A Day in the Life of a Royal Concubine in the Ottoman Empire | Boring History

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You've stepped into a quieter 
space now where the day doesn't 

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need anything else from you. 
So my exhausted potatoes, I'm 

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really glad you're here tonight.
Because we will explore the 

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daily life of a royal concubine.
In the Ottoman Empire, delving 

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into the routines, expectations 
and Quiet Moments within a 

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meticulously structured and 
closely monitored world. 

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If this calm boring history, 
helps you unwind. 

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Feel free to follow, leave a 
like and tell me where you're 

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listening from and what time it 
is, now let your body relax into

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the pillow, slow your breathing 
and be sure to turn on a fan for

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some noise. 
Somewhere beneath you water is 

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moving, not the water of a river
or a rain. 

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But the Deep constant sound of 
water traveling through Stone 

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through the systems and channels
and Fountains of a palace that 

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has been running water through 
its own body for two centuries. 

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The sound of it present in every
room and every Corridor and 

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every Courtyard, as a kind of 
permanent undertone, a reminder 

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that this place was built to 
last and has been lasting and 

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intends to go on lasting long. 
After anyone currently inside, 

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it is gone. 
You're inside top cup. 

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And now my tired dumplings and 
the water is already telling you

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something about the scale of 
where you are, the gate does not

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close loudly your body notices 
before your mind catches up the 

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way. 
Important things often arrive. 

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You expected something heavy and
final the sound of iron on 

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Stone. 
That would Mark the moment 

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cleanly before. 
And after what you get in Stead 

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is a sound. 
That is almost gentle. 

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The wood settling into the 
frame. 

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The bolt finding its place with 
a solidity. 

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That does not require drama to 
be absolute. 

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The city that was behind you a 
moment ago. 

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The calls of vendors and The 
Creeks of cartwheels and the 

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smell of bread. 
From the market stalls, along 

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the Waterfront. 
All of it is on the other side 

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of that would now, and the wood 
is not interested in your 

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feelings about that. 
You're in a corridor, the walls 

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are tile pale and geometric the 
pattern repeating itself toward 

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a distant, turn in a way that 
makes the corridor feel longer 

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than it is. 
The light comes from high 

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Windows, set, close to the 
ceiling, throwing a bleak 

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rectangles onto the floor, that 
move almost imperceptibly as the

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sun outside shifts. 
The women who brought you here 

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are moving ahead at a pace that 
assumes you will follow and you 

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follow because there is nothing 
behind you now. 

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And the corridor only goes one 
way the smell of the place 

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reaches you in layers Stone. 
First, the cool mineral smell of

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walls that are thick enough to 
hold the knight's temperature 

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through most of the summer 
morning. 

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Then something floral not heavy 
a water that has been centered 

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with something and used to wash 
the tiles recently enough that 

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it is not fully dried then as 
you move further in and the 

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corridor opens into a wider, 
passage the smell of wood smoke 

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from somewhere below and food 
being prepared and the 

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particular combination of Warm 
Bodies and perfumed oil and 

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wool. 
That is the smell of many women 

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living in close proximity in a 
space. 

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That is kept clean, but not 
cold. 

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You're trying to count the 
turnings until you lose count. 

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The Harem of top Kappa Palace 
was not the place that European 

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Travelers of the period imagined
and recorded in accounts. 

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That circulated across the 
continent for centuries 

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accounts. 
That owed more to Fantasy than 

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to Observation since almost. 
None of the men who wrote them 

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had ever been inside. 
What they described was a prison

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of pleasure, a sealed world of 
passive. 

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Women awaiting the Sultan's, 
attention, an orientalist 

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projection that revealed 
considerably more about the 

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fears and desires of the people 
writing, it then about the 

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reality of the institution, they
were describing The reality was 

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more interesting. 
And more complex than the 

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fantasy. 
As a reality is generally are 

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the Imperial Harem of the 
Ottoman. 

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Sultans was a household in the 
original and fullest sense of 

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that word, a self-contained 
world, with its own economy, its

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own Administration, its own 
hierarchy, its own education 

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system, its own traditions of 
crafts and music and religious 

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observance. 
And its own politics, which 

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influenced the direction of an 
Empire that stretched from the 

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gates of Vienna to the Persian 
Gulf Lesley pearse, who 

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scholarship on the Imperial hair
and represents the most rigorous

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English language. 
Study of the institution 

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describes, it as dynastic 
household, A place whose primary

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function was the reproduction 
and education of the Ottoman 

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royal family, and whose 
secondary function was the 

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training and placement of the 
women who serve that family 

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across Generations. 
The women who entered the Harem 

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were not ornaments, they were 
participants in an institution 

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that required skill and 
intelligence and adaptability to

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navigate and the ones who 
navigated it, well could rise to

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positions of influence that had 
no equivalent anywhere else 

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available to women in the early 
modern world. 

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On the first day there is only 
the corridor and the smell and 

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the women ahead of you moving at
a pace that does not slow. 

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The room where you were taking 
first is not large. 

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It has the quality of a room 
that has received many women in 

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this condition that has absorbed
the particular energy of 

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arrival, the bewilderment and 
the held together composure and 

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the effort, not to show how much
you do not know. 

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So many times that it is no 
longer surprised by any of it. 

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There are other women in the 
room. 

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Senior women, whose rank his 
visible, in the quality of their

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clothing. 
And in the way they sit with the

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ease of people who have not 
needed to wonder where to put 

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themselves for a long time, they
assess you, not unkindly, but 

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completely the assessment is 
practical rather than personal 

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the way a Craftsman looks at a 
material before deciding, what 

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to make of it, taking in your 
height, and your bearing and the

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way you hold your hands and the 
steadiness or unsteadiness of 

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your gaze in the scholarship of 
Ottoman Court culture, this 

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initial assessment is documented
as a formal process, the new 

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arrival of evaluated, for her, 
suitability for various kinds of

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service and instruction the 
assessment, determining the 

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education, she would receive and
the role she would initially be 

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trained toward You know, only 
that you are being looked at 

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with more attention than you 
have ever. 

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Been looked at before by women, 
who seem entirely comfortable 

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doing it. 
And that the appropriate 

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response is to allow it, which 
requires a Stillness that you 

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manage barely by fixing your 
eyes, on a point of the tile 

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pattern on the wall and holding 
it. 

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The Hammam comes later in the 
day and it is both practical and

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ceremonial in a way that the 
ottoman world did not feel. 

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The need to separate to bath 
house. 

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Within the Harem complex was not
a private room, but a social 

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space. 
Its vaulted ceiling, trapping 

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steam of the central Stone 
platform. 

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Its walls sweating with warmth. 
The sound in it. 

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A particular acoustic quality 
produced by hard surfaces and 

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water and the low voices of 
women that turned every sound 

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into something rounder and more 
resonant than it would be 

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anywhere else. 
The women who attend to, you 

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know, what they are doing and do
it with a professional 

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thoroughness that is impersonal,
without being cold. 

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The water is hot. 
Scrubbing, a systematic. 

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The oils that follow have a 
smell that you will later 

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associate entirely with this 
place with the specific 

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combination of rossen MUSC and 
something resonance underneath. 

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That was particular to the 
palace's preparation rather than

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to any ingredient you could name
separately. 

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By the time, it is finished your
clean and away that feels 

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slightly unfamiliar as if the 
self that arrived. 

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This morning has been prepared 
for something the self that 

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arrived did not know was coming.
Your clothing is different 

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afterward, the clothes you wore 
into the hair and are gone 

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replaced with without ceremony 
by garments that are finer than 

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anything you have worn before. 
Fabric awake and quality that 

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your hands do not immediately 
know how to hold. fit is not 

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perfect adjusted from existing 
stock, but it is close enough 

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that the effect is complete You 
look in the mirror that one of 

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the attendants holds briefly 
before your face, like someone 

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who belongs here. 
And you understand, dimly that 

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this is entirely the point. 
The dormitory where you sleep on

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the first night holds other 
women, most of them also recent 

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arrivals, the Acme, the 
newcomers, the ones who were 

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still in the early stage of 
understanding where they are. 

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The room is not uncomfortable, 
the bedding is adequate. 

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The room warm from the hypocaust
heating that runs beneath the 

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floors of the palace the system 
of channels carrying warmth up 

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through the stone in a way that 
makes the floor itself. 

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Slightly warm to the touch A 
physical luxury. 

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So constant. 
It eventually becomes invisible.

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You lie in the dark and listen 
to the breathing of the women 

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around you, some of them already
asleep. 

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Some of them. 
Not The water is audible even 

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here, even at this hour, The 
Fountains in the courtyard 

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outside, finding their way, 
through the walls as a sound 

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that is not quite silent and not
quite conversation. 

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But something in between a 
presence in the dark that is 

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neither comforting or alarming 
but simply there the palace 

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continuing its business of 
existing around you. 

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Somewhere above or below or a 
cross a courtyard. 

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You have not yet. 
Seen the rest of the Harem is 

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settling into its night. 
The hierarchy that you do not 

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yet understand is arranging 
itself in his various rooms and 

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apartments the women of higher 
rank in their private quarters, 

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the validate salt and in rooms 
that are large than any space 

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you have been in today. 
The eunuchs are at their posts, 

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the gates. 
All of them are closed. 

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The city outside is as far away 
as it has ever been. 

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The sound of it is not there at 
all. 

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What is there is the water and 
the breathing of the women 

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around you and the warmth coming
up through the floor and the 

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particular quality of a first 
night in a place that is going 

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to become across the months and 
years ahead. 

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The only place, you know, You do
not sleep immediately but the 

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warmth finds you eventually and 
the water keeps running and the 

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night does what nights do 
regardless of who is awake to 

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witness it? 
The woman who wakes you does not

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raise her voice. 
She does not need to. 

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She moves through the dormitory 
in the dark. 

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With the practice deficiency of 
someone who has done this every 

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morning for years. 
And the touch on your shoulder 

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00:10:01,800 --> 00:10:05,200
is brief and specific, not 
unkind, but not gently. 

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00:10:05,200 --> 00:10:08,600
Either, the touch of someone 
whose job is to produce a result

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rather than to comfort you while
producing it. 

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Around you. 
The other women are already 

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00:10:13,300 --> 00:10:15,500
moving rising from their 
bedding. 

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00:10:15,500 --> 00:10:18,500
With varying degrees of speed, 
the ones who have been here 

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longer already on their feet 
before you have fully understood

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that the night is over. 
The call to prayer, reached the 

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palace minutes ago, the voice of
the moesin carrying across the 

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water from the minarets of the 
city. 

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00:10:29,100 --> 00:10:31,800
And in the Harem, the response 
to it is immediate and 

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practiced. 
You follow the women ahead of 

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you to the place where the 
morning ablutions are performed,

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the water cold enough at this 
hour to finish the work of 

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waking that the touch on your 
shoulder began and then to the 

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room where the prayers are said 
a room you have not been in 

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before its walls lined with 
women already arranged in the 

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rows. 
That communal prayer requires 

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00:10:50,400 --> 00:10:54,500
you take a place at the edge, 
the words of the party are begin

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and around you. 
The voice of the women join in 

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with the Unison that is not 
quite perfect, but his clothes 

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The slight variations of 
individual pronunciation 

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00:11:03,100 --> 00:11:06,700
absorbed into something that 
functions as one sound, and you 

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move your mouth. 
With the words, you know, in 

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perfectly and the words, you do 
not know at all, finding the 

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shape of the Arabic on your lips
without the meaning yet inside 

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it. 
The way, you might trace a 

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letter before, you can read it. 
The woman beside you does not 

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look at you. 
She is not performing her in 

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different. 
She simply praying and the 

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praying is the thing, and you 
are a detail at the edge of it 

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that will resolve itself in 
time. 

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The education that began in the 
days following your arrival was 

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not announced as education. 
It arrived as schedule as the 

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movement from one room to 
another, at times, determined by

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00:11:40,300 --> 00:11:43,500
people, other than you the hours
of the day already organized, 

230
00:11:43,500 --> 00:11:46,100
before you came and reorganized 
slightly to include you. 

231
00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:49,900
The ottoman Imperial hair and 
maintained a formal structure of

232
00:11:49,900 --> 00:11:52,000
instruction that Leslie 
pearce's. 

233
00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:55,200
Research describes as 
comprehensive and serious, not 

234
00:11:55,200 --> 00:11:57,700
the Casual accomplishment 
Gathering of a leisured class. 

235
00:11:57,700 --> 00:12:00,400
But a genuine curriculum 
intended to produce women 

236
00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:03,000
capable of functioning at the 
highest levels of one of the 

237
00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:04,800
most sophisticated courts in the
world. 

238
00:12:05,900 --> 00:12:09,200
Ottoman Turkish was the first 
requirement for those who did 

239
00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:12,000
not already speak it and the 
instruction in it was not 

240
00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:14,500
gentle. 
The language has a grammatical 

241
00:12:14,500 --> 00:12:17,300
architecture, that does not 
resemble the structures of most 

242
00:12:17,300 --> 00:12:21,000
European or Slavic languages. 
The verb arriving at the end of 

243
00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:23,100
the sentence. 
After a sequence of suffixes 

244
00:12:23,100 --> 00:12:25,900
that modify its meaning in ways 
that require The Listener to 

245
00:12:25,900 --> 00:12:28,400
hold the whole Construction in 
mind before the sense of it 

246
00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:31,300
resolves. 
The teacher a senior woman, 

247
00:12:31,300 --> 00:12:33,900
whose own Turkish was the 
cultivated Turkish of the palace

248
00:12:33,900 --> 00:12:37,600
rather than the rougher Turkish 
of the street had no investment 

249
00:12:37,600 --> 00:12:40,600
in your struggle with it. 
She had taught many women before

250
00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:42,400
you. 
She knew that the struggle 

251
00:12:42,400 --> 00:12:45,500
proceeded the fluency and that 
the only path between them was 

252
00:12:45,500 --> 00:12:48,600
the repetition of what was not 
yet known until it became known,

253
00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:51,600
and she administered that 
repetition without apology. 

254
00:12:52,300 --> 00:12:54,900
The syllables found your mouth 
wrong and then less wrong. 

255
00:12:54,900 --> 00:12:57,800
And then occasionally write the 
rightness producing in the 

256
00:12:57,800 --> 00:13:01,900
teacher, a silence that was not 
praised but was the absence of 

257
00:13:01,900 --> 00:13:05,300
Correction which functioned as 
the same thing in that room at 

258
00:13:05,300 --> 00:13:08,400
that our the Quran came 
alongside the Turkish or 

259
00:13:08,400 --> 00:13:11,700
sometimes before it will 
sometimes woven through the same

260
00:13:11,700 --> 00:13:14,900
hours in a way that made the two
feel like different aspects of 

261
00:13:14,900 --> 00:13:18,300
the same instruction. 
The women of the Harem were 

262
00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:21,400
expected to pray correctly, 
which required the Arabic of the

263
00:13:21,408 --> 00:13:24,400
prayers and to understand 
something of the faith, they 

264
00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:27,800
were practicing, which required 
more than the memorized words of

265
00:13:27,800 --> 00:13:28,600
the fatty. 
Ha. 

266
00:13:29,200 --> 00:13:31,800
The instruction in Islam was 
delivered by women who had 

267
00:13:31,800 --> 00:13:35,900
themselves been educated within 
the Harem the knowledge passing 

268
00:13:35,900 --> 00:13:39,400
from one generation to the next.
In the same way that the 

269
00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:42,400
knowledge of the Greek lower 
class passed from hand, to hand 

270
00:13:42,400 --> 00:13:46,600
person to person, never written 
down as a curriculum. 

271
00:13:46,600 --> 00:13:49,800
The transmitted with the 
reliability of things that 

272
00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:52,600
mattered to the people, 
transmitting them, for a woman 

273
00:13:52,600 --> 00:13:55,700
who had not been raised Muslim. 
This instruction was also a 

274
00:13:55,708 --> 00:13:58,600
conversion though. 
The ottoman system did not treat

275
00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:02,600
it as dramatic event, but as a 
process, Faith arriving through 

276
00:14:02,600 --> 00:14:04,700
practice rather than through 
declaration. 

277
00:14:06,200 --> 00:14:08,600
The prayers were said, daily 
until the daily, saying of them 

278
00:14:08,600 --> 00:14:11,000
became the faith. 
Across the months of 

279
00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:12,300
instruction. 
What? 

280
00:14:12,300 --> 00:14:15,300
Emerged was a woman who could 
pray correctly, and discussed 

281
00:14:15,300 --> 00:14:18,200
the faith in the language of the
palace, whose daily life was 

282
00:14:18,200 --> 00:14:20,800
organized around, the five 
prayers in a way that gave the 

283
00:14:20,800 --> 00:14:23,700
day at structure as much as any 
formal schedule did. 

284
00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:26,500
The prayers were not 
interruptions to the day. 

285
00:14:26,500 --> 00:14:30,400
They were the days architecture,
the fixed points around which 

286
00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:34,800
everything else arranged itself.
The embroidery came later after 

287
00:14:34,800 --> 00:14:37,600
the language of begun to settle 
and the prayers had become less 

288
00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:40,000
effortful. 
When the hours of instruction 

289
00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:42,900
shifted to include the work that
would occupy most of the middle 

290
00:14:42,900 --> 00:14:45,100
portion of every day for the 
rest of your life. 

291
00:14:45,100 --> 00:14:48,600
In this place, the frame was set
up for you by an attendant who 

292
00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:51,300
adjusted its height with the 
efficiency of someone who had 

293
00:14:51,300 --> 00:14:54,800
set up embroidery frames for 
many women and new without 

294
00:14:54,800 --> 00:14:56,300
asking what the correct 
position. 

295
00:14:56,300 --> 00:15:00,100
Was for a woman of your height 
sitting on the low cushion seat,

296
00:15:00,100 --> 00:15:03,900
that accompanied it The fabric 
stretched across the frame was 

297
00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:08,900
silk pale and slightly luminous.
the kind of surface that shows 

298
00:15:08,900 --> 00:15:13,300
every era and holds every Stitch
with a permanent that the needle

299
00:15:13,300 --> 00:15:17,700
and thread cannot negotiate with
after the fact, the teacher 

300
00:15:17,700 --> 00:15:20,600
placed the needle in your hand 
and showed you the first Stitch,

301
00:15:21,300 --> 00:15:25,400
A simple satin Stitch, the 
thread lying flat across the 

302
00:15:25,400 --> 00:15:29,300
surface of the silk in a line. 
So precise, it looked less so 

303
00:15:29,300 --> 00:15:32,600
than grown there as if the 
thread had always been part of 

304
00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:34,700
the fabric and had only just 
been revealed. 

305
00:15:35,500 --> 00:15:37,100
Then she gestured for you to do 
it. 

306
00:15:37,100 --> 00:15:40,600
You did not do it. 
The way she had done it, the 

307
00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:43,400
thread pulled at an angle and 
the silk Puckett, slightly 

308
00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:47,200
beneath it, and the line you 
produced was recognizable as an 

309
00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:50,000
attempt at what she had 
demonstrated without being close

310
00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:54,100
to the thing itself. 
She watched the Stitch, then 

311
00:15:54,100 --> 00:15:55,700
looks at your hand, then showed 
you. 

312
00:15:55,700 --> 00:15:59,000
Again, the needle moving through
the silk, with a quality of 

313
00:15:59,008 --> 00:16:02,300
attention in her fingers, that 
was the physical expression of 

314
00:16:02,300 --> 00:16:05,600
many years of practice and you 
watch the attention in her 

315
00:16:05,600 --> 00:16:09,100
fingers and tried to locate the 
same quality in yours. 

316
00:16:09,100 --> 00:16:13,900
Not the Stitch itself not yet, 
but the quality of attention 

317
00:16:13,900 --> 00:16:17,600
that the Stitch required, the 
understanding that this work 

318
00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:21,200
could not be hurried or forced. 
That the silk would not accept 

319
00:16:21,200 --> 00:16:25,000
either and that the only path to
the Precision, she demonstrated 

320
00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:28,700
was the same path as the Turkish
syllables and the Arabic 

321
00:16:28,700 --> 00:16:32,600
prayers, the repetition of what 
was not yet known until the 

322
00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:34,400
hands. 
Knew it without the mind having 

323
00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:38,200
to tell them Evelyn chili be the
ottoman traveler and writer 

324
00:16:38,200 --> 00:16:41,100
whose accounts of 17th century. 
Istanbul record, the city's 

325
00:16:41,100 --> 00:16:44,200
cultural life with the 
enthusiastic detail of someone 

326
00:16:44,200 --> 00:16:47,200
who found everything worth 
describing wrote about the 

327
00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:50,700
musical life of the palace with 
particular admiration and noting

328
00:16:50,700 --> 00:16:53,800
the quality of the Is that 
emerged from the harems long 

329
00:16:53,800 --> 00:16:55,300
tradition of musical 
instruction? 

330
00:16:56,400 --> 00:16:59,500
The out the loot that is the 
central instrument of Ottoman 

331
00:16:59,500 --> 00:17:02,100
classical. 
Music was taught to women of the

332
00:17:02,100 --> 00:17:05,300
Harem with the seriousness that 
the instrument deserved the 

333
00:17:05,300 --> 00:17:08,300
instruction, beginning with the 
correct way to hold it, which 

334
00:17:08,300 --> 00:17:10,200
was already more demanding than 
it appeared. 

335
00:17:10,900 --> 00:17:13,400
The instruments curved body, 
requiring a specific 

336
00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:15,599
relationship with the players, 
arm and torso. 

337
00:17:15,599 --> 00:17:17,700
That had to be established 
before a single, note was 

338
00:17:17,700 --> 00:17:22,200
attempted Your first lesson with
the audit, not produce music, It

339
00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:24,900
produced the physical positions 
that music would eventually, 

340
00:17:24,900 --> 00:17:29,100
require the left hand, finding 
the neck, the right hand 

341
00:17:29,100 --> 00:17:32,000
learning the angle of approach 
to the strings, the body 

342
00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:34,500
learning to hold the instrument 
without gripping it. 

343
00:17:35,300 --> 00:17:37,200
Because tension produced a 
sound. 

344
00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:40,900
The instrument did not want to 
make. the teacher played a 

345
00:17:40,900 --> 00:17:44,500
phrase to demonstrate a short 
melodic line, that moves through

346
00:17:44,500 --> 00:17:48,100
the room with a quality that the
rooms seem designed to receive 

347
00:17:49,100 --> 00:17:52,200
the tiled walls and the Dome. 
Sealing sending the sound back, 

348
00:17:52,200 --> 00:17:55,700
altered slightly warmer and 
rounder than it had left the 

349
00:17:55,700 --> 00:17:58,600
strings. 
You held the instrument to the 

350
00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:00,900
correct position and plucked a 
string? 

351
00:18:00,900 --> 00:18:04,700
And the sound that came back, 
was not the sound she had made, 

352
00:18:04,700 --> 00:18:07,500
but it was a sound and the sound
meant. 

353
00:18:07,500 --> 00:18:10,000
The string was there, and the 
hand was there, and the 

354
00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:11,700
connection between them was 
possible. 

355
00:18:11,700 --> 00:18:14,900
The days of the first weeks 
arrange themselves into a 

356
00:18:14,900 --> 00:18:19,200
pattern that you did not choose 
and would not have chosen, but 

357
00:18:19,200 --> 00:18:22,600
that your body accepted with a 
practicality that surprised you 

358
00:18:23,500 --> 00:18:28,200
The dark Before Dawn and the 
cold water, and the prayers, the

359
00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:31,600
hours of language and faith, and
the slower, accumulation of what

360
00:18:31,600 --> 00:18:34,500
was not yet. 
Known becoming known The 

361
00:18:34,500 --> 00:18:37,800
afternoon at the embroidery 
frame, the silk, taking your 

362
00:18:37,800 --> 00:18:39,600
stitches and holding them 
without judgment. 

363
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:43,700
The evening meal, eaten, with 
the other assimi, the newest 

364
00:18:43,700 --> 00:18:47,100
women, the ones still at the 
same stage of learning the 

365
00:18:47,100 --> 00:18:49,200
conversation at meals. 
Still careful. 

366
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:52,600
Still the conversation of people
who have not yet decided how 

367
00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:56,400
much to trust each other. 
And underneath all of it running

368
00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:58,800
through the walls and the 
floors, and the courtyards 

369
00:18:58,800 --> 00:19:02,600
between the rooms, the sound of 
the water, which you would stop 

370
00:19:02,600 --> 00:19:06,400
noticing as a sound and had 
begun to receive as a condition.

371
00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:09,300
The way you receive the 
temperature of a room, you have 

372
00:19:09,300 --> 00:19:12,500
been in long enough not as a 
sensational but as the quality 

373
00:19:12,500 --> 00:19:16,300
of the air itself, present and 
constant and asking nothing of 

374
00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:19,500
you The world outside. 
The walls were still there. 

375
00:19:19,500 --> 00:19:22,500
You knew this without needing to
think about it. 

376
00:19:22,500 --> 00:19:26,600
The way, you know, things that 
do not require your attention to

377
00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:30,100
remain true. 
What you did not know yet, was 

378
00:19:30,100 --> 00:19:32,600
whether it still contained 
anything that was yours. 

379
00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:35,800
That question arrived. 
Most clearly, at the end of the 

380
00:19:35,800 --> 00:19:39,500
day, in the few minutes between 
the last prayer and sleep, when 

381
00:19:39,500 --> 00:19:43,000
the palace had settled into its 
night sound, and the women 

382
00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:46,200
around you required and the 
embroidery frame stood empty, 

383
00:19:46,200 --> 00:19:48,700
and the corner of the room and 
the Ute was put away. 

384
00:19:48,700 --> 00:19:52,300
And the Turkish words, you'd 
practice all day, were finally 

385
00:19:52,300 --> 00:19:54,800
still. 
You lay in the dark and set a 

386
00:19:54,800 --> 00:19:58,400
word from before A name, a sound
from a language. 

387
00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:01,700
That was not Ottoman. 
And the word sat in the air for 

388
00:20:01,700 --> 00:20:03,200
a moment. 
And then was absorbed by the 

389
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:07,100
walls and the water kept running
and the night continued and 

390
00:20:07,100 --> 00:20:09,700
tomorrow, the woman who did not 
raise her voice, would come 

391
00:20:09,700 --> 00:20:13,200
again before the light, the 
Hammam is already warm when you 

392
00:20:13,200 --> 00:20:16,600
arrive It is always already 
warm, the fires beneath it 

393
00:20:16,600 --> 00:20:19,400
having been lit before. 
The first call to prayer, the 

394
00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:23,400
heat working its way up through 
the stone in the slow, reliable 

395
00:20:23,400 --> 00:20:25,800
way that stone accepts and holds
warmth. 

396
00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:28,700
And by the time the morning 
prayers are done and the women 

397
00:20:28,700 --> 00:20:32,900
moved toward it, the air inside 
is dense and white and smells of

398
00:20:32,900 --> 00:20:35,600
the soap that has been used in 
this room every morning for 

399
00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:38,300
longer than anyone currently 
using it has been alive. 

400
00:20:39,300 --> 00:20:42,800
The order in which the women 
enter is not announced, it does 

401
00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:45,100
not need to be the senior women 
go. 

402
00:20:45,100 --> 00:20:48,300
First, the ones whose rank gives
them the right to the central 

403
00:20:48,300 --> 00:20:51,300
marble platform, when the steam 
is at its thickest and the water

404
00:20:51,300 --> 00:20:54,200
at its hottest. 
And they moved to their places 

405
00:20:54,200 --> 00:20:57,200
with the ease of people who have
been going to those places for 

406
00:20:57,200 --> 00:21:00,000
years and have stopped thinking 
of the movement as choice. 

407
00:21:00,800 --> 00:21:04,700
The women of middle rank fill in
behind them, the assimi, the 

408
00:21:04,700 --> 00:21:08,400
newest arrivals, come last, 
taking the positions that remain

409
00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:12,300
which were at the edges where 
the steam has thin slightly and 

410
00:21:12,300 --> 00:21:14,500
the stone beneath your feet is 
warm but not the Deep 

411
00:21:14,500 --> 00:21:18,900
penetrating, warm of the center.
you have learned to perform not 

412
00:21:18,900 --> 00:21:22,800
minding it which is not the same
thing as not minding it in a 

413
00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:25,700
room where performance and 
reality exists in close enough 

414
00:21:25,708 --> 00:21:29,000
proximity that the distance 
between them becomes difficult 

415
00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:32,700
to measure the hammer in the 
Hiram was not only a place for 

416
00:21:32,700 --> 00:21:35,900
washing the scholarship on 
ottoman Court life documents. 

417
00:21:35,900 --> 00:21:40,100
It is one of the primary social 
spaces of the Harem a room where

418
00:21:40,100 --> 00:21:43,900
the formal hierarchy, relaxed 
without disappearing, where 

419
00:21:43,900 --> 00:21:46,300
conversations happened, that 
would not happen in the more 

420
00:21:46,300 --> 00:21:50,100
observed spaces of the palace 
where the proximity of bodies 

421
00:21:50,100 --> 00:21:54,100
and the privacy of steam created
a condition in which women, who 

422
00:21:54,100 --> 00:21:56,500
would not otherwise speak to 
each other could speak. 

423
00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:00,700
News, move through the Hammam, 
the way, news moves through any 

424
00:22:00,700 --> 00:22:03,300
space, where people are briefly 
relieved of the need to maintain

425
00:22:03,300 --> 00:22:06,600
their public. 
Selves carefully in low voices, 

426
00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:09,400
with an awareness of who was 
close enough to hear. 

427
00:22:10,300 --> 00:22:12,700
You are still learning whose 
voice to listen for, and who's 

428
00:22:12,700 --> 00:22:15,500
to let pass? 
This is its own education. 

429
00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:18,400
Running parallel to the Turkish 
and the prayers, and the 

430
00:22:18,400 --> 00:22:21,700
embroidery, and no one teaches 
it formally because no one needs

431
00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:24,800
to the room, and the Order of 
things within it, doing the 

432
00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:28,300
teaching that no person is 
assigned to do the middle hours 

433
00:22:28,300 --> 00:22:31,300
of the day, belong to the work 
after the Hammam, and the 

434
00:22:31,300 --> 00:22:33,800
morning meal, which is brought 
to the women, according to their

435
00:22:33,800 --> 00:22:36,400
Rank and eaten, without the 
formality, that the later meals 

436
00:22:36,400 --> 00:22:39,400
of the day, carry, the 
embroidery frames are set up in 

437
00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:42,300
the rooms that face the 
courtyard and the women arranged

438
00:22:42,300 --> 00:22:44,300
themselves before them. 
In the positions, they have 

439
00:22:44,300 --> 00:22:48,000
occupied enough times that the 
position has become habitual The

440
00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:50,700
body finding its place before 
the mind has finished deciding 

441
00:22:50,700 --> 00:22:54,100
to sit down. 
The light that comes through the

442
00:22:54,100 --> 00:22:56,500
courtyard windows, in the middle
of the morning, is the best 

443
00:22:56,500 --> 00:22:59,200
light of the day. 
For this work, it is direct 

444
00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:02,400
without being harsh falling 
across the silk at an angle that

445
00:23:02,400 --> 00:23:05,600
shows the texture of the fabric 
and the live of the thread with 

446
00:23:05,600 --> 00:23:08,200
a Clarity that the softer 
afternoon, light does not offer 

447
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:11,300
the women who have been here, 
long enough to know this, have a

448
00:23:11,300 --> 00:23:13,100
range themselves to take 
advantage of it. 

449
00:23:13,100 --> 00:23:16,400
Their frames, positioned to 
catch the light at the angle, 

450
00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:19,600
most useful for the work, 
they're doing adjustments. 

451
00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:23,200
Made over months and years of 
sitting in the same room until 

452
00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:25,400
the relationship between the 
light and the frame. 

453
00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:27,400
And the work is exactly as it 
should be. 

454
00:23:28,300 --> 00:23:29,800
You'll still finding your 
position. 

455
00:23:30,800 --> 00:23:34,700
Frame is set correctly or close 
enough, but the relationship 

456
00:23:34,700 --> 00:23:37,200
between your eyes and the fabric
and the needle is still 

457
00:23:37,200 --> 00:23:40,300
something you are negotiating 
rather than something you've 

458
00:23:40,300 --> 00:23:43,800
settled into the distance 
between what you intend and what

459
00:23:43,808 --> 00:23:46,600
the needle produces still wider 
than you would choose. 

460
00:23:47,300 --> 00:23:49,400
The women beside you do not 
comment on this. 

461
00:23:49,400 --> 00:23:53,300
The Silence of the workroom is 
not the Silence of disapproval, 

462
00:23:53,300 --> 00:23:56,600
but the Silence of 
concentration, each woman. 

463
00:23:56,600 --> 00:23:59,300
Inside the particular quiet of 
her own work. 

464
00:23:59,300 --> 00:24:02,100
The room holding all of them in 
a collective hush. 

465
00:24:02,100 --> 00:24:05,800
That is broken only by the 
occasional soft sound of thread 

466
00:24:05,800 --> 00:24:09,200
being drawn through Fabric or 
the slight of a frame being 

467
00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:12,300
adjusted. 
Toppers hair and produced 

468
00:24:12,300 --> 00:24:15,900
embroidery that moved outward 
into the wide Palace and Beyond 

469
00:24:15,900 --> 00:24:19,700
it as diplomatic gifts, as 
Furnishings for the Sultan's 

470
00:24:19,700 --> 00:24:22,800
apartment as garments that 
carried the skill of their 

471
00:24:22,800 --> 00:24:25,600
makers into spaces. 
The makers themselves would 

472
00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:29,100
never enter. 
Western diplomatic accounts of 

473
00:24:29,100 --> 00:24:32,700
the period, the quality of 
Ottoman textile work with a 

474
00:24:32,708 --> 00:24:34,400
consistent. 
See that suggests? 

475
00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:36,500
The observation Was Not Mere to 
see. 

476
00:24:36,500 --> 00:24:40,100
The Venetian baelo, The 
Diplomatic representative of 

477
00:24:40,108 --> 00:24:44,300
Venice at the ottoman Court sent
report home across the 16th and 

478
00:24:44,300 --> 00:24:47,100
17th centuries. 
That included descriptions of 

479
00:24:47,100 --> 00:24:50,300
the Palaces material culture, 
the furnishings and the 

480
00:24:50,308 --> 00:24:54,500
textiles, and the garments in 
terms that recorded quality 

481
00:24:54,500 --> 00:24:56,700
rather than merely exotic 
foreigners. 

482
00:24:57,600 --> 00:24:59,900
The work your hands are doing 
will go somewhere. 

483
00:24:59,900 --> 00:25:03,100
You will never see. 
This is not information that 

484
00:25:03,100 --> 00:25:07,800
reaches the women at the frames,
only the work itself, the frame,

485
00:25:07,800 --> 00:25:10,900
and the silk, and the thread, 
and the Long Middle hours of the

486
00:25:10,900 --> 00:25:14,000
day that belong to it. 
The afternoon loosens. 

487
00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,100
This is not an official 
loosening not something 

488
00:25:17,100 --> 00:25:21,000
announced or scheduled, but a 
quality that the day acquires 

489
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,400
after the midday prayer, when 
the most structured portion of 

490
00:25:24,408 --> 00:25:27,600
it has passed. 
And the hours before the evening

491
00:25:27,600 --> 00:25:31,100
meal are less claim than the 
hours before them the gardens or

492
00:25:31,100 --> 00:25:34,200
the courtyards that serve as 
Gardens within the harems walls,

493
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:37,800
the small pave spaces with their
planting and their fountains 

494
00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:40,300
become accessible. 
In good weather, to the women 

495
00:25:40,300 --> 00:25:43,900
who are not otherwise occupied, 
and in the seasons, when the air

496
00:25:43,900 --> 00:25:47,000
outside is worth breathing. 
This is where you will find 

497
00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:50,100
them. 
The harems courtyards at top 

498
00:25:50,100 --> 00:25:53,600
copper were not large. 
They were scaled to the interior

499
00:25:53,600 --> 00:25:57,800
life of the palace rather than 
to any aspiration toward grandia

500
00:25:57,800 --> 00:26:00,600
in closed. 
On all sides, by the palace's 

501
00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:03,900
walls, the sky above the 
rectangle of whatever the day 

502
00:26:03,900 --> 00:26:06,800
was doing. 
In summer, the light in them was

503
00:26:06,808 --> 00:26:10,100
direct and warm. 
The tiles holding the Heat and 

504
00:26:10,100 --> 00:26:14,000
releasing it slowly through the 
afternoon in Spring which is 

505
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:16,400
when you first understood what 
the courtyard was for? 

506
00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:19,900
the air in them had a quality 
produced by the combination of 

507
00:26:19,900 --> 00:26:23,400
the fountains moisture and the 
warmth beginning to accumulate 

508
00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:27,000
in the Stone, Soft and slightly 
green smell. 

509
00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:29,700
That was the closest thing to 
the outside world that the 

510
00:26:29,700 --> 00:26:33,000
inside World offered. 
You sat in the courtyard on 

511
00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:36,600
those spring afternoon with the 
other women and talked or did 

512
00:26:36,600 --> 00:26:41,100
not talk the conversation 
finding its level without anyone

513
00:26:41,100 --> 00:26:42,800
deciding what that level should 
be. 

514
00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:46,300
The friendships that were 
beginning to form in the 

515
00:26:46,300 --> 00:26:48,200
dormitory in the work room and 
the Hammam. 

516
00:26:49,100 --> 00:26:53,600
Expressed themselves differently
here in the afternoon light in a

517
00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:56,000
register, slightly less guarded 
than the one. 

518
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:59,800
The more observed spaces of the 
palace required, a woman whose 

519
00:26:59,800 --> 00:27:02,700
name he had known from month but
whose voice should not yet heard

520
00:27:02,700 --> 00:27:05,700
in a full sentence said, 
something about the fountain 

521
00:27:05,700 --> 00:27:09,000
about the sound it made and you 
said something back and 

522
00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:11,800
something back was the beginning
of knowing her, which was 

523
00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:15,600
different from merely being in 
the same room as her No 

524
00:27:15,600 --> 00:27:18,100
Chronicle, noted the 
conversations at the fountain. 

525
00:27:18,100 --> 00:27:22,200
No diplomatic report described 
the particular quality of a 

526
00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:24,300
spring afternoon in the harems 
in a courtyard. 

527
00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:28,500
What the record preserves is the
structure of the institution, 

528
00:27:28,500 --> 00:27:32,800
the ranks, and the regulations, 
and the formal occasions, and 

529
00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:36,100
the gap between the structure 
and the life lived inside, it is

530
00:27:36,100 --> 00:27:38,000
where most of the actual living 
happened. 

531
00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:41,300
The evening meal arrived with a 
formality. 

532
00:27:41,300 --> 00:27:42,700
That the morning meal did not 
carry. 

533
00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:45,800
The trays were brought by a 
tendons and the portions 

534
00:27:45,800 --> 00:27:49,300
distributed according to rank. 
The difference is in what was 

535
00:27:49,300 --> 00:27:52,400
received, a daily recitation of 
the hierarchy, in the language 

536
00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:56,400
of food, a constant low reminder
of where each woman stood. 

537
00:27:57,400 --> 00:27:59,700
What you ate in those early 
months was adequate? 

538
00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:04,200
It was not what the senior women
ate, all the haseki, all the 

539
00:28:04,200 --> 00:28:07,400
Caden, whose kitchens were 
separate and whose meals were 

540
00:28:07,400 --> 00:28:10,500
prepared with an attention to 
their personal preferences that 

541
00:28:10,500 --> 00:28:13,600
the collective kitchen of the 
atmi did not attempt. 

542
00:28:14,700 --> 00:28:17,600
But it was enough and enough, as
you would begun to understand 

543
00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:21,300
was what the Harem offered to 
most of the women inside it as 

544
00:28:21,300 --> 00:28:23,200
the Baseline condition of their 
existence. 

545
00:28:24,300 --> 00:28:29,300
Enough food enough, warmth. 
Enough instruction enough of the

546
00:28:29,300 --> 00:28:32,600
small daily Comforts that 
distinguished life inside the 

547
00:28:32,600 --> 00:28:35,900
palace walls from the life. 
That many of the women here had 

548
00:28:35,900 --> 00:28:40,500
come from The distinction was 
real and the women knew it. 

549
00:28:40,508 --> 00:28:43,600
The harem was a constraint and 
it was also a provision. 

550
00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:47,300
And the two things existed 
simultaneously without resolving

551
00:28:47,300 --> 00:28:49,900
into each other and learning to 
hold both of them. 

552
00:28:49,900 --> 00:28:52,900
At once, without letting the 
provision, erase the constraint 

553
00:28:52,900 --> 00:28:55,600
or the constraint erased. 
The provision was one of the 

554
00:28:55,600 --> 00:28:59,900
things that the years inside 
would teach you slowly through 

555
00:28:59,900 --> 00:29:03,200
the accumulated experience of 
days that were shaped like this 

556
00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:07,200
one and the ones before it and 
the ones still to come. 

557
00:29:08,100 --> 00:29:11,500
The night prayers came and then 
the lamps were lowered and the 

558
00:29:11,500 --> 00:29:15,700
palace settled into its night 
sound, which required of them. 

559
00:29:15,700 --> 00:29:19,900
The day sounds, But Not absent. 
The units at their posts and The

560
00:29:19,900 --> 00:29:23,100
Fountains still running. 
And somewhere in the larger 

561
00:29:23,100 --> 00:29:25,400
complex of the palace, the 
business of the Empire 

562
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:29,100
continuing in its nocturnal 
form, the documents and the 

563
00:29:29,100 --> 00:29:32,500
decisions that did not stop 
because the sun had in the 

564
00:29:32,500 --> 00:29:34,200
dormitory. 
The women arranged themselves 

565
00:29:34,200 --> 00:29:37,100
for sleep with the efficiency of
people who had done it enough 

566
00:29:37,100 --> 00:29:40,200
times that the arrangement 
required no thought. 

567
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:44,300
The breathing of the room. 
Slowed the warmth from the 

568
00:29:44,300 --> 00:29:46,500
floor. 
Rose through the bedding in the 

569
00:29:46,500 --> 00:29:50,500
reliable way. 
It always did. outside the sky 

570
00:29:50,500 --> 00:29:53,400
of the courtyard was doing, 
whatever the sky was doing clear

571
00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:57,800
or clouded the Stars present or 
not and the rectangle of it 

572
00:29:57,800 --> 00:30:01,600
visible from the courtyards open
Center held whatever the Knight 

573
00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:04,800
had to offer and then held the 
dark when the night had finished

574
00:30:04,800 --> 00:30:09,100
offering The day had been, what 
days here were. 

575
00:30:09,900 --> 00:30:12,900
The ham and the work and the 
afternoon light and the evening 

576
00:30:12,900 --> 00:30:16,100
meal and the prayers at their 
intervals, the structure of it, 

577
00:30:16,100 --> 00:30:19,000
present and reliable in the way 
that a structure you have not 

578
00:30:19,008 --> 00:30:22,000
chosen can still become across 
enough. 

579
00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:25,900
Repetitions something that holds
you rather than confined you. 

580
00:30:27,100 --> 00:30:31,300
Comfort exactly familiarity the 
day known well enough. 

581
00:30:31,300 --> 00:30:34,400
That the knowing of it was a 
kind of ground Beneath Your Feet

582
00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:39,200
solid and reliable even when 
nothing else was the water ran, 

583
00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:42,700
the lamps held their low, light 
the women around. 

584
00:30:42,700 --> 00:30:45,200
You were already going somewhere
in their sleep that you could 

585
00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:48,500
not follow, and you lay in the 
warm dark and let the day finish

586
00:30:48,500 --> 00:30:52,300
itself, which it did the way 
days do without asking your 

587
00:30:52,300 --> 00:30:55,700
permission. 
There is a moment somewhere in 

588
00:30:55,700 --> 00:30:58,900
the second year, when the needle
stops being something, your 

589
00:30:58,900 --> 00:31:00,700
managing and become something 
you're using. 

590
00:31:01,600 --> 00:31:05,000
The distinction is not dramatic,
it does not arrive with any 

591
00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:07,200
ceremony or announce itself as a
threshold. 

592
00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:10,700
What happens is that you sit 
down at the frame one morning 

593
00:31:10,700 --> 00:31:13,900
and the thread goes where you 
intend it to go and the 

594
00:31:13,908 --> 00:31:16,700
intention and the Executioner 
close enough to gather that the 

595
00:31:16,700 --> 00:31:19,300
gap between them is no longer. 
The thing you are thinking about

596
00:31:19,300 --> 00:31:22,100
what you're thinking about is 
the work itself. 

597
00:31:22,100 --> 00:31:26,300
The pattern emerging from the 
silk, the way the color you're 

598
00:31:26,300 --> 00:31:29,400
laying down in this section will
read against the color, you lay 

599
00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:34,100
down yesterday. small decisions 
of angle and tension that 

600
00:31:34,100 --> 00:31:37,400
accumulate into something that a
person standing across the room 

601
00:31:37,400 --> 00:31:41,500
would see as a whole The Mind 
stops supervising and starts. 

602
00:31:41,500 --> 00:31:45,000
Collaborating and the work that 
comes from collaboration is 

603
00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:47,700
different in quality from the 
work that comes from 

604
00:31:47,700 --> 00:31:51,200
supervision, you understand? 
In the way, you understand 

605
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:54,400
things that arrived that this is
what the instruction was for. 

606
00:31:54,400 --> 00:31:58,900
Not the stitches themselves. 
Not the vocabulary of motifs, 

607
00:31:58,900 --> 00:32:03,200
all the technical names for the 
different grounds, but this the 

608
00:32:03,200 --> 00:32:06,100
quality of attention that makes 
the gap between intention and 

609
00:32:06,100 --> 00:32:09,300
execution, Niro. 
In enough to work in ottoman, 

610
00:32:09,300 --> 00:32:11,700
Embroidery in The Classical, 
period was not a single 

611
00:32:11,700 --> 00:32:15,900
tradition but a family of 
related Traditions each with its

612
00:32:15,900 --> 00:32:19,500
own technique and its own 
vocabulary of motifs and its own

613
00:32:19,500 --> 00:32:22,500
history of where those motifs 
came from and what they meant 

614
00:32:22,500 --> 00:32:26,100
and how they had changed across 
the centuries of being passed 

615
00:32:26,100 --> 00:32:30,400
from One Pair of Hands to 
another The silk embroidery of 

616
00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:32,300
the occupied. 
The harems work rooms was the 

617
00:32:32,300 --> 00:32:35,700
most prestigious of these 
Traditions worked on fabric 

618
00:32:35,700 --> 00:32:39,400
grounds of silk or fine linen 
with threads of silk or metal. 

619
00:32:40,200 --> 00:32:44,400
The metal threats, the golden 
silver wire wound around a silk 

620
00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:46,900
core used for the raised work 
that caught the light 

621
00:32:46,900 --> 00:32:49,900
differently from the flat silk 
stitching and gave the most 

622
00:32:49,900 --> 00:32:52,300
formal pieces. 
They're particular quality of 

623
00:32:52,300 --> 00:32:55,000
presence. 
The motifs that organized this 

624
00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:58,300
embroidery were not arbitrary, 
the Tulip which appears in 

625
00:32:58,300 --> 00:33:00,400
ottoman. 
Textile work with a consistency 

626
00:33:00,400 --> 00:33:02,300
across. 
Centuries that makes it the 

627
00:33:02,308 --> 00:33:06,200
Traditions, most recognizable 
signature arrived in the 

628
00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:09,100
decorative, vocabulary of the 
Ottoman Court in the 15th 

629
00:33:09,100 --> 00:33:12,800
century and remained there 
through the 18th peering on 

630
00:33:12,800 --> 00:33:16,500
garments and Furnishing and 
Ceramics and Architectural tile 

631
00:33:16,500 --> 00:33:20,400
with the regularity of something
that had been decided upon and 

632
00:33:20,400 --> 00:33:22,300
then never seriously 
reconsidered. 

633
00:33:23,100 --> 00:33:27,400
The Carnation the cypress tree 
rendered in the abstracted form 

634
00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:31,100
that textile work requires 
recognizable as a site. 

635
00:33:31,100 --> 00:33:33,600
Press without attempting to be a
picture of one. 

636
00:33:34,700 --> 00:33:39,000
The pomegranate split open to 
show its seeds, a motif old 

637
00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:41,500
enough in the broader decorative
tradition of the Islamic world 

638
00:33:41,500 --> 00:33:45,100
that tracing its Origins 
requires going back further than

639
00:33:45,100 --> 00:33:48,300
the ottoman period could account
for not from a pattern book 

640
00:33:48,300 --> 00:33:51,600
though patterns existed. 
But from the work of the women 

641
00:33:51,600 --> 00:33:55,000
around you whose frames showed 
you the motifs in their various 

642
00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:58,000
stages of completion. 
The Tulip half finished 

643
00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:01,300
revealing, the sequence of 
stitches that produced it the 

644
00:34:01,300 --> 00:34:05,100
Carnation in its early stages 
looking nothing like itself and 

645
00:34:05,100 --> 00:34:09,100
then cross a few hours of work 
becoming itself in a way that 

646
00:34:09,100 --> 00:34:12,699
still surprised you even after 
you had watched it happen, many 

647
00:34:12,699 --> 00:34:15,800
times. 
Your needle learned the motifs, 

648
00:34:15,800 --> 00:34:19,500
the way you learn the Turkish by
exposure and repetition until 

649
00:34:19,500 --> 00:34:22,199
the shape was in your hands and 
did not need to be in your mind.

650
00:34:23,900 --> 00:34:27,100
The gold thread work was a 
separate skill learned after the

651
00:34:27,100 --> 00:34:30,300
silk stitching had become 
reliable because it required, a 

652
00:34:30,300 --> 00:34:32,699
different quality of attention, 
from the flatwork, and a 

653
00:34:32,699 --> 00:34:34,900
different relationship between 
the needle and the surface. 

654
00:34:35,900 --> 00:34:40,600
The thread itself, the fine wire
wound around its silk cord did 

655
00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:42,699
not pass through the fabric. 
The way silk thread. 

656
00:34:42,699 --> 00:34:46,300
Did it lay on the surface and 
was couched down by a second 

657
00:34:46,300 --> 00:34:49,000
thread? 
Worked in a contrasting color or

658
00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:51,600
in the same color. 
Couching stitches. 

659
00:34:51,600 --> 00:34:54,400
So small. 
And so, regularly spaced that 

660
00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:56,000
from a distance, they were 
invisible. 

661
00:34:56,000 --> 00:34:59,000
And what remained was the 
surface of the metal thread 

662
00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:02,600
catching the light. 
Working with metal thread, 

663
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:04,300
required. 
You to think differently about 

664
00:35:04,300 --> 00:35:08,100
what you are making. 
The silk embroidery up the image

665
00:35:08,100 --> 00:35:12,300
stitch by Stitch each thread a 
small contribution to a larger 

666
00:35:12,300 --> 00:35:15,100
hole. 
The metal thread work was more 

667
00:35:15,100 --> 00:35:18,900
architectural, the thread laid 
down in lines and curves that 

668
00:35:18,900 --> 00:35:22,100
had to be planned before. 
They were executed because the 

669
00:35:22,100 --> 00:35:24,300
metal did not forgive changes of
Direction. 

670
00:35:24,300 --> 00:35:27,200
The waist silk did, and aligned 
that went wrong had to be 

671
00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:30,300
removed rather than adjusted 
which meant removing the 

672
00:35:30,300 --> 00:35:33,300
couching stitches and lifting 
the thread and starting the line

673
00:35:33,300 --> 00:35:34,900
again from where it had been 
right. 

674
00:35:34,900 --> 00:35:39,400
This quality of the work, it's 
intolerance of improvisation was

675
00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:41,600
something you came to Value 
rather than resist. 

676
00:35:42,500 --> 00:35:45,400
Because it required you to think
about the whole before 

677
00:35:45,400 --> 00:35:48,600
committing to any part of it. 
And the thinking that happened 

678
00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:51,900
before the needle moved was its 
own kind of pleasure. 

679
00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:56,400
The pieces that left the Harem 
through formal channels, the 

680
00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:59,300
garments prepared for The 
Sultans household, the 

681
00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:02,500
Furnishings commissioned for the
ceremonial rooms of the palace. 

682
00:36:02,500 --> 00:36:06,000
The gifts prepared for 
diplomatic occasions, were 

683
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:09,100
produced by the women who 
skilled reached the level that 

684
00:36:09,100 --> 00:36:11,100
the palace is reputation 
required. 

685
00:36:12,200 --> 00:36:15,200
This was understood within the 
Hiram Community without being 

686
00:36:15,200 --> 00:36:18,300
stated as policy. 
The way many things in the hair 

687
00:36:18,300 --> 00:36:20,800
are understood through 
observation, rather than 

688
00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:24,200
announcement, the women whose 
work was selected for these 

689
00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:25,800
purposes were known to The Other
Women. 

690
00:36:25,800 --> 00:36:29,000
Their particular skill 
recognized and discussed in the 

691
00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:31,900
workroom with the specific 
interests that people take in 

692
00:36:31,900 --> 00:36:34,600
excellence, when they are 
themselves trying to achieve it.

693
00:36:35,900 --> 00:36:38,600
To have your work selected was 
not a small thing. 

694
00:36:38,600 --> 00:36:42,800
It was not paid in any currency.
That could be spent not a 

695
00:36:42,800 --> 00:36:46,800
promotion in any formal sense, 
but it was recognized and 

696
00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:49,800
recognition in a world with 
limited means of acquiring. 

697
00:36:49,800 --> 00:36:53,200
It carried a weight that would 
be difficult to account for, in 

698
00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:56,100
any system that had more ways of
marking achievement. 

699
00:36:57,600 --> 00:36:59,800
The piece of embroidery that 
left the work room with your 

700
00:36:59,800 --> 00:37:02,600
stitches in it and went 
somewhere in the palace that you

701
00:37:02,600 --> 00:37:05,500
would never go was a form of 
presence in a place that your 

702
00:37:05,500 --> 00:37:08,500
body could not enter. 
And this mattered in a way that 

703
00:37:08,500 --> 00:37:12,600
was not entirely rational, and 
did not need to be new women who

704
00:37:12,600 --> 00:37:15,500
had been working in the hair and
for 20 years, whose names were 

705
00:37:15,500 --> 00:37:18,300
known in the workroom. 
The waist skilled people are 

706
00:37:18,300 --> 00:37:20,800
always known in communities 
where their skill is visible. 

707
00:37:21,700 --> 00:37:24,800
Their frames produced work that 
you studied the way you would 

708
00:37:24,800 --> 00:37:27,800
study your teachers hands. 
In the first months trying to 

709
00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:30,700
locate the quality in the 
execution, that made the result.

710
00:37:30,700 --> 00:37:34,200
What it was Some of it, you 
could identify, and eventually 

711
00:37:34,200 --> 00:37:38,200
replicate, and some of it 
remained even after years of 

712
00:37:38,200 --> 00:37:41,800
looking, something you could see
but not account, for the 

713
00:37:41,800 --> 00:37:43,300
difference between a piece of 
work. 

714
00:37:43,300 --> 00:37:46,200
That was technically, correct 
and a piece of work that was 

715
00:37:46,200 --> 00:37:50,000
right in a way that exceeded 
technical correctness and the 

716
00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:53,500
gap between those two things was
where the best work lived and 

717
00:37:53,500 --> 00:37:57,500
where you were slowly making 
your way toward. 

718
00:37:58,600 --> 00:38:02,600
The harems textile production 
was not only embroidery weaving 

719
00:38:02,600 --> 00:38:06,500
of silk fabric, the production 
of the fine Woolen cloth used 

720
00:38:06,500 --> 00:38:09,600
for certain garments, the 
finishing of cloth with the 

721
00:38:09,600 --> 00:38:13,100
additional work that transformed
a plain ground into something 

722
00:38:13,100 --> 00:38:17,200
fit for the palace's purposes. 
All of this happened within the 

723
00:38:17,200 --> 00:38:19,500
broader textile economy of the 
Ottoman Court. 

724
00:38:20,500 --> 00:38:24,000
Stem in which the harems output,
was one component of a larger 

725
00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:26,600
hole. 
The Imperial workshops outside 

726
00:38:26,600 --> 00:38:29,600
the palace walls produced fabric
at a scale. 

727
00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:33,400
The harems workrooms could not 
match But the harems work 

728
00:38:33,400 --> 00:38:35,200
carried a different quality of 
attention. 

729
00:38:35,200 --> 00:38:39,000
The kind that comes from women 
working at their own frames on 

730
00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:41,900
pieces that they will complete 
over weeks, or months, rather 

731
00:38:41,900 --> 00:38:44,500
than workers producing yardage 
against a quota. 

732
00:38:44,500 --> 00:38:47,800
Leslie Pearce is work, on the 
Imperial, Harem notes, the 

733
00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:51,100
textile production of the Harem 
women as both a practical 

734
00:38:51,100 --> 00:38:54,600
contribution, to the palace's 
material needs and a form of 

735
00:38:54,608 --> 00:38:57,900
accomplishment that the ottoman 
Court explicitly valued. 

736
00:38:58,600 --> 00:39:01,300
The skill of the women who 
produced the finest work 

737
00:39:01,300 --> 00:39:04,900
recognized as reflection of the 
quality of the institution that 

738
00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:08,300
had trained them. 
The harem was among other 

739
00:39:08,300 --> 00:39:11,600
things, a school. 
And the embroidery frame was 

740
00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:14,700
among its most serious. 
Classrooms, the education that 

741
00:39:14,700 --> 00:39:17,900
happened in front of it as real,
and as demanding, as any other 

742
00:39:17,900 --> 00:39:21,500
instruction offered within the 
walls outside the window, the 

743
00:39:21,500 --> 00:39:23,700
courtyard is doing what 
Courtyards do in the late 

744
00:39:23,700 --> 00:39:26,000
morning. 
Holding the light that the skies

745
00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:29,400
offering and reflecting it back 
off the tiles in a way that 

746
00:39:29,400 --> 00:39:32,500
reaches the work room through 
the window glass as something 

747
00:39:32,500 --> 00:39:34,900
warmer and more diffuse than 
direct sun. 

748
00:39:34,900 --> 00:39:39,200
The needle moves, the thread 
Finds Its way through the silk 

749
00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:42,800
in the sequence that your hands.
Now know before your mind has 

750
00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:46,300
finished deciding on it. 
The pattern grows from the 

751
00:39:46,300 --> 00:39:50,000
fabric, the way patterns grow 
when the person making them has 

752
00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:53,000
finally stopped getting in the 
way of the making and the 

753
00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:55,800
morning holds its quality of 
light and the room holds its 

754
00:39:55,800 --> 00:39:57,900
quality of quiet and the work 
continues. 

755
00:39:58,900 --> 00:40:02,700
There are pieces, you catched. 
Not the formal work, not the 

756
00:40:02,700 --> 00:40:06,100
pieces that went into the 
Palaces circulation, but smaller

757
00:40:06,100 --> 00:40:09,800
things worked in the hours when 
the frame was your own and the 

758
00:40:09,800 --> 00:40:11,400
choice of what to make was 
yours. 

759
00:40:12,300 --> 00:40:16,000
A length of cloth worked with a 
border of Cyprus trees and a 

760
00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:18,000
blue thread that you had been 
given the end of and used 

761
00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:20,300
before. 
It could be taken back a small 

762
00:40:20,300 --> 00:40:24,300
panel of silk with a single 
tulip, not the correct tulip, 

763
00:40:24,300 --> 00:40:27,300
not the ottoman tulip with its 
pointed petals and its formal 

764
00:40:27,300 --> 00:40:29,800
posture. 
But a tulip the way you 

765
00:40:29,800 --> 00:40:34,200
remembered tulips from before 
rounder and more open, the kind 

766
00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:36,900
that grew in a place you are no 
longer allowed to name directly 

767
00:40:36,900 --> 00:40:40,000
but that your needle apparently 
still knew how to find. 

768
00:40:41,100 --> 00:40:44,200
You kept these pieces folded in 
the small chest that held your 

769
00:40:44,200 --> 00:40:46,900
private things. 
The objects that were yours 

770
00:40:46,900 --> 00:40:49,900
within the collective life of 
the hair and you did not show 

771
00:40:49,900 --> 00:40:51,800
them to anyone and no one asked 
to see them. 

772
00:40:51,800 --> 00:40:55,000
They were not Contraband and 
they were not secret, and they 

773
00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:58,100
were not important in any way 
that the palace would have 

774
00:40:58,108 --> 00:41:02,000
recognized as important. 
They were yours in a place where

775
00:41:02,000 --> 00:41:05,400
very little was yours alone. 
And the being yours of the was 

776
00:41:05,400 --> 00:41:07,800
the thing. 
The rest of their qualities are 

777
00:41:07,808 --> 00:41:11,800
relevant by comparison. 
The needle in the workroom, 

778
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:15,100
moved in the service of the 
palace, the needle in the quiet,

779
00:41:15,100 --> 00:41:18,100
our served something unnamed in 
ottoman Arabic. 

780
00:41:18,100 --> 00:41:22,300
Well the harems formal life. 
Something your hands understood 

781
00:41:22,300 --> 00:41:24,000
without needing to be 
articulated. 

782
00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:28,100
Comes in the way. 
You came in through the corridor

783
00:41:28,100 --> 00:41:30,700
with the high windows and the 
repeating tile following the 

784
00:41:30,700 --> 00:41:34,200
women ahead of her at a pace, 
that does not slow your standing

785
00:41:34,200 --> 00:41:36,100
at the edge of the courtyard 
when she passes. 

786
00:41:36,100 --> 00:41:39,300
And you watch her, the way, the 
senior women watched you, which 

787
00:41:39,300 --> 00:41:42,700
is to say completely and without
apology the assessment, 

788
00:41:42,700 --> 00:41:46,400
practical, rather than personal 
taking in her bearing and the 

789
00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:49,500
way she holds herself and the 
particular quality of her 

790
00:41:49,500 --> 00:41:53,400
Stillness under observation, She
does not look directly at you. 

791
00:41:53,408 --> 00:41:57,300
She's doing what you did finding
a fixed point in the tile and 

792
00:41:57,300 --> 00:42:00,400
holding it the composure 
management by not asking too 

793
00:42:00,400 --> 00:42:02,900
much of it. 
You remember finding that tile 

794
00:42:02,900 --> 00:42:06,300
and holding it and what the 
holding cost what you're doing. 

795
00:42:06,300 --> 00:42:08,900
Now, what, watching from the 
edge of the courtyard, with the 

796
00:42:08,908 --> 00:42:12,600
ease that years of being here 
have produced in, you is not 

797
00:42:12,600 --> 00:42:16,500
something you decided to become.
It is something the place made 

798
00:42:16,500 --> 00:42:19,500
you the same way. 
The place made everything else 

799
00:42:19,500 --> 00:42:21,100
about how you now move through 
it. 

800
00:42:22,000 --> 00:42:24,100
With a certainty. 
That is not confident. 

801
00:42:24,100 --> 00:42:26,800
Exactly. 
But is the absence of the 

802
00:42:26,800 --> 00:42:30,500
uncertainty that marked the 
first months, She will learn 

803
00:42:30,500 --> 00:42:33,500
because every woman in this 
Courtyard who is watching her? 

804
00:42:33,500 --> 00:42:37,300
Learned it the knowledge passing
silently from those who have it 

805
00:42:37,300 --> 00:42:41,400
to those who are required it The
hierarchy of the Imperial harem 

806
00:42:41,400 --> 00:42:44,500
was not as simple ladder. 
It was a system with multiple 

807
00:42:44,500 --> 00:42:48,800
axes Rank and favor and 
proximity to the sultan running 

808
00:42:48,800 --> 00:42:50,600
in parallel sometimes. 
Aligned. 

809
00:42:50,600 --> 00:42:54,200
And sometimes not. 
The woman who held a high formal

810
00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:55,800
rank. 
Not always the woman with the 

811
00:42:55,808 --> 00:42:59,300
most actual influence. 
And the woman with the most 

812
00:42:59,300 --> 00:43:03,200
actual influence, not always the
one whose position was most 

813
00:43:03,200 --> 00:43:07,100
visible to an outside Observer, 
Leslie pearce's, analysis of the

814
00:43:07,100 --> 00:43:10,400
harems, internal structure 
describes it as a dynamic rather

815
00:43:10,400 --> 00:43:14,500
than a static system. positions 
within its shifting a 

816
00:43:14,500 --> 00:43:19,600
circumstances changed as Sultans
died and their son's succeeded 

817
00:43:19,600 --> 00:43:24,300
them, as women bore children or 
did not as favor was extended 

818
00:43:24,300 --> 00:43:28,500
and withdrawn across the long 
years of a reign The ranks had 

819
00:43:28,500 --> 00:43:32,800
names that the Harem used with 
precision. the assimi with the 

820
00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:36,700
newest, the one still in 
instruction their status, the 

821
00:43:36,700 --> 00:43:40,200
most Junior and their access to 
the palace's resources, the most

822
00:43:40,200 --> 00:43:44,100
limited as a woman's education 
progressed and a skills, 

823
00:43:44,100 --> 00:43:47,800
recessed, and her conduct 
evaluated, by the senior women, 

824
00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:51,700
who administered the harems 
daily life She might be moved 

825
00:43:51,700 --> 00:43:55,700
into the category of judicially,
the women in personal service to

826
00:43:55,700 --> 00:43:58,000
the sultan or to the senior 
women of the household. 

827
00:43:58,000 --> 00:44:01,900
A position that brought her into
closer contact with the Palaces 

828
00:44:01,900 --> 00:44:05,700
daily operations and opened 
possibilities that the asimi 

829
00:44:05,700 --> 00:44:09,400
rank did not offer above the 
Getty, were the women who had 

830
00:44:09,400 --> 00:44:12,600
attracted, the Sultan's, 
personal attention, a category, 

831
00:44:12,600 --> 00:44:15,600
whose formal name and precise, 
boundaries shifted across 

832
00:44:15,600 --> 00:44:17,300
different periods of Ottoman 
history. 

833
00:44:17,300 --> 00:44:19,700
But who significance was 
constant? 

834
00:44:19,700 --> 00:44:22,000
The women who entered this 
category? 

835
00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:26,600
Moving into private Apartments, 
receiving allowances acquiring 

836
00:44:26,600 --> 00:44:30,800
attendance of Their Own The 
haseki was the Sultan's favorite

837
00:44:30,800 --> 00:44:33,800
concubine. 
A designation that in some 

838
00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:37,600
periods was giving to a single 
woman and in others to several 

839
00:44:37,600 --> 00:44:41,000
the word itself, carrying a 
weight in the harems internal 

840
00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:44,200
life that affected Every Woman 
around the one who held it, 

841
00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:47,500
regardless of, whether they 
would ever hold it themselves. 

842
00:44:48,500 --> 00:44:51,100
The units administered, the 
boundary between the Harem and 

843
00:44:51,108 --> 00:44:54,000
the rest of the palace 
simultaneously physical and 

844
00:44:54,000 --> 00:44:56,600
social the set of protocols, 
governing. 

845
00:44:56,600 --> 00:45:00,800
Who could go where and with 
whose permission enforced by men

846
00:45:00,800 --> 00:45:05,000
whose own position depended on 
maintaining both The kids Lara 

847
00:45:05,000 --> 00:45:08,700
Garcia the chief black eunuch 
held a position in the ottoman 

848
00:45:08,700 --> 00:45:11,300
imperial system that was 
formally documented and 

849
00:45:11,300 --> 00:45:14,800
practically significant. 
Responsible not only for the 

850
00:45:14,800 --> 00:45:18,400
harems internal Administration, 
but for the communication 

851
00:45:18,400 --> 00:45:21,400
between the Harem and The 
Sultans household, a role that 

852
00:45:21,400 --> 00:45:24,500
gave him access to both worlds 
and therefore a form of 

853
00:45:24,508 --> 00:45:27,500
influence that most people in 
either world did not possess. 

854
00:45:28,900 --> 00:45:31,600
When the kisler, I guess he 
moved through the hair and the 

855
00:45:31,600 --> 00:45:34,600
space reorganized itself around 
his passage in a way that was 

856
00:45:34,600 --> 00:45:37,900
not theatrical but was 
completely legible to anyone who

857
00:45:37,900 --> 00:45:40,900
knew how to read it. 
The women who had business to 

858
00:45:40,900 --> 00:45:45,700
conduct request to make 
information to convey position 

859
00:45:45,700 --> 00:45:48,900
themselves in his path with the 
practiced casualness. 

860
00:45:50,000 --> 00:45:52,500
People who had learned that 
directness was less effective 

861
00:45:52,500 --> 00:45:56,900
than availability, the women who
had no such business moved aside

862
00:45:56,900 --> 00:45:58,500
with an efficiency that was its 
own. 

863
00:45:58,500 --> 00:46:01,300
Kind of information. 
The ones who Moved quickly 

864
00:46:01,300 --> 00:46:04,400
versus the ones, who Moved 
slowly, the ones who made brief 

865
00:46:04,400 --> 00:46:08,700
eye contact and the ones who did
not all of it, a continuous text

866
00:46:08,700 --> 00:46:11,600
being written and read 
simultaneously by everyone 

867
00:46:11,600 --> 00:46:14,100
present. 
He had been reading this text 

868
00:46:14,100 --> 00:46:17,700
for long enough that it was no 
longer for The harems 

869
00:46:17,700 --> 00:46:20,900
communication happened mostly in
this register in the language of

870
00:46:20,900 --> 00:46:23,500
position and movement and 
timing, and the particular 

871
00:46:23,500 --> 00:46:27,000
quality of attention that people
directed at each other and then 

872
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:31,100
withdrew and learning to read it
had been as demanding in its way

873
00:46:31,100 --> 00:46:34,900
as learning the ottoman. 
Turkish the gram of it as 

874
00:46:34,900 --> 00:46:36,600
complex. 
And as unforgiving of 

875
00:46:36,600 --> 00:46:40,000
misreading, The velida Sultans 
Apartments were in a different 

876
00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:41,500
part of the Harem from the 
rooms. 

877
00:46:41,500 --> 00:46:45,000
You moved through daily larger 
and more elaborately furnished, 

878
00:46:45,000 --> 00:46:49,200
the tile work on their walls. 
The finest in the complex, the 

879
00:46:49,200 --> 00:46:52,700
ceilings higher, the light that 
came through their Windows Falls

880
00:46:52,700 --> 00:46:55,100
falling on surfaces, that 
communicated, the distance 

881
00:46:55,100 --> 00:46:58,600
between those rooms and the 
dormitory where you'd slept in 

882
00:46:58,600 --> 00:47:01,800
the first months more clearly 
than any formal statement of 

883
00:47:01,800 --> 00:47:05,300
rank could have managed. 
You'd seen those apartments 

884
00:47:05,300 --> 00:47:08,900
briefly on an occasion that 
brought you through that part of

885
00:47:08,908 --> 00:47:12,300
the palace in the company of a 
senior woman who had business 

886
00:47:12,300 --> 00:47:17,100
there and the scale of them had 
landed quietly the way things 

887
00:47:17,100 --> 00:47:20,300
land, when you've been prepared 
by experience to receive them 

888
00:47:20,300 --> 00:47:24,400
rather than shocked by contrast.
The valley to Sultan was The 

889
00:47:24,408 --> 00:47:27,900
Sultans mother and in the 
ottoman imperial system, her 

890
00:47:27,900 --> 00:47:31,200
position was the most powerful 
available to a woman and among 

891
00:47:31,200 --> 00:47:33,000
the most powerful available to 
anyone. 

892
00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:37,000
She administered The Harem her 
authority over its internal 

893
00:47:37,000 --> 00:47:40,000
life, the final word on 
questions that the senior women 

894
00:47:40,000 --> 00:47:43,600
below her could not resolve and 
her influence on the sultan 

895
00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:46,300
extended through the intimacy of
the mother and son relationship 

896
00:47:46,300 --> 00:47:51,600
into territory that no formal 
title, could fully describe In 

897
00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:54,500
the periods that historians of 
called the sultanate of women, 

898
00:47:54,500 --> 00:47:58,700
the late 16th and 17th centuries
when a succession of powerful 

899
00:47:58,700 --> 00:48:02,100
validate, Saltines governed 
through sons who were young or 

900
00:48:02,100 --> 00:48:04,300
absent or otherwise reliant on 
their mothers. 

901
00:48:04,300 --> 00:48:07,200
Judgment. 
That influence became something 

902
00:48:07,200 --> 00:48:10,200
closer to what the word 
governance actually means 

903
00:48:10,200 --> 00:48:15,200
decisions about appointments and
alliances and the direction of 

904
00:48:15,208 --> 00:48:18,900
an Empire that stretched across 
three continents, passing 

905
00:48:18,900 --> 00:48:22,200
through women who live behind 
the walls of a palace that most 

906
00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:26,400
of the Empire subjects would 
never see Huron, Sultan known in

907
00:48:26,400 --> 00:48:29,300
the west as rock. 
Solana had risen from the ranks 

908
00:48:29,300 --> 00:48:32,300
of the Harem to become The Legal
Wife of Suleiman, the 

909
00:48:32,300 --> 00:48:36,400
Magnificent in the 1530s, a 
position, without precedent in 

910
00:48:36,400 --> 00:48:39,900
the ottoman Imperial tradition. 
And one that she Consolidated 

911
00:48:39,900 --> 00:48:42,900
through a combination of 
personal influence and political

912
00:48:42,900 --> 00:48:46,100
intelligence that the court 
chroniclers of the period 

913
00:48:46,100 --> 00:48:50,300
recorded with a mixed of 
admiration and unease that 

914
00:48:50,300 --> 00:48:55,500
itself communicated how unusual 
her position was Cursor, Sultan 

915
00:48:55,500 --> 00:48:59,300
valide Sultan to two successive 
saltans in the 17th century, 

916
00:48:59,300 --> 00:49:02,900
governed, the Empire through her
son's and then attempted to 

917
00:49:02,900 --> 00:49:05,200
govern it through her grandson. 
Before the political 

918
00:49:05,200 --> 00:49:08,700
circumstances of the Court 
ended, her Region C in a manner 

919
00:49:08,700 --> 00:49:11,300
that the Chronicles recorded 
with the brevity reserved for 

920
00:49:11,300 --> 00:49:14,100
things that were too close and 
too dangerous to describe in 

921
00:49:14,100 --> 00:49:16,700
full. 
The knowledge came in fragments 

922
00:49:16,700 --> 00:49:20,000
and in the gaps between what was
said and what was understood in 

923
00:49:20,000 --> 00:49:23,300
the particular way a senior 
woman's expression changed when 

924
00:49:23,300 --> 00:49:27,000
a certain name was mentioned in 
the wait, that certain words 

925
00:49:27,000 --> 00:49:30,200
carried in certain context that 
they did not carry another's. 

926
00:49:31,000 --> 00:49:32,700
You assembled it the way you 
assembled. 

927
00:49:32,700 --> 00:49:36,000
Everything else in this place 
from observation and proximity 

928
00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:40,000
and the patient accumulation of 
small pieces, that did not form 

929
00:49:40,000 --> 00:49:43,500
a complete picture, but formed 
enough of one to navigate by. 

930
00:49:44,400 --> 00:49:48,100
Rank was the visible part. 
The part that the food Portion 

931
00:49:48,100 --> 00:49:51,600
and the apartment sizes and the 
Order of bathing expressed in 

932
00:49:51,600 --> 00:49:53,300
terms that required no 
interpretation. 

933
00:49:54,400 --> 00:49:58,000
Beneath the visible part, the 
hierarchy was about time the 

934
00:49:58,000 --> 00:50:00,800
women who had been here, longest
carried a different quality of 

935
00:50:00,800 --> 00:50:04,500
presence from the women who 
derived recently not a quality 

936
00:50:04,500 --> 00:50:08,600
of superiority, but a quality of
settlements, the palace have 

937
00:50:08,600 --> 00:50:12,000
become so thoroughly the medium.
They move through that, they no 

938
00:50:12,000 --> 00:50:13,700
longer notice the cells moving 
through it. 

939
00:50:13,700 --> 00:50:17,000
The way you stop noticing the 
weight of clothing, you've been 

940
00:50:17,000 --> 00:50:21,500
wearing all day, not arrived, 
not at the top of anything, but 

941
00:50:21,500 --> 00:50:23,900
settled in a way that the early 
earliest months had not 

942
00:50:23,900 --> 00:50:28,400
contained The harems rhythms, so
fully absorbed into your body 

943
00:50:28,400 --> 00:50:31,300
that the disruption of the 
registered before you would 

944
00:50:31,300 --> 00:50:35,700
consciously noticed what was 
disrupted The new woman in the 

945
00:50:35,708 --> 00:50:39,700
corridor Felt Like A disruption 
briefly because new women always

946
00:50:39,700 --> 00:50:43,000
did the disorientation. 
They Carried visible enough to 

947
00:50:43,000 --> 00:50:46,300
be felt by the women around 
them, then the corridor returned

948
00:50:46,300 --> 00:50:49,500
to its usual quality. 
And the tile continued its 

949
00:50:49,500 --> 00:50:52,800
pattern toward the distant turn 
and the palace resumed The 

950
00:50:52,800 --> 00:50:56,000
Business of Being itself, which 
it had been doing before you 

951
00:50:56,000 --> 00:50:59,500
arrived and would continue doing
after you are no longer part of 

952
00:50:59,500 --> 00:51:02,000
it, the water ran beneath all of
it. 

953
00:51:03,000 --> 00:51:05,600
The apartments are larger than 
you remembered from the Glimpse.

954
00:51:05,600 --> 00:51:09,300
The scale of the rooms resolving
from impression into fact. 

955
00:51:09,300 --> 00:51:12,600
As you move through them, on an 
errand that has brought you here

956
00:51:12,600 --> 00:51:16,100
for the first time with a reason
to enter rather than merely to 

957
00:51:16,100 --> 00:51:18,800
pass. 
The tile work on the walls is 

958
00:51:18,800 --> 00:51:22,900
the finest in the complex, the 
colors deeper, and the patterns 

959
00:51:22,900 --> 00:51:25,800
more intricate than the tiles of
the corridors and workrooms. 

960
00:51:25,800 --> 00:51:29,000
You have spent your years in the
craftsmen who produced them, 

961
00:51:29,000 --> 00:51:32,800
having been given more time or 
better materials or both the 

962
00:51:32,800 --> 00:51:35,600
result being a surface. 
That holds the eye in a way that

963
00:51:35,600 --> 00:51:39,200
the functional tiling elsewhere 
does not attempt The ceiling is 

964
00:51:39,200 --> 00:51:42,400
higher the light that comes 
through the windows is the same 

965
00:51:42,400 --> 00:51:45,900
light that reaches, every other 
room in the Harem the same 

966
00:51:45,900 --> 00:51:48,600
Istanbul. 
Sky sending the same winter 

967
00:51:48,600 --> 00:51:51,500
morning through glass. 
But the room is large enough 

968
00:51:51,500 --> 00:51:54,200
that the light has space to 
defuse before it reaches the 

969
00:51:54,200 --> 00:51:57,300
floor, arriving software and 
more even than it does in 

970
00:51:57,300 --> 00:51:59,500
smaller rooms where the walls 
catch it first. 

971
00:52:00,500 --> 00:52:04,700
The valide sultan is not here. 
Her presence, however, is 

972
00:52:04,700 --> 00:52:08,000
distributed through the space in
the way that powerful people's 

973
00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:10,000
presence is distribute 
themselves. 

974
00:52:10,000 --> 00:52:11,500
Through the spaces, they 
inhabit. 

975
00:52:11,500 --> 00:52:15,200
In the arrangement of the 
objects in the quality of the 

976
00:52:15,200 --> 00:52:18,800
silence, in the behavior of the 
attendance, who move through the

977
00:52:18,800 --> 00:52:22,200
room with the particular 
efficiency of people whose work 

978
00:52:22,200 --> 00:52:25,700
is being evaluated by someone 
who is not present, but who 

979
00:52:25,700 --> 00:52:29,300
standards are fully present in 
their absence, you deliver what 

980
00:52:29,300 --> 00:52:32,500
you've been sent to deliver 
receive what you've been sent to

981
00:52:32,500 --> 00:52:36,500
receive and leave the way you 
came back through the door and 

982
00:52:36,500 --> 00:52:40,000
into the corridor and into the 
harems ordinary, are carrying 

983
00:52:40,000 --> 00:52:44,400
the rooms with you. 
Scale of them, the light, the 

984
00:52:44,400 --> 00:52:47,200
tile work that the I did not 
want to leave. 

985
00:52:47,200 --> 00:52:50,800
These are the rooms of the most 
powerful woman in the ottoman 

986
00:52:50,800 --> 00:52:54,100
world and the distance between 
those rooms and the dormitory 

987
00:52:54,100 --> 00:52:57,500
where you slept on your first 
night is not primarily a 

988
00:52:57,500 --> 00:52:59,800
physical distance, though. 
It is that too. 

989
00:52:59,800 --> 00:53:03,500
It is a distance that the 
hierarchy of the Harem measures 

990
00:53:03,500 --> 00:53:07,600
in years and in the particular 
currency of influence and 

991
00:53:07,600 --> 00:53:12,200
standing in those rooms briefly 
on an errand is its own, kind of

992
00:53:12,208 --> 00:53:15,000
knowledge about how large the 
distances and what it would take

993
00:53:15,000 --> 00:53:17,600
to cross it. 
The path to the validity, 

994
00:53:17,600 --> 00:53:21,800
Sultan's apartment was not a 
straight line and it was not a 

995
00:53:21,800 --> 00:53:23,900
short one. 
It ran through the bearing of a 

996
00:53:23,908 --> 00:53:27,800
son, which required first the 
attention of the sultan, which 

997
00:53:27,800 --> 00:53:30,300
required the particular 
combination of qualities 

998
00:53:30,300 --> 00:53:34,300
appearance, and accomplishment, 
and the specific kind of 

999
00:53:34,308 --> 00:53:38,000
presence that attracted notice 
in a household full of women 

1000
00:53:38,000 --> 00:53:41,900
selected for their ability to 
attract notice that had No 

1001
00:53:41,908 --> 00:53:45,600
guaranteed method of production 
and no reliable schedule of 

1002
00:53:45,600 --> 00:53:48,600
arrival. 
A woman could possess every 

1003
00:53:48,600 --> 00:53:53,500
quality, the system rewarded and
wait years, a woman could arrive

1004
00:53:53,500 --> 00:53:57,100
in the Harem with no particular 
distinction and find herself 

1005
00:53:57,100 --> 00:54:00,800
elevated within months, by 
convergent of circumstances. 

1006
00:54:00,800 --> 00:54:04,000
That no one had planned, and no 
one could have predicted. 

1007
00:54:05,400 --> 00:54:09,000
What the system offered to Every
Woman Within it was the 

1008
00:54:09,000 --> 00:54:11,600
theoretical possibility of the 
highest position. 

1009
00:54:11,600 --> 00:54:15,300
Available the theoretical 
possibility existed alongside 

1010
00:54:15,300 --> 00:54:18,200
the statistical reality. 
That most women in the Harem 

1011
00:54:18,200 --> 00:54:21,300
would never bear The Sultans. 
Child would never hold. 

1012
00:54:21,300 --> 00:54:24,500
Their seki designation would 
never see their son. 

1013
00:54:24,500 --> 00:54:27,600
Survived long enough to become 
Sultan would never sit in the 

1014
00:54:27,608 --> 00:54:30,400
apartments whose tile work you 
had just been standing close 

1015
00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:34,600
enough to touch The possibility 
was real and the probability was

1016
00:54:34,600 --> 00:54:38,200
not and the Harem held both of 
those facts simultaneously 

1017
00:54:38,200 --> 00:54:41,800
without resolving them the way, 
it held the constraint and the 

1018
00:54:41,800 --> 00:54:45,400
provision simultaneously, the 
way it held most things that 

1019
00:54:45,400 --> 00:54:47,200
could not be made to agree with 
each other. 

1020
00:54:48,000 --> 00:54:49,900
For the women who did cross that
distance. 

1021
00:54:49,900 --> 00:54:54,400
The Crossing changed everything 
and resolved, nothing, he 

1022
00:54:54,400 --> 00:54:58,000
received private apartments and 
her own household budget, and 

1023
00:54:58,000 --> 00:55:01,300
attendance whose loyalty was to 
her rather than to the 

1024
00:55:01,300 --> 00:55:04,900
collective Harem Administration,
and the weight of the higher 

1025
00:55:04,900 --> 00:55:08,300
Archie shifted around her in 
ways that were immediately 

1026
00:55:08,300 --> 00:55:10,900
legible to every woman who had 
learned to read that language. 

