The Freezing Life of Arctic Explorers (You Wouldn’t Make It) | Boring History

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Hello, my drowsy friends. 
I know you guys want to wrap 

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this Knight up quickly so let's 
get cozy. 

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And let me tell you another 
calming story here tonight where

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we travel to the coldest most 
unforgiving place on Earth. 

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But don't worry, you'll stay 
perfectly warm right where you 

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are. 
This is the story of Arctic, 

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explorers those peculiar 
individuals who voluntarily 

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subjected themselves to 
conditions that would have most 

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of us calling for hot cocoa and 
central heating within 

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approximately five minutes. 
So, if you're new, here is 

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always joining, the community is
super easy, just tap, subscribe,

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like the video, and let me know 
where in the world, you're 

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watching from. 
And what time it is for you now,

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get comfortable, and let's 
begin. 

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Before we talk about the 
Explorers themselves, you need 

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to understand what they were 
walking into. 

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The Arctic isn't just cold. 
That's like saying the ocean is 

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just wet. 
It's a fundamental reimagining 

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of what Earth can be a place 
where the normal rules governing

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comfortable human existence, 
simply pack up and leave town. 

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Imagine standing at the edge of 
the Arctic ice pack on a calm 

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day in late spring. 
Silence hits you first and it's 

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not the peaceful quiet of a 
library or the gentle hush of 

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snowfall in your backyard. 
This is a silent. 

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So complete, it has physical 
weight. 

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Your ears strain for something, 
anything to process. 

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But there's nothing except 
perhaps the distant crack of ice

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or The Whisper of wind across 
snow that might have fallen a 

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century ago. 
The air itself feels different 

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in your lungs at 40 below. 
Zero. 

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Each breath is an event, 
requiring conscious attention 

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The moisture in your breath 
crystallizes instantly, creating

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what Arctic explorers called 
Frost smoke. 

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Tiny ice crystals that hang in 
the air before your face like a 

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personal cloud. 
You can actually hear your 

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breath freeze. 
The sound somewhere between a 

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whisper and a crackle, that 
become the background music of 

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article. 
The light in the hierarchy does 

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things that seem physically 
impossible. 

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If you've only experienced light
in temperate climates, During 

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summer, the sun, Circle, The 
Horizon, like a confused insect 

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that can't find the exit never 
quite setting, casting Shadows 

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that rotate but never disappear.
this Perpetual Twilight creates 

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a landscape where time loses 
meaning is it three in the 

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morning or three in the 
afternoon? 

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You're watching sits on one 
thing, but the unchanging light 

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suggests that time itself has 
frozen along with everything 

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else, winter brings the opposite
experience darkness, that lasts 

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for months broken Only By 
Moonlight reflecting off ice and

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snow, creating a ghostly 
landscape of Grays, and blacks 

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and deep blues. 
The stars are so bright. 

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They seem artificial like 
someone scattered diamonds 

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across velvet and then turned up
the contrast setting. 

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The Aurora Borealis ripples 
across the sky in curtains of 

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green and purple and early 
explorers watching this display 

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from their Frozen ship's. 
Sometimes, wondered if they'd 

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left Earth entirely, the ice 
itself is not the flat uniform 

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surface. 
You might imagine Pressure's 

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form, where ice flows, Collide, 
creating Jagged walls of Frozen 

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chaos that can rise 30 ft High. 
These ridges look like the ruins

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of ancient glass cities. 
All sharp angles and translucent

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blue. 
Beautiful, and utterly 

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impossible. 
Between The Ridges, the ice is 

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sometimes, smoother enough to 
walk on, but more often, it's 

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rough, broken and treacherous. 
Every step requires attention 

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because a momentary lapse can 
mean a twisted ankle or Worse. 

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Open Water called leads by 
Arctic explorers appears without

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warning as the ice fractures 
under stress one moment. 

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You're walking on solid ice. 
The next, you're standing at the

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edge of an abyss of Dark Water. 
There's only a few degrees above

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freezing. 
These leads can be a few feet 

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wide or span miles and they open
and close according to currents 

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and pressures that are 
impossible to predict. 

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They're like the arctic's way of
keeping you honest. 

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A reminder that the ground 
beneath your feet is temporary 

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and conditional. 
The cold does strange things to 

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solid objects, metal becomes 
brittle and can shatter like 

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glass wood loses its flexibility
and cracks anything containing 

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moisture and most things contain
moisture will freeze and expand 

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breaking whatever container 
holds it. 

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Early explorers, learn these 
lessons, the hard way watching 

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their carefully prepared 
equipment fail in ways. 

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No one had anticipated because 
no one had tested anything. 

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At these temperatures. 
The wildlife that manages to 

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survive here has made 
adaptations that border on the 

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supernatural. 
Polar bears. 

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Those Lords of the ice have 
transparent fur that appears 

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white, but actually allows 
sunlight to reach their black 

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skin, creating a biological 
solar heating system, arctic 

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foxes can survive temperatures, 
that would kill. 

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Most mammals in minutes. 
Seals maintain breathing holes 

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in the ice with the dedication 
of medieval monks maintaining 

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Monastery, Gardens knowing their
survival, depends on keeping 

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those small openings clear. 
This was the world that Arctic 

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explorers chose to enter, not 
chosen casually, not stumbled 

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into by accident but 
deliberately selected as their 

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destination after careful 
consideration of all available 

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options. 
Which raises an obvious 

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question. 
What kind of person looks at 

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this landscape and thinks? 
Yes, that's where I want to 

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spend the next several years of 
my life. 

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The preparation for an Arctic 
Expedition in the late. 19th and

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early 20th. 
Centuries was less like packing 

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for a camping trip and more like
provisioning, a small Mobile 

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City that would need to be 
entirely self-sufficient for 

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years. 
There were no supply drops. 

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No emergency evacuation and no 
way to call for help if things 

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went wrong. 
Once you departed you were 

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committed planning began years 
before departure usually 

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uncomfortable offices in London,
Oslo or New York where 

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Expedition organizers would sit 
around polish tables and make 

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decisions about matters. 
They'd never personally 

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experienced How much food does a
man need per day? 

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When sledging in negative, 40 
degree weather, How many spare 

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Runners for the sledges? 
How much fuel for cooking and 

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heat when there's no wood and no
alternative? 

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These calculations had to be 
perfect because there was no 

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margin for error the food. 
Provisions, read like a 

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quartermaster's fever dream. 
Ships would carry tonnes of 

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pemmican a mixed of dried meat 
and fat. 

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That was nutritionally dense, 
practically indestructible, and 

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about as appealing as eating 
candle wax mixed with sawdust. 

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There were tons of flour sugar 
tea tobacco and can goods in 

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quantities. 
That required complex, 

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mathematical calculations to 
ensure each man could be fed 

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adequately for the duration of 
the Expedition, Victorian era, 

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explorers made some 
spectacularly questionable 

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decisions about Provisions, some
Expeditions brought Fine, China 

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and silver Cutlery because 
gentlemen are parently could not

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be expected to eat with their 
hands. 

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Even when trapped in Arctic Ice,
They packed the libraries of 

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books musical instruments and in
one memorable case a hand 

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cranked organ that weighed 
several hundred pounds. 

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These items seemed essential in 
the comfort of planning rooms 

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but became increasingly absurd. 
When men were struggling to hold

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sledges across broken ice 
clothing, received enormous 

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attention because everyone 
understood that staying warm was

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the difference between survival 
and becoming a frozen Memorial 

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to poor planning. 
The standard outfit for Arctic 

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travel was like, wearing an 
entire closet simultaneously. 

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You started with wool long 
underwear, added wool, trousers 

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and assured. 
Then will sweat her then Canvas 

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OR leather outer trousers, then 
a wool jacket, then a canvas or 

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leather outer jacket. 
On your feet when wool socks 

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usually several pairs that fur 
boots, or specially designed 

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leather boots with felt lining 
the Fur clothing. 

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That indigenous Arctic people's 
had refined over 1000s of years,

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was far superior to anything. 
Europeans could design But 

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Victorian Pride, often prevented
explorers from adopting, what 

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they saw as primitive Solutions.
Some Expeditions stubbornly 

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stuck with wool and Canvas even 
after observing the Inuit 

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hunters in their Caribou skin, 
anarex could work comfortably 

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and conditions that left 
Europeans shivering inside their

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multiple layers, the ships 
themselves required, extensive 

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modification, for Arctic service
hulls needed reinforcements with

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extra Timbers to withstand ice 
pressure heating systems had to 

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be installed and tested storage 
had to be organized, so that 

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everything needed for survival 
was accessible even when the 

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ship was listing heavily or 
partially crushed by Ice. 

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Some ships have their bows, 
specially shaped to ride up onto

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the ice rather than meeting it 
head-on. 

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The technique that could save a 
ship or merely delay, it 

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inevitable. 
Crushing selecting the crew was 

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perhaps the most critical 
decision, you needed Sailors who

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could handle a ship in the most 
demanding conditions imaginable.

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You needed, Carpenters 
blacksmiths and general 

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handyman. 
Who could repair anything 

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because there would be no 
replacement part. 

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You needed Hunters who could 
provide fresh meat when game was

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available you needed, scientists
to justify the Expedition and 

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collect data. 
That would satisfy the 

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geographic Society is funding 
The Venture. 

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But beyond technical skills, you
needed cycle, resilience that 

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was almost impossible to test in
advance. 

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How does someone handle months 
of darkness? 

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How do they cope with the 
claustrophobia of being trapped 

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on a ship with the same 30 
people for years? 

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How do they respond when things 
go wrong as they inevitably 

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will? 
The Expedition leaders try to 

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screen for these qualities, but 
it was largely guesswork. 

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You couldn't know how someone 
would handle the Arctic until 

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they were actually there. 
The families of crew members 

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faced their own ordeal in an era
before radio, communication 

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saying, goodbye meant accepting 
that you might hear nothing for 

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years. 
Letters could be sent back with 

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whaling, ships and countered 
early in the voyage. 

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But after that silents, Wives 
raise children, who barely? 

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Remember their fathers parents 
aged without knowing if their 

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sons were alive or frozen 
somewhere on the ice. 

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This uncertainty was his own 
form of cold that affected 

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people who never left 
comfortable home's. 

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Medical preparation was 
particularly challenging because

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Arctic conditions created health
problems. 

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That know, European doctor had 
experience treating Curvy that 

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disease caused by vitamin C. 
Deficiency was the great killer 

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of Arctic Expeditions yet, its 
cause wasn't fully understood 

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until the early 20th century. 
Frostbite, snow-blindness lead 

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poisoning from canned goods 
accidents with equipment, 

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infections with no antibiotics 
available, the Expedition Dr. To

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be prepared. 
For all of this with a medical 

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kit that could fit in a few 
wooden boxes. 

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The psychological preparation 
such as it was consisted mainly 

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of reading accounts from 
previous Expeditions, which 

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range from triumphant to 
horrifying. 

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Would be explorers could read 
about fridge off, Nance and 

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deliberately freezing a ship 
into the ice and drifting across

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the Arctic Ocean, or they could 
read about the frankly and 

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Expedition, which disappeared 
entirely with 129. 

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Men, was later found to have 
ended in Starvation and 

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Desperation. 
These accounts Were Meant to 

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inform, but one has to wonder if
they didn't also function as a 

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final test. 
If you read about many eating 

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their boots and still wanted to 
go, well, you are either 

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admirably dedicated or 
questionably, sane, the transfer

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nation of a ship from mobile 
vessel to Frozen prison 

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happened. 
Gradually almost gently You'd be

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sailing through increasingly ice
choked water's maneuvering 

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around flows, making progress, 
measured in miles per day, 

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rather than hours. 
Then the progress would slow to 

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yards. 
Then the ice would close in like

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a hand slowly making a fist and 
one morning you'd wake to 

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realize the ship wasn't going 
anywhere. 

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Not today, not tomorrow not 
until spring Thor, released you.

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If it released you being trapped
in the ice was the plan for most

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Arctic Expeditions. 
They deliberately winter over 

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using the ship as a base for 
exploration and scientific work.

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But there's a significant 
difference between 

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intellectually understanding, 
you'll be frozen in place. 

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And actually experiencing it. 
The ship that had been your 

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transportation suddenly became 
your entire world. 

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A wooden Universe measuring 
perhaps, 150 feet long and 30 

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feet wide. 
The daily routine on a nice band

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00:13:11,600 --> 00:13:13,900
ship was carefully structured 
because routine was the only 

234
00:13:13,900 --> 00:13:16,700
thing standing between civilized
behavior and Cabin Fever. 

235
00:13:17,800 --> 00:13:21,100
Morning began at a specific 
time, regardless of whether the 

236
00:13:21,100 --> 00:13:22,700
there was Daylight or Darkness 
outside. 

237
00:13:23,800 --> 00:13:26,500
Sailors would emerge from their 
hammocks or bunks in the four 

238
00:13:26,500 --> 00:13:30,000
castles where dozens of men 
slept in a space that would feel

239
00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:34,200
cramped for half that number. 
The air in the sleeping quarters

240
00:13:34,200 --> 00:13:38,700
was thick with breath and body 
heat, creating condensation of 

241
00:13:38,700 --> 00:13:41,900
Frozen on the walls and ceiling 
and intricate patterns of frost 

242
00:13:41,900 --> 00:13:44,300
flowers. 
Breakfast was typically a 

243
00:13:44,300 --> 00:13:47,300
substantial meal because men 
needed calories to stay warm 

244
00:13:47,300 --> 00:13:51,100
porridge bacon bread, tea or 
coffee. 

245
00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:55,600
Food that provided heat both in 
the eating and in the digesting.

246
00:13:56,600 --> 00:13:59,500
The Galley stove became the 
social center of the ship with 

247
00:13:59,500 --> 00:14:01,500
men clustering around it. 
Whenever they weren't 

248
00:14:01,500 --> 00:14:03,100
specifically needed. 
Elsewhere. 

249
00:14:04,300 --> 00:14:07,000
Stove, radiated a warmth that 
never quite reached. 

250
00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:10,300
The Far Corners of the ship 
creating distinct temperatures 

251
00:14:10,300 --> 00:14:13,600
zones from almost comfortable to
paint fully cold work, 

252
00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:16,400
assignments. 
Kept everyone busy and prevented

253
00:14:16,400 --> 00:14:19,400
the depression that could settle
over a crew, like another layer 

254
00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:23,900
of Darkness. there was always 
something to maintain repair or 

255
00:14:23,900 --> 00:14:28,600
prepare Ice needed to be cleared
from around the ship instruments

256
00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:31,800
needed tending. 
Scientific observations had to 

257
00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:34,900
be recorded with regularity that
approached religious devotion. 

258
00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:39,800
Temperature barometric pressure,
wind speed and ice conditions 

259
00:14:39,800 --> 00:14:42,800
were all carefully noted in log 
books, that might be the 

260
00:14:42,808 --> 00:14:45,900
Expeditions. 
Only lasting contribution, the 

261
00:14:45,900 --> 00:14:47,600
officers. 
And scientists generally had 

262
00:14:47,600 --> 00:14:51,500
individual cabins, though cabin 
makes them sound larger and more

263
00:14:51,500 --> 00:14:55,100
private than they were. 
Your cabin might be six feet by 

264
00:14:55,100 --> 00:15:00,100
8 feet, containing a bunk a 
small desk and perhaps one shelf

265
00:15:00,100 --> 00:15:04,000
for personal items. 
The walls were wood and despite 

266
00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:08,000
layers of felt and other 
insulation Frost formed on every

267
00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:10,400
surface. 
You'd wait with your breath. 

268
00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:14,100
Frozen to your blankets ink 
would freeze in your pain while 

269
00:15:14,100 --> 00:15:17,900
you were writing Books had to be
kept near the stove or their 

270
00:15:17,900 --> 00:15:20,900
Pages would become brittle. 
And crack entertainment was 

271
00:15:20,900 --> 00:15:24,200
crucial for maintaining morale 
during the long Arctic winter. 

272
00:15:24,900 --> 00:15:28,300
Ships carried extensive 
libraries, hundreds of books 

273
00:15:28,300 --> 00:15:31,900
that men would read and reread 
until they could recite passages

274
00:15:31,900 --> 00:15:35,000
from memory. 
Musical instruments provided 

275
00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:38,600
distraction with impromptu 
concerts filling the ship with 

276
00:15:38,600 --> 00:15:41,400
sounds that seemed absurdly 
cheerful given the 

277
00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:45,600
circumstances. some ships 
produced newspapers with crew 

278
00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:48,200
members, writing articles, 
poems, and humorous, 

279
00:15:48,200 --> 00:15:52,000
observations, about life aboard,
These handwritten Publications, 

280
00:15:52,000 --> 00:15:55,600
were elaborate jokes that 
everyone participated in because

281
00:15:55,600 --> 00:15:58,000
the alternative was dwelling on 
their situation. 

282
00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:01,400
The darkness of the Arctic 
winter did strange things to 

283
00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:05,400
human psychology. 
For months, the Sun never Rose 

284
00:16:05,400 --> 00:16:09,300
above the Horizon, leaving the 
world in Twilight or Darkness. 

285
00:16:10,100 --> 00:16:13,600
This absence of normal, 
day-night Cycles disrupted sleep

286
00:16:13,600 --> 00:16:17,300
patterns and created a pervasive
Weir inin that was as much 

287
00:16:17,300 --> 00:16:20,900
psychological as physical. 
Men would sleep poorly. 

288
00:16:20,900 --> 00:16:24,700
Wake unrested and struggle 
through days that felt in 

289
00:16:24,700 --> 00:16:28,600
terminable, despite being 
carefully, structured meals, 

290
00:16:28,600 --> 00:16:31,500
became the tent poles around 
which each day was organized. 

291
00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:36,700
Lunch, dinner, and evening, tea.
Mark the passage of time in ways

292
00:16:36,700 --> 00:16:40,600
that clocks couldn't The food 
itself became monotonous. 

293
00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:44,600
There's only so much variation 
possible with canned and dried 

294
00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:48,600
Provisions, but the ritual of 
gathering eating together and 

295
00:16:48,600 --> 00:16:52,100
taking time away from work 
provided necessary structure. 

296
00:16:52,900 --> 00:16:56,300
Special occasions called for 
special meals with Expedition 

297
00:16:56,300 --> 00:16:59,200
leaders, dipping into limited 
stores of luxuries to Mark 

298
00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:01,700
Christmas birthdays or 
anniversaries with something 

299
00:17:01,700 --> 00:17:05,000
beyond the standard. 
Fare the cold inside, the ship 

300
00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:06,900
was a constant presence that 
required. 

301
00:17:06,900 --> 00:17:10,599
Continuous negotiation. 
The main cabin where officers 

302
00:17:10,599 --> 00:17:14,599
and scientists gathered might be
kept at around 40 or 50 degrees 

303
00:17:14,599 --> 00:17:18,700
Fahrenheit, which sounds 
miserable but felt almost warm 

304
00:17:18,700 --> 00:17:22,000
compared to outside. 
Men dressed in layers, even 

305
00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:26,000
indoors keeping wool hats on, 
while they read or wrote writing

306
00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:29,000
anything required, determination
because your fingers would go 

307
00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:32,800
numb, within minutes of removing
gloves, hygiene became 

308
00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:35,000
challenging to the point of near
impossibility. 

309
00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:39,300
Bathing in Sub-Zero temperatures
was not merely uncomfortable, 

310
00:17:39,300 --> 00:17:43,500
but potentially dangerous. some 
ships had small washing 

311
00:17:43,500 --> 00:17:47,300
facilities, but using them meant
exposing your skin to air that 

312
00:17:47,300 --> 00:17:51,800
could cause frostbite in second 
Most men settled for spot 

313
00:17:51,800 --> 00:17:54,900
cleaning with minimal water and 
accepted that they would smell 

314
00:17:54,900 --> 00:17:56,800
like a combination of unwashed 
wool. 

315
00:17:56,800 --> 00:18:00,900
Seal oil and tobacco smoke until
spring Thor permitted. 

316
00:18:00,900 --> 00:18:04,000
A proper wash. 
The sounds of the ice became the

317
00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:07,800
soundtrack of winter. 
Ship would Creak and groan as 

318
00:18:07,800 --> 00:18:09,900
ice pressure, built up against 
the hull. 

319
00:18:09,900 --> 00:18:13,400
Sometimes the ice would crack 
with reports like artillery fire

320
00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:18,900
sudden and sharp enough to wake 
sleeping men At other times, the

321
00:18:18,900 --> 00:18:22,800
pressure would build slowly 
creating a constant groaning 

322
00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:25,300
that was almost worse than the 
sudden cracks. 

323
00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:28,800
Because you knew the ship was 
being slowly crushed, and there 

324
00:18:28,800 --> 00:18:30,600
was nothing anyone could do 
about it. 

325
00:18:30,600 --> 00:18:33,300
Fear was a constant companion, 
though. 

326
00:18:33,300 --> 00:18:37,200
It was rarely discussed openly. 
The crushing of a ship by Ice 

327
00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:41,600
pressure was not uncommon. 
The men knew the statistics knew

328
00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:44,800
the ships that had been lost a 
new that there wouldn't Hull was

329
00:18:44,800 --> 00:18:47,300
the only thing standing between 
them and the Frozen sea. 

330
00:18:48,600 --> 00:18:52,100
At night lying in their bunks. 
They could hear the ice working 

331
00:18:52,100 --> 00:18:55,600
on the ship's Timbers and could 
feel the structure shift and 

332
00:18:55,600 --> 00:18:59,800
settle under enormous pressures.
They trusted their ship and 

333
00:18:59,800 --> 00:19:03,500
trusted the reinforcements and 
special construction but trust 

334
00:19:03,500 --> 00:19:05,400
and certainly a very different 
things. 

335
00:19:05,400 --> 00:19:08,500
Eventually the walls of even the
most comfortable ship would 

336
00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:11,500
start to feel oppressive and 
Expeditions would send out 

337
00:19:11,500 --> 00:19:14,000
parties to establish camps on 
the Isis itself. 

338
00:19:14,900 --> 00:19:18,000
This was where the real work of 
Arctic, exploration happened. 

339
00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:20,600
The sledging journeys. 
That would map unknown 

340
00:19:20,600 --> 00:19:24,400
territories reached the pole or 
make scientific observations 

341
00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:26,100
impossible from a stationary 
ship. 

342
00:19:26,100 --> 00:19:29,200
Your sledging Camp would be 
simple because Simplicity was 

343
00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:32,100
survival. 
The tent was your new home, 

344
00:19:32,100 --> 00:19:35,900
usually made of canvas or thin 
fabric, that did almost nothing 

345
00:19:35,900 --> 00:19:39,200
to insulate against the cold, 
but at least provided shelter 

346
00:19:39,200 --> 00:19:41,800
from wind. 
Setting up camp. 

347
00:19:41,800 --> 00:19:45,300
After a day of sledging was a 
process, refined through painful

348
00:19:45,300 --> 00:19:50,100
experience. 
First, you'd select a spot flat 

349
00:19:50,100 --> 00:19:52,400
ice. 
If you were lucky broken, if you

350
00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:55,600
were not The sledges would be 
arranged to block wind. 

351
00:19:55,600 --> 00:19:59,900
Then the tent would go up a 
process that required removing 

352
00:19:59,900 --> 00:20:03,100
mittens and working with numb 
fingers to secure the structure 

353
00:20:03,100 --> 00:20:06,400
inside the tent space was 
absolutely minimal. 

354
00:20:07,100 --> 00:20:10,200
You might be sharing this space 
with two or three other men, and

355
00:20:10,200 --> 00:20:13,100
when everyone was lying down in 
their sleeping bags, there was 

356
00:20:13,108 --> 00:20:15,200
no room to move without 
disturbing someone else. 

357
00:20:16,100 --> 00:20:19,900
All the equipment cooking, stove
fuel Food Supplies. 

358
00:20:19,900 --> 00:20:23,700
Spare clothing, scientific 
instruments had to fit in this 

359
00:20:23,700 --> 00:20:26,400
small space while leaving just 
enough room for the men 

360
00:20:26,400 --> 00:20:29,100
themselves. 
The sleeping bag was your most 

361
00:20:29,100 --> 00:20:32,700
intimate companion a reindeer 
skin or wool cocoon. 

362
00:20:32,700 --> 00:20:36,300
That was simultaneously or 
greatest comfort and a source of

363
00:20:36,300 --> 00:20:40,600
ongoing misery. 
Each night, you'd climb into a 

364
00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:43,100
bag already damp with the 
previous night's moisture from 

365
00:20:43,100 --> 00:20:46,500
your breath and body heat. 
This moisture would freeze 

366
00:20:46,500 --> 00:20:49,200
during the day while you were 
sledging and you'd spend the 

367
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:52,300
first hour of each night 
shivering in a frozen sleeping 

368
00:20:52,300 --> 00:20:56,000
bag using body heat to slowly 
thaw it into something 

369
00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:59,700
approaching comfort. 
By morning the bag would be damp

370
00:20:59,700 --> 00:21:01,300
again. 
Slightly heavier from 

371
00:21:01,300 --> 00:21:04,700
accumulated ice and a few 
degrees more unpleasant than the

372
00:21:04,700 --> 00:21:07,900
night before cooking in a tent 
was performance of the most 

373
00:21:07,900 --> 00:21:11,000
demanding sort. 
You'd like to small stove, 

374
00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:15,500
usually burning, seal oil, 
petroleum or later more refined 

375
00:21:15,500 --> 00:21:19,000
fuels and tender carefully, 
because extinguishing it meant 

376
00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:20,800
starting over and wasting 
precious fuel. 

377
00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:26,100
Stove provided a small circle of
warmth two feet in diameter. 

378
00:21:27,200 --> 00:21:29,800
Outside that Circle the 
temperature remained. 

379
00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:34,100
Well, below zero, you'd melt ice
for water, heat, the water to 

380
00:21:34,100 --> 00:21:38,100
Boiling prepare, Pemberton stew 
or cocoa and try to eat the 

381
00:21:38,100 --> 00:21:41,800
resulting meal before it froze 
solid in your Tin Cup, the 

382
00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:44,900
etiquette of tent, life was 
Unwritten but absolute. 

383
00:21:44,900 --> 00:21:48,200
You didn't complain about the 
cold because everyone was cold. 

384
00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:51,500
He didn't talk about food, you 
wished, you had because everyone

385
00:21:51,500 --> 00:21:55,200
wished they had better food. 
He took your turn with Camp 

386
00:21:55,200 --> 00:21:57,600
chores without being asked 
because survival depended on 

387
00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:01,800
everyone pulling their weight. 
Small, irritations, someone 

388
00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:03,500
taking more than their share of 
space. 

389
00:22:03,500 --> 00:22:07,400
Someone snoring. 
Someone's habits had to be 

390
00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:10,300
ignored because allowing small 
tensions to escalate. 

391
00:22:10,300 --> 00:22:14,400
Could destroy a party's, 
cohesion, personal hygiene in a 

392
00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:17,400
sledging camp was essentially 
abandoned you wore the same 

393
00:22:17,408 --> 00:22:20,900
clothes day after day, because 
changing required exposing skin 

394
00:22:20,900 --> 00:22:24,100
to killing cold. 
Your face might get white with 

395
00:22:24,100 --> 00:22:27,500
snow if you had energy and 
inclination but proper washing 

396
00:22:27,500 --> 00:22:30,200
was impossible. 
Men would go weeks without 

397
00:22:30,200 --> 00:22:33,400
removing any clothing. 
Living in progressively, filthy 

398
00:22:33,400 --> 00:22:37,700
garments that accumulated, sweat
smoke seal oil, and the general 

399
00:22:37,700 --> 00:22:41,800
Grime of Arctic travel. 
The smell inside a tent off to 

400
00:22:41,800 --> 00:22:43,800
several weeks of. 
This would have been impressive.

401
00:22:44,600 --> 00:22:47,600
But cold suppresses odors and 
exhaustion suppresses. 

402
00:22:47,600 --> 00:22:51,000
Caring the morning routine began
with the unpleasant task of 

403
00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:53,400
leaving your sleeping bag while 
the tent was still cold. 

404
00:22:54,500 --> 00:22:58,700
Someone usually rotating Duty 
had to light the stove and start

405
00:22:58,700 --> 00:23:01,600
melting ice from breakfast. 
While everyone else delayed the 

406
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:04,300
inevitable moment of emerging 
from their bags. 

407
00:23:05,100 --> 00:23:08,500
Once the stove was going and hot
food was available the 

408
00:23:08,500 --> 00:23:11,300
transition from sleep, to 
preparation for the day's March 

409
00:23:11,300 --> 00:23:14,800
became manageable though. 
Never Pleasant breaking Camp was

410
00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:18,200
the reverse of setting it up. 
With everything carefully packed

411
00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:20,000
onto sledges in a specific 
order. 

412
00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:23,200
Things needed. 
Most often went on top or in 

413
00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:26,600
easy to access positions. 
Things needed rarely went 

414
00:23:26,600 --> 00:23:29,600
deeper. 
Every item had its place because

415
00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:33,000
in a blizzard or in failing 
light, you couldn't afford to 

416
00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:35,400
waste time searching for 
something buried in the wrong. 

417
00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:39,000
Sledge, the sledges themselves 
were marvels of functional 

418
00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:41,500
design. 
Evolved through generations of 

419
00:23:41,508 --> 00:23:45,400
Arctic travel. 
Long and narrow usually around 

420
00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:49,100
10 feet long and two feet wide. 
They were to distribute weight 

421
00:23:49,100 --> 00:23:52,100
across snow and ice while 
remaining light enough to be 

422
00:23:52,100 --> 00:23:56,100
hauled by men or dogs, loading. 
A sledge was a skill required 

423
00:23:56,100 --> 00:23:59,700
experience too much weight 
forward and it would dig into 

424
00:23:59,700 --> 00:24:04,500
snow too much weight back and it
would drag the load had to be 

425
00:24:04,500 --> 00:24:08,200
balanced and secured firmly, but
also accessible because you 

426
00:24:08,200 --> 00:24:11,800
might need to access supplies. 
During the day's March dog teams

427
00:24:11,800 --> 00:24:14,700
when used created their own set 
of challenges and Rewards. 

428
00:24:15,700 --> 00:24:19,500
The dogs were tough capable of 
pulling enormous loads in 

429
00:24:19,500 --> 00:24:22,200
conditions that would kill most 
animals, but they required 

430
00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:25,000
feeding management and constant 
attention. 

431
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:29,100
The goodly dog was worth its 
weight in pemmican capable of 

432
00:24:29,108 --> 00:24:31,900
finding the trail in whiteout 
conditions, and keeping the rest

433
00:24:31,900 --> 00:24:34,700
of the team moving when they 
wanted to curl up and wait out 

434
00:24:34,700 --> 00:24:38,000
bad weather. 
Poor LED dog, could tangle the 

435
00:24:38,008 --> 00:24:41,000
whole team. 
Create chaos and waste hours of 

436
00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:43,500
daylight that could never be 
recovered man. 

437
00:24:43,500 --> 00:24:46,100
Hauling pulling. 
Sledges without dogs, was the 

438
00:24:46,100 --> 00:24:50,000
purest approach favored by some 
Expeditions particularly British

439
00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:52,800
ones. 
The theory was that men pulling 

440
00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:54,500
their own. 
Sledges were self-sufficient, 

441
00:24:54,500 --> 00:24:57,700
not dependent on animals. 
That required food and care. 

442
00:24:58,600 --> 00:25:02,900
The reality was that manhole was
brutally hard work transforming,

443
00:25:02,900 --> 00:25:06,200
grown men into draft animals, 
straining and harnesses for 

444
00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:09,600
hours each day. 
It was Noble in a way but 

445
00:25:09,600 --> 00:25:12,200
nobility doesn't keep you warm. 
Or make the Sledge. 

446
00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:14,600
Any lighter. 
Let's talk about what cold 

447
00:25:14,600 --> 00:25:17,700
actually does to your body 
because understanding this helps

448
00:25:17,700 --> 00:25:20,500
explain why Arctic exploration 
was so difficult. 

449
00:25:20,500 --> 00:25:25,200
And why simply dressing warmly 
wasn't a complete solution at 

450
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:27,800
zero degrees Fahrenheit. 
Cold is uncomfortable, but 

451
00:25:27,800 --> 00:25:30,700
manageable with proper clothing,
a 20 below. 

452
00:25:30,700 --> 00:25:35,000
It starts, requiring real 
respect at 40 below which was 

453
00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:36,700
common during Arctic 
Expeditions. 

454
00:25:36,700 --> 00:25:39,100
The cold becomes an active 
opponent. 

455
00:25:39,100 --> 00:25:41,600
That's constantly looking for 
ways to kill you. 

456
00:25:42,300 --> 00:25:45,300
That's 60 below or lower 
temperatures regularly 

457
00:25:45,300 --> 00:25:49,200
encountered by some Expeditions.
The cold stops being something 

458
00:25:49,200 --> 00:25:51,900
you deal with and become 
something you survive. 

459
00:25:51,900 --> 00:25:55,600
Our by our your body is a 
furnace that requires constant 

460
00:25:55,600 --> 00:25:59,000
Fuel and in Arctic conditions 
that furnace has to work 

461
00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:02,200
overtime, Basal metabolism the 
energy. 

462
00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:05,900
You burn just staying alive 
increases dramatically and 

463
00:26:05,900 --> 00:26:09,600
extreme cold. 
Men on Arctic Expeditions could 

464
00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:15,300
consume 5,000 to 6,000 calories 
per day and still lose weight 

465
00:26:15,300 --> 00:26:17,800
because their bodies were 
burning everything to maintain 

466
00:26:17,800 --> 00:26:20,800
core temperature. 
They would eat a mounts of food 

467
00:26:20,800 --> 00:26:24,400
that would make a competitive 
eater, pause and wake up hungry 

468
00:26:24,400 --> 00:26:27,000
hours later. 
Frostbite was the ever-present 

469
00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:29,700
danger that turned. 
Every moment of Exposed Skin 

470
00:26:29,700 --> 00:26:34,600
into a calculated risk, your 
nose cheeks, ears, fingers and 

471
00:26:34,600 --> 00:26:38,500
toes were most vulnerable and 
Frostbite, damage was cumulative

472
00:26:38,500 --> 00:26:42,300
a small patch of frostbite would
heal, but leave that area more 

473
00:26:42,300 --> 00:26:46,500
susceptible to Future damage. 
Men would complete Expeditions 

474
00:26:46,500 --> 00:26:50,300
with permanent damage to their 
extremities Toes or fingers, 

475
00:26:50,300 --> 00:26:53,600
lost a gangrene noses, scarred 
and discolored. 

476
00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:55,500
A permanent record of their 
time. 

477
00:26:55,500 --> 00:26:58,500
In the cold, the progression of 
frostbite was something, every 

478
00:26:58,500 --> 00:27:02,700
Arctic Explorer learned to 
recognize first, your skin would

479
00:27:02,700 --> 00:27:05,400
feel cold. 
And perhaps tingle, then it 

480
00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:07,500
would go numb, which was 
dangerous. 

481
00:27:07,500 --> 00:27:11,300
Because pain is your body's 
warning system without feeling. 

482
00:27:11,300 --> 00:27:14,300
You might not realize you were 
damaging tissue until it was too

483
00:27:14,300 --> 00:27:16,800
late. 
The affected area would turn 

484
00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:19,700
white or grayish, becoming waxy 
and appearance. 

485
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:23,400
This was the moment for 
immediate action warming, the 

486
00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:26,700
area, gradually covering it and 
hoping the damage wasn't 

487
00:27:26,700 --> 00:27:28,800
permanent. 
Your breath, was your enemy. 

488
00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:32,100
In Sub-Zero temperatures, the 
moisture in your breath would 

489
00:27:32,100 --> 00:27:36,400
condense on any Fabric, near 
your mouth scarves coat collars,

490
00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:41,200
even beards and freeze into ice.
This ice would accumulate 

491
00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:44,500
throughout the day, creating a 
frozen mass that pressed against

492
00:27:44,500 --> 00:27:48,900
your skin and blocked airflow. 
Men would return to Camp with 

493
00:27:48,900 --> 00:27:52,400
inches, thick, ice frozen to 
their faces, which had to be 

494
00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:54,900
carefully thawed to avoid 
ripping away skin. 

495
00:27:54,900 --> 00:27:58,100
Along with the ice snow 
blindness, was another Hazard 

496
00:27:58,100 --> 00:28:01,200
that turned the beautiful 
article landscape into a source 

497
00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:04,700
of agony. 
Sun reflecting off, endless 

498
00:28:04,700 --> 00:28:08,600
white surfaces, created glare, 
that could damage your eyes 

499
00:28:08,600 --> 00:28:12,800
without proper protection. 
Early Expeditions had crude 

500
00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:16,200
Solutions. 
Darkened glasses, slits, cut in 

501
00:28:16,208 --> 00:28:19,100
wood or leather, but these 
weren't always effective. 

502
00:28:19,900 --> 00:28:22,700
Snow-blindness felt like having 
sand poured in your eyes 

503
00:28:22,700 --> 00:28:27,200
followed by intense pain tearing
and temporary vision loss. 

504
00:28:28,200 --> 00:28:31,100
Men Afflicted with snow 
blindness, had to be led by 

505
00:28:31,100 --> 00:28:34,800
their companions, adding their 
weight, to the burden of travel.

506
00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:38,300
The Mental effects of extreme 
cold were less visible, but 

507
00:28:38,300 --> 00:28:42,000
equally challenging, Cold, 
affects your ability to think, 

508
00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:46,500
clearly to make good decisions 
and to maintain focus on complex

509
00:28:46,500 --> 00:28:49,500
tasks. 
Men would struggle with 

510
00:28:49,500 --> 00:28:51,600
calculations. 
They could normally do in this 

511
00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:56,600
sleep, they would forget things.
Make errors in judgment and fail

512
00:28:56,600 --> 00:28:59,000
to recognize dangers that should
have been obvious. 

513
00:28:59,900 --> 00:29:03,300
This cognitive impairment 
happened gradually, so you might

514
00:29:03,300 --> 00:29:06,500
not realize you're thinking was 
impaired until you'd already 

515
00:29:06,500 --> 00:29:10,400
made a critical mistake. 
Sleep in extreme cold was never,

516
00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:13,800
truly restful your body could 
not fully relaxed when it was 

517
00:29:13,808 --> 00:29:17,500
constantly working to stay warm,
you drifted In and Out Of 

518
00:29:17,500 --> 00:29:19,800
Consciousness rather than 
sleeping deeply. 

519
00:29:20,600 --> 00:29:24,500
Dreams were often Vivid and 
strange, possibly, because your 

520
00:29:24,500 --> 00:29:28,400
brain was partially deprived of 
oxygen, as you breathe the cold 

521
00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:32,600
thin air, inside your tent. 
Men would wake after 8 hours of 

522
00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:35,500
sleep feeling more tired than 
when they had gone to bed 

523
00:29:35,500 --> 00:29:38,900
clothing, that worked perfectly.
Well at zero degrees, would fail

524
00:29:38,900 --> 00:29:43,900
catastrophically at 40 below. 
Materials became brittle leather

525
00:29:43,900 --> 00:29:47,500
cracked metal. 
Fasteners became so cold, they'd

526
00:29:47,500 --> 00:29:49,200
stick to skin and tear away 
flesh. 

527
00:29:49,900 --> 00:29:54,500
Zippers in later Expeditions 
would freeze solid and refused 

528
00:29:54,500 --> 00:29:58,400
to open or close every piece of 
equipment had to be tested at 

529
00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:01,800
temperature extremes, and even 
then some failures could not be 

530
00:30:01,808 --> 00:30:04,300
predicted until you were 
depending on that equipment in 

531
00:30:04,300 --> 00:30:07,100
the field. 
The wind transformed merely cold

532
00:30:07,100 --> 00:30:09,600
temperatures in to potentially 
lethal ones. 

533
00:30:10,700 --> 00:30:13,200
Windshield wasn't understood 
significantly during the early 

534
00:30:13,200 --> 00:30:16,600
days of Arctic exploration, but 
everyone understood 

535
00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:18,900
experientially. 
That still are at 40. 

536
00:30:18,900 --> 00:30:21,300
Belleau was survivable. 
While wind at the same 

537
00:30:21,300 --> 00:30:24,500
temperature could kill you. 
The wind found every Gap in your

538
00:30:24,500 --> 00:30:26,300
clothing every opening in your 
shelter. 

539
00:30:27,200 --> 00:30:30,200
It drove cold through layers of 
fabric as if they were there. 

540
00:30:31,200 --> 00:30:34,500
On Windy days, the only option 
was to hunker down and wait 

541
00:30:34,500 --> 00:30:38,400
because trying to travel was 
simply too dangerous Aid, all 

542
00:30:38,400 --> 00:30:41,700
the hardship danger and 
discomfort the Arctic offered 

543
00:30:41,700 --> 00:30:44,900
moments of beauty. 
So profound that they Justified 

544
00:30:44,900 --> 00:30:48,200
the suffering for many 
explorers, It's important to 

545
00:30:48,200 --> 00:30:51,500
understand this because 
otherwise Arctic exploration 

546
00:30:51,500 --> 00:30:54,500
seems like pure masochism. 
And while there might have been 

547
00:30:54,500 --> 00:30:58,400
elements of that, there was also
genuine Wonder at experiencing a

548
00:30:58,400 --> 00:31:00,500
landscape. 
Unlike anything else on Earth. 

549
00:31:00,500 --> 00:31:04,200
The ice formations created by 
wind and water were natural 

550
00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:06,100
sculptures. 
That would have made any artist 

551
00:31:06,100 --> 00:31:09,900
envious. pressure, ridges 
formed, towers and walls of ice 

552
00:31:09,900 --> 00:31:13,600
and shades ranging from Pure 
White, to deepest blue, 

553
00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:17,000
depending on how the ice had 
formed, and how compressed it 

554
00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:21,000
was old ice compressed over 
years, could be so blue, it 

555
00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:23,900
looked after official like 
someone had dumped blue food 

556
00:31:23,900 --> 00:31:27,800
coloring into water before 
freezing it These formations 

557
00:31:27,800 --> 00:31:31,000
caught the light in ways that 
seemed impossible glowing from 

558
00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:35,300
within even on cloudy days, the 
Midnight Sun of Arctic summer. 

559
00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:38,400
Created light that seemed to 
come from everywhere at once. 

560
00:31:39,300 --> 00:31:43,400
Shadows existed but they were 
soft and diffused creating a 

561
00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:46,700
landscape where depth perception
became challenging because your 

562
00:31:46,700 --> 00:31:49,500
brain couldn't quite process. 
The visual information, it was 

563
00:31:49,508 --> 00:31:52,800
receiving Photographers, who 
traveled with later. 

564
00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:55,800
Expeditions struggled to capture
this quality of light. 

565
00:31:56,600 --> 00:31:59,500
Finding that their equipment 
simply couldn't record what 

566
00:31:59,500 --> 00:32:02,700
their eyes were seeing. 
The Aurora Borealis was a 

567
00:32:02,700 --> 00:32:05,600
regular evening entertainment. 
During the dark months, though, 

568
00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:08,900
entertainment makes it sound 
more controlled than it was. 

569
00:32:09,900 --> 00:32:13,600
The lights would appear without 
warning starting as a faint glow

570
00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:17,100
on the Northern Horizon and 
building into curtains of color 

571
00:32:17,100 --> 00:32:19,400
that rippled across the entire 
sky. 

572
00:32:20,900 --> 00:32:24,700
Green was most common but 
purple's Reds and White's would 

573
00:32:24,700 --> 00:32:28,500
appear dance and shifting in 
patterns that seemed almost 

574
00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:31,900
alive. 
Early explorers lacking 

575
00:32:31,900 --> 00:32:35,000
scientific understanding of the 
phenomenon sometimes founded 

576
00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:38,500
unsettling. 
This massive display of energy 

577
00:32:38,500 --> 00:32:42,600
happening overhead, beautiful, 
but also alien and slightly 

578
00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:46,400
threatening ice crystals in the 
are created Optical phenomena 

579
00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:48,100
that bordered on the 
hallucinogenic. 

580
00:32:48,900 --> 00:32:51,900
Sundogs appeared as bright spots
on either side of the sun 

581
00:32:51,900 --> 00:32:55,900
sometimes as bright as the sun 
itself, making it look like the 

582
00:32:55,900 --> 00:32:59,600
sky had three sons. 
Heroes and Light Pillars 

583
00:32:59,600 --> 00:33:03,400
appeared distorting the Sun and 
Moon into abstract patterns. 

