
03:49:39,400 --> 03:49:42,600
difficult trying to conduct an 
orchestra where half the 

4405
03:49:42,600 --> 03:49:45,000
musicians are in different 
buildings and none of them can 

4406
03:49:45,000 --> 03:49:47,900
hear the conductor. 
The first major crack in the 

4407
03:49:47,900 --> 03:49:49,900
Imperial facade. 
Came from an unexpected 

4408
03:49:49,900 --> 03:49:53,200
Direction, white settlers in 
South Africa who had the 

4409
03:49:53,208 --> 03:49:58,500
audacity to fight back. 
The ball War 1899 to 1902 was 

4410
03:49:58,500 --> 03:50:00,900
supposed to be a quick 
demonstration of British power, 

4411
03:50:00,900 --> 03:50:03,900
but it turned into a grinding 
conflict that revealed some 

4412
03:50:03,900 --> 03:50:06,100
uncomfortable truths about 
Imperial Warfare. 

4413
03:50:06,900 --> 03:50:09,700
Fighting Dutch farmers who knew 
the terrain and had good rifles 

4414
03:50:09,700 --> 03:50:12,000
turned out to be much harder 
than anyone had anticipated. 

4415
03:50:13,100 --> 03:50:16,200
The British response was to 
invent concentration camps, not 

4416
03:50:16,200 --> 03:50:19,400
the Nazi death camps but the 
original version where civilian 

4417
03:50:19,400 --> 03:50:21,900
populations were confined to 
control guerrilla warfare. 

4418
03:50:21,900 --> 03:50:25,500
It worked from a military 
standpoint but the international

4419
03:50:25,500 --> 03:50:29,400
criticism was severe and the 
cost was enormous Britain spent 

4420
03:50:29,400 --> 03:50:31,900
more money fighting a few 
thousand four Farmers than they 

4421
03:50:31,900 --> 03:50:34,300
spent on most previous colonial 
wars combined. 

4422
03:50:35,200 --> 03:50:38,100
More troubling was what the war 
revealed about British Society 

4423
03:50:38,100 --> 03:50:40,700
itself. 
Physical examinations of army 

4424
03:50:40,700 --> 03:50:43,600
recruits showed that a shocking 
percentage of young British, men

4425
03:50:43,600 --> 03:50:47,600
were unfit for military service,
malnourished diseased, and 

4426
03:50:47,600 --> 03:50:50,800
physically underdeveloped. 
The empire was so busy 

4427
03:50:50,800 --> 03:50:53,800
extracting well from other 
countries that it had neglected,

4428
03:50:53,800 --> 03:50:56,900
the health of its own 
population, World War, one was 

4429
03:50:56,900 --> 03:50:59,900
supposed to demonstrate the 
Empire's strength and unity and 

4430
03:50:59,900 --> 03:51:03,100
in some ways it did. 
Troops from India, Canada, 

4431
03:51:03,100 --> 03:51:06,900
Australia, New Zealand, and 
South Africa, fought alongside 

4432
03:51:06,900 --> 03:51:09,700
British forces. 
And the combined Imperial effort

4433
03:51:09,700 --> 03:51:13,300
was genuinely impressive. 
But the war also accelerated 

4434
03:51:13,300 --> 03:51:16,200
changes that would ultimately 
undermine Imperial Authority. 

4435
03:51:17,300 --> 03:51:20,200
The thing about asking people to
die for your cause is that it 

4436
03:51:20,208 --> 03:51:22,600
gives them certain moral 
authority to question it 

4437
03:51:22,600 --> 03:51:25,300
afterward. 
Indian soldiers, who fought in 

4438
03:51:25,300 --> 03:51:28,200
Europe and Mesopotamia returned 
home with New Perspectives on 

4439
03:51:28,200 --> 03:51:31,100
British power and new 
expectations about political 

4440
03:51:31,100 --> 03:51:34,800
rights. to tell someone, they're
not ready for self-governance 

4441
03:51:34,800 --> 03:51:37,100
after they've spent four years 
fighting Germans in the 

4442
03:51:37,100 --> 03:51:40,900
trenches, The economic cost of 
world war one was staggering. 

4443
03:51:40,900 --> 03:51:43,800
Britain went from being the 
world's largest creditor to 

4444
03:51:43,800 --> 03:51:46,500
being deeply in debt, 
particularly to the United 

4445
03:51:46,500 --> 03:51:48,400
States. 
Running. 

4446
03:51:48,400 --> 03:51:51,500
A global Empire is expensive 
under the best circumstances but

4447
03:51:51,500 --> 03:51:54,000
trying to do it while 
simultaneously fighting the most

4448
03:51:54,000 --> 03:51:57,400
destructive war in human history
was financially devastating. 

4449
03:51:58,200 --> 03:52:00,900
The interwar period saw Britain 
trying to maintain Imperial 

4450
03:52:00,900 --> 03:52:03,800
prestige on a reduced budget 
which worked about as well as 

4451
03:52:03,800 --> 03:52:06,400
you'd expect. 
Although the government of India

4452
03:52:06,400 --> 03:52:10,500
Act of 1919 promised Indians 
greater self-governance, its 

4453
03:52:10,500 --> 03:52:13,600
actual reforms were so limited 
that they fail to satisfy almost

4454
03:52:13,600 --> 03:52:17,100
anyone. 
Meanwhile a lawyer named Gandhi 

4455
03:52:17,100 --> 03:52:20,100
was developing new methods of 
resistance that was specifically

4456
03:52:20,100 --> 03:52:22,900
designed to make British rule 
look illegitimate and brutal 

4457
03:52:22,900 --> 03:52:25,200
Gandhi's. 
Genius was understanding that 

4458
03:52:25,200 --> 03:52:27,800
the moral Foundation of empire 
was already shaky. 

4459
03:52:28,700 --> 03:52:31,000
Most British people wanted to 
believe they were governing 

4460
03:52:31,000 --> 03:52:33,800
other countries for those 
countries benefit not just for 

4461
03:52:33,800 --> 03:52:36,600
British prophet. 
By organizing peaceful 

4462
03:52:36,600 --> 03:52:38,300
resistance. 
That provoked, violent 

4463
03:52:38,300 --> 03:52:41,400
responses, Gandhi, made it 
impossible to maintain that 

4464
03:52:41,400 --> 03:52:44,500
comfortable fiction. 
When British authorities beat 

4465
03:52:44,500 --> 03:52:47,400
peaceful protesters with clubs 
or opened fire on. 

4466
03:52:47,400 --> 03:52:51,400
Unarmed crowds the civilizing. 
Mission started looking more 

4467
03:52:51,400 --> 03:52:55,700
like organized theft. 
In many ways, World War Two, was

4468
03:52:55,700 --> 03:52:59,200
Britain's greatest achievement. 
Standing alone against Nazi, 

4469
03:52:59,200 --> 03:53:02,800
Germany in 1940 required, 
genuine, courage, and 

4470
03:53:02,800 --> 03:53:06,100
determination. 
Fighting that war required, 

4471
03:53:06,100 --> 03:53:09,700
mobilizing every possible 
resource, including the empires.

4472
03:53:09,700 --> 03:53:12,900
And it became increasingly 
difficult to justify denying 

4473
03:53:12,900 --> 03:53:16,500
political rights to people whose
contributions were essential to 

4474
03:53:16,500 --> 03:53:20,700
British survival. 
The Bengal Famine of 1943, which

4475
03:53:20,700 --> 03:53:22,100
killed between two and three 
million. 

4476
03:53:22,100 --> 03:53:25,700
People was a particularly dark 
moment while Britain was 

4477
03:53:25,700 --> 03:53:27,000
fighting for freedom and 
democracy. 

4478
03:53:27,000 --> 03:53:30,500
In Europe Imperial policies were
contributing to mass starvation 

4479
03:53:30,500 --> 03:53:33,200
in India. 
Its challenging to maintain that

4480
03:53:33,200 --> 03:53:36,100
you're fighting for Universal 
human rights while 

4481
03:53:36,100 --> 03:53:39,400
simultaneously presiding over 
preventable famine in your most 

4482
03:53:39,400 --> 03:53:44,100
important colony. 
By 1945 Britain had won the war 

4483
03:53:44,100 --> 03:53:46,400
but lost the economic foundation
of the empire. 

4484
03:53:47,400 --> 03:53:51,200
The country was exhausted broke 
and dependent on American Aid. 

4485
03:53:51,200 --> 03:53:54,900
The Royal Navy which had been 
the backbone of Imperial power 

4486
03:53:54,900 --> 03:53:58,200
for centuries was increasingly 
obsolete, in an age of air 

4487
03:53:58,200 --> 03:54:01,700
power, and nuclear weapons. 
Maintaining global Military 

4488
03:54:01,700 --> 03:54:05,000
Supremacy was no longer 
affordable and frankly no longer

4489
03:54:05,000 --> 03:54:08,100
possible. 
The people running, Britain were

4490
03:54:08,100 --> 03:54:09,800
stupid. 
They could see that. 

4491
03:54:09,800 --> 03:54:11,200
The old system was 
unsustainable. 

4492
03:54:11,200 --> 03:54:14,800
The question wasn't whether to 
end the Empire, but how to do it

4493
03:54:14,800 --> 03:54:18,100
in a way that preserved British 
influence and prevented complete

4494
03:54:18,100 --> 03:54:22,000
chaos in former colonies. 
Some British politicians hope 

4495
03:54:22,000 --> 03:54:25,200
they could transition to a new 
kind of relationship informal 

4496
03:54:25,200 --> 03:54:28,900
influence and formal control 
economic Partnerships and of 

4497
03:54:28,900 --> 03:54:32,100
colonial extraction. 
The idea was to maintain the 

4498
03:54:32,100 --> 03:54:35,300
benefits of Empire without the 
costs and moral complications of

4499
03:54:35,300 --> 03:54:38,400
direct rule. 
It was an attractive Theory but 

4500
03:54:38,400 --> 03:54:40,800
it assumed that newly 
independent countries would want

4501
03:54:40,800 --> 03:54:43,500
to maintain close ties with 
their former Colonial Masters 

4502
03:54:43,500 --> 03:54:45,400
which turned out to be 
questionable. 

4503
03:54:45,400 --> 03:54:47,700
The end of the British Empire 
wasn't sudden. 

4504
03:54:47,700 --> 03:54:50,400
It was more of a very long, very
complicated process involving 

4505
03:54:50,400 --> 03:54:54,100
dozens of countries, hundreds of
treaties, and countless 

4506
03:54:54,100 --> 03:54:56,700
opportunities for things to go 
spectacularly wrong. 

4507
03:54:57,600 --> 03:55:00,600
Britain had spent centuries 
acquiring territories giving 

4508
03:55:00,600 --> 03:55:02,100
them back. 
Would prove to be almost as 

4509
03:55:02,100 --> 03:55:03,900
challenging as taking them in 
the first place. 

4510
03:55:04,800 --> 03:55:08,600
India's independence in 1947 was
both the inevitable beginning of

4511
03:55:08,600 --> 03:55:12,500
the end and a case study in how 
decolonization could go horribly

4512
03:55:12,500 --> 03:55:14,000
wrong. 
Despite everyone's best 

4513
03:55:14,000 --> 03:55:17,700
intention partition, the 
division of British India into 

4514
03:55:17,700 --> 03:55:20,200
India, and Pakistan was supposed
to solve. 

4515
03:55:20,200 --> 03:55:22,700
The problem of religious 
tensions between Hindus and 

4516
03:55:22,700 --> 03:55:25,700
Muslims. 
Instead, he created one of the 

4517
03:55:25,700 --> 03:55:27,800
largest forced migration in 
human history. 

4518
03:55:27,800 --> 03:55:31,200
With millions of people fleeing 
their homes and somewhere 

4519
03:55:31,200 --> 03:55:35,400
between 200,000 and 2 million 
people dying in communal 

4520
03:55:35,400 --> 03:55:38,200
violence. 
The British government's role in

4521
03:55:38,200 --> 03:55:41,500
Partition was problematic. 
Lord mountbatten the last 

4522
03:55:41,500 --> 03:55:44,700
Viceroy of India was given the 
impossible task of drawing 

4523
03:55:44,700 --> 03:55:46,800
borders. 
That would satisfy everyone, 

4524
03:55:46,800 --> 03:55:50,700
which was roughly equivalent to 
being asked to divide a pizza in

4525
03:55:50,700 --> 03:55:53,500
a way that makes everyone happy.
When some people want pepperoni 

4526
03:55:53,500 --> 03:55:58,200
and others are vegetarian. 
The irony is that Britain's 

4527
03:55:58,200 --> 03:56:00,800
departure from India was 
probably about 50 years, too 

4528
03:56:00,800 --> 03:56:03,800
late to be graceful and about 
five years to early to be 

4529
03:56:03,800 --> 03:56:07,900
properly planned. 
By 1947 British Authority had 

4530
03:56:07,900 --> 03:56:11,000
already collapsed in much of the
subcontinent, but the timeline 

4531
03:56:11,000 --> 03:56:14,300
for Independence was so rushed 
that nobody had time to work out

4532
03:56:14,300 --> 03:56:16,900
the Practical details of 
creating two new nations from 

4533
03:56:16,900 --> 03:56:19,800
scratch. 
Meanwhile other regions of the 

4534
03:56:19,808 --> 03:56:22,500
empire were coming to similar 
conclusions about British rule. 

4535
03:56:22,500 --> 03:56:25,800
All be at through, different 
means in Palestine. 

4536
03:56:25,800 --> 03:56:29,400
Found itself trying to balance 
promises made to the Jewish and 

4537
03:56:29,400 --> 03:56:32,900
Herod population's while dealing
with increasingly violent 

4538
03:56:32,900 --> 03:56:36,700
resistance from both sides, the 
solution was to give up and hand

4539
03:56:36,700 --> 03:56:39,900
the problem over to the newly 
created United Nations, which 

4540
03:56:39,900 --> 03:56:41,600
worked about as well as you'd 
expect. 

4541
03:56:43,100 --> 03:56:46,700
Suez Crisis of 1956 was the 
moment when Britain discovered, 

4542
03:56:46,700 --> 03:56:49,700
that being a former superpower 
means you still think you 

4543
03:56:49,700 --> 03:56:52,700
deserve special treatment, but 
nobody else agrees. 

4544
03:56:53,800 --> 03:56:56,800
When Egypt nationalized, the 
Suez Canal, Britain and France, 

4545
03:56:56,800 --> 03:56:59,700
invaded to retake it assuming 
they could still act 

4546
03:56:59,700 --> 03:57:03,300
unilaterally on the world stage.
The United States, essentially 

4547
03:57:03,300 --> 03:57:06,300
told them to sit down and behave
themselves, and Britain 

4548
03:57:06,300 --> 03:57:09,300
discovered that their special 
relationship with America didn't

4549
03:57:09,300 --> 03:57:12,900
include permission to start wars
without asking first The 

4550
03:57:12,900 --> 03:57:15,800
humiliation of Suez marked the 
psychological end of Empire, 

4551
03:57:15,800 --> 03:57:18,800
even though formal 
decolonization would continue 

4552
03:57:18,800 --> 03:57:21,300
for decades. 
Britain could no longer pretend 

4553
03:57:21,300 --> 03:57:22,800
to be an independent Global 
power. 

4554
03:57:22,800 --> 03:57:26,400
They were now a regional power 
with global interests, the 

4555
03:57:26,400 --> 03:57:30,000
process of decolonization 
accelerated through the 1960s 

4556
03:57:30,000 --> 03:57:33,100
with African territories, 
gaining independence and Rapid 

4557
03:57:33,100 --> 03:57:36,000
succession. 
Some transitions were relatively

4558
03:57:36,000 --> 03:57:39,300
smooth. 
Gianna's Independence in 1957 

4559
03:57:39,300 --> 03:57:42,600
was managed by Kwame. 
In Kumar who had been educated 

4560
03:57:42,600 --> 03:57:45,900
in British universities and 
understood how to work within 

4561
03:57:45,900 --> 03:57:49,900
British political systems, 
others like Kenya experience, 

4562
03:57:49,900 --> 03:57:54,600
brutal conflicts, that left 
lasting scars on both sides, The

4563
03:57:54,600 --> 03:57:57,100
challenge for Britain was 
figuring out what came next 

4564
03:57:57,100 --> 03:58:00,500
having spent centuries telling 
themselves that they governed 

4565
03:58:00,500 --> 03:58:02,300
other countries for those 
countries benefit. 

4566
03:58:02,300 --> 03:58:04,700
How do you maintain any 
influence? 

4567
03:58:04,700 --> 03:58:07,300
Once those countries are free to
choose their relationships. 

4568
03:58:08,000 --> 03:58:10,900
The answer was the Commonwealth 
of voluntary Association of 

4569
03:58:10,900 --> 03:58:13,400
Former colonies that would 
maintain cultural and economic 

4570
03:58:13,400 --> 03:58:16,900
ties with Britain. 
The Commonwealth was an attempt 

4571
03:58:16,900 --> 03:58:20,300
to preserve relationships after 
the formal Empire ended some 

4572
03:58:20,300 --> 03:58:23,200
countries such as Canada and 
Australia were pleased to 

4573
03:58:23,200 --> 03:58:27,000
maintain close ties, others, 
such as Ireland, wanted nothing 

4574
03:58:27,000 --> 03:58:29,800
to do with Britain Beyond basic 
diplomatic relations. 

4575
03:58:30,500 --> 03:58:31,800
Still. 
Others had more complex 

4576
03:58:31,800 --> 03:58:34,500
relationships that varied 
depending on who was in charge 

4577
03:58:34,500 --> 03:58:35,600
and what Britain had done 
lately. 

4578
03:58:36,500 --> 03:58:41,100
By the 1970s, the transformation
was largely complete Britain had

4579
03:58:41,100 --> 03:58:43,500
gone from ruling a quarter of 
the world to being a 

4580
03:58:43,500 --> 03:58:46,700
medium-sized European country 
with some overseas territories 

4581
03:58:46,700 --> 03:58:50,600
and a lot of historical baggage.
The economic benefits of Empire 

4582
03:58:50,600 --> 03:58:54,100
had been replaced by the costs 
of managing, decline, dealing 

4583
03:58:54,100 --> 03:58:57,300
with immigration from former 
colonies, maintaining expensive 

4584
03:58:57,300 --> 03:59:00,600
military commitments that no 
longer served clear purposes and

4585
03:59:00,600 --> 03:59:03,200
figuring out Britain's role in a
world where they were no longer 

4586
03:59:03,200 --> 03:59:06,800
automatically important. 
We're still working out how the 

4587
03:59:06,800 --> 03:59:09,300
legacy of Empire continues to 
shape both Britain and its 

4588
03:59:09,300 --> 03:59:13,300
former colonies in Britain 
imperial history remains a 

4589
03:59:13,300 --> 03:59:16,000
source of both pride and 
discomfort pride in the 

4590
03:59:16,008 --> 03:59:18,900
achievements and Global 
influence and discomfort with 

4591
03:59:18,900 --> 03:59:23,200
the methods and consequences in 
former colonies, the impacts of 

4592
03:59:23,200 --> 03:59:26,500
vary enormously but they include
everything from legal systems 

4593
03:59:26,500 --> 03:59:29,300
and languages to borders and 
ethnic tensions that can be 

4594
03:59:29,300 --> 03:59:31,200
traced directly to colonial 
policies. 

4595
03:59:31,200 --> 03:59:34,400
Perhaps the most lasting Legacy 
is the English language itself 

4596
03:59:34,400 --> 03:59:37,600
which became the global lingua 
Franca partly, because the 

4597
03:59:37,600 --> 03:59:41,700
British empire spread it across 
the world, Today more people 

4598
03:59:41,700 --> 03:59:44,100
speaking English as a second 
language than as a first 

4599
03:59:44,100 --> 03:59:46,000
language. 
And the internet has made 

4600
03:59:46,000 --> 03:59:49,300
English fluency, essential for 
Global participation in ways 

4601
03:59:49,300 --> 03:59:52,800
that the Builders of Empire 
never could have imagined So 

4602
03:59:52,800 --> 03:59:55,600
there you have it. 
The rise and fall of the British

4603
03:59:55,600 --> 03:59:59,200
Empire, from a soggy island with
big Ambitions to a global 

4604
03:59:59,200 --> 04:00:02,200
superpower to Modern Nation. 
Still figuring out, its place in

4605
04:00:02,200 --> 04:00:04,900
the world. 
It's a story about how geography

4606
04:00:04,900 --> 04:00:08,600
technology and human ambition 
can combine to create something 

4607
04:00:08,600 --> 04:00:13,000
unprecedented and how even the 
most powerful systems eventually

4608
04:00:13,000 --> 04:00:14,800
face the limits of their own 
contradictions. 

4609
04:00:14,800 --> 04:00:19,500
Sweet dreams and remember 
Empires may come and go. 

4610
04:00:20,300 --> 04:00:21,700
The really good stories about 
them. 

4611
04:00:21,700 --> 04:00:29,900
Tend to stick around. 
Now, shut your eyes and 

4612
04:00:29,900 --> 04:00:32,600
visualize yourself floating 
slowly through centuries of 

4613
04:00:32,608 --> 04:00:35,700
History until you gently land 
in, what is now Iraq. 

4614
04:00:35,700 --> 04:00:40,400
Circa, 2100 BCE. 
The smell is what hits you 

4615
04:00:40,400 --> 04:00:42,000
first. 
Not the site. 

4616
04:00:42,700 --> 04:00:46,500
Baking bread river water, and 
yes, a lot of livestock. 

4617
04:00:47,400 --> 04:00:49,900
Welcome to the first real 
neighborhood in Civilization 

4618
04:00:49,900 --> 04:00:52,800
where people made the decision 
to settle down and stop 

4619
04:00:52,800 --> 04:00:55,200
aimlessly wandering around like 
lost tourists. 

4620
04:00:56,000 --> 04:00:58,000
Tigris. 
New Freight is a two rivers that

4621
04:00:58,000 --> 04:01:00,500
would make any real estate agent
cry with delight. 

4622
04:01:01,400 --> 04:01:03,200
These rivers are not just any 
rivers. 

4623
04:01:03,200 --> 04:01:06,200
They are the ancient world's 
version of having fresh 

4624
04:01:06,200 --> 04:01:08,900
groceries, delivered to your 
door and Amazon delivery. 

4625
04:01:09,700 --> 04:01:12,300
This area was known to the 
Mesopotamians as the land 

4626
04:01:12,300 --> 04:01:15,500
between Rivers, which sounds far
more poetic in their language 

4627
04:01:15,500 --> 04:01:17,300
than it does. 
When you're trying to explain it

4628
04:01:17,300 --> 04:01:20,000
to a dinner party guests, he may
be asking yourself. 

4629
04:01:20,000 --> 04:01:21,700
Why anyone would decide to live 
in? 

4630
04:01:21,700 --> 04:01:23,500
What is effectively a massive 
flood plain? 

4631
04:01:23,500 --> 04:01:27,500
Imagine having soil, that is so 
dark and Rich that with a little

4632
04:01:27,508 --> 04:01:30,100
encouragement. 
You could probably grow tomatoes

4633
04:01:30,100 --> 04:01:33,700
every year when these Rivers 
flood, they leave behind a thick

4634
04:01:33,700 --> 04:01:35,600
layer of the most Fertile Mud on
the planet. 

4635
04:01:36,500 --> 04:01:38,800
It took the rest of us, 
Millennia, to realize what the 

4636
04:01:38,800 --> 04:01:41,900
locals are discovered. 
Sometimes the greatest things in

4637
04:01:41,900 --> 04:01:44,300
life, have a small mess 
associated with them. 

4638
04:01:44,300 --> 04:01:47,100
You wouldn't recognize the 
cities that arising all around 

4639
04:01:47,100 --> 04:01:49,000
you from contemporary urban 
planning. 

4640
04:01:49,000 --> 04:01:53,400
This place lacks tidy Suburban 
grids and straight lines, rather

4641
04:01:53,400 --> 04:01:58,300
visualize organic growth. 
Akin to a coral reef composed of

4642
04:01:58,300 --> 04:02:02,600
human ambition and mud bricks. 
Narrow streets, wind between 

4643
04:02:02,600 --> 04:02:06,200
houses like old hiking trails 
and houses clustered together as

4644
04:02:06,200 --> 04:02:07,800
if they are having a 
never-ending neighborhood. 

4645
04:02:07,800 --> 04:02:10,700
Conversation, another thing that
strikes you as being very 

4646
04:02:10,700 --> 04:02:14,000
Antiquated, is the lack of 
electrical hums, the quiet of 

4647
04:02:14,000 --> 04:02:17,000
engines and the absence of any 
traffic that resembles Russia, 

4648
04:02:17,000 --> 04:02:21,300
rather there's the soft splatter
of irrigation channels, the 

4649
04:02:21,300 --> 04:02:24,800
steady third of grain being 
ground and the sporadic snarling

4650
04:02:24,800 --> 04:02:26,800
of a donkey, that's obviously 
upset about something. 

4651
04:02:28,400 --> 04:02:31,100
Modern people spend a lot of 
money to experience this type of

4652
04:02:31,100 --> 04:02:34,400
Tranquility at wellness 
retreats, however, this quiet 

4653
04:02:34,400 --> 04:02:38,400
does not imply an activity. 
First large-scale, urban living 

4654
04:02:38,400 --> 04:02:41,700
experiment in history is what 
you're seeing in essence, these 

4655
04:02:41,700 --> 04:02:44,500
individuals are inventing. 
As they go along resolving 

4656
04:02:44,500 --> 04:02:46,800
issues that have never been 
encountered By Any Human. 

4657
04:02:47,400 --> 04:02:49,700
How do you manage thousands of 
people in one location? 

4658
04:02:49,700 --> 04:02:54,200
How do you ensure that everyone 
eats When your neighbor's goat 

4659
04:02:54,200 --> 04:02:56,700
keeps eating your Bali? 
How do you keep things from 

4660
04:02:56,700 --> 04:02:58,200
going? 
Completely out of control? 

4661
04:02:58,200 --> 04:03:01,600
As you will see, the answer 
combines a remarkable amount of 

4662
04:03:01,600 --> 04:03:05,200
Ingenuity practicality and what 
can only be called the first 

4663
04:03:05,200 --> 04:03:08,608
bureaucracy in history? 
Yes, paperwork was a part of 

4664
04:03:08,616 --> 04:03:11,800
paradise as you become more 
accustomed to this ancient 

4665
04:03:11,800 --> 04:03:13,700
world. 
You start to notice something 

4666
04:03:13,700 --> 04:03:15,600
that would cause any 
contemporary city. 

4667
04:03:15,600 --> 04:03:19,700
Planner to either run screaming 
back to their zoning Maps or cry

4668
04:03:19,700 --> 04:03:22,400
with Envy. 
These Mesopotamians have 

4669
04:03:22,400 --> 04:03:25,500
produced a system of ordered 
chaos that somehow manages to 

4670
04:03:25,500 --> 04:03:28,100
keep everyone fed. 
How housed and comparatively 

4671
04:03:28,100 --> 04:03:30,300
content even though it shouldn't
work. 

4672
04:03:30,300 --> 04:03:34,000
Let's begin with the irrigation 
system which is the most amazing

4673
04:03:34,000 --> 04:03:36,800
engineering achievement, you 
will ever witness that does not 

4674
04:03:36,800 --> 04:03:40,400
require electricity. 
Imagine a vast system of canals,

4675
04:03:40,400 --> 04:03:44,300
connecting every Field Garden 
and drinking well Nature's 

4676
04:03:44,300 --> 04:03:47,000
equivalent of the internet. 
You know what? 

4677
04:03:47,800 --> 04:03:50,400
Instead of just accepting this 
water, when you feel like giving

4678
04:03:50,400 --> 04:03:52,900
it to us, we're going to 
convince you to share it on our 

4679
04:03:52,900 --> 04:03:55,600
schedule. 
The Mesquite in said glancing at

4680
04:03:55,600 --> 04:03:58,800
their rushing Rivers, the end of
effect is a network of watery 

4681
04:03:58,800 --> 04:04:01,200
highways that would make the 
roads of ancient Rome appear, 

4682
04:04:01,200 --> 04:04:04,300
straight forward. 
Individual fields are directly 

4683
04:04:04,300 --> 04:04:07,400
irrigated by water flowing. 
From the main rivers into 

4684
04:04:07,400 --> 04:04:11,000
primary canals secondary 
channels and smaller ditches. 

4685
04:04:11,000 --> 04:04:14,600
It's similar to having running 
water but it goes to your barley

4686
04:04:14,600 --> 04:04:18,200
patch rather than your kitchen 
sink in addition unlike your 

4687
04:04:18,200 --> 04:04:21,200
contemporary Plumbing. 
If this system fails, the city 

4688
04:04:21,200 --> 04:04:23,600
as a whole loses lunch, in 
addition to water pressure, 

4689
04:04:23,600 --> 04:04:27,200
massive collaboration is needed 
to manage this liquid Lifeline, 

4690
04:04:27,200 --> 04:04:29,900
which has never been done before
in human history. 

4691
04:04:29,900 --> 04:04:33,400
One farmer cannot choose to use 
more water for his Fields. 

4692
04:04:33,400 --> 04:04:35,400
While his neighbors crops are 
dying. 

4693
04:04:35,400 --> 04:04:38,600
It is impossible for someone 
Upstream to construct a damn, 

4694
04:04:38,600 --> 04:04:40,800
without taking Downstream 
residents in to account. 

4695
04:04:41,600 --> 04:04:44,500
People must look beyond their 
immediate needs, their tribe, 

4696
04:04:44,500 --> 04:04:46,500
and their family. 
For the first time in human 

4697
04:04:46,500 --> 04:04:48,600
history. 
Things start to get interesting 

4698
04:04:48,600 --> 04:04:50,800
at this point. 
The water schedule, must be 

4699
04:04:50,800 --> 04:04:54,200
overseen by someone who gets 
what, and when must be decided 

4700
04:04:54,200 --> 04:04:58,500
by someone When farmer B insists
is irrigation ditch was there 

4701
04:04:58,500 --> 04:05:00,900
first and farmer, a accuses 
farmer. 