1027
00:55:11,900 --> 00:55:15,900
She was no longer moving towards
something, she was something and

1028
00:55:15,900 --> 00:55:19,000
the something she was came with,
its own demands and its own 

1029
00:55:19,000 --> 00:55:22,600
dangers, the favor that 
elevated, her being the same 

1030
00:55:22,600 --> 00:55:26,000
favor that made her a target for
the interests of every other 

1031
00:55:26,000 --> 00:55:29,500
woman, whose trajectory 
intersected with hers. 

1032
00:55:30,400 --> 00:55:33,600
Huram Sultan understood this 
before, almost anyone else in 

1033
00:55:33,600 --> 00:55:36,300
the ottoman Court. 
Understood it, which is one of 

1034
00:55:36,300 --> 00:55:40,000
the reasons, her story remained,
remarkably enough that the court

1035
00:55:40,000 --> 00:55:43,200
Chronicle is recorded it despite
their clear discomfort with what

1036
00:55:43,200 --> 00:55:47,300
it represented, she arrived in 
the Harem in the 1520s, her 

1037
00:55:47,300 --> 00:55:50,500
Origins debated by historians 
who have examined the sources 

1038
00:55:50,500 --> 00:55:53,900
without reaching consensus, her 
early years in the palace 

1039
00:55:53,900 --> 00:55:57,100
undocumented in the ways that 
early years in the palace were 

1040
00:55:57,100 --> 00:56:01,000
always undocumented. 
What the record captures is the 

1041
00:56:01,000 --> 00:56:03,800
outcome. 
A woman who attracted The 

1042
00:56:03,800 --> 00:56:06,900
Sultans attention. 
And then Consolidated that 

1043
00:56:06,900 --> 00:56:10,400
attention into something that 
the ottoman Imperial tradition 

1044
00:56:10,400 --> 00:56:15,000
had no pressed in for. 
The Sultans Legal Wife. a 

1045
00:56:15,000 --> 00:56:17,300
position that the dynasty had 
avoided for Generations, 

1046
00:56:17,300 --> 00:56:20,900
precisely because it created the
kind of entanglement that hurom 

1047
00:56:20,900 --> 00:56:23,500
Sultan's relationship with 
Suleiman, the Magnificent, then 

1048
00:56:23,500 --> 00:56:28,800
demonstrated at enormous scale 
was worth creating She 

1049
00:56:28,800 --> 00:56:30,600
corresponded with foreign 
rulers. 

1050
00:56:30,600 --> 00:56:34,500
She commissioned moss and 
charitable foundations that bore

1051
00:56:34,500 --> 00:56:37,500
her name in a city that did not 
typically put women's names on 

1052
00:56:37,500 --> 00:56:40,100
buildings. 
She managed the politics of the 

1053
00:56:40,100 --> 00:56:43,800
succession with a directness 
that the sources recorded with 

1054
00:56:43,800 --> 00:56:47,600
the specific, kind of discomfort
that attends the documentation 

1055
00:56:47,600 --> 00:56:50,600
of a woman doing something that 
the documenter believes. 

1056
00:56:50,600 --> 00:56:53,800
She should not be doing but 
cannot deny that she is doing 

1057
00:56:53,800 --> 00:56:56,500
effectively. 
The harem was supposed to 

1058
00:56:56,508 --> 00:56:58,700
produce heirs and provide 
companionship. 

1059
00:56:59,600 --> 00:57:01,800
Huram Sultan also produced 
policy. 

1060
00:57:02,500 --> 00:57:05,600
And the court found this 
sufficiently remarkable that, it

1061
00:57:05,600 --> 00:57:09,700
could not stop writing about it.
Even when writing about it was 

1062
00:57:09,700 --> 00:57:13,200
the kind of documentation that 
made the court own assumptions 

1063
00:57:13,200 --> 00:57:16,700
visible in ways that were not 
flattering to those assumptions.

1064
00:57:16,700 --> 00:57:21,500
Custom Sultan came a century 
later valide Sultan to two 

1065
00:57:21,500 --> 00:57:25,500
successive Sultans her influence
over the Empire exercise through

1066
00:57:25,500 --> 00:57:29,100
the medium of suns and then 
attempted through a grandson 

1067
00:57:29,100 --> 00:57:32,300
before the political conditions 
of the mid-17th century Court 

1068
00:57:32,300 --> 00:57:35,800
ended her region in a man that 
the Chronicles approached with 

1069
00:57:35,800 --> 00:57:39,300
the brevity of people writing 
about something too close and 

1070
00:57:39,300 --> 00:57:42,200
too consequential to describe 
fully. 

1071
00:57:43,100 --> 00:57:46,800
She governed. 
This is the plain fact of it and

1072
00:57:46,800 --> 00:57:50,100
the plain fact is also the 
remarkable one, a woman 

1073
00:57:50,100 --> 00:57:53,100
governing one of the largest 
empires in the world from inside

1074
00:57:53,100 --> 00:57:56,000
a palace complex that most of 
the Empire subjects would never 

1075
00:57:56,000 --> 00:57:59,700
see through a combination of 
intelligence and political skill

1076
00:57:59,700 --> 00:58:03,400
and the particular Authority 
that the ottoman system vested 

1077
00:58:03,400 --> 00:58:06,000
in The Sultans mother. 
That was unlike anything 

1078
00:58:06,000 --> 00:58:08,800
available to women in the 
Contemporary European courts 

1079
00:58:08,800 --> 00:58:11,600
that observers were using as 
their points of comparison. 

1080
00:58:11,600 --> 00:58:15,700
The power of the valide sultan 
was not the power of a ruler in 

1081
00:58:15,708 --> 00:58:18,900
the formal sense. 
It had no title in the ottoman 

1082
00:58:18,900 --> 00:58:22,600
administrative vocabulary, that 
translated directly into the 

1083
00:58:22,600 --> 00:58:26,000
kind of authority that Sultan's 
and Grand viziers held. 

1084
00:58:27,100 --> 00:58:30,500
What it was instead was 
influence of a specific and 

1085
00:58:30,500 --> 00:58:34,600
practically significant kind the
influence of the person who had 

1086
00:58:34,600 --> 00:58:37,000
the sultan deer in the hours, 
that no one else could access 

1087
00:58:37,000 --> 00:58:40,300
who had known him before. 
He was Sultan, who understood 

1088
00:58:40,300 --> 00:58:43,300
the particular texture of his 
thinking, in ways that Decades 

1089
00:58:43,300 --> 00:58:47,500
of proximity produce and that no
amount of formal Authority can 

1090
00:58:47,500 --> 00:58:51,100
replicate Leslie, Pearce 
documents, the valid Sultans 

1091
00:58:51,100 --> 00:58:54,200
administrative role within the 
Harem in specific terms. 

1092
00:58:54,200 --> 00:58:56,800
The correspondent, she 
conducted, with foreign 

1093
00:58:56,800 --> 00:59:01,000
dignitaries, the petition. 
She received an adjudicated, the

1094
00:59:01,000 --> 00:59:03,900
appointments, she influenced 
through the management of access

1095
00:59:03,900 --> 00:59:07,400
to the sultan the building, she 
commissioned and the foundation.

1096
00:59:07,400 --> 00:59:10,500
She endowed as public 
expressions of a private power 

1097
00:59:10,500 --> 00:59:13,800
that the ottoman system both 
enabled and contained. 

1098
00:59:14,900 --> 00:59:18,100
The containment was real, the 
walls of the palace was still, 

1099
00:59:18,100 --> 00:59:21,400
the walls of the palace and the 
valide sultan moved within the 

1100
00:59:21,400 --> 00:59:25,200
same as every other woman in the
heart of her apartment's, larger

1101
00:59:25,200 --> 00:59:27,700
and her Authority greater. 
But her geography. 

1102
00:59:27,700 --> 00:59:31,300
The same, the same sky above the
same Courtyards. 

1103
00:59:31,300 --> 00:59:34,400
The same fountains running 
through the same Stone. 

1104
00:59:35,100 --> 00:59:37,800
The European fantasy, 
consistently missed this 

1105
00:59:37,800 --> 00:59:40,300
projecting onto the institution,
either. 

1106
00:59:40,300 --> 00:59:44,100
The complete helplessness of 
women with no agency or the 

1107
00:59:44,100 --> 00:59:47,200
Exotic omnipotence of women 
whose influence had no limits. 

1108
00:59:47,200 --> 00:59:50,400
The reality was more precise and
more interesting than either 

1109
00:59:50,400 --> 00:59:53,700
projection. 
The power was real and it was 

1110
00:59:53,700 --> 00:59:58,300
bounded and the boundary was not
a failure of the power, but a 

1111
00:59:58,300 --> 01:00:01,600
condition of it. 
You think about this on the walk

1112
01:00:01,600 --> 01:00:04,900
back from the valid Sultans 
Apartments as a texture. 

1113
01:00:04,900 --> 01:00:08,000
You move through rather than an 
argument you're making the way 

1114
01:00:08,000 --> 01:00:10,900
you move through the corridor 
with the high Windows, the light

1115
01:00:10,900 --> 01:00:14,200
falling in, its oblique 
rectangles, on the tile, the 

1116
01:00:14,200 --> 01:00:17,800
palace around, you doing what it
is always done containing and 

1117
01:00:17,800 --> 01:00:21,500
enabling simultaneously the two 
things, not opposites, but 

1118
01:00:21,500 --> 01:00:25,300
aspects of the same arrangement.
The women who reached the top of

1119
01:00:25,300 --> 01:00:28,200
this hierarchy did not escape 
the hair of they. 

1120
01:00:28,200 --> 01:00:30,300
Inhabited it more fully than 
anyone else. 

1121
01:00:31,100 --> 01:00:34,000
The power and the constraint 
both in large by the position 

1122
01:00:34,000 --> 01:00:38,300
they held the apartment's larger
and the walls, the same walls, 

1123
01:00:38,300 --> 01:00:40,900
the women who did not reach the 
top of it. 

1124
01:00:40,900 --> 01:00:44,300
Inhabited it in the man of 
available to them the embroidery

1125
01:00:44,300 --> 01:00:47,900
frame and the language lesson of
the afternoon Courtyard and the 

1126
01:00:47,900 --> 01:00:50,700
friendships that formed in the 
space between the structured 

1127
01:00:50,700 --> 01:00:53,300
hours. 
Neither of them was the life 

1128
01:00:53,300 --> 01:00:56,200
that the European imagination 
projected onto the women who 

1129
01:00:56,200 --> 01:00:58,700
lived them. 
The passive and perfumed 

1130
01:00:58,700 --> 01:01:01,800
captivity of the orientalist 
fantasy that the outside world 

1131
01:01:01,800 --> 01:01:05,100
preferred to the more 
complicated truth which was that

1132
01:01:05,100 --> 01:01:08,400
the harem was a world with the 
full texture that the word 

1133
01:01:08,400 --> 01:01:12,200
implies and the women inside it 
were inhabitants of that world 

1134
01:01:12,200 --> 01:01:13,800
in the way that all people 
inhabit. 

1135
01:01:13,800 --> 01:01:17,700
The world's Fully and 
imperfectly with more interior 

1136
01:01:17,700 --> 01:01:20,800
life than anyone looking in from
the outside was inclined to 

1137
01:01:20,800 --> 01:01:24,000
credit. 
The corridor turns, the tile 

1138
01:01:24,000 --> 01:01:27,300
continues, its pattern, the 
light in the high Windows is the

1139
01:01:27,300 --> 01:01:31,000
winter light of Istanbul, pale 
and precise, and the water is 

1140
01:01:31,000 --> 01:01:34,200
running somewhere, beneath the 
floor and you're walking back to

1141
01:01:34,200 --> 01:01:35,800
the part of the palace, that is 
yours. 

1142
01:01:35,800 --> 01:01:39,300
Carrying the rooms. 
You have just been in as a kind 

1143
01:01:39,300 --> 01:01:42,400
of knowledge that has no name in
any of the languages you've 

1144
01:01:42,400 --> 01:01:45,800
learned inside these walls but 
that your body understands the 

1145
01:01:45,800 --> 01:01:48,900
way your body, understands most 
things that matter without 

1146
01:01:48,900 --> 01:01:53,200
requiring them to be explained. 
The afternoon light is doing 

1147
01:01:53,200 --> 01:01:55,700
something particular to the 
Courtyard tiles right now. 

1148
01:01:55,700 --> 01:01:59,100
The winter sun low enough that 
it comes under the overhang at 

1149
01:01:59,100 --> 01:02:02,500
angle, that catches the glaze on
the tile surface and throws it 

1150
01:02:02,508 --> 01:02:04,600
back as something warmer than 
the light itself. 

1151
01:02:05,500 --> 01:02:08,700
A quality of gold that the tiles
only produce for a short period,

1152
01:02:08,700 --> 01:02:11,100
each day, and only in certain 
Seasons. 

1153
01:02:11,100 --> 01:02:15,000
You have learned across the 
years of city in this Courtyard.

1154
01:02:15,000 --> 01:02:17,500
Exactly. 
When to be here to catch it, 

1155
01:02:17,500 --> 01:02:20,800
this is one of the things that 
nobody told you about the life, 

1156
01:02:20,800 --> 01:02:23,400
you are entering that you would 
learn the light. 

1157
01:02:24,200 --> 01:02:27,700
That the specific quality of the
afternoon sun in a particular 

1158
01:02:27,700 --> 01:02:31,700
Courtyard in a particular season
would become a kind of knowledge

1159
01:02:31,700 --> 01:02:34,300
you carried in your body. 
The way you carry the ottoman 

1160
01:02:34,300 --> 01:02:36,600
prayers and the embroidery 
motifs and the reading of the 

1161
01:02:36,600 --> 01:02:40,600
Harem, social text, not 
something you studied, but 

1162
01:02:40,600 --> 01:02:43,700
something you accumulated 
through presence through being 

1163
01:02:43,700 --> 01:02:47,000
in the same place at the same 
hours across enough days that 

1164
01:02:47,000 --> 01:02:49,800
the place gave up its patterns 
to you the way. 

1165
01:02:49,800 --> 01:02:52,800
It gives them up to everyone who
stays long enough to receive 

1166
01:02:52,800 --> 01:02:54,800
them. 
Nobody told you that you would 

1167
01:02:54,800 --> 01:02:57,900
accumulate a life here, that 
accumulate would be the right 

1168
01:02:57,900 --> 01:03:01,700
word for a sediment accumulates 
at the bottom of Stillwater 

1169
01:03:01,700 --> 01:03:05,300
gradually and without drama 
until one day. 

1170
01:03:05,300 --> 01:03:07,200
The depth of it is something you
could measure. 

1171
01:03:07,200 --> 01:03:11,100
If you want to, though, you do 
not particularly want to, they 

1172
01:03:11,100 --> 01:03:13,500
having of it being more 
interesting than the measuring. 

1173
01:03:14,800 --> 01:03:16,700
The life of a woman in the 
Imperial. 

1174
01:03:16,700 --> 01:03:20,000
Harem was not one life. 
But many lives held 

1175
01:03:20,000 --> 01:03:23,800
simultaneously inside the same 
walls, it was the life of the 

1176
01:03:23,800 --> 01:03:26,300
body, the Hammam, and the 
prayers, and the embroidery 

1177
01:03:26,300 --> 01:03:29,700
frame in the meals that arrived 
according to rank and the floor.

1178
01:03:29,700 --> 01:03:33,000
Warm beneath your feet in the 
mornings, it was the life of the

1179
01:03:33,000 --> 01:03:35,300
Mind. 
The Turkish that was no longer 

1180
01:03:35,300 --> 01:03:38,600
foreign and the Arabic that had 
settled into your mouth, 

1181
01:03:38,600 --> 01:03:42,000
alongside it and the Quran that 
you could recite in the dark 

1182
01:03:42,000 --> 01:03:45,500
without the words, requiring any
part of your attention that you 

1183
01:03:45,500 --> 01:03:48,900
did not want to give them, it 
was the life of the hands. 

1184
01:03:48,900 --> 01:03:52,600
The needle moving through, silk,
with a quality of attention that

1185
01:03:52,600 --> 01:03:54,300
had required two years to 
develop. 

1186
01:03:54,300 --> 01:03:58,400
And had, then become simply the 
way your hands, worked the 

1187
01:03:58,400 --> 01:04:02,500
motifs emerging from the fabric,
the way they emerged the Tulip, 

1188
01:04:02,500 --> 01:04:05,000
and the car nation, and the 
cypress tree produced by 

1189
01:04:05,000 --> 01:04:08,000
fingers, that knew them without 
consulting, the mine that had 

1190
01:04:08,000 --> 01:04:11,900
once needed to supervise every 
Stitch, And it was the life that

1191
01:04:11,900 --> 01:04:15,000
happened in the hours between 
these things, the hours that the

1192
01:04:15,000 --> 01:04:18,200
schedule didn't claim that the 
historical record, did not 

1193
01:04:18,200 --> 01:04:21,800
preserve that the Chronicles and
the Diplomatic reports. 

1194
01:04:21,800 --> 01:04:24,900
And the court documents left on 
recorded because they contained 

1195
01:04:24,900 --> 01:04:27,400
no of events. 
That the official accounting of 

1196
01:04:27,400 --> 01:04:31,100
the institution found worth 
noting these hours were the ones

1197
01:04:31,100 --> 01:04:34,000
in which the actual texture of 
the life was most fully present.

1198
01:04:34,800 --> 01:04:37,200
The conversations at the 
fountain and the friendships 

1199
01:04:37,200 --> 01:04:40,400
that had formed in the gap 
between the structured hours and

1200
01:04:40,400 --> 01:04:43,800
the private devotions and the 
small objects kept folded in the

1201
01:04:43,808 --> 01:04:46,000
chest that held your private 
things. 

1202
01:04:46,900 --> 01:04:50,200
A friendships were real. 
The Harem is, so, thoroughly 

1203
01:04:50,200 --> 01:04:53,600
associated in the popular 
imagination with rivalry. 

1204
01:04:53,600 --> 01:04:56,900
In competition, the women, 
pitted against each other in a 

1205
01:04:56,900 --> 01:04:59,900
contest for The Sultans favor. 
That the ordinary texture of 

1206
01:04:59,908 --> 01:05:02,600
affection and loyalty that 
developed between women who 

1207
01:05:02,600 --> 01:05:05,100
shared a world that no one 
outside, it could fully 

1208
01:05:05,100 --> 01:05:08,900
understand tends to get lost in 
the drama of the version that 

1209
01:05:08,900 --> 01:05:12,500
the outside world preferred. 
The competition was also real, 

1210
01:05:12,500 --> 01:05:16,500
both things existed, inside the 
same walls without resolving 

1211
01:05:16,500 --> 01:05:19,100
into each other. 
The woman whose voice you first.

1212
01:05:19,100 --> 01:05:22,100
Heard at the fountain, the one 
who said something about the 

1213
01:05:22,100 --> 01:05:25,300
sound the water made in that 
spring afternoon of your first 

1214
01:05:25,300 --> 01:05:28,300
year. 
Became someone new in the full 

1215
01:05:28,300 --> 01:05:31,900
sense of that word across the 
years that followed not someone 

1216
01:05:31,900 --> 01:05:34,800
you chose in the way that people
choose friends and worlds with 

1217
01:05:34,800 --> 01:05:38,100
more Choice available, but 
someone whose company or days 

1218
01:05:38,100 --> 01:05:42,600
had shaped around the way water 
shape around a stone gradually 

1219
01:05:42,600 --> 01:05:46,000
and without resistance until the
shape of the relationship was 

1220
01:05:46,000 --> 01:05:48,400
something both of you moved 
through without thinking about 

1221
01:05:48,400 --> 01:05:51,800
the moving. 
He knew her embroidery by sight 

1222
01:05:51,800 --> 01:05:55,400
across a workroom you. 
The particular register her 

1223
01:05:55,400 --> 01:05:57,700
voice dropped into when she was 
saying something, she had 

1224
01:05:57,700 --> 01:06:00,200
thought about rather than 
something she was saying to fill

1225
01:06:00,200 --> 01:06:02,700
silence. 
You that she prayed with the 

1226
01:06:02,700 --> 01:06:05,200
quality of attention in the 
evenings, that was different 

1227
01:06:05,200 --> 01:06:09,200
from her morning, prayers more 
interior, more her own, the 

1228
01:06:09,200 --> 01:06:11,800
evening prayer, being the one 
she had made personal rather 

1229
01:06:11,800 --> 01:06:15,100
than merely correct. 
She knew things about you that 

1230
01:06:15,100 --> 01:06:18,900
you had not told her and had not
needed to The devotional life 

1231
01:06:18,900 --> 01:06:21,900
inside the hair, had a texture 
that the formal record of 

1232
01:06:21,900 --> 01:06:23,800
religious observance, did not 
capture. 

1233
01:06:24,900 --> 01:06:26,800
Five prayers were performed 
correctly. 

1234
01:06:26,800 --> 01:06:30,100
And in community, the rows of 
women in the prayer room of 

1235
01:06:30,100 --> 01:06:33,100
visible expression of a shared 
practice, what? 

1236
01:06:33,100 --> 01:06:35,500
The formal record did not 
capture was what happened to 

1237
01:06:35,500 --> 01:06:38,100
face across years, of living a 
life that had not been. 

1238
01:06:38,100 --> 01:06:41,900
Chosen the particular quality of
relationship with the Divine 

1239
01:06:41,900 --> 01:06:45,400
that a constrained life can 
produce A prayers becoming less 

1240
01:06:45,400 --> 01:06:49,000
wrote and more necessary. 
The Quran verses that had been 

1241
01:06:49,008 --> 01:06:51,800
memorized as instruction 
becoming a cross time. 

1242
01:06:51,800 --> 01:06:55,200
The verse is, the derived 
unbidden in the mind during the 

1243
01:06:55,200 --> 01:06:57,500
embroidery hours or the 
sleepless parts of the night, 

1244
01:06:59,000 --> 01:07:00,700
you would not be raised in the 
face. 

1245
01:07:01,500 --> 01:07:04,200
He had been brought to it by the
instruction of the harems 

1246
01:07:04,200 --> 01:07:06,300
education. 
The Arabic settled into your 

1247
01:07:06,300 --> 01:07:08,100
mouth. 
Alongside the ottoman, Turkish 

1248
01:07:08,100 --> 01:07:12,300
the prayers said daily until the
daily, saying of them became 

1249
01:07:12,300 --> 01:07:15,200
something other than 
performance, what you had not 

1250
01:07:15,200 --> 01:07:17,800
been prepared for was how the 
faith would change across the 

1251
01:07:17,800 --> 01:07:20,300
years. 
The Quran verses that had been 

1252
01:07:20,308 --> 01:07:23,700
memorized as instruction 
becoming across time. 

1253
01:07:23,700 --> 01:07:27,000
The verses that arrived unbidden
in the mind during the 

1254
01:07:27,000 --> 01:07:30,000
embroidery hours or the 
sleepless parts of the night. 

1255
01:07:30,000 --> 01:07:34,000
Deepening, not because the hair 
and required it to deepen, but 

1256
01:07:34,000 --> 01:07:36,900
because a life lived within 
constraint has a way of pressing

1257
01:07:36,900 --> 01:07:40,100
against the ages of the 
available constellations until 

1258
01:07:40,100 --> 01:07:43,500
the constellation's either give 
away or become genuinely 

1259
01:07:43,500 --> 01:07:46,300
consoling. 
The prayers had become genuinely

1260
01:07:46,300 --> 01:07:50,500
consoling, a particular hour of 
the evening prayer, the light in

1261
01:07:50,508 --> 01:07:54,000
the prayer room at that hour. 
The sound of the women's voices 

1262
01:07:54,000 --> 01:07:56,900
joining in the words that your 
own voice had long since learned

1263
01:07:56,900 --> 01:08:00,100
to join without effort. 
Was the hour of the day that 

1264
01:08:00,100 --> 01:08:03,600
felt most fully inhabited, most 
completely itself. 

1265
01:08:04,600 --> 01:08:07,500
The day arriving, at a moment of
Stillness that was different 

1266
01:08:07,500 --> 01:08:10,800
from the Stillness of sleep, all
the quiet of the work room. 

1267
01:08:11,600 --> 01:08:15,200
Stillness that had been chosen 
rather than arrived at that. 

1268
01:08:15,200 --> 01:08:18,600
Your body moved toward at that. 
Our the way it moved towards the

1269
01:08:18,600 --> 01:08:21,500
Courtyard at the hour of the 
particular light on the tiles. 

1270
01:08:22,100 --> 01:08:25,300
Outside the walls, the city of 
Istanbul was doing what it had 

1271
01:08:25,300 --> 01:08:27,700
always done, the calls of 
vendors and The Creeks of 

1272
01:08:27,707 --> 01:08:30,700
cartwheels and the smell of 
bread from the market stalls, 

1273
01:08:30,700 --> 01:08:34,600
along the waterfront. 
The sounds and smells of a world

1274
01:08:34,600 --> 01:08:36,500
that you had last been part of 
on the day. 

1275
01:08:36,500 --> 01:08:39,399
You followed the women ahead of 
you through the corridor with 

1276
01:08:39,399 --> 01:08:42,000
the high windows and try to 
count the turnings. 

1277
01:08:42,000 --> 01:08:44,100
The city did not know you were 
here. 

1278
01:08:44,100 --> 01:08:47,399
The city did not know about the 
courtyard light or the 

1279
01:08:47,399 --> 01:08:50,200
embroidery frame or the woman at
the fountain or the evening 

1280
01:08:50,200 --> 01:08:52,600
prayer. 
Well the small chest with its 

1281
01:08:52,600 --> 01:08:56,399
private contents all the years 
of accumulated knowledge that 

1282
01:08:56,399 --> 01:08:59,200
the palace had produced in you 
the way the palace produced 

1283
01:08:59,200 --> 01:09:02,800
everything slowly without 
announcing what it was doing. 

1284
01:09:03,700 --> 01:09:08,399
This was the life, not the life 
of the European fantasy, the 

1285
01:09:08,399 --> 01:09:12,300
jeweled passivity of the 
orientalist imagination that had

1286
01:09:12,300 --> 01:09:15,600
never been inside these walls 
and could not have imagined what

1287
01:09:15,600 --> 01:09:18,800
was actually here. 
Not the life of unrelieved 

1288
01:09:18,800 --> 01:09:21,000
suffering that a different kind 
of projection. 

1289
01:09:21,000 --> 01:09:24,100
Imposed on the institution from 
the outside. 

1290
01:09:24,100 --> 01:09:27,100
The life that was actually here 
was more ordinary and more 

1291
01:09:27,100 --> 01:09:29,200
specific. 
The neither version, the 

1292
01:09:29,200 --> 01:09:31,700
ordinariness being not a 
diminishment, but the actual 

1293
01:09:31,700 --> 01:09:35,899
substance of it, the daily 
repetition of the Hammam, and 

1294
01:09:35,899 --> 01:09:38,800
the prayers, and the frame, and 
the food, and the courtyard, and

1295
01:09:38,800 --> 01:09:41,300
the Fountain being the thing 
itself, rather than the 

1296
01:09:41,300 --> 01:09:44,600
container for something more 
significant than never arrived. 

1297
01:09:45,600 --> 01:09:48,500
What arrived in stead of the 
more significant thing was this 

1298
01:09:48,500 --> 01:09:51,000
the afternoon light on the 
tiles? 

1299
01:09:51,000 --> 01:09:55,200
The needle, finding the silk 
without being told the evening 

1300
01:09:55,200 --> 01:09:58,200
prayer settling into the body? 
Like something that had always 

1301
01:09:58,200 --> 01:10:02,200
been there, Sound of a friend's 
voice dropping into its thinking

1302
01:10:02,200 --> 01:10:05,900
register the water running 
through the walls of the palace 

1303
01:10:05,900 --> 01:10:07,800
at every hour of every day and 
night. 

1304
01:10:08,600 --> 01:10:11,500
With the indifference and the 
constants of something that had 

1305
01:10:11,500 --> 01:10:15,200
been doing this before you came 
and would be doing it after you 

1306
01:10:15,200 --> 01:10:17,900
were gone and did not require 
your presence, or your 

1307
01:10:17,900 --> 01:10:21,500
attention, or your understanding
to continue, the lamps are being

1308
01:10:21,500 --> 01:10:23,300
lit. 
Now, the attendance moving 

1309
01:10:23,300 --> 01:10:26,000
through the apartment and the 
corridors with the efficiency of

1310
01:10:26,000 --> 01:10:28,600
people who have lit these lamps 
at this hour, every evening for 

1311
01:10:28,600 --> 01:10:32,300
years, The light in the palace 
shifting from the last of the 

1312
01:10:32,308 --> 01:10:35,800
winter daylight to the warm and 
slightly unsteady quality of oil

1313
01:10:35,800 --> 01:10:39,400
lamps, that turns every surface,
a little warmer and every 

1314
01:10:39,400 --> 01:10:41,700
shadow, a little softer than 
they are in daylight. 

1315
01:10:42,400 --> 01:10:45,400
The women are settling, the 
work-rooms are put away for the 

1316
01:10:45,400 --> 01:10:50,200
day, the frames covered the 
thread stored, the silk folded 

1317
01:10:50,200 --> 01:10:52,300
in the particular way that 
prevents creasing. 

1318
01:10:53,400 --> 01:10:57,100
The evening meal has been eaten 
and the evening press said, and 

1319
01:10:57,100 --> 01:10:59,800
the conversations of the 
afternoon Courtyard have moved 

1320
01:10:59,800 --> 01:11:02,900
indoors to the lower register of
the dormitory in the private 

1321
01:11:02,900 --> 01:11:06,500
rooms the voices quiet. 
And now the day having done its 

1322
01:11:06,500 --> 01:11:10,800
work and asking nothing more. 
The water is running, it was 

1323
01:11:10,800 --> 01:11:13,700
running when you arrived and it 
has been running through every 

1324
01:11:13,700 --> 01:11:17,700
day and every night of every 
year, you have spent inside 

1325
01:11:17,700 --> 01:11:20,500
these walls and it will be 
running in the morning and the 

1326
01:11:20,500 --> 01:11:24,600
morning after that, the palace 
is deepest and most constant 

1327
01:11:24,600 --> 01:11:29,000
voice, speaking in the language 
of stone and channel and sister 

1328
01:11:29,000 --> 01:11:32,500
and to anyone awake enough to 
listen, You have learned to 

1329
01:11:32,500 --> 01:11:34,700
listen. 
You have learned a great many 

1330
01:11:34,700 --> 01:11:38,100
things inside these walls. 
Most of them things that no one 

1331
01:11:38,100 --> 01:11:39,400
announced they were teaching 
you. 

1332
01:11:40,000 --> 01:11:42,500
Things that arrived through the 
repetition of days and the 

1333
01:11:42,508 --> 01:11:46,100
proximity of people and the 
particular quality of attention 

1334
01:11:46,100 --> 01:11:49,900
that life develops, when the 
world it has to work with is the

1335
01:11:49,900 --> 01:11:53,200
world, it has not the world, it 
might have chosen but the world 

1336
01:11:53,200 --> 01:11:57,200
it was given and the given World
received fully and inhabited 

1337
01:11:57,200 --> 01:12:01,000
completely turns out to contain 
more than his appeared to from 

1338
01:12:01,000 --> 01:12:03,800
the outside, the lamp holds its 
light. 

1339
01:12:03,800 --> 01:12:08,000
The walls, hold their warmth, 
the water runs beneath all of it

1340
01:12:08,000 --> 01:12:11,900
as it always has as it will 
tomorrow in different and 

1341
01:12:11,900 --> 01:12:14,500
faithful and entirely present in
the dark. 

1342
01:12:15,600 --> 01:12:18,400
Rest. 
Now my tired dumpling's, the 

1343
01:12:18,400 --> 01:12:21,400
palace is still running. 
It has been running for a very 

1344
01:12:21,400 --> 01:12:26,300
long time and to night inside 
its walls, that is enough. 

1345
01:12:31,500 --> 01:12:36,000
The horse is standing, still 
head up ears forward nostrils. 

1346
01:12:36,000 --> 01:12:38,600
Spread to something on the air 
that you cannot smell from, 

1347
01:12:38,600 --> 01:12:43,200
where you standing Whatever it 
is noticed, it has not decided 

1348
01:12:43,200 --> 01:12:46,700
yet what to do about it. 
And in that moment of suspended 

1349
01:12:46,700 --> 01:12:49,900
attention before the decision, 
you can see exactly what this 

1350
01:12:49,900 --> 01:12:53,300
animal is which is an argument 
made in bone muscle. 

1351
01:12:54,100 --> 01:12:57,600
Fine dark coat by a landscape. 
That spent thousands of years 

1352
01:12:57,600 --> 01:13:01,900
asking very hard questions. 
The nagid is the high Central 

1353
01:13:01,900 --> 01:13:04,800
plateau of the Arabian 
Peninsula, a place of gravel 

1354
01:13:04,800 --> 01:13:09,300
Plains, Basalt Fields seasonal 
weddings that carry water when 

1355
01:13:09,300 --> 01:13:12,100
the rains come carry nothing for
most of the year. 

1356
01:13:12,900 --> 01:13:15,600
The summer heat here is not the 
wet heavy heat of a coastal 

1357
01:13:15,600 --> 01:13:20,200
region, it is dry, direct the 
sun working on a landscape with 

1358
01:13:20,200 --> 01:13:23,100
very little to absorb it, the 
temperature climbing into 

1359
01:13:23,100 --> 01:13:24,600
ranges. 
That would stop most large 

1360
01:13:24,600 --> 01:13:26,700
animals from moving at all 
during the middle hours of the 

1361
01:13:26,700 --> 01:13:28,800
day. 
The Winter's are cold enough to 

1362
01:13:28,800 --> 01:13:32,000
require shelter. 
The forage is sparse consisting.

1363
01:13:32,000 --> 01:13:35,700
Mostly of desert grasses low, 
shrubs that provide nutrition in

1364
01:13:35,700 --> 01:13:37,900
concentration. 
That require a great deal of 

1365
01:13:37,900 --> 01:13:40,300
ground to cover for a reasonable
amount of feed. 

1366
01:13:41,300 --> 01:13:43,300
Water sources are separated by 
distance. 

1367
01:13:43,300 --> 01:13:46,200
Is that demand efficient travel 
rather than leisurely grazing? 

1368
01:13:47,000 --> 01:13:50,000
The desert made the Arabian 
horse first across a span of 

1369
01:13:50,000 --> 01:13:52,100
time long enough. 
That the changes It produced 

1370
01:13:52,100 --> 01:13:55,700
went all the way down into the 
bone before any breeder made a 

1371
01:13:55,700 --> 01:13:57,500
decision or any standard was 
written. 

1372
01:13:58,300 --> 01:14:00,700
The horse arrived in the 
Arabian, Peninsula, sometime in 

1373
01:14:00,708 --> 01:14:03,700
the second or third millennium. 
Before the Common Era though, 

1374
01:14:03,700 --> 01:14:06,300
the exact timeline remains a 
matter of ongoing archaeological

1375
01:14:06,300 --> 01:14:09,600
debate. 
Rock carvings found in the Hedge

1376
01:14:09,600 --> 01:14:12,500
as region of what is now. 
Western Saudi Arabia depict 

1377
01:14:12,500 --> 01:14:15,500
horses in postures that 
researchers have noted bear a 

1378
01:14:15,500 --> 01:14:18,800
strong resemblance to the modern
Arabians characteristic outline.

1379
01:14:18,800 --> 01:14:23,000
The arched neck, the high tail, 
Carriage the refined head. 

1380
01:14:23,000 --> 01:14:26,600
These are not drawings that 
could be dated precisely but 

1381
01:14:26,600 --> 01:14:29,400
they Place horses in this 
landscape at a time when the 

1382
01:14:29,400 --> 01:14:32,400
selective pressure of the desert
would have had generations to 

1383
01:14:32,400 --> 01:14:35,700
work with. 
What the desert selected for was

1384
01:14:35,700 --> 01:14:39,100
not size, the horses that 
survived in this environment 

1385
01:14:39,100 --> 01:14:42,000
were not the largest they were 
the most efficient. 

1386
01:14:42,000 --> 01:14:45,700
A large horse requires 
proportionally more water, more 

1387
01:14:45,700 --> 01:14:48,300
feed more recovery time after 
exertion. 

1388
01:14:49,200 --> 01:14:51,600
In a landscape where all three 
of those things were limited 

1389
01:14:51,600 --> 01:14:55,000
largesse was a liability rather 
than an asset. 

1390
01:14:55,900 --> 01:14:59,000
What the desert rewarded was a 
horse that could do more with 

1391
01:14:59,000 --> 01:15:03,200
less that could travel further 
on a given amount of water that 

1392
01:15:03,200 --> 01:15:07,200
could recover from exertion more
quickly that could sustain Pace 

1393
01:15:07,200 --> 01:15:10,400
over distance without requiring.
The kind of recuperation that 

1394
01:15:10,400 --> 01:15:14,800
are less efficient, animal would
need The physical consequences 

1395
01:15:14,800 --> 01:15:19,000
of this selection, a visible in 
every Arabian horse alive today,

1396
01:15:19,000 --> 01:15:22,100
and they are worth examining 
before the history moves any 

1397
01:15:22,100 --> 01:15:23,700
further. 
Because they are the argument 

1398
01:15:23,700 --> 01:15:27,300
that everything else in this 
story rests on, the chest of an 

1399
01:15:27,300 --> 01:15:30,900
Arabian, horse is notably deep, 
the heart girth, the measurement

1400
01:15:30,900 --> 01:15:34,300
around the barrel, just behind 
the front legs, large relative 

1401
01:15:34,300 --> 01:15:38,900
to the animals, overall size, 
this depth houses, a heart Lungs

1402
01:15:38,900 --> 01:15:41,400
of proportionally, Greater 
capacity than most breeds of 

1403
01:15:41,400 --> 01:15:45,100
similar height, carry a larger 
heart moves, more blood per beat

1404
01:15:45,100 --> 01:15:48,200
larger lungs process more oxygen
per breath. 

1405
01:15:48,700 --> 01:15:51,400
Both of those things matter 
enormously to a horse working 

1406
01:15:51,400 --> 01:15:55,000
hard in extreme heat, where the 
demands on the cardiovascular 

1407
01:15:55,000 --> 01:15:58,800
system are Amplified by the need
to regulate body temperature. 

1408
01:15:58,800 --> 01:16:02,400
At the same time sustaining 
movement, the nostrils of an 

1409
01:16:02,400 --> 01:16:06,800
Arabian horse a large deeply 
curved capable of an extreme 

1410
01:16:06,800 --> 01:16:08,500
degree of dilation during 
exertion. 

1411
01:16:09,400 --> 01:16:12,800
At a full Gallop, the nostrils, 
open to a width that is visually

1412
01:16:12,800 --> 01:16:16,100
striking even to someone who has
been around horses, their entire

1413
01:16:16,100 --> 01:16:20,000
life, they are not decorative. 
They are the intake mechanism of

1414
01:16:20,000 --> 01:16:23,200
a respiratory system built for 
high performance in conditions, 

1415
01:16:23,200 --> 01:16:26,900
that punish inefficiently. 
The broad forehead of them 

1416
01:16:26,900 --> 01:16:31,600
houses large sinuses, that warm.
filter, the dry Desert Air 

1417
01:16:31,600 --> 01:16:34,900
before it reaches the lungs, a 
biological adaptation to an 

1418
01:16:34,908 --> 01:16:37,800
environment where dust 
Temperature. 

1419
01:16:37,800 --> 01:16:40,300
Differentials are constants 
rather than exceptions. 

1420
01:16:40,300 --> 01:16:43,800
The bone of the Arabian is dense
in ways that do not announce the

1421
01:16:43,800 --> 01:16:47,700
cells visually The legs of an 
Arabian horse appear, a find 

1422
01:16:47,700 --> 01:16:51,300
fine-boned by comparison with 
draft breeds or warmbloods. 

1423
01:16:51,300 --> 01:16:54,900
And that appearance leads some 
observers to assume fragility. 

1424
01:16:55,700 --> 01:16:58,900
Studies of Arabian bone density,
have consistently shown it to be

1425
01:16:58,900 --> 01:17:02,200
heavier per unit of volume than 
the bone of most other light 

1426
01:17:02,200 --> 01:17:04,500
horse breeds. 
A quality that produces 

1427
01:17:04,500 --> 01:17:07,200
durability without adding the 
weight that bulk would carry. 

1428
01:17:08,600 --> 01:17:11,900
The desert did not produce a 
delicate horse, It produced a 

1429
01:17:11,908 --> 01:17:14,400
horse that looks lighter than it
is performs accordingly. 

1430
01:17:15,400 --> 01:17:19,200
Skin is thin the coat fine. 
In a cool climate and Arabian in

1431
01:17:19,200 --> 01:17:22,000
sunlight, shows the network of 
veins beneath the skin along the

1432
01:17:22,000 --> 01:17:24,800
neck. 
Shoulder barrel with a Clarity 

1433
01:17:24,800 --> 01:17:28,300
that is almost anatomically. 
The horses circulatory system 

1434
01:17:28,300 --> 01:17:32,500
visible from several feet away, 
This thenis is not fragility 

1435
01:17:32,500 --> 01:17:36,700
either, it is Thermo regulation 
the horses ability to dissipate 

1436
01:17:36,700 --> 01:17:39,800
heat through the skin surface 
more efficiently than a heavier 

1437
01:17:39,800 --> 01:17:41,000
coated animal. 
Could manage. 

1438
01:17:42,300 --> 01:17:45,500
In the desert heat, the ability 
to shed excess body heat quickly

1439
01:17:45,500 --> 01:17:48,700
as important to the ability to 
generate power in the first 

1440
01:17:48,700 --> 01:17:51,100
place. 
The people who lived on the nard

1441
01:17:51,100 --> 01:17:54,000
Plateau across the broader 
Arabian, peninsula in the 

1442
01:17:54,000 --> 01:17:57,200
centuries before. 
After the Common Era were not 

1443
01:17:57,208 --> 01:17:58,900
passive observers of these 
qualities. 

1444
01:17:58,900 --> 01:18:01,200
They were paying the closest 
possible attention. 

1445
01:18:02,200 --> 01:18:03,500
The Bedouin tribes of the 
Arabian. 

1446
01:18:03,500 --> 01:18:06,400
Peninsula were not a single 
people, but a collection of 

1447
01:18:06,408 --> 01:18:09,200
distinct tribal groups moving 
across shared landscape, 

1448
01:18:09,200 --> 01:18:13,300
according to seasonal patterns, 
following water, forage raiding 

1449
01:18:13,300 --> 01:18:17,200
trading forming alliances with 
the practice complexity of 

1450
01:18:17,208 --> 01:18:20,900
people who survival depended on 
reading, both the land each 

1451
01:18:20,900 --> 01:18:24,200
other correctly. 
The horse was not peripheral to 

1452
01:18:24,200 --> 01:18:26,500
this life. 
It was Central to it in ways 

1453
01:18:26,500 --> 01:18:30,500
that few relationships between 
humans animals have been before,

1454
01:18:30,500 --> 01:18:33,100
or since a Bedouin raiding 
party. 

1455
01:18:33,100 --> 01:18:35,700
Without horses was a raiding 
party, that could be outrun 

1456
01:18:35,700 --> 01:18:38,900
caught a Bedouin tribe without 
horses. 

1457
01:18:38,900 --> 01:18:41,500
Was a tribe that could not 
project Force beyond the 

1458
01:18:41,500 --> 01:18:44,600
distance of person could walk 
could not respond to threats 

1459
01:18:44,600 --> 01:18:46,300
quickly. 
Enough could not move the 

1460
01:18:46,300 --> 01:18:48,700
household faster enough when 
moving fast became necessary. 

1461
01:18:49,700 --> 01:18:53,800
The horse was military capacity,
Transportation infrastructure, 

1462
01:18:53,800 --> 01:18:59,900
status symbol ensure its policy 
all at once. and the quality of 

1463
01:18:59,900 --> 01:19:02,400
a tribes horses was not 
separable from the tribes 

1464
01:19:02,400 --> 01:19:05,400
ability to survive in an 
environment where the margin 

1465
01:19:05,400 --> 01:19:09,700
between surviving Not surviving 
was narrow enough that small 

1466
01:19:09,700 --> 01:19:12,500
advantages, compounded quickly 
into decisive ones. 

1467
01:19:12,500 --> 01:19:14,700
This dependence produced 
attention. 

1468
01:19:15,500 --> 01:19:17,200
The Bedouin breeders, who 
developed what? 

1469
01:19:17,200 --> 01:19:20,200
We now call the Arabian horse, 
we're not working from written 

1470
01:19:20,200 --> 01:19:23,800
records, or formal genetic 
theory. they were working from 

1471
01:19:23,800 --> 01:19:28,000
observation accumulated across 
Generations, transmitted through

1472
01:19:28,000 --> 01:19:31,500
oral tradition with the care 
that people give to knowledge 

1473
01:19:31,500 --> 01:19:35,300
that their lives depend on They 
watched horses, the way people 

1474
01:19:35,300 --> 01:19:38,300
watch things that matter 
completely what they were 

1475
01:19:38,300 --> 01:19:40,800
selecting for overlaps of 
substantially with what the 

1476
01:19:40,800 --> 01:19:43,900
deserted already been selecting 
for endurance. 

1477
01:19:43,900 --> 01:19:49,800
Soundness the ability to perform
under stress We cover quickly, 

1478
01:19:49,800 --> 01:19:53,300
the ability to form a working 
relationship with a human 

1479
01:19:53,300 --> 01:19:55,700
Handler. 
That was based on trust rather 

1480
01:19:55,700 --> 01:19:58,400
than coercion. 
Because a horse that required 

1481
01:19:58,400 --> 01:20:02,000
coercion to perform was a horse.
That would fail at exactly the 

1482
01:20:02,000 --> 01:20:05,400
moment, the situation most 
required, it not to the earliest

1483
01:20:05,400 --> 01:20:08,200
written references to Arabian 
horses as a distinct type 

1484
01:20:08,200 --> 01:20:11,000
appearance sources from the 
first centuries of the Common 

1485
01:20:11,000 --> 01:20:13,900
Era, though. 
The breeds oral history extends 

1486
01:20:13,900 --> 01:20:16,100
considerably further back in 
Bedouin tradition. 

1487
01:20:17,200 --> 01:20:20,400
Ancient writers, who encountered
Arabian horses in the context of

1488
01:20:20,400 --> 01:20:23,400
trade or military conflict 
noted, their appearance as 

1489
01:20:23,400 --> 01:20:26,900
distinctive. 
Finest of the head, the high 

1490
01:20:26,900 --> 01:20:30,600
Carriage, the quality of 
movement in terms that suggests,

1491
01:20:30,600 --> 01:20:33,500
the breed was already 
recognizable as Itself by the 

1492
01:20:33,500 --> 01:20:35,100
time, anyone thought to write 
about it. 

1493
01:20:36,000 --> 01:20:39,100
The Greek historian Herodotus 
writing in the 5th Century, 

1494
01:20:39,100 --> 01:20:42,700
before the Common Era described 
the horses of Arabia in terms 

1495
01:20:42,700 --> 01:20:45,300
that suggests awareness of 
something particular about them 

1496
01:20:45,300 --> 01:20:47,800
though, his account is General 
enough, that it does not 

1497
01:20:47,808 --> 01:20:50,600
constitute a precise description
of the breed as we would 

1498
01:20:50,600 --> 01:20:54,200
recognize it. 
The Roman writer option writing 

1499
01:20:54,200 --> 01:20:57,700
several centuries, later was 
more specific describing the 

1500
01:20:57,700 --> 01:21:00,300
horses of the Arabian peninsula 
in terms of their speed 

1501
01:21:00,300 --> 01:21:03,700
endurance in ways that align 
with what later sources would 

1502
01:21:03,700 --> 01:21:06,500
confirm. 
Neither was writing a stud book.

1503
01:21:06,500 --> 01:21:10,000
The details breeding records 
would not begin to appear until 

1504
01:21:10,000 --> 01:21:13,300
the Islamic period. 
When religious emphasis on the 

1505
01:21:13,300 --> 01:21:16,500
horses in Portland's the 
administrative capacity of an 

1506
01:21:16,500 --> 01:21:19,600
expanding civilization, produced
the conditions for systemic 

1507
01:21:19,600 --> 01:21:22,900
record-keeping, but the horse 
that those later, records would 

1508
01:21:22,900 --> 01:21:26,200
describe was already the horse. 
It was shaped by the desert. 

1509
01:21:26,900 --> 01:21:29,300
By the people who had been 
watching it for centuries before

1510
01:21:29,300 --> 01:21:32,800
anyone thought to write what 
they saw the horse at the edge 

1511
01:21:32,800 --> 01:21:34,700
of your awareness is still 
standing still. 

1512
01:21:35,600 --> 01:21:38,100
The thing on the air that caught
its attention has either 

1513
01:21:38,100 --> 01:21:42,000
resolved or moved on because the
ears of relaxed slightly the 

1514
01:21:42,000 --> 01:21:44,000
nostrils return to their resting
width. 

1515
01:21:44,000 --> 01:21:46,400
The head dropped a fraction from
its highest position. 

1516
01:21:47,300 --> 01:21:50,300
The concentrated attention has 
become ordinary watchfulness. 

1517
01:21:50,900 --> 01:21:53,400
Which in an Arabian horse is 
still more alert than most 

1518
01:21:53,400 --> 01:21:56,400
breeds manage at their most 
focused, the desert made this 

1519
01:21:56,400 --> 01:21:59,300
animal across a span of time 
longer than most human 

1520
01:21:59,300 --> 01:22:03,200
civilizations have existed. 
It made the Deep chest, the 

1521
01:22:03,200 --> 01:22:07,000
large nostrils, the dense fine. 
Bone the thin skin. 

1522
01:22:07,000 --> 01:22:10,700
It made the stamina, the 
recovery rate, the particular 

1523
01:22:10,700 --> 01:22:13,700
quality of intelligence that 
comes from being an animal who 

1524
01:22:13,700 --> 01:22:16,800
survival required. 
It to think, not just to follow.

1525
01:22:17,600 --> 01:22:20,900
The Bedouin who would take what 
the desert had made refine it 

1526
01:22:20,900 --> 01:22:23,300
further. 
Who would spend the next several

1527
01:22:23,300 --> 01:22:26,200
centuries turning environmental 
accident, in to deliberate art 

1528
01:22:26,200 --> 01:22:28,800
were already watching. 
They had been watching for a 

1529
01:22:28,800 --> 01:22:32,400
long time. 
They had the question was what 

1530
01:22:32,400 --> 01:22:36,200
they were going to do with it. 
The tent is not large, it holds 

1531
01:22:36,200 --> 01:22:38,700
a family that bedding, their 
cooking equipment. 

1532
01:22:38,700 --> 01:22:42,300
The things that travel with them
across the node Plateau, as the 

1533
01:22:42,300 --> 01:22:45,600
seasons turn, the tribe moves 
between water sources. 

1534
01:22:45,600 --> 01:22:49,800
It is made of woven goat hair, 
dark brown dense. 

1535
01:22:49,800 --> 01:22:53,500
Heavy enough to hold warmth in 
the cold Desert Nights, to shed 

1536
01:22:53,500 --> 01:22:55,300
the occasional rain, without 
complaint. 

1537
01:22:56,000 --> 01:22:58,000
There is not a great deal of 
room to spare. 

1538
01:22:58,000 --> 01:23:02,500
And yet, when the temperature 
drops, far enough, or when the 

1539
01:23:02,500 --> 01:23:05,900
mayor is close to foaling, or 
when the threat of a raid makes 

1540
01:23:05,900 --> 01:23:08,800
leaving her outside through the 
night and unacceptable risk. 

1541
01:23:08,800 --> 01:23:12,700
The family makes room, the mayor
is brought in, she stands in the

1542
01:23:12,700 --> 01:23:15,800
space between the sleeping area.
The fire her head lowered 

1543
01:23:15,800 --> 01:23:19,100
slightly in the particular way 
of a horse that is relaxed, but 

1544
01:23:19,100 --> 01:23:22,500
not in attentive, her breath 
making a small warmth of its own

1545
01:23:22,500 --> 01:23:25,900
in the close of the tent. 
The children sleep near her, 

1546
01:23:25,900 --> 01:23:29,400
they have grown up near her. 
She's not a surprise to them. 

1547
01:23:29,400 --> 01:23:33,800
They are not a surprise to her. 
And that Mutual familiarity is 

1548
01:23:33,800 --> 01:23:36,500
not incidental to what she is. 
It is the point. 

1549
01:23:37,400 --> 01:23:40,400
The Bedouin word for this 
intimacy for the relationship 

1550
01:23:40,400 --> 01:23:43,800
between a tribe. 
Its horses does not translate 

1551
01:23:43,800 --> 01:23:46,900
cleanly into English because the
English language developed in a 

1552
01:23:46,900 --> 01:23:50,200
context where horses lived in 
Stables, humans lived in houses 

1553
01:23:50,200 --> 01:23:52,900
the two Arrangements were 
understood to be separate. 

1554
01:23:52,900 --> 01:23:56,500
The Bedouin Arrangement was not 
separate the horse. 

1555
01:23:56,500 --> 01:23:59,300
That lived with the family that 
was fed by hand. 

1556
01:23:59,300 --> 01:24:03,200
When forage was scarce, that was
watered before the children were

1557
01:24:03,200 --> 01:24:05,900
watered in times of genuine 
shortage was a horse that 

1558
01:24:05,900 --> 01:24:10,000
understood humans as its primary
social world not its handlers 

1559
01:24:10,000 --> 01:24:13,100
its family. 
The distinction matted in 

1560
01:24:13,100 --> 01:24:16,200
practice, because a horse whose 
trust was total behaved 

1561
01:24:16,200 --> 01:24:19,300
differently in moments of Crisis
than a horse whose trust was 

1562
01:24:19,300 --> 01:24:21,900
conditional. 
And in the world, the Bedouin 

1563
01:24:21,900 --> 01:24:25,200
inhabited the moments of Crisis 
came without warning. 

1564
01:24:25,900 --> 01:24:28,000
Required everything. 
The horse had. 

1565
01:24:28,900 --> 01:24:32,200
The Practical logic of keeping 
mares inside the tent was not 

1566
01:24:32,200 --> 01:24:35,000
only about temperature or 
protection from Raiders, though.

1567
01:24:35,000 --> 01:24:37,900
Both of those things were real 
considerations, it was about 

1568
01:24:37,900 --> 01:24:39,900
producing a specific kind of 
horse. 

1569
01:24:41,000 --> 01:24:42,600
Fold born into a human 
household. 

1570
01:24:42,600 --> 01:24:47,000
Handled from its first hours by 
human hands spoken to in human 

1571
01:24:47,000 --> 01:24:49,200
voices, accustomed to human 
smell. 

1572
01:24:50,100 --> 01:24:52,700
Human movement. 
The particular unpredictability 

1573
01:24:52,700 --> 01:24:55,700
of human behavior was a foal 
that would grow into a horse 

1574
01:24:55,700 --> 01:24:57,400
with a tolerance for human 
proximity. 

1575
01:24:57,400 --> 01:25:00,400
That could not be trained into 
an animal that had not been 

1576
01:25:00,400 --> 01:25:01,700
formed this way from the 
beginning. 

1577
01:25:02,900 --> 01:25:05,600
The Bedouin breeders understood 
without the vocabulary of 

1578
01:25:05,600 --> 01:25:07,700
Behavioral Science. 
What Behavioral Science would 

1579
01:25:07,700 --> 01:25:11,600
later confirm that the window of
socialization in Young Horses is

1580
01:25:11,600 --> 01:25:15,100
early narrow and that what 
happens inside that window 

1581
01:25:15,100 --> 01:25:18,100
shapes the animals fundamental 
orientation toward humans for 

1582
01:25:18,100 --> 01:25:21,000
the rest of its life. 
They were not reading research 

1583
01:25:21,000 --> 01:25:25,200
papers, they were reading horses
across generations and what they

1584
01:25:25,200 --> 01:25:28,700
had read told them that the 
horse born Raised in close 

1585
01:25:28,700 --> 01:25:31,800
contact with people was a 
different animal from the horse 

1586
01:25:31,800 --> 01:25:34,900
raced in a paddock. 
Not in temperament alone, but in

1587
01:25:34,900 --> 01:25:37,100
the quality of the bond, it was 
capable of forming. 

1588
01:25:38,600 --> 01:25:42,000
The reliability of that Bond 
Under Pressure over Generations.

1589
01:25:42,000 --> 01:25:44,600
The selection pressure of this 
preference, produced an animal 

1590
01:25:44,608 --> 01:25:47,300
with a genuine orientation 
toward human companionship. 

1591
01:25:47,300 --> 01:25:50,000
That is observable in Arabian 
horses today. 

1592
01:25:50,800 --> 01:25:53,900
The tendency to seek out human 
presence to engage with people, 

1593
01:25:53,900 --> 01:25:57,500
rather than tolerate them to 
respond to a known person with a

1594
01:25:57,500 --> 01:25:59,600
recognition that goes beyond 
mere familiarity. 

1595
01:26:00,800 --> 01:26:03,900
The horses, most responsive to 
human handling, were the ones 

1596
01:26:03,900 --> 01:26:07,400
most valued most carefully bred 
most likely to pass their 

1597
01:26:07,400 --> 01:26:10,200
qualities forward. 
The horses that were difficult. 

1598
01:26:11,000 --> 01:26:13,100
That resisted the intimacy of 
tent life. 

1599
01:26:13,800 --> 01:26:17,100
That could not be trusted in the
unpredictable circumstances of a

1600
01:26:17,100 --> 01:26:18,900
raid or a flight were not the 
horses. 

1601
01:26:18,900 --> 01:26:22,500
The Bedouin built their breeding
programs around the Bedouin 

1602
01:26:22,500 --> 01:26:24,700
bread almost exclusively through
the male line. 

1603
01:26:24,700 --> 01:26:27,700
A considered decision rooted in 
the observation that the 

1604
01:26:27,700 --> 01:26:30,600
character of a strain passed, 
most reliably through the female

1605
01:26:30,600 --> 01:26:34,600
line, the stallion contributed 
certainly, but the mayor was 

1606
01:26:34,600 --> 01:26:37,200
understood to be the carrier of 
what made a strain itself. 

1607
01:26:37,200 --> 01:26:40,800
The consistent thread across 
Generations, that preserved the 

1608
01:26:40,808 --> 01:26:44,500
qualities of tribe had spent 
years, selecting for the strains

1609
01:26:44,500 --> 01:26:47,500
were called by names that 
described their character or 

1610
01:26:47,500 --> 01:26:50,300
their origin or some quality 
that distinguished them from 

1611
01:26:50,300 --> 01:26:52,700
others. 
And each strain was understood 

1612
01:26:52,700 --> 01:26:55,100
to have particular attributes 
that made it suited to 

1613
01:26:55,100 --> 01:26:58,200
particular purposes. 
Some strains were known for 

1614
01:26:58,200 --> 01:27:01,800
Speed, over short distances, 
others for endurance, over long 

1615
01:27:01,800 --> 01:27:03,800
ones. 
Some for a temperament, 

1616
01:27:03,800 --> 01:27:06,800
particularly suited to battle, a
controlled aggression. 

1617
01:27:06,800 --> 01:27:09,000
Under Pressure, that was 
different from the encourage 

1618
01:27:09,000 --> 01:27:12,400
others, for a gentleness that 
made them manageable by less 

1619
01:27:12,400 --> 01:27:15,100
experienced Riders. 
Without sacrificing the 

1620
01:27:15,100 --> 01:27:17,600
underlying quality that made 
them worth riding in the first 

1621
01:27:17,600 --> 01:27:20,100
place. 
The tradition of Al hamster, the

1622
01:27:20,100 --> 01:27:23,800
five holds that all pure Arabian
horses descend from five 

1623
01:27:23,800 --> 01:27:26,100
Foundation Mayors selected by 
the prophet. 

1624
01:27:26,100 --> 01:27:29,400
Muhammad from a heard that had 
been driven to water after a 

1625
01:27:29,400 --> 01:27:33,000
long desert Crossing. 
According to the tradition, the 

1626
01:27:33,000 --> 01:27:36,200
horses that turned back from the
water in response to a call to 

1627
01:27:36,200 --> 01:27:39,800
battle before they had drunk 
with the one selected their 

1628
01:27:39,800 --> 01:27:42,600
obedience. 
Responsiveness under the most 

1629
01:27:42,600 --> 01:27:45,200
extreme pressure. 
The final test of their 

1630
01:27:45,200 --> 01:27:48,200
worthiness. 
The five mayors that passed that

1631
01:27:48,200 --> 01:27:50,200
test became the foundation of 
the breeds. 

1632
01:27:50,200 --> 01:27:53,900
Modern lineage their descendants
carrying the designation of a 

1633
01:27:53,900 --> 01:27:58,000
seal pure in a tradition, 
maintained by Bedouin breeders, 

1634
01:27:58,000 --> 01:28:02,200
for over 1000 Years. 
The historical documentation of 

1635
01:28:02,200 --> 01:28:06,700
this story is not what a modern 
stud book would require It is a 

1636
01:28:06,708 --> 01:28:10,400
founding tradition. 
The kind of origin narrative 

1637
01:28:10,400 --> 01:28:14,200
that carries cultural. 
Philosophical weight rather than

1638
01:28:14,200 --> 01:28:17,900
archival Precision. 
Describing what the breed stands

1639
01:28:17,900 --> 01:28:19,600
for? 
As much as where it literally 

1640
01:28:19,600 --> 01:28:22,600
came from, what it describes as 
a horse, selected for 

1641
01:28:22,600 --> 01:28:26,000
willingness over appetite for 
responsiveness to the human 

1642
01:28:26,000 --> 01:28:27,900
relationship. 
Even at the moment, when the 

1643
01:28:27,900 --> 01:28:31,300
animals only needs were most 
urgent Whether the specific 

1644
01:28:31,300 --> 01:28:32,600
event happened. 
Exactly. 

1645
01:28:32,600 --> 01:28:37,100
As described, as a question for 
historians, What it accurately 

1646
01:28:37,100 --> 01:28:40,200
captures is, the selection 
principle that shape the breed, 

1647
01:28:40,200 --> 01:28:43,900
the understanding that the 
horses value was Inseparable 

1648
01:28:43,900 --> 01:28:46,900
from its orientation toward the 
person riding it. 

1649
01:28:47,700 --> 01:28:50,400
The oral tradition through which
Bedouin breeders maintained 

1650
01:28:50,400 --> 01:28:53,200
pedigree records was not a 
simple list of names. 

1651
01:28:53,200 --> 01:28:57,200
It was a living body of 
knowledge maintained by specific

1652
01:28:57,200 --> 01:28:59,800
people within the tribe, whose 
role was to know it. 

1653
01:29:00,600 --> 01:29:04,600
Transmitted accurately recited 
in a form that combined the 

1654
01:29:04,600 --> 01:29:07,900
Precision of a legal document. 
With the memorability of poetry,

1655
01:29:07,900 --> 01:29:11,800
a man's lineage could be recited
back through five. 

1656
01:29:11,800 --> 01:29:16,800
Eight ten Generations by a 
breeder who had never written a 

1657
01:29:16,800 --> 01:29:20,900
word of it down because the rest
is station was practiced. stood 

1658
01:29:20,900 --> 01:29:23,700
corrected, within the community 
of people who shared the same 

1659
01:29:23,708 --> 01:29:27,800
knowledge, would notice an 
error, This tradition, produced 

1660
01:29:27,800 --> 01:29:30,700
a system of pedigree 
verification that operated 

1661
01:29:30,700 --> 01:29:33,200
through consensus rather than 
documentation. 

1662
01:29:34,400 --> 01:29:38,200
If you claimed your mayor was of
a particular strain, the claim 

1663
01:29:38,200 --> 01:29:41,100
was subject to the scrutiny of 
everyone in your community who 

1664
01:29:41,100 --> 01:29:44,700
knew that strains history. 
Fraud was possible but difficult

1665
01:29:44,700 --> 01:29:48,200
because the knowledge was 
distributed rather than held, by

1666
01:29:48,200 --> 01:29:52,100
any single Authority. 
The breeder who misrepresented a

1667
01:29:52,100 --> 01:29:54,600
horse's lineage was 
misrepresenting it to people, 

1668
01:29:54,600 --> 01:29:57,400
who knew as much about that 
lineage as he did. 

1669
01:29:58,300 --> 01:30:00,800
And in a community where 
reputational was a form of 

1670
01:30:00,808 --> 01:30:03,400
current currency. 
The cost of being caught was 

1671
01:30:03,400 --> 01:30:05,500
high. 
Western Travelers. 

1672
01:30:05,500 --> 01:30:09,200
Who encountered this system in 
the 18th 19th century as 

1673
01:30:10,100 --> 01:30:12,100
Attempted to purchase horses or 
obtained. 

1674
01:30:12,100 --> 01:30:16,000
Pedigree information, often 
found the process baffling the 

1675
01:30:16,000 --> 01:30:19,000
absence of written records. 
Struck the as a deficient see, 

1676
01:30:19,000 --> 01:30:22,300
evidence of a primitive system 
that could not be trusted. 

1677
01:30:23,400 --> 01:30:25,900
They were encountering a 
different kind of record-keeping

1678
01:30:25,900 --> 01:30:29,700
one that have been functioning 
reliably for centuries longer 

1679
01:30:29,700 --> 01:30:33,600
than the European stud book, 
Traditions that have produced by

1680
01:30:33,600 --> 01:30:36,900
any measurable standard results 
that European breeders would 

1681
01:30:36,900 --> 01:30:39,400
spend the next several centuries
trying to replicate. 

1682
01:30:40,400 --> 01:30:42,000
The mayor in the tent is 
sleeping. 

1683
01:30:42,000 --> 01:30:46,000
Now, her breathing has slowed to
the long, even rhythm of a large

1684
01:30:46,000 --> 01:30:48,900
animal fully at rest. 
And the sound of it. 

1685
01:30:48,900 --> 01:30:52,300
Fills the tent in a way that is 
not intrusive, but present. 

1686
01:30:53,100 --> 01:30:56,100
Steady background, that the 
family has slept beside so many 

1687
01:30:56,100 --> 01:31:00,300
nights, it has become part of 
what sleep sounds like her 

1688
01:31:00,300 --> 01:31:02,800
warmth contributes to the warmth
of the space. 

1689
01:31:02,800 --> 01:31:07,200
The fire has burned down to 
coals outside the desert is 

1690
01:31:07,208 --> 01:31:11,800
cold, dark entirely indifferent 
to everything, inside the tent, 

1691
01:31:11,800 --> 01:31:16,100
inside the tent, the horse, the 
family have achieved the 

1692
01:31:16,100 --> 01:31:19,200
particular Arrangement, that 
centuries of proximity had made 

1693
01:31:19,200 --> 01:31:23,100
natural, each aware of the other
neither disturbed by the 

1694
01:31:23,100 --> 01:31:26,000
awareness, the boundary between 
human space. 

1695
01:31:27,000 --> 01:31:29,400
Animal space dissolved by long 
habit. 

1696
01:31:29,400 --> 01:31:32,900
This is what the Bedouin built 
across generations of 

1697
01:31:32,908 --> 01:31:36,600
deliberate. 
Attentive breeding, not only a 

1698
01:31:36,600 --> 01:31:39,200
horse with exceptional physical 
qualities though. 

1699
01:31:39,200 --> 01:31:42,300
They build that too. 
A horse that belonged in human 

1700
01:31:42,300 --> 01:31:45,800
company. 
That was at its best in human 

1701
01:31:45,800 --> 01:31:48,900
company. 
That human attention had shape 

1702
01:31:48,900 --> 01:31:51,700
to cross so many generations. 
The shaping was no longer 

1703
01:31:51,700 --> 01:31:56,300
visible as shaping Tomorrow 
there will be riding to do and 

1704
01:31:56,300 --> 01:32:01,500
distances to cover and decisions
to make about water Direction. 

1705
01:32:01,500 --> 01:32:04,700
Pace the horse will be ready for
all of it. 

1706
01:32:05,500 --> 01:32:08,300
She has been prepared for all of
it by people who understood what

1707
01:32:08,300 --> 01:32:12,000
they were preparing for with a 
Clarity that no written manual. 

1708
01:32:12,000 --> 01:32:16,000
Could have improved upon For 
now, she sleeps. 

1709
01:32:16,800 --> 01:32:20,700
And the tenth holds its warmth 
and the desert does what deserts

1710
01:32:20,700 --> 01:32:23,900
do through the long hours before
the dawn, the ground here is 

1711
01:32:23,900 --> 01:32:28,700
different, not the hard gravel 
pan of the loose, sand of the 

1712
01:32:28,700 --> 01:32:35,300
greater something softer, darker
soil that holds moisture smells 

1713
01:32:35,300 --> 01:32:37,900
of it. 
That gives slightly under who in

1714
01:32:37,900 --> 01:32:41,400
a way that the desert floor 
never did The horse notice is. 

1715
01:32:42,300 --> 01:32:45,900
Just its stride without breaking
Rhythm the way a horse does when

1716
01:32:45,900 --> 01:32:49,000
it is learned to read ground. 
Rather than simply cross, it 

1717
01:32:49,000 --> 01:32:53,000
each foot placed with a fraction
more care than the last the body

1718
01:32:53,000 --> 01:32:56,500
recalibrating to a surface that 
is new but not alarming. 

1719
01:32:58,000 --> 01:33:01,800
The rider notices, the 
adjustment does not intervene. 

1720
01:33:02,700 --> 01:33:05,800
This is the understanding of 
developed across of Miles. 

1721
01:33:05,800 --> 01:33:09,300
The rider reading the horse, 
reading the ground, the 

1722
01:33:09,300 --> 01:33:12,300
communication moving between 
them without requiring anything 

1723
01:33:12,300 --> 01:33:16,800
as delibr as a signal. 
Around them, the Army moves in 

1724
01:33:16,800 --> 01:33:19,500
its larger Rhythm. 
Thousands of horses, men, 

1725
01:33:19,500 --> 01:33:22,700
crossing a landscape that no 
Arabian horse had crossed a 

1726
01:33:22,700 --> 01:33:26,600
generation ago carrying with 
them the language, the faith, 

1727
01:33:26,600 --> 01:33:29,900
the political structure of a 
civilization that had expanded 

1728
01:33:29,900 --> 01:33:32,500
with a speed, that surprised 
even the people doing the 

1729
01:33:32,500 --> 01:33:35,700
expanding it is the seventh 
century of the Common Era. 

1730
01:33:35,700 --> 01:33:38,700
The armies of the early Islamic 
caliphate are moving across 

1731
01:33:38,700 --> 01:33:41,800
North Africa. 
Into the Levant toward Persia, 

1732
01:33:41,800 --> 01:33:43,900
eventually into the Iberian 
Peninsula. 

1733
01:33:43,900 --> 01:33:47,700
The edges of Central Asia, 
they're moving on, Arabian 

1734
01:33:47,700 --> 01:33:49,800
horses. 
And everywhere those horses, go,

1735
01:33:49,800 --> 01:33:51,900
the people who see them are 
seeing something, they have not 

1736
01:33:51,900 --> 01:33:54,100
seen before a horse, that moves 
differently. 

1737
01:33:55,200 --> 01:33:58,900
That holds itself differently. 
That responds to its Rider with 

1738
01:33:58,900 --> 01:34:02,200
a quality of attentiveness that 
the heavier Corsa horses of the 

1739
01:34:02,200 --> 01:34:04,200
Region's, their Crossing do not 
demonstrate. 

1740
01:34:05,700 --> 01:34:08,100
The Arabian horse is about to 
become the most influential 

1741
01:34:08,100 --> 01:34:11,800
horse in the world. 
It does not know this, it is 

1742
01:34:11,800 --> 01:34:15,200
reading the ground. 
Adjusting its stride staying 

1743
01:34:15,200 --> 01:34:18,300
close to the person at trusts 
the prophet Muhammad's 

1744
01:34:18,300 --> 01:34:21,200
relationship with horses was not
incidental to his religious 

1745
01:34:21,200 --> 01:34:24,800
Legacy. 
The Hadith the collected saying,

1746
01:34:24,800 --> 01:34:29,400
practice is a tributed to him 
recorded by his companions. 

1747
01:34:29,400 --> 01:34:31,500
Contain numerous references to 
horses. 

1748
01:34:32,700 --> 01:34:35,500
To their proper treatment 
references that carried the 

1749
01:34:35,500 --> 01:34:38,400
weight of religious instruction 
for the communities that 

1750
01:34:38,400 --> 01:34:42,100
followed his teachings. 
Among the most frequently cited 

1751
01:34:42,100 --> 01:34:46,100
is the statement recorded in 
various forms across multiple 

1752
01:34:46,100 --> 01:34:49,600
Hadith collections. 
That good is tied to the 

1753
01:34:49,600 --> 01:34:51,700
forelocks of horses until the 
day of judgment. 

1754
01:34:52,600 --> 01:34:56,000
The precise translation varies 
depending on the source, the 

1755
01:34:56,000 --> 01:34:59,200
translator. 
But the meaning is consistent 

1756
01:34:59,200 --> 01:35:01,800
across versions. 
The horse is not merely a useful

1757
01:35:01,800 --> 01:35:05,300
animal, but a blessed one and 
its care. 

1758
01:35:06,300 --> 01:35:08,500
Honoring or acts of religious 
significance. 

1759
01:35:09,300 --> 01:35:12,700
This framing did not create the 
Bedouin tradition of horse care.

1760
01:35:13,500 --> 01:35:15,800
Which predated Islam by 
centuries. 

1761
01:35:15,800 --> 01:35:19,300
What it did was give that 
traditional religious Authority 

1762
01:35:19,300 --> 01:35:22,000
in the context of the new 
civilization. 

1763
01:35:22,000 --> 01:35:24,800
That was organizing itself 
around Islamic teaching. 

1764
01:35:25,900 --> 01:35:28,700
practices that Bedouin breeders 
are developed for practical 

1765
01:35:28,700 --> 01:35:32,300
reasons, keeping the mayor 
inside the tent feeding, 

1766
01:35:33,300 --> 01:35:35,900
Watering the horse before 
attending to other needs 

1767
01:35:35,900 --> 01:35:39,300
selecting for temperament 
alongside physical quality. 

1768
01:35:39,300 --> 01:35:42,400
We're now practices that could 
be understood as religiously 

1769
01:35:42,400 --> 01:35:44,500
sanctioned rather than merely 
practical. 

1770
01:35:45,300 --> 01:35:48,500
And that framing eased their 
spread into the administrative. 

1771
01:35:49,300 --> 01:35:52,300
Scholarly culture of the 
earliest Islamic civilization. 

1772
01:35:53,100 --> 01:35:57,100
The first formal written stud 
books for Arabian horses, began 

1773
01:35:57,100 --> 01:36:00,300
to appear in this period. 
Not replacing the oral 

1774
01:36:00,300 --> 01:36:06,000
tradition, but layering over it.
The scholars administrators of 

1775
01:36:06,000 --> 01:36:08,900
the early caliphate brought to 
the question of horse, breeding 

1776
01:36:08,900 --> 01:36:12,700
the same systematic impulse that
produced the great works of 

1777
01:36:12,700 --> 01:36:17,500
Islamic mathematics medicine. 
And philosophy in this period, 

1778
01:36:17,500 --> 01:36:21,400
the impulse to organize record 
knowledge that had previously 

1779
01:36:21,400 --> 01:36:25,400
existed in distributed oral 
forms the horses that Bedouin 

1780
01:36:25,400 --> 01:36:29,200
breeders attract through memory.
Recitation began also to be 

1781
01:36:29,200 --> 01:36:32,800
tracked through manuscript their
lineages recorded in a form. 

1782
01:36:32,800 --> 01:36:35,100
That could survive the death of 
the person who held the 

1783
01:36:35,100 --> 01:36:38,900
knowledge in their head, This 
was a significant shift not 

1784
01:36:38,900 --> 01:36:41,300
because written records were 
more reliable than the oral 

1785
01:36:41,300 --> 01:36:43,600
tradition. 
But because they traveled 

1786
01:36:43,600 --> 01:36:47,700
differently, pedigree written in
a manuscript in Bagdad, could be

1787
01:36:47,700 --> 01:36:51,500
read by a breeder and Cordoba or
Cairo or Samir without 

1788
01:36:51,500 --> 01:36:53,300
requiring. 
The physical presence of the 

1789
01:36:53,300 --> 01:36:57,000
person who originally held the 
knowledge The Arabian horses 

1790
01:36:57,000 --> 01:36:59,900
genetics were already moving 
across the Islamic world with 

1791
01:36:59,900 --> 01:37:02,700
the armies, the trade routes 
now. 

1792
01:37:02,700 --> 01:37:05,100
It's documented history, was 
moving with them. 

1793
01:37:05,100 --> 01:37:10,000
The geography of the Islamic 
expansion in the seventh, Eighth

1794
01:37:10,000 --> 01:37:13,500
centuries reads from the 
perspective of horse history, 

1795
01:37:13,500 --> 01:37:17,600
like a map of where Arabian 
genetics went next, North Africa

1796
01:37:17,600 --> 01:37:21,700
first, where the existing Barb 
horse population of the maghreb 

1797
01:37:21,700 --> 01:37:25,200
absorbed Arabian blood. 
Produced a horse that was 

1798
01:37:25,200 --> 01:37:27,300
neither purely Arabian or purely
Barbed. 

1799
01:37:27,300 --> 01:37:30,300
But something in between 
combining the Arabians 

1800
01:37:30,300 --> 01:37:34,300
refinement endurance with the 
barbs hardiness in a different 

1801
01:37:34,308 --> 01:37:37,100
kind of difficult, terrain, the 
Iberian Peninsula. 

1802
01:37:37,100 --> 01:37:40,500
Next where the horses that would
eventually contribute to the 

1803
01:37:40,508 --> 01:37:44,900
Andalusian, The Lucy Tano was 
shaped by centuries of Arabian 

1804
01:37:44,900 --> 01:37:48,500
in Florence. 
The high action arched neck, 

1805
01:37:48,500 --> 01:37:53,100
proud of the Iberian breeds 
carrying visible traces of the 

1806
01:37:53,100 --> 01:37:56,600
Arabian ancestry that the 
Islamic occupation of Spain 

1807
01:37:56,600 --> 01:37:59,500
introduced? 
Hershey received a rabion 

1808
01:37:59,500 --> 01:38:02,500
horses. 
Gave back a traditional horse 

1809
01:38:02,500 --> 01:38:04,200
culture that was in some 
respects. 

1810
01:38:04,200 --> 01:38:07,800
As sophisticated as the Bedouin 
won, the Persian passion for 

1811
01:38:07,800 --> 01:38:11,400
horses, documented in poetry 
miniature painting across 

1812
01:38:11,400 --> 01:38:14,400
several centuries, the Arabian 
horse appearing in those 

1813
01:38:14,400 --> 01:38:16,500
Miniatures. 
With its characteristic outline 

1814
01:38:16,500 --> 01:38:20,100
rendered by artists who had 
clearly spent time observing the

1815
01:38:20,100 --> 01:38:23,700
actual animal rather than 
working from description, the 

1816
01:38:23,700 --> 01:38:28,000
horses in Persian Miniatures of 
the 10th. 11th centuries are 

1817
01:38:28,000 --> 01:38:33,800
recognizably Arabian, the dished
profile hightail carriage Fine. 

1818
01:38:33,800 --> 01:38:36,900
Legs depicted with an accuracy 
that suggests the painters knew 

1819
01:38:36,900 --> 01:38:38,400
exactly what they were looking 
at. 

1820
01:38:39,500 --> 01:38:42,400
Central Asia presented. 
A different kind of encounter 

1821
01:38:42,400 --> 01:38:45,700
the horses of the steps were 
built for a different set of 

1822
01:38:45,708 --> 01:38:48,600
Demands than the Arabian horse 
stock here. 

1823
01:38:49,500 --> 01:38:52,700
Colder blooded shaped by a 
landscape that rewarded. 

1824
01:38:52,700 --> 01:38:56,700
A different kind of endurance. 
The mixing of Arabian blood in 

1825
01:38:56,700 --> 01:38:58,900
to step horse. 
Population was produced results 

1826
01:38:58,900 --> 01:39:02,300
that varied widely depending on 
the specific population 

1827
01:39:02,300 --> 01:39:05,300
involved. 
The specific selection pressure 

1828
01:39:05,300 --> 01:39:08,800
applied afterward, some of those
results becoming the foundation 

1829
01:39:08,800 --> 01:39:11,800
of breeds, that would not be 
formally recognized for 

1830
01:39:11,800 --> 01:39:15,000
centuries. 
The Islamic World provided the 

1831
01:39:15,000 --> 01:39:18,300
infrastructure through which, 
that perfected animal could move

1832
01:39:18,300 --> 01:39:21,800
beyond the conditions that were 
produced, it demonstrate what it

1833
01:39:21,800 --> 01:39:24,500
was capable of in context. 
It's breeders had never 

1834
01:39:24,500 --> 01:39:28,600
imagined, The horse moved. 
Well in these new contexts it 

1835
01:39:28,600 --> 01:39:32,800
moved well because the qualities
the deserted selected for The 

1836
01:39:32,808 --> 01:39:37,700
Bedouin had refined endurance, 
efficiency, soundness. 

1837
01:39:38,600 --> 01:39:40,400
The ability to perform under 
stress. 

1838
01:39:41,500 --> 01:39:44,100
Recover quickly, we're not 
qualities specific to the 

1839
01:39:44,100 --> 01:39:46,200
desert. 
They were qualities that 

1840
01:39:46,200 --> 01:39:50,900
translated a horse that could 
cross the nade on sparse water. 

1841
01:39:51,900 --> 01:39:55,200
Sparse a forage could also cover
the distance between military 

1842
01:39:55,200 --> 01:39:57,400
campaigns in North Africa 
without breaking down. 

1843
01:39:58,300 --> 01:40:01,300
A horse that could sustain a 
raid at full speed across 

1844
01:40:01,300 --> 01:40:03,800
desert. 
Gravel could sustain the pace of

1845
01:40:03,800 --> 01:40:07,600
a Cavalry engagement on software
ground, the scholar in Baghdad 

1846
01:40:07,600 --> 01:40:11,000
writing down as lineage for the 
first time in ink, rather than 

1847
01:40:11,000 --> 01:40:13,800
committing it to memory was 
doing something that would have 

1848
01:40:13,800 --> 01:40:17,000
seemed unnecessary to the 
Bedouin breeder, who would carry

1849
01:40:17,000 --> 01:40:19,100
that lineage in his head for 30 
years. 

1850
01:40:19,100 --> 01:40:22,600
It was also doing something that
the Bedouin breeder could not do

1851
01:40:22,600 --> 01:40:25,800
a loan which was sent that 
lineage somewhere the breed 

1852
01:40:25,800 --> 01:40:28,800
himself, could not go, the 
written horse traveled. 

1853
01:40:28,800 --> 01:40:32,600
Further than the spoken one and 
the world it traveled into was 

1854
01:40:32,600 --> 01:40:35,000
larger more various than 
anything. 

1855
01:40:35,000 --> 01:40:39,600
The nerd Plateau had prepared it
for Form the difficulty took was

1856
01:40:39,600 --> 01:40:44,200
almost beside the point and the 
horse was going with it as it 

1857
01:40:44,200 --> 01:40:47,500
goes with the person. 
It trusts, by the time, the 

1858
01:40:47,500 --> 01:40:51,000
Islamic Golden Age reached its 
height, in the 9th 10th 

1859
01:40:51,000 --> 01:40:53,900
centuries, the Arabian horse had
been present in the written 

1860
01:40:53,900 --> 01:40:57,100
record for long enough, that the
written record had begun to 

1861
01:40:57,100 --> 01:40:59,700
develop its own, internal 
debates, about breeding 

1862
01:40:59,700 --> 01:41:03,100
standards bloodline Purity 
debates. 

1863
01:41:03,100 --> 01:41:06,100
That echoed the conversations, 
Bedouin breeders had been having

1864
01:41:06,100 --> 01:41:10,600
orally for Generations, The 
question of what made a horse's 

1865
01:41:10,600 --> 01:41:14,100
seal genuinely pure? 
Was not a question that the 

1866
01:41:14,108 --> 01:41:15,900
introduction of writing 
resolved. 