584
00:33:04,400 --> 00:33:07,300
These phenomena were predictable
given the right atmospheric 

585
00:33:07,300 --> 00:33:11,000
conditions, but that scientific 
understanding didn't make them 

586
00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:14,100
any less striking to witness the
wildlife that appeared, 

587
00:33:14,100 --> 00:33:16,800
occasionally brought life and 
movement to a landscape, that 

588
00:33:16,800 --> 00:33:21,200
often seemed entirely dead. 
Seals would surface in Leeds, 

589
00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:24,400
their dark eyes watching humans,
with what seemed like 

590
00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:28,200
intelligent curiosity before 
disappearing beneath the ice. 

591
00:33:29,200 --> 00:33:32,700
Polar bears were both beautiful 
and terrifying perfectly 

592
00:33:32,700 --> 00:33:34,700
adapted. 
Predators that could appear 

593
00:33:34,700 --> 00:33:39,600
silently, despite their massive 
size arctic, foxes with their 

594
00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:42,000
white winter. 
Coats were almost invisible 

595
00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:44,600
against Snow revealed only by 
movement. 

596
00:33:44,600 --> 00:33:47,900
The stars in the Arctic Sky, 
were overwhelming in their 

597
00:33:47,900 --> 00:33:51,100
brightness. 
And number, Away from any human,

598
00:33:51,100 --> 00:33:54,100
light, pollution in are so cold 
and clear. 

599
00:33:54,100 --> 00:33:57,200
It felt like you could reach out
and touch the celestial objects.

600
00:33:57,900 --> 00:34:01,900
The sky became a dome of light. 
The Milky Way was a River of 

601
00:34:01,900 --> 00:34:05,000
Light flowing. 
Overhead planets were distinct 

602
00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:08,900
discs rather than points. 
The number of visible stars was 

603
00:34:08,900 --> 00:34:11,900
so great, that familiar 
constellations, became difficult

604
00:34:11,900 --> 00:34:15,000
to pick out from the background 
noise of less lights. 

605
00:34:15,699 --> 00:34:18,800
The sounds of the Arctic when 
they occurred had a Clarity that

606
00:34:18,800 --> 00:34:20,900
sounds from temperate climates 
couldn't match. 

607
00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:25,100
A crack of ice could be heard 
from Miles Away sharp and 

608
00:34:25,108 --> 00:34:28,500
distinct the breathing of a seal
at a distant lead. 

609
00:34:28,500 --> 00:34:32,000
The wind over ice, created a low
moan that sounded almost 

610
00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:34,900
Musical. 
These sounds carried in ways 

611
00:34:34,900 --> 00:34:38,699
that seem to violate normal 
acoustic rules arriving clear 

612
00:34:38,699 --> 00:34:42,100
and distinct across distances 
that should have muffled them 

613
00:34:42,100 --> 00:34:45,600
into nothing icebergs. 
When encountered were floating, 

614
00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:50,199
sculptures that dwarf ships and 
Men alike Most of an iceberg's 

615
00:34:50,199 --> 00:34:52,800
mass is underwater. 
So, what you saw above the 

616
00:34:52,800 --> 00:34:55,100
surface was merely a hint of the
full structure. 

617
00:34:56,100 --> 00:34:59,400
They drifted slowly with 
currants, occasionally carving 

618
00:34:59,400 --> 00:35:02,400
huge chunks, that would crash 
into the sea with sound, like 

619
00:35:02,400 --> 00:35:05,000
thunder. 
Their colors range from 

620
00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:08,100
brilliant, white to that deep 
blue of compressed, ice, 

621
00:35:08,100 --> 00:35:12,200
sometimes striped with layers, 
that recorded years or centuries

622
00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:15,800
of snowfall, the pure isolation 
of the Arctic landscape. 

623
00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:18,500
Had its own beauty though. 
This was a beauty that could 

624
00:35:18,500 --> 00:35:22,100
easily become oppressive You 
could stand on the ice and look 

625
00:35:22,100 --> 00:35:25,000
in every direction, seeing 
nothing but white to the 

626
00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:29,400
Horizon. 
No trees, no Hills, no features 

627
00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:33,000
to distinguish. 
One direction from another This 

628
00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:35,800
emptiness was simultaneously 
peaceful and threatening. 

629
00:35:36,700 --> 00:35:39,600
peaceful because there was 
nothing to disturb or threaten, 

630
00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:43,500
you Threatening because there 
was also nothing to orient you 

631
00:35:43,500 --> 00:35:46,900
or provide shelter. 
If you needed it, the quality of

632
00:35:46,908 --> 00:35:50,900
Silence in the Arctic had to be 
experienced to be understood in 

633
00:35:50,900 --> 00:35:53,700
your daily life. 
You're surrounded by a constant 

634
00:35:53,700 --> 00:35:59,300
background noise, traffic, 
appliances other people, and the

635
00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:03,700
general hum of civilization. 
In the Arctic that background 

636
00:36:03,700 --> 00:36:08,400
noise, simply doesn't exist. 
Silence is so complete that you 

637
00:36:08,400 --> 00:36:11,600
can hear your own heartbeat, 
your own blood, moving through 

638
00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:14,500
your ears. 
This silence was initially 

639
00:36:14,500 --> 00:36:18,700
peaceful but over time it could 
become unsettling making men 

640
00:36:18,700 --> 00:36:22,800
crave any sound just to break 
the monotony after months or 

641
00:36:22,800 --> 00:36:24,800
years. 
On the ice came the moment every

642
00:36:24,800 --> 00:36:27,500
Expedition anticipated with 
mixed feelings. 

643
00:36:27,500 --> 00:36:31,800
The return Journey You'd 
accomplished your goals or you 

644
00:36:31,800 --> 00:36:34,400
hadn't you'd survived or you 
were struggling. 

645
00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:38,000
To either way, it was time to 
try to get home. 

646
00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:40,900
The journey home was often more 
difficult than the outward 

647
00:36:40,900 --> 00:36:44,500
journey and not just because of 
accumulated fatigue and depleted

648
00:36:44,500 --> 00:36:47,400
supplies. 
Psychologically, the return 

649
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:50,900
created a strange paradox. 
You were getting closer to 

650
00:36:50,900 --> 00:36:54,100
safety comfort and the life 
you'd left behind, but you were 

651
00:36:54,100 --> 00:36:56,600
also using your last reserves of
strength to get there. 

652
00:36:57,300 --> 00:37:00,300
It was like a marathon where the
final miles hurt the most 

653
00:37:00,300 --> 00:37:04,200
because you're running on 
nothing but determination ships 

654
00:37:04,200 --> 00:37:07,000
that had been frozen into the 
ice through winter would wait 

655
00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:09,700
for the summer thorr. 
Hoping the ice would release 

656
00:37:09,700 --> 00:37:12,900
them intact, the crew would 
prepare for departure by 

657
00:37:12,900 --> 00:37:15,800
clearing ice from around the 
hull, checking the rigging and 

658
00:37:15,800 --> 00:37:19,500
sails and making repairs to 
damage sustained during winter. 

659
00:37:21,100 --> 00:37:23,900
Then came the waiting. 
With the ice release, the early 

660
00:37:23,900 --> 00:37:26,400
enough in the season to escape 
before the next winter. 

661
00:37:27,200 --> 00:37:30,600
Would it release them at all? 
Some ships, never escaped 

662
00:37:30,600 --> 00:37:35,800
crushed by ice or locked in 
place as new ice formed their 

663
00:37:35,800 --> 00:37:38,900
Cruise Force to abandon ship and
either wait for rescue or 

664
00:37:38,900 --> 00:37:42,100
attempt to reach safety. 
Overland sledging parties, 

665
00:37:42,100 --> 00:37:45,500
returning from extended Journeys
face, the challenge of retracing

666
00:37:45,500 --> 00:37:49,200
Route across ice that might have
shifted dramatically since their

667
00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:52,800
outward Journey, landmarks were 
useless in the Arctic, 

668
00:37:52,800 --> 00:37:56,700
everything looked the same and 
the ice itself was constantly 

669
00:37:56,700 --> 00:38:00,900
moving Navigation. 
Relied on careful records. 

670
00:38:00,900 --> 00:38:04,500
Compass bearings and luck. 
Getting lost was a constant 

671
00:38:04,500 --> 00:38:07,900
danger because running out of 
food or fuel while lost meant 

672
00:38:07,900 --> 00:38:12,500
death simple and certain the 
physical deterioration of men on

673
00:38:12,500 --> 00:38:16,000
extended Arctic Expeditions was 
Progressive and cumulative. 

674
00:38:16,700 --> 00:38:20,000
Scurvy caused by a lack of 
vitamin C would develop slowly 

675
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:23,600
starting with fatigue. 
And lethargy, then progressing 

676
00:38:23,600 --> 00:38:28,100
to bleeding gums, loosening 
teeth reopening of Old Wounds 

677
00:38:28,100 --> 00:38:29,900
and eventual death, if not 
treated. 

678
00:38:30,900 --> 00:38:34,400
Men didn't always recognize 
scurvy symptoms and the disease 

679
00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:37,400
was Advanced and treatment 
required fresh food. 

680
00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:40,900
That wasn't available on the ice
equipment that had functioned 

681
00:38:40,900 --> 00:38:43,300
adequately on the outward 
Journey often fail on the 

682
00:38:43,300 --> 00:38:47,100
return. 
Sledges broke under stress, 10 

683
00:38:47,100 --> 00:38:50,900
developed rips, stoves stopped 
working clothing. 

684
00:38:50,900 --> 00:38:54,900
Wore through every failure, had 
to be with depleted, resources, 

685
00:38:54,900 --> 00:38:58,300
and increasing desperation 
because each breakdown to the 

686
00:38:58,300 --> 00:39:01,900
small margin of safety that 
separated survival from 

687
00:39:01,900 --> 00:39:04,600
catastrophe. 
The mental state of returning, 

688
00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:08,200
explorers often showed the 
strain men became irritable, 

689
00:39:08,200 --> 00:39:11,200
depressed, and sometimes 
irrational. 

690
00:39:12,100 --> 00:39:15,200
Small disputes could escalate 
into major conflicts because 

691
00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:17,700
everyone's tolerance for 
frustration was exhausted. 

692
00:39:18,700 --> 00:39:20,800
Leadership became crucial during
these periods. 

693
00:39:20,800 --> 00:39:24,200
A good leader could hold a group
together, through force of 

694
00:39:24,200 --> 00:39:25,700
personality and careful 
management. 

695
00:39:25,700 --> 00:39:29,400
While poor leadership could lead
to the disintegration of group. 

696
00:39:29,400 --> 00:39:33,300
Cohesion Food, Supplies on the 
return Journey were calculated 

697
00:39:33,300 --> 00:39:35,500
to the last biscuit announced of
pemmican. 

698
00:39:36,300 --> 00:39:40,000
Running short, meant reducing 
rations, and reduced, rations, 

699
00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:43,600
meant less energy for traveling,
which meant slower progress, 

700
00:39:43,600 --> 00:39:46,700
which meant needing food for 
more days than planned. 

701
00:39:47,500 --> 00:39:49,800
This vicious cycle trapped, many
Expeditions. 

702
00:39:49,800 --> 00:39:53,000
Forcing them to choose between 
maintaining their travel pace 

703
00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:58,000
and starving or reducing pace 
and hoping they could make their

704
00:39:58,000 --> 00:40:01,600
destination on reduced rations. 
The weather during the return. 

705
00:40:01,600 --> 00:40:03,700
Often seem personally 
antagonistic. 

706
00:40:04,600 --> 00:40:06,000
Storms would appear at the 
worst. 

707
00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:09,600
Possible moments leads would 
open directly across the route 

708
00:40:09,600 --> 00:40:13,100
home ice conditions were 
deteriorate just to Supply's 

709
00:40:13,100 --> 00:40:16,100
were running low. 
This wasn't actually the weather

710
00:40:16,100 --> 00:40:18,600
being hostile. 
It was just whether doing what 

711
00:40:18,600 --> 00:40:23,900
weather does, but to exhausted 
hungry, cold men, it felt her 

712
00:40:23,900 --> 00:40:27,600
personal recognition of land was
the first sign that safety might

713
00:40:27,600 --> 00:40:31,000
actually be achievable. 
After weeks or months of 

714
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:34,500
featureless ice seeing the dark 
outline of a coast on the 

715
00:40:34,508 --> 00:40:37,500
horizon. 
Produced emotional reactions. 

716
00:40:37,500 --> 00:40:39,600
That strong men found difficult 
to control. 

717
00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:44,600
Land meant potential shelter, 
possible game animals, and the 

718
00:40:44,600 --> 00:40:48,500
end of the ice it meant, you 
might actually survive, but 

719
00:40:48,500 --> 00:40:50,700
reaching land didn't mean safety
was assured. 

720
00:40:50,700 --> 00:40:54,300
The coast of Arctic islands and 
the northern edges of continents

721
00:40:54,300 --> 00:40:57,500
were often as Barren and 
inhospitable as the ice itself. 

722
00:40:58,600 --> 00:41:02,300
Without supplies or shelter men 
could die on land as easily as 

723
00:41:02,300 --> 00:41:05,000
on ice. 
The goal wasn't just reaching 

724
00:41:05,000 --> 00:41:09,100
land but reaching a specific 
point where help food or 

725
00:41:09,100 --> 00:41:12,500
previous Supply, cashiers were 
located Supply Depots 

726
00:41:12,500 --> 00:41:15,000
established on the outward 
Journey were lifeline on the 

727
00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:18,500
return, small cashes of food and
fuel, that could make the 

728
00:41:18,500 --> 00:41:21,800
difference between completing 
the journey and dying miles 

729
00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:25,800
short of safety. 
Finding these Depots was crucial

730
00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:29,400
and missing one by even a few 
hundred yards could be fatal. 

731
00:41:30,400 --> 00:41:34,700
Expeditions would Mark Depot 
locations with flags Cairns and 

732
00:41:34,700 --> 00:41:38,100
careful, no notation in their 
records but Arctic conditions 

733
00:41:38,100 --> 00:41:40,300
could obliterate even the most 
carefully. 

734
00:41:40,300 --> 00:41:44,100
Constructed markers leaving 
explorers searching desperately 

735
00:41:44,100 --> 00:41:46,200
for supplies. 
They were nearby but couldn't 

736
00:41:46,200 --> 00:41:48,900
locate. 
The Final Approach to the ship 

737
00:41:48,900 --> 00:41:51,800
or to civilization had its own 
psychological challenges. 

738
00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:56,000
Men who had endured months of 
hardship with stoic 

739
00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:58,500
determination sometimes broke 
down emotionally. 

740
00:41:58,500 --> 00:42:03,300
When safety was finally assured.
The relief of survival combined 

741
00:42:03,300 --> 00:42:06,100
with exhaustion and the release 
of tension that had been held 

742
00:42:06,100 --> 00:42:10,100
for so long produced reactions 
ranging from tears to 

743
00:42:10,100 --> 00:42:13,800
hysterical, laughter to 
complete, emotional numbness, 

744
00:42:13,800 --> 00:42:16,700
reunion with Shipmates, who had 
remained at base camp, was 

745
00:42:16,700 --> 00:42:20,500
complicated by the changes. 
Both groups had experience the 

746
00:42:20,500 --> 00:42:23,700
returning explorers had been 
tested by conditions, the others

747
00:42:23,700 --> 00:42:26,500
could only imagine while those 
who remained had dealt with 

748
00:42:26,508 --> 00:42:29,800
their own challenges of 
isolation, and waiting, there 

749
00:42:29,800 --> 00:42:33,000
was often a disconnect, a 
difficulty in communicating 

750
00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:35,700
experience, is that seemed 
impossible to explain to people 

751
00:42:35,700 --> 00:42:38,000
who hadn't shared them ships, 
departing. 

752
00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:41,100
The Arctic had to time. 
Their escape carefully, two 

753
00:42:41,100 --> 00:42:42,600
early. 
And the ice wouldn't have 

754
00:42:42,600 --> 00:42:46,700
cleared enough to allow passage 
too late and the ship being 

755
00:42:46,700 --> 00:42:50,800
trapped for another winter. 
The journey South through ice 

756
00:42:50,800 --> 00:42:54,100
choked War to was nerve wracking
every moment bringing the 

757
00:42:54,100 --> 00:42:57,100
possibility of ice closing in 
and preventing further progress.

758
00:42:57,900 --> 00:43:00,200
Only when the ship reached 
ice-free Waters. 

759
00:43:00,200 --> 00:43:03,800
Could the crew truly relax 
knowing they'd actually escaped 

760
00:43:03,800 --> 00:43:07,500
the return to civilization was 
jarring in ways that returning, 

761
00:43:07,500 --> 00:43:12,200
explorers often struggled to 
articulate after months or years

762
00:43:12,200 --> 00:43:17,400
of Silence, isolation, and 
simplicity The noise and 

763
00:43:17,400 --> 00:43:20,000
complexity of cities felt 
overwhelming. 

764
00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:22,700
Food. 
That once seemed like the height

765
00:43:22,700 --> 00:43:25,900
of luxury. 
Now seemed almost too rich too 

766
00:43:25,900 --> 00:43:29,400
varied. 
Beds were too soft rooms, too 

767
00:43:29,400 --> 00:43:31,100
warm. 
And everything was moving too 

768
00:43:31,100 --> 00:43:34,300
fast. 
Some explorers adjusted quickly 

769
00:43:34,300 --> 00:43:37,300
others found themselves, 
permanently Changed by their 

770
00:43:37,300 --> 00:43:40,600
time in the Arctic never quite 
comfortable in normal life. 

771
00:43:40,600 --> 00:43:43,400
Again, now that we've followed 
these explorers through their 

772
00:43:43,400 --> 00:43:46,800
entire Journey, it's worth 
considering what this experience

773
00:43:46,800 --> 00:43:50,900
cost them and what they gained. 
Because the account books of 

774
00:43:50,900 --> 00:43:53,900
Arctic exploration, don't 
balance in any conventional 

775
00:43:53,900 --> 00:43:57,300
sense, the physical toll was 
obvious and permanent. 

776
00:43:58,200 --> 00:44:02,100
Frostbite damage, left men with 
scarred, faces facing fingers or

777
00:44:02,100 --> 00:44:06,000
toes and reduce circulation that
made them sensitive to cold for 

778
00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:09,400
the rest of their lives. 
The extreme exertion of sledging

779
00:44:09,400 --> 00:44:13,600
damaged hearts and joints. 
Scurvy, we can bones and teeth 

780
00:44:13,600 --> 00:44:17,700
men who went into the Arctic in 
their Prime returned aged beyond

781
00:44:17,700 --> 00:44:21,100
their years, their bodies 
carrying the accumulated damage 

782
00:44:21,100 --> 00:44:23,800
of months or years of extreme 
conditions. 

783
00:44:23,800 --> 00:44:27,400
The psychological effects were 
less visible, but equally 

784
00:44:27,400 --> 00:44:32,100
lasting, Modern psychology would
probably diagnose many returning

785
00:44:32,100 --> 00:44:37,500
explorers with what we now, call
PTSD nightmares, heightened 

786
00:44:37,500 --> 00:44:41,200
startle responses and difficulty
adjusting to normal social 

787
00:44:41,200 --> 00:44:44,800
interactions. 
Some men never fully readjusted 

788
00:44:44,800 --> 00:44:48,200
to civilian life finding 
themselves drawn back to the 

789
00:44:48,208 --> 00:44:50,600
Arctic despite knowing what 
they'd endure. 

790
00:44:50,600 --> 00:44:53,400
Their It was as if the 
experience had changed something

791
00:44:53,400 --> 00:44:56,900
fundamental in how they related 
to the world families, paid 

792
00:44:56,900 --> 00:45:00,500
their own price for Arctic 
exploration, children, grew up 

793
00:45:00,500 --> 00:45:02,800
with absent fathers, or without 
fathers at all. 

794
00:45:02,800 --> 00:45:04,600
When Expeditions ended in 
tragedy. 

795
00:45:05,500 --> 00:45:09,800
Wives became widows or lived in 
uncertainty for years managing 

796
00:45:09,800 --> 00:45:13,200
households and raising children 
alone, while hoping for news 

797
00:45:13,200 --> 00:45:16,600
that might never come. 
The financial burden was also 

798
00:45:16,600 --> 00:45:20,200
significant. 
Explorers often died, leaving 

799
00:45:20,200 --> 00:45:23,800
their families in debt from 
Expedition preparations, but 

800
00:45:23,800 --> 00:45:26,900
there were all so gains that the
Explorers themselves considered 

801
00:45:26,900 --> 00:45:30,300
worth the cost. 
The geographic knowledge, they 

802
00:45:30,300 --> 00:45:33,300
brought back genuinely Advanced 
human understanding of the 

803
00:45:33,300 --> 00:45:37,000
planet. 
Maps were filled in currents and

804
00:45:37,008 --> 00:45:41,100
weather patterns documented and 
scientific observations made 

805
00:45:41,100 --> 00:45:42,200
that couldn't have been 
obtained. 

806
00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:45,700
Any other way, This knowledge 
had practical value for 

807
00:45:45,700 --> 00:45:49,700
navigation for understanding 
Global Climate patterns and for 

808
00:45:49,700 --> 00:45:51,700
expanding the boundaries of 
human knowledge. 

809
00:45:52,500 --> 00:45:55,800
The personal transformation that
Arctic exploration produced in 

810
00:45:55,800 --> 00:45:59,400
successful Expeditions created 
men with capabilities they'd 

811
00:45:59,400 --> 00:46:02,200
never known they possessed. 
They'd learned that they could 

812
00:46:02,200 --> 00:46:05,600
endure conditions. 
They thought impossible solved 

813
00:46:05,600 --> 00:46:08,100
problems with the limited 
resources and maintain 

814
00:46:08,100 --> 00:46:10,900
discipline and purpose. 
When every Instinct said to give

815
00:46:10,908 --> 00:46:15,900
up These were abstract lessons, 
they were proven capabilities. 

816
00:46:15,900 --> 00:46:18,400
That shape how these men 
approached every subsequent 

817
00:46:18,400 --> 00:46:21,600
challenge in their lives. 
The sense of accomplishment from

818
00:46:21,600 --> 00:46:24,500
successful. 
Arctic exploration was profound 

819
00:46:24,500 --> 00:46:27,700
and Lasting. 
These men had set themselves 

820
00:46:27,700 --> 00:46:30,900
goals that required years of 
preparation, and months of 

821
00:46:30,900 --> 00:46:34,800
extreme effort to achieve when 
they succeeded reaching the 

822
00:46:34,800 --> 00:46:37,500
pole. 
Charting unknown Coastline 

823
00:46:37,500 --> 00:46:41,000
completing a sledging journey, 
that others thought impossible, 

824
00:46:41,000 --> 00:46:44,600
they'd prove something to 
themselves, and to the world, 

825
00:46:45,600 --> 00:46:48,800
That accomplishment couldn't be 
taken away by later difficulties

826
00:46:48,800 --> 00:46:52,300
or failures in other areas of 
life, the camaraderie developed 

827
00:46:52,300 --> 00:46:55,300
during Arctic Expeditions 
created bonds, that lasted 

828
00:46:55,300 --> 00:46:59,400
lifetimes men who had depended 
on each other, for survival and 

829
00:46:59,400 --> 00:47:00,900
conditions were a single 
mistake. 

830
00:47:00,900 --> 00:47:05,100
Could kill everyone developed 
trust and friendship that normal

831
00:47:05,100 --> 00:47:07,000
social interactions couldn't 
match. 

832
00:47:07,800 --> 00:47:11,700
Veterans of Arctic Expeditions 
would gather decades later and 

833
00:47:11,700 --> 00:47:14,200
the conversation would 
immediately return to Shared 

834
00:47:14,200 --> 00:47:17,900
experiences that Outsiders 
couldn't fully understand some 

835
00:47:17,900 --> 00:47:21,100
explorers found in the Arctic, a
Clarity, and simplicity that, 

836
00:47:21,100 --> 00:47:24,800
eluded them in normal life, Out 
on the ice, the goals were 

837
00:47:24,800 --> 00:47:28,700
clear, the challenges were 
obvious and success or failure 

838
00:47:28,700 --> 00:47:31,600
was unambiguous. 
There was no politics to 

839
00:47:31,600 --> 00:47:36,100
navigate no social ambiguity to 
interpret, a no complex 

840
00:47:36,100 --> 00:47:38,200
decisions about career or 
family. 

841
00:47:39,100 --> 00:47:44,000
You walked you survived and you 
completed your objectives or you

842
00:47:44,000 --> 00:47:47,600
didnt. 
For men who found the complexity

843
00:47:47,600 --> 00:47:51,000
of civilization overwhelming, 
the article offered relief 

844
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:54,800
through its brutal honesty. 
The Arctic landscape itself left

845
00:47:54,800 --> 00:47:57,500
Impressions, that stayed with 
explorers for life. 

846
00:47:58,500 --> 00:48:00,600
Men were described decades 
later. 

847
00:48:01,300 --> 00:48:05,000
Specific moments of beauty or 
Terror with Clarity, that 

848
00:48:05,000 --> 00:48:08,400
suggested, they'd been thinking 
about those moments regularly in

849
00:48:08,400 --> 00:48:12,000
the intervening years, 
particular formation of ice the 

850
00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:15,100
quality of light during a 
certain Sunset, the sound of 

851
00:48:15,108 --> 00:48:17,100
wind over snow during a 
blizzard. 

852
00:48:18,100 --> 00:48:21,400
These memories became 
touchstones, reference points 

853
00:48:21,400 --> 00:48:23,900
that shaped how they experienced
everything else. 

854
00:48:24,800 --> 00:48:28,100
Fame and recognition that 
successful Arctic explorers 

855
00:48:28,100 --> 00:48:31,700
received was considerable in an 
era that celebrated this 

856
00:48:31,700 --> 00:48:36,200
particular form of Adventure, 
they gave lectures wrote books 

857
00:48:36,200 --> 00:48:40,200
and received medals and honors 
from Geographic society and 

858
00:48:40,200 --> 00:48:43,200
governments. 
This recognition provided 

859
00:48:43,200 --> 00:48:46,800
Financial Security and social 
status that wouldn't have been 

860
00:48:46,800 --> 00:48:48,500
available through normal 
careers. 

861
00:48:49,300 --> 00:48:52,900
For men from Modest backgrounds,
Arctic exploration was 

862
00:48:52,900 --> 00:48:56,300
potentially a path to 
prominence, but Fame brought its

863
00:48:56,300 --> 00:48:59,600
own complications. 
Explorers were expected to 

864
00:48:59,600 --> 00:49:02,600
present their experience in ways
that emphasized heroism and 

865
00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:05,000
Adventure. 
While downplaying the more 

866
00:49:05,000 --> 00:49:08,800
mundane or unpleasant aspects, 
they had to maintain public 

867
00:49:08,800 --> 00:49:11,500
images that might not match 
their private Realtors. 

868
00:49:12,600 --> 00:49:15,600
Pressure to organize and Lead. 
Subsequent Expeditions could be 

869
00:49:15,600 --> 00:49:19,600
intense creating expectations 
that were difficult to escape. 

870
00:49:19,600 --> 00:49:22,900
Even when explorers might have 
preferred to retire from Arctic 

871
00:49:22,900 --> 00:49:24,400
work. 
The failures. 

872
00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:28,300
Haunted, the survivors, not 
every Expedition succeeded and 

873
00:49:28,300 --> 00:49:32,300
not every Explorer returned. 
The men who did return, often 

874
00:49:32,300 --> 00:49:36,500
carried, guilt about companions,
who hadn't making decisions that

875
00:49:36,500 --> 00:49:39,300
might have saved their own lives
but cost others theirs. 

876
00:49:40,000 --> 00:49:42,900
This guilt was a weight that 
couldn't be shared with people 

877
00:49:42,900 --> 00:49:45,500
who hadn't been there. 
And couldn't understand the 

878
00:49:45,500 --> 00:49:49,500
impossible choices that Arctic 
conditions sometimes forced as 

879
00:49:49,500 --> 00:49:52,400
your line there and your 
comfortable bed, warm and safe. 

880
00:49:52,400 --> 00:49:55,900
Probably wondering why anyone 
would voluntarily subject 

881
00:49:55,900 --> 00:49:59,400
themselves to the conditions. 
We've been describing Let's talk

882
00:49:59,400 --> 00:50:03,100
about motivation. 
Because understanding, why 

883
00:50:03,100 --> 00:50:06,100
people chose art to kick, 
exploration helps explain 

884
00:50:06,100 --> 00:50:09,000
something about human nature, 
that goes beyond Geographic. 

885
00:50:09,000 --> 00:50:12,600
Curiosity, the official 
justification for Arctic, 

886
00:50:12,600 --> 00:50:16,800
Expeditions were scientific and 
Geographic there were coastlines

887
00:50:16,800 --> 00:50:19,800
to chart. 
Magnetic phenomena to study 

888
00:50:19,800 --> 00:50:24,700
meteorological observations to 
record and biological specimens 

889
00:50:24,700 --> 00:50:27,800
to collect. 
These were legitimate scientific

890
00:50:27,800 --> 00:50:32,100
goals and the data collected 
during Arctic Expeditions did 

891
00:50:32,100 --> 00:50:34,100
Advance human knowledge in 
meaningful ways. 

892
00:50:35,000 --> 00:50:38,600
But if we're being honest, pure 
scientific curiosity doesn't 

893
00:50:38,600 --> 00:50:42,600
fully explain why men risk their
lives in environments that could

894
00:50:42,600 --> 00:50:45,700
kill them in minutes. 
National pride and competition. 

895
00:50:45,700 --> 00:50:49,600
Drove many Expeditions the race 
to reach the North Pole. 

896
00:50:49,600 --> 00:50:52,500
Became a matter of prestige for 
Nations that wanted to 

897
00:50:52,500 --> 00:50:55,900
demonstrate their superiority 
through their explorers 

898
00:50:55,900 --> 00:50:59,300
achievements. 
Being first, to some previously,

899
00:50:59,300 --> 00:51:02,900
unreached point on the globe, 
had no practical value, but it 

900
00:51:02,900 --> 00:51:06,700
had enormous symbolic value in 
an era when National greatness 

901
00:51:06,700 --> 00:51:08,900
was measured partly by such 
achievements. 

902
00:51:09,700 --> 00:51:13,000
Countries funded Expeditions as 
a form of peaceful competition 

903
00:51:13,000 --> 00:51:16,100
proving their worth through 
their citizens endurance. 

904
00:51:16,100 --> 00:51:19,600
Rather, than through Warfare 
personal ambition was a powerful

905
00:51:19,600 --> 00:51:22,700
motivator that explorers didn't 
always acknowledged publicly. 

906
00:51:22,700 --> 00:51:27,500
But was evident in their 
actions, Fame recognition, the 

907
00:51:27,500 --> 00:51:29,900
chance to have your name 
permanently attached to 

908
00:51:29,900 --> 00:51:33,200
geographic features or 
exploration miles stones. 

909
00:51:33,200 --> 00:51:36,800
These were powerful incentives 
for men who might otherwise of 

910
00:51:36,800 --> 00:51:41,400
lived in Anonymous lives. 
Arctic exploration offered a 

911
00:51:41,400 --> 00:51:44,300
path to immortality through 
achievement that was available 

912
00:51:44,300 --> 00:51:46,500
to relatively few people in 
other fields. 

913
00:51:46,500 --> 00:51:50,300
The pure challenge attracted a 
certain personality type that 

914
00:51:50,300 --> 00:51:54,300
modern psychology might classify
a sensation seeking or novelty 

915
00:51:54,300 --> 00:51:56,800
seeking. 
These were people who found 

916
00:51:56,800 --> 00:52:00,400
normal life, boring, who needed 
challenges that tested them to 

917
00:52:00,400 --> 00:52:03,600
their limits and who couldn't be
satisfied with comfortable 

918
00:52:03,600 --> 00:52:06,900
predictability. 
The Arctic offered challenges 

919
00:52:06,900 --> 00:52:10,200
that were undeniably genuine. 
You couldn't fake your way 

920
00:52:10,200 --> 00:52:11,900
through conditions that could 
kill you. 

921
00:52:11,900 --> 00:52:15,900
If you made mistakes. escape 
from civilization's complexities

922
00:52:15,900 --> 00:52:18,700
appeal to men who found normal 
social and professional life, 

923
00:52:18,700 --> 00:52:24,000
stifling The Arctic offered 
Simplicity survive travel and 

924
00:52:24,000 --> 00:52:27,400
achieve your objectives. 
There were no office politics, 

925
00:52:27,400 --> 00:52:31,100
no, social climbing, and no need
to maintain appearances, or 

926
00:52:31,100 --> 00:52:32,800
navigate complex, social 
situations. 

927
00:52:34,300 --> 00:52:37,500
Everything was reduced to 
Essentials which some people 

928
00:52:37,500 --> 00:52:40,100
found refreshing. 
Despite the physical hardships 

929
00:52:40,100 --> 00:52:43,700
involved, the Romantic notion of
Adventure played a larger role 

930
00:52:43,700 --> 00:52:46,200
than practical minded explorers 
like to admit. 

931
00:52:47,100 --> 00:52:50,000
They'd grown up reading accounts
of previous Expeditions. 

932
00:52:50,000 --> 00:52:54,700
Imagining themselves in similar 
situations dreaming of testing 

933
00:52:54,700 --> 00:52:58,300
themselves against the same 
challenges, the Arctic existed 

934
00:52:58,300 --> 00:53:01,400
partly in their imaginations 
before they ever experienced it 

935
00:53:01,400 --> 00:53:03,600
physically. 
And the real Arctic had to 

936
00:53:03,608 --> 00:53:08,100
compete with the idealized 
Arctic of their dreams Economic 

937
00:53:08,100 --> 00:53:10,200
Opportunity. 
Motivated some participants 

938
00:53:10,200 --> 00:53:13,200
particularly crew members who 
were not independently wealthy. 

939
00:53:14,300 --> 00:53:18,200
Arctic Expeditions paid well by 
the standards of the time and 

940
00:53:18,200 --> 00:53:22,200
the possibility of Book Sales 
lecture tours and other revenue 

941
00:53:22,200 --> 00:53:25,400
from successful Expeditions 
represented potential Financial 

942
00:53:25,400 --> 00:53:28,300
Security. 
For working class, Sailors and 

943
00:53:28,300 --> 00:53:30,800
Tradesmen. 
An Arctic Expedition could mean 

944
00:53:30,800 --> 00:53:33,200
Financial advancement that 
normally employment, would not 

945
00:53:33,200 --> 00:53:37,100
provide the desire to prove, 
something to themselves to 

946
00:53:37,100 --> 00:53:41,000
critics, to society drove, 
explorers, who felt they had 

947
00:53:41,000 --> 00:53:44,500
something to demonstrate Some 
came from backgrounds, where 

948
00:53:44,500 --> 00:53:47,600
they'd been dismissed or 
underestimated, others had 

949
00:53:47,600 --> 00:53:52,000
failed in previous Endeavors, 
and saw article exploration as a

950
00:53:52,008 --> 00:53:56,200
chance for Redemption. 
The Arctic was an arena where 

951
00:53:56,200 --> 00:53:59,300
personal capability could be 
proven Beyond any argument, 

952
00:53:59,300 --> 00:54:03,800
because survival itself was 
proof of competence, the Allure 

953
00:54:03,800 --> 00:54:06,700
of the unknown, exercised, a 
powerful, pull on mines. 

954
00:54:06,700 --> 00:54:09,700
That chafed at the feeling that 
the world was becoming too much 

955
00:54:09,700 --> 00:54:14,700
to know, two tame, The Arctic 
represented one of the last 

956
00:54:14,700 --> 00:54:18,100
places on Earth where you could 
genuinely go where no human had 

957
00:54:18,100 --> 00:54:21,100
been before. 
See things, no one had seen and 

958
00:54:21,100 --> 00:54:24,200
experienced the novelty of 
Discovery in an era when most of

959
00:54:24,200 --> 00:54:25,900
the world had already been 
explored. 

960
00:54:25,900 --> 00:54:29,400
But here's the thing about you 
and this isn't a criticism just 

961
00:54:29,400 --> 00:54:32,000
an observation, you probably 
wouldn't do it. 

962
00:54:32,700 --> 00:54:35,600
You're reading this while 
comfortable and warm with food 

963
00:54:35,600 --> 00:54:38,500
readily available and all your 
fingers and toes intact. 

964
00:54:39,600 --> 00:54:42,700
The thought of voluntarily 
putting yourself in conditions, 

965
00:54:42,700 --> 00:54:44,900
where you might lose body parts 
to frostbite. 

966
00:54:45,600 --> 00:54:48,400
Where you eat the same 
monotonous food for months. 

967
00:54:49,100 --> 00:54:53,000
Where you'd go without bathing 
for weeks where every day would 

968
00:54:53,000 --> 00:54:57,300
bring genuine risk of death. 
That probably doesn't appeal to 

969
00:54:57,300 --> 00:54:59,700
you and that's entirely 
reasonable. 

970
00:55:01,100 --> 00:55:04,200
The cost benefit analysis of 
Arctic exploration, doesn't make

971
00:55:04,200 --> 00:55:08,200
sense for most people. 
The suffering was real prolonged

972
00:55:08,200 --> 00:55:12,500
and guaranteed, the rewards were
uncertain and even when 

973
00:55:12,500 --> 00:55:15,000
achieved, they didn't 
necessarily translate into 

974
00:55:15,000 --> 00:55:19,400
happiness or fulfillment. 
Many successful explorers ended 

975
00:55:19,400 --> 00:55:23,700
their lives, disappointed 
restless and unable to recapture

976
00:55:23,700 --> 00:55:26,700
the sense of purpose, they'd 
felt during their expeditions. 

977
00:55:26,700 --> 00:55:29,500
You have different sources of 
meaning and achievement of 

978
00:55:29,500 --> 00:55:32,800
available to you. 
Career accomplishments family, 

979
00:55:32,800 --> 00:55:36,500
relationships, creative, 
Pursuits, intellectual 

980
00:55:36,500 --> 00:55:38,900
achievements and Community 
involvement. 

981
00:55:40,100 --> 00:55:43,200
These don't require risking your
life or enduring months of 

982
00:55:43,200 --> 00:55:46,600
hardship. 
They're more sustainable, more 

983
00:55:46,600 --> 00:55:49,800
compatible with long-term, 
well-being and less likely to 

984
00:55:49,800 --> 00:55:53,400
result in missing toes. 
The personality traits that made

985
00:55:53,400 --> 00:55:56,800
someone an effective Arctic 
Explorer, extreme risk tolerance

986
00:55:56,800 --> 00:56:00,000
ability to endure, prolonged 
discomfort, without complaint. 

987
00:56:00,000 --> 00:56:03,400
Willingness to subordinate 
personal Comfort to long-term 

988
00:56:03,400 --> 00:56:07,300
goals, and comfort with 
isolation aren't necessarily 

989
00:56:07,300 --> 00:56:09,700
healthy or adaptive in modern 
society. 

990
00:56:10,600 --> 00:56:13,200
We generally want people who 
have reasonable risk assessment,

991
00:56:13,200 --> 00:56:16,700
who take care of their physical 
and mental health and who 

992
00:56:16,700 --> 00:56:22,400
maintain balance to lives. 
The single-minded obsessive that

993
00:56:22,400 --> 00:56:25,100
Arctic exploration often 
required isn't something. 

994
00:56:25,100 --> 00:56:27,400
We'd usually consider a positive
trait. 

995
00:56:27,400 --> 00:56:30,600
So when we look back at Arctic 
explorers with a mixture of 

996
00:56:30,600 --> 00:56:33,600
admiration and Battlement, we 
responding appropriately. 

997
00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:37,700
What they did was, genuinely 
impressive, requiring 

998
00:56:37,700 --> 00:56:41,600
capabilities that deserve 
recognition. but it's also okay 

999
00:56:41,600 --> 00:56:44,900
to look at their choices and 
think I'm glad they did it so I 

1000
00:56:44,908 --> 00:56:47,300
can read about it but I'm also 
glad I don't have to do it 

1001
00:56:47,308 --> 00:56:51,100
myself as we near the end of our
journey through the Frozen world

1002
00:56:51,100 --> 00:56:54,800
of Arctic explorers, Let's 
consider what these stories of 

1003
00:56:54,808 --> 00:56:58,500
endurance and exploration. 
Teach us about human capability,

1004
00:56:58,500 --> 00:57:03,100
limitation, and the strange 
relationship between comfort and

1005
00:57:03,100 --> 00:57:06,100
accomplishment. 
The Arctic proved that human 

1006
00:57:06,100 --> 00:57:08,400
beings could survive in 
environments that seemed to 

1007
00:57:08,400 --> 00:57:11,800
completely incompatible with 
human life, where tropical 

1008
00:57:11,800 --> 00:57:15,200
animals, really? 
Hairless primates designed for 

1009
00:57:15,200 --> 00:57:18,300
warm climates with readily 
available food and water. 

1010
00:57:19,400 --> 00:57:23,000
Fact that humans could not just 
survive but function effectively

1011
00:57:23,000 --> 00:57:26,000
and Arctic conditions 
demonstrates, the power of 

1012
00:57:26,000 --> 00:57:29,800
intelligence preparation and 
determination to override our 

1013
00:57:29,800 --> 00:57:33,100
biological limitations. 
We're not the strongest or 

1014
00:57:33,100 --> 00:57:35,600
fastest species, but we might be
the most stubborn. 

1015
00:57:35,600 --> 00:57:39,900
The importance of preparation 
became evident in every article 

1016
00:57:39,900 --> 00:57:43,900
Expeditions outcome The ones 
that succeeded generally did. 

1017
00:57:43,900 --> 00:57:47,300
So, because they'd anticipated 
problems and prepared Solutions,

1018
00:57:47,300 --> 00:57:51,400
the ones that fail often did. 
So because of seemingly small 

1019
00:57:51,400 --> 00:57:55,800
oversights wrong type of fuel, 
insufficient food reserves 

1020
00:57:55,800 --> 00:57:59,900
inadequate, clothing, that 
cascaded into catastrophic 

1021
00:57:59,900 --> 00:58:02,800
problems. 
This lesson about thorough 

1022
00:58:02,800 --> 00:58:06,800
preparation applies, far beyond 
Arctic exploration in any 

1023
00:58:06,800 --> 00:58:09,700
challenging Endeavor. 
The work you do before the 

1024
00:58:09,700 --> 00:58:12,600
challenge begins often, 
determined whether you succeed 

1025
00:58:12,600 --> 00:58:16,300
or fail, the cycleogical 
dimension of extreme challenges 

1026
00:58:16,300 --> 00:58:18,400
proved as important as the 
physical one. 

1027
00:58:19,300 --> 00:58:22,700
Men with Superior physical 
conditioning, sometimes fail in 

1028
00:58:22,700 --> 00:58:26,100
the Arctic while less physically
impressive individuals, 

1029
00:58:26,100 --> 00:58:30,200
succeeded, because mental 
resilience adaptability and 

1030
00:58:30,200 --> 00:58:34,000
emotional control mattered, more
than raw, strength or endurance.

1031
00:58:35,100 --> 00:58:38,400
The ability to maintain 
discipline purpose and hope when

1032
00:58:38,400 --> 00:58:41,500
everything was going wrong. 
Separated survivors from 

1033
00:58:41,500 --> 00:58:44,300
casualties. 
This reminds us that 

1034
00:58:44,300 --> 00:58:47,500
psychological preparation 
deserves as much attention as 

1035
00:58:47,500 --> 00:58:49,800
physical preparation for any 
major challenge. 

1036
00:58:49,800 --> 00:58:53,200
The value of incremental 
progress, showed itself in every

1037
00:58:53,200 --> 00:58:56,900
successful sledging Journey. 
No one crossed the Arctic in a 

1038
00:58:56,900 --> 00:58:59,800
single day. 
Success came from moving 

1039
00:58:59,800 --> 00:59:04,800
forward, consistently day after 
day, even when progress seemed 

1040
00:59:04,800 --> 00:59:07,600
minimal. 
This patients with slow 

1041
00:59:07,600 --> 00:59:11,900
advancement this willingness to 
accept the big goals are 

1042
00:59:11,900 --> 00:59:15,100
achieved through small steps. 
Repeated many times. 