4702
04:05:00,900 --> 04:05:03,200
B of stealing water. 
Someone has to resolve. 

4703
04:05:03,200 --> 04:05:06,100
The inevitable conflicts 
presenting, the first middle 

4704
04:05:06,100 --> 04:05:09,100
management in history since 
clipboards, won't be invented 

4705
04:05:09,100 --> 04:05:12,100
for several thousand years. 
These water managers are more 

4706
04:05:12,100 --> 04:05:15,200
than just bureaucrats with 
clipboards they combine elements

4707
04:05:15,200 --> 04:05:18,000
of weather, forecasting, 
engineering diplomacy and 

4708
04:05:18,000 --> 04:05:21,600
refereeing they must comprehend.
Not only the flow of water but 

4709
04:05:21,600 --> 04:05:25,200
also human thought crop growth 
and how to stop Neighbors from 

4710
04:05:25,200 --> 04:05:28,900
igniting generation long feuds. 
The good news is that it does 

4711
04:05:28,900 --> 04:05:32,500
work, your witnessing thousands 
of people successfully arranging

4712
04:05:32,500 --> 04:05:35,900
their daily scheduled around. 
Common resources, every year, 

4713
04:05:35,900 --> 04:05:39,600
the Harvest arrives, the fields,
turn green at the appropriate 

4714
04:05:39,600 --> 04:05:42,000
times and the irrigation ditches
run. 

4715
04:05:42,000 --> 04:05:45,000
According to plan, when the 
irrigation schedule becomes 

4716
04:05:45,000 --> 04:05:48,600
complicated, everyone is 
contributing labor water rights 

4717
04:05:48,600 --> 04:05:51,100
and a willingness to not 
strangle their neighbors. 

4718
04:05:51,100 --> 04:05:54,100
It's like watching a huge 
Antiquated version of a 

4719
04:05:54,108 --> 04:05:56,200
neighborhood potluck. 
Except instead of bringing 

4720
04:05:56,200 --> 04:05:59,900
casserole's, this system's 
success has a significant impact

4721
04:05:59,900 --> 04:06:03,000
on human society. 
Some people are able to quit 

4722
04:06:03,000 --> 04:06:05,400
farming when they can 
consistently produce more food 

4723
04:06:05,400 --> 04:06:08,900
than they require for survival. 
Additionally, some people can 

4724
04:06:08,900 --> 04:06:11,000
start doing other things, once 
they are able to stop 

4725
04:06:11,000 --> 04:06:15,100
cultivating food full-time, 
interesting things revolutionary

4726
04:06:15,100 --> 04:06:17,700
actions. 
This is how your first devoted 

4727
04:06:17,700 --> 04:06:21,000
priests your first full-time 
Artisans, and your first 

4728
04:06:21,008 --> 04:06:24,800
qualified administrators come to
be, it's how you get people who 

4729
04:06:24,800 --> 04:06:26,800
don't have to worry about 
whether there will be enough 

4730
04:06:26,800 --> 04:06:29,700
grain for the next Harvest to 
spend their days thinking about 

4731
04:06:29,700 --> 04:06:32,900
astronomy mathematics, or how to
make better beer. 

4732
04:06:32,900 --> 04:06:35,500
You're seeing the emergence of 
expertise along with 

4733
04:06:35,500 --> 04:06:39,200
specialization people, can now 
become exceptionally skilled at 

4734
04:06:39,200 --> 04:06:41,000
one thing for the first time in 
human history. 

4735
04:06:41,000 --> 04:06:44,100
As they are no longer forced to 
be mediocre at everything. 

4736
04:06:44,100 --> 04:06:47,100
In order to survive, you might 
be surprised to learn that. 

4737
04:06:47,100 --> 04:06:49,500
These Mesopotamians are born 
business people as you can 

4738
04:06:49,500 --> 04:06:51,700
continue your leisurely 
exploration of this ancient 

4739
04:06:51,700 --> 04:06:53,800
world. 
They have established. 

4740
04:06:53,800 --> 04:06:56,900
What may be the first startup 
culture in history, complete 

4741
04:06:56,900 --> 04:07:00,700
with competition creativity and 
the occasional spectacular 

4742
04:07:00,700 --> 04:07:03,400
failure from which everyone 
gains knowledge, for example, 

4743
04:07:03,400 --> 04:07:06,300
metalworking. 
You see people who have 

4744
04:07:06,300 --> 04:07:09,400
discovered that they can create 
bronze, a more durable and 

4745
04:07:09,400 --> 04:07:13,000
practical metal than anything 
they have ever used by heating, 

4746
04:07:13,000 --> 04:07:16,400
specific rocks to the ideal 
temperature and combining them 

4747
04:07:16,400 --> 04:07:19,000
with other rocks. 
This is the beginning of the 

4748
04:07:19,000 --> 04:07:22,800
technology industry, not just a 
development in technology, there

4749
04:07:22,800 --> 04:07:24,600
is collaboration among the 
bronze makers. 

4750
04:07:24,600 --> 04:07:27,900
They require traders who can 
transport tin and copper, from 

4751
04:07:27,900 --> 04:07:30,700
hundreds of miles away, because 
they are necessary. 

4752
04:07:30,700 --> 04:07:34,000
They require individuals who 
specialize in the production of 

4753
04:07:34,000 --> 04:07:36,900
charcoal because they require 
fuel for their furnaces. 

4754
04:07:37,700 --> 04:07:40,800
They require a market that is 
sophisticated enough to discern 

4755
04:07:40,800 --> 04:07:44,400
between a mediocre bronze tool 
and a truly exceptional one in 

4756
04:07:44,400 --> 04:07:47,100
order to attract clients who 
value quality metal work. 

4757
04:07:47,100 --> 04:07:49,700
Before you know it Supply chains
are in place. 

4758
04:07:49,700 --> 04:07:53,400
You have quality control yes the
best metal workers build 

4759
04:07:53,400 --> 04:07:57,000
reputation and people begin to 
request tools made by particular

4760
04:07:57,000 --> 04:07:59,200
artists. 
So you have brand recognition, 

4761
04:07:59,200 --> 04:08:03,700
it's the Antiquated version of 
Yelp reviews except instead of 

4762
04:08:03,700 --> 04:08:05,900
posting them online. 
People tell their neighbors, 

4763
04:08:05,900 --> 04:08:08,100
which blacksmith produces 
harvest season tools. 

4764
04:08:08,100 --> 04:08:11,000
That don't break. 
However, the true Innovation 

4765
04:08:11,000 --> 04:08:13,800
taking place here is economic 
rather than technological. 

4766
04:08:14,800 --> 04:08:17,400
The modern concept of Commerce 
is being created by these 

4767
04:08:17,400 --> 04:08:19,800
individuals. 
They are determining how to 

4768
04:08:19,800 --> 04:08:22,600
fairly trade goods and services 
between people who have 

4769
04:08:22,600 --> 04:08:25,400
different needs. 
How to plan for future needs 

4770
04:08:25,400 --> 04:08:28,100
while managing current 
resources, and how to assign 

4771
04:08:28,100 --> 04:08:31,400
value to goods and services. 
Think about the difficulties, 

4772
04:08:31,400 --> 04:08:33,900
you need a new plow because you 
grow barley. 

4773
04:08:33,900 --> 04:08:36,500
The toolmaker needs copper for 
his next project. 

4774
04:08:36,500 --> 04:08:38,400
Not barley, but he wants 
payment. 

4775
04:08:38,400 --> 04:08:42,600
In order to trade up north, the 
copper Trader needs wool, not 

4776
04:08:42,600 --> 04:08:45,200
barley. 
The shepherd needs Bali, but he 

4777
04:08:45,200 --> 04:08:47,000
has wool. 
How can this be made to work? 

4778
04:08:47,000 --> 04:08:49,300
Their solution is sophisticated 
in. 

4779
04:08:49,300 --> 04:08:52,300
Its intricacy, like water 
through their irrigation 

4780
04:08:52,300 --> 04:08:54,400
channels. 
They establish a system of 

4781
04:08:54,400 --> 04:08:57,000
credit and debt that enables 
value to move throughout the 

4782
04:08:57,000 --> 04:09:00,100
community. 
In exchange for your promise, to

4783
04:09:00,108 --> 04:09:02,600
pay him with Bali after the 
Harvest, which he can, then 

4784
04:09:02,600 --> 04:09:05,300
exchange for supplies for his 
next project with the copper 

4785
04:09:05,300 --> 04:09:07,800
Trader. 
Toolmaker agrees to make your 

4786
04:09:07,800 --> 04:09:10,900
plow right away. 
It's credit without credit cards

4787
04:09:10,900 --> 04:09:13,900
and banking without banks. 
And it all depends on reputation

4788
04:09:13,900 --> 04:09:17,400
and Trust writing is a seemingly
straightforward, but 

4789
04:09:17,400 --> 04:09:20,600
revolutionary requirement for 
this system, not just any 

4790
04:09:20,600 --> 04:09:23,100
writing. 
But every day, useful, writing 

4791
04:09:23,100 --> 04:09:25,900
that can document who is 
responsible for what when 

4792
04:09:25,900 --> 04:09:29,200
payment is due and what happens 
when someone fails to fulfill 

4793
04:09:29,200 --> 04:09:32,200
their end of the agreement, your
witnessing the creation of 

4794
04:09:32,200 --> 04:09:35,700
business records receipts and 
contracts in addition to being 

4795
04:09:35,700 --> 04:09:38,800
works of ancient literature. 
The cuneiform tablets found 

4796
04:09:38,800 --> 04:09:41,500
throughout the cities of the 
earliest business documents ever

4797
04:09:41,500 --> 04:09:45,900
created purchase orders. 
Tax records, loan agreements, 

4798
04:09:45,900 --> 04:09:49,900
employment contracts, and 
inventory lists All of it is 

4799
04:09:49,900 --> 04:09:53,200
here compressed into clay with 
marks in the shape of wedges 

4800
04:09:53,200 --> 04:09:56,700
that symbolize the beginning of 
bureaucracy, indeed, you are 

4801
04:09:56,708 --> 04:09:58,500
also witnessing the development 
of accounting. 

4802
04:09:59,600 --> 04:10:02,100
All of these promises 
transactions and credits and 

4803
04:10:02,100 --> 04:10:05,200
debts, moving through the 
community must be monitored by 

4804
04:10:05,200 --> 04:10:08,700
someone even though the early 
accountants worked by Lamplight 

4805
04:10:08,700 --> 04:10:12,500
with clay, tablets and Reed 
styluses rather than in 

4806
04:10:12,500 --> 04:10:15,500
contemporary offices with 
computers, they were addressing 

4807
04:10:15,500 --> 04:10:17,500
the same issues that accountants
do today. 

4808
04:10:17,500 --> 04:10:21,700
The inventiveness of the 
solutions is astounding They're 

4809
04:10:21,700 --> 04:10:24,500
creating economic systems from 
the ground up and learning by 

4810
04:10:24,500 --> 04:10:26,900
trial and error. 
How to make complex societies 

4811
04:10:26,900 --> 04:10:30,400
run smoothly, rather than simply
replicating, what worked 

4812
04:10:30,400 --> 04:10:32,800
elsewhere, you're going to see 
something that will make you 

4813
04:10:32,800 --> 04:10:34,500
appreciate human ambition, even 
more. 

4814
04:10:34,500 --> 04:10:37,300
As you can continue your cozy, 
exploration of this ancient 

4815
04:10:37,300 --> 04:10:40,800
world, These Mesopotamians 
aren't satisfied. 

4816
04:10:40,800 --> 04:10:43,600
With merely resolving pragmatic 
issues like trade and 

4817
04:10:43,600 --> 04:10:46,800
irrigation, they're aiming for 
something greater something that

4818
04:10:46,800 --> 04:10:49,800
appeals to the basic human need 
to build monuments to their own 

4819
04:10:49,800 --> 04:10:53,800
creativity, your witnessing, the
construction of ziggurats which 

4820
04:10:53,800 --> 04:10:56,500
are enormous stepped pyramids 
that resemble old-fashioned 

4821
04:10:56,500 --> 04:10:59,400
skyscrapers and rise out of the 
level Terrain. 

4822
04:11:00,300 --> 04:11:03,200
However, referring to them as 
buildings is an understatement. 

4823
04:11:03,200 --> 04:11:07,100
These are assertion 
proclamations and Architectural 

4824
04:11:07,100 --> 04:11:08,800
justifications for human 
potential. 

4825
04:11:09,700 --> 04:11:13,000
People say, we can move 
mountains of Earth and we can do

4826
04:11:13,000 --> 04:11:15,700
it one basket at a time. 
When you watch one being 

4827
04:11:15,700 --> 04:11:18,600
constructed, the logistics alone
are astounding. 

4828
04:11:18,600 --> 04:11:21,700
Millions of mud bricks. 
Must be made dried and 

4829
04:11:21,700 --> 04:11:24,300
transported to the construction 
site for a large ziggurat. 

4830
04:11:24,300 --> 04:11:27,700
No trucks. 
Cranes or mechanized equipment 

4831
04:11:27,700 --> 04:11:30,100
are present. 
Everything is propelled by 

4832
04:11:30,100 --> 04:11:33,600
animal strength, human muscle 
power, a complex network of 

4833
04:11:33,600 --> 04:11:37,300
ramps and levers, and unwavering
willpower the planning however, 

4834
04:11:37,300 --> 04:11:41,500
is what really sets it apart to 
prevent the entire project from 

4835
04:11:41,500 --> 04:11:43,500
collapsing into a heap of costly
debris. 

4836
04:11:43,500 --> 04:11:46,800
Someone must determine how many 
bricks they will need where to 

4837
04:11:46,800 --> 04:11:50,100
obtain the raw materials, how 
many workers are needed, how to 

4838
04:11:50,108 --> 04:11:53,200
feed all of those workers where 
they will sleep and how to 

4839
04:11:53,200 --> 04:11:56,100
coordinate, their efforts, your 
witnessing a level of project 

4840
04:11:56,100 --> 04:11:58,500
management that won't be seen. 
Again until the building of 

4841
04:11:58,508 --> 04:12:02,300
medieval Cathedrals, with 
hundreds of workers, dozens of 

4842
04:12:02,300 --> 04:12:06,100
specialized trades and Supply. 
Chains spanning the entire Known

4843
04:12:06,100 --> 04:12:09,700
World, the ziggurat Builders are
effectively managing the Biggest

4844
04:12:09,708 --> 04:12:12,700
construction company in the 
ancient world, contrary to what 

4845
04:12:12,700 --> 04:12:15,500
Hollywood may have taught you, 
the workers themselves are not 

4846
04:12:15,508 --> 04:12:17,900
slaves. 
Considerate, the most complex 

4847
04:12:17,900 --> 04:12:21,300
community service project in the
world, they are citizens 

4848
04:12:21,300 --> 04:12:24,700
carrying out, their civic 
duties, seasonal workers and 

4849
04:12:24,700 --> 04:12:27,800
skilled artists. 
People donate their time to 

4850
04:12:27,800 --> 04:12:30,500
building projects that benefit 
everyone during the agricultural

4851
04:12:30,500 --> 04:12:33,100
offseason when the fields, don't
need to be tended. 

4852
04:12:33,100 --> 04:12:36,600
This desire to create something 
greater than anyone person could

4853
04:12:36,600 --> 04:12:38,600
on their own, has a very human 
quality. 

4854
04:12:39,400 --> 04:12:42,400
In addition to their utilitarian
functions as temples. 

4855
04:12:42,400 --> 04:12:45,800
Administrative hubs and grain 
storage facilities, the 

4856
04:12:45,800 --> 04:12:49,500
ziggurats are also symbolic Look
what we can do when we work 

4857
04:12:49,500 --> 04:12:51,600
together. 
Look how high we can reach. 

4858
04:12:51,600 --> 04:12:54,700
They say, surprisingly, complex 
engineering is needed. 

4859
04:12:54,700 --> 04:12:58,200
The builders must comprehend. 
The structural Integrity weight 

4860
04:12:58,200 --> 04:13:02,000
distribution, and composition of
the soil, they create methods 

4861
04:13:02,000 --> 04:13:05,600
for building sturdy foundations.
In muddy, ground avoiding water 

4862
04:13:05,600 --> 04:13:08,600
damage and guaranteeing that the
structure will endure for many 

4863
04:13:08,600 --> 04:13:11,100
generations. 
These are not archaic 

4864
04:13:11,100 --> 04:13:14,600
individuals, fumbling through 
building projects rather they 

4865
04:13:14,600 --> 04:13:17,300
are demonstrating. 
Extraordinary Ingenuity in 

4866
04:13:17,300 --> 04:13:19,400
resolving intricate engineering 
problems. 

4867
04:13:19,400 --> 04:13:22,300
Consider the challenge of 
producing millions of identical 

4868
04:13:22,300 --> 04:13:25,400
bricks to guarantee. 
Uniformity throughout large 

4869
04:13:25,400 --> 04:13:29,000
production runs they create 
standardized molds, quality 

4870
04:13:29,000 --> 04:13:31,500
assurance, protocols, and drying
methods. 

4871
04:13:31,500 --> 04:13:34,000
They determine the ideal brick 
size. 

4872
04:13:34,000 --> 04:13:36,800
Is that strike a balance between
handling ease and structural 

4873
04:13:36,800 --> 04:13:38,800
strength? 
They develop production 

4874
04:13:38,800 --> 04:13:41,400
techniques for assembly lines. 
That will not be used again 

4875
04:13:41,400 --> 04:13:44,500
until the Industrial Revolution.
Even more impressive than the 

4876
04:13:44,500 --> 04:13:46,500
engineering is the coordination.
That is needed. 

4877
04:13:46,500 --> 04:13:49,900
Consider overseeing a project in
which some employees are 

4878
04:13:49,900 --> 04:13:52,200
producing bricks. 
Others are moving them and 

4879
04:13:52,200 --> 04:13:53,900
still. 
Others are arranging them in 

4880
04:13:53,900 --> 04:13:55,600
progressively. 
Intricate designs as the 

4881
04:13:55,600 --> 04:13:59,100
building Rises, everyone needs 
to be motivated, supervised 

4882
04:13:59,100 --> 04:14:02,300
supplied and in sync, it's 
similar to conducting an 

4883
04:14:02,300 --> 04:14:05,400
orchestra except that hundreds 
of construction workers are used

4884
04:14:05,408 --> 04:14:08,400
in place of musicians and 
architecture that will Outlast 

4885
04:14:08,400 --> 04:14:10,200
Empires is used in place of 
music. 

4886
04:14:10,200 --> 04:14:13,200
You come across something that 
may appear less dramatic than 

4887
04:14:13,200 --> 04:14:16,400
enormous construction projects, 
but is actually far more 

4888
04:14:16,400 --> 04:14:19,100
revolutionary as you can 
continue your peaceful journey 

4889
04:14:19,100 --> 04:14:21,000
through this amazing 
civilization. 

4890
04:14:21,000 --> 04:14:25,500
You're seeing the beginning of 
formal education mathematics and

4891
04:14:25,500 --> 04:14:29,000
what we might call science the 
point at which humans started to

4892
04:14:29,000 --> 04:14:30,800
think methodically about 
thinking itself. 

4893
04:14:30,800 --> 04:14:34,200
Something extraordinary is 
taking place in tiny buildings, 

4894
04:14:34,200 --> 04:14:37,500
dotted across the cities, young,
adults, and children are 

4895
04:14:37,500 --> 04:14:39,300
congregating. 
To learn rather than to labor 

4896
04:14:39,300 --> 04:14:41,900
and workshops or Fields the 
lessons. 

4897
04:14:41,900 --> 04:14:44,000
They are learning at the first 
schools in history will have a 

4898
04:14:44,008 --> 04:14:46,000
lasting impact on human 
civilization. 

4899
04:14:46,000 --> 04:14:48,900
These are not informal teachings
that parents in part to their 

4900
04:14:48,900 --> 04:14:51,400
children. 
This is formal education, 

4901
04:14:51,400 --> 04:14:54,100
complete with learning 
objectives standardized, 

4902
04:14:54,100 --> 04:14:55,700
curricula and qualified 
teachers. 

4903
04:14:56,700 --> 04:14:58,900
In addition to learning 
mathematics, astronomy 

4904
04:14:58,900 --> 04:15:02,100
literature and law. 
Students, also practice writing 

4905
04:15:02,100 --> 04:15:04,200
by copying out traditional 
texts. 

4906
04:15:04,700 --> 04:15:07,200
They are becoming literate in 
the art of knowledge acquisition

4907
04:15:07,200 --> 04:15:09,200
as well as in their native 
tongue. 

4908
04:15:09,200 --> 04:15:12,500
Your high school algebra teacher
would be ecstatic about the 

4909
04:15:12,500 --> 04:15:14,000
mathematics being developed 
here. 

4910
04:15:14,700 --> 04:15:17,200
These individuals are dealing 
with ideas that appear to be 

4911
04:15:17,200 --> 04:15:21,000
nearly contemporary, geometric 
principles, place value, 

4912
04:15:21,000 --> 04:15:24,000
notation and mathematical 
relationships that are still 

4913
04:15:24,008 --> 04:15:27,200
utilized by architects today. 
They're finding abstract 

4914
04:15:27,200 --> 04:15:30,000
mathematical truths that exist 
apart from any real world 

4915
04:15:30,000 --> 04:15:32,400
applications, not just counting 
things. 

4916
04:15:32,400 --> 04:15:36,000
What's amazing though is that 
they're using a number system 

4917
04:15:36,000 --> 04:15:41,900
based on 60th and 1 0. 60 while 
you're counting on your fingers 

4918
04:15:41,900 --> 04:15:45,900
and working with powers of 10. 
This sounds really strange Until

4919
04:15:45,900 --> 04:15:49,200
you realize that 60 is more 
divisible by numbers than 10 is.

4920
04:15:49,900 --> 04:15:51,400
For many mathematical 
operations. 

4921
04:15:51,400 --> 04:15:53,200
Their system is actually more 
adaptable. 

4922
04:15:53,200 --> 04:15:56,200
It's similar to learning that a 
better wheel was created. 

4923
04:15:56,200 --> 04:15:59,500
But thousands of years later 
were still using the subpar one.

4924
04:15:59,500 --> 04:16:02,400
There is more to this. 
Mathematical sophistication than

4925
04:16:02,400 --> 04:16:05,700
meets the eye, the same 
individuals who divided circles 

4926
04:16:05,700 --> 04:16:09,200
into 360 Degrees. 
Yes, that's where that 

4927
04:16:09,200 --> 04:16:11,700
originates are. 
Also conducting astronomical 

4928
04:16:11,700 --> 04:16:14,200
observations which call for 
exact measurement and 

4929
04:16:14,200 --> 04:16:17,800
documentation They're making 
calendars that line agricultural

4930
04:16:17,800 --> 04:16:21,100
activities with astronomical 
events, tracking the Motions of 

4931
04:16:21,100 --> 04:16:25,000
planets and forecasting. 
Eclipses, it is truly astounding

4932
04:16:25,000 --> 04:16:27,500
how much astronomical knowledge 
is being amassed here. 

4933
04:16:27,500 --> 04:16:30,500
These observers have discovered 
that there are recurring 

4934
04:16:30,500 --> 04:16:34,000
patterns in the movements of the
planets, they can predict, when 

4935
04:16:34,000 --> 04:16:37,900
Venus will show up as An Evening
Star, as a Morning Star, they 

4936
04:16:37,900 --> 04:16:40,900
have developed mathematical 
models to forecast, astronomical

4937
04:16:40,900 --> 04:16:44,000
events an identified as a Diet 
Coke constellations. 

4938
04:16:44,000 --> 04:16:47,400
Most impressive, though is the 
way their tackling these issues.

4939
04:16:47,400 --> 04:16:50,700
They are searching for 
underlying patterns, formulating

4940
04:16:50,700 --> 04:16:53,500
hypotheses and testing 
predictions in addition to 

4941
04:16:53,500 --> 04:16:57,100
merely Gathering observations. 
For another few thousand years, 

4942
04:16:57,100 --> 04:16:59,600
they would not refer to what 
they are doing as science. 

4943
04:16:59,600 --> 04:17:03,000
But they are this methodical 
approach to knowledge is not 

4944
04:17:03,000 --> 04:17:04,500
limited to astronomy and 
Mathematics. 

4945
04:17:05,600 --> 04:17:08,500
Students are learning how to 
evaluate court cases write 

4946
04:17:08,500 --> 04:17:12,100
poetry in accordance with formal
guidelines and comprehend 

4947
04:17:12,100 --> 04:17:14,000
historical precedence. 
In the classroom. 

4948
04:17:14,000 --> 04:17:16,700
They are discovering that 
knowledge itself can be 

4949
04:17:16,700 --> 04:17:19,700
methodically arranged classified
and passed down from one 

4950
04:17:19,700 --> 04:17:22,700
generation to the next. 
Your witnessing, the creation of

4951
04:17:22,700 --> 04:17:24,700
intellectual Life as we know it 
today. 

4952
04:17:25,600 --> 04:17:28,700
For the first time in history, 
some people are able to devote 

4953
04:17:28,700 --> 04:17:31,600
their lives to comprehending the
fundamentals of the world's 

4954
04:17:31,600 --> 04:17:35,000
functioning rather than just 
finding solutions to pressing 

4955
04:17:35,000 --> 04:17:37,900
practical issues. 
What are numbers really? 

4956
04:17:38,600 --> 04:17:40,200
Why do the planets move the way 
they do? 

4957
04:17:40,200 --> 04:17:43,200
And what makes a good law 
different from a bad one? 

4958
04:17:43,900 --> 04:17:47,200
Of the questions they can pose. 
The ramifications are 

4959
04:17:47,200 --> 04:17:49,900
astounding. 
People whose job it is to think 

4960
04:17:49,900 --> 04:17:52,700
about abstract problems, begin 
to draw connections between 

4961
04:17:52,700 --> 04:17:56,200
various fields of knowledge. 
The mathematician understands 

4962
04:17:56,200 --> 04:17:59,700
that architecture is governed by
geometric principles, the 

4963
04:17:59,700 --> 04:18:02,300
astronomer learns that natural 
events can be predicted by 

4964
04:18:02,300 --> 04:18:05,600
mathematical models. 
The legal scholar is aware that 

4965
04:18:05,600 --> 04:18:07,200
using reason to settle 
disagreements. 

4966
04:18:07,200 --> 04:18:11,000
Is a more Equitable approach 
than merely adhering to custom. 

4967
04:18:11,000 --> 04:18:14,000
Let's take a break from our 
travels and become a custom to 

4968
04:18:14,000 --> 04:18:16,200
the mild routines of this 
amazing Society. 

4969
04:18:16,200 --> 04:18:18,500
You're about to learn that 
Revolution. 

4970
04:18:18,500 --> 04:18:21,600
Can sometimes be whispered 
through the everyday moments 

4971
04:18:21,600 --> 04:18:24,800
that comprise human existence, 
rather than always being 

4972
04:18:24,800 --> 04:18:28,300
announced with great Fanfare, a 
typical Mesopotamian, family 

4973
04:18:28,300 --> 04:18:31,600
wakes up as the small high 
Windows of their house, let in 

4974
04:18:31,600 --> 04:18:34,800
the first of the day. 
First thing that strikes you is 

4975
04:18:34,800 --> 04:18:37,800
how different their everyday 
worries are from yours yet. 

4976
04:18:37,800 --> 04:18:41,500
They feel surprisingly. 
The mother is organizing meals 

4977
04:18:41,500 --> 04:18:43,500
that will stretch resources 
throughout the week and keeping 

4978
04:18:43,500 --> 04:18:45,300
an eye on the households grain 
supplies. 

4979
04:18:46,100 --> 04:18:48,300
The father is going over his 
to-do list, in his head, 

4980
04:18:48,300 --> 04:18:51,600
including, which irrigation 
channels require upkeep, which 

4981
04:18:51,600 --> 04:18:55,100
tools require repair and which 
neighbors he needs to work with,

4982
04:18:55,100 --> 04:18:58,100
in preparation for the Harvest, 
their kids are getting ready for

4983
04:18:58,100 --> 04:19:01,300
school and yes, they probably 
whine about it as much as kids 

4984
04:19:01,300 --> 04:19:03,300
do. 
Young and little claims. 

4985
04:19:03,300 --> 04:19:05,400
He already knows enough 
mathematics to assist with the 

4986
04:19:05,400 --> 04:19:08,700
family business and little 
shamate refuses to practice her 

4987
04:19:08,700 --> 04:19:12,600
knee form writing exercises. 
It appears that certain aspects 

4988
04:19:12,600 --> 04:19:14,500
of human nature never go out of 
style. 

4989
04:19:14,500 --> 04:19:18,000
However, these everyday 
occurrences contain innovations 

4990
04:19:18,000 --> 04:19:19,900
that continue to shape Our Lives
to this day. 

4991
04:19:20,800 --> 04:19:23,800
In order to trade, fairly with 
her neighbors, the mother uses 

4992
04:19:23,800 --> 04:19:26,100
standardized weights and 
measures when she measures out 

4993
04:19:26,100 --> 04:19:29,900
grain for breakfast. 
Father uses a filing system that

4994
04:19:29,900 --> 04:19:32,700
arranges data in ways that any 
contemporary office worker would

4995
04:19:32,708 --> 04:19:34,400
recognize when he looks through 
his business. 

4996
04:19:34,400 --> 04:19:37,300
Records, from the previous day, 
the breakfast itself 

4997
04:19:37,300 --> 04:19:41,900
demonstrates, the sophistication
of Technology, yeast cultures a 

4998
04:19:41,900 --> 04:19:44,200
biological technology, that 
turns simple grain into 

4999
04:19:44,200 --> 04:19:46,400
sustenance that can support 
complex. 