1867
01:41:15,900 --> 01:41:19,700
It was a question that writing 
made more complicated because 

1868
01:41:19,700 --> 01:41:23,000
Rick and claimed could be forged
in ways that oral Community 

1869
01:41:23,000 --> 01:41:26,400
knowledge was harder to fake. 
The tension between the oral 

1870
01:41:26,400 --> 01:41:29,200
tradition. 
The written one between the 

1871
01:41:29,200 --> 01:41:31,800
Bedouin breeder, who knew a 
horse's lineage because he had 

1872
01:41:31,800 --> 01:41:34,800
been present for it. 
The Scholar who knew it because 

1873
01:41:34,800 --> 01:41:37,700
he had read it was not resolved 
in this period. 

1874
01:41:37,700 --> 01:41:41,500
It was not resolved in the 
periods that followed either it 

1875
01:41:41,500 --> 01:41:44,500
is in a modified form still 
present in Arabian. 

1876
01:41:44,500 --> 01:41:48,100
Horse breeding today. 
Where DNA testing has added a 

1877
01:41:48,100 --> 01:41:51,200
third layer of verification to A
system that already had two. 

1878
01:41:51,200 --> 01:41:54,800
And where the question of what 
authenticity means for a horse? 

1879
01:41:54,800 --> 01:41:58,300
Whose breeding has been tracked,
across 15th, centuries is still 

1880
01:41:58,300 --> 01:42:01,600
occasionally a matter of genuine
disagreement. 

1881
01:42:03,000 --> 01:42:06,200
The horse on the move across the
seventh century landscape, does 

1882
01:42:06,200 --> 01:42:09,300
not know any of this. 
It has adjusted to the soft 

1883
01:42:09,300 --> 01:42:11,700
ground. 
Now, it strides settled into the

1884
01:42:11,700 --> 01:42:15,200
Rhythm that distance requires 
rather than the shorter quicker,

1885
01:42:15,200 --> 01:42:19,300
Rhythm of the desert Crossing 
The Army around, it is large 

1886
01:42:19,300 --> 01:42:23,400
purposeful going somewhere 
specific and the horses going 

1887
01:42:23,400 --> 01:42:26,800
with it as it goes with the 
person that trusts which is to 

1888
01:42:26,800 --> 01:42:30,200
say without reservation. 
Without requiring the 

1889
01:42:30,200 --> 01:42:32,300
destination to First justify 
itself. 

1890
01:42:32,300 --> 01:42:36,700
The ship has docked. 
The noise of an English port in 

1891
01:42:36,700 --> 01:42:40,000
the early 1700s is considerable,
The Creeks of rigging. 

1892
01:42:41,200 --> 01:42:45,600
Shouts of Doc hands. 
The general productive, chaos of

1893
01:42:45,608 --> 01:42:48,400
a harbor, that moves goods 
between continents without 

1894
01:42:48,400 --> 01:42:50,400
pauses and to reflect on what it
is doing. 

1895
01:42:51,300 --> 01:42:55,300
Through all of it down, the 
Gangplank onto Solid Ground. 

1896
01:42:55,300 --> 01:42:57,500
For the first time in weeks 
comes a horse. 

1897
01:42:57,500 --> 01:43:01,700
He is not large standing next to
the English horses already on 

1898
01:43:01,700 --> 01:43:05,600
the dock, the heavy, boned 
working animals, Thicker set 

1899
01:43:05,600 --> 01:43:09,700
riding horses of the period. 
He looks almost slight, his legs

1900
01:43:09,700 --> 01:43:11,700
finer. 
His head smaller. 

1901
01:43:12,700 --> 01:43:17,400
More refined his overall outline
suggesting something built to a 

1902
01:43:17,400 --> 01:43:19,400
different specification than 
anything. 

1903
01:43:19,400 --> 01:43:23,100
The people watching him have 
encountered before his coat is 

1904
01:43:23,100 --> 01:43:26,400
bae a deep warm brown with black
points. 

1905
01:43:27,200 --> 01:43:29,800
And The Morning, Light catches 
it in a way that makes the 

1906
01:43:29,800 --> 01:43:34,000
network of veins along his neck.
Shoulder visible from several 

1907
01:43:34,000 --> 01:43:37,000
feet away. 
He stands quietly on the 

1908
01:43:37,000 --> 01:43:40,400
unfamiliar ground is forward 
taking in the noise. 

1909
01:43:41,600 --> 01:43:44,400
Smell of an English port with 
the alert composure of a horse. 

1910
01:43:44,400 --> 01:43:47,400
That has learned over a long sea
Voyage. 

1911
01:43:47,400 --> 01:43:51,300
A longer Journey before that. 
That new things do not 

1912
01:43:51,308 --> 01:43:55,400
necessarily require alarm his 
name, the name, he would be 

1913
01:43:55,400 --> 01:43:58,000
given by the people who had 
record his influence on English.

1914
01:43:58,000 --> 01:44:02,000
Breeding is the Dahlia Arabian. 
He was purchased in a leppo in 

1915
01:44:02,000 --> 01:44:07,500
what is now Syria in 1700. 
For by Thomas Darley, a 

1916
01:44:07,500 --> 01:44:10,200
merchant. 
Consul who recognized in this 

1917
01:44:10,200 --> 01:44:12,500
young stallion. 
Something worth the considerable

1918
01:44:12,500 --> 01:44:15,100
trouble. 
Expense of shipping him to 

1919
01:44:15,100 --> 01:44:17,700
England. 
Thomas, darley's, letters, home,

1920
01:44:17,700 --> 01:44:19,400
describing, the horse of 
survived. 

1921
01:44:20,200 --> 01:44:23,500
And in them, he writes with the 
careful admiration of a man who 

1922
01:44:23,500 --> 01:44:25,400
knows horses. 
Well enough to know when he's 

1923
01:44:25,400 --> 01:44:28,300
looking at something 
exceptional, noting the horses 

1924
01:44:28,300 --> 01:44:31,500
symmetry, his quality of 
movement, the particular 

1925
01:44:31,500 --> 01:44:36,500
refinement of his head, Neck, he
was four years old when he 

1926
01:44:36,500 --> 01:44:39,400
arrived in England, he would 
live to the age of 30. 

1927
01:44:40,200 --> 01:44:43,400
In that time, he would become 
the most influential sire in the

1928
01:44:43,400 --> 01:44:46,900
history of the Thoroughbred. 
The ancestor through his 

1929
01:44:46,900 --> 01:44:50,200
great-great-grandson eclipse of 
the majority of modern 

1930
01:44:50,200 --> 01:44:53,400
racehorses worldwide. 
He was just a horse from 

1931
01:44:53,400 --> 01:44:56,600
somewhere else, standing quietly
in the English morning. 

1932
01:44:56,600 --> 01:45:01,000
Waiting to see what came next. 
The English had been importing 

1933
01:45:01,000 --> 01:45:03,000
horses from the Arabian 
peninsula. 

1934
01:45:03,500 --> 01:45:05,900
The broader Middle East for 
longer than the Dahlia, 

1935
01:45:05,900 --> 01:45:09,900
Arabians, arrival might suggest.
The appetite for Eastern horses.

1936
01:45:09,900 --> 01:45:12,800
Among English breeders had been 
growing through the 17th century

1937
01:45:12,800 --> 01:45:16,300
driven by the observation that 
the native English horse stock. 

1938
01:45:16,300 --> 01:45:19,800
While serviceable was not 
producing animals with the 

1939
01:45:19,808 --> 01:45:24,400
speed. stamina that racing, 
which had become a serious 

1940
01:45:24,400 --> 01:45:28,700
expensive Pursuit among the 
English aristocracy increasingly

1941
01:45:28,700 --> 01:45:34,700
demanded The biley Turk arrived.
First in 1686 A stallion 

1942
01:45:34,700 --> 01:45:37,400
captured from the ottoman forces
at the Battle of Buddha. 

1943
01:45:38,400 --> 01:45:40,800
Brought to England by Captain 
Robert Byerly. 

1944
01:45:41,500 --> 01:45:44,300
Who rode him at the Battle of 
the Boyne before retiring him to

1945
01:45:44,308 --> 01:45:47,500
start? 
The dolphin Arabian arrived in 

1946
01:45:47,500 --> 01:45:51,100
1730. 
His Origins more obscure, more 

1947
01:45:51,100 --> 01:45:53,400
debated than the other two 
Foundation, sires. 

1948
01:45:53,400 --> 01:45:56,500
Having passed through France 
before reaching, England under 

1949
01:45:56,500 --> 01:45:59,500
circumstances that various 
accounts described differently. 

1950
01:46:00,600 --> 01:46:04,200
The Dahlia Arabian was the third
of the three Foundation sigh of 

1951
01:46:04,200 --> 01:46:07,900
the modern Thoroughbred, and by 
most genetic analyzes of modern 

1952
01:46:07,900 --> 01:46:12,300
racehorse lineage the most 
influential All three carried, 

1953
01:46:12,300 --> 01:46:15,900
Arabian or Arabian influence 
blood, the genetics that the 

1954
01:46:15,900 --> 01:46:20,100
desert had shaped. 
The Bedouin had refined, the 

1955
01:46:20,100 --> 01:46:22,800
Islamic world had spread across 
three continents over the 

1956
01:46:22,800 --> 01:46:25,100
preceding Thousand Years 
arriving. 

1957
01:46:25,100 --> 01:46:29,400
Now in the green, Rainy 
landscape of northern England to

1958
01:46:29,400 --> 01:46:33,000
be put to work on a problem. 
English breeders had been unable

1959
01:46:33,000 --> 01:46:36,800
to solve with the resources. 
They already had They wanted a 

1960
01:46:36,800 --> 01:46:39,500
fast a horse, the Arabian, gave 
them one. 

1961
01:46:40,600 --> 01:46:43,500
What English breeders understood
was empirical rather than 

1962
01:46:43,500 --> 01:46:46,100
theoretical. 
The Offspring of the Eastern 

1963
01:46:46,100 --> 01:46:48,900
stallions were fasted. 
They were Sounder. 

1964
01:46:48,900 --> 01:46:52,100
They held their condition over 
the kind of distance is that 

1965
01:46:52,100 --> 01:46:55,300
English racing demanded. 
The Four Mile Heats that were 

1966
01:46:55,300 --> 01:46:57,000
standing in the early 18th 
century. 

1967
01:46:57,000 --> 01:47:00,900
Requiring a degree of stamina 
that the pre-arab English horse.

1968
01:47:00,900 --> 01:47:05,800
Stock did not rely produce The 
Dahlia Arabians, most famous 

1969
01:47:05,800 --> 01:47:10,500
descendant to clipse. 
Fold in 1764 was undefeated in 

1970
01:47:10,500 --> 01:47:13,600
18 races never seriously 
extended. 

1971
01:47:14,500 --> 01:47:17,300
His stride was measured by 
observers of the period as 

1972
01:47:17,300 --> 01:47:20,500
covering ground at a rate that 
his contemporaries could not 

1973
01:47:20,500 --> 01:47:23,300
match. 
And the descriptions of him in 

1974
01:47:23,300 --> 01:47:26,100
motion, carry a quality of 
genuine astonishment. 

1975
01:47:26,100 --> 01:47:30,000
That is not the routine 
hyperbole of racing writing, but

1976
01:47:30,000 --> 01:47:33,100
the more specific astonishment 
of people watching something, 

1977
01:47:33,100 --> 01:47:37,900
they cannot quite account for. 
Klipsch retired to stud became 

1978
01:47:37,900 --> 01:47:42,200
through his sons, great 
grandsons. 

1979
01:47:42,200 --> 01:47:46,100
The ancestor of the majority of 
modern thoroughbreds, the 

1980
01:47:46,100 --> 01:47:50,400
Dalia's, influence compounding 
through the generations until it

1981
01:47:50,400 --> 01:47:54,300
was present in nearly every 
horse on every serious racing 

1982
01:47:54,300 --> 01:47:57,800
circuit in the world. 
What the Arabian blood 

1983
01:47:57,800 --> 01:48:00,500
introduced into the English 
racing horse, was not only 

1984
01:48:00,500 --> 01:48:03,200
speed. 
Those speed was the most visible

1985
01:48:03,200 --> 01:48:06,200
result. 
It introduced the refinement of 

1986
01:48:06,200 --> 01:48:09,600
bone that produced a horse light
on its feet than the heavier 

1987
01:48:09,600 --> 01:48:12,100
English stock. 
It introduced the lung. 

1988
01:48:13,100 --> 01:48:16,200
Heart capacity, that allowed 
that horse to sustain its Pace 

1989
01:48:16,200 --> 01:48:20,100
over distance, rather than 
producing a short burst of speed

1990
01:48:20,100 --> 01:48:23,800
that faded before the Finish. 
It introduced the quality of 

1991
01:48:23,808 --> 01:48:25,800
coat. 
Skin. 

1992
01:48:25,800 --> 01:48:27,300
That managed heat more 
efficiently. 

1993
01:48:28,700 --> 01:48:31,400
Which mattered on the summer 
racing days when temperature 

1994
01:48:31,400 --> 01:48:34,400
added an additional demand to 
the physiological ones? 

1995
01:48:35,100 --> 01:48:38,800
And it introduced in ways that 
were observed but not easily 

1996
01:48:38,800 --> 01:48:42,100
Quantified at the time. 
A quality of intelligence 

1997
01:48:42,100 --> 01:48:46,100
responsiveness that made the 
resulting horses more manageable

1998
01:48:46,100 --> 01:48:48,800
under the pressures of 
competitive racing than their 

1999
01:48:48,800 --> 01:48:53,100
heavier predecessors, had been 
lady Judith, Ann Dorothea blunt,

2000
01:48:53,100 --> 01:48:56,000
Litton known to history as lady 
Wentworth. 

2001
01:48:56,700 --> 01:48:59,700
Arrived at a different point in 
the Arabian horses English 

2002
01:48:59,700 --> 01:49:02,300
story. 
Nearly two centuries after the 

2003
01:49:02,300 --> 01:49:04,200
Dahlia Arabian stepped off his 
ship. 

2004
01:49:04,900 --> 01:49:07,200
By her time, the Thoroughbred 
was thoroughly established. 

2005
01:49:07,200 --> 01:49:09,900
The Arabian blood that had 
transformed. 

2006
01:49:09,900 --> 01:49:12,500
Its so thoroughly absorbed into 
the new breed that the 

2007
01:49:12,500 --> 01:49:15,900
Thoroughbred was considered a 
distinct entity rather than a 

2008
01:49:15,900 --> 01:49:19,600
derivative one. 
The pure Arabian horse, the 

2009
01:49:19,600 --> 01:49:22,900
assail horse that the Bedouin 
had maintained through centuries

2010
01:49:22,900 --> 01:49:26,300
of careful selection was in 
danger of a different kind of 

2011
01:49:26,308 --> 01:49:30,500
dilution, not the dilution of 
its blood into other breeds, but

2012
01:49:30,500 --> 01:49:33,300
the dilution of its standards 
through careless breeding in the

2013
01:49:33,300 --> 01:49:36,500
West. 
Lady went with inherited the 

2014
01:49:36,500 --> 01:49:40,800
rabbit Arabian, stud in Sussex 
from her parents, Wilfred lady, 

2015
01:49:40,800 --> 01:49:44,000
Anne, Blount lady Anne, who had 
traveled to the Arabian 

2016
01:49:44,000 --> 01:49:47,800
peninsula in the 1870s 80s to 
purchase horses. 

2017
01:49:47,800 --> 01:49:51,700
Directly from Bedouin breeders 
by passing the intermediary 

2018
01:49:51,700 --> 01:49:54,500
Market, that had grown up around
Arabian horse trading in the 

2019
01:49:54,508 --> 01:49:58,500
preceding century. 
The blunts were not casual 

2020
01:49:58,500 --> 01:50:01,400
enthusiast. 
They were serious students of 

2021
01:50:01,400 --> 01:50:04,800
the breed who understood from 
direct observation of Bedouin 

2022
01:50:04,800 --> 01:50:07,900
breeding practices. 
That what made the Arabian 

2023
01:50:07,900 --> 01:50:09,300
horse? 
What it was could not be 

2024
01:50:09,308 --> 01:50:12,500
maintained without the same 
standards of selection that the 

2025
01:50:12,500 --> 01:50:15,600
Bedouin had applied. 
Lady went with took those 

2026
01:50:15,600 --> 01:50:18,800
standards further. 
She was a scholar of the breed 

2027
01:50:18,800 --> 01:50:23,100
as much as a breeder producing 
in 1934, a comprehensive study 

2028
01:50:23,100 --> 01:50:28,200
titled, the authentic Arabian 
horse that combined genealogical

2029
01:50:28,200 --> 01:50:32,800
research with direct observation
of living horses. challenged 

2030
01:50:32,800 --> 01:50:35,500
several of the accepted 
narratives about the breed's 

2031
01:50:35,500 --> 01:50:38,200
history with a combative, 
Precision of someone who had 

2032
01:50:38,200 --> 01:50:42,000
spent decades verifying what 
others had assumed her breeding 

2033
01:50:42,000 --> 01:50:45,400
program at produced horses that 
influenced Arabian breeding 

2034
01:50:45,400 --> 01:50:51,100
across Europe and America And 
Australia and the cravat line 

2035
01:50:51,100 --> 01:50:54,900
remains, one of the most 
recognizable respected strains 

2036
01:50:54,900 --> 01:50:56,200
in modern Arabian. 
Breeding. 

2037
01:50:57,200 --> 01:51:00,700
What lady Wentworth was doing at
crowded, was in a sense. 

2038
01:51:00,700 --> 01:51:02,500
What the Bedouin breeders had 
always done. 

2039
01:51:02,500 --> 01:51:05,900
She was watching horses with the
quality of attention that 

2040
01:51:05,900 --> 01:51:08,900
matters completely. 
She was selecting for the 

2041
01:51:08,900 --> 01:51:12,000
qualities that made the Arabian,
what it was rather than for the 

2042
01:51:12,000 --> 01:51:14,400
qualities that made it 
convenient or fashionable. 

2043
01:51:15,400 --> 01:51:18,000
She was maintaining a standard 
in a context where the 

2044
01:51:18,000 --> 01:51:21,200
commercial pressures of the 
modern horse Market made 

2045
01:51:21,200 --> 01:51:25,500
maintaining standards difficult.
The Dahlia Arabian lived out his

2046
01:51:25,500 --> 01:51:28,600
years at all. 
Be Park in Yorkshire standing at

2047
01:51:28,600 --> 01:51:31,600
stud through the long English 
seasons in a landscape as 

2048
01:51:31,600 --> 01:51:35,100
different from the Nars Plateau,
as it is possible to find on the

2049
01:51:35,100 --> 01:51:38,000
same planet. 
The wet green Winters. 

2050
01:51:38,000 --> 01:51:40,800
The mild Summers the soft 
ground. 

2051
01:51:40,800 --> 01:51:44,500
The constant cloud cover were 
noting that any horse from the 

2052
01:51:44,500 --> 01:51:46,400
Arabian? 
Peninsula had been shaped to 

2053
01:51:46,400 --> 01:51:49,800
expect. 
He managed Qualities the 

2054
01:51:49,800 --> 01:51:54,700
deserted to him, the metabolism,
the dense bone, the 

2055
01:51:54,700 --> 01:51:59,600
cardiovascular capacity, the 
thermo regulatory skin, served 

2056
01:51:59,600 --> 01:52:01,800
him in England, as they had 
served his ancestors as on the 

2057
01:52:01,800 --> 01:52:03,800
nudge. 
Not because England. 

2058
01:52:04,700 --> 01:52:07,800
The nudge made the same demands,
but because the qualities 

2059
01:52:07,800 --> 01:52:10,800
themselves were robust enough to
translate across conditions. 

2060
01:52:11,900 --> 01:52:13,900
He was sound throughout his long
life. 

2061
01:52:14,600 --> 01:52:17,300
He produced exceptional 
Offspring, until late in his 

2062
01:52:17,308 --> 01:52:20,100
career. 
He was by every account that 

2063
01:52:20,100 --> 01:52:23,600
survives the horse that held 
himself with the composure of an

2064
01:52:23,600 --> 01:52:27,600
animal that understood its own 
quality without requiring anyone

2065
01:52:27,600 --> 01:52:31,200
else to confirm it, the horse 
that had stepped off the ship in

2066
01:52:31,200 --> 01:52:34,900
1700. 
For standing quietly in the 

2067
01:52:34,908 --> 01:52:37,500
noise. 
The unfamiliar smell of an 

2068
01:52:37,500 --> 01:52:39,300
English Port, had arrived 
somewhere. 

2069
01:52:39,300 --> 01:52:43,100
It would remake entirely. 
It did not know that it was 

2070
01:52:43,100 --> 01:52:46,400
watching the new place the way. 
It watched everything with the 

2071
01:52:46,408 --> 01:52:49,700
concentrated attention of a 
horse built by a landscape that 

2072
01:52:49,700 --> 01:52:53,000
rewarded paying attention 
reading the ground beneath its 

2073
01:52:53,000 --> 01:52:57,100
feet, finding it different 
Finding it after a moment 

2074
01:52:57,100 --> 01:52:59,500
manageable. 
Stand. 

2075
01:52:59,500 --> 01:53:01,100
Close enough to an Arabian 
horse. 

2076
01:53:02,000 --> 01:53:04,500
The first thing you understand 
is that the descriptions you've 

2077
01:53:04,500 --> 01:53:07,500
read or heard about the breed 
are not wrong exactly. 

2078
01:53:07,500 --> 01:53:12,600
But they are insufficient. 
The words that get used refined,

2079
01:53:12,600 --> 01:53:17,900
elegant exotic. 
Fine, a word that gesture 

2080
01:53:17,900 --> 01:53:19,500
towards something without 
landing on it. 

2081
01:53:19,500 --> 01:53:22,800
The way luminous gestures toward
a quality of light. 

2082
01:53:22,800 --> 01:53:25,900
The horse in front of you, is 
not a description. 

2083
01:53:25,900 --> 01:53:31,000
It is a physical fact, and the 
physical fact is more specific 

2084
01:53:31,000 --> 01:53:34,600
more interesting than any of the
words that have been used to 

2085
01:53:34,608 --> 01:53:37,600
approximate it. 
The profile of an Arabian. 

2086
01:53:37,600 --> 01:53:41,400
Horse is concave where the 
profiles of most other breeds 

2087
01:53:41,400 --> 01:53:46,600
are straight or convex. 
Forehead is Broad prominent the 

2088
01:53:46,600 --> 01:53:49,900
bone of the skull range in a way
that pushes the forehead forward

2089
01:53:49,900 --> 01:53:53,800
creates the distinctive dished, 
quality of the face below it. 

2090
01:53:53,800 --> 01:53:57,300
The nose curving inward rather 
than running straight from Ice 

2091
01:53:57,300 --> 01:54:00,900
socket to nostril the way a warm
Bloods or a quarter horses face.

2092
01:54:00,900 --> 01:54:06,000
Does this dish is not cosmetic. 
It is structural the outward 

2093
01:54:06,000 --> 01:54:09,200
expression of a skull arranged 
to house the large signs that 

2094
01:54:09,200 --> 01:54:13,900
filter Warm Desert Air before it
reaches the lungs, the broad 

2095
01:54:13,900 --> 01:54:16,700
forehead, accommodating the 
exceptional with between the 

2096
01:54:16,700 --> 01:54:19,600
eyes that gives the Arabian. 
Its characteristic look of open 

2097
01:54:19,600 --> 01:54:22,500
attention. 
The island sells a large. 

2098
01:54:23,300 --> 01:54:27,700
Set wide low on the skull 
positioned in a way that gives 

2099
01:54:27,700 --> 01:54:30,600
the horse a wider field of 
vision than most breeds carry. 

2100
01:54:31,400 --> 01:54:34,800
The eye of an Arabian. 
Horse is dark typically and has 

2101
01:54:34,800 --> 01:54:37,900
a quality that people who spend 
time around the breed, describe 

2102
01:54:37,900 --> 01:54:41,800
with words, The Edge toward the 
anthropomorphic, intelligent 

2103
01:54:41,800 --> 01:54:46,100
expressive present. 
Because the I genuinely 

2104
01:54:46,100 --> 01:54:48,600
communicates more than a less 
reactive horses. 

2105
01:54:48,600 --> 01:54:52,700
I does The pupil responding to 
stimuli with a quickness that 

2106
01:54:52,700 --> 01:54:55,500
reflects the underlying 
alertness of an animal who 

2107
01:54:55,500 --> 01:54:58,400
survival wants depended on 
noticing things before they 

2108
01:54:58,400 --> 01:55:03,000
became threats. 
The neck is long arched set high

2109
01:55:03,000 --> 01:55:05,300
on the shoulder at an angle, 
that gives the head its 

2110
01:55:05,300 --> 01:55:07,100
characteristic elevated 
carriage. 

2111
01:55:07,900 --> 01:55:11,100
This is not a trained posture, 
not something achieved through 

2112
01:55:11,100 --> 01:55:14,400
the collection exercises of 
classical dressage, but a 

2113
01:55:14,400 --> 01:55:16,900
natural consequence of the 
skeletal structure beneath. 

2114
01:55:17,600 --> 01:55:21,200
The neck vertebrae arranged to 
carry the head higher rest, as 

2115
01:55:21,200 --> 01:55:24,500
well as in motion. 
A horse that carries its head, 

2116
01:55:24,500 --> 01:55:29,000
high has better forward Vision 
speed in a landscape where speed

2117
01:55:29,000 --> 01:55:32,000
vision were the primary tools of
survival. 

2118
01:55:32,000 --> 01:55:35,700
The high-headed horse was the 
horse that lasted, the shoulder 

2119
01:55:35,700 --> 01:55:39,300
is long, sloping the angle of 
the shoulder blade creating a 

2120
01:55:39,300 --> 01:55:42,600
long ground covering stride 
rather than the shorter choppy 

2121
01:55:42,600 --> 01:55:46,500
astride that an upright shoulder
produces This matters for 

2122
01:55:46,500 --> 01:55:49,900
endurance in ways that 
accumulate over distance a 

2123
01:55:49,900 --> 01:55:52,700
horse, with a long shoulder, 
covers more ground per stride 

2124
01:55:52,700 --> 01:55:54,000
than a horse with an upright 
one. 

2125
01:55:54,700 --> 01:55:58,500
Which means it expands less 
energy per mile which means it 

2126
01:55:58,500 --> 01:56:00,700
arrives at the end of a long day
with more in reserve. 

2127
01:56:02,200 --> 01:56:04,900
The Bedouin did not have the 
vocabulary of equine 

2128
01:56:04,900 --> 01:56:07,100
biomechanics. 
They had the observation that 

2129
01:56:07,100 --> 01:56:10,600
certain mares covered ground 
more efficiently than others and

2130
01:56:10,600 --> 01:56:14,400
they bred from those Mares. the 
withers, the point, where the 

2131
01:56:14,400 --> 01:56:17,000
neck meets the back at the top 
of the shoulder, a prominent, 

2132
01:56:17,800 --> 01:56:20,800
Well-defined in the Arabian. 
Providing a clear attachment 

2133
01:56:20,800 --> 01:56:23,300
point for the muscles of the 
neck shoulder. 

2134
01:56:23,300 --> 01:56:27,200
A stable platform for a saddle, 
the back itself is short. 

2135
01:56:28,300 --> 01:56:31,300
And here, the Arabians are 
natami departs from the standard

2136
01:56:31,300 --> 01:56:35,800
mammalian template in a way that
is measurable documental most 

2137
01:56:35,800 --> 01:56:37,900
horses. 
Carry six, Lumber vertebrae 

2138
01:56:37,900 --> 01:56:41,800
between the last rib the pelvis 
The significant proportion of 

2139
01:56:41,800 --> 01:56:44,400
Arabians carry five, 
occasionally four. 

2140
01:56:44,400 --> 01:56:48,200
This is not a defect. 
It is a structural difference 

2141
01:56:48,200 --> 01:56:51,400
that produces a short-term 
stronger coupling between the 

2142
01:56:51,400 --> 01:56:54,900
hindquarters The rest of the 
body allowing the horse to 

2143
01:56:54,900 --> 01:56:57,600
engage, its hindquarters more 
fully under its body weight. 

2144
01:56:58,500 --> 01:57:02,100
To transfer power from the 
hindquarters to the forehand 

2145
01:57:02,100 --> 01:57:05,600
more efficiently. 
The croup the top line of the 

2146
01:57:05,600 --> 01:57:09,300
hindquarters from the hip to the
tail is relatively level in the 

2147
01:57:09,300 --> 01:57:11,700
Arabian. 
And the tail is set. 

2148
01:57:11,700 --> 01:57:16,200
Carried High, a consequence of 
the same skeletal Arrangement 

2149
01:57:16,200 --> 01:57:20,200
that produces the short back. 
The hightail Carriage is one of 

2150
01:57:20,208 --> 01:57:21,900
the Arabians. 
Most visually distinctive 

2151
01:57:21,900 --> 01:57:24,700
features. 
The tail lifted away from the 

2152
01:57:24,700 --> 01:57:28,600
body in motion in a way that 
reads to the human eye as 

2153
01:57:28,600 --> 01:57:32,100
expressive as communicating 
something about the horses 

2154
01:57:32,100 --> 01:57:34,800
internal State, what it is 
communicating. 

2155
01:57:34,800 --> 01:57:37,700
Most of the time is simply that 
the horse is moving forward with

2156
01:57:37,700 --> 01:57:40,700
energy. 
The high tail, a byproduct of 

2157
01:57:40,700 --> 01:57:43,700
engaged hindquarters rather than
a deliberate signal. 

2158
01:57:44,600 --> 01:57:47,000
The legs of the Arabian where 
the breeds most counter 

2159
01:57:47,000 --> 01:57:51,300
intuitive quality lives. 
Canon bone, the main bone of the

2160
01:57:51,300 --> 01:57:55,600
lower leg between the knee. 
The fetlock appears fine in 

2161
01:57:55,600 --> 01:57:58,800
comparison with the Canon bones 
of draft breeds or even many 

2162
01:57:58,800 --> 01:58:03,900
warmbloods, the Arabians, Canon 
is narrow, refined the tendons 

2163
01:58:03,900 --> 01:58:06,900
running alongside it clearly 
defined beneath thin skin. 

2164
01:58:08,200 --> 01:58:11,500
The visual impression is of 
delicacy, the impression is 

2165
01:58:11,500 --> 01:58:15,000
misleading. 
The bone of the Arabians, lower 

2166
01:58:15,000 --> 01:58:18,600
leg is dense, upper unit of 
volume than the bone of most 

2167
01:58:18,600 --> 01:58:21,400
other light. 
Horse breeds, a quality that has

2168
01:58:21,400 --> 01:58:24,100
been confirmed through 
comparative studies of bone 

2169
01:58:24,100 --> 01:58:28,100
composition across breeds That 
the Bedouin new empirically long

2170
01:58:28,100 --> 01:58:32,400
before anyone measured it? 
A dense Cannon bone is a cannon 

2171
01:58:32,400 --> 01:58:33,600
bone. 
That resists the stress 

2172
01:58:33,600 --> 01:58:37,400
fractures splints that high 
speed work over hard, ground 

2173
01:58:37,400 --> 01:58:40,600
produces in horses with less 
structural Integrity in their 

2174
01:58:40,608 --> 01:58:43,600
lower legs. 
The Arabians legs are built for 

2175
01:58:43,600 --> 01:58:47,000
the kind of ground that breaks 
less well-made horses, and they 

2176
01:58:47,000 --> 01:58:49,700
have been doing that work 
reliably for longer than most 

2177
01:58:49,700 --> 01:58:53,200
breeds of existed. 
The hoof of the Arabian is tough

2178
01:58:53,200 --> 01:58:56,700
well-formed. 
The horn dents, the shape 

2179
01:58:56,700 --> 01:59:00,300
naturally, round the Frog. 
Well-developed horses from 

2180
01:59:00,300 --> 01:59:03,900
Desert environments, tend to 
award harder, Hooves than horses

2181
01:59:03,900 --> 01:59:07,100
from soft ground climate's. 
A difference that developed over

2182
01:59:07,100 --> 01:59:10,300
Generations through this same 
selective pressure, that 

2183
01:59:10,300 --> 01:59:13,400
produced everything else about 
the breed, the horses with 

2184
01:59:13,400 --> 01:59:15,100
structural weaknesses in their 
feet. 

2185
01:59:15,100 --> 01:59:18,900
Not surviving to pass those 
weaknesses on an Arabian horse 

2186
01:59:18,900 --> 01:59:20,700
that has been kept on soft 
pasture. 

2187
01:59:20,700 --> 01:59:23,900
For several Generations will 
still tend toward a harder 

2188
01:59:23,900 --> 01:59:27,800
tougher hoof than a warmblood 
kept in the same conditions. 

2189
01:59:27,800 --> 01:59:31,800
The genetic inheritance of the 
desert expressing itself in an 

2190
01:59:31,800 --> 01:59:35,000
environment that no longer 
demands it, the skin of an 

2191
01:59:35,000 --> 01:59:36,600
Arabian. 
Horse is thinner and enough, 

2192
01:59:36,600 --> 01:59:39,400
that the veins beneath it a 
visible along the neck, the 

2193
01:59:39,400 --> 01:59:43,408
shoulder, the barrel, and the 
Surface of the legs in a way 

2194
01:59:43,416 --> 01:59:46,100
that is genuinely striking the 
first time you see it. 

2195
01:59:46,900 --> 01:59:51,000
The coat is fine. 
Closer in texture to Silk than 

2196
01:59:51,000 --> 01:59:54,900
to the Corsa coat of most other 
breeds and it lies flat against 

2197
01:59:54,900 --> 01:59:57,400
the body rather than standing 
away from the skin. 

2198
01:59:57,400 --> 02:00:02,400
The way a heavier coat does in 
sunlight, particularly in summer

2199
02:00:02,400 --> 02:00:04,400
when the coat is at its 
shortest. 

2200
02:00:05,400 --> 02:00:08,000
Finest. 
An Arabian horse in motion 

2201
02:00:08,000 --> 02:00:11,100
catches light in a way that 
photographers who specialize in 

2202
02:00:11,108 --> 02:00:15,300
equine subjects described as 
unlike any other breed. 

2203
02:00:16,100 --> 02:00:18,800
This thinness is Thermo 
regulation. 

2204
02:00:19,900 --> 02:00:22,400
Close of the skin lies to the 
surface of the body. 

2205
02:00:22,400 --> 02:00:25,600
The more efficiently, the horse 
can dissipate heat through the 

2206
02:00:25,600 --> 02:00:29,900
skin surface rather than 
retaining it This matters in the

2207
02:00:29,900 --> 02:00:32,800
same way that all of the 
Arabians other adaptations 

2208
02:00:32,800 --> 02:00:36,600
matter because in the desert 
heat management is not a comfort

2209
02:00:36,600 --> 02:00:40,300
issue but a survival one, a 
horse that overheats during hard

2210
02:00:40,300 --> 02:00:43,500
work. 
Cannot recover quickly is a 

2211
02:00:43,500 --> 02:00:46,300
horse that fails. 
Exactly when it is most needed. 

2212
02:00:47,300 --> 02:00:50,600
The Arabians Thermo regulatory 
system was shaped by the same 

2213
02:00:50,600 --> 02:00:53,600
selection pressure that shape 
its bone density. 

2214
02:00:53,600 --> 02:00:58,000
It's lung capacity, the desert 
asking the same question it 

2215
02:00:58,000 --> 02:01:01,300
always asked And across 
thousands of years of being 

2216
02:01:01,300 --> 02:01:06,000
asked the breed gave the same 
answer, the Deep chest answers. 

2217
02:01:06,000 --> 02:01:09,500
The question of how you sustain 
cardiovascular performance over 

2218
02:01:09,500 --> 02:01:13,200
distance in extreme heat. 
The short back answers, the 

2219
02:01:13,200 --> 02:01:16,500
question of how you transfer 
power from hindquarters to 

2220
02:01:16,500 --> 02:01:19,000
forehand efficiently over rough 
Terrain? 

2221
02:01:19,900 --> 02:01:23,200
The dense Cannon, bone answers. 
The question of how you absorb 

2222
02:01:23,200 --> 02:01:26,100
the concussive impact of hard 
ground without structural 

2223
02:01:26,100 --> 02:01:29,600
failure. 
The thin skin fine. 

2224
02:01:29,600 --> 02:01:32,700
Coat answer, the question of how
you manage heat when the work, 

2225
02:01:32,700 --> 02:01:37,400
the weather are both at their 
worst, the large nostrils, broad

2226
02:01:37,400 --> 02:01:41,300
sinuses answer the question of 
how you filter condition Desert 

2227
02:01:41,300 --> 02:01:43,700
Air without losing the 
respiratory efficiency that 

2228
02:01:43,700 --> 02:01:47,500
sustained effort demands. 
These answers were not designed,

2229
02:01:47,500 --> 02:01:51,400
they were selected over 
thousands of years by an 

2230
02:01:51,400 --> 02:01:53,800
environment that eliminated the 
horses that gave the wrong 

2231
02:01:53,800 --> 02:01:57,500
answer preserved, the ones that 
gave the right one. 

2232
02:01:58,300 --> 02:02:01,900
The Bedouin breeders, who refine
the process were not inventing 

2233
02:02:01,900 --> 02:02:04,900
the answers, they were 
recognizing them in the horses 

2234
02:02:04,900 --> 02:02:08,900
that survived making sure those 
horses were, the ones that bred 

2235
02:02:08,900 --> 02:02:13,600
the broad, forehead points to 
the desert are the short back 

2236
02:02:13,600 --> 02:02:18,200
points to the terrain the dense.
Fine bone points to the gravel 

2237
02:02:18,200 --> 02:02:23,800
the distance, Thin skin points 
to the heat, the high tail 

2238
02:02:23,800 --> 02:02:26,900
points to the hindquarters 
driving forward beneath a horse 

2239
02:02:26,900 --> 02:02:29,900
that has been covering ground 
since before anyone wrote down 

2240
02:02:29,900 --> 02:02:31,900
what it was doing. 
Stand. 

2241
02:02:31,900 --> 02:02:33,500
Close enough to an Arabian 
horse. 

2242
02:02:33,500 --> 02:02:37,300
Let the I travel from the head 
to the tail from the broad 

2243
02:02:37,300 --> 02:02:40,600
forehead to the high carried 
flag of the tail and what you 

2244
02:02:40,600 --> 02:02:43,500
are reading is a document. 
Not a document written by 

2245
02:02:43,500 --> 02:02:46,000
people, though, people 
contributed to it across 

2246
02:02:46,000 --> 02:02:50,300
centuries of selection. 
A document written by place by 

2247
02:02:50,300 --> 02:02:54,000
climate, by the particular 
demands of a landscape that did 

2248
02:02:54,000 --> 02:02:57,700
not ask for beauty. 
Produced it anyway, as a 

2249
02:02:57,708 --> 02:02:59,700
byproduct of our asking for 
everything else. 

2250
02:03:00,800 --> 02:03:02,900
The breeder is standing in a 
field in Virginia. 

2251
02:03:02,900 --> 02:03:06,600
In 1840, something looking at a 
man that is just fold. 

2252
02:03:07,600 --> 02:03:12,700
And what stops him is the head. 
Foal is a few hours old still 

2253
02:03:12,700 --> 02:03:16,600
working out the basic Logistics 
of its own legs and its head has

2254
02:03:16,600 --> 02:03:18,200
the look that he seen in 
pictures. 

2255
02:03:19,100 --> 02:03:22,600
Heard described by people who 
traveled further than he has the

2256
02:03:22,600 --> 02:03:25,300
broad forehead. 
The dish of the face below it, 

2257
02:03:25,300 --> 02:03:31,300
the large dark, I set wide low. 
The mayor is not an Arabian. 

2258
02:03:32,000 --> 02:03:34,500
She's an American Horse of mixed
breeding. 

2259
02:03:35,400 --> 02:03:37,600
Kind of practical animal that 
are working. 

2260
02:03:37,600 --> 02:03:41,300
Farm produces over generations 
of breeding for what is needed 

2261
02:03:41,300 --> 02:03:45,300
rather than what is fashionable.
But somewhere in her lineage had

2262
02:03:45,300 --> 02:03:47,700
a removal of generations. 
At least there was Arabian 

2263
02:03:47,700 --> 02:03:49,900
blood. 
And it has come forward. 

2264
02:03:49,900 --> 02:03:53,100
Now in the face of this foal 
with a Clarity that several 

2265
02:03:53,100 --> 02:03:56,900
generations of dilution, have 
not managed to erase Not a 

2266
02:03:56,900 --> 02:04:00,400
dramatic transformation. 
Not a horse that suddenly looks 

2267
02:04:00,400 --> 02:04:03,000
entirely different from 
everything around it. 

2268
02:04:03,800 --> 02:04:08,300
But a quality that surfaces 
resurfaces across Generations in

2269
02:04:08,300 --> 02:04:10,300
the descendants of horses that 
carry it. 

2270
02:04:11,100 --> 02:04:14,200
The broad forehead appearing in 
a fold, whose damn shows. 

2271
02:04:14,200 --> 02:04:15,200
No, obvious. 
Sign of it. 

2272
02:04:16,000 --> 02:04:19,000
The depth of Chess persisting 
and a line long after the 

2273
02:04:19,000 --> 02:04:21,900
original Arabian cross as 
receded into the pedigree. 

2274
02:04:21,900 --> 02:04:25,300
On the point, where most 
breeders bother to trace it, The

2275
02:04:25,300 --> 02:04:28,600
Arabian horse simply existed 
with qualities. 

2276
02:04:28,600 --> 02:04:30,700
That other breeders recognized 
as useful. 

2277
02:04:31,900 --> 02:04:34,400
And the movement of those 
qualities across breeds. 

2278
02:04:35,200 --> 02:04:37,600
Continents. 
Followed the same logic that has

2279
02:04:37,600 --> 02:04:39,600
always governed, the spread of 
useful things. 

2280
02:04:39,600 --> 02:04:42,400
The breeds that carry measurable
Arabian. 

2281
02:04:42,400 --> 02:04:45,300
Influence span nearly every 
horse, producing region in the 

2282
02:04:45,300 --> 02:04:49,000
world, nearly every discipline 
in which horses are used. 

2283
02:04:49,900 --> 02:04:54,100
Some of that influences recent 
documented, informal stud books,

2284
02:04:54,100 --> 02:04:57,300
some of it is old enough that it
predates, the stud book 

2285
02:04:57,300 --> 02:05:01,300
tradition entirely exists, only 
as a genetic signature in the 

2286
02:05:01,308 --> 02:05:04,800
modern population confirmed by 
the kind of analysis that was 

2287
02:05:04,800 --> 02:05:07,100
not available until the late 
20th century. 

2288
02:05:08,600 --> 02:05:12,000
Thoroughbred is the most visible
example, the breed whose entire 

2289
02:05:12,008 --> 02:05:15,500
Foundation rests on three 
Arabian or Arabian influence 

2290
02:05:15,500 --> 02:05:19,000
stallions, whose modern genetic 
composition traces. 

2291
02:05:19,000 --> 02:05:22,600
The majority of its male line 
ancestry to the Dahlia Arabian 

2292
02:05:22,600 --> 02:05:26,300
alone But the Thoroughbred is 
also the example that most 

2293
02:05:26,300 --> 02:05:29,100
people know. 
And the more interesting story 

2294
02:05:29,100 --> 02:05:32,000
of Arabian influence is the one 
that ran through breeds whose 

2295
02:05:32,000 --> 02:05:33,900
names do not immediately 
suggests it. 

2296
02:05:34,800 --> 02:05:38,400
The Morgan Horse developed in 
New England in the late 18th 

2297
02:05:38,400 --> 02:05:40,900
early 19th. 
Centuries from a single 

2298
02:05:40,900 --> 02:05:43,800
Foundation, sire named figure 
later called. 

2299
02:05:43,800 --> 02:05:47,600
Justin Morgan carried. 
Confirmation traits that Morgan 

2300
02:05:47,600 --> 02:05:50,700
historians have long associated 
with Arabian influence, 

2301
02:05:50,700 --> 02:05:54,400
somewhere in the foundation, 
sires background, the refinement

2302
02:05:54,400 --> 02:06:00,700
of the head, the depth of body, 
The quality of bone. peering in 

2303
02:06:00,700 --> 02:06:04,200
a horse whose Origins 
incompletely documented but 

2304
02:06:04,200 --> 02:06:07,300
whose physical characteristics 
Point, consistently toward 

2305
02:06:07,300 --> 02:06:11,000
Eastern blood, The Morgan became
one of the most influential 

2306
02:06:11,000 --> 02:06:14,500
American breeds of the 19th 
century, contributing its 

2307
02:06:14,500 --> 02:06:16,600
genetics, to the American 
Saddlebred. 

2308
02:06:16,600 --> 02:06:20,400
The standard bread. 
And the Tennessee Walking Horse,

2309
02:06:20,400 --> 02:06:24,100
carrying whatever, Arabian 
influence it held forward into 

2310
02:06:24,100 --> 02:06:27,200
those breeds as well. 
The American Quarter Horse bred 

2311
02:06:27,200 --> 02:06:30,500
for the explosive speed of the 
quarter mile Sprint carries 

2312
02:06:30,500 --> 02:06:32,600
Thoroughbred blood throughout 
its foundation. 

2313
02:06:33,500 --> 02:06:36,200
Which means it carries Arabian 
blood at one, remove the 

2314
02:06:36,200 --> 02:06:39,100
refinement. 
Cardiovascular capacity of the 

2315
02:06:39,100 --> 02:06:41,800
desert horse prison in a breed 
that looks nothing like an 

2316
02:06:41,800 --> 02:06:44,600
Arabian. 
Was developed for purposes, the 

2317
02:06:44,600 --> 02:06:46,600
Arabians. 
Original breeders could not have

2318
02:06:46,600 --> 02:06:51,700
imagined. the quarter, horse's 
characteristic Muslim Compact 

2319
02:06:51,700 --> 02:06:55,100
body come from other sources 
from the heavy Colonial horses 

2320
02:06:55,100 --> 02:06:58,500
of the Eastern seaboard. 
From Spanish horses with their 

2321
02:06:58,500 --> 02:07:01,900
own complex genetics. 
Bead. 

2322
02:07:02,700 --> 02:07:06,700
The lung capacity, the quality 
of bone that allow a quarter 

2323
02:07:06,700 --> 02:07:09,200
horse to reach full Gallop in a 
few strides. 

2324
02:07:09,200 --> 02:07:12,200
Oh, something to the genetics, 
that arrived in England, on the 

2325
02:07:12,208 --> 02:07:18,600
Dahlia Arabian in 1700 4, the 
Spanish horse tradition received

2326
02:07:18,600 --> 02:07:22,200
Arabian, influence, through two 
distinct channels, the Islamic 

2327
02:07:22,200 --> 02:07:24,200
occupation of the Iberian 
Peninsula. 

2328
02:07:25,400 --> 02:07:27,500
Which introduced Arabian blood 
into Spanish. 

2329
02:07:27,500 --> 02:07:29,900
Horse, populations, beginning in
the 8th century. 

2330
02:07:30,900 --> 02:07:34,200
And the later deliberate 
importation of Arabian stallions

2331
02:07:34,200 --> 02:07:38,300
by Spanish breeders working to 
refine their existing stock. 

2332
02:07:38,300 --> 02:07:42,500
The result was the Andalusian a 
horse whose arched neck, 

2333
02:07:43,200 --> 02:07:47,000
Elevated movement. 
Proud Carriage carry visible, 

2334
02:07:47,000 --> 02:07:51,100
traces of Arabian ancestry while
expressing them in a way that is

2335
02:07:51,100 --> 02:07:53,700
entirely its own the Spanish 
temperament. 

2336
02:07:54,900 --> 02:07:57,200
The Spanish tradition of 
horsemanship have been shaped 

2337
02:07:57,200 --> 02:08:00,100
the breed away from the Arabians
type in ways that are as 

2338
02:08:00,100 --> 02:08:02,200
interesting as the ways. 
It remained similar. 

2339
02:08:03,200 --> 02:08:06,900
The lipid sarna, the White Horse
of the Spanish riding school in 

2340
02:08:06,900 --> 02:08:11,400
Vienna traces, its ancestry to 
Andalusian horses, imported to 

2341
02:08:11,400 --> 02:08:15,800
the Habsburg Court in the 16th 
century. which means it carries 

2342
02:08:15,800 --> 02:08:19,200
the Arabian influence that 
shaped the Andalusian to remove 

2343
02:08:19,200 --> 02:08:22,900
the desert, genetics arriving, 
in the balletic, Precision of 

2344
02:08:22,900 --> 02:08:26,700
the hot coal exercises through a
chain of transmission that spans

2345
02:08:26,700 --> 02:08:30,100
A Thousand Years, Three distinct
horse cultures. 

2346
02:08:30,100 --> 02:08:34,700
The lipizzaner looks nothing 
like an Arabian, the broad 

2347
02:08:34,700 --> 02:08:37,600
forehead, the large dark eye 
that stopped, the Virginia, 

2348
02:08:37,600 --> 02:08:40,800
breeder in his field and not 
visible in a lipid sana's face, 

2349
02:08:40,800 --> 02:08:44,200
but the depth of chest, the 
quality of movement. 

2350
02:08:45,300 --> 02:08:48,600
The structural efficiency of the
hindquarters that make a lipid 

2351
02:08:48,600 --> 02:08:51,400
Zana, capable of the collected 
work that the Spanish riding 

2352
02:08:51,400 --> 02:08:54,600
school demands, are there? 
Quieter than they were in the 

2353
02:08:54,600 --> 02:08:57,000
horses that brought them, but 
present. 

2354
02:08:57,900 --> 02:09:00,900
Lady went with understood this 
Paradox better than most people 

2355
02:09:00,900 --> 02:09:04,800
of hero, the Arabian horse had 
given its genetics to nearly 

2356
02:09:04,800 --> 02:09:07,200
every significant light horse 
breed in the world. 

2357
02:09:08,100 --> 02:09:11,700
And in doing so, had made itself
in a sense Universal its 

2358
02:09:11,700 --> 02:09:14,800
qualities distributed. 
So wise that they were no longer

2359
02:09:14,800 --> 02:09:18,600
recognizable as specifically 
Arabian in most of the horses 

2360
02:09:18,600 --> 02:09:22,600
that carried them. 
The pure breed, the assail horse

2361
02:09:22,600 --> 02:09:26,000
that the Bedouin had maintained 
for centuries risk, becoming a 

2362
02:09:26,000 --> 02:09:30,500
historical curiosity valued for 
its influence on other breeds 

2363
02:09:30,500 --> 02:09:32,300
rather than for what it was in 
itself. 

2364
02:09:33,700 --> 02:09:37,200
The work, she did a crab, it was
partly a response to this risk 

2365
02:09:37,200 --> 02:09:40,600
by maintaining rigorous 
standards for what constituted, 

2366
02:09:40,600 --> 02:09:43,900
a pure Arabian by tracing. 
Pedigrees back to Bedouin 

2367
02:09:43,900 --> 02:09:45,300
sources. 
Refusing. 

2368
02:09:45,300 --> 02:09:48,600
To accept horses whose lineage 
could not be verified to her 

2369
02:09:48,600 --> 02:09:51,100
satisfaction. 
She was doing for the breed in 

2370
02:09:51,100 --> 02:09:53,700
England, what the Bedouin oral 
tradition had done in the 

2371
02:09:53,700 --> 02:09:57,100
Arabian Peninsula, keeping the 
standard in place against the 

2372
02:09:57,100 --> 02:10:01,700
pressure of convenience, The 
commercial logic of breeding, 

2373
02:10:01,700 --> 02:10:03,600
for whatever the market 
currently wanted. 

2374
02:10:04,500 --> 02:10:07,400
The horses that left crab at 
carried pedigrees, that Bedouin 

2375
02:10:07,400 --> 02:10:10,100
breeders of The Classical period
would have recognized as the 

2376
02:10:10,100 --> 02:10:12,700
right? 
Kind of documentation thorough, 

2377
02:10:12,700 --> 02:10:16,800
verified tracing maternal lines 
with the same care that the oral

2378
02:10:16,800 --> 02:10:18,400
tradition had always applied to 
them. 

2379
02:10:19,600 --> 02:10:22,600
Lady went with his approach was 
not universally admired by other

2380
02:10:22,600 --> 02:10:24,700
Western Arabian breeders of the 
period. 

2381
02:10:24,700 --> 02:10:29,200
Some of whom found her standards
to rigid A personality to 

2382
02:10:29,200 --> 02:10:32,500
combative for comfortable. 
Professional relations though, 

2383
02:10:32,500 --> 02:10:35,200
the horses she produced were 
harder to argue with than she 

2384
02:10:35,200 --> 02:10:37,900
was. 
And the argument about standards

2385
02:10:37,900 --> 02:10:41,700
is one that the horses tended to
settle simply by existing late 

2386
02:10:41,700 --> 02:10:44,000
20th. 
Century genetic analysis, found 

2387
02:10:44,000 --> 02:10:47,700
Arabian markers in population 
that had received no documented,

2388
02:10:47,700 --> 02:10:49,800
Arabian blood for 200 years or 
more. 

2389
02:10:50,600 --> 02:10:53,300
The genetics more durable than 
the records of how they got 

2390
02:10:53,300 --> 02:10:57,200
there. 
Pure Arabian, the assail lines 

2391
02:10:57,200 --> 02:11:00,600
that Bedouin breeders, their 
Western counterparts like lady 

2392
02:11:00,600 --> 02:11:03,200
Wentworth had maintained against
the pressure of crossbreeding 

2393
02:11:03,200 --> 02:11:06,700
occupied a position in the horse
family tree, that is genuinely 

2394
02:11:06,700 --> 02:11:11,000
ancient its genetic profile. 
Diverged from the main trunk of 

2395
02:11:11,000 --> 02:11:13,200
horse. 
Evolution far enough back that 

2396
02:11:13,200 --> 02:11:15,800
the Divergence is measurable in 
the modern genome. 

2397
02:11:16,700 --> 02:11:21,000
The desert made something 
specific, the specific thing 

2398
02:11:21,000 --> 02:11:24,600
proved durable, enough to 
persist across 15th, centuries 

2399
02:11:24,600 --> 02:11:27,300
of contact with every other 
horse population in the world 

2400
02:11:27,300 --> 02:11:29,900
without losing the qualities. 
That made it. 

2401
02:11:29,900 --> 02:11:33,900
What it was the fold in the 
Virginia field got to its feet 

2402
02:11:33,900 --> 02:11:37,600
of eventually, the legs sorting 
themselves out with a pragmatic,

2403
02:11:37,600 --> 02:11:40,500
determination of a young horse 
that has no option, but to 

2404
02:11:40,500 --> 02:11:45,300
figure this out, Its head with a
broad forehead, the wide dark. 

2405
02:11:45,300 --> 02:11:48,100
I turned toward the breeder 
standing at the fence. 

2406
02:11:49,100 --> 02:11:52,900
What ever it was looking for or 
not looking for the attention, 

2407
02:11:52,900 --> 02:11:56,600
it directed at the human in its 
field, had the quality that the 

2408
02:11:56,600 --> 02:11:58,800
Bedouin had selected for a cross
centuries. 

2409
02:11:58,800 --> 02:12:02,200
Not the blank assessment of an 
animal registering a presence. 

2410
02:12:03,200 --> 02:12:06,800
But something that looked from 
the outside, like interest. 

2411
02:12:07,700 --> 02:12:11,000
The desert is still there. 
Not in the landscape outside. 

2412
02:12:11,000 --> 02:12:14,000
The window, not in any 
geography, most of the people 

2413
02:12:14,000 --> 02:12:16,800
who work with Arabian horses 
today, would recognize as the 

2414
02:12:16,800 --> 02:12:20,600
place that made them. 
But in the horse itself in the 

2415
02:12:20,600 --> 02:12:24,000
room with you, in the particular
way, it is standing right now 

2416
02:12:24,000 --> 02:12:27,000
with its head up. 
Its nostrils, reading the air, 

2417
02:12:27,000 --> 02:12:31,000
it's large dark. 
I taking in everything in the 

2418
02:12:31,000 --> 02:12:34,600
space with the unhurried 
attention of an animal that has 

2419
02:12:34,608 --> 02:12:36,800
never stopped paying the kind of
attention. 

2420
02:12:36,800 --> 02:12:40,000
That once meant the difference 
between surviving the night, 

2421
02:12:41,100 --> 02:12:43,900
Not. 
Your close enough to hear. 

2422
02:12:43,900 --> 02:12:49,200
Its breathing the inhale is 
slow, deep the chest expanding 

2423
02:12:49,200 --> 02:12:52,900
visibly with each breath. 
The ribs swinging outward in the

2424
02:12:52,900 --> 02:12:55,600
way that a horse with a deep 
heart girth, breathes. 

2425
02:12:56,200 --> 02:12:59,300
Fully using the whole of the 
lung rather than the shallow 

2426
02:12:59,300 --> 02:13:02,600
surface of it. 
The exhale is quiet. 

2427
02:13:02,600 --> 02:13:06,600
A warm current of air that you 
can feel from where you're 

2428
02:13:06,600 --> 02:13:10,100
standing if you hold still long 
enough, The coat, catchers the 

2429
02:13:10,100 --> 02:13:14,100
light to the way it all was does
the veins tracing their paths? 

2430
02:13:14,100 --> 02:13:18,000
Beneath the skin along the neck?
Shoulder like a map of something

2431
02:13:18,000 --> 02:13:20,700
that cannot be seen from the 
outside but is present. 

2432
02:13:21,400 --> 02:13:25,800
Working. 
And at this moment at rest, the 

2433
02:13:25,800 --> 02:13:29,200
horse in front of you carries 
the nudge plateau in the density

2434
02:13:29,200 --> 02:13:32,300
of its bone. 
The Desert Wind in the capacity 

2435
02:13:32,300 --> 02:13:35,800
of its lungs and in the quality 
of attention, it directs at the 

2436
02:13:35,800 --> 02:13:39,200
world, the particular 
intelligence of an animal-shaped

2437
02:13:39,200 --> 02:13:44,000
by 15th centuries of clothes. 
Full human regard. 

2438
02:13:45,000 --> 02:13:50,200
It has been doing this standing 
still watching in one former 

2439
02:13:50,200 --> 02:13:53,300
another for longer than most of 
the civilizations that have 

2440
02:13:53,300 --> 02:13:57,800
risen Fallen around it. 
The endurance race begins Before

2441
02:13:57,800 --> 02:14:00,500
Dawn. 
And that is the condition under 

2442
02:14:00,500 --> 02:14:03,800
which everything that follows 
must be understood because the 

2443
02:14:03,800 --> 02:14:06,900
Arabian horse in an endurance 
races, not performing for an 

2444
02:14:06,900 --> 02:14:10,300
audience or demonstrating its 
qualities in a controlled 

2445
02:14:10,300 --> 02:14:13,300
environment. 
It is doing what it was made to 

2446
02:14:13,300 --> 02:14:17,400
do covering distance over 
difficult, terrain that 

2447
02:14:17,400 --> 02:14:19,400
sustained speed for hours at a 
time. 

2448
02:14:19,408 --> 02:14:23,800
And the fact that it is doing 
this in the 21st century with a 

2449
02:14:23,800 --> 02:14:28,300
GPS tracker on its saddle. 
A Veterinary crew waiting at 

2450
02:14:28,300 --> 02:14:31,200
each checkpoint does not change.
The fundamental nature of what 

2451
02:14:31,200 --> 02:14:33,900
is happening. 
Which is the deserts question 

2452
02:14:33,900 --> 02:14:36,900
being asked again. 
The breed giving the same 

2453
02:14:36,900 --> 02:14:39,800
answer. 
It is always given the Tevas 

2454
02:14:39,800 --> 02:14:43,500
cup, run, annually in California
over 100 miles of Sierra Nevada.

2455
02:14:43,500 --> 02:14:47,900
Mountain terrain is one of the 
oldest most demanding endurance 

2456
02:14:47,900 --> 02:14:52,300
races in the world. 
Trail crosses, Canyons ridges 

2457
02:14:52,300 --> 02:14:55,900
River, Crossings stretches of 
exposed Granite. 

2458
02:14:55,900 --> 02:14:58,800
That reflect the summer, heat 
back up at the horses passing 

2459
02:14:58,800 --> 02:15:03,000
over them with a directness that
tests Thermo regulation the way 

2460
02:15:03,000 --> 02:15:06,700
the nard Plateau once did. 
The Arabian horse does not 

2461
02:15:06,700 --> 02:15:09,600
merely participate in this race.
It dominates it. 

2462
02:15:10,500 --> 02:15:14,400
In the decades, since the TVs 
cups founding in 1955 the list 

2463
02:15:14,400 --> 02:15:17,200
of winning horses reads. 
As an extended argument for the 

2464
02:15:17,200 --> 02:15:21,100
specific, qualities that the 
desert selected, deep chested, 

2465
02:15:21,100 --> 02:15:23,400
fine. 
Boned metabolically, efficient 

2466
02:15:23,400 --> 02:15:27,600
able to sustain Pace over 
distance recovered between 

2467
02:15:27,600 --> 02:15:30,200
checkpoints with a speed that 
other breeds cannot match. 

2468
02:15:31,200 --> 02:15:32,900
The world of quest during games 
endurance. 

2469
02:15:32,900 --> 02:15:36,600
Competition tells the same story
at a global scale, the Arabian 

2470
02:15:36,600 --> 02:15:39,500
horse. 
Horses carrying significant 

2471
02:15:39,500 --> 02:15:42,000
Arabian blood count for the 
overwhelming majority of 

2472
02:15:42,000 --> 02:15:44,500
competitive placing across the 
discipline worldwide. 

2473
02:15:45,700 --> 02:15:48,600
This is not because endurance 
racing was designed to favor the

2474
02:15:48,600 --> 02:15:51,100
Arabian. 
It is because endurance racing 

2475
02:15:51,100 --> 02:15:56,400
tests, exactly what the Arabian 
was designed by 15,000 years of 

2476
02:15:56,400 --> 02:16:00,200
environmental pressure, several 
thousand years of deliberate 

2477
02:16:00,200 --> 02:16:04,700
human selection to do, The race 
did not choose the horse. 

2478
02:16:04,700 --> 02:16:07,700
The horse was already built for 
the race Before the Race 

2479
02:16:07,700 --> 02:16:10,200
existed. 
The show ring is a different 

2480
02:16:10,208 --> 02:16:14,300
theater and Arabian at halter 
standing on a groom surface 

2481
02:16:14,300 --> 02:16:16,700
under careful lighting with a 
Handler positioning it. 

2482
02:16:16,700 --> 02:16:20,800
For a judge's assessment is 
experiencing a context that no 

2483
02:16:20,800 --> 02:16:24,200
Bedouin mare in a desert tent 
would have recognized the 

2484
02:16:24,208 --> 02:16:28,100
confirmation being evaluated, 
the broad forehead, the dished 

2485
02:16:28,100 --> 02:16:32,299
profile, the arched neck, the 
high tail Carriage is the same 

2486
02:16:32,299 --> 02:16:36,299
confirmation that the desert 
produced, the Bedouin refined. 

2487
02:16:37,299 --> 02:16:39,700
The previous six chapters of 
this history of traced through a

2488
02:16:39,700 --> 02:16:44,299
thousand years of movement 
influence, but the context of a 

2489
02:16:44,299 --> 02:16:48,400
valuation is entirely new a 
formalized aesthetic, judgment 

2490
02:16:48,400 --> 02:16:51,400
conducted by people with 
clipboards rather than a 

2491
02:16:51,400 --> 02:16:54,500
practical assessment conducted 
by people whose lives depended 

2492
02:16:54,500 --> 02:16:58,500
on getting it, right? 
The show ring has produced over 

2493
02:16:58,500 --> 02:17:01,700
the century or so of its 
existence as the primary venue 

2494
02:17:01,700 --> 02:17:03,799
for Arabian. 
Horse evaluation in the West. 

2495
02:17:04,799 --> 02:17:08,200
Subset of the breed selected for
exaggerated expression of the 

2496
02:17:08,200 --> 02:17:10,100
breeds most visible 
characteristics. 

2497
02:17:11,100 --> 02:17:14,100
The dish of the face deeper than
functional Anatomy. 

2498
02:17:14,100 --> 02:17:17,299
Requires the tail Carriage 
higher than the skeleton 

2499
02:17:17,299 --> 02:17:21,000
naturally produces sometimes. 
Assisted by practices that are 

2500
02:17:21,000 --> 02:17:24,100
controversial within the breed 
Community the movement, more 

2501
02:17:24,100 --> 02:17:27,100
extravagant than the efficient 
ground covering stride of an 

2502
02:17:27,100 --> 02:17:30,299
endurance horse. 
These are not qualities the 

2503
02:17:30,299 --> 02:17:35,100
deserted for their qualities, 
that judges rewarded. which is a

2504
02:17:35,100 --> 02:17:37,299
different kind of selection 
pressure than the one that made 

2505
02:17:37,299 --> 02:17:40,000
the breed, what it is, the 
Breeders who work in the 

2506
02:17:40,008 --> 02:17:43,500
preservation tradition, 
maintaining a silver Bloodlines 

2507
02:17:43,500 --> 02:17:47,100
with the rigor that lady went 
with applied at krabot that the 

2508
02:17:47,100 --> 02:17:50,400
Bedouin applied before her 10 to
view the show ring with the 

2509
02:17:50,400 --> 02:17:53,400
patient's skepticism of people 
who know what the horses for. 

2510
02:17:54,299 --> 02:17:56,900
The horse, they are breeding. 
Does not look like the extreme 

2511
02:17:56,900 --> 02:17:59,000
halter horses of the modern show
circuit. 

2512
02:17:59,799 --> 02:18:02,000
It looks like the horses and the
Persian Miniatures. 

2513
02:18:02,000 --> 02:18:05,600
Like the horses that Thomas 
darling, recognized an Aleppo, 

2514
02:18:05,600 --> 02:18:09,299
like the horses that cross the 
nation at night with a rider who

2515
02:18:09,299 --> 02:18:12,500
trusted them completely It looks
like itself. 

2516
02:18:13,600 --> 02:18:16,299
The temperament that the Bedouin
selected for is still present. 

2517
02:18:17,200 --> 02:18:19,600
This is worth saying plainly 
because it is, sometimes 

2518
02:18:19,600 --> 02:18:23,700
misunderstood the Arabian 
sensitivity read as nervousness,

2519
02:18:23,700 --> 02:18:28,299
its responsiveness read as 
volatility, its engagement with 

2520
02:18:28,299 --> 02:18:31,799
human presence. 
Red is neediness rather than as 

2521
02:18:31,799 --> 02:18:34,900
the orientation toward human 
companionship, that centuries of

2522
02:18:34,900 --> 02:18:38,100
selection, produced 
deliberately, an Arabian horse 

2523
02:18:38,100 --> 02:18:40,200
in the wrong hands. 
With a Handler who reads its 

2524
02:18:40,200 --> 02:18:43,000
responsiveness as a problem to 
be corrected, rather than a 

2525
02:18:43,000 --> 02:18:47,000
quality to be worked with. is an
Arabian horse that confirms 

2526
02:18:47,000 --> 02:18:50,799
every negative assumption about 
the breed It is reactive. 

2527
02:18:50,799 --> 02:18:54,700
It is opinionated. 
It does not accept confusion or 

2528
02:18:54,700 --> 02:18:58,000
inconsistency, from the people 
around it, with the tolerant 

2529
02:18:58,000 --> 02:19:00,799
resignation that a more flake 
Matic breed might offer. 

2530
02:19:00,799 --> 02:19:05,500
It notices everything, including
the things that the Handler does

2531
02:19:05,500 --> 02:19:08,500
not intend to communicate the 
tension in a grip. 

2532
02:19:08,500 --> 02:19:12,600
The hesitation before a cue, the
slight change in breathing, that

2533
02:19:12,600 --> 02:19:16,200
a person makes, when they are 
uncertain, it responds to all of

2534
02:19:16,200 --> 02:19:18,900
it. 
An Arabian horse in the right 

2535
02:19:18,900 --> 02:19:22,299
hands is something else. 
It is the horse that the Bedouin

2536
02:19:22,299 --> 02:19:25,799
described in the oral tradition.
The one that covered ground at 

2537
02:19:25,799 --> 02:19:28,900
night, with a sleeping child, on
its back arrived with without 

2538
02:19:28,900 --> 02:19:31,500
incident. 
The one that stopped at the call

2539
02:19:31,500 --> 02:19:34,000
to battle before it drunk, 
because it understood that the 

2540
02:19:34,000 --> 02:19:36,600
person calling was more 
important than the water. 

2541
02:19:37,600 --> 02:19:40,799
Not because it had been trained 
into that understanding, but 

2542
02:19:40,799 --> 02:19:43,000
because it had been bred toward 
it across. 

2543
02:19:43,000 --> 02:19:46,100
So many generations that the 
orientation was no longer a 

2544
02:19:46,100 --> 02:19:49,300
behavior, but a character 
present in the animal the same 

2545
02:19:49,308 --> 02:19:54,000
way, the dense bone, The Deep 
chest are present, not acquired,

2546
02:19:54,000 --> 02:19:57,000
but inherited. 
Carried forward from the horses 

2547
02:19:57,000 --> 02:20:00,600
that were kept closed. 
Trusted completely asked 

2548
02:20:00,600 --> 02:20:05,500
everything of never found 
wanting the Arabian Peninsula 

2549
02:20:05,500 --> 02:20:07,800
today maintains its own breeding
programs. 

2550
02:20:07,800 --> 02:20:10,800
Some of them tracing directly to
the bed to try that. 

2551
02:20:10,800 --> 02:20:14,100
The breed some of them 
representing the newer 

2552
02:20:14,100 --> 02:20:17,000
institutional breeding 
operations of the gulf State's 

2553
02:20:17,000 --> 02:20:20,400
which have invested in the 
preservation, development of 

2554
02:20:20,400 --> 02:20:22,900
Arabian horse, Bloodlines with 
the seriousness. 

2555
02:20:22,900 --> 02:20:26,600
The resources of organizations 
that understand what they are, 

2556
02:20:26,600 --> 02:20:30,300
stewards of the oral tradition 
of pedigree is not disappeared. 

2557
02:20:31,200 --> 02:20:33,500
It exists alongside the DNA 
database. 

2558
02:20:33,500 --> 02:20:36,600
Now the two systems of 
verification running and 

2559
02:20:36,600 --> 02:20:40,300
parallel, each checking the 
other neither sufficient alone 

2560
02:20:40,300 --> 02:20:42,000
in the minds of the most careful
breeders. 

2561
02:20:42,800 --> 02:20:44,800
The horse in the room, does not 
know any of this. 

2562
02:20:44,800 --> 02:20:48,000
It does not know that it is the 
product of 15th centuries of 

2563
02:20:48,000 --> 02:20:51,200
deliberate human attention, or 
that its genome has been 

2564
02:20:51,200 --> 02:20:54,900
sequence to analyzed. 
Although that its ancestors 

2565
02:20:54,900 --> 02:20:59,000
crossed three continents 
transformed, the racing 

2566
02:20:59,000 --> 02:21:03,000
industries of two hemispheres. 
It knows the smell of the space.

2567
02:21:03,000 --> 02:21:06,900
It is in Sound of your 
breathing, the particular 

2568
02:21:06,900 --> 02:21:10,400
quality of your Stillness. 
Which is different from the 

2569
02:21:10,400 --> 02:21:12,700
Stillness of someone who is not 
paying attention. 

2570
02:21:13,600 --> 02:21:17,200
It is reading you the way it 
reads everything with the full 

2571
02:21:17,200 --> 02:21:21,000
patient attention of an animal 
that has been oriented toward 

2572
02:21:21,000 --> 02:21:25,800
human presence for so long that 
your presence is to it, simply 

2573
02:21:25,800 --> 02:21:29,800
part of what the world contains,
the breathing slows not all at 

2574
02:21:29,800 --> 02:21:32,300
once. 
But gradually the way a large 

2575
02:21:32,300 --> 02:21:34,400
animal settles. 
When it is decided that the 

2576
02:21:34,400 --> 02:21:38,800
space it is in is safe. 
The chest Rises Falls with a 

2577
02:21:38,808 --> 02:21:42,000
steadiness that has its own 
Rhythm slower than your own 

2578
02:21:42,000 --> 02:21:48,400
breathing deeper the exhale, 
long warm unhurried, The large 

2579
02:21:48,400 --> 02:21:52,100
ice softens. 
The head drops of fraction, not 

2580
02:21:52,100 --> 02:21:56,800
much just enough the horse 
arriving at the place where the 

2581
02:21:56,800 --> 02:22:00,100
work is done. 
Instant has been covered the 

2582
02:22:00,100 --> 02:22:02,200
night holds. 
Nothing that needs watching for 

2583
02:22:02,200 --> 02:22:06,000
the desert made this, the 
Bedouin kept it. 

2584
02:22:06,800 --> 02:22:11,300
The world received. 
It was changed by, it is still 

2585
02:22:11,300 --> 02:22:14,000
in the horses. 
Carrying this blood on every 

2586
02:22:14,000 --> 02:22:17,300
continent being changed. 
By it in ways to quiet. 

2587
02:22:18,300 --> 02:22:21,000
To gradual to see in any single 
generation. 

2588
02:22:21,000 --> 02:22:25,800
But visible over time in the 
shape of a forehead in the depth

2589
02:22:25,800 --> 02:22:30,200
of a chest in the quality of an 
eye, turned toward a human face 

2590
02:22:30,200 --> 02:22:34,000
with something that looks every 
time like recognition. 

2591
02:22:35,200 --> 02:22:39,100
Rest. 
Now my tired potatoes, the horse

2592
02:22:39,100 --> 02:22:41,600
is still watching. 
It has been watching for a very 

2593
02:22:41,608 --> 02:22:45,800
long time, and it is very good 
at it and tonight that's enough 

2594
02:22:45,800 --> 02:22:53,400
for both of you. 
Imagine standing on a hillside 

2595
02:22:53,400 --> 02:22:57,200
in Lancashire England where the 
Grass Grows, thick and sheep 

2596
02:22:57,200 --> 02:22:59,200
graze with that particularly 
English. 

2597
02:22:59,200 --> 02:23:02,600
Stoicism that suggests. 
They've seen everything and 

2598
02:23:02,600 --> 02:23:07,600
remain unimpressed. 
Before you rise's Pendle Hill, a

2599
02:23:07,600 --> 02:23:10,300
distinctive Landmark that 
dominates the landscape like a 

2600
02:23:10,300 --> 02:23:13,400
sleeping giant. 
It's not particularly tall by 

2601
02:23:13,400 --> 02:23:17,500
Mountain, standards about rain 
heard feet, but it has a 

2602
02:23:17,500 --> 02:23:21,500
presence that makes it feel much
larger the way certain people 

2603
02:23:21,500 --> 02:23:25,100
commanded attention simply by 
existing the hills shape is 

2604
02:23:25,100 --> 02:23:28,700
peculiar and memorable from some
angles, it looks like a massive 

2605
02:23:28,700 --> 02:23:31,400
whale preaching from an ocean of
greenfields. 

2606
02:23:32,100 --> 02:23:36,000
From others, it resembles a 
giant shoulder hunched against 

2607
02:23:36,000 --> 02:23:39,400
the northern weather. local 
people have lived in its shadow 

2608
02:23:39,400 --> 02:23:42,400
for thousands of years and the 
hill has accumulated that 

2609
02:23:42,400 --> 02:23:46,800
quality of permanence, that only
ancient Landscapes possess The 

2610
02:23:46,800 --> 02:23:50,000
sense that it was here long 
before humans arrived and will 

2611
02:23:50,000 --> 02:23:52,300
remain long. 
After we're gone in the early 

2612
02:23:52,300 --> 02:23:56,500
1600s when our story takes place
this landscape was quite 

2613
02:23:56,500 --> 02:24:00,300
different from Modern England. 
There were no neat hedgerows 

2614
02:24:00,300 --> 02:24:02,700
dividing Fields into tidy 
squares. 

2615
02:24:02,700 --> 02:24:06,600
No roads. 
Wider than kart tracks and no, 

2616
02:24:06,600 --> 02:24:09,700
Telegraph poles or power lines, 
scratching against the sky. 

2617
02:24:10,700 --> 02:24:13,800
The Villages scattered around 
Pendle Hill was small clusters 

2618
02:24:13,800 --> 02:24:17,600
of stone and Timber buildings, 
often just a dozen families 

2619
02:24:17,600 --> 02:24:20,100
living close enough to share 
each other's smoke and gossip. 

2620
02:24:20,100 --> 02:24:22,800
The weather in Lancashire has 
always been dependably 

2621
02:24:22,800 --> 02:24:26,600
unpredictable rain sweeps across
the hills with the regularity of

2622
02:24:26,600 --> 02:24:30,300
a postal service, bringing that 
particular dampness, that seems 

2623
02:24:30,300 --> 02:24:34,300
to seep into everything. 
Your clothes, your bones, your 

2624
02:24:34,300 --> 02:24:36,500
sense of what constitutes a nice
day. 

2625
02:24:37,800 --> 02:24:40,200
The Mist that gathers around 
Pendle Hill creates an 

2626
02:24:40,200 --> 02:24:42,500
atmosphere, that makes the 
familiar suddenly strange. 

2627
02:24:43,400 --> 02:24:47,400
Transforming a landscape, you 
know, into something mysterious 

2628
02:24:47,400 --> 02:24:51,900
and slightly otherworldly. 
This was a region where people 

2629
02:24:51,900 --> 02:24:55,100
live close to the land in ways 
we can barely imagine today. 

2630
02:24:56,000 --> 02:24:59,000
You couldn't simply go to a 
supermarket when food ran low. 

2631
02:24:59,000 --> 02:25:01,600
If your crops failed, you went 
hungry. 

2632
02:25:02,300 --> 02:25:05,800
If your cow stopped producing 
milk, your children's nutrition 

2633
02:25:05,800 --> 02:25:07,900
suffered. 
If disease, struck your 

2634
02:25:07,908 --> 02:25:11,500
livestock your livelihood 
vanished Every aspect of 

2635
02:25:11,500 --> 02:25:14,700
survival depended on things, 
largely Beyond human control. 

2636
02:25:14,700 --> 02:25:19,200
Whether disease, the fertility 
of soil and the health of 

2637
02:25:19,200 --> 02:25:21,900
animals. 
The forests around Pendle were 

2638
02:25:21,900 --> 02:25:25,400
darker and more extensive than 
they are today. these were not 

2639
02:25:25,400 --> 02:25:28,500
parks for Sunday strolls, but 
working woodlands where people 

2640
02:25:28,500 --> 02:25:32,700
gathered fuel foraged for food 
and encountered, the kind of 

2641
02:25:32,700 --> 02:25:37,200
isolation that modern people 
rarely experience, Walk in to 

2642
02:25:37,200 --> 02:25:40,100
these Woods at dusk. 
And you'd find yourself in a 

2643
02:25:40,100 --> 02:25:43,300
world of Shadows and sounds 
where your imagination could 

2644
02:25:43,300 --> 02:25:47,500
easily transform a rustling Leaf
into something more Sinister. 

2645
02:25:47,500 --> 02:25:51,400
The Villages had names that felt
like they'd grown naturally from

2646
02:25:51,400 --> 02:25:56,800
the landscape new church, barley
roughly and gold Shore. 

2647
02:25:57,600 --> 02:26:00,400
Small communities, where 
everyone knew everyone else's 

2648
02:26:00,400 --> 02:26:03,500
business along with their 
parents business and probably 

2649
02:26:03,500 --> 02:26:07,500
their grandparents business too.
Privacy was a luxury that didn't

2650
02:26:07,500 --> 02:26:10,200
exist your neighbor's new when 
you ate. 

2651
02:26:10,200 --> 02:26:14,600
When you slept who visited and 
what you argued about life here,

2652
02:26:14,600 --> 02:26:18,600
moved at the pace of Seasons, 
rather than clocks People rose 

2653
02:26:18,600 --> 02:26:22,100
with the sun because candles and
Rush lights were expensive and 

2654
02:26:22,100 --> 02:26:26,500
they retired when darkness made 
work impossible. time was 

2655
02:26:26,500 --> 02:26:29,600
measured by the position of the 
sun, the flowering of certain 

2656
02:26:29,600 --> 02:26:33,700
plants or the behavior of 
animals You might arrange to 

2657
02:26:33,700 --> 02:26:37,300
meet someone after milking or 
when the blackberries ripen and 

2658
02:26:37,300 --> 02:26:39,400
everyone understood these 
imprecise measurements, 

2659
02:26:39,400 --> 02:26:41,400
perfectly the buildings 
themselves. 

2660
02:26:41,400 --> 02:26:45,100
Tell you something about how 
people lived most homes were 

2661
02:26:45,100 --> 02:26:47,200
single story structures with 
thatched roofs. 

2662
02:26:47,200 --> 02:26:50,800
Maybe two rooms. 
If you were fortunate often just

2663
02:26:50,800 --> 02:26:55,700
one large space where the entire
family cooked 8 worked and 

2664
02:26:55,700 --> 02:26:58,900
slept. 
From the central half would 

2665
02:26:58,900 --> 02:27:02,300
drift up through a hole in the 
roof blackening, the thatch and 

2666
02:27:02,308 --> 02:27:05,200
creating that distinctive smell 
of old smoke. 

2667
02:27:05,200 --> 02:27:08,900
That permeated everything 
Winters would genuinely harsh in

2668
02:27:08,900 --> 02:27:11,200
ways that central heating, has 
helped us forget. 

2669
02:27:12,100 --> 02:27:14,500
You'd wake to find Frost 
patterns on the inside of 

2670
02:27:14,500 --> 02:27:18,600
whatever served as your windows.
If you had windows at all, many 

2671
02:27:18,600 --> 02:27:21,500
homes simply had shutters that 
you'd close against the cold 

2672
02:27:21,500 --> 02:27:23,700
choosing between freezing and 
darkness. 

2673
02:27:23,700 --> 02:27:27,000
Chill blames were so common. 
That people barely mentioned 

2674
02:27:27,000 --> 02:27:29,000
them. 
Just another minor misery of 

2675
02:27:29,008 --> 02:27:32,200
winter like wet boots or 
perpetually cold feet. 

2676
02:27:32,200 --> 02:27:35,500
The fields around Pendle were 
divided, not by ownership in the

2677
02:27:35,500 --> 02:27:39,000
modern sense, but by complex 
systems of common rights that 

2678
02:27:39,000 --> 02:27:43,000
had evolved over centuries. 
Different families had rights to

2679
02:27:43,000 --> 02:27:46,900
graze certain numbers of animals
to gather specific types of wood

2680
02:27:46,900 --> 02:27:50,500
and to fish in particular 
streams. these rights were 

2681
02:27:50,500 --> 02:27:52,800
rarely written down but 
understood through tradition, 

2682
02:27:52,800 --> 02:27:57,200
and enforced, by Community 
consensus, It was a system that 

2683
02:27:57,200 --> 02:28:01,000
worked reasonably well until 
someone tried to change it or 

2684
02:28:01,000 --> 02:28:04,600
challenge to established Customs
spring brought relief from 

2685
02:28:04,600 --> 02:28:07,500
Winter's hardships. 
But also anxiety about whether 

2686
02:28:07,500 --> 02:28:11,000
crops would grow successfully. 
You'd see women and children 

2687
02:28:11,000 --> 02:28:14,700
walking the fields picking 
stones from newly plowed Earth. 

2688
02:28:15,600 --> 02:28:18,700
A task that seems futile Until 
you realize that rocks, you 

2689
02:28:18,700 --> 02:28:21,200
remove this year won't damage 
your plow next season. 

2690
02:28:22,200 --> 02:28:24,900
Every aspect of farming 
required, this kind of long-term

2691
02:28:24,900 --> 02:28:28,200
thinking and constant physical 
labor, summer was briefly 

2692
02:28:28,200 --> 02:28:32,200
glorious when it wasn't raining.
The hills would Bloom with wild 

2693
02:28:32,200 --> 02:28:34,300
flowers, whose names have mostly
been forgotten. 