1043
00:59:15,100 --> 00:59:18,900
That's a lesson that translates 
directly to any long-term 

1044
00:59:18,900 --> 00:59:22,200
project or life goal. 
The Arctic demonstrated, both 

1045
00:59:22,200 --> 00:59:26,100
the power and limits of human 
willpower explorers could push 

1046
00:59:26,100 --> 00:59:28,400
through. 
Incredible hardship through 

1047
00:59:28,400 --> 00:59:31,800
sheer determination and 
willpower couldn't override 

1048
00:59:31,800 --> 00:59:35,200
physical realities and 
definitely You could will 

1049
00:59:35,200 --> 00:59:37,700
yourself to keep walking when 
your body wanted to stop. 

1050
00:59:38,500 --> 00:59:41,500
But you couldn't will yourself 
to survive without food or 

1051
00:59:41,500 --> 00:59:45,600
warmth Beyond certain limits. 
Understanding both the power of 

1052
00:59:45,608 --> 00:59:50,100
determination and its boundaries
is crucial for tackling any 

1053
00:59:50,100 --> 00:59:52,800
significant challenge. 
The importance of accurate 

1054
00:59:52,800 --> 00:59:56,000
self-assessment became literally
life or death in the Arctic 

1055
00:59:56,000 --> 00:59:59,500
explorers who understood their 
own limits and capabilities, 

1056
00:59:59,500 --> 01:00:03,600
realistically were more likely 
to survive than those who either

1057
01:00:03,600 --> 01:00:06,700
underestimated the challenges or
overestimated, their own 

1058
01:00:06,700 --> 01:00:09,300
abilities. 
The Arctic punished both 

1059
01:00:09,300 --> 01:00:14,100
excessive caution, and excessive
confidence, rewarding instead a 

1060
01:00:14,100 --> 01:00:16,500
clear-eyed assessment of what 
was actually possible. 

1061
01:00:16,500 --> 01:00:20,600
Given specific circumstances. 
The relationship between 

1062
01:00:20,600 --> 01:00:23,500
suffering and accomplishment 
became clear through Arctic 

1063
01:00:23,500 --> 01:00:28,300
exploration, The Explorers 
endured tremendous hardship, but

1064
01:00:28,300 --> 01:00:31,300
that hardship was the price of 
achieving goals that mattered to

1065
01:00:31,300 --> 01:00:33,400
them. 
This doesn't mean suffering is 

1066
01:00:33,400 --> 01:00:38,000
inherently, valuable pointless 
suffering is just pointless. but

1067
01:00:38,000 --> 01:00:40,900
it does suggest that meaningful 
accomplishment often requires 

1068
01:00:40,900 --> 01:00:44,200
accepting discomfort or 
difficulty, as the necessary 

1069
01:00:44,200 --> 01:00:48,000
cost of achieving something 
worthwhile, the power of purpose

1070
01:00:48,000 --> 01:00:50,600
to sustain people through 
hardship showed itself 

1071
01:00:50,600 --> 01:00:55,400
repeatedly, Men who had clear 
meaningful goals, could endure 

1072
01:00:55,400 --> 01:00:59,200
conditions that broke others who
lacked such purpose. having a 

1073
01:00:59,208 --> 01:01:02,900
reason to keep going, whether 
reaching the pole, completing 

1074
01:01:02,900 --> 01:01:06,200
scientific observations or 
simply getting home to family 

1075
01:01:06,200 --> 01:01:10,000
provided mental strength, that 
complemented physical endurance,

1076
01:01:10,900 --> 01:01:14,500
This principle applies broadly, 
having a clear purpose makes 

1077
01:01:14,500 --> 01:01:17,600
difficult tasks more bearable. 
The Arctic showed how 

1078
01:01:17,600 --> 01:01:21,700
environment shapes possibility 
and comfortable resource Rich 

1079
01:01:21,700 --> 01:01:25,000
environments, human potential, 
can develop in countless 

1080
01:01:25,000 --> 01:01:28,400
directions. 
In extreme environments that 

1081
01:01:28,400 --> 01:01:31,600
potential becomes focused on 
survival and specific 

1082
01:01:31,600 --> 01:01:34,500
objectives. 
Neither environment is 

1083
01:01:34,500 --> 01:01:38,100
inherently Superior, they simply
call forth different human 

1084
01:01:38,100 --> 01:01:41,500
capabilities. 
Sometimes constraint actually 

1085
01:01:41,500 --> 01:01:45,100
enhance achievement by focusing 
effort and eliminating 

1086
01:01:45,100 --> 01:01:48,700
distractions the complex 
relationship between competition

1087
01:01:48,700 --> 01:01:51,800
and cooperation became evident 
in Arctic exploration. 

1088
01:01:52,900 --> 01:01:56,600
National pride drove expeditions
to compete in reaching the pole.

1089
01:01:56,600 --> 01:02:00,300
First but individual survival 
often required intense, 

1090
01:02:00,300 --> 01:02:04,400
cooperation, among team members.
The most successful Expeditions 

1091
01:02:04,400 --> 01:02:07,900
balance these tensions 
channeling competitive drive 

1092
01:02:07,900 --> 01:02:10,700
toward achievement while 
maintaining the internal 

1093
01:02:10,700 --> 01:02:12,600
cooperation necessary for 
survival. 

1094
01:02:13,500 --> 01:02:17,100
This balance remains relevant in
modern competitive situations. 

1095
01:02:17,100 --> 01:02:20,500
As you're preparing to Drift Off
to Sleep, warm and comfortable 

1096
01:02:20,500 --> 01:02:22,900
in your modern home with its 
Reliable Heating and 

1097
01:02:22,900 --> 01:02:26,400
well-stocked kitchen. 
Take a moment to appreciate what

1098
01:02:26,400 --> 01:02:29,000
you've learned tonight. 
About the Frozen Edge Of Human 

1099
01:02:29,000 --> 01:02:32,900
Experience, the Arctic explorers
we've spent this time with were 

1100
01:02:32,900 --> 01:02:36,000
remarkable people. 
But they were still people 

1101
01:02:36,000 --> 01:02:41,400
subject to cold hunger, fear and
doubt just like anyone else. 

1102
01:02:42,700 --> 01:02:45,800
What distinguished them wasn't 
superhuman imperviousness to 

1103
01:02:45,800 --> 01:02:48,900
hardship, but rather their 
willingness to endure discomfort

1104
01:02:48,900 --> 01:02:51,800
in service of Golds they 
considered worth while. 

1105
01:02:52,700 --> 01:02:55,300
They were ordinary humans 
choosing to do extraordinary 

1106
01:02:55,300 --> 01:02:57,600
things. 
And that choice is what made 

1107
01:02:57,600 --> 01:03:00,200
their achievements mean for 
their stories. 

1108
01:03:00,200 --> 01:03:02,900
Remind us that the boundaries of
human capability. 

1109
01:03:02,900 --> 01:03:06,800
A wide than we usually imagine 
were capable of enduring more 

1110
01:03:06,800 --> 01:03:10,800
achieving more and adapting to 
more than our comfortable daily 

1111
01:03:10,800 --> 01:03:13,700
lives. 
Require us to demonstrate that 

1112
01:03:13,700 --> 01:03:18,100
capability remains within us, 
dormant, perhaps, but available 

1113
01:03:18,100 --> 01:03:22,700
if circumstances or choices ever
require it, You probably won't 

1114
01:03:22,700 --> 01:03:25,700
ever need to survive Arctic 
conditions, but knowing that 

1115
01:03:25,700 --> 01:03:28,200
humans can do. 
So expand your sense of what's 

1116
01:03:28,200 --> 01:03:30,800
possible. 
The Arctic itself remains 

1117
01:03:30,800 --> 01:03:33,600
essentially unchanged by the 
explorers who crossed it. 

1118
01:03:34,200 --> 01:03:37,600
The Ice Still forms and breaks 
the Aurora still dances. 

1119
01:03:37,600 --> 01:03:41,500
Across winter Skies, the polar 
bear still hunts seals and the 

1120
01:03:41,508 --> 01:03:44,500
silence still weighs heavy on 
anyone who Ventures there. 

1121
01:03:45,700 --> 01:03:48,700
The Arctic doesn't care about 
human Ambitions or achievements.

1122
01:03:48,700 --> 01:03:52,300
It simply exists. 
Beautiful and terrible. 

1123
01:03:52,300 --> 01:03:55,900
Offering challenges to anyone. 
Foolish or brave enough to 

1124
01:03:55,900 --> 01:03:58,400
accept them. 
Modern technology is made the 

1125
01:03:58,400 --> 01:04:01,700
Arctic more accessible, but it 
hasn't made it comfortable or 

1126
01:04:01,700 --> 01:04:04,300
safe. 
Even with heated shelters, 

1127
01:04:04,300 --> 01:04:07,500
satellite Communications and 
emergency evacuation 

1128
01:04:07,500 --> 01:04:11,000
capabilities, people, still die 
in the Arctic when they make 

1129
01:04:11,000 --> 01:04:13,500
mistakes. 
When luck runs against them. 

1130
01:04:14,400 --> 01:04:18,300
Cold still freezes Exposed Skin,
the Ice, Still shifts without 

1131
01:04:18,300 --> 01:04:20,500
warning, and the weather still 
kills. 

1132
01:04:21,800 --> 01:04:25,400
We've added capabilities, but we
haven't removed dangers. 

1133
01:04:25,400 --> 01:04:28,900
The exploration spirit that 
drove those early Expeditions 

1134
01:04:28,900 --> 01:04:32,300
still exists, though. 
It finds different outlets now, 

1135
01:04:33,200 --> 01:04:37,200
Instead of unknown Arctic, 
coastlines, modern, explorers 

1136
01:04:37,200 --> 01:04:40,500
tackle, other Frontiers deep 
oceans space. 

1137
01:04:40,500 --> 01:04:44,400
The microscopic world and the 
boundaries of human knowledge in

1138
01:04:44,400 --> 01:04:49,000
abstract fields. the same 
mixture of curiosity, ambition, 

1139
01:04:49,000 --> 01:04:53,000
competitiveness and desire for 
achievement that sent men onto 

1140
01:04:53,000 --> 01:04:55,900
the ice now, sends people into 
other challenging environments, 

1141
01:04:56,900 --> 01:04:59,300
Perhaps the most important thing
to take from these stories is 

1142
01:04:59,300 --> 01:05:03,100
simply the reminder that Human 
Experience is vast and varied. 

1143
01:05:04,100 --> 01:05:07,400
While you're going to sleep in 
Comfort somewhere on Earth right

1144
01:05:07,400 --> 01:05:10,600
now, people are enduring 
conditions as harsh as anything.

1145
01:05:10,600 --> 01:05:15,400
The Arctic explorers faced Some 
by choice, some by circumstance.

1146
01:05:16,200 --> 01:05:18,800
Your comfortable life is a 
blessing that not everyone 

1147
01:05:18,800 --> 01:05:20,900
shares. 
And that Comfort is made 

1148
01:05:20,900 --> 01:05:24,600
possible by countless people, 
whose work and sacrifices. 

1149
01:05:24,600 --> 01:05:27,800
You'll never know about the 
Arctic explorers had the 

1150
01:05:27,800 --> 01:05:30,600
advantage of choosing their 
hardship, which made it more 

1151
01:05:30,600 --> 01:05:33,200
bearable than hardship and posed
by circumstance. 

1152
01:05:34,100 --> 01:05:36,700
They could take pride in their 
achievements because they 

1153
01:05:36,700 --> 01:05:39,700
voluntarily accepted challenges 
that tested their limits. 

1154
01:05:40,700 --> 01:05:43,900
That element of choice 
transformed suffering from Mere 

1155
01:05:43,900 --> 01:05:45,900
misery into meaningful 
experience. 

1156
01:05:45,900 --> 01:05:49,400
As you drift towards sleep, you 
might imagine yourself standing 

1157
01:05:49,400 --> 01:05:53,700
on Arctic Ice, feeling cold that
takes your breath away, and 

1158
01:05:53,700 --> 01:05:57,200
seeing a landscape that extends 
endlessly in every direction. 

1159
01:05:58,400 --> 01:05:59,600
But you don't have to stay 
there. 

1160
01:05:59,600 --> 01:06:04,200
You can return in your 
imagination to your warm bed. 

1161
01:06:04,200 --> 01:06:08,600
You're comfortable life and your
world where the most challenging

1162
01:06:08,600 --> 01:06:11,200
decision tomorrow, might be what
to have for breakfast. 

1163
01:06:12,800 --> 01:06:15,700
That ability to imagine 
difficult experiences while 

1164
01:06:15,700 --> 01:06:19,300
remaining safe is one of 
Humanity's great gifts. 

1165
01:06:20,000 --> 01:06:22,600
We can learn from others 
challenges without necessarily 

1166
01:06:22,600 --> 01:06:25,000
experiencing them ourselves 
sleep. 

1167
01:06:25,000 --> 01:06:28,200
Well, tonight, in your 
comfortable bed, in your warm 

1168
01:06:28,200 --> 01:06:32,500
room, dream of ice and snow. 
If you like of the Aurora's 

1169
01:06:32,500 --> 01:06:36,500
dance and the crack of Shifting,
glaciers dream of explorers 

1170
01:06:36,500 --> 01:06:41,400
pushing forward, through storms 
of ships, frozen in ice of tents

1171
01:06:41,400 --> 01:06:44,800
pitched on Frozen Seas. 
But know that when you wake 

1172
01:06:44,800 --> 01:06:47,000
tomorrow, you'll still have all 
your fingers and toes. 

1173
01:06:47,000 --> 01:06:50,400
You won't need to melt ice for 
drinking water and breakfast. 

1174
01:06:50,400 --> 01:06:53,900
Will be more appetizing than 
pemmican, the Arctic explorers 

1175
01:06:53,900 --> 01:06:55,600
of the past. 
Wouldn't want you to suffer as 

1176
01:06:55,600 --> 01:06:57,700
they did. 
They did it so that we could 

1177
01:06:57,700 --> 01:07:01,600
know what's possible so, that 
Maps could be completed and so 

1178
01:07:01,600 --> 01:07:03,300
that human knowledge could 
expand. 

1179
01:07:04,500 --> 01:07:07,300
They endured the coals so that 
we can understand it without 

1180
01:07:07,300 --> 01:07:09,600
experiencing it. 
That's the gift. 

1181
01:07:09,600 --> 01:07:13,900
They gave us knowledge purchased
with frostbite and hunger with 

1182
01:07:13,900 --> 01:07:17,800
loneliness and fear with 
suffering that we can read about

1183
01:07:17,800 --> 01:07:22,000
but don't have to repeat. 
Thank them in your thoughts for 

1184
01:07:22,000 --> 01:07:24,600
their service to human curiosity
and knowledge. 

1185
01:07:25,300 --> 01:07:28,000
Admire their accomplishments 
while being grateful. 

1186
01:07:28,000 --> 01:07:31,500
You don't have to duplicate them
and rest easy. 

1187
01:07:31,500 --> 01:07:34,600
Knowing that, whatever 
challenges tomorrow brings. 

1188
01:07:34,600 --> 01:07:38,200
They almost certainly won't 
involve temperatures of 40 below

1189
01:07:38,200 --> 01:07:42,800
ice that shifts beneath your 
feet or the need to reach your 

1190
01:07:42,800 --> 01:07:45,900
leather boots for survival. 
The Arctic is still there. 

1191
01:07:45,900 --> 01:07:48,900
Still cold still dangerous, 
still beautiful. 

1192
01:07:48,900 --> 01:07:52,500
It will be there, long, after 
all of us are gone, But you 

1193
01:07:52,500 --> 01:07:55,700
don't need to go there to 
appreciate it or to learn from 

1194
01:07:55,700 --> 01:07:58,900
those who did. 
Sometimes the best Adventures 

1195
01:07:58,900 --> 01:08:01,700
are the ones we can experience 
through stories while remaining 

1196
01:08:01,700 --> 01:08:04,900
safe at home. 
Sweet dreams of ice and snow. 

1197
01:08:04,900 --> 01:08:09,700
Have explorers and endurance of 
human capability tested to its 

1198
01:08:09,700 --> 01:08:13,300
limits and may you wait to 
Morrow refreshed warm and 

1199
01:08:13,300 --> 01:08:16,700
grateful for every comfort that 
those frozen explorers lacked. 

1200
01:08:22,899 --> 01:08:26,700
You stand at the threshold of 
your new life, feeling the salt 

1201
01:08:26,700 --> 01:08:30,300
wind pushing against your coat 
like an insistent hand, trying 

1202
01:08:30,300 --> 01:08:32,000
to turn you back towards 
civilization. 

1203
01:08:33,600 --> 01:08:35,899
Behind you. 
The supply boat is already 

1204
01:08:35,899 --> 01:08:39,200
growing smaller heading back 
toward the mainland Village that

1205
01:08:39,200 --> 01:08:41,800
will now exist only as a 
collection of distant lights 

1206
01:08:41,800 --> 01:08:45,200
after sunset. 
Before you rise your Lighthouse,

1207
01:08:45,200 --> 01:08:49,300
a White Tower, standing 70 feet,
tall Against the Grain November 

1208
01:08:49,300 --> 01:08:53,000
Sky of 1887. 
This is your new home, the 

1209
01:08:53,000 --> 01:08:56,899
calling it home feels like 
calling the ocean upon The 

1210
01:08:56,899 --> 01:08:59,899
lighthouse occupies a rocky 
Promontory that juts into the 

1211
01:08:59,899 --> 01:09:04,000
Atlantic, like, a defiant finger
surrounded on three sides by 

1212
01:09:04,000 --> 01:09:05,800
water that changes color with 
the weather. 

1213
01:09:06,600 --> 01:09:09,899
Today, it's the color of pewter 
tomorrow. 

1214
01:09:09,899 --> 01:09:13,800
It might be emerald green and 
during storms, it turns almost 

1215
01:09:13,800 --> 01:09:16,000
black Though, you don't know 
that yet. 

1216
01:09:16,899 --> 01:09:18,899
You will learn the Seas, moods 
the way other people. 

1217
01:09:18,899 --> 01:09:20,800
Learn their spouse's 
Expressions. 

1218
01:09:20,800 --> 01:09:23,700
The light house itself is 
surprisingly graceful, 

1219
01:09:23,700 --> 01:09:26,100
considering its utilitarian 
purpose. 

1220
01:09:27,100 --> 01:09:29,000
The tower is built from Granite 
blocks. 

1221
01:09:29,700 --> 01:09:32,700
Each one weighing several 
hundred pounds and fitted 

1222
01:09:32,700 --> 01:09:35,399
together with the kind of 
precision, that suggests the 

1223
01:09:35,399 --> 01:09:37,800
builders understood that lives 
would depend on their 

1224
01:09:37,800 --> 01:09:42,200
craftsmanship. 
The exteriors painted white and 

1225
01:09:42,200 --> 01:09:45,200
shows signs of the constant 
maintenance required to 

1226
01:09:45,200 --> 01:09:49,800
withstand salt, spray and wind. 
At the top, the lantern room 

1227
01:09:49,800 --> 01:09:53,200
gleams with hundreds of glass 
panes refracting. 

1228
01:09:53,200 --> 01:09:56,700
The afternoon light into 
scattered diamonds attached to 

1229
01:09:56,700 --> 01:09:58,600
the base of the tower is the 
keepers dwelling. 

1230
01:09:59,400 --> 01:10:02,600
A two-story Stone building, that
looks almost cozy compared to 

1231
01:10:02,600 --> 01:10:04,500
the towers or steer 
functionality. 

1232
01:10:05,500 --> 01:10:08,900
Smoke rises from the chimney 
evidence that the previous 

1233
01:10:08,900 --> 01:10:11,900
keeper followed protocol and 
left, the stove burning to 

1234
01:10:11,900 --> 01:10:15,700
prevent dampness from setting 
into the walls in a few hours 

1235
01:10:15,700 --> 01:10:18,500
that previous keeper will finish
explaining your duties. 

1236
01:10:18,500 --> 01:10:20,700
And depart on the supply boats 
return trip. 

1237
01:10:20,700 --> 01:10:24,500
Leaving you alone with your new 
responsibilities, the path from 

1238
01:10:24,500 --> 01:10:27,200
The Landing to the light house 
is paved with stones that have 

1239
01:10:27,200 --> 01:10:29,500
been worn Smooth by countless 
footsteps. 

1240
01:10:30,200 --> 01:10:33,800
Alongside it runs a wooden rail 
currently decorated with dried 

1241
01:10:33,800 --> 01:10:36,500
salt crystals that sparkle in 
the weak sunlight. 

1242
01:10:37,400 --> 01:10:40,300
You'll learn to appreciate that 
rail during winter storms, when 

1243
01:10:40,300 --> 01:10:44,000
the wind tries to pluck your 
feet and send you tumbling into 

1244
01:10:44,000 --> 01:10:46,800
the Rocks, below your 
appointment, as a assistant 

1245
01:10:46,800 --> 01:10:48,900
light housekeeper, came through 
the light house bored. 

1246
01:10:48,900 --> 01:10:53,100
After months of paperwork and 
references. the position, pays 

1247
01:10:53,100 --> 01:10:57,300
40 dollars per month, not a 
fortune, but steady employment 

1248
01:10:57,300 --> 01:11:01,300
in an era when economic 
depression come as regularly, a 

1249
01:11:01,300 --> 01:11:05,000
seasons More importantly, it 
offers something that's 

1250
01:11:05,000 --> 01:11:09,200
increasingly rare. 
Clear purpose every ship 

1251
01:11:09,200 --> 01:11:11,800
captain, who safely navigates 
past this Promontory? 

1252
01:11:11,800 --> 01:11:14,100
Willow. 
Their success partly to your 

1253
01:11:14,108 --> 01:11:16,700
diligence, though? 
They'll never know your name. 

1254
01:11:16,700 --> 01:11:20,100
The isolation is already 
palpable and you've been here 

1255
01:11:20,100 --> 01:11:23,000
less than an hour. 
The nearest Village is six miles

1256
01:11:23,000 --> 01:11:27,000
by water 12 by the coastal road 
that becomes impassable during 

1257
01:11:27,000 --> 01:11:30,100
winter storms. 
The supply boat comes once a 

1258
01:11:30,100 --> 01:11:33,400
month where the permitting 
during bad Winters, you might go

1259
01:11:33,400 --> 01:11:36,300
10 weeks without seeing another 
human face beyond your head 

1260
01:11:36,300 --> 01:11:38,800
keeper. 
For some people, this would feel

1261
01:11:38,800 --> 01:11:42,200
like imprisonment, For you. 
It feels like an escape from the

1262
01:11:42,200 --> 01:11:45,700
increasingly crowded and 
complicated world of the 1880s, 

1263
01:11:45,700 --> 01:11:49,200
where cities grow faster than 
anyone can manage them and 

1264
01:11:49,200 --> 01:11:52,700
Telegraph wires, connect 
everything, to everything else. 

1265
01:11:52,700 --> 01:11:57,300
In ways that make privacy feel 
obsolete, the previous keeper 

1266
01:11:57,300 --> 01:11:59,900
emerges, from the dwelling 
wiping, his hands on his apron, 

1267
01:11:59,900 --> 01:12:03,700
he's a Weatherman in his 60s 
whose face has been carved by 

1268
01:12:03,700 --> 01:12:07,400
wind, and Sun into something. 
Resembling, the surrounding rock

1269
01:12:07,400 --> 01:12:10,500
formation. 
His name is Jeremiah, and he 

1270
01:12:10,508 --> 01:12:12,700
spent the last 15 years at the 
station. 

1271
01:12:13,600 --> 01:12:17,200
Now, his rumor is grown too. 
Severe for the constant climbing

1272
01:12:17,200 --> 01:12:20,700
that the position requires, and 
he's been transferred to a 

1273
01:12:20,700 --> 01:12:23,100
Harbor Light with shorter 
stairs, and more medical access.

1274
01:12:23,100 --> 01:12:27,100
He gestures for you to follow 
him and your education begins. 

1275
01:12:28,600 --> 01:12:31,700
The first lesson, he explains is
understanding that. 

1276
01:12:31,700 --> 01:12:35,800
The lighthouse is not just a 
building, it's a machine, a 

1277
01:12:35,800 --> 01:12:38,700
living system, that requires 
constant, attention, and care. 

1278
01:12:39,500 --> 01:12:43,700
Every component depends on every
other component and neglecting 

1279
01:12:43,700 --> 01:12:46,600
any single element can mean 
disaster for ships. 

1280
01:12:46,600 --> 01:12:50,000
Depending on your light, you 
climb the towers interior spiral

1281
01:12:50,000 --> 01:12:53,500
staircase, your footsteps, 
echoing off the curved iron 

1282
01:12:53,500 --> 01:12:56,600
walls. 
The stairs are Steep and narrow 

1283
01:12:56,600 --> 01:12:59,900
designed to fit within the 
towers tapering structure. 

1284
01:13:00,800 --> 01:13:04,900
There are 93 steps from bottom 
to top and Jeremiah informs you 

1285
01:13:04,900 --> 01:13:08,200
that your climb them, at least 
six times per day more during 

1286
01:13:08,200 --> 01:13:09,900
storms. 
When you need to monitor the 

1287
01:13:09,900 --> 01:13:13,200
light more frequently, Your legs
will hurt for the first month, 

1288
01:13:13,200 --> 01:13:16,900
then they'll adapt. 
Becoming strong in ways that 

1289
01:13:16,900 --> 01:13:19,000
surprise you. 
When you eventually visit town 

1290
01:13:19,000 --> 01:13:22,400
and find you can walk up Hill's 
that wind other people the rooms

1291
01:13:22,400 --> 01:13:24,300
within the tower, are 
surprisingly cozy. 

1292
01:13:24,300 --> 01:13:28,000
There's a small storage area for
lamp oil, another for cleaning 

1293
01:13:28,000 --> 01:13:31,500
supplies and a third that serves
as a workshop for repairs. 

1294
01:13:31,500 --> 01:13:35,200
Everything smells of oil and 
metal and the particular 

1295
01:13:35,200 --> 01:13:38,100
mustiness that comes from Stone 
buildings near the sea. 

1296
01:13:38,800 --> 01:13:42,100
The walls are thick enough that 
the Roar of waves become muted 

1297
01:13:42,100 --> 01:13:45,500
to a steady background Rhythm 
like, living inside a large 

1298
01:13:45,500 --> 01:13:48,800
seashell at the top, you emerge 
into the lantern room and the 

1299
01:13:48,808 --> 01:13:51,800
views, whatever, breathe, The 
Climb hasn't already taken. 

1300
01:13:52,700 --> 01:13:56,500
Glass around you on all sides 
offering a panoramic Vista of 

1301
01:13:56,508 --> 01:14:00,300
oceans sky and the rocky 
Coastline stretching in both 

1302
01:14:00,308 --> 01:14:04,500
directions, the fresnel lens, 
dominates the center of the 

1303
01:14:04,500 --> 01:14:08,500
room, a magnificent, arrangement
of glass prisms that stands 

1304
01:14:08,500 --> 01:14:12,200
taller than you and represents 
the Pinnacle of 19th century. 

1305
01:14:12,200 --> 01:14:16,300
Optical engineering, Jeremiah 
explains that this particular 

1306
01:14:16,300 --> 01:14:21,200
lens is a third order from now 
with 186 separate glass prisms, 

1307
01:14:21,200 --> 01:14:23,900
arranged in concentric rings 
around the lamp at its Center. 

1308
01:14:24,900 --> 01:14:28,200
The lens rotates on A Clockwork 
mechanism, powered by weights 

1309
01:14:28,200 --> 01:14:31,600
that descend through the 
Towering rewinding, every four 

1310
01:14:31,600 --> 01:14:34,300
hours. 
When properly maintained and 

1311
01:14:34,300 --> 01:14:38,000
lit, this lens can amplify the 
light of a single lamp to be 

1312
01:14:38,000 --> 01:14:41,800
visible for 15 miles at sea. 
A beacon that can mean the 

1313
01:14:41,800 --> 01:14:44,200
difference between safe passage 
and shipwreck. 

1314
01:14:44,200 --> 01:14:47,900
The lamp itself Burns, coals or 
oil derived from rapeseed. 

1315
01:14:47,900 --> 01:14:51,600
It requires careful trimming of 
the wick, every few hours to 

1316
01:14:51,600 --> 01:14:54,700
prevent smoking, which would 
blacken the lens and diminish 

1317
01:14:54,700 --> 01:14:57,500
the light. 
The lens must be cleaned daily 

1318
01:14:57,500 --> 01:15:00,700
with special polishing cloths. 
That never quite lose, the smell

1319
01:15:00,700 --> 01:15:03,900
of the cleaning solution. 
The Clockwork mechanism needs 

1320
01:15:03,900 --> 01:15:06,900
weekly oiling. 
The windows require constant 

1321
01:15:06,900 --> 01:15:11,000
washing to remove salt deposits.
The list of Maintenance tasks, 

1322
01:15:11,000 --> 01:15:14,400
feels endless, but Jeremiah 
shows you that they'll soon 

1323
01:15:14,400 --> 01:15:17,100
become second nature As Natural 
as breathing. 

1324
01:15:17,100 --> 01:15:20,700
You spend the afternoon, 
learning these tasks, your hands

1325
01:15:20,708 --> 01:15:23,200
Awkward on equipment that 
Jeremiah handles with 

1326
01:15:23,200 --> 01:15:26,100
unconscious Grace. 
He shows you how to judge when 

1327
01:15:26,100 --> 01:15:29,300
the wick needs trimming by the 
color of the flame, how to wind 

1328
01:15:29,300 --> 01:15:32,800
the Clockwork with exactly, the 
right tension and how to clean 

1329
01:15:32,800 --> 01:15:35,300
the lens without leaving 
streaks, that will scatter the 

1330
01:15:35,300 --> 01:15:38,700
light in efficiently. 
Each task has been refined 

1331
01:15:38,700 --> 01:15:41,200
through Decades of keeper 
experience into something 

1332
01:15:41,200 --> 01:15:43,700
approaching ritual as the sun 
begins. 

1333
01:15:43,700 --> 01:15:47,300
Its descent all the Western 
Horizon and Jeremiah checks his 

1334
01:15:47,300 --> 01:15:51,100
pocket, watch a nods It's time 
for the most important moment of

1335
01:15:51,100 --> 01:15:53,500
the keepers day. 
The lighting ceremony. 

1336
01:15:54,300 --> 01:15:57,000
You follow him through the 
preparation opening the 

1337
01:15:57,000 --> 01:16:00,200
ventilators to prevent heat 
buildup, checking the oil 

1338
01:16:00,200 --> 01:16:02,600
reserves of war, and adjusting 
the wick to the proper height. 

1339
01:16:03,700 --> 01:16:07,800
then as the sun, touches the 
Horizon, Jeremiah light to match

1340
01:16:07,800 --> 01:16:11,400
and applies it to the wick, the 
lamp catchers with a soft whoosh

1341
01:16:11,400 --> 01:16:15,700
and immediately, the lens begins
working its magic The simple 

1342
01:16:15,700 --> 01:16:19,200
flame becomes something else. 
Entirely a brilliant beam of 

1343
01:16:19,208 --> 01:16:21,400
light. 
That sweeps across the darkening

1344
01:16:21,400 --> 01:16:25,000
sea as the lens rotates. 
Standing in the lantern room, 

1345
01:16:25,000 --> 01:16:28,500
you're surrounded by moving 
patterns of Illumination as if 

1346
01:16:28,508 --> 01:16:30,700
you've somehow stepped inside a 
kaleidoscope. 

1347
01:16:30,700 --> 01:16:34,000
It's beautiful enough that you 
forget to breathe from a moment,

1348
01:16:34,008 --> 01:16:36,600
Jeremiah allows himself a small 
smile. 

1349
01:16:36,600 --> 01:16:42,400
This he says never gets old. 
For 15 years, he's lit this lamp

1350
01:16:42,400 --> 01:16:45,700
and it still feels like a small 
miracle every time. 

1351
01:16:45,700 --> 01:16:49,300
Then he reminds you that the 
miracle requires constant, 

1352
01:16:49,300 --> 01:16:52,000
vigilance. 
The lamp must never go out 

1353
01:16:52,000 --> 01:16:55,600
between sunset and sunrise. 
Never flicker never fail. 

1354
01:16:56,500 --> 01:17:00,600
Ships are depending on it and 
ships carry, human lives that 

1355
01:17:00,600 --> 01:17:02,500
night. 
You take your first watch 

1356
01:17:02,500 --> 01:17:05,700
sitting in the lantern room 
while the lens rotates and the 

1357
01:17:05,700 --> 01:17:08,900
lamp burned steady. 
Through the Windows, you can see

1358
01:17:08,900 --> 01:17:11,600
nothing. 
But Darkness punctuated by stars

1359
01:17:11,600 --> 01:17:14,000
and the occasional 
phosphorescent Wavecrest. 

1360
01:17:14,800 --> 01:17:16,900
You understand. 
Now, why Lighthouse Keepers 

1361
01:17:16,900 --> 01:17:19,200
develop a particular philosophy 
about the work? 

1362
01:17:20,100 --> 01:17:23,500
Your responsible for something 
larger than yourself a light 

1363
01:17:23,500 --> 01:17:25,300
that guides strangers through 
Danger. 

1364
01:17:26,100 --> 01:17:29,900
It's both humbling and oddly 
comforting as midnight 

1365
01:17:29,900 --> 01:17:32,200
approaches. 
You climb down to wake. 

1366
01:17:32,200 --> 01:17:35,300
Jeremiah for his watch shift. 
Tomorrow, he'll depart. 

1367
01:17:35,300 --> 01:17:37,800
And this Lighthouse will become 
your sole responsibility. 

1368
01:17:37,800 --> 01:17:40,200
Shared only with the head 
keeper. 

1369
01:17:40,200 --> 01:17:43,900
You haven't yet met. 
Tomorrow, your new life, truly 

1370
01:17:43,900 --> 01:17:47,100
begins at the edge of the world 
where the most important thing 

1371
01:17:47,100 --> 01:17:49,800
you'll do each day is simply 
keep a light burning through the

1372
01:17:49,800 --> 01:17:52,300
darkness. 
The head Keepers alarm clock 

1373
01:17:52,300 --> 01:17:56,900
sounds at 4:45 a.m. which in 
December means, you're waking in

1374
01:17:56,900 --> 01:17:59,200
full Darkness. 
Your room in the keepers 

1375
01:17:59,200 --> 01:18:03,200
dwelling is small, but adequate 
about 10 feet square, with an 

1376
01:18:03,200 --> 01:18:07,200
arrow bed, a dresser a wash 
stand and a hook for hanging 

1377
01:18:07,200 --> 01:18:10,500
your coat. 
The walls are whitewashed stone 

1378
01:18:10,500 --> 01:18:13,800
that stays cool in summer and 
holds Winter's chill like a 

1379
01:18:13,800 --> 01:18:16,600
grudge. 
You've learned to sleep in wool 

1380
01:18:16,600 --> 01:18:19,800
socks and under multiple 
blankets, you like the bedside 

1381
01:18:19,800 --> 01:18:22,300
candle from The Embers, you 
banked in your small stove 

1382
01:18:22,300 --> 01:18:25,800
before retiring. 
Flames struggles briefly in the 

1383
01:18:25,808 --> 01:18:29,300
cold air before steadying 
casting Shadows that make the 

1384
01:18:29,300 --> 01:18:32,300
room feel even smaller. 
Outside. 

1385
01:18:32,300 --> 01:18:35,300
You can hear the Eternal 
conversation between Wind and 

1386
01:18:35,300 --> 01:18:38,300
Sea though. 
After two months here, you 

1387
01:18:38,300 --> 01:18:40,800
barely notice it. 
Unless the weather turns violent

1388
01:18:40,800 --> 01:18:45,200
dressing requires efficiency in 
the cold, You pull on wool 

1389
01:18:45,200 --> 01:18:46,500
trousers over your long 
underwear. 

1390
01:18:46,500 --> 01:18:51,300
Add a flannel shirt, a wool vest
and your Keepers uniform jacket.

1391
01:18:51,900 --> 01:18:56,400
The jacket is regulation dark 
blue Wool with brass buttons 

1392
01:18:56,400 --> 01:18:58,600
bearing. 
The lighthouse board insignia. 

1393
01:18:59,400 --> 01:19:01,700
You're supposed to wear it 
whenever you might encounter 

1394
01:19:01,700 --> 01:19:04,800
visitors though, out here, 
visits a rare enough that you 

1395
01:19:04,800 --> 01:19:06,300
mostly wear it to remind 
yourself. 

1396
01:19:06,300 --> 01:19:09,000
That you have a real job with 
real Authority. 

1397
01:19:09,000 --> 01:19:13,200
Even if your kingdom is only 70 
feet of Tower and a few Acres of

1398
01:19:13,200 --> 01:19:17,000
rock, the water in your wash 
stand, has a thin skin of ice 

1399
01:19:17,000 --> 01:19:18,900
that cracks. 
When you push your finger 

1400
01:19:18,900 --> 01:19:24,000
through you face quickly, 
gasping at the cold, then dry 

1401
01:19:24,000 --> 01:19:27,000
with a rough towel. 
Your reflection in the small 

1402
01:19:27,000 --> 01:19:29,200
mirror shows. 
Someone, whose face is already 

1403
01:19:29,200 --> 01:19:31,500
changing from two months of wind
and weather. 

1404
01:19:32,500 --> 01:19:36,000
Skins slightly rougher eyes 
adapted to constantly. 

1405
01:19:36,000 --> 01:19:40,100
Scaning her eyes and a general. 
Air of competence that wasn't 

1406
01:19:40,100 --> 01:19:42,500
there. 
When you arrived down stairs, 

1407
01:19:42,500 --> 01:19:45,000
the head keeper is already 
staking the kitchen stove, 

1408
01:19:45,000 --> 01:19:48,800
coaxing last night's colds, back
in to flames and adding split 

1409
01:19:48,800 --> 01:19:50,500
wood from the box beside the 
half. 

1410
01:19:51,300 --> 01:19:55,100
His name is Samuel and he's been
a keeper for 20 years, the last 

1411
01:19:55,100 --> 01:19:58,300
five at this station. 
He's a methodical man in his 

1412
01:19:58,300 --> 01:20:01,100
forties who approaches 
Lighthouse, keeping the way, a 

1413
01:20:01,100 --> 01:20:04,400
good watchmaker approaches 
timepieces with absolute 

1414
01:20:04,400 --> 01:20:07,200
attention to detail and a 
conviction that proper 

1415
01:20:07,200 --> 01:20:09,000
maintenance prevents most 
problems. 

1416
01:20:09,000 --> 01:20:12,200
The kitchen is the heart of the 
dwelling warm and practical. 

1417
01:20:12,200 --> 01:20:16,500
There's the cast, iron stove, a 
sturdy table with two chairs, 

1418
01:20:16,500 --> 01:20:21,200
open shelves, holding dishes and
dry goods and windows Facing 

1419
01:20:21,200 --> 01:20:23,900
East to catch morning, light, 
when it eventually arrives. 

1420
01:20:25,100 --> 01:20:27,000
A kettle perpetually sits on the
stove. 

1421
01:20:27,000 --> 01:20:30,900
Ready for tea or coffee, and the
room smells of wood smoke. 

1422
01:20:30,900 --> 01:20:33,800
Yes. 
To this fish stew and the yeasty

1423
01:20:33,800 --> 01:20:35,900
center of the bread you bake two
days ago. 

1424
01:20:35,900 --> 01:20:39,600
Samuel nods is greeting. 
He's not a morning talker and 

1425
01:20:39,600 --> 01:20:41,000
You Begin your part of the 
routine. 

1426
01:20:42,100 --> 01:20:45,600
Coffee goes into the pot. 
Rough grounds measured by eye 

1427
01:20:45,600 --> 01:20:48,300
and water from the system that 
collects rainwater from the 

1428
01:20:48,308 --> 01:20:51,000
roof. 
While it Brews you slice bread 

1429
01:20:51,000 --> 01:20:55,200
from the loaf and set out butter
jam and the smoked herring. 

1430
01:20:55,900 --> 01:20:58,600
That's been a breakfast staple 
since the supply boats last 

1431
01:20:58,600 --> 01:21:02,000
visit three weeks ago. 
Breakfast is functional rather 

1432
01:21:02,000 --> 01:21:05,600
than elaborate the smoked 
Herring is salty enough to wake 

1433
01:21:05,600 --> 01:21:09,600
your mouth, the bread is dense 
and filling, and the coffee is 

1434
01:21:09,600 --> 01:21:12,500
strong enough that you can feel 
your thoughts organizing 

1435
01:21:12,500 --> 01:21:17,400
themselves with each sip Samuel 
reads yesterday's newspaper, 

1436
01:21:17,400 --> 01:21:21,900
already four days old, when the 
supply boat delivered it now a 

1437
01:21:21,900 --> 01:21:25,500
week old, but still your primary
connection to the larger world 

1438
01:21:26,600 --> 01:21:28,800
You learn that President 
Cleveland has made some 

1439
01:21:28,800 --> 01:21:32,300
pronouncement about tariffs. 
That there's been another labor 

1440
01:21:32,300 --> 01:21:35,000
dispute in Pittsburgh and that 
the weather in New York has been

1441
01:21:35,000 --> 01:21:37,500
unseasonably warm after 
breakfast. 

1442
01:21:37,500 --> 01:21:40,500
Comes the morning inspection, 
which Samuel treats with the 

1443
01:21:40,500 --> 01:21:44,800
seriousness of a military drill.
You both Don your coats and step

1444
01:21:44,800 --> 01:21:47,700
into the pre-dawn darkness, 
where the light from your 

1445
01:21:47,700 --> 01:21:50,800
Lantern room, still sweeps 
across the sea in its endless 

1446
01:21:50,800 --> 01:21:54,000
rotation. 
The path of the tower is 

1447
01:21:54,000 --> 01:21:55,700
familiar enough. 
Now that you could walk it 

1448
01:21:55,700 --> 01:21:59,000
blindfolded though your careful 
anyway, the stones can be 

1449
01:21:59,000 --> 01:22:02,300
slippery with overnight content.
Sensational inside the tower, 

1450
01:22:02,300 --> 01:22:05,000
you climb the 93 steps with the 
ease of repetition. 

1451
01:22:05,000 --> 01:22:08,200
Your legs no longer Burn. 
By the time you reach the top 

1452
01:22:08,200 --> 01:22:12,700
and you stopped counting steps 
weeks ago In the lantern room 

1453
01:22:12,700 --> 01:22:16,600
that lamps still Burns steady 
tended during the night watches.

1454
01:22:17,500 --> 01:22:21,400
The first task is extinguishing 
it properly waiting until dawn 

1455
01:22:21,400 --> 01:22:24,400
is fully established. 
Then carefully reducing the wick

1456
01:22:24,400 --> 01:22:28,900
before, extinguishing the flame,
the timing matters extinguish 

1457
01:22:28,900 --> 01:22:32,000
too early and a ship might be 
approaching in the last 

1458
01:22:32,000 --> 01:22:36,200
Darkness, too late and you're 
wasting expensive oil with the 

1459
01:22:36,208 --> 01:22:38,600
lamp out. 
You open the ventilators to 

1460
01:22:38,600 --> 01:22:40,700
clear accumulated, heat and 
fumes. 

1461
01:22:40,700 --> 01:22:44,300
Then begin the cleaning routine.
The lens is your primary 

1462
01:22:44,300 --> 01:22:49,200
concern, dust, salt, crystals, 
and any such from the lamp must 

1463
01:22:49,200 --> 01:22:51,600
be removed to maintain optimal, 
light transmission. 

1464
01:22:52,800 --> 01:22:55,600
You use special cloths dampened 
with cleaning solution. 

1465
01:22:55,600 --> 01:22:58,800
Working, methodically through 
each section of the fresnel 

1466
01:22:58,800 --> 01:23:02,000
lens. 
Prisms, catch and Scatter. 

1467
01:23:02,000 --> 01:23:05,500
The dawn light as you work 
throwing rainbow patterns across

1468
01:23:05,500 --> 01:23:09,400
the lantern room walls, Samuel 
inspects the Clockwork mechanism

1469
01:23:09,400 --> 01:23:13,400
while you clean checking for 
anywhere in the gears ensuring 

1470
01:23:13,400 --> 01:23:15,100
the weights move smoothly during
the night. 

1471
01:23:15,100 --> 01:23:18,100
And adding tiny drops of oil to 
pivot Points. 