5000
04:19:46,400 --> 04:19:49,400
Societies have been preserved 
and passed down through the 

5001
04:19:49,400 --> 04:19:51,800
generations to make the bread 
the beer. 

5002
04:19:51,800 --> 04:19:54,400
Yes, they have beer for 
breakfast, which makes sense, 

5003
04:19:54,400 --> 04:19:56,900
given the dubious quality of 
ancient Water Supplies. 

5004
04:19:56,900 --> 04:20:00,200
Represents fermentation 
processes that call for exact 

5005
04:20:00,200 --> 04:20:02,600
timing and temperature control 
your watching. 

5006
04:20:02,600 --> 04:20:05,400
The infrastructure of 
civilization in action as the 

5007
04:20:05,400 --> 04:20:07,500
family go about their morning 
routines. 

5008
04:20:08,100 --> 04:20:11,000
Thousands of people served by 
the distribution system, that 

5009
04:20:11,000 --> 04:20:12,600
provides them with the water 
they use. 

5010
04:20:13,400 --> 04:20:15,800
Sewage disposal stops disease 
outbreaks. 

5011
04:20:15,800 --> 04:20:18,500
That would otherwise render big 
cities, uninhabitable. 

5012
04:20:19,200 --> 04:20:22,600
Agricultural systems that can 
sustain populations much larger 

5013
04:20:22,600 --> 04:20:25,500
than the actual workers in the 
fields are the source of the 

5014
04:20:25,500 --> 04:20:27,600
food. 
Your witnessing the beginning of

5015
04:20:27,600 --> 04:20:30,300
expert craftsmanship when the 
father leaves for his Workshop, 

5016
04:20:30,300 --> 04:20:34,100
he's not just producing. 
He's also upholding standards 

5017
04:20:34,100 --> 04:20:37,500
creating methods and 
establishing a reputation for 

5018
04:20:37,500 --> 04:20:39,400
excellence. 
That goes well beyond his local 

5019
04:20:39,400 --> 04:20:43,100
area, his Goods will be traded 
over great distances, spreading 

5020
04:20:43,100 --> 04:20:44,800
the fame of his City to 
locations. 

5021
04:20:44,800 --> 04:20:47,900
He will never be able to visit 
Mother's Day is equally 

5022
04:20:47,900 --> 04:20:50,200
noteworthy. 
She's in charge of a household 

5023
04:20:50,200 --> 04:20:52,600
that serves as both a place of 
residence and a business. 

5024
04:20:53,400 --> 04:20:56,300
She's handling family, fine, 
announces preserving social 

5025
04:20:56,300 --> 04:20:59,700
ties, that are the foundation of
community, life and processing 

5026
04:20:59,700 --> 04:21:02,700
food for preservation. 
She is teaching kids, not only 

5027
04:21:02,700 --> 04:21:06,300
useful skills, but also social 
norms cultural values and the 

5028
04:21:06,308 --> 04:21:09,000
information, they will need to 
navigate a complex society as 

5029
04:21:09,000 --> 04:21:11,000
adults. 
You'll seeing something, that 

5030
04:21:11,000 --> 04:21:13,700
would be entirely familiar to 
any Modern Family, when the 

5031
04:21:13,708 --> 04:21:16,600
evening rolls around and they 
all sit down to their main meal.

5032
04:21:17,500 --> 04:21:19,900
But it's also utterly 
revolutionary for its time. 

5033
04:21:19,900 --> 04:21:24,000
They are sharing food that has 
been prepared preserved and 

5034
04:21:24,000 --> 04:21:27,500
processed in ways that enable 
them to eat healthily even in 

5035
04:21:27,500 --> 04:21:28,900
the absence of fresh 
ingredients. 

5036
04:21:30,100 --> 04:21:32,700
They're talking about the day's 
activities in a way that helps 

5037
04:21:32,700 --> 04:21:35,500
kids comprehend, how they fit 
into the larger Community. 

5038
04:21:35,500 --> 04:21:38,700
Most astonishingly though 
they're at ease, they are not 

5039
04:21:38,700 --> 04:21:41,600
fighting for basic survival even
though they live in what we 

5040
04:21:41,608 --> 04:21:43,400
might consider primitive 
conditions. 

5041
04:21:43,400 --> 04:21:47,800
People can now enjoy their lives
plan for the future and pursue 

5042
04:21:47,800 --> 04:21:49,300
interests beyond their immediate
needs. 

5043
04:21:49,300 --> 04:21:51,900
Thanks to advancements in 
agriculture, Commerce, and 

5044
04:21:51,900 --> 04:21:56,400
social organization, there may 
be games storytelling or music 

5045
04:21:56,400 --> 04:21:59,500
after supper. 
Another revolutionary idea is 

5046
04:21:59,500 --> 04:22:03,200
that people have Leisure Time. 
Human culture can thrive in 

5047
04:22:03,200 --> 04:22:05,900
previously, Unthinkable ways. 
When survival is safe enough for

5048
04:22:05,900 --> 04:22:09,200
people to devote their time to 
Pursuits that have no immediate 

5049
04:22:09,200 --> 04:22:11,900
practical value. 
In addition, to sleeping off the

5050
04:22:11,900 --> 04:22:14,300
days labor, the family is 
refueling for tomorrow's 

5051
04:22:14,300 --> 04:22:17,600
involvement, in Humanity's first
complex Urban living experiment.

5052
04:22:18,700 --> 04:22:21,500
They will awaken to Morrow. 
And once more play a part in 

5053
04:22:21,500 --> 04:22:24,600
preserving, the systems that 
enable thousands of people to 

5054
04:22:24,600 --> 04:22:28,600
coexist in harmony prosperity 
and productivity, one of the 

5055
04:22:28,600 --> 04:22:32,300
most remarkable accomplishments 
of Mesopotamian civilization is 

5056
04:22:32,300 --> 04:22:35,800
revealed, as you delve deeper 
into this ancient world, they 

5057
04:22:35,800 --> 04:22:38,700
managed to manage sizeable 
diverse populations without 

5058
04:22:38,700 --> 04:22:40,400
everything. 
Collapsing in Anarchy and 

5059
04:22:40,408 --> 04:22:43,200
conflict. 
And they accomplished this by 

5060
04:22:43,200 --> 04:22:46,500
combining religious Authority, 
common sense and what can only 

5061
04:22:46,500 --> 04:22:49,100
be called the first 
all-encompassing legal system in

5062
04:22:49,100 --> 04:22:51,000
history. 
Imagine the difficulties. 

5063
04:22:51,000 --> 04:22:54,400
These people encountered, there 
are thousands of people each 

5064
04:22:54,400 --> 04:22:57,400
with their own goals, passions, 
and unavoidable conflicts with 

5065
04:22:57,400 --> 04:22:59,800
their neighbors. 
You have competing religious, 

5066
04:22:59,800 --> 04:23:04,100
Traditions diverse ethnic 
groups, economic classes and the

5067
04:23:04,100 --> 04:23:06,700
inherent human propensity for 
short-sightedness and 

5068
04:23:06,700 --> 04:23:09,800
selfishness. 
How do you design a system that 

5069
04:23:09,800 --> 04:23:12,400
accomplishes goals while 
maintaining a reasonable level 

5070
04:23:12,400 --> 04:23:15,000
of satisfaction? 
For all the complexity of the 

5071
04:23:15,000 --> 04:23:18,400
Mesopotamian solution, is 
elegant at the, top is a king 

5072
04:23:18,400 --> 04:23:20,600
who represents both religion and
politics. 

5073
04:23:20,600 --> 04:23:24,500
His authority has a weight that 
purely political power could not

5074
04:23:24,500 --> 04:23:28,400
match because he is not only 
making executive decisions, but 

5075
04:23:28,400 --> 04:23:30,500
his channeling, the will of the 
Gods. 

5076
04:23:30,500 --> 04:23:34,000
The king is expressing Divine 
will when he issues a lawn, not 

5077
04:23:34,000 --> 04:23:37,300
just his own preferences. 
However, this is not a tyrants 

5078
04:23:37,300 --> 04:23:40,000
capricious rule. 
The king's Authority is limited 

5079
04:23:40,000 --> 04:23:44,000
by custom religious law and the 
pragmatic requirement to retain 

5080
04:23:44,000 --> 04:23:46,700
the backing of the different 
factions that sustained Society.

5081
04:23:47,700 --> 04:23:51,200
Priests Merchants Artisans and 
farmers, who, truly govern, the 

5082
04:23:51,200 --> 04:23:54,500
society will find a way to 
replace a king who continuously 

5083
04:23:54,500 --> 04:23:57,000
makes poor choices. 
So he won't hold the position 

5084
04:23:57,000 --> 04:23:58,800
for long. 
You have an advanced 

5085
04:23:58,800 --> 04:24:01,800
administrative structure beneath
the king that would Astound any 

5086
04:24:01,800 --> 04:24:05,200
contemporary bureaucrat tax 
collection, irrigation 

5087
04:24:05,200 --> 04:24:09,700
management, trade regulation, 
military organization, and legal

5088
04:24:09,700 --> 04:24:11,600
disputes are all handled by 
officials. 

5089
04:24:12,400 --> 04:24:14,700
Every administrative level has 
cleared duties and 

5090
04:24:14,700 --> 04:24:17,500
accountability to both Superior 
and subordinate authorities. 

5091
04:24:17,500 --> 04:24:20,900
Perhaps their most remarkable 
governmental Innovation is the 

5092
04:24:20,900 --> 04:24:23,500
legal system. 
They create these individuals 

5093
04:24:23,500 --> 04:24:26,800
draft thorough, legal codes that
aim to cover every potential 

5094
04:24:26,800 --> 04:24:29,800
conflict or offense, nearly 300 
laws. 

5095
04:24:29,800 --> 04:24:32,900
Ranging from business disputes 
to marriage contracts to 

5096
04:24:32,900 --> 04:24:36,300
property rights are included in 
the publicly visible Code of 

5097
04:24:36,300 --> 04:24:38,900
Hammurabi. 
However, the sophistication of 

5098
04:24:38,900 --> 04:24:40,800
these laws is even more 
impressive than their 

5099
04:24:40,800 --> 04:24:43,900
comprehensive nurse. 
They distinguish between various

5100
04:24:43,900 --> 04:24:45,500
property types and social 
classes. 

5101
04:24:45,500 --> 04:24:49,200
They make a distinction between 
acts and deliberate crimes. 

5102
04:24:49,200 --> 04:24:52,600
Instead of just exacting 
retribution, they offer 

5103
04:24:52,600 --> 04:24:55,000
proportionate penalties meant to
bring the world back into 

5104
04:24:55,000 --> 04:24:57,200
balance. 
To a degree that would be 

5105
04:24:57,200 --> 04:25:00,500
Progressive in many societies. 
Thousands of years later, they 

5106
04:25:00,500 --> 04:25:03,700
defend the rights of women 
children and even slaves. 

5107
04:25:03,700 --> 04:25:07,400
Unprecedentedly a professional 
judicial system is needed to 

5108
04:25:07,400 --> 04:25:10,900
enforce these laws records. 
That keep track of court rulings

5109
04:25:10,900 --> 04:25:14,000
judges who are knowledgeable 
about the law and corporate 

5110
04:25:14,000 --> 04:25:15,600
procedures that guarantee Fair 
hearing. 

5111
04:25:16,400 --> 04:25:19,600
Your witnessing, the emergence 
of jurisprudence the belief that

5112
04:25:19,600 --> 04:25:23,200
disagreements can be settled by 
Logic and facts rather than 

5113
04:25:23,200 --> 04:25:26,300
solely by the person with the 
most military might or political

5114
04:25:26,300 --> 04:25:28,400
clout. 
Most significantly, though, this

5115
04:25:28,400 --> 04:25:31,500
legal system is open to the 
public, the laws are visible to 

5116
04:25:31,500 --> 04:25:33,700
everyone because they are 
engraved in stone. 

5117
04:25:33,700 --> 04:25:36,100
This indicates that people are 
aware of their rights 

5118
04:25:36,100 --> 04:25:39,400
expectations, and the 
repercussions of different 

5119
04:25:39,400 --> 04:25:42,500
behaviors law, ceases to be 
arbitrary and becomes 

5120
04:25:42,500 --> 04:25:44,100
predictable. 
For the first time in human 

5121
04:25:44,100 --> 04:25:47,200
history, this government is 
backed by an equally Advanced 

5122
04:25:47,200 --> 04:25:50,000
Tax system. 
There are set rates collection 

5123
04:25:50,000 --> 04:25:53,600
processes and even Provisions 
for tax relief during hard times

5124
04:25:53,600 --> 04:25:56,300
as a posed to just taking 
whatever the king wants. 

5125
04:25:57,100 --> 04:25:59,700
People are aware of their 
obligations when they are due 

5126
04:25:59,700 --> 04:26:02,900
and what they get in return 
including Public Works, projects

5127
04:26:02,900 --> 04:26:05,900
military protection, 
infrastructure, upkeep and 

5128
04:26:05,900 --> 04:26:08,600
judicial Services. 
The result is something that can

5129
04:26:08,600 --> 04:26:10,400
be identified as the rule of 
law. 

5130
04:26:10,400 --> 04:26:13,400
A system that treats people 
fairly in accordance with 

5131
04:26:13,400 --> 04:26:16,400
established standards offers 
procedures for settling 

5132
04:26:16,400 --> 04:26:20,400
conflicts amicably and fosters 
incentives for collaboration 

5133
04:26:20,400 --> 04:26:23,500
rather than conflict is probably
more desirable than perfect 

5134
04:26:23,500 --> 04:26:27,200
Justice, which is probably 
unachievable stability, is the 

5135
04:26:27,208 --> 04:26:30,500
outcome due to their reasonable 
confidence in the stability of 

5136
04:26:30,500 --> 04:26:33,200
the legal and social framework. 
People are able to make 

5137
04:26:33,200 --> 04:26:36,100
long-term plans. 
Because they believe they will 

5138
04:26:36,100 --> 04:26:39,400
be able to reap the rewards when
those projects mature, they are 

5139
04:26:39,400 --> 04:26:41,800
willing to put time and effort 
into Endeavors that won't yield 

5140
04:26:41,800 --> 04:26:45,000
results, right away. 
The intricate irrigation systems

5141
04:26:45,000 --> 04:26:48,900
intricate trade networks, 
educational institutions and 

5142
04:26:48,900 --> 04:26:52,500
Architectural projects, that 
take generations to complete are

5143
04:26:52,500 --> 04:26:55,700
all made possible by this 
stability, which in turn lays 

5144
04:26:55,700 --> 04:26:58,300
the groundwork, for everything 
else we've been investigating. 

5145
04:26:59,300 --> 04:27:02,100
Without governmental structures 
that can uphold continuity and 

5146
04:27:02,100 --> 04:27:04,600
Order over decades or even 
centuries. 

5147
04:27:04,600 --> 04:27:07,600
None of these would be feasible.
As you continue, your 

5148
04:27:07,600 --> 04:27:09,200
exploration of ancient 
Mesopotamia. 

5149
04:27:09,200 --> 04:27:12,900
You may be surprised to learn 
that these pragmatic engineering

5150
04:27:12,900 --> 04:27:16,600
minded, individuals are 
profoundly spiritual but not in 

5151
04:27:16,600 --> 04:27:18,900
a way that separates the sacred 
from the secular. 

5152
04:27:18,900 --> 04:27:21,400
They don't practice their 
religion during special 

5153
04:27:21,400 --> 04:27:25,100
ceremonies or on the weekends. 
It permeates every part of their

5154
04:27:25,100 --> 04:27:28,500
lives from how they plan their 
cities, to how they go about 

5155
04:27:28,500 --> 04:27:32,500
their jobs. 
However, this is a sanctifies 

5156
04:27:32,500 --> 04:27:37,000
practical activity and finds the
Divine in human achievement, not

5157
04:27:37,000 --> 04:27:39,800
the kind of spirituality that 
demands people, reject the 

5158
04:27:39,800 --> 04:27:43,500
material, world Mesopotamian 
gods are strikingly human-like 

5159
04:27:43,500 --> 04:27:46,900
but in the most positive sense, 
they are individuals with 

5160
04:27:46,900 --> 04:27:50,600
preferences knowledge and 
continuous engagement in worldly

5161
04:27:50,600 --> 04:27:53,900
matters rather than impersonal 
abstract ideals. 

5162
04:27:54,800 --> 04:27:57,800
Enlil is in charge of the wind 
and storms, which bring 

5163
04:27:57,800 --> 04:27:59,400
fertility as well as 
destruction. 

5164
04:28:00,800 --> 04:28:03,600
For those who civilization 
relies on both intelligence and 

5165
04:28:03,600 --> 04:28:07,100
irrigation enki's rule over 
fresh water, and wisdom makes 

5166
04:28:07,100 --> 04:28:10,100
perfect sense. 
Since passion and conflict are 

5167
04:28:10,100 --> 04:28:13,500
essential components of The 
Human Experience, inanna stands 

5168
04:28:13,500 --> 04:28:16,500
for both Love and War. 
The most fascinating thing. 

5169
04:28:16,500 --> 04:28:19,500
About these Gods though is how 
they serve as examples of the 

5170
04:28:19,500 --> 04:28:22,000
kind of collaboration that 
enables civilized life. 

5171
04:28:23,000 --> 04:28:26,000
The myths, describe God's 
cooperating, on Cosmic building 

5172
04:28:26,000 --> 04:28:29,700
projects, exchanging resources 
and expertise, and reaching 

5173
04:28:29,700 --> 04:28:33,300
mutually beneficial agreements. 
People who take part in 

5174
04:28:33,300 --> 04:28:35,200
religious rituals are not only 
worshiping. 

5175
04:28:35,200 --> 04:28:38,700
They are so honing, the social 
skills necessary to maintain the

5176
04:28:38,700 --> 04:28:40,700
smooth operation of their own 
communities. 

5177
04:28:40,700 --> 04:28:43,100
Each city is dominated by 
temples. 

5178
04:28:43,100 --> 04:28:45,000
That are much more than just 
places of worship. 

5179
04:28:45,000 --> 04:28:48,900
There are combination of social 
service agencies educational 

5180
04:28:48,900 --> 04:28:53,100
institutions and economic hubs. 
In addition, to carrying out 

5181
04:28:53,100 --> 04:28:56,800
rituals the priest who work in 
these temples also oversee 

5182
04:28:56,800 --> 04:28:59,100
agricultural. 
Estates on educational 

5183
04:28:59,100 --> 04:29:03,200
institutions, careful libraries 
and offer welfare assistance to 

5184
04:29:03,200 --> 04:29:06,300
members of the community who are
struggling a society where 

5185
04:29:06,300 --> 04:29:09,300
religious life supports rather 
than contradicts the value's 

5186
04:29:09,300 --> 04:29:11,600
required. 
For successful, Urban living is 

5187
04:29:11,600 --> 04:29:14,200
the result of this remarkable 
Fusion of spiritual and 

5188
04:29:14,200 --> 04:29:17,300
practical functions. 
A good worshiper. 

5189
04:29:17,300 --> 04:29:19,400
Possesses the same qualities as 
a good neighbor. 

5190
04:29:19,400 --> 04:29:23,300
Such as honesty, dependability 
and a willingness to help out 

5191
04:29:23,300 --> 04:29:26,500
with Community projects. 
There is no conflict between 

5192
04:29:26,500 --> 04:29:29,900
serving the community and the 
gods, or between being Pious and

5193
04:29:29,900 --> 04:29:33,100
succeeding in business, the 
religious calendar organizes 

5194
04:29:33,100 --> 04:29:36,800
daily life in ways that promote 
economic activity, rather than 

5195
04:29:36,800 --> 04:29:40,300
interfere with it. religious 
celebrations, take place during 

5196
04:29:40,300 --> 04:29:43,600
agricultural Seasons, offering 
opportunities for communal, 

5197
04:29:43,600 --> 04:29:46,700
Gatherings, when people have the
means and Leisure to take part, 

5198
04:29:47,500 --> 04:29:50,100
In addition to providing funds 
for Public Works projects. 

5199
04:29:50,100 --> 04:29:52,000
The religious mandate to 
support. 

5200
04:29:52,000 --> 04:29:55,000
Temple operations, establishes a
social safety. 

5201
04:29:55,000 --> 04:29:58,100
Net that supports people during 
trying times, most 

5202
04:29:58,100 --> 04:30:01,200
significantly, this religious 
system offers purpose and 

5203
04:30:01,200 --> 04:30:04,400
meaning that transcends Personal
Achievement or failure, 

5204
04:30:05,400 --> 04:30:08,200
Contributors to the construction
of a ziggurat are not merely 

5205
04:30:08,200 --> 04:30:09,900
taking part in a building 
project. 

5206
04:30:09,900 --> 04:30:13,200
There are also helping to 
construct a monument that will 

5207
04:30:13,200 --> 04:30:16,300
benefit their Community for many
generations and a place of 

5208
04:30:16,300 --> 04:30:19,500
worship for the Gods. 
Maintaining the irrigation 

5209
04:30:19,500 --> 04:30:21,400
channels is more than just 
routine maintenance. 

5210
04:30:21,400 --> 04:30:25,200
It's a way to contribute to the 
divine order that sustains life 

5211
04:30:25,200 --> 04:30:28,200
ordinary labor becomes sacred. 
When it has the sense of 

5212
04:30:28,208 --> 04:30:31,200
purpose, the merchant 
facilitating trade between 

5213
04:30:31,200 --> 04:30:34,400
distant cities, the farmer 
producing food, that feeds the 

5214
04:30:34,400 --> 04:30:37,700
community, and the Craftsman. 
Crafting, beautiful objects are 

5215
04:30:37,700 --> 04:30:40,600
all part of the divine plan, 
that creates civilization out of

5216
04:30:40,600 --> 04:30:44,100
wilderness, abundance out of 
scarcity and order out of chaos.

5217
04:30:44,100 --> 04:30:48,000
However, This spirituality is 
also incredibly useful. 

5218
04:30:49,000 --> 04:30:52,000
Though, the methods of 
consultation reading Omens 

5219
04:30:52,000 --> 04:30:55,200
interpreting dreams and 
examining the patterns of oil on

5220
04:30:55,200 --> 04:30:58,000
water require careful 
observation and logical 

5221
04:30:58,000 --> 04:31:00,400
analysis. 
The gods are consulted on 

5222
04:31:00,400 --> 04:31:03,300
everything from military 
campaigns to business, Endeavors

5223
04:31:03,300 --> 04:31:06,800
to marriage decisions. 
Practical intelligence and 

5224
04:31:06,800 --> 04:31:09,600
religious wisdom complement 
rather than contradict one. 

5225
04:31:09,600 --> 04:31:12,600
Another, the end result is a 
society in which individuals 

5226
04:31:12,600 --> 04:31:15,600
accept personal responsibility 
for their contributions to the 

5227
04:31:15,600 --> 04:31:18,800
welfare of the community while 
feeling supported by forces 

5228
04:31:18,800 --> 04:31:22,400
greater than themselves. 
Despite staying rooted in the 

5229
04:31:22,408 --> 04:31:24,200
pragmatic demands of everyday 
life. 

5230
04:31:24,200 --> 04:31:26,600
They feel that their work has 
Cosmic significance. 

5231
04:31:27,400 --> 04:31:30,100
Spirituality is not an escape 
from Human achievement, but 

5232
04:31:30,100 --> 04:31:33,900
rather an enhancement of it, you
start to understand how all of 

5233
04:31:33,900 --> 04:31:37,300
these inventions work together 
to form something far greater 

5234
04:31:37,300 --> 04:31:39,100
than the summer of their 
individual Parts. 

5235
04:31:39,100 --> 04:31:41,800
As you carry on your cozy, 
exploration of this amazing 

5236
04:31:41,800 --> 04:31:44,700
civilization. 
You're seeing the emergence of 

5237
04:31:44,700 --> 04:31:48,300
networking effects, which are 
the processes by, which various 

5238
04:31:48,300 --> 04:31:51,300
developments reinforce one 
another to cause a sharp 

5239
04:31:51,300 --> 04:31:54,600
acceleration of human progress. 
Think about how Mesopotamian 

5240
04:31:54,600 --> 04:31:58,200
Society is changed by writing in
every other way because 

5241
04:31:58,200 --> 04:32:01,300
Engineers can document effective
technique and learn from past 

5242
04:32:01,300 --> 04:32:03,900
mistakes. 
The irrigation system becomes 

5243
04:32:03,900 --> 04:32:06,900
much more sophisticated, once 
information can be permanently 

5244
04:32:06,900 --> 04:32:10,500
recorded because precedence can 
be documented and consulted 

5245
04:32:10,500 --> 04:32:13,500
legal systems become more 
Equitable and consistent. 

5246
04:32:14,400 --> 04:32:17,400
Because contracts can specify 
precise terms and conditions 

5247
04:32:17,400 --> 04:32:20,600
trade becomes more. 
Complicated because knowledge 

5248
04:32:20,600 --> 04:32:23,100
can be systematically 
transmitted and preserved 

5249
04:32:23,100 --> 04:32:25,100
education becomes more 
effective. 

5250
04:32:25,100 --> 04:32:29,300
However, writing also opens up 
new possibilities that no one 

5251
04:32:29,300 --> 04:32:31,900
had foreseen. 
You can learn mathematics. 

5252
04:32:31,900 --> 04:32:35,200
Once you can record numbers, 
astronomical science can be 

5253
04:32:35,208 --> 04:32:38,400
produced when observations can 
be preserved, chemistry and 

5254
04:32:38,408 --> 04:32:41,300
medicine can be developed. 
Once experiments are documented,

5255
04:32:42,000 --> 04:32:44,700
Every advancement creates 
opportunities for even more 

5256
04:32:44,700 --> 04:32:48,100
advancements in, unpredictable 
ways in the realm of Economics, 

5257
04:32:48,100 --> 04:32:50,100
the networking effect is the 
same. 

5258
04:32:50,100 --> 04:32:54,000
Once food production is stable, 
some people can focus on crafts,

5259
04:32:54,000 --> 04:32:56,400
you can create better tools and 
methods. 

5260
04:32:56,400 --> 04:32:59,400
Once you have talented artists 
with improved tools, 

5261
04:32:59,400 --> 04:33:03,000
agricultural productivity can be
increased freeing up, even more 

5262
04:33:03,000 --> 04:33:06,700
workers for specialized labor. 
Every Improvement increase is 

5263
04:33:06,700 --> 04:33:09,700
the likelihood and ease of the 
subsequent Improvement the 

5264
04:33:09,700 --> 04:33:12,099
social Innovations. 
Have an equally strong Network. 

5265
04:33:12,099 --> 04:33:15,200
You can start projects that need
long-term planning, and 

5266
04:33:15,207 --> 04:33:17,500
coordination. 
Once you have an efficient 

5267
04:33:17,500 --> 04:33:20,800
governance system, people gain 
confidence and group action 

5268
04:33:20,800 --> 04:33:23,200
after large scale projects are 
completed. 

5269
04:33:23,200 --> 04:33:25,700
Successful. 
People are willing to invest in 

5270
04:33:25,700 --> 04:33:28,400
even more ambitious projects, 
once they have faith in group 

5271
04:33:28,400 --> 04:33:32,300
efforts in ways that 
exponentially speed up progress,

5272
04:33:32,300 --> 04:33:35,900
success, breeds success. 
The Mesopotamians are 

5273
04:33:35,900 --> 04:33:38,300
experiencing the fascinating 
discovery that human 

5274
04:33:38,300 --> 04:33:40,700
communities. 
Can generate value that far, 

5275
04:33:40,700 --> 04:33:43,000
surpasses, what individuals 
could produce working alone. 

5276
04:33:43,800 --> 04:33:46,200
Your witnessing, what? 
Contemporary economists, refer 

5277
04:33:46,200 --> 04:33:48,099
to as increasing returns to 
scale. 

5278
04:33:48,900 --> 04:33:51,200
Every new member of society 
increases the productivity 

5279
04:33:51,200 --> 04:33:54,300
security, and ability of 
everyone else to accomplish 

5280
04:33:54,300 --> 04:33:57,400
their objectives, the networking
of technology is equally 

5281
04:33:57,400 --> 04:34:00,000
impressive. 
Mining transportation and trade 

5282
04:34:00,000 --> 04:34:02,400
networks, are all necessary for 
the production of bronze. 

5283
04:34:02,400 --> 04:34:05,700
In addition, to metallurgy The 
effectiveness of the entire 

5284
04:34:05,700 --> 04:34:08,400
system increases with each 
advancement in any of these 

5285
04:34:08,400 --> 04:34:11,300
areas mining is more productive 
with better tools. 

5286
04:34:11,300 --> 04:34:13,500
Raw materials are less 
expensive. 

5287
04:34:13,500 --> 04:34:16,800
When transportation is more 
efficient access to better 

5288
04:34:16,800 --> 04:34:19,800
quality inputs, is made possible
by expanded trade networks. 

5289
04:34:19,800 --> 04:34:23,200
However, the cultural networking
effect may be the most 

5290
04:34:23,200 --> 04:34:26,300
significant, People start to 
have bigger dreams after 

5291
04:34:26,300 --> 04:34:29,700
realizing that prosperity and 
security can be achieved through

5292
04:34:29,700 --> 04:34:32,400
human effort. 
They are more inclined to trust 

5293
04:34:32,400 --> 04:34:35,099
strangers, and engage in larger 
communities. 

5294
04:34:35,099 --> 04:34:37,099
Once they realize that 
collaboration can produce 

5295
04:34:37,099 --> 04:34:40,000
outcomes that are impossible for
individuals to accomplish alone,

5296
04:34:40,000 --> 04:34:43,099
they are more inclined to rely 
on others for products and 

5297
04:34:43,099 --> 04:34:45,500
services that they could 
potentially produce themselves. 

5298
04:34:45,500 --> 04:34:47,700
Once they have seen the 
advantages of specialization. 