2694
02:28:35,200 --> 02:28:37,900
Folk names that describe their 
appearance or supposed 

2695
02:28:37,900 --> 02:28:41,800
properties. 
Here, all self-heal, eyebright 

2696
02:28:41,800 --> 02:28:45,400
and wound word. 
Plants that promised relief from

2697
02:28:45,400 --> 02:28:48,300
the various ailments that 
Afflicted people without access 

2698
02:28:48,300 --> 02:28:52,100
to modern medicine. 
Autumn meant Harvest and harvest

2699
02:28:52,100 --> 02:28:54,900
meant the difference between a 
tolerable winter and a desperate

2700
02:28:54,900 --> 02:28:57,200
one. 
Everyone worked during Harvest 

2701
02:28:57,200 --> 02:29:00,400
from the smallest child, who 
could carry a Sheaf of grain to 

2702
02:29:00,400 --> 02:29:02,500
the oldest grandmother, who 
could tie knots. 

2703
02:29:02,500 --> 02:29:07,200
It was exhausting back-breaking 
work, but it came with a sense 

2704
02:29:07,200 --> 02:29:10,300
of shared purpose and the hope 
that this year's efforts would 

2705
02:29:10,300 --> 02:29:14,200
sustain everyone until next 
year's Harvest, this landscape 

2706
02:29:14,200 --> 02:29:18,100
these rhythms of life, these 
patterns of work and worry, this

2707
02:29:18,100 --> 02:29:19,800
was the world of the Pendle 
witches. 

2708
02:29:19,800 --> 02:29:23,500
Not a Gothic horror setting, but
a real place where real people 

2709
02:29:23,500 --> 02:29:25,900
struggled with the same basic 
challenges. 

2710
02:29:25,900 --> 02:29:30,300
That humans have always faced. 
How to survive, how to protect 

2711
02:29:30,300 --> 02:29:33,800
their families and how to make 
sense of a world that often 

2712
02:29:33,800 --> 02:29:37,700
seemed hostile and inexplicable 
to understand what happened in 

2713
02:29:37,700 --> 02:29:41,600
Pendle in 1612, you need to 
travel Inside the Minds of 

2714
02:29:41,608 --> 02:29:44,500
people who lived in a world 
entirely different from ours. 

2715
02:29:45,200 --> 02:29:48,000
Not different in the sense of 
being primitive or less 

2716
02:29:48,000 --> 02:29:50,900
intelligent. 
These were people just as clever

2717
02:29:50,900 --> 02:29:54,500
and capable as anyone today but 
different in their fundamental 

2718
02:29:54,500 --> 02:29:56,600
assumptions about how reality 
worked. 

2719
02:29:56,600 --> 02:30:00,100
Imagine living in a world 
without scientific explanations 

2720
02:30:00,100 --> 02:30:03,200
for natural phenomena. 
When your child develops, a 

2721
02:30:03,200 --> 02:30:07,300
fever you don't think about 
viruses or bacteria, Concepts 

2722
02:30:07,300 --> 02:30:09,600
that won't exist for another two
centuries. 

2723
02:30:09,600 --> 02:30:12,900
Instead, you wonder what caused 
this illness. 

2724
02:30:13,700 --> 02:30:17,000
Did someone curse your family? 
Did you offend God? 

2725
02:30:17,000 --> 02:30:20,300
Did your child encounter 
something malevolent while 

2726
02:30:20,300 --> 02:30:23,100
playing near the old oak tree 
that everyone says has not 

2727
02:30:23,100 --> 02:30:26,000
feeling about it, this wasn't 
Superstition in. 

2728
02:30:26,000 --> 02:30:28,500
The dismissive sense. 
We often use that word today. 

2729
02:30:29,300 --> 02:30:32,700
These were people constructing 
reasonable explanations based on

2730
02:30:32,700 --> 02:30:34,200
the information available to 
them. 

2731
02:30:34,900 --> 02:30:37,400
If your cow suddenly stops 
producing milk. 

2732
02:30:37,400 --> 02:30:40,000
And you remember, having an 
argument with your neighbor 

2733
02:30:40,000 --> 02:30:42,900
yesterday, and then someone 
tells you that your neighbor's 

2734
02:30:42,900 --> 02:30:45,000
grandmother was known for having
the sight. 

2735
02:30:45,000 --> 02:30:48,400
You've got what seems like a 
logical chain of causation. 

2736
02:30:49,500 --> 02:30:52,300
It's wrong, but it's not stupid 
magic. 

2737
02:30:52,300 --> 02:30:55,300
In this world was less like 
Harry Potter and more like an 

2738
02:30:55,300 --> 02:31:00,200
extension of natural philosophy.
Educated people genuinely 

2739
02:31:00,200 --> 02:31:02,800
believed that certain 
individuals might have special 

2740
02:31:02,800 --> 02:31:06,400
knowledge or abilities, just as 
they believed in the four 

2741
02:31:06,400 --> 02:31:09,400
humors, in the influence of 
planetary movements on human 

2742
02:31:09,400 --> 02:31:12,900
health and in the power of the 
king's touch to cure disease. 

2743
02:31:13,900 --> 02:31:16,800
The line between what we'd call 
medicine and what we'd call 

2744
02:31:16,800 --> 02:31:21,200
Magic was blurry at best and 
often non-existent the Church, 

2745
02:31:21,200 --> 02:31:26,000
of course had opinions about all
of this England in 1612 was a 

2746
02:31:26,008 --> 02:31:29,800
fishy Protestant. 
Having broken with Rome about 80

2747
02:31:29,800 --> 02:31:32,400
years earlier. 
But old Catholic beliefs 

2748
02:31:32,400 --> 02:31:36,700
persisted mixed with even older 
folk Traditions that probably 

2749
02:31:36,700 --> 02:31:39,700
dated Back to Before 
Christianity arrived in Britain.

2750
02:31:40,600 --> 02:31:44,200
People would attend Protestant 
services on Sunday while also 

2751
02:31:44,200 --> 02:31:48,100
touching wood for luck throwing 
salt over their shoulders and 

2752
02:31:48,100 --> 02:31:50,900
carefully observing. 
Which direction a magpie flew, 

2753
02:31:50,900 --> 02:31:54,000
because everyone knew that 
mattered somehow the Bible which

2754
02:31:54,000 --> 02:31:56,500
most people couldn't read, but 
new through sermons and common 

2755
02:31:56,500 --> 02:31:59,300
culture was quite clear that 
witches existed. 

2756
02:32:00,200 --> 02:32:04,100
The Old Testament, explicitly 
stated Thou shalt not suffer a 

2757
02:32:04,100 --> 02:32:07,100
witch to live which seemed 
pretty unambiguous if you took 

2758
02:32:07,100 --> 02:32:10,400
scripture seriously. 
If the Bible said witches were 

2759
02:32:10,408 --> 02:32:12,800
real. 
Then denying their existence was

2760
02:32:12,800 --> 02:32:16,700
essentially questioning the word
of God, a dangerous position to 

2761
02:32:16,700 --> 02:32:19,200
take in any era. 
But particularly in 

2762
02:32:19,200 --> 02:32:22,600
post-reformation England, where 
religious Orthodoxy was 

2763
02:32:22,600 --> 02:32:25,700
literally a matter of life and 
death, but here's where it gets 

2764
02:32:25,700 --> 02:32:28,600
interesting. 
The kind of Witchcraft that most

2765
02:32:28,600 --> 02:32:31,800
concerned Ordinary People wasn't
the devil worshiping. 

2766
02:32:31,800 --> 02:32:34,600
Soul-selling variety, that 
troubled, theologians and 

2767
02:32:34,600 --> 02:32:38,000
authorities. 
Most accusations of Witchcraft. 

2768
02:32:38,000 --> 02:32:41,100
At the local level involved, 
what we might call Neighborhood 

2769
02:32:41,100 --> 02:32:45,400
disputes taken to Supernatural 
extremes Someone's butter won't 

2770
02:32:45,400 --> 02:32:47,500
churn. 
Someone's Child is ill, 

2771
02:32:47,500 --> 02:32:51,500
someone's horse goes lame and 
The Afflicted person remembers a

2772
02:32:51,500 --> 02:32:54,400
recent argument, or perceived 
slight from someone with a 

2773
02:32:54,400 --> 02:32:57,800
reputation for being a bit odd. 
The people most often accused of

2774
02:32:57,800 --> 02:33:01,600
Witchcraft fit certain patterns.
They were frequently women 

2775
02:33:01,600 --> 02:33:06,100
often, elderly usually poor, 
sometimes cantankerous, and 

2776
02:33:06,100 --> 02:33:08,500
generally on the margins of 
Village Society. 

2777
02:33:09,400 --> 02:33:13,000
In other words, people who lack 
the social protection that came 

2778
02:33:13,000 --> 02:33:16,600
from wealth family, connections 
or Community standing. 

2779
02:33:17,600 --> 02:33:20,900
The Village kamarajan who lived 
alone kept cats and muttered 

2780
02:33:20,900 --> 02:33:24,200
herself was playing a risky game
in a world where being different

2781
02:33:24,200 --> 02:33:27,300
could be dangerous yet. 
These same communities, also, 

2782
02:33:27,300 --> 02:33:30,800
relied on people who claimed 
special knowledge, The cunning 

2783
02:33:30,800 --> 02:33:34,200
folk or Wise Women who knew 
which herbs helped with, which 

2784
02:33:34,200 --> 02:33:37,200
ailments who could predict 
whether patterns and who 

2785
02:33:37,200 --> 02:33:39,100
understood the mysteries of 
childbirth. 

2786
02:33:39,100 --> 02:33:43,200
These were valuable Community 
Resources the line between 

2787
02:33:43,200 --> 02:33:46,600
helpful cunning folk and 
dangerous witches was razor thin

2788
02:33:46,600 --> 02:33:49,900
and largely depended on whether 
your magic was perceived as 

2789
02:33:49,900 --> 02:33:52,900
helping or harming. 
Think about the psychology of 

2790
02:33:52,900 --> 02:33:56,900
living in this world. 
When Misfortune strikes and 

2791
02:33:56,900 --> 02:34:00,200
Misfortune struck regularly in 
an era without modern meds and 

2792
02:34:00,208 --> 02:34:03,400
reliable crops or any form of 
social safety net. 

2793
02:34:04,100 --> 02:34:09,400
People needed explanations. 
Bad luck or natural causes a 

2794
02:34:09,400 --> 02:34:14,100
cycle of answers when your child
is dying and you can't do 

2795
02:34:14,100 --> 02:34:17,400
anything to help. 
The idea that someone calls this

2796
02:34:17,400 --> 02:34:20,400
through malice, at least 
provides a target for your grief

2797
02:34:20,400 --> 02:34:24,100
and anger, and more importantly,
suggest that something might be 

2798
02:34:24,100 --> 02:34:27,400
done about it. 
This worldview, provided a form 

2799
02:34:27,400 --> 02:34:30,800
of social control, if everyone 
believes that harming others 

2800
02:34:30,800 --> 02:34:33,600
through which craft is possible,
and that which is can be 

2801
02:34:33,608 --> 02:34:36,800
identified and punished. 
Then there's an incentive to 

2802
02:34:36,800 --> 02:34:40,000
maintain good relations with 
your neighbor's, the fear of 

2803
02:34:40,000 --> 02:34:43,800
being accused to discourage, the
kind of anti-social behaviour 

2804
02:34:43,800 --> 02:34:47,100
that could tear apart small 
communities where cooperation 

2805
02:34:47,100 --> 02:34:50,500
was essential for survival 
dreams and Visions carried 

2806
02:34:50,500 --> 02:34:52,200
weight. 
In this world that we've largely

2807
02:34:52,200 --> 02:34:54,800
lost. 
If you dreamed that your 

2808
02:34:54,800 --> 02:34:58,000
neighbor transformed into a hair
and drank from your cows, that 

2809
02:34:58,000 --> 02:35:01,400
wasn't just a random nightmare, 
it might be a genuine glimpse of

2810
02:35:01,408 --> 02:35:04,500
hidden reality. 
The modern distinction between 

2811
02:35:04,500 --> 02:35:07,200
objective reality. 
And subjective experience was 

2812
02:35:07,200 --> 02:35:11,900
much less clear, inner and outer
worlds, Blended together in ways

2813
02:35:11,900 --> 02:35:15,100
that made perfect sense to 
people at the time children. 

2814
02:35:15,100 --> 02:35:18,800
Absorb these beliefs naturally, 
the way children today, absorb 

2815
02:35:18,800 --> 02:35:22,800
ideas, about technology or 
popular culture, a six year old 

2816
02:35:22,800 --> 02:35:27,200
in 1612 would know which plants 
were lucky, which days were 

2817
02:35:27,200 --> 02:35:29,600
unlucky for. 
Starting new Ventures and 

2818
02:35:29,600 --> 02:35:32,800
probably several Rhymes or 
charms for warding off evil. 

2819
02:35:33,800 --> 02:35:36,300
This knowledge wasn't taught 
formally, but picked up through 

2820
02:35:36,300 --> 02:35:40,300
observation and participation in
daily life, the concept of proof

2821
02:35:40,300 --> 02:35:43,500
was also different. 
Today, we expect evidence that 

2822
02:35:43,500 --> 02:35:48,300
can be objectively verified. in 
the 17th century eyewitness, 

2823
02:35:48,300 --> 02:35:52,300
testimony was considered highly 
reliable even when describing 

2824
02:35:52,300 --> 02:35:56,400
Supernatural events, Three. 
People said they saw Good Wife 

2825
02:35:56,400 --> 02:35:58,300
Smith's Spirit flying through 
the air. 

2826
02:35:59,200 --> 02:36:03,100
That counted as solid evidence. 
The fact that human perception 

2827
02:36:03,100 --> 02:36:06,600
is unreliable and that people 
can genuinely believed they saw 

2828
02:36:06,600 --> 02:36:07,900
things. 
They didn't wasn't yet. 

2829
02:36:07,900 --> 02:36:11,300
Understood, this was a world 
where authority figures 

2830
02:36:11,300 --> 02:36:15,800
Magistrate's ministers, and 
educated gentlemen believed in 

2831
02:36:15,808 --> 02:36:18,800
which craft just as firmly as a 
literate farmers. 

2832
02:36:20,000 --> 02:36:22,400
King James, the first himself 
had written a book about 

2833
02:36:22,400 --> 02:36:26,200
witchcraft called demonology. 
Arguing for the reality of 

2834
02:36:26,200 --> 02:36:28,600
witches and the necessity of 
Prosecuting them. 

2835
02:36:29,500 --> 02:36:33,700
When your king, your minister, 
your social betters, and your 

2836
02:36:33,700 --> 02:36:37,600
neighbors, all agree. 
That something is real doubting,

2837
02:36:37,600 --> 02:36:41,200
it requires an extraordinary 
level of independent thinking 

2838
02:36:41,200 --> 02:36:43,400
that few people in any era 
possess. 

2839
02:36:43,400 --> 02:36:47,700
Now we come to the people 
themselves, not abstractions, or

2840
02:36:47,700 --> 02:36:51,500
symbols, actual human beings who
lived in the shadow of Pendle 

2841
02:36:51,500 --> 02:36:54,500
Hill and whose names. 
We still remember over. 400 

2842
02:36:54,500 --> 02:36:57,700
years later, though, for reasons
they could never have imagined 

2843
02:36:57,700 --> 02:37:01,500
the device family lived at 
Malkin Tower a name, that might 

2844
02:37:01,500 --> 02:37:05,300
sound picturesque, Until you 
realize that Malkin was old 

2845
02:37:05,300 --> 02:37:08,800
dialect for a dirty untidy woman
or a scarecrow. 

2846
02:37:09,600 --> 02:37:13,500
Imagine a decrepit building, 
probably more hovel than Tower 

2847
02:37:13,500 --> 02:37:15,900
in a remote part of the penal 
landscape. 

2848
02:37:16,900 --> 02:37:19,800
This was home to Elizabeth 
Southern known as old demdike, 

2849
02:37:19,800 --> 02:37:23,000
who was somewhere around, 80 
years old in 1612. 

2850
02:37:23,900 --> 02:37:26,900
An extraordinary age for the 
period that probably contributed

2851
02:37:26,900 --> 02:37:29,600
to her reputation. 
As someone with unusual 

2852
02:37:29,600 --> 02:37:33,200
knowledge demike the name 
itself, sounds like something 

2853
02:37:33,200 --> 02:37:35,600
from folklore. 
Had a granddaughter named 

2854
02:37:35,600 --> 02:37:39,400
Elizabeth device who in turn had
children, including Alison 

2855
02:37:39,400 --> 02:37:41,900
device. 
A young woman about 20 years 

2856
02:37:41,900 --> 02:37:45,200
old. 
When our story unfolds This was 

2857
02:37:45,200 --> 02:37:47,700
a family living in poverty, that
would shock modern 

2858
02:37:47,700 --> 02:37:50,900
sensibilities. 
Not the kind of picturesque 

2859
02:37:50,900 --> 02:37:55,100
rural poverty you see in Period 
dramas but genuine grinding 

2860
02:37:55,100 --> 02:37:59,300
destitution where every day 
presented challenges to basic 

2861
02:37:59,300 --> 02:38:02,600
survival, living nearby was 
another family headed by an 

2862
02:38:02,600 --> 02:38:06,300
Whittle known as old chatok who 
was probably in her 80s. 

2863
02:38:07,100 --> 02:38:10,000
The name Chateaux might derive 
from Chatterbox suggesting. 

2864
02:38:10,000 --> 02:38:11,800
Someone known for talking 
though. 

2865
02:38:11,800 --> 02:38:14,100
It's equally possible. 
It had other Origins now. 

2866
02:38:14,100 --> 02:38:17,600
Lost a history. 
Talks had a daughter named Anne 

2867
02:38:17,600 --> 02:38:21,500
Red Fern and these two families.
The devices and the chat. 

2868
02:38:21,500 --> 02:38:24,400
Ox's had the kind of 
relationship that makes Modern 

2869
02:38:24,400 --> 02:38:26,900
Family feuds look like minor. 
Disagreements. 

2870
02:38:26,900 --> 02:38:30,400
These were wealthy families are 
viewing over inheritance or 

2871
02:38:30,400 --> 02:38:33,000
social position. 
These were people at the 

2872
02:38:33,000 --> 02:38:36,500
absolute bottom of the economic 
ladder competing for scarce 

2873
02:38:36,500 --> 02:38:38,100
resources in a harsh 
environment. 

2874
02:38:39,300 --> 02:38:42,900
When you're that poor, every 
small Advantage matters and 

2875
02:38:42,900 --> 02:38:45,600
every perceived slight can 
become a major grievance. 

2876
02:38:46,900 --> 02:38:49,100
The device and Chateaux family 
is, apparently had a 

2877
02:38:49,108 --> 02:38:53,500
long-standing mutual antagonism.
Possibly involving accusations 

2878
02:38:53,500 --> 02:38:56,500
of theft. 
Definitely involving accusations

2879
02:38:56,500 --> 02:38:59,800
of Witchcraft, and generally 
characterized by the kind of 

2880
02:38:59,800 --> 02:39:01,900
bitter enmity. 
That develops when people who 

2881
02:39:01,900 --> 02:39:06,000
dislike each other cannot Escape
each other's presence picture 

2882
02:39:06,000 --> 02:39:09,300
all damn die because she might 
have been a very elderly woman. 

2883
02:39:09,300 --> 02:39:14,100
Probably nearly blind sources. 
Mention her poor eyesight with 

2884
02:39:14,100 --> 02:39:17,400
the kind of face that eight 
Decades of hard living creates, 

2885
02:39:18,200 --> 02:39:19,700
She'd have lost most of her 
teeth. 

2886
02:39:19,700 --> 02:39:24,200
Her skin would be weathered by 
constant outdoor work and she'd 

2887
02:39:24,200 --> 02:39:27,200
likely have that distinctive 
elderly stoop, that comes from a

2888
02:39:27,208 --> 02:39:31,800
lifetime of manual labor. 
She was by several accounts 

2889
02:39:31,800 --> 02:39:35,400
known as someone who could 
curse, who knew charms, and 

2890
02:39:35,400 --> 02:39:38,400
spells and who had what people 
called the site. 

2891
02:39:38,400 --> 02:39:42,700
But here's what's important to 
understand, old demdike, 

2892
02:39:42,700 --> 02:39:44,700
probably believed in her own 
powers. 

2893
02:39:44,700 --> 02:39:48,400
This wasn't necessarily a con 
artist exploiting the gullible. 

2894
02:39:49,200 --> 02:39:52,500
She'd grown up in a world where 
magic was real where certain 

2895
02:39:52,500 --> 02:39:56,300
people had special knowledge and
were curses could cause harm. 

2896
02:39:57,100 --> 02:39:59,800
If you'd spent eight decades 
accepting these beliefs, as 

2897
02:39:59,800 --> 02:40:03,600
fact, and if your reputation as 
someone powerful was perhaps the

2898
02:40:03,600 --> 02:40:07,000
only source of respect or fear 
you commanded, you'd probably 

2899
02:40:07,000 --> 02:40:10,800
cultivate that reputation too 
old chatok seems to have had a 

2900
02:40:10,800 --> 02:40:14,400
similar reputation which perhaps
explains part of the Rivalry 

2901
02:40:14,400 --> 02:40:18,400
between the families. 
Two elderly women, both claiming

2902
02:40:18,400 --> 02:40:21,800
magical knowledge, living in 
proximity in a small community. 

2903
02:40:21,800 --> 02:40:24,500
That's a situation right for 
conflict. 

2904
02:40:25,400 --> 02:40:29,800
Add genuine poverty, family, 
grudges and a cultural context, 

2905
02:40:29,800 --> 02:40:33,400
where curses and counter curses 
were taken, seriously, and you 

2906
02:40:33,400 --> 02:40:37,200
have a powder keg waiting for a 
spark, the younger generation of

2907
02:40:37,208 --> 02:40:41,000
these families lived in their 
Elders, Shadows, Alison device. 

2908
02:40:41,000 --> 02:40:44,200
About 20 years old, seems to 
have been an ordinary young 

2909
02:40:44,200 --> 02:40:46,500
woman trying to survive in 
difficult circumstances. 

2910
02:40:47,800 --> 02:40:49,500
Sources suggest, she might have 
been. 

2911
02:40:49,500 --> 02:40:51,300
What? 
We'd Now call developmentally 

2912
02:40:51,300 --> 02:40:54,300
disabled though. 
Historical records are too 

2913
02:40:54,300 --> 02:40:57,300
fragmentary to be. 
Certain, what we know is that 

2914
02:40:57,300 --> 02:41:00,700
she worked as a beggar 
traveling, the roads and asking 

2915
02:41:00,700 --> 02:41:04,200
for charity or small favors, 
which was a common survival 

2916
02:41:04,200 --> 02:41:06,100
strategy for the desperately 
poor. 

2917
02:41:06,100 --> 02:41:10,600
An Redford's daughter was 
married to a man named Thomas 

2918
02:41:10,600 --> 02:41:14,200
Redfern and seems to have been 
trying to maintain a slightly 

2919
02:41:14,200 --> 02:41:16,200
more respectable existence than 
her mother. 

2920
02:41:17,300 --> 02:41:20,600
This was the constant tension 
for families with reputations 

2921
02:41:20,600 --> 02:41:23,800
for witchcraft. 
Wanting to be accepted by the 

2922
02:41:23,800 --> 02:41:26,500
community. 
While also being associated with

2923
02:41:26,500 --> 02:41:30,100
people whose reputations made 
acceptance difficult, living 

2924
02:41:30,100 --> 02:41:32,600
among these families were 
others, who became caught up in 

2925
02:41:32,600 --> 02:41:36,900
the events of 1612. 
Alice Nutter a woman of someone 

2926
02:41:36,900 --> 02:41:40,000
higher Social Status whose 
involvement in the story remains

2927
02:41:40,000 --> 02:41:44,100
puzzling to historians. 
Jane Balki and her son, John 

2928
02:41:44,100 --> 02:41:46,200
Catherine, Hewitt and several 
others. 

2929
02:41:46,200 --> 02:41:50,800
Each of them was a real person 
with hopes fears daily routines 

2930
02:41:50,800 --> 02:41:53,500
and relationships that the 
historical record. 

2931
02:41:53,500 --> 02:41:56,400
Barely captures. 
What these people shared was 

2932
02:41:56,400 --> 02:41:59,800
life in a small community, where
everyone knew everyone else's 

2933
02:41:59,800 --> 02:42:03,600
business, where reputation was 
currency and where the line 

2934
02:42:03,600 --> 02:42:06,300
between getting by and 
destitution was frighteningly 

2935
02:42:06,300 --> 02:42:09,400
thin. 
They lived in a world where a 

2936
02:42:09,400 --> 02:42:12,500
bad Harvest could mean hunger 
were illness, usually meant 

2937
02:42:12,500 --> 02:42:16,300
death, and where your survival 
often depended on the Goodwill 

2938
02:42:16,300 --> 02:42:18,600
of neighbors, who might also be 
arrivals. 

2939
02:42:18,600 --> 02:42:21,400
The house is these people lived 
in, which shocked, modern 

2940
02:42:21,400 --> 02:42:24,800
sensibilities Earth, and flaws 
that turned to Mud. 

2941
02:42:24,800 --> 02:42:28,800
When it rained roofs, that 
leaked walls, that let in drafts

2942
02:42:28,800 --> 02:42:31,200
and smoke filled Interiors from 
cooking fires. 

2943
02:42:32,200 --> 02:42:36,600
Percy didn't exist family, slept
together in whatever dry Corner.

2944
02:42:36,600 --> 02:42:39,900
They could find with perhaps a 
curtain to separate sleeping 

2945
02:42:39,900 --> 02:42:41,200
areas. 
If they were fortunate 

2946
02:42:42,300 --> 02:42:44,700
Sanitation as we understand, it 
didn't exist. 

2947
02:42:45,400 --> 02:42:49,000
Water came from streams or Wells
and every bucket had to be 

2948
02:42:49,000 --> 02:42:51,500
carried by hand. 
Their clothes would have been 

2949
02:42:51,500 --> 02:42:55,900
rough, wool probably home, spun 
patched and repacked and warned 

2950
02:42:55,900 --> 02:42:59,600
until they literally fell apart.
Shoes, were expensive enough. 

2951
02:42:59,600 --> 02:43:02,400
That many people went barefoot 
in warm weather to preserve 

2952
02:43:02,400 --> 02:43:04,600
them. 
Personal possessions would be 

2953
02:43:04,608 --> 02:43:09,700
minimal but a few cooking pots, 
some basic tools and bedding, 

2954
02:43:09,700 --> 02:43:13,100
that probably consisted of straw
stuff sacks and rough blankets 

2955
02:43:13,100 --> 02:43:15,400
yet. 
These were people not just 

2956
02:43:15,400 --> 02:43:18,600
historical figures. 
They laughed at jokes, we'd 

2957
02:43:18,600 --> 02:43:22,100
probably understand worried 
about their children enjoyed 

2958
02:43:22,100 --> 02:43:24,500
Pleasant weather and complained 
about their neighbors. 

2959
02:43:25,400 --> 02:43:28,300
Old demdike might have had a 
favorite spot where she liked to

2960
02:43:28,300 --> 02:43:31,300
sit on sunny days. 
Alison device. 

2961
02:43:31,300 --> 02:43:35,400
Probably had friendship gossiped
with and red fern might have had

2962
02:43:35,400 --> 02:43:38,700
Ambitions for her children that 
circumstances made impossible to

2963
02:43:38,700 --> 02:43:42,400
achieve the events that would 
lead to tragedy began on a Road 

2964
02:43:42,400 --> 02:43:48,200
near Cullen on March 18th, 1612 
This wasn't some dark and stormy

2965
02:43:48,200 --> 02:43:50,800
night. 
Perfect for Gothic drama, it was

2966
02:43:50,800 --> 02:43:54,700
probably just an ordinary late 
winter day cold and damp in the 

2967
02:43:54,700 --> 02:43:57,700
way that Northern England excels
at being cold and damp. 

2968
02:43:57,700 --> 02:44:01,400
Alison device was out begging, 
which wasn't shameful in the 

2969
02:44:01,400 --> 02:44:03,000
way. 
We might think of baking today, 

2970
02:44:03,000 --> 02:44:06,500
but was a recognized survival 
strategy for the destitute. 

2971
02:44:07,600 --> 02:44:11,100
She encountered, John Law, a 
peddler from Halifax, travelling

2972
02:44:11,100 --> 02:44:14,800
along the road with his pack of 
pins, needles laces, and other 

2973
02:44:14,800 --> 02:44:17,600
small Goods that Peddlers 
carried from Village to Village.

2974
02:44:19,000 --> 02:44:21,800
These traveling salesmen were 
important figures in rural 

2975
02:44:21,800 --> 02:44:26,000
England bringing Not Just Goods 
but also news and connection to 

2976
02:44:26,000 --> 02:44:28,200
the wider world, what happened 
next? 

2977
02:44:28,200 --> 02:44:31,500
Depends on whose account you 
believe, but the basic facts 

2978
02:44:31,500 --> 02:44:34,300
seem to be these Alice and asked
law. 

2979
02:44:34,300 --> 02:44:38,200
For some pins, he refused either
because he wanted payment, she 

2980
02:44:38,200 --> 02:44:40,900
couldn't provide or because 
pedal is, sometimes did give 

2981
02:44:40,900 --> 02:44:44,100
small items to Beggars and he 
simply didn't feel like it that 

2982
02:44:44,100 --> 02:44:47,800
day shortly after this 
encounter, John lore collapsed 

2983
02:44:47,800 --> 02:44:49,400
with what appears to have been a
stroke. 

2984
02:44:49,400 --> 02:44:52,900
Now, if you're a modern person 
reading this, you understand 

2985
02:44:52,900 --> 02:44:56,600
that strokes happen for 
physiological reasons, blood 

2986
02:44:56,600 --> 02:44:59,700
clots burst vessels and high 
blood pressure. 

2987
02:45:01,100 --> 02:45:04,000
John Law was a peddler who 
walked long distance as carrying

2988
02:45:04,000 --> 02:45:08,200
heavy loads, probably ate poorly
and lived a stressful existence.

2989
02:45:08,200 --> 02:45:12,200
He was in other words, a prime 
candidate for cardiovascular 

2990
02:45:12,200 --> 02:45:14,700
problems regardless of whom he 
met on the road. 

2991
02:45:14,700 --> 02:45:18,800
But if you're John Law or his 
son, Abraham law, or anyone in 

2992
02:45:18,800 --> 02:45:22,300
the community hearing about this
incident, the sequence of events

2993
02:45:22,300 --> 02:45:26,600
looks very different, Alison 
device from a family with a 

2994
02:45:26,600 --> 02:45:31,200
reputation for witchcraft asked 
for something law, refused 

2995
02:45:31,200 --> 02:45:34,400
immediately. 
Afterward law suffered, what 

2996
02:45:34,400 --> 02:45:38,100
appeared to be a magical attack.
The cause and effect seems 

2997
02:45:38,100 --> 02:45:39,900
obvious. 
What makes the story 

2998
02:45:39,900 --> 02:45:42,400
particularly intriguing is that 
Alison herself? 

2999
02:45:42,400 --> 02:45:45,800
Apparently came to believe she 
had caused laws collapse When 

3000
02:45:45,800 --> 02:45:49,600
questioned later, she confessed 
a cursing him though, whether 

3001
02:45:49,600 --> 02:45:52,800
this confession came from 
genuine belief, from pressure, 

3002
02:45:52,800 --> 02:45:56,200
during questioning or from some 
combination of both, we can't 

3003
02:45:56,200 --> 02:46:00,000
know. living in a world where 
everyone around you believes in 

3004
02:46:00,008 --> 02:46:03,000
Witchcraft and you've been 
raised by a grandmother who 

3005
02:46:03,000 --> 02:46:06,400
claimed magical powers, you 
might well internalize those 

3006
02:46:06,400 --> 02:46:09,600
beliefs in interpret events 
through that lens, the law 

3007
02:46:09,600 --> 02:46:12,300
family lodged a complaint with 
Roger, Nowell the local 

3008
02:46:12,300 --> 02:46:16,800
Magistrate Now all was a Justice
of the Peace part of the local 

3009
02:46:16,800 --> 02:46:19,200
Gentry, whose job involved 
maintaining order and 

3010
02:46:19,200 --> 02:46:23,500
investigating crime. 
He was by all accounts, a 

3011
02:46:23,500 --> 02:46:25,900
literate educated man who took 
his responsibilities. 

3012
02:46:25,900 --> 02:46:30,200
Seriously, he was a man of his 
times, which meant he believed 

3013
02:46:30,200 --> 02:46:33,200
in witchcraft, as surely as he 
believed in the authority of the

3014
02:46:33,200 --> 02:46:37,500
king and the truth of scripture,
now began his investigation the 

3015
02:46:37,500 --> 02:46:40,500
way any magistrate would by 
gathering testimony. 

3016
02:46:41,500 --> 02:46:45,300
He questioned Alison device, 
apparently confessed not only to

3017
02:46:45,300 --> 02:46:48,900
cursing John law, but also 
provided information about the 

3018
02:46:48,900 --> 02:46:51,000
magical practices of other 
family members. 

3019
02:46:52,500 --> 02:46:56,100
This is where the Story begins 
to expand from a single incident

3020
02:46:56,100 --> 02:47:00,400
into something much larger. 
Once the investigation began old

3021
02:47:00,400 --> 02:47:03,600
grievances surfaced like, debris
floating up from a flood. 

3022
02:47:04,500 --> 02:47:07,000
People who had long suspected, 
their neighbors of Witchcraft 

3023
02:47:07,000 --> 02:47:09,500
now had an official audience for
their suspicions. 

3024
02:47:10,400 --> 02:47:12,100
The device and Chateaux 
families. 

3025
02:47:12,100 --> 02:47:16,000
Already enemies began, accusing 
each other, of various magical 

3026
02:47:16,000 --> 02:47:20,600
crime, stretching back years, 
every unexplained illness every 

3027
02:47:20,600 --> 02:47:23,000
dead, cow. 
Every batch of butter that 

3028
02:47:23,000 --> 02:47:26,600
wouldn't churn all of these 
suddenly had explanations in the

3029
02:47:26,600 --> 02:47:30,300
form of malicious witchcraft. 
The testimony is that emerged 

3030
02:47:30,300 --> 02:47:33,200
reveal a community that had been
living with these suspicions and

3031
02:47:33,200 --> 02:47:37,600
fears for years. 
Old demike, allegedly confessed 

3032
02:47:37,600 --> 02:47:40,300
to have having sold her soul to 
the devil some 20 years earlier,

3033
02:47:40,300 --> 02:47:45,600
meeting him in the form of a boy
named Tibet, supposedly admitted

3034
02:47:45,600 --> 02:47:48,800
to similar practices. 
These confessions raise, all 

3035
02:47:48,800 --> 02:47:52,700
sorts of questions were they 
true, were they extracted Under 

3036
02:47:52,700 --> 02:47:56,100
Pressure did these elderly? 
Women genuinely believe their 

3037
02:47:56,100 --> 02:48:00,200
own stories what's clear is that
once the process started it, 

3038
02:48:00,200 --> 02:48:03,300
gained its own momentum. 
Neighbors who might have been 

3039
02:48:03,308 --> 02:48:05,000
willing to overlook odd 
behavior. 

3040
02:48:05,000 --> 02:48:07,800
When there was no official 
investigation suddenly felt 

3041
02:48:07,800 --> 02:48:11,200
compelled to share their 
suspicions, People who had lived

3042
02:48:11,200 --> 02:48:13,200
side by side with the accused 
for years. 

3043
02:48:13,200 --> 02:48:16,100
Now, provided testimony about 
suspicious incidents. 

3044
02:48:16,100 --> 02:48:19,200
They'd never previously, 
reported the accusations 

3045
02:48:19,200 --> 02:48:21,200
extended beyond the obvious 
targets. 

3046
02:48:22,000 --> 02:48:25,300
Alice Nutter a woman of higher 
Social Status was arrested 

3047
02:48:25,300 --> 02:48:27,400
though. 
Her involvement in the case 

3048
02:48:27,400 --> 02:48:31,100
remains mysterious She doesn't 
seem to fit the profile of 

3049
02:48:31,100 --> 02:48:35,100
typical witchcraft accusations. 
She wasn't old, she wasn't 

3050
02:48:35,100 --> 02:48:38,500
notably poor and didn't have an 
established reputation for 

3051
02:48:38,500 --> 02:48:42,900
Magical practices. 
Some historians speculate about 

3052
02:48:42,900 --> 02:48:45,700
land disputes or other motives 
that might have drawn her into 

3053
02:48:45,700 --> 02:48:48,600
the case that the truth has been
lost to time. 

3054
02:48:48,600 --> 02:48:53,300
As spring turned to Summer more 
people were arrested, Jane bulk,

3055
02:48:53,300 --> 02:48:58,300
and a son, John, Hewitt, and 
others The local jail which was 

3056
02:48:58,300 --> 02:49:01,500
probably a deeply unpleasant 
place even by the standards of 

3057
02:49:01,500 --> 02:49:04,600
17th century. 
Prisons began to fill with 

3058
02:49:04,600 --> 02:49:06,300
accused witches from the Pendle 
area. 

3059
02:49:06,308 --> 02:49:09,000
Meanwhile, something happened 
that Roger. 

3060
02:49:09,000 --> 02:49:12,300
Now would later consider a 
crucial evidence a meeting at 

3061
02:49:12,300 --> 02:49:15,500
Malkin tower on Good Friday. 
April 10th 1612. 

3062
02:49:16,500 --> 02:49:19,200
Various members of the device 
family and their Associates 

3063
02:49:19,200 --> 02:49:21,300
gathered. 
Allegedly to plot the 

3064
02:49:21,300 --> 02:49:24,500
destruction of Lancaster Castle 
to free the imprisoned family 

3065
02:49:24,500 --> 02:49:28,200
members, whether this meeting 
was actually a rescue plot or 

3066
02:49:28,200 --> 02:49:30,900
simply an ordinary family 
gathering blown out of 

3067
02:49:30,908 --> 02:49:33,100
proportion by frightened 
imaginations. 

3068
02:49:33,100 --> 02:49:37,200
We cannot know the evidence 
against the accused consisted 

3069
02:49:37,200 --> 02:49:41,400
largely of testimony from 
accusers, from alleged victims 

3070
02:49:41,400 --> 02:49:45,700
and from the accused themselves,
By modern standards, this 

3071
02:49:45,700 --> 02:49:48,800
evidence would be laughable. 
People claimed to have seen 

3072
02:49:48,800 --> 02:49:51,900
familiar spirits in the form of 
animals to have witnessed 

3073
02:49:51,900 --> 02:49:55,100
impossible things, and to have 
knowledge of events that 

3074
02:49:55,100 --> 02:49:59,900
occurred in impossible ways. 
But by the standards of the time

3075
02:49:59,900 --> 02:50:04,200
and in a community primed to 
believe in witchcraft, this 

3076
02:50:04,200 --> 02:50:07,900
testimony was damning what 
strikes modern readers about 

3077
02:50:07,900 --> 02:50:10,400
these accusations is their 
mundane quality. 

3078
02:50:11,200 --> 02:50:14,200
This wasn't devil worship or 
dramatic Satanic rituals. 

3079
02:50:14,200 --> 02:50:19,000
These were accusations about 
Petty grudges minor, thefts and 

3080
02:50:19,000 --> 02:50:21,500
arguments over borrowed items 
and never returned. 

3081
02:50:22,400 --> 02:50:26,200
Someone's Clay Pit was blocked. 
Someone killed someone else's 

3082
02:50:26,200 --> 02:50:29,400
cow. 
Someone was denied butter and 

3083
02:50:29,400 --> 02:50:31,800
supposedly cursed. 
The churn in Revenge. 

3084
02:50:31,800 --> 02:50:34,700
These were the everyday 
conflicts of a small community, 

3085
02:50:34,700 --> 02:50:38,100
but filtered through a worldview
that made them evidence of 

3086
02:50:38,100 --> 02:50:41,700
cosmic evil. 
The tragedy wasn't that these 

3087
02:50:41,700 --> 02:50:44,300
conflicts existed. 
Every Community has 

3088
02:50:44,300 --> 02:50:47,400
disagreements, but that the 
cultural context. 

3089
02:50:47,400 --> 02:50:51,300
Transformed ordinary human 
pettiness into capital crimes, 

3090
02:50:51,300 --> 02:50:55,300
Lancaster castle, in the summer 
of 1612, was hardly the gothic 

3091
02:50:55,300 --> 02:50:57,000
Fortress. 
You might imagine when you hear 

3092
02:50:57,000 --> 02:51:00,800
the word Castle, by then it was 
serving as a court house and 

3093
02:51:00,800 --> 02:51:03,300
prison. 
Its military importance long 

3094
02:51:03,300 --> 02:51:06,400
passed. 
It Stones weathered by centuries

3095
02:51:06,400 --> 02:51:10,000
of rain and wind, but it was 
still an imposing building. 

3096
02:51:10,900 --> 02:51:13,600
Physical symbol of Royal 
Authority and legal power. 

3097
02:51:13,600 --> 02:51:17,400
That would have intimidated 
anyone draft before its courts. 

3098
02:51:17,400 --> 02:51:20,900
The assizes, the traveling 
courts that periodically visited

3099
02:51:20,900 --> 02:51:24,600
major towns to try serious, 
criminal cases arrived in 

3100
02:51:24,600 --> 02:51:29,600
Lancaster in mid, August 1612, 
These events were significant 

3101
02:51:29,600 --> 02:51:33,500
occasions bringing judges from 
London and attracting crowds who

3102
02:51:33,500 --> 02:51:35,500
treated trials, as a form of 
public entertainment. 

3103
02:51:35,500 --> 02:51:39,100
Imagine something between a 
court proceeding and a 

3104
02:51:39,100 --> 02:51:42,700
theatrical performance conducted
in a world where public 

3105
02:51:42,700 --> 02:51:45,100
executions were considered 
family outing. 

3106
02:51:45,100 --> 02:51:48,300
The presiding judges were so 
James Arthur and said, Edward 

3107
02:51:48,300 --> 02:51:52,600
Bromley men educated in law but 
also fully subscribing to 

3108
02:51:52,600 --> 02:51:54,200
contemporary beliefs about 
witchcraft. 

3109
02:51:55,100 --> 02:51:58,100
They weren't ignorant or cruel 
by the standards of their time, 

3110
02:51:58,100 --> 02:52:01,600
they were following established 
legal procedures, and examining 

3111
02:52:01,600 --> 02:52:03,600
evidence, according to 
contemporary standards. 

3112
02:52:04,900 --> 02:52:07,300
The fact that those standards 
would horrify modern 

3113
02:52:07,300 --> 02:52:10,500
sensibilities, doesn't mean 
these men were monsters. 

3114
02:52:10,500 --> 02:52:13,400
It means they were products of 
their era. 

3115
02:52:13,400 --> 02:52:18,500
The star witness was young Janet
device, perhaps nine years old 

3116
02:52:18,500 --> 02:52:23,100
daughter of Elizabeth and 
younger sister of Allison The 

3117
02:52:23,100 --> 02:52:25,900
law at the time allowed children
as young as seven to give 

3118
02:52:25,908 --> 02:52:29,600
testimony and Janet provided 
details evidence against her own

3119
02:52:29,608 --> 02:52:33,900
mother sister and grandmother. 
For centuries historians have 

3120
02:52:33,900 --> 02:52:36,900
debated, whether Janet was 
coached where she was seeking 

3121
02:52:36,900 --> 02:52:40,000
attention or whether she 
genuinely believed what she was 

3122
02:52:40,000 --> 02:52:41,800
saying. 
And imagine being in that 

3123
02:52:41,800 --> 02:52:47,200
courtroom, the smell of unwashed
bodies of damps, stone of fear. 

3124
02:52:48,300 --> 02:52:50,800
The accused would have been 
dirty from weeks or months in 

3125
02:52:50,800 --> 02:52:54,400
prison where conditions included
things that would violate every 

3126
02:52:54,400 --> 02:52:59,000
Modern Standard of Human Rights.
Demand, I can chatops both 

3127
02:52:59,000 --> 02:53:01,500
elderly and infirm. 
Sat through proceedings, they 

3128
02:53:01,500 --> 02:53:04,700
could barely understand. 
Speaking a dialect that the 

3129
02:53:04,700 --> 02:53:08,100
educated judges sometimes, 
struggle to comprehend the 

3130
02:53:08,100 --> 02:53:11,000
trials, proceeded with what was 
considered due process at the 

3131
02:53:11,008 --> 02:53:13,100
time. 
The accused were allowed to 

3132
02:53:13,100 --> 02:53:14,500
speak in their own defense 
though. 

3133
02:53:14,500 --> 02:53:18,300
They had no lawyers, no, right 
to remain silent and no 

3134
02:53:18,300 --> 02:53:20,400
presumption of innocence in the 
modern sense. 

3135
02:53:21,200 --> 02:53:24,100
The evidence presented against 
them included testimony about 

3136
02:53:24,100 --> 02:53:27,600
impossible events. 
Confessions that male may not 

3137
02:53:27,600 --> 02:53:31,000
have been coerced and the 
testimony of children describing

3138
02:53:31,000 --> 02:53:33,000
things they couldn't possibly 
have witnessed. 

3139
02:53:33,000 --> 02:53:36,600
What's interesting is what was 
considered persuasive evidence. 

3140
02:53:36,600 --> 02:53:40,900
The prosecution emphasized, the 
finding of clay images, small 

3141
02:53:40,900 --> 02:53:44,200
figurines that allegedly were 
used for cursing intended 

3142
02:53:44,200 --> 02:53:46,900
victims. 
Whether these were genuine 

3143
02:53:46,900 --> 02:53:50,300
attempts at magical harm, or 
simply dolls that had innocent 

3144
02:53:50,300 --> 02:53:53,700
purposes, we cannot know. 
In a world where everyone 

3145
02:53:53,700 --> 02:53:57,000
believed in sympathetic magic. 
The idea that you could harm 

3146
02:53:57,000 --> 02:54:00,200
someone by harming an image of 
them such objects were powerful 

3147
02:54:00,200 --> 02:54:02,600
incriminating. 
Several of the accused 

3148
02:54:02,600 --> 02:54:06,300
apparently confessed though, 
under what circumstances. 

3149
02:54:06,300 --> 02:54:09,000
And with what degree of 
pressure, we can only speculate 

3150
02:54:10,000 --> 02:54:12,900
Interrogation techniques of the 
time could include sleep 

3151
02:54:12,900 --> 02:54:16,700
deprivation, extended 
questioning and psychological 

3152
02:54:16,700 --> 02:54:19,300
pressure though. 
There's no specific evidence of 

3153
02:54:19,300 --> 02:54:22,400
physical torture. 
In this case, But when you're an

3154
02:54:22,400 --> 02:54:24,900
elderly impoverished, woman, 
whose been imprisoned for 

3155
02:54:24,900 --> 02:54:29,300
months, questioned by educated 
gentleman who represent Royal 

3156
02:54:29,300 --> 02:54:32,600
Authority and told that 
confessing might Shew Mercy. 

3157
02:54:32,600 --> 02:54:36,800
Well, you might confess to quite
a bit, the clock of the Court 

3158
02:54:36,800 --> 02:54:40,600
was Thomas pops, who would later
an account of the trials title, 

3159
02:54:40,600 --> 02:54:43,400
the wonderful discovery of 
witches in the county of 

3160
02:54:43,400 --> 02:54:46,900
Lancaster. 
This book, which is our primary 

3161
02:54:46,900 --> 02:54:50,200
source for the trials was 
essentially prosecutorial 

3162
02:54:50,200 --> 02:54:53,900
propaganda designed to show the 
wisdom of the authorities in 

3163
02:54:53,900 --> 02:54:55,600
uncovering, this nest of 
witchcraft. 

3164
02:54:56,500 --> 02:54:59,300
Reading pots. 
You'd think the trials were a 

3165
02:54:59,300 --> 02:55:01,900
Triumph of Justice reading 
between the lines. 

3166
02:55:01,900 --> 02:55:05,500
You see, frightened people 
dubious evidence and a legal 

3167
02:55:05,500 --> 02:55:07,100
system. 
That prioritized securing 

3168
02:55:07,100 --> 02:55:11,000
convictions, over determining 
truth old demdike, never made it

3169
02:55:11,000 --> 02:55:16,500
to trial, she died in prison, 
probably in May 1612 given her 

3170
02:55:16,508 --> 02:55:18,100
age and the conditions of 
imprisonment. 

3171
02:55:18,100 --> 02:55:22,300
This isn't surprising. 
Damn, I could spent perhaps 80 

3172
02:55:22,300 --> 02:55:25,700
years, surviving, everything 
that harsh world could throw at 

3173
02:55:25,700 --> 02:55:27,900
her only to end her days in a 
dungeon. 

3174
02:55:28,600 --> 02:55:30,700
Accused of crimes, that probably
seemed to hurt. 

3175
02:55:30,700 --> 02:55:33,400
No different from the everyday 
magic, she'd practice throughout

3176
02:55:33,400 --> 02:55:35,800
her life. 
The verdicts when they came 

3177
02:55:35,800 --> 02:55:38,400
surprised, no one who understood
the atmosphere in that 

3178
02:55:38,400 --> 02:55:42,000
courtroom. 10 people were found 
guilty of murder By Witchcraft 

3179
02:55:42,000 --> 02:55:47,700
and Whittle old chat ox and red 
fern, Elizabeth device, Alison 

3180
02:55:47,700 --> 02:55:50,800
device. 
James device, Alice Nutter 

3181
02:55:50,800 --> 02:55:55,600
Catherine, Hewitt, Jane, 
ballcock, John ballcock and 

3182
02:55:55,600 --> 02:56:00,100
Isabelle Roby. 
One person Margaret Pearson was 

3183
02:56:00,100 --> 02:56:04,200
found guilty of lesser crimes, 
only one Alice grey was 

3184
02:56:04,200 --> 02:56:06,100
acquitted. 
The Condemned would have been 

3185
02:56:06,108 --> 02:56:09,100
returned to their cells to await
execution, which happened 

3186
02:56:09,100 --> 02:56:11,400
relatively quickly. 
By early modern standards. 

3187
02:56:11,400 --> 02:56:15,900
There was no lengthy appeals 
process no years of imprisonment

3188
02:56:15,900 --> 02:56:17,800
while waiting for final 
resolution. 

3189
02:56:18,600 --> 02:56:23,000
Justice in 1612 moved at the 
pace of a trial and rope the 

3190
02:56:23,000 --> 02:56:26,900
executions took place on August 
20th. 1612 at Gallows Hill in 

3191
02:56:26,908 --> 02:56:30,800
Lancaster hanging in this period
was neither quick nor painless 

3192
02:56:31,600 --> 02:56:34,500
These were not the carefully, 
calibrated drops that later made

3193
02:56:34,500 --> 02:56:38,600
hanging relatively humane. 
Instead, you were essentially 

3194
02:56:38,600 --> 02:56:42,300
strangled dangling from a rope 
while your body slowly 

3195
02:56:42,300 --> 02:56:45,400
suffocated. 
It could take considerable time 

3196
02:56:45,400 --> 02:56:48,400
to die and the dying were 
visible to the crowds. 

3197
02:56:48,400 --> 02:56:51,800
Who came to witness execution. 
We don't have details accounts 

3198
02:56:51,800 --> 02:56:54,800
of the actual execution, which 
is perhaps a small Mercy. 

3199
02:56:55,700 --> 02:56:59,100
We know that 10 people died that
day, their bodies left hanging 

3200
02:56:59,100 --> 02:57:02,500
as warning to others later. 
They would have been cut down 

3201
02:57:02,500 --> 02:57:06,000
and probably buried in 
unconsecrated ground denied. 

3202
02:57:06,000 --> 02:57:09,000
Even the comfort of Christian 
burial in a world where such 

3203
02:57:09,000 --> 02:57:13,700
things mattered enormously among
those executed was Alice Nutter,

3204
02:57:13,700 --> 02:57:15,900
whose involvement remains 
puzzling. 

3205
02:57:16,700 --> 02:57:19,600
She went to her death, 
maintaining her innocence, which

3206
02:57:19,600 --> 02:57:22,400
was notable in an era when 
condemned criminals were 

3207
02:57:22,400 --> 02:57:24,700
expected to confess their sins 
before dying. 

3208
02:57:25,700 --> 02:57:29,300
A steadfast denial is fueled 
centuries of speculation about 

3209
02:57:29,300 --> 02:57:32,600
her actual guilt or innocence. 
What happened to the young 

3210
02:57:32,600 --> 02:57:36,200
Witnesses after the trials? 
Janet device who testified 

3211
02:57:36,200 --> 02:57:38,900
against her family disappears 
from historical records. 

3212
02:57:38,900 --> 02:57:43,000
We don't know if she felt guilt 
relief or Nothing at All. 

3213
02:57:44,000 --> 02:57:47,200
She was a child caught in 
circumstances Beyond her control

3214
02:57:47,200 --> 02:57:50,600
asked to do something 
unimaginable and the long-term 

3215
02:57:50,600 --> 02:57:53,000
consequences of that testimony 
on her own life. 

3216
02:57:53,000 --> 02:57:56,500
Remain unknown in the immediate 
aftermath of the trials and 

3217
02:57:56,500 --> 02:57:59,100
executioners life. 
In the Pendle area, probably 

3218
02:57:59,100 --> 02:58:04,100
continued much as it had before.
crops still needed, 10 animals, 

3219
02:58:04,100 --> 02:58:07,400
still required care and the 
basic rhythms of agricultural 

3220
02:58:07,400 --> 02:58:11,300
life, proceeded, regardless of 
legal drama, But something had 

3221
02:58:11,300 --> 02:58:14,700
shifted in the community 
Consciousness, the executed 

3222
02:58:14,700 --> 02:58:18,200
which is became cautionary. 
Tales the stories told and 

3223
02:58:18,200 --> 02:58:20,800
retold growing with each 
retelling. 

3224
02:58:20,800 --> 02:58:24,600
The way stories do. 
Mothers, probably warn their 

3225
02:58:24,600 --> 02:58:27,000
children about the fate of those
who practiced witchcraft. 

3226
02:58:28,300 --> 02:58:30,600
Neighbors, who had quarreled 
might have been more careful 

3227
02:58:30,600 --> 02:58:34,300
about their accusations having 
seen how quickly suspicions 

3228
02:58:34,300 --> 02:58:37,700
could escalate into Capital 
charges, but did the trials 

3229
02:58:37,700 --> 02:58:41,600
actually solve anything. 
Roger now will probably believed

3230
02:58:41,600 --> 02:58:44,200
he had uncovered an eliminated, 
a genuine threat to the 

3231
02:58:44,200 --> 02:58:47,200
community. 
The judges likely felt they had 

3232
02:58:47,208 --> 02:58:51,100
upheld the law and protected 
innocence from malicious Magic. 

3233
02:58:52,400 --> 02:58:55,200
The Ordinary People of Pendle. 
Well, they'd seen their 

3234
02:58:55,200 --> 02:58:58,700
neighbor's, executed, their 
families destroyed, and their 

3235
02:58:58,700 --> 02:59:01,400
Community torn apart by 
accusations and trials. 

3236
02:59:01,400 --> 02:59:05,100
The children of the executed 
faced particularly difficult 

3237
02:59:05,100 --> 02:59:07,600
Futures. 
What do you do when your mother 

3238
02:59:07,600 --> 02:59:10,700
is hanged as a witch, how do you
live in a community where 

3239
02:59:10,700 --> 02:59:12,200
everyone knows your family 
history? 

3240
02:59:12,200 --> 02:59:16,400
Some probably left the area 
seeking place as where they were

3241
02:59:16,400 --> 02:59:17,900
not known. 
Others. 

3242
02:59:17,900 --> 02:59:21,100
Presumably stayed carrying the 
stigma of their family 

3243
02:59:21,100 --> 02:59:22,700
connections throughout their 
lives. 

3244
02:59:22,700 --> 02:59:27,200
The publication of Thomas Potts 
account in 1613 turned a local 

3245
02:59:27,200 --> 02:59:29,200
tragedy into a national 
sensation. 

3246
02:59:29,200 --> 02:59:33,100
The wonderful Discovery was 
widely read going through 

3247
02:59:33,100 --> 02:59:35,900
multiple editions and 
establishing the Pendle witches 

3248
02:59:35,900 --> 02:59:38,300
as one of the most famous 
witchcraft cases in English 

3249
02:59:38,300 --> 02:59:42,900
history, but pots was writing 
propaganda, not history and his 

3250
02:59:42,900 --> 02:59:44,500
account. 
Serve the purposes of the 

3251
02:59:44,500 --> 02:59:47,000
authorities who wanted to 
demonstrate their vigilance 

3252
02:59:47,000 --> 02:59:50,300
against witchcraft, other 
Witchcraft Trials, continued 

3253
02:59:50,300 --> 02:59:52,300
throughout England, for decades 
off afterward. 

3254
02:59:52,900 --> 02:59:56,500
The Pendle case was neither the 
first, nor the last though it 

3255
02:59:56,500 --> 02:59:59,000
was unusually large in the 
number of people accused and 

3256
02:59:59,000 --> 03:00:01,800
convicted. 
Which craft would remain a 

3257
03:00:01,800 --> 03:00:06,200
capital crime in England until 
1736 meaning that for more than 

3258
03:00:06,200 --> 03:00:08,900
a century. 
After the Pendle trials, people 

3259
03:00:08,900 --> 03:00:13,100
could still be executed for 
Magical crimes, but attitudes 

3260
03:00:13,100 --> 03:00:16,400
were slowly changing at least 
among educated people. 

3261
03:00:17,700 --> 03:00:21,300
As scientific understanding 
Advanced as the enlightenment 

3262
03:00:21,300 --> 03:00:24,300
brought new ways of thinking 
about causation and evidence. 

3263
03:00:25,100 --> 03:00:28,700
Belief in which craft began to 
seem increasingly superstitious.

3264
03:00:29,700 --> 03:00:32,400
By the early 18th century, you 
could still find people who 

3265
03:00:32,400 --> 03:00:36,200
believed in witches, but you 
could also find educated people 

3266
03:00:36,200 --> 03:00:40,100
who questioned such beliefs the 
Pendle case itself began to be 

3267
03:00:40,100 --> 03:00:43,800
re-examined through different 
lenses. was the accused actually

3268
03:00:43,800 --> 03:00:48,500
guilty of any crime magical or 
otherwise were, they victims of 

3269
03:00:48,500 --> 03:00:53,300
community hysteria, personal 
grudges or judicial overreach 

3270
03:00:54,100 --> 03:00:57,800
Had Roger Nowell been a diligent
magistrate uncovering genuine 

3271
03:00:57,800 --> 03:01:01,200
evil or an overzealous, 
prosecuted destroying innocent 

3272
03:01:01,200 --> 03:01:03,900
lives. 
These questions remain debated 

3273
03:01:03,900 --> 03:01:07,100
among historians some. 
See the Pendle trials as 

3274
03:01:07,100 --> 03:01:10,000
straightforward examples of 
persecution of the poor and 

3275
03:01:10,000 --> 03:01:14,000
marginal by authorities. 
Others argue that the accused 

3276
03:01:14,000 --> 03:01:16,900
genuinely practiced, what they 
considered magic. 

3277
03:01:16,900 --> 03:01:20,300
Even if such magic was 
objectively harmless. 

3278
03:01:21,200 --> 03:01:22,700
Still others, focus on the 
complex. 

3279
03:01:22,700 --> 03:01:25,900
Social dynamics that allowed 
accusations to flourish and 

3280
03:01:25,900 --> 03:01:29,000
Destroy lives. 
What's undeniable Is that real 

3281
03:01:29,000 --> 03:01:32,400
people died? 
Elizabeth device was executed, 

3282
03:01:32,400 --> 03:01:36,500
leaving children behind. 
Old chat Ox in her eighties 

3283
03:01:36,500 --> 03:01:40,800
ended her long life on a 
Gallows, Alice Nutter, whatever 

3284
03:01:40,800 --> 03:01:44,300
her actual involvement was 
killed by the state based on 

3285
03:01:44,308 --> 03:01:46,500
testimony of dubious, 
reliability. 

3286
03:01:47,600 --> 03:01:49,700
These were not abstract examples
of Injustice. 

3287
03:01:49,700 --> 03:01:52,800
They were human beings whose 
final moments. 

3288
03:01:52,800 --> 03:01:56,300
We can only imagine the 
landscape itself, holds memories

3289
03:01:56,300 --> 03:02:01,800
if stones and Hills can remember
Pendle Hill still rises above 

3290
03:02:01,800 --> 03:02:06,700
Lancashire, looking much as it 
did in 1612 Malcolm Tower is 

3291
03:02:06,700 --> 03:02:11,500
long gone crumbled into ruins 
and forgotten though historians 

3292
03:02:11,500 --> 03:02:15,600
still debate its exact location.
The roads where Alice and device

3293
03:02:15,600 --> 03:02:18,300
encountered. 
John Laura, now, paved carrying 

3294
03:02:18,300 --> 03:02:21,700
cars instead of Peddlers and 
Beggars, Lancaster Castle, still

3295
03:02:21,700 --> 03:02:25,300
stands stones, have witness 
centuries of History, beyond the

3296
03:02:25,300 --> 03:02:28,800
1612 trials. 
Visitors, can tour the building 

3297
03:02:28,800 --> 03:02:32,300
today walking through spaces 
where the accused once stood 

3298
03:02:32,300 --> 03:02:35,200
there, whether those stones 
retain any memory of what 

3299
03:02:35,200 --> 03:02:37,500
happened, there is a question 
best left to poets. 

3300
03:02:37,500 --> 03:02:41,200
Rather than historians The 
Villages around Pendle continue 

3301
03:02:41,200 --> 03:02:44,600
their existence gradually 
modernizing, a centuries passed,

3302
03:02:45,600 --> 03:02:49,600
Thatched roofs, gave way to 
slate the Earth and flaws to 

3303
03:02:49,600 --> 03:02:54,800
flagstone and the isolation to 
connection. electricity, reach 

3304
03:02:54,800 --> 03:02:57,900
the area, bringing light to 
places that had known only 

3305
03:02:57,900 --> 03:03:01,900
candles and firelight roads, 
improved connecting these once 

3306
03:03:01,900 --> 03:03:05,600
remote communities to The Wider 
World families, who could trace 

3307
03:03:05,600 --> 03:03:09,900
their lineage back to 1612 
probably kept quiet about any 

3308
03:03:09,900 --> 03:03:11,800
connections to the accused 
witches. 

3309
03:03:12,700 --> 03:03:15,400
It's one thing to have a 
notorious ancestor. 

3310
03:03:15,400 --> 03:03:18,700
It's another to have one who was
executed for witchcraft. 

3311
03:03:20,300 --> 03:03:23,900
The social stigma lingered, long
after belief, in actual magic 

3312
03:03:23,900 --> 03:03:28,400
had faded from educated opinion 
by the Victorian era, the Pendle

3313
03:03:28,400 --> 03:03:32,000
witches had become a curiosity. 
Something for antiquarians, and 

3314
03:03:32,008 --> 03:03:36,300
folklore collectors to study The
victorians with their 

3315
03:03:36,300 --> 03:03:39,900
complicated relationship to the 
Past were simultaneously 

3316
03:03:39,900 --> 03:03:44,200
fascinated by and Superior about
the superstitions of their 

3317
03:03:44,200 --> 03:03:47,300
ancestors. 
They could read about the trials

3318
03:03:47,300 --> 03:03:51,100
with a kind of horrified 
satisfaction secure in their own

3319
03:03:51,100 --> 03:03:54,800
Enlightenment and modernity. 
The 20th century brought new 

3320
03:03:54,800 --> 03:03:57,500
interpretations, feminist 
pointed out. 

3321
03:03:57,500 --> 03:04:00,600
That witchcraft accusations 
predominantly targeted women, 

3322
03:04:00,600 --> 03:04:05,000
particularly women who are old 
poor or otherwise powerless. 

3323
03:04:06,000 --> 03:04:09,000
The penal trials became an 
example of how patriarchal 

3324
03:04:09,000 --> 03:04:12,500
societies used witchcraft laws 
to control and eliminate women 

3325
03:04:12,500 --> 03:04:14,900
who didn't fit comfortable 
social categories. 

3326
03:04:16,000 --> 03:04:18,000
There's truth in this analysis 
though. 

3327
03:04:18,000 --> 03:04:21,300
It perhaps, over simplifies, the
complex, social dynamics at 

3328
03:04:21,300 --> 03:04:23,200
work. 
Others have focused on the 

3329
03:04:23,200 --> 03:04:26,600
economic aspects of the case. 
The accused were largely 

3330
03:04:26,600 --> 03:04:30,800
impoverished surviving on the 
margins of society in a world 

3331
03:04:30,800 --> 03:04:34,200
without social safety nets, 
where charity was voluntary and 

3332
03:04:34,200 --> 03:04:36,900
unpredictable. 
People like the device family 

3333
03:04:36,900 --> 03:04:39,400
were vulnerable, in ways that 
made them both dependent on 

3334
03:04:39,408 --> 03:04:42,100
community, Goodwill, and easy 
targets. 

3335
03:04:42,100 --> 03:04:46,800
When that good will evaporated, 
Trials can be seen as an extreme

3336
03:04:46,800 --> 03:04:49,900
form of social control, 
eliminating people who were 

3337
03:04:49,900 --> 03:04:53,200
economic burdens on their 
communities, some historians 

3338
03:04:53,200 --> 03:04:55,300
have emphasized the role of 
religious tension. 

3339
03:04:56,200 --> 03:04:59,100
This was post-reformation 
England, where old Catholic 

3340
03:04:59,100 --> 03:05:02,400
practices, persisted 
underground, while Protestant 

3341
03:05:02,400 --> 03:05:05,000
authorities, tried to enforce 
religious uniformity. 

3342
03:05:06,400 --> 03:05:08,700
Folk magic, that demand I can 
Chateaux. 

3343
03:05:08,700 --> 03:05:12,100
Allegedly practiced had roots in
pre-christian, Traditions 

3344
03:05:12,100 --> 03:05:16,000
overlaid with Catholic ritual. 
Their practices might have 

3345
03:05:16,008 --> 03:05:19,500
represented not just heresy but 
a challenge to religious 

3346
03:05:19,500 --> 03:05:23,200
Authority, local historians in 
Lancashire of work to uncover 

3347
03:05:23,200 --> 03:05:25,400
the human details by the famous 
names. 

3348
03:05:25,400 --> 03:05:27,100
Who were these people? 
Really? 

3349
03:05:27,100 --> 03:05:31,000
What did they eat for breakfast?
What songs did they know and 

3350
03:05:31,000 --> 03:05:34,500
what made them laugh? 
The historical record preserves 

3351
03:05:34,500 --> 03:05:38,100
their deaths in detail but tells
us relatively little about their

3352
03:05:38,100 --> 03:05:42,500
actual lives which is perhaps 
the final Injustice that. 

3353
03:05:42,500 --> 03:05:45,500
We remember them for how they 
died rather than how they lived 

3354
03:05:45,500 --> 03:05:48,200
as you settle deeper into your 
comfortable spot. 

3355
03:05:48,200 --> 03:05:50,700
Perhaps noting, how different 
your own evening is from what 

3356
03:05:50,700 --> 03:05:53,800
any Resident of 1612 Pendle, 
could have imagined. 

3357
03:05:53,800 --> 03:05:57,100
We arrived at the question of 
what the Pendle witches mean to 

3358
03:05:57,100 --> 03:06:00,700
us today not as historical 
curiosity or Halloween 

3359
03:06:00,700 --> 03:06:03,600
decoration. 
That is actual people whose 

3360
03:06:03,600 --> 03:06:06,500
stories still has things. 
To teach us the legacy of the 

3361
03:06:06,500 --> 03:06:10,400
Pendle witches lives on, in 
unexpected ways, the area around

3362
03:06:10,400 --> 03:06:13,700
Pendle Hill, is embraced its 
Which history though, informs, 

3363
03:06:13,700 --> 03:06:15,300
that would probably baffle the 
original. 

3364
03:06:15,300 --> 03:06:18,800
Participants, There are walking 
trails following routes 

3365
03:06:18,800 --> 03:06:22,500
associated with the accused 
visitor centers, explaining the 

3366
03:06:22,500 --> 03:06:25,700
history, and even an annual 
Pendle, which Weeknd featuring 

3367
03:06:25,700 --> 03:06:29,400
talks tours and historical 
re-enactments. 

3368
03:06:30,300 --> 03:06:32,800
It's simultaneously a 
celebration and commemoration 

3369
03:06:32,800 --> 03:06:35,200
honoring the dead while 
acknowledging. 

3370
03:06:35,200 --> 03:06:38,300
The Injustice. 
They suffered Pendle Hill itself

3371
03:06:38,300 --> 03:06:40,600
has become something of a 
pilgrimage site for people 

3372
03:06:40,600 --> 03:06:44,600
interested in witchcraft history
or just beautiful landscapes. 

3373
03:06:45,400 --> 03:06:48,500
Modern witches followers of 
contemporary wicker and other 

3374
03:06:48,500 --> 03:06:52,200
neo-pagan Traditions sometimes 
visitors as a way of honoring. 

3375
03:06:52,200 --> 03:06:55,300
Their spiritual ancestors 
though, the connection between 

3376
03:06:55,300 --> 03:06:59,100
17th century folk magic and 
modern witchcraft is more 

3377
03:06:59,100 --> 03:07:02,700
symbolic than historical. 
The hill that witness such 

3378
03:07:02,700 --> 03:07:05,200
tragedy. 
Now, hosts people seeking peace 

3379
03:07:05,200 --> 03:07:10,000
beauty or spiritual connection. 
The story resonates because it 

3380
03:07:10,000 --> 03:07:11,800
touches on themes, that remain 
relevant. 

3381
03:07:12,700 --> 03:07:15,200
How to communities respond to 
those who are different? 

3382
03:07:15,200 --> 03:07:19,900
What happens when fear, 
overcomes reason how do ordinary

3383
03:07:19,900 --> 03:07:23,000
social tensions escalate into 
extraordinary violence? 

3384
03:07:24,200 --> 03:07:25,900
These aren't just historical 
questions. 

3385
03:07:25,900 --> 03:07:30,200
Every generation faces version 
of them, the penal trials. 

3386
03:07:30,200 --> 03:07:33,000
Remind us that people in the 
past were neither wise or more 

3387
03:07:33,000 --> 03:07:35,800
foolish than we are. 
They were doing their best, to 

3388
03:07:35,800 --> 03:07:39,300
make sense of a world that often
seemed hostile and inexplicable 

3389
03:07:39,300 --> 03:07:42,100
using the intellectual tools 
available to them. 

3390
03:07:42,800 --> 03:07:45,400
We might look back and see 
Superstition where they saw 

3391
03:07:45,400 --> 03:07:47,800
reason. 
But future Generations will 

3392
03:07:47,800 --> 03:07:50,400
probably look at some of our 
current beliefs with similar 

3393
03:07:50,400 --> 03:07:53,000
incomprehension. 
There's something quietly 

3394
03:07:53,000 --> 03:07:55,700
powerful about walking the 
landscape where these events 

3395
03:07:55,700 --> 03:07:59,000
occurred Stand on Pendle, Hill 
on a misty morning. 

3396
03:07:59,000 --> 03:08:02,900
And you can almost understand 
how people living here in 1612, 

3397
03:08:02,900 --> 03:08:06,800
could believe in magic. 
The landscape itself seems 

3398
03:08:06,800 --> 03:08:10,600
slightly enchanted with its 
sudden Mists its ancient fuel 

3399
03:08:10,600 --> 03:08:13,900
patterns and its sense of 
continuity stretching back 

3400
03:08:13,900 --> 03:08:17,600
before history began keeping 
records modern residents of the 

3401
03:08:17,600 --> 03:08:20,100
Pendle area. 
Have a complex relationship with

3402
03:08:20,100 --> 03:08:23,200
this history. 
It's a source of local identity 

3403
03:08:23,200 --> 03:08:26,500
and tourist income, but it's 
also a reminder of a dark 

3404
03:08:26,500 --> 03:08:30,100
chapter in community history. 
How do you honor the dead 

3405
03:08:30,100 --> 03:08:32,000
without exploiting their 
tragedy? 

3406
03:08:32,700 --> 03:08:35,300
How do you educate people about 
historical Injustice while 

3407
03:08:35,300 --> 03:08:38,100
acknowledging that everyone 
involved was operating according

3408
03:08:38,100 --> 03:08:40,100
to the beliefs and values of 
their time. 

3409
03:08:40,100 --> 03:08:44,000
The Pendle witches have inspired
numerous works of art literature

3410
03:08:44,000 --> 03:08:48,500
and drama novelists of 
reimagine, their stories Poets 

3411
03:08:48,500 --> 03:08:51,600
of written elegies and 
playwrights of brought them back

3412
03:08:51,600 --> 03:08:55,000
to life on stage. 
Each interpretation reflects 

3413
03:08:55,000 --> 03:08:57,900
contemporary concerns as much as
historical reality. 

3414
03:08:59,200 --> 03:09:02,600
The Witches become what ever. 
We need them to be the victims 

3415
03:09:02,600 --> 03:09:07,400
of patriarchy, casualties of 
economic anxiety, examples of 

3416
03:09:07,400 --> 03:09:11,300
religious persecution, or simply
human beings, caught in 

3417
03:09:11,300 --> 03:09:13,300
terrible. 
Circumstances for the 

3418
03:09:13,300 --> 03:09:15,800
historically minded. 
The Pendle trials, offer a 

3419
03:09:15,800 --> 03:09:19,800
window into daily life in early,
modern England, Trial records, 

3420
03:09:19,800 --> 03:09:23,700
particularly pots is a count 
contain details about food 

3421
03:09:23,700 --> 03:09:26,200
clothing, housing and social 
relationships. 

3422
03:09:26,200 --> 03:09:29,600
The helpers understand how 
ordinary people lived. 

3423
03:09:30,300 --> 03:09:33,800
We learn about their beliefs, 
their fears, their neighborly 

3424
03:09:33,800 --> 03:09:36,500
conflicts, and their survival 
strategies. 

3425
03:09:36,500 --> 03:09:39,600
The accused left us 
inadvertently. 

3426
03:09:39,600 --> 03:09:43,100
A detailed portrait of Life at 
society's margins. 

3427
03:09:43,100 --> 03:09:47,300
The legal Legacy is complex. 
The Pendle trials represented 

3428
03:09:47,300 --> 03:09:49,500
the system, working as it was 
supposed to work. 

3429
03:09:49,500 --> 03:09:52,600
According to the standards of 
the time, the accused received 

3430
03:09:52,600 --> 03:09:55,900
trials could speak in their own 
defense and were judged by 

3431
03:09:55,908 --> 03:09:59,400
established legal procedures. 
That those procedures were 

3432
03:09:59,400 --> 03:10:02,500
fundamentally unjust by modern 
standards doesn't mean they were

3433
03:10:02,500 --> 03:10:06,300
considered unjust at the time. 
This raises uncomfortable 

3434
03:10:06,300 --> 03:10:09,300
questions about how future 
Generations will judge our own 

3435
03:10:09,300 --> 03:10:12,300
legal systems. 
What would the accused think if 

3436
03:10:12,300 --> 03:10:14,000
they could see how they 
remembered today? 

3437
03:10:14,800 --> 03:10:16,800
Would all demand like be amused 
that people now. 

3438
03:10:16,800 --> 03:10:20,000
Walk Trails named after her. 
Would Alison device. 

3439
03:10:20,000 --> 03:10:22,800
Appreciate being commemorated in
local festivals. 

3440
03:10:23,600 --> 03:10:26,600
Would Alice Nutter feel 
Vindicated that historians still

3441
03:10:26,600 --> 03:10:30,200
debate, her Innocents. 
We can't know, but there's 

3442
03:10:30,200 --> 03:10:32,800
something poignant about the 
fact that people whose lives 

3443
03:10:32,800 --> 03:10:36,200
were marked by poverty and 
powerlessness are now remembered

3444
03:10:36,200 --> 03:10:39,000
while their wealthy powerful. 
Judges have been largely 

3445
03:10:39,000 --> 03:10:42,700
forgotten Catholic Church. 
Interestingly has never 

3446
03:10:42,700 --> 03:10:45,600
canonized any of the Pendle 
witches as Martyrs. 

3447
03:10:45,600 --> 03:10:48,700
Despite occasional suggestions 
that they might have been 

3448
03:10:48,700 --> 03:10:50,900
Catholics persecuted for their 
faith. 

3449
03:10:51,900 --> 03:10:55,000
The evidence for this theory is 
thin, but it reflects our 

3450
03:10:55,000 --> 03:10:58,100
ongoing desire to find meaning 
and redemption in their deaths. 

3451
03:10:58,800 --> 03:11:02,500
we want them to have died for 
something for their beliefs, for

3452
03:11:02,500 --> 03:11:06,400
their Defiance, for some 
principle, rather than simply 

3453
03:11:06,400 --> 03:11:10,400
dying because of bad luck and 
worse, Justice, the educational 

3454
03:11:10,400 --> 03:11:14,200
value of the Pendle story, 
extends Beyond history, its 

3455
03:11:14,200 --> 03:11:17,100
taught in some schools. 
As an example of how evident 

3456
03:11:17,100 --> 03:11:21,000
should be evaluated, critically.
How massive stereo can develop 

3457
03:11:21,000 --> 03:11:24,000
and how social pressures can 
influence testimony. 

3458
03:11:25,000 --> 03:11:29,200
Students, learn to question 
sources to recognize bias and to

3459
03:11:29,200 --> 03:11:32,200
understand the Injustice can 
occur within legal Frameworks 

3460
03:11:32,200 --> 03:11:35,700
that seemed perfectly reasonable
to participate for writers and 

3461
03:11:35,700 --> 03:11:38,000
storytellers. 
The penal witches offer Rich 

3462
03:11:38,000 --> 03:11:40,900
material precisely because so 
much about them remains 

3463
03:11:40,900 --> 03:11:44,700
mysterious We have the Bare 
Bones of their story, but 

3464
03:11:44,700 --> 03:11:47,400
endless room for interpretation 
and Imagination. 

3465
03:11:47,400 --> 03:11:51,200
Who were these people really 
what did they think and feel 

3466
03:11:52,800 --> 03:11:56,300
Historical gaps, become spaces, 
where fiction and empathy can 

3467
03:11:56,300 --> 03:11:58,900
operate. 
The landscape itself has become 

3468
03:11:58,900 --> 03:12:00,600
a character in The ongoing 
story. 

3469
03:12:01,300 --> 03:12:04,600
Pendle Hill with its distinctive
profile and brooding presence 

3470
03:12:04,600 --> 03:12:08,500
has inspired artists 
photographers and nature lovers 

3471
03:12:08,500 --> 03:12:11,400
for Generations. 
The hill has been painted. 

3472
03:12:11,400 --> 03:12:16,100
Photographed, climbed and 
contemplated by thousands of 

3473
03:12:16,100 --> 03:12:19,900
people who may know nothing 
about the 1612 trials, but who 

3474
03:12:19,900 --> 03:12:22,200
respond to its particular Beauty
and atmosphere. 

3475
03:12:22,200 --> 03:12:25,200
Some descendants of the Pendle 
family, still live in the area 

3476
03:12:25,200 --> 03:12:28,400
carrying names like device 
Nutter or bulk. 

3477
03:12:29,100 --> 03:12:31,100
For them. 
The Witch Trials are family, 

3478
03:12:31,100 --> 03:12:33,600
history, complicated and 
personal. 

3479
03:12:33,600 --> 03:12:38,000
Some of embrace this Heritage 
others prefer not to discuss it.

3480
03:12:39,700 --> 03:12:41,500
It is a reminder that history 
isn't just. 

3481
03:12:41,500 --> 03:12:43,600
Something that happened to other
people long ago. 

3482
03:12:44,400 --> 03:12:47,300
It's something that continues to
shape living families and 

3483
03:12:47,300 --> 03:12:49,800
communities. 
The commercialization of the 

3484
03:12:49,800 --> 03:12:53,500
Pendle which story raises 
ethical questions, is it 

3485
03:12:53,500 --> 03:12:56,100
appropriate to sell, which 
themes souvenirs based on a 

3486
03:12:56,108 --> 03:13:00,100
tragedy where real people died? 
Does turning historical trauma 

3487
03:13:00,100 --> 03:13:02,600
into tourist, attractions, 
trivialize suffering? 

3488
03:13:03,400 --> 03:13:06,600
Or does it serve a valuable 
purpose by keeping memory alive 

3489
03:13:06,600 --> 03:13:09,900
and educating new generations 
about historical Injustice? 

3490
03:13:10,700 --> 03:13:12,700
These questions don't have 
simple answers. 

3491
03:13:12,700 --> 03:13:17,800
What's clear, is that the story 
refuses to be forgotten, 400 

3492
03:13:17,800 --> 03:13:20,500
years later, people still want 
to know about the Pendle witches

3493
03:13:20,500 --> 03:13:23,000
and still want to understand 
what happened and why? 

3494
03:13:24,000 --> 03:13:26,900
This persistent interest 
suggests that the story touches 

3495
03:13:26,900 --> 03:13:30,700
something fundamental about 
human nature, our capacity for 

3496
03:13:30,700 --> 03:13:35,300
fear, our need for, explanations
are treatment of Outsiders and 

3497
03:13:35,300 --> 03:13:37,600
are complicated relationship 
with Justice. 

3498
03:13:37,600 --> 03:13:41,500
The memorial to the Pendle 
witches, a simple plaque in 

3499
03:13:41,508 --> 03:13:45,200
Lancaster acknowledging, the 
execution represents a small 

3500
03:13:45,200 --> 03:13:47,900
significant form of historical 
Reckoning. 

3501
03:13:48,700 --> 03:13:51,800
It doesn't excuse what happened.
Doesn't try to make it more 

3502
03:13:51,800 --> 03:13:55,200
palatable and just quietly 
acknowledges that these people 

3503
03:13:55,200 --> 03:13:57,700
lived died and deserved to be 
remembered. 

3504
03:13:58,600 --> 03:14:01,400
Sometimes that simple. 
Acknowledgment is the most we 

3505
03:14:01,400 --> 03:14:04,200
can offer to those. 
Wronged by history as your tea 

3506
03:14:04,200 --> 03:14:06,900
cools and the room around you. 
Settles into comfortable quiet. 

3507
03:14:06,900 --> 03:14:10,100
We are at the end of our journey
through pendle's history. 

3508
03:14:11,100 --> 03:14:14,300
But before we close this story, 
let's sit from a moment with 

3509
03:14:14,300 --> 03:14:16,800
what these long ago of events 
might mean for us here. 

3510
03:14:16,800 --> 03:14:21,200
Now, in a world that seems 
entirely different from 16 to 

3511
03:14:21,200 --> 03:14:23,300
12. 
Lancaster, the Pendle witches 

3512
03:14:23,300 --> 03:14:25,600
invited us to practice empathy 
across time. 

3513
03:14:25,600 --> 03:14:28,500
These were people who woke up in
the morning not knowing they 

3514
03:14:28,500 --> 03:14:31,000
were living through what would 
become a, famous, historical 

3515
03:14:31,000 --> 03:14:34,800
event, They worry about ordinary
things, whether the weather 

3516
03:14:34,800 --> 03:14:37,800
would cooperate with planting 
whether their neighbors would 

3517
03:14:37,800 --> 03:14:40,900
help them during hard times. 
And whether their children would

3518
03:14:40,900 --> 03:14:45,700
survive to adulthood Then 
circumstances swept them into 

3519
03:14:45,700 --> 03:14:49,000
events that would echo through 
four centuries. 

3520
03:14:49,000 --> 03:14:52,200
Think about how quickly normal 
life can become a nightmare. 

3521
03:14:53,600 --> 03:14:56,400
Alison device. 
Probably woke up on March 18th, 

3522
03:14:56,400 --> 03:15:00,500
1612 thinking about little more 
than whether she'd successfully 

3523
03:15:00,500 --> 03:15:04,600
beg enough to eat that day. 
By evening, she was implicated 

3524
03:15:04,600 --> 03:15:07,900
in a case that would eventually 
send 10 people to The Gallows. 

3525
03:15:08,900 --> 03:15:11,700
That Philosophy from ordinary 
morning to life-changing. 

3526
03:15:11,700 --> 03:15:15,200
Disaster is something every 
human being can understand. 