1472
01:23:19,400 --> 01:23:23,400
The mechanism is remarkably 
precise but also remarkably 

1473
01:23:23,400 --> 01:23:26,600
unforgiving of neglect. 
A few missed maintenance 

1474
01:23:26,600 --> 01:23:29,900
sessions, could lead to a 
regular rotation and a regular 

1475
01:23:29,908 --> 01:23:32,700
rotation means ships, might not 
see the lighter than expected 

1476
01:23:32,700 --> 01:23:35,200
intervals. 
After the lantern room, you 

1477
01:23:35,200 --> 01:23:37,600
descend to check the oil storage
noting. 

1478
01:23:37,600 --> 01:23:40,200
The current level in the 
reservoir and calculating how 

1479
01:23:40,200 --> 01:23:42,800
many more days before you'll 
need to transfer oil. 

1480
01:23:42,800 --> 01:23:46,300
From the storage barrels. 
Everything is recorded in the 

1481
01:23:46,300 --> 01:23:51,500
keepers, log oil levels weather 
conditions, visibility any ship,

1482
01:23:51,500 --> 01:23:54,900
sighted, maintenance performed, 
and even notable bird. 

1483
01:23:54,900 --> 01:23:57,900
Sightings The Lighthouse board 
reviews. 

1484
01:23:57,900 --> 01:24:01,300
These logs during inspections 
and keepers have been dismissed 

1485
01:24:01,300 --> 01:24:04,200
for an adequate record. 
Keeping the fog Bell gets 

1486
01:24:04,200 --> 01:24:08,000
checked next, even the fog is 
unlikely in the current crisp 

1487
01:24:08,000 --> 01:24:11,600
December weather. 
The Bell mechanism uses a wound 

1488
01:24:11,600 --> 01:24:15,400
to strike at regular intervals 
during low visibility like 

1489
01:24:15,400 --> 01:24:17,900
everything else. 
It requires regular maintenance 

1490
01:24:19,000 --> 01:24:22,900
You test it, briefly the Deep 
clang Echoes across the rocks 

1491
01:24:22,900 --> 01:24:26,000
and sea, a sound, both mournful 
and reassuring. 

1492
01:24:26,000 --> 01:24:30,300
By the time, you complete the 
morning inspection real dawn has

1493
01:24:30,300 --> 01:24:33,100
arrived. 
The sun rises over the ocean. 

1494
01:24:33,100 --> 01:24:37,600
Turning the water from black to 
gray to blue green revealing the

1495
01:24:37,600 --> 01:24:41,800
endless texture of waves. 
Fishing Schooner is visible to 

1496
01:24:41,800 --> 01:24:44,400
the South. 
Probably heading back to Port 

1497
01:24:44,400 --> 01:24:47,700
after a night's work. 
You make a note in the log. 

1498
01:24:47,700 --> 01:24:50,600
One vessel sighted Schooner 
rigged. 

1499
01:24:50,600 --> 01:24:55,000
Coarse approximately Northwest 
distance, 3 miles back in the 

1500
01:24:55,000 --> 01:24:57,700
dwelling you and Samuel divide, 
the day's work. 

1501
01:24:57,700 --> 01:25:00,700
He'll handle the paperwork and 
begin repairs on the supply 

1502
01:25:00,700 --> 01:25:04,300
sheds roof, which leaked during 
the last storm, you'll manage 

1503
01:25:04,300 --> 01:25:07,000
the daily maintenance tasks and 
start preparing tomorrow's 

1504
01:25:07,000 --> 01:25:09,300
bread. 
There's also laundry that needs 

1505
01:25:09,300 --> 01:25:12,300
doing the lighthouse board is 
particular about Keepers, 

1506
01:25:12,300 --> 01:25:15,700
maintaining neat appearances. 
And that means regular washing, 

1507
01:25:15,700 --> 01:25:19,500
despite the extra work involved 
the rest of the morning unfolds 

1508
01:25:19,500 --> 01:25:22,800
in productive routine. 
You refill oil, lamps sweep, 

1509
01:25:22,800 --> 01:25:26,000
floors. 
Check the rain system, level an 

1510
01:25:26,000 --> 01:25:27,400
inventory supplies against the 
list. 

1511
01:25:27,400 --> 01:25:29,100
You're preparing for the next 
supply boat. 

1512
01:25:30,000 --> 01:25:32,200
There's a meditative quality to 
these tasks. 

1513
01:25:32,200 --> 01:25:35,900
Each one contributing to the 
smooth operation of your small 

1514
01:25:35,900 --> 01:25:38,400
domain. 
Your responsible for 

1515
01:25:38,400 --> 01:25:41,400
infrastructure. 
Safety, navigation and record, 

1516
01:25:41,400 --> 01:25:45,900
keeping which makes you part 
engineer part, bureaucrat, and 

1517
01:25:45,900 --> 01:25:49,200
part guardian of Travelers. 
You'll never meet around. 

1518
01:25:49,200 --> 01:25:53,100
Mid-morning you start bread 
dough mixing flour, salt, yeast 

1519
01:25:53,100 --> 01:25:56,300
and water in proportions. 
You've learned to judge by 

1520
01:25:56,300 --> 01:25:58,700
field. 
The dough is sticky and 

1521
01:25:58,700 --> 01:26:02,200
resistant at first then 
gradually becomes smooth and 

1522
01:26:02,200 --> 01:26:06,100
elastic under your kneading. 
Set it to rise near the stove 

1523
01:26:06,100 --> 01:26:09,700
covered with a damp cloth 
knowing it will double in size 

1524
01:26:09,708 --> 01:26:12,300
by afternoon. 
There's something satisfying 

1525
01:26:12,300 --> 01:26:15,400
about bread, making the way 
basic ingredients. 

1526
01:26:15,400 --> 01:26:19,200
Transformed through patient work
into something essential lunch 

1527
01:26:19,200 --> 01:26:23,100
is simple yesterday, stew, 
reheated, more bread and tea, 

1528
01:26:23,100 --> 01:26:27,100
the stew is improved with time. 
The ways to do all the flavors 

1529
01:26:27,100 --> 01:26:30,000
melded in together. 
Samuel mentioned that he'll 

1530
01:26:30,000 --> 01:26:31,500
likely transfer to a land 
station. 

1531
01:26:31,500 --> 01:26:35,100
Next year, his wife is tired of 
the isolation and wants to be 

1532
01:26:35,100 --> 01:26:38,200
near their grandchildren. 
This means you might become 

1533
01:26:38,200 --> 01:26:42,200
headkeeper here or transfer to 
another station or possibly 

1534
01:26:42,200 --> 01:26:45,200
train, a new assistance. 
In Lighthouse, keeping 

1535
01:26:45,200 --> 01:26:47,900
everything is temporary, except 
the lights themselves. 

1536
01:26:47,900 --> 01:26:50,500
After lunch comes more 
maintenance. 

1537
01:26:50,500 --> 01:26:54,900
There's always more maintenance.
He clean windows trim lamp Wicks

1538
01:26:54,900 --> 01:26:58,900
polish brass fittings. 
Check the storm shutters inspect

1539
01:26:58,900 --> 01:27:02,600
roofing shingles and performer, 
doesn't other small tasks, that 

1540
01:27:02,600 --> 01:27:04,600
collectively. 
Ensure the light house remains 

1541
01:27:04,600 --> 01:27:07,800
functional and presentable. 
The light house bored sends 

1542
01:27:07,800 --> 01:27:11,400
inspectors without warning and 
Keepers who fail inspection can 

1543
01:27:11,400 --> 01:27:14,000
be demoted or dismissed by 
mid-afternoon. 

1544
01:27:14,000 --> 01:27:17,400
You've earned a brief rest, he 
sit on the bench. 

1545
01:27:17,400 --> 01:27:19,700
Outside the dwelling drinking 
tea and watching the sea. 

1546
01:27:19,700 --> 01:27:22,500
The fishing schooner from this 
morning is returning. 

1547
01:27:22,500 --> 01:27:25,400
Probably successful. 
Give them how low it sits in the

1548
01:27:25,408 --> 01:27:28,300
water. 
A few goals wheel overhead, 

1549
01:27:28,300 --> 01:27:30,500
their cries mixing with the 
Wind. 

1550
01:27:31,200 --> 01:27:33,600
The bread dough has risen 
properly and now sits in the 

1551
01:27:33,600 --> 01:27:36,300
oven filling the dwelling with 
yeasty warmth. 

1552
01:27:36,300 --> 01:27:41,100
This is your life now routine 
and responsibility isolation and

1553
01:27:41,100 --> 01:27:44,900
purpose, and the endless cycle 
of Maintenance and vigilance 

1554
01:27:45,500 --> 01:27:48,800
It's not the life you imagined 
in your youth but it's proving 

1555
01:27:48,800 --> 01:27:51,800
to be the life you needed here 
at the edge of the world. 

1556
01:27:51,800 --> 01:27:56,000
Things are simple, if not easy, 
the light must burn, the 

1557
01:27:56,000 --> 01:27:59,200
Machinery, must work and the 
ships must be guided safely 

1558
01:27:59,200 --> 01:28:02,200
through the night. 
Everything else is just details.

1559
01:28:02,200 --> 01:28:05,800
The fresnel lens that dominates 
your land of room represents. 

1560
01:28:05,800 --> 01:28:09,500
Decades of optical research 
compressed into crystalline 

1561
01:28:09,500 --> 01:28:13,600
precision, Before Augustine 
Jean, frenell, revolutionized 

1562
01:28:13,600 --> 01:28:17,400
Lighthouse, technology in the 
1820s lighthouses, use Simple 

1563
01:28:17,400 --> 01:28:19,700
reflectiz, that wasted most of 
their light. 

1564
01:28:20,700 --> 01:28:24,900
Fresnels Innovation arranging 
prisms in concentric circles to 

1565
01:28:24,900 --> 01:28:27,900
capture and focus light that 
would otherwise scatter, 

1566
01:28:27,900 --> 01:28:31,200
uselessly transformed Maritime 
navigation. 

1567
01:28:32,300 --> 01:28:34,100
Standing before your third order
lens. 

1568
01:28:34,100 --> 01:28:36,700
You're looking at technology 
that's essentially unchanged 

1569
01:28:36,700 --> 01:28:40,400
since now's original designs. 
Because sometimes the first 

1570
01:28:40,400 --> 01:28:42,300
solution is also the perfect 
solution. 

1571
01:28:42,300 --> 01:28:47,400
Your lens consists of 186 
individual, glass prisms, held 

1572
01:28:47,400 --> 01:28:50,500
in a bronze framework that 
rotates around the central lamp.

1573
01:28:51,100 --> 01:28:55,000
The innermost ring features the 
largest prisms called bullseyes.

1574
01:28:55,000 --> 01:28:58,400
Each one hand, ground and 
Polished to tolerances measured 

1575
01:28:58,400 --> 01:29:00,900
in fractions of millimeters 
surrounding. 

1576
01:29:00,900 --> 01:29:04,100
These are smaller refracting 
prisms that capture light 

1577
01:29:04,100 --> 01:29:07,100
traveling at Angles and redirect
it toward the horizon. 

1578
01:29:08,300 --> 01:29:11,900
The entire assembly weighs 
nearly two tons yet floats, on a

1579
01:29:11,900 --> 01:29:15,300
Mercury bath, that allows the 
Clockwork mechanism to rotate it

1580
01:29:15,300 --> 01:29:18,100
with remarkable. 
Smoothness understanding the 

1581
01:29:18,100 --> 01:29:21,600
lens means, understanding light 
itself, you've learned that 

1582
01:29:21,600 --> 01:29:24,600
light travels in straight lines,
until something makes it changed

1583
01:29:24,600 --> 01:29:28,800
Direction, which is exactly what
each prism does with exquisite 

1584
01:29:28,800 --> 01:29:32,100
precision. 
The bullseye's concentrate the 

1585
01:29:32,100 --> 01:29:35,800
lamps output into focused beams.
That sweep across the sea as the

1586
01:29:35,800 --> 01:29:39,500
lens rotates. 
Ships captains can identify your

1587
01:29:39,500 --> 01:29:42,200
light house by counting the 
interval between flashes. 

1588
01:29:43,100 --> 01:29:48,500
Your station produces one, flash
every 30 seconds, a signature is

1589
01:29:48,500 --> 01:29:51,800
distinct as a fingerprint the 
lamp at the lens is heart is 

1590
01:29:51,800 --> 01:29:54,500
simpler than you'd expect given 
the sophisticated Optics 

1591
01:29:54,500 --> 01:29:57,600
surrounding it. 
It's essentially just a fancy 

1592
01:29:57,600 --> 01:30:01,900
oil lamp, a brass Reservoir 
holding culture oil, a circular 

1593
01:30:01,900 --> 01:30:05,100
Wick that can be raised or 
lowered and a chimney to direct 

1594
01:30:05,100 --> 01:30:08,600
fumes upward but getting that 
simple lamp to burn. 

1595
01:30:08,600 --> 01:30:11,900
Steadily for 12, winter hours, 
requires attention that borders 

1596
01:30:11,900 --> 01:30:14,500
on meditation. 
You've learned to read the flame

1597
01:30:14,500 --> 01:30:16,500
like a language, a yellow 
orange. 

1598
01:30:16,500 --> 01:30:19,000
Flame means the wick is too high
or needs trimming. 

1599
01:30:19,000 --> 01:30:21,400
A blue, white flame means its 
perfect. 

1600
01:30:22,200 --> 01:30:25,400
A flickering flame suggests 
draft problems or contaminated 

1601
01:30:25,400 --> 01:30:28,500
oil. 
The wick itself is cotton tape 

1602
01:30:28,500 --> 01:30:31,300
about two inches wide and it 
needs trimming every four hours 

1603
01:30:31,300 --> 01:30:35,200
to remove the carbon buildup 
that accumulates as it burns too

1604
01:30:35,200 --> 01:30:36,800
much trimming and you'll use up 
the wick. 

1605
01:30:36,800 --> 01:30:39,600
Prematurely two little and 
smoke. 

1606
01:30:39,600 --> 01:30:42,400
Will blacken your beautiful 
lands, trimming the wick 

1607
01:30:42,400 --> 01:30:45,400
requires small scissors designed
specifically for the purpose, 

1608
01:30:46,300 --> 01:30:49,900
Sharp enough to cut cleanly 
through, Chardon small enough to

1609
01:30:49,900 --> 01:30:52,200
maneuver in the confined space 
around the lamp. 

1610
01:30:53,100 --> 01:30:56,600
You wait until the flame is at 
its lowest safe level then 

1611
01:30:56,600 --> 01:30:58,700
carefully. 
Snip away, the black and Edge. 

1612
01:30:58,700 --> 01:31:03,900
Creating a smooth circular cut. 
The flame responds immediately, 

1613
01:31:03,900 --> 01:31:09,200
burning brighter and cleaner. 
It's a small satisfaction but 

1614
01:31:09,200 --> 01:31:13,800
satisfaction nonetheless, the 
oil itself comes in 50 gallon, 

1615
01:31:13,800 --> 01:31:17,000
barrels delivered by the supply 
boat each Barrel, weighing over 

1616
01:31:17,000 --> 01:31:20,300
400 pounds you. 
And Samuel roll them from The 

1617
01:31:20,300 --> 01:31:23,500
Landing, to the oil storage 
room, using a wooden track, then

1618
01:31:23,500 --> 01:31:26,000
to count the oil into smaller 
containers for daily. 

1619
01:31:26,000 --> 01:31:30,500
Use the oil has a faintly 
vegetable smell and a viscosity 

1620
01:31:30,500 --> 01:31:34,200
that varies with temperature, 
thinner in summer, thicker and 

1621
01:31:34,200 --> 01:31:37,600
winter in extreme cold. 
You sometimes need to warm the 

1622
01:31:37,600 --> 01:31:41,300
oil slightly before adding it to
the lamp Reservoir cleaning, the

1623
01:31:41,300 --> 01:31:45,200
lens is your favorite task the 
calling it to task doesn't 

1624
01:31:45,200 --> 01:31:49,500
capture the ritualistic quality.
It's acquired you work in the 

1625
01:31:49,508 --> 01:31:52,200
early morning, after 
extinguishing the lamp, when 

1626
01:31:52,200 --> 01:31:55,300
sunlight streams, through the 
lantern room windows and turns 

1627
01:31:55,300 --> 01:31:59,000
the lens, into a sculpture of 
light, Your cleaning, cloths are

1628
01:31:59,008 --> 01:32:02,300
soft flannel dampened with a 
solution of alcohol, and 

1629
01:32:02,300 --> 01:32:05,100
distilled water. 
You work systematically 

1630
01:32:05,100 --> 01:32:09,600
cleaning, one prism at a time 
buffing until no streaks remain.

1631
01:32:09,600 --> 01:32:14,200
Each prism reveals its 
personality during cleaning Some

1632
01:32:14,200 --> 01:32:16,500
collect dust preferentially on 
their upper surfaces. 

1633
01:32:16,500 --> 01:32:20,800
Others show salt, crystals at 
their edges where spray somehow 

1634
01:32:20,800 --> 01:32:22,900
penetrates the lanterns 
weatherproofing. 

1635
01:32:23,900 --> 01:32:26,300
The bullseyes require extra 
attention because any 

1636
01:32:26,300 --> 01:32:29,300
imperfection in their surfaces 
will scatter light and weaken 

1637
01:32:29,300 --> 01:32:31,300
the beam. 
You've learned that the best 

1638
01:32:31,300 --> 01:32:34,700
technique is small circular 
motions, followed by vertical 

1639
01:32:34,700 --> 01:32:38,400
buffing and that checking your 
work against sunlight reveals 

1640
01:32:38,400 --> 01:32:40,200
streaks that are invisible in 
other conditions. 

1641
01:32:41,300 --> 01:32:44,100
The Clockwork mechanism that 
rotates, the lens is Victorian 

1642
01:32:44,100 --> 01:32:48,400
engineering at its finest. 
Brass gears still cables and 

1643
01:32:48,400 --> 01:32:52,100
iron weights, working in concert
to produce perfectly consistent 

1644
01:32:52,100 --> 01:32:55,200
rotation. 
The weights, descend through the

1645
01:32:55,200 --> 01:32:59,000
towers Center connected by 
cables that wrap around a drum 

1646
01:32:59,000 --> 01:33:00,400
can connected to the lens 
assembly. 

1647
01:33:01,500 --> 01:33:04,900
As the weights fall, they turn 
the drum, which rotates the lens

1648
01:33:04,900 --> 01:33:07,700
through a series of reduction 
gears that slowed the rotation 

1649
01:33:07,700 --> 01:33:11,200
to the prescribed speed winding.
The Clockwork happens, every 

1650
01:33:11,200 --> 01:33:15,700
four hours regardless of whether
or fatigue You open the access 

1651
01:33:15,700 --> 01:33:19,400
panel in the lantern room floor,
grass, The Windlass handle and 

1652
01:33:19,400 --> 01:33:23,200
begin cranking. 
The weights rise slowly through 

1653
01:33:23,200 --> 01:33:26,800
the towers Hollow core 
accompanied by clicking sounds 

1654
01:33:26,800 --> 01:33:29,200
as the ratchet mechanism 
prevents reverse motion. 

1655
01:33:30,300 --> 01:33:34,300
Your arms learned quickly, to 
judge the proper Rhythm too fast

1656
01:33:34,300 --> 01:33:38,900
and you'll exhaust yourself to 
slow and you'll waste time the 

1657
01:33:38,900 --> 01:33:41,600
full winding takes about 15 
minutes and leaves your 

1658
01:33:41,600 --> 01:33:43,500
shoulders. 
Feeling pleasantly worked, 

1659
01:33:43,500 --> 01:33:46,000
occasionally usually during 
storms. 

1660
01:33:46,000 --> 01:33:49,900
Something goes wrong, a gear 
tooth might chip a cable might 

1661
01:33:49,900 --> 01:33:54,400
Fray or the Mercury bath might 
develop a regularity these 

1662
01:33:54,400 --> 01:33:57,900
problems transformed from 
abstract possibilities into 

1663
01:33:57,900 --> 01:34:02,100
urgent crises because the light 
must keep turning You've learned

1664
01:34:02,100 --> 01:34:04,700
to perform repairs while the 
system continues operating 

1665
01:34:04,700 --> 01:34:08,200
working around. 
Moving Parts with tools held in 

1666
01:34:08,200 --> 01:34:12,100
hands that can't afford to shake
bunts during a January nor 

1667
01:34:12,100 --> 01:34:15,600
Easter the Clockwork began. 
Grinding ominously around 2 a.m.

1668
01:34:15,600 --> 01:34:19,200
during your watch You discovered
that moisture at somehow 

1669
01:34:19,200 --> 01:34:22,800
penetrated the gear housing 
causing rust to bind one of the 

1670
01:34:22,800 --> 01:34:26,000
reduction gears. 
Samuel joined you in the lantern

1671
01:34:26,000 --> 01:34:29,300
room and together you performed.
Emergency field maintenance. 

1672
01:34:30,300 --> 01:34:32,500
Disassembling. 
The mechanisms section by 

1673
01:34:32,500 --> 01:34:36,200
section while manually rotating 
the lens to keep the light 

1674
01:34:36,200 --> 01:34:40,700
sweeping properly cleaning, each
gear, applying fresh oil, and 

1675
01:34:40,700 --> 01:34:44,600
reassembling everything before. 
The next rotation interval, the 

1676
01:34:44,600 --> 01:34:45,800
repair took three hours and 
left. 

1677
01:34:45,800 --> 01:34:47,800
You both exhausted and 
exhilarated. 

1678
01:34:48,600 --> 01:34:51,100
When the Clockwork, resumed, its
smooth operation. 

1679
01:34:51,100 --> 01:34:54,200
Samuel actually smiled. 
And said, this was why 

1680
01:34:54,200 --> 01:34:55,700
Lighthouse? 
Keeping wasn't for everyone. 

1681
01:34:55,700 --> 01:34:59,200
It required, people who could 
solve problems at 2 a.m. during 

1682
01:34:59,200 --> 01:35:03,000
storms while maintaining a light
that ships were depending on You

1683
01:35:03,000 --> 01:35:07,100
felt a pride that had nothing to
do with ego and everything to do

1684
01:35:07,100 --> 01:35:10,800
with competence validated the 
lens has taught you patience. 

1685
01:35:11,600 --> 01:35:14,200
You cannot Rush its cleaning 
without leaving streaks. 

1686
01:35:14,200 --> 01:35:17,500
You cannot force the Clockwork 
to wind faster than its 

1687
01:35:17,500 --> 01:35:20,000
mechanics. 
Allow you cannot make the lamp 

1688
01:35:20,000 --> 01:35:22,200
burn brighter than it is 
designed permits. 

1689
01:35:22,900 --> 01:35:26,900
Instead you work within 
constraints achieving Excellence

1690
01:35:26,900 --> 01:35:29,400
through consistent attention, 
rather than dramatic 

1691
01:35:29,400 --> 01:35:32,300
intervention. 
It's a philosophy that applies 

1692
01:35:32,300 --> 01:35:34,600
Beyond light housekeeping 
though. 

1693
01:35:34,600 --> 01:35:37,200
You don't often have time to 
contemplate such connections, 

1694
01:35:37,200 --> 01:35:40,900
sometimes during quiet after 
noon's when all maintenance as 

1695
01:35:40,900 --> 01:35:44,600
complete in the sea as calm, you
simply sit in the lantern room 

1696
01:35:44,600 --> 01:35:46,200
and watch light move through 
glass. 

1697
01:35:47,400 --> 01:35:49,900
The sun strike's prisms at 
changing angles. 

1698
01:35:49,900 --> 01:35:53,700
As a crosses, the sky creating 
patterns that shift with 

1699
01:35:53,700 --> 01:35:57,900
geometric precision. 
You understand now why renel 

1700
01:35:57,900 --> 01:36:00,100
devoted years to developing this
technology? 

1701
01:36:00,900 --> 01:36:03,500
There's something profound about
shaping light with such 

1702
01:36:03,500 --> 01:36:07,600
Precision about taking something
as ephemeral as photons and 

1703
01:36:07,600 --> 01:36:11,300
bending them to human purpose. 
The lens will Outlast you. 

1704
01:36:11,300 --> 01:36:15,000
It was here before you arrived 
and will remain after you depart

1705
01:36:15,000 --> 01:36:18,400
serving keeper after Keeper in 
its patient mission of guiding 

1706
01:36:18,400 --> 01:36:22,000
ships through Darkness. 
This isn't Melancholy. 

1707
01:36:22,000 --> 01:36:26,100
It's comforting. 
You're part of a Continuum, a 

1708
01:36:26,100 --> 01:36:28,500
Lincoln, a chain of 
responsibility that extends 

1709
01:36:28,500 --> 01:36:32,100
backwards through decades and 
forward into an unimaginable 

1710
01:36:32,100 --> 01:36:34,800
future. 
Your job is simply to maintain 

1711
01:36:34,800 --> 01:36:38,400
your link, keeping it strong and
bright for whoever comes next. 

1712
01:36:38,400 --> 01:36:41,600
The sunset approaches, and you 
prepare to like the lamp for 

1713
01:36:41,600 --> 01:36:43,500
another night, you run through 
the checklist. 

1714
01:36:43,500 --> 01:36:48,100
That's become second, nature 
ventilators, open oil reservoir 

1715
01:36:48,100 --> 01:36:51,300
full Wick trimmed and positioned
Clockwork. 

1716
01:36:51,300 --> 01:36:54,200
Wound, cleaning completed and 
log entries. 

1717
01:36:54,200 --> 01:36:57,800
Current Then you strike the 
match and touch it to the wick. 

1718
01:36:57,800 --> 01:37:01,500
And once again, the machine 
comes to life, transforming a 

1719
01:37:01,500 --> 01:37:03,800
simple flame into a beacon 
visible. 

1720
01:37:03,800 --> 01:37:07,600
For miles, across the darkening 
sea, the light sweeps outward 

1721
01:37:07,600 --> 01:37:09,700
and somewhere beyond your 
horizon. 

1722
01:37:09,700 --> 01:37:12,900
A ship's Captain seize it and 
marks their position with 

1723
01:37:12,900 --> 01:37:15,700
relief. 
You'll never meet that captain 

1724
01:37:15,700 --> 01:37:18,600
or know their name. 
But for this moment, you're 

1725
01:37:18,600 --> 01:37:20,700
connected through the 
intermediary of light and glass,

1726
01:37:20,700 --> 01:37:25,400
it's enough, it's everything. 
The isolation accumulates 

1727
01:37:25,400 --> 01:37:27,200
gradually like snow on a 
rooftop. 

1728
01:37:28,000 --> 01:37:30,600
The first week felt like a 
peaceful Retreat from city 

1729
01:37:30,600 --> 01:37:34,700
crowds and social obligations. 
The second week introduced 

1730
01:37:34,700 --> 01:37:37,000
moments of Silence. 
So complete, you could hear your

1731
01:37:37,000 --> 01:37:40,000
own heartbeat. 
By the third month, you've 

1732
01:37:40,000 --> 01:37:43,500
learned that Solitude isn't 
simply the absence of people its

1733
01:37:43,500 --> 01:37:46,700
own presence as tangible as wind
or weather. 

1734
01:37:46,700 --> 01:37:50,100
Samuel is good company. 
But Lighthouse, keeping doesn't 

1735
01:37:50,100 --> 01:37:51,900
encourage extent of 
conversation. 

1736
01:37:52,700 --> 01:37:56,600
You work parallel rather than 
together, each managing a sign 

1737
01:37:56,600 --> 01:38:00,800
tasks with practiced efficiency.
Meals are brief and functional 

1738
01:38:00,800 --> 01:38:03,200
evening's. 
Find you both absorbed in 

1739
01:38:03,200 --> 01:38:05,700
separate Pursuits him. 
Reading or doing. 

1740
01:38:05,700 --> 01:38:08,300
Repairs. 
You write letters or maintaining

1741
01:38:08,300 --> 01:38:11,400
personal equipment. 
The dwelling has become like a 

1742
01:38:11,400 --> 01:38:14,600
ship where two Sailors share 
space while respecting each 

1743
01:38:14,600 --> 01:38:18,200
other cycleogical territory, 
you've discovered that Solitude 

1744
01:38:18,200 --> 01:38:22,000
changes, how you think? 
Without constant social input. 

1745
01:38:22,000 --> 01:38:26,500
Your mind, develops, its owns 
and preoccupations you find 

1746
01:38:26,500 --> 01:38:28,400
yourself contemplating 
questions. 

1747
01:38:28,400 --> 01:38:32,600
That would seem absurd in City. 
Contexts, Whether the gulls 

1748
01:38:32,600 --> 01:38:37,500
recognize individual humans, how
fish experience storms and what 

1749
01:38:37,500 --> 01:38:40,400
percentage of waves break 
without anyone watching them? 

1750
01:38:41,300 --> 01:38:45,500
These aren't practical questions
but they occupy the mental space

1751
01:38:45,500 --> 01:38:49,300
that social obligations 
previously filled the sea 

1752
01:38:49,300 --> 01:38:51,400
itself, becomes a companion of 
sorts though. 

1753
01:38:51,400 --> 01:38:55,700
An impersonal one, it has moods 
but no intentions patterns but 

1754
01:38:55,700 --> 01:38:58,700
no purposes. 
You've learned to read its 

1755
01:38:58,700 --> 01:39:02,600
Changing Faces, the long rolling
swells that signal distance 

1756
01:39:02,600 --> 01:39:06,300
storms, the sharp chop, that 
means local wind shifts. 

1757
01:39:06,300 --> 01:39:09,200
And the glassy calm that 
precedes where the changes. 

1758
01:39:10,000 --> 01:39:13,500
Each condition creates its own 
sound track, gentle lapping 

1759
01:39:13,500 --> 01:39:18,600
against rocks, explosive crashes
against Cliffs, all the peculiar

1760
01:39:18,600 --> 01:39:21,400
hissing sound of spray suspended
in strong. 

1761
01:39:21,400 --> 01:39:24,600
Winds, winter storms, 
transformed the light house into

1762
01:39:24,600 --> 01:39:26,400
something between a fortress and
a prison. 

1763
01:39:27,200 --> 01:39:30,700
When nor Easter's blow in from 
the Atlantic waves, reach 

1764
01:39:30,700 --> 01:39:34,200
Heights that seem impossible 
until you witness them water 

1765
01:39:34,200 --> 01:39:36,400
explodes against rocks with 
force. 

1766
01:39:36,400 --> 01:39:39,700
That makes the tower vibrate 
sending spray high enough to 

1767
01:39:39,700 --> 01:39:42,700
coat the lantern room glass with
salt despite its 70 foot 

1768
01:39:42,708 --> 01:39:46,600
elevation During these storms, 
you cannot leave the light house

1769
01:39:46,600 --> 01:39:50,000
grounds even the short walk 
between dwelling in Tower. 

1770
01:39:50,000 --> 01:39:52,600
Becomes dangerous as wind tries 
to lift you off your feet. 

1771
01:39:52,600 --> 01:39:54,700
You've learned to prepare for 
storms. 

1772
01:39:54,700 --> 01:39:56,200
The way squirrels prepare for 
winter. 

1773
01:39:56,200 --> 01:40:00,700
When the barometer drops and 
clouds Mass on the horizon, you 

1774
01:40:00,700 --> 01:40:04,800
and Samuel spring into action, 
Storm shutters get secured over 

1775
01:40:04,800 --> 01:40:08,200
dwelling Windows. 
Extra oil gets, hold up to the 

1776
01:40:08,200 --> 01:40:11,400
lantern room. 
The fog Bell mechanism gets 

1777
01:40:11,400 --> 01:40:14,800
checked and double-checked. 
Fresh water containers. 

1778
01:40:14,800 --> 01:40:18,500
Get filled from the system. 
Firewood gets stacked inside 

1779
01:40:18,500 --> 01:40:21,700
near the stove, then you wait 
knowing that. 

1780
01:40:21,700 --> 01:40:24,100
The next few days will test. 
Both the light house is 

1781
01:40:24,100 --> 01:40:26,000
construction and your own 
endurance. 

1782
01:40:26,000 --> 01:40:30,100
The worst storm hit in February,
a three-day Tempest that made 

1783
01:40:30,100 --> 01:40:33,300
previous storm. 
Seemed like rehearsals waves 

1784
01:40:33,300 --> 01:40:35,400
reached Heights. 
That seemed to violate natural 

1785
01:40:35,400 --> 01:40:38,000
laws. 
Sending green water crashing 

1786
01:40:38,000 --> 01:40:40,300
over rocks. 
You thought was safely above sea

1787
01:40:40,300 --> 01:40:43,100
level. 
The wind howled with voices that

1788
01:40:43,100 --> 01:40:46,400
sounded Almost Human. 
Finding every Gap in the 

1789
01:40:46,400 --> 01:40:48,700
lighthouse is weatherproofing 
and exploiting it. 

1790
01:40:49,700 --> 01:40:52,600
You and Samuel took two, our 
watches and of four. 

1791
01:40:52,600 --> 01:40:55,300
Because the strain of 
maintaining the light during 

1792
01:40:55,300 --> 01:40:58,800
such conditions exhausted 
concentration faster than normal

1793
01:40:58,800 --> 01:41:01,400
during that storm. 
You discovered depths of 

1794
01:41:01,400 --> 01:41:04,800
fatigue, you hadn't known 
existed, Your watch shifts 

1795
01:41:04,800 --> 01:41:08,400
became exercises in sustained 
Focus, despite overwhelming 

1796
01:41:08,400 --> 01:41:13,300
tiredness wind noise and the 
towers constant motion as waves.

1797
01:41:13,300 --> 01:41:17,500
Hammered its foundation you 
learn to climb the 93 steps in a

1798
01:41:17,500 --> 01:41:20,700
zombie-like state respond to 
routine problems. 

1799
01:41:20,700 --> 01:41:24,000
Through muscle memory alone and 
stay alert enough to catch 

1800
01:41:24,000 --> 01:41:27,800
actual emergencies, through the 
fog of exhaustion, when the 

1801
01:41:27,800 --> 01:41:31,800
storm finally broke and the Sea 
calmed, you and Samuel emerged 

1802
01:41:31,800 --> 01:41:34,100
into brilliant. 
Sunshine that made the violence 

1803
01:41:34,100 --> 01:41:36,500
of the preceding days. 
Seem like a hallucination. 

1804
01:41:36,500 --> 01:41:41,400
The Rocks were scoured, clean of
vegetation Driftwood, littered 

1805
01:41:41,400 --> 01:41:44,500
the grounds, several Windows had
cracked, despite their storm 

1806
01:41:44,500 --> 01:41:48,900
shutters that the lighted burned
steadily throughout and that was

1807
01:41:48,900 --> 01:41:52,700
the only measure of success that
mattered Solitude or so brings 

1808
01:41:52,700 --> 01:41:56,100
unexpected encounters with 
Wildlife that shares this Rocky 

1809
01:41:56,100 --> 01:42:00,100
promontory. 
Seals haul out on rocks, below 

1810
01:42:00,100 --> 01:42:04,000
the light house their barking. 
Carrying up on quiet, evening's 

1811
01:42:04,000 --> 01:42:06,600
Harbor, porpoises, sometimes, 
pass. 

1812
01:42:06,600 --> 01:42:08,400
Close enough that you can hear 
their breathing. 

1813
01:42:09,700 --> 01:42:12,700
During spring and fall 
migrations, Birds stopped arrest

1814
01:42:12,700 --> 01:42:17,600
warblers, thrushes and even 
Wilder looking wood duck. 

1815
01:42:17,600 --> 01:42:20,500
That seemed to surprise to find 
itself here as you were to see 

1816
01:42:20,500 --> 01:42:23,900
it the Birds teach you about 
navigation and determination. 

1817
01:42:24,700 --> 01:42:28,600
The small ones, weighing barely,
an ounce somehow cross hundreds 

1818
01:42:28,600 --> 01:42:30,400
of miles of ocean during 
migration. 

1819
01:42:31,300 --> 01:42:33,800
Occasionally, they're drawn to 
the lighthouse beam during 

1820
01:42:33,800 --> 01:42:36,900
foggy. 
Nights circling the lantern room

1821
01:42:36,900 --> 01:42:39,700
in confusion. 
You've learned to extinguish the

1822
01:42:39,700 --> 01:42:43,100
lamp briefly during these events
allowing Birds to escape the 

1823
01:42:43,100 --> 01:42:45,800
Fatal Attraction. 
Then relight it once they've 

1824
01:42:45,800 --> 01:42:49,700
Departed The lighthouse board 
doesn't officially sanction this

1825
01:42:49,700 --> 01:42:53,700
practice, but you suspect most 
Keepers do it anyway, you've 

1826
01:42:53,700 --> 01:42:57,400
also become a pointed with the 
resident, gulls three pairs that

1827
01:42:57,400 --> 01:42:59,900
nest on the rocks, each spring, 
and maintain territories 

1828
01:42:59,900 --> 01:43:03,200
year-round. 
One pair which you've mentally 

1829
01:43:03,200 --> 01:43:05,400
named Friedrich and Clara for no
particular. 

1830
01:43:05,400 --> 01:43:08,600
Reason has grown accustomed to 
your presence enough that they 

1831
01:43:08,600 --> 01:43:11,200
don't immediately flee when you 
emerge from the dwelling. 

1832
01:43:12,100 --> 01:43:15,000
They've learned your routines 
and appear expectantly when you 

1833
01:43:15,000 --> 01:43:19,300
dispose of fish scraps. 
It's not exactly friendship but 

1834
01:43:19,300 --> 01:43:23,900
it's a relationship of sorts the
cycle weight of isolation varies

1835
01:43:23,900 --> 01:43:27,100
with seasons and weather 
summerfields easier to despite 

1836
01:43:27,100 --> 01:43:30,700
longer watches because decent 
weather allows outdoor work that

1837
01:43:30,700 --> 01:43:34,800
provides variety and sunshine. 
Winter compresses life into 

1838
01:43:34,800 --> 01:43:36,800
smaller spaces with shorter 
days. 

1839
01:43:36,800 --> 01:43:41,100
Intensifying the sense of being 
contained in a small Stone box 

1840
01:43:41,100 --> 01:43:44,900
at the edge of civilization. 
You've learned to recognize the 

1841
01:43:44,900 --> 01:43:47,000
warning signs in yourself and 
Samuel. 

1842
01:43:47,000 --> 01:43:50,800
Increasing irritability 
attention, lapses, sleep, 

1843
01:43:50,800 --> 01:43:53,500
disturbances, and to address 
them through. 

1844
01:43:53,500 --> 01:43:56,200
Deliberate routine changes 
before they become serious. 

1845
01:43:56,200 --> 01:43:59,700
Problems letters become 
lifelines during deep winter. 

1846
01:44:00,500 --> 01:44:03,400
The supply boat brings male 
monthly when weather permits, 

1847
01:44:03,400 --> 01:44:06,300
and you've developed 
correspondences with family, 

1848
01:44:06,300 --> 01:44:08,900
friends, and even other 
Lighthouse keepers. 

1849
01:44:09,800 --> 01:44:13,300
Writing letters forces 
articulation of experiences that

1850
01:44:13,300 --> 01:44:15,400
might otherwise remain wordless 
impressions. 

1851
01:44:16,500 --> 01:44:19,800
Reading letters brings news of 
the outside world, though, their

1852
01:44:19,800 --> 01:44:23,100
content often highlights how 
different your daily concerns of

1853
01:44:23,100 --> 01:44:26,100
become from those of City 
dwellers your mother writes 

1854
01:44:26,100 --> 01:44:28,000
about church, socials and 
neighborhood. 

1855
01:44:28,000 --> 01:44:31,900
Gossip difficulties with 
servants and the rising cost of 

1856
01:44:31,900 --> 01:44:34,900
groceries. 
Your brother describes his work 

1857
01:44:34,900 --> 01:44:37,700
at the bank and his concerns 
about his eldest son's 

1858
01:44:37,700 --> 01:44:40,800
education. 
These letters arrive from a 

1859
01:44:40,800 --> 01:44:44,100
world that feels increasingly 
foreign despite having left it 

1860
01:44:44,100 --> 01:44:47,400
only months ago. 
He right back with descriptions 

1861
01:44:47,400 --> 01:44:51,400
of Storms and seals lens 
maintenance and supply boat 

1862
01:44:51,400 --> 01:44:55,000
visits, and wonder if your life 
seems a strange to them as 

1863
01:44:55,000 --> 01:44:57,000
theirs. 
Now, seems to you, you've 

1864
01:44:57,000 --> 01:45:00,100
discovered that Solitude sharp 
and certain perceptions While 

1865
01:45:00,100 --> 01:45:03,100
dulling others. 
You've become exquisitely, 

1866
01:45:03,100 --> 01:45:07,100
attuned to whether patterns 
mechanical sounds and the oceans

1867
01:45:07,100 --> 01:45:10,800
moods but you've noticed your 
social skills growing Rusty 

1868
01:45:10,800 --> 01:45:15,100
during the supply boat Captain's
monthly visits you sometimes 

1869
01:45:15,100 --> 01:45:18,300
struggle with casual 
conversation having grown on a 

1870
01:45:18,300 --> 01:45:21,100
custom to the rapid fire 
exchanges that characterize 

1871
01:45:21,100 --> 01:45:24,900
normal social interaction. 
You find yourself Talking Too 

1872
01:45:24,900 --> 01:45:28,400
Long about topics, the captain 
clearly find boring or falling 

1873
01:45:28,400 --> 01:45:31,400
silent when social conventions 
suggest you should respond. 

1874
01:45:31,400 --> 01:45:34,900
But there are compensations. 
You've learned to find 

1875
01:45:34,900 --> 01:45:37,700
entertainment in things City 
dwellers would consider mundane 

1876
01:45:37,700 --> 01:45:41,500
watching sunset colors. 
Change minute by minute, across 

1877
01:45:41,500 --> 01:45:44,800
the water, tracking cloud 
formation, and predicting. 

1878
01:45:44,800 --> 01:45:47,700
The next days weather, Observing
how different wins. 

1879
01:45:47,700 --> 01:45:50,600
Create different patterns and 
grass, that's managed to rout 

1880
01:45:50,600 --> 01:45:53,800
itself between rocks. 
These aren't substitutes for 

1881
01:45:53,800 --> 01:45:57,400
human interaction, but their 
sources of genuine interest that

1882
01:45:57,400 --> 01:46:01,400
expand rather than diminish. 
Your experience Solitude of 

1883
01:46:01,400 --> 01:46:04,800
force self-reliance in ways that
proves surprisingly satisfying, 

1884
01:46:04,800 --> 01:46:08,600
when equipment breaks your 
repair at yourself for 

1885
01:46:08,600 --> 01:46:12,400
improvised Solutions, When Food 
Supplies run low, before the 

1886
01:46:12,400 --> 01:46:16,600
supply boat arrives, you get 
creative with what remains when 

1887
01:46:16,600 --> 01:46:19,100
loneliness threatens to 
overwhelm you develop 

1888
01:46:19,100 --> 01:46:22,600
strategies. 
Vigorous physical work detailed 

1889
01:46:22,600 --> 01:46:25,300
letter writing. 
Self-assigned projects that 

1890
01:46:25,300 --> 01:46:28,500
restore psychological balance 
the sea continues. 

1891
01:46:28,500 --> 01:46:31,600
Its Eternal conversation with 
the Rocks a sound. 

1892
01:46:31,600 --> 01:46:33,400
So constant, it's become 
silenced. 

1893
01:46:34,200 --> 01:46:36,200
You've learned that isolation 
isn't the absence of 

1894
01:46:36,200 --> 01:46:38,700
stimulation. 
It's a different quality of 

1895
01:46:38,700 --> 01:46:42,100
Engagement with the world. 
Instead of the scattered 

1896
01:46:42,100 --> 01:46:46,200
attention demanded by City Life 
you've developed sustained focus

1897
01:46:46,200 --> 01:46:50,800
on narrower concerns instead of 
superficial interactions with 

1898
01:46:50,800 --> 01:46:52,800
many people. 
You've built deeper 

1899
01:46:52,800 --> 01:46:57,000
relationships with Place purpose
and the handful of individuals 

1900
01:46:57,000 --> 01:47:00,900
who share this isolated 
existence a spring approaches 

1901
01:47:00,900 --> 01:47:02,800
and Ice finally, Retreats from 
the Rocks. 