5299
04:34:47,700 --> 04:34:50,700
These is a revolutionary change 
in culture. 

5300
04:34:51,599 --> 04:34:54,000
People are choosing to become 
interdependent instead of 

5301
04:34:54,000 --> 04:34:56,300
self-sufficient for the first 
time in human history. 

5302
04:34:56,300 --> 04:34:59,800
They're coming to the conclusion
that working together is more 

5303
04:34:59,800 --> 04:35:02,599
advantageous than relying on 
other people there. 

5304
04:35:02,599 --> 04:35:05,200
Ringing everything that humans 
societies can be more than 

5305
04:35:05,200 --> 04:35:06,900
short-term convenience 
alliances. 

5306
04:35:06,900 --> 04:35:10,200
You're seeing networking effects
that extend beyond the borders 

5307
04:35:10,200 --> 04:35:12,400
of specific cities or 
geographical areas. 

5308
04:35:13,400 --> 04:35:16,200
Mesopotamian Innovations 
influenced events throughout the

5309
04:35:16,200 --> 04:35:20,200
ancient world, by way of trade 
routes, diplomatic contacts and 

5310
04:35:20,200 --> 04:35:23,500
migration patterns. 
Greek philosophy is shaped by 

5311
04:35:23,500 --> 04:35:25,700
the mathematical ideas created 
in Babylon. 

5312
04:35:25,700 --> 04:35:29,200
Roman law is influenced by the 
legal precepts developed in 

5313
04:35:29,200 --> 04:35:31,800
Ouray. 
From each to India, population 

5314
04:35:31,800 --> 04:35:34,500
growth is made possible by 
Mesopotamian, agricultural, 

5315
04:35:34,500 --> 04:35:37,400
Innovations, your witnessing. 
The emergence of what 

5316
04:35:37,400 --> 04:35:41,300
contemporary academics refer to 
as World Systems networks of 

5317
04:35:41,300 --> 04:35:45,099
influence and interaction that 
link far-flung societies and 

5318
04:35:45,099 --> 04:35:47,700
enable Innovations to 
proliferate well beyond their 

5319
04:35:47,700 --> 04:35:51,900
original locations. 
For the first time, human 

5320
04:35:51,900 --> 04:35:54,200
advancement turns into a 
Cooperative Endeavor in which 

5321
04:35:54,200 --> 04:35:58,300
several civilizations, cooperate
often, unknowingly to address 

5322
04:35:58,300 --> 04:36:01,400
shared problems, you are left 
with a deep respect for the 

5323
04:36:01,408 --> 04:36:04,300
accomplishments of these 
extraordinary people, as our 

5324
04:36:04,300 --> 04:36:06,099
leisurely tour of Ancient 
Mesopotamia. 

5325
04:36:06,099 --> 04:36:09,700
Comes to an end, he returned to 
the Comforts of the present with

5326
04:36:09,700 --> 04:36:13,099
a fresh perspective on how much 
we owe these pioneers of the 

5327
04:36:13,099 --> 04:36:15,900
past, the Golden Age of 
witnessed was golden. 

5328
04:36:15,900 --> 04:36:19,200
Not because it was Flawless, but
because it was the first time 

5329
04:36:19,200 --> 04:36:22,300
that Humanity had successfully 
attempted to build sophisticated

5330
04:36:22,300 --> 04:36:26,500
societies that boosted rather 
than depleted human potential. 

5331
04:36:27,300 --> 04:36:30,800
With creativity teamwork and an 
incredible belief in human 

5332
04:36:30,800 --> 04:36:33,000
potential. 
These individuals overcame 

5333
04:36:33,000 --> 04:36:35,300
obstacles that. 
No other generation had ever 

5334
04:36:35,300 --> 04:36:38,300
faced their Solutions. 
Weren't coincidental or 

5335
04:36:38,300 --> 04:36:41,700
short-term fixes thousands of 
years later, we are still using 

5336
04:36:41,700 --> 04:36:45,200
modified versions of the 
institutions systems and ways of

5337
04:36:45,200 --> 04:36:47,400
thinking, they established 
because they were so successful.

5338
04:36:47,400 --> 04:36:50,500
You are building on the 
foundations established by these

5339
04:36:50,500 --> 04:36:54,599
ancient Pioneers each time you 
use mathematics, read a written 

5340
04:36:54,599 --> 04:36:58,300
contract engage in Democratic 
governance or profit from 

5341
04:36:58,300 --> 04:37:01,400
specialization and trade, 
perhaps most significantly. 

5342
04:37:01,400 --> 04:37:04,200
However, they Illustrated a 
feature of human nature that 

5343
04:37:04,200 --> 04:37:07,800
still holds true today When 
people are confident enough to 

5344
04:37:07,800 --> 04:37:10,300
look beyond their immediate 
survival, when they have 

5345
04:37:10,300 --> 04:37:13,300
incentives to work together, 
rather than engaging destructive

5346
04:37:13,300 --> 04:37:15,400
competition. 
And when they have faith, that 

5347
04:37:15,400 --> 04:37:17,800
their efforts will be fairly 
rewarded, they collaborate to 

5348
04:37:17,800 --> 04:37:21,599
create amazing things, the 
Golden Age of Mesopotamia serves

5349
04:37:21,599 --> 04:37:24,700
as a reminder that the greatest 
human civilization is about 

5350
04:37:24,700 --> 04:37:27,400
fostering an environment in 
which each person can use their 

5351
04:37:27,400 --> 04:37:30,599
special gifts to promote the 
well-being of the group. 

5352
04:37:30,599 --> 04:37:33,900
Not about controlling nature or 
outperforming Rivals. 

5353
04:37:33,900 --> 04:37:37,300
It involves creating systems 
that are both robust enough to 

5354
04:37:37,300 --> 04:37:40,599
offer security and adaptable 
enough to Foster creativity. 

5355
04:37:40,599 --> 04:37:44,500
It involves figuring out how to 
respect both individual success 

5356
04:37:44,500 --> 04:37:47,700
and the well-being of the 
community as you fall asleep, 

5357
04:37:47,700 --> 04:37:51,300
consider how human advancement 
is still fueled by the same 

5358
04:37:51,300 --> 04:37:55,099
Cooperative impulses, that 
created ziggurats and cuneiform 

5359
04:37:55,099 --> 04:37:57,700
writing. 
The spirit of ancient 

5360
04:37:57,700 --> 04:38:00,700
Mesopotamia endures every time 
individuals decide to work 

5361
04:38:00,707 --> 04:38:04,300
together, rather than fight 
every time someone lends their 

5362
04:38:04,300 --> 04:38:06,200
expertise to projects bigger 
than themselves. 

5363
04:38:06,200 --> 04:38:09,599
And every time communities make 
investments in infrastructure 

5364
04:38:09,599 --> 04:38:12,599
that will benefit coming 
Generations, even though the 

5365
04:38:12,599 --> 04:38:15,500
cities are now covered in desert
sand and the irrigation channels

5366
04:38:15,500 --> 04:38:18,500
are dry, the human ability to 
bring order out of chaos, 

5367
04:38:18,500 --> 04:38:22,200
abundance out of scarcity and 
meaning out of life's. 

5368
04:38:22,200 --> 04:38:25,000
Basic materials, still flows 
like those ancient Rivers 

5369
04:38:25,000 --> 04:38:27,900
between the Tigris and 
Euphrates, rest, easy knowing 

5370
04:38:27,900 --> 04:38:30,200
that you're a part of a story 
that started with the first 

5371
04:38:30,200 --> 04:38:34,400
cities and goes on with every 
technological advancement, Every

5372
04:38:34,400 --> 04:38:38,000
Act of human cooperation and 
every instance in which people 

5373
04:38:38,000 --> 04:38:42,099
decide to build rather than 
destroy mesopotamia's Golden Age

5374
04:38:42,099 --> 04:38:43,599
serves. 
As a reminder that our best 

5375
04:38:43,599 --> 04:38:46,900
times are never truly over. 
Rather they are always just 

5376
04:38:46,900 --> 04:38:49,900
getting started and are waiting 
to be shaped by the next 

5377
04:38:49,900 --> 04:38:52,700
generation of people who are 
prepared to cooperate in order 

5378
04:38:52,700 --> 04:38:56,000
to achieve common goals. 
The same mathematical patterns 

5379
04:38:56,000 --> 04:38:58,599
that the Ancient astronomers 
found still govern the way. 

5380
04:38:58,599 --> 04:39:02,200
The Stars wheel overhead. 
The human urge to create 

5381
04:39:02,200 --> 04:39:05,900
collaborate and strive for 
something bigger than personal 

5382
04:39:05,900 --> 04:39:09,700
survival is still as strong as 
the fires in those old bronze 

5383
04:39:09,700 --> 04:39:12,500
workshops and tomorrow, we carry
on the work. 

5384
04:39:12,500 --> 04:39:15,200
They started. 
The never-ending optimistic 

5385
04:39:15,200 --> 04:39:18,099
Endeavor of creating 
civilizations deserving of human

5386
04:39:18,099 --> 04:39:20,900
potential in both minor and 
major ways. 

5387
04:39:20,900 --> 04:39:24,200
Sweet dreams fellow time 
traveler take comfort. 

5388
04:39:24,200 --> 04:39:26,900
In the fact that you are a part 
of the greatest success story in

5389
04:39:26,900 --> 04:39:30,599
human history, one that is still
being written one day at a time 

5390
04:39:30,599 --> 04:39:34,099
by people who recognize that the
greatest monuments we can erect.

5391
04:39:34,099 --> 04:39:37,600
Are those that enable others to 
rise just a little bit of their 

5392
04:39:37,600 --> 04:39:40,500
own potential. 
Imagine those old voices carried

5393
04:39:40,500 --> 04:39:43,700
on the Wind during The Quiet 
Moments before sleep really sets

5394
04:39:43,700 --> 04:39:45,700
in. 
Farmers in Mesopotamia 

5395
04:39:45,700 --> 04:39:48,600
discovered that a flood plain 
could become a paradise if they 

5396
04:39:48,600 --> 04:39:51,500
banded together. 
The Artisans who realized that. 

5397
04:39:51,500 --> 04:39:54,600
Specialized work, could Elevate,
simple, survival to creative 

5398
04:39:54,600 --> 04:39:57,300
success. 
The administrators demonstrated 

5399
04:39:57,300 --> 04:40:01,000
that at its best bureaucracy is 
just structured to serve the 

5400
04:40:01,000 --> 04:40:04,200
interests of the community. 
Even though their zigurat has 

5401
04:40:04,200 --> 04:40:06,100
fallen apart. 
Their wisdom can still be heard 

5402
04:40:06,100 --> 04:40:09,500
in every Public Library, 
contemporary hospital and 

5403
04:40:09,500 --> 04:40:12,300
infrastructure project that 
enhances the lives of people. 

5404
04:40:12,300 --> 04:40:16,400
The Builders of never met. 
Even though their cuneiform 

5405
04:40:16,400 --> 04:40:19,900
tablets are now Museum artifacts
their belief that knowledge 

5406
04:40:19,900 --> 04:40:23,400
should be shared and preserved 
endures in every book website 

5407
04:40:23,400 --> 04:40:25,400
and classroom. 
Where new information is 

5408
04:40:25,400 --> 04:40:27,300
learned. 
There are understanding that 

5409
04:40:27,300 --> 04:40:29,400
abundance comes from 
cooperation, rather than 

5410
04:40:29,400 --> 04:40:32,600
competition is evident in every 
successful Business, 

5411
04:40:32,600 --> 04:40:36,600
Partnership, community garden 
and incidents where neighbors 

5412
04:40:36,600 --> 04:40:39,400
choose to support one another 
rather than compete. 

5413
04:40:40,700 --> 04:40:43,700
The irrigation channels they dug
of long since filled with sand 

5414
04:40:43,700 --> 04:40:47,000
above all, they introduced us to
the radical notion that people 

5415
04:40:47,000 --> 04:40:49,700
can build societies that are 
superior to the sum of their 

5416
04:40:49,700 --> 04:40:52,800
parts. 
That chaos conflict and scarcity

5417
04:40:52,800 --> 04:40:55,900
are not necessary for human 
existence that we can create 

5418
04:40:55,900 --> 04:41:00,000
worlds where everyone has enough
enough food and enough, security

5419
04:41:00,000 --> 04:41:03,300
enough purpose, enough Beauty to
make life worthwhile. 

5420
04:41:03,300 --> 04:41:07,200
If we are patient creative and 
willing to trust one another, 

5421
04:41:07,200 --> 04:41:10,100
therefore, as you drift off to 
sleep, remember, not only the 

5422
04:41:10,100 --> 04:41:13,200
accomplishments of these ancient
people but also the quiet 

5423
04:41:13,200 --> 04:41:16,900
assurance that the same 
inventive collaborative spirit, 

5424
04:41:16,900 --> 04:41:20,200
that created the first cities is
still creating a better world 

5425
04:41:20,200 --> 04:41:22,900
today. 
Every tiny deed of compassion, 

5426
04:41:22,900 --> 04:41:26,400
every instance of putting 
empathy ahead of judgment and 

5427
04:41:26,400 --> 04:41:29,300
every contribution to a cause 
greater than yourself keeps the 

5428
04:41:29,300 --> 04:41:32,500
good work going. 
Mrs. Golden age was a beginning 

5429
04:41:32,500 --> 04:41:36,100
rather than a destination. 
The stories, most lovely aspect 

5430
04:41:36,100 --> 04:41:39,500
is that it isn't yet over it, 
persists, in every heart, that 

5431
04:41:39,500 --> 04:41:43,300
selects cooperation over 
rivalry, hope over fear and 

5432
04:41:43,300 --> 04:41:45,600
building over destruction, rest 
easy. 

5433
04:41:45,600 --> 04:41:48,700
Knowing that you are both the 
inheritor of their wisdom and a 

5434
04:41:48,700 --> 04:41:50,200
part of its continuous 
development. 

5435
04:41:50,200 --> 04:41:53,800
Maybe you will hear the soft 
splatter of old irrigation 

5436
04:41:53,800 --> 04:41:56,900
channels in your dreams, 
delivering vital water to 

5437
04:41:56,900 --> 04:41:58,500
Garden. 
That will reopen to tomorrow. 

5438
04:41:58,500 --> 04:42:01,600
Good night, civilisation 
Builder, good night. 

5439
04:42:01,600 --> 04:42:05,000
Ancient dream are Good night 
participant in the world's 

5440
04:42:05,000 --> 04:42:08,900
greatest ongoing Endeavor. 
The patient optimistic Endeavor 

5441
04:42:08,900 --> 04:42:12,200
to build a world that lives up 
to our highest hopes as a 

5442
04:42:12,200 --> 04:42:15,500
reminder, that some things 
beauty truth and the human 

5443
04:42:15,500 --> 04:42:18,000
capacity for Wonder really are 
Eternal. 

5444
04:42:18,000 --> 04:42:21,600
The stars that led those earlier
astronomers continue to shine 

5445
04:42:21,600 --> 04:42:24,300
down on you in the same Timeless
patterns. 

5446
04:42:24,300 --> 04:42:27,500
They found get enough. 
Sleep, have a lovely dream. 

5447
04:42:28,500 --> 04:42:31,500
Wake up tomorrow, prepared to 
carry on The NeverEnding, joyful

5448
04:42:31,500 --> 04:42:34,100
task of bringing the world 
closer to the paradise. 

5449
04:42:34,100 --> 04:42:36,600
They saw between two rivers so 
long ago. 

5450
04:42:43,500 --> 04:42:47,500
In Linda's fan, northumbria 793 
uni in the chapel of 

5451
04:42:47,508 --> 04:42:51,700
lindisfarne, Priory at dawn 
Whispering, your usual Latin 

5452
04:42:51,700 --> 04:42:55,100
prayers. 
Suddenly a distant, Thunderclap 

5453
04:42:55,100 --> 04:42:58,800
roles across the clear sky. 
You pause lips. 

5454
04:42:58,800 --> 04:43:01,800
Still, the sound comes again. 
Louder this time. 

5455
04:43:01,800 --> 04:43:04,200
And now, you hear panicked. 
Shouts outside. 

5456
04:43:04,200 --> 04:43:06,500
Shattering the morning. 
Peace Brother. 

5457
04:43:06,500 --> 04:43:08,500
Alfred bursts through the oak 
door. 

5458
04:43:08,500 --> 04:43:11,500
Eyes wild. 
Raiders on the shore. 

5459
04:43:11,500 --> 04:43:15,600
He gasps in an instant your 
world overturns you. 

5460
04:43:15,600 --> 04:43:18,000
Leap up heart hammering and 
follow him out of the chapel 

5461
04:43:18,000 --> 04:43:20,800
into chaos. 
At the top of the grassy June 

5462
04:43:20,800 --> 04:43:22,000
overlooking. 
The priorities Beach. 

5463
04:43:22,000 --> 04:43:25,200
You stumbled to a halt the sand 
where there was nothing moments 

5464
04:43:25,200 --> 04:43:27,800
ago. 
Draws up Long Dragon proud 

5465
04:43:27,800 --> 04:43:30,700
ships, dozens of armed. 
Northmen a swarming. 

5466
04:43:30,700 --> 04:43:34,100
Ashore sunlights off iron swords
and axes in their fists. 

5467
04:43:34,100 --> 04:43:37,300
They move with a terrifying 
purpose spreading across, holy 

5468
04:43:37,300 --> 04:43:41,000
Island, akin to a plague. 
A chill of unreality washes, 

5469
04:43:41,000 --> 04:43:44,600
over you, the Pagan Vikings of 
rumora here in the flesh. 

5470
04:43:44,600 --> 04:43:48,400
As real, as the salt on your 
face, screams Echo from the 

5471
04:43:48,400 --> 04:43:51,300
fields below, a few of the 
laborers working with the 

5472
04:43:51,300 --> 04:43:54,100
vegetable garden to run but the 
strangers are upon them in 

5473
04:43:54,108 --> 04:43:57,000
moments. 
You watch paralyzed as a furred 

5474
04:43:57,000 --> 04:43:59,300
Raider swings. 
His axe and Cleaves brother, 

5475
04:43:59,300 --> 04:44:02,600
Ozark shoulder to the Bone, 
austric collapses with a scream 

5476
04:44:02,600 --> 04:44:05,100
cut short. 
Another Monk Is caught by two 

5477
04:44:05,100 --> 04:44:07,400
Vikings. 
They pinion his arms and dragged

5478
04:44:07,400 --> 04:44:09,500
him toward the shore, ignoring 
his pleas. 

5479
04:44:09,500 --> 04:44:12,900
You think God help us, this 
can't be real, not on this 

5480
04:44:12,900 --> 04:44:16,500
sacred Island. 
They're coming inside Abbott. 

5481
04:44:16,500 --> 04:44:18,100
Edbert Bellows from the 
courtyard. 

5482
04:44:19,000 --> 04:44:22,100
That last your legs. 
Unlock you tear down the slope, 

5483
04:44:22,100 --> 04:44:26,700
toward the Stone Church sand 
slipping under your feet monks. 

5484
04:44:26,700 --> 04:44:30,100
In Woolen habits scatter in 
every direction, some toward the

5485
04:44:30,100 --> 04:44:33,400
hills others, like you toward 
the only Refuge you have the 

5486
04:44:33,400 --> 04:44:36,800
stature of Saint Cuthbert. 
You dash through the arch 

5487
04:44:36,800 --> 04:44:40,000
doorway and several Brothers. 
Shove the heavy doors closed 

5488
04:44:40,000 --> 04:44:44,000
behind you, dozens of you huddle
in the dim Sanctuary chests 

5489
04:44:44,000 --> 04:44:47,400
heaving Candlelight flickers 
over pale terrified faces 

5490
04:44:47,400 --> 04:44:52,300
outside, the guttural, shouts of
the Vikings grow closer, the 

5491
04:44:52,300 --> 04:44:55,400
wooden doors shutter as the axe 
blades, begin to chop through 

5492
04:44:55,400 --> 04:44:57,800
them. 
A moment later the portal 

5493
04:44:57,800 --> 04:45:02,300
Splinter's apart Viking's flood 
into God's house and pandemonium

5494
04:45:02,300 --> 04:45:06,000
erupts, your shoved back against
a cold stone column as panic and

5495
04:45:06,000 --> 04:45:09,600
Slaughter, fill the Nave one. 
Invader, lunges at among near 

5496
04:45:09,600 --> 04:45:12,200
the entrance and splits his 
skull with an iron sword. 

5497
04:45:12,200 --> 04:45:16,100
Another snackers, a golden 
chalice, from the older spilling

5498
04:45:16,100 --> 04:45:20,000
holy wine across the flagstones 
a third Viking flips, open the 

5499
04:45:20,000 --> 04:45:23,600
enormous Bible and casually rips
out, its illuminated Pages 

5500
04:45:23,600 --> 04:45:27,300
laughing, you cry out in 
wordless anguish at this 

5501
04:45:27,300 --> 04:45:30,200
desecration but your voice is 
lost in the cacophony. 

5502
04:45:30,200 --> 04:45:33,700
The sacred Sanctuary is 
transformed into a Battleground 

5503
04:45:33,700 --> 04:45:37,100
a wiry North. 
With a braided beard grabs You 

5504
04:45:37,108 --> 04:45:40,000
by The Robe he reeks of sweat 
and seawater. 

5505
04:45:40,000 --> 04:45:44,000
You raise your hands in a feeble
plea but he just bares his teeth

5506
04:45:44,000 --> 04:45:46,700
and throws you to the floor, 
your head strikes, the stone 

5507
04:45:46,700 --> 04:45:49,000
tiles and stars explode in your 
vision. 

5508
04:45:50,000 --> 04:45:52,600
Before you can recover, he 
pounces on your chest pinning, 

5509
04:45:52,600 --> 04:45:56,200
you cold iron presses against 
your throat as he draws a knife 

5510
04:45:56,200 --> 04:45:58,600
along your neck in that Frozen 
moment. 

5511
04:45:58,600 --> 04:46:02,200
You Glimpse at the earbud by the
altar, in a pool of blood, his 

5512
04:46:02,200 --> 04:46:04,900
throat, cut his eyes staring 
lifelessly at the ceiling. 

5513
04:46:05,600 --> 04:46:08,300
The House of Prayer is filled 
with cries of the dying and 

5514
04:46:08,308 --> 04:46:11,300
wails of pain. 
The Northman snails something in

5515
04:46:11,300 --> 04:46:13,400
his harsh tongue and raises his 
blade. 

5516
04:46:14,400 --> 04:46:16,500
You squeeze your eyes shut and 
Babel a final prayer. 

5517
04:46:17,500 --> 04:46:20,100
Steal flashes your prayer dies 
on your lips. 

5518
04:46:20,100 --> 04:46:22,500
As the blade plunges down and 
everything goes dark. 

5519
04:46:22,500 --> 04:46:26,300
The scene unfolds on the sin 
River on the Frankish Coast in 

5520
04:46:26,300 --> 04:46:29,100
845. 
You are pulling weeds in your 

5521
04:46:29,100 --> 04:46:31,600
beanfield when The Village 
Church Bell, begins clanging 

5522
04:46:31,600 --> 04:46:35,700
furiously, It is a misty Easter 
morning and that Bell should be 

5523
04:46:35,708 --> 04:46:39,000
calling the faithful to mass not
ringing in alarm. 

5524
04:46:39,800 --> 04:46:42,900
You straighten up dirt on your 
hands and see neighbor's halting

5525
04:46:42,900 --> 04:46:45,300
in their fields, heads turned 
towards the sound. 

5526
04:46:46,200 --> 04:46:49,600
Through the river fog, a new 
sound, Rises a deep warhorn 

5527
04:46:49,600 --> 04:46:54,500
Blast from Downstream your blood
runs cold, northmen a shout from

5528
04:46:54,500 --> 04:46:58,000
the hill by berners goat, Pastor
confirms it ships on the river 

5529
04:46:58,000 --> 04:47:02,300
instantly, the quiet Frankish 
Hamlet, erupts into Panic, you 

5530
04:47:02,300 --> 04:47:05,000
drop your basket and Sprint for 
your cottage heart. 

5531
04:47:05,000 --> 04:47:07,700
Thudding. 
Your farm lies Exposed on the 

5532
04:47:07,700 --> 04:47:10,400
open flood plain. 
There are no walls or soldiers 

5533
04:47:10,400 --> 04:47:13,100
to protect it. 
Rumors have whispered of Viking 

5534
04:47:13,100 --> 04:47:16,100
raids along the coast recently 
but you never imagined their 

5535
04:47:16,100 --> 04:47:19,100
dragon-headed boats on your 
stretch of the sin yet now 

5536
04:47:19,100 --> 04:47:22,700
through the trees, you Glimpse 
them long, Sleek ships with 

5537
04:47:22,700 --> 04:47:25,000
stripes. 
Sails gliding up River carved. 

5538
04:47:25,000 --> 04:47:28,700
Beasts, adorning their prows by 
the time you reach your yard 

5539
04:47:28,700 --> 04:47:31,900
chaos as overtaking. 
The Village Family scream and 

5540
04:47:31,900 --> 04:47:34,700
Scattered snatching up children 
and whatever belongings. 

5541
04:47:34,700 --> 04:47:37,500
They can carry you, nearly 
collide with your wife as she 

5542
04:47:37,500 --> 04:47:39,700
rushes out of your cottage with 
your two young daughter's, 

5543
04:47:39,700 --> 04:47:43,000
clinging to her skirts. 
Into the woods. 

5544
04:47:43,000 --> 04:47:44,800
You pant grabbing the girls 
hands. 

5545
04:47:44,800 --> 04:47:46,600
The only hope is to hide in the 
Oak. 

5546
04:47:46,600 --> 04:47:49,800
Forest be on the fields. 
Together you Sprint, across the 

5547
04:47:49,800 --> 04:47:52,000
Pharaohs. 
Towards the tree line, your 

5548
04:47:52,000 --> 04:47:53,600
littlest daughter, Wales, and 
confusion. 

5549
04:47:53,600 --> 04:47:56,300
You scooped her into your arms 
and push onward. 

5550
04:47:57,000 --> 04:48:00,100
Behind you Rises a cacophony of 
Terror. 

5551
04:48:00,100 --> 04:48:02,900
The warhorn Blairs again. 
And now you hear the 

5552
04:48:02,900 --> 04:48:05,100
blood-chilling howl of the 
Viking Battle Cry? 

5553
04:48:05,100 --> 04:48:08,900
Echoing down the sin. 
As you reach the first trees, a 

5554
04:48:08,900 --> 04:48:10,200
handful of your braver 
neighbors. 

5555
04:48:10,200 --> 04:48:13,700
Rushing the opposite direction 
clutching Rusty swords and wood 

5556
04:48:13,700 --> 04:48:15,700
axes. 
They are determined to protect 

5557
04:48:15,700 --> 04:48:18,900
their homes at all costs. 
Every instinct tells you to 

5558
04:48:18,900 --> 04:48:21,800
protect your farm, but one look 
at your wife's terrified face. 

5559
04:48:21,800 --> 04:48:24,500
Propels, you deeper into the 
underbrush, you cannot leave 

5560
04:48:24,500 --> 04:48:25,600
them. 
Not now. 

5561
04:48:26,700 --> 04:48:31,100
Suddenly a Burly shape crashes 
through the brush head, a viking

5562
04:48:31,100 --> 04:48:34,000
Scout steps into your path, gray
eyes locking on you. 

5563
04:48:34,000 --> 04:48:37,600
He have to spear and you shove 
your family behind, you raise, 

5564
04:48:37,600 --> 04:48:40,500
your own way weapon, a simple 
sickle, with trembling hands. 

5565
04:48:41,300 --> 04:48:43,700
The northman's lips curl in a 
wolfish grin. 

5566
04:48:43,700 --> 04:48:48,500
He hurls his spear he twists 
aside but the Ironhead slashes a

5567
04:48:48,500 --> 04:48:51,200
fiery gash across your upper 
arm, you cry out. 

5568
04:48:52,300 --> 04:48:54,800
Before the Viking can draw his 
sword, you charge it with a 

5569
04:48:54,808 --> 04:48:57,900
desperate, yell swinging, your 
sickle, he bats aside your 

5570
04:48:57,900 --> 04:49:00,900
feeble strike and backhands you 
with his free arm, the blow 

5571
04:49:00,900 --> 04:49:02,700
crashes into your jaw, like a 
mallet. 

5572
04:49:03,400 --> 04:49:05,400
The forest tilts. 
You hit the ground, hard 

5573
04:49:05,400 --> 04:49:08,000
tasting, blood days, you lift 
your head. 

5574
04:49:08,000 --> 04:49:11,800
Your wife is trying to escape 
with the kids but more North men

5575
04:49:11,800 --> 04:49:13,800
are coming from the trees. 
No. 

5576
04:49:14,600 --> 04:49:19,000
Please you croak reaching out as
two Viking season by the hair 

5577
04:49:19,000 --> 04:49:20,700
and drag your daughters from her
arms. 

5578
04:49:20,700 --> 04:49:24,700
You rent yourself up on one 
elbow but a booted foot slams 

5579
04:49:24,700 --> 04:49:26,900
between your shoulder blades. 
Crushing you to the dirt. 

5580
04:49:27,700 --> 04:49:29,800
A Norse Warrior, growls, 
something above you. 

5581
04:49:29,800 --> 04:49:34,400
You catch only the word for 
slave, rough hands, yank, your 

5582
04:49:34,400 --> 04:49:36,400
arms behind you, and bind your 
wrists. 

5583
04:49:36,400 --> 04:49:39,800
With coarse rope, your village 
is tearing itself apart all 

5584
04:49:39,800 --> 04:49:44,000
around you. 
Smoke Rises, be Your wife is 

5585
04:49:44,000 --> 04:49:46,700
trying to escape with the kids, 
but more North men are coming 

5586
04:49:46,708 --> 04:49:50,200
from the trees down. 
A few moments later. 