3527
03:15:15,200 --> 03:15:19,100
Regardless of century, the 
trials remind us that certainty 

3528
03:15:19,100 --> 03:15:22,300
can be dangerous. 
The judges, the prosecutors, 

3529
03:15:22,300 --> 03:15:26,100
Roger, Nowell and the witnesses.
All of them were certain they 

3530
03:15:26,100 --> 03:15:28,600
were right? 
They believed in witchcraft, the

3531
03:15:28,600 --> 03:15:32,100
way we believe in gravity and 
that certainty made it possible 

3532
03:15:32,100 --> 03:15:35,600
to execute people on evidence 
that seems laughable to Modern 

3533
03:15:35,600 --> 03:15:38,100
Eyes. 
What are we certain about today 

3534
03:15:38,100 --> 03:15:40,900
that future Generations will 
view with similar horror? 

3535
03:15:40,900 --> 03:15:42,800
There's all. 
So, something here about the 

3536
03:15:42,800 --> 03:15:45,100
power of stories and 
reputational. 

3537
03:15:45,100 --> 03:15:50,600
Cultivated a reputation for 
Magical Power, probably because 

3538
03:15:50,600 --> 03:15:53,900
it gave her a form of influence 
in a world where old poor women 

3539
03:15:53,900 --> 03:15:57,900
had almost none. 
That reputation sustained her 

3540
03:15:57,900 --> 03:16:01,200
for decades, earning her a 
mixture of fear and respect. 

3541
03:16:01,200 --> 03:16:05,900
Then it killed her, the stories 
we tell about ourselves and that

3542
03:16:05,900 --> 03:16:09,400
others tell about us have 
consequences, we can't always 

3543
03:16:09,400 --> 03:16:13,100
control the vulnerability of 
children in adult conflicts 

3544
03:16:13,100 --> 03:16:14,600
appears throughout the Pendle 
story. 

3545
03:16:14,600 --> 03:16:19,600
Janet device testifying against 
her family, the children of the 

3546
03:16:19,608 --> 03:16:22,600
executed were left to navigate a
world that had killed their 

3547
03:16:22,600 --> 03:16:26,500
parents, young Allison. 
Perhaps not fully understanding 

3548
03:16:26,500 --> 03:16:28,200
the implications of her 
confession. 

3549
03:16:29,100 --> 03:16:32,200
Children don't choose the 
circumstances their born into 

3550
03:16:32,200 --> 03:16:34,700
yet. 
They bear the consequences of 

3551
03:16:34,700 --> 03:16:38,600
adult decisions and adult 
conflicts economic precarity 

3552
03:16:38,600 --> 03:16:41,300
threaded through every aspect of
the penal story. 

3553
03:16:42,100 --> 03:16:45,600
These were people living on the 
edge of survival, where eild 

3554
03:16:45,600 --> 03:16:47,900
Harvest or a dead cow could mean
starvation. 

3555
03:16:48,900 --> 03:16:51,500
In that context. 
Every relationship became 

3556
03:16:51,500 --> 03:16:55,600
transactional, every slight 
potentially serious and every 

3557
03:16:55,600 --> 03:17:00,000
Misfortune someone else's fault.
Poverty didn't cause the trials 

3558
03:17:00,000 --> 03:17:03,500
but it created conditions where 
they could flourish, it still 

3559
03:17:03,500 --> 03:17:07,600
does the healing power of time 
reveals itself in how the Pendle

3560
03:17:07,600 --> 03:17:10,800
story has evolved. 
What was tragedy has become 

3561
03:17:10,800 --> 03:17:13,600
Heritage? 
What was persecution has become 

3562
03:17:13,600 --> 03:17:18,500
pilgrimage and what was ending 
has become remembrance Pain 

3563
03:17:18,500 --> 03:17:21,700
doesn't disappear. 
Those 10 people are still dead, 

3564
03:17:21,700 --> 03:17:26,300
their families, still destroyed,
but time allows us to find, 

3565
03:17:26,300 --> 03:17:29,800
meaning and lessons in events 
that initially seem to contain 

3566
03:17:29,800 --> 03:17:33,500
nothing but boss. 
Consider how the landscape has 

3567
03:17:33,500 --> 03:17:36,800
absorbed this history. 
Pendle Hill doesn't mourn. 

3568
03:17:36,800 --> 03:17:41,900
It simply exists solid and 
eternal watching centuries pass 

3569
03:17:41,900 --> 03:17:46,900
with geological indifference Yet
humans project, meaning onto it.

3570
03:17:47,700 --> 03:17:52,000
Finding its Mists and shadows a 
reflection of the mysterious, 

3571
03:17:52,000 --> 03:17:55,800
the unknown and the slightly 
uncanny. 

3572
03:17:56,900 --> 03:17:59,500
The land becomes a mirror for 
our own concerns and 

3573
03:17:59,500 --> 03:18:02,400
Imagination. 
The question of belief itself, 

3574
03:18:02,400 --> 03:18:06,400
deserves reflection, Did the 
accused actually practice what 

3575
03:18:06,400 --> 03:18:10,600
they considered magic almost? 
Certainly some of them did in 

3576
03:18:10,600 --> 03:18:12,900
their world with their 
understanding of causation 

3577
03:18:12,900 --> 03:18:15,700
mixing herbs. 
While saying certain words, 

3578
03:18:15,700 --> 03:18:18,400
seemed as reasonable as any 
other explanation for how things

3579
03:18:18,400 --> 03:18:20,600
worked. 
They believed in their own 

3580
03:18:20,600 --> 03:18:22,300
power. 
The way we believe in the power 

3581
03:18:22,300 --> 03:18:26,400
of medicine or technology, which
is to say they had faith in 

3582
03:18:26,408 --> 03:18:29,500
systems that provided 
explanations and sometimes 

3583
03:18:29,500 --> 03:18:32,900
results the role of authority. 
And the Pendle story offers 

3584
03:18:32,900 --> 03:18:36,800
uncomfortable parallels to 
Modern Life, Roger Nowell wasn't

3585
03:18:36,800 --> 03:18:40,500
a villain twirling, a mustache. 
He was a respectable gentleman, 

3586
03:18:40,500 --> 03:18:41,900
doing what he thought was, 
right? 

3587
03:18:41,900 --> 03:18:44,700
According to the laws and 
beliefs of his Society. 

3588
03:18:45,800 --> 03:18:48,900
The judges were learned men 
following established procedures

3589
03:18:48,900 --> 03:18:51,600
evil doesn't always announce 
itself as evil. 

3590
03:18:52,500 --> 03:18:55,300
Sometimes it wears the mask of 
proper Authority and legal 

3591
03:18:55,300 --> 03:18:58,300
procedure. 
What about forgiveness, can we 

3592
03:18:58,300 --> 03:19:00,700
forgive the accusers? 
Who sent innocent people to 

3593
03:19:00,700 --> 03:19:03,000
their deaths? 
Can we forgive the judges? 

3594
03:19:03,000 --> 03:19:06,900
Who accepted dubious evidence? 
Can we forgive young Janet for 

3595
03:19:06,900 --> 03:19:10,700
testifying against her family? 
Forgiveness might be the wrong 

3596
03:19:10,700 --> 03:19:13,600
concept. 
These people are long dead. 

3597
03:19:14,300 --> 03:19:17,000
Beyond the reach of either 
condemnation or absolution. 

3598
03:19:18,100 --> 03:19:20,300
Perhaps understanding is what we
can offer. 

3599
03:19:20,300 --> 03:19:24,300
Instead the recognition that 
humans throughout history, do 

3600
03:19:24,300 --> 03:19:26,400
terrible things. 
While believing their doing 

3601
03:19:26,400 --> 03:19:28,700
right? 
The Persistence of the Pendle 

3602
03:19:28,700 --> 03:19:31,700
story, suggests something about 
the human need for narrative. 

3603
03:19:31,700 --> 03:19:34,500
We want history to have shape 
and meaning. 

3604
03:19:35,500 --> 03:19:38,800
Lessons and to connect us to 
something larger than our 

3605
03:19:38,800 --> 03:19:42,400
individual lives. 
Pendle witches, provide that 

3606
03:19:42,408 --> 03:19:45,100
connection. 
Not because their deaths were 

3607
03:19:45,100 --> 03:19:48,400
particularly meaningful, but 
because we've invested them with

3608
03:19:48,400 --> 03:19:52,000
meaning, through centuries of 
remembering and retelling as 

3609
03:19:52,000 --> 03:19:54,400
research continues, a new 
historical methods. 

3610
03:19:54,400 --> 03:19:57,700
Develop, we might learn more 
about the Pendle witches 

3611
03:19:57,700 --> 03:20:01,600
archaeological, investigations 
could reveal details about how 

3612
03:20:01,600 --> 03:20:04,400
they lived. 
Demographic research might 

3613
03:20:04,400 --> 03:20:06,000
illuminate the social 
structures. 

3614
03:20:06,000 --> 03:20:10,100
They navigated new readings of 
existing documents could shift 

3615
03:20:10,100 --> 03:20:12,900
our understanding. 
History isn't fixed. 

3616
03:20:12,900 --> 03:20:17,100
It's constantly being revised as
new evidence emerges and new 

3617
03:20:17,100 --> 03:20:19,500
questions. 
Get asked, the modern witchcraft

3618
03:20:19,500 --> 03:20:22,400
movements, adoption of the 
Pendle, which is a spiritual 

3619
03:20:22,400 --> 03:20:25,400
ancestors, creates a kind of 
posthumous Redemption. 

3620
03:20:26,400 --> 03:20:29,700
People who executed as evil are 
now honored as practitioners of 

3621
03:20:29,700 --> 03:20:33,700
an alternative spirituality. 
Whether this would comfort or 

3622
03:20:33,700 --> 03:20:37,500
confuse them, we can't know, but
it represents a complete 

3623
03:20:37,500 --> 03:20:39,800
reversal of their historical 
reputation. 

3624
03:20:39,800 --> 03:20:43,900
The Condemned become the 
celebrated, for those who visit 

3625
03:20:43,900 --> 03:20:46,600
Pendleton today. 
The experience offers whatever, 

3626
03:20:46,600 --> 03:20:49,900
they bring to it. 
Tourists see a pleasant day out 

3627
03:20:49,900 --> 03:20:52,800
and beautiful countryside 
historians. 

3628
03:20:52,800 --> 03:20:57,000
See a landscape that illuminates
their research Spiritual Seekers

3629
03:20:57,000 --> 03:20:59,500
find a place of power or tragedy
or both. 

3630
03:21:00,400 --> 03:21:03,200
The land accepts all 
interpretations with equal 

3631
03:21:03,200 --> 03:21:05,400
indifference simply being what 
it is. 

3632
03:21:05,400 --> 03:21:08,900
While humans project their 
various meanings upon it as full

3633
03:21:08,900 --> 03:21:11,400
Darkness, settles outside your 
window in this story. 

3634
03:21:11,400 --> 03:21:15,500
Draws to a close, imagine Pendle
Hill as it stands to night, 

3635
03:21:15,500 --> 03:21:21,300
solid ancient, and essentially 
unchanged despite for centuries 

3636
03:21:21,300 --> 03:21:25,500
of human drama occurring in its 
shadow Mist might be gathering 

3637
03:21:25,500 --> 03:21:28,600
in The Valleys as gathered on 
countless nights before. 

3638
03:21:29,600 --> 03:21:32,000
Sheep settle in to their 
nighttime routines. 

3639
03:21:32,000 --> 03:21:35,300
As their ancestors, did when 
Alice and vice walked these 

3640
03:21:35,300 --> 03:21:39,400
paths, The Villages around 
Pendle acquire now their streets

3641
03:21:39,400 --> 03:21:42,700
lit by electric lights, that 
would seem like magic to anyone 

3642
03:21:42,700 --> 03:21:48,200
from 1600 12 in Lancaster. 
The castle still stands though. 

3643
03:21:48,200 --> 03:21:50,900
Now, it's a tourist site rather 
than a functioning Court House 

3644
03:21:50,900 --> 03:21:54,700
the ghosts, if they exist, 
walking memory and Imagination. 

3645
03:21:54,700 --> 03:21:58,400
Rather than in any literal 
sense, what remains of the 

3646
03:21:58,400 --> 03:22:00,700
Pendle which is, is finally 
their Humanity. 

3647
03:22:01,600 --> 03:22:04,600
Strip away this Sensational 
aspects, the Witchcraft 

3648
03:22:04,600 --> 03:22:08,800
accusations, the dramatic 
trials, the executions, and 

3649
03:22:08,800 --> 03:22:12,500
you're left with people, people 
who loved and fought and worked,

3650
03:22:12,500 --> 03:22:15,700
and worried people who made the 
best decisions they could, with 

3651
03:22:15,700 --> 03:22:19,100
the information available to 
them, people who suffered and 

3652
03:22:19,100 --> 03:22:23,600
endured and eventually ran out 
of options, their names demdike 

3653
03:22:23,600 --> 03:22:26,500
chaturth device, Nutter red 
fern. 

3654
03:22:27,300 --> 03:22:31,000
Echo down through centuries. 
Attached to people who never 

3655
03:22:31,000 --> 03:22:35,100
imagined they'd be remembered at
all much less for 400 years. 

3656
03:22:36,100 --> 03:22:40,100
They wanted what most people 
want and enough to eat a roof 

3657
03:22:40,100 --> 03:22:43,200
that didn't leak. 
Children, who survived and 

3658
03:22:43,200 --> 03:22:44,900
neighbors, who didn't wish them 
harm. 

3659
03:22:44,900 --> 03:22:50,000
They got in Stead in for me and 
death, but they also got 

3660
03:22:50,000 --> 03:22:52,500
remembrance which is perhaps a 
small compensation. 

3661
03:22:52,500 --> 03:22:56,000
They're not forgotten. 
Students learn about them, 

3662
03:22:56,000 --> 03:23:01,100
historian, study them, visitors 
seek out places associated with 

3663
03:23:01,100 --> 03:23:03,500
them. 
Their story continues to matter,

3664
03:23:03,500 --> 03:23:08,000
continues to teach and continues
to connect us to the Deep past 

3665
03:23:08,000 --> 03:23:11,100
when life was harder. 
But humans were recognizably 

3666
03:23:11,100 --> 03:23:14,600
ourselves tonight. 
As you prepare for sleep and 

3667
03:23:14,600 --> 03:23:16,000
comfort. 
And safety, that would Astound 

3668
03:23:16,000 --> 03:23:19,900
anyone from 16 to 12. 
Spare a thought for those who 

3669
03:23:19,900 --> 03:23:25,100
lived and died in Pendle, Not 
pity necessarily they were 

3670
03:23:25,108 --> 03:23:29,000
tougher than us in many ways 
more accustomed to hardship and 

3671
03:23:29,000 --> 03:23:31,300
more resilient in the face of 
what life threw at them. 

3672
03:23:32,100 --> 03:23:36,100
But perhaps acknowledgment, they
existed they mattered. 

3673
03:23:37,400 --> 03:23:41,200
Their story is part of the vast 
complex, tapestry of human 

3674
03:23:41,200 --> 03:23:44,100
experience. 
That connects us all the Pendle 

3675
03:23:44,100 --> 03:23:46,900
witches, remind us that history 
isn't just dates and famous 

3676
03:23:46,900 --> 03:23:49,700
names. 
Its ordinary people dealing with

3677
03:23:49,700 --> 03:23:53,900
extraordinary circumstances 
doing their best to survive in a

3678
03:23:53,900 --> 03:23:56,400
world that doesn't always 
cooperate with human needs or 

3679
03:23:56,400 --> 03:23:59,600
desires. 
Its story of how communities 

3680
03:23:59,600 --> 03:24:03,100
work, how they fail, and how 
fear unbelief can combine to 

3681
03:24:03,100 --> 03:24:06,600
tragic effect, as you drift 
towards sleep, you might reflect

3682
03:24:06,600 --> 03:24:08,300
that you too are living through 
history. 

3683
03:24:09,500 --> 03:24:12,500
Future Generations, might look 
back on our time with the same 

3684
03:24:12,500 --> 03:24:16,100
mixture of understanding and 
incomprehension that we bring to

3685
03:24:16,100 --> 03:24:18,100
the 17th century. 
What? 

3686
03:24:18,100 --> 03:24:22,100
We consider normal, our 
Technologies are beliefs. 

3687
03:24:22,100 --> 03:24:26,600
Our social structures may seem a
strange to theirs as witchcraft 

3688
03:24:26,600 --> 03:24:29,700
trials seem to us the landscape 
endures. 

3689
03:24:30,700 --> 03:24:33,600
Pendle Hill, will be there 
tomorrow in different to human 

3690
03:24:33,600 --> 03:24:35,500
drama. 
Solid and eternal. 

3691
03:24:36,300 --> 03:24:38,300
The villages will wake to 
another day. 

3692
03:24:39,300 --> 03:24:43,600
Life continues as it always has 
with the past present in 

3693
03:24:43,600 --> 03:24:47,500
landscape and memory, but never 
quite able to break through into

3694
03:24:47,500 --> 03:24:50,900
the actual present sleep. 
Well, knowing that the witches 

3695
03:24:50,900 --> 03:24:54,400
of Pendle, those accused and 
accusers, victims and survivors 

3696
03:24:54,400 --> 03:24:58,400
have all found whatever piece 
death provides their struggles 

3697
03:24:58,400 --> 03:25:02,200
are over their stories, remain 
passed from generation to 

3698
03:25:02,200 --> 03:25:05,800
generation shaped and reshaped 
to meet contemporary needs. 

3699
03:25:05,800 --> 03:25:09,100
But still rooted in events that 
actually happened to real people

3700
03:25:09,100 --> 03:25:12,500
in a real place. 
And perhaps in some quiet way 

3701
03:25:12,500 --> 03:25:16,900
telling their stories as a form 
of Justice, not legal justice 

3702
03:25:16,900 --> 03:25:22,200
that ship four centuries ago. 
But the justice of memory They 

3703
03:25:22,200 --> 03:25:24,600
are not forgotten, their names 
are spoken. 

3704
03:25:24,600 --> 03:25:28,500
The humanity is acknowledged. 
In a world where most people 

3705
03:25:28,500 --> 03:25:32,400
leave, no Trace where most lives
disappear into the vast Silence 

3706
03:25:32,400 --> 03:25:35,300
of History. 
The Pendle witches have achieved

3707
03:25:35,300 --> 03:25:38,500
a kind of immortality. 
Not the kind anyone would choose

3708
03:25:38,500 --> 03:25:41,600
perhaps, but in mortality 
nonetheless, rest. 

3709
03:25:41,600 --> 03:25:45,500
Now let the gentle rhythm of 
your breath, remind you that you

3710
03:25:45,500 --> 03:25:50,600
are alive here now. 
Connected to all of human 

3711
03:25:50,600 --> 03:25:54,900
history but also separate from 
it your own person in your own 

3712
03:25:54,900 --> 03:25:58,400
time. 
The past is done, the present is

3713
03:25:58,408 --> 03:26:02,700
comfortable, the future remains 
Unwritten and somewhere perhaps 

3714
03:26:02,700 --> 03:26:04,700
in the collective memory of the 
land itself. 

3715
03:26:04,700 --> 03:26:09,000
Pendle Hill holds the stories, 
adding them to layers upon 

3716
03:26:09,000 --> 03:26:12,600
layers of Human Experience 
waiting for anyone who cares to 

3717
03:26:12,600 --> 03:26:22,500
listen? 
Picture this, you're settling 

3718
03:26:22,500 --> 03:26:25,800
into your favorite chair after a
long day, maybe with a warm cup 

3719
03:26:25,800 --> 03:26:29,400
of tea steaming beside you. 
Now imagine if in stead of 

3720
03:26:29,400 --> 03:26:32,500
relaxing your feet suddenly 
decided they had other plans 

3721
03:26:32,500 --> 03:26:36,400
entirely Not just a little 
restless leg syndrome, mind you,

3722
03:26:36,400 --> 03:26:39,100
but full blown can't stop. 
Won't Stop Dancing. 

3723
03:26:39,100 --> 03:26:42,000
That's essentially what happened
to the good people of 

3724
03:26:42,000 --> 03:26:44,900
Strasbourg. 
In July 1518 though, they didn't

3725
03:26:44,900 --> 03:26:49,600
have the luxury of calling it 
quirky Started with frat a woman

3726
03:26:49,600 --> 03:26:51,700
whose name has echoed through 
history, for all the wrong 

3727
03:26:51,700 --> 03:26:54,500
reasons, on a perfectly ordinary
summer morning. 

3728
03:26:54,500 --> 03:26:57,500
She stepped out of her 
half-timbered house onto the 

3729
03:26:57,500 --> 03:27:00,200
cobblestones of Strasbourg and 
began to dance. 

3730
03:27:00,200 --> 03:27:03,700
Her dancing was not the kind you
might do at a wedding after a 

3731
03:27:03,700 --> 03:27:06,800
few glasses of wine, but an 
urgent desperate kind of 

3732
03:27:06,800 --> 03:27:11,100
movement that seemed to possess 
her entire being You have to 

3733
03:27:11,100 --> 03:27:12,900
understand this wasn't 
Renaissance. 

3734
03:27:12,900 --> 03:27:16,800
Flash mob material. 
Prouder of fair danced as if her

3735
03:27:16,800 --> 03:27:20,600
life relied on it. 
And in fact, it did Her feet 

3736
03:27:20,600 --> 03:27:23,900
moved in patterns that made no 
musical sense and her arms 

3737
03:27:23,900 --> 03:27:26,400
flailed in rhythms, that 
belonged to no earthly song. 

3738
03:27:27,800 --> 03:27:30,400
Townspeople gathered around her 
initially amused. 

3739
03:27:30,400 --> 03:27:33,700
After all, who doesn't enjoy a 
bit of unexpected Street 

3740
03:27:33,700 --> 03:27:38,100
Entertainment. but as the hours 
ticked by their smiles, began to

3741
03:27:38,100 --> 03:27:43,700
fade like paint in the rain, 
Faucet dancing during the midday

3742
03:27:43,700 --> 03:27:45,700
heat. 
When sensible people sought 

3743
03:27:45,700 --> 03:27:48,900
shade and cool drinks for our 
trophy can continue to dance 

3744
03:27:48,900 --> 03:27:52,200
during the dinner hour. 
The aroma of roasted meat and 

3745
03:27:52,200 --> 03:27:54,600
fresh bread, should have 
beckoned any sensible individual

3746
03:27:54,600 --> 03:27:57,300
home during the evening. 
Her feet should have been 

3747
03:27:57,300 --> 03:28:00,000
expressing gratitude for her 
decision to finally sit down. 

3748
03:28:01,000 --> 03:28:04,100
The cobblestone's beneath her 
feet told their Story Once 

3749
03:28:04,100 --> 03:28:06,200
Smooth by centuries of 
cartwheels and horses. 

3750
03:28:06,200 --> 03:28:10,600
Now witness to this strange new 
rhythm, You can almost hear 

3751
03:28:10,600 --> 03:28:12,600
them. 
Those ancient Stones Whispering 

3752
03:28:12,600 --> 03:28:15,200
among themselves about this 
peculiar turn of events. 

3753
03:28:16,000 --> 03:28:20,700
They'd seen plague and War feast
and famine, but never anything 

3754
03:28:20,700 --> 03:28:24,800
quite like this. 
By Nightfall for our trophy was 

3755
03:28:24,800 --> 03:28:27,300
still moving though. 
Her dance had transformed from 

3756
03:28:27,300 --> 03:28:29,700
something almost graceful into 
something more. 

3757
03:28:29,700 --> 03:28:32,000
Akin to a marionette with 
tangled strings. 

3758
03:28:32,700 --> 03:28:35,700
Her neighbors brought her water,
which he drank without stopping 

3759
03:28:35,700 --> 03:28:37,900
her movement. 
They offered food which she 

3760
03:28:37,900 --> 03:28:41,100
barely managed to consume 
between steps, they pleaded with

3761
03:28:41,100 --> 03:28:43,400
her to rest, but she seemed as 
unable to stop. 

3762
03:28:43,400 --> 03:28:45,000
As you might be unable to stop 
breathing. 

3763
03:28:46,100 --> 03:28:49,100
The local Authority scratched 
their heads and consulted, their

3764
03:28:49,100 --> 03:28:52,300
limited medical knowledge. 
Perhaps it was a fever, they 

3765
03:28:52,300 --> 03:28:55,000
reasoned fevers could make 
people act strangely. 

3766
03:28:56,100 --> 03:28:58,500
But Fowler Fair showed no signs 
of illness Beyond this 

3767
03:28:58,500 --> 03:29:01,200
compulsive movement. 
Skin wasn't flushed. 

3768
03:29:01,200 --> 03:29:04,600
Her eyes were glassy. 
She simply could not stop 

3769
03:29:04,600 --> 03:29:07,500
dancing. 
As you lie there, tonight, 

3770
03:29:07,500 --> 03:29:11,200
comfortable in your bed. 
Imagine the bewilderment of 

3771
03:29:11,200 --> 03:29:14,000
those medieval Minds trying to 
process this impossibility. 

3772
03:29:15,000 --> 03:29:17,500
They lived in a world where 
everything had a place in a 

3773
03:29:17,500 --> 03:29:22,300
purpose, cows gave milk chickens
laid eggs and people danced only

3774
03:29:22,300 --> 03:29:23,700
when there was music and 
merriment. 

3775
03:29:24,800 --> 03:29:28,900
But here was Frau trophy. 
The natural order with every 

3776
03:29:28,900 --> 03:29:32,000
unwilling step. 
The night Watchman took turns 

3777
03:29:32,000 --> 03:29:35,800
observing her partly out of 
concern and partly out of morbid

3778
03:29:35,800 --> 03:29:38,700
fascination. 
They'd seen plenty of odd things

3779
03:29:38,700 --> 03:29:42,400
during their midnight rounds. 
Drunken revelry is that lasted 

3780
03:29:42,400 --> 03:29:46,100
too long lovers quarrels that 
spilled into the streets and the

3781
03:29:46,100 --> 03:29:49,000
occasional Sleepwalker stumbling
about in their night clothes? 

3782
03:29:50,000 --> 03:29:52,500
But nothing had prepared them 
for the site of a middle-aged 

3783
03:29:52,500 --> 03:29:54,400
woman dancing alone under the 
stars. 

3784
03:29:54,400 --> 03:29:58,200
Her Shadow performing, an 
endless exhausting ballet on the

3785
03:29:58,200 --> 03:30:01,400
moonlit Stones as Dawn 
approached bringing with it the 

3786
03:30:01,400 --> 03:30:04,400
promise of a new day for our 
trophy was still dancing. 

3787
03:30:04,400 --> 03:30:09,400
Her movement had slowed but they
hadn't stopped it was as if some

3788
03:30:09,400 --> 03:30:12,000
invisible Puppeteer had taken 
control of her strings and 

3789
03:30:12,000 --> 03:30:14,700
forgotten how to let go. 
Now, you might assume that the 

3790
03:30:14,708 --> 03:30:17,200
sensible citizens of stress 
would have shunned throughout 

3791
03:30:17,200 --> 03:30:19,800
her fare after witnessing her 
bizarre predicament for a full 

3792
03:30:19,808 --> 03:30:22,900
day and night. 
You'd be wrong of course because

3793
03:30:22,900 --> 03:30:25,200
people have always been 
magnetically drawn to the 

3794
03:30:25,200 --> 03:30:28,800
inexplicable like moths to a 
particularly puzzling Flame. 

3795
03:30:29,500 --> 03:30:32,700
Instead of backing away, small 
crowds began to gather regularly

3796
03:30:32,700 --> 03:30:35,700
around trout Fair. 
They brought their morning bread

3797
03:30:35,700 --> 03:30:38,100
and ate it. 
While watching her dance, they 

3798
03:30:38,100 --> 03:30:41,300
discussed her condition over 
their midday meals, gesturing 

3799
03:30:41,300 --> 03:30:44,400
with chicken legs and chunks of 
cheese, they turned her 

3800
03:30:44,400 --> 03:30:47,200
suffering into a form of 
communal entertainment all 

3801
03:30:47,200 --> 03:30:48,600
though. 
None of them would have openly 

3802
03:30:48,600 --> 03:30:50,700
acknowledged it in those exact 
terms. 

3803
03:30:50,700 --> 03:30:52,800
This is where the story takes a 
turn. 

3804
03:30:52,808 --> 03:30:55,200
That would make even the most 
creative screenwriter, pause, 

3805
03:30:55,200 --> 03:30:59,000
and reconsider. 
Within a week of frau's first 

3806
03:30:59,000 --> 03:31:01,500
involuntary, step others, began 
to join her. 

3807
03:31:01,500 --> 03:31:03,500
Not voluntarily. 
You understand. 

3808
03:31:03,500 --> 03:31:06,500
These weren't copycat dancers, 
or attention Seekers. 

3809
03:31:06,500 --> 03:31:09,300
These were Ordinary People Who 
suddenly found their feet. 

3810
03:31:09,300 --> 03:31:11,600
Betraying them in the most 
extraordinary way. 

3811
03:31:12,700 --> 03:31:14,200
Hands. 
The baker was kneading dough. 

3812
03:31:14,200 --> 03:31:17,700
When it started his hands which 
had shaped thousands of loaves 

3813
03:31:17,700 --> 03:31:20,000
with methodical Precision, 
suddenly began. 

3814
03:31:20,000 --> 03:31:23,500
Moving to a different rhythm 
Before he knew it, his whole 

3815
03:31:23,500 --> 03:31:26,500
body had joined the dance. 
Leaving behind a kitchen, full 

3816
03:31:26,500 --> 03:31:30,000
of half-formed bread and a wife 
who thought he'd finally succumb

3817
03:31:30,000 --> 03:31:33,900
to the summer heat. 
Greta the Weaver abandoned her 

3818
03:31:33,900 --> 03:31:36,600
Loom, mid thread when her feet 
decided, they had more important

3819
03:31:36,600 --> 03:31:39,200
things to do than operate. 
The pedals in their usual, 

3820
03:31:39,200 --> 03:31:42,200
measured way. 
The half-finished cloth remained

3821
03:31:42,200 --> 03:31:44,700
stretched on the frame for 
weeks, a testament to the 

3822
03:31:44,708 --> 03:31:46,600
moment. 
When normal life simply stopped 

3823
03:31:46,600 --> 03:31:49,500
making sense. 
You can picture the scene, can't

3824
03:31:49,500 --> 03:31:52,200
you? 
The Town Square that had once 

3825
03:31:52,200 --> 03:31:55,400
been a place of orderly Commerce
vendors, Hawking, their Wares, 

3826
03:31:55,400 --> 03:31:59,300
children playing simple games, 
Merchants, negotiating deals 

3827
03:31:59,300 --> 03:32:02,600
transformed into something 
resembling a fever dream. 

3828
03:32:02,600 --> 03:32:06,800
Except the fever seemed to be 
catching spreading from person 

3829
03:32:06,800 --> 03:32:11,000
to person like a yawn in A Worn 
Out, congregational The dancing 

3830
03:32:11,000 --> 03:32:13,900
wasn't Beautiful Mind you. 
This wasn't some spontaneous 

3831
03:32:13,900 --> 03:32:17,900
celebration of life and joy. 
The dancers moved with a 

3832
03:32:17,900 --> 03:32:21,800
desperate urgency, their faces 
etched with exhaustion and 

3833
03:32:21,800 --> 03:32:25,100
confusion, their clothes became 
tattered from the constant 

3834
03:32:25,100 --> 03:32:27,100
motion. 
Their shoes were thin against 

3835
03:32:27,100 --> 03:32:30,600
the unforgiving, cobblestones 
some dance until their feet 

3836
03:32:30,600 --> 03:32:32,900
bled. 
Leaving small red marks on the 

3837
03:32:32,900 --> 03:32:37,300
stones like some Macabre 
breadcrumb Trail The local 

3838
03:32:37,300 --> 03:32:38,900
Physicians were summoned 
naturally. 

3839
03:32:38,900 --> 03:32:41,900
These learned men arrived with 
their leather satchels, full of 

3840
03:32:41,900 --> 03:32:45,100
mysterious remedies and their 
heads full of medieval medical 

3841
03:32:45,100 --> 03:32:47,500
wisdom. 
They observed the dancers with 

3842
03:32:47,500 --> 03:32:50,200
the same intensity, you might 
observe a puzzle that's missing.

3843
03:32:50,200 --> 03:32:53,900
Several crucial pieces. 
They took notes, they consulted 

3844
03:32:53,900 --> 03:32:56,800
their texts and they stroked 
their beards thoughtfully. 

3845
03:32:57,600 --> 03:33:00,500
The diagnosis when it came 
reflected, the medical 

3846
03:33:00,500 --> 03:33:04,100
understanding of the time, they 
declared that the dancers had a 

3847
03:33:04,100 --> 03:33:07,300
condition known as hot blood. 
Therefore, the solution was to 

3848
03:33:07,300 --> 03:33:10,100
encourage more dancing until the
heat dissipated from their 

3849
03:33:10,100 --> 03:33:12,500
systems. 
It was rather like suggesting 

3850
03:33:12,500 --> 03:33:15,000
that someone with hiccups should
hiccup more vigorously until 

3851
03:33:15,000 --> 03:33:18,000
they stopped, but it seemed 
logical within the framework of 

3852
03:33:18,000 --> 03:33:21,300
16th century medicine. 
Therefore, the authorities 

3853
03:33:21,300 --> 03:33:24,900
Guided by their immense wisdom, 
chose to combat the issue 

3854
03:33:24,900 --> 03:33:27,200
head-on. 
They hired musicians to play for

3855
03:33:27,200 --> 03:33:30,200
the dancers reasoning, that 
proper music might help regulate

3856
03:33:30,200 --> 03:33:33,300
their chaotic movements. 
They cleared larger spaces for 

3857
03:33:33,300 --> 03:33:36,400
the dancing, moving Market, 
stalls and redirecting, cart 

3858
03:33:36,400 --> 03:33:39,200
traffic. 
The stage thinking that perhaps 

3859
03:33:39,200 --> 03:33:41,700
the dance would feel more 
dignified performing on an 

3860
03:33:41,700 --> 03:33:44,500
elevated platform. 
The irony would have been 

3861
03:33:44,500 --> 03:33:46,200
delicious if it weren't. 
So tragic. 

3862
03:33:46,200 --> 03:33:50,200
Instead of curing, the dancers, 
the music and attention seemed 

3863
03:33:50,200 --> 03:33:52,900
to attract more victims. 
The dancing seemed to have 

3864
03:33:52,900 --> 03:33:56,500
transformed into a seductive 
Melody appealing to a profound 

3865
03:33:56,500 --> 03:34:00,100
concealed fragility within the 
human soul by the end of the 

3866
03:34:00,100 --> 03:34:02,700
second week. 
Nearly 40 people were dancing in

3867
03:34:02,700 --> 03:34:05,300
the streets of Strasbourg. 
Their individual rhythms 

3868
03:34:05,300 --> 03:34:08,900
creating a chaotic Symphony of 
movement, The families of the 

3869
03:34:08,900 --> 03:34:11,800
dancers, tried everything, they 
could think of, they brought 

3870
03:34:11,800 --> 03:34:15,300
favorite foods hoping to tempt, 
their loved ones to stop and eat

3871
03:34:15,300 --> 03:34:18,400
properly. 
They Carried chairs and stools 

3872
03:34:18,400 --> 03:34:20,600
placing them hopefully in the 
dance as paths. 

3873
03:34:20,600 --> 03:34:23,900
They also brought pillows and 
blankets believing that if they 

3874
03:34:23,900 --> 03:34:26,700
could persuade, the dancers to 
take a moment's rest, the spell 

3875
03:34:26,700 --> 03:34:30,200
might be broken. 
But nothing worked, the dancers 

3876
03:34:30,200 --> 03:34:33,600
danced on day and night. 
Their movements becoming more 

3877
03:34:33,600 --> 03:34:35,200
frantic as their bodies grew 
weaker. 

3878
03:34:35,200 --> 03:34:39,500
It was like watching people 
slowly drown in are struggling 

3879
03:34:39,500 --> 03:34:41,300
against an invisible. 
Current that only. 

3880
03:34:41,300 --> 03:34:44,800
They could feel by the third 
week of this peculiar epidemic, 

3881
03:34:44,800 --> 03:34:47,600
the city of Strasbourg had 
transformed into something. 

3882
03:34:47,600 --> 03:34:51,200
Unrecognizable, you know, how 
familiar room can suddenly feel 

3883
03:34:51,200 --> 03:34:53,000
strange? 
When you move just one piece of 

3884
03:34:53,000 --> 03:34:56,500
furniture? 
Well, imagine an entire city 

3885
03:34:56,500 --> 03:34:59,000
where the fundamental rules of 
human behavior had been 

3886
03:34:59,000 --> 03:35:02,500
Rewritten overnight. 
The marketplace which had 

3887
03:35:02,500 --> 03:35:05,200
operated according to centuries 
old rhythms of buying and 

3888
03:35:05,200 --> 03:35:07,300
selling. 
Now, resembled something between

3889
03:35:07,300 --> 03:35:10,400
a medical ward and a carnival. 
Even in the face of 

3890
03:35:10,400 --> 03:35:13,200
impossibility vendors still set 
up their stalls each morning, 

3891
03:35:13,200 --> 03:35:16,500
that their attention was divided
between their Wares and the 

3892
03:35:16,508 --> 03:35:19,300
growing number of dancers who 
wove between the displays like 

3893
03:35:19,300 --> 03:35:23,300
exhausted ghosts. children, who 
had initially found the whole 

3894
03:35:23,300 --> 03:35:27,000
spectacle entertaining, began to
grow frightened there's 

3895
03:35:27,000 --> 03:35:29,300
something unsettling about, 
seeing adults lose control, 

3896
03:35:29,300 --> 03:35:32,800
especially when those adults, 
include your neighbors, your 

3897
03:35:32,800 --> 03:35:35,800
teacher, or your aunt, who 
always remembered your birthday,

3898
03:35:37,200 --> 03:35:39,900
The dancing had crossed the line
from Curious novelty to 

3899
03:35:39,908 --> 03:35:42,800
something darker and more 
threatening the dancers. 

3900
03:35:42,800 --> 03:35:46,300
Themselves had begun to show. 
Serious signs of wear their 

3901
03:35:46,300 --> 03:35:49,500
clothes hung in tatters, their 
faces gaunt from exhaustion and 

3902
03:35:49,500 --> 03:35:52,800
irregular eating some had 
collapsed and been carried home.

3903
03:35:52,800 --> 03:35:56,100
Only to rise and begin dancing 
again, as soon as they were 

3904
03:35:56,100 --> 03:35:59,500
gained consciousness. 
It was as if rest only stored up

3905
03:35:59,500 --> 03:36:03,500
energy for more frantic movement
Maria, the seamstress developed 

3906
03:36:03,500 --> 03:36:05,100
a particularly heartbreaking 
pattern. 

3907
03:36:05,100 --> 03:36:09,000
She would dance for hours then 
suddenly stopped and look around

3908
03:36:09,000 --> 03:36:12,000
with clear confused eyes as if 
waking from a dream. 

3909
03:36:12,000 --> 03:36:15,500
She would recognize her 
surroundings call out to friends

3910
03:36:15,500 --> 03:36:18,300
and family and even sit down for
a few minutes to drink water or 

3911
03:36:18,300 --> 03:36:21,300
nibble bread. 
Then just as suddenly the 

3912
03:36:21,300 --> 03:36:24,100
compulsion would return and she 
would leap to her feet and 

3913
03:36:24,100 --> 03:36:27,700
resumed her endless dance. 
These moments of clarity made 

3914
03:36:27,700 --> 03:36:29,500
the condition even more 
disturbing. 

3915
03:36:29,500 --> 03:36:32,200
It wasn't Madness in any 
traditional sense. 

3916
03:36:32,200 --> 03:36:34,400
The dance is knew what was 
happening to them. 

3917
03:36:34,400 --> 03:36:38,500
They simply couldn't stop it. 
Imagine being trapped in your 

3918
03:36:38,508 --> 03:36:40,800
own body. 
Watching yourself perform 

3919
03:36:40,800 --> 03:36:43,100
actions. 
You never chose to perform like 

3920
03:36:43,100 --> 03:36:45,400
being a passenger in a vehicle 
whose steering wheel. 

3921
03:36:45,400 --> 03:36:49,000
You can't reach. 
The city's records kept by 

3922
03:36:49,000 --> 03:36:52,100
meticulous scribes, who 
documented everything from grain

3923
03:36:52,100 --> 03:36:55,200
prices to weather patterns began
to read like something from a 

3924
03:36:55,200 --> 03:37:00,700
fever dream item, the dancing 
sickness continues item Johan, 

3925
03:37:00,700 --> 03:37:03,400
the Cooper joined the dancers 
this morning item. 

3926
03:37:03,400 --> 03:37:07,000
The musicians have been paid for
another week of playing item 

3927
03:37:07,000 --> 03:37:10,300
three, more dancers collapsed 
today, but resumed upon waking, 

3928
03:37:11,600 --> 03:37:14,400
After admire those record 
Keepers, really faced with 

3929
03:37:14,408 --> 03:37:16,500
something completely outside 
their experience. 

3930
03:37:16,500 --> 03:37:20,000
They did what bureaucrats have 
always done, they wrote it down 

3931
03:37:20,000 --> 03:37:22,000
carefully, and hoped someone 
else would figure out what it 

3932
03:37:22,000 --> 03:37:23,800
all meant. 
The religious authorities. 

3933
03:37:23,800 --> 03:37:26,600
Meanwhile were having 
theological debates that would 

3934
03:37:26,600 --> 03:37:28,200
have been fascinating if they 
weren't. 

3935
03:37:28,200 --> 03:37:31,900
So urgent, was this Divine 
punishment for some collective 

3936
03:37:31,900 --> 03:37:33,800
sin? 
A test of faith? 

3937
03:37:33,800 --> 03:37:37,900
Was this a manifestation of 
malevolent spirits Different 

3938
03:37:37,900 --> 03:37:40,400
priests offered different 
interpretations and their 

3939
03:37:40,400 --> 03:37:44,300
congregations split accordingly,
some organized prayer, vigils 

3940
03:37:44,300 --> 03:37:47,900
others called for public 
confessions and a few suggested 

3941
03:37:47,900 --> 03:37:50,300
that perhaps God was simply 
enjoying some Cosmic 

3942
03:37:50,300 --> 03:37:54,300
entertainment at human expense. 
The dancers themselves became 

3943
03:37:54,300 --> 03:37:57,400
unwilling celebrities. 
People traveled from neighboring

3944
03:37:57,400 --> 03:38:00,600
towns to witness the phenomenon 
turning Strasburg into an 

3945
03:38:00,600 --> 03:38:04,700
accidental tourist, destination.
Merchants arrived to sell food 

3946
03:38:04,700 --> 03:38:07,500
and trinkets to the crowds 
street performers. 

3947
03:38:07,500 --> 03:38:09,400
Came to compete for attention 
though. 

3948
03:38:09,400 --> 03:38:12,000
Their conventional acts seemed 
almost quaint compared to the 

3949
03:38:12,000 --> 03:38:13,800
desperate dancing happening all 
around them. 

3950
03:38:14,700 --> 03:38:18,300
However, the locals were growing
tired of the novelty living in 

3951
03:38:18,300 --> 03:38:20,900
the middle of an ongoing crisis,
has a way of exhausting. 

3952
03:38:20,900 --> 03:38:23,800
Even the most patient 
communities families were 

3953
03:38:23,800 --> 03:38:27,100
disrupted businesses, struggled 
to function, normally and 

3954
03:38:27,100 --> 03:38:29,800
everyone walked around with the 
nervous energy of people waiting

3955
03:38:29,800 --> 03:38:33,700
for the other shoe to drop. 
Except in this case, the shoes 

3956
03:38:33,700 --> 03:38:37,800
never stopped moving. 
The dancers families organized 

3957
03:38:37,800 --> 03:38:39,800
themselves into an informal 
support network. 

3958
03:38:39,800 --> 03:38:43,900
They took turns bringing food 
and water alternated in watching

3959
03:38:43,900 --> 03:38:46,600
over their Afflicted. 
Relatives and shared the burden 

3960
03:38:46,600 --> 03:38:48,900
of worry, that comes from 
loving, someone who is slowly 

3961
03:38:48,900 --> 03:38:52,400
wearing themselves down. 
It was Community Care, born from

3962
03:38:52,400 --> 03:38:56,400
desperation but it was beautiful
in its way some of the dancers 

3963
03:38:56,400 --> 03:38:58,700
had begun to develop their own 
individual Styles. 

3964
03:38:58,700 --> 03:39:02,200
Otto the blacksmith danced with 
heavy rhythmic movements. 

3965
03:39:02,200 --> 03:39:06,700
That echoed his hammering motion
at the forge Liesel, the baker's

3966
03:39:06,700 --> 03:39:08,700
daughter. 
Spun and twisted as if needing 

3967
03:39:08,700 --> 03:39:12,000
invisible dough their bodies. 
Even in the grip of this 

3968
03:39:12,000 --> 03:39:15,400
strange, compulsion remembered. 
Their daily work and transformed

3969
03:39:15,400 --> 03:39:18,600
it into movement. 
By now, the city authorities 

3970
03:39:18,600 --> 03:39:21,900
were beginning to panic, what 
had started as a curious. 

3971
03:39:21,900 --> 03:39:24,600
Local phenomenon was threatening
to become a complete breakdown 

3972
03:39:24,600 --> 03:39:27,700
of civil order. 
More importantly, people were 

3973
03:39:27,700 --> 03:39:30,600
starting to die. 
When it finally came to, the 

3974
03:39:30,600 --> 03:39:34,200
dancers arrived, not with drama,
but with a kind of merciful 

3975
03:39:34,200 --> 03:39:36,800
exhaustion. 
Similar to a candle nearing. 

3976
03:39:36,800 --> 03:39:38,500
Its end. 
The dance has struggled to 

3977
03:39:38,500 --> 03:39:40,900
maintain the constant energy 
their bodies required. 

3978
03:39:40,900 --> 03:39:44,500
It was Klaus the Miller who went
first collapsing in the middle 

3979
03:39:44,500 --> 03:39:47,400
of what had been a particularly 
vigorous sequence of spins and 

3980
03:39:47,400 --> 03:39:51,700
somehow failing to rise again? 
The site of Klaus lying, still 

3981
03:39:51,700 --> 03:39:54,500
on those worn cobblestones 
created a strange silence in the

3982
03:39:54,508 --> 03:39:57,200
Square. 
Even the other dancers seem to 

3983
03:39:57,200 --> 03:40:00,600
pause as if some invisible 
conductor had finally give them 

3984
03:40:00,600 --> 03:40:04,500
permission for a moment's rest. 
However, only a brief moment 

3985
03:40:04,500 --> 03:40:07,300
passed before the surviving 
dancers, resumed their endless 

3986
03:40:07,300 --> 03:40:10,800
movement carefully stepping 
around their fallen friend, as 

3987
03:40:10,800 --> 03:40:13,100
if he were merely another 
obstacle in their path. 

3988
03:40:13,800 --> 03:40:16,400
You might wonder what goes 
through a community's mind when 

3989
03:40:16,400 --> 03:40:19,800
the impossible becomes deadly. 
The people of Strasbourg were 

3990
03:40:19,800 --> 03:40:22,300
experiencing something that 
challenged every assumption 

3991
03:40:22,300 --> 03:40:24,500
laid, ever made about how the 
world worked. 

3992
03:40:25,200 --> 03:40:28,100
They were practical people 
accustomed to practical problems

3993
03:40:28,100 --> 03:40:31,800
with practical Solutions. 
Crop failures could be endured 

3994
03:40:31,800 --> 03:40:35,400
diseases, could be treated or at
least understood and Wars could 

3995
03:40:35,400 --> 03:40:38,900
be fought and ended. 
But this dancing plague defied 

3996
03:40:38,900 --> 03:40:41,500
every category they had, for 
making sense of suffering. 

3997
03:40:42,200 --> 03:40:45,100
The Physicians those learned men
with their impressive 

3998
03:40:45,100 --> 03:40:47,800
collections of books and 
instruments were beginning to 

3999
03:40:47,808 --> 03:40:51,000
admit privately that their hot 
blood theory might need some 

4000
03:40:51,000 --> 03:40:53,500
adjustment. 
Several had observed, the dance 

4001
03:40:53,500 --> 03:40:56,000
as closely enough to notice that
they weren't sweating 

4002
03:40:56,000 --> 03:40:59,900
excessively despite their 
constant motion, their skin 

4003
03:40:59,900 --> 03:41:02,800
remained relatively cool. 
And they're breathing wasn't as 

4004
03:41:02,800 --> 03:41:05,100
labor as it should have been 
given their activity level. 

4005
03:41:05,800 --> 03:41:08,800
Their bodies appear to function 
under entirely different rules. 

4006
03:41:09,800 --> 03:41:13,200
Dr. Hermon the most respected 
physician in the region, spent 

4007
03:41:13,200 --> 03:41:15,000
three full days and nights 
observing. 

4008
03:41:15,000 --> 03:41:17,600
The dancers. 
He took careful notes about 

4009
03:41:17,600 --> 03:41:20,900
their movements, their eating 
and drinking patterns and their 

4010
03:41:20,900 --> 03:41:24,000
brief moments of rest. 
What he discovered puzzled him 

4011
03:41:24,000 --> 03:41:25,700
even more than the original 
phenomenon. 

4012
03:41:26,300 --> 03:41:28,500
The dancers seem to be in a 
state that was neither fully 

4013
03:41:28,500 --> 03:41:31,900
conscious nor unconscious 
neither sick, nor healthy and 

4014
03:41:31,900 --> 03:41:33,900
neither voluntary, nor 
completely involuntary. 

4015
03:41:34,900 --> 03:41:38,400
It is he wrote in his journal as
if they are sleepwalking, while 

4016
03:41:38,400 --> 03:41:40,900
awake or perhaps Awakening, 
while they sleep. 

4017
03:41:41,800 --> 03:41:44,700
They respond to their names and 
can speak her in directly 

4018
03:41:44,700 --> 03:41:46,800
addressed yet. 
They cannot choose to stop 

4019
03:41:46,800 --> 03:41:49,000
moving. 
It is as though some part of 

4020
03:41:49,008 --> 03:41:51,300
their will as being Borrowed by 
an unknown Force. 

4021
03:41:52,400 --> 03:41:55,100
The families of the dancers were
developing their own expertise 

4022
03:41:55,100 --> 03:41:58,500
born from Desperate necessity, 
they learn to anticipate when 

4023
03:41:58,500 --> 03:42:00,400
their loved ones were most 
likely to collapse from 

4024
03:42:00,408 --> 03:42:03,600
exhaustion. 
They discovered which foods the 

4025
03:42:03,600 --> 03:42:06,200
dancers could manage to eat 
while moving and they developed 

4026
03:42:06,200 --> 03:42:09,000
techniques for helping them 
drink water without breaking 

4027
03:42:09,000 --> 03:42:11,400
their rhythm. 
They became amateur medical 

4028
03:42:11,400 --> 03:42:13,600
attendance, though. 
No medical school could have 

4029
03:42:13,608 --> 03:42:14,900
prepared them for this 
particular. 

4030
03:42:14,900 --> 03:42:18,600
Curriculum, Anna, whose husband 
had been dancing for nearly a 

4031
03:42:18,600 --> 03:42:20,600
month. 
Described the experience in 

4032
03:42:20,600 --> 03:42:22,700
terms that still Echoes the 
centuries. 

4033
03:42:22,700 --> 03:42:26,200
He is there, and not there, his 
body dances. 

4034
03:42:26,200 --> 03:42:29,900
Yet his eyes gaze at me with a 
profound sadness as if he finds 

4035
03:42:29,900 --> 03:42:33,600
himself imprisoned behind glass.
Occasionally, I think he's 

4036
03:42:33,600 --> 03:42:36,200
trying to tell me something with
his movements, but I cannot 

4037
03:42:36,200 --> 03:42:38,100
understand the language is fetus
speaking. 

4038
03:42:38,100 --> 03:42:41,400
The community was starting to 
feel the effects of the constant

4039
03:42:41,400 --> 03:42:44,400
music, which they had initially 
perceived as beneficial. 

4040
03:42:45,300 --> 03:42:48,000
The Hired musicians were 
exhausted from playing for weeks

4041
03:42:48,000 --> 03:42:51,600
on end and their Melodies are 
taken on a repetitive almost 

4042
03:42:51,600 --> 03:42:54,600
hypnotic quality that seemed to 
make some listeners feel dizzy. 

4043
03:42:56,100 --> 03:42:58,800
Several people reported feeling 
an uncomfortable urge to move 

4044
03:42:58,800 --> 03:43:01,100
their feet in time. 
With the music though, they 

4045
03:43:01,100 --> 03:43:02,600
managed to resist. 
The compulsion. 

4046
03:43:02,600 --> 03:43:06,900
The dancing itself was evolving.
What had started? 

4047
03:43:06,900 --> 03:43:10,500
As individual isolated movements
was becoming something more 

4048
03:43:10,500 --> 03:43:12,900
coordinated. 
The dancers seem to be 

4049
03:43:12,908 --> 03:43:16,100
responding to each other 
creating patterns and formations

4050
03:43:16,100 --> 03:43:18,100
without any apparent conscious 
intent. 

4051
03:43:18,900 --> 03:43:23,000
They would form circles, then 
lines scatter and reform in 

4052
03:43:23,000 --> 03:43:25,800
different configurations. 
It was like watching a flock of 

4053
03:43:25,800 --> 03:43:29,500
birds or a school of fish. 
Except these were human beings. 

4054
03:43:29,500 --> 03:43:31,600
Who should have been making 
deliberate choices about their 

4055
03:43:31,600 --> 03:43:35,000
movements, some of the dancers 
had begun to show signs of what 

4056
03:43:35,000 --> 03:43:38,000
we might now, recognized as 
trance states, there are eyes 

4057
03:43:38,000 --> 03:43:40,700
would roll back, their breathing
would become shallow and rapid, 

4058
03:43:40,700 --> 03:43:43,600
and they would move with an 
intense that seemed to come from

4059
03:43:43,600 --> 03:43:47,000
somewhere outside themselves. 
During these episodes, they 

4060
03:43:47,000 --> 03:43:50,100
appeared completely unreachable.
As if they had temporarily left,

4061
03:43:50,100 --> 03:43:53,500
their bodies behind entirely the
religious community was 

4062
03:43:53,500 --> 03:43:55,800
fracturing under the weight of 
competing interpretations. 

4063
03:43:57,100 --> 03:43:59,700
Father, Philip preached that the
dancing was a form of divine 

4064
03:43:59,700 --> 03:44:02,700
ecstasy, similar to what? 
Mystics experience during 

4065
03:44:02,700 --> 03:44:05,000
prayer. 
Father Johann, argued it was 

4066
03:44:05,000 --> 03:44:07,800
clearly demonic possession and 
called for exorcisms. 

4067
03:44:08,800 --> 03:44:12,000
Father, Klaus the city's, oldest
priest suggested that God was 

4068
03:44:12,000 --> 03:44:15,000
teaching them about the nature 
of human will and the bodies 

4069
03:44:15,000 --> 03:44:18,000
relationship to the soul. 
The debates were becoming 

4070
03:44:18,000 --> 03:44:21,200
increasingly heated and the 
congregation was choosing sides 

4071
03:44:21,200 --> 03:44:23,600
based as much on their fears as 
on their faith. 

4072
03:44:24,500 --> 03:44:26,300
It's remarkable. 
How quickly theological 

4073
03:44:26,300 --> 03:44:29,600
certainty can crumble when faced
with something that doesn't fit 

4074
03:44:29,600 --> 03:44:32,600
neatly into existing categories 
of understanding. 

4075
03:44:32,600 --> 03:44:36,400
Meanwhile, the dancers danced on
their numbers fluctuating as 

4076
03:44:36,400 --> 03:44:39,600
some collapsed and others were 
mysteriously called to join 

4077
03:44:39,600 --> 03:44:41,600
them. 
The city had become a living 

4078
03:44:41,608 --> 03:44:45,300
laboratory for questions. 
That nobody knew how to ask let 

4079
03:44:45,300 --> 03:44:47,900
alone answer when faced with the
inexplicable. 

4080
03:44:47,900 --> 03:44:51,300
Humans have a tendency to 
multiply explanations rather 

4081
03:44:51,300 --> 03:44:54,500
than admit ignorance. 
By the fourth week of the 

4082
03:44:54,500 --> 03:44:57,100
dancing plague. 
Strasbourg had attracted more 

4083
03:44:57,100 --> 03:45:00,200
experts than a modern medical 
conference each arriving, with 

4084
03:45:00,200 --> 03:45:03,900
their own pet, theories and 
proposed Solutions Master Yuan 

4085
03:45:03,900 --> 03:45:06,300
from the University of Basil 
wrought, an impressive 

4086
03:45:06,300 --> 03:45:09,200
collection of astrological 
charts and announced that the 

4087
03:45:09,200 --> 03:45:11,800
dancing was clearly. 
The result of planetary melon 

4088
03:45:11,800 --> 03:45:13,300
alignment. 
Mercury. 

4089
03:45:13,300 --> 03:45:16,600
He explained with considerable 
Authority, was in an unfortunate

4090
03:45:16,600 --> 03:45:20,600
conjunction with Mars, creating 
an excess of kinetic energy and 

4091
03:45:20,600 --> 03:45:23,900
susceptible individuals. 
His solution involved complex 

4092
03:45:23,900 --> 03:45:27,000
calculations of when the planets
would return to a more 

4093
03:45:27,008 --> 03:45:29,600
harmonious configuration. 
Roughly six months. 

4094
03:45:29,600 --> 03:45:32,800
Hints brother Augustine from the
monastery at Mal time. 

4095
03:45:32,808 --> 03:45:34,600
Had a different interpretation 
in entirely. 

4096
03:45:34,600 --> 03:45:38,200
He arrived with a cart full of 
holy relics, and proclaimed that

4097
03:45:38,200 --> 03:45:41,700
the dancers were experiencing a 
form of religious ecstasy, like 

4098
03:45:41,700 --> 03:45:45,500
Watson himself had experienced. 
The solution. 

4099
03:45:45,500 --> 03:45:49,600
He insisted was pilgrimage to 
the shrine of Saint Vitus, where

4100
03:45:49,600 --> 03:45:52,600
the dancers could Channel their 
divinely inspired movement into 

4101
03:45:52,600 --> 03:45:55,200
proper worship. 
You can imagine the scene 

4102
03:45:55,200 --> 03:45:57,800
learned men with their Scrolls 
and instruments. 

4103
03:45:57,800 --> 03:46:01,600
Religious authorities with their
crosses and holy water, all 

4104
03:46:01,600 --> 03:46:04,200
standing around debating the 
finer points of their theories. 

4105
03:46:04,200 --> 03:46:07,400
While 40 exhaust, people can 
continue their endless, dance, 

4106
03:46:07,400 --> 03:46:11,300
mere feet away, It was like 
convening a panel of experts to 

4107
03:46:11,300 --> 03:46:14,000
discuss the nature of rain while
standing in the middle of a 

4108
03:46:14,008 --> 03:46:17,400
thunderstorm. 
The city council meanwhile was 

4109
03:46:17,400 --> 03:46:20,700
dealing with increasingly 
practical concerns, the dancing,

4110
03:46:20,700 --> 03:46:24,000
had disrupted commas attracted 
unwanted attention from 

4111
03:46:24,000 --> 03:46:26,400
neighboring regions and was 
beginning to strain. 

4112
03:46:26,400 --> 03:46:29,700
The city's resources, they 
needed Solutions, not Theory, 

4113
03:46:29,700 --> 03:46:32,900
but every expert who arrived 
seemed to bring more questions 

4114
03:46:32,900 --> 03:46:36,600
than answers. 
Dr. Paracelsus, Who would later 

4115
03:46:36,600 --> 03:46:38,000
become famous for his 
revolutionary. 

4116
03:46:38,000 --> 03:46:41,100
Medical ideas made a brief 
appearance during this period. 

4117
03:46:41,100 --> 03:46:44,900
His assessment was 
characteristically blunt, These 

4118
03:46:44,900 --> 03:46:47,900
learned men speak of hot blood 
and planetary influences, while 

4119
03:46:47,900 --> 03:46:51,400
people die before their eyes. 
Perhaps the sickness is not in 

4120
03:46:51,400 --> 03:46:54,600
the dancers bodies, but in our 
understanding of what bodies can

4121
03:46:54,600 --> 03:46:58,200
do, He was particularly critical
of the decision to provide music

4122
03:46:58,200 --> 03:47:00,200
for the dancers, you might as 
well. 

4123
03:47:00,200 --> 03:47:02,100
Give wine to a drunkard and call
it medicine. 

4124
03:47:02,100 --> 03:47:05,300
He observed, the music feeds, 
the compulsion rather than 

4125
03:47:05,300 --> 03:47:08,800
curing it occasionally, the 
kindest treatment is to remove 

4126
03:47:08,800 --> 03:47:12,800
what seems helpful, but proves 
harmful his words carried weight

4127
03:47:12,800 --> 03:47:15,800
and a faction began to form 
around the idea of trying 

4128
03:47:15,800 --> 03:47:19,800
complete silence, instead of 
constant music, It was a radical

4129
03:47:19,800 --> 03:47:22,900
departure from the established 
treatment, but then again, the 

4130
03:47:22,900 --> 03:47:24,800
existing treatment wasn't 
working particularly. 

4131
03:47:24,800 --> 03:47:27,700
Well, the families of the 
dancers were developing their 

4132
03:47:27,700 --> 03:47:31,100
own theories, based on intimate 
observation, they noticed that 

4133
03:47:31,100 --> 03:47:34,100
their loved ones seem to dance 
more frantically when crowds 

4134
03:47:34,100 --> 03:47:38,300
gathered as if performing for an
audience, they couldn't see They

4135
03:47:38,300 --> 03:47:41,100
observed that certain types of 
music triggered more intense 

4136
03:47:41,100 --> 03:47:43,900
movements, While others seem to 
calm the dancers slightly. 

4137
03:47:45,000 --> 03:47:47,800
They discovered that the dancers
movement, sometimes echoed their

4138
03:47:47,800 --> 03:47:51,500
daily work routines. a pattern 
that none of the Learned experts

4139
03:47:51,500 --> 03:47:54,900
had bothered to document 
Elizabeth, whose teenage 

4140
03:47:54,900 --> 03:47:56,600
daughter had been dancing for 
three weeks. 

4141
03:47:56,600 --> 03:47:58,900
Made a particularly astute 
observation. 

4142
03:47:59,900 --> 03:48:02,900
She dances like she's trying to 
escape from something, but also,

4143
03:48:02,900 --> 03:48:04,000
like she's trying to reach 
something. 

4144
03:48:04,000 --> 03:48:07,600
Her movements aren't random 
their searching, but I cannot 

4145
03:48:07,600 --> 03:48:11,000
tell what she searching for this
idea of the dance as a form of 

4146
03:48:11,008 --> 03:48:13,000
searching resonated. 
With other families. 

4147
03:48:13,000 --> 03:48:16,300
They began to notice that their 
dancers appeared to be moving, 

4148
03:48:16,300 --> 03:48:18,100
either towards something or away
from it. 

4149
03:48:18,100 --> 03:48:21,200
Although the nature of that 
something remained invisible to 

4150
03:48:21,200 --> 03:48:23,800
everyone else. 
It was as if the dancers could 

4151
03:48:23,800 --> 03:48:26,000
see a landscape that existed 
only for them. 

4152
03:48:26,900 --> 03:48:28,800
The younger members of the 
community were having their 

4153
03:48:28,800 --> 03:48:32,100
reactions to the prolonged 
crisis children who had 

4154
03:48:32,100 --> 03:48:34,800
initially been fascinated. 
When now having nightmares about

4155
03:48:34,800 --> 03:48:38,100
being unable to stop moving. 
Teenagers were avoiding the 

4156
03:48:38,108 --> 03:48:41,500
areas where dancers congregated 
afraid that the compulsion might

4157
03:48:41,500 --> 03:48:43,300
somehow reach out and grab them,
too. 

4158
03:48:44,300 --> 03:48:47,800
Young adults were leaving the 
city entirely unwilling to risk 

4159
03:48:47,800 --> 03:48:49,500
being caught up in whatever was 
happening. 

4160
03:48:50,400 --> 03:48:53,700
But perhaps most tellingly some 
people were beginning to report,

4161
03:48:53,700 --> 03:48:55,600
feeling a strange sympathy with 
the dancers. 

4162
03:48:55,600 --> 03:48:58,900
They would watch the endless 
movement and find their feet. 

4163
03:48:58,900 --> 03:49:02,200
Tapping in voluntarily. 
They would dream of dancing and 

4164
03:49:02,200 --> 03:49:04,300
wake up with their legs Tangled 
in bed sheets. 

4165
03:49:05,200 --> 03:49:07,600
A few even reported brief 
moments of feeling almost 

4166
03:49:07,600 --> 03:49:10,500
irresistible urge to join the 
dancers though. 

4167
03:49:10,500 --> 03:49:12,400
They managed to fight off the 
compulsion. 

4168
03:49:13,600 --> 03:49:16,100
Their experience is raised 
disturbing questions about the 

4169
03:49:16,100 --> 03:49:19,700
nature of the condition. 
Was it truly random or some 

4170
03:49:19,700 --> 03:49:21,100
people more susceptible than 
others? 

4171
03:49:21,100 --> 03:49:24,900
Was it a hidden contagion or a 
dormant part of the human 

4172
03:49:24,900 --> 03:49:27,400
psyche. 
Dr. Hermon who had been 

4173
03:49:27,400 --> 03:49:29,300
observing the dancers? 
Since the beginning was 

4174
03:49:29,300 --> 03:49:31,900
developing a theory that was 
both simpler and more complex 

4175
03:49:31,900 --> 03:49:35,400
than the others being proposed. 
He suspected that the dancing 

4176
03:49:35,400 --> 03:49:38,900
might be a physical expression 
of something psychological, a 

4177
03:49:38,900 --> 03:49:41,200
kind of breaking point. 
Where individual human will 

4178
03:49:41,200 --> 03:49:43,700
simply gave up trying to 
maintain control over an 

4179
03:49:43,700 --> 03:49:45,100
increasingly uncontrollable 
world. 

4180
03:49:46,500 --> 03:49:50,100
Perhaps he wrote in his private 
notes, the dancers are not sick,

4181
03:49:50,100 --> 03:49:52,100
but rather more honest than the 
rest of us. 

4182
03:49:52,700 --> 03:49:55,100
They are showing us what it 
looks like when the human Spirit

4183
03:49:55,100 --> 03:49:58,100
can no longer pretend that, it 
has Mastery over the body, it 

4184
03:49:58,100 --> 03:50:00,700
inhabits. 
It was a radical idea for its 

4185
03:50:00,700 --> 03:50:03,700
time suggesting that the 
boundary between mind and body. 

4186
03:50:03,700 --> 03:50:05,900
Might be more porous than anyone
had imagined. 

4187
03:50:05,900 --> 03:50:09,400
Sometimes the most profound 
shifts happen not with dramatic 

4188
03:50:09,400 --> 03:50:12,900
Revelations but with quiet 
observations made by exhausted 

4189
03:50:12,900 --> 03:50:16,600
people who have run out of 
clever theories It was for our 

4190
03:50:16,600 --> 03:50:18,800
Bertha, the baker's wife, who 
had been caring for three 

4191
03:50:18,800 --> 03:50:21,500
different dancers who first 
noticed the pattern that would 

4192
03:50:21,500 --> 03:50:23,300
eventually lead to the plagues 
resolution. 

4193
03:50:24,200 --> 03:50:27,200
She observed that the dancers 
seemed calmer though they never 

4194
03:50:27,200 --> 03:50:30,800
stopped moving entirely when 
they were in smaller groups away

4195
03:50:30,800 --> 03:50:32,500
from the crowds and the constant
music. 

4196
03:50:33,500 --> 03:50:36,100
More importantly, she noticed 
that they danced differently in 

4197
03:50:36,100 --> 03:50:39,000
the early morning hours before 
the city fully awakened. 

4198
03:50:39,800 --> 03:50:42,600
Their movements were still 
compulsive but they seemed less.

4199
03:50:42,608 --> 03:50:45,800
Frantic more like people walking
in their sleep than people 

4200
03:50:45,800 --> 03:50:49,400
fleeing from invisible demons. 
It's the watching. 

4201
03:50:49,400 --> 03:50:51,800
She told doctor Herman one 
morning after a, particularly 

4202
03:50:51,800 --> 03:50:55,100
long night of observation, they 
dance harder when people watch 

4203
03:50:55,100 --> 03:50:57,100
them, not because they want 
attention. 

4204
03:50:57,100 --> 03:50:59,300
But because something about 
being watched to make the 

4205
03:50:59,300 --> 03:51:02,900
dancing worse. 
This Insight led to a quiet 

4206
03:51:02,900 --> 03:51:05,400
experiment. 
A few families began taking 

4207
03:51:05,400 --> 03:51:08,800
their dancing relatives to more 
secluded locations, quiet 

4208
03:51:08,800 --> 03:51:12,800
Courtyards Gardens outside the 
city walls even private homes 

4209
03:51:12,800 --> 03:51:15,500
with large rooms. 
The results were subtle. 

4210
03:51:15,500 --> 03:51:18,800
But unmistakable away from 
audiences and musicians, the 

4211
03:51:18,800 --> 03:51:21,800
dancers movements became less 
violent, less desperate. 

4212
03:51:23,000 --> 03:51:25,400
Dr. Hermon documented, these 
changes carefully? 

4213
03:51:26,000 --> 03:51:28,400
The dancers still couldn't stop 
moving, but their movements 

4214
03:51:28,400 --> 03:51:31,600
became more flowing, less like 
convulsions and more like a 

4215
03:51:31,600 --> 03:51:35,100
strange form of sleepwalking. 
Some even began to show brief 

4216
03:51:35,100 --> 03:51:38,400
moments of genuine rest. 
Not collapsed from exhaustion. 

4217
03:51:38,400 --> 03:51:41,700
But actual pauses in their 
movement, the religious 

4218
03:51:41,700 --> 03:51:44,000
authorities were initially 
resistant to this approach 

4219
03:51:44,000 --> 03:51:47,300
rather all gustan argued, that 
removing the dancers from public

4220
03:51:47,300 --> 03:51:50,400
view was tantamount to hide in 
God's work from the faithful. 

4221
03:51:51,400 --> 03:51:53,500
But father Klaus the elderly 
priest who had been quietly 

4222
03:51:53,500 --> 03:51:56,600
observing throughout the crisis,
supported the experiment. 

4223
03:51:57,700 --> 03:52:01,000
Perhaps he suggested what these 
Souls need is not more 

4224
03:52:01,000 --> 03:52:05,500
attention, but more piece. 
The city council pragmatic has 

4225
03:52:05,500 --> 03:52:08,400
always, was simply relieved to 
have the disruption moved away 

4226
03:52:08,400 --> 03:52:11,600
from the main commercial areas. 
They officially sanctioned the 

4227
03:52:11,600 --> 03:52:14,600
creation of quiet spaces where 
dancers could be cared for away 

4228
03:52:14,600 --> 03:52:16,400
from crowds though. 
They were careful. 

4229
03:52:16,400 --> 03:52:20,600
Not to call it to cure gradually
as they relocated the dancers to

4230
03:52:20,600 --> 03:52:23,500
more peaceful environments and 
unexpected event occurred. 

4231
03:52:24,200 --> 03:52:27,300
Without the stimulation of 
constant music and crowds their 

4232
03:52:27,300 --> 03:52:29,500
individual personalities began 
to reassert themselves. 

4233
03:52:30,600 --> 03:52:34,600
Maria, the seamstress started 
incorporating recognizable, 

4234
03:52:34,600 --> 03:52:36,700
gestures from her work into her 
dance. 

4235
03:52:37,400 --> 03:52:40,500
Not the Frantic mimicry that had
characterized her earlier 

4236
03:52:40,500 --> 03:52:43,300
movements but something more 
like a conversation between her 

4237
03:52:43,300 --> 03:52:47,600
conscious and unconscious minds.
Otto the blacksmith's movements 

4238
03:52:47,600 --> 03:52:50,100
began to follow the rhythm of 
breathing rather than some 

4239
03:52:50,100 --> 03:52:52,500
internal drum beat that no one 
else could hear. 

4240
03:52:53,600 --> 03:52:56,700
His dance became less about 
desperate energy and more about 

4241
03:52:56,700 --> 03:52:59,900
a kind of patient endurance as 
if he were waiting for something

4242
03:52:59,900 --> 03:53:02,900
to finish cooling in his Forge. 
The families caring for the 

4243
03:53:02,908 --> 03:53:05,400
dancers developed new routines. 
Based on these observations, 

4244
03:53:05,400 --> 03:53:08,200
they created spaces that were 
comfortable. 

4245
03:53:08,200 --> 03:53:11,400
But not stimulating provided 
simple Foods at regular 

4246
03:53:11,400 --> 03:53:13,700
intervals. 
And most importantly, they 

4247
03:53:13,700 --> 03:53:15,600
learned to be present without 
being intrusive. 

4248
03:53:16,400 --> 03:53:18,900
They discovered that the dancers
seem to respond to quiet 

4249
03:53:18,900 --> 03:53:22,100
companionship in ways. 
They hadn't responded to Medical

4250
03:53:22,100 --> 03:53:26,000
interventions or religious 
ceremonies Anna, whose husband 

4251
03:53:26,000 --> 03:53:27,500
had been dancing for over a 
month. 

4252
03:53:27,508 --> 03:53:30,700
Described the change. 
He still moves constantly, but 

4253
03:53:30,700 --> 03:53:33,300
now it's like he's dancing with 
something instead of fighting 

4254
03:53:33,300 --> 03:53:36,600
against something. 
I can see him in there, behind 

4255
03:53:36,600 --> 03:53:40,600
his eyes waiting. 
This sense of waiting became a 

4256
03:53:40,600 --> 03:53:42,700
common theme in how families 
describe their dancing 

4257
03:53:42,700 --> 03:53:45,400
relatives. 
The dancers appeared to be in a 

4258
03:53:45,400 --> 03:53:47,800
state of flux. 
Neither fully present nor fully 

4259
03:53:47,800 --> 03:53:52,200
absent and neither completely 
sick nor completely well, Dr. 

4260
03:53:52,200 --> 03:53:55,100
Hermon began to theorize that 
the dancing might represent a 

4261
03:53:55,100 --> 03:53:57,000
form of healing. 
Instead of being, merely a sign 

4262
03:53:57,008 --> 03:53:59,600
of sickness, though. 
He couldn't specify what it was 

4263
03:53:59,600 --> 03:54:03,100
healing from. 
Perhaps he wrote, there are 

4264
03:54:03,100 --> 03:54:05,800
injuries to the human spirit. 
That can only be mended through 

4265
03:54:05,800 --> 03:54:08,100
movement. 
Just as there are injuries to 

4266
03:54:08,100 --> 03:54:10,200
the body that can only be healed
through rest. 

4267
03:54:11,100 --> 03:54:14,400
The idea was revolutionary that 
the dancing might be a cure 

4268
03:54:14,408 --> 03:54:17,700
rather than a disease a 
necessary process rather than a 

4269
03:54:17,700 --> 03:54:21,000
pathological condition. 
It suggested that the dancers 

4270
03:54:21,000 --> 03:54:23,800
bodies might possess a wisdom 
that their conscious Minds could

4271
03:54:23,800 --> 03:54:26,300
not access. 
As word of the quieter 

4272
03:54:26,300 --> 03:54:28,900
approached bread. 
Some of the original experts 

4273
03:54:28,900 --> 03:54:30,500
began to reconsider their 
theories. 

4274
03:54:31,500 --> 03:54:34,100
Master Yohan, from barcel 
admitted that his planetary 

4275
03:54:34,100 --> 03:54:36,500
calculations might need to 
account for environmental 

4276
03:54:36,500 --> 03:54:39,500
factors. 
Brother or gustan suggested that

4277
03:54:39,500 --> 03:54:42,000
perhaps the saint was working 
through peaceful contemplation 

4278
03:54:42,000 --> 03:54:44,400
rather than public 
demonstration. 

4279
03:54:45,200 --> 03:54:47,200
Even paracelsus in his final 
notes. 

4280
03:54:47,200 --> 03:54:50,000
On the case, acknowledge that 
the solution had come not from 

4281
03:54:50,000 --> 03:54:53,200
learning intervention but from 
careful observation by people 

4282
03:54:53,200 --> 03:54:55,700
who cared more about helping 
than about being right. 

4283
03:54:56,800 --> 03:54:58,900
The family's discovered, what we
experts missed. 

4284
03:54:58,900 --> 03:55:02,100
He wrote sometimes healing 
requires not doing more, but 

4285
03:55:02,100 --> 03:55:05,900
doing less the number of new 
cases had already begun to slow 

4286
03:55:05,900 --> 03:55:07,800
the weather. 
The decline was due to the 

4287
03:55:07,800 --> 03:55:10,100
change approach or simply the 
natural progression of the 

4288
03:55:10,100 --> 03:55:13,700
phenomenon, remained unclear. 
What was clear was that the 

4289
03:55:13,700 --> 03:55:15,700
desperate? 
Frantic quality of the dancing 

4290
03:55:15,700 --> 03:55:18,600
was gradually, giving way to 
something that looked more like 

4291
03:55:18,600 --> 03:55:20,600
a strange form of prayer or 
meditation. 

4292
03:55:21,300 --> 03:55:23,600
The city itself was slowly 
returning to something 

4293
03:55:23,600 --> 03:55:26,700
resembling normal life, though. 
The experience had changed 

4294
03:55:26,700 --> 03:55:30,400
everyone who lived through it. 
People walked more carefully as 

4295
03:55:30,400 --> 03:55:33,000
if testing whether their feet 
would obey their intentions. 

4296
03:55:33,000 --> 03:55:36,000
They looked at each other 
differently with a new awareness

4297
03:55:36,000 --> 03:55:38,300
of how little control. 
Any of them really had over 

4298
03:55:38,300 --> 03:55:41,300
their own bodies and Minds. 
You know, how some storms end 

4299
03:55:41,300 --> 03:55:44,700
not with the dramatic crash of 
Thunder, but with a gradual 

4300
03:55:44,700 --> 03:55:48,100
lessening of wind and rain until
you suddenly realize the silence

4301
03:55:48,100 --> 03:55:51,800
as returned. 
The dancing plague of Strathmore

4302
03:55:51,800 --> 03:55:55,200
ended in much the same way. 
So, gradually that nobody could 

4303
03:55:55,200 --> 03:55:57,800
say exactly, when it stopped 
being an emergency, and started 

4304
03:55:57,800 --> 03:56:02,800
being a memory, For started, it 
all with her first involuntary, 

4305
03:56:02,800 --> 03:56:05,100
step was among the last to find 
Stillness. 

4306
03:56:06,400 --> 03:56:09,000
For six weeks, she had been the 
unwilling Pioneer of this 

4307
03:56:09,000 --> 03:56:11,600
strange territory. 
Where human will met its 

4308
03:56:11,600 --> 03:56:14,800
mysterious limits? 
When she finally stopped moving,

4309
03:56:14,800 --> 03:56:18,800
it wasn't with collapse or drama
but with a simple pause that 

4310
03:56:18,800 --> 03:56:22,400
gradually extended into rest. 
She was sitting in the garden 

4311
03:56:22,400 --> 03:56:25,200
behind the baker's house where 
her family had moved her to 

4312
03:56:25,200 --> 03:56:27,100
escape the crowds and the 
constant music. 

4313
03:56:27,900 --> 03:56:30,800
The morning sun was filtering 
through Apple leaves and she'd 

4314
03:56:30,800 --> 03:56:33,400
been moving in slow gentle 
circles for hours. 

4315
03:56:33,400 --> 03:56:37,400
Then as naturally as a person 
might stop humming a tune. 

4316
03:56:37,400 --> 03:56:40,400
She simply sat down on a wooden 
bench and stayed there. 

4317
03:56:41,200 --> 03:56:43,800
Her sister who had been watching
anxiously, from the kitchen 

4318
03:56:43,800 --> 03:56:46,000
window almost didn't believe it 
at first. 

4319
03:56:47,400 --> 03:56:50,200
She waited several minutes 
before approaching Aid that any 

4320
03:56:50,200 --> 03:56:53,300
attention might restart the 
compulsive movement, but trout 

4321
03:56:53,300 --> 03:56:56,100
Fair remained seated. 
Looking around the garden with 

4322
03:56:56,100 --> 03:56:59,500
clear present eyes as if she was
seeing it for the first time in 

4323
03:56:59,500 --> 03:57:01,400
weeks. 
I'm tired. 

4324
03:57:01,400 --> 03:57:04,600
She said, simply and her sister 
began to weep with relief. 

4325
03:57:06,000 --> 03:57:08,700
Over the following days, the 
other dancers found their ways 

4326
03:57:08,700 --> 03:57:11,800
back to Stillness. 
Some stopped during sleep and 

4327
03:57:11,800 --> 03:57:15,000
simply didn't resume when they 
woke others came to rest. 

4328
03:57:15,000 --> 03:57:18,300
Gradually their movements 
slowing like music boxes. 

4329
03:57:18,300 --> 03:57:21,100
Winding down. 
A few experience their final 

4330
03:57:21,100 --> 03:57:23,600
dance as something beautiful 
rather than desperate. 

4331
03:57:24,300 --> 03:57:26,400
Kind of Celebration or 
completion, that left them 

4332
03:57:26,400 --> 03:57:30,600
exhausted but oddly peaceful. 
Not everyone survived the 

4333
03:57:30,600 --> 03:57:34,200
experience, the official records
show that several dancers died 

4334
03:57:34,200 --> 03:57:37,600
from exhaustion or related 
complications though. 

4335
03:57:37,600 --> 03:57:41,100
The exact number was never 
precisely documented, those who 

4336
03:57:41,100 --> 03:57:43,600
lived carried the memory of 
those weeks in their bodies for 

4337
03:57:43,600 --> 03:57:46,300
the rest of their lives. 
They walked differently 

4338
03:57:46,300 --> 03:57:49,100
afterward with a kind of 
conscious gratitude for their 

4339
03:57:49,100 --> 03:57:51,200
ability to choose when and how 
to move. 

4340
03:57:52,000 --> 03:57:54,700
Dr. Hermon spent months in 
viewing, the recovered dancers 

4341
03:57:54,700 --> 03:57:57,500
trying to understand what they 
had experienced during their 

4342
03:57:57,500 --> 03:58:01,100
weeks of compulsive movement. 
Their descriptions were a 

4343
03:58:01,100 --> 03:58:04,300
remarkably consistent in some 
ways, and completely individual 

4344
03:58:04,300 --> 03:58:07,100
in others. 
Most remembered feeling trapped 

4345
03:58:07,100 --> 03:58:09,100
in their bodies aware of what 
was happening. 

4346
03:58:09,100 --> 03:58:12,600
But unable to control it. 
But they also described odd 

4347
03:58:12,600 --> 03:58:16,200
moments of Peace as if dancing 
had taken them to places, they 

4348
03:58:16,200 --> 03:58:20,000
couldn't reach on purpose. 
It was like being carried by a 

4349
03:58:20,000 --> 03:58:23,200
river of the seamstress told him
frightening because I couldn't 

4350
03:58:23,200 --> 03:58:25,800
swim to shore. 
But also sometimes beautiful 

4351
03:58:25,800 --> 03:58:28,700
because I could see things from 
the water that I never would 

4352
03:58:28,700 --> 03:58:32,000
have seen from the bank. 
Otto, the blacksmith had a 

4353
03:58:32,000 --> 03:58:34,600
different metaphor. 
It was like being a piece of 

4354
03:58:34,600 --> 03:58:37,300
metal on my Anvil being shaped 
by hammers. 

4355
03:58:37,300 --> 03:58:40,800
I couldn't see it hurt but 
something in me knew the 

4356
03:58:40,800 --> 03:58:43,500
hammering was necessary. 
These interviews revealed that 

4357
03:58:43,500 --> 03:58:46,300
the dancers had maintained more 
awareness than anyone had 

4358
03:58:46,300 --> 03:58:49,000
suspected. 
They had been conscious of their

4359
03:58:49,000 --> 03:58:52,900
families care grateful for the 
quiet spaces and aware of the 

4360
03:58:52,900 --> 03:58:56,000
changes in their movement 
patterns they'd simply been 

4361
03:58:56,000 --> 03:58:58,600
powerless to communicate this 
awareness while the dancing 

4362
03:58:58,600 --> 03:59:01,700
continued. 
The city of Strasbourg, 

4363
03:59:01,700 --> 03:59:04,400
gradually returned to its normal
rhythms though. 