1902
01:47:02,800 --> 01:47:06,300
You find yourself anticipating 
rather than dreading another 

1903
01:47:06,300 --> 01:47:09,600
season at the light. 
The isolation that initially 

1904
01:47:09,600 --> 01:47:13,400
felt like debt probation has 
become a kind of Freedom here, 

1905
01:47:13,400 --> 01:47:17,700
stripped of social performance 
and urban distraction, you've 

1906
01:47:17,700 --> 01:47:20,200
discovered a version of 
yourself, that's perhaps more 

1907
01:47:20,200 --> 01:47:23,700
authentic than the person who 
navigated city streets 6 months 

1908
01:47:23,700 --> 01:47:27,100
ago. 
It's not a discovery, you'd have

1909
01:47:27,100 --> 01:47:29,800
made anywhere else, and while 
you occasionally Miss 

1910
01:47:29,800 --> 01:47:32,800
civilizations comforts, you 
wouldn't trade this knowledge 

1911
01:47:32,800 --> 01:47:35,700
for an easier life. 
The supply boats arrival is 

1912
01:47:35,700 --> 01:47:39,000
always an event even after 
multiple experiences with the 

1913
01:47:39,000 --> 01:47:41,500
routine. 
You spot it while making 

1914
01:47:41,500 --> 01:47:46,200
afternoon rounds, a dark shape, 
materializing from Coastal Haze 

1915
01:47:46,200 --> 01:47:49,700
gradually resolving into the 
familiar lines of the lighthouse

1916
01:47:49,700 --> 01:47:52,100
tender that serves this section 
of coast. 

1917
01:47:53,000 --> 01:47:55,900
Samuel sees it, too and remarks 
that Captain Morrison is making 

1918
01:47:55,900 --> 01:47:58,100
good time. 
Despite yesterday's rough Seas. 

1919
01:47:58,100 --> 01:48:00,800
You both head down to The 
Landing, carrying the outgoing 

1920
01:48:00,800 --> 01:48:03,400
mail and your requisition list 
for Xbox supplies. 

1921
01:48:04,100 --> 01:48:06,900
The Landing is a stone platform 
built into the most sheltered 

1922
01:48:06,900 --> 01:48:11,100
section of rocks with iron rings
set into the stone for securing 

1923
01:48:11,100 --> 01:48:13,900
boats. 
Even in calm weather, the tender

1924
01:48:13,900 --> 01:48:17,400
doesn't dock directly Morrison 
anchors offshore and send 

1925
01:48:17,400 --> 01:48:20,100
supplies in on a smaller Dory 
Road by his assistant. 

1926
01:48:21,300 --> 01:48:24,900
Turn main native named Webb. 
Who can read wave the way you 

1927
01:48:24,900 --> 01:48:27,500
read lamp Flames? 
The Dory arrives. 

1928
01:48:27,500 --> 01:48:31,700
Loaded with crates, barrels and 
canvas bags, you and Samuel help

1929
01:48:31,700 --> 01:48:33,100
haul everything up to The 
Landing. 

1930
01:48:33,100 --> 01:48:36,100
While Morrison himself comes to 
shore to conduct his monthly 

1931
01:48:36,100 --> 01:48:39,000
inspection. 
He's required to verify that the

1932
01:48:39,000 --> 01:48:40,500
lighthouse meets Lighthouse 
board. 

1933
01:48:40,500 --> 01:48:42,500
Standards. 
Check the keepers logs and 

1934
01:48:42,500 --> 01:48:46,100
Report any deficiencies. 
In practice, he's also your 

1935
01:48:46,100 --> 01:48:49,200
primary connection to the 
outside world bringing News 

1936
01:48:49,200 --> 01:48:52,900
letters, occasional treats and 
the simple presence of someone 

1937
01:48:52,900 --> 01:48:56,400
new to talk with Morrison has 
been running this Supply route 

1938
01:48:56,400 --> 01:49:00,100
for 12 years and knows every 
Lighthouse Keeper on his Circuit

1939
01:49:00,100 --> 01:49:03,900
by name and temperament. 
He is a compact man in his 50s 

1940
01:49:03,900 --> 01:49:07,400
with weathered hands and the 
kind of practical competence 

1941
01:49:07,400 --> 01:49:11,000
that inspires confidence. 
While you and Samuel unload 

1942
01:49:11,000 --> 01:49:14,300
supplies, he performs his 
inspection with the thoroughness

1943
01:49:14,300 --> 01:49:16,400
of someone who takes 
bureaucratic responsibilities, 

1944
01:49:16,400 --> 01:49:20,400
seriously, but isn't looking to 
create problems unnecessarily, 

1945
01:49:20,400 --> 01:49:25,300
he climbs, the tower checks, the
lens and lamp examines the fog, 

1946
01:49:25,300 --> 01:49:28,900
Bell mechanism and reviews, your
log entries for the past month. 

1947
01:49:30,000 --> 01:49:33,000
Everything passes inspection as 
you knew at would? 

1948
01:49:33,800 --> 01:49:36,700
Samuel runs two tighter station 
for things to slip. 

1949
01:49:37,600 --> 01:49:39,600
Morrison signs. 
The log to indicate his 

1950
01:49:39,600 --> 01:49:43,100
approval, then produces letters 
and newspapers from his coat 

1951
01:49:43,100 --> 01:49:46,100
pocket. 
You resist the urge to tear into

1952
01:49:46,100 --> 01:49:48,900
the immediately. 
Maintaining the social courtesy 

1953
01:49:48,900 --> 01:49:52,300
of offering Morrison tea before 
he departs, over tea in the 

1954
01:49:52,300 --> 01:49:55,300
dwellings kitchen, Morrison 
shares news from his other 

1955
01:49:55,300 --> 01:49:59,100
Lighthouse stations, The Keeper 
at Portsmouth Harbor, Light is 

1956
01:49:59,100 --> 01:50:02,700
retiring after 30 years. 
There was a rescue at Bakers 

1957
01:50:02,700 --> 01:50:04,100
Island during the February 
storm. 

1958
01:50:04,100 --> 01:50:07,600
A fishing boat driven onto 
rocks, all crus saved. 

1959
01:50:07,600 --> 01:50:10,000
Thanks to the keeper, spotting 
their distress signals. 

1960
01:50:11,200 --> 01:50:13,400
A new assistant. 
Keeper at Cape Ann Lite is 

1961
01:50:13,400 --> 01:50:16,800
apparently struggling with the 
isolation and might not complete

1962
01:50:16,800 --> 01:50:19,800
his probation period. 
He also shares news from The 

1963
01:50:19,800 --> 01:50:22,200
Wider World. 
Filtered through his own 

1964
01:50:22,200 --> 01:50:25,700
perspective, the economy is 
improving though, fishing 

1965
01:50:25,700 --> 01:50:29,100
remains difficult. 
There's talk of new light house 

1966
01:50:29,100 --> 01:50:32,700
construction further up the 
coast, some inventor claims to 

1967
01:50:32,700 --> 01:50:35,500
be working on electric light 
that might eventually replace 

1968
01:50:35,500 --> 01:50:37,800
oil lamps though. 
Morrison is skeptical. 

1969
01:50:37,800 --> 01:50:41,400
He seemed too many innovations 
that looked good on paper, but 

1970
01:50:41,400 --> 01:50:45,800
failed in real conditions. 
You Savor this conversation even

1971
01:50:45,800 --> 01:50:50,100
though Morrisons topics Ordinary
by City standards after weeks of

1972
01:50:50,108 --> 01:50:54,500
only Samuel's company. 
Anyone newest fascinating you 

1973
01:50:54,500 --> 01:50:57,300
find yourself listening to 
Morrison's stories about routine

1974
01:50:57,300 --> 01:51:01,600
Supply runs as if they're hired 
Venture which probably says more

1975
01:51:01,600 --> 01:51:03,700
about your isolation than about 
the stories. 

1976
01:51:03,700 --> 01:51:08,000
Actual interest level Morris and
also brings small luxuries that 

1977
01:51:08,000 --> 01:51:09,400
aren't on the official supply 
list. 

1978
01:51:10,200 --> 01:51:14,100
Fresh apples from his own 
Orchard, a tin of fancy tea and 

1979
01:51:14,100 --> 01:51:16,100
recent issues of Harper's 
Weekly. 

1980
01:51:17,100 --> 01:51:20,900
These gifts are technically 
outside regulations, but they're

1981
01:51:20,900 --> 01:51:23,600
part of the informal economy 
that makes Lighthouse life. 

1982
01:51:23,600 --> 01:51:27,300
Bearable in return, you give him
fresh baked bread and smoked 

1983
01:51:27,300 --> 01:51:29,800
fish items. 
That Morrison will appreciate 

1984
01:51:29,800 --> 01:51:33,600
during a Supply runs to other 
stations after an hour Morrison 

1985
01:51:33,600 --> 01:51:36,700
prepares to depart. 
The Tide is turning and he wants

1986
01:51:36,700 --> 01:51:38,500
to make his next station before 
dark. 

1987
01:51:38,500 --> 01:51:41,300
You help carry empty barrels 
back to the Dory. 

1988
01:51:41,300 --> 01:51:43,900
These will be cleaned and 
refilled for next months to 

1989
01:51:43,908 --> 01:51:46,500
delivery. 
Web loads them efficiently. 

1990
01:51:46,500 --> 01:51:48,100
While Morrison does a final 
check. 

1991
01:51:48,100 --> 01:51:49,400
That he hasn't forgotten 
anything. 

1992
01:51:49,400 --> 01:51:52,300
The Dory pulls away from The 
Landing and you watch it 

1993
01:51:52,300 --> 01:51:55,600
returned to the tender. 
Morrison ways from the deck as 

1994
01:51:55,600 --> 01:51:59,500
the tenders engine costs to life
and the vessel turns back to the

1995
01:51:59,500 --> 01:52:02,600
mainland. 
Within minutes, it's disappeared

1996
01:52:02,600 --> 01:52:06,100
into the same Coastal, Hazard 
emerge from and you're left with

1997
01:52:06,100 --> 01:52:09,000
the supplies to sort and the 
letters to read and the renewed 

1998
01:52:09,000 --> 01:52:11,600
awareness that you won't see 
another human face for at least 

1999
01:52:11,608 --> 01:52:14,400
four weeks late. 
March brings, whether that can't

2000
01:52:14,400 --> 01:52:15,900
decide what season it wants to 
be. 

2001
01:52:16,700 --> 01:52:19,900
One Day offers spring Sunshine, 
warm enough for shirtsleeves. 

2002
01:52:19,900 --> 01:52:23,200
The next brings freezing rain 
that coat, everything in 

2003
01:52:23,200 --> 01:52:27,000
treacherous ice, The barometer 
has been falling steadily for 

2004
01:52:27,000 --> 01:52:29,500
two days. 
The sky is taken on that 

2005
01:52:29,500 --> 01:52:32,000
peculiar. 
Yellowish quality that 

2006
01:52:32,000 --> 01:52:35,000
experienced Keepers recognized 
as a storm. 

2007
01:52:35,000 --> 01:52:38,300
Warning Samuel checks the 
barometer again, and notes the 

2008
01:52:38,300 --> 01:52:41,900
reading in the log, 29.2 inches 
and dropping. 

2009
01:52:42,700 --> 01:52:45,900
The winters shifted to the 
Northeast and the swells are 

2010
01:52:45,900 --> 01:52:48,200
building with the slow powerful 
Rhythm. 

2011
01:52:48,200 --> 01:52:52,400
That indicates a major storm 
system approaching, you both 

2012
01:52:52,400 --> 01:52:56,600
know what's coming, a spring nor
Easter potentially worse than 

2013
01:52:56,600 --> 01:52:59,100
winter storms, because the 
temperature contrast between 

2014
01:52:59,100 --> 01:53:03,300
systems creates additional 
violence storm, preparation 

2015
01:53:03,300 --> 01:53:07,100
begins with a kind of practice, 
urgently you secure everything 

2016
01:53:07,100 --> 01:53:08,800
that could blow away or get 
damaged? 

2017
01:53:09,800 --> 01:53:14,700
Tools spare parts, anything left
outside gets moved into storage.

2018
01:53:15,800 --> 01:53:19,200
Storm shutters go up over the 
dwellings, Windows, plunging, 

2019
01:53:19,200 --> 01:53:21,300
the interior into premature 
Twilight. 

2020
01:53:22,200 --> 01:53:25,500
Extra lamp oil gets hold up to 
the lantern room along with 

2021
01:53:25,500 --> 01:53:28,900
spare Wix cleaning supplies and 
Emergency Equipment. 

2022
01:53:28,900 --> 01:53:32,500
The fog Bell gets a thorough 
check because low visibility is 

2023
01:53:32,500 --> 01:53:36,400
virtually, guaranteed. 
You test the mechanism oil, the 

2024
01:53:36,400 --> 01:53:41,300
moving parts and verify that the
spring tension is correct. the 

2025
01:53:41,300 --> 01:53:44,900
bell's, deep tone, Echoes across
the rocks, and gulls scatter 

2026
01:53:44,900 --> 01:53:47,400
from their roosting spots in 
apparent, irritation at the 

2027
01:53:47,400 --> 01:53:51,400
noise food, preparation comes 
next You bake extra bread, 

2028
01:53:51,400 --> 01:53:55,300
knowing that the stove may be 
needed continuously for heat and

2029
01:53:55,300 --> 01:53:58,000
that you won't want to deal with
baking during the storm's Peak. 

2030
01:53:58,900 --> 01:54:02,500
Samuel makes a large pot of stew
enough for several days of 

2031
01:54:02,500 --> 01:54:05,600
reheating. 
Freshwater containers, get 

2032
01:54:05,600 --> 01:54:09,800
filled from the system candles 
and matches get staged where 

2033
01:54:09,800 --> 01:54:12,600
they'll be accessible if the 
storm knocks out your ability to

2034
01:54:12,600 --> 01:54:16,500
move freely between buildings. 
Storm arrives that evening 

2035
01:54:16,500 --> 01:54:20,400
announcing itself with wind that
goes from fresh to Violent in 

2036
01:54:20,400 --> 01:54:24,700
less than an hour. 
Rain comes horizontally finding,

2037
01:54:24,700 --> 01:54:27,300
every tiny Gap in the lighthouse
is where the proofing. 

2038
01:54:28,000 --> 01:54:30,000
Waves begin their assault on the
rocks. 

2039
01:54:30,000 --> 01:54:33,500
With increasing Fury. 
Sending spray high enough that 

2040
01:54:33,500 --> 01:54:36,700
you can hear it, hit the land 
and room glass. 70 feet above 

2041
01:54:36,700 --> 01:54:40,000
sea level. 
Your watch begins at 8 p.m. and 

2042
01:54:40,000 --> 01:54:41,200
climbing. 
The tower is already. 

2043
01:54:41,200 --> 01:54:45,000
Noticeably more difficult. the 
wind makes the iron Stars 

2044
01:54:45,000 --> 01:54:49,200
vibrate and you can feel the 
tower swaying slightly within 

2045
01:54:49,200 --> 01:54:54,500
its design parameters but still 
disconcerting In the lantern 

2046
01:54:54,500 --> 01:54:58,300
room, the lamp burn steadily, 
despite the chaos outside the 

2047
01:54:58,300 --> 01:55:01,600
lens rotates, with its usual 
Precision, sending beams of 

2048
01:55:01,608 --> 01:55:04,800
light out into the storm though.
You wonder if any ships are 

2049
01:55:04,800 --> 01:55:07,700
close enough to see it through 
the rain and spray, the noises 

2050
01:55:07,700 --> 01:55:11,800
extraordinary wind howls through
the lanterns ventilators. 

2051
01:55:11,800 --> 01:55:14,900
With a sound varies from 
whistling to shrieking depending

2052
01:55:14,900 --> 01:55:18,400
on wind direction. 
Waves, crash against the rocks 

2053
01:55:18,400 --> 01:55:22,500
with reports, like Canon fire. 
Rain hammers, the glass with 

2054
01:55:22,500 --> 01:55:26,300
such force that you worry about 
cracks though, the thick pains 

2055
01:55:26,300 --> 01:55:28,800
are designed to withstand 
exactly this abuse. 

2056
01:55:29,700 --> 01:55:32,500
Through the Windows when 
lightning flashes you catch 

2057
01:55:32,500 --> 01:55:35,500
glimpses of seas. 
So wild, they look like moving 

2058
01:55:35,500 --> 01:55:38,200
mountains. 
You perform your watch duties 

2059
01:55:38,200 --> 01:55:41,700
with extra attention. 
The lamp needs checking every 30

2060
01:55:41,700 --> 01:55:45,500
minutes and set of every hour. 
Wind driven variations in the 

2061
01:55:45,500 --> 01:55:48,100
ventilator air flow can affect 
the flame stability. 

2062
01:55:49,200 --> 01:55:51,600
The Clockwork requires 
monitoring because temperature 

2063
01:55:51,600 --> 01:55:54,300
changes from the violent weather
can affect its precision. 

2064
01:55:55,200 --> 01:55:58,200
The windows need constant 
inspection for any signs of 

2065
01:55:58,200 --> 01:56:00,400
water. 
Infiltration that could threaten

2066
01:56:00,400 --> 01:56:03,700
the lamp or damage the lens 
around midnight, you notice 

2067
01:56:03,700 --> 01:56:06,900
water beginning to pool on the 
lantern room floor, beneath the 

2068
01:56:06,900 --> 01:56:08,900
East and windows, this shouldn't
happen. 

2069
01:56:08,900 --> 01:56:12,200
The weatherproofing is supposed 
to prevent any significant 

2070
01:56:12,200 --> 01:56:16,100
infiltration, you investigate 
and discover that wind-driven 

2071
01:56:16,100 --> 01:56:19,300
spray has found a tiny Gap where
the window frame meets the wall 

2072
01:56:19,300 --> 01:56:22,400
and the sheer volume of water, 
hitting the light house has 

2073
01:56:22,400 --> 01:56:25,100
overwhelmed. 
The normal drainage you stuff 

2074
01:56:25,100 --> 01:56:28,500
the Gap with Rags from your 
cleaning supplies which slows 

2075
01:56:28,500 --> 01:56:32,100
but doesn't stop the leak. 
The water is coming in faster 

2076
01:56:32,100 --> 01:56:34,900
than it can drain through the 
floors intended drainage holes. 

2077
01:56:35,600 --> 01:56:38,800
If it accumulates enough to 
reach the lens mechanism it 

2078
01:56:38,800 --> 01:56:42,800
could cause damage or freeze the
rotational You grab every of 

2079
01:56:42,800 --> 01:56:45,900
available cloth and begin a 
cycle of mopping up, water 

2080
01:56:45,900 --> 01:56:50,200
ringing out, cloths and 
repeating all while maintaining 

2081
01:56:50,200 --> 01:56:52,500
your watch duties and monitoring
the lamp. 

2082
01:56:52,500 --> 01:56:54,800
By the time Samuel comes to 
relieve. 

2083
01:56:54,800 --> 01:56:58,200
You at 2, a.m. your exhausted 
and soaked, despite your oil 

2084
01:56:58,200 --> 01:57:00,900
skins. 
You explain the leak situation 

2085
01:57:00,900 --> 01:57:04,800
and he nods Grimley. 
This storm is testing the light 

2086
01:57:04,800 --> 01:57:07,600
house in ways that routine 
weather doesn't you. 

2087
01:57:07,600 --> 01:57:11,700
Dissent the dwelling change into
dry clothes and try to sleep. 

2088
01:57:11,700 --> 01:57:14,400
Despite win noises that 
penetrates even through thick 

2089
01:57:14,400 --> 01:57:18,900
stone walls, four hours later, 
Samuel wakes, you early The 

2090
01:57:18,900 --> 01:57:20,900
leakers worsened and he needs 
help. 

2091
01:57:21,800 --> 01:57:25,000
You climb back up to find the 
lantern room floor, covered in a

2092
01:57:25,000 --> 01:57:27,800
quarter inch of water. 
Despite Samuel's efforts 

2093
01:57:28,500 --> 01:57:32,500
Together you work out a system 
one person constantly mops, 

2094
01:57:32,500 --> 01:57:35,300
while the other maintains the 
watch duties and tends the lamp.

2095
01:57:36,000 --> 01:57:39,800
You trade off every 30 minutes, 
to prevent exhaustion, the storm

2096
01:57:39,800 --> 01:57:42,700
continues through the next day 
and into the following night. 

2097
01:57:43,400 --> 01:57:47,500
You and Samuel fall into a 
rhythm of work refreshed and 

2098
01:57:47,500 --> 01:57:50,900
more work. 
Meals become Hasty, Affairs of 

2099
01:57:50,900 --> 01:57:53,100
bread and cold, Stewie, and 
standing up. 

2100
01:57:54,000 --> 01:57:57,500
Sleep comes in two hour chunks. 
Between watches, the leak 

2101
01:57:57,500 --> 01:58:00,000
remains manageable, but requires
constant attention. 

2102
01:58:01,000 --> 01:58:05,000
The lamp burn steadily, the lens
keeps rotating, and that's what 

2103
01:58:05,000 --> 01:58:08,600
matters on the third day. 
The wind finally begins to 

2104
01:58:08,600 --> 01:58:12,800
decrease the rain continues, but
without the driving force of 

2105
01:58:12,800 --> 01:58:16,600
gale force winds, The waves, 
gradually diminish from 

2106
01:58:16,600 --> 01:58:21,100
terrifying to merely dangerous. 
To Simply rough you and Samuel 

2107
01:58:21,100 --> 01:58:23,900
repair the leak properly using 
materials from the maintenance 

2108
01:58:23,900 --> 01:58:27,400
supplies, sealing it with Oakham
and tar, that should withstand 

2109
01:58:27,400 --> 01:58:30,300
any future storms. 
When the storm finally ends? 

2110
01:58:30,300 --> 01:58:33,500
You both emerge into a world 
that's been scrubbed clean, the 

2111
01:58:33,500 --> 01:58:36,200
Rocks. 
Gleam in returning Sunshine, the

2112
01:58:36,200 --> 01:58:39,800
sea still agitated, but no 
longer violent shows, colors. 

2113
01:58:39,800 --> 01:58:42,200
You'd almost forgotten during 
the storms gray chaos. 

2114
01:58:43,100 --> 01:58:46,100
Driftwood is scattered 
everywhere, including a massive 

2115
01:58:46,100 --> 01:58:48,100
Timber that must have come from 
a ship somewhere. 

2116
01:58:48,100 --> 01:58:52,600
You make a note in the log to 
report it as it might indicate a

2117
01:58:52,600 --> 01:58:54,500
wreck. 
The dwelling shows, minor 

2118
01:58:54,500 --> 01:58:58,300
damage, several roof shingles 
missing one window cracked 

2119
01:58:58,300 --> 01:59:01,400
despite its storm shutter and 
water stains on the ceiling 

2120
01:59:01,400 --> 01:59:03,400
where rain found gaps in the 
roofing. 

2121
01:59:04,200 --> 01:59:06,800
The lighthouse Tower itself is 
essentially undamaged. 

2122
01:59:06,800 --> 01:59:10,000
It's been standing here for 40 
years and will probably stand 

2123
01:59:10,000 --> 01:59:13,500
for another 40 built by people 
who understood what forces it 

2124
01:59:13,500 --> 01:59:16,800
would need to withstand. 
You're both exhausted in a way 

2125
01:59:16,800 --> 01:59:18,300
that goes beyond physical 
tiredness. 

2126
01:59:18,300 --> 01:59:22,100
Three days of heightened, 
alertness irregular, sleep and 

2127
01:59:22,100 --> 01:59:24,400
constant work, of depleted 
reserves. 

2128
01:59:24,400 --> 01:59:26,800
You didn't know you were using. 
There's all. 

2129
01:59:26,800 --> 01:59:29,400
So satisfaction, the storm 
tested. 

2130
01:59:29,400 --> 01:59:32,800
You and you passed. 
The light burned steadily 

2131
01:59:32,800 --> 01:59:35,800
throughout. 
Any ship that needed guidance 

2132
01:59:35,800 --> 01:59:39,200
received it. 
You did your job, Samuel makes 

2133
01:59:39,200 --> 01:59:41,100
proper coffee. 
The good kind. 

2134
01:59:41,100 --> 01:59:44,100
He reserves for special 
occasions and you sit together 

2135
01:59:44,100 --> 01:59:47,300
in the kitchen, not talking 
much, but sharing the quiet 

2136
01:59:47,300 --> 01:59:50,500
satisfaction of people who have 
weathered something difficult 

2137
01:59:50,500 --> 01:59:53,700
together. 
Outside the gulls of return to 

2138
01:59:53,700 --> 01:59:56,800
their usual spots. 
Apparently, unbothered by having

2139
01:59:56,800 --> 01:59:59,600
spent three days, hunkered down 
in whatever shelter. 

2140
01:59:59,600 --> 02:00:02,800
They'd found the next supply 
boat, visit is still two weeks 

2141
02:00:02,800 --> 02:00:06,200
away, but you've already started
the mental list of items you'll 

2142
02:00:06,200 --> 02:00:10,600
need to prepare storm damage. 
More roof shingles window, glass

2143
02:00:10,600 --> 02:00:13,800
Occam and tar, and paint for 
areas. 

2144
02:00:13,800 --> 02:00:15,200
Where the storm. 
Stripped it away. 

2145
02:00:16,000 --> 02:00:19,500
The list is long but manageable 
storm damage is part of 

2146
02:00:19,500 --> 02:00:22,400
Lighthouse life as routine as 
daily maintenance. 

2147
02:00:22,400 --> 02:00:27,100
Even if the specific damage 
varies that night lighting, the 

2148
02:00:27,100 --> 02:00:30,600
lamp feels different than usual.
You go through the same physical

2149
02:00:30,600 --> 02:00:34,600
motions, checking oil trimming 
Wick, adjusting ventilators 

2150
02:00:34,600 --> 02:00:37,900
striking the match. 
But with renewed appreciation, 

2151
02:00:37,900 --> 02:00:41,800
for the ritual significance, 
this lamp has burned through 

2152
02:00:41,800 --> 02:00:44,400
worst storms in your probably 
ever experienced. 

2153
02:00:44,400 --> 02:00:47,700
It will continue burning long. 
After you've moved on to another

2154
02:00:47,700 --> 02:00:51,800
station or retired from Light 
House in entirely the lens, 

2155
02:00:51,800 --> 02:00:54,400
catches, the flame and 
transforms it into beams. 

2156
02:00:54,400 --> 02:00:58,100
That sweep out across the 
darkening, sea somewhere beyond 

2157
02:00:58,100 --> 02:01:01,800
your horizon, a ship's Captain 
Marks their position and 

2158
02:01:01,800 --> 02:01:06,500
continue safely on their course,
the storm is over the light 

2159
02:01:06,500 --> 02:01:10,900
burns on all his well, Samuel 
receives his transfer order in 

2160
02:01:10,900 --> 02:01:14,400
late April, he'll be moving to a
harbor like closer to his family

2161
02:01:14,400 --> 02:01:17,900
by the end of May. 
The news arrives in a letter 

2162
02:01:17,908 --> 02:01:21,500
from the lighthouse board formal
and impersonal as all official 

2163
02:01:21,500 --> 02:01:24,100
correspondents. 
He reads it aloud over 

2164
02:01:24,100 --> 02:01:26,500
breakfast. 
His tone neutral, though. 

2165
02:01:26,500 --> 02:01:30,100
You detect relief underneath 
He's been at this isolated 

2166
02:01:30,100 --> 02:01:34,100
station for five years and while
he's never complained, you know,

2167
02:01:34,100 --> 02:01:36,600
his wife's letters, have grown 
increasingly urgent about 

2168
02:01:36,600 --> 02:01:39,900
wanting him closer to home. 
This means changes for you, as 

2169
02:01:39,900 --> 02:01:42,100
well. 
The lighthouse board offers you 

2170
02:01:42,100 --> 02:01:45,500
the position of head keeper, 
which comes with a modest, pay 

2171
02:01:45,500 --> 02:01:47,800
increase and full responsibility
for the station. 

2172
02:01:48,700 --> 02:01:50,800
You'll also receive a new 
assistant keeper. 

2173
02:01:50,800 --> 02:01:54,100
A young man named Thomas, who is
completing his training at a 

2174
02:01:54,108 --> 02:01:58,400
more accessible station and will
arrive when Samuel departs, you 

2175
02:01:58,400 --> 02:02:01,900
accept the promotion with mixed 
feelings on one hand, it's 

2176
02:02:01,900 --> 02:02:05,100
recognition of competence and a 
step forward in the lighthouse 

2177
02:02:05,100 --> 02:02:06,300
service career. 
Structure. 

2178
02:02:06,300 --> 02:02:10,700
On the other hand, it means 
losing Samuel steady presence 

2179
02:02:10,700 --> 02:02:14,300
and experienced judgment. 
You've learned to read his 

2180
02:02:14,300 --> 02:02:18,300
moods, trust his decision and 
appreciate his particular 

2181
02:02:18,300 --> 02:02:22,300
approach to light housekeeping. 
Breaking in a new assistant will

2182
02:02:22,300 --> 02:02:25,000
require patience and attention. 
You're not certain you have 

2183
02:02:25,000 --> 02:02:27,600
Samuel spends his remaining 
weeks. 

2184
02:02:27,600 --> 02:02:30,000
Training you in aspects of 
headkeeper responsibilities. 

2185
02:02:30,000 --> 02:02:32,800
You haven't handled? 
There's more paperwork than 

2186
02:02:32,800 --> 02:02:36,400
you'd realize to monthly reports
to the lighthouse board, 

2187
02:02:36,400 --> 02:02:39,700
Inventory, management, Supply 
requisitions and personal 

2188
02:02:39,700 --> 02:02:42,600
evaluation. 
There's also the weight of final

2189
02:02:42,600 --> 02:02:45,900
Authority. 
As assistant keeper, you could 

2190
02:02:45,900 --> 02:02:49,100
always defer to difficult 
decisions to Samuel as 

2191
02:02:49,100 --> 02:02:51,900
headkeeper. 
Those decisions will be solely 

2192
02:02:51,900 --> 02:02:54,500
yours. 
He also shares wisdom that isn't

2193
02:02:54,500 --> 02:02:57,900
in any manual. 
How to judge when someone's 

2194
02:02:57,900 --> 02:03:00,900
isolation difficulties or a 
temporary adjustment versus a 

2195
02:03:00,900 --> 02:03:03,300
genuine unsuitability for 
Lighthouse work. 

2196
02:03:04,000 --> 02:03:06,700
How to balance necessary 
discipline with the flexibility 

2197
02:03:06,700 --> 02:03:09,300
required? 
When two people must live and 

2198
02:03:09,300 --> 02:03:13,300
work in very close quarters. 
How to represent the lighthouse 

2199
02:03:13,300 --> 02:03:16,400
service properly during the rare
occasions when outside is visit.

2200
02:03:17,200 --> 02:03:20,000
These lessons come through 
stories and observations rather 

2201
02:03:20,000 --> 02:03:23,100
than lectures Samuels preferred 
teaching method. 

2202
02:03:23,100 --> 02:03:25,700
One evening sharing Tobacco on 
the bench outside. 

2203
02:03:25,700 --> 02:03:29,800
The dwelling Samuel tells you 
about his first station a remote

2204
02:03:29,800 --> 02:03:32,900
light where he served under a 
head keeper who'd been light 

2205
02:03:32,900 --> 02:03:36,700
housekeeping for 30 years. 
That keeper had taught Samuel 

2206
02:03:36,700 --> 02:03:39,200
something that proved more 
valuable than any Technical 

2207
02:03:39,200 --> 02:03:41,800
Training. 
Light housekeeping isn't really 

2208
02:03:41,800 --> 02:03:44,500
about maintaining equipment or 
following procedures. 

2209
02:03:44,500 --> 02:03:48,300
It's about maintaining your 
self, your alertness, your 

2210
02:03:48,300 --> 02:03:51,900
judgment, your sense of purpose,
because everything else depends 

2211
02:03:51,900 --> 02:03:55,300
on the keepers, reliability. 
You ask what happens when you 

2212
02:03:55,300 --> 02:03:59,600
can't maintain yourself when the
isolation or exhaustion or sheer

2213
02:03:59,600 --> 02:04:00,600
routine? 
Where is you down? 

2214
02:04:01,800 --> 02:04:05,400
Samuel takes a long draw on his 
pipe and says, that's when you 

2215
02:04:05,400 --> 02:04:08,800
either find new ways to stay 
engaged or you request to 

2216
02:04:08,800 --> 02:04:11,700
transfer. 
There's no shame in recognizing 

2217
02:04:11,700 --> 02:04:14,500
your Limits. 
The Shame is in staying at a 

2218
02:04:14,500 --> 02:04:17,200
station, you can no longer 
manage properly because then 

2219
02:04:17,200 --> 02:04:19,800
ships are depending on someone 
who's no longer Dependable, 

2220
02:04:19,800 --> 02:04:23,000
Thomas arrives on the same 
supply boat that takes Samuel 

2221
02:04:23,000 --> 02:04:28,600
away, he's 23 eager and clearly 
nervous about this posting You 

2222
02:04:28,600 --> 02:04:31,100
remember feeling similar 
nervousness six months ago, 

2223
02:04:31,100 --> 02:04:35,100
which now seems like years? 
Samuel introduces. 

2224
02:04:35,100 --> 02:04:37,900
You both hands. 
You a formal letter, confirming 

2225
02:04:37,900 --> 02:04:39,800
your promotion and says Hill, 
right? 

2226
02:04:39,800 --> 02:04:43,800
Once he settled at his new 
station, Then he's in the Dory 

2227
02:04:43,800 --> 02:04:46,400
heading toward the tender and 
you're alone with your new 

2228
02:04:46,400 --> 02:04:49,100
assistance. 
Thomas has that scrubbed. 

2229
02:04:49,100 --> 02:04:52,400
Ernest, look of someone who 
spent more time studying manuals

2230
02:04:52,400 --> 02:04:55,600
than actually working His 
uniform is pristine. 

2231
02:04:55,600 --> 02:04:59,100
His equipment is new and his 
questions reveal that he's 

2232
02:04:59,100 --> 02:05:00,900
memorized procedures without 
yet. 

2233
02:05:00,900 --> 02:05:04,500
Understanding why they matter 
you recognize this because you 

2234
02:05:04,500 --> 02:05:08,500
were similar not long ago. 
Time and experience will season 

2235
02:05:08,500 --> 02:05:11,300
him. 
Your job is ensuring he survives

2236
02:05:11,300 --> 02:05:12,800
long enough to gain that 
experience. 

2237
02:05:12,800 --> 02:05:16,100
You start his training the same 
day because Lighthouse work 

2238
02:05:16,100 --> 02:05:19,700
doesn't pause for transitions. 
The afternoon's tasks become 

2239
02:05:19,700 --> 02:05:23,000
teaching opportunities. 
You demonstrate proper lens 

2240
02:05:23,000 --> 02:05:26,200
cleaning while explaining why 
technique matters, you show him 

2241
02:05:26,200 --> 02:05:29,100
how to read the barometer and 
what different patterns indicate

2242
02:05:29,100 --> 02:05:32,208
you have him practice Wick 
trimming until he can do it 

2243
02:05:32,216 --> 02:05:36,500
smoothly each task comes with 
context, that connects procedure

2244
02:05:36,500 --> 02:05:39,900
to purpose, Thomas is quick to 
learn mechanical tasks, but 

2245
02:05:39,900 --> 02:05:44,200
struggles with the isolation 
cycle aspects, After a week. 

2246
02:05:44,208 --> 02:05:46,600
He admits that the silence 
bothers him. 

2247
02:05:46,600 --> 02:05:50,600
He's from Boston accustomed to 
constant noise and activity. 

2248
02:05:51,600 --> 02:05:54,800
The light house is quietness 
feels oppressive and he's having

2249
02:05:54,800 --> 02:05:58,100
trouble sleeping because the 
wind and wave sound too loud in 

2250
02:05:58,100 --> 02:06:01,600
the absence of City sound. 
You remember feeling similarly 

2251
02:06:01,600 --> 02:06:05,200
disoriented by the acoustic 
environment You suggest 

2252
02:06:05,200 --> 02:06:08,400
strategies that helped you 
focusing on the natural rhythms 

2253
02:06:08,400 --> 02:06:10,900
treating. 
The sounds as information rather

2254
02:06:10,900 --> 02:06:14,100
than noise and understanding 
that adjustment takes time. 

2255
02:06:14,100 --> 02:06:17,000
You also share something Samuel,
talk to you. 

2256
02:06:17,000 --> 02:06:20,500
That some people adapt to 
isolation and others don't and 

2257
02:06:20,500 --> 02:06:23,400
there's no predicting which type
someone is until they're 

2258
02:06:23,400 --> 02:06:25,700
actually living it. 
The first storm you whether with

2259
02:06:25,700 --> 02:06:28,600
Thomas reveals, both his 
potential and his gaps. 

2260
02:06:29,300 --> 02:06:31,100
He handles the increased watch 
duties. 

2261
02:06:31,100 --> 02:06:33,400
Well, staying alert and 
following procedures. 

2262
02:06:34,200 --> 02:06:37,200
But he becomes anxious in ways. 
That interfere with judgment. 

2263
02:06:38,300 --> 02:06:42,200
When the fog Bell mechanism jams
during the storm's Peak Thomas 

2264
02:06:42,200 --> 02:06:45,300
panics and wants to wake you 
immediately you're already 

2265
02:06:45,308 --> 02:06:47,700
awake. 
No experience keeper sleep 

2266
02:06:47,700 --> 02:06:51,600
soundly during storms and you 
talked him through diagnosing 

2267
02:06:51,600 --> 02:06:55,600
and fixing the problem himself. 
Afterward you explain that light

2268
02:06:55,600 --> 02:06:58,200
housekeeping requires a 
particular kind of calm, 

2269
02:06:58,200 --> 02:07:02,700
emergencies will happen often at
the worst possible moments 

2270
02:07:02,700 --> 02:07:05,600
panicking, waste time and clouds
judgement. 

2271
02:07:06,500 --> 02:07:10,200
The solution is trusting your 
training working systematically.

2272
02:07:10,200 --> 02:07:13,600
And knowing when to ask, for 
help vs, when to solve problems 

2273
02:07:13,600 --> 02:07:18,600
in dependently, Thomas nods, but
you can see he's still 

2274
02:07:18,600 --> 02:07:22,200
processing. 
This experience will be his real

2275
02:07:22,200 --> 02:07:24,400
teacher. 
You're also learning lessons 

2276
02:07:24,400 --> 02:07:26,600
about leadership. 
That didn't seem important when 

2277
02:07:26,600 --> 02:07:29,500
you were assistant keeper. 
You discover that different 

2278
02:07:29,500 --> 02:07:31,700
people require different 
management approaches. 

2279
02:07:31,700 --> 02:07:36,300
Thomas responds, well to Patient
explanation but poorly to 

2280
02:07:36,300 --> 02:07:40,900
criticism even constructive 
criticism, he needs explicit. 

2281
02:07:40,900 --> 02:07:44,200
Praise for good work. 
Whereas Samuel operated on the 

2282
02:07:44,208 --> 02:07:47,200
assumption that no comment meant
satisfactory performance. 

2283
02:07:47,200 --> 02:07:51,400
You find yourself thinking about
how Samuel managed you his 

2284
02:07:51,400 --> 02:07:54,000
mixture of giving you 
responsibility while remaining 

2285
02:07:54,000 --> 02:07:57,500
available for questions his way 
of correcting mistakes, without 

2286
02:07:57,500 --> 02:08:00,400
making you feel incompetent and 
his patients with your 

2287
02:08:00,400 --> 02:08:04,600
adjustment to isolation. 
You try to emulate this approach

2288
02:08:04,600 --> 02:08:07,100
with Tomas, while developing 
your own leadership style, 

2289
02:08:07,100 --> 02:08:10,700
letters from Samuel arrived. 
Monthly, with the supply boat. 

2290
02:08:10,700 --> 02:08:14,800
He settling well at his new 
station, enjoying being closer 

2291
02:08:14,800 --> 02:08:18,400
to his grandchildren, but admits
missing the clean Simplicity of 

2292
02:08:18,400 --> 02:08:21,300
the remote light house. 
Harbor Lights have more 

2293
02:08:21,300 --> 02:08:25,100
visitors, more bureaucracy, and 
more distractions from the 

2294
02:08:25,100 --> 02:08:28,000
essential work. 
He asks, how Thomas is 

2295
02:08:28,000 --> 02:08:31,600
developing and offers advice on 
managing a young assistant's 

2296
02:08:31,600 --> 02:08:34,900
enthusiasm, without crushing his
Spirit, you write back with 

2297
02:08:34,900 --> 02:08:38,200
updates and questions grateful 
for the continued mentorship. 

2298
02:08:38,200 --> 02:08:41,900
Even a distance, Samuels 
letters, become a kind of 

2299
02:08:41,900 --> 02:08:45,400
professional development 
resource offering perspectives. 

2300
02:08:45,400 --> 02:08:48,400
You can't get from manuals or 
even from direct experience. 

2301
02:08:49,400 --> 02:08:51,900
He's teaching you to see 
patterns across situations, 

2302
02:08:51,900 --> 02:08:55,500
rather than treating each 
challenges unique as summer 

2303
02:08:55,500 --> 02:08:58,800
arrives, you and Thomas settle 
into a functional partnership. 

2304
02:08:58,800 --> 02:09:02,900
He's growing more comfortable 
with isolation developing his 

2305
02:09:02,900 --> 02:09:06,200
own routines and interests. 
He's revealed a talent for 

2306
02:09:06,208 --> 02:09:10,200
sketching and fills notebooks 
with drawing of birds waves 

2307
02:09:10,200 --> 02:09:12,500
cloud, formations and Light 
House equipment. 

2308
02:09:13,400 --> 02:09:16,900
His mechanical skills improve 
with practice and his Panic 

2309
02:09:16,900 --> 02:09:20,000
responses to diminish as 
experience builds confidence. 

2310
02:09:20,000 --> 02:09:23,400
You've also discovered 
unexpected satisfaction in 

2311
02:09:23,400 --> 02:09:27,500
teaching, helping Thomas develop
competence feels meaningful in 

2312
02:09:27,500 --> 02:09:31,200
ways that simply maintaining the
light house doesn't, You're not 

2313
02:09:31,208 --> 02:09:34,700
just keeping a light burning 
your training, someone who will 

2314
02:09:34,700 --> 02:09:36,100
continue the work after you move
on. 

2315
02:09:36,100 --> 02:09:40,400
It's a kind of immortality 
passing skills and knowledge 

2316
02:09:40,400 --> 02:09:42,500
forward through generations of 
Keepers. 

2317
02:09:42,500 --> 02:09:45,800
One evening, Thomas asks, why 
you became a Lighthouse Keeper, 

2318
02:09:45,800 --> 02:09:49,700
you realize you've never 
articulated this clearly even to

2319
02:09:49,700 --> 02:09:52,300
yourself. 
After thinking, you say 

2320
02:09:52,300 --> 02:09:55,600
something about wanting work 
that matters that has a clear 

2321
02:09:55,600 --> 02:09:59,800
purpose and measurable results. 
You wanted to be responsible for

2322
02:09:59,800 --> 02:10:02,800
something important but not be 
crushed by administrative 

2323
02:10:02,800 --> 02:10:04,600
complexity or social 
performance. 

2324
02:10:05,700 --> 02:10:07,400
Lighthouse. 
Keeping offered honest work, 

2325
02:10:07,400 --> 02:10:10,300
where competence is obvious and 
where your effort directly 

2326
02:10:10,300 --> 02:10:14,000
affects other safety Thomas. 
Considers this and admits. 

2327
02:10:14,000 --> 02:10:16,300
He became a keeper partly to 
escape family. 

2328
02:10:16,300 --> 02:10:18,000
Pressure to join his father's 
business. 

2329
02:10:19,200 --> 02:10:22,000
Lighthouse. 
Work seemed adventurous romantic

2330
02:10:22,000 --> 02:10:26,100
even The reality has been harder
and less romantic than he 

2331
02:10:26,100 --> 02:10:28,600
imagined, but also more 
satisfying. 