5587
04:49:50,200 --> 04:49:52,400
A viking. 
Herds, you and a dozen other 

5588
04:49:52,400 --> 04:49:55,000
captives towards the river. 
A viking Yanks. 

5589
04:49:55,000 --> 04:49:58,300
You along by a rope around your 
neck, your wife and children and

5590
04:49:58,300 --> 04:50:03,500
nowhere in sight taken Dead, who
knows, hot tears of pain, and 

5591
04:50:03,500 --> 04:50:06,500
rage blur your vision, but a 
powerful Yang on the tether 

5592
04:50:06,500 --> 04:50:09,700
forces you onward. 
On the bank, the North Monroe 

5593
04:50:09,700 --> 04:50:12,000
already loading prisoners and 
plunder onto their boats. 

5594
04:50:13,000 --> 04:50:15,700
Three other shopping Villages 
shove your board and chain you, 

5595
04:50:15,700 --> 04:50:18,900
by the ankle, as the ores begin 
to pull and the Frankish Shore. 

5596
04:50:18,900 --> 04:50:21,100
Recedes you collapse against the
hull. 

5597
04:50:21,800 --> 04:50:23,400
Everything you ever loved is 
gone. 

5598
04:50:23,400 --> 04:50:25,800
The Vikings did not just raise 
your farm. 

5599
04:50:25,800 --> 04:50:28,900
They have destroyed your life. 
You Close Your Eyes. 

5600
04:50:28,900 --> 04:50:33,300
Trembling with silent grief. 
Easter morning, sunlight 

5601
04:50:33,300 --> 04:50:36,400
Glitters, on the river, but for,
you know, Resurrection will come

5602
04:50:36,400 --> 04:50:38,800
only, the, endless darkness of 
slavery. 

5603
04:50:38,800 --> 04:50:41,700
This story takes place in 
Ireland during the 9th century. 

5604
04:50:41,700 --> 04:50:45,300
You stand Atop The Wooden 
Rampart of your husband's Dune 

5605
04:50:45,300 --> 04:50:49,400
fought and watching dread as 
dark sails dot the morning 

5606
04:50:49,400 --> 04:50:53,500
Horizon, the mid-morning sun, 
glints off the waves revealing 

5607
04:50:53,500 --> 04:50:56,000
three Viking, long ships heading
up the coast, towards your 

5608
04:50:56,000 --> 04:50:59,000
lands. 
A messenger had arrived at dawn 

5609
04:50:59,000 --> 04:51:02,700
with dire news, the northmen 
sacked a monastery down a river 

5610
04:51:02,700 --> 04:51:05,500
conferred and their ships were 
spotted in your Kingdom's. 

5611
04:51:05,500 --> 04:51:08,200
Waters the war horns, are now 
echoing along the cliffs. 

5612
04:51:08,200 --> 04:51:12,300
The Vikings are coming Below in.
The courtyard your household 

5613
04:51:12,300 --> 04:51:14,000
Warrior's, rushed to arm 
themselves. 

5614
04:51:14,000 --> 04:51:16,300
Men snatched, Spears, and 
shields. 

5615
04:51:16,300 --> 04:51:19,600
From racks shouting to each 
other and offering quick prayers

5616
04:51:19,600 --> 04:51:21,900
to God. 
You clutch, the wooden railing 

5617
04:51:21,900 --> 04:51:25,400
Knuckles, white, your husband 
Lord ayles is in the yard 

5618
04:51:25,400 --> 04:51:28,400
pulling on his helmet. 
He catches your eye for a brief 

5619
04:51:28,400 --> 04:51:31,400
moment and tries to muster a 
reassuring smile, but you both 

5620
04:51:31,400 --> 04:51:34,500
know what these Invaders do you 
have heard Tales of their 

5621
04:51:34,500 --> 04:51:37,800
cruelty last winter? 
Refugees from the north told of 

5622
04:51:37,800 --> 04:51:41,300
nuns, violated amongst 
slaughtered, when the north men,

5623
04:51:41,300 --> 04:51:45,100
attacked our marks sacred sites,
Lord, it all barks orders. 

5624
04:51:45,100 --> 04:51:48,400
And who doesn't mounted Warriors
Gallop out through the gate to 

5625
04:51:48,400 --> 04:51:51,800
confront the enemy on the beach?
The remaining Defenders stayed 

5626
04:51:51,800 --> 04:51:54,800
the forts Palisade. 
You send up a silent prayer for 

5627
04:51:54,800 --> 04:51:57,900
your husband and Kinsmen as 
their war, cries fade toward the

5628
04:51:57,900 --> 04:52:00,700
surf. 
Minutes later, distant screams 

5629
04:52:00,700 --> 04:52:02,900
and The Clash of metal carry on 
the sea breeze. 

5630
04:52:02,900 --> 04:52:05,900
You Pace along the rampart heart
in your throat. 

5631
04:52:05,900 --> 04:52:10,000
The sounds of battle die out. 
And for a moment there is Eerie 

5632
04:52:10,000 --> 04:52:13,000
silence. 
Suddenly a lone figure, one of 

5633
04:52:13,008 --> 04:52:16,300
your warriors comes sprinting 
over the Sandy Ridge, toward the

5634
04:52:16,300 --> 04:52:18,800
fort, his tunic is soaked in 
blood. 

5635
04:52:19,600 --> 04:52:22,400
Closed the gate. 
He shrieks eyes bulging with 

5636
04:52:22,408 --> 04:52:25,400
panic behind him. 
A mob of Vikings appears 

5637
04:52:25,400 --> 04:52:27,000
pursuing like wolves on the 
hunt. 

5638
04:52:27,000 --> 04:52:31,100
The forts Captain curses and 
ordered the gates barred but 

5639
04:52:31,100 --> 04:52:34,700
even as your men shove, the oak 
portal, the first northmen Rams 

5640
04:52:34,700 --> 04:52:38,600
into it from outside A desperate
struggle ensues at the sally 

5641
04:52:38,600 --> 04:52:40,900
port Spears thrust through the 
Gap. 

5642
04:52:40,900 --> 04:52:43,800
Axes hacking. 
The Defenders courage falters 

5643
04:52:43,800 --> 04:52:47,300
when a massive Viking forces, 
the gator jar and cuts down a 

5644
04:52:47,300 --> 04:52:50,900
guard in a single stroke. 
Within seconds, the enemy swarm 

5645
04:52:50,900 --> 04:52:56,100
inside screams fill the yard you
stumble back from the rampart as

5646
04:52:56,100 --> 04:52:59,100
chaos. 
The fort The surviving gods and 

5647
04:52:59,108 --> 04:53:02,800
servants horribly outnumbered, 
throw down their weapons, or try

5648
04:53:02,800 --> 04:53:05,500
to flee. 
A hulking Viking with an iron 

5649
04:53:05,500 --> 04:53:08,800
helmet and braided blonde beard 
strides past the bodies toward 

5650
04:53:08,800 --> 04:53:11,600
the keep He kicks open the doors
of your hall. 

5651
04:53:11,600 --> 04:53:15,300
You're still on the steps when 
he spots you his heart eyes 

5652
04:53:15,308 --> 04:53:18,600
flick over your silk dress and 
the gold brooch at your shoulder

5653
04:53:18,600 --> 04:53:22,000
marking you as a noble woman. 
Take her. 

5654
04:53:22,000 --> 04:53:25,600
He grunts to two of his men. 
You step backward, trembling 

5655
04:53:25,600 --> 04:53:28,900
with rage and fear. 
I am lady wearing of that. 

5656
04:53:28,900 --> 04:53:31,600
We nail. 
We can pay Ransom, you cry, 

5657
04:53:31,600 --> 04:53:35,400
trying to sound commanding. 
One of the Vikings are Answers 

5658
04:53:35,400 --> 04:53:39,900
by swinging, the back of his axe
into your guards, if swatting a 

5659
04:53:39,900 --> 04:53:43,800
fly. 
Blood splashes your gown, you 

5660
04:53:43,800 --> 04:53:47,600
scream an instant later. 
The blonde giant closes the 

5661
04:53:47,600 --> 04:53:50,400
distance and Strikes. 
You across the face with a male 

5662
04:53:50,400 --> 04:53:55,300
hand, the world flashes White. 
You find yourself sprawled on 

5663
04:53:55,300 --> 04:53:59,600
the ground is ringing before. 
You can move two Vikings, hold 

5664
04:53:59,600 --> 04:54:02,200
you up by your arms. 
One roughly Yanks off your 

5665
04:54:02,200 --> 04:54:05,500
jewels and belt. 
The other bind your wrists with 

5666
04:54:05,500 --> 04:54:08,700
Rawhide around you, the 
courtyard is a Nightmare made 

5667
04:54:08,700 --> 04:54:12,100
real, your husband's corpse lies
in the Gateway nearly beheaded 

5668
04:54:12,100 --> 04:54:15,000
Flames consumed. 
The thatched roof of the chapel 

5669
04:54:15,000 --> 04:54:17,900
all around the fort like the 
bodies of those who tried to 

5670
04:54:17,900 --> 04:54:21,100
defend it, the stable boy, the 
cook and even the old Bard who 

5671
04:54:21,100 --> 04:54:25,200
were cut down without Mercy, Hot
tears of anger, fill your eyes 

5672
04:54:25,200 --> 04:54:28,500
with a surge of defiance you 
spit at the Viking. 

5673
04:54:28,500 --> 04:54:32,500
Chief's face, as he approaches a
hush Falls over the Raiders, the

5674
04:54:32,500 --> 04:54:34,200
blonde. 
Giant wipes your spittle from 

5675
04:54:34,200 --> 04:54:37,200
his cheek, then grabs you by the
throat effortlessly. 

5676
04:54:37,200 --> 04:54:39,100
He lifts you until only your 
toes. 

5677
04:54:39,100 --> 04:54:42,500
The bloody mud, you gag. 
The edges of your vision 

5678
04:54:42,500 --> 04:54:46,000
dimming, he holds you there face
to face until you're Defiance 

5679
04:54:46,000 --> 04:54:47,700
crumbles into choking 
desperation. 

5680
04:54:48,500 --> 04:54:51,000
Finally, he releases his grip 
and you dropped to your knees 

5681
04:54:51,000 --> 04:54:55,000
coughing. 
The onlookers chuckle ropes, a 

5682
04:54:55,000 --> 04:54:56,900
leashed around your neck and the
next of a handful of other 

5683
04:54:56,900 --> 04:54:59,400
captives, mostly young women who
survived the slaughter. 

5684
04:55:00,600 --> 04:55:02,200
You are heard a downhill like 
cattle. 

5685
04:55:02,800 --> 04:55:06,900
Your beloved Dune once a proud 
of Gaelic power is now a 

5686
04:55:06,900 --> 04:55:09,600
smoldering ruined with the dead 
as the Vikings. 

5687
04:55:09,600 --> 04:55:12,600
March you to their boats bobbing
in the bay, you stumble in 

5688
04:55:12,608 --> 04:55:15,000
shock, barely feeling the 
Pebbles under your bare feet. 

5689
04:55:15,700 --> 04:55:18,900
They shove you up a plank onto a
ship's deck all around you 

5690
04:55:18,900 --> 04:55:22,900
Northman cheer at their Hall 
coins chalices fine clothes 

5691
04:55:22,900 --> 04:55:27,100
horses and half a dozen sobbing 
Prisoners the ship pushes off 

5692
04:55:27,100 --> 04:55:30,000
under the afternoon. 
Sun as always beat the water, 

5693
04:55:30,000 --> 04:55:32,400
you watch your Homeland recede 
black. 

5694
04:55:32,400 --> 04:55:34,900
Smoke clings to the sky from 
your burning Hall. 

5695
04:55:34,900 --> 04:55:37,500
You resist the urge to scream as
you bite down. 

5696
04:55:37,500 --> 04:55:39,200
On the gag, they force between 
your teeth. 

5697
04:55:39,200 --> 04:55:42,400
They have taken everything and 
everyone you love and enslaved 

5698
04:55:42,400 --> 04:55:44,600
them. 
You try to pray but no Comfort 

5699
04:55:44,600 --> 04:55:46,900
comes. 
Only the Creak of the oars on 

5700
04:55:46,900 --> 04:55:49,300
the cheers of your captors 
answer your silent, please. 

5701
04:55:50,100 --> 04:55:53,500
The gentle Hills of are fade 
from View and you realize with 

5702
04:55:53,500 --> 04:55:56,100
crushing despair, that you will 
never set foot on your native 

5703
04:55:56,100 --> 04:55:59,300
soil again. 
Your Bound for an unknown fate 

5704
04:55:59,300 --> 04:56:01,800
across the sea. 
Just another piece of plunder in

5705
04:56:01,800 --> 04:56:04,800
the Vikings hall. 
Furthermore in courland on the 

5706
04:56:04,800 --> 04:56:08,000
Baltic Coast, Inn 854 Sound. 
The Horn the sphere are coming. 

5707
04:56:09,500 --> 04:56:12,200
The shout carries across your 
Baltic, seaside village as dawn 

5708
04:56:12,200 --> 04:56:14,900
like the sky. 
You snatch up your Spear and 

5709
04:56:14,900 --> 04:56:18,700
race from your heart pounding. 
From the cliff top. 

5710
04:56:18,700 --> 04:56:21,000
You see them? 
A fleet of longships, with 

5711
04:56:21,000 --> 04:56:24,400
striped sails crowding. 
The bay Olaf the Swedish King 

5712
04:56:24,400 --> 04:56:27,600
has returned a year after your 
people drove off his Danish 

5713
04:56:27,600 --> 04:56:30,800
allies in a previous raid this 
time, he's brought a much larger

5714
04:56:30,800 --> 04:56:33,600
Force dozens of ships, hundreds 
of warriors. 

5715
04:56:34,400 --> 04:56:37,700
Chill, not a fear forms in your 
gut, despite being Fierce 

5716
04:56:37,700 --> 04:56:40,600
Pirates themselves, the kurians 
vastly, Outnumber you today 

5717
04:56:40,600 --> 04:56:44,900
around you villagers scream and 
scramble men, grabbed weapons, 

5718
04:56:44,900 --> 04:56:47,300
mothers hastily Usher. 
Children toward the woods, 

5719
04:56:47,300 --> 04:56:50,800
Inland you spot your younger 
brother throwing a sack of grain

5720
04:56:50,800 --> 04:56:53,400
onto an ox cart, where your 
mother and little nieces Hudl, 

5721
04:56:54,000 --> 04:56:57,600
He's preparing to evacuate the 
family, you clasp his arm and 

5722
04:56:57,608 --> 04:56:59,200
thrust your hunting knife into 
his hand. 

5723
04:56:59,200 --> 04:57:05,200
Go get them to the marshes. 
Go you urge He hesitates, here's

5724
04:57:05,200 --> 04:57:07,700
in his eyes. 
Neither of you wants to part 

5725
04:57:07,700 --> 04:57:09,900
distant blast of the enemies 
horned. 

5726
04:57:09,900 --> 04:57:12,300
Jolts him into action with a 
crack of the reins. 

5727
04:57:12,300 --> 04:57:15,300
He drives the cart toward the 
forest as fast as the ox can 

5728
04:57:15,300 --> 04:57:17,700
pull it. 
You send a brief prayer to peun 

5729
04:57:17,700 --> 04:57:22,200
of Thunder to guard them and to 
give you strength now. inside 

5730
04:57:22,200 --> 04:57:25,300
the timber thought that crowns 
the hill, the remaining men form

5731
04:57:25,300 --> 04:57:28,500
up You join a knot of stout 
farmers and fishermen on the 

5732
04:57:28,500 --> 04:57:33,000
Palisade Spear and bow in hand. 
Your father, the militia Chief 

5733
04:57:33,000 --> 04:57:36,400
limp's past we wounded in last 
year's battle shouting final 

5734
04:57:36,400 --> 04:57:38,300
orders. 
Down the slope. 

5735
04:57:38,300 --> 04:57:40,700
The first wave of sphere Vikings
land on the beach. 

5736
04:57:40,700 --> 04:57:44,200
Tall figures in male and helmets
advance in disciplined lines. 

5737
04:57:44,200 --> 04:57:48,300
Behind a wall of shields. 
Their War leader like King Olaf 

5738
04:57:48,300 --> 04:57:50,100
himself. 
Marches at the front in a blue 

5739
04:57:50,100 --> 04:57:52,900
cloak. 
He sawed raised The racket 

5740
04:57:52,900 --> 04:57:55,600
handful of Corona Defenders 
around you, exchange nervous 

5741
04:57:55,600 --> 04:57:58,000
glances. 
This will undoubtedly be a 

5742
04:57:58,000 --> 04:58:01,700
battle to the end. 
With a thunder of boots, the 

5743
04:58:01,700 --> 04:58:04,400
Viking host charges up the 
hillside towards your walls. 

5744
04:58:05,100 --> 04:58:08,500
Loose arrows. 
Someone cries you raise your bow

5745
04:58:08,500 --> 04:58:12,600
and let fly the sky darkens with
a brief volley from your side. 

5746
04:58:12,600 --> 04:58:17,400
A few of the enemy fall pierced 
by Lucky shots but an answering 

5747
04:58:17,400 --> 04:58:19,600
storm of arrows, whistles back 
at once. 

5748
04:58:19,600 --> 04:58:23,200
A barbed shafts, into the throat
of the man beside you, he 

5749
04:58:23,200 --> 04:58:26,900
gurgles and collapses from the 
rampart, A sling Stone, smashes 

5750
04:58:26,900 --> 04:58:28,400
into your wooden shield with a 
heavy. 

5751
04:58:28,400 --> 04:58:30,500
The sound of a crack nearly 
knocks. 

5752
04:58:30,500 --> 04:58:33,500
The object from your grip 
before, you can blink sphere at 

5753
04:58:33,500 --> 04:58:36,900
the ditch hurling grappling 
hooks and axes the Palisade 

5754
04:58:36,900 --> 04:58:39,400
shudders as dozens of blades 
chop and prior at the logs 

5755
04:58:39,400 --> 04:58:42,500
they've breached the gate full 
back comes a scream from your 

5756
04:58:42,500 --> 04:58:44,600
right. 
You spin to see the main gate 

5757
04:58:44,600 --> 04:58:47,700
hanging in Splinter's and 
Vikings pouring through the Gap.

5758
04:58:47,700 --> 04:58:51,500
Your father hurls a spear into 
an onrushing radar but a Nordic 

5759
04:58:51,500 --> 04:58:55,200
acts hacks into his side and he 
goes down with a cry, rage and 

5760
04:58:55,200 --> 04:58:56,900
panic. 
Surged through you you've lost 

5761
04:58:56,900 --> 04:58:59,400
control of the walls, back to 
the cape. 

5762
04:58:59,400 --> 04:59:02,900
Bello, helping your wounded. 
Father, to his feet, a handful 

5763
04:59:02,900 --> 04:59:06,000
of you Retreat from the rampart 
sprinting toward the Old Stone 

5764
04:59:06,000 --> 04:59:08,800
Storehouse of the fort Center 
the closest thing to shelter 

5765
04:59:08,800 --> 04:59:12,600
remaining, The swedes flood into
the courtyard, unposed. 

5766
04:59:12,600 --> 04:59:15,400
You half drag half carry your 
father. 

5767
04:59:15,400 --> 04:59:18,100
Toward the storehouse. 
Doorway a glance over your 

5768
04:59:18,100 --> 04:59:21,000
shoulder. 
Reveals utter Carnage, our 

5769
04:59:21,000 --> 04:59:24,000
curonian Warriors are being 
butchered where they stand the 

5770
04:59:24,000 --> 04:59:27,300
blacksmith, Irma swings, his 
acts desperately, but three 

5771
04:59:27,300 --> 04:59:30,500
Vikings set upon him at once 
swords flashing, he falls in a 

5772
04:59:30,500 --> 04:59:32,800
spray of blood, others drop 
their weapons, and beg for 

5773
04:59:32,800 --> 04:59:35,800
quarter, only to be cut. 
Down, without Mercy, we have 

5774
04:59:35,800 --> 04:59:39,200
completed the fort Just steps 
from the storehouse, a powerful 

5775
04:59:39,200 --> 04:59:42,200
Blow from behind knocks. 
You sprawling a red bearded 

5776
04:59:42,200 --> 04:59:45,400
Viking looms over you. 
He had sprinted silently behind 

5777
04:59:45,400 --> 04:59:48,600
and struck you with a club, your
spear Falls from your hands. 

5778
04:59:48,600 --> 04:59:53,100
You roll onto your back, gasping
in pain, the Red Beard snarls, 

5779
04:59:53,100 --> 04:59:56,000
something you don't understand 
and raise his sword to end, you 

5780
04:59:56,000 --> 04:59:59,300
behind him through the haze of 
smoke and dust. 

5781
04:59:59,300 --> 05:00:01,600
You see a lot of Viking 
Warrior's. 

5782
05:00:01,600 --> 05:00:05,500
Forcing the last few captives, 
including a wounded sopping boy 

5783
05:00:05,500 --> 05:00:08,700
to then he's at swordpoint, you 
know, it's over for your 

5784
05:00:08,700 --> 05:00:11,600
village. 
The Vikings blade pauses in the 

5785
05:00:11,600 --> 05:00:14,300
air, as he notices your Fierce, 
and yielding glare. 

5786
05:00:15,200 --> 05:00:17,200
For an instant, you see 
uncertainty in his eyes. 

5787
05:00:17,200 --> 05:00:20,300
Perhaps he expected pleading 
summoning. 

5788
05:00:20,300 --> 05:00:22,200
Your last strength. 
You spit a cursive in your 

5789
05:00:22,200 --> 05:00:26,300
native tongue. 
The red beards face hardens with

5790
05:00:26,300 --> 05:00:30,000
a swift brutal stroke. 
His sword Falls searing pain, 

5791
05:00:30,000 --> 05:00:33,300
Cleaves your skull, the world 
bursts into blinding, light and 

5792
05:00:33,300 --> 05:00:36,500
Agony, and then immediately 
Fades to black as your life. 

5793
05:00:36,508 --> 05:00:38,400
Blood seeps, into the soil of 
your Homeland. 

5794
05:00:38,400 --> 05:00:41,800
The last feeling you experience 
is a grim sense of satisfaction.

5795
05:00:41,800 --> 05:00:46,100
You did not beg the northmen may
have raised your village and 

5796
05:00:46,100 --> 05:00:49,000
enslaved your kin, but you would
sooner die than live under their

5797
05:00:49,000 --> 05:00:51,300
Boot. 
And so you have you crouched 

5798
05:00:51,300 --> 05:00:53,800
behind a stack of Furs in the 
Riverside Market, stall, near 

5799
05:00:53,800 --> 05:00:57,000
Novgorod Eastern Europe, in 860,
heart hammering, against your 

5800
05:00:57,000 --> 05:00:59,500
ribs. 
Outside by the war from the 

5801
05:00:59,500 --> 05:01:03,600
volkhov river frustrated voices,
erupt into screams the varangian

5802
05:01:03,600 --> 05:01:07,100
roof of come to novr trade post 
again and this time they aren't 

5803
05:01:07,100 --> 05:01:09,700
leaving peacefully. 
Your people have been paying 

5804
05:01:09,700 --> 05:01:12,600
tribute in the form of goods and
silver to these roof Vikings for

5805
05:01:12,600 --> 05:01:15,600
years in. 
It was never enough today, their

5806
05:01:15,600 --> 05:01:18,400
Chief turned with dozens of 
Warriors and demanded double the

5807
05:01:18,400 --> 05:01:21,100
usual tribute. 
You watched from a distance as 

5808
05:01:21,100 --> 05:01:24,600
the elders, humbly offered Furs,
honey, and a chest of silver 

5809
05:01:24,600 --> 05:01:27,000
coins. 
Hoping to appease the northmen 

5810
05:01:27,000 --> 05:01:30,900
the varangian leader. 
Only sneered even demanded 50, 

5811
05:01:30,900 --> 05:01:34,300
young men as slaves at that the 
pretense of negotiation 

5812
05:01:34,300 --> 05:01:38,100
shattered and acts lodged in the
skull of one Brash Merchants who

5813
05:01:38,100 --> 05:01:41,400
immediately shouted in protest 
and uproar ensued. 

5814
05:01:41,400 --> 05:01:45,200
Now, the air is filled with 
panicked, shouts and The Clash 

5815
05:01:45,200 --> 05:01:50,000
of Steel from your hiding spot. 
You peek out A flaxen head 

5816
05:01:50,000 --> 05:01:53,400
Viking smashes, a pottery stall 
with his shield, sending shards,

5817
05:01:53,400 --> 05:01:56,200
flying in the Potter, scurrying 
across the way. 

5818
05:01:56,200 --> 05:02:00,200
Another Norsemen overturns a 
wagon of grain laughing as it, 

5819
05:02:00,200 --> 05:02:04,100
spills your precious Wares, 
fine, winter Furs, and carved 

5820
05:02:04,100 --> 05:02:07,700
walrus, Ivory are likely lost a 
pillage, but that is the least 

5821
05:02:07,700 --> 05:02:10,200
of your worries. 
You grip, a long skinning knife 

5822
05:02:11,000 --> 05:02:14,100
The only weapon at hand. 
It's almost useless against 

5823
05:02:14,100 --> 05:02:16,600
fully armed, Raiders. 
But you refuse to surrender 

5824
05:02:16,600 --> 05:02:20,000
without a fight, a spear 
suddenly flies overhead and 

5825
05:02:20,000 --> 05:02:22,200
impales. 
A fleeing neighbor, just beyond 

5826
05:02:22,200 --> 05:02:24,500
your stall. 
The man collapses with a 

5827
05:02:24,500 --> 05:02:28,600
gurgling scream, you bite your 
fist to stifle a whimper round 

5828
05:02:28,600 --> 05:02:30,700
up the rest of her. 
Angie, and Warrior. 

5829
05:02:30,700 --> 05:02:33,300
Barks in his tongue. 
You understand a little of it. 

5830
05:02:34,100 --> 05:02:36,600
Too much and Sprint past your 
shelter making a break for the 

5831
05:02:36,608 --> 05:02:38,400
tree line but they don't get 
far. 

5832
05:02:38,400 --> 05:02:40,800
One is skewered by a throne 
spear. 

5833
05:02:40,800 --> 05:02:43,900
The other is run down by a red 
bearded rust who slams him to 

5834
05:02:43,900 --> 05:02:46,200
the ground and clubs him 
senseless with the butt of an 

5835
05:02:46,208 --> 05:02:50,700
axe. your mind racing, perhaps 
you can slip away Along the 

5836
05:02:50,700 --> 05:02:53,900
riverbank amid the chaos, if 
only you can reach your boat, 

5837
05:02:54,800 --> 05:02:57,400
Gathering your courage, you 
clutch your knife and prepare to

5838
05:02:57,400 --> 05:03:01,800
bolt you rise and a pair of iron
hands sees you from behind. 

5839
05:03:02,800 --> 05:03:07,100
Ha hiding like a rat. 
A hulking varangian in a 

5840
05:03:07,108 --> 05:03:09,100
wolfskin. 
Cloak holes. 

5841
05:03:09,100 --> 05:03:10,900
You out into the open by your 
tunic. 

5842
05:03:11,500 --> 05:03:15,000
You slash desperately with your 
knife, but he catches your wrist

5843
05:03:15,000 --> 05:03:19,000
with contemptuous ease and 
twists, until the blade drops 

5844
05:03:19,000 --> 05:03:22,100
from your numb fingers. 
Let go of me. 

5845
05:03:22,100 --> 05:03:26,200
You snarl in slavonic, kicking 
at his shin in response. 

5846
05:03:26,200 --> 05:03:28,200
The Viking drives his knee into 
your stomach. 

5847
05:03:28,200 --> 05:03:33,100
All Air rushes from your lungs. 
You double over gagging. 

5848
05:03:33,900 --> 05:03:37,700
Rough laughter rings out. 
The wolf cloaked Warrior forces 

5849
05:03:37,700 --> 05:03:40,600
you to your knees. 
Another Northman strides over 

5850
05:03:40,600 --> 05:03:43,000
with a length of rope working 
efficiently. 

5851
05:03:43,000 --> 05:03:45,600
They bind your wrist behind you,
and loop and other cord around 

5852
05:03:45,608 --> 05:03:48,000
your neck. 
You dimly realize that they are 

5853
05:03:48,008 --> 05:03:49,500
all. 
So, tying up other survivors, 

5854
05:03:49,500 --> 05:03:52,800
including a few young women and 
two, wounded Elders elsewhere in

5855
05:03:52,800 --> 05:03:55,800
the market. 
They will soon heard you and 

5856
05:03:55,800 --> 05:03:58,100
align of captives toward the 
longships that are waiting. 

5857
05:03:59,100 --> 05:04:02,800
A rope around your neck, links 
you to the prisoner ahead. your 

5858
05:04:02,800 --> 05:04:07,600
cheeks burn with humiliation and
fury, but when a varangian jerks

5859
05:04:07,600 --> 05:04:11,700
hard on the tether you stumble 
forward without resistance Your 

5860
05:04:11,700 --> 05:04:13,500
town Hedman. 
An old friend of your father's 

5861
05:04:13,500 --> 05:04:16,200
sobs pitifully as he is dragged 
along beside you. 

5862
05:04:17,000 --> 05:04:19,900
He begs the Vikings in broken 
Norse to spare his family. 

5863
05:04:19,900 --> 05:04:23,400
The chieftain ignores him, 
casually wiping blood from his 

5864
05:04:23,400 --> 05:04:25,900
sword. 
At the riverbank the northmen 

5865
05:04:25,900 --> 05:04:28,100
shove you in the others onto 
their boats, amid piles of 

5866
05:04:28,108 --> 05:04:30,600
plunder. 
The northmen force you to sit on

5867
05:04:30,608 --> 05:04:34,100
the deck, tying your wrists neck
to a ring by the mast. 