4364
03:59:04,400 --> 03:59:06,800
The memory of those summer 
weeks, left permanent changes, 

4365
03:59:06,800 --> 03:59:10,300
the authorities developed better
protocols for caring for people 

4366
03:59:10,300 --> 03:59:13,900
in crisis, emphasizing comfort 
and observation over dramatic 

4367
03:59:13,900 --> 03:59:17,000
interventions. 
The Physicians Incorporated, new

4368
03:59:17,000 --> 03:59:19,700
ideas about the relationship 
between mind and body into their

4369
03:59:19,700 --> 03:59:22,500
practice, the religious 
community developed, a more 

4370
03:59:22,508 --> 03:59:25,400
complex conception of how the 
sacred might manifest in Human 

4371
03:59:25,400 --> 03:59:28,000
Experience. 
But perhaps the most lasting 

4372
03:59:28,000 --> 03:59:30,900
change was in how the people of 
Strasbourg understood the nature

4373
03:59:30,900 --> 03:59:33,000
of human control and human 
vulnerability. 

4374
03:59:33,800 --> 03:59:36,100
They had witnessed something 
that challenged fundamental 

4375
03:59:36,100 --> 03:59:39,000
assumptions about how much power
individuals have over their 

4376
03:59:39,000 --> 03:59:41,800
body's and choices. 
They had learned that sometimes 

4377
03:59:41,800 --> 03:59:45,300
the most caring response to 
someone's crisis is not to try 

4378
03:59:45,300 --> 03:59:48,300
to fix them but to stay present.
While they work through whatever

4379
03:59:48,300 --> 03:59:51,200
healing process, their more 
profound wisdom, has initiated 

4380
03:59:51,200 --> 03:59:53,500
the cobblestones in the Town 
Square. 

4381
03:59:53,500 --> 03:59:56,200
Still bear faint marks from 
those weeks of endless dancing, 

4382
03:59:56,200 --> 03:59:58,400
though, you'd have to know where
to look to see them. 

4383
03:59:59,200 --> 04:00:02,200
Local guides sometimes Point 
them out to visitors telling 

4384
04:00:02,200 --> 04:00:05,400
abbreviated version of the story
that emphasized the strangeness 

4385
04:00:05,400 --> 04:00:08,800
while missing the deeper lessons
about Community Care and the 

4386
04:00:08,800 --> 04:00:12,200
Mystery of human resilience. 
Years later when other 

4387
04:00:12,200 --> 04:00:15,800
communities experienced similar 
outbreaks of dancing Mania, and 

4388
04:00:15,800 --> 04:00:18,500
there were several throughout 
Medieval Europe, some 

4389
04:00:18,500 --> 04:00:20,500
remembered, the lessons of 
Strasbourg. 

4390
04:00:20,500 --> 04:00:24,100
They learned to provide quiet 
spaces rather than public stages

4391
04:00:24,100 --> 04:00:27,200
to offer patient presence, 
rather than dramatic cures. 

4392
04:00:27,200 --> 04:00:30,300
And to trust that sometimes 
healing looks different from 

4393
04:00:30,300 --> 04:00:33,700
what we expect. 
The dancing plague of 1518 

4394
04:00:33,700 --> 04:00:36,600
remains, one of history's, most 
puzzling medical Mysteries. 

4395
04:00:36,600 --> 04:00:40,100
It's also a story about how 
communities can learn to care 

4396
04:00:40,100 --> 04:00:43,400
for members who are experiencing
something Beyond ordinary 

4397
04:00:43,400 --> 04:00:46,400
understanding. 
It reminds us that the human 

4398
04:00:46,400 --> 04:00:49,300
body and spirit capable of 
experiences that exceed our 

4399
04:00:49,300 --> 04:00:52,600
ability to categorize or control
them and that sometimes the 

4400
04:00:52,600 --> 04:00:56,100
wisest response to mystery is 
not to solve it but to honor it.

4401
04:00:57,100 --> 04:00:59,900
As you drift towards sleep 
tonight, you might think about 

4402
04:00:59,900 --> 04:01:03,100
Frau Trophy and her fellow 
dancers and about the family who

4403
04:01:03,100 --> 04:01:05,100
learn to love them through their
strange Journey. 

4404
04:01:06,200 --> 04:01:08,800
You might contemplate the 
delicate boundary that sometimes

4405
04:01:08,800 --> 04:01:12,700
exists between what we perceive 
as normal and what we perceive 

4406
04:01:12,700 --> 04:01:15,300
as impossible and how much 
healing occurs not through 

4407
04:01:15,300 --> 04:01:18,200
expert intervention. 
But through the patient presence

4408
04:01:18,200 --> 04:01:21,900
of individuals who care enough 
to remain and observe whatever 

4409
04:01:21,900 --> 04:01:24,800
unfolds. 
The dance is always there. 

4410
04:01:24,800 --> 04:01:28,400
Just beneath the surface of our 
ordered lives waiting to teach 

4411
04:01:28,400 --> 04:01:31,800
us something about surrender 
about community, and about the 

4412
04:01:31,808 --> 04:01:35,700
beautiful terrifying, mystery of
Being Human in a body that is 

4413
04:01:35,700 --> 04:01:37,400
never entirely under our 
control. 

4414
04:01:45,400 --> 04:01:50,500
Imagine the Mediterranean Sea in
218 BCE as a vast blue stage, 

4415
04:01:50,500 --> 04:01:53,300
where two great Powers circled 
each other, like cautious 

4416
04:01:53,300 --> 04:01:57,800
dancers. 
On one side, Rome still young 

4417
04:01:57,800 --> 04:02:01,300
still hungry expanding, from its
Seven, Hills with the 

4418
04:02:01,308 --> 04:02:03,800
methodical, determination of 
someone organizing a 

4419
04:02:03,800 --> 04:02:08,200
particularly complex filing 
system on the other Carthage. 

4420
04:02:08,200 --> 04:02:12,800
Ancient sophisticated wealthy 
beyond measure, its Merchant 

4421
04:02:12,800 --> 04:02:16,100
ships threading, through every 
port like silver needles, 

4422
04:02:16,100 --> 04:02:19,100
stitching together, the fabric 
of ancient Commerce. 

4423
04:02:19,100 --> 04:02:22,600
You need to understand that 
these two civilizations were as 

4424
04:02:22,600 --> 04:02:27,100
different as wine and olive oil.
Both valuable both essential to 

4425
04:02:27,100 --> 04:02:30,400
Mediterranean life, but 
fundamentally incompatible, when

4426
04:02:30,400 --> 04:02:34,700
Force to occupy the same Vestal,
Rome built its strength on 

4427
04:02:34,700 --> 04:02:38,000
citizens soldiers, who farmed in
peace time and fought when 

4428
04:02:38,000 --> 04:02:40,700
called men who viewed military 
service. 

4429
04:02:40,700 --> 04:02:43,600
As a civic duty roughly 
equivalent to paying taxes, 

4430
04:02:43,600 --> 04:02:47,600
except with significantly more 
marching and considerably less 

4431
04:02:47,600 --> 04:02:50,600
paperwork Carthage. 
Meanwhile had turned Commerce 

4432
04:02:50,600 --> 04:02:53,800
into an art form, so refined 
that Roman Merchants looked like

4433
04:02:53,800 --> 04:02:56,100
children playing store by 
comparison. 

4434
04:02:57,100 --> 04:02:59,800
While Romans were still figuring
out Maritime trade. 

4435
04:02:59,800 --> 04:03:02,800
Carthaginian Sailors, had been 
navigating by stars. 

4436
04:03:02,800 --> 04:03:06,100
Their ancestors had named 
Following currents, their 

4437
04:03:06,100 --> 04:03:09,500
grandfathers grandfathers at 
mapped and moving goods between 

4438
04:03:09,500 --> 04:03:12,600
continents with the Casual 
efficiency of someone who has 

4439
04:03:12,600 --> 04:03:14,500
done the same route, so many 
times, they could do it 

4440
04:03:14,508 --> 04:03:17,800
blindfolded. 
The city of Carthage itself sat 

4441
04:03:17,800 --> 04:03:21,000
on the North African Coast, like
a jewel in a setting of lesser 

4442
04:03:21,000 --> 04:03:25,500
Stones, its Harbors engineered 
with such Precision that Roman 

4443
04:03:25,500 --> 04:03:27,600
Engineers would later study 
their ruins. 

4444
04:03:27,600 --> 04:03:31,200
The way you might study a master
Craftsman's technique's, the 

4445
04:03:31,200 --> 04:03:34,500
famous circular military Harper 
could shelter over 200 warships.

4446
04:03:34,500 --> 04:03:38,700
Each in its own covered birth 
protected from both weather and 

4447
04:03:38,700 --> 04:03:42,800
prying eyes. 
Imagine an ancient Naval Base 

4448
04:03:42,800 --> 04:03:45,400
designed with the kind of 
security and efficiency that 

4449
04:03:45,400 --> 04:03:49,300
would make modern military 
planners With Envy but what may 

4450
04:03:49,300 --> 04:03:51,700
Carthage. 
Truly remarkable wasn't just its

4451
04:03:51,700 --> 04:03:55,100
wealth or its ships. 
It was the vast trading Network 

4452
04:03:55,100 --> 04:03:58,400
that stretched from the pillars 
of Hercules, in the west, to the

4453
04:03:58,400 --> 04:04:01,900
Eastern reaches of the 
Mediterranean and even Beyond to

4454
04:04:01,900 --> 04:04:05,500
mysterious lands that Romans 
only heard about in sailor's 

4455
04:04:05,500 --> 04:04:08,900
Tales. 
Carthaginian Merchants traded in

4456
04:04:08,900 --> 04:04:12,100
tin from distant. 
Britain Amber from northern 

4457
04:04:12,100 --> 04:04:17,500
forests frankincense from Arabia
and exotic animals from deep 

4458
04:04:17,500 --> 04:04:21,000
within Africa. 
They were the Amazon Prime of 

4459
04:04:21,000 --> 04:04:24,800
the ancient world except 
delivery took months and of days

4460
04:04:24,800 --> 04:04:26,500
and occasionally involved 
elephant's. 

4461
04:04:26,500 --> 04:04:29,800
Roman Carthage had already 
fought one, major war. 

4462
04:04:29,800 --> 04:04:34,400
The first Punic War, which 
lasted 23 years and ended with 

4463
04:04:34,400 --> 04:04:37,500
Rome, acquiring Sicily and 
developing a Navy. 

4464
04:04:37,500 --> 04:04:41,100
Almost by accident. 
It was the kind of conflict 

4465
04:04:41,100 --> 04:04:43,900
where both sides started out 
thinking it would be quick and 

4466
04:04:43,900 --> 04:04:47,500
decisive and found themselves. 
Still fighting two decades. 

4467
04:04:47,500 --> 04:04:51,400
Later having spent fortunes and 
lost entire Generations. 

4468
04:04:51,400 --> 04:04:54,700
All over an island that neither 
had particularly wanted in the 

4469
04:04:54,708 --> 04:04:57,200
first place. 
The peace that followed was the 

4470
04:04:57,200 --> 04:05:00,600
awkward kind where both parties 
smile at each other while 

4471
04:05:00,600 --> 04:05:03,500
mentally cataloging Grievances 
and planning for round two. 

4472
04:05:04,700 --> 04:05:08,400
Carthage retreated to rebuild 
focusing on Spain where 

4473
04:05:08,400 --> 04:05:11,900
silvermines promised the wealth 
needed to pay War indemnities to

4474
04:05:11,900 --> 04:05:16,600
roam roam Consolidated, its 
gains and IDE carthage's Spanish

4475
04:05:16,600 --> 04:05:18,400
Holdings. 
The way you might I your 

4476
04:05:18,400 --> 04:05:21,600
neighbor's attractive lawn 
furniture into this delicate 

4477
04:05:21,600 --> 04:05:24,200
balance. 
Came Hannibal Barca, whose very 

4478
04:05:24,200 --> 04:05:27,300
name would eventually make Roman
children behave and Roman 

4479
04:05:27,300 --> 04:05:30,600
Senators lose sleep. 
But we're getting ahead of 

4480
04:05:30,600 --> 04:05:33,600
ourselves. 
First, you need to understand 

4481
04:05:33,600 --> 04:05:36,400
the world. 
He inherited a Mediterranean 

4482
04:05:36,400 --> 04:05:40,600
Basin were established powers 
and Rising Ambitions created to 

4483
04:05:40,600 --> 04:05:44,500
situation a stable as a table 
with one leg shorter than the 

4484
04:05:44,500 --> 04:05:47,700
others. 
Something was going to shift, 

4485
04:05:47,700 --> 04:05:50,500
eventually. 
It was just a matter of who 

4486
04:05:50,500 --> 04:05:53,200
would provide the push and which
direction the whole Arrangement 

4487
04:05:53,200 --> 04:05:56,800
would tumble the landscape 
itself seemed to reflect this 

4488
04:05:56,800 --> 04:05:59,800
precarious. 
Balance the mediterranean's, 

4489
04:05:59,800 --> 04:06:02,300
Northern Shores, rows into 
mountain ranges that had 

4490
04:06:02,300 --> 04:06:04,200
channeled and shaped human 
movement. 

4491
04:06:04,200 --> 04:06:07,400
Since people, first figured out 
that walking around obstacles, 

4492
04:06:07,400 --> 04:06:11,800
was easier than going over them.
The Alps stood like a natural 

4493
04:06:11,800 --> 04:06:13,700
wall between southern Europe and
the north. 

4494
04:06:13,700 --> 04:06:17,900
Their peaks catching clouds and 
creating weather patterns that 

4495
04:06:17,900 --> 04:06:20,500
determined where cities grew and
armies marched. 

4496
04:06:20,500 --> 04:06:24,000
Southern Spain were a story. 
Truly begins. 

4497
04:06:24,000 --> 04:06:29,400
Offered a different geography, 
hot mineral, rich and populated 

4498
04:06:29,400 --> 04:06:32,500
by tribes, who had been metal 
working since before Rome was 

4499
04:06:32,500 --> 04:06:35,700
even a village, The 
carthaginians had established 

4500
04:06:35,700 --> 04:06:37,600
the cells. 
They're not through Conquest, 

4501
04:06:37,600 --> 04:06:40,500
but through the more subtle art 
of making themselves 

4502
04:06:40,500 --> 04:06:43,800
commercially indispensable, 
which is like, winning a war 

4503
04:06:43,800 --> 04:06:45,800
without the expense of actually 
fighting one. 

4504
04:06:45,800 --> 04:06:51,600
This was the world in 218 BCE 
balanced prosperous in patches 

4505
04:06:51,600 --> 04:06:56,400
divided by mountains, and United
by sea waiting for someone to 

4506
04:06:56,400 --> 04:07:00,000
disturb its equilibrium in ways 
that would rip across centuries.

4507
04:07:01,300 --> 04:07:05,200
The stage was set, the actors 
were in position and somewhere 

4508
04:07:05,200 --> 04:07:08,100
in Spain. 
A young carthaginian General was

4509
04:07:08,100 --> 04:07:09,400
planning. 
Something that would make the 

4510
04:07:09,400 --> 04:07:12,100
Roman senate wished, they'd paid
more attention to geography, 

4511
04:07:12,100 --> 04:07:14,500
lessons. 
Let's talk about young Hannibal 

4512
04:07:14,500 --> 04:07:17,600
from a moment because 
understanding his dream requires

4513
04:07:17,600 --> 04:07:21,000
understanding the man, an 
understanding, the man requires 

4514
04:07:21,000 --> 04:07:24,900
going back to when he was just a
boy watching his father prepare 

4515
04:07:24,900 --> 04:07:28,400
for war her milk, a Bacha 
Hannibal's. 

4516
04:07:28,400 --> 04:07:31,700
Father was the kind of man who 
carried grudges the way other 

4517
04:07:31,700 --> 04:07:36,300
people carry family, heirlooms 
carefully, protectively with 

4518
04:07:36,300 --> 04:07:39,200
every intention of passing them 
down to the Next Generation. 

4519
04:07:40,300 --> 04:07:43,400
He'd commanded carthaginian 
forces in Sicily during the 

4520
04:07:43,400 --> 04:07:45,800
first. 
Punic War, watched his City 

4521
04:07:45,800 --> 04:07:49,700
forced to accept humiliating 
peace terms and spent the rest 

4522
04:07:49,700 --> 04:07:52,200
of his life. 
Rebuilding carthaginian power in

4523
04:07:52,200 --> 04:07:56,400
Spain with a single-minded focus
of someone planning, an 

4524
04:07:56,400 --> 04:08:00,300
extremely elaborate comeback. 
According to ancient sources and

4525
04:08:00,300 --> 04:08:02,800
you can decide how much to trust
stories that were written down 

4526
04:08:02,800 --> 04:08:04,200
by people who weren't actually 
there. 

4527
04:08:05,100 --> 04:08:08,300
Her milkar wants brought nine 
year old Hannibal to a sacrifice

4528
04:08:08,300 --> 04:08:13,300
and made him swear Eternal 
enmity to Rome whether this 

4529
04:08:13,300 --> 04:08:16,600
actually happened or was later. 
Propaganda doesn't particularly 

4530
04:08:16,600 --> 04:08:19,600
matter. 
What matters is that Hannibal? 

4531
04:08:19,600 --> 04:08:23,200
Grew up in a household where 
Rome wasn't just an enemy but 

4532
04:08:23,200 --> 04:08:27,600
the enemy The obstacle between 
Carthage and its rightful place 

4533
04:08:27,600 --> 04:08:30,400
in the world Hannibal's. 
Educational was the ancient 

4534
04:08:30,400 --> 04:08:33,100
equivalent of an advanced degree
in how to make Rome 

4535
04:08:33,100 --> 04:08:35,900
uncomfortable. 
He studied Greek because that 

4536
04:08:35,900 --> 04:08:40,000
was what educated people did in 
the Mediterranean world, the 

4537
04:08:40,000 --> 04:08:42,700
same way modern professionals 
learning English regardless of 

4538
04:08:42,700 --> 04:08:46,300
where their from he learned 
Warfare from his father and 

4539
04:08:46,300 --> 04:08:50,000
later from his brother-in-law 
has Ruble watching how to manage

4540
04:08:50,000 --> 04:08:53,700
mercenary armies. 
Composed of iberians new midians

4541
04:08:53,700 --> 04:08:58,300
libyans and others who had no 
particular loyalty to Carthage 

4542
04:08:58,300 --> 04:09:00,500
Beyond regular pay and competent
leadership. 

4543
04:09:00,500 --> 04:09:04,400
But more than tactics or 
languages, Hannibal learn to 

4544
04:09:04,400 --> 04:09:07,100
think strategically in ways that
most of his contemporaries 

4545
04:09:07,100 --> 04:09:10,300
couldn't match. 
While other generals planned 

4546
04:09:10,300 --> 04:09:14,700
campaigns Hannibal planned Wars.
While they thought about next 

4547
04:09:14,700 --> 04:09:17,800
season's fighting, he thought 
about how to reshape the entire 

4548
04:09:17,800 --> 04:09:21,500
strategic situation. 
His dream wasn't simply to 

4549
04:09:21,500 --> 04:09:25,400
defeat Rome in battle that was 
just Tuesday for a competent 

4550
04:09:25,400 --> 04:09:28,300
General. 
His dream was to break Rome's 

4551
04:09:28,300 --> 04:09:30,900
power. 
So completely that Carthage 

4552
04:09:30,900 --> 04:09:33,600
would never again, have to worry
about Roman interference. 

4553
04:09:33,600 --> 04:09:36,300
Here's where you need to 
understand the Roman power 

4554
04:09:36,300 --> 04:09:39,300
structure because Hannibal 
understood it better than most 

4555
04:09:39,300 --> 04:09:42,300
Romans did. 
Rome strength didn't come from, 

4556
04:09:42,300 --> 04:09:44,800
its Legions impressive as they 
were. 

4557
04:09:45,500 --> 04:09:47,100
It came from its Alliance 
System. 

4558
04:09:47,100 --> 04:09:50,800
The complex web of treaties and 
relationships that connected 

4559
04:09:50,800 --> 04:09:52,900
Rome to hundreds of Italian 
communities. 

4560
04:09:53,800 --> 04:09:58,200
These allies provided soldiers, 
supplies and strategic depth 

4561
04:09:58,200 --> 04:10:01,400
that made Roman most impossible 
to defeat through conventional 

4562
04:10:01,400 --> 04:10:05,000
Warfare Hannibal, looked at the 
system and saw its vulnerability

4563
04:10:05,000 --> 04:10:07,700
Rome's. 
Italian allies were joining. 

4564
04:10:07,700 --> 04:10:11,400
Gladly many had been forced into
alliance through Conquest. 

4565
04:10:11,400 --> 04:10:15,200
They provided troops. 
Not from the love of Rome from 

4566
04:10:15,200 --> 04:10:18,500
lack of Alternatives. 
If someone could demonstrate the

4567
04:10:18,500 --> 04:10:21,400
Rome wasn't Invincible. 
If someone could March through 

4568
04:10:21,400 --> 04:10:24,600
Italy showing that Roman 
protection was worthless, then, 

4569
04:10:24,600 --> 04:10:28,300
perhaps these alliances would 
crumble like old bread, leaving 

4570
04:10:28,300 --> 04:10:32,300
Rome isolated and defeatable. 
This Insight was the foundation 

4571
04:10:32,300 --> 04:10:35,100
of Hannibal's dream. 
He would take the water. 

4572
04:10:35,100 --> 04:10:37,600
Italy itself, not through a 
naval Invasion. 

4573
04:10:37,600 --> 04:10:40,800
That carthage's weaken Fleet 
couldn't support, but through an

4574
04:10:40,800 --> 04:10:43,300
Overland route that everyone 
knew was impossible. 

4575
04:10:44,100 --> 04:10:47,800
He would March an army from 
Spain, through Gaul, over the 

4576
04:10:47,800 --> 04:10:51,500
Alps and into Northern Italy. 
Then he would defeat Roman 

4577
04:10:51,500 --> 04:10:53,900
armies in their own territory 
and offer their allies a better 

4578
04:10:53,908 --> 04:10:56,100
deal. 
It was the kind of plan that 

4579
04:10:56,100 --> 04:10:59,900
sounds absolutely insane. 
When you first hear it like 

4580
04:10:59,900 --> 04:11:02,700
someone today suggesting they'll
walk from New York to Los 

4581
04:11:02,700 --> 04:11:04,700
Angeles just to prove it can be 
done. 

4582
04:11:05,700 --> 04:11:08,700
Except with war elephants and 
hostile tribes and mountain 

4583
04:11:08,700 --> 04:11:11,100
ranges that had never been 
crossed by an army. 

4584
04:11:11,900 --> 04:11:14,300
The Hannibal had advantages that
made the impossible. 

4585
04:11:14,300 --> 04:11:16,700
Merely extremely difficult 
first. 

4586
04:11:16,700 --> 04:11:20,100
He had inherited his father 
Spanish base, complete with 

4587
04:11:20,100 --> 04:11:23,500
Silver Mines, that funded, his 
operations and Veteran soldiers.

4588
04:11:23,500 --> 04:11:26,100
Who've been fighting together 
long enough to trust their 

4589
04:11:26,100 --> 04:11:29,500
Commanders. 
Second, he had diplomatic 

4590
04:11:29,500 --> 04:11:32,100
contacts throughout Gould, who 
could provide intelligent 

4591
04:11:32,100 --> 04:11:35,700
supplies and guides? 
The ancient equivalent of having

4592
04:11:35,700 --> 04:11:38,200
friends along the Route, who let
you crash on their couch. 

4593
04:11:39,100 --> 04:11:42,900
Third, he had elephants which 
might seem like a logistical 

4594
04:11:42,900 --> 04:11:45,100
nightmare but were actually, 
brilliant. 

4595
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:49,200
Psychological warfare tools. 
Nothing says, I mean, business 

4596
04:11:49,200 --> 04:11:51,000
quite like showing up with 
creatures that. 

4597
04:11:51,000 --> 04:11:54,300
Most people had only heard about
in Travelers Tales but beyond 

4598
04:11:54,300 --> 04:11:57,500
these practical advantages 
Hannibal had something more 

4599
04:11:57,500 --> 04:12:00,500
valuable. 
The ability to inspire people, 

4600
04:12:00,500 --> 04:12:02,900
to attempt things they would 
never consider on their own. 

4601
04:12:03,700 --> 04:12:06,700
His soldiers, followed him. 
Not because they were forced to,

4602
04:12:06,700 --> 04:12:10,700
but because they believed in his
vision or at least believe that 

4603
04:12:10,700 --> 04:12:14,400
following him would lead to 
plunder glory and stories. 

4604
04:12:14,400 --> 04:12:19,200
They could tell their 
grandchildren in 218, BCE a 29 

4605
04:12:19,200 --> 04:12:22,500
years old, Hannibal, stood, at 
the head of an Army in Spain and

4606
04:12:22,500 --> 04:12:26,400
looked North toward the Alps 
Most generals would have seen an

4607
04:12:26,400 --> 04:12:30,600
impossible barrier, Hannibal 
Surah route to immortality, his 

4608
04:12:30,600 --> 04:12:33,900
dream wasn't modest. 
It involved rewriting the power 

4609
04:12:33,900 --> 04:12:36,500
structure of the entire 
Mediterranean world. 

4610
04:12:37,400 --> 04:12:39,700
But here's the thing about 
impossible during dreams. 

4611
04:12:39,700 --> 04:12:43,600
They remain impossible right up 
until someone accomplishes them,

4612
04:12:43,600 --> 04:12:47,000
which point everyone claims, 
they could be done, all along 

4613
04:12:47,000 --> 04:12:51,000
the decision to March, was made 
not in a moment of passion, but 

4614
04:12:51,000 --> 04:12:54,400
after careful calculation, 
Hannibal, spent months, 

4615
04:12:54,400 --> 04:12:57,800
preparing Gathering supplies, 
securing agreements with gallic,

4616
04:12:57,800 --> 04:13:00,800
tribes and studying. 
What little information existed 

4617
04:13:00,800 --> 04:13:04,300
about Alpine passes. 
He sent Scouts ahead and made 

4618
04:13:04,300 --> 04:13:07,700
arrangements for Supply Depots. 
This wasn't impulsive 

4619
04:13:07,700 --> 04:13:10,800
adventurism it was methodical 
planning applied to an 

4620
04:13:10,800 --> 04:13:13,600
outrageous objective. 
A spring approached and the 

4621
04:13:13,600 --> 04:13:15,900
campaign season opened 
Hannibal's. 

4622
04:13:15,900 --> 04:13:17,800
Army began. 
Its March North from new 

4623
04:13:17,800 --> 04:13:21,100
Carthage and Spain. 
The dream was about to become a 

4624
04:13:21,108 --> 04:13:23,300
very cold, very difficult 
reality. 

4625
04:13:24,400 --> 04:13:27,500
But first, they would spend 
months Crossing relatively 

4626
04:13:27,500 --> 04:13:30,300
friendly territory, giving 
Hannibal time to train. 

4627
04:13:30,300 --> 04:13:33,700
His diverse forces into a 
cohesive unit, and giving his 

4628
04:13:33,700 --> 04:13:36,200
soldiers time to contemplate, 
exactly what they'd signed up 

4629
04:13:36,208 --> 04:13:41,100
for picture yourself on a warm 
morning in late spring, 218 BCE 

4630
04:13:41,100 --> 04:13:43,800
standing on the outskirts of new
Carthage. 

4631
04:13:43,800 --> 04:13:46,700
Modern Cartagena, watching an 
army. 

4632
04:13:46,700 --> 04:13:49,800
Assemble for what most observers
thought was just another Spanish

4633
04:13:49,800 --> 04:13:53,200
campaign. 
Smell of dust and horse sweat 

4634
04:13:53,200 --> 04:13:56,700
mingles with the psalter from 
the Mediterranean, and if you 

4635
04:13:56,700 --> 04:13:59,600
closed your eyes, you might 
think this was just another 

4636
04:13:59,600 --> 04:14:03,000
military deployment. 
The kind that happened regularly

4637
04:14:03,000 --> 04:14:07,000
throughout the ancient world, 
but open your eyes and really 

4638
04:14:07,000 --> 04:14:09,700
look at what's gathering. 
This isn't just an army. 

4639
04:14:09,700 --> 04:14:13,600
It's a Mobile Nation, a 
self-contained World preparing 

4640
04:14:13,600 --> 04:14:19,600
to walk from Spain to Italy. 
90,000 infantry from a dozen 

4641
04:14:19,600 --> 04:14:22,300
different tribes and Nations 
12,000. 

4642
04:14:22,300 --> 04:14:26,200
Cavalry and 37 elephants whose 
handlers treat them with the 

4643
04:14:26,200 --> 04:14:29,400
careful affection. 
You might show a particularly 

4644
04:14:29,400 --> 04:14:31,600
temperamental but beloved family
member. 

4645
04:14:31,600 --> 04:14:35,600
The diversity is staggering 
Libyan spearmen in their 

4646
04:14:35,600 --> 04:14:38,000
distinctive linen. 
Armor, Stanley, Iberian 

4647
04:14:38,000 --> 04:14:42,300
tribesmen, carrying the falcata 
that distinctively curved sword 

4648
04:14:42,300 --> 04:14:45,600
that could cut through Roman 
Shields like an aggressive 

4649
04:14:45,600 --> 04:14:49,800
letter opener, Numidian Cavalry 
from North Africa, sit on their 

4650
04:14:49,800 --> 04:14:54,100
horses, bareback, making Roman 
Cavalry who at least used 

4651
04:14:54,100 --> 04:14:56,800
Saddles feel like they're 
overdoing it with equipment. 

4652
04:14:57,800 --> 04:15:01,200
Balearic Slingers, whose 
accuracy with their simple 

4653
04:15:01,200 --> 04:15:05,000
leather slings Rivals, modern 
Target Shooters practice their 

4654
04:15:05,000 --> 04:15:08,200
craft with stones that hum 
through the air, like Angry bees

4655
04:15:08,200 --> 04:15:12,900
and the elephants We need to 
talk about the elephants because

4656
04:15:12,900 --> 04:15:15,000
they're both more and less 
important than you might 

4657
04:15:15,008 --> 04:15:17,900
imagine. 
These aren't the massive African

4658
04:15:17,900 --> 04:15:21,500
bush, elephants you see in 
Nature Documentaries these are 

4659
04:15:21,500 --> 04:15:24,200
North African Forest, elephants 
smaller. 

4660
04:15:24,200 --> 04:15:28,100
Now extinct but still impressive
enough to make an entrance. 

4661
04:15:29,000 --> 04:15:32,900
Each one requires about 300 
pounds of food daily drinks 

4662
04:15:32,900 --> 04:15:36,500
enough water to fill multiple 
bathtubs and has a Handler who 

4663
04:15:36,500 --> 04:15:40,000
knows its moods preferences and 
personality quirks. 

4664
04:15:40,000 --> 04:15:42,100
The way, you know, your closest 
friends coffee order. 

4665
04:15:42,100 --> 04:15:45,200
The elephant serve multiple 
purposes beyond their obvious 

4666
04:15:45,200 --> 04:15:48,700
combat role their mobile 
propaganda walking. 

4667
04:15:48,700 --> 04:15:51,900
Advertisements for carthaginian 
power and exoticism. 

4668
04:15:51,900 --> 04:15:55,700
Their psychological weapons, 
that will terrify enemies who've

4669
04:15:55,700 --> 04:15:57,800
never seen anything larger than 
a cow. 

4670
04:15:58,800 --> 04:16:01,900
And their symbols of Hannibal's 
confidence, only someone 

4671
04:16:01,900 --> 04:16:04,700
absolutely. 
Certain of success would burden 

4672
04:16:04,700 --> 04:16:07,900
themselves with such high 
maintenance companions on a 

4673
04:16:07,900 --> 04:16:09,900
journey through hostile 
territory and impossible 

4674
04:16:09,900 --> 04:16:12,400
mountains. 
The March begins with a 

4675
04:16:12,400 --> 04:16:14,800
deceptive ease. 
The Army moves North through 

4676
04:16:14,800 --> 04:16:17,500
Spain, following 
well-established routes through 

4677
04:16:17,500 --> 04:16:21,400
territory, that's partly 
undercar the gene in control and

4678
04:16:21,400 --> 04:16:24,700
partly inhabited by tribes who 
have decided that not 

4679
04:16:24,700 --> 04:16:27,700
interfering with this particular
Army is the better part of 

4680
04:16:27,708 --> 04:16:30,600
valor. 
The pace is deliberate, rather 

4681
04:16:30,600 --> 04:16:35,400
than rushed roughly 10 to 15 
miles per day because moving 

4682
04:16:35,400 --> 04:16:38,200
90,000 people with their 
equipment and supplies. 

4683
04:16:38,200 --> 04:16:41,400
Isn't something you can do 
quickly without creating the 

4684
04:16:41,400 --> 04:16:45,200
kind of logistics disaster that 
ends military careers each 

4685
04:16:45,200 --> 04:16:48,300
evening, the Army stops and 
transforms itself into a 

4686
04:16:48,300 --> 04:16:53,700
temporary City. 10ths rise in 
organized patterns fires, a lit 

4687
04:16:53,700 --> 04:16:56,400
for cooking. 
Centuries are posted and for a 

4688
04:16:56,400 --> 04:16:58,100
few hours. 
The world takes on a rhythm. 

4689
04:16:58,100 --> 04:17:02,900
That feels almost to Mystic. 
Soldiers, clean equipment repair

4690
04:17:02,900 --> 04:17:07,700
sandals worn by the day's, March
and share food and stories in 

4691
04:17:07,700 --> 04:17:09,800
languages that span the 
Mediterranean. 

4692
04:17:10,800 --> 04:17:14,400
The elephants are fed and 
watered their handlers checking 

4693
04:17:14,400 --> 04:17:17,200
them for injuries or illness 
with the thoroughness of nurses.

4694
04:17:17,200 --> 04:17:20,500
Hannibal moves through these 
evening camps with practiced, 

4695
04:17:20,500 --> 04:17:24,000
ease stopping to speak with 
different units asking about 

4696
04:17:24,000 --> 04:17:25,900
supplies and listening to 
concerns. 

4697
04:17:27,100 --> 04:17:29,800
Leadership at this level isn't 
about dramatic speeches. 

4698
04:17:29,800 --> 04:17:34,400
It's about being seen being 
accessible and demonstrating 

4699
04:17:34,400 --> 04:17:37,100
that you share the hardships. 
You're asking others to endure. 

4700
04:17:38,000 --> 04:17:41,000
When Hannibal elite soldiers 
rations and sleeps in a regular 

4701
04:17:41,000 --> 04:17:44,800
tent, it builds loyalty more 
effectively than any amount of 

4702
04:17:44,800 --> 04:17:48,700
inspiring rhetoric the Army 
crosses, the Ebro river that 

4703
04:17:48,700 --> 04:17:51,800
traditional boundary between 
carthaginian and Roman Spears of

4704
04:17:51,808 --> 04:17:55,700
influence in Spain. 
This is the point of no return. 

4705
04:17:55,700 --> 04:17:59,300
The moment when the campaign 
becomes an official Act of War, 

4706
04:18:00,400 --> 04:18:04,600
But the crossing itself is 
anti-climactic. just a long day 

4707
04:18:04,600 --> 04:18:08,200
of fairing men and Equipment 
across a river, that flows with 

4708
04:18:08,200 --> 04:18:13,100
the muddy, determination of all,
major waterways The elephant's 

4709
04:18:13,100 --> 04:18:17,400
Wade across enjoying the bath 
while their handlers curse and 

4710
04:18:17,400 --> 04:18:20,700
pray in roughly equal measure 
beyond the airbrau, the 

4711
04:18:20,700 --> 04:18:24,300
territory becomes progressively,
less friendly, Spanish tribes, 

4712
04:18:24,300 --> 04:18:25,800
who own? 
No loyalty to Carthage. 

4713
04:18:25,800 --> 04:18:30,200
I this massive army with 
understandable, nervousness Some

4714
04:18:30,200 --> 04:18:34,500
of her tokens of submission, 
food, guides and Promises, not 

4715
04:18:34,500 --> 04:18:36,400
to attack. 
If the Army just keeps moving 

4716
04:18:37,200 --> 04:18:41,000
Others, prepare for resistance 
Gathering Warriors, and sending 

4717
04:18:41,000 --> 04:18:43,800
messages to neighboring. 
Tribes about this unprecedented 

4718
04:18:43,800 --> 04:18:47,300
Invasion Force Hannibal handles 
each situation with a 

4719
04:18:47,300 --> 04:18:50,800
flexibility that keeps his army 
moving while minimizing delays 

4720
04:18:51,600 --> 04:18:55,300
When resistance seems serious, 
he offers overwhelming Force 

4721
04:18:55,300 --> 04:18:59,200
defeating tribal armies with 
such efficiency that other 

4722
04:18:59,200 --> 04:19:01,600
communities. 
Decide cooperation, looks more 

4723
04:19:01,600 --> 04:19:04,000
attractive. 
When tribes seem willing to 

4724
04:19:04,000 --> 04:19:06,300
negotiate. 
He's generous with promises and 

4725
04:19:06,300 --> 04:19:09,600
modest with demands 
understanding that the goal 

4726
04:19:09,600 --> 04:19:12,500
isn't to conquer Spain. 
It's to pass through it with 

4727
04:19:12,500 --> 04:19:16,300
minimal damage to his army. 
The week's blur into a rhythm of

4728
04:19:16,300 --> 04:19:19,700
March Camp, occasional Skirmish 
and March again. 

4729
04:19:20,600 --> 04:19:23,700
The soldiers stopped asking 
where their going and focus on 

4730
04:19:23,700 --> 04:19:26,400
the immediate tasks of surviving
each Day's Journey. 

4731
04:19:27,500 --> 04:19:31,500
Equipment wears out and his 
repair or replace a weaker 

4732
04:19:31,500 --> 04:19:33,300
soldiers. 
Fall out and left behind with 

4733
04:19:33,300 --> 04:19:37,100
wounds illness or simple 
inability to maintain the pace. 

4734
04:19:38,000 --> 04:19:41,900
The army that continues North is
smaller but Harder winnowed by 

4735
04:19:41,900 --> 04:19:44,600
the journey into something 
approaching fighting trim. 

4736
04:19:44,600 --> 04:19:48,300
By the time they reach the 
Pyrenees that mountain range, 

4737
04:19:48,300 --> 04:19:51,900
separating Spain from Gaul 
Hannibal, has already sent home 

4738
04:19:51,900 --> 04:19:55,400
about 10,000 soldiers, whose 
loyalty seemed questionable 

4739
04:19:56,500 --> 04:19:59,200
Better smaller Army, that's 
committed than a large one, that

4740
04:19:59,200 --> 04:20:01,400
might desert or betray it. 
A crucial moment. 

4741
04:20:02,300 --> 04:20:05,100
It's the kind of ruthlessly 
practical decision, that 

4742
04:20:05,100 --> 04:20:07,400
characterizes Hannibal's entire 
campaign. 

4743
04:20:08,500 --> 04:20:11,300
Better to solve problems early 
than, watch them grow into 

4744
04:20:11,300 --> 04:20:13,400
disasters. 
Later, the crossing of the 

4745
04:20:13,400 --> 04:20:17,300
Pyrenees is a preview of Greater
challenges ahead, the mountains 

4746
04:20:17,300 --> 04:20:21,100
are steep, but not impossibly. 
So the passes well used by 

4747
04:20:21,100 --> 04:20:24,900
Traders and Shepherds. 
Still, it's the Army's first 

4748
04:20:24,900 --> 04:20:27,400
real taste of what? 
Moving through serious mountains

4749
04:20:27,400 --> 04:20:30,200
involves? 
Thin air that makes breathing 

4750
04:20:30,200 --> 04:20:35,000
harder the rocky terrain that 
tears at sandals and Hooves and 

4751
04:20:35,000 --> 04:20:39,000
the cold at higher elevations. 
Even in summer, when they emerge

4752
04:20:39,000 --> 04:20:41,800
on the Galaxy side of the 
Pyrenees, the Army has shrunk 

4753
04:20:41,800 --> 04:20:45,200
to, perhaps 50,000 infantry and 
9,000 cavalry. 

4754
04:20:46,100 --> 04:20:49,100
The elephant's remain, though. 
The Mountain Crossing has left 

4755
04:20:49,100 --> 04:20:52,500
some showing signs of stress. 
But the survivors are now 

4756
04:20:52,500 --> 04:20:55,200
Veterans of a journey that has 
already exceeded what most 

4757
04:20:55,200 --> 04:20:58,800
armies, would consider a major 
campaign and they haven't even 

4758
04:20:58,800 --> 04:21:01,600
reached the Alps yet Gulf 
sprawls before them. 

4759
04:21:01,600 --> 04:21:04,900
A vast Patchwork of tribal 
territories, where Celtic 

4760
04:21:04,900 --> 04:21:08,200
people's live in a relationship 
with Rome that Rangers from 

4761
04:21:08,200 --> 04:21:12,300
hostile to merely suspicious. 
Hannibal's diplomatic 

4762
04:21:12,300 --> 04:21:16,000
preparations, pay dividends 
here, tribal leaders who've been

4763
04:21:16,008 --> 04:21:20,600
contacted months earlier provide
guides supplies and permission 

4764
04:21:20,600 --> 04:21:22,100
to pass through their 
territories. 

4765
04:21:22,800 --> 04:21:26,000
Others hearing of this 
unprecedented armies approached 

4766
04:21:26,000 --> 04:21:29,700
decide that maintaining 
neutrality is the wisest course 

4767
04:21:29,700 --> 04:21:32,900
the March through Gaul takes on 
a different character than the 

4768
04:21:32,900 --> 04:21:36,200
Spanish portion. 
Here Hannibal isn't just passing

4769
04:21:36,200 --> 04:21:37,900
through potential enemy 
territory. 

4770
04:21:37,900 --> 04:21:41,000
He's building alliances that 
might prove useful later. 

4771
04:21:41,900 --> 04:21:44,200
Celtic tribes, who resent, Roman
expansion. 

4772
04:21:44,200 --> 04:21:47,200
See Hannibal as a potential ally
against their Mutual enemy. 

4773
04:21:48,000 --> 04:21:51,700
They often worries to supplement
his forces provide intelligence 

4774
04:21:51,700 --> 04:21:55,000
about Roman movements and share 
knowledge about the Alps that 

4775
04:21:55,000 --> 04:21:56,600
will prove invaluable in the 
weeks ahead. 

4776
04:21:56,600 --> 04:22:00,200
A summer Wayne's and Early 
Autumn approaches the Army 

4777
04:22:00,200 --> 04:22:03,300
reaches the Rhone. 
River that major waterway that 

4778
04:22:03,300 --> 04:22:05,100
flows from the Alps to the 
Mediterranean. 

4779
04:22:06,200 --> 04:22:08,900
The Crossing becomes another 
major logistical challenge. 

4780
04:22:09,800 --> 04:22:14,100
The river is wide Swift and 
contested by local tribes who 

4781
04:22:14,100 --> 04:22:16,100
aren't thrilled about an army 
Crossing through their 

4782
04:22:16,100 --> 04:22:19,100
territory. 
Hannibal solves this through a 

4783
04:22:19,100 --> 04:22:23,300
combination of negotiation and 
intimidation arranging for boat 

4784
04:22:23,300 --> 04:22:27,100
Builders to construct rafts 
while Cavalry demonstrates, what

4785
04:22:27,100 --> 04:22:30,500
happens to tribes that actively 
oppose the crossing the 

4786
04:22:30,500 --> 04:22:34,200
elephants present, a special 
challenge, some are coaxed onto 

4787
04:22:34,200 --> 04:22:36,400
rafts disguised to look like 
Solid Ground. 

4788
04:22:36,400 --> 04:22:40,400
The ancient equivalent of 
tricking a cat into a carrier by

4789
04:22:40,400 --> 04:22:42,300
making it look like a cozy 
hiding spot. 

4790
04:22:43,300 --> 04:22:46,300
Others have to be persuaded 
through more direct means their 

4791
04:22:46,300 --> 04:22:49,200
handlers using every trick 
learned through years of 

4792
04:22:49,200 --> 04:22:52,600
experience. 
One story claims an elephant was

4793
04:22:52,600 --> 04:22:56,700
led onto a raft by its mother. 
Only to jump off and swim the 

4794
04:22:56,700 --> 04:23:00,300
river when it realized the 
deception with its Handler, 

4795
04:23:00,300 --> 04:23:02,300
clinging to its ear the entire 
way. 

4796
04:23:03,400 --> 04:23:06,400
Whether true or embellished, it 
captures the mixed of comedy in 

4797
04:23:06,400 --> 04:23:08,000
danger. 
That defined, the entire 

4798
04:23:08,000 --> 04:23:12,200
Enterprise beyond the road, the 
Alps rise in the distance like a

4799
04:23:12,200 --> 04:23:14,800
promise and a threat, the Army 
can see them. 

4800
04:23:14,800 --> 04:23:19,200
Now on clear days snowcapped 
Peaks that seem to touch the sky

4801
04:23:19,200 --> 04:23:21,700
rangers. 
That no Army has ever crossed 

4802
04:23:21,700 --> 04:23:23,500
with supplies and equipment 
intact. 

4803
04:23:24,300 --> 04:23:26,600
Hannibal soldiers. 
Look at those mountains and 

4804
04:23:26,600 --> 04:23:29,800
begin to understand what their 
General is really asking of 

4805
04:23:29,800 --> 04:23:32,300
them, but they've come too far 
to turn back. 

4806
04:23:32,300 --> 04:23:36,200
Now, behind them lies territory.
They've already crossed where 

4807
04:23:36,200 --> 04:23:39,000
Roman armies are surely 
mobilizing to cut off any 

4808
04:23:39,000 --> 04:23:42,000
retreat. 
A head lies, the only path 

4809
04:23:42,000 --> 04:23:46,100
forward up and over mountains 
that everyone says are 

4810
04:23:46,100 --> 04:23:49,400
impossible toward Italy and the 
war that will determine where 

4811
04:23:49,400 --> 04:23:52,800
the Hannibal is a Visionary or 
simply someone who led 50,000 

4812
04:23:52,800 --> 04:23:55,800
men to die in the snow. 
The March toward the Alps 

4813
04:23:55,800 --> 04:24:00,000
continues each day, bringing 
those Peaks closer each evening 

4814
04:24:00,000 --> 04:24:03,600
Camp filled with quieter 
conversations as soldiers 

4815
04:24:03,600 --> 04:24:06,000
contemplate. 
The impossible challenge ahead. 

4816
04:24:07,100 --> 04:24:09,600
Hannibal, walks among his troops
and tells them that the 

4817
04:24:09,600 --> 04:24:12,600
mountains are just another 
obstacle that together. 

4818
04:24:12,600 --> 04:24:14,900
They've already overcome 
challenges, others thought 

4819
04:24:14,900 --> 04:24:17,500
impossible. 
Whether they believe him or not,

4820
04:24:17,500 --> 04:24:20,800
they can continue marching 
because that's what armies do. 

4821
04:24:20,800 --> 04:24:25,000
They March, they Camp? 
They March again, carrying 

4822
04:24:25,000 --> 04:24:28,000
forward the dreams and Ambitions
of their commanders, until those

4823
04:24:28,000 --> 04:24:30,100
dreams become reality or turn 
into nightmares. 

4824
04:24:31,600 --> 04:24:35,000
And somewhere ahead in passes 
that have seen only Traders and 

4825
04:24:35,000 --> 04:24:37,400
Shepherds. 
The Alps, wait to test whether 

4826
04:24:37,400 --> 04:24:40,200
Hannibal's dream has any 
substance Beyond ambition and 

4827
04:24:40,200 --> 04:24:43,300
will let me tell you what it's 
like to stand at the base of the

4828
04:24:43,300 --> 04:24:46,800
Alps in late Autumn looking up 
at mountains that seem less like

4829
04:24:46,800 --> 04:24:49,400
geography and more like 
mythology made Solid. 

4830
04:24:50,400 --> 04:24:53,000
The air has a crystalline 
quality at this altitude. 

4831
04:24:53,000 --> 04:24:55,600
Sharp and clear, and cold 
enough. 

4832
04:24:55,600 --> 04:24:58,700
That each breath feels like 
drinking from a mountain stream.

4833
04:24:59,500 --> 04:25:03,200
Behind you the Rolling Hills of 
gold descend, toward their own 

4834
04:25:03,200 --> 04:25:06,200
Valley. 
For you rock and snow rise 

4835
04:25:06,200 --> 04:25:10,300
toward clouds that tangle in the
Peaks like wool caught on Thorns

4836
04:25:10,300 --> 04:25:12,400
Hannibal. 
Chooses route based on, 

4837
04:25:12,408 --> 04:25:15,400
intelligence gathered from 
gallic Guides, who knew these 

4838
04:25:15,400 --> 04:25:19,000
mountains the way Sailors know 
familiar coastlines, the exact 

4839
04:25:19,000 --> 04:25:20,800
pass. 
He used remains debated by 

4840
04:25:20,800 --> 04:25:23,400
historians. 
Was it the colder clappier? 

4841
04:25:23,400 --> 04:25:26,900
The colder months in the or 
perhaps the Caldera set. 

4842
04:25:27,600 --> 04:25:30,400
Each has its Advocates and its 
Geographic logic. 

4843
04:25:31,300 --> 04:25:34,300
But for our purposes, what 
matters isn't the precise 

4844
04:25:34,300 --> 04:25:39,000
location but the experience 
itself, the reality of moving an

4845
04:25:39,000 --> 04:25:41,800
army through to Reign that 
actively, resists human passage.

4846
04:25:41,800 --> 04:25:46,100
The initial Ascent is deceptive,
the lower slope offered decent 

4847
04:25:46,100 --> 04:25:49,500
footing and enough vegetation to
graze horses and pack animals. 

4848
04:25:49,500 --> 04:25:54,000
The Army moves in a long column 
that stretches for miles, each 

4849
04:25:54,000 --> 04:25:57,400
unit finding its own pace as the
trail Narrows and steepens. 

4850
04:25:58,200 --> 04:26:01,700
The elephant's do surprisingly. 
Well initially they're sure 

4851
04:26:01,700 --> 04:26:04,400
footing and strength make them 
better at Mountain Travel than 

4852
04:26:04,400 --> 04:26:07,500
you might expect. 
Though their handlers remain in 

4853
04:26:07,500 --> 04:26:11,500
constant anxiety about what lies
ahead but as the Army climbs 

4854
04:26:11,500 --> 04:26:16,000
higher the mountains, begin to 
reveal their true nature trails 

4855
04:26:16,000 --> 04:26:17,600
that looked reasonable from a 
distance. 

4856
04:26:17,600 --> 04:26:21,400
Turn out to be barely wider than
a man shoulders with drops on 

4857
04:26:21,400 --> 04:26:24,200
one side that make even veteran 
soldiers, nervous. 

4858
04:26:24,900 --> 04:26:28,800
The air thins, making breathing,
labored and increasing fatigue 

4859
04:26:28,800 --> 04:26:31,300
beyond what the physical 
exertion alone would cause. 

4860
04:26:32,500 --> 04:26:35,400
Veterans, who marched across 
Spain and Gaul find themselves 

4861
04:26:35,400 --> 04:26:37,300
stopping frequently to catch 
their breath. 

4862
04:26:38,100 --> 04:26:40,800
Puzzled by their own weakness, 
until someone explains, what 

4863
04:26:40,800 --> 04:26:44,400
altitude does to human bodies? 
The local Celtic tribes, who 

4864
04:26:44,408 --> 04:26:47,200
inhabit these Heights, add their
own complications. 

4865
04:26:48,000 --> 04:26:51,000
These aren't sophisticated City 
dwellers impressed by elephants 

4866
04:26:51,000 --> 04:26:54,200
and diplomatic overtures. 
These are mountain people. 

4867
04:26:54,200 --> 04:26:56,700
Whose wealth consists mainly of 
what they can take from 

4868
04:26:56,700 --> 04:27:00,400
Travelers and a slow-moving Army
Laden with supplies, represents 

4869
04:27:00,400 --> 04:27:02,100
opportunities that are hard to 
ignore. 

4870
04:27:03,000 --> 04:27:06,800
They know every Trail, every 
hiding spot and every place 

4871
04:27:06,800 --> 04:27:09,800
where a handful of Defenders can
make the path in possible, 

4872
04:27:09,800 --> 04:27:12,500
Hannibal faces ambushes at 
narrow points. 

4873
04:27:12,500 --> 04:27:15,300
Where is Superior numbers mean 
nothing because only a few men 

4874
04:27:15,300 --> 04:27:18,800
can fight at once. 
Boulders rolled down slopes 

4875
04:27:18,800 --> 04:27:21,600
triggered by Defenders, who 
understand, leverage, and 

4876
04:27:21,600 --> 04:27:24,200
gravity better than they 
understand formal Warfare. 

4877
04:27:25,100 --> 04:27:28,400
The armies Advanced slows to a 
crawl as each suspicious cliff 

4878
04:27:28,400 --> 04:27:31,700
and narrow passage must be 
scouted secured and passed with 

4879
04:27:31,700 --> 04:27:35,100
agonizing caution. 
Imagine being a soldier in this 

4880
04:27:35,100 --> 04:27:39,000
situation, your exhausted from 
altitude and constant climbing. 

4881
04:27:39,700 --> 04:27:43,300
Your sandals designed for 
Mediterranean to rain a falling 

4882
04:27:43,300 --> 04:27:46,600
apart on these Rocky paths. 
The weather shifts with 

4883
04:27:46,600 --> 04:27:50,900
unsettling, rapidity warming, 
direct sunlight frigidly, cold 

4884
04:27:50,900 --> 04:27:54,500
in Shadow, with winds, that seem
to come from every direction 

4885
04:27:54,500 --> 04:27:57,800
simultaneously. 
You watch men ahead of you 

4886
04:27:57,800 --> 04:28:01,500
dislodge rocks that tumble down 
the trail, forcing everyone 

4887
04:28:01,500 --> 04:28:05,700
behind to freeze until the 
danger, passes your cold, your 

4888
04:28:05,700 --> 04:28:08,700
tired and you're starting to 
wonder if your commanding 

4889
04:28:08,700 --> 04:28:12,000
officers Vision. 
Might actually be fatal insanity

4890
04:28:12,000 --> 04:28:14,400
but you keep climbing because 
everyone around. 

4891
04:28:14,400 --> 04:28:17,100
You keeps climbing because 
stopping means dying. 

4892
04:28:17,100 --> 04:28:19,500
There's no where to go, but 
forward or back. 

4893
04:28:19,500 --> 04:28:22,800
And back means admitting defeat 
to comrades who have become 

4894
04:28:22,800 --> 04:28:26,400
family through shared hardship. 
Because your general is 

4895
04:28:26,400 --> 04:28:30,300
somewhere in this column sharing
the same cold and danger and 

4896
04:28:30,300 --> 04:28:32,400
exhaustion. 
And if that determined 

4897
04:28:32,400 --> 04:28:35,100
carthaginian can keep placing 
one foot ahead of the other. 

4898
04:28:35,100 --> 04:28:39,800
So can you the elephant become a
project that consumes enormous 

4899
04:28:39,800 --> 04:28:43,100
effort, handlers coax them over 
narrow paths. 

4900
04:28:43,100 --> 04:28:46,800
Sometimes building up edges with
stones to widen the trail enough

4901
04:28:46,800 --> 04:28:50,300
for their massive bodies. 
When an elephant bulks at a 

4902
04:28:50,308 --> 04:28:53,200
particularly difficult, section 
everything stops. 

4903
04:28:53,200 --> 04:28:57,300
While the animal is encouraged 
bribed with food or sometimes 

4904
04:28:57,300 --> 04:28:59,400
simply give him time to work up.
Its courage. 

4905
04:29:00,500 --> 04:29:02,700
The patients. 
These handlers demonstrate would

4906
04:29:02,700 --> 04:29:04,700
impress, any modern animal 
trainer? 

4907
04:29:04,700 --> 04:29:07,000
They understand that. 
Forcing an elephant in these 

4908
04:29:07,000 --> 04:29:08,900
conditions would be 
counterproductive and 

4909
04:29:08,900 --> 04:29:12,600
potentially fatal. 
Snow begins to appear first in 

4910
04:29:12,600 --> 04:29:16,100
patches, on shaded slopes, then 
more persistently as the Army 

4911
04:29:16,100 --> 04:29:20,800
climbs higher The white powder 
is beautiful in an austere way 

4912
04:29:20,800 --> 04:29:24,100
catching sunlight and 
transforming the mountains into 

4913
04:29:24,100 --> 04:29:26,800
something, that might grace a 
landscape painting. 

4914
04:29:27,900 --> 04:29:30,500
But it's beauty is deceptive 
snow. 

4915
04:29:30,500 --> 04:29:35,400
Heights Trail edges, conceals 
has its surfaces where pack 

4916
04:29:35,400 --> 04:29:38,000
animals slip and slide like 
drunks on Ice. 

4917
04:29:38,000 --> 04:29:42,300
The knights become genuinely 
dangerous, the Army Camps, 

4918
04:29:42,300 --> 04:29:45,800
wherever it can find Space. 
Often on slopes where sleeping 

4919
04:29:45,800 --> 04:29:48,100
means preventing yourself from 
Rolling downhill. 

4920
04:29:49,300 --> 04:29:52,500
Fires a difficult to start an 
impossible to maintain properly.

4921
04:29:52,500 --> 04:29:56,200
There's little wood at this 
altitude and what exists is 

4922
04:29:56,200 --> 04:29:58,400
often too damp or too? 
Wind battered to burn. 

4923
04:29:58,400 --> 04:30:00,800
Well. 
Soldiers huddled together for 

4924
04:30:00,800 --> 04:30:05,000
warmth sharing cloaks and body 
heat, discovering that survival 

4925
04:30:05,000 --> 04:30:08,900
requires cooperation at the most
basic level frostbite claims 

4926
04:30:08,900 --> 04:30:12,600
fingers and toes healthy food 
sickness leaves, some soldiers, 

4927
04:30:12,600 --> 04:30:15,500
dizzy and nauseous unable to 
keep down the food. 

4928
04:30:15,500 --> 04:30:19,000
They need for energy. 
Pack animals, never complaining,

4929
04:30:19,000 --> 04:30:21,900
but suffering nonetheless. 
Begin to fail from the 

4930
04:30:21,900 --> 04:30:25,800
combination of cold altitude and
insufficient fodder. 

4931
04:30:26,600 --> 04:30:29,000
When animals die, they're 
quickly butchered for meat. 

4932
04:30:29,000 --> 04:30:31,600
Wasting food in. 
These conditions isn't just 

4933
04:30:31,600 --> 04:30:34,900
foolish. 
It's suicidal, then the Army 

4934
04:30:34,900 --> 04:30:37,100
reaches the summit of their 
chosen past. 

4935
04:30:37,100 --> 04:30:39,600
And for a moment, the suffering 
almost seems worthwhile. 

4936
04:30:40,500 --> 04:30:42,900
From this height, they can see 
back across the route. 

4937
04:30:42,900 --> 04:30:46,200
They've climbed a dizzying 
descent that makes clear. 

4938
04:30:46,200 --> 04:30:49,800
How far they've come. 
More importantly, they can see a

4939
04:30:49,800 --> 04:30:53,100
head to Italy. 
Poe Valley spread below them, 

4940
04:30:53,100 --> 04:30:56,600
like, a Promised Land, green, 
and warm and inviting in the 

4941
04:30:56,608 --> 04:30:59,900
autumn sonlight. 
Hannibal gathers his troops at 

4942
04:30:59,908 --> 04:31:04,200
this High Point and according to
Legend tells them the worst is 

4943
04:31:04,200 --> 04:31:06,000
behind them. 
He's lying. 

4944
04:31:06,000 --> 04:31:07,800
Of course, but it's a useful 
lie. 

4945
04:31:07,800 --> 04:31:11,300
The Descent proves as difficult 
as the ascent just in different 

4946
04:31:11,300 --> 04:31:14,200
ways. 
Trails on the Northern slopes 

4947
04:31:14,200 --> 04:31:16,400
steeper and often covered in 
ice. 

4948
04:31:16,400 --> 04:31:20,200
That makes footing treacherous 
gravity, which was an enemy on 

4949
04:31:20,200 --> 04:31:22,400
the way up. 
That comes a dangerous Ally on 

4950
04:31:22,400 --> 04:31:26,000
the way down, threatening to 
send men and animals sliding 

4951
04:31:26,000 --> 04:31:30,600
uncontrollably down slope The 
Army descends in a controlled 

4952
04:31:30,600 --> 04:31:34,400
full each step a negotiation 
between progress and disaster. 

4953
04:31:34,400 --> 04:31:37,100
A story passed down through 
ancient sources. 

4954
04:31:37,100 --> 04:31:40,200
Describes a section where the 
trail has been destroyed by a 

4955
04:31:40,200 --> 04:31:43,800
landslide leaving the Army, 
stopped at an impassable cliff. 

4956
04:31:45,000 --> 04:31:48,100
Hannibal solution, demonstrates 
both practical engineering and 

4957
04:31:48,100 --> 04:31:50,700
psychological leadership his 
soldiers. 

4958
04:31:50,700 --> 04:31:54,700
Spent days building up the trail
with rocks and Earth, creating a

4959
04:31:54,700 --> 04:31:59,200
passage where none existed. 
They heat rock faces with fires 

4960
04:31:59,200 --> 04:32:03,600
from precious, Timber carried 
Up, From Below, then douse them.

4961
04:32:03,600 --> 04:32:07,100
With vinegar, the rapid 
temperature, change fractures 

4962
04:32:07,100 --> 04:32:09,600
the stone, making it easier to 
clear. 

4963
04:32:10,800 --> 04:32:14,100
Whether this specific detail is 
accurate or an embellishment, 

4964
04:32:14,100 --> 04:32:17,600
hardly matters. 
What matters is that the Army 

4965
04:32:17,600 --> 04:32:20,300
finds a way through obstacles? 
That should have stopped them 

4966
04:32:20,300 --> 04:32:22,700
completely the elephant's 
negotiate. 

4967
04:32:22,700 --> 04:32:25,700
These final obstacles with what 
can only be described as 

4968
04:32:25,700 --> 04:32:27,900
determination. 
Bordering on stubbornness 

4969
04:32:28,800 --> 04:32:32,300
several are lost to Falls or 
simply to exhaustion their 

4970
04:32:32,300 --> 04:32:34,500
handlers morning them with 
genuine grief. 

4971
04:32:35,400 --> 04:32:39,300
But most of survive making The 
Descent with the same surprising

4972
04:32:39,300 --> 04:32:41,000
agility, that got them over the 
summit. 

4973
04:32:42,200 --> 04:32:45,400
By the time, the Army reaches 
lower elevations where the air 

4974
04:32:45,400 --> 04:32:47,100
is thick and breathing comes 
easy. 

4975
04:32:47,100 --> 04:32:50,000
Again the elephants that remain 
have earned their place in 

4976
04:32:50,008 --> 04:32:54,200
history through sheer endurance,
after 15 days in the mountains 

4977
04:32:54,200 --> 04:32:56,600
though some sources suggest it 
might have been longer 

4978
04:32:56,600 --> 04:33:00,500
Hannibal's Army, descends into 
the po valley in Northern Italy.

4979
04:33:01,200 --> 04:33:04,200
They've lost about half their 
soldiers to combat desertion 

4980
04:33:04,200 --> 04:33:07,400
exposure and the simple 
attrition of an impossible 

4981
04:33:07,400 --> 04:33:10,099
Journey. 
The survivors are ragged 

4982
04:33:10,099 --> 04:33:14,000
frostbitten and near starvation,
their equipment damaged and 

4983
04:33:14,000 --> 04:33:16,800
their morale hanging by threads 
of shared accomplishment. 

4984
04:33:16,800 --> 04:33:19,900
But Done it. 
They've crossed the Alps with an

4985
04:33:19,900 --> 04:33:21,700
army with supplies with 
elephants. 

4986
04:33:21,700 --> 04:33:25,599
They've accomplished something 
everyone said was impossible and

4987
04:33:25,599 --> 04:33:28,900
that accomplishment transforms 
them from soldiers into 

4988
04:33:28,900 --> 04:33:33,700
something more witnesses too. 
And participants in a legendary 

4989
04:33:33,700 --> 04:33:37,099
feet that will be discussed for 
thousands of years as they 

4990
04:33:37,099 --> 04:33:41,000
descend into Italy's relative 
warmth and plenty Hannibal 

4991
04:33:41,000 --> 04:33:42,700
soldiers. 
Probably don't think about their

4992
04:33:42,700 --> 04:33:45,900
place in history. 
They think about food about 

4993
04:33:45,900 --> 04:33:49,900
warmth, about rest, they think 
about replacing worn out of 

4994
04:33:49,900 --> 04:33:52,700
equipment and letting Frost 
damage, fingers and toes heal. 

4995
04:33:53,500 --> 04:33:56,000
I think about the fact that 
there are alive when so many 

4996
04:33:56,008 --> 04:33:57,800
others aren't what they don't 
yet. 

4997
04:33:57,800 --> 04:34:00,700
Realize is that crossing? 
The Alps was the easy part. 

4998
04:34:01,400 --> 04:34:03,900
Now, they have to conquer Rome 
with an army that's been 

4999
04:34:03,908 --> 04:34:07,400
reduced, by half and is 
exhausted beyond anything. 

5000
04:34:07,400 --> 04:34:12,099
Normal military experience would
encompass The worst despite what

5001
04:34:12,099 --> 04:34:15,099
Hannibal told them at the Summit
is definitely not behind them 

5002
04:34:15,099 --> 04:34:17,900
but that's a problem for 
tomorrow tonight. 

5003
04:34:17,900 --> 04:34:20,599
They camp in the Foothills where
the air is warm and breathing 

5004
04:34:20,599 --> 04:34:23,300
doesn't hurt. 
Tonight, they tend their wounds 

5005
04:34:23,300 --> 04:34:26,000
and tell each other stories 
about the crossing that will 

5006
04:34:26,000 --> 04:34:28,200
grow with each retelling to 
night. 

5007
04:34:28,200 --> 04:34:30,900
They are men who have walked 
over the roof of the world and 

5008
04:34:30,900 --> 04:34:34,300
survived and that's enough. 
The first thing Hannibal 

5009
04:34:34,300 --> 04:34:38,099
soldiers, probably noticed about
Northern Italy was how flat it 

5010
04:34:38,099 --> 04:34:42,200
seemed after the Alps. the Poe 
Valley stretched before them 

5011
04:34:42,200 --> 04:34:46,300
like a gift from geography 
itself, Fertile Plains where 

5012
04:34:46,300 --> 04:34:49,800
Rivers, meandered through? 
Farmland settlements dotted 

5013
04:34:49,800 --> 04:34:52,599
across a landscape that looked 
prosperous in the hazy 

5014
04:34:52,599 --> 04:34:55,800
afternoon. 
Light After weeks of mountains, 

5015
04:34:55,800 --> 04:34:58,599
even modest Hills probably 
looked imposing. 

5016
04:34:58,599 --> 04:35:02,000
The second thing they noticed 
was that they were in terrible 

5017
04:35:02,000 --> 04:35:04,500
shape. 
Crossing the Alps hadn't just 

5018
04:35:04,500 --> 04:35:07,300
reduced their numbers. 
It had a transformed healthy 

5019
04:35:07,300 --> 04:35:09,700
soldiers into something 
approaching medical emergencies.

5020
04:35:10,599 --> 04:35:14,400
Frostbite had claimed 
extremities exhaustion, had 

5021
04:35:14,400 --> 04:35:17,599
settled into bones deeper than 
any night's sleep could fix 

5022
04:35:17,599 --> 04:35:21,800
equipment was damaged or simply 
worn out the elephants. 

5023
04:35:21,800 --> 04:35:26,099
Those survivors who made the 
journey needed care and feeding 

5024
04:35:26,099 --> 04:35:29,400
that the barren mountains hadn't
provided Hannibal, understood 

5025
04:35:29,400 --> 04:35:31,000
that he couldn't fight in this 
condition. 

5026
04:35:31,000 --> 04:35:35,400
His dream of liberating Rome's. 
Italian allies required, first 

5027
04:35:35,400 --> 04:35:38,700
making his army, capable of 
fighting, which meant rest 

5028
04:35:38,700 --> 04:35:43,300
recovery and recruitment. 
The gallic tribes of the 

5029
04:35:43,300 --> 04:35:46,099
Northern Italy who were their 
own reasons for resenting. 

5030
04:35:46,099 --> 04:35:51,000
Roman expansion provided what 
Hannibal needed most time and 

5031
04:35:51,000 --> 04:35:54,800
space to rebuild the army 
established itself in territory 

5032
04:35:54,800 --> 04:36:06,500
controlled by the They offered 
food shelter and most valuable 

5033
04:36:06,500 --> 04:36:08,900
Warriors to replace Hannibal's 
losses. 

5034
04:36:10,300 --> 04:36:13,800
Young gallic men hearing tales 
of the legendary Crossing and 

5035
04:36:13,800 --> 04:36:16,700
eager for Glory or plunder or 
simply Adventure. 

5036
04:36:16,700 --> 04:36:20,599
Join the carthaginian force in 
numbers that helped restore its 

5037
04:36:20,599 --> 04:36:22,700
strength during these weeks of 
recovery. 

5038
04:36:22,700 --> 04:36:25,800
Something remarkable happened 
within Hannibal's Army. 

5039
04:36:26,700 --> 04:36:29,599
The shared experience of the 
Alpine Crossing had created 

5040
04:36:29,599 --> 04:36:32,200
bonds that transcended. 
The usual mercenary 

5041
04:36:32,200 --> 04:36:38,900
relationships. libyans iberians 
numidians and now Galls men who 

5042
04:36:38,900 --> 04:36:41,599
spoke different languages and 
worshiped different gods. 

5043
04:36:42,300 --> 04:36:46,000
Had become something approaching
comrades through the simple Act 

5044
04:36:46,000 --> 04:36:49,800
of surviving together. 
The Alps had been a forge that 

5045
04:36:49,800 --> 04:36:52,800
transformed disparate people 
into a unified Force. 

5046
04:36:52,800 --> 04:36:56,400
Hannibal used this recovery. 
Time to train and integrate his 

5047
04:36:56,400 --> 04:37:00,500
new gallic recruits creating a 
fighting force that combined 

5048
04:37:00,500 --> 04:37:04,000
carthaginian tactical 
sophistication with Celtic 

5049
04:37:04,000 --> 04:37:09,099
enthusiasm and local knowledge. 
He also began his diplomatic 

5050
04:37:09,099 --> 04:37:12,800
offensive sending messages to 
Roman allies throughout Italy, 

5051
04:37:12,800 --> 04:37:14,200
offering them a simple 
proposition. 

5052
04:37:15,099 --> 04:37:17,599
Rome doesn't protect you and I'm
here to prove it. 

5053
04:37:18,300 --> 04:37:22,400
Join me or at least a neutral 
and together we can end Roman 

5054
04:37:22,400 --> 04:37:24,900
domination. 
It was during these Autumn 

5055
04:37:24,900 --> 04:37:27,800
months that Rome first began to 
grasp what Hannibal had 

5056
04:37:27,800 --> 04:37:31,300
accomplished A carthaginian Army
in Italy shouldn't have been 

5057
04:37:31,300 --> 04:37:34,500
possible. 
They'd posted forces to stop any

5058
04:37:34,500 --> 04:37:37,700
Invasion through Spain 
stationed, fleets to prevent 

5059
04:37:37,700 --> 04:37:41,300
Naval Crossing's and generally 
assumed that the Alps would do 

5060
04:37:41,300 --> 04:37:45,300
their defensive work for them. 
Learning that Hannibal had 

5061
04:37:45,300 --> 04:37:47,300
simply walked around their 
defensive strategy. 

5062
04:37:47,300 --> 04:37:50,700
Must have been the ancient 
equivalent of realizing someone 

5063
04:37:50,700 --> 04:37:53,300
at burglarized your house by 
coming through a door. 

5064
04:37:53,300 --> 04:37:57,000
You didn't know existed, the 
Roman response was Swift but 

5065
04:37:57,000 --> 04:37:59,700
hampered by the simple fact that
they'd prepared for the wrong 

5066
04:37:59,700 --> 04:38:03,400
War Legions were marching 
towards Spain to confront 

5067
04:38:03,400 --> 04:38:05,800
Hannibal there. 
Fleets were positioned to 

5068
04:38:05,808 --> 04:38:09,700
intercept carthaginian ships and
nobody had thought to station 

5069
04:38:09,700 --> 04:38:12,800
significant forces in the po 
valley because nobody expected 

5070
04:38:12,800 --> 04:38:16,000
to need them there. 
It's the kind of strategic 

5071
04:38:16,000 --> 04:38:19,900
surprise that military planner 
study as an example of why you 

5072
04:38:19,900 --> 04:38:22,500
should always expect your 
enemies to do the thing you 

5073
04:38:22,508 --> 04:38:25,700
think is impossible? 
The first confrontation came at 

5074
04:38:25,700 --> 04:38:29,400
the time of river a relatively 
small engagement where 

5075
04:38:29,400 --> 04:38:32,300
Hannibal's Cavalry proved 
decisively Superior to their 

5076
04:38:32,300 --> 04:38:35,700
Roman counterparts. 
It wasn't a major battle by 

5077
04:38:35,700 --> 04:38:38,800
ancient standards more like a 
large Skirmish. 

5078
04:38:38,800 --> 04:38:40,800
That happened to involve several
thousand men. 

5079
04:38:41,599 --> 04:38:42,800
But it sent an important 
message. 

5080
04:38:44,000 --> 04:38:47,500
Despite the Alpine Crossing, 
despite the Army's reduced size,

5081
04:38:47,500 --> 04:38:51,200
carthaginian forces could defeat
Roman Legions in open combat. 

5082
04:38:51,200 --> 04:38:55,400
The cycle impact of to sign us 
exceeded ITS Tactical 

5083
04:38:55,400 --> 04:38:59,599
significant Hannibal had proven 
he could hurt Rome in its own 

5084
04:38:59,599 --> 04:39:01,700
territory and Roman allies 
throughout. 

5085
04:39:01,700 --> 04:39:04,000
Italy began reconsidering, their
commitments. 

5086
04:39:04,800 --> 04:39:07,900
Rome couldn't protect itself, 
could it protect them? 

5087
04:39:08,900 --> 04:39:12,500
If this carthaginian General was
as capable as rumor suggested 

5088
04:39:12,500 --> 04:39:15,400
might joining him be safer than 
opposing him. 

5089
04:39:15,400 --> 04:39:19,000
Winter approached bringing the 
traditional end to the campaign 

5090
04:39:19,000 --> 04:39:21,800
season. 
Ancient arm is generally didn't 

5091
04:39:21,800 --> 04:39:26,000
fight during winter months, 
supplies became scarce, whether 

5092
04:39:26,000 --> 04:39:29,500
they made movement difficult and
everyone recognized that there 

5093
04:39:29,500 --> 04:39:32,200
were better uses of time than 
fighting in snow and mud 

5094
04:39:33,200 --> 04:39:34,800
Hannibal established, winter 
quarters. 

5095
04:39:34,800 --> 04:39:38,100
In thistle Pine Gaul allowing 
his army to recover while he 

5096
04:39:38,100 --> 04:39:39,600
plan. 
The following years campaign, 

5097
04:39:39,600 --> 04:39:43,800
this period of relative calm was
when Hannibal truly demonstrated

5098
04:39:43,800 --> 04:39:47,400
his gift for leadership, 
managing an Army in combat is 

5099
04:39:47,400 --> 04:39:50,200
one thing. 
Any competent General can order 

5100
04:39:50,200 --> 04:39:54,300
charges and Retreats managing an
army during months of inactivity

5101
04:39:54,300 --> 04:39:58,200
keeping soldiers, trained and 
motivated while preventing the 

5102
04:39:58,200 --> 04:40:01,800
kind of indiscipline that Idol. 
Armies develop requires 

5103
04:40:01,800 --> 04:40:05,300
different skills entirely 
Hannibal maintained his troops 

5104
04:40:05,300 --> 04:40:08,300
Edge through regular training 
and occasional raids that kept 

5105
04:40:08,300 --> 04:40:10,100
both his soldiers and their 
enemies alert. 

5106
04:40:10,900 --> 04:40:14,600
He rotated units, through 
different duties ensuring no one

5107
04:40:14,600 --> 04:40:17,200
felt their service was less 
important than others. 

5108
04:40:18,000 --> 04:40:22,200
He settled disputes, enforced, 
discipline and maintained. 

5109
04:40:22,200 --> 04:40:24,400
The careful balance between 
firmness and fairness. 

5110
04:40:24,400 --> 04:40:28,100
That marks effective military 
leadership, the elephants, 

5111
04:40:28,100 --> 04:40:31,100
required, special attention. 
During these months, these 

5112
04:40:31,100 --> 04:40:35,000
weren't Hardy mounted animals 
adapted to Italian Winters they 

5113
04:40:35,000 --> 04:40:36,500
were creatures from North 
Africa. 

5114
04:40:36,500 --> 04:40:40,500
Suffering in climate conditions,
their biology wasn't designed to

5115
04:40:40,500 --> 04:40:44,500
handle Handler spent enormous 
effort keeping them warm 

5116
04:40:44,500 --> 04:40:47,400
healthy, and mentally 
stimulated. 

5117
04:40:47,400 --> 04:40:51,100
Understanding that these animals
were valuable psychological 

5118
04:40:51,100 --> 04:40:54,900
weapons worth the investment of 
time and resources as winter 

5119
04:40:54,900 --> 04:40:58,000
progressed Hannibal received 
intelligence about Roman 

5120
04:40:58,000 --> 04:40:59,500
preparations for the following 
year. 

5121
04:41:00,500 --> 04:41:04,200
Rome was Raising new Legions 
calling in allies and generally 

5122
04:41:04,200 --> 04:41:07,700
mobilizing for the kind of total
war effort that their military 

5123
04:41:07,700 --> 04:41:10,900
system enabled. 
The Roman senate wasn't 

5124
04:41:10,900 --> 04:41:13,600
panicking. 
Romans didn't Panic at. 

5125
04:41:13,600 --> 04:41:16,700
Least not publicly. 
But they were taking Hannibal, 

5126
04:41:16,700 --> 04:41:19,400
seriously and ways, they hadn't 
bothered to before his arrival, 

5127
04:41:19,400 --> 04:41:22,500
Hannibal used this time to 
refine his strategic 

5128
04:41:22,500 --> 04:41:26,300
understanding of Italy. 
He studied Maps drawn by local 

5129
04:41:26,300 --> 04:41:30,100
guides interviewed traders who 
knew the road networks and 

5130
04:41:30,100 --> 04:41:33,200
carefully considered, which 
Roman allies might be persuaded 

5131
04:41:33,200 --> 04:41:36,700
to switch sides. 
His goal wasn't to conquer Italy

5132
04:41:36,700 --> 04:41:40,300
City by city, that would take 
more resources than Carthage 

5133
04:41:40,300 --> 04:41:43,500
possessed. 
Instead, he aimed to break rooms

5134
04:41:43,500 --> 04:41:47,600
Alliance System leaving the city
isolated and vulnerable the 

5135
04:41:47,600 --> 04:41:50,600
quiet months also allowed 
Hannibal soldiers to fully 

5136
04:41:50,600 --> 04:41:53,800
recover from the Alpine, 
Crossing frostbite healed or 

5137
04:41:53,808 --> 04:41:55,800
scarred over into permanent 
reminders. 

5138
04:41:56,600 --> 04:42:00,400
Bodies, regained strength lost 
to starvation and exposure. 

5139
04:42:01,500 --> 04:42:04,700
Equipment was repaired or 
replaced and the army that 

5140
04:42:04,700 --> 04:42:07,200
emerged from Winter. 
Quarters was fundamentally 

5141
04:42:07,200 --> 04:42:10,500
different from the record force 
that had stumbled out of the 

5142
04:42:10,500 --> 04:42:13,400
mountains months earlier. 
Spring brought renewed 

5143
04:42:13,400 --> 04:42:16,700
campaigning and the realization 
that Hannibal's arrived in 

5144
04:42:16,700 --> 04:42:18,800
Italy. 
Had transformed the Strategic 

5145
04:42:18,800 --> 04:42:22,700
situation in ways, Rome was 
still struggling to comprehend. 

5146
04:42:23,800 --> 04:42:25,800
The legion sent to intercept him
in Spain. 

5147
04:42:25,800 --> 04:42:28,900
Were now uselessly positioned. 
Hundreds of miles from the 

5148
04:42:28,900 --> 04:42:31,700
actual War. 
The fleet's meant to prevent 

5149
04:42:31,700 --> 04:42:34,700
Invasion found themselves with 
nothing to intercept. 

5150
04:42:35,500 --> 04:42:38,100
Rome's careful defensive 
planning had been rendered 

5151
04:42:38,100 --> 04:42:42,000
irrelevant by one audacious 
March but more importantly 

5152
04:42:42,000 --> 04:42:45,200
Hannibal's mere presence. 
In Italy was forcing Rome to 

5153
04:42:45,200 --> 04:42:47,600
fight on his terms rather than 
their own. 

5154
04:42:48,500 --> 04:42:52,200
Instead of choosing when and 
where to campaign Rome had to 

5155
04:42:52,200 --> 04:42:53,900
respond to carthaginian 
movements. 

5156
04:42:54,500 --> 04:42:58,000
Instead of taking War to enemy 
territory, they had to defend 

5157
04:42:58,000 --> 04:43:01,300
their own Homeland. 
The psychological shift was 

5158
04:43:01,300 --> 04:43:05,600
profound Rome had always been 
the aggressor the expanding 

5159
04:43:05,600 --> 04:43:08,200
power. 
Now, they were reacting 

5160
04:43:08,200 --> 04:43:12,300
defending and uncertain, the Poe
Valley where Hannibal had 

5161
04:43:12,300 --> 04:43:15,900
established himself became a 
stage where two, very different 

5162
04:43:15,900 --> 04:43:18,000
military philosophies would test
each other. 

5163
04:43:19,000 --> 04:43:22,600
Rome relied on citizens and 
soldiers organized into Legions 

5164
04:43:22,600 --> 04:43:26,300
fighting in tight, formations 
that emphasized Collective 

5165
04:43:26,300 --> 04:43:28,000
discipline over individual 
heroism. 

5166
04:43:28,900 --> 04:43:32,100
Hannibal commanded mercenaries 
from a dozen nation's each with 

5167
04:43:32,100 --> 04:43:35,900
their own fighting styles United
by their generals tactical 

5168
04:43:35,900 --> 04:43:39,800
Brilliance and the promise of 
plunder as the weather warmed 

5169
04:43:39,800 --> 04:43:43,200
and Roads, dried both sides 
prepared for the campaign that 

5170
04:43:43,200 --> 04:43:44,600
would determine whether 
Hannibal's. 

5171
04:43:44,600 --> 04:43:48,200
Incredible Journey would become 
a lasting strategic achievement 

5172
04:43:48,200 --> 04:43:51,100
or simply a spectacular suicide 
mission. 

5173
04:43:52,400 --> 04:43:56,200
The Alps had been crossed the 
Army had recovered and now the 

5174
04:43:56,200 --> 04:44:00,900
real test would begin not of 
endurance or determination, but 

5175
04:44:00,900 --> 04:44:03,400
of whether Hannibal could 
actually accomplish what he'd 

5176
04:44:03,400 --> 04:44:06,700
come to Italy to do. 
Let's pause here in the story as

5177
04:44:06,700 --> 04:44:10,000
winter turns to Spring in 
Northern Italy and talk about 

5178
04:44:10,000 --> 04:44:12,900
something that ancient 
historians often skip over in 

5179
04:44:12,900 --> 04:44:17,600
their excitement to describe 
battles and conquests Let's talk

5180
04:44:17,600 --> 04:44:21,900
about the waiting, the preparing
and the long stretches of time 

5181
04:44:21,900 --> 04:44:23,900
when arm is existed, but didn't 
fight. 

5182
04:44:24,700 --> 04:44:28,100
When soldiers were simply people
trying to survive another day in

5183
04:44:28,100 --> 04:44:31,000
a foreign land far from home 
Hannibal's Camp. 