2332
02:10:29,500 --> 02:10:32,000
There's something real about 
this work that his father's 

2333
02:10:32,000 --> 02:10:34,900
import business lacked. 
You understand exactly what he 

2334
02:10:34,908 --> 02:10:37,800
means. 
Modern Life in the 1880s feels 

2335
02:10:37,800 --> 02:10:42,100
increasingly abstract money 
represents, labor contracts, 

2336
02:10:42,100 --> 02:10:45,700
represent relationships and 
cities represent communities, 

2337
02:10:45,700 --> 02:10:50,400
but deliver anonymity, Here, at 
the Lighthouse, everything is 

2338
02:10:50,400 --> 02:10:54,600
concrete the Lighty the burns or
it doesn't the lenses either 

2339
02:10:54,600 --> 02:10:57,600
clean or it isn't ships. 
Either pass safely or they 

2340
02:10:57,600 --> 02:10:59,900
don't. 
There's Clarity here that's 

2341
02:10:59,900 --> 02:11:03,200
increasingly rare in a world 
growing more complex by the year

2342
02:11:03,200 --> 02:11:06,200
as you and Thomas, share, 
tobacco and watch Sunset color. 

2343
02:11:06,200 --> 02:11:09,700
The water you realize you've 
become what Samuel was to you. 

2344
02:11:10,500 --> 02:11:13,400
A bridge between the lighthouse 
Services institutional 

2345
02:11:13,400 --> 02:11:16,700
requirements and the human 
reality of doing this work. 

2346
02:11:16,700 --> 02:11:19,800
It's a role you never sought but
of apparently accepted. 

2347
02:11:20,800 --> 02:11:23,600
You're no longer just keeping a 
light house, you're keeping a 

2348
02:11:23,608 --> 02:11:27,400
tradition, maintaining a skill 
set and preparing the Next 

2349
02:11:27,400 --> 02:11:30,600
Generation to continue the work.
The light will Outlast. 

2350
02:11:30,600 --> 02:11:34,300
You both serving Keepers you'll 
never meet and guiding ships 

2351
02:11:34,300 --> 02:11:38,700
that haven't been built yet. 
But for now in this moment you 

2352
02:11:38,700 --> 02:11:41,900
and Thomas are its Guardians. 
You're doing work that matters 

2353
02:11:41,900 --> 02:11:46,200
in a place that demands your 
best with a purpose that needs 

2354
02:11:46,200 --> 02:11:48,600
no justification. 
It's enough. 

2355
02:11:48,600 --> 02:11:52,000
The inspector arrives in August 
without warning which is 

2356
02:11:52,008 --> 02:11:55,700
precisely how the lighthouse 
board prefers it You spot his 

2357
02:11:55,700 --> 02:11:59,100
boat approaching on a Tuesday 
morning, not the regular Supply 

2358
02:11:59,100 --> 02:12:02,600
tender but a smaller vessel that
carries only the inspector and 

2359
02:12:02,600 --> 02:12:05,800
his assistance, you have about 
15 minutes to ensure. 

2360
02:12:05,800 --> 02:12:08,800
Everything is presentable. 
Those Samuels training has made 

2361
02:12:08,800 --> 02:12:11,800
you meticulous enough. 
That the light house is always 

2362
02:12:11,800 --> 02:12:14,600
inspection ready. 
The inspector is a career like 

2363
02:12:14,600 --> 02:12:16,300
Lighthouse service, man named 
Henderson. 

2364
02:12:17,100 --> 02:12:20,600
Severe and thorough in ways that
make you understand why Keepers 

2365
02:12:20,600 --> 02:12:25,200
sometimes dread these visits. 
He examined everything running 

2366
02:12:25,200 --> 02:12:28,300
white gloved, fingers along 
windowsills, to check for dust. 

2367
02:12:29,200 --> 02:12:30,500
To Sting the fog. 
Bell mechanism. 

2368
02:12:30,500 --> 02:12:34,100
Repeatedly scrutinizing log, 
entries for any irregularities 

2369
02:12:34,100 --> 02:12:37,900
and measuring oil consumption 
against your reported usage. 

2370
02:12:38,700 --> 02:12:41,900
Thomas is visibly nervous but 
you've learned that the best 

2371
02:12:41,900 --> 02:12:45,000
approach to inspection is quiet 
confidence in your work. 

2372
02:12:45,000 --> 02:12:49,400
Henderson finds minor issues. 
Some brass fittings could be 

2373
02:12:49,400 --> 02:12:52,200
more polished and your login 
entry is occasionally lack 

2374
02:12:52,200 --> 02:12:54,900
detail. 
He'd prefer to see But nothing 

2375
02:12:54,900 --> 02:12:56,700
that suggests inadequate 
performance. 

2376
02:12:56,700 --> 02:13:00,500
He signs your station log to 
indicate satisfactory 

2377
02:13:00,500 --> 02:13:02,600
inspection. 
Then does something unexpected. 

2378
02:13:03,900 --> 02:13:06,200
He asked to talk with you 
privately in the land and room, 

2379
02:13:06,200 --> 02:13:09,300
once their Henderson severity. 
Softened slightly. 

2380
02:13:09,300 --> 02:13:13,000
He explains that he's been 
inspecting lighthouses for 20 

2381
02:13:13,000 --> 02:13:16,400
years visiting every station 
from Maine to Maryland. 

2382
02:13:16,400 --> 02:13:20,600
He seen excellent Keepers had to
quit Keepers and Keepers who 

2383
02:13:20,600 --> 02:13:23,300
should never have been assigned 
to isolated stations. 

2384
02:13:23,300 --> 02:13:27,200
You he says a developing into an
excellent keeper. 

2385
02:13:27,200 --> 02:13:31,100
Your station is well. 
Maintained, your assistance is 

2386
02:13:31,100 --> 02:13:34,200
progressing properly and your 
login entries, demonstrate the 

2387
02:13:34,200 --> 02:13:37,900
kind of attention to detail that
prevents problems, rather than 

2388
02:13:37,900 --> 02:13:41,300
merely responding to them, then 
Henderson, share something that 

2389
02:13:41,300 --> 02:13:44,000
stays with you for years. 
He says that Lighthouse. 

2390
02:13:44,000 --> 02:13:46,100
Keeping is entering a 
transitional period. 

2391
02:13:46,800 --> 02:13:50,600
Electricity is coming. 
Not this year or next, but 

2392
02:13:50,600 --> 02:13:54,700
within your career lifetime. 
When it arrives, it will change 

2393
02:13:54,700 --> 02:13:57,400
everything about how lights are 
maintained and operated. 

2394
02:13:58,400 --> 02:14:00,300
The lighthouse service will need
Keepers. 

2395
02:14:00,300 --> 02:14:03,900
Who can adapt to new technology 
while maintaining the core 

2396
02:14:03,900 --> 02:14:07,700
values of vigilance and 
responsibility that have always 

2397
02:14:07,700 --> 02:14:11,700
defined the profession. 
He sees that adaptability in you

2398
02:14:11,700 --> 02:14:15,600
more importantly, he sees 
someone who understands that 

2399
02:14:15,600 --> 02:14:17,800
Lighthouse keeping isn't really 
about technology. 

2400
02:14:17,800 --> 02:14:21,300
It's about maintaining 
reliability and systems. 

2401
02:14:21,300 --> 02:14:24,600
That others depend on that 
understanding will remain 

2402
02:14:24,600 --> 02:14:27,200
relevant regardless of whether 
the lights burn oil or 

2403
02:14:27,200 --> 02:14:31,100
electricity, He's recommending 
you for Advanced Training when 

2404
02:14:31,100 --> 02:14:34,400
it becomes available, preparing 
you for eventual promotion to 

2405
02:14:34,400 --> 02:14:38,600
inspector to manage multiple 
stations, this conversation 

2406
02:14:38,600 --> 02:14:40,500
transforms, how you think about 
your work. 

2407
02:14:41,300 --> 02:14:43,800
You'd been viewing light 
housekeeping as an honest job at

2408
02:14:43,800 --> 02:14:47,600
civilization's Edge a way to 
escape modern complexity 

2409
02:14:47,600 --> 02:14:50,900
Henderson. 
Helps you see it differently as 

2410
02:14:50,900 --> 02:14:53,800
participation in a critical 
infrastructure that enables 

2411
02:14:53,800 --> 02:14:57,900
Maritime Commerce, military 
operations and safe passage for 

2412
02:14:57,900 --> 02:14:59,500
anyone who Ventures onto the 
sea. 

2413
02:15:00,300 --> 02:15:03,300
Your Lighthouse is one node in a
network of lights, that 

2414
02:15:03,300 --> 02:15:06,900
collectively make Ocean Travel 
safer than its ever been in 

2415
02:15:06,900 --> 02:15:09,900
human history. 
After Henderson departs, you 

2416
02:15:09,900 --> 02:15:12,000
find yourself looking at the 
Lighthouse differently. 

2417
02:15:12,800 --> 02:15:16,600
The tower is 70 feet of granite 
but it's also an idea made 

2418
02:15:16,600 --> 02:15:19,300
physical. 
The idea that humans have a 

2419
02:15:19,300 --> 02:15:21,400
responsibility to help each 
other navigate Danger. 

2420
02:15:22,400 --> 02:15:26,600
The lens is 2 tons of glass and 
bronze, but it's also a 

2421
02:15:26,600 --> 02:15:29,500
commitment that darkness and 
distance don't absolve as of 

2422
02:15:29,500 --> 02:15:31,900
Duties to strangers who will 
never know our names. 

2423
02:15:31,900 --> 02:15:34,800
You share some of Henderson's 
comments with Thomas over dinner

2424
02:15:34,800 --> 02:15:36,300
though. 
Not the part about your 

2425
02:15:36,300 --> 02:15:39,000
potential advancement. 
That feels like boasting. 

2426
02:15:40,000 --> 02:15:43,200
But you tell him about the 
coming changes about electricity

2427
02:15:43,200 --> 02:15:46,800
and modernization and about the 
need to balance tradition with 

2428
02:15:46,800 --> 02:15:49,700
adaptation. 
Thomas listens carefully and 

2429
02:15:49,700 --> 02:15:52,400
asks, intelligent questions 
about how electrical lights 

2430
02:15:52,400 --> 02:15:55,900
might work and whether they'll 
still require constant tending, 

2431
02:15:55,900 --> 02:15:59,900
the truth is you don't know. 
You've read articles about 

2432
02:15:59,900 --> 02:16:03,500
Edison's electric light to New 
York City, but applying that 

2433
02:16:03,500 --> 02:16:06,100
technology to light houses 
involves challenges. 

2434
02:16:06,100 --> 02:16:10,200
You can barely imagine Will 
electric light need the same 

2435
02:16:10,208 --> 02:16:14,300
kind of focused lenses, will 
they burn a steadily as oil 

2436
02:16:14,300 --> 02:16:17,500
lamps, will they require 
different maintenance skills? 

2437
02:16:17,500 --> 02:16:21,900
These questions are above your 
pay grade but their increasingly

2438
02:16:21,900 --> 02:16:23,500
relevant to your profession's 
future. 

2439
02:16:23,500 --> 02:16:27,700
As Autumn arrives, you notice 
changes in your own perspective 

2440
02:16:27,700 --> 02:16:32,400
on light housekeeping. 
The work hasn't changed the same

2441
02:16:32,400 --> 02:16:35,900
daily maintenance the same. 
Watch rotations. 

2442
02:16:35,900 --> 02:16:38,400
The same endless attention to 
detail. 

2443
02:16:39,700 --> 02:16:41,400
But your understanding has 
deepened. 

2444
02:16:42,000 --> 02:16:45,200
You see connections between 
tasks that once seemed separate,

2445
02:16:45,200 --> 02:16:49,100
you anticipate problems before 
they develop, you've 

2446
02:16:49,100 --> 02:16:50,799
internalized, The rhythms of 
this place. 

2447
02:16:50,799 --> 02:16:54,200
So completely that you can sense
when something slightly wrong 

2448
02:16:54,200 --> 02:16:56,900
even before you consciously 
identify. 

2449
02:16:56,900 --> 02:17:00,700
What Thomas is developing 
similarly though he is months 

2450
02:17:00,700 --> 02:17:02,500
behind where you were at his 
stage. 

2451
02:17:02,500 --> 02:17:05,000
He no longer panics during 
routine. 

2452
02:17:05,000 --> 02:17:08,799
Problems has learned to read 
weather signs and can clean the 

2453
02:17:08,799 --> 02:17:12,000
lens without your supervision. 
He's also growing more 

2454
02:17:12,000 --> 02:17:15,100
comfortable with isolation, 
having found his own ways to 

2455
02:17:15,100 --> 02:17:17,600
stay engaged through his artwork
and let her writing. 

2456
02:17:18,400 --> 02:17:20,299
He'll make a good head keeper 
someday. 

2457
02:17:20,299 --> 02:17:23,600
Probably sooner than he expected
the lighthouse Services. 

2458
02:17:23,600 --> 02:17:27,200
Constant need for qualified 
Personnel, one, October evening 

2459
02:17:27,200 --> 02:17:29,900
of vessel passes close enough 
that you can see Crew moving on 

2460
02:17:29,900 --> 02:17:33,000
Deck, they're probably 
repositioning after a day's 

2461
02:17:33,000 --> 02:17:36,299
fishing heading back to Port 
while daylight Remains The 

2462
02:17:36,299 --> 02:17:39,700
Vessel is completely 
unremarkable, a working Schooner

2463
02:17:39,700 --> 02:17:43,100
like dozens you've seen but 
watching it you're suddenly 

2464
02:17:43,100 --> 02:17:46,799
aware of your role in its safety
that crew trust that your light 

2465
02:17:46,799 --> 02:17:49,600
will burn tonight. 
They've probably never thought 

2466
02:17:49,600 --> 02:17:51,900
about it. 
Consciously lighthouses are just

2467
02:17:51,907 --> 02:17:55,799
part of the maritime landscape 
like tides and prevailing winds.

2468
02:17:56,600 --> 02:18:00,900
But their trust is real. 
If your light fails, if you make

2469
02:18:00,900 --> 02:18:04,700
a mistake in maintenance, or if 
you fall asleep during watch, 

2470
02:18:04,700 --> 02:18:07,000
their vessel could run onto 
these rocks. 

2471
02:18:07,000 --> 02:18:11,400
They're lives their families, 
their Futures, all of them. 

2472
02:18:11,400 --> 02:18:15,500
Depend partly on your vigilance,
this recognition carries no 

2473
02:18:15,500 --> 02:18:20,299
drama or grand, emotion, it's 
simply true the way mathematics 

2474
02:18:20,299 --> 02:18:23,700
is true. 
Your work matters, not in 

2475
02:18:23,700 --> 02:18:27,000
abstract, theoretical ways, but 
in concrete life and death 

2476
02:18:27,000 --> 02:18:29,900
terms. 
Ship's Captain who safely 

2477
02:18:29,900 --> 02:18:33,400
navigate past, your light 
doesn't owe you thangs, they owe

2478
02:18:33,400 --> 02:18:36,600
you competence which you provide
through attention to tasks that 

2479
02:18:36,600 --> 02:18:38,600
have become routine but remain 
crucial. 

2480
02:18:38,600 --> 02:18:42,100
You've also begun to understand 
your place in the Continuum of 

2481
02:18:42,100 --> 02:18:46,700
Keepers who have maintained this
light The first Keeper in 1847 

2482
02:18:46,700 --> 02:18:51,000
when your parents were children,
since then, dozens of keepers of

2483
02:18:51,000 --> 02:18:54,100
performed, the same tasks, you 
perform maintaining the same 

2484
02:18:54,100 --> 02:18:57,600
light through similar storms and
identical daily routines. 

2485
02:18:58,400 --> 02:19:01,299
After you leave others will 
continue the work using 

2486
02:19:01,299 --> 02:19:02,799
techniques. 
You're currently teaching 

2487
02:19:02,799 --> 02:19:05,700
Thomas, this continuity is the 
real Legacy. 

2488
02:19:05,700 --> 02:19:09,400
Not any individual, keeper 
service, but The Unbroken chain 

2489
02:19:09,400 --> 02:19:12,500
of responsibility that keeps 
lights burning year after year 

2490
02:19:12,500 --> 02:19:16,299
decade after decade your 
maintaining that chain. 

2491
02:19:16,299 --> 02:19:19,400
Adding your link while preparing
the next key to add theirs. 

2492
02:19:19,400 --> 02:19:23,600
It's work that lacks Glory. 
But possesses genuine, dignity. 

2493
02:19:23,600 --> 02:19:26,100
Winter. 
Returns with its shorter days 

2494
02:19:26,100 --> 02:19:28,799
and longer watches. 
The cold is familiar. 

2495
02:19:28,799 --> 02:19:32,299
Now the isolation is normal, and
the routines have become so 

2496
02:19:32,299 --> 02:19:34,900
ingrained that you could perform
them while half asleep. 

2497
02:19:35,700 --> 02:19:38,799
Thomas has fully adapted and no 
longer needs close supervision. 

2498
02:19:39,900 --> 02:19:42,200
You've developed the kind of 
functional partnership that 

2499
02:19:42,200 --> 02:19:46,500
allows two people to share small
spaces without friction each 

2500
02:19:46,500 --> 02:19:50,200
person occupying their own 
psychological territory while 

2501
02:19:50,200 --> 02:19:53,000
contributing to Shared goals the
supply. 

2502
02:19:53,000 --> 02:19:55,300
Boat brings news of changes 
throughout the Light House 

2503
02:19:55,300 --> 02:19:57,900
service. 
Two new light houses are under 

2504
02:19:57,900 --> 02:19:59,500
construction further up the 
coast. 

2505
02:20:00,400 --> 02:20:03,000
Several older Delights are being
upgraded with more powerful 

2506
02:20:03,000 --> 02:20:05,700
lenses. 
There's talk of establishing a 

2507
02:20:05,700 --> 02:20:08,900
training center, where keeper 
candidates would receive formal 

2508
02:20:08,900 --> 02:20:11,100
instruction before station 
assignments. 

2509
02:20:11,900 --> 02:20:15,700
The service is professionalizing
becoming more systematic, and 

2510
02:20:15,700 --> 02:20:18,700
less dependent on informal, 
knowledge transmission. 

2511
02:20:18,700 --> 02:20:21,500
You wonder how this will change 
the keeper experience? 

2512
02:20:22,600 --> 02:20:25,200
Will formal training. 
Replace the apprenticeship model

2513
02:20:25,200 --> 02:20:29,200
where experienced Keepers teach 
newcomers will standardization. 

2514
02:20:29,200 --> 02:20:33,200
Eliminate the local variations 
and individual techniques that 

2515
02:20:33,200 --> 02:20:36,400
currently characterized 
different, stations progress, 

2516
02:20:36,400 --> 02:20:39,200
seems inevitable. 
But you hope something essential

2517
02:20:39,200 --> 02:20:43,000
isn't lost in the modernization 
on the winter, solstice the 

2518
02:20:43,000 --> 02:20:46,100
longest night of the year, you 
stand alone in the lantern room 

2519
02:20:46,100 --> 02:20:50,000
during your evening. 
What The lamp burn steadily, the

2520
02:20:50,000 --> 02:20:54,200
lens rotates with its precise 
Rhythm and the beam sweeps out 

2521
02:20:54,200 --> 02:20:57,300
across darkness that seems 
especially absolute tonight. 

2522
02:20:58,200 --> 02:21:01,200
Below the dwellings Windows glow
with Thomas's Lamplight. 

2523
02:21:02,000 --> 02:21:05,000
Beyond that, there's only sea 
and stars and the distant lights

2524
02:21:05,000 --> 02:21:07,000
of other vessels navigating 
through the night. 

2525
02:21:07,000 --> 02:21:11,800
Your 32 years old in excellent 
Health, with potentially 20, 

2526
02:21:11,800 --> 02:21:13,800
more years of light 
housekeeping, ahead of you. 

2527
02:21:13,800 --> 02:21:17,300
You could have eventually manage
multiple stations, train new 

2528
02:21:17,300 --> 02:21:21,100
inspectors or maybe participate 
in the transition to electrical 

2529
02:21:21,100 --> 02:21:25,200
lights that Henderson mentioned.
Future is uncertain, but not 

2530
02:21:25,200 --> 02:21:27,400
frightening. 
You've learned to be comfortable

2531
02:21:27,400 --> 02:21:30,400
with uncertainty in this 
profession where weather and 

2532
02:21:30,400 --> 02:21:33,400
mechanical failures. 
Provide constant reminders, that

2533
02:21:33,400 --> 02:21:37,200
control is limited and temporary
what you know with certainty is 

2534
02:21:37,200 --> 02:21:40,700
that tonight tomorrow night and 
every night for, as long as 

2535
02:21:40,700 --> 02:21:44,900
you're assigned to this station,
the light will burn Ships will 

2536
02:21:44,900 --> 02:21:48,700
pass safely captains, will mark 
their positions and continue 

2537
02:21:48,700 --> 02:21:52,000
their voyages. 
This work will continue long 

2538
02:21:52,000 --> 02:21:55,200
after your gone, maintained by 
Keepers, who will learn the same

2539
02:21:55,208 --> 02:21:57,300
lessons. 
You've learned face similar 

2540
02:21:57,300 --> 02:22:00,700
challenges and find similar 
satisfactions in work. 

2541
02:22:00,700 --> 02:22:04,100
That demands their best. 
The lens catches, the Lamplight 

2542
02:22:04,100 --> 02:22:07,700
and Center out across the Dark 
Water Somewhere Beyond your 

2543
02:22:07,700 --> 02:22:09,800
horizons. 
Someone sees it and knows where 

2544
02:22:09,800 --> 02:22:12,000
they are. 
That's enough, that's 

2545
02:22:12,000 --> 02:22:14,900
everything. 
The legacy of the light isn't 

2546
02:22:14,900 --> 02:22:18,800
written in records or celebrated
in ceremonies, it's written in 

2547
02:22:18,808 --> 02:22:23,100
safe, passages in ships that 
reach port and in cruise, that 

2548
02:22:23,100 --> 02:22:25,500
returned home to families, who 
never knew they were in danger. 

2549
02:22:25,500 --> 02:22:29,100
You check the oil reservoir, 
trim the wick, and wind the 

2550
02:22:29,108 --> 02:22:32,300
Clockwork mechanism. 
The routines continue because 

2551
02:22:32,300 --> 02:22:36,500
the need continues, Dawn is 
still 8 hours away and the light

2552
02:22:36,500 --> 02:22:39,300
must burn until then. 
And through every night that 

2553
02:22:39,300 --> 02:22:44,500
follows, this is your work, your
purpose, your contribution to 

2554
02:22:44,500 --> 02:22:47,600
the slower, accumulation of 
human efforts that make the 

2555
02:22:47,600 --> 02:22:51,700
world's slightly safer. 
Slightly more navigable and 

2556
02:22:51,700 --> 02:22:54,300
slightly more survivable. 
For those who Venture into 

2557
02:22:54,308 --> 02:22:58,300
dangerous places the light 
sweeps across the sea regular as

2558
02:22:58,300 --> 02:23:00,400
a heartbeat reliable as a 
sunrise. 

2559
02:23:00,400 --> 02:23:03,700
You stand, watch through another
night at the edge of the world, 

2560
02:23:03,700 --> 02:23:08,200
guardian of a flame that guides 
strangers through Darkness, its 

2561
02:23:08,200 --> 02:23:11,200
work, that requires no applause 
because it provides its own 

2562
02:23:11,200 --> 02:23:21,300
meaning and that meaning is 
enough Close your eyes from a 

2563
02:23:21,300 --> 02:23:23,000
moment and imagine the year 
1800. 

2564
02:23:24,000 --> 02:23:26,100
There's no harm of electricity 
in the background. 

2565
02:23:26,100 --> 02:23:30,600
No, distant traffic noise, and 
no notification sounds breaking.

2566
02:23:30,600 --> 02:23:35,200
Your concentration, instead the 
world announces itself through 

2567
02:23:35,200 --> 02:23:39,500
different rhythms, the clip-clop
of horses on cobblestones the 

2568
02:23:39,500 --> 02:23:43,000
distant ring of a church bell 
marking the hour or perhaps The 

2569
02:23:43,000 --> 02:23:45,900
Creeks of a wooden cart making 
its way down a dirt road. 

2570
02:23:47,400 --> 02:23:49,400
In this world, nearly 
Everything. 

2571
02:23:49,400 --> 02:23:51,100
You Touch has been made by 
someone. 

2572
02:23:51,100 --> 02:23:54,300
You could actually meet Your 
shoes were crafted by the 

2573
02:23:54,300 --> 02:23:57,700
cobbler, three streets over the 
one who shops smells of leather 

2574
02:23:57,700 --> 02:24:01,100
and beeswax. 
Your shirt was woven by someone 

2575
02:24:01,100 --> 02:24:04,400
who knew the sheep that provided
the wool and maybe even helped 

2576
02:24:04,400 --> 02:24:06,000
share them on a bright spring 
morning. 

2577
02:24:07,000 --> 02:24:09,600
The nails holding your house 
together were hammered out one 

2578
02:24:09,600 --> 02:24:11,300
by one. 
By a blacksmith, whose 

2579
02:24:11,300 --> 02:24:14,100
grandfather taught him, the 
trade, who learned it from his 

2580
02:24:14,100 --> 02:24:18,200
own grandfather before that. 
The 1800s occupied this 

2581
02:24:18,200 --> 02:24:22,300
fascinating middle ground in 
human history, a bridge between 

2582
02:24:22,300 --> 02:24:25,900
the ancient world of pure 
handcraft and our Modern Age of 

2583
02:24:25,900 --> 02:24:29,000
mass production. 
At the centuries beginning 

2584
02:24:29,000 --> 02:24:32,600
methods of making things hadn't 
changed substantially in 

2585
02:24:32,600 --> 02:24:36,300
hundreds of years. 
A medieval Craftsmen transported

2586
02:24:36,300 --> 02:24:39,300
to 1800 would have felt 
reasonably at home in most 

2587
02:24:39,300 --> 02:24:43,200
workshops. 
But by 1900 factories were 

2588
02:24:43,200 --> 02:24:46,600
humming with machinery, and that
same medieval Craftsmen would 

2589
02:24:46,600 --> 02:24:49,300
have thought he'd stumbled into 
some kind of mechanical fever 

2590
02:24:49,300 --> 02:24:51,900
dream. 
You have to understand that in 

2591
02:24:51,908 --> 02:24:54,300
1800 the concept of shopping as 
we know it. 

2592
02:24:54,300 --> 02:24:57,100
Barely existed. 
You didn't browse through 

2593
02:24:57,100 --> 02:24:59,600
identical products made in 
distant factories. 

2594
02:24:59,600 --> 02:25:03,700
Instead you visited crafts 
people, who would make something

2595
02:25:03,700 --> 02:25:07,400
specifically for you. 
Shaped to your measurements, 

2596
02:25:07,400 --> 02:25:10,800
built to last not months or 
years but potentially 

2597
02:25:10,800 --> 02:25:13,900
Generations. 
Every object carried the 

2598
02:25:13,908 --> 02:25:17,400
fingerprints, sometimes 
literally of its maker. 

2599
02:25:18,100 --> 02:25:21,900
This wasn't romanticized 
Simplicity life was hard. 

2600
02:25:21,900 --> 02:25:26,400
Work was demanding and making 
even basic necessities required 

2601
02:25:26,400 --> 02:25:28,400
skills that took years to 
master. 

2602
02:25:29,700 --> 02:25:32,400
But there was something in this 
way of making things that we've 

2603
02:25:32,400 --> 02:25:36,200
largely lost a direct 
relationship between maker and 

2604
02:25:36,208 --> 02:25:39,900
user between material and 
finished object, and between the

2605
02:25:39,900 --> 02:25:43,600
time, something took to create 
and the value, placed upon it 

2606
02:25:44,800 --> 02:25:47,800
The 1800s would watch this 
entire system, transform. 

2607
02:25:48,700 --> 02:25:51,500
Steam engines, would gradually 
replace water wheels and muscle 

2608
02:25:51,500 --> 02:25:54,200
power. 
Factories would centralize work 

2609
02:25:54,200 --> 02:25:57,300
that had once been scattered 
across thousands of small 

2610
02:25:57,300 --> 02:26:00,000
workshops. 
Skills passed down through 

2611
02:26:00,000 --> 02:26:03,400
apprenticeship, would begin to 
be codified in technical manuals

2612
02:26:03,400 --> 02:26:06,000
that anyone could theoretically 
learn from. 

2613
02:26:06,000 --> 02:26:10,600
It was progress, certainly, but 
it came with cost people of the 

2614
02:26:10,600 --> 02:26:14,500
time could feel in their bones. 
What's fascinating is how long 

2615
02:26:14,500 --> 02:26:17,500
traditional craftsmanship? 
Persisted alongside these new 

2616
02:26:17,500 --> 02:26:20,700
industrial methods? 
Even as factories began 

2617
02:26:20,700 --> 02:26:24,300
producing cheap textiles, 
handweavers, continue their 

2618
02:26:24,300 --> 02:26:28,000
work, creating Fabrics that 
machines couldn't yet match. 

2619
02:26:29,500 --> 02:26:31,800
While mass produced Furniture 
filled modest. 

2620
02:26:31,800 --> 02:26:35,600
Homes skilled cabinet makers 
still crafted pieces for those 

2621
02:26:35,600 --> 02:26:40,700
who value Artistry over economy.
The century became a long slow 

2622
02:26:40,700 --> 02:26:44,900
negotiation between handmade 
quality and manufactured 

2623
02:26:44,900 --> 02:26:48,300
quantity. 
Between individual Artistry and 

2624
02:26:48,300 --> 02:26:52,600
standardized efficiency. 
Tonight, we're going to explore 

2625
02:26:52,600 --> 02:26:55,500
this world through the hands and
workshops of the people who made

2626
02:26:55,500 --> 02:26:58,000
it. 
Not the famous inventors or 

2627
02:26:58,000 --> 02:27:01,400
industrial magnates whose names 
Phil history books, but the 

2628
02:27:01,400 --> 02:27:05,300
blacksmiths and Carpenters 
Weavers, and cobblers Tinkers, 

2629
02:27:05,300 --> 02:27:08,600
and countless other Crafts. 
People Who skills shaped daily 

2630
02:27:08,600 --> 02:27:11,500
life. 
Their world moved at the pace of

2631
02:27:11,500 --> 02:27:14,000
careful, work, measured not in 
metrics. 

2632
02:27:14,000 --> 02:27:17,600
And deadlines in the time, it 
takes to do something properly. 

2633
02:27:17,600 --> 02:27:20,700
So settle in deeper, adjust your
pillow. 

2634
02:27:20,700 --> 02:27:23,900
And let's step into workshops, 
where the air smells of wood, 

2635
02:27:23,900 --> 02:27:27,500
shavings and cold smoke, where 
time is marked by the rhythm of 

2636
02:27:27,508 --> 02:27:31,200
tools meeting material and where
making something beautiful and 

2637
02:27:31,200 --> 02:27:33,200
useful is simply how you spend 
your day? 

2638
02:27:33,200 --> 02:27:37,500
The blacksmith's, Workshop is 
the heart of any 1800s town or 

2639
02:27:37,500 --> 02:27:40,200
Village you can usually smell it
before you see it. 

2640
02:27:41,200 --> 02:27:45,600
Distinctive scent of cold smoke 
mixed with hot metal, and the 

2641
02:27:45,600 --> 02:27:48,600
slightly accurate. 
Tang of quenched, iron meeting 

2642
02:27:48,600 --> 02:27:50,900
water. 
It's early morning as you 

2643
02:27:50,900 --> 02:27:55,200
approach and already the forge 
is glowing radiating heat. 

2644
02:27:55,200 --> 02:27:58,400
That feels Pleasant in the cool 
Dawn are but will become 

2645
02:27:58,400 --> 02:28:02,400
oppressive by midday. 
Step inside and your eyes. 

2646
02:28:02,400 --> 02:28:05,400
Need a moment to adjust to the 
dimness punctuated by the 

2647
02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:07,900
brilliant orange, yellow glow of
the forge. 

2648
02:28:08,400 --> 02:28:10,100
The blacksmith is already at 
work. 

2649
02:28:10,100 --> 02:28:13,400
These Craftsmen often start 
Before Sunrise because metal 

2650
02:28:13,400 --> 02:28:16,900
work demands the best hours of 
the day when the mind is 

2651
02:28:16,900 --> 02:28:20,500
sharpest and hands steady. 
Watch how he works. 

2652
02:28:21,400 --> 02:28:23,000
Because there's a rhythm to 
blacksmithing. 

2653
02:28:23,000 --> 02:28:27,200
That's almost Musical. 
The iron rod goes into the 

2654
02:28:27,200 --> 02:28:31,100
forge, nestled in the carefully.
Banked colds that maintain a 

2655
02:28:31,100 --> 02:28:33,600
temperature of around, 2000 
degrees Fahrenheit. 

2656
02:28:34,600 --> 02:28:37,300
Not that anyone in 1800 is 
measuring temperatures 

2657
02:28:37,300 --> 02:28:40,500
precisely. 
The blacksmith knows his Heat by

2658
02:28:40,500 --> 02:28:43,400
color. 
Black Iron that begins to show a

2659
02:28:43,400 --> 02:28:48,300
faint, red glow, red, that 
brightens to Orange Orange that 

2660
02:28:48,300 --> 02:28:52,000
lightens to yellow. 
And finally, the rare white heat

2661
02:28:52,000 --> 02:28:54,300
reserved for welding two pieces 
together. 

2662
02:28:55,300 --> 02:28:58,100
While the iron heats, the 
blacksmith might prepare as 

2663
02:28:58,100 --> 02:29:01,900
tools or check previous work. 
But mostly he's watching that 

2664
02:29:01,900 --> 02:29:05,500
glow waiting for the precise 
moment when the metal is ready. 

2665
02:29:06,300 --> 02:29:09,100
Pull it out too soon and the 
metal won't move under the 

2666
02:29:09,100 --> 02:29:11,500
hammer. 
Wait too long, and you might 

2667
02:29:11,500 --> 02:29:15,500
burn the iron ruining its 
properties it's a judgment that 

2668
02:29:15,500 --> 02:29:19,800
takes years to develop based not
on thermometers, but on the 

2669
02:29:19,800 --> 02:29:24,000
subtle shifts in color that tell
an experience, I everything 

2670
02:29:24,000 --> 02:29:28,300
about the metal state When the 
moment is right, the iron comes 

2671
02:29:28,300 --> 02:29:30,900
out of the forge in a smooth 
practice motion. 

2672
02:29:30,900 --> 02:29:36,600
No hesitation because hesitation
means lost heat and wasted work.

2673
02:29:38,000 --> 02:29:41,500
The metal goes onto the Anvil 
that massive block of iron that 

2674
02:29:41,500 --> 02:29:45,000
might weigh 200 pounds or more 
sitting on a stump of hardwood. 

2675
02:29:45,000 --> 02:29:48,500
That's been specially selected 
for its ability to absorb shock 

2676
02:29:48,500 --> 02:29:52,700
without splitting. 
Then comes the hammer and this 

2677
02:29:52,700 --> 02:29:55,400
is where blacksmithing reveals 
itself as something, more than 

2678
02:29:55,400 --> 02:29:59,400
simple pounding. 
Strike is deliberate placed with

2679
02:29:59,400 --> 02:30:03,100
precision and varying in forced 
depending on what the blacksmith

2680
02:30:03,100 --> 02:30:06,400
wants to achieve. 
Light Taps to spread the metal 

2681
02:30:06,400 --> 02:30:08,800
gradually heavier blows to move 
it. 

2682
02:30:08,800 --> 02:30:12,200
More dramatically the hammer 
almost dancing across the iron 

2683
02:30:12,200 --> 02:30:17,000
surface, the sound Echoes 
through the workshop ring ring 

2684
02:30:17,000 --> 02:30:21,400
ring ring a rhythm that people 
in town used to Mark the passage

2685
02:30:21,400 --> 02:30:24,000
of their day. 
The way we might glance at a 

2686
02:30:24,000 --> 02:30:26,300
clock. 
Between Heating and hammering, 

2687
02:30:26,300 --> 02:30:29,700
the blacksmith might return the 
piece to the forge a dozen times

2688
02:30:29,700 --> 02:30:32,500
or more. 
There's no rushing, this process

2689
02:30:32,500 --> 02:30:35,600
metal has its own pace and 
forcing. 

2690
02:30:35,600 --> 02:30:39,800
It leads to cracks weak spots or
pieces that won't hold up to 

2691
02:30:39,800 --> 02:30:42,500
use. 
You learn patience at the forge 

2692
02:30:42,500 --> 02:30:47,400
or you learn to fail repeatedly.
What amazes modern observers is 

2693
02:30:47,408 --> 02:30:50,900
the range of things a blacksmith
creates, obviously there are 

2694
02:30:50,900 --> 02:30:54,200
horseshoes and these aren't 
simple, u-shaped stamped out of 

2695
02:30:54,208 --> 02:30:56,900
flatbar stock. 
Each shoe is shaped to the 

2696
02:30:56,908 --> 02:31:00,700
specific who fit will protect 
with nail holes, carefully. 

2697
02:31:00,700 --> 02:31:04,600
Placed in the end shape to 
provide the right grip, A 

2698
02:31:04,600 --> 02:31:07,200
skilled farrier. 
A blacksmith specializing in 

2699
02:31:07,200 --> 02:31:11,400
horse, care can look at a 
horse's stance and gate and make

2700
02:31:11,400 --> 02:31:14,000
shoes that correct problems or 
enhance performance. 

2701
02:31:15,300 --> 02:31:16,700
But horseshoes are just the 
beginning. 

2702
02:31:17,800 --> 02:31:20,500
The blacksmith makes the nails 
that hold buildings together, 

2703
02:31:20,500 --> 02:31:24,300
crafting them from Iron rods, 
drawing them out to the right 

2704
02:31:24,300 --> 02:31:27,500
length and taper, then cutting 
them off with a sharp blow. 

2705
02:31:28,200 --> 02:31:31,100
A skilled Smith can make 
hundreds of Nails in a day. 

2706
02:31:31,108 --> 02:31:35,000
Each one shape by hand each one 
slightly unique. 

2707
02:31:35,000 --> 02:31:39,200
He makes the hinges that allowed
doors to swing, the latches that

2708
02:31:39,200 --> 02:31:44,600
keep them closed and the hooks 
that hang pots over fires, Farm 

2709
02:31:44,600 --> 02:31:47,600
tools flow from the blacksmith's
Forge, plow blades. 

2710
02:31:47,600 --> 02:31:50,800
That must be hard enough to 
break soil, but flexible enough 

2711
02:31:50,800 --> 02:31:54,800
not to shatter on rocks, hose, 
and rakes, axes, and axes. 

2712
02:31:55,900 --> 02:31:58,700
Tool is created with intimate 
knowledge of how it will be 

2713
02:31:58,700 --> 02:32:01,600
used. 
And acts for felling, trees. 

2714
02:32:01,600 --> 02:32:04,900
Differs from one, meant for 
splitting firewood, and both 

2715
02:32:04,900 --> 02:32:07,500
differ from the smaller hatchets
used for kindling. 

2716
02:32:08,400 --> 02:32:11,800
The blacksmith knows these 
distinctions in his muscles in 

2717
02:32:11,800 --> 02:32:14,400
the automatic adjustments is 
hands make while working. 

2718
02:32:15,200 --> 02:32:16,900
More delicate. 
Work happens, too. 

2719
02:32:17,600 --> 02:32:20,300
The same hands that can swing a 
heavy Sledgehammer. 

2720
02:32:20,300 --> 02:32:24,100
Can also craft intricate 
scrollwork for decorative Gates 

2721
02:32:24,100 --> 02:32:28,400
forming hot iron into curves and
spirals with tools. 

2722
02:32:28,400 --> 02:32:32,900
That look almost like chopsticks
Fire pokers terminating handles 

2723
02:32:32,900 --> 02:32:35,300
shaped like twisting vines or 
animal heads. 

2724
02:32:36,100 --> 02:32:38,700
Door knockers become small. 
Works of art while remaining 

2725
02:32:38,700 --> 02:32:41,800
perfectly functional. 
The blacksmith's Workshop, 

2726
02:32:41,800 --> 02:32:45,100
collects a lifetime of 
specialized tools, many of which

2727
02:32:45,100 --> 02:32:48,600
he's made himself, doesn't have 
different hammers, hang within 

2728
02:32:48,600 --> 02:32:52,800
easy, reach ball, peen, hammers 
for shaping cross peen hammers 

2729
02:32:52,800 --> 02:32:55,500
for drawing out metal, and 
straight peen, hammers for 

2730
02:32:55,500 --> 02:32:59,200
creating grooves. 
Tongues of every conceivable 

2731
02:32:59,200 --> 02:33:04,400
shape grip, different sized and 
shaped pieces, swages Fullers 

2732
02:33:04,400 --> 02:33:08,300
and Hardee's fit into the 
Anvil's Hardy hole each designed

2733
02:33:08,300 --> 02:33:12,000
for specific shaping operations.
The physical demands of 

2734
02:33:12,000 --> 02:33:15,500
blacksmithing, leave their Mark 
blacksmiths, typically develop 

2735
02:33:15,500 --> 02:33:18,800
one arm noticeably larger than 
the other from constantly 

2736
02:33:18,800 --> 02:33:21,300
swinging. 
The hammer burns are inevitable,

2737
02:33:21,300 --> 02:33:26,100
tiny scars, dot forearms, and 
hands from Sparks and accidental

2738
02:33:26,100 --> 02:33:30,000
contact with hot metal. 
The constant heat means working 

2739
02:33:30,000 --> 02:33:33,600
in relatively like clothing, 
even in Winter stepping outside 

2740
02:33:33,600 --> 02:33:36,400
periodically for Relief when the
forge becomes unbearable. 

2741
02:33:36,400 --> 02:33:40,400
But there's deep satisfaction in
this work, You start with a 

2742
02:33:40,400 --> 02:33:44,000
straight bar of iron and through
patient heating hammering and 

2743
02:33:44,000 --> 02:33:46,900
shaping you create something 
that didn't exist before. 

2744
02:33:48,000 --> 02:33:50,800
Something useful that will serve
its purpose for decades or 

2745
02:33:50,800 --> 02:33:54,200
longer. 
Objects made by the 1800s 

2746
02:33:54,200 --> 02:33:55,900
blacksmiths are still in use 
today. 

2747
02:33:57,000 --> 02:33:59,000
Testimony to the quality of work
done. 

2748
02:33:59,000 --> 02:34:00,500
When taking time to do things, 
right? 

2749
02:34:00,500 --> 02:34:04,400
Wasn't considered optional. 
As the evening approaches and 

2750
02:34:04,400 --> 02:34:06,200
the blacksmith Banks is forged 
for the night. 

2751
02:34:06,208 --> 02:34:09,500
The workshop begins to cool the 
days work. 

2752
02:34:09,500 --> 02:34:11,600
Hangs on hooks or rests on 
shelves. 

2753
02:34:11,600 --> 02:34:15,900
Horseshoes waiting to be fitted 
tools, ready for pickup and 

2754
02:34:15,900 --> 02:34:18,100
projects in various stages of 
completion. 

2755
02:34:18,100 --> 02:34:23,100
Tomorrow the forge will glow 
again, the hammer will ring and 

2756
02:34:23,100 --> 02:34:26,500
more iron will be transformed 
into the Thousand useful things 

2757
02:34:26,500 --> 02:34:28,400
that hold a pre-industrial world
together. 

2758
02:34:29,300 --> 02:34:31,900
The blacksmith washers. 
The coal dust from his face and 

2759
02:34:31,900 --> 02:34:35,900
hands at the pump outside. 
And as he does, you notice his 

2760
02:34:35,900 --> 02:34:39,000
hands. 
Scarred, calloused, and 

2761
02:34:39,000 --> 02:34:43,000
incredibly strong but also 
capable of delicate precision. 

2762
02:34:44,000 --> 02:34:45,700
These are the hands that hold 
together. 

2763
02:34:45,700 --> 02:34:47,100
Everything in the town. 
One. 

2764
02:34:47,100 --> 02:34:48,600
Careful Hammer. 
Blow at time. 

2765
02:34:49,500 --> 02:34:52,800
Walk past the blacksmith's Forge
and a few buildings down, you'll

2766
02:34:52,800 --> 02:34:56,300
find the Carpenters Workshop, an
entirely different world despite

2767
02:34:56,300 --> 02:34:58,100
both Craftsmen working with 
their hands. 

2768
02:34:58,100 --> 02:35:02,200
Where the blacksmith domain is 
dominated by fire and metal. 