5868
05:04:35,000 --> 05:04:38,200
Within minutes, the Almond push 
off and the current carries your

5869
05:04:38,200 --> 05:04:40,200
way from the smoking ruins of 
your Marketplace. 

5870
05:04:41,100 --> 05:04:44,500
As the ship turns down river, 
you catch a final glimpse of 

5871
05:04:44,500 --> 05:04:47,000
Novgorod. 
Wooden ramparts receding into 

5872
05:04:47,000 --> 05:04:49,400
the Morning Mist. 
Hot tears. 

5873
05:04:49,400 --> 05:04:51,800
Blur your eyes. 
You've heard what comes next? 

5874
05:04:51,800 --> 05:04:55,100
The varangians will take you 
East to sell in the slave 

5875
05:04:55,100 --> 05:04:58,700
markets of the Greeks or Arabs. 
Perhaps that will be your fate 

5876
05:04:58,700 --> 05:05:01,400
sold far from home never to 
return. 

5877
05:05:02,300 --> 05:05:06,500
A blonde Viking guarding, the 
captives notices your tears, he 

5878
05:05:06,500 --> 05:05:10,300
smirks and mockingly, Patch your
cheek as one would a child you 

5879
05:05:10,300 --> 05:05:12,900
stare at him with hate. 
So intense it scares even you 

5880
05:05:12,900 --> 05:05:16,900
but your Defiance only amuses 
him with a shrug, he turns away 

5881
05:05:16,900 --> 05:05:18,900
to count the silver coins piled 
at his feet. 

5882
05:05:19,800 --> 05:05:23,000
You sit in stunned silence as 
the boat carries you into the 

5883
05:05:23,000 --> 05:05:25,600
unknown. 
In your mind, you see an image 

5884
05:05:25,600 --> 05:05:29,000
of your wife and young son has, 
they were this morning waving 

5885
05:05:29,000 --> 05:05:30,200
goodbye. 
When you left for Market. 

5886
05:05:30,200 --> 05:05:33,200
Are they alive? 
Will you ever see them again? 

5887
05:05:33,200 --> 05:05:35,600
A sober Escape before you can 
choke it back. 

5888
05:05:36,500 --> 05:05:39,400
The northman's laughter Echoes 
across the water and you 

5889
05:05:39,400 --> 05:05:42,100
silently cursed, the gods for 
abandoning you to these wolves. 

5890
05:05:42,800 --> 05:05:45,800
You realize that your life as a 
free man in Russia's land is 

5891
05:05:45,800 --> 05:05:48,100
over. 
You are now just human cargo. 

5892
05:05:48,100 --> 05:05:52,900
Another Soul enslave beneath an 
endless foreign Sky Anglo-Saxon 

5893
05:05:52,900 --> 05:05:57,200
England. 871. 
The ground shakes under the 

5894
05:05:57,208 --> 05:06:00,600
onrush of the enemy horde. 
From your position at the timber

5895
05:06:00,600 --> 05:06:04,100
Palisade, you see them coming 
across the fields, hundreds of 

5896
05:06:04,108 --> 05:06:06,600
Danish Warriors advancing in a 
solid Shield wall. 

5897
05:06:07,300 --> 05:06:09,700
You swallow against the 
terrorizing in your throat 

5898
05:06:09,700 --> 05:06:13,700
wessex's mustard, every able man
to defend this town and still 

5899
05:06:13,700 --> 05:06:16,700
the north men, outnumber you, 
their battle, cries carry over 

5900
05:06:16,700 --> 05:06:19,100
the morning Breeze. 
As they close in you tighten, 

5901
05:06:19,100 --> 05:06:21,100
your sweaty grip on your spear 
Lord. 

5902
05:06:21,100 --> 05:06:24,200
Ethel Reds Banner. 
A golden dragon on red, flutters

5903
05:06:24,200 --> 05:06:28,000
of the gate, a hopeful token. 
But today you will have to make 

5904
05:06:28,000 --> 05:06:29,900
a stand against the powerful 
Viking Army. 

5905
05:06:30,600 --> 05:06:34,800
All night, we labored and still 
they come mutters Oswego beside 

5906
05:06:34,800 --> 05:06:36,200
you. 
Hefting his Acts. 

5907
05:06:36,900 --> 05:06:38,800
It's true. 
You in the town's folk, spent 

5908
05:06:38,800 --> 05:06:41,600
the Dark Hours reinforcing these
crude walls with wagons and 

5909
05:06:41,600 --> 05:06:44,700
debris. 
The women children and elderly 

5910
05:06:44,700 --> 05:06:47,800
have been packed into the Stout 
Stone Church at the Town Center.

5911
05:06:47,800 --> 05:06:52,200
The only building likely to 
withstand and assault You send a

5912
05:06:52,200 --> 05:06:55,000
quick prayer heavenward for your
wife, among them, if the Danes 

5913
05:06:55,000 --> 05:06:58,500
breakthrough that church will be
their last refuge and perhaps a 

5914
05:06:58,500 --> 05:07:01,400
tomb, you force, the thought 
away, and refocus on the enemy. 

5915
05:07:02,300 --> 05:07:06,000
There was a sudden blast of a 
horn arrows suddenly whistle out

5916
05:07:06,008 --> 05:07:08,400
from the Viking line. 
Shields up. 

5917
05:07:08,400 --> 05:07:11,800
You shout, raising your wooden 
Shield overhead a black 

5918
05:07:11,800 --> 05:07:15,700
feathered Arrow slams into it 
with a jarring thud a heartbeat 

5919
05:07:15,700 --> 05:07:17,500
later. 
A javelin Impalas, the comrade 

5920
05:07:17,500 --> 05:07:22,000
to your left, he slumps with a 
strangled groan on your right. 

5921
05:07:22,000 --> 05:07:25,500
And another Saxon Shield is 
Shattered by a slung Stone. 

5922
05:07:25,500 --> 05:07:29,000
Staggering him. 
As you brace yourself, the Dane 

5923
05:07:29,000 --> 05:07:32,000
suddenly appear at the ditch 
their Roars, akin, to those of 

5924
05:07:32,000 --> 05:07:35,900
beasts, axes biting to the 
Palisade Timbers with furious 

5925
05:07:35,900 --> 05:07:38,100
Force. 
The whole wall Quivers under the

5926
05:07:38,100 --> 05:07:42,000
onslaught, you jab, your spear 
downward through a gap below. 

5927
05:07:42,000 --> 05:07:45,000
A wild bearded. 
Raider is chopping madly at the 

5928
05:07:45,000 --> 05:07:47,600
logs before. 
You can strike him, the Palisade

5929
05:07:47,600 --> 05:07:49,800
buckles. 
They're through full back. 

5930
05:07:49,800 --> 05:07:52,800
Someone screams behind you. 
You were the main gate has been 

5931
05:07:52,808 --> 05:07:56,300
smashed open the Vikings 
inundate the town with a torrent

5932
05:07:56,300 --> 05:07:59,600
of Steel and rage Retreat to the
church comes the order. 

5933
05:08:00,600 --> 05:08:03,500
You fly down the ladder along 
with the few still living 

5934
05:08:03,500 --> 05:08:06,600
Defenders and Sprint toward the 
Stone Church at the center of 

5935
05:08:06,600 --> 05:08:10,100
town around. 
You all is bedlam, panicked 

5936
05:08:10,100 --> 05:08:12,600
villagers clog the Muddy Street 
fleeing for their lives. 

5937
05:08:13,400 --> 05:08:16,500
A woman carrying a baby runs 
right into a Danish axeman 

5938
05:08:16,500 --> 05:08:20,200
emerging from an ally, his blade
flashes and she drops in a spray

5939
05:08:20,200 --> 05:08:21,900
of blood. 
The infant wailing beside her 

5940
05:08:21,900 --> 05:08:24,100
corpse. 
Flames crackle. 

5941
05:08:24,100 --> 05:08:27,500
One of the thatched roofs is a 
blaze pouring spoke into the 

5942
05:08:27,508 --> 05:08:31,000
morning sky. 
Gasping you reach the churchyard

5943
05:08:31,000 --> 05:08:34,300
just as the last survivors 
shoved their way inside in. 

5944
05:08:34,300 --> 05:08:37,600
You shout practically throwing a
wounded old Bowman through the 

5945
05:08:37,600 --> 05:08:40,600
door. 
The heavy oak doors, boom, shut,

5946
05:08:40,600 --> 05:08:44,000
a second later, dim Dusty 
Candlelight illuminates, the 

5947
05:08:44,000 --> 05:08:47,400
packed Sanctuary terrified faces
of women and children. 

5948
05:08:47,400 --> 05:08:50,400
A few bloodied men from the wall
all huddled together. 

5949
05:08:51,300 --> 05:08:53,200
Outdoors shudder and blows from 
outside. 

5950
05:08:54,200 --> 05:08:57,300
You plant your feet among a half
dozen, others forming a ragged 

5951
05:08:57,300 --> 05:08:59,600
line at the entrance. 
You grip your spear with both 

5952
05:08:59,600 --> 05:09:00,800
hands. 
There is no. 

5953
05:09:00,800 --> 05:09:03,700
Where else to run with a 
splintering crack the church 

5954
05:09:03,700 --> 05:09:08,000
doors, explode inward, a massive
fur cloaked Dane, barges through

5955
05:09:08,000 --> 05:09:13,300
shield first, you and two others
thrust, your Spears one pierces,

5956
05:09:13,300 --> 05:09:17,500
his thigh, the Viking Roars in 
pain as he falls, but more push 

5957
05:09:17,500 --> 05:09:19,300
into the breach, dark shapes 
flooding. 

5958
05:09:19,300 --> 05:09:23,600
The Sacred Space Northman lunges
at you swinging a sword, you 

5959
05:09:23,600 --> 05:09:26,600
parry with your Spears half, but
the force she is it in two. 

5960
05:09:26,600 --> 05:09:28,600
He raises his weapon for a 
killing blow. 

5961
05:09:28,600 --> 05:09:31,700
When I was Rick, your neighbor 
tackles him from the side. 

5962
05:09:31,700 --> 05:09:33,800
They crashed to the floor. 
Grappling. 

5963
05:09:33,800 --> 05:09:37,300
You see the jacket broken end of
your Spear and stab it into 

5964
05:09:37,300 --> 05:09:39,400
another Vikings belly as he 
rushes passed. 

5965
05:09:39,400 --> 05:09:42,900
The Invader collapses. 
Shrinking all around the church.

5966
05:09:42,900 --> 05:09:46,700
Brutal Close, Quarters, combat 
ranges, Pub benches, overturned 

5967
05:09:46,700 --> 05:09:49,600
screams, and The Clash of Steel 
Echo against stone walls. 

5968
05:09:49,600 --> 05:09:52,000
A Viking axe Cleaves into old 
father. 

5969
05:09:52,000 --> 05:09:53,900
Wilfred who was clutching a 
processional? 

5970
05:09:54,100 --> 05:09:56,600
Cross. 
He drops, without a sound near, 

5971
05:09:56,600 --> 05:09:59,400
the altar, two Dames Corner, a 
cluster of cowering children. 

5972
05:09:59,400 --> 05:10:01,600
You see? 
One raised his sword and a small

5973
05:10:01,608 --> 05:10:04,700
boy crumples blood spreading 
across the flagstones. 

5974
05:10:04,700 --> 05:10:08,600
The scene is hellish a wild 
slash catches you across the 

5975
05:10:08,600 --> 05:10:11,400
side. 
White hot pain, Sears your ribs,

5976
05:10:11,400 --> 05:10:15,500
you cry out and fall against the
altar, blood soaking your torn 

5977
05:10:15,500 --> 05:10:18,900
tunic, the big Dane with the fur
cloak looms over you. 

5978
05:10:18,900 --> 05:10:21,700
Now recovered from the earlier 
spear wound and bent on Revenge.

5979
05:10:21,700 --> 05:10:25,200
He lifts his two handed sword, 
eyes are light with Triumph. 

5980
05:10:25,200 --> 05:10:29,400
You know, you're about to die. 
Summoning one, last surge of 

5981
05:10:29,408 --> 05:10:33,200
strength, you lock eyes with him
and snarl and godly, he them as 

5982
05:10:33,200 --> 05:10:35,400
defiantly as your trembling 
voice allows. 

5983
05:10:35,400 --> 05:10:39,400
The Dane hesitates momentarily 
surprised by your boldness, 

5984
05:10:39,400 --> 05:10:43,100
that's when a throne acts 
worlds, out of the Smoky air and

5985
05:10:43,100 --> 05:10:46,800
berries itself in his back, the 
Vikings eyes bulge, he topples 

5986
05:10:46,800 --> 05:10:50,400
forward and crashes at your feet
through swimming Vision, you 

5987
05:10:50,400 --> 05:10:53,300
perceive Lord Alfred's red 
dragon Banner suddenly amidst 

5988
05:10:53,300 --> 05:10:56,100
the melee. 
Saxon Warrior's pour into the 

5989
05:10:56,100 --> 05:10:59,000
church, through the shattered, 
doorway yelling war cries of 

5990
05:10:59,000 --> 05:11:02,400
Wessex reinforcements by some 
miracle. 

5991
05:11:02,400 --> 05:11:06,100
They arrived in time The 
remaining Vikings caught by 

5992
05:11:06,100 --> 05:11:09,100
surprise falter and then break 
under the fresh assault. 

5993
05:11:09,800 --> 05:11:13,100
Drive them out, a familiar voice
your cousin cuthbert's Bellows 

5994
05:11:13,100 --> 05:11:15,900
over the din within moments, the
northmen of fleeing back the way

5995
05:11:15,900 --> 05:11:18,600
they came cut down as they 
scrambled through the doors. 

5996
05:11:18,600 --> 05:11:20,800
It's over. 
We have defeated them. 

5997
05:11:20,800 --> 05:11:24,200
You slump against the altar 
Vision, blurred with tears of 

5998
05:11:24,200 --> 05:11:27,600
relief and pain, despite all the
odds, you have managed to 

5999
05:11:27,608 --> 05:11:30,600
survive. 
This terrifying, Dawn alive, you

6000
05:11:30,600 --> 05:11:34,200
slide down to sit on the blood, 
slick floor all around a 

6001
05:11:34,200 --> 05:11:37,100
mingled, sobs of joy and 
mourning victory at Dreadful 

6002
05:11:37,100 --> 05:11:39,800
cost. 
But rushes to your side and 

6003
05:11:39,800 --> 05:11:41,400
presses a cloth to your bleeding
wound. 

6004
05:11:41,400 --> 05:11:45,600
Hold on cousin, he urges you 
manage a faint smile. 

6005
05:11:47,000 --> 05:11:51,000
Outside, the Viking war horn. 
Sounds a retreat Alfred's. 

6006
05:11:51,000 --> 05:11:53,500
Men, shout in Triumph for top of
the battered walls. 

6007
05:11:53,500 --> 05:11:58,200
Your town still stands despite 
being battered burned and 

6008
05:11:58,200 --> 05:12:01,900
littered with the dead, your 
town remains unconquered, as 

6009
05:12:01,900 --> 05:12:05,000
Cuthbert helps you to your feet.
You gaze over the Carnage inside

6010
05:12:05,000 --> 05:12:08,500
the church and feel both grief 
and gratitude the Danes will 

6011
05:12:08,500 --> 05:12:12,400
return you know they will and 
more blood will be shed but not 

6012
05:12:12,400 --> 05:12:14,600
today. 
Today by the grace of God, you 

6013
05:12:14,600 --> 05:12:17,500
have witnessed The Impossible. 
The enormous Viking Army in 

6014
05:12:17,500 --> 05:12:20,000
Flight. 
You have survived a viking raid 

6015
05:12:20,000 --> 05:12:23,500
scarred exhausted half in shock 
but alive. 

6016
05:12:24,200 --> 05:12:26,700
The final scenario in the 
aftermath enslaved. 

6017
05:12:26,700 --> 05:12:30,700
Takes place in the 9th century. 
Awakened Before Dawn to the tug 

6018
05:12:30,700 --> 05:12:33,400
of the iron collar around your 
neck, you begin yet. 

6019
05:12:33,400 --> 05:12:36,900
Another day in servitude, 
Slowly, you push yourself up 

6020
05:12:36,900 --> 05:12:40,400
from the straw on the firm clay 
floor of the barn every muscle 

6021
05:12:40,400 --> 05:12:43,200
aches. 
Years of backbreaking toil under

6022
05:12:43,200 --> 05:12:45,300
the Norsemen of left. 
Your body, knotted with pain, 

6023
05:12:45,300 --> 05:12:48,100
you move carefully. 
So as not to Rattle, the short 

6024
05:12:48,100 --> 05:12:51,800
chain attached to your collar, 
the household still sleeps, and 

6025
05:12:51,800 --> 05:12:54,700
you dare not wake your masters. 
Gray. 

6026
05:12:54,700 --> 05:12:57,400
Pre-dawn light seeps in through 
the wooden slaps. 

6027
05:12:57,400 --> 05:13:01,400
You are thrall a slave in this 
Viking farming Village far from 

6028
05:13:01,400 --> 05:13:04,600
your home land. 
The cold iron ring riveted 

6029
05:13:04,600 --> 05:13:07,100
around your throat is the 
permanent Mark of your bondage, 

6030
05:13:07,100 --> 05:13:10,300
reaching up, you touch the metal
collar and remember the day it 

6031
05:13:10,300 --> 05:13:12,000
was forged in place by your 
captors. 

6032
05:13:12,000 --> 05:13:16,500
Your hair is rapidly shorn, cut 
short as another sign of your 

6033
05:13:16,500 --> 05:13:19,600
servitude. 
Once you are a proud free person

6034
05:13:19,600 --> 05:13:21,600
with a family land and hope for 
the future. 

6035
05:13:21,600 --> 05:13:25,300
Now, you are property outside 
roosters. 

6036
05:13:25,300 --> 05:13:28,400
Begin to Crow your heart jumps. 
You must be at your chores 

6037
05:13:28,400 --> 05:13:31,900
before the Norse household 
awakens or risk a beating You 

6038
05:13:31,900 --> 05:13:33,600
Shuffle out of the barn on bare 
feet. 

6039
05:13:33,608 --> 05:13:37,100
The morning air is damp and 
chill as you hurry across the 

6040
05:13:37,108 --> 05:13:40,100
yard toward the well too dark 
shapes suddenly Sprint towards 

6041
05:13:40,100 --> 05:13:43,900
you the guard dogs. 
You freeze eyes down and extend 

6042
05:13:43,900 --> 05:13:47,800
your empty hands the dog sniff 
and circle then Trot away. 

6043
05:13:47,800 --> 05:13:51,600
They recognize your scent by 
now, still your pulse races, 

6044
05:13:51,600 --> 05:13:55,700
you've seen those hounds tear 
into runaway slaves before By 

6045
05:13:55,700 --> 05:13:58,700
first light, your hauling water 
from the well to the long house.

6046
05:13:59,900 --> 05:14:02,400
The routine of Labor gives you a
fragile sense of order. 

6047
05:14:03,200 --> 05:14:05,700
You fill the trough for the 
livestock one bucket at a time. 

6048
05:14:05,708 --> 05:14:08,900
Next you lug arm Falls of 
firewood inside to rekindle The 

6049
05:14:08,900 --> 05:14:10,800
Hearth. 
Your hands are a landscape of 

6050
05:14:10,808 --> 05:14:15,100
scars Burns and calluses. 
Hard work has become your only 

6051
05:14:15,100 --> 05:14:18,500
constant at times you're most 
forget there was ever a life 

6052
05:14:18,508 --> 05:14:21,600
before it almost while Gathering
kindling. 

6053
05:14:21,600 --> 05:14:23,700
You catch sight of your 
reflection in a puddle outside 

6054
05:14:23,700 --> 05:14:26,900
the kitchen shed. 
A gaunt hollow-eyed face stares 

6055
05:14:26,900 --> 05:14:31,300
back, barely recognizable. 
As you unbidden memories flood 

6056
05:14:31,300 --> 05:14:32,800
in. 
You see the day of your 

6057
05:14:32,800 --> 05:14:36,800
Villages, fall flaming roofs 
screaming loved ones and sword. 

6058
05:14:36,800 --> 05:14:39,700
Wielding figures storming 
through the chaos, your knees 

6059
05:14:39,700 --> 05:14:41,800
buckle. 
You grip the shed wall to steady

6060
05:14:41,800 --> 05:14:44,500
yourself. 
Last night was the same as every

6061
05:14:44,500 --> 05:14:48,400
night haunted by Nightmares of 
the raid you live. 

6062
05:14:48,400 --> 05:14:50,800
The moment you were spared. 
If this existence can be called 

6063
05:14:50,800 --> 05:14:53,900
being spared, the moment of 
Viking shoved, you into a chain 

6064
05:14:53,900 --> 05:14:57,300
in set of cutting, you down 
awake, you can push these 

6065
05:14:57,300 --> 05:15:00,100
thoughts aside while you labor, 
but in sleep, you see your 

6066
05:15:00,100 --> 05:15:03,400
family's faces again. 
You hear your little son's cry 

6067
05:15:03,400 --> 05:15:05,100
as the Northman dragon from your
arms. 

6068
05:15:05,100 --> 05:15:08,800
You smell the blood and smoke a,
sharp voice jolts you from your 

6069
05:15:08,800 --> 05:15:11,100
reverie. 
Get moving thrall. 

6070
05:15:11,100 --> 05:15:13,800
Snaps Astrid. 
The farmer's wife, a major 

6071
05:15:13,800 --> 05:15:15,600
merging from the Longhouse with 
a clay pitcher. 

6072
05:15:15,600 --> 05:15:19,000
You cringe and lower your gaze? 
Yes, mistress. 

6073
05:15:19,000 --> 05:15:22,400
You respond in Norse scurrying 
to hold the door open for her. 

6074
05:15:22,400 --> 05:15:25,600
She shoves the picture into your
hands, fetch fresh water. 

6075
05:15:25,600 --> 05:15:28,500
And be quick when she growls, 
you bow your head and rush back 

6076
05:15:28,500 --> 05:15:30,900
to the well, clutching the 
picture tightly to hide the 

6077
05:15:30,900 --> 05:15:33,400
Tremor in your fingers. 
Even after five years of 

6078
05:15:33,400 --> 05:15:36,700
slavery, that tone of contempt 
still Burns as hot as ever 

6079
05:15:36,700 --> 05:15:40,300
tears, prick, your eyes as you 
wind the well rope you. 

6080
05:15:40,300 --> 05:15:41,700
Blink them away. 
Fiercely. 

6081
05:15:42,500 --> 05:15:44,200
Thralls life. 
Depends on his master's 

6082
05:15:44,200 --> 05:15:46,300
Goodwill. 
You've learned to show, no, hint

6083
05:15:46,300 --> 05:15:49,300
of anger, or grief. 
But inside your soul, Royals 

6084
05:15:49,300 --> 05:15:52,900
drawing up the heavy bucket, you
mail, the silent prayer in your 

6085
05:15:52,900 --> 05:15:56,200
native tongue to God. 
Are you praying to the old gods?

6086
05:15:56,200 --> 05:15:59,600
You'll no longer sure. 
You pray for strength to endure,

6087
05:15:59,600 --> 05:16:01,800
this living death. 
Well, the mercy of a quicker 

6088
05:16:01,800 --> 05:16:06,300
end, The Sun, Crest The Horizon,
Golden Light, spilling over the 

6089
05:16:06,300 --> 05:16:09,300
farm, you pause a moment 
squinting toward the East and 

6090
05:16:09,300 --> 05:16:12,700
glow in your old life Sunrise 
meant warmth, and promise. 

6091
05:16:12,700 --> 05:16:16,400
Now, it just marks another day 
of chains, still feeling the 

6092
05:16:16,400 --> 05:16:20,000
sun's Rays on your face, revive 
something in you, a distant 

6093
05:16:20,000 --> 05:16:22,300
memory of freedom for a 
heartbeat. 

6094
05:16:22,300 --> 05:16:25,100
You recall walking your Fields 
Dawn your little boy on your 

6095
05:16:25,108 --> 05:16:27,500
shoulders. 
The ache of lost nearly doubles 

6096
05:16:27,500 --> 05:16:30,000
you over a bitter truth sees 
your mind. 

6097
05:16:30,000 --> 05:16:34,300
The person you had died on the 
day of the Viking raid a distant

6098
05:16:34,300 --> 05:16:36,500
laugh from the long house Shakes
You Back to Reality. 

6099
05:16:36,500 --> 05:16:40,500
Your Master's are awake 
shoulders hunched, you Hoist the

6100
05:16:40,500 --> 05:16:44,000
pitcher and hurry to serve them.
As you Shuffle inside to pour 

6101
05:16:44,000 --> 05:16:46,000
Astrid's morning ale, she 
wrinkles her nose. 

6102
05:16:46,800 --> 05:16:50,100
You stink of sweat? 
She says, waving you off when 

6103
05:16:50,100 --> 05:16:51,300
you're done here. 
Wash yourself. 

6104
05:16:51,300 --> 05:16:54,100
I won't have guests smelling a 
filthy thrall. 

6105
05:16:55,000 --> 05:16:59,200
You not obediently and retreat. 
Shame creeps over you but also a

6106
05:16:59,200 --> 05:17:01,500
spark of something else. 
Indignation? 

6107
05:17:01,500 --> 05:17:05,600
Filthy, you spend hours each day
scrubbing, their floors and 

6108
05:17:05,600 --> 05:17:08,100
laundering, their clothes. 
When would you even wash 

6109
05:17:08,100 --> 05:17:10,600
yourself? 
But you swallow, the retort a 

6110
05:17:10,600 --> 05:17:13,800
thrall with pride is a thrall 
with a Death Wish outside. 

6111
05:17:13,800 --> 05:17:15,900
You dutifully Laidlaw water over
your body. 

6112
05:17:15,900 --> 05:17:18,500
At the trough, the IC Splash 
makes you shiver. 

6113
05:17:18,500 --> 05:17:21,300
You stare down at the muddy 
ground and realize, you feel 

6114
05:17:21,300 --> 05:17:23,200
nothing. 
None of the fire. 

6115
05:17:23,200 --> 05:17:26,800
That wants filled your heart, 
the Viking took everything from 

6116
05:17:26,800 --> 05:17:28,600
you. 
They even took the person you 

6117
05:17:28,600 --> 05:17:32,000
used to be. 
In his place, stands this empty 

6118
05:17:32,000 --> 05:17:35,600
shell performing tasks on 
command, perhaps it would have 

6119
05:17:35,600 --> 05:17:38,200
been better to have died 
fighting like so many others. 

6120
05:17:39,000 --> 05:17:40,700
Perhaps you are The Unlucky One 
for surviving. 

6121
05:17:41,500 --> 05:17:43,500
Hot tears well up and fall into 
the dirt. 

6122
05:17:43,500 --> 05:17:46,800
You allow yourself a few ragged 
breaths of Sorrow under the 

6123
05:17:46,808 --> 05:17:50,300
morning sun, which by now hangs,
bright in the sky, then you 

6124
05:17:50,300 --> 05:17:53,500
inhale, wipe your eyes and 
gather the buckets for the next 

6125
05:17:53,500 --> 05:17:55,700
chore. 
As you Hoist the yolk, onto your

6126
05:17:55,700 --> 05:17:58,700
shoulders, you catch a glimpse 
of the distant sea glittering be

6127
05:17:58,700 --> 05:18:01,800
on the cliffs. 
For one moment, a flicker of 

6128
05:18:01,800 --> 05:18:03,400
resolve cuts through your 
despair. 

6129
05:18:03,400 --> 05:18:06,700
One day you think. 
One day I'll be free again. 

6130
05:18:06,700 --> 05:18:10,200
The thought is gone almost 
before it Formed chased Away by 

6131
05:18:10,200 --> 05:18:13,500
years of brutal reality but it 
lingers in your chest like an 

6132
05:18:13,500 --> 05:18:17,800
ember and Ash Ah, shout from The
Smokehouse jolts, you back to 

6133
05:18:17,800 --> 05:18:20,100
duty. 
You lower your head and carry on

6134
05:18:20,100 --> 05:18:22,700
with your burdens. 
In the yard, this is your world 

6135
05:18:22,700 --> 05:18:24,900
now. 
Fear toilet and memories that 

6136
05:18:24,900 --> 05:18:28,700
hurt more than any whip. 
In a way, your captors did not 

6137
05:18:28,708 --> 05:18:31,200
spare your life at all. 
They simply claimed it. 

6138
05:18:32,000 --> 05:18:36,800
And so, you labor on a survivor 
in the Viking's wake living 

6139
05:18:36,800 --> 05:18:39,200
day-to-day in a fate worse than 
death. 

6140
05:18:45,500 --> 05:18:48,100
You know that time when you wake
up and stumble into the kitchen,

6141
05:18:48,100 --> 05:18:51,700
still half asleep and go for 
your coffee cup like it's a life

6142
05:18:51,700 --> 05:18:54,700
preserver so get comfortable 
with that nice cup of tea or 

6143
05:18:54,700 --> 05:18:57,300
coffee because we're going to 
take a slow walk through some of

6144
05:18:57,300 --> 05:18:59,500
history's. 
Most surprising and fun turns. 

6145
05:18:59,500 --> 05:19:03,100
We will delve into the origins 
of everyday items and I assure 

6146
05:19:03,100 --> 05:19:04,800
you their tails are far from 
ordinary. 

6147
05:19:05,500 --> 05:19:09,100
Your toothbrush is probably the 
first item you touched today, so

6148
05:19:09,100 --> 05:19:11,700
let's start there. 
You would imagine that someone 

6149
05:19:11,700 --> 05:19:14,500
sat down one day and carefully 
planned out this useful Gadget, 

6150
05:19:14,500 --> 05:19:17,300
right? 
Not really the toothbrush has a 

6151
05:19:17,300 --> 05:19:20,500
history that includes some great
ideas, some happy accidents. 