5184
04:44:31,000 --> 04:44:33,800
During those months between 
major engagements, would have 

5185
04:44:33,800 --> 04:44:37,000
felt less like a military 
installation and more like a 

5186
04:44:37,000 --> 04:44:40,700
Mobile City. 
Picture of tents arranged with 

5187
04:44:40,700 --> 04:44:42,500
military Precision. 
Yes. 

5188
04:44:42,500 --> 04:44:46,400
But also the organic chaos that 
develops wherever humans settled

5189
04:44:46,400 --> 04:44:50,500
temporarily Smith's work 
portable forges repairing 

5190
04:44:50,500 --> 04:44:53,300
equipment and occasionally 
creating new items when 

5191
04:44:53,300 --> 04:44:56,700
materials allow. 
Settlers those civilian 

5192
04:44:56,700 --> 04:44:59,800
Merchants who follow armies like
seabirds, follow fishing boats, 

5193
04:44:59,800 --> 04:45:03,600
trade, luxuries and Necessities 
with soldiers, who have coin or 

5194
04:45:03,600 --> 04:45:06,700
Goods to exchange. 
The smell would be distinctive 

5195
04:45:06,700 --> 04:45:11,400
smoke from countless, fires 
food, cooking in various Styles 

5196
04:45:11,400 --> 04:45:13,900
as different ethnic groups, 
prepare meals, according to 

5197
04:45:13,908 --> 04:45:17,200
their Traditions, the 
ever-present odor of horses and 

5198
04:45:17,200 --> 04:45:20,800
elephants and the Tang of metal 
being worked and leather being 

5199
04:45:20,800 --> 04:45:23,700
treated. 
It's not unpleasant exactly. 

5200
04:45:23,700 --> 04:45:26,700
But it's dense with information.
If you know how to read it. 

5201
04:45:27,800 --> 04:45:31,300
Sudden increase in metalworking 
means the Army expects combat 

5202
04:45:31,300 --> 04:45:35,600
soon. more food being prepared 
than usual, suggests, either a 

5203
04:45:35,608 --> 04:45:39,500
celebration or preparation for 
March, the sounds create their 

5204
04:45:39,500 --> 04:45:42,100
own rhythm. 
Soldiers training in the 

5205
04:45:42,100 --> 04:45:46,700
mornings, The Clash of wooden 
practice weapons, the counting 

5206
04:45:46,700 --> 04:45:50,600
Cadence used to coordinate 
movements occasional laughter, 

5207
04:45:50,600 --> 04:45:53,500
when someone makes a mistake, 
that's funny, rather than 

5208
04:45:53,500 --> 04:45:57,500
dangerous. 
Animals being tended horses. 

5209
04:45:57,500 --> 04:46:01,500
Wickering for food elephants. 
Making those low rumbling sounds

5210
04:46:01,500 --> 04:46:04,000
that you feel in your chest more
than here with your ears. 

5211
04:46:05,300 --> 04:46:08,600
Multiple languages in 
conversation, the linguistic 

5212
04:46:08,600 --> 04:46:10,600
diversity of the Mediterranean 
World. 

5213
04:46:10,600 --> 04:46:14,800
Compressed into a few Acres of 
Italian Countryside Hannibal 

5214
04:46:14,800 --> 04:46:17,900
move through these camps with a 
familiarity that suggested he 

5215
04:46:17,900 --> 04:46:19,400
was as comfortable here as 
anywhere. 

5216
04:46:20,400 --> 04:46:23,600
He'd spent most of his adult 
life with armies and understood 

5217
04:46:23,600 --> 04:46:27,800
their rhythms and needs when he 
inspected troops, he didn't just

5218
04:46:27,800 --> 04:46:30,100
check their equipment. 
He asked about their health 

5219
04:46:30,100 --> 04:46:33,500
their concerns and whether they 
were receiving adequate 

5220
04:46:33,500 --> 04:46:36,500
supplies. 
This wasn't merely calculated 

5221
04:46:36,500 --> 04:46:39,900
leadership it reflected a 
genuine understanding that 

5222
04:46:39,900 --> 04:46:42,800
soldiers fight better when they 
believe their command actually 

5223
04:46:42,800 --> 04:46:46,700
cares, whether they live or die,
the elephants required constant 

5224
04:46:46,700 --> 04:46:50,300
attention, even when not 
preparing for combat, These 

5225
04:46:50,300 --> 04:46:53,000
animals could not simply be 
parked somewhere and ignored 

5226
04:46:53,000 --> 04:46:55,700
until needed. 
They were complex beings with 

5227
04:46:55,700 --> 04:46:59,000
physical and psychological 
requirements that their handlers

5228
04:46:59,000 --> 04:47:02,100
work to meet. 
Each elephant had a personality 

5229
04:47:02,100 --> 04:47:05,700
preferences and moods that 
varied as much as human moods 

5230
04:47:05,700 --> 04:47:09,300
vary. 
Some were naturally bold eager 

5231
04:47:09,300 --> 04:47:12,600
to advance when given the signal
others were more cautious. 

5232
04:47:12,600 --> 04:47:16,200
Requiring encouragement and 
reassurance before confronting 

5233
04:47:16,200 --> 04:47:20,000
anything unusual training, 
elephants for combat involved. 

5234
04:47:20,000 --> 04:47:23,200
Strange compromises between the 
animals nature and Military 

5235
04:47:23,200 --> 04:47:26,300
Necessities. 
You can't force an elephant to 

5236
04:47:26,300 --> 04:47:29,300
charge into danger at finds 
genuinely terrifying. 

5237
04:47:29,300 --> 04:47:33,600
The animal is too large and 
Powerful to compel instead 

5238
04:47:33,600 --> 04:47:36,500
handlers work to make combat 
situations. 

5239
04:47:36,500 --> 04:47:39,400
Seems safe enough that the 
elephant's trust in its Handler 

5240
04:47:39,400 --> 04:47:44,400
outweighed, its natural caution 
It was a relationship built over

5241
04:47:44,400 --> 04:47:48,800
years based on mutual respect 
and the elephants recognition. 

5242
04:47:48,800 --> 04:47:51,600
That following its handlers 
directions had always led to 

5243
04:47:51,608 --> 04:47:55,000
safety and food in the past 
during these calm periods 

5244
04:47:55,000 --> 04:47:58,000
between major engagements. 
The Army, also dealt with the 

5245
04:47:58,000 --> 04:48:00,900
administrative realities that 
kept any military force 

5246
04:48:00,900 --> 04:48:05,000
functioning Supplies had to be 
inventory distributed and 

5247
04:48:05,000 --> 04:48:07,000
protected from theft or 
spoilage. 

5248
04:48:07,800 --> 04:48:11,600
Pay had to be calculated and 
distributed mercenaries fight 

5249
04:48:11,600 --> 04:48:14,600
for money and armies. 
That don't pay regularly tend to

5250
04:48:14,608 --> 04:48:16,700
dissolve through desertion or 
mutiny. 

5251
04:48:17,600 --> 04:48:20,600
Letters from home, carried by 
merchants, or traveling 

5252
04:48:20,600 --> 04:48:23,000
soldiers, brought news that 
connected. 

5253
04:48:23,000 --> 04:48:25,700
These Warriors to lives, they'd 
left the hind months or years 

5254
04:48:25,700 --> 04:48:29,300
early medical care occupied 
significant attention. 

5255
04:48:30,300 --> 04:48:32,300
Ancient Warfare generated 
injuries. 

5256
04:48:32,300 --> 04:48:35,500
That didn't immediately kill, 
but required extended treatment,

5257
04:48:36,400 --> 04:48:39,700
Wounds that needed cleaning and 
monitoring to prevent infection 

5258
04:48:39,700 --> 04:48:42,900
broken bones. 
That needed setting and time to 

5259
04:48:42,900 --> 04:48:45,800
heal illnesses. 
That spread through camps with 

5260
04:48:45,800 --> 04:48:49,800
depressing regularity The Army 
had Physicians but their 

5261
04:48:49,800 --> 04:48:52,500
knowledge was limited by 
contemporary understanding of 

5262
04:48:52,500 --> 04:48:56,300
Medicine. 
Could set bones stitch wounds 

5263
04:48:56,300 --> 04:48:59,800
and had some effective herbal 
treatments but infection 

5264
04:48:59,800 --> 04:49:02,000
remained. 
A mysterious killer that struck 

5265
04:49:02,000 --> 04:49:05,600
seemingly at random the 
psychological toll of military 

5266
04:49:05,600 --> 04:49:09,600
life during these periods 
manifested in various ways Some 

5267
04:49:09,600 --> 04:49:13,400
soldiers became superstitious 
developing, elaborate rituals 

5268
04:49:13,400 --> 04:49:15,500
meant to ensure survival in the 
next battle. 

5269
04:49:15,500 --> 04:49:19,400
Others became Reckless. 
Affecting an attitude of 

5270
04:49:19,408 --> 04:49:24,300
careless bravado that mask, 
genuine fear, Many simply became

5271
04:49:24,300 --> 04:49:27,100
quieting. 
Emotional energy for the 

5272
04:49:27,100 --> 04:49:28,600
challenges. 
They knew were coming 

5273
04:49:28,600 --> 04:49:30,900
Hannibal's. 
Leadership during these calm 

5274
04:49:30,900 --> 04:49:33,600
periods was perhaps more 
important than his tactical 

5275
04:49:33,600 --> 04:49:37,300
Brilliance and combat. 
Keeping an army cohesive and 

5276
04:49:37,300 --> 04:49:40,800
effective during months of 
relative inactivity requires 

5277
04:49:40,800 --> 04:49:42,700
different skills than winning 
battles. 

5278
04:49:42,700 --> 04:49:46,300
He had to maintain discipline 
while preventing the kind of 

5279
04:49:46,300 --> 04:49:48,500
harsh in forcement that would 
breed resentment. 

5280
04:49:49,600 --> 04:49:51,800
He had to keep soldiers trained 
and ready. 

5281
04:49:51,800 --> 04:49:54,900
While not exhausting them 
through pointless drill. 

5282
04:49:55,700 --> 04:49:59,000
He had to balance competing 
demands from different ethnic 

5283
04:49:59,000 --> 04:50:02,300
groups within his Force. 
Ensuring no one felt 

5284
04:50:02,300 --> 04:50:05,000
consistently disadvantaged or 
disrespected. 

5285
04:50:05,000 --> 04:50:08,000
The gallic Warriors who joined 
Hannibal's Army brought their 

5286
04:50:08,000 --> 04:50:10,400
own cultural expectations about 
Warfare. 

5287
04:50:10,400 --> 04:50:14,100
They were used to seasonal 
raiding Quick campaigns followed

5288
04:50:14,100 --> 04:50:16,600
by returns home to handle 
agricultural work. 

5289
04:50:16,600 --> 04:50:21,500
The idea of multi-year campaigns
far from home fighting, not for 

5290
04:50:21,500 --> 04:50:23,500
plunder. 
But for strategic objectives, 

5291
04:50:23,500 --> 04:50:26,500
represented, a cultural 
adjustment that required 

5292
04:50:26,500 --> 04:50:29,500
patient, explanation and 
management, religious 

5293
04:50:29,500 --> 04:50:32,500
observances provided structure 
and meaning during these waiting

5294
04:50:32,500 --> 04:50:36,000
periods, Different groups within
the Army, worshiped different 

5295
04:50:36,000 --> 04:50:39,700
gods, conducted different 
rituals and observed different 

5296
04:50:39,700 --> 04:50:42,700
festivals. 
Hannibal who had been raised in 

5297
04:50:42,700 --> 04:50:46,000
the religiously diverse world of
Carthage understood, that 

5298
04:50:46,000 --> 04:50:48,700
allowing these observances 
strengthened rather than 

5299
04:50:48,700 --> 04:50:52,500
weakened his army. soldiers, who
felt their gods were honored 

5300
04:50:52,500 --> 04:50:55,600
fort with more confidence than 
those Force to abandon their 

5301
04:50:55,600 --> 04:50:59,700
spiritual practices, the passage
of Seasons marked time in ways 

5302
04:50:59,700 --> 04:51:03,500
that the mere counting of days 
could not capture, Bring brought

5303
04:51:03,500 --> 04:51:05,900
warmer weather and the 
resumption of serious 

5304
04:51:05,900 --> 04:51:10,100
campaigning. 
Summer meant heat and dust Long.

5305
04:51:10,100 --> 04:51:13,300
March is under the Mediterranean
son, that turned armor into 

5306
04:51:13,300 --> 04:51:16,400
portable ovens Autumn brought 
Harvest, that could be 

5307
04:51:16,400 --> 04:51:19,600
appropriated to feed the Army 
and the knowledge that winter 

5308
04:51:19,600 --> 04:51:23,200
would soon limit Mobility. 
Again, each season had its 

5309
04:51:23,200 --> 04:51:27,300
Rhythm its challenges and its 
opportunities news from The 

5310
04:51:27,300 --> 04:51:30,000
Wider World filtered into Camp 
through various channels. 

5311
04:51:30,900 --> 04:51:35,300
Merchants trading with the Army,
deserters from Roman forces, and

5312
04:51:35,300 --> 04:51:38,600
diplomatic envoys from Italian 
cities, considering their 

5313
04:51:38,600 --> 04:51:41,900
options. 
Through these sources Hannibal 

5314
04:51:41,900 --> 04:51:44,700
tract, Roman preparations 
learned, which allies were 

5315
04:51:44,700 --> 04:51:47,900
wavering in their loyalty and 
gathered the intelligence that 

5316
04:51:47,900 --> 04:51:51,900
informed his strategic decisions
letters from Carthage, arrived 

5317
04:51:51,900 --> 04:51:55,400
irregularly, bringing news from 
home and instructions from the 

5318
04:51:55,400 --> 04:51:59,400
government that theoretically 
controlled this campaign. but 

5319
04:51:59,400 --> 04:52:02,400
distance and the difficulty of 
communication meant Hannibal 

5320
04:52:02,400 --> 04:52:07,200
operated with enormous autonomy,
The carthaginian Senate might 

5321
04:52:07,200 --> 04:52:10,900
pass resolution's about what he 
should do, but by the time, 

5322
04:52:10,900 --> 04:52:14,500
those instructions reached Italy
Circumstances, had usually 

5323
04:52:14,500 --> 04:52:16,500
changed enough that they were 
irrelevant. 

5324
04:52:17,500 --> 04:52:19,900
Hannibal fought his War 
according to his own judgment 

5325
04:52:19,900 --> 04:52:23,100
For Better or Worse. 
The relationship between 

5326
04:52:23,100 --> 04:52:26,100
Hannibal and his soldiers during
these calm periods created 

5327
04:52:26,100 --> 04:52:30,100
bonds, that would be tested in 
coming battles. when soldiers 

5328
04:52:30,100 --> 04:52:33,000
had watched their General, share
their hardships for months or 

5329
04:52:33,000 --> 04:52:37,900
years, Had seen the same food 
and endure the same whether and 

5330
04:52:37,900 --> 04:52:40,700
had observed him making 
decisions that prioritize their 

5331
04:52:40,700 --> 04:52:44,200
welfare when possible they 
developed loyalty that couldn't 

5332
04:52:44,200 --> 04:52:48,400
be purchased or commanded. 
This loyalty would prove crucial

5333
04:52:48,400 --> 04:52:51,900
when battles went badly and 
Retreat seemed more rational 

5334
04:52:51,900 --> 04:52:55,600
than continued fighting as each 
period of relative peace, ended 

5335
04:52:55,600 --> 04:52:57,400
and the Army prepared for the 
next campaign. 

5336
04:52:57,400 --> 04:53:00,700
Soldiers performed, the small 
rituals that Warriors have 

5337
04:53:00,700 --> 04:53:04,700
always performed before combat 
Equipment was checked one final 

5338
04:53:04,700 --> 04:53:07,800
time. 
Personal items were secured or 

5339
04:53:07,800 --> 04:53:10,200
given to comrades for 
safekeeping in case of death. 

5340
04:53:10,900 --> 04:53:13,200
Some soldiers wrote letters to 
be sent home if they didn't 

5341
04:53:13,200 --> 04:53:16,400
survive others simply spent 
quiet time alone. 

5342
04:53:16,400 --> 04:53:20,800
Contemplating mortality in 
whatever terms their religion or

5343
04:53:20,800 --> 04:53:23,300
philosophy. 
Provided the elephant sensed the

5344
04:53:23,308 --> 04:53:26,600
shifts in mood and routine. 
The handlers could tell when the

5345
04:53:26,600 --> 04:53:29,800
Army Was preparing for combat by
subtle changes in the animals 

5346
04:53:29,800 --> 04:53:34,600
Behavior, increased nervousness,
reluctance to eat and the way 

5347
04:53:34,600 --> 04:53:37,200
they grouped together as if 
seeking Mutual reassurance. 

5348
04:53:38,400 --> 04:53:41,800
managing these magnificent but 
temperamental creatures required

5349
04:53:41,800 --> 04:53:45,000
understanding that they 
responded to human emotional 

5350
04:53:45,000 --> 04:53:48,500
states with surprising 
sensitivity and then the waiting

5351
04:53:48,500 --> 04:53:52,900
would end Scouts would report 
Roman movements or intelligence 

5352
04:53:52,900 --> 04:53:56,500
would arrive about a vulnerable 
Target or strategic necessity 

5353
04:53:56,500 --> 04:54:01,200
would Demand Action regardless 
of whether anyone felt ready the

5354
04:54:01,200 --> 04:54:04,000
camp would transform from a 
temporary City, back into a 

5355
04:54:04,000 --> 04:54:07,400
military machine, all those 
months of waiting and 

5356
04:54:07,400 --> 04:54:11,400
preparation distilling into 
renewed purpose, but even as the

5357
04:54:11,400 --> 04:54:14,900
Army prepared to March toward 
whatever, awaited them the 

5358
04:54:14,900 --> 04:54:18,600
memories of these calm periods 
remained Soldiers, carried with 

5359
04:54:18,600 --> 04:54:20,000
them. 
The knowledge that their 

5360
04:54:20,000 --> 04:54:22,300
comrades were. 
People not just weapons to be 

5361
04:54:22,308 --> 04:54:25,000
employed in combat. 
Commanders. 

5362
04:54:25,000 --> 04:54:28,800
Understood that their decisions 
affected, real lives families, 

5363
04:54:28,800 --> 04:54:32,100
back home, who depended on 
husbands and Fathers and Sons 

5364
04:54:32,100 --> 04:54:36,100
returning, from this foreign 
war, this human Dimension, the 

5365
04:54:36,100 --> 04:54:39,500
waiting, the wandering, The 
Quiet Moments between dramatic 

5366
04:54:39,500 --> 04:54:43,300
events is often lost in 
historical accounts that focus 

5367
04:54:43,300 --> 04:54:46,800
on battles and movements. but 
for the men who lived through 

5368
04:54:46,800 --> 04:54:50,800
Hannibal's Italian campaign, 
These calm periods were as much 

5369
04:54:50,800 --> 04:54:53,900
a part of their experience as 
any dramatic, confrontation. 

5370
04:54:55,100 --> 04:54:58,500
They were the times when 
friendships formed when fears 

5371
04:54:58,500 --> 04:55:01,900
were shared and when the reality
of being far from home with an 

5372
04:55:01,900 --> 04:55:05,200
uncertain future pressed, most 
heavily on Consciousness. 

5373
04:55:05,200 --> 04:55:08,700
Now let's fast forward through 
the years that followed not 

5374
04:55:08,700 --> 04:55:10,200
because the battles aren't 
important. 

5375
04:55:10,200 --> 04:55:13,700
But because tonight's story is 
about something deeper than 

5376
04:55:13,700 --> 04:55:16,300
tactical Victory and strategic 
maneuvering. 

5377
04:55:17,000 --> 04:55:20,500
It's about how one man's dream 
and one impossible March created

5378
04:55:20,500 --> 04:55:24,300
ripples that spread across 
centuries changing, how humans 

5379
04:55:24,300 --> 04:55:28,000
thought about possibility itself
Hannibal would spend 15 more 

5380
04:55:28,000 --> 04:55:30,600
years in Italy. 
After crossing the Alps winning 

5381
04:55:30,600 --> 04:55:32,500
battles. 
That should have destroyed Rome 

5382
04:55:32,500 --> 04:55:35,500
but never quite achieving the 
decisive victory, that would 

5383
04:55:35,500 --> 04:55:40,000
break Rome's power. 
He won at trebia a Tresemme and 

5384
04:55:40,000 --> 04:55:44,000
most famously a cane where he 
destroyed a Roman army twice his

5385
04:55:44,000 --> 04:55:47,000
size through tactical Brilliance
that military strategist. 

5386
04:55:47,000 --> 04:55:50,500
Still study today. 
Yet, Rome refused to surrender, 

5387
04:55:50,500 --> 04:55:54,900
refused to negotiate. 
Simply raise new Legions and 

5388
04:55:54,900 --> 04:55:57,600
continued fighting with a 
stubbornness that eventually 

5389
04:55:57,600 --> 04:56:01,200
wore down even Hannibal's. 
Remarkable Army, the stories end

5390
04:56:01,200 --> 04:56:04,800
isn't happy by conventional 
measures Hannibal was eventually

5391
04:56:04,800 --> 04:56:07,700
recalled a Carthage to defend 
against Roman invasion. 

5392
04:56:08,500 --> 04:56:12,000
He lost his first battle at 
Zama, not because he'd forgotten

5393
04:56:12,000 --> 04:56:15,400
how to fight, but because Rome 
had finally learned from its 

5394
04:56:15,400 --> 04:56:20,600
defeats and produced a general 
Scipio Africanus who could match

5395
04:56:20,600 --> 04:56:25,000
Hannibal's brilliant's Carthage 
sued for peace on Rome's terms, 

5396
04:56:25,000 --> 04:56:28,400
accepting conditions that 
guaranteed they'd never again, 

5397
04:56:28,400 --> 04:56:32,300
threaten Roman power Hannibal 
lived on for years after the war

5398
04:56:32,300 --> 04:56:36,400
serving a city as a civil 
administrator trying to rebuild 

5399
04:56:36,400 --> 04:56:38,500
carthaginian Prosperity through 
Commerce. 

5400
04:56:38,500 --> 04:56:43,100
Since military competition was 
no longer possible Eventually 

5401
04:56:43,100 --> 04:56:47,000
pursued by Roman demands for a 
surrender, he took poison rather

5402
04:56:47,000 --> 04:56:50,600
than be captured dying in Exile.
Far from the Carthage. 

5403
04:56:50,600 --> 04:56:54,300
He'd spent his life trying to 
protect It's the kind of ending 

5404
04:56:54,300 --> 04:56:58,300
that ancient tragedies were 
built around the brilliant hero 

5405
04:56:58,300 --> 04:57:02,000
undone, not by lack of skill, 
but by forces larger than any 

5406
04:57:02,000 --> 04:57:05,300
individual could control. 
But here's what makes Hannibal's

5407
04:57:05,300 --> 04:57:08,600
story worth remembering two 
Millennia later, he permanently 

5408
04:57:08,600 --> 04:57:11,800
changed, what humans thought was
possible before. 

5409
04:57:11,800 --> 04:57:15,400
Hannibal armies didn't cross, 
the Alps with elephants, they 

5410
04:57:15,400 --> 04:57:18,600
didn't March from Spain to Italy
through territory that geography

5411
04:57:18,600 --> 04:57:21,700
said was impossible. 
They didn't win Battles Through 

5412
04:57:21,700 --> 04:57:25,100
tactical, creativity that turned
expected advantages. 

5413
04:57:25,100 --> 04:57:29,100
In to fatal vulnerabilities. 
The Mediterranean world had 

5414
04:57:29,100 --> 04:57:33,100
assumptions about Warfare about 
logistics, and about what was 

5415
04:57:33,100 --> 04:57:36,800
feasible and Hannibal, casually.
Demolish, those assumptions 

5416
04:57:36,800 --> 04:57:40,400
through the simple, expedient of
ignoring them, his crossing of, 

5417
04:57:40,400 --> 04:57:43,000
the Alps became the standard 
example, for impossible, 

5418
04:57:43,000 --> 04:57:47,100
Journeys, when Napoleon crossed 
the Alps centuries, later, using

5419
04:57:47,100 --> 04:57:49,600
proper roads, that hadn't 
existed in Hannibal's. 

5420
04:57:49,600 --> 04:57:53,100
Time, he explicitly compared 
himself to the carthaginian 

5421
04:57:53,100 --> 04:57:55,800
general because that's how 
deeply Hannibal's feet. 

5422
04:57:55,800 --> 04:57:57,700
Had embedded itself in Western 
consciousness. 

5423
04:57:58,700 --> 04:58:01,900
When military planners talk 
about bold strategic moves that 

5424
04:58:01,900 --> 04:58:04,600
ignore conventional thinking 
Hannibal's. 

5425
04:58:04,600 --> 04:58:07,500
Name comes up with a regularity 
of a metaphor that's earned. 

5426
04:58:07,500 --> 04:58:09,200
Its place through sheer 
appropriateness. 

5427
04:58:10,000 --> 04:58:12,600
The Tactical Innovations 
Hannibal, demonstrated at 

5428
04:58:12,600 --> 04:58:16,300
battles like can a influenced 
military thinking for centuries.

5429
04:58:17,100 --> 04:58:20,700
The double envelopment he 
executed there, where his army 

5430
04:58:20,700 --> 04:58:24,600
surrounded and destroyed a 
larger, Roman Force, became a 

5431
04:58:24,600 --> 04:58:26,700
template that generals dreamed 
of replicating. 

5432
04:58:27,400 --> 04:58:30,600
Modern Military Academy is still
teach can as an example of 

5433
04:58:30,600 --> 04:58:34,700
perfect tactical execution, 
which means 20 something Cadets.

5434
04:58:34,700 --> 04:58:39,400
Today, study a battle fought by 
a carthaginian general, 200200 

5435
04:58:39,400 --> 04:58:42,700
years ago, but Hannibal's deeper
Legacy isn't really about 

5436
04:58:42,700 --> 04:58:45,000
military tactics or strategic 
Innovation. 

5437
04:58:45,000 --> 04:58:48,800
It's about what his story 
teaches about human capability 

5438
04:58:48,800 --> 04:58:52,700
determination and the 
relationship between dreams and 

5439
04:58:52,700 --> 04:58:55,600
reality. 
Consider what Hannibal actually 

5440
04:58:55,600 --> 04:58:59,300
accomplished He took a diverse 
Army of mercenaries, who had no 

5441
04:58:59,300 --> 04:59:02,100
particular loyalty to each 
other, LED them through a 

5442
04:59:02,100 --> 04:59:05,700
journey that everyone said would
kill them and Forge them into a 

5443
04:59:05,708 --> 04:59:08,800
force that repeatedly defeated 
the ancient world's most 

5444
04:59:08,800 --> 04:59:12,700
successful military power. 
He did this not through 

5445
04:59:12,700 --> 04:59:15,900
overwhelming resources or 
Supernatural intervention. 

5446
04:59:16,500 --> 04:59:20,800
Through leadership planning and 
the ability to inspire people to

5447
04:59:20,800 --> 04:59:24,000
attempt things, they didn't 
think they could achieve the 

5448
04:59:24,000 --> 04:59:26,500
soldiers, who crossed the Alps 
with Hannibal weren't Special 

5449
04:59:26,500 --> 04:59:30,100
Forces or Elite troops at the 
start of that Journey. they were

5450
04:59:30,100 --> 04:59:35,600
ordinary men Farmers Sons tribal
Warriors, poor young men seeking

5451
04:59:35,600 --> 04:59:39,100
Fortune who became extraordinary
through the simple Act of 

5452
04:59:39,108 --> 04:59:43,500
continuing when continuing 
seemed impossible That 

5453
04:59:43,500 --> 04:59:46,500
transformation suggests 
something important about human 

5454
04:59:46,500 --> 04:59:49,400
potential. 
Are limits are more flexible 

5455
04:59:49,400 --> 04:59:51,700
than we assumed. 
And sometimes the only thing 

5456
04:59:51,700 --> 04:59:55,000
preventing achievement is our 
certainty that achievement isn't

5457
04:59:55,000 --> 04:59:57,200
possible. 
Hannibal story, also 

5458
04:59:57,200 --> 05:00:00,100
demonstrates how individual 
Vision can overcome structural 

5459
05:00:00,100 --> 05:00:03,700
disadvantages. 
Carthage was weaker than Rome by

5460
05:00:03,700 --> 05:00:06,700
almost any objective measure. 
Smaller population. 

5461
05:00:06,700 --> 05:00:10,700
Less extensive Alliance Network,
fewer resources. 

5462
05:00:12,000 --> 05:00:14,900
Conventional, strategic analysis
would have concluded that 

5463
05:00:14,900 --> 05:00:18,400
Carthage couldn't win a direct 
conflict with Rome, which was 

5464
05:00:18,400 --> 05:00:21,400
probably accurate. 
Hannibal, didn't attempt 

5465
05:00:21,400 --> 05:00:24,700
conventional strategy, he 
invented a new approach. 

5466
05:00:24,700 --> 05:00:27,600
Found a route. 
No one expected and nearly 

5467
05:00:27,600 --> 05:00:31,200
defeated Rome, despite all 
structural advantages favoring. 

5468
05:00:31,200 --> 05:00:33,500
His enemy. 
This has implications Beyond 

5469
05:00:33,500 --> 05:00:37,300
Ancient Warfare in business 
politics, personal life 

5470
05:00:37,300 --> 05:00:40,100
anywhere, someone faces 
challenges that seem 

5471
05:00:40,100 --> 05:00:43,600
overwhelming Hannibal's example.
Suggests that creative 

5472
05:00:43,600 --> 05:00:45,400
approaches can sometimes 
overcome. 

5473
05:00:45,400 --> 05:00:48,100
Apparently insurmountable 
obstacles. 

5474
05:00:48,100 --> 05:00:52,800
Not always not reliably but 
often enough that attempting. 

5475
05:00:52,800 --> 05:00:56,500
The seemingly impossible isn't 
automatically foolish, the story

5476
05:00:56,500 --> 05:01:00,500
illustrates the limitations of 
individual Brilliance Hannibal 

5477
05:01:00,500 --> 05:01:03,500
was possibly the most gifted 
military commander of ancient 

5478
05:01:03,500 --> 05:01:06,600
times yet. 
He ultimately fail to achieve 

5479
05:01:06,600 --> 05:01:10,800
his strategic objectives. 
Rome's institutional strengths, 

5480
05:01:10,800 --> 05:01:15,200
its ability to absorb defeats 
and continue fighting its 

5481
05:01:15,200 --> 05:01:18,100
extensive Alliance system and 
its governmental stability, 

5482
05:01:18,100 --> 05:01:21,500
proved more durable than 
Hannibal's personal genius. 

5483
05:01:22,500 --> 05:01:26,300
Sometimes the structural reality
is really do win, no matter how 

5484
05:01:26,300 --> 05:01:29,500
capable the individuals 
challenging them, this tension 

5485
05:01:29,500 --> 05:01:32,900
between individual agency and 
structural forces is part of why

5486
05:01:32,900 --> 05:01:34,600
Hannibal story remains 
compelling. 

5487
05:01:35,600 --> 05:01:39,100
He succeeded Beyond any 
reasonable expectation yet, 

5488
05:01:39,100 --> 05:01:41,500
ultimately fail to change the 
historical. 

5489
05:01:41,500 --> 05:01:45,500
Trajectory he challenged He was 
simultaneously incredibly 

5490
05:01:45,500 --> 05:01:49,800
successful and fundamentally 
unsuccessful which makes his 

5491
05:01:49,800 --> 05:01:52,600
story more interesting than if 
he'd either conquered Rome or 

5492
05:01:52,600 --> 05:01:55,900
been immediately defeated the 
human element of Hannibal's 

5493
05:01:55,900 --> 05:01:58,100
Legacy might be its most 
enduring aspect. 

5494
05:01:59,000 --> 05:02:01,400
Here was someone who cared 
enough about his soldiers to 

5495
05:02:01,400 --> 05:02:04,600
share their hardships, who 
developed relationships, with 

5496
05:02:04,600 --> 05:02:08,500
war elephants, that his handlers
respected and who could Inspire 

5497
05:02:08,500 --> 05:02:12,000
loyalty from people who had 
every reason to Desert or betray

5498
05:02:12,000 --> 05:02:14,200
him. 
In an era when military 

5499
05:02:14,200 --> 05:02:18,600
commanders often viewed soldiers
as Expendable resources Hannibal

5500
05:02:18,600 --> 05:02:21,400
treated them as humans, whose 
welfare matted beyond their 

5501
05:02:21,400 --> 05:02:24,400
utility and combat. 
This approach to leadership 

5502
05:02:24,400 --> 05:02:28,300
combining strategic Brilliance 
with genuine concern for those 

5503
05:02:28,300 --> 05:02:32,200
being led as influenced thinking
about management and command 

5504
05:02:32,200 --> 05:02:35,200
ever since Modern military 
leadership. 

5505
05:02:35,200 --> 05:02:38,900
Doctrine still emphasizes the 
importance of leaders who share 

5506
05:02:38,900 --> 05:02:42,500
their support and its hardships 
and business management Theory, 

5507
05:02:42,500 --> 05:02:46,900
often discusses the value of 
leaders who prioritize employee 

5508
05:02:46,900 --> 05:02:50,000
welfare. 
These ideas Trace back through 

5509
05:02:50,000 --> 05:02:54,000
various sources but Hannibal's 
example is one of the earliest 

5510
05:02:54,000 --> 05:02:57,300
and clearest instances of this 
leadership philosophy in action,

5511
05:02:57,300 --> 05:03:01,500
the elephants themselves became 
legendary symbols of Hannibal or

5512
05:03:01,500 --> 05:03:05,700
dacy and exoticism. 
For centuries after writers, who

5513
05:03:05,700 --> 05:03:09,000
wanted to suggest something was 
impossibly difficult would 

5514
05:03:09,000 --> 05:03:11,100
compare it to taking elephants 
over the Alps. 

5515
05:03:12,000 --> 05:03:14,200
The fact that most of the 
elephants died during the 

5516
05:03:14,200 --> 05:03:17,900
Italian campaign from climate 
combat, and simple exhaustion. 

5517
05:03:18,600 --> 05:03:22,200
Somehow doesn't diminish the 
legend, if anything, it 

5518
05:03:22,200 --> 05:03:25,500
enhances, it demonstrating that 
Hannibal attempted, his 

5519
05:03:25,500 --> 05:03:27,900
impossible Journey, despite 
knowing the cost would be 

5520
05:03:27,908 --> 05:03:32,100
enormous self was transformed by
the Hannah Blick Wars, in ways 

5521
05:03:32,100 --> 05:03:33,500
that shape its future 
development. 

5522
05:03:34,700 --> 05:03:37,500
The near-death experience of 
facing Hannibal in Italy, 

5523
05:03:37,500 --> 05:03:41,300
convinced Romans that their 
survival required total 

5524
05:03:41,300 --> 05:03:43,000
dominance of the Mediterranean 
world. 

5525
05:03:44,000 --> 05:03:46,500
The Roman Empire that would 
later stretch from Britain to 

5526
05:03:46,500 --> 05:03:50,200
Mesopotamia was built partly on 
lessons learned during those 

5527
05:03:50,200 --> 05:03:53,400
desperate years when a 
carthaginian army wandered 

5528
05:03:53,400 --> 05:03:56,800
through, Italy seemingly 
Unstoppable, carthage's 

5529
05:03:56,800 --> 05:04:00,400
eventual, destruction race 
completely in a later War its 

5530
05:04:00,400 --> 05:04:02,700
territory. 
So with salt in a gesture of 

5531
05:04:02,700 --> 05:04:07,400
absolute isolation was partly 
motivated by Roman Trauma from 

5532
05:04:07,400 --> 05:04:11,400
Hannibal's campaigns. 
Rome had been so frightened by 

5533
05:04:11,400 --> 05:04:14,100
what one carthaginian General 
had accomplished that they 

5534
05:04:14,100 --> 05:04:17,200
decided the only safe Carthage 
was no Carthage at all. 

5535
05:04:18,000 --> 05:04:21,000
It's a sobering reminder that 
sometimes success creates its 

5536
05:04:21,000 --> 05:04:23,500
own disasters. 
Hannibal's, brilliant helped 

5537
05:04:23,500 --> 05:04:27,000
ensure his civilizations 
destruction, the cultural memory

5538
05:04:27,000 --> 05:04:29,800
of Hannibal spread far beyond 
the Mediterranean World. 

5539
05:04:29,800 --> 05:04:33,800
His name appears in text from 
cultures, that had no direct 

5540
05:04:33,800 --> 05:04:37,300
contact with Carthage or Rome, 
passed along through trade 

5541
05:04:37,300 --> 05:04:40,400
routes and cultural exchange 
until even people in medieval 

5542
05:04:40,400 --> 05:04:43,200
Europe and Asia, new stories 
about the general, who crossed 

5543
05:04:43,200 --> 05:04:46,500
the impossible mountains. 
This kind of cultural 

5544
05:04:46,500 --> 05:04:49,000
persistence suggests that his 
story touched something 

5545
05:04:49,000 --> 05:04:52,300
Universal about human ambition 
and achievement. 

5546
05:04:52,300 --> 05:04:55,600
Modern historians. 
Continue debating details of 

5547
05:04:55,600 --> 05:05:00,200
Hannibal's campaigns which pass 
he used exactly how many troops 

5548
05:05:00,200 --> 05:05:03,100
he had and whether specific 
accounts of battles are 

5549
05:05:03,100 --> 05:05:05,700
accurate. 
But these scholarly debates 

5550
05:05:05,700 --> 05:05:09,500
important as they are to 
Specialists Mr. Larger point. 

5551
05:05:10,400 --> 05:05:13,600
Hannibal's Legacy isn't really 
about the precise details of his

5552
05:05:13,600 --> 05:05:15,900
campaigns. 
It's about the story. 

5553
05:05:15,900 --> 05:05:19,900
Those campaigns tell regarding 
what humans can accomplish when 

5554
05:05:19,900 --> 05:05:23,400
they refuse to accept 
conventional limitations as you 

5555
05:05:23,400 --> 05:05:26,900
settle deeper into your blankets
and feel sleeping to pull at 

5556
05:05:26,900 --> 05:05:29,500
your Consciousness. 
Let's bring this story to its 

5557
05:05:29,500 --> 05:05:33,000
quiet close with some final 
thoughts about Hannibal and his 

5558
05:05:33,000 --> 05:05:36,500
March through time and memory 
somewhere in Northern Italy. 

5559
05:05:36,500 --> 05:05:39,400
If you look carefully, you can 
still find traces of the roots 

5560
05:05:39,400 --> 05:05:42,600
Hannibal's Army followed. 
Not obvious, monuments or 

5561
05:05:42,600 --> 05:05:46,600
dramatic markers, but subtle 
signs visible to those who know 

5562
05:05:46,600 --> 05:05:50,000
what to look for? 
Old roads that follow Perthes, 

5563
05:05:50,000 --> 05:05:52,800
chosen for military logistics 
rather than commercial 

5564
05:05:52,800 --> 05:05:55,900
convenience. 
Place names that echo in 

5565
05:05:55,900 --> 05:05:58,500
language is descended from the 
tribes who witnessed the 

5566
05:05:58,500 --> 05:06:01,300
unprecedented. 
Armies passage the Alps 

5567
05:06:01,300 --> 05:06:04,000
themselves. 
Remain unchanged by the armies 

5568
05:06:04,000 --> 05:06:05,500
that have crossed them over 
millennia. 

5569
05:06:06,700 --> 05:06:08,300
Passes. 
That seem so impossibly 

5570
05:06:08,300 --> 05:06:11,800
difficult to Hannibal soldiers 
are now threaded with high ways 

5571
05:06:11,800 --> 05:06:15,500
and rail tunnels made manageable
by engineering that would seem 

5572
05:06:15,500 --> 05:06:17,700
like divine intervention to 
ancient Travellers. 

5573
05:06:18,700 --> 05:06:21,800
Yet for anyone, who's walked in 
genuine Mountain Wilderness, 

5574
05:06:21,800 --> 05:06:26,300
whose fell altitude, steal their
breath and cold numb. 

5575
05:06:26,300 --> 05:06:29,600
Their fingers Hannibal's 
achievement remains impressive, 

5576
05:06:29,600 --> 05:06:32,100
regardless of modern 
technological advancement. 

5577
05:06:32,100 --> 05:06:35,900
Think about those soldiers who 
made the crossing the ones who 

5578
05:06:35,900 --> 05:06:37,400
survived to tell their 
grandchildren. 

5579
05:06:37,400 --> 05:06:39,800
About the time, they walked over
the roof of the world. 

5580
05:06:39,800 --> 05:06:43,400
Following a general, whose 
dreams seemed like Madness until

5581
05:06:43,400 --> 05:06:47,800
it succeeded They returned 
eventually to homes in Libya 

5582
05:06:47,800 --> 05:06:51,600
Iberia and numidia. 
Those who survived the Italian 

5583
05:06:51,600 --> 05:06:55,900
campaigns carrying memories of 
snow-covered Peaks and desperate

5584
05:06:55,900 --> 05:07:00,000
Mountain passages. 
Some probably exaggerated their 

5585
05:07:00,000 --> 05:07:03,700
stories making the mountains 
higher and the dangers greater 

5586
05:07:03,700 --> 05:07:06,800
with each retelling. 
Others probably under stated 

5587
05:07:06,800 --> 05:07:10,700
them finding that the reality 
defied description and that 

5588
05:07:10,700 --> 05:07:13,100
listeners couldn't really 
understand what they had. 

5589
05:07:13,100 --> 05:07:16,200
Experienced the elephant's that 
survived, the crossings lived 

5590
05:07:16,200 --> 05:07:17,600
out. 
Their remaining years in Italy 

5591
05:07:17,600 --> 05:07:22,300
exotic creatures far from their 
African homes cared for by 

5592
05:07:22,300 --> 05:07:25,400
handlers who crossed impossible 
mountains in their company. 

5593
05:07:26,600 --> 05:07:29,100
When these elephants died from 
age? 

5594
05:07:29,100 --> 05:07:32,700
Combat or simple? 
Exhaustion their passing Mark 

5595
05:07:32,700 --> 05:07:36,200
the end of one of history's. 
Most unusual military logistics 

5596
05:07:36,200 --> 05:07:40,700
efforts No one would attempt war
elephants in Alpine campaigns 

5597
05:07:40,700 --> 05:07:44,200
again, partly because Hannibal 
had demonstrated both that it 

5598
05:07:44,200 --> 05:07:47,300
was possible and that the cost 
probably exceeded the benefits 

5599
05:07:47,300 --> 05:07:50,500
Hannibal himself in his later 
years of Exile. 

5600
05:07:50,500 --> 05:07:53,600
Sometimes spoke about the Alpine
Crossing to those who visited 

5601
05:07:53,600 --> 05:07:56,200
him. 
By then, it had been decades 

5602
05:07:56,200 --> 05:07:59,500
since that extraordinary March 
and the world had moved on to 

5603
05:07:59,500 --> 05:08:03,400
other conflicts and concerns. 
But for Hannibal the crossing 

5604
05:08:03,400 --> 05:08:06,800
remained, Central to his 
identity, the moment when he'd 

5605
05:08:06,800 --> 05:08:09,200
proven that will and planning 
could overcome barriers, 

5606
05:08:09,200 --> 05:08:12,800
everyone else considered 
absolute in his final moments 

5607
05:08:12,800 --> 05:08:16,300
taking poison rather than 
surrendering to Roman capture. 

5608
05:08:17,100 --> 05:08:18,900
Did Hannibal think about the 
alts? 

5609
05:08:19,600 --> 05:08:21,700
What about the young men? 
Who'd followed him over 

5610
05:08:21,700 --> 05:08:24,200
impossible mountains because 
they believed in his vision 

5611
05:08:24,200 --> 05:08:27,300
about the elephant struggling, 
through snowdrifts, and the 

5612
05:08:27,300 --> 05:08:30,100
scouts finding paths when no 
paths should exist. 

5613
05:08:31,100 --> 05:08:34,000
We can't know. 
But it's Pleasant to imagine 

5614
05:08:34,000 --> 05:08:37,700
that his last thoughts included 
some satisfaction about the 

5615
05:08:37,700 --> 05:08:41,200
possible achievement. 
That dream made real through 

5616
05:08:41,200 --> 05:08:43,800
determination. 
And Leadership the story of 

5617
05:08:43,808 --> 05:08:46,400
Hannibal's Crossing lives on 
because it speaks to something 

5618
05:08:46,400 --> 05:08:50,500
fundamental about human nature. 
We need stories about people who

5619
05:08:50,500 --> 05:08:54,300
refuse to accept limitations who
looked at impossible challenges 

5620
05:08:54,300 --> 05:08:56,000
and decided to attempt them 
anyway. 

5621
05:08:56,800 --> 05:08:58,900
Not because the stories 
guarantee success. 

5622
05:08:59,700 --> 05:09:02,300
Hannibal ultimately failed in 
his largest strategic 

5623
05:09:02,300 --> 05:09:06,900
objectives, but because they 
remind us that impossible is 

5624
05:09:06,900 --> 05:09:11,200
often just difficult in Disguise
and that human capability 

5625
05:09:11,200 --> 05:09:14,700
exceeds what we typically demand
of ourselves as you drift 

5626
05:09:14,700 --> 05:09:16,800
towards sleep. 
Imagine yourself on that 

5627
05:09:16,800 --> 05:09:19,400
mountain pass, looking back at 
the route, you've climbed and 

5628
05:09:19,400 --> 05:09:21,300
forward toward the descent into 
Italy. 

5629
05:09:22,200 --> 05:09:25,300
The areas thin and cold, the 
path ahead uncertain. 

5630
05:09:25,300 --> 05:09:27,700
But You've come too far to turn 
back now. 

5631
05:09:28,700 --> 05:09:31,000
Around you. 
Thousands of others are making 

5632
05:09:31,000 --> 05:09:34,400
the same Journey. 
Sharing the same hardships bound

5633
05:09:34,400 --> 05:09:38,200
together by common purpose and 
shared impossibility achieved. 

5634
05:09:38,200 --> 05:09:40,300
This is what Hannibal gave to 
history. 

5635
05:09:40,300 --> 05:09:45,200
Not just Tactical Innovations or
strategic lessons but a story 

5636
05:09:45,208 --> 05:09:48,500
about what becomes possible when
people refuse to accept 

5637
05:09:48,500 --> 05:09:53,200
conventional limitations story 
about leadership that inspires 

5638
05:09:53,200 --> 05:09:56,600
rather than compels about 
soldiers who become Heroes 

5639
05:09:56,600 --> 05:10:00,600
through simple perseverance 
about elephants in snowdrifts 

5640
05:10:00,600 --> 05:10:03,100
and armies, achieving The 
Impossible through the 

5641
05:10:03,100 --> 05:10:06,300
accumulation of small possible 
steps sleep. 

5642
05:10:06,300 --> 05:10:11,500
Now comfortable in your warm 
bed, Safe from cold and altitude

5643
05:10:11,500 --> 05:10:15,200
and the dangers that Hannibal 
soldiers faced but carry with 

5644
05:10:15,200 --> 05:10:17,800
you into dreams. 
The knowledge that 2000 years 

5645
05:10:17,800 --> 05:10:20,400
ago. 
People did impossible things 

5646
05:10:20,400 --> 05:10:24,500
because one man dreamed them 
possible and had the skill to 

5647
05:10:24,500 --> 05:10:27,800
make others share that dream. 
The Alps still stands 

5648
05:10:27,800 --> 05:10:30,900
snow-covered and magnificent 
indifferent to the humans who 

5649
05:10:30,900 --> 05:10:33,200
cross them. 
But they remember in their 

5650
05:10:33,200 --> 05:10:36,400
patient Stoney way, the army 
that shouldn't have been able to

5651
05:10:36,400 --> 05:10:40,700
pass, but did leaving Footprints
in snow, that melted Millennia 

5652
05:10:40,700 --> 05:10:44,500
ago, but somehow still Mark the 
path between impossible and 

5653
05:10:44,500 --> 05:10:47,500
accomplished tomorrow, you'll 
wait to your own challenges, 

5654
05:10:47,500 --> 05:10:52,000
your own mountains to cross 
metaphorical certainly, but no 

5655
05:10:52,000 --> 05:10:54,900
less real, for being personal 
rather than Geographic. 

5656
05:10:55,900 --> 05:10:58,400
When You Face them. 
Remember Hannibal and his 

5657
05:10:58,400 --> 05:11:02,400
soldiers, taking one step at a 
time through impossible, terrain

5658
05:11:02,400 --> 05:11:05,000
proving that some times. 
The only way to cross an 

5659
05:11:05,000 --> 05:11:07,800
impassable barrier is to stop 
believing its impossible and 

5660
05:11:07,800 --> 05:11:11,700
start walking rest. 
Well, Dream of elephant's and 

5661
05:11:11,700 --> 05:11:16,600
snow of generals who dared 
greatly of soldiers who achieved

5662
05:11:16,600 --> 05:11:19,600
The Impossible by refusing to 
accept impossibility. 

5663
05:11:20,400 --> 05:11:23,100
And know that their story 
continues as long as people 

5664
05:11:23,100 --> 05:11:26,800
remember, that human will 
properly applied with skill and 

5665
05:11:26,800 --> 05:11:30,100
determination can reshape the 
world in ways that seem like 

5666
05:11:30,100 --> 05:11:31,900
Legend until they become 
history. 

5667
05:11:31,900 --> 05:11:35,900
The calm Wars of Rome ended long
ago, but their lessons remain 

5668
05:11:35,900 --> 05:11:39,300
carried forward, through 
centuries, by stories, told on 

5669
05:11:39,300 --> 05:11:43,800
nights, like this, when sleep 
approaches, and the past seems 

5670
05:11:43,800 --> 05:11:48,500
near enough to touch Hannibal 
crossed the Alps 2000 years ago,

5671
05:11:48,500 --> 05:11:51,000
but his journey continues every 
time. 

5672
05:11:51,000 --> 05:11:54,400
Someone faces an impossible 
challenge and decides to attempt

5673
05:11:54,400 --> 05:11:58,700
it, anyway, sleep now, The 
mountains have been crossed. 

5674
05:11:59,700 --> 05:12:03,400
Story has been told. 
And tomorrow awaits with its own

5675
05:12:03,400 --> 05:12:06,000
Adventures. 
Its own impossibility, is 

5676
05:12:06,000 --> 05:12:09,300
waiting to be transformed 
through determination into 

5677
05:12:09,300 --> 05:12:11,600
achievements. 
That future Generations, might 

5678
05:12:11,600 --> 05:12:21,200
remember with one day Picture 
London on a warm evening. 

5679
05:12:21,200 --> 05:12:25,300
In late August, 1939. 
The Sun is setting over the 

5680
05:12:25,300 --> 05:12:29,400
Thames, painting, the sky in 
shades of Amber and Rose that 

5681
05:12:29,400 --> 05:12:32,000
reflect off the river's surface 
like liquid copper. 

5682
05:12:33,000 --> 05:12:36,300
Street lamps are beginning their
nightly ritual that gentle 

5683
05:12:36,300 --> 05:12:40,200
flickering as they come to life,
one by one, creating pools of 

5684
05:12:40,200 --> 05:12:42,100
yellow warmth along the 
Pavements. 

5685
05:12:42,800 --> 05:12:46,100
Shop Windows glow with displays 
of summer dresses and wireless 

5686
05:12:46,100 --> 05:12:50,000
sets, casting, rectangles of 
light onto the sidewalks where 

5687
05:12:50,000 --> 05:12:54,000
couples stroll arm in arm their 
Shadows long and lazy in the 

5688
05:12:54,000 --> 05:12:56,400
golden hour. 
You can hear the particular 

5689
05:12:56,400 --> 05:12:58,600
sounds of a city and it's 
evening mode. 

5690
05:12:58,600 --> 05:13:03,000
The rumble of red, double decker
buses, the clip-clop of delivery

5691
05:13:03,000 --> 05:13:07,200
horses making their final rounds
and the cheerful Ting of bicycle

5692
05:13:07,200 --> 05:13:09,300
bells as workers, pedal home for
supper. 

5693
05:13:10,400 --> 05:13:13,400
From open Windows. 
Comes the smell of cooking roast

5694
05:13:13,400 --> 05:13:17,700
dinners, Boyd, potatoes and the 
yeasty warmth of fresh bread. 

5695
05:13:18,800 --> 05:13:22,600
Radio's played dance, music, the
kind with horns and steady, 

5696
05:13:22,600 --> 05:13:25,300
rhythms that make your foot tap 
without thinking about it. 

5697
05:13:26,100 --> 05:13:29,300
In Paris, the cafes are feeling 
with their usual evening crown. 

5698
05:13:30,000 --> 05:13:32,300
The Eiffel Tower stands 
illuminated against the 

5699
05:13:32,300 --> 05:13:35,600
darkening Sky. 
Its iron, lattice outlined in 

5700
05:13:35,608 --> 05:13:40,100
electric Brilliance like a piece
of jewelry against velvet There 

5701
05:13:40,100 --> 05:13:42,200
are neon signs advertising a 
parity. 

5702
05:13:42,200 --> 05:13:46,000
Thief's warm light coming from 
restaurant interiors and the 

5703
05:13:46,000 --> 05:13:49,300
headlamps of citron's and renews
making rivers of light. 

5704
05:13:49,300 --> 05:13:53,200
Along the Sean silly. 
Street musicians play accordions

5705
05:13:53,200 --> 05:13:57,000
on Corners their cases open for 
coins that clink with a 

5706
05:13:57,000 --> 05:14:01,800
satisfying metallic ring. 
Berlin 2 is bathed in light, the

5707
05:14:01,800 --> 05:14:05,900
grand buildings along unto Den. 
Linden, a floodlit their 

5708
05:14:05,900 --> 05:14:08,800
neoclassical facade standing 
proud and imposing. 

5709
05:14:09,500 --> 05:14:13,100
The shops, stay open late, their
Windows full of goods, that 

5710
05:14:13,100 --> 05:14:17,400
speak of prosperity and Order. 
Electric trams hum along their 

5711
05:14:17,400 --> 05:14:20,900
tracks, their Interiors bright. 
And modern filled with 

5712
05:14:20,908 --> 05:14:24,000
passengers, reading newspapers 
or chatting about their days. 

5713
05:14:25,000 --> 05:14:27,800
These cities of spent decades 
building their electrical 

5714
05:14:27,800 --> 05:14:32,200
infrastructure, stringing miles 
of cable, installing countless 

5715
05:14:32,200 --> 05:14:35,800
fixtures and creating networks 
of Illumination that have become

5716
05:14:35,800 --> 05:14:39,800
as fundamental to Urban Life as 
running water or paved streets. 

5717
05:14:40,800 --> 05:14:44,200
The age of electric light is 
barely 50 years old, still. 

5718
05:14:44,200 --> 05:14:47,800
Young enough to feel miraculous.
People who grew up with oil 

5719
05:14:47,800 --> 05:14:50,000
lamps and candles. 
Now, flips, which is without 

5720
05:14:50,000 --> 05:14:53,900
thinking, Vanishing Darkness 
with a casual gesture that would

5721
05:14:53,900 --> 05:14:56,000
have seemed like sorcery to 
their grandparents. 

5722
05:14:56,900 --> 05:15:01,200
But on September 1st 1939, 
Everything Changes, Germany 

5723
05:15:01,200 --> 05:15:04,800
invades Poland, and within 
hours, Britain, and France are 

5724
05:15:04,800 --> 05:15:07,400
making preparations that have 
been planned in secret for 

5725
05:15:07,400 --> 05:15:10,400
months. 
Government officials retrieved 

5726
05:15:10,400 --> 05:15:14,200
documents from locked safes, 
civil defense workers report to 

5727
05:15:14,200 --> 05:15:17,900
their posts and ordinary 
citizens receive instructions. 

5728
05:15:17,900 --> 05:15:21,200
That will alter the appearance 
of their world in ways, both 

5729
05:15:21,200 --> 05:15:24,900
profound and peculiar. 
The blackout is coming. 

5730
05:15:24,900 --> 05:15:28,200
You might wonder why Darkness 
would be chosen as a defense 

5731
05:15:28,200 --> 05:15:30,600
strategy. 
The logic is straightforward, 

5732
05:15:30,600 --> 05:15:33,300
but chilling. 
Bombers, navigating at night, 

5733
05:15:33,300 --> 05:15:36,000
need visual reference points to 
find their targets. 

5734
05:15:36,700 --> 05:15:40,400
A city Ablaze with light is as 
easy to spot from the air as a 

5735
05:15:40,400 --> 05:15:44,300
light house on a dark Coast, 
remove that light and the 

5736
05:15:44,300 --> 05:15:46,700
bombers are flying over an 
invisible landscape. 

5737
05:15:46,700 --> 05:15:50,200
Unable to distinguish a 
Munitions Factory from a 

5738
05:15:50,200 --> 05:15:53,800
residential neighborhood or a 
railway Junktion, from a park. 

5739
05:15:54,600 --> 05:15:58,400
So, the decision is made. 
When night falls, the lights 

5740
05:15:58,400 --> 05:16:02,100
must go out. 
Not just some lights or most 

5741
05:16:02,100 --> 05:16:05,900
lights, but all lights. 
Every window must be covered 

5742
05:16:05,900 --> 05:16:10,000
every Street Lamp extinguished 
and every card driven with 

5743
05:16:10,000 --> 05:16:13,100
hooded headlamps that cast, only
the faintest glow. 

5744
05:16:14,400 --> 05:16:17,600
The great cities of Europe will 
disappear from view pulled 

5745
05:16:17,600 --> 05:16:21,200
beneath the blanket of Darkness 
as complete as any medieval 

5746
05:16:21,200 --> 05:16:24,200
village new. 
The preparations happen with 

5747
05:16:24,200 --> 05:16:28,100
remarkable speed. 
Shops sell out of black fabric 

5748
05:16:28,100 --> 05:16:32,100
within hours, hardware stores 
run out of paint, tape 

5749
05:16:32,100 --> 05:16:34,900
cardboard. 
Anything that might be used to 

5750
05:16:34,900 --> 05:16:38,400
block light the government has 
printed millions of leaflets 

5751
05:16:38,400 --> 05:16:42,400
explaining the regulations and 
these appear in letterboxes like

5752
05:16:42,400 --> 05:16:46,100
strange invitations to a 
backwards party where the goal 

5753
05:16:46,100 --> 05:16:50,100
is to extinguish rather than 
illuminate You can imagine the 

5754
05:16:50,100 --> 05:16:52,800
conversations happening in homes
across Britain that first 

5755
05:16:52,800 --> 05:16:55,900
weekend of September. 
Families standing in their 

5756
05:16:55,900 --> 05:16:59,300
parlors looking at their windows
with Newfound assessment 

5757
05:16:59,300 --> 05:17:02,300
calculating. 
How many yards of material 

5758
05:17:02,300 --> 05:17:05,000
they'll need? 
Whether thick curtains will 

5759
05:17:05,000 --> 05:17:08,500
suffice or if they'll need 
something more substantial? 

5760
05:17:10,100 --> 05:17:14,000
There's an odd Domesticity to 
these calculations as if they're

5761
05:17:14,000 --> 05:17:17,300
redecorating for some peculiar 
aesthetic preference rather than

5762
05:17:17,300 --> 05:17:20,300
preparing for war. 
The instructions are specific 

5763
05:17:20,300 --> 05:17:23,500
and somewhat over Windows must 
be covered. 

5764
05:17:23,500 --> 05:17:26,200
So thoroughly that not a crack 
of light escapees. 

5765
05:17:26,200 --> 05:17:30,800
This includes skylights glass 
doors and even the tiny windows 

5766
05:17:30,800 --> 05:17:33,500
in bathrooms. 
The penalty for showing light, 

5767
05:17:33,500 --> 05:17:37,900
is not insignificant finds that 
could strain A Working Families 

5768
05:17:37,900 --> 05:17:41,800
budget and more importantly, the
social pressure of knowing that 

5769
05:17:41,800 --> 05:17:45,500
your carelessness might endanger
your neighbor's On September 

5770
05:17:45,500 --> 05:17:47,600
3rd, Britain. 
Officially declares war on 

5771
05:17:47,600 --> 05:17:49,900
Germany that evening as 
Darkness. 

5772
05:17:49,900 --> 05:17:52,000
Approaches the blackout begins 
in earnest. 

5773
05:17:53,100 --> 05:17:57,000
Sunday, traditionally a day of 
rest, the family, dinners and 

5774
05:17:57,000 --> 05:18:00,000
evening strolls. 
But this Sunday evening will be 

5775
05:18:00,000 --> 05:18:02,800
different from any of the nation
has known in living memory. 

5776
05:18:03,700 --> 05:18:08,200
The sun sets at approximately 
7:30 p.m. on that first blackout

5777
05:18:08,200 --> 05:18:14,600
evening in early September 1939.
Twilight deepens, you would 

5778
05:18:14,600 --> 05:18:18,400
notice something extraordinary 
happening or rather not 

5779
05:18:18,400 --> 05:18:21,600
happening. 
The usual sequence of light's 

5780
05:18:21,600 --> 05:18:23,700
Awakening across the city simply
doesn't occur. 

5781
05:18:24,600 --> 05:18:27,500
The street lamps. 
Remained dark shop windows. 

5782
05:18:27,500 --> 05:18:30,700
Stay unlit. 
The Familiar glow that typically

5783
05:18:30,700 --> 05:18:33,900
begins to Define buildings and 
streets remained absent. 

5784
05:18:34,700 --> 05:18:38,700
Instead there's a collective 
dimming as if someone is slowly 

5785
05:18:38,700 --> 05:18:41,500
turning down the brightness 
control on the entire world. 

5786
05:18:42,800 --> 05:18:46,200
As the last and natural light 
Fades from the Western sky, 

5787
05:18:46,200 --> 05:18:50,900
Darkness arrives with unusual 
completeness, not the partial 

5788
05:18:50,900 --> 05:18:54,600
darkness of a normal night, 
punctuated by human-made 

5789
05:18:54,600 --> 05:18:57,600
illumination, but something 
approaching the darkness of the 

5790
05:18:57,600 --> 05:19:01,400
countryside or Wilderness. 
The kind of dark that City 

5791
05:19:01,400 --> 05:19:04,400
dwellers might encounter only on
camping trips or during power 

5792
05:19:04,400 --> 05:19:07,700
outages. 
The cycle impact is immediate 

5793
05:19:07,700 --> 05:19:12,200
and disorienting Human beings 
have an ancient hardwired 

5794
05:19:12,200 --> 05:19:16,700
response to Darkness. 
We are diurnal creatures adapted

5795
05:19:16,700 --> 05:19:19,100
for daylight activity and are 
nervous. 

5796
05:19:19,100 --> 05:19:22,400
Systems treat Darkness as a 
signal for rest or potential 

5797
05:19:22,400 --> 05:19:25,600
Danger. 
For thousands of years, Darkness

5798
05:19:25,600 --> 05:19:29,300
meant Retreat to shelter 
gathering around fires and 

5799
05:19:29,300 --> 05:19:32,000
seizing productive, activity 
until sunrise. 

5800
05:19:32,700 --> 05:19:37,300
Electric light changed all that.
Extending the day are fishly 

5801
05:19:37,300 --> 05:19:39,300
allowing cities to function 
Around the Clock. 

5802
05:19:40,100 --> 05:19:43,500
Now suddenly that ancient 
relationship with darkness is 

5803
05:19:43,500 --> 05:19:47,400
restored but in an urban context
where it feels profoundly 

5804
05:19:47,400 --> 05:19:51,500
unnatural your surrounded by 
buildings and streets the 

5805
05:19:51,500 --> 05:19:53,100
infrastructure of modern 
civilization. 

5806
05:19:53,100 --> 05:19:58,000
Yet experiencing a darkness that
belongs to a pre-industrial era.

5807
05:19:59,000 --> 05:20:02,600
Creates a kind of temporal 
vertigo as if you've traveled 

5808
05:20:02,600 --> 05:20:05,400
backward in time while remaining
physically in the present. 

5809
05:20:06,500 --> 05:20:08,200
The first challenge is simply 
moving around. 

5810
05:20:09,200 --> 05:20:12,200
Walking down a familiar Street, 
becomes an exercise, in careful 

5811
05:20:12,200 --> 05:20:15,900
navigation your eyes, strained 
to distinguish shapes in the 

5812
05:20:15,900 --> 05:20:18,000
glue. 
The out of a pillar box, the 

5813
05:20:18,000 --> 05:20:22,200
curve of the curb silhouette of 
another person approaching curbs

5814
05:20:22,200 --> 05:20:26,100
and steps become hazards. 
More than one person trips over 

5815
05:20:26,100 --> 05:20:28,100
their own doorstep. 
In those early blackout, 

5816
05:20:28,100 --> 05:20:32,900
evenings misjudging distances in
the absence of light cars and 

5817
05:20:32,900 --> 05:20:36,200
buses face. 
Even greater challenges vehicle 

5818
05:20:36,200 --> 05:20:39,500
headlamps must be fitted with 
special covers that restrict 

5819
05:20:39,500 --> 05:20:43,300
their light to a tiny slit 
casting only the weakest beam 

5820
05:20:43,300 --> 05:20:46,500
onto the road ahead. 
Imagine driving at walking 

5821
05:20:46,500 --> 05:20:49,100
speed. 
Peering through your windshield 

5822
05:20:49,100 --> 05:20:52,900
at a street, you can barely see 
watching for pedestrians who 

5823
05:20:52,900 --> 05:20:56,500
appear as mere shadows and 
trying to avoid other vehicles 

5824
05:20:56,500 --> 05:20:58,000
that are equally difficult to 
spot. 

5825
05:20:59,600 --> 05:21:02,800
The accident rate in these early
blackout days, Spike's 

5826
05:21:02,800 --> 05:21:05,300
alarmingly. 
Collisions between Vehicles, 

5827
05:21:05,300 --> 05:21:10,200
cars striking pedestrians and 
people walking into lampposts or

5828
05:21:10,200 --> 05:21:13,700
falling into gutters. 
There's a particular comedy to 

5829
05:21:13,700 --> 05:21:16,700
some of these mishaps though. 
Nobody finds them funny at the 

5830
05:21:16,700 --> 05:21:19,700
time. 
Respectable citizens, stumble 

5831
05:21:19,700 --> 05:21:24,600
into Hedges delivery boys. 
Cycle into parked cars, a bishop

5832
05:21:24,600 --> 05:21:26,700
walking home from evening 
service mistakes. 

5833
05:21:26,700 --> 05:21:30,500
A stranger's front gate for his 
own and spend several confused 

5834
05:21:30,500 --> 05:21:33,000
minutes trying to unlock it 
before realising his error. 

5835
05:21:33,900 --> 05:21:36,900
These little disasters, become 
part of the blackout experience 

5836
05:21:36,900 --> 05:21:41,000
stories to share over tea and 
evidence that everyone is 

5837
05:21:41,000 --> 05:21:42,900
struggling with the same 
Strange. 

5838
05:21:42,900 --> 05:21:46,600
New Reality, the government's 
air raid precautions wardens 

5839
05:21:46,600 --> 05:21:49,500
quickly. 
Nicknamed ARP wardens, begin 

5840
05:21:49,500 --> 05:21:52,100
their patrols. 
These are ordinary citizens, 

5841
05:21:52,100 --> 05:21:55,700
volunteers and part-timers given
the authority to enforce 

5842
05:21:55,700 --> 05:21:58,800
blackout regulations. 
They walk the streets with 

5843
05:21:58,800 --> 05:22:02,300
masked torches watching for any 
violation. 

5844
05:22:02,300 --> 05:22:05,700
Any crack of light that might 
betray a city's presence to 

5845
05:22:05,700 --> 05:22:09,300
aircraft overhead. 
The wardens develop a certain 

5846
05:22:09,300 --> 05:22:13,200
reputation for zealousness. 
They will not sharply on doors. 

5847
05:22:13,200 --> 05:22:16,200
At the faintest glimpse of light
their voices. 

5848
05:22:16,200 --> 05:22:18,300
Carrying through the darkness 
with urgent. 

5849
05:22:18,300 --> 05:22:21,900
Whispers, put that light out, 
Praise becomes. 

5850
05:22:21,900 --> 05:22:25,800
So common it turns into a kind 
of Catchphrase repeated in music

5851
05:22:25,800 --> 05:22:29,700
halls and radio comedies, a 
verbal symbol of the blackouts 

5852
05:22:29,700 --> 05:22:33,000
intrusion into private life. 
Insight home's. 

5853
05:22:33,000 --> 05:22:35,600
Families are adapting to their 
new evening routines. 

5854
05:22:35,600 --> 05:22:39,000
The process of preparing for 
blackout becomes a nightly 

5855
05:22:39,000 --> 05:22:42,800
ritual performed. 
As Twilight approaches, you 

5856
05:22:42,800 --> 05:22:45,900
would rise from your chair set 
down your tea and begin, the 

5857
05:22:45,900 --> 05:22:50,000
systematic covering of windows 
Some families use elaborate 

5858
05:22:50,000 --> 05:22:53,800
curtain systems heavy fabric on 
tracks that slide into place. 

5859
05:22:54,600 --> 05:22:58,200
Others make do with simpler 
Solutions, blankets pinned over 

5860
05:22:58,208 --> 05:23:02,600
frames, sheets of cardboard 
wedged into place and layers of 

5861
05:23:02,600 --> 05:23:07,000
newspaper taped to glass. 
The effect on interior space is 

5862
05:23:07,000 --> 05:23:10,800
claustrophobic with Windows 
covered rooms lose their 

5863
05:23:10,800 --> 05:23:14,500
connection to the outside world.
You can't glance out to check. 

5864
05:23:14,500 --> 05:23:17,400
The weather, can't see the 
comforting glow of neighboring 

5865
05:23:17,400 --> 05:23:21,600
houses and can't watch the moon 
rise or stars appear your home 

5866
05:23:21,600 --> 05:23:25,400
becomes a sealed box cut off 
from the usual, visual reference

5867
05:23:25,400 --> 05:23:27,500
points that Orient you in time 
and space. 

5868
05:23:28,500 --> 05:23:31,800
Lighting inside must be 
carefully, managed too many 

5869
05:23:31,800 --> 05:23:34,100
families reduce their use of 
electric lights. 

5870
05:23:34,100 --> 05:23:38,600
Partly from habit saving 
resources for the war effort and

5871
05:23:38,600 --> 05:23:41,600
partly from an almost 
superstitious fear that somehow 

5872
05:23:41,600 --> 05:23:44,000
light will escape despite their 
precautions. 

5873
05:23:45,000 --> 05:23:48,400
They rely on stared on single 
dim bulbs or return to older 

5874
05:23:48,400 --> 05:23:51,800
Technologies oil. 
Lamps, candles, and Gaslight 

5875
05:23:51,800 --> 05:23:55,000
where it's still available. 
Quality of light changes 

5876
05:23:55,000 --> 05:23:58,800
becoming warmer but weaker 
creating Deep Shadows in room 

5877
05:23:58,800 --> 05:24:02,100
Corners, making reading 
difficult and turning evening 

5878
05:24:02,100 --> 05:24:06,200
hours into something. 
Quieter and more subdued There's

5879
05:24:06,200 --> 05:24:08,100
an economic Dimension to this 
Darkness too. 

5880
05:24:08,100 --> 05:24:13,300
Electric companies reduce their 
output as demand plummets, coal 

5881
05:24:13,300 --> 05:24:15,000
consumption drops as power 
stations. 

5882
05:24:15,000 --> 05:24:17,900
Throttle back Street Maintenance
Crews. 

5883
05:24:17,900 --> 05:24:21,800
No longer need to service lamps.
The entire infrastructure of 

5884
05:24:21,800 --> 05:24:25,700
urban illumination over decades,
sits idle. 

5885
05:24:25,700 --> 05:24:29,300
It's as if a major technological
achievement has been suddenly 

5886
05:24:29,300 --> 05:24:31,500
paused put on hold for the 
duration. 

5887
05:24:32,600 --> 05:24:35,700
But perhaps the most striking 
aspect of these first blackout 

5888
05:24:35,700 --> 05:24:39,200
nights is the quiet. 
With activities, constrained by 

5889
05:24:39,200 --> 05:24:42,100
Darkness with people staying 
indoors more. 

5890
05:24:42,100 --> 05:24:46,400
And with traffic reduced to a 
cautious crawl cities become 

5891
05:24:46,400 --> 05:24:50,700
genuinely hushed In a way, they 
have not been since the 19th 

5892
05:24:50,700 --> 05:24:54,200
century. 
Standing on a London Street at 

5893
05:24:54,200 --> 05:24:57,800
9:00 on a blackout evening. 
You might hear sounds that 

5894
05:24:57,800 --> 05:24:59,700
normally drown in the urban 
cacophony. 

5895
05:25:00,600 --> 05:25:02,500
Wind rustling through plain 
trees. 

5896
05:25:03,300 --> 05:25:05,700
The distant hoot of an owl in a 
park. 

5897
05:25:05,700 --> 05:25:10,500
Your own footsteps, echoing off 
building facade's The Creeks of 

5898
05:25:10,500 --> 05:25:13,200
your shoe leather and the 
Whisperer of your coat. 

5899
05:25:14,700 --> 05:25:17,300
This quiet has its own peculiar 
quality. 

5900
05:25:18,100 --> 05:25:21,200
Different from the Silence of 
the countryside or wilderness. 

5901
05:25:22,000 --> 05:25:25,800
It's a metropolitan quiet. 
The sound of millions of people 

5902
05:25:25,800 --> 05:25:29,000
deliberately hushing themselves 
suppressing their normal 

5903
05:25:29,000 --> 05:25:33,000
activities and existing in a 
state of communal restraint. 

5904
05:25:33,700 --> 05:25:37,200
It feels pregnant with potential
as if the city is holding. 

5905
05:25:37,200 --> 05:25:41,100
Its breath waiting for something
to happen or not happen. 

5906
05:25:42,200 --> 05:25:45,800
The September progresses into 
October and October into 

5907
05:25:45,800 --> 05:25:50,100
November, the blackout stops, 
being a shocking novelty and 

5908
05:25:50,100 --> 05:25:54,300
becomes Instead. 
The New Normal Human beings are 

5909
05:25:54,300 --> 05:25:57,900
a remarkably adaptable creatures
and people develop strategies 

5910
05:25:57,900 --> 05:26:01,300
habits and even preferences 
around their dark and existence.

5911
05:26:02,300 --> 05:26:05,500
Shops, adjust their hours 
opening early to catch Morning, 

5912
05:26:05,500 --> 05:26:07,800
Light and closing. 
Well before Darkness makes 

5913
05:26:07,800 --> 05:26:11,100
shopping in practical. 
The rhythm of commercial life. 

5914
05:26:11,100 --> 05:26:14,800
Shifts backward becoming more 
diurnal, more aligned with 

5915
05:26:14,800 --> 05:26:19,100
natural light cycles. 
Markets bustle at dawn in ways, 

5916
05:26:19,100 --> 05:26:22,900
they haven't for Generations 
office workers arrive early, and

5917
05:26:22,900 --> 05:26:25,300
leave early trying to complete 
their commute. 

5918
05:26:25,300 --> 05:26:27,300
While the Sun's still offers 
some guidance. 

5919
05:26:28,200 --> 05:26:31,700
Fashion adapts to Darkness with 
unexpected creativity. 

5920
05:26:32,600 --> 05:26:35,300
People begin wearing white or 
light colored clothing in the 

5921
05:26:35,308 --> 05:26:38,900
evenings, making themselves more
visible to others, navigating 

5922
05:26:38,900 --> 05:26:42,300
the Gloom. 
Women carry their white handbags

5923
05:26:42,300 --> 05:26:46,000
rather than darker ones, Men 
Sport white handkerchiefs, in 

5924
05:26:46,008 --> 05:26:49,300
their breast pockets. 
Some particularly safety 

5925
05:26:49,300 --> 05:26:52,300
conscious individuals paint 
white stripes on their clothing.

5926
05:26:52,300 --> 05:26:55,700
Looking rather like zebras as 
they hurry along Pavements. 

5927
05:26:56,400 --> 05:26:58,400
The practice extends to 
inanimate objects. 

5928
05:26:59,400 --> 05:27:01,600
Curbs are painted white to make 
them visible. 

5929
05:27:01,600 --> 05:27:05,500
The trunks of trees lining 
streets, receive white bands, 

5930
05:27:05,500 --> 05:27:09,800
pillow boxes, get white stripes,
even dogs, acquire, white 

5931
05:27:09,800 --> 05:27:12,000
collars so they can be spotted 
in the Darkness. 

5932
05:27:12,900 --> 05:27:16,600
The effect glimpsed in whatever 
dim light is available is oddly 

5933
05:27:16,600 --> 05:27:20,800
festive. as if the city has been
decorated, for some backward 

5934
05:27:20,800 --> 05:27:24,400
celebration where white rather 
than bright colors provide the 

5935
05:27:24,400 --> 05:27:28,500
decoration and Businesses find 
innovative ways to continue 

5936
05:27:28,500 --> 05:27:32,200
operating despite the darkness, 
restaurant's used dim red 

5937
05:27:32,200 --> 05:27:34,600
lights. 
That supposedly don't carry as 

5938
05:27:34,600 --> 05:27:37,300
far as white light. 
Cinemas schedule. 

5939
05:27:37,300 --> 05:27:41,300
More matte Nation showing pubs 
installed Double Door Systems. 

5940
05:27:41,300 --> 05:27:45,000
Smalling closed Lobby is where 
patrons can enter and close one 

5941
05:27:45,000 --> 05:27:48,700
door before opening the second 
preventing light, from spilling 

5942
05:27:48,700 --> 05:27:51,700
onto the street. 
These little airlocks become 

5943
05:27:51,700 --> 05:27:55,900
social spaces in the cells 
places where strangers paused 

5944
05:27:55,900 --> 05:27:58,000
together. 
In compressed transition zones, 

5945
05:27:58,000 --> 05:28:02,400
sharing apologetic, Smiles in 
the darkness before one of them 

5946
05:28:02,400 --> 05:28:05,900
Ventures to open the inner door.
The entertainment industry 

5947
05:28:05,900 --> 05:28:07,700
adapts with characteristic 
resilience. 

5948
05:28:08,800 --> 05:28:12,400
Radio becomes even more Central 
to evening life, providing 

5949
05:28:12,400 --> 05:28:15,300
entertainment, that requires no 
light Beyond what's needed to 

5950
05:28:15,300 --> 05:28:18,300
see the dial. 
Families, gather around their 

5951
05:28:18,300 --> 05:28:21,900
Wireless sets and dimly lit, 
rooms, following dramas and 

5952
05:28:21,900 --> 05:28:25,600
comedies listening to news 
broadcasts that have taken on 

5953
05:28:25,600 --> 05:28:30,100
new urgency. 
The BBC develops new programming

5954
05:28:30,100 --> 05:28:34,700
specifically suited to blackout 
conditions, gentle Carmen 

5955
05:28:34,700 --> 05:28:38,300
content for people sitting in 
dark and rooms trying not to 

5956
05:28:38,300 --> 05:28:41,100
think too much about why they're
sitting in darkened rooms. 

5957
05:28:42,300 --> 05:28:46,100
Reading becomes more challenging
even with curtains drawn and no 

5958
05:28:46,100 --> 05:28:47,900
light. 
Escaping many people find it 

5959
05:28:47,900 --> 05:28:51,700
difficult to read by the dim 
bulbs, they allow themselves but

5960
05:28:51,700 --> 05:28:54,500
held closer to faces, causing 
ice drain. 

5961
05:28:55,300 --> 05:28:58,500
Some people ReDiscover, the 
pleasure of reading aloud with 

5962
05:28:58,500 --> 05:29:01,600
Partners or family members, 
taking turns performing stories 

5963
05:29:01,600 --> 05:29:06,100
or newspaper articles for each 
other. it's a practice that had 

5964
05:29:06,100 --> 05:29:09,600
largely died out with widespread
literacy and individual reading 

5965
05:29:09,600 --> 05:29:13,200
lights now, resurrected by 
necessity, and turning out to be

5966
05:29:13,208 --> 05:29:17,300
rather Pleasant a return to the 
old tradition of communal 

5967
05:29:17,300 --> 05:29:20,300
storytelling updated for the 
20th century. 

5968
05:29:21,500 --> 05:29:24,500
Children adapt to the blackout 
with the flexibility of Youth 

5969
05:29:24,500 --> 05:29:27,600
though it complicates their 
lives in numerous ways. 

5970
05:29:28,500 --> 05:29:32,100
School days, reorganize around 
available daylight evening, 

5971
05:29:32,100 --> 05:29:36,300
activities Scouts, Girl, Guides 
and youth clubs. 

5972
05:29:36,300 --> 05:29:39,900
Either moved to afternoon hours 
or take on a different character

5973
05:29:39,900 --> 05:29:42,900
as participants Gathering 
carefully blacked out Halls. 

5974
05:29:43,900 --> 05:29:46,800
games and activities shift 
toward those that don't require 

5975
05:29:46,800 --> 05:29:51,300
good visibility Card games 
become popular board games 

5976
05:29:51,300 --> 05:29:55,600
experience, a Revival Radio quiz
shows Inspire living room 

5977
05:29:55,600 --> 05:29:59,600
competitions, the blackout 
creates unexpected opportunities

5978
05:29:59,600 --> 05:30:02,100
for Mischief too in the 
darkness. 

5979
05:30:02,100 --> 05:30:05,900
It's easier to stay out later 
than your parents realize to 

5980
05:30:05,900 --> 05:30:09,400
slip away on scene and to 
conduct the small rebellions of 

5981
05:30:09,400 --> 05:30:11,700
adolescents with reduced risk of
detection. 

5982
05:30:12,700 --> 05:30:15,800
More than one teenager discovers
that the blackout for all its 

5983
05:30:15,800 --> 05:30:19,500
restriction offers, a kind of 
Freedom that comes with reduced 

5984
05:30:19,500 --> 05:30:21,700
surveillance. 
For young couples. 

5985
05:30:21,700 --> 05:30:24,400
The darkness provides both 
challenges and possibilities. 

5986
05:30:25,500 --> 05:30:27,800
Traditional. 
Courtship rituals, evening 

5987
05:30:27,800 --> 05:30:30,500
strolls Cinema visits Cafe 
dates. 

5988
05:30:30,500 --> 05:30:34,200
Must be reconsidered. 
Walking together, requires 

5989
05:30:34,200 --> 05:30:37,400
linking arms, not just 
romantically but practically for

5990
05:30:37,400 --> 05:30:41,108
navigation and safety. 
The darkness creates a kind of 

5991
05:30:41,116 --> 05:30:45,100
intimacy by default. 
A closeness born of necessity 

5992
05:30:45,100 --> 05:30:47,400
that might not otherwise, 
develop so quickly. 

5993
05:30:48,600 --> 05:30:51,600
First kisses happen in deeper 
Darkness than any previous 

5994
05:30:51,600 --> 05:30:56,300
generation experience unobserved
by passes by who can barely see 

5995
05:30:56,300 --> 05:30:59,900
their own feet. 
Workers in essential Services. 

5996
05:30:59,900 --> 05:31:03,500
Face particular challenges, 
doctors make house calls 

5997
05:31:03,500 --> 05:31:06,800
navigate by memory and 
guesswork, their medical bags. 

5998
05:31:06,800 --> 05:31:09,200
Bumping against their legs as 
they feel their way along 

5999
05:31:09,200 --> 05:31:13,100
streets, Nurses on night shifts.
Move through Hospital. 

6000
05:31:13,100 --> 05:31:15,900
Corridors lit. 
Only by shielded lamps. 

6001
05:31:16,600 --> 05:31:20,200
Checking on patients in Wards, 
kept darker than anyone finds 

6002
05:31:20,200 --> 05:31:23,700
comfortable. 
Fire brigades drill extensively 

6003
05:31:23,700 --> 05:31:26,100
for responding to emergencies in
near total. 

6004
05:31:26,100 --> 05:31:30,500
Darkness developing systems of 
communication that rely on sound

6005
05:31:30,500 --> 05:31:32,600
and touch rather than visual 
signals. 

6006
05:31:33,700 --> 05:31:37,400
The Postal Service continues, 
its rounds the postman learned 

6007
05:31:37,400 --> 05:31:41,200
to sort mail by feel as much as 
sight, their fingers, developing

6008
05:31:41,200 --> 05:31:44,400
sensitivity to different paper, 
stocks and envelope sizes. 