2769
02:35:02,200 --> 02:35:05,200
The Carpenters. 
Workshop speaks in the quieter 

2770
02:35:05,200 --> 02:35:09,100
language of wood It's varied 
grains and colors the way 

2771
02:35:09,100 --> 02:35:12,600
different species, respond 
tools, and the subtle music of 

2772
02:35:12,600 --> 02:35:17,300
sharp blades meeting Timber. 
The first thing that strikes you

2773
02:35:17,300 --> 02:35:19,500
entering a carpenter's Workshop 
is the smell. 

2774
02:35:19,500 --> 02:35:22,700
It's one of the most Pleasant 
Aromas in the pre-industrial 

2775
02:35:22,700 --> 02:35:25,900
world. 
Fresh wood shavings the slight 

2776
02:35:25,900 --> 02:35:30,100
resinous scent of pine. 
The deeper richer smell of oak 

2777
02:35:30,100 --> 02:35:34,200
or walnut, and perhaps a hint of
linseed oil and Beeswax. 

2778
02:35:34,200 --> 02:35:37,000
It's a smell that tells your 
brain to relax. 

2779
02:35:37,000 --> 02:35:40,700
That says something beautiful is
being created here, without the 

2780
02:35:40,700 --> 02:35:44,500
violence of hammer and Forge. 
The workshop is dominated by 

2781
02:35:44,500 --> 02:35:48,000
workbenches Massive Affairs, 
made of hardwood that won't 

2782
02:35:48,000 --> 02:35:49,700
budge during cleaning or 
soaring. 

2783
02:35:49,700 --> 02:35:53,800
These benches are Marvels in the
cells featuring vices that can 

2784
02:35:53,800 --> 02:35:57,100
grip boards from multiple 
angles, dog, holes that allow 

2785
02:35:57,100 --> 02:36:01,100
boards to be secured lengthwise 
and surfaces kept meticulously 

2786
02:36:01,100 --> 02:36:03,400
flat because they're the 
reference plane for all work, 

2787
02:36:03,400 --> 02:36:06,500
done upon them. 
A carpenter might spend weeks 

2788
02:36:06,500 --> 02:36:09,600
building his primary workbench, 
knowing it will serve him for 

2789
02:36:09,608 --> 02:36:13,000
his entire career. 
Like streams in through large 

2790
02:36:13,000 --> 02:36:15,800
Windows Carpenters, need good 
natural. 

2791
02:36:15,800 --> 02:36:20,000
Light to see grain patterns, 
check if surfaces truly flat and

2792
02:36:20,000 --> 02:36:24,000
spot defects in wood. 
Unlike the blacksmith who works 

2793
02:36:24,000 --> 02:36:27,600
with glowing metal visible in 
any light, the Carpenters work 

2794
02:36:27,600 --> 02:36:31,200
requires the subtle perception 
that only good daylight provides

2795
02:36:31,200 --> 02:36:33,700
the tools. 
Hanging on the walls, represent 

2796
02:36:33,700 --> 02:36:37,000
generations of refinement, saws 
of every description. 

2797
02:36:37,000 --> 02:36:41,200
Crosscut saws for cutting cross.
The grain, rip saws for cutting 

2798
02:36:41,200 --> 02:36:44,400
with it, smaller back saws for 
precise, joinery work. 

2799
02:36:45,100 --> 02:36:48,400
Coping saws for Curves and bow 
saws for quick, rough cuts. 

2800
02:36:49,400 --> 02:36:52,500
Each saw has been sharpened and 
set by the carpenter himself. 

2801
02:36:53,300 --> 02:36:56,700
Because in the 1800s sending 
tools out for sharpening would 

2802
02:36:56,700 --> 02:36:58,600
be like, sending your teeth out 
for cleaning. 

2803
02:36:59,400 --> 02:37:02,200
These are intimate extensions of
your body that you maintain 

2804
02:37:02,200 --> 02:37:05,600
yourself. 
Planes, represent a Carpenters 

2805
02:37:05,600 --> 02:37:07,200
precision tools and a 
well-equipped. 

2806
02:37:07,200 --> 02:37:10,900
Workshop might have 20 or more. 
Smoothing planes create 

2807
02:37:10,900 --> 02:37:12,400
surfaces. 
So perfect. 

2808
02:37:12,400 --> 02:37:16,800
They seem almost polished Jack 
Plains, remove material quickly 

2809
02:37:16,800 --> 02:37:20,300
for initial shaping. 
Joint a plane's true, Long 

2810
02:37:20,300 --> 02:37:23,400
edges. 
Specialty Plains, cut grooves, 

2811
02:37:23,400 --> 02:37:26,600
Rapids and moldings in profiles,
that range from simple to 

2812
02:37:26,600 --> 02:37:30,500
astonishingly complex. 
Some molding planes create 

2813
02:37:30,500 --> 02:37:33,300
shapes, so intricate you'd think
they require Machinery? 

2814
02:37:33,300 --> 02:37:36,400
But no. 
Just a perfectly shaped blade. 

2815
02:37:36,400 --> 02:37:40,900
Careful adjustment and steady, 
practice strokes. 

2816
02:37:42,100 --> 02:37:44,900
Watch a carpenter work and you 
see decision-making happening 

2817
02:37:44,900 --> 02:37:48,600
with every board selected. 
Wood isn't a uniform material 

2818
02:37:48,600 --> 02:37:52,300
like metal or plastic. 
Each piece is unique with grain 

2819
02:37:52,300 --> 02:37:56,000
patterns notes potential. 
Weak spots, an individual 

2820
02:37:56,000 --> 02:37:59,100
character. 
The carpenter learns to read, 

2821
02:37:59,100 --> 02:38:02,800
would the way you might read 
faces, understanding at a 

2822
02:38:02,800 --> 02:38:05,100
glance, which boards will work 
for which purposes. 

2823
02:38:06,400 --> 02:38:09,500
A simple board selection for a 
table might involve considering 

2824
02:38:09,500 --> 02:38:13,700
six different pieces. 
This one has beautiful grain but

2825
02:38:13,700 --> 02:38:15,700
are not right where stress will 
be concentrated. 

2826
02:38:16,900 --> 02:38:20,000
Set it aside. 
That one's grain runs slightly 

2827
02:38:20,000 --> 02:38:24,200
diagonal, which means it might. 
Couple twists, maybe useful for 

2828
02:38:24,200 --> 02:38:26,200
something else but not this 
project. 

2829
02:38:27,200 --> 02:38:29,100
This third piece has straight 
grain. 

2830
02:38:29,100 --> 02:38:32,300
No significant defects and the 
right color. 

2831
02:38:32,300 --> 02:38:35,500
Perfect. 
These judgments happen in 

2832
02:38:35,500 --> 02:38:37,600
seconds. 
But rest on years of experience 

2833
02:38:37,600 --> 02:38:42,000
with how would behave Joinery, 
the art of connecting pieces of 

2834
02:38:42,000 --> 02:38:44,900
wood without visible. 
Fasteners is where carpentry 

2835
02:38:44,900 --> 02:38:49,700
becomes almost magical The 
Carpenter on one piece and a 

2836
02:38:49,700 --> 02:38:52,800
mortise in another and when 
fitted together they created 

2837
02:38:52,800 --> 02:38:54,800
joint stronger than either piece
alone. 

2838
02:38:55,700 --> 02:38:59,500
Through 10s show their ends 
decoratively hidden tenon's 

2839
02:38:59,500 --> 02:39:01,500
disappear inside the joint 
pieces. 

2840
02:39:01,500 --> 02:39:04,800
Dovetails locked drawers 
together with an Elegance that 

2841
02:39:04,800 --> 02:39:08,500
both beautiful and functional. 
Those angled pins and Tails 

2842
02:39:08,500 --> 02:39:10,800
can't pull apart. 
No matter how hard you tug 

2843
02:39:11,700 --> 02:39:14,900
Creating these joints requires 
Precision measured not in 

2844
02:39:14,900 --> 02:39:17,500
millimeters. 
But in the thickness of a pencil

2845
02:39:17,508 --> 02:39:21,500
line, too, tight and pieces 
won't fit together or might 

2846
02:39:21,500 --> 02:39:27,100
crack when forced too loose and 
the joint weakens the carpenter 

2847
02:39:27,100 --> 02:39:30,700
Works to something called a 
piston fit. snug enough that 

2848
02:39:30,700 --> 02:39:34,000
piece is require firm pressure 
to join but not so tight they 

2849
02:39:34,000 --> 02:39:36,900
require hammering which can 
bruise the wood or crack 

2850
02:39:36,900 --> 02:39:41,800
delicate parts Hand tools create
this Precision, a well-sharpened

2851
02:39:41,800 --> 02:39:45,900
chisel removes would in whisper 
thin shavings, the carpenter 

2852
02:39:45,900 --> 02:39:48,500
controlling it with subtle, 
pressure changes and angles 

2853
02:39:48,500 --> 02:39:51,800
feeling in his hands when he's 
approaching the layout line, 

2854
02:39:51,800 --> 02:39:54,600
marking gauges score reference 
lines. 

2855
02:39:54,600 --> 02:39:57,600
So fine, you can barely see them
until like catches them at the 

2856
02:39:57,600 --> 02:40:00,900
right angle. 
The carpenter Works in a state 

2857
02:40:00,900 --> 02:40:06,400
of deep concentration where time
seems to slow down and every cut

2858
02:40:06,400 --> 02:40:11,100
every shaving removed and every 
test fit becomes its own small 

2859
02:40:11,100 --> 02:40:14,300
meditation. 
But carpentry isn't just joinery

2860
02:40:14,300 --> 02:40:17,300
and precision work. 
There's also the rough carpentry

2861
02:40:17,300 --> 02:40:20,900
of framing building's where 
speed and strength, Mata more 

2862
02:40:20,908 --> 02:40:22,400
than a furniture makers for 
nest. 

2863
02:40:23,300 --> 02:40:27,200
Carpenters, build the bones of 
houses Barnes and churches, 

2864
02:40:27,200 --> 02:40:31,800
heavy Timber frames joined with 
pegged mortise, and Tenon joints

2865
02:40:31,800 --> 02:40:33,800
that will support, roofs for 
centuries. 

2866
02:40:34,800 --> 02:40:37,900
These same Craftsmen, might 
spend morning hours, framing a 

2867
02:40:37,900 --> 02:40:40,700
barn Edition, and afternoon 
hours creating delicate. 

2868
02:40:40,700 --> 02:40:44,600
Inlay work from music box. 
The versatility required is 

2869
02:40:44,600 --> 02:40:47,100
impressive. 
A carpenter might be asked to 

2870
02:40:47,108 --> 02:40:50,400
build anything from a simple 
stool to an elaborate staircase 

2871
02:40:50,400 --> 02:40:53,500
from storage boxes, to carved 
mantel pieces. 

2872
02:40:53,500 --> 02:40:58,400
Each project requires different 
skills, different approaches and

2873
02:40:58,400 --> 02:41:01,100
different ways of thinking about
how pieces fit together. 

2874
02:41:02,100 --> 02:41:05,200
The Common Thread is 
understanding would how it moves

2875
02:41:05,200 --> 02:41:09,600
with humidity changes, her grain
Direction, affects strength, and

2876
02:41:09,600 --> 02:41:12,000
how different species work with 
various tools. 

2877
02:41:12,000 --> 02:41:14,400
Finishing is where projects come
alive. 

2878
02:41:14,400 --> 02:41:18,100
The carpenter might apply oil, 
that brings out depth in the 

2879
02:41:18,100 --> 02:41:22,600
grain making plain Woods 
suddenly seemed precious He's 

2880
02:41:22,600 --> 02:41:26,500
wax buffed to a soft shine. 
Protect surfaces while providing

2881
02:41:26,500 --> 02:41:31,300
a texture Pleasant to touch. 
Stains can darken or even change

2882
02:41:31,300 --> 02:41:34,200
colors though. 
Many Carpenters, prefer natural 

2883
02:41:34,200 --> 02:41:36,300
finishes. 
That show would true character. 

2884
02:41:37,700 --> 02:41:42,500
The finishing process is slow. 
Applying thin coats letting them

2885
02:41:42,500 --> 02:41:46,800
dry completely and sometimes 
rubbing surfaces with fine 

2886
02:41:46,800 --> 02:41:50,300
abrasives between coats to 
create glass smooth results. 

2887
02:41:51,300 --> 02:41:54,100
As you watch a carpenter work, 
you notice how his movements 

2888
02:41:54,100 --> 02:41:57,400
flow from one task to another 
without wasted motion. 

2889
02:41:58,000 --> 02:42:01,600
Tools are returned to specific 
spots without looking, because 

2890
02:42:01,600 --> 02:42:05,100
he knows exactly where 
everything lives saw dust is 

2891
02:42:05,100 --> 02:42:08,300
swept aside, not in big, 
periodic cleanups, but 

2892
02:42:08,300 --> 02:42:11,600
continuously keeping the 
workspace clear and preventing 

2893
02:42:11,600 --> 02:42:13,500
dust from interfering with 
precision. 

2894
02:42:14,400 --> 02:42:16,400
There's a quiet efficiency to 
the work. 

2895
02:42:16,400 --> 02:42:19,500
A sense that every action has 
been refined through. 

2896
02:42:19,500 --> 02:42:21,600
Countless repetitions until it 
happens. 

2897
02:42:21,600 --> 02:42:25,900
Almost automatically. the items 
leaving a Carpenters Workshop 

2898
02:42:25,900 --> 02:42:30,800
range from purely utilitarian to
genuinely artistic a plain Pine 

2899
02:42:30,800 --> 02:42:34,300
storage chest built for an attic
might be made just as carefully 

2900
02:42:34,300 --> 02:42:37,500
as a walnut escorted for a 
wealthy merchants home. 

2901
02:42:38,700 --> 02:42:41,200
The carpenter takes pride in 
both because making things, 

2902
02:42:41,200 --> 02:42:45,100
well, is simply how you work is.
Not something you turn on and 

2903
02:42:45,100 --> 02:42:49,200
off base on how much someone is 
paying Because afternoon light 

2904
02:42:49,200 --> 02:42:52,200
Slants through the workshop 
Windows, casting Long, Shadows, 

2905
02:42:52,200 --> 02:42:54,400
across workbenches, covered in 
shavings. 

2906
02:42:54,400 --> 02:42:57,300
You realize you're watching 
something that connects back 

2907
02:42:57,300 --> 02:43:01,000
with through time to the first 
person who realized a sharp tool

2908
02:43:01,000 --> 02:43:02,900
could shape wood into something 
useful. 

2909
02:43:02,900 --> 02:43:08,300
The methods are ancient refined 
over Millennia and in the 1800s 

2910
02:43:08,300 --> 02:43:10,700
still very much alive in central
to daily life. 

2911
02:43:11,500 --> 02:43:13,900
The carpenter like the 
blacksmith will pass these 

2912
02:43:13,900 --> 02:43:16,600
skills to apprentices, who spend
Years Learning, not just 

2913
02:43:16,600 --> 02:43:19,900
techniques, but the deeper 
wisdom of working with natural 

2914
02:43:19,900 --> 02:43:22,900
materials. 
It's not knowledge that fits 

2915
02:43:22,900 --> 02:43:26,800
easily into books. 
Too much, depends on feel on 

2916
02:43:26,800 --> 02:43:30,500
subtle sensory cues and on 
judgements, that can't be fully 

2917
02:43:30,500 --> 02:43:34,400
articulated. 
You learn it by doing over and 

2918
02:43:34,400 --> 02:43:37,600
over until your hands, know 
things your brain couldn't 

2919
02:43:37,600 --> 02:43:41,100
explain. 
Leave the Carpenters Workshop 

2920
02:43:41,100 --> 02:43:43,300
and make your way to where 
textile work happens. 

2921
02:43:43,300 --> 02:43:48,500
Sometimes in dedicated workshops
but often in homes because 

2922
02:43:48,500 --> 02:43:50,700
spinning and weaving 
traditionally belong to the 

2923
02:43:50,700 --> 02:43:53,300
domestic sphere, more than the 
professional craft shop. 

2924
02:43:54,300 --> 02:43:57,400
The gendered division of labor 
in the 1800s meant that while 

2925
02:43:57,400 --> 02:44:01,200
blacksmithing in carpentry were 
almost exclusively male domains 

2926
02:44:01,900 --> 02:44:05,300
Textile work was one of the few 
crafts where Women's expertise 

2927
02:44:05,300 --> 02:44:08,800
was recognized and valued 
though, rarely paid as much as 

2928
02:44:08,800 --> 02:44:11,900
men's work. 
Step into a Weaver's workspace 

2929
02:44:11,900 --> 02:44:14,900
and you're entering a realm of 
incredible, patience and 

2930
02:44:14,900 --> 02:44:17,800
precision. 
The dominant feature, is the 

2931
02:44:17,800 --> 02:44:20,300
loom. 
A massive wooden framework that 

2932
02:44:20,300 --> 02:44:24,500
might be 8 feet long and equally
tall as complex as any machine, 

2933
02:44:24,500 --> 02:44:28,800
but entirely mechanical operated
by hands and feet in a 

2934
02:44:28,800 --> 02:44:32,300
choreographed sequence that 
creates fabric from Individual 

2935
02:44:32,300 --> 02:44:35,000
threads. 
Before we get to weaving, 

2936
02:44:35,000 --> 02:44:38,200
though, we need to talk about 
spinning because yarn doesn't 

2937
02:44:38,200 --> 02:44:41,200
create itself. 
The spinner starts with raw. 

2938
02:44:41,200 --> 02:44:45,300
Fiber wool from sheep. 
Flats that will become linen, 

2939
02:44:45,300 --> 02:44:48,100
and later in the century. 
Cotton that survived from 

2940
02:44:48,108 --> 02:44:52,500
Southern plantations. 
These fibers are cleaned carded 

2941
02:44:52,500 --> 02:44:55,400
to align them and then 
transformed into thread through 

2942
02:44:55,400 --> 02:44:58,700
one of Humanity's oldest 
Technologies, the spinning 

2943
02:44:58,700 --> 02:45:01,300
wheel. 
There's something almost 

2944
02:45:01,300 --> 02:45:03,500
hypnotic about watching skilled 
spinning. 

2945
02:45:04,300 --> 02:45:08,200
The wheel turns powered by a 
treadle, the spinner rocks with 

2946
02:45:08,200 --> 02:45:12,500
one foot while their hands feed 
fiber onto the spindle, the 

2947
02:45:12,500 --> 02:45:16,600
trick is maintaining exactly the
right tension and feed rate too 

2948
02:45:16,600 --> 02:45:20,300
much, fiber too fast. 
Create lumpy weak yard two 

2949
02:45:20,300 --> 02:45:23,000
little crates thread. 
So thin it breaks under his own 

2950
02:45:23,000 --> 02:45:26,900
weight The spin is hands dance. 
This balance automatically 

2951
02:45:26,900 --> 02:45:32,400
adjusting based on feel creating
thread of consistent thickness, 

2952
02:45:32,400 --> 02:45:37,600
yard after yard mile after mile,
Different fibers require 

2953
02:45:37,600 --> 02:45:41,900
different approaches Wool with 
its natural crimp and scales 

2954
02:45:41,900 --> 02:45:44,100
practically wants to become 
yarn. 

2955
02:45:44,100 --> 02:45:46,100
The fibers grip. 
Each other. 

2956
02:45:46,100 --> 02:45:48,800
Eagerly flax is more 
challenging. 

2957
02:45:48,800 --> 02:45:52,900
Requiring moisture often just 
the slight dampness of breath 

2958
02:45:52,900 --> 02:45:57,100
and careful handling to 
transform, stiff fibers into the

2959
02:45:57,100 --> 02:45:59,500
smooth, strong thread. 
That becomes linen. 

2960
02:46:00,100 --> 02:46:02,500
Cotton, when it arrives 
presents. 

2961
02:46:02,500 --> 02:46:05,700
Its own unique challenges with 
shorter fibers, there are 

2962
02:46:05,700 --> 02:46:07,300
required different spinning 
techniques. 

2963
02:46:08,300 --> 02:46:11,300
Killed spinner can produce 
enormous quantities of yarn, 

2964
02:46:11,300 --> 02:46:14,900
several miles in a day's work 
but this production comes only 

2965
02:46:14,900 --> 02:46:18,400
after years of practice. 
Apprentice Spinners, create 

2966
02:46:18,400 --> 02:46:22,700
yarn, that is an adventure thick
here, thin there and 

2967
02:46:22,700 --> 02:46:25,000
periodically, lumpy or breaking 
entirely. 

2968
02:46:25,800 --> 02:46:29,300
Master spin has produced thread 
so consistent, you could mistake

2969
02:46:29,300 --> 02:46:33,100
it for factory work if factories
existed at the level needed to 

2970
02:46:33,100 --> 02:46:36,700
match human skill. 
The spun yarn, their needs 

2971
02:46:36,700 --> 02:46:40,800
preparation for weaving. 
Its wound onto bobbins measured 

2972
02:46:40,800 --> 02:46:44,400
into specific lengths. 
An organized by color, if a 

2973
02:46:44,400 --> 02:46:48,500
patterned fabric is planned. 
This preparation is tedious, but

2974
02:46:48,500 --> 02:46:52,200
absolutely crucial. 
Shortcuts here, create problems 

2975
02:46:52,200 --> 02:46:55,500
that might not appear, until the
fabric is half finished and 

2976
02:46:55,500 --> 02:46:59,900
impossible to fix. 
Now, the loom Setting up a loom 

2977
02:46:59,900 --> 02:47:03,000
is an undertaking that can take 
days or weeks depending on 

2978
02:47:03,000 --> 02:47:07,100
fabric complexity. 
The warp threads, the ones that 

2979
02:47:07,100 --> 02:47:10,500
run lengthwise in the finished 
cloth must be measured to exact 

2980
02:47:10,500 --> 02:47:12,800
lengths threaded through 
headlines. 

2981
02:47:12,800 --> 02:47:17,200
Tiny Loops that lift threads in 
sequence and wound onto the 

2982
02:47:17,200 --> 02:47:19,500
Looms. 
Back beam under perfect tension.

2983
02:47:20,800 --> 02:47:24,100
Getting this tension, right? 
Is critical inconsistent. 

2984
02:47:24,100 --> 02:47:26,600
Tension creates wavy puckered 
fabric. 

2985
02:47:26,600 --> 02:47:30,200
That is essentially ruined. 
Once the warp is prepared, 

2986
02:47:30,200 --> 02:47:32,700
weaving itself is a rhythmic 
process. 

2987
02:47:33,600 --> 02:47:37,600
The Weaver sits or stands at the
loom different styles, preferred

2988
02:47:37,600 --> 02:47:41,100
different positions and Begins 
the repeated sequence that 

2989
02:47:41,100 --> 02:47:44,700
creates fabric. 
Treadles are pressed lifting. 

2990
02:47:44,700 --> 02:47:48,300
Some warp threads while lowering
others creating a gap called a 

2991
02:47:48,300 --> 02:47:51,200
shed. 
Through this shed flies the 

2992
02:47:51,200 --> 02:47:54,700
shuttle carrying the weft thread
from one side to the other. 

2993
02:47:55,600 --> 02:47:59,900
A beta swings forward packing, 
the new thread tightly against 

2994
02:47:59,900 --> 02:48:04,100
previous ones, then different 
treadles created different shed 

2995
02:48:04,100 --> 02:48:08,700
and the shuttle returns. 
This repeated action shed 

2996
02:48:08,700 --> 02:48:15,300
shuttle beat shed shuttle, beat 
continues for hours days or 

2997
02:48:15,300 --> 02:48:18,900
weeks on complex projects. 
The rhythm of weaving is 

2998
02:48:18,900 --> 02:48:21,400
meditative, but requires 
constant attention. 

2999
02:48:22,400 --> 02:48:25,700
The weft thread must be 
tensioned correctly too tight 

3000
02:48:25,708 --> 02:48:29,300
and the fabric pulls inward two 
loose and it waves at the edges 

3001
02:48:29,300 --> 02:48:33,200
the beat must be consistent to 
create even fabric. 

3002
02:48:33,200 --> 02:48:36,200
Thread breaks, require careful 
mending. 

3003
02:48:38,000 --> 02:48:41,700
Fabrics the Weaver must follow 
sometimes complex sequences of 

3004
02:48:41,700 --> 02:48:46,100
treadle presses holding patterns
in mind or working from written 

3005
02:48:46,100 --> 02:48:50,300
instructions, creating designs 
through the systematic, raising 

3006
02:48:50,300 --> 02:48:52,900
and lowering of different 
combinations of threads. 

3007
02:48:53,700 --> 02:48:56,600
Simple plain weave. 
The basic over under pattern 

3008
02:48:56,600 --> 02:48:59,900
creates sturdy. 
Fabric officially though, 

3009
02:48:59,900 --> 02:49:03,400
efficiently in hand, weaving 
terms means several hours, to 

3010
02:49:03,400 --> 02:49:07,000
create a yard of cloth. 
More complex weaves create 

3011
02:49:07,000 --> 02:49:08,500
different properties and 
patterns. 

3012
02:49:08,500 --> 02:49:12,900
Twill weave with its diagonal 
lines, produces stronger, fabric

3013
02:49:12,900 --> 02:49:15,300
particularly suitable for work 
clothes. 

3014
02:49:16,100 --> 02:49:20,000
Satin weave creates smooth 
lustrous surfaces for fancier 

3015
02:49:20,000 --> 02:49:24,000
applications pattern weaves can 
create checks stripes. 

3016
02:49:24,000 --> 02:49:28,200
Or even pictorial images though 
these require enormous skill and

3017
02:49:28,200 --> 02:49:31,800
patience. 
Sounds of a working Loom, create

3018
02:49:31,800 --> 02:49:33,600
a rhythm, you can hear 
throughout buildings, where 

3019
02:49:33,600 --> 02:49:37,300
Weavers work. 
The thump of treadles, the 

3020
02:49:37,300 --> 02:49:40,400
swoosh of the shuttle and the 
authoritative thwack of the 

3021
02:49:40,400 --> 02:49:44,400
beater compacting threads. 
In communities with multiple 

3022
02:49:44,400 --> 02:49:48,300
Weavers, these sounds layer over
each other creating an almost 

3023
02:49:48,308 --> 02:49:50,100
musical background to daily 
life. 

3024
02:49:51,100 --> 02:49:54,100
Physical demands of textile 
work, differ from blacksmithing 

3025
02:49:54,100 --> 02:49:56,400
or carpentry, but a no less 
real. 

3026
02:49:57,200 --> 02:50:00,600
It's been as developed strong 
Nimble fingers might experience 

3027
02:50:00,600 --> 02:50:02,700
back pain from hunching over 
Wheels. 

3028
02:50:03,500 --> 02:50:06,000
Weavers need good upper body 
strength for throwing shuttles 

3029
02:50:06,000 --> 02:50:09,100
and Swinging beaters. 
Plus the Lakes strength to 

3030
02:50:09,108 --> 02:50:12,400
operate treadles for hours. 
Both crafts demand. 

3031
02:50:12,400 --> 02:50:15,600
Excellent vision for seeing 
thread defects and maintaining 

3032
02:50:15,600 --> 02:50:19,200
consistent work. 
The range of fabrics produced by

3033
02:50:19,200 --> 02:50:22,600
hand is stunning. 
Tickle woolens for everyday 

3034
02:50:22,600 --> 02:50:26,700
clothing, heavy enough to keep 
out, Winter Wind Delicate, 

3035
02:50:26,700 --> 02:50:30,300
Linens For undergarments and 
some aware surprisingly cool 

3036
02:50:30,300 --> 02:50:33,800
against skin. 
Later cotton Fabrics combined 

3037
02:50:33,800 --> 02:50:37,800
comfort with durability. 
Find worsteds with their smooth 

3038
02:50:37,800 --> 02:50:38,700
dressy. 
Finish. 

3039
02:50:39,600 --> 02:50:43,400
Coarse sacking for grain 
storage, canvas for sales and 

3040
02:50:43,400 --> 02:50:47,100
Tents, each type requires 
different fiber, preparation, 

3041
02:50:47,100 --> 02:50:51,100
spinning techniques and weaving 
patterns. colors come from 

3042
02:50:51,100 --> 02:50:55,900
natural, dyes Indigo for blues, 
matar route, for Reds, and weld 

3043
02:50:55,900 --> 02:50:59,000
for yellows with combinations 
and modern, creating a 

3044
02:50:59,000 --> 02:51:04,200
surprisingly large pallet Dying 
is its own crafting, knowledge 

3045
02:51:04,200 --> 02:51:07,200
of chemistry before chemistry 
had that name and understanding 

3046
02:51:07,200 --> 02:51:10,400
of how different fibers take up 
different dies and how to 

3047
02:51:10,400 --> 02:51:12,900
achieve consistent colors Batch 
off after batch. 

3048
02:51:13,700 --> 02:51:16,300
A die as Workshop, smells of 
things, both Pleasant and 

3049
02:51:16,300 --> 02:51:21,600
decidedly not onion skins and 
walnut holes but also stale 

3050
02:51:21,600 --> 02:51:25,700
urine used as a mordant to help 
colors adhere as the 1800 

3051
02:51:25,700 --> 02:51:28,900
progressed textile work is among
the first crafts to feel in 

3052
02:51:28,900 --> 02:51:32,300
industrial pressure. 
Mechanized spinning Mills can 

3053
02:51:32,300 --> 02:51:34,700
produce yarn faster than any 
hand spinner. 

3054
02:51:35,500 --> 02:51:38,000
Power looms though. 
Primitive by later. 

3055
02:51:38,000 --> 02:51:41,900
Standards gradually replace 
handweavers for basic Fabrics. 

3056
02:51:42,800 --> 02:51:46,400
This transition is painful. 
Textile workers who've spent 

3057
02:51:46,400 --> 02:51:48,900
lifetimes. 
Mastering their craft watch 

3058
02:51:48,900 --> 02:51:52,100
their skills become economically
obsolete within years. 

3059
02:51:53,200 --> 02:51:55,900
But hand spinning and weaving 
persist throughout the century 

3060
02:51:55,900 --> 02:51:59,500
for specialized work. 
Machine made Fabrics, might be 

3061
02:51:59,500 --> 02:52:03,400
cheap, but they can't match the 
quality of hand woven Linens, 

3062
02:52:03,400 --> 02:52:08,200
the subtle color variations of 
hand-dyed Yarns or the complex 

3063
02:52:08,200 --> 02:52:12,200
patterns that skilled Weavers 
can create there remains a 

3064
02:52:12,200 --> 02:52:16,300
market for truly fine textiles, 
even as everyday Fabrics 

3065
02:52:16,300 --> 02:52:21,300
increase from Factory trees. in 
this transitional moment, you 

3066
02:52:21,300 --> 02:52:25,600
can see both worlds coexisting 
Weaver might work with Factory, 

3067
02:52:25,600 --> 02:52:29,900
spun yard to save time but still
produced fabric on a handloom 

3068
02:52:29,900 --> 02:52:34,500
because that's where quality and
pattern complexity come from a 

3069
02:52:34,500 --> 02:52:37,500
spinner might still prepare 
specialty Yarns for knitting or 

3070
02:52:37,500 --> 02:52:41,400
specific weaving projects, even 
while Factory on fills most 

3071
02:52:41,400 --> 02:52:46,400
needs Craft adapt finding niches
where hand skills still matters.

3072
02:52:46,400 --> 02:52:48,800
Even as machines, take over mass
production. 

3073
02:52:49,600 --> 02:52:52,000
Beyond the established 
craftspeople with permanent 

3074
02:52:52,000 --> 02:52:56,300
Workshops, the 1800s economy. 
Includes a fascinating category 

3075
02:52:56,300 --> 02:53:00,200
of workers, who move between 
settled life and travel between 

3076
02:53:00,200 --> 02:53:02,700
making new things. 
And repairing old ones. 

3077
02:53:02,700 --> 02:53:06,100
These are the Tinkers, cobblers,
and various other repair 

3078
02:53:06,100 --> 02:53:09,300
Specialists, who form a kind of 
circulatory system in the 

3079
02:53:09,300 --> 02:53:12,700
pre-industrial economy. 
Keeping things working long 

3080
02:53:12,700 --> 02:53:16,700
past, what we consider their 
useful Life, The Cobbler shops, 

3081
02:53:16,700 --> 02:53:20,000
smells immediately distinctive 
leather, and various stages from

3082
02:53:20,000 --> 02:53:24,400
Rawhide to finish work beeswax 
for waterproofing, and the 

3083
02:53:24,400 --> 02:53:27,700
distinctive Tang of tanning 
chemicals that never quite leave

3084
02:53:27,700 --> 02:53:30,800
the material. 
Smaller more intimate space than

3085
02:53:30,800 --> 02:53:32,600
the blacksmiths or Carpenters 
Workshop. 

3086
02:53:33,500 --> 02:53:37,300
Because cobbler work is detail 
oriented and precise working 

3087
02:53:37,300 --> 02:53:40,000
with materials measured in 
inches rather than feet. 

3088
02:53:41,000 --> 02:53:44,900
Shoes in the 1800s of valuable 
items expensive enough. 

3089
02:53:44,900 --> 02:53:49,600
That most people own perhaps two
pairs one for every day work and

3090
02:53:49,600 --> 02:53:51,900
a better pair for church or 
special occasions. 

3091
02:53:52,900 --> 02:53:56,000
Children might go barefoot in 
summer, to save where on their 

3092
02:53:56,000 --> 02:53:58,700
shoes. 
This means shoes need to last 

3093
02:53:58,700 --> 02:54:02,100
and when they wear out they need
repair rather than replacement. 

3094
02:54:03,000 --> 02:54:06,200
The cobbler starts shoe repair 
by examining the worn item with 

3095
02:54:06,200 --> 02:54:09,500
practice eyes. 
The soul is nearly through at 

3096
02:54:09,500 --> 02:54:11,800
the ball of the foot where 
weight concentrates with each 

3097
02:54:11,800 --> 02:54:16,400
step, this is typical wear. 
The heel is compressed on one 

3098
02:54:16,400 --> 02:54:18,800
side because the wearer walks 
slightly off balance. 

3099
02:54:18,800 --> 02:54:21,600
This is information. 
The cobbler files away. 

3100
02:54:22,500 --> 02:54:25,200
The upper leather is still 
sound, which means this shoe has

3101
02:54:25,200 --> 02:54:27,400
years of life left with proper 
repair. 

3102
02:54:28,600 --> 02:54:33,100
Resoling a shoe is unexpectedly 
complex, the old soul must be 

3103
02:54:33,100 --> 02:54:34,800
removed, carefully to avoid 
damaging. 

3104
02:54:34,800 --> 02:54:38,100
The upper, the remaining leather
is cleaned and prepared. 

3105
02:54:38,100 --> 02:54:42,500
The new Soul cut from heavy 
leather than the upper is shaped

3106
02:54:42,500 --> 02:54:46,300
to match then attached not with 
glue, which won't hold up to 

3107
02:54:46,308 --> 02:54:50,400
water and stress. 
But by stitching, Stitch pulled 

3108
02:54:50,400 --> 02:54:52,700
tight with waxed thread. 
That won't rot. 

3109
02:54:53,800 --> 02:54:56,900
The cobbler's hands guide, a 
curved needle through holes made

3110
02:54:56,900 --> 02:55:00,900
by a specialized all each Stitch
placed with Precision because 

3111
02:55:00,900 --> 02:55:02,600
she was literally carry through 
life. 

3112
02:55:02,600 --> 02:55:07,700
And sloppy work means premature 
failure. new shoes or even more 

3113
02:55:07,700 --> 02:55:11,600
interesting, the cobbler begins 
with measurement, not just foot 

3114
02:55:11,600 --> 02:55:16,300
length, but width in Step height
and any peculiarities of shape 

3115
02:55:16,300 --> 02:55:19,700
that affect fit These 
measurements might be carefully 

3116
02:55:19,700 --> 02:55:22,900
recorded for regular customers 
or the problem might simply 

3117
02:55:22,900 --> 02:55:26,400
remember them because he's made 
shoes for this person before and

3118
02:55:26,400 --> 02:55:29,400
memory is reliable. 
When you make perhaps 20 pairs a

3119
02:55:29,400 --> 02:55:33,900
year rather than thousands 
Shoemaking starts with the last.

3120
02:55:33,900 --> 02:55:38,500
A wooden form shape like a foot 
cobbler's own lasts in various 

3121
02:55:38,500 --> 02:55:40,500
sizes. 
Possibly carved from rough 

3122
02:55:40,500 --> 02:55:43,100
forms. 
Refined to fit specific feet. 

3123
02:55:44,000 --> 02:55:47,900
Around this last the shoe is 
built layer by layer the insole 

3124
02:55:47,900 --> 02:55:50,300
forms. 
The foundation upper leather is 

3125
02:55:50,300 --> 02:55:53,000
cut in pattern pieces, then 
carefully stitched together. 

3126
02:55:53,000 --> 02:55:56,600
This stitching must be strong 
but invisible from the outside 

3127
02:55:56,600 --> 02:55:59,100
because lumps and a regularities
create blisters. 

3128
02:56:00,400 --> 02:56:03,500
The upper is stretched over the 
last and temporarily tacked in 

3129
02:56:03,500 --> 02:56:07,000
place. 
Then comes the soul attached 

3130
02:56:07,000 --> 02:56:09,000
with more of that, careful hand 
stitching. 

3131
02:56:10,200 --> 02:56:13,100
The heel is built up from 
stacked leather, each layer 

3132
02:56:13,100 --> 02:56:15,800
glued, and then pegged with 
wooden pegs, that compressed and

3133
02:56:15,800 --> 02:56:18,900
interlock under use creating a 
solid structure. 

3134
02:56:20,000 --> 02:56:24,700
Final finishing includes Edge 
trimming, burnishing cut edges 

3135
02:56:24,700 --> 02:56:29,100
smooth and possibly applying 
waterproofing compounds. the 

3136
02:56:29,100 --> 02:56:32,900
result isn't just a shoe, but a 
fitted item specifically crafted

3137
02:56:32,900 --> 02:56:36,800
for its wearer's feet, likely to
last years with proper care and 

3138
02:56:36,800 --> 02:56:41,400
periodic resoling Boot making 
represents the cobbler's highest

3139
02:56:41,400 --> 02:56:45,700
art tall leather, complex 
fitting and multiple pieces. 

3140
02:56:45,700 --> 02:56:49,100
Carefully joined Good boots. 
Are expensive enough. 

3141
02:56:49,100 --> 02:56:52,100
That they represent a 
significant investment, but 

3142
02:56:52,100 --> 02:56:53,400
there are also essential 
equipment. 

3143
02:56:53,400 --> 02:56:57,000
For anyone working outdoors in 
all weather, The cobbler takes 

3144
02:56:57,008 --> 02:56:59,900
particular pride in Boots 
because they showcase skill 

3145
02:56:59,900 --> 02:57:02,000
while serving crucial practical 
needs. 

3146
02:57:02,800 --> 02:57:05,800
Then there are other Tinkers. 
More mobile crafts, people who 

3147
02:57:05,800 --> 02:57:09,300
travel regular circuits through,
rural areas, arriving with 

3148
02:57:09,300 --> 02:57:12,800
tools, and materials, to repair 
metal items to small, or simple 

3149
02:57:12,800 --> 02:57:15,600
for the blacksmith, but 
essential to daily life. 

3150
02:57:16,600 --> 02:57:20,800
The Tinker carries a remarkable 
portable Workshop soldering iron

3151
02:57:20,800 --> 02:57:25,600
that can be heated in any fire 
flux and solder various Hammers 

3152
02:57:25,600 --> 02:57:29,300
and forming tools sheets of tin 
and other repair materials. 

3153
02:57:29,300 --> 02:57:34,100
All organized in a pack or cart.
Tin where was hugely popular in 

3154
02:57:34,108 --> 02:57:38,100
the 1800s, lightweight 
relatively cheap and useful, for

3155
02:57:38,100 --> 02:57:41,000
everything from cups to lanterns
to storage containers. 

3156
02:57:42,000 --> 02:57:46,400
But tin is also thin and prone 
to developing leaks or cracks. 

3157
02:57:46,400 --> 02:57:48,600
That's where the Tinker comes 
in. 

3158
02:57:48,600 --> 02:57:53,800
Moving, from house to house Farm
to farm offering repairs. 

3159
02:57:53,800 --> 02:57:58,700
That extend ten items useful, 
life substantially Watch a 

3160
02:57:58,700 --> 02:58:02,400
tinkerer work and you see clever
improvisation a pot with a hole 

3161
02:58:02,400 --> 02:58:03,900
in the bottom receives a 
carefully. 

3162
02:58:03,900 --> 02:58:08,500
Fitted patch edges, cleaned, and
fluxed and solemn, melted and 

3163
02:58:08,500 --> 02:58:10,700
flowed to create a watertight 
seal. 

3164
02:58:11,500 --> 02:58:14,500
A bent pan is carefully 
straightened using wooden 

3165
02:58:14,500 --> 02:58:16,600
mallets that won't damage the 
thin metal. 

3166
02:58:17,600 --> 02:58:20,500
Handle that come loose is 
reattached with small rivets. 

3167
02:58:21,300 --> 02:58:24,200
Each repair is quick. 
The Tinker must keep moving to 

3168
02:58:24,200 --> 02:58:27,900
make a living but also carefully
done because reputation matters 

3169
02:58:27,900 --> 02:58:30,900
and a failed repair in. 
One household means lost 

3170
02:58:30,900 --> 02:58:35,100
business throughout the region. 
Something as also craft new 

3171
02:58:35,100 --> 02:58:38,900
items, cutting and folding tin 
sheets into functional shapes. 

3172
02:58:39,800 --> 02:58:41,600
A simple cup can be made in 
minutes. 

3173
02:58:41,600 --> 02:58:45,400
He circled for the bottom, a 
rectangle wrapped around, and 

3174
02:58:45,400 --> 02:58:48,500
joined for the sides. 
The two pieces soldered together

3175
02:58:48,500 --> 02:58:51,200
and a handle formed from wire 
and attached. 

3176
02:58:52,100 --> 02:58:56,000
The result isn't fancy, but it 
holds liquid and cost a fraction

3177
02:58:56,000 --> 02:58:57,800
of pottery or wooden 
alternatives. 

3178
02:58:58,800 --> 02:59:01,500
The tinker's lifestyle is harder
than settled crafts. 

3179
02:59:01,500 --> 02:59:06,500
Peoples, travel means exposure 
to weather irregular income and 

3180
02:59:06,500 --> 02:59:10,100
constant hauling of tools and 
materials, but it also brings 

3181
02:59:10,100 --> 02:59:14,700
Independence variety and the 
satisfaction of being welcomed 

3182
02:59:14,700 --> 02:59:17,100
in communities where your skills
solve real problems. 

3183
02:59:18,100 --> 02:59:21,600
The Tinker becomes a familiar 
figure returning each season 

3184
02:59:21,600 --> 02:59:24,400
with news from other places and 
ready hands to fix. 

3185
02:59:24,400 --> 02:59:27,900
What's broken? 
Both cobblers and Tinkers 

3186
02:59:27,900 --> 02:59:30,800
represent something essential 
about the 1800s economy. 

3187
02:59:31,500 --> 02:59:33,900
The assumption that things 
should be repaired rather than 

3188
02:59:33,900 --> 02:59:38,000
replaced that skilled hands. 
Can extend useful life, almost 

3189
02:59:38,000 --> 02:59:41,300
indefinitely, and that throwing 
away, something that can be 

3190
02:59:41,300 --> 02:59:44,000
fixed is wasteful, bordering on 
immoral. 

3191
02:59:44,900 --> 02:59:47,400
This attitude stems partly from 
necessity. 

3192
02:59:47,400 --> 02:59:51,600
New things are expensive but 
also from a deeper sense that 

3193
02:59:51,600 --> 02:59:54,400
well made items deserve respect 
and care. 

3194
02:59:55,400 --> 02:59:58,500
The specialized knowledge, these
repair Crafts People carry is 

3195
02:59:58,500 --> 03:00:02,300
impressive. a complicated, look 
at one shoes soles and diagnose 

3196
03:00:02,300 --> 03:00:06,700
medical conditions affecting the
whereas gate Tinker knows which 

3197
03:00:06,700 --> 03:00:10,700
solders work with which metals 
how to compensate for tins 

3198
03:00:10,700 --> 03:00:14,000
tendency to crack in cold 
weather and which flux clean 

3199
03:00:14,000 --> 03:00:17,700
surfaces best. 
This knowledge comes from 

3200
03:00:17,700 --> 03:00:22,600
experience years of seeing what 
works and what fails learning 

3201
03:00:22,600 --> 03:00:25,600
from mistakes and refining 
techniques. 