6152
05:19:20,500 --> 05:19:24,800
And some well that escalated 
quickly moments. 

6153
05:19:24,800 --> 05:19:30,000
Imagine this, it's 1498 in China
and someone is having a terrible

6154
05:19:30,000 --> 05:19:33,800
day because of wild boar 
bristles, not for hunting, but 

6155
05:19:33,800 --> 05:19:37,000
for brushing teeth. 
Yes, the earliest toothbrush was

6156
05:19:37,000 --> 05:19:40,900
simply a little broom made from 
the neck of wild boars linked to

6157
05:19:40,900 --> 05:19:43,900
a bamboo handle. 
About how hard it would be to 

6158
05:19:43,900 --> 05:19:46,400
convey it to your dentist today.
Yes. 

6159
05:19:46,400 --> 05:19:48,300
Doctor. 
I've been using high quality 

6160
05:19:48,300 --> 05:19:51,800
boar bristles on my molars just 
thinking about it makes you 

6161
05:19:51,800 --> 05:19:54,700
appreciate your modern drugstore
toothbrush with its gentle 

6162
05:19:54,700 --> 05:19:57,600
bristles and ergonomic grip. 
This is where it gets 

6163
05:19:57,600 --> 05:20:00,500
fascinating. 
It took almost 300 years for 

6164
05:20:00,500 --> 05:20:03,400
that, Chinese invention to reach
Europe where it was quickly, 

6165
05:20:03,400 --> 05:20:06,200
given the Royal Treatment in a 
literal sense. 

6166
05:20:06,200 --> 05:20:09,600
European Nobles thought that 
bore bristles were too abrasive 

6167
05:20:09,600 --> 05:20:12,900
for their delicate mouths It 
seems that even brushing your 

6168
05:20:12,900 --> 05:20:15,900
teeth was a class issue back, 
then, they decided to use 

6169
05:20:15,900 --> 05:20:18,900
horsehair instead. 
Yes, toothbrushes made of 

6170
05:20:18,900 --> 05:20:20,500
horsehair your great. 
Great, great. 

6171
05:20:20,508 --> 05:20:22,800
Great grandmother might have 
used, what was basically, a 

6172
05:20:22,800 --> 05:20:24,000
little horse tail to wash her 
teeth. 

6173
05:20:24,000 --> 05:20:28,000
The bit that was very funny. 
In the 1930s, when mass 

6174
05:20:28,000 --> 05:20:31,400
production finally started, the 
first synthetic bristles were 

6175
05:20:31,400 --> 05:20:34,400
created from nylon. 
The business that started this 

6176
05:20:34,400 --> 05:20:37,200
revolution. 
Dupont named their new product, 

6177
05:20:37,200 --> 05:20:39,700
Dr. West's Miracle toughed 
toothbrush. 

6178
05:20:39,700 --> 05:20:42,500
Dr. West must have been 
delighted that his name would 

6179
05:20:42,500 --> 05:20:44,900
forever. 
Be associated with oral hygiene.

6180
05:20:44,900 --> 05:20:48,400
But did he ever imagine that? 
Millions of people would wake up

6181
05:20:48,408 --> 05:20:51,600
every day with toothpaste, froth
in their mouths and chanted his 

6182
05:20:51,600 --> 05:20:53,600
name. 
Now that you have envisioned 

6183
05:20:53,600 --> 05:20:56,500
that scenario, let us proceed to
examine the mirror in your 

6184
05:20:56,500 --> 05:20:59,300
bathroom, you look at that 
mirror every morning and 

6185
05:20:59,300 --> 05:21:02,800
sometimes avoid it at night. 
It has a story that sounds like 

6186
05:21:02,800 --> 05:21:05,400
a medieval Thriller combined 
with a chemistry disaster. 

6187
05:21:06,300 --> 05:21:09,700
Thousands of years, people used 
polished Metals motionless, 

6188
05:21:09,700 --> 05:21:13,000
water or very polished obsidian 
to see their Reflections. 

6189
05:21:13,000 --> 05:21:16,600
Think about how hard it would be
to pluck your eyebrows with a 

6190
05:21:16,600 --> 05:21:19,100
piece of polished bronze. 
There was a lot of room for 

6191
05:21:19,100 --> 05:21:22,800
error to put it mildly then in 
Venice in the 13th century. 

6192
05:21:22,800 --> 05:21:25,700
Someone had a hold my wine 
moment with silver and molten 

6193
05:21:25,700 --> 05:21:28,300
glass. 
Venetian glassmakers found that 

6194
05:21:28,300 --> 05:21:30,700
if you covered the back of 
glass, with the thin layer of 

6195
05:21:30,700 --> 05:21:33,300
silver and Mercury, yes, 
Mercury. 

6196
05:21:33,300 --> 05:21:37,600
The thing we now know, is really
poisonous, you could acquire a 

6197
05:21:37,600 --> 05:21:40,200
clear reflection Venice, kept 
this secret. 

6198
05:21:40,200 --> 05:21:41,800
Like it was the key to living 
forever. 

6199
05:21:41,800 --> 05:21:45,500
They enacted regulations that 
made it illegal for glassmakers 

6200
05:21:45,500 --> 05:21:49,100
to leave the island of Murano. 
This was the first program in 

6201
05:21:49,100 --> 05:21:51,900
the world to protect businesses 
from industrial espionage. 

6202
05:21:52,700 --> 05:21:54,800
If you break this law, you could
be killed. 

6203
05:21:55,900 --> 05:21:58,500
It appears that venetians in the
Middle Ages, were particularly 

6204
05:21:58,500 --> 05:22:00,200
serious about their mirror 
Monopoly. 

6205
05:22:00,200 --> 05:22:04,500
The funny thing, these gorgeous 
Innovative mirrors were slowly 

6206
05:22:04,500 --> 05:22:06,500
killing everyone who 
manufactured them. 

6207
05:22:06,500 --> 05:22:10,900
That's what mercury vapor does. 
It took hundreds of years for 

6208
05:22:10,900 --> 05:22:13,300
someone to find out how to build
mirrors without making the 

6209
05:22:13,300 --> 05:22:14,200
workers? 
Go crazy. 

6210
05:22:15,100 --> 05:22:18,500
That term isn't just for show, 
hatmakers really did go crazy 

6211
05:22:18,500 --> 05:22:21,700
from mercury poisoning. 
But that's a story for another 

6212
05:22:21,700 --> 05:22:24,600
enjoyable evening. 
But maybe the best thing about 

6213
05:22:24,600 --> 05:22:26,900
mirror history is how they 
become more accessible to 

6214
05:22:26,900 --> 05:22:29,800
everyone. 
In the past, only the very rich,

6215
05:22:29,800 --> 05:22:32,900
could see their own faces 
clearly, everyone else saw their

6216
05:22:32,900 --> 05:22:36,100
reflection in water or had only 
a faint concept of what they 

6217
05:22:36,100 --> 05:22:39,200
looked like. 
When mirrors became cheap, they 

6218
05:22:39,200 --> 05:22:41,900
changed everything from how 
people dressed to how they saw 

6219
05:22:41,900 --> 05:22:44,600
themselves. 
Everyone could now see how the 

6220
05:22:44,600 --> 05:22:46,600
new haircut looked for better or
worse. 

6221
05:22:46,600 --> 05:22:49,100
Now, that we've put your morning
routine in order on our 

6222
05:22:49,100 --> 05:22:51,800
historical timeline. 
Let's head to the kitchen, which

6223
05:22:51,800 --> 05:22:54,700
is the heart of any home. 
We're going to start with 

6224
05:22:54,700 --> 05:22:57,300
something so basic that you 
probably never thought about it 

6225
05:22:57,300 --> 05:23:01,400
before the fork. 
Yes, the fork that four prong 

6226
05:23:01,400 --> 05:23:02,900
tool. 
That looks so innocent in your 

6227
05:23:02,900 --> 05:23:05,900
drawer has a very interesting 
history for most of History 

6228
05:23:05,900 --> 05:23:07,900
humans. 
Use their hands knives and 

6229
05:23:07,900 --> 05:23:11,200
sometimes spoon to eat. 
People thought that Not only was

6230
05:23:11,200 --> 05:23:14,300
the fork not needed, but it was 
so disrespectful to God. 

6231
05:23:14,300 --> 05:23:17,800
This isn't a lie. 
When Fox first showed up in the 

6232
05:23:17,808 --> 05:23:21,600
11th century business in, people
were suspicious of them like 

6233
05:23:21,600 --> 05:23:24,500
they were evil sorcery or really
awful poetry. 

6234
05:23:25,500 --> 05:23:27,600
The Catholic Church said they 
were against God's will. 

6235
05:23:27,600 --> 05:23:30,100
Since God gave people fingers 
for a reason, didn't he? 

6236
05:23:30,700 --> 05:23:34,000
Using a fork was like, informing
God that his plan needed work. 

6237
05:23:34,000 --> 05:23:38,000
The nerve. 
A Byzantine princess married, a 

6238
05:23:38,000 --> 05:23:40,300
Venetian Doge and carried her 
golden forks with her. 

6239
05:23:40,300 --> 05:23:42,600
That was the genuine turning 
moment. 

6240
05:23:42,600 --> 05:23:46,600
Imagine the wedding reception. 
The bride is beautifully, 

6241
05:23:46,600 --> 05:23:49,600
bringing food to her mouth with 
these bizarre little pitchforks.

6242
05:23:49,600 --> 05:23:52,900
And the whole Italian bridal 
party is staring at her in 

6243
05:23:52,900 --> 05:23:56,200
Terror and curiosity. 
When the princess died, young 

6244
05:23:56,200 --> 05:23:59,200
church leaders smugly said it 
was God's punishment for her 

6245
05:23:59,200 --> 05:24:01,600
using Forks. 
The Middle Ages, best 

6246
05:24:01,600 --> 05:24:06,200
exemplified victim blaming it, 
took another 600 years six, 

6247
05:24:06,200 --> 05:24:09,400
centuries for Forks to be safe 
to use in Europe. 

6248
05:24:09,400 --> 05:24:13,400
Even then men fought them off 
longer than women since Forks, 

6249
05:24:13,400 --> 05:24:16,600
were thought to be feminine. 
Think about how insecure you are

6250
05:24:16,608 --> 05:24:18,900
about your manhood. 
If a small piece of silverware, 

6251
05:24:18,900 --> 05:24:20,400
makes you feel bad about 
yourself. 

6252
05:24:21,300 --> 05:24:24,200
Real men eat with their hands 
was evidently a popular belief 

6253
05:24:24,200 --> 05:24:27,200
in the 16th century. 
Let's speak about the simple can

6254
05:24:27,200 --> 05:24:28,900
opener. 
Now that we've talked about 

6255
05:24:28,900 --> 05:24:32,200
kitchen, revolution's the way 
this story goes against, common 

6256
05:24:32,200 --> 05:24:34,800
sense is so human. 
That it seems like a comic 

6257
05:24:34,800 --> 05:24:39,300
sketch Imagine this, a British 
inventor gets a patent for the 

6258
05:24:39,300 --> 05:24:43,700
tin can in 1810. 
Food preservation is no longer a

6259
05:24:43,700 --> 05:24:46,000
problem. 
Families can stock up on food. 

6260
05:24:46,000 --> 05:24:48,200
Armies can March farther and 
ships? 

6261
05:24:48,200 --> 05:24:50,600
Can sail longer what a great 
idea, right? 

6262
05:24:51,500 --> 05:24:54,500
But no one made a can opener, 
which is where it becomes really

6263
05:24:54,500 --> 05:24:59,200
good, people used hammers 
chisels bayonets and probably a 

6264
05:24:59,200 --> 05:25:01,900
lot of colorful language to open
cans for 48 years. 

6265
05:25:01,900 --> 05:25:06,200
The directions on early can 
said, cut around the top near 

6266
05:25:06,200 --> 05:25:09,300
the outer edge with a chisel and
Hammer you know how you have to 

6267
05:25:09,300 --> 05:25:11,100
be inventive when you can't find
a bottle. 

6268
05:25:11,100 --> 05:25:14,500
Opener, consider how this method
was the official way to open 

6269
05:25:14,500 --> 05:25:17,700
cans for 50 years. 
The can opener that finally came

6270
05:25:17,700 --> 05:25:20,300
in 1858? 
Looked like a mix between a 

6271
05:25:20,300 --> 05:25:22,500
bayonet and a torture tool from 
the Middle Ages. 

6272
05:25:22,500 --> 05:25:25,700
You stab the can and sword 
around the edge. 

6273
05:25:25,700 --> 05:25:28,200
Praying, not to cut off a finger
in the process. 

6274
05:25:28,200 --> 05:25:31,800
The smooth rotary can opener 
that really makes the job. 

6275
05:25:31,800 --> 05:25:35,900
Easier didn't come out until 
1870, that's 60 years of 

6276
05:25:35,900 --> 05:25:37,700
fighting about. 
Something that should have been 

6277
05:25:37,700 --> 05:25:41,400
fixed a long time ago. 
Here's what makes this story. 

6278
05:25:41,400 --> 05:25:45,700
So human no one thought to stop 
making cans for 48 years. 

6279
05:25:45,700 --> 05:25:48,000
While they worked out how to 
open them. 

6280
05:25:48,000 --> 05:25:51,800
Quickly, they just kept going 
with hammers and willpower, it's

6281
05:25:51,800 --> 05:25:54,400
like making the car before, you 
know how to fill it up with gas.

6282
05:25:55,300 --> 05:25:57,800
Let's discuss the microwave oven
now that we're in the kitchen, 

6283
05:25:57,800 --> 05:26:01,900
it's narrative starts with 
chocolate radar and a fortunate 

6284
05:26:01,900 --> 05:26:04,000
accident that makes you believe 
in serendipity. 

6285
05:26:05,400 --> 05:26:07,700
While working on radar 
technology for Raytheon. 

6286
05:26:07,700 --> 05:26:12,700
In 1945, Percy, Spencer saw 
something strange While he was 

6287
05:26:12,700 --> 05:26:16,100
standing near a magnetron, the 
tube that produces microwaves 

6288
05:26:16,100 --> 05:26:18,700
for radar, the chocolate bar in 
his pocket had melted. 

6289
05:26:18,700 --> 05:26:21,500
A lot of people would have 
cursed, the ruined chocolate, 

6290
05:26:21,500 --> 05:26:24,600
and gone on. 
Hey what else can this invisible

6291
05:26:24,600 --> 05:26:27,900
energy cook, Percy Spencer 
thought he sampled some popcorn.

6292
05:26:27,900 --> 05:26:29,600
They went off. 
He had an egg. 

6293
05:26:29,608 --> 05:26:32,900
It blew up which undoubtedly 
gave his co-workers something to

6294
05:26:32,900 --> 05:26:34,200
talk about it at dinner for 
weeks. 

6295
05:26:35,000 --> 05:26:37,300
Instead of cleaning up the egg 
mess and acting like nothing 

6296
05:26:37,300 --> 05:26:39,600
happened. 
Spencer got his company to allow

6297
05:26:39,600 --> 05:26:41,900
him to build a metal enclosure 
around a magnetron. 

6298
05:26:41,900 --> 05:26:44,700
The first microwave oven was as 
big as a fridge. 

6299
05:26:44,700 --> 05:26:50,000
Wait, 750 pounds and cost nearly
70,000 dollars in today's money,

6300
05:26:50,000 --> 05:26:53,300
it was called the radar range 
which sounds more like a 

6301
05:26:53,308 --> 05:26:55,000
superhero with a cape and a 
kitchen. 

6302
05:26:55,000 --> 05:26:57,900
Appliance, what's funny? 
No one you want to do with it 

6303
05:26:57,900 --> 05:27:01,400
restaurants, tested it, but 
chefs were not sure about this 

6304
05:27:01,400 --> 05:27:04,200
radiation cooking. 
When Housewives saw the price 

6305
05:27:04,200 --> 05:27:07,400
tag, they chuckled micro waves 
didn't really find their purpose

6306
05:27:07,400 --> 05:27:10,500
until the 1970s. 
When countertop models came out 

6307
05:27:11,200 --> 05:27:14,000
That's when they were useful for
reheating pizza and making 

6308
05:27:14,000 --> 05:27:16,100
undesirable food choices at 3 
a.m. 

6309
05:27:16,100 --> 05:27:19,700
Let's leave the kitchen and 
explore your wardrobe where even

6310
05:27:19,700 --> 05:27:21,900
the simplest clothes have 
histories that weave Through 

6311
05:27:21,900 --> 05:27:24,700
Time. 
Talking about thread, the button

6312
05:27:24,700 --> 05:27:28,500
changed how people dress despite
its simplicity Your closet 

6313
05:27:28,500 --> 05:27:31,200
probably has dozens of buttons, 
holding your shirts tight, 

6314
05:27:31,200 --> 05:27:34,700
embellishing, your jackets and 
occasionally disappearing into 

6315
05:27:34,700 --> 05:27:37,200
the mysterious hole where lost 
socks and spare coins. 

6316
05:27:37,200 --> 05:27:41,800
Depart buttons weren't always 
feasible for their first 3000 

6317
05:27:41,800 --> 05:27:43,100
years. 
They were decorative like 

6318
05:27:43,100 --> 05:27:46,800
wearing circular hole jewelry, 
ancient cultures fasten their 

6319
05:27:46,800 --> 05:27:48,800
clothes using pins ties and 
belts. 

6320
05:27:48,800 --> 05:27:52,800
Buttons were status Insignia 
made from precious materials and

6321
05:27:52,800 --> 05:27:54,500
presented like miniature 
paintings. 

6322
05:27:55,900 --> 05:27:59,100
Imagine wearing a blouse with 
buttons worth more than most 

6323
05:27:59,100 --> 05:28:02,300
people's wardrobes. 
The rich literally wore their 

6324
05:28:02,300 --> 05:28:05,000
fortunes on their sleeves or 
fronts. 

6325
05:28:06,000 --> 05:28:10,200
Unfortunately, no one remembers 
who invented making a slit in 

6326
05:28:10,200 --> 05:28:12,800
Fabric and inserting a button 
through it in 13th century, 

6327
05:28:12,800 --> 05:28:15,300
Germany. 
With the buttonhole, those 

6328
05:28:15,300 --> 05:28:19,100
beautiful discs became useful, 
human's connected, these links. 

6329
05:28:19,100 --> 05:28:23,000
After three Millennia, which 
appears clear now Cultural 

6330
05:28:23,000 --> 05:28:25,400
upheaval that followed made. 
You realize how much we take 

6331
05:28:25,400 --> 05:28:29,200
simple advances for granted. 
Opportunities exploded in 

6332
05:28:29,200 --> 05:28:32,400
clothing design garments. 
May be tighter more 

6333
05:28:32,400 --> 05:28:35,100
sophisticated fashion. 
The wealthy might show off their

6334
05:28:35,100 --> 05:28:37,800
wealth with extravagant button 
Arrangements while remaining 

6335
05:28:37,800 --> 05:28:40,800
useful like finding out your 
decorative candles. 

6336
05:28:40,800 --> 05:28:43,300
Might light up. 
The story gets delightfully 

6337
05:28:43,300 --> 05:28:46,600
convoluted when societies were 
so concerned with buttons that 

6338
05:28:46,600 --> 05:28:49,400
they made laws concerning them 
buttons were covered by 

6339
05:28:49,400 --> 05:28:52,000
sumptuary regulations in some 
regions. 

6340
05:28:52,000 --> 05:28:53,800
Only Nobles could wear gold 
buttons. 

6341
05:28:53,800 --> 05:28:57,900
Silver was the merchants limit 
commoners got brass or would 

6342
05:28:57,900 --> 05:29:00,500
your button material determines 
your social status. 

6343
05:29:00,500 --> 05:29:03,400
Police Stopped people on the 
street and checked their buttons

6344
05:29:03,400 --> 05:29:06,500
for overdressing. 
The zipper revolutionized, half 

6345
05:29:06,500 --> 05:29:10,200
the population's Wardrobe. 
Like many great Innovations, it 

6346
05:29:10,200 --> 05:29:13,900
began as a solution to a 
different need Whitcomb Judson 

6347
05:29:13,900 --> 05:29:16,400
watched his back injured, 
friends, struggled to lace up 

6348
05:29:16,400 --> 05:29:20,300
boots, in the 1890s seeing a 
problem and thinking I can fix 

6349
05:29:20,300 --> 05:29:24,400
that Judson devised, the class 
blocker, a system of hooks and 

6350
05:29:24,400 --> 05:29:26,300
eyes, that could be fastened in 
one move. 

6351
05:29:27,100 --> 05:29:29,300
He sold the Footwear problem. 
Not clothing. 

6352
05:29:30,400 --> 05:29:31,700
Early. 
Zippers were mechanical 

6353
05:29:31,700 --> 05:29:34,600
failures. 
It constantly clogged broken 

6354
05:29:34,600 --> 05:29:37,100
inappropriate times and caught 
neighboring fabric. 

6355
05:29:38,100 --> 05:29:42,000
A prototype like judson's took 
15 iterations before working. 

6356
05:29:42,900 --> 05:29:45,200
He kept improving it because he 
was sure he was alright. 

6357
05:29:46,200 --> 05:29:49,700
The 1913 mechanism redesigned by
Gideon sunbeck. 

6358
05:29:49,700 --> 05:29:52,700
Yes, that was his real name was 
the Breakthrough. 

6359
05:29:52,700 --> 05:29:55,800
He made a reliable seal that 
opened effortlessly. 

6360
05:29:55,800 --> 05:29:58,300
However, nobody knew what to do 
with it. 

6361
05:29:58,300 --> 05:30:02,200
Manufacturers of clothes were 
unsure this artificial button 

6362
05:30:02,200 --> 05:30:05,800
and tire replacement sparked 
populist suspicion the zipper 

6363
05:30:05,800 --> 05:30:09,300
Finds Its home in Boots BF 
Goodrich called The Zipper 

6364
05:30:09,300 --> 05:30:13,900
because they created a sound on 
rubber galoshes zip, the Monica 

6365
05:30:13,900 --> 05:30:16,800
stuck, the boots sold, and 
everyone wanted this miraculous 

6366
05:30:16,800 --> 05:30:18,200
fastening technique on 
everything. 

6367
05:30:19,300 --> 05:30:21,900
The fashion industry first 
rejected, zippers for proper 

6368
05:30:21,900 --> 05:30:24,900
apparel, which is funny. 
They seem too nonchalant 

6369
05:30:24,900 --> 05:30:28,100
mechanical and America and 
fashion houses in Europe. 

6370
05:30:28,100 --> 05:30:31,500
Sniffed zippers, were good for 
labor and sportswear but not 

6371
05:30:31,500 --> 05:30:33,800
stylish. 
Everything changed. 

6372
05:30:33,800 --> 05:30:37,100
In the 1930s fashion designers 
found that invisible. 

6373
05:30:37,100 --> 05:30:40,500
Zippers could create smooth 
crisp lines that buttons couldnt

6374
05:30:40,500 --> 05:30:44,000
Elsa, shepherdii made practical,
Fasteners fashionable by 

6375
05:30:44,000 --> 05:30:47,100
decorating them zippers became 
fashionable and functional. 

6376
05:30:47,100 --> 05:30:52,000
The transition was so dramatic 
that by the 1960s as a zipper on

6377
05:30:52,000 --> 05:30:54,600
a dress or jacket was considered
trendy and sophisticated. 

6378
05:30:55,600 --> 05:30:57,600
Formerly impolite. 
The latching system became 

6379
05:30:57,600 --> 05:31:00,300
fashionable. 
That kind of total reversal 

6380
05:31:00,300 --> 05:31:02,200
makes you question. 
What's unpopular today? 

6381
05:31:02,200 --> 05:31:06,300
Will be trendy tomorrow paper is
so ubiquitous we hardly notice 

6382
05:31:06,300 --> 05:31:08,700
it. 
You likely have dozens of paper 

6383
05:31:08,700 --> 05:31:13,000
products books, notes, Kleenex, 
and even a supermarket bill from

6384
05:31:13,000 --> 05:31:15,700
last week. 
But papers, rise to popularity, 

6385
05:31:15,700 --> 05:31:18,100
is full of accidents, 
breakthroughs. 

6386
05:31:18,100 --> 05:31:20,800
And human stubbornness That Make
History, fascinating. 

6387
05:31:22,100 --> 05:31:25,600
Before paper humans wrote on 
clay tablets and animal skins, 

6388
05:31:25,600 --> 05:31:28,700
imagine carrying clay tablets 
for everyday notes. 

6389
05:31:28,700 --> 05:31:32,000
Ancient students undoubtedly 
developed bodybuilder, arms from

6390
05:31:32,000 --> 05:31:34,900
hauling schoolwork. 
Egyptian Papyrus was an 

6391
05:31:34,900 --> 05:31:38,100
excellent material for writing, 
but it was so expensive and 

6392
05:31:38,100 --> 05:31:41,900
prone to crumbling unexpectedly.
Animal skin, parchment was 

6393
05:31:41,900 --> 05:31:45,900
sturdy, but expensive and 
time-consuming to make in second

6394
05:31:45,900 --> 05:31:49,000
century, China caught official 
kailan, struggled with record, 

6395
05:31:49,000 --> 05:31:51,200
keeping like a modern government
office. 

6396
05:31:51,200 --> 05:31:54,700
The Imperial Court produced in 
numerable reports decrees and 

6397
05:31:54,700 --> 05:31:59,400
administrative records to record
file and keep Clay tablets were 

6398
05:31:59,400 --> 05:32:03,700
unworkable and parchment was too
expensive for daily usage in a 

6399
05:32:03,700 --> 05:32:06,000
brilliantly. 
Practical answer, kylan mashed 

6400
05:32:06,000 --> 05:32:09,000
Mulberry bark, hemp, old rags 
and fishing. 

6401
05:32:09,000 --> 05:32:13,500
Nets mixed, the pulp with water 
thinned it and dried it, it was 

6402
05:32:13,500 --> 05:32:17,800
smooth lightweight and cheap to 
make while solving storage. 

6403
05:32:17,800 --> 05:32:20,600
He devised recycling. 
This clever approach. 

6404
05:32:20,600 --> 05:32:22,600
Makes you wonder why nobody 
thought of it sooner. 

6405
05:32:23,400 --> 05:32:25,600
But here's where the story 
becomes a study of innovation 

6406
05:32:25,600 --> 05:32:29,300
spread or not. 
China kept paper a secret for 

6407
05:32:29,300 --> 05:32:32,400
500 years. 
Slowly trade channels brought 

6408
05:32:32,400 --> 05:32:36,700
the expertise to the Islamic 
world around 750 CE when Chinese

6409
05:32:36,700 --> 05:32:39,600
paper makers were captured in 
combat and compelled to reveal 

6410
05:32:39,600 --> 05:32:42,600
their methods. 
It took Europe, 400 years to 

6411
05:32:42,600 --> 05:32:46,300
discover paper like most new 
inventions paper initially met 

6412
05:32:46,300 --> 05:32:49,600
with mistrust elitism and Dread 
of change. 

6413
05:32:49,600 --> 05:32:52,900
In medieval Europe, European 
scribes considered paper 

6414
05:32:52,900 --> 05:32:55,000
inferior. 
After a lifetime of parchment 

6415
05:32:55,000 --> 05:32:58,500
preparation and writing 
Religious leaders, feared, this 

6416
05:32:58,500 --> 05:33:02,600
foreign material, would degrade 
crucial papers, paper contracts 

6417
05:33:02,600 --> 05:33:04,200
were disputed as legally 
binding. 

6418
05:33:05,000 --> 05:33:08,100
The reaction was so intense that
some regions outlawed official 

6419
05:33:08,100 --> 05:33:12,000
documents on paper. 
It seemed too fragile unfamiliar

6420
05:33:12,000 --> 05:33:14,900
and new. 
While Europe, relied on 

6421
05:33:14,908 --> 05:33:18,500
expensive, time-consuming 
parchment the Islamic Eastern. 

6422
05:33:18,500 --> 05:33:21,200
China had been Printing and 
making books on paper for 

6423
05:33:21,200 --> 05:33:23,600
Generations. 
The printing press was the 

6424
05:33:23,600 --> 05:33:26,700
Tipping Point gutenberg's 
breakthrough printing, machine 

6425
05:33:26,700 --> 05:33:29,200
requires quantities of cheap, 
consistent paper. 

6426
05:33:30,000 --> 05:33:32,800
Parchment was too expensive and 
unpredictable for Mass 

6427
05:33:32,800 --> 05:33:36,100
manufacture. 
Paper was smooth consistent and 

6428
05:33:36,100 --> 05:33:38,200
economical enough for most 
people to buy books. 

6429
05:33:39,100 --> 05:33:41,900
The sticky note is a paper 
Innovation that revolutionized 

6430
05:33:41,900 --> 05:33:45,000
office work. 
This story is so human in its 

6431
05:33:45,000 --> 05:33:48,000
unintended Brilliance. 
That anyone who thinks invention

6432
05:33:48,000 --> 05:33:51,800
is logical should read it. 
Spencer Silver worked for 3M in 

6433
05:33:51,800 --> 05:33:56,100
1968 to create a super strong 
glue, he invented a solution 

6434
05:33:56,100 --> 05:33:58,900
without a problem, a weak 
adhesive, that could be removed 

6435
05:33:58,900 --> 05:34:03,000
and reused, no doubt it failed. 
It did not provide sufficient to

6436
05:34:03,000 --> 05:34:05,400
adhesion for permanent 
applications nordid. 

6437
05:34:05,400 --> 05:34:10,100
It peel off evenly like tape, it
was sticky, limbo, silver 

6438
05:34:10,100 --> 05:34:14,300
rome-based, like a puppy. 
Evangelist. 

6439
05:34:14,300 --> 05:34:17,100
He showed his weaker heave to 
everybody. 

6440
05:34:17,100 --> 05:34:19,500
Who would listen confident? 
It was valuable. 

6441
05:34:21,000 --> 05:34:23,800
His co-workers nodded pleasantly
in return to their sticky. 