6009
05:31:45,400 --> 05:31:49,200
Milk deliveries continue in the 
pre-dawn darkness, the clink of 

6010
05:31:49,208 --> 05:31:52,500
bottles and the rattle of crates
providing a kind of alarm clock 

6011
05:31:52,500 --> 05:31:56,100
announcing the coming day to 
those awake early enough to hear

6012
05:31:56,100 --> 05:31:59,200
it. 
Public transportation becomes an

6013
05:31:59,200 --> 05:32:03,900
exercise in faith and routine. 
Bus conductors develop an almost

6014
05:32:03,900 --> 05:32:07,200
Supernatural ability to 
recognize stops in the darkness.

6015
05:32:07,200 --> 05:32:09,200
Calling them out with 
confidence. 

6016
05:32:09,200 --> 05:32:13,700
Born of long familiarity. 
passengers learn to count stops 

6017
05:32:13,700 --> 05:32:18,000
and to listen for landmarks, 
Kill a church bell, the sound of

6018
05:32:18,000 --> 05:32:21,600
the river and the change in Echo
as the bus passes between 

6019
05:32:21,600 --> 05:32:25,800
buildings of different heights. 
Regular commuters developmental 

6020
05:32:25,800 --> 05:32:28,400
Maps so detailed. 
They could navigate their Roots 

6021
05:32:28,400 --> 05:32:31,400
blindfolded, which is 
essentially what they're doing 

6022
05:32:31,408 --> 05:32:34,700
as the months progress and 
Britain settles into what we 

6023
05:32:34,700 --> 05:32:38,400
become known as the phony War. 
Period, when War has been 

6024
05:32:38,400 --> 05:32:41,600
declared but major fighting 
hasn't yet reached British soil.

6025
05:32:42,400 --> 05:32:45,200
The blackout reveals unexpected 
dimensions. 

6026
05:32:46,100 --> 05:32:49,000
What began as an emergency 
measure starts to disclose 

6027
05:32:49,000 --> 05:32:52,900
peculiar Beauties and strange 
Pleasures that coexist with the 

6028
05:32:52,908 --> 05:32:57,100
anxiety and inconvenience. 
The night sky becomes visible in

6029
05:32:57,100 --> 05:33:00,300
ways that City dwellers haven't 
experienced in decades. 

6030
05:33:01,200 --> 05:33:03,600
Without the light pollution that
normally obscures all. 

6031
05:33:03,600 --> 05:33:07,400
But the brightest stars, the 
full glory of the cosmos appears

6032
05:33:07,400 --> 05:33:11,000
overhead on clear night. 
Stepping outside is like to 

6033
05:33:11,000 --> 05:33:13,600
discovering a lost artwork. 
That's been hanging in your home

6034
05:33:13,600 --> 05:33:15,700
all along hidden behind a 
curtain. 

6035
05:33:15,700 --> 05:33:19,800
You didn't realize was there You
can see the Milky Way from 

6036
05:33:19,800 --> 05:33:24,500
Central London that cloudy band 
of distant Stars stretching 

6037
05:33:24,500 --> 05:33:28,700
across the darkness like a river
of light. constellation's 

6038
05:33:28,700 --> 05:33:32,700
appear, not as isolated bright 
points, but as part of complex 

6039
05:33:32,700 --> 05:33:37,800
starfields, Patterns within 
patterns debts and layers that 

6040
05:33:37,800 --> 05:33:39,900
electric light normally rendered
invisible. 

6041
05:33:40,900 --> 05:33:42,800
The moon. 
When it sucks seems 

6042
05:33:42,800 --> 05:33:45,400
preposterously bright casting 
reel. 

6043
05:33:45,400 --> 05:33:49,900
Shadows turning streets into 
silver mazes and making you 

6044
05:33:49,900 --> 05:33:53,000
understand why poets and lovers 
of obsessed over it for 

6045
05:33:53,000 --> 05:33:55,700
millennia. 
Some people find this revelation

6046
05:33:55,700 --> 05:33:58,300
of the night sky almost worth 
the inconvenience of the 

6047
05:33:58,300 --> 05:34:01,900
blackout. 
Astronomy clubs form, taking 

6048
05:34:01,900 --> 05:34:05,500
advantage of viewing conditions 
that rival rural observatories 

6049
05:34:05,500 --> 05:34:09,900
amateur stargazers set up 
telescopes in parks and Gardens 

6050
05:34:09,900 --> 05:34:14,600
sharing glimpses of Jupiter's 
moons, Saturn's rings. 

6051
05:34:14,600 --> 05:34:18,100
And the craters of the Moon in 
unprecedented detail. 

6052
05:34:19,200 --> 05:34:22,500
There's something hopeful about 
this, people looking Upward at 

6053
05:34:22,500 --> 05:34:25,000
Beauty and vastness, while 
preparing for conflict that 

6054
05:34:25,000 --> 05:34:26,800
feels Petty and small by 
comparison. 

6055
05:34:28,100 --> 05:34:31,500
The darkness also reveals the 
bioluminescence that normally 

6056
05:34:31,500 --> 05:34:35,500
goes unnoticed. 
On damp nights decaying wood in 

6057
05:34:35,500 --> 05:34:40,000
Parks glows with fox fire. 
That Eerie green phosphorescent 

6058
05:34:40,000 --> 05:34:44,200
produced by certain fungi. 
People discover it by accident 

6059
05:34:44,200 --> 05:34:48,700
initially, alarmed by the 
spectral light, then fascinated 

6060
05:34:48,700 --> 05:34:52,600
by this natural illumination, 
that requires no electricity. 

6061
05:34:54,500 --> 05:34:57,900
Some gather pieces of glowing 
would bringing them home like 

6062
05:34:57,900 --> 05:35:02,000
captured fairy lights, watching 
them pulse and fade in darkened 

6063
05:35:02,000 --> 05:35:04,900
rooms. 
Sound takes on new prominence in

6064
05:35:04,900 --> 05:35:08,800
the absence of visual stimuli. 
your hearing becomes more acute,

6065
05:35:08,800 --> 05:35:12,900
more attentive to the acoustic 
environment, You notice the 

6066
05:35:12,900 --> 05:35:17,000
different sounds that shoes make
on different surfaces the crisp 

6067
05:35:17,000 --> 05:35:21,000
of leather on pavement. 
The softer scuff on dirt and the

6068
05:35:21,000 --> 05:35:22,700
hollow Echo when crossing a 
bridge. 

6069
05:35:23,500 --> 05:35:27,400
You become aware of how sound 
reflects off buildings, how it 

6070
05:35:27,400 --> 05:35:31,300
carries differently in Cold, Air
versus warm and how wind affects

6071
05:35:31,300 --> 05:35:35,000
what you can and cannot hear. 
Music heard in the blackout 

6072
05:35:35,000 --> 05:35:38,800
takes on different qualities. 
A piano played in a darkened 

6073
05:35:38,800 --> 05:35:41,200
room with only the faintest 
light to illuminate. 

6074
05:35:41,200 --> 05:35:45,100
The keys seems to fill the space
more completely, the notes 

6075
05:35:45,100 --> 05:35:47,300
appear to have more presents, 
more weight. 

6076
05:35:48,400 --> 05:35:52,500
Street musicians, fewer now, but
still present create pockets of 

6077
05:35:52,500 --> 05:35:57,000
Melody in the darkness and 
pedestrians, pause to listen in 

6078
05:35:57,000 --> 05:35:59,300
ways. 
They might not in daylight when 

6079
05:35:59,300 --> 05:36:03,200
Vision provides so many 
competing distractions church 

6080
05:36:03,200 --> 05:36:07,000
bells, continue to Mark time but
their sound travels differently 

6081
05:36:07,000 --> 05:36:10,700
through the quieted city. 
Without traffic noise to muffled

6082
05:36:10,700 --> 05:36:14,700
them Bells carry for Miles their
various tones, creating 

6083
05:36:14,700 --> 05:36:18,900
unintended Harmony as different 
churches, Mark the hours. some 

6084
05:36:18,900 --> 05:36:23,000
people begin to navigate by bell
sound using familiar patterns to

6085
05:36:23,000 --> 05:36:26,300
orient themselves even when 
visual landmarks or invisible 

6086
05:36:27,100 --> 05:36:31,000
The blackout also amplifies 
smell without visual distraction

6087
05:36:31,000 --> 05:36:33,900
your nose provides more 
information than usual. 

6088
05:36:33,900 --> 05:36:35,800
You become aware of the 
particular. 

6089
05:36:35,800 --> 05:36:40,600
Scent of rain on Stone of fog, 
carrying hints of the river of 

6090
05:36:40,600 --> 05:36:44,400
coal smoke from chimneys and of 
cooking from various houses 

6091
05:36:44,400 --> 05:36:46,700
creating an olfactory map of 
your neighborhood. 

6092
05:36:47,800 --> 05:36:50,900
Bakeries become locatable by 
scent before sight. 

6093
05:36:51,600 --> 05:36:55,300
The yeasty warmth of fresh bread
serving as a beacon that draws 

6094
05:36:55,300 --> 05:36:59,200
customers through the darkness. 
But alongside these unexpected 

6095
05:36:59,200 --> 05:37:01,600
Pleasures runs a constant 
undercurrent of unease. 

6096
05:37:02,400 --> 05:37:06,100
The darkness that reveals Stars 
also conceals potential threats,

6097
05:37:06,100 --> 05:37:09,900
every shadow could be an 
obstacle and every sound might 

6098
05:37:09,900 --> 05:37:13,700
signal Danger. 
The human imagination deprived 

6099
05:37:13,700 --> 05:37:16,500
of visual input tends to fill, 
in missing information with 

6100
05:37:16,500 --> 05:37:20,300
worst case scenarios that bump 
in the darkness is, probably 

6101
05:37:20,300 --> 05:37:24,200
just someone's elbow, making 
accidental contact, but for a 

6102
05:37:24,200 --> 05:37:27,700
moment, your heart rate spikes 
with more Primal, Fear women, 

6103
05:37:27,700 --> 05:37:30,000
particularly feel vulnerable in 
the darkness. 

6104
05:37:30,000 --> 05:37:33,400
The reduced visibility that 
offers privacy to courting 

6105
05:37:33,400 --> 05:37:35,600
couples. 
Also provides cover for 

6106
05:37:35,600 --> 05:37:39,800
harassment and assault. reported
incidents of such crimes 

6107
05:37:39,800 --> 05:37:43,000
increased during the blackout, 
though it's unclear whether the 

6108
05:37:43,000 --> 05:37:46,400
actual rate Rises or if Darkness
simply enables crimes that would

6109
05:37:46,400 --> 05:37:51,000
happen regardless, Many women 
alter their routines traveling, 

6110
05:37:51,000 --> 05:37:54,400
only in groups, carrying 
whistles, or other noise makers,

6111
05:37:54,400 --> 05:37:58,100
and avoiding certain areas that 
feel particularly threatening in

6112
05:37:58,100 --> 05:38:02,200
the absence of light. the 
blackout all so creates social 

6113
05:38:02,200 --> 05:38:06,100
isolation in unexpected ways 
without being able to see into 

6114
05:38:06,100 --> 05:38:09,100
neighbor's Windows to note, the 
comforting glow of occupied 

6115
05:38:09,100 --> 05:38:14,300
homes, people feel more alone 
Physical proximity of urban life

6116
05:38:14,300 --> 05:38:17,800
continues, you're still 
surrounded by thousands of other

6117
05:38:17,800 --> 05:38:20,500
humans living their lives, just 
beyond thin walls. 

6118
05:38:21,500 --> 05:38:25,400
But the visual confirmation of 
that presence disappears, your 

6119
05:38:25,400 --> 05:38:27,700
neighbor might be three feet 
away on the other side of a 

6120
05:38:27,708 --> 05:38:30,900
wall, but in the darkness and 
quiet, they might as well be 

6121
05:38:30,900 --> 05:38:34,500
mussels distant. 
This isolation is particularly 

6122
05:38:34,500 --> 05:38:38,100
hard for the elderly and infirm.
Those who already struggled with

6123
05:38:38,100 --> 05:38:40,800
Mobility, find the darkness 
actively dangerous. 

6124
05:38:41,800 --> 05:38:45,000
The simple Act of walking to a 
corner shop becomes fraught with

6125
05:38:45,000 --> 05:38:47,600
Hazard. 
Unseen curbs to stumble, over 

6126
05:38:47,600 --> 05:38:51,800
obstacles, to collide with and 
the constant possibility of 

6127
05:38:51,800 --> 05:38:54,600
becoming disoriented and lost on
familiar streets. 

6128
05:38:55,800 --> 05:38:57,900
Many older people choose to stay
home more. 

6129
05:38:58,700 --> 05:39:01,200
Venturing out. 
Only when absolutely necessary 

6130
05:39:01,200 --> 05:39:05,400
accepting a constricted life as 
preferable to the risks of 

6131
05:39:05,400 --> 05:39:09,100
navigating the shadowed City. 
Mental health professionals, 

6132
05:39:09,100 --> 05:39:12,000
notice an increasing reports of 
anxiety and depression. 

6133
05:39:12,800 --> 05:39:16,400
The darkness combined with war, 
stress creates a psychological 

6134
05:39:16,400 --> 05:39:18,700
burden that some people struggle
to manage. 

6135
05:39:19,600 --> 05:39:23,200
Sleep patterns, disrupt. 
Some people sleep better in the 

6136
05:39:23,200 --> 05:39:25,700
deeper Darkness While others lie
awake. 

6137
05:39:25,700 --> 05:39:29,600
Listening to every small sound 
unable to relax into 

6138
05:39:29,600 --> 05:39:32,600
vulnerability. 
Dreams become more Vivid for 

6139
05:39:32,600 --> 05:39:36,600
many possibly because the 
darkness and quiet create fewer 

6140
05:39:36,600 --> 05:39:39,100
distractions from internal 
mental activity. 

6141
05:39:40,000 --> 05:39:43,800
Yet there's a strange coziness 
to it all a sense of communal 

6142
05:39:43,800 --> 05:39:47,200
experience that transcends the 
inconvenience and danger. 

6143
05:39:48,000 --> 05:39:51,300
Everyone is facing the same 
challenge, making the same 

6144
05:39:51,300 --> 05:39:54,700
adjustments and developing the 
same odd competencies for 

6145
05:39:54,700 --> 05:39:57,500
navigating Darkness. 
There's a camera artery in 

6146
05:39:57,508 --> 05:40:01,000
shared difficulty, a democratic 
leveling that occurs. 

6147
05:40:01,000 --> 05:40:03,800
When Lord and laborer alike, 
must feel their way along the 

6148
05:40:03,800 --> 05:40:08,000
same invisible Street inside the
blacked out homes of Britain 

6149
05:40:08,000 --> 05:40:11,900
family, life reorganizes itself 
around new limitations and 

6150
05:40:11,900 --> 05:40:15,700
possibilities the blackout 
curtains that seal Windows 

6151
05:40:15,700 --> 05:40:19,500
become daily fixtures their 
operation as routine as making 

6152
05:40:19,500 --> 05:40:22,900
tea. 
Each evening as natural, light 

6153
05:40:22,900 --> 05:40:26,000
begins to fade. 
Someone Rises to perform the 

6154
05:40:26,000 --> 05:40:28,900
ritual, drawing heavy fabric 
across Windows. 

6155
05:40:28,900 --> 05:40:33,300
Checking for gaps and ensuring. 
No betraying limo Mark the house

6156
05:40:33,300 --> 05:40:36,300
from above. 
The rooms once sealed feel 

6157
05:40:36,300 --> 05:40:39,200
different. 
Smaller somehow, even though 

6158
05:40:39,200 --> 05:40:42,700
their physical dimensions 
haven't changed the absence of 

6159
05:40:42,708 --> 05:40:44,300
visual connection to the 
outside. 

6160
05:40:44,300 --> 05:40:48,100
World makes interior spaces feel
more like caves or cocoons 

6161
05:40:48,100 --> 05:40:53,000
enclosed inward-facing and 
separate from the larger world. 

6162
05:40:54,100 --> 05:40:56,800
This can be comforting or 
claustrophobic depending on 

6163
05:40:56,808 --> 05:41:01,100
temperament and Circumstance. 
For some it creates a pleasant 

6164
05:41:01,100 --> 05:41:04,600
sense of snugness everyone 
tucked safely together. 

6165
05:41:05,700 --> 05:41:09,800
For others, it feels confining a
nightly imprisonment in their 

6166
05:41:09,800 --> 05:41:13,000
own homes. 
Lighting becomes a subject of 

6167
05:41:13,000 --> 05:41:15,300
surprising complexity and 
importance. 

6168
05:41:15,300 --> 05:41:19,600
How much light is enough. 
Two little strains eyes and 

6169
05:41:19,600 --> 05:41:22,600
hampers activities but too much 
feels wasteful. 

6170
05:41:22,600 --> 05:41:26,000
Almost Reckless. 
Families, develop their own 

6171
05:41:26,000 --> 05:41:28,900
standards and practices. 
Some maintain. 

6172
05:41:28,900 --> 05:41:32,300
Just one or two light in the 
most used rooms leaving Hall 

6173
05:41:32,300 --> 05:41:34,600
ways and lesser used spaces in 
darkness. 

6174
05:41:35,300 --> 05:41:37,900
Others attempt to maintain 
something closer to their 

6175
05:41:37,900 --> 05:41:41,600
pre-war lighting levels, valuing
normalcy over conservation. 

6176
05:41:42,800 --> 05:41:47,300
Quality of light matters too. 
Incandescent bulbs cast, warm, 

6177
05:41:47,300 --> 05:41:50,300
yellow, orange light, that feels
friendly and domestic. 

6178
05:41:51,300 --> 05:41:52,900
Gaslight where it's still 
available. 

6179
05:41:52,900 --> 05:41:57,500
Flickers slightly creating 
moving Shadows that some fine 

6180
05:41:57,500 --> 05:42:01,800
nostalgic and others find eerie.
Candles, produce beautiful 

6181
05:42:01,800 --> 05:42:06,400
light, but require attention. 
Someone must trim Wix watch for 

6182
05:42:06,400 --> 05:42:09,300
drips and ensure nothing catches
fire. 

6183
05:42:10,200 --> 05:42:14,300
Oil lamps smell distinctive, a 
petroleum scent, that becomes 

6184
05:42:14,300 --> 05:42:17,500
associated with winter evenings 
and the crackle of the wireless.

6185
05:42:18,600 --> 05:42:20,700
Mealtimes. 
Adjust to the Blackout's, 

6186
05:42:20,700 --> 05:42:24,200
rhythms dinner happens early 
while natural light, still 

6187
05:42:24,200 --> 05:42:26,100
assists with cooking and table 
setting. 

6188
05:42:27,000 --> 05:42:30,700
The ritual of evening, t-shirts,
backward, too, or transforms 

6189
05:42:30,700 --> 05:42:33,600
into a simpler Affair, taking in
dimly lit rooms. 

6190
05:42:34,400 --> 05:42:37,000
Some families find themselves, 
eating more cold meals in the 

6191
05:42:37,000 --> 05:42:39,300
evening. 
Avoiding the complexity of 

6192
05:42:39,300 --> 05:42:42,300
cooking and reduced light, and 
making do with sandwiches, 

6193
05:42:42,300 --> 05:42:45,300
leftover, pie, cheese, and 
crackers. 

6194
05:42:45,300 --> 05:42:48,300
Yet, there's also an increased 
emphasis on making evening 

6195
05:42:48,300 --> 05:42:51,100
meals, special. 
A conscious effort to maintain 

6196
05:42:51,100 --> 05:42:55,100
normalcy and comfort, despite 
the circumstances mothers and 

6197
05:42:55,108 --> 05:42:58,600
wives, take extra care with 
presentation, setting tables 

6198
05:42:58,600 --> 05:43:00,700
nicely. 
Even if the dining room is dim 

6199
05:43:00,700 --> 05:43:04,900
using Good China and creating 
small, ceremonies that asserts 

6200
05:43:04,900 --> 05:43:09,600
civilizations continuity, These 
gestures matter more than they 

6201
05:43:09,600 --> 05:43:12,700
might seem there are acts of 
resistance against the 

6202
05:43:12,700 --> 05:43:15,700
disruption. 
Declaration that ordinary life 

6203
05:43:15,700 --> 05:43:19,800
persist despite extraordinary 
circumstances after dinner 

6204
05:43:19,800 --> 05:43:22,900
families gather together more 
than they might have before. 

6205
05:43:23,800 --> 05:43:26,800
With fewer options, for 
individual entertainment, with 

6206
05:43:26,800 --> 05:43:30,300
Darkness, making it impractical 
to pursue separate activities, 

6207
05:43:30,300 --> 05:43:33,500
in different rooms, people, 
congregate in the best lit 

6208
05:43:33,500 --> 05:43:35,600
space. 
Usually, the city room or 

6209
05:43:35,600 --> 05:43:39,800
kitchen, This enforced 
togetherness recreates patterns 

6210
05:43:39,800 --> 05:43:44,000
of family life from early eras. 
before electric light allowed 

6211
05:43:44,000 --> 05:43:46,900
household members, to scatter to
different rooms pursuing 

6212
05:43:46,900 --> 05:43:50,500
individual interests, Wireless 
becomes the evening's focal 

6213
05:43:50,500 --> 05:43:54,800
point, it is dial glowing, like 
a small campfire Gathering the 

6214
05:43:54,808 --> 05:43:59,100
family around its broadcast 
voices, Program structure the 

6215
05:43:59,100 --> 05:44:03,100
evening, the news at 9, followed
by entertainment, then perhaps 

6216
05:44:03,100 --> 05:44:06,800
music before bed. 
Listening becomes a communal 

6217
05:44:06,800 --> 05:44:10,300
activity, something shared, and 
discussed with reactions. 

6218
05:44:10,300 --> 05:44:14,100
Exchanged in real time. 
When something funny happens in 

6219
05:44:14,100 --> 05:44:17,600
a comedy programme, the family's
laughter mingles together in the

6220
05:44:17,600 --> 05:44:19,700
dim room. 
Creating a shared memory. 

6221
05:44:19,700 --> 05:44:22,600
A small moment of Joy amidst 
anxiety. 

6222
05:44:23,800 --> 05:44:27,800
Games and puzzles experienced a 
Renaissance families, bring out 

6223
05:44:27,800 --> 05:44:31,400
jigsaws card decks and board 
games that have been Gathering 

6224
05:44:31,400 --> 05:44:34,400
dust and cupboards. 
These activities work. 

6225
05:44:34,400 --> 05:44:37,200
Well, in dim, light and 
accommodate multiple 

6226
05:44:37,200 --> 05:44:40,600
participants. 
The social Dynamic shifts during

6227
05:44:40,600 --> 05:44:44,800
gameplay, hierarchies flattened 
children can be beat adults, 

6228
05:44:44,800 --> 05:44:48,000
through luck or skill, and 
everyone participates on more 

6229
05:44:48,000 --> 05:44:51,000
equal terms. 
These evening game sessions, 

6230
05:44:51,000 --> 05:44:54,700
create their own satisfaction, 
Simple Pleasures, that don't 

6231
05:44:54,700 --> 05:44:56,500
require technology or 
brightness. 

6232
05:44:57,500 --> 05:45:00,400
Conversation too becomes more 
Central to family life. 

6233
05:45:01,200 --> 05:45:04,200
Without the visual stimulation 
of bright rooms and varied 

6234
05:45:04,200 --> 05:45:07,500
activities. 
People talk more, tell stories 

6235
05:45:07,500 --> 05:45:10,000
and share their days and greater
detail. 

6236
05:45:10,900 --> 05:45:13,600
Parents discuss things with 
children that might normally be 

6237
05:45:13,600 --> 05:45:17,400
postponed or abbreviated. 
Siblings who might typically 

6238
05:45:17,400 --> 05:45:19,900
ignore each other in favor of 
separate Pursuits. 

6239
05:45:19,900 --> 05:45:23,400
Find themselves. 
Actually conversing getting to 

6240
05:45:23,400 --> 05:45:26,600
know each other better in these 
enforced periods of proximity. 

6241
05:45:27,600 --> 05:45:31,700
Reading aloud becomes a nightly 
ritual in many households father

6242
05:45:31,700 --> 05:45:34,500
might read from the evening 
paper, sharing news and 

6243
05:45:34,500 --> 05:45:37,100
editorials sometimes with 
commentary. 

6244
05:45:37,800 --> 05:45:41,100
Mother might read from novels 
performing different voices for 

6245
05:45:41,100 --> 05:45:44,000
different characters creating 
entertainment that doesn't 

6246
05:45:44,000 --> 05:45:48,000
require visual props. 
Older children might take turns 

6247
05:45:48,000 --> 05:45:50,800
reading developing their 
expression and comfort with 

6248
05:45:50,800 --> 05:45:54,000
performance. 
These sessions revive an oral 

6249
05:45:54,000 --> 05:45:57,300
tradition that had been fading, 
turning literature back into 

6250
05:45:57,300 --> 05:46:01,900
something, communal rather than 
solitary. time routine, simplify

6251
05:46:01,900 --> 05:46:06,200
in some ways without Bright 
Lights, the natural drowsiness 

6252
05:46:06,200 --> 05:46:08,900
that comes with Darkness isn't 
artificially suppressed, 

6253
05:46:10,000 --> 05:46:12,300
Children. 
Get sleepier their circadian 

6254
05:46:12,300 --> 05:46:15,500
rhythms responding to 
environmental cues that electric

6255
05:46:15,500 --> 05:46:19,200
light normally override. 
Parents find it easier to get 

6256
05:46:19,200 --> 05:46:21,800
little ones to bed when the 
whole house is already dim and 

6257
05:46:21,800 --> 05:46:24,100
quiet. 
When there's not much exciting 

6258
05:46:24,100 --> 05:46:27,300
happening to miss. 
But the darkness also 

6259
05:46:27,300 --> 05:46:31,200
introduces, new nighttime fears,
especially for children. 

6260
05:46:32,200 --> 05:46:35,500
Shadows in a dimly lit. 
Bedroom, seem deeper more 

6261
05:46:35,500 --> 05:46:38,900
ominous. 
The usual reassurance of there's

6262
05:46:38,900 --> 05:46:42,600
nothing there becomes harder to 
verify when you actually can't 

6263
05:46:42,600 --> 05:46:46,600
see into corners and closets. 
Some parents leave candles 

6264
05:46:46,600 --> 05:46:50,200
burning accepting the fire risk 
as preferable to Childhood 

6265
05:46:50,200 --> 05:46:53,200
Terror. 
Others develop new bed time, 

6266
05:46:53,200 --> 05:46:56,800
rituals longer tucking in 
sessions stories told. 

6267
05:46:56,800 --> 05:47:00,300
In soothing tones and songs 
hummed and until sleep arrives. 

6268
05:47:01,400 --> 05:47:03,800
For parents themselves, the 
blackout creates its own 

6269
05:47:03,800 --> 05:47:07,600
intimacy and distance once 
children are asleep, couple's 

6270
05:47:07,600 --> 05:47:10,000
have the evening to themselves 
in ways, they might not have 

6271
05:47:10,000 --> 05:47:12,600
before. 
When evening activities, might 

6272
05:47:12,600 --> 05:47:15,300
scatter family members to 
various entertainments. 

6273
05:47:16,600 --> 05:47:20,200
Yet the darkness and quiet all 
so, emphasized, their isolation.

6274
05:47:21,100 --> 05:47:23,800
Two people in a sealed house on 
a dark and Street. 

6275
05:47:24,600 --> 05:47:27,200
Living Through History without 
knowing how the story ends. 

6276
05:47:28,200 --> 05:47:31,200
Some couples use this time for 
serious conversations, that 

6277
05:47:31,200 --> 05:47:34,600
daylight and distraction had 
allowed them to postpone 

6278
05:47:34,600 --> 05:47:38,400
discussion about money about 
plans, for possible of 

6279
05:47:38,408 --> 05:47:42,600
evacuation about fears and hopes
and about what they'll do. 

6280
05:47:42,600 --> 05:47:47,100
If the war intensified, Other 
couples deliberately avoid heavy

6281
05:47:47,100 --> 05:47:50,500
topics preferring to maintain 
lightness, to protect their 

6282
05:47:50,500 --> 05:47:52,700
evening hours as refugees from 
worry. 

6283
05:47:53,700 --> 05:47:58,400
They play cards, listen to music
and simply sit together in 

6284
05:47:58,400 --> 05:48:01,800
comfortable silence, taking 
comfort from physical proximity.

6285
05:48:03,000 --> 05:48:05,500
The blackout effects married 
life in unexpected. 

6286
05:48:05,500 --> 05:48:08,300
Ways the darkness provides 
privacy. 

6287
05:48:08,300 --> 05:48:11,500
Even in homes, with thin walls 
and multiple inhabitants 

6288
05:48:11,500 --> 05:48:15,200
intimacy becomes easier when 
visual privacy is assured. 

6289
05:48:15,200 --> 05:48:19,500
When darkness guarantees 
discretion Some couples find 

6290
05:48:19,500 --> 05:48:23,100
their relationships strengthened
by the enforced closeness and 

6291
05:48:23,100 --> 05:48:25,600
the shared experience of 
adapting to strange 

6292
05:48:25,600 --> 05:48:28,900
circumstances. 
Others, find the proximity 

6293
05:48:28,900 --> 05:48:32,600
without Escape, grating, the 
inability to retreat into 

6294
05:48:32,600 --> 05:48:35,400
separate activities. 
Creating friction, that might 

6295
05:48:35,400 --> 05:48:39,700
otherwise dissipate elderly 
family members, often living 

6296
05:48:39,700 --> 05:48:43,600
with their adult children, face 
particular challenges. many 

6297
05:48:43,600 --> 05:48:47,200
older people have always relied 
heavily on visual cues and the 

6298
05:48:47,200 --> 05:48:50,200
reduction in light makes 
everything harder reading 

6299
05:48:50,200 --> 05:48:53,200
knitting, even just moving 
around the house safely, 

6300
05:48:54,100 --> 05:48:56,900
Families must decide how to 
balance their Elders needs for 

6301
05:48:56,900 --> 05:49:00,200
light with blackout requirements
and conservation concerns. 

6302
05:49:01,100 --> 05:49:04,600
Compromises emerge, brighter 
lights, and grandmother's room, 

6303
05:49:04,600 --> 05:49:07,000
even if the rest of the house 
remains dim. 

6304
05:49:07,900 --> 05:49:11,000
Extra candles placed 
strategically more assistance 

6305
05:49:11,000 --> 05:49:13,600
with evening tasks that Darkness
makes difficult. 

6306
05:49:14,700 --> 05:49:17,500
The blackout also reveals class 
differences in domestic 

6307
05:49:17,500 --> 05:49:21,400
experience, wealthier, families 
can afford heavier, curtains, 

6308
05:49:21,400 --> 05:49:25,400
better blackout materials. 
Perhaps even specially designed 

6309
05:49:25,400 --> 05:49:27,600
blackout systems with multiple 
layers. 

6310
05:49:27,600 --> 05:49:31,500
Their homes might have more 
rooms allowing family members 

6311
05:49:31,500 --> 05:49:34,300
more privacy, despite the 
enforced evening togetherness. 

6312
05:49:35,300 --> 05:49:37,900
They might maintain closer to 
normal lighting levels, 

6313
05:49:37,900 --> 05:49:40,700
considering the extra 
electricity expense and 

6314
05:49:40,700 --> 05:49:44,900
acceptable cost for comfort. 
Working class families make do 

6315
05:49:44,900 --> 05:49:49,400
with cheaper Solutions, blankets
Nails over Windows newspaper 

6316
05:49:49,400 --> 05:49:53,200
pasted to Glass and curtains. 
So from whatever fabric could be

6317
05:49:53,200 --> 05:49:56,400
afforded, Their smaller homes 
mean less privacy. 

6318
05:49:56,400 --> 05:50:00,200
More enforced, proximity, and 
every one living in each other's

6319
05:50:00,200 --> 05:50:01,800
Pockets. 
Even more than usual. 

6320
05:50:02,900 --> 05:50:05,700
Economies in lighting hit harder
when you're already budgeting 

6321
05:50:05,700 --> 05:50:09,000
carefully for every shilling. 
Yet, there's a democratizing 

6322
05:50:09,000 --> 05:50:11,400
element, too rich and poor 
alike. 

6323
05:50:11,400 --> 05:50:14,900
Must darken their homes, the 
Duke, and his mansion, and the 

6324
05:50:14,908 --> 05:50:18,300
docker in his Terrace row. 
Both spend their evening's in 

6325
05:50:18,300 --> 05:50:22,400
dimmed rooms, both must navigate
the same dark and streets. 

6326
05:50:23,500 --> 05:50:26,500
The blackout is one of the few 
wartime measures that truly 

6327
05:50:26,500 --> 05:50:28,600
applies equally across social 
strata. 

6328
05:50:29,300 --> 05:50:33,000
Creating a rare moment of shared
experience across class lines. 

6329
05:50:34,100 --> 05:50:39,000
As 1939 turns into 1940 and the 
blackout continues month after 

6330
05:50:39,000 --> 05:50:41,900
month. 
Something remarkable happens. 

6331
05:50:41,900 --> 05:50:44,700
People stop thinking about it 
quite so much. 

6332
05:50:44,700 --> 05:50:48,100
The extraordinary becomes 
ordinary through sheer 

6333
05:50:48,100 --> 05:50:52,200
repetition. the nightly ritual 
of darkening, Windows transforms

6334
05:50:52,200 --> 05:50:55,700
from a conscious process into a 
habit, Formed with the 

6335
05:50:55,700 --> 05:50:59,000
automaticity of brushing teeth 
or locking doors. 

6336
05:51:00,000 --> 05:51:03,700
Innovations, accumulate, small 
improvements that collectively 

6337
05:51:03,700 --> 05:51:05,100
make the darkness more 
manageable. 

6338
05:51:05,900 --> 05:51:08,900
Enterprise in individuals, 
develop gadgets and solutions 

6339
05:51:08,900 --> 05:51:11,700
that spread through communities 
like helpful folklore. 

6340
05:51:12,400 --> 05:51:15,200
Someone discovers that painting 
stair, edges with luminous 

6341
05:51:15,200 --> 05:51:17,000
paint, makes them safer to 
navigate. 

6342
05:51:18,000 --> 05:51:21,600
The idea spreads and soon 
glowing starring stairs. 

6343
05:51:21,600 --> 05:51:25,100
Become common little safety 
features that cost pennies but 

6344
05:51:25,100 --> 05:51:29,500
prevent countless Falls, Shops. 
Begin selling specially designed

6345
05:51:29,500 --> 05:51:33,500
blackout accessories torches 
with narrow beams and red 

6346
05:51:33,500 --> 05:51:36,200
filters. 
That supposedly don't compromise

6347
05:51:36,200 --> 05:51:39,700
night vision. 
Reflective armbands and badges 

6348
05:51:39,700 --> 05:51:43,600
for pedestrians luminous buttons
that can be sewn onto coats. 

6349
05:51:44,200 --> 05:51:48,200
White painted walking sticks, 
the commercial World adapts to 

6350
05:51:48,200 --> 05:51:52,100
serve the dark and consumer 
finding profit even in darkness.

6351
05:51:53,000 --> 05:51:55,800
Fashion truly Embraces. 
The blackout aesthetic 

6352
05:51:55,800 --> 05:51:58,600
designers, create clothing with 
safety features. 

6353
05:51:58,600 --> 05:52:03,400
Built in white piping on dark 
coats, reflective threads, woven

6354
05:52:03,400 --> 05:52:06,900
into fabrics and light colored 
accessories that serve the Dual 

6355
05:52:06,900 --> 05:52:11,500
purposes of style and visibility
women's magazines run features 

6356
05:52:11,500 --> 05:52:15,700
on Blackout Beauty suggesting 
makeup and hairstyles suited to 

6357
05:52:15,700 --> 05:52:18,800
dim lighting. 
The advice is practical and 

6358
05:52:18,800 --> 05:52:22,700
sometimes, absurd, lighter face 
powder is recommended because 

6359
05:52:22,700 --> 05:52:25,700
it's more visible. 
While dark lipstick is warned 

6360
05:52:25,700 --> 05:52:27,600
against lest you become a pair 
of disembodied. 

6361
05:52:27,600 --> 05:52:31,700
Lips floating in the darkness 
restaurants and pubs develop a 

6362
05:52:31,700 --> 05:52:33,400
labret workarounds for the 
blackout restrictions. 

6363
05:52:34,500 --> 05:52:37,500
Some establishments paint their 
Windows opaque black. 

6364
05:52:37,500 --> 05:52:41,200
But installed elaborate 
interior, lighting, creating 

6365
05:52:41,200 --> 05:52:44,200
spaces that feel almost normal 
once you're inside. 

6366
05:52:44,900 --> 05:52:48,600
Others embrace the dimness 
installing red or blue lights 

6367
05:52:48,600 --> 05:52:51,700
that create atmospheric spaces. 
While technically complying with

6368
05:52:51,700 --> 05:52:55,600
regulations nightclubs, in 
particular find that dim 

6369
05:52:55,600 --> 05:52:59,300
lighting can be romantic or 
mysterious transforming a 

6370
05:52:59,300 --> 05:53:02,500
restriction into a feature. 
The entertainment industry 

6371
05:53:02,500 --> 05:53:06,600
becomes increasingly creative 
Cinemas develop complex 

6372
05:53:06,600 --> 05:53:10,600
procedures for seating people in
darkness ushers with covered 

6373
05:53:10,600 --> 05:53:13,300
torches. 
Luminous floor markers and 

6374
05:53:13,300 --> 05:53:16,800
spaced entry times to prevent 
traffic jams in the lightless 

6375
05:53:16,800 --> 05:53:19,700
Isles. 
Some theaters experiment with 

6376
05:53:19,700 --> 05:53:23,200
matinee, only schedules 
accepting reduced evening 

6377
05:53:23,200 --> 05:53:26,200
business rather than dealing 
with blackout complications. 

6378
05:53:26,900 --> 05:53:30,300
Others Thrive precisely because 
they offer brightest escapism 

6379
05:53:30,300 --> 05:53:32,000
inside. 
While maintaining complete 

6380
05:53:32,000 --> 05:53:36,200
darkness outside radio programs 
evolved to suit Their audience 

6381
05:53:36,200 --> 05:53:39,500
as circumstances. 
Content become more domestic 

6382
05:53:39,500 --> 05:53:42,500
more suited to family. 
Listening in dimmed rooms, 

6383
05:53:42,500 --> 05:53:46,800
comedy programs, emphasize 
verbal humor, over visual gags, 

6384
05:53:46,800 --> 05:53:51,200
dramas rely on sound effects and
voice acting to create Vivid 

6385
05:53:51,200 --> 05:53:54,800
mental images. 
The BBC becomes increasingly 

6386
05:53:54,800 --> 05:53:57,900
sophisticated in its 
understanding of how to create 

6387
05:53:57,900 --> 05:54:01,800
entertainment for a population 
city in the dark unable to do 

6388
05:54:01,800 --> 05:54:06,300
much else besides listen. local 
communities, develop Collective,

6389
05:54:06,300 --> 05:54:10,400
coping strategies neighborhoods,
organized blackout, socials, 

6390
05:54:10,400 --> 05:54:13,900
Gatherings where people can meet
and commingled despite the 

6391
05:54:13,900 --> 05:54:18,300
darkness Churches, host, evening
services that become social 

6392
05:54:18,300 --> 05:54:20,100
events. 
As much as religious ones, 

6393
05:54:20,100 --> 05:54:23,600
providing both spiritual comfort
and human connection. 

6394
05:54:24,600 --> 05:54:27,400
Community centers run 
activities, specifically 

6395
05:54:27,400 --> 05:54:29,300
designed for low-light 
conditions. 

6396
05:54:29,300 --> 05:54:33,500
Music sessions discussion groups
and Collective listening to 

6397
05:54:33,500 --> 05:54:36,900
important broadcasts. 
Street communities become more 

6398
05:54:36,900 --> 05:54:38,800
tight-knit through the shared 
experience. 

6399
05:54:39,700 --> 05:54:42,500
Neighbors, who might previously 
have exchanged only perfunctory 

6400
05:54:42,500 --> 05:54:45,300
greetings? 
Now check on each other help 

6401
05:54:45,300 --> 05:54:47,700
each other with blackout 
preparations and share 

6402
05:54:47,700 --> 05:54:51,300
resources, and solutions. 
The darkness creates a kind of 

6403
05:54:51,300 --> 05:54:54,800
Frontier mentality. 
Sense that you are all in this 

6404
05:54:54,800 --> 05:54:57,100
together. 
Facing common challenges that 

6405
05:54:57,100 --> 05:55:01,700
require Mutual support Children 
remarkably resilient turn the 

6406
05:55:01,700 --> 05:55:05,100
blackout into play. 
They invent games suited to 

6407
05:55:05,100 --> 05:55:09,300
Darkness, elaborate version of 
hidden seek treasure. 

6408
05:55:09,300 --> 05:55:12,300
Hunts, that rely on touch and 
sound, rather than sight. 

6409
05:55:12,300 --> 05:55:16,100
And Theatrical performance is 
put on in dim rooms were 

6410
05:55:16,100 --> 05:55:18,500
imagination fills in for visual 
spectacle. 

6411
05:55:19,500 --> 05:55:23,300
The blackout becomes normalized 
in their experience, not a 

6412
05:55:23,300 --> 05:55:26,900
temporary disruption but simply 
how the world works as natural 

6413
05:55:26,900 --> 05:55:29,300
as rain or school or Sunday 
roast. 

6414
05:55:30,200 --> 05:55:33,600
Teachers adapt, their lesson 
plans, incorporating blackout 

6415
05:55:33,600 --> 05:55:37,500
realities into education. 
Science classes discuss 

6416
05:55:37,500 --> 05:55:39,300
astronomy. 
With Newfound relevance 

6417
05:55:39,300 --> 05:55:42,000
students, can actually see what 
they're learning about. 

6418
05:55:43,500 --> 05:55:46,300
History lessons. 
Draw parallels to Medieval life 

6419
05:55:46,300 --> 05:55:50,000
helping children understand that
most of human history occurred 

6420
05:55:50,000 --> 05:55:54,200
without electric light. 
Art classes experiment with low 

6421
05:55:54,200 --> 05:55:59,000
light media, charcoal drawings 
shadow puppets and projects that

6422
05:55:59,000 --> 05:56:03,600
work despite limited visibility.
Physical coordination improves 

6423
05:56:03,600 --> 05:56:05,800
across the population. 
As people, develop better, 

6424
05:56:05,800 --> 05:56:10,300
spatial awareness. your 
proprioception that internal 

6425
05:56:10,300 --> 05:56:14,700
sense of where your body is in 
space sharpens when visual input

6426
05:56:14,700 --> 05:56:19,100
becomes unreliable, People learn
to move more carefully, more 

6427
05:56:19,100 --> 05:56:23,200
consciously developing a kind of
bodily intelligence that Modern 

6428
05:56:23,200 --> 05:56:28,000
Life had allowed to atrophy. 
Simple Act of walking becomes 

6429
05:56:28,000 --> 05:56:32,400
more mindful, more present, and 
less the unconscious automatic 

6430
05:56:32,400 --> 05:56:35,500
process. 
It had been health effects 

6431
05:56:35,500 --> 05:56:39,800
emerge, both positive and 
negative accident rates from the

6432
05:56:39,800 --> 05:56:43,500
darkness remain elevated. 
People can continue to trip 

6433
05:56:43,500 --> 05:56:45,800
Collide and stumble into 
objects. 

6434
05:56:46,700 --> 05:56:48,700
But there are unexpected 
benefits, too. 

6435
05:56:49,500 --> 05:56:52,700
The early evening, schedules 
mean people get more sleep and 

6436
05:56:52,700 --> 05:56:54,800
less circadian. 
Rhythms are more aligned with 

6437
05:56:54,800 --> 05:56:59,000
natural light, dark Cycles. 
The reduction in artificial 

6438
05:56:59,000 --> 05:57:00,700
light at night. 
Might be improving Sleep 

6439
05:57:00,700 --> 05:57:03,500
Quality, though. 
Nobody's conducting formal 

6440
05:57:03,500 --> 05:57:07,200
studies to verify this the 
enforced indoor evenings mean, 

6441
05:57:07,200 --> 05:57:11,000
less exposure to cold and damp 
for some potentially reducing 

6442
05:57:11,000 --> 05:57:14,000
winter illness. 
Seasonal variations in the 

6443
05:57:14,000 --> 05:57:16,500
blackout, create different 
challenges and experiences. 

6444
05:57:17,300 --> 05:57:20,600
Some are evenings with their 
late sunsets, require shorter 

6445
05:57:20,600 --> 05:57:23,600
periods of blackouts, just three
or four hours. 

6446
05:57:23,600 --> 05:57:28,500
People can enjoy long Twilights 
and extended time Outdoors, 

6447
05:57:28,500 --> 05:57:32,300
while it's still light enough to
see Picnics and garden parties, 

6448
05:57:32,300 --> 05:57:35,100
adapt to early schedule's 
wrapping up before. 

6449
05:57:35,100 --> 05:57:39,400
Darkness makes them impractical.
But winter brings longer 

6450
05:57:39,400 --> 05:57:43,200
blackout periods, sometimes 16 
hours or more of required 

6451
05:57:43,200 --> 05:57:46,100
Darkness. 
The cycle weight of this is 

6452
05:57:46,100 --> 05:57:48,500
considerable, waking in 
darkness. 

6453
05:57:48,500 --> 05:57:52,700
Working through short, daylight 
hours, returning home to more 

6454
05:57:52,700 --> 05:57:56,200
Darkness. 
It feels oppressive endless. 

6455
05:57:57,100 --> 05:58:00,400
Seasonal affective disorder 
though not yet named or 

6456
05:58:00,400 --> 05:58:04,500
officially recognized. 
Surely affects many the lack of 

6457
05:58:04,500 --> 05:58:09,200
light combines with war anxiety 
to create periods of genuine, 

6458
05:58:09,200 --> 05:58:13,000
depression for some December 
1939. 

6459
05:58:13,000 --> 05:58:15,600
Brings the Blackout's first 
winter holiday season. 

6460
05:58:16,500 --> 05:58:18,400
Christmas presents unique 
challenges. 

6461
05:58:18,400 --> 05:58:22,600
How do you maintain festive 
cheer in compulsory Darkness 

6462
05:58:23,400 --> 05:58:25,000
families. 
Rise to the challenge with 

6463
05:58:25,000 --> 05:58:28,600
determination that borders onto 
science, Christmas lights. 

6464
05:58:28,600 --> 05:58:32,000
Those strings of colored bulbs 
that normally decorate windows, 

6465
05:58:32,000 --> 05:58:34,700
and trees must be abandoned or 
drastically. 

6466
05:58:34,700 --> 05:58:38,500
Modified some people crit, 
elaborate interior displays 

6467
05:58:38,500 --> 05:58:42,300
decorating trees in rooms with 
completely blacked out windows, 

6468
05:58:42,300 --> 05:58:46,300
creating private festivals of 
light that can't be seen from 

6469
05:58:46,300 --> 05:58:50,200
outside. 
Carol singing adapts to blackout

6470
05:58:50,200 --> 05:58:54,100
conditions groups, carry covered
lanterns as they move from house

6471
05:58:54,100 --> 05:58:58,300
to house their voices rising in 
the darkness creating moments of

6472
05:58:58,300 --> 05:59:01,400
beauty and connection. 
That feel more pressure for the 

6473
05:59:01,400 --> 05:59:04,900
surrounding Gloom. 
The ancient hymns about light 

6474
05:59:04,900 --> 05:59:07,400
coming into darkness, take on 
new residents. 

6475
05:59:08,300 --> 05:59:10,600
Silent Night, feels especially 
appropriate. 

6476
05:59:10,600 --> 05:59:13,700
When nights are so profoundly 
silent and dark. 

6477
05:59:14,600 --> 05:59:17,400
Gift-giving focus is on 
practical items suited to 

6478
05:59:17,400 --> 05:59:22,400
blackout life, torches, luminous
paint, warm clothing and books 

6479
05:59:22,400 --> 05:59:25,300
for reading aloud. 
But there are frivolous gifts 

6480
05:59:25,300 --> 05:59:27,400
too. 
Deliberate, assertions of 

6481
05:59:27,400 --> 05:59:31,700
normalcy and joy, despite 
circumstances dolls, and toy 

6482
05:59:31,700 --> 05:59:35,600
soldiers for children, perfume 
and stockings for wives and 

6483
05:59:35,600 --> 05:59:38,900
pipes and tobacco. 
For husbands, these gestures 

6484
05:59:38,900 --> 05:59:43,200
matter enormously small Defiance
is against the wars restrictions

6485
05:59:43,200 --> 05:59:47,300
declarations that life and 
pleasure can continue New Year's

6486
05:59:47,300 --> 05:59:49,800
Eve, presents. 
Its own strange circumstances, 

6487
05:59:49,800 --> 05:59:54,000
the traditional celebrations 
gathering in public squares, 

6488
05:59:54,000 --> 05:59:57,400
watching for midnight and the 
explosion of noise and light as 

6489
05:59:57,400 --> 06:00:00,400
the new era arrives must be 
reimagined. 

6490
06:00:01,300 --> 06:00:04,500
People celebrate in dark and 
homes, listening for church 

6491
06:00:04,500 --> 06:00:08,400
bells gathering around Wireless 
sets for special broadcasts. 

6492
06:00:09,300 --> 06:00:13,700
When midnight comes they might 
step out into darkness, hearing 

6493
06:00:13,700 --> 06:00:15,600
distant, voices, calling 
greetings. 

6494
06:00:15,600 --> 06:00:18,600
They cannot see feeling 
connected to Invisible 

6495
06:00:18,600 --> 06:00:24,100
neighbors, through sound alone. 
The turn to 1940 brings renewed 

6496
06:00:24,100 --> 06:00:27,300
determination. 
The blackout will continue but 

6497
06:00:27,300 --> 06:00:28,600
people have learned to live with
it. 

6498
06:00:29,400 --> 06:00:34,100
The initial shock has worn off 
replaced by practice competence.

6499
06:00:34,800 --> 06:00:38,000
You know, how to navigate your 
street in darkness, you know, 

6500
06:00:38,000 --> 06:00:40,500
how long your blackout 
preparations, take, you know, 

6501
06:00:40,500 --> 06:00:43,700
which activities work in dim 
light in which don't the 

6502
06:00:43,700 --> 06:00:47,400
learning curve has been climbed 
and what remains is simply 

6503
06:00:49,500 --> 06:00:53,400
perceived the blackout continues
through 1940 and Beyond lasting 

6504
06:00:53,400 --> 06:00:57,800
in various forms, until 
September. 1944 when regulations

6505
06:00:57,800 --> 06:01:01,800
finally relax as the threat of 
bombing diminishes, but even 

6506
06:01:01,800 --> 06:01:05,200
before official relaxation, the 
blackout evolves and becomes 

6507
06:01:05,200 --> 06:01:09,100
less absolute. 
As military technology improves 

6508
06:01:09,100 --> 06:01:12,700
and bombing strategies change 
the strict requirements. 

6509
06:01:12,700 --> 06:01:16,300
Loosened slightly. 
Dim lights become permissible in

6510
06:01:16,300 --> 06:01:19,700
some circumstances. 
The complete darkness of those 

6511
06:01:19,700 --> 06:01:23,100
first months gradually lightened
to a more manageable glue. 

6512
06:01:24,100 --> 06:01:27,800
The first relaxation to 
tentative almost apologetic. 

6513
06:01:29,100 --> 06:01:31,400
Regulations. 
Allow heavily shielded Street 

6514
06:01:31,400 --> 06:01:34,700
Lighting in some areas. 
Not the full illumination of 

6515
06:01:34,700 --> 06:01:38,600
pre-war years, but enough to 
prevent the worst accidents and 

6516
06:01:38,600 --> 06:01:41,500
to make navigation possible 
without constant hazard. 

6517
06:01:42,300 --> 06:01:45,700
These new lights, cast pools of 
dim Radiance that seemed 

6518
06:01:45,700 --> 06:01:50,100
extraordinarily bright after 
years of complete darkness. 

6519
06:01:50,100 --> 06:01:53,500
Even though they are actually 
quite faint by historical 

6520
06:01:53,500 --> 06:01:56,200
standards. 
People's reactions to these 

6521
06:01:56,200 --> 06:02:00,200
first returns of public lighting
reveal, how much the darkness 

6522
06:02:00,200 --> 06:02:04,300
has affected them, some feel 
immediate relief, an easing of 

6523
06:02:04,300 --> 06:02:07,700
tension, they hadn't quite 
realized they were carrying the 

6524
06:02:07,700 --> 06:02:10,300
simple ability to see where 
you're walking to recognize 

6525
06:02:10,300 --> 06:02:13,700
faces to orient yourself. 
Visually these feel like 

6526
06:02:13,700 --> 06:02:19,100
luxuries gifts restored after 
long debt probation, Others. 

6527
06:02:19,100 --> 06:02:21,300
Feel oddly uncomfortable with 
the lights return. 

6528
06:02:21,300 --> 06:02:25,800
After years of Darkness even 
dim, lighting can feel exposing 

6529
06:02:25,800 --> 06:02:28,300
and vulnerable. 
Some people have grown 

6530
06:02:28,300 --> 06:02:32,000
accustomed to the anonymity that
Darkness provides the sense of 

6531
06:02:32,000 --> 06:02:34,400
being on seen as you move 
through public spaces. 

6532
06:02:35,200 --> 06:02:38,600
The return of light. 
However, faint removes that 

6533
06:02:38,600 --> 06:02:41,800
protective invisibility. 
The gradual restoration 

6534
06:02:41,800 --> 06:02:46,400
progresses through 1944 as 
allied forces, push across 

6535
06:02:46,400 --> 06:02:48,400
Europe and the threat to 
Britain. 

6536
06:02:48,400 --> 06:02:53,700
Recedes. more lights, return 
regulations, relax further and 

6537
06:02:53,700 --> 06:02:57,000
the familiar glow of evening 
civilization begins to rebuild 

6538
06:02:58,000 --> 06:03:01,900
Shop Windows light up first, 
just modestly but enough to 

6539
06:03:01,900 --> 06:03:04,300
display goods and to create 
welcoming spaces. 

6540
06:03:05,300 --> 06:03:08,100
Then Street lamps return to more
normal operation. 

6541
06:03:08,100 --> 06:03:09,400
They're familiar. 
Yellow. 

6542
06:03:09,400 --> 06:03:12,000
Orange, light painting 
Pavements, and facades. 

6543
06:03:12,700 --> 06:03:14,300
For those who remember the 
change. 

6544
06:03:14,300 --> 06:03:17,000
And by this point, young 
children have lived their entire

6545
06:03:17,000 --> 06:03:19,000
conscious lives under blackout 
conditions. 

6546
06:03:19,000 --> 06:03:24,300
The restoration of light feels 
almost magical treats that had 

6547
06:03:24,300 --> 06:03:27,400
been navigated by memory and 
faiths suddenly reveal 

6548
06:03:27,400 --> 06:03:31,200
themselves in detail. building 
show their full architectural 

6549
06:03:31,200 --> 06:03:35,800
character, faces become readable
from a distance the urban 

6550
06:03:35,800 --> 06:03:40,100
landscape recovers, its visible 
complexity The psychological 

6551
06:03:40,100 --> 06:03:43,400
impact of restored, lighting is 
profound and multifaceted. 

6552
06:03:43,400 --> 06:03:48,600
There's certainly celebration 
relief and joy at this tangible 

6553
06:03:48,600 --> 06:03:52,400
symbol of the wars, waning But 
there's all a strange sadness 

6554
06:03:52,400 --> 06:03:56,000
and unexpected Nostalgia for 
something that everyone 

6555
06:03:56,000 --> 06:03:58,200
complained about constantly, 
while it was happening. 

6556
06:03:59,300 --> 06:04:03,200
The blackout years for all their
difficulty had created a kind of

6557
06:04:03,200 --> 06:04:07,000
Fellowship. 
Shared experience that had bound

6558
06:04:07,000 --> 06:04:10,800
communities together. 
With the return of light comes 

6559
06:04:10,800 --> 06:04:14,600
the return of normal, Urban 
anonymity, the dissolution of 

6560
06:04:14,600 --> 06:04:18,400
that intense Mutual dependence. 
Some of the Innovations and 

6561
06:04:18,408 --> 06:04:22,400
adaptations developed during the
blackout persist even after 

6562
06:04:22,400 --> 06:04:26,100
they're no longer necessary. 
People who learn to navigate by 

6563
06:04:26,100 --> 06:04:28,300
sound and memory retain those 
skills. 

6564
06:04:29,100 --> 06:04:31,700
Families, who discovered they 
enjoyed evening read aloud 

6565
06:04:31,700 --> 06:04:33,700
sessions. 
Continue them even when bright 

6566
06:04:33,700 --> 06:04:35,400
lights would permit individual 
reading. 

6567
06:04:36,100 --> 06:04:39,100
Communities that Drew together 
in darkness, maintain some of 

6568
06:04:39,100 --> 06:04:42,300
that closeness. 
Those relationships that formed 

6569
06:04:42,300 --> 06:04:46,300
during shared difficulty. 
physical traces of the blackout,

6570
06:04:46,300 --> 06:04:50,000
persist too, white painted, 
curbs and tree trunks remain 

6571
06:04:50,000 --> 06:04:53,200
their purpose obsolete, but 
their present continuing 

6572
06:04:54,100 --> 06:04:56,400
Blackout curtains, stay up in 
many homes. 

6573
06:04:56,400 --> 06:05:00,100
Why take them down when they're 
already installed when they 

6574
06:05:00,100 --> 06:05:03,100
useful for privacy? 
When there are a reminder of 

6575
06:05:03,100 --> 06:05:06,800
survival? 
Architectural features designed 

6576
06:05:06,800 --> 06:05:10,100
for the blackout era. 
Those double door entries on 

6577
06:05:10,100 --> 06:05:12,100
pubs. 
The carefully positioned 

6578
06:05:12,100 --> 06:05:15,500
lighting fixers remain as 
fossils of a particular 

6579
06:05:15,500 --> 06:05:18,800
historical moment. 
Ecological effects of the 

6580
06:05:18,800 --> 06:05:20,500
blackout years, gradually 
reverse. 

6581
06:05:21,200 --> 06:05:25,000
His artificial light Returns the
night sky slowly disappears. 

6582
06:05:25,000 --> 06:05:27,500
Again. 
Behind its veil of urban glow. 

6583
06:05:28,300 --> 06:05:32,700
Stars fade from Easy visibility 
the Milky Way withdraws, the 

6584
06:05:32,700 --> 06:05:35,800
darkness that had revealed 
Celestial beauty is pushed back 

6585
06:05:35,800 --> 06:05:39,200
by human illumination. 
Some people mourn. 

6586
06:05:39,200 --> 06:05:42,500
This loss realizing that the 
blackout had given them a gift, 

6587
06:05:42,500 --> 06:05:45,400
they'll never receive. 
Again the regular sight of the 

6588
06:05:45,408 --> 06:05:48,900
universe of their heads, the 
generation that lived through 

6589
06:05:48,900 --> 06:05:52,000
the blackout carries memories, 
that shape their relationship 

6590
06:05:52,000 --> 06:05:54,400
with light and darkness for the 
rest of their lives. 

6591
06:05:55,200 --> 06:05:57,700
Those who were children during 
the blackout often. 

6592
06:05:57,700 --> 06:06:01,100
Develop, either a strong 
preference for Darkness finding 

6593
06:06:01,100 --> 06:06:02,700
comfort in the nighttime 
environment. 

6594
06:06:02,700 --> 06:06:06,000
They knew as children or an 
equally strong preference, for 

6595
06:06:06,000 --> 06:06:10,200
abundant light, A kind of 
overcompensation for years of 

6596
06:06:10,200 --> 06:06:13,700
enforced dimness. 
The blackout leaves. 

6597
06:06:13,700 --> 06:06:17,700
Its mark on British culture in 
subtle ways, a certain comfort 

6598
06:06:17,700 --> 06:06:21,800
with dimmer lighting persists 
British homes and public spaces 

6599
06:06:21,800 --> 06:06:24,900
tend toward more modest 
illumination than their American

6600
06:06:24,900 --> 06:06:26,900
counterparts. 
Different. 

6601
06:06:26,900 --> 06:06:30,100
That may Trace partially to this
period of enforced Darkness. 

6602
06:06:30,800 --> 06:06:34,800
The idea that too much light is 
wasteful even slightly vulgar 

6603
06:06:34,800 --> 06:06:37,400
becomes embedded in aesthetic, 
Sensibility. 

6604
06:06:38,400 --> 06:06:41,100
The historical memory of the 
blackout carries multiple 

6605
06:06:41,100 --> 06:06:43,800
meanings. 
Becomes a symbol of British 

6606
06:06:43,800 --> 06:06:47,300
resilience of the homefront 
contribution, to the war effort,

6607
06:06:47,300 --> 06:06:50,200
and of collective. 
Sacrifice for a common cause 

6608
06:06:51,300 --> 06:06:54,700
politicians and cultural 
commentators invoke the blackout

6609
06:06:54,700 --> 06:06:57,900
as an example of what a society 
can endure when properly 

6610
06:06:57,900 --> 06:07:03,000
motivated when United by shared 
purpose, but the blackout also 

6611
06:07:03,000 --> 06:07:06,700
serves as a reminder of Wars 
intrusion into civilian life of 

6612
06:07:06,700 --> 06:07:10,200
how conflict transforms ordinary
existence in ways, both large 

6613
06:07:10,200 --> 06:07:13,100
and small. 
It demonstrates that Warfare is 

6614
06:07:13,100 --> 06:07:16,800
not just distant battles fought 
by soldiers, but all the 

6615
06:07:16,800 --> 06:07:20,800
accumulated, small deprivations 
and adjustments that everyone 

6616
06:07:20,800 --> 06:07:23,900
must make. 
The nightly ritual of darkening,

6617
06:07:23,900 --> 06:07:28,100
Windows, the cautious navigation
of familiar streets and the 

6618
06:07:28,108 --> 06:07:31,000
adaptation of every evening 
routine to accommodate the 

6619
06:07:31,000 --> 06:07:34,600
absence of light. 
For modern observers, the 

6620
06:07:34,600 --> 06:07:38,100
blackout offers A peculiar 
window into a world that 

6621
06:07:38,100 --> 06:07:40,800
simultaneously recognizable and 
alien. 

6622
06:07:41,800 --> 06:07:46,800
The Britain of 1939 had 
electricity radio, Automobiles 

6623
06:07:46,800 --> 06:07:50,800
and Cinemas all the 
technological fixtures of Modern

6624
06:07:50,800 --> 06:07:53,800
Life. 
Yet the deliberate removal of 

6625
06:07:53,800 --> 06:07:57,500
just one element artificial 
light after dark. 

6626
06:07:57,500 --> 06:08:01,500
Transformed daily experience. 
In ways that connected people 

6627
06:08:01,500 --> 06:08:04,300
backward to pre-industrial, 
patterns of living. 

6628
06:08:04,300 --> 06:08:07,700
There's something almost 
meditative about contemplating 

6629
06:08:07,700 --> 06:08:10,600
the blackout years. 
This period, when millions of 

6630
06:08:10,600 --> 06:08:15,000
people deliberately darken their
world sitting in dimmed rooms, 

6631
06:08:15,000 --> 06:08:19,600
navigating shadowed streets and 
learning to experience their 

6632
06:08:19,600 --> 06:08:24,600
environment through senses other
than sight, In our current ERA 

6633
06:08:24,600 --> 06:08:28,400
of constant illumination. 
When light pollution is so 

6634
06:08:28,400 --> 06:08:32,200
pervasive that many children 
grow up, never seeing the Milky 

6635
06:08:32,200 --> 06:08:35,000
Way. 
When cities glow so brightly 

6636
06:08:35,000 --> 06:08:38,400
that their visible from space, 
there's something oddly 

6637
06:08:38,400 --> 06:08:41,400
appealing about this historical 
moment of chosen Darkness. 

6638
06:08:42,800 --> 06:08:45,500
The blackout reminds us that our
relationship with light and 

6639
06:08:45,500 --> 06:08:49,500
darkness is not fixed or natural
but historically constructed 

6640
06:08:49,500 --> 06:08:54,300
shaped by technology, regulation
and social practice. 

6641
06:08:55,300 --> 06:08:58,000
For most of human history, 
Darkness was inevitable. 

6642
06:08:58,700 --> 06:09:02,500
You may the best like you could 
with fire or oil but ultimately 

6643
06:09:02,500 --> 06:09:06,800
night meant Darkness. 
Electric light changed this. 

6644
06:09:07,600 --> 06:09:10,700
Pushing Darkness back and 
extending the day artificially. 

6645
06:09:12,100 --> 06:09:16,000
The blackout briefly reversed 
this transformation restoring 

6646
06:09:16,000 --> 06:09:18,700
Darkness not through 
technological failure. 

6647
06:09:19,300 --> 06:09:22,400
Through deliberate choice. 
As you lie here. 

6648
06:09:22,408 --> 06:09:26,600
Now, warm and comfortable in a 
room where light is available at

6649
06:09:26,600 --> 06:09:29,700
the flick of a switch. 
It's worth contemplating. 

6650
06:09:29,700 --> 06:09:33,000
What the blackout reveals about 
human adaptability and 

6651
06:09:33,000 --> 06:09:36,500
resilience. 
The people of Britain in 1939 

6652
06:09:36,500 --> 06:09:38,100
didn't know how long the war 
would last. 

6653
06:09:38,900 --> 06:09:42,200
Whether the blackout would be 
needed for weeks or years or 

6654
06:09:42,200 --> 06:09:45,600
whether they are cities would 
survive or be destroyed yet they

6655
06:09:45,600 --> 06:09:49,200
adapted persevered and found 
moments of beauty and 

6656
06:09:49,200 --> 06:09:51,200
connection. 
Amidst the enforced Darkness. 

6657
06:09:52,200 --> 06:09:54,700
The blackout demonstrates 
something essential about 

6658
06:09:54,700 --> 06:09:59,400
Humanity's that we can endure 
significant disruption to normal

6659
06:09:59,400 --> 06:10:03,200
life when we understand the 
purpose behind it, when we 

6660
06:10:03,200 --> 06:10:06,000
believe we're contributing to 
something larger than our 

6661
06:10:06,000 --> 06:10:10,100
individual comfort. 
The nightly ritual of darkening 

6662
06:10:10,100 --> 06:10:12,100
Windows became a form of 
participation. 

6663
06:10:13,400 --> 06:10:16,800
A tangible action that connected
each household the national 

6664
06:10:16,800 --> 06:10:19,500
effort. 
There's something deeply human 

6665
06:10:19,500 --> 06:10:22,900
about gathering in darkened 
rooms about families coming 

6666
06:10:22,900 --> 06:10:26,500
together, around dim lights 
about Community supporting each 

6667
06:10:26,500 --> 06:10:28,200
other, through shared 
difficulty. 

6668
06:10:28,900 --> 06:10:32,900
These patterns recur throughout 
human history around ancient, 

6669
06:10:32,900 --> 06:10:37,800
campfires in medieval great 
Halls, lit by Rush light and in 

6670
06:10:37,800 --> 06:10:39,300
Pioneer cabins on winter 
evenings. 

6671
06:10:40,600 --> 06:10:43,500
The blackout temporarily 
restored, these older patterns 

6672
06:10:43,500 --> 06:10:47,500
using modern technology to 
recreate, pre-modern conditions.

6673
06:10:48,500 --> 06:10:52,200
The sensory richness of the 
blackout experience, the visible

6674
06:10:52,200 --> 06:10:54,900
stars. 
The Amplified sounds, the 

6675
06:10:54,900 --> 06:10:56,800
heightened awareness of smell 
and touch. 

6676
06:10:57,700 --> 06:11:00,700
Suggests that our normal 
brightly lit, existence May 

6677
06:11:00,700 --> 06:11:03,500
diminish, certain forms of 
awareness and experience. 

6678
06:11:04,400 --> 06:11:08,400
We gain practical benefits from 
abundant light certainly, but we

6679
06:11:08,400 --> 06:11:09,900
may lose other kinds of 
perception. 

6680
06:11:09,900 --> 06:11:12,500
Other ways of experiencing our 
environment. 

6681
06:11:12,500 --> 06:11:15,000
In each other, the blackouts and
force. 

6682
06:11:15,000 --> 06:11:18,900
Slowed down its requirement for 
more careful movement, more 

6683
06:11:18,900 --> 06:11:23,100
deliberate action and more time 
spent in quiet domestic setting 

6684
06:11:23,100 --> 06:11:26,800
these create a quality of life 
that many people found 

6685
06:11:26,800 --> 06:11:32,200
surprisingly satisfying, despite
the circumstances, Frantic pace 

6686
06:11:32,200 --> 06:11:36,800
of Modern Life, the constant 
visual stimulation, the ability 

6687
06:11:36,800 --> 06:11:39,700
to pursue individual activities,
in separate rooms with 

6688
06:11:39,700 --> 06:11:43,500
independent lighting. 
All these Innovations have costs

6689
06:11:43,500 --> 06:11:46,800
as well as benefits. 
Consider how the blackout 

6690
06:11:46,800 --> 06:11:50,900
changed social interaction. 
In darkness, you couldn't judge 

6691
06:11:50,900 --> 06:11:53,300
people by their appearance quite
so readily. 

6692
06:11:54,000 --> 06:11:57,200
Conversations happened, without 
the constant visual feedback. 

6693
06:11:57,200 --> 06:12:00,400
We normally rely on people, 
learn to listen, more carefully 

6694
06:12:00,400 --> 06:12:03,700
to pay attention to voice, tone 
and word choice rather than 

6695
06:12:03,700 --> 06:12:05,600
facial expressions and body 
language. 

6696
06:12:06,600 --> 06:12:09,400
This created different kinds of 
intimacy and different patterns 

6697
06:12:09,400 --> 06:12:12,600
of connection. 
The democratizing effect of the 

6698
06:12:12,600 --> 06:12:16,800
blackout the way, it affected 
rich and poor alike, created, a 

6699
06:12:16,800 --> 06:12:19,900
rare moment of genuinely shared 
experience across social 

6700
06:12:19,900 --> 06:12:24,300
classes, the Duke and the doctor
both navigated the same, dark 

6701
06:12:24,300 --> 06:12:29,200
and streets, both sat in dimmed 
rooms and both face the same 

6702
06:12:29,200 --> 06:12:31,000
challenge is of maintaining 
normal life. 

6703
06:12:31,000 --> 06:12:35,100
Despite abnormal conditions, 
This shared experience 

6704
06:12:35,100 --> 06:12:39,100
contributed to the social 
solidarity, that characterized 

6705
06:12:39,100 --> 06:12:42,700
Britain during the War years. 
The blackout also reveals 

6706
06:12:42,700 --> 06:12:45,400
something about the relationship
between freedom and security. 

6707
06:12:46,300 --> 06:12:49,500
The regulations represented, a 
significant restriction of 

6708
06:12:49,500 --> 06:12:53,000
personal Liberty, you couldn't 
like your own home as you wished

6709
06:12:53,000 --> 06:12:57,300
couldn't move freely at night 
without risk and face penalties 

6710
06:12:57,300 --> 06:13:01,000
for violations. 
Yet, most people accepted these 

6711
06:13:01,000 --> 06:13:04,500
restrictions as legitimate and 
necessary, a reasonable 

6712
06:13:04,500 --> 06:13:08,800
trade-off for Collective safety.
The balance between individual 

6713
06:13:08,800 --> 06:13:11,600
freedom and common security is 
never simple. 

6714
06:13:11,600 --> 06:13:15,600
Never permanent. 
It must be constantly negotiated

6715
06:13:15,600 --> 06:13:19,100
and renegotiated. 
The Innovations and adaptations 

6716
06:13:19,100 --> 06:13:22,300
that emerged during the 
blackout, the Luminous paint, 

6717
06:13:22,300 --> 06:13:26,300
the white marked curbs. 
The hooded headlamps the double 

6718
06:13:26,300 --> 06:13:29,400
door entries. 
Represent human creativity 

6719
06:13:29,400 --> 06:13:33,700
responding to constraint. 
Necessity, truly does mother 

6720
06:13:33,700 --> 06:13:35,800
invention and the blackout 
years? 

6721
06:13:35,800 --> 06:13:38,700
Produced countless small 
solutions to the problems that 

6722
06:13:38,700 --> 06:13:42,400
Darkness created. 
These Innovations demonstrate, 

6723
06:13:42,400 --> 06:13:45,900
the restrictions can Inspire 
rather than merely limit. 

6724
06:13:46,800 --> 06:13:49,600
Working within constraints can 
generate creativity. 

6725
06:13:50,800 --> 06:13:53,100
The return of light. 
After years of Darkness must 

6726
06:13:53,100 --> 06:13:55,200
have felt like emerging from a 
long tunnel. 

6727
06:13:55,900 --> 06:13:58,800
The Familiar World revealed 
again, the simple pleasure of 

6728
06:13:58,800 --> 06:14:02,000
seeing clearly. 
Of moving without constant 

6729
06:14:02,000 --> 06:14:05,600
caution of Windows that connect 
rather than seal. 

6730
06:14:06,600 --> 06:14:09,700
Yet along with this relief, came
the loss of something too. 

6731
06:14:10,600 --> 06:14:14,400
That peculiar intimacy, that 
Darkness had created, that 

6732
06:14:14,400 --> 06:14:18,100
sharpened awareness that sense 
of shared endurance. 

6733
06:14:19,300 --> 06:14:22,200
For those who live through it. 
The blackout becomes one of 

6734
06:14:22,208 --> 06:14:25,800
those formative experiences that
shape perception for a lifetime.

6735
06:14:26,600 --> 06:14:28,900
The carry memories of navigating
Darkness. 

6736
06:14:28,900 --> 06:14:34,400
A families gathered in dim rooms
of stars, brilliant overhead and

6737
06:14:34,400 --> 06:14:37,700
of the particular quality of 
Silence that descended on cities

6738
06:14:37,700 --> 06:14:41,400
designed for noise. 
These memories become stories, 

6739
06:14:41,400 --> 06:14:46,100
then history, then Legend part 
of the narrative that nation's 

6740
06:14:46,100 --> 06:14:47,900
tell themselves about their 
past. 

6741
06:14:48,700 --> 06:14:51,300
As we come to the end of our 
journey through the blackout 

6742
06:14:51,300 --> 06:14:54,600
years, as your eyelids grow 
heavy, and your breathing slows.

6743
06:14:54,600 --> 06:14:58,600
Let's gather the gentle lessons 
that this history offers for 

6744
06:14:58,600 --> 06:15:02,400
your own rest tonight. 
The blackout teachers us that 

6745
06:15:02,400 --> 06:15:06,600
darkness is not necessarily 
something to fear but rather a 

6746
06:15:06,600 --> 06:15:09,000
natural state that humans lived 
with for Millennia before 

6747
06:15:09,000 --> 06:15:13,000
electric light became common. 
Those wartime Britains learn to 

6748
06:15:13,000 --> 06:15:17,300
find comfort and even Beauty and
darkness, the visible stars, the

6749
06:15:17,300 --> 06:15:20,900
heightened awareness of sound 
and smell and the coziness of 

6750
06:15:20,900 --> 06:15:25,600
dimly lit rooms where families 
gathered close as you prepare 

6751
06:15:25,600 --> 06:15:29,400
for Sleep, your participating in
the same ancient human practice 

6752
06:15:29,400 --> 06:15:34,200
voluntarily entering Darkness 
trusting it to hold you safely 

6753
06:15:34,200 --> 06:15:37,600
while you're Consciousness dims 
The darkness of sleep is 

6754
06:15:37,600 --> 06:15:42,100
restorative necessary and a gift
rather than a threat. 

6755
06:15:42,900 --> 06:15:46,800
Like those blackout nights. 
It offers a time of rest of 

6756
06:15:46,800 --> 06:15:50,500
withdrawal from the constants, 
stimulation of Waking Life and 

6757
06:15:50,500 --> 06:15:52,300
of renewal that comes through 
quiet. 

6758
06:15:52,300 --> 06:15:55,700
And absence of light, the 
blackout families, who learn to 

6759
06:15:55,700 --> 06:15:59,700
slow down to move more carefully
to pay attention to senses 

6760
06:15:59,700 --> 06:16:02,200
Beyond sight. 
They discovered rhythms that 

6761
06:16:02,208 --> 06:16:07,500
sleep requires to the winding 
down, the gradual dimming, the 

6762
06:16:07,500 --> 06:16:09,800
shift from activity to 
Stillness. 

6763
06:16:10,800 --> 06:16:14,800
These transitions matter, they 
prepare body and mind for the 

6764
06:16:14,800 --> 06:16:18,200
darkness of sleep. 
Just as blackout preparations. 

6765
06:16:18,200 --> 06:16:20,300
Ready? 
Homes for the darkness of night.

6766
06:16:21,300 --> 06:16:24,300
The resilience of those blackout
years reminds us that humans can

6767
06:16:24,300 --> 06:16:27,000
adapt to almost anything and can
find peace. 

6768
06:16:27,000 --> 06:16:30,100
And even pleasure in 
circumstances that initially 

6769
06:16:30,100 --> 06:16:33,600
seemed impossible if they could 
learn to thrive in dark and 

6770
06:16:33,600 --> 06:16:37,200
cities, you can certainly trust 
yourself to the darkness of your

6771
06:16:37,200 --> 06:16:40,800
bedroom, to the natural process 
of sleep, that your body knows 

6772
06:16:40,800 --> 06:16:43,900
how to perform. 
The community and connection 

6773
06:16:43,900 --> 06:16:47,100
that emerged from the shared 
blackout experience suggests, 

6774
06:16:47,100 --> 06:16:50,400
something about the importance 
of letting go of accepting 

6775
06:16:50,400 --> 06:16:53,600
limitations and of working with 
rather than against 

6776
06:16:53,600 --> 06:16:57,200
circumstances sleep requires 
this same surrender. 

6777
06:16:57,800 --> 06:17:00,500
You cannot force it. 
Only create conditions that 

6778
06:17:00,500 --> 06:17:03,300
welcome it. 
Like those families dimming 

6779
06:17:03,300 --> 06:17:05,600
their lights and settling into 
evening quiet. 

6780
06:17:05,600 --> 06:17:09,700
You prepare the space and then 
allow the darkness to do its 

6781
06:17:09,700 --> 06:17:12,200
work. 
Those visible stars during the 

6782
06:17:12,200 --> 06:17:16,200
blackout, the celestial beauty 
that emerged when artificial 

6783
06:17:16,200 --> 06:17:20,000
light with Drew remind us that 
Darkness reveals as well as 

6784
06:17:20,000 --> 06:17:24,300
conceals. 
In sleeps, Darkness dreams 

6785
06:17:24,300 --> 06:17:27,900
emerge, unconscious. 
Processes do their necessary 

6786
06:17:27,900 --> 06:17:32,200
work and the mine sorts and 
files and heals in ways that 

6787
06:17:32,200 --> 06:17:36,900
can't happen in waking light. 
Trust the darkness to show you 

6788
06:17:36,900 --> 06:17:41,300
what you need to see the gradual
adaptation to the blackout, the 

6789
06:17:41,300 --> 06:17:44,300
way fear, transformed to 
competence, and then Comfort 

6790
06:17:44,300 --> 06:17:46,600
mirrors. 
The journey into sleep that you 

6791
06:17:46,608 --> 06:17:49,600
make each night. 
At first letting go of 

6792
06:17:49,600 --> 06:17:52,500
Consciousness can feel 
vulnerable, even frightening. 

6793
06:17:53,400 --> 06:17:59,000
But with practice with trust it 
becomes natural, even welcome. 

6794
06:17:59,800 --> 06:18:04,800
The darkness becomes familiar 
safe and a friend rather than a 

6795
06:18:04,800 --> 06:18:07,500
threat. 
As the blackout eventually. 

6796
06:18:07,500 --> 06:18:10,900
Lifted and light returned. 
So too, will you wake tomorrow 

6797
06:18:10,900 --> 06:18:15,100
to light an activity? 
But for now, like those wartime 

6798
06:18:15,100 --> 06:18:17,200
family settling into their 
dimmed homes. 

6799
06:18:17,900 --> 06:18:20,700
You can Embrace this time of 
darkness and quiet. 

6800
06:18:21,600 --> 06:18:24,900
Let your eyes closed like black 
out, curtains drawing shut. 

6801
06:18:25,900 --> 06:18:28,400
Feel your awareness dim, like, 
light turning down. 

6802
06:18:28,400 --> 06:18:32,700
Allow yourself to sink into 
Stillness like a City, Going 

6803
06:18:32,700 --> 06:18:37,100
Quiet under the night sky. 
People of the blackout years 

6804
06:18:37,100 --> 06:18:40,400
survived, not through constant 
vigilance, but through 

6805
06:18:40,400 --> 06:18:45,400
acceptance adaptation and the 
ability to find peace in Altered

6806
06:18:45,400 --> 06:18:49,900
circumstances, they learned that
Darkness could be endured that 

6807
06:18:49,900 --> 06:18:53,700
it brought gifts along with its 
challenges that life continued 

6808
06:18:53,700 --> 06:18:55,300
and even flourished under its 
cover. 

6809
06:18:56,600 --> 06:19:00,100
Your sleep tonight is your 
personal blackout a time of 

6810
06:19:00,100 --> 06:19:03,300
chosen. 
Darkness of withdrawal from the 

6811
06:19:03,300 --> 06:19:06,700
world's demands of rest and 
restoration. 

6812
06:19:07,500 --> 06:19:10,800
Like those wartime britons, you 
don't know exactly what tomorrow

6813
06:19:10,800 --> 06:19:14,200
will bring. you can trust that 
this period of Darkness will 

6814
06:19:14,200 --> 06:19:17,900
prepare you for whatever like 
reveals The last lesson of the 

6815
06:19:17,908 --> 06:19:21,500
blackout is, perhaps the most 
important that sometimes the 

6816
06:19:21,500 --> 06:19:23,500
most valuable thing we can do is
simply stop. 

6817
06:19:23,500 --> 06:19:28,600
Darken our world and rest. 
Not as defeat or Retreat. 

6818
06:19:28,600 --> 06:19:31,500
That is necessary preparation 
for continuing. 

6819
06:19:32,700 --> 06:19:35,500
Those nightly blackout rituals 
weren't just safety measures. 

6820
06:19:35,500 --> 06:19:38,800
They were acknowledgments that 
activity must balance with 

6821
06:19:38,800 --> 06:19:42,800
Stillness that light needs 
Darkness as a Counterpoint and 

6822
06:19:42,800 --> 06:19:45,600
that life requires periods of 
quiet and rest. 

6823
06:19:45,600 --> 06:19:50,300
So let yourself rest. 
Now let the darkness hold you as

6824
06:19:50,300 --> 06:19:53,800
it held those millions of people
through their blackout years 

6825
06:19:53,800 --> 06:19:59,100
safely, gently preparing you for
whatever tomorrow's light will 

6826
06:19:59,100 --> 06:20:01,400
bring. 
Your eyes are growing heavy. 

6827
06:20:02,300 --> 06:20:05,700
Your breath is slowing. 
The darkness around, you is 

6828
06:20:05,700 --> 06:20:08,600
peaceful protective and 
appropriate. 

6829
06:20:09,500 --> 06:20:11,600
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that you're 

6830
06:20:11,600 --> 06:20:13,900
participating in one of 
Humanity's oldest and most 

6831
06:20:13,908 --> 06:20:17,500
natural practices. 
The darkness is your friend 

6832
06:20:17,500 --> 06:20:20,800
tonight just as it became the 
friend of those who learned to 

6833
06:20:20,800 --> 06:20:25,100
live through the great blackout 
rest easy rest deep rest. 

6834
06:20:25,100 --> 06:20:28,400
Well and when morning comes when
light returns you'll wake 

6835
06:20:28,400 --> 06:20:31,100
refreshed as those blackout 
families woke to another day 

6836
06:20:31,100 --> 06:20:34,600
resilient and adapted and ready 
to continue. 

6837
06:20:35,600 --> 06:20:39,100
For now though, just darkness, 
just quiet, just rest. 

6838
06:20:39,800 --> 06:20:40,400
Sleep. 
Well.