6442
05:34:23,800 --> 05:34:28,100
Adhesives Silver's glue was its 
most famous solution for looking

6443
05:34:28,100 --> 05:34:31,300
for a problem. 
After battling, with Hymnal 

6444
05:34:31,300 --> 05:34:35,400
bookmarks, that kept falling out
3M, co-worker, and church choir 

6445
05:34:35,400 --> 05:34:38,200
member art fry, had the Eureka 
moment in 1974. 

6446
05:34:38,200 --> 05:34:43,100
He wondered, what if I put this 
on paper bookmarks during a 

6447
05:34:43,100 --> 05:34:46,400
boring business, lecture Prize 
original sticky notes were 

6448
05:34:46,400 --> 05:34:50,100
simple silver adhesive on paper 
but they stuck and could be 

6449
05:34:50,108 --> 05:34:51,700
withdrawn without destroying 
pages. 

6450
05:34:52,800 --> 05:34:55,500
His notes encouraged his 
co-workers to create their own. 

6451
05:34:56,600 --> 05:34:59,800
Employees at 3M quickly. 
Identified new applications, 

6452
05:34:59,800 --> 05:35:04,100
disseminating the concept like a
contagious virus. even at that 

6453
05:35:04,100 --> 05:35:09,300
time 3m's marketing department 
to grasp the concept, The 1977 

6454
05:35:09,300 --> 05:35:11,800
sticky. 
Note tests in four cities were 

6455
05:35:11,800 --> 05:35:14,400
lackluster. 
People couldn't figure out how 

6456
05:35:14,400 --> 05:35:17,800
to reposition, paper Square's 
ignorance appeared inevitable 

6457
05:35:17,800 --> 05:35:21,100
for the product 3M solved, the 
problem by giving away sticky 

6458
05:35:21,100 --> 05:35:22,600
notes, instead of explaining 
them. 

6459
05:35:23,300 --> 05:35:26,400
No explanation was needed as 
they bombarded Boise officers 

6460
05:35:26,400 --> 05:35:29,800
with free samples within weeks. 
People were addicted. 

6461
05:35:29,800 --> 05:35:32,800
They wrote phone calls. 
Grocery lists and passive 

6462
05:35:32,800 --> 05:35:35,300
aggressive professional 
Communications on sticky notes. 

6463
05:35:35,300 --> 05:35:37,900
The rest is office, supply 
history. 

6464
05:35:39,000 --> 05:35:41,700
Sticky notes are so essential to
office work that it is difficult

6465
05:35:41,700 --> 05:35:44,900
to imagine without them. 
A product used billions of times

6466
05:35:44,900 --> 05:35:46,700
a day was built on that poor 
adhesive. 

6467
05:35:46,700 --> 05:35:50,400
Nobody wanted, let's explore 
transportation, starting with 

6468
05:35:50,400 --> 05:35:52,800
the wheel, which is so essential
to Modern Life. 

6469
05:35:52,800 --> 05:35:55,700
We hardly notice it. 
The wheel wasn't invented for 

6470
05:35:55,700 --> 05:35:58,800
transportation, which may 
surprise you it was created for 

6471
05:35:58,800 --> 05:36:03,300
pottery. 
In 3,500 BCE Mesopotamia. 

6472
05:36:03,300 --> 05:36:06,200
A Potter was bored of hand, 
turning clay containers and had 

6473
05:36:06,200 --> 05:36:09,500
a brilliant idea. 
Let the pot turn automatically. 

6474
05:36:10,300 --> 05:36:12,600
The Potters wheel, 
revolutionized Ceramics and made

6475
05:36:12,600 --> 05:36:16,400
perfectly round containers. 
Three centuries later and 

6476
05:36:16,400 --> 05:36:18,400
observer of this spinning disc 
proposed. 

6477
05:36:18,400 --> 05:36:21,700
What if we placed a heavy object
on it and rolled it? 

6478
05:36:21,700 --> 05:36:25,400
This line of thought exemplifies
a fundamental aspect of human 

6479
05:36:25,400 --> 05:36:29,300
creativity We initially designed
the wheel for crafting, elegant 

6480
05:36:29,300 --> 05:36:32,400
bowls before adapting it for the
movement of substantial Stones 

6481
05:36:32,400 --> 05:36:35,100
thinking about it. 
This is really human. 

6482
05:36:35,100 --> 05:36:38,300
We designed the wheel for 
beautiful bowls before, applying

6483
05:36:38,300 --> 05:36:41,900
it to Hefty Stones, it's akin to
inventing a smartphone for 

6484
05:36:41,900 --> 05:36:45,800
gaming and then discovering its 
ability to make calls after 

6485
05:36:45,800 --> 05:36:48,800
Wheels met Transportation. 
The early results were less, 

6486
05:36:48,800 --> 05:36:52,400
Triumph of human Innovation and 
more comedy of errors. 

6487
05:36:53,100 --> 05:36:56,300
Wheeled Vehicles, began a solid 
hardwood, discs that weighed 

6488
05:36:56,300 --> 05:36:59,400
almost as much as their cargo. 
Imagine being the ox. 

6489
05:36:59,400 --> 05:37:01,500
Pushing a cart with 200 pound 
Wheels. 

6490
05:37:01,500 --> 05:37:05,100
Oxen undoubtedly daydreamed of 
the days when humans carried 

6491
05:37:05,100 --> 05:37:08,200
their own stuff, spoke wheels 
did not appear for another 

6492
05:37:08,200 --> 05:37:11,700
Thousand Years. 
Someone discovered that solid 

6493
05:37:11,700 --> 05:37:14,100
wood was only needed to connect 
the rim to the hub. 

6494
05:37:14,100 --> 05:37:18,000
These facts may sound apparent 
but engineering Insight can 

6495
05:37:18,000 --> 05:37:22,000
change civilizations. 
Wheels became light sturdy and 

6496
05:37:22,000 --> 05:37:25,300
efficient enough to change 
trade, the unequal spread of 

6497
05:37:25,308 --> 05:37:27,800
Wheels, may be the most humorous
part of wheel history. 

6498
05:37:28,700 --> 05:37:32,500
Mesopotamia, had wheeled carts 
yet, the Americas had Advanced 

6499
05:37:32,500 --> 05:37:35,700
civilizations with the While 
carrying everything on their 

6500
05:37:35,700 --> 05:37:39,300
backs or in canoes the Aztecs 
and Mayans built wonderful, 

6501
05:37:39,300 --> 05:37:43,300
buildings, devised intricate 
astrological systems and created

6502
05:37:43,300 --> 05:37:47,300
magnificent art. 
They understood Wheels, Aztec 

6503
05:37:47,300 --> 05:37:49,900
kids played with wheels. 
They looked at wheels for 

6504
05:37:49,900 --> 05:37:52,100
mobility and said, nah, we're 
good. 

6505
05:37:52,800 --> 05:37:54,700
It was a decision, not 
ignorance. 

6506
05:37:54,700 --> 05:37:58,300
Their terrain was mountainous. 
Their main animal was the Llama,

6507
05:37:58,300 --> 05:38:01,300
which can't pull much and their 
roads were for foot 

6508
05:38:01,300 --> 05:38:04,100
transportation. 
Wheels didn't fit their reality 

6509
05:38:04,100 --> 05:38:08,500
change gears literally to 
discuss the bicycle a creation 

6510
05:38:08,500 --> 05:38:11,500
that illustrates how the most 
elegant Solutions May emerge 

6511
05:38:11,500 --> 05:38:16,700
from the most ludicrous Origins.
In 1817, German inventor Baron 

6512
05:38:16,700 --> 05:38:20,100
Karl Von drais invented. 
The running machine, imagine 

6513
05:38:20,100 --> 05:38:22,500
moving your feet to propeller, 
wooden horse with two wheels. 

6514
05:38:22,500 --> 05:38:24,900
If asked to build a car, a child
might draw it. 

6515
05:38:24,900 --> 05:38:28,500
The running machine was 
practically useless, you were 

6516
05:38:28,500 --> 05:38:31,200
quicker than walking, but slower
than running and you arrived 

6517
05:38:31,200 --> 05:38:34,300
fatigued from pushing yourself. 
It temporarily became 

6518
05:38:34,300 --> 05:38:37,700
fashionable among young European
men who had nothing better to do

6519
05:38:37,700 --> 05:38:40,600
than ride wooden contraptions. 
The two-wheeled. 

6520
05:38:40,600 --> 05:38:43,800
Vehicles seemed destined for the
seemed like a good idea at the 

6521
05:38:43,800 --> 05:38:46,900
time, category for 50 years 
after The Fad fizzled out. 

6522
05:38:48,100 --> 05:38:52,200
French Carriage makers had new 
idea in the 1860s, add pedals, 

6523
05:38:52,200 --> 05:38:55,700
the original pedal, powered by 
schools were called bone shakers

6524
05:38:55,700 --> 05:38:57,800
which describes their ride 
characteristics. 

6525
05:38:59,000 --> 05:39:02,900
Wooden Wheels with iron tires 
Jared on cobblestones Riders 

6526
05:39:02,900 --> 05:39:05,600
developed. 
Shock absorbing tactics creating

6527
05:39:05,600 --> 05:39:09,000
a unique riding style that 
resembled interpretative dance 

6528
05:39:09,000 --> 05:39:12,800
and cycling. 
The Revolutionary 1880s safety 

6529
05:39:12,800 --> 05:39:16,000
bicycle with two equal sized 
wheels, and a train drive to the

6530
05:39:16,008 --> 05:39:19,100
back wheel changed. 
Everything like stopped being 

6531
05:39:19,100 --> 05:39:21,700
novelty, goods, and medieval 
torture devices, and became 

6532
05:39:21,700 --> 05:39:25,000
utilitarian Transportation. 
It's wonderful that bicycle 

6533
05:39:25,000 --> 05:39:26,700
history. 
Democratized Mobility. 

6534
05:39:27,500 --> 05:39:30,400
Without horses or carriages 
humans could travel long 

6535
05:39:30,400 --> 05:39:32,300
distances rapidly for the first 
time. 

6536
05:39:32,300 --> 05:39:36,000
Likes allowed individuals 
Mobility previously reserved for

6537
05:39:36,000 --> 05:39:39,500
the wealthy, or the walking 
distance crowd, the societal 

6538
05:39:39,500 --> 05:39:41,900
impact was enormous especially 
for women. 

6539
05:39:43,000 --> 05:39:45,800
Bicycles, gave women 
Independence and Mobility, that 

6540
05:39:45,800 --> 05:39:49,500
challenged gender norms. 
Victorian fashion began to crack

6541
05:39:49,500 --> 05:39:52,500
with the bicycle suit, which 
allowed women to ride securely. 

6542
05:39:53,600 --> 05:39:56,900
Antony called The Bicycle, the 
freedom machine and she wasn't 

6543
05:39:56,900 --> 05:40:00,300
exaggerating the excitement of 
early bicycle culture was 

6544
05:40:00,300 --> 05:40:04,300
possibly its most attractive, 
aspect all around bicycle clubs,

6545
05:40:04,300 --> 05:40:06,800
arose, with matching outfits and
elaborate group rides. 

6546
05:40:06,800 --> 05:40:10,800
They penned poetry sang about 
bike's and created a culture 

6547
05:40:10,800 --> 05:40:13,200
around them. 
They bear a resemblance to the 

6548
05:40:13,200 --> 05:40:16,800
online community, albeit with an
abundance of fresh air and a 

6549
05:40:16,800 --> 05:40:19,500
higher risk of collapse. 
Let's explore communication, 

6550
05:40:19,500 --> 05:40:22,700
history, snug corner and 
discover that your smartphone 

6551
05:40:22,700 --> 05:40:26,500
has some odd 4 fathers start 
with the pencil, which seems 

6552
05:40:26,500 --> 05:40:28,400
basic now. 
But was once a technological 

6553
05:40:28,400 --> 05:40:32,200
Marvel, Pencil history reads 
like a geological Thriller and 

6554
05:40:32,200 --> 05:40:36,500
international espionage. 
In the 1500s Cumberland 

6555
05:40:36,500 --> 05:40:38,300
Shepherds. 
Found a curious black material 

6556
05:40:38,300 --> 05:40:42,100
after a storm uprooted a tree, 
pure graphite created marks, 

6557
05:40:42,100 --> 05:40:45,800
unlike any other charcoal, the 
English ever understated called 

6558
05:40:45,800 --> 05:40:49,100
it black lead. 
Even though it wasn't lead, they

6559
05:40:49,100 --> 05:40:51,200
instantly understood they'd 
found something precious. 

6560
05:40:51,200 --> 05:40:54,600
This graphite was ideal for 
sheep, marking mapping and 

6561
05:40:54,600 --> 05:40:56,100
writing. 
Even better. 

6562
05:40:56,100 --> 05:40:59,000
The Cumberland deposit was the 
sole known source of high 

6563
05:40:59,000 --> 05:41:01,900
quality graphite. 
The following scene is so 

6564
05:41:01,900 --> 05:41:03,900
English, it could be a Monty 
Python skit. 

6565
05:41:03,900 --> 05:41:06,900
The government sent armed guards
to the graphite mine, as a 

6566
05:41:06,900 --> 05:41:09,900
strategic material. 
They limited mining to six weeks

6567
05:41:09,900 --> 05:41:13,200
each year to control Supply 
Smuggler sought to steal gold 

6568
05:41:13,200 --> 05:41:15,900
like graphite. 
There existed a pencil lead 

6569
05:41:15,900 --> 05:41:18,400
Black Market. 
People were sneaking around at 

6570
05:41:18,400 --> 05:41:22,000
night, risking incarceration to 
write with better graphite. when

6571
05:41:22,000 --> 05:41:25,200
they sawed graphite sticks Into 
Thin rods and raped them in wood

6572
05:41:25,200 --> 05:41:28,400
to make the first pencils, each 
one was precious due to tight 

6573
05:41:28,400 --> 05:41:33,300
security Pencils were heirlooms 
and luxury items your 

6574
05:41:33,300 --> 05:41:35,900
great-great-great-grandfather 
may have valued pencils over 

6575
05:41:35,900 --> 05:41:39,500
boots, French chemist, Nicolas 
Jacques Conte discovered her to 

6576
05:41:39,500 --> 05:41:41,700
produce graphite from powdered 
graphite and clay. 

6577
05:41:41,700 --> 05:41:45,200
In the late 1700s, ending the 
Pennsylvania Monopoly. 

6578
05:41:46,000 --> 05:41:48,600
The English lost their grip on 
the writing utensil business. 

6579
05:41:48,600 --> 05:41:52,400
When anyone could create pencils
on one of the rare occasions 

6580
05:41:52,400 --> 05:41:55,500
breaking a monopoly, improved 
writing but here's the Charming 

6581
05:41:55,500 --> 05:41:58,600
part pencils still confused 
people once they became 

6582
05:41:58,600 --> 05:42:01,300
widespread. 
Making a rays will Marx was 

6583
05:42:01,300 --> 05:42:05,000
Innovative writing with quill 
pens and ink meant mistakes were

6584
05:42:05,000 --> 05:42:08,700
irreversible for centuries. 
The pencil invented, the rough 

6585
05:42:08,700 --> 05:42:11,300
draft sketch. 
And let me think about this in 

6586
05:42:11,300 --> 05:42:14,100
writing process. 
We take for granted time for 

6587
05:42:14,100 --> 05:42:15,400
another communication 
Revolution. 

6588
05:42:15,400 --> 05:42:19,400
The telephone many people have 
recounted Alexander Graham 

6589
05:42:19,400 --> 05:42:22,400
Bell's Invention, Story yet the 
fact that no one initially, 

6590
05:42:22,400 --> 05:42:25,600
understood it remains timeless. 
They aimed to improve the 

6591
05:42:25,600 --> 05:42:28,400
telegraph by sending numerous 
messages over one wire. 

6592
05:42:29,200 --> 05:42:31,700
A defective Telegraph 
transmitter accidentally carried

6593
05:42:31,700 --> 05:42:33,900
Bell's voice. 
Leading to the invention of the 

6594
05:42:33,900 --> 05:42:36,200
telephone. 
When he showed the phone 

6595
05:42:36,200 --> 05:42:39,300
focused, thought it was magic. 
They spoke in to one end and 

6596
05:42:39,300 --> 05:42:41,700
rushed to the other to see 
whether their words had crossed 

6597
05:42:41,700 --> 05:42:44,300
the wire. 
Early telephone demonstrations, 

6598
05:42:44,300 --> 05:42:46,900
combined science and wardville 
bells. 

6599
05:42:46,900 --> 05:42:50,200
Assistance were in other rooms 
and audience is gasped when the 

6600
05:42:50,200 --> 05:42:54,400
talking box spoke People believe
that small beings or Spirits 

6601
05:42:54,400 --> 05:42:56,900
communicating from the afterlife
were inside the phone. 

6602
05:42:57,500 --> 05:43:00,700
Sound traveling over cables, 
seemed mystical not scientific. 

6603
05:43:00,700 --> 05:43:04,600
The early telephone use was 
hilarious, phone talks, were 

6604
05:43:04,600 --> 05:43:06,700
awkward in the beginning. 
Since there was no etiquette, 

6605
05:43:06,700 --> 05:43:09,700
people would shout into the 
mouthpiece to communicate over 

6606
05:43:09,700 --> 05:43:12,900
long distances. 
Some murmured, fearful that the 

6607
05:43:12,900 --> 05:43:15,700
party line could hear their 
private chats, which it could 

6608
05:43:16,400 --> 05:43:19,300
The early phone operators were 
teenage males picked for their 

6609
05:43:19,300 --> 05:43:21,600
speed and energy. 
The mistake was wonderful. 

6610
05:43:21,600 --> 05:43:25,100
The boys used the switchboard as
a playground pranking callers 

6611
05:43:25,100 --> 05:43:28,400
connecting them to erroneous 
numbers and causing telephone 

6612
05:43:28,400 --> 05:43:30,500
pandemonium. 
Phone firms. 

6613
05:43:30,500 --> 05:43:32,800
Shifted to young ladies who are 
more polite and professional. 

6614
05:43:33,800 --> 05:43:36,600
Telephone operator voice, 
friendly accommodating and 

6615
05:43:36,600 --> 05:43:39,800
efficient was one of the 
earliest standardized customer 

6616
05:43:39,800 --> 05:43:42,200
service methods. 
The way early, telephone 

6617
05:43:42,200 --> 05:43:45,000
culture, affected, social 
interaction was possibly as most

6618
05:43:45,000 --> 05:43:47,900
appealing characteristic. 
You might suddenly talk to 

6619
05:43:47,900 --> 05:43:50,800
someone miles away. 
Phone calls were scheduled like 

6620
05:43:50,800 --> 05:43:53,600
appointments families gathered 
to listen, to phone calls. 

6621
05:43:53,600 --> 05:43:57,600
Like, radio shows the telephone 
created, unprecedented intimacy 

6622
05:43:57,600 --> 05:44:00,300
over distance amazingly. 
The telephone went from 

6623
05:44:00,300 --> 05:44:02,600
astonishing novelty to critical 
utility. 

6624
05:44:02,600 --> 05:44:07,100
So swiftly, within a generation,
not having a phone, signified 

6625
05:44:07,100 --> 05:44:10,500
poverty or traditionalism. 
The futuristic equipment grew so

6626
05:44:10,500 --> 05:44:13,200
essential that people couldn't 
Envision existence without it. 

6627
05:44:13,200 --> 05:44:16,700
Every major communication 
advance that followed at here to

6628
05:44:16,700 --> 05:44:19,200
this transformation pattern 
revolutionary. 

6629
05:44:19,200 --> 05:44:21,200
Technology becomes an everyday 
necessity. 

6630
05:44:21,200 --> 05:44:25,000
Which then evolves into 
invisible infrastructure radio 

6631
05:44:25,000 --> 05:44:27,500
television computers the 
Internet. 

6632
05:44:27,500 --> 05:44:30,200
Smartphones all went from 
impossible. 

6633
05:44:30,200 --> 05:44:32,700
Magic to how did we ever live 
without this? 

6634
05:44:33,700 --> 05:44:36,600
To early telephone users, your 
smartphone's potential to 

6635
05:44:36,600 --> 05:44:40,000
connect you to anyone, anywhere 
and carry the summer of human 

6636
05:44:40,000 --> 05:44:41,500
knowledge. 
In your pocket appeared like 

6637
05:44:41,500 --> 05:44:45,100
magic, You likely utilize it 
numerous times each day without 

6638
05:44:45,100 --> 05:44:48,200
recognizing the Marvel. 
It represents in your hand as we

6639
05:44:48,200 --> 05:44:50,300
finish this, leisurely tour of 
history's. 

6640
05:44:50,300 --> 05:44:52,200
Most delightfully, surprising 
breakthroughs. 

6641
05:44:52,200 --> 05:44:55,700
Let's talk about artificial 
lighting, which makes nighttime 

6642
05:44:55,700 --> 05:44:58,600
possible. 
Unbelievably one of Humanity's 

6643
05:44:58,600 --> 05:45:01,800
greatest technological. 
Achievements is the ability to 

6644
05:45:01,800 --> 05:45:05,500
read this article at night 
instead of going to bed Darkness

6645
05:45:05,500 --> 05:45:08,900
halted production for most of 
human history after Sunset 

6646
05:45:08,900 --> 05:45:11,700
folks, retired to bed because 
they had nothing else to do. 

6647
05:45:12,600 --> 05:45:16,600
Firelight was precious candles 
were expensive and oil, lamps 

6648
05:45:16,600 --> 05:45:19,700
were smoking dull, and 
disturbingly flammable. 

6649
05:45:20,700 --> 05:45:24,700
Unexpectedly whale hunting 
started, the revolution, someone

6650
05:45:24,700 --> 05:45:27,400
found in the 18th century that 
sperm whales contained. 

6651
05:45:27,400 --> 05:45:31,100
A waxy material called spur. 
CT that burned brightly and 

6652
05:45:31,100 --> 05:45:34,800
cleanly Wealthy people could now
stay up late. 

6653
05:45:34,800 --> 05:45:40,100
This cost a lot. financially an 
environmentally, the need for 

6654
05:45:40,100 --> 05:45:43,600
whale oil, prompted excessive 
hunting, destroying whale 

6655
05:45:43,600 --> 05:45:47,900
population, This historical 
event exemplifies how Solutions 

6656
05:45:47,900 --> 05:45:51,900
can often lead to complications 
whale oil successfully, fixed, 

6657
05:45:51,900 --> 05:45:54,800
the illumination problem nearly 
solving, the whale problem 

6658
05:45:54,800 --> 05:45:57,500
forever. 
Luckily Scottish Shale oil. 

6659
05:45:57,500 --> 05:46:00,400
Developer James Young discovered
how to extract kerosene from 

6660
05:46:00,400 --> 05:46:03,400
petroleum making it brighter 
cleaner and cheaper than whale 

6661
05:46:03,400 --> 05:46:05,800
oil. 
Young invented paraffin oil, 

6662
05:46:05,800 --> 05:46:09,600
which changed nighttime life. 
The first time in history 

6663
05:46:09,600 --> 05:46:12,100
ordinary folks, could afford 
excellent lighting. 

6664
05:46:13,000 --> 05:46:16,500
After dusk kids, could do 
homework evening activities, for

6665
05:46:16,500 --> 05:46:19,100
adults, include reading sewing 
and project work. 

6666
05:46:19,700 --> 05:46:22,500
The eight hour work day was 
achievable because people could 

6667
05:46:22,500 --> 05:46:24,100
be productive outside of 
daylight. 

6668
05:46:24,100 --> 05:46:27,400
The incandescent bulb was 
possibly the most transformative

6669
05:46:27,400 --> 05:46:30,200
lighting breakthrough, and its 
origin story shows Something 

6670
05:46:30,200 --> 05:46:34,200
Beautiful about ingenuity. 
Thomas Edison is credited with 

6671
05:46:34,200 --> 05:46:37,200
the light bulb while dozens of 
other inventors worked on its 

6672
05:46:37,200 --> 05:46:41,000
simultaneously. 
Skill was in making the concept 

6673
05:46:41,000 --> 05:46:44,200
practical and Commercial rather 
than simply inventing it. 

6674
05:46:44,900 --> 05:46:48,000
Like from an electricity wasn't 
the big challenge that had been 

6675
05:46:48,000 --> 05:46:51,000
done previously. 
Creating a bulb that lasted long

6676
05:46:51,000 --> 05:46:52,800
enough and cost less than a home
was difficult. 

6677
05:46:53,800 --> 05:46:56,900
Before choosing carbonized 
bamboo Edison's team tested over

6678
05:46:56,900 --> 05:46:59,900
3,000 filament, materials 
bamboo. 

6679
05:46:59,900 --> 05:47:04,400
They used the entire periodic 
table to obtain grass Edison 

6680
05:47:04,400 --> 05:47:07,800
stubbornness and Method, make 
him endearing Edison used each 

6681
05:47:07,800 --> 05:47:11,300
bulb failure as data unlike 
other innovators who gave up 

6682
05:47:11,300 --> 05:47:14,600
after minutes, he meticulously 
documents, what didn't work and 

6683
05:47:14,600 --> 05:47:19,300
why in his notebooks, he added, 
I haven't failed 1,000 times, I 

6684
05:47:19,300 --> 05:47:23,300
found 1000 ways that don't work.
Early commercial light bulbs 

6685
05:47:23,300 --> 05:47:25,500
were engineering Wonders. 
That lasted 14 hours. 

6686
05:47:25,500 --> 05:47:29,200
That's pitiful today. 
A bulb that burned steadily for 

6687
05:47:29,200 --> 05:47:32,800
14 hours without smoke smell or 
fire risk was magic to candle 

6688
05:47:32,800 --> 05:47:36,200
and kerosene lamp users. 
Early electric light users, 

6689
05:47:36,200 --> 05:47:39,000
gathered around them like 
campfires to admire the constant

6690
05:47:39,000 --> 05:47:42,500
clear light. 
The societal impact was enormous

6691
05:47:42,500 --> 05:47:45,300
and immediate electric lights. 
Lengthen. 

6692
05:47:45,300 --> 05:47:48,500
The day changed entertainment 
and altered time. 

6693
05:47:48,500 --> 05:47:50,700
Perception restaurants may stay 
later. 

6694
05:47:50,700 --> 05:47:52,700
Theaters could host evening 
shows. 

6695
05:47:52,700 --> 05:47:54,800
Students could study after 
dinner. 

6696
05:47:55,700 --> 05:47:58,900
The daytime schedule. 
Loosened artificial lighting 

6697
05:47:58,900 --> 05:48:01,400
transformed, how we sleep, which
is astounding. 

6698
05:48:02,300 --> 05:48:05,700
Human had performed segmented. 
Sleep for Millennia going to bed

6699
05:48:05,700 --> 05:48:09,400
after Sunset waking up for a few
hours of quiet activity, then 

6700
05:48:09,400 --> 05:48:13,000
sleeping until dawn. 
Sleeplessness is not normal. 

6701
05:48:13,000 --> 05:48:16,500
Artificial lighting eventually 
helped us consolidate sleep 

6702
05:48:16,500 --> 05:48:18,800
going to bed later and sleeping 
all night. 

6703
05:48:18,800 --> 05:48:22,400
What we consider natural is 
actually a recent adaptation to 

6704
05:48:22,400 --> 05:48:25,000
electric lighting. 
Your great-great-grandparents 

6705
05:48:25,000 --> 05:48:29,000
may have slept differently As we
finish our Pleasant tour through

6706
05:48:29,000 --> 05:48:31,300
the unexpected origins of 
ordinary Goods. 

6707
05:48:31,300 --> 05:48:33,500
We should consider what these 
stories. 

6708
05:48:33,500 --> 05:48:37,100
Teach us about human nature. 
Every Innovation we've discussed

6709
05:48:37,100 --> 05:48:39,900
from the toothbrush to the 
telephone to the light bulb, 

6710
05:48:39,900 --> 05:48:42,800
came from someone thinking, 
there has to be a better way. 

6711
05:48:43,800 --> 05:48:46,500
The better way often comes from 
unexpected places which is 

6712
05:48:46,500 --> 05:48:48,800
charming. 
The microwave came from radar 

6713
05:48:48,800 --> 05:48:52,300
research, failures in adhesive 
experiments, produced sticky 

6714
05:48:52,300 --> 05:48:55,400
notes, The invention of the 
telephone occurred accidentally 

6715
05:48:55,400 --> 05:48:57,200
while upgrading Telegraph 
technology. 

6716
05:48:57,200 --> 05:48:59,500
Two simple paperclips were 
rejected. 

6717
05:48:59,500 --> 05:49:03,200
Zippers were too mechanical for 
fashion until they reached 

6718
05:49:03,200 --> 05:49:06,100
sophistication. 
Innovation, rarely solves 

6719
05:49:06,100 --> 05:49:09,200
problems. 
Directly as the story show, it's

6720
05:49:09,200 --> 05:49:12,200
more like a Garden Walk where 
the best finds often come when 

6721
05:49:12,200 --> 05:49:13,400
we're hunting for something 
different. 

6722
05:49:14,300 --> 05:49:15,700
The everyday objects, we 
scarcely. 

6723
05:49:15,700 --> 05:49:19,400
Notice other result of numerous 
small improvements, joyful 

6724
05:49:19,400 --> 05:49:22,400
accidents and determined 
refusals to accept good enough 

6725
05:49:22,400 --> 05:49:25,500
as good enough. 
Tonight, while you wash your 

6726
05:49:25,500 --> 05:49:28,900
teeth with synthetic bristles, 
flip light switches to eliminate

6727
05:49:28,900 --> 05:49:31,000
darkness and maybe write a 
sticky note. 

6728
05:49:31,000 --> 05:49:34,400
Realize that your part of a vast
human tradition of making the 

6729
05:49:34,400 --> 05:49:37,800
commonplace extraordinary. 
Sweet dreams.