3202
03:00:26,400 --> 03:00:28,700
Physical wear shows on these 
Crafts People, Too. 

3203
03:00:29,500 --> 03:00:32,200
Cobbler's often, develop vision 
problems from clothes. 

3204
03:00:32,200 --> 03:00:35,800
Work in poor, light hunched 
posture, from bending over work 

3205
03:00:35,800 --> 03:00:38,700
and strong hands from pulling 
stitches, tight. 

3206
03:00:38,700 --> 03:00:42,800
Thousands of times Tinkers might
have burned scars from hot 

3207
03:00:42,800 --> 03:00:45,600
soldering irons or acidic flux 
weather. 

3208
03:00:45,600 --> 03:00:47,700
Beaten. 
Skin from outdoor work, and 

3209
03:00:47,700 --> 03:00:51,900
strong Backs from carrying their
portable workshops Yet both 

3210
03:00:51,900 --> 03:00:55,900
professions provide genuine 
satisfaction the cobbler who 

3211
03:00:55,908 --> 03:00:57,800
delivers, repaid boots, and 
snows. 

3212
03:00:57,800 --> 03:00:59,800
The wearer can now work safely 
through winter. 

3213
03:00:59,800 --> 03:01:03,600
The tinkerer Who patches a 
farmer's Milk Pail as prevented 

3214
03:01:03,600 --> 03:01:06,900
waste and saved money that 
family needs for other things. 

3215
03:01:07,600 --> 03:01:09,700
These aren't Grand Chief 
movements that change history, 

3216
03:01:09,700 --> 03:01:12,900
but their real improvements to 
real people's lives. 

3217
03:01:12,900 --> 03:01:17,400
That matters in immediate 
tangible ways as the century 

3218
03:01:17,400 --> 03:01:21,400
progresses both professionals 
face challenges factory made 

3219
03:01:21,400 --> 03:01:24,400
shoes though. 
Initially lower quality become 

3220
03:01:24,400 --> 03:01:26,500
cheap enough. 
That repair costs can exceed 

3221
03:01:26,500 --> 03:01:30,900
replacement costs, Tinware gives
way to stamped Metal Goods, that

3222
03:01:30,900 --> 03:01:34,100
can't be repaired as easily. 
The itinerant. 

3223
03:01:34,100 --> 03:01:38,000
Tinker begins to disappear while
cobblers, increasingly focus on 

3224
03:01:38,000 --> 03:01:40,200
new shoe sales rather than 
repairs. 

3225
03:01:40,800 --> 03:01:44,500
But throughout the 1800s, both 
remain vital parts of the 

3226
03:01:44,500 --> 03:01:48,900
economic fabric, keeping things 
working, extending useful life 

3227
03:01:48,900 --> 03:01:52,200
and serving communities with 
skills learned through long 

3228
03:01:52,200 --> 03:01:55,000
apprenticeship. 
Midway through the 1800 

3229
03:01:55,000 --> 03:01:58,300
something fundamental begin 
shifting and how things are 

3230
03:01:58,300 --> 03:02:00,400
made. 
The change doesn't happen 

3231
03:02:00,400 --> 03:02:02,600
overnight. 
It's more like, what watching 

3232
03:02:02,600 --> 03:02:06,000
the tide come in each way of 
reaching slightly further? 

3233
03:02:06,000 --> 03:02:08,100
Gradually transforming the 
landscape? 

3234
03:02:09,300 --> 03:02:11,600
What we call. 
The Industrial Revolution isn't 

3235
03:02:11,600 --> 03:02:15,700
really a revolution at all, but 
a slow uneven transition from 

3236
03:02:15,700 --> 03:02:19,700
hand production to mechanize 
manufacturing from small 

3237
03:02:19,700 --> 03:02:23,800
workshops to large factories and
from Crafts People to machine 

3238
03:02:23,800 --> 03:02:27,800
operators, the transformation 
starts differently for each 

3239
03:02:27,800 --> 03:02:30,800
craft. 
Textile work as we mentioned, 

3240
03:02:30,800 --> 03:02:35,500
feels industrial pressure 
earliest by the 1820s and 30s 

3241
03:02:35,500 --> 03:02:37,900
mechanized. 
Spinning Mills are producing 

3242
03:02:37,900 --> 03:02:41,100
yarn fast and cheaper than any 
hands been can match. 

3243
03:02:42,000 --> 03:02:45,700
Power looms, follow gradually, 
improving from crude first 

3244
03:02:45,700 --> 03:02:49,400
versions to machines capable of 
producing serviceable cloth. 

3245
03:02:50,300 --> 03:02:53,500
The handweavers who have spent 
lifetimes mastering their craft?

3246
03:02:53,500 --> 03:02:55,300
Watch. 
Their economic value plummet 

3247
03:02:55,300 --> 03:02:58,200
within a generation. 
But here's what's interesting, 

3248
03:02:58,200 --> 03:03:02,100
the immediate result isn't that 
handcrafts people disappear, 

3249
03:03:02,100 --> 03:03:08,100
instead, the market splits cheap
standardized Goods flow from 

3250
03:03:08,100 --> 03:03:13,600
factories, basic Fabrics, simple
clothing, and utilitarian items.

3251
03:03:14,500 --> 03:03:18,800
Meanwhile custom, work 
high-quality goods and complex 

3252
03:03:18,800 --> 03:03:23,700
items still require hand skills.
A factory can produce plain 

3253
03:03:23,700 --> 03:03:26,700
cotton shirting by the mile but 
the shirt itself. 

3254
03:03:26,700 --> 03:03:30,900
Still needs a skilled tailor to 
cut and sew Machine made 

3255
03:03:30,900 --> 03:03:34,600
Furniture fills modest homes, 
but wealthy buyers, still 

3256
03:03:34,600 --> 03:03:36,300
commissioned Craftsman for 
pieces. 

3257
03:03:36,300 --> 03:03:39,800
That showed genuine artistry. 
The Carpenters, crafted 

3258
03:03:39,800 --> 03:03:43,900
illustrates this split nicely. 
Early, woodworking Machinery, 

3259
03:03:43,900 --> 03:03:48,000
steam, powered saws, and planers
that can Surface Lumber faster 

3260
03:03:48,000 --> 03:03:51,000
than any hand tool doesn't 
eliminate Carpenters. 

3261
03:03:51,000 --> 03:03:55,000
But changes, what they do 
instead of spending days hand 

3262
03:03:55,000 --> 03:03:57,500
planing rough, lumber flat 
Carpenters. 

3263
03:03:57,500 --> 03:04:02,000
Can now buy pre-order boards and
focus on joinery and assembly. 

3264
03:04:02,800 --> 03:04:05,900
Water-powered Sawmills mean, 
Carpenters receive boards. 

3265
03:04:05,900 --> 03:04:09,300
Rather than whole logs changing 
their work but not eliminating 

3266
03:04:09,300 --> 03:04:12,200
their skills. 
What carpenters lose in this 

3267
03:04:12,208 --> 03:04:14,300
transition is a certain kind of 
control. 

3268
03:04:14,300 --> 03:04:18,100
When you prepare your own lumber
from logs, you understand that 

3269
03:04:18,100 --> 03:04:22,300
would intimately, see its grain 
structure revealed with each saw

3270
03:04:22,300 --> 03:04:26,300
cut, notice subtle variations in
color, and density and make 

3271
03:04:26,300 --> 03:04:28,900
decisions about how each board 
can best be used. 

3272
03:04:29,800 --> 03:04:32,300
With pre milled. 
Lumber, this intimate knowledge 

3273
03:04:32,300 --> 03:04:36,500
becomes less necessary, the work
gets faster, but perhaps 

3274
03:04:36,500 --> 03:04:38,900
slightly less connected to the 
material itself. 

3275
03:04:40,000 --> 03:04:43,900
Blacksmithing faces a different 
kind of industrial pressure iron

3276
03:04:43,900 --> 03:04:46,200
foundries. 
Begin producing casting for 

3277
03:04:46,200 --> 03:04:51,100
items, previously forged by hand
pot, hooks fireplace equipment 

3278
03:04:51,100 --> 03:04:56,000
and decorative elements. 
Later Factory is produced Nails 

3279
03:04:56,000 --> 03:04:59,000
by Machine. 
Each one, identical to the next 

3280
03:04:59,000 --> 03:05:01,800
far cheaper than Hand Forged 
versions. 

3281
03:05:02,900 --> 03:05:05,800
The blacksmith's bread and 
butter work gradually erodes as 

3282
03:05:05,800 --> 03:05:08,300
Factory products. 
Phil needs that once required a 

3283
03:05:08,300 --> 03:05:11,600
trip to the Smithy yet 
blacksmiths adapt rather than 

3284
03:05:11,600 --> 03:05:15,900
disappear factories can produce 
standardized items, but custom 

3285
03:05:15,900 --> 03:05:20,100
work still requires the forge. 
Farmer needs a specialized tool 

3286
03:05:20,100 --> 03:05:22,000
for his particular soil 
conditions. 

3287
03:05:22,000 --> 03:05:27,200
A factory bracket doesn't quite 
fit an unusual situation, and a 

3288
03:05:27,200 --> 03:05:29,900
machine breaks needs apart 
fabricated to match. 

3289
03:05:30,600 --> 03:05:32,400
These jobs still come to the 
blacksmith. 

3290
03:05:33,400 --> 03:05:36,600
The work becomes more varied and
less predictable, requiring 

3291
03:05:36,600 --> 03:05:39,200
broader skills and more creative
problem solving. 

3292
03:05:40,200 --> 03:05:54,100
Therapy. 
But gradually some realize that 

3293
03:05:54,100 --> 03:05:56,700
machines can be tools rather 
than replacements. 

3294
03:05:57,400 --> 03:06:00,100
A carpenter might use a power 
source to quickly Dimension. 

3295
03:06:00,100 --> 03:06:04,300
Lumber then employ hand skills 
for joinery and finishing a 

3296
03:06:04,300 --> 03:06:07,200
blacksmith might purchase 
factory made bastard rather than

3297
03:06:07,200 --> 03:06:11,400
forging it from raw iron saving 
time for the specialized shaping

3298
03:06:11,400 --> 03:06:15,800
that machines can't do. 
This hybrid approach, combining 

3299
03:06:15,800 --> 03:06:19,600
machine efficiency with hand, 
skill, become increasingly 

3300
03:06:19,600 --> 03:06:21,600
common, as the century 
progresses. 

3301
03:06:21,600 --> 03:06:26,000
It represents a pragmatic. 
Middle Ground between pure hand 

3302
03:06:26,000 --> 03:06:30,500
craft and full mechanization. 
The crafts person becomes less a

3303
03:06:30,500 --> 03:06:34,100
maker of raw materials and more 
a skilled assembler and finisher

3304
03:06:34,100 --> 03:06:37,800
using machine made components, 
but adding value through 

3305
03:06:37,800 --> 03:06:39,800
expertise that machines can't 
replicate. 

3306
03:06:41,000 --> 03:06:44,000
The experience of learning craft
changes during this period, too.

3307
03:06:45,300 --> 03:06:48,300
Traditional apprenticeship 
years, spent with a master 

3308
03:06:48,300 --> 03:06:52,200
learning by observation and 
practice begins competing with 

3309
03:06:52,200 --> 03:06:55,300
technical schools where Theory 
can be taught to multiple 

3310
03:06:55,300 --> 03:07:00,100
students simultaneously. 
Written manuals appear trying to

3311
03:07:00,108 --> 03:07:03,000
codify knowledge previously, 
passed orally. 

3312
03:07:03,700 --> 03:07:07,600
A young person in 1850 might 
learn carpentry partly through 

3313
03:07:07,600 --> 03:07:11,200
books and classes, whereas their
grandparent learned entirely 

3314
03:07:11,200 --> 03:07:15,400
through hands-on experience. 
This shift from tacit to 

3315
03:07:15,400 --> 03:07:19,700
explicit, knowledge has profound
effects on one hand, it 

3316
03:07:19,700 --> 03:07:23,500
democratizes skills. 
Anyone with access to books can 

3317
03:07:23,500 --> 03:07:26,800
theoretically learn techniques. 
Previously guarded, within Kraft

3318
03:07:26,800 --> 03:07:30,400
guilds, on the other hand, 
something gets Lost in 

3319
03:07:30,400 --> 03:07:33,500
Translation. 
The subtle judgement about when 

3320
03:07:33,500 --> 03:07:37,200
wood is ready to cut. 
The fear of metal, a proper 

3321
03:07:37,200 --> 03:07:40,100
forging temperature, and the 
sound of a properly sharpen 

3322
03:07:40,100 --> 03:07:43,000
tool, these things are hard to 
convey in writing. 

3323
03:07:44,000 --> 03:07:47,300
The manual can tell you what to 
do but struggles to communicate 

3324
03:07:47,300 --> 03:07:50,200
the embodied knowledge of how it
should feel when done right? 

3325
03:07:51,700 --> 03:07:54,700
Economic pressures. 
Intensify as factory production 

3326
03:07:54,700 --> 03:07:58,000
expands. 
A hand Weaver might earn a 

3327
03:07:58,000 --> 03:08:01,800
decent income in 1820. 
Struggle in 1840, and be 

3328
03:08:01,800 --> 03:08:06,800
essentially priced out of basic 
textile production by 1860 some 

3329
03:08:06,800 --> 03:08:10,100
crafts, people adapt by 
specializing in luxury markets 

3330
03:08:10,100 --> 03:08:14,900
where hand quality commands 
premium prices, others abandoned

3331
03:08:14,900 --> 03:08:18,400
traditional crafts entirely. 
Perhaps, moving to factory work 

3332
03:08:18,400 --> 03:08:20,700
themselves or finding new 
occupations. 

3333
03:08:20,700 --> 03:08:23,600
The transition is rarely smooth 
or easy. 

3334
03:08:24,500 --> 03:08:27,500
Communities experience. 
These changes in deeply personal

3335
03:08:27,500 --> 03:08:30,100
ways. 
A town that once supported 

3336
03:08:30,100 --> 03:08:33,900
three, cobblers might now 
support one as cheaper, Factory 

3337
03:08:33,900 --> 03:08:37,700
shoes, reduced demand for 
repairs and custom work. the 

3338
03:08:37,700 --> 03:08:40,800
blacksmith shop might employ 
fewer apprentices as Factory 

3339
03:08:40,800 --> 03:08:44,700
Goods, replace Hand Forged items
Young people growing up in the 

3340
03:08:44,708 --> 03:08:47,900
1870s might see craft 
apprenticeships as outdated, 

3341
03:08:47,900 --> 03:08:51,900
paths to Poverty, rather than 
respected roots to Skilled work.

3342
03:08:52,900 --> 03:08:56,300
Yet, throughout this transition 
certain values associated with 

3343
03:08:56,300 --> 03:08:59,800
handcrafted persist? 
there remains appreciation, for 

3344
03:08:59,800 --> 03:09:03,000
things made with care for the 
visible evidence of skilled 

3345
03:09:03,000 --> 03:09:07,100
hands and for items crafted to 
last rather than replaced when 

3346
03:09:07,100 --> 03:09:11,400
fashion changes, Factory made 
chair, might be cheap, but it 

3347
03:09:11,400 --> 03:09:14,300
won't match the satisfaction of 
sitting in something across 

3348
03:09:14,300 --> 03:09:17,200
person. 
Built specifically for you shape

3349
03:09:17,200 --> 03:09:20,100
to your proportions and finish 
to your preferences. 

3350
03:09:20,100 --> 03:09:23,300
The aesthetic debate, between 
handmade and machine. 

3351
03:09:23,300 --> 03:09:25,400
Made intensifies later in the 
century. 

3352
03:09:26,100 --> 03:09:28,900
Critics argue that machine 
production creates soulless 

3353
03:09:28,900 --> 03:09:32,800
uniformity that it values, 
quantity over quality and that 

3354
03:09:32,800 --> 03:09:35,000
it's severs. 
The connection between maker and

3355
03:09:35,000 --> 03:09:37,000
user that gave handcraft its 
meaning. 

3356
03:09:37,800 --> 03:09:41,800
Defenders counter that machines,
democratize Goods, previously 

3357
03:09:41,800 --> 03:09:46,300
available, only to the wealthy 
That they free human energy for 

3358
03:09:46,300 --> 03:09:50,000
higher purposes than repetitive 
manual labor and that progress, 

3359
03:09:50,000 --> 03:09:52,200
shouldn't be feared simply 
because it's different. 

3360
03:09:52,200 --> 03:09:56,600
Both sides have valid points and
the century ends without 

3361
03:09:56,600 --> 03:10:00,700
resolving the tension. 
By 1900 factories dominate 

3362
03:10:00,700 --> 03:10:04,500
production of basic Goods. 
But handcrafted, persists in 

3363
03:10:04,500 --> 03:10:08,700
niches where quality 
customization or Artistry 

3364
03:10:08,700 --> 03:10:12,200
matter, more than price. 
The crafts, don't die, but 

3365
03:10:12,200 --> 03:10:15,400
transformed, finding new 
purposes in a world where making

3366
03:10:15,400 --> 03:10:18,700
things by hand, has become a 
choice rather than the only 

3367
03:10:18,700 --> 03:10:21,100
option. 
What's lost in this 

3368
03:10:21,100 --> 03:10:23,500
transformation? 
Is a certain relationship to 

3369
03:10:23,500 --> 03:10:26,300
material objects. 
When everything you owned was 

3370
03:10:26,300 --> 03:10:31,000
made by identifiable hands often
in your own Community objects, 

3371
03:10:31,000 --> 03:10:34,508
carry stories, you know who 
sheep provided wool for your 

3372
03:10:34,516 --> 03:10:38,800
shirt who spun and wove the 
fabric and who cut and Stitch 

3373
03:10:38,800 --> 03:10:41,400
the Garment. 
This chain of creation is 

3374
03:10:41,400 --> 03:10:44,700
visible personal and grounded in
relationships. 

3375
03:10:46,100 --> 03:10:48,200
Factory Goods. 
Sever these connections. 

3376
03:10:48,200 --> 03:10:52,200
You have no relationship to the 
people or places that produce 

3377
03:10:52,200 --> 03:10:54,400
them. 
They arrive in your life as 

3378
03:10:54,400 --> 03:10:56,600
finished objects with no visible
history. 

3379
03:10:56,600 --> 03:11:01,200
What's gained is a abundance. 
Factory production makes 

3380
03:11:01,200 --> 03:11:04,200
previously expensive items 
affordable to working people? 

3381
03:11:05,200 --> 03:11:08,900
The ability to purchase adequate
clothing, decent furniture and 

3382
03:11:08,900 --> 03:11:12,300
useful tools, without saving for
months or years represents 

3383
03:11:12,300 --> 03:11:16,000
genuine material Improvement. 
The question isn't whether 

3384
03:11:16,000 --> 03:11:17,900
industrialization brought 
benefits? 

3385
03:11:17,900 --> 03:11:20,900
It clearly did. 
But whether those benefits came 

3386
03:11:20,900 --> 03:11:22,600
at Cost, we didn't fully 
anticipate. 

3387
03:11:23,800 --> 03:11:26,700
The crafts people living through
this transition, have complex 

3388
03:11:26,700 --> 03:11:31,300
experiences, some embraced 
change seeing opportunities in 

3389
03:11:31,300 --> 03:11:35,400
new methods, others resist, 
bitterly watching skills. 

3390
03:11:35,400 --> 03:11:38,300
They spent decades, mastering 
become economically. 

3391
03:11:38,300 --> 03:11:43,000
Irrelevant Most for somewhere 
between adapting where possible 

3392
03:11:43,000 --> 03:11:46,500
while mourning, what's lost? 
Their perspective offers 

3393
03:11:46,500 --> 03:11:48,700
insights. 
We might consider in our own era

3394
03:11:48,700 --> 03:11:52,800
of technological disruption. 
As the 19th century ends, the 

3395
03:11:52,800 --> 03:11:55,800
workshop World we've been 
exploring exists more in memory 

3396
03:11:55,800 --> 03:11:59,000
than present reality. 
The blacksmith's Forge still 

3397
03:11:59,000 --> 03:12:03,400
glows in small towns but factory
made Metal Goods for most needs.

3398
03:12:04,200 --> 03:12:06,900
Carpenters, still apply their 
trade but increasingly with 

3399
03:12:06,900 --> 03:12:11,100
power tools and Factory milled. 
Lumber Weavers, who once were 

3400
03:12:11,100 --> 03:12:14,500
common in every Community have 
largely moved to factory 

3401
03:12:14,500 --> 03:12:17,200
employment or abandoned textile 
work entirely. 

3402
03:12:18,300 --> 03:12:22,000
The Tinker circuit is ended 
replaced by mail, order catalogs

3403
03:12:22,000 --> 03:12:23,800
offering cheap replacement 
Goods. 

3404
03:12:24,900 --> 03:12:27,000
Yet, the knowledge doesn't 
entirely disappear. 

3405
03:12:28,000 --> 03:12:30,600
Skills passed a hobbyists and 
artists and who practice 

3406
03:12:30,600 --> 03:12:33,900
traditional crafts for pleasure 
rather than necessity. 

3407
03:12:34,800 --> 03:12:38,700
Museums preserve tools and 
techniques written records and 

3408
03:12:38,700 --> 03:12:42,100
photographs capture methods 
before the last practitioners 

3409
03:12:42,100 --> 03:12:44,700
die. 
Thread of connection remains 

3410
03:12:44,700 --> 03:12:49,100
however tenuous linking us back 
to ways of making that dominated

3411
03:12:49,100 --> 03:12:51,000
Human Experience for thousands 
of years. 

3412
03:12:52,400 --> 03:12:56,000
As you settle deeper into 
Comfort, perhaps your tears and 

3413
03:12:56,000 --> 03:12:58,900
your considering, whether to 
brew more, or maybe sleep is 

3414
03:12:58,900 --> 03:13:00,700
starting to gently pull at your 
awareness. 

3415
03:13:00,700 --> 03:13:04,500
Let's think about how the craft 
world of the 1800s. 

3416
03:13:04,500 --> 03:13:08,400
Still touches your life today. 
Often in ways, you don't notice 

3417
03:13:08,400 --> 03:13:12,100
until you pause to consider, 
That wouldn't cutting board in 

3418
03:13:12,100 --> 03:13:14,400
your kitchen. 
If it's a good one, made by a 

3419
03:13:14,400 --> 03:13:17,800
small producer rather than Mass 
manufactured overseas was 

3420
03:13:17,800 --> 03:13:20,700
probably created using 
techniques and 19th. 

3421
03:13:20,700 --> 03:13:22,800
Century Carpenter would 
recognize immediately. 

3422
03:13:23,900 --> 03:13:27,400
Someone selected, the wood for 
appropriate grain cut it 

3423
03:13:27,400 --> 03:13:31,600
carefully, sanded it smooth and 
finished it with food safe oil. 

3424
03:13:32,600 --> 03:13:36,000
The tools might be electric 
rather than hand powered, but 

3425
03:13:36,000 --> 03:13:40,300
the basic principles 
understanding wood working with 

3426
03:13:40,300 --> 03:13:44,200
rather than Against the Grain 
creating smooth surfaces that 

3427
03:13:44,200 --> 03:13:47,000
won't Harbor bacteria. 
These haven't changed. 

3428
03:13:48,300 --> 03:13:51,200
The same continuity appears in 
countless modern objects. 

3429
03:13:51,900 --> 03:13:54,900
Quality leather goods, still 
involve many hand operations, 

3430
03:13:54,900 --> 03:13:58,400
cutting stitching and Edge 
finishing because machines 

3431
03:13:58,400 --> 03:14:01,600
struggle with three-dimensional 
forms and variable materials. 

3432
03:14:02,400 --> 03:14:05,800
Fine Furniture while often 
involving power tools for rough.

3433
03:14:05,800 --> 03:14:10,200
Work still requires hand skills 
for joinery finishing and 

3434
03:14:10,200 --> 03:14:13,200
creating the details that 
distinguish craftsmanship from 

3435
03:14:13,200 --> 03:14:17,000
Mere Construction. 
Blacksmithing written offers 

3436
03:14:17,000 --> 03:14:20,500
dead by the mid-20th century has
experienced an unexpected 

3437
03:14:20,500 --> 03:14:23,800
Renaissance. 
Contemporary blacksmiths, create

3438
03:14:23,800 --> 03:14:27,400
everything from architectural, 
metalwork to kitchen knives to 

3439
03:14:27,400 --> 03:14:30,800
decorative art. 
They use the same basic 

3440
03:14:30,800 --> 03:14:35,200
techniques heating hammering 
shaping that their 1800 

3441
03:14:35,200 --> 03:14:39,200
predecessors employed though. 
Modern forges might burn propane

3442
03:14:39,200 --> 03:14:41,900
rather than coal and temperature
control. 

3443
03:14:41,900 --> 03:14:45,000
Might involve Thermo couples 
rather than reading metal color.

3444
03:14:45,900 --> 03:14:48,400
This revival isn't just 
nostalgic hobby work. 

3445
03:14:48,400 --> 03:14:51,800
There's genuine demand for Hand 
Forged items because they 

3446
03:14:51,800 --> 03:14:54,800
possess qualities machine 
production can't easily. 

3447
03:14:54,800 --> 03:14:59,400
Replicate, A handful Forge. 
Knife has subtle variations in 

3448
03:14:59,400 --> 03:15:03,100
thickness and shape that 
distributes stress better than 

3449
03:15:03,100 --> 03:15:07,200
uniform Factory knives. 
Hand-forged architectural 

3450
03:15:07,200 --> 03:15:11,900
elements, spring visual interest
to buildings in dominated by 

3451
03:15:11,900 --> 03:15:15,500
standardization. 
People respond to evidence of 

3452
03:15:15,500 --> 03:15:19,600
human hands and creation, even 
if they can't articulate exactly

3453
03:15:19,600 --> 03:15:22,500
why it matters. 
The knowledge preserved in 

3454
03:15:22,500 --> 03:15:25,300
traditional crafts. 
Also informs modern innovation. 

3455
03:15:26,000 --> 03:15:29,200
Engineer studying traditional 
joinery discover principles that

3456
03:15:29,200 --> 03:15:33,800
Inspire new fastening systems, 
textile designers analyzing hand

3457
03:15:33,800 --> 03:15:37,400
woven fabrics, find patterns and
structural approaches that 

3458
03:15:37,400 --> 03:15:39,700
translate into Innovative 
materials. 

3459
03:15:40,600 --> 03:15:44,300
The past isn't just history. 
It's a repository of human 

3460
03:15:44,300 --> 03:15:47,100
problem solving that took 
thousands of years to develop 

3461
03:15:47,100 --> 03:15:49,500
and shouldn't be carelessly. 
Discarded. 

3462
03:15:50,500 --> 03:15:53,200
Contemporary makers, often 
describe feeling connected to 

3463
03:15:53,200 --> 03:15:55,900
long lineages when they practice
traditional crafts. 

3464
03:15:56,700 --> 03:15:59,700
The Weaver at a handloom 
experience is the same rhythms 

3465
03:15:59,700 --> 03:16:04,100
faces, the same challenges and 
makes the same subtle judgments 

3466
03:16:04,100 --> 03:16:06,300
as Weaver's 500 or 5,000 years 
ago. 

3467
03:16:07,700 --> 03:16:10,100
There's something profound in 
this continuity. 

3468
03:16:10,100 --> 03:16:12,000
A sense that you're 
participating. 

3469
03:16:12,000 --> 03:16:16,200
In fundamental human activities,
that transcend particular 

3470
03:16:16,200 --> 03:16:20,100
moments or cultures. 
The satisfaction people find in 

3471
03:16:20,100 --> 03:16:22,900
handcrafted whether as 
professionals or hobbyists 

3472
03:16:22,900 --> 03:16:26,600
speaks to needs that, industrial
production does not fulfill 

3473
03:16:27,500 --> 03:16:31,400
Making something with your hands
watching it emerge from raw 

3474
03:16:31,400 --> 03:16:35,000
materials through your efforts. 
Knowing exactly what went into 

3475
03:16:35,000 --> 03:16:38,300
its creation. 
These experiences provide a kind

3476
03:16:38,308 --> 03:16:41,300
of fulfillment that purchasing 
finished goods never quite 

3477
03:16:41,300 --> 03:16:44,900
matches. 
In an increasingly digital age 

3478
03:16:44,900 --> 03:16:48,400
where much work involves 
manipulating abstractions the 

3479
03:16:48,400 --> 03:16:52,400
concreteness of craft becomes 
particularly appealing modern 

3480
03:16:52,400 --> 03:16:55,200
craft education. 
Draws heavily on 19th century 

3481
03:16:55,200 --> 03:16:59,300
Traditions woodworking classes, 
teach joinery techniques that 

3482
03:16:59,300 --> 03:17:03,100
would be familiar to Victorian 
Carpenters, Blacksmithing 

3483
03:17:03,100 --> 03:17:07,000
workshops cover forging methods 
unchanged in centuries. 

3484
03:17:07,800 --> 03:17:10,700
Textile Arts programs, 
introduced students to spinning 

3485
03:17:10,700 --> 03:17:14,200
and weaving using equipment. 
The differs only in details from

3486
03:17:14,200 --> 03:17:16,400
what crafts people use 
throughout the 1800s. 

3487
03:17:17,500 --> 03:17:20,700
The knowledge transfer as across
Generations because it's based 

3488
03:17:20,700 --> 03:17:23,200
on unchanging properties of 
materials and human 

3489
03:17:23,200 --> 03:17:26,600
capabilities. 
What's changed is the economic 

3490
03:17:26,600 --> 03:17:29,400
context. 
A 19th century crafts. 

3491
03:17:29,400 --> 03:17:31,900
Person practiced their trade, 
because it was how they earned 

3492
03:17:31,900 --> 03:17:34,300
their living. 
The only way, most people could 

3493
03:17:34,300 --> 03:17:37,000
acquire necessary Goods was 
through, craft production. 

3494
03:17:37,900 --> 03:17:39,700
Modern crafts. 
People often have different 

3495
03:17:39,700 --> 03:17:43,600
motivations, artistic 
expression, connection to 

3496
03:17:43,600 --> 03:17:47,800
tradition resistance, to 
disposability and the simple 

3497
03:17:47,800 --> 03:17:53,100
satisfaction of making Economic 
pressure, still exists craft 

3498
03:17:53,100 --> 03:17:56,100
businesses must compete with 
cheap manufactured goods. 

3499
03:17:57,000 --> 03:18:00,100
But it's not the existential 
necessity at once was. 

3500
03:18:01,100 --> 03:18:03,700
The appreciation for 
handcrafters, also changed. 

3501
03:18:04,500 --> 03:18:09,100
In the 1800s, handmade was 
simply normal, the default State

3502
03:18:09,100 --> 03:18:12,600
of Affairs. 
Today handmade special 

3503
03:18:12,600 --> 03:18:15,700
distinctive and worth premium 
pricing. 

3504
03:18:16,500 --> 03:18:19,800
This shift reflects how rare 
genuine handcrafters become? 

3505
03:18:20,600 --> 03:18:23,700
When everything was made by hand
individual pieces were 

3506
03:18:23,700 --> 03:18:26,100
remarkable. 
Now that mass production, 

3507
03:18:26,100 --> 03:18:29,800
dominates evidence of hand 
skill, commands attention and 

3508
03:18:29,800 --> 03:18:32,400
respect. 
This creates an interesting 

3509
03:18:32,400 --> 03:18:35,300
irony. 
Handcrafted as become luxury. 

3510
03:18:35,300 --> 03:18:38,200
Goods accessible. 
Mainly to those with money for 

3511
03:18:38,200 --> 03:18:40,600
premium products or time for 
hobby Pursuit. 

3512
03:18:41,600 --> 03:18:45,200
The skills that once served 
everyone now often serve wealthy

3513
03:18:45,200 --> 03:18:48,400
collectors or become leisure 
activities for those with 

3514
03:18:48,400 --> 03:18:52,500
adequate resources. 
This isn't entirely negative, 

3515
03:18:52,500 --> 03:18:55,500
it's preserved knowledge, that 
might otherwise have 

3516
03:18:55,500 --> 03:18:59,700
disappeared, but it represents a
profound change in craft social 

3517
03:18:59,700 --> 03:19:03,400
role yet the hunger for 
connection to making persists 

3518
03:19:03,400 --> 03:19:08,500
across economic classes, DIY 
culture, maker spaces and 

3519
03:19:08,500 --> 03:19:11,000
YouTube tutorials teaching 
traditional skills. 

3520
03:19:11,000 --> 03:19:15,300
These phenomena suggest a 
widespread desire to understand 

3521
03:19:15,300 --> 03:19:18,200
how things are made and to 
participate in making. 

3522
03:19:19,200 --> 03:19:22,300
The specific economic 
circumstances differ from the 

3523
03:19:22,300 --> 03:19:25,400
1800s. 
But the human impulse to create 

3524
03:19:25,400 --> 03:19:27,900
with hands and tools remains 
constant. 

3525
03:19:27,900 --> 03:19:31,700
Environmental awareness is 
giving traditional craft new 

3526
03:19:31,700 --> 03:19:35,100
relevance. 
The 1800s emphasis on repair 

3527
03:19:35,100 --> 03:19:39,100
over replacement on making 
things to last and on working 

3528
03:19:39,100 --> 03:19:41,600
with natural rather than 
synthetic materials. 

3529
03:19:42,400 --> 03:19:45,300
These approaches align well with
contemporary sustainability, 

3530
03:19:45,300 --> 03:19:49,000
concerns a handmade. 
Wooden chair that last 

3531
03:19:49,000 --> 03:19:53,000
generation's has far less 
environmental impact than cheap 

3532
03:19:53,000 --> 03:19:55,100
furniture designed for planned 
obsolescence. 

3533
03:19:56,200 --> 03:19:59,000
Traditional crafts, built-in 
sustainability, looks 

3534
03:19:59,000 --> 03:20:02,000
increasingly wise rather than 
merely old fashioned. 

3535
03:20:02,900 --> 03:20:05,600
The pace of craft work offers 
another kind of value in our 

3536
03:20:05,608 --> 03:20:08,800
accelerated world. 
Everything about traditional 

3537
03:20:08,800 --> 03:20:13,100
making is slow the years of 
skill development, the careful 

3538
03:20:13,100 --> 03:20:16,900
material selection and the 
patient execution of techniques 

3539
03:20:16,900 --> 03:20:20,600
that can't be rushed. 
This slowness frustrates, modern

3540
03:20:20,600 --> 03:20:24,400
efficiency, obsessed thinking, 
but provides an antidote to 

3541
03:20:24,400 --> 03:20:28,400
constant acceleration. the 
Weaver who spends weeks creating

3542
03:20:28,400 --> 03:20:32,700
yards of fabric, The woodworker 
who completes perhaps one piece 

3543
03:20:32,700 --> 03:20:35,400
per month. 
And the blacksmith who Heats and

3544
03:20:35,400 --> 03:20:39,200
hammers, the same piece dozens 
of time's, they're all working 

3545
03:20:39,200 --> 03:20:42,400
at human speed. 
The pace at which careful 

3546
03:20:42,400 --> 03:20:46,100
attention can be sustained. 
A sleep begins pulling more 

3547
03:20:46,100 --> 03:20:48,700
insistently in this journey 
through the craft world of the 

3548
03:20:48,708 --> 03:20:53,300
1800s, near its end, consider 
what lessons that vanished world

3549
03:20:53,300 --> 03:20:56,300
might offer. 
Not that we should, or could 

3550
03:20:56,300 --> 03:20:59,400
return to pre-industrial 
production, that's neither 

3551
03:20:59,400 --> 03:21:04,000
possible nor probably desirable.
But perhaps there's wisdom in 

3552
03:21:04,000 --> 03:21:07,400
how Crafts People approach their
work, the patient skill 

3553
03:21:07,400 --> 03:21:11,500
development, the respect for 
materials, the assumption that 

3554
03:21:11,500 --> 03:21:14,500
things should be made well 
enough to last, and the direct 

3555
03:21:14,500 --> 03:21:16,500
connection between maker and 
user. 

3556
03:21:17,600 --> 03:21:22,500
The blacksmith Carpenter Weaver 
cobbler and Tinker with visited 

3557
03:21:22,500 --> 03:21:24,100
tonight. 
Worked in a world. 

3558
03:21:24,108 --> 03:21:28,100
Vastly different from ours. 
They face challenges with solved

3559
03:21:28,100 --> 03:21:30,200
and limitations. 
We've transcended. 

3560
03:21:31,000 --> 03:21:33,700
But they also possess knowledge 
and practice values that 

3561
03:21:33,708 --> 03:21:37,900
industrialization swept aside, 
not always to our benefit. 

3562
03:21:39,000 --> 03:21:42,500
The workshop world of the 1800s 
can't be recovered but 

3563
03:21:42,500 --> 03:21:45,300
understanding it might help us 
think more carefully about what 

3564
03:21:45,300 --> 03:21:48,800
we make, how we make it and why 
we make it. 

3565
03:21:49,700 --> 03:21:53,200
The workshops of grown quiet. 
Now, the forge is cool to 

3566
03:21:53,200 --> 03:21:56,000
Darkness. 
The last faint heat dissipating 

3567
03:21:56,000 --> 03:21:59,400
into the night, air. 
Would shave things lie, where 

3568
03:21:59,400 --> 03:22:01,800
they fell on the Carpenters 
floor when waiting for 

3569
03:22:01,800 --> 03:22:06,500
tomorrow's sweep. 
The loom stands silent, its 

3570
03:22:06,500 --> 03:22:10,800
threads holding tension, even in
Stillness ready for the Weavers 

3571
03:22:10,800 --> 03:22:13,900
return. 
In the Cobbler Shop 

3572
03:22:13,900 --> 03:22:17,800
half-finished shoes. 
Rest on their lasts leather 

3573
03:22:17,800 --> 03:22:20,000
slowly. 
Conforming to the wooden forms 

3574
03:22:20,000 --> 03:22:23,800
beneath these spaces will wake 
again with Morning Light and 

3575
03:22:23,800 --> 03:22:27,400
renewed activity. 
The blacksmith will rake Kohl's 

3576
03:22:27,400 --> 03:22:30,900
back to life feeding the forge 
until it closed that perfect 

3577
03:22:30,900 --> 03:22:34,700
orange yellow. 
The carpenter will test Edge 

3578
03:22:34,700 --> 03:22:38,100
sharpness, with his thumb, a 
casual gesture, born from 

3579
03:22:38,100 --> 03:22:42,000
Decades of repetition before 
beginning the days first cuts. 

3580
03:22:42,800 --> 03:22:46,200
The Weaver will settle at a loom
feet finding treadles 

3581
03:22:46,200 --> 03:22:49,800
automatically hands reaching for
the shuttle before conscious 

3582
03:22:49,800 --> 03:22:51,000
thought. 
Even suggested. 

3583
03:22:51,700 --> 03:22:54,800
The cobbler will thread is 
needle with waxed cord and 

3584
03:22:54,800 --> 03:22:57,100
continue stitching. 
Where yesterday ended? 

3585
03:22:57,900 --> 03:23:01,500
But tonight as you drift towards
sleet, you can hold in your 

3586
03:23:01,508 --> 03:23:03,700
mind. 
This world of skilled hands and 

3587
03:23:03,708 --> 03:23:08,600
patient work where time moved at
the pace of careful, craft and 

3588
03:23:08,600 --> 03:23:10,800
making something. 
Well was simply how you lived 

3589
03:23:10,800 --> 03:23:13,800
your life? 
It's a world that existed just a

3590
03:23:13,800 --> 03:23:16,500
few Generations ago, close 
enough that your great 

3591
03:23:16,500 --> 03:23:19,400
grandparents, might have known 
people who lived entirely within

3592
03:23:19,400 --> 03:23:21,400
it. 
Yet distant enough that it's 

3593
03:23:21,400 --> 03:23:23,900
rhythms and assumptions feel 
almost foreign. 

3594
03:23:23,900 --> 03:23:28,000
Now, The Crafts People of the 
1800s left legacies beyond the 

3595
03:23:28,000 --> 03:23:30,100
objects. 
They made, they preserved 

3596
03:23:30,100 --> 03:23:33,400
knowledge accumulated, over 
Melania refined through, 

3597
03:23:33,400 --> 03:23:37,300
countless repetitions and passed
from experienced hands, to 

3598
03:23:37,300 --> 03:23:39,400
novice ones with patient 
instruction. 

3599
03:23:40,400 --> 03:23:43,300
They demonstrated that work 
could be a source of Pride and 

3600
03:23:43,300 --> 03:23:46,900
satisfaction that creating 
useful Beauty was worthy 

3601
03:23:46,900 --> 03:23:50,100
occupational and that taking 
time to do things properly 

3602
03:23:50,100 --> 03:23:51,700
produced results worth the 
investment. 

3603
03:23:52,800 --> 03:23:55,800
They also showed how quickly 
entire worlds can transform. 

3604
03:23:56,800 --> 03:23:59,600
The workshop culture that 
dominated Human Experience for 

3605
03:23:59,600 --> 03:24:03,700
thousands of years, largely 
vanished within a single Century

3606
03:24:03,700 --> 03:24:07,200
swept aside by industrial 
methods that promised and 

3607
03:24:07,200 --> 03:24:10,400
delivered abundance. 
The crafts people who lived 

3608
03:24:10,400 --> 03:24:13,200
through this transition. 
Experienced it as loss and gain 

3609
03:24:13,200 --> 03:24:16,400
intermingled, watching their 
skills become economically 

3610
03:24:16,400 --> 03:24:19,500
marginal, while material 
standards improved around them. 

3611
03:24:20,600 --> 03:24:23,400
What survived this 
transformation, the knowledge 

3612
03:24:23,400 --> 03:24:27,100
itself preserved in books, 
museums and continued practice 

3613
03:24:27,100 --> 03:24:30,000
by those who value it Beyond 
mere economics. 

3614
03:24:30,800 --> 03:24:33,700
The appreciation for Quality 
that transcends price. 

3615
03:24:34,500 --> 03:24:38,800
For evidence of human care and 
skill. for objects that tell 

3616
03:24:38,800 --> 03:24:42,600
stories through their making the
understanding that some 

3617
03:24:42,600 --> 03:24:46,500
satisfactions come only through 
direct engagement with materials

3618
03:24:46,500 --> 03:24:50,200
that creating with your hands 
feed something in human nature 

3619
03:24:50,200 --> 03:24:54,600
that observational consumption. 
Cannot As your breathing deepens

3620
03:24:54,600 --> 03:24:57,800
and sleep approaches. 
Let your last waking thoughts, 

3621
03:24:57,800 --> 03:25:01,700
rest with those Crafts People. 
The blacksmith feeling metal 

3622
03:25:01,700 --> 03:25:05,400
temperature through color, the 
carpenter reading grain patterns

3623
03:25:05,400 --> 03:25:08,800
like familiar text. 
The Weaver, maintaining Rhythm 

3624
03:25:08,800 --> 03:25:12,100
through thousands of shuttle 
throws and the cobbler stitching

3625
03:25:12,100 --> 03:25:14,400
with a Precision measured in 
fractional inches. 

3626
03:25:15,500 --> 03:25:19,100
They lived lives of physical 
work and mental engagement of 

3627
03:25:19,100 --> 03:25:23,700
skill, slowly accumulated, and 
patiently, applied of intimate 

3628
03:25:23,700 --> 03:25:27,200
knowledge about how materials 
behave and how hands can shape 

3629
03:25:27,200 --> 03:25:29,300
them. 
They made the world that our 

3630
03:25:29,300 --> 03:25:31,200
industrial civilization is 
built. 

3631
03:25:31,200 --> 03:25:35,100
Upon every Factory technique 
began as someone's handcraft 

3632
03:25:35,100 --> 03:25:39,400
refined, and mechanized, but 
rooted in human Discovery. 

3633
03:25:39,400 --> 03:25:43,400
Every modern convenience rests 
on foundations of knowledge 

3634
03:25:43,400 --> 03:25:45,600
developed by countless Anonymous
Crafts. 

3635
03:25:45,600 --> 03:25:48,500
People solving practical 
problems with available 

3636
03:25:48,500 --> 03:25:52,200
materials and ingenuity. 
The workshops are mostly gone 

3637
03:25:52,200 --> 03:25:56,300
now, but what they taught us 
remains waiting to be remembered

3638
03:25:56,300 --> 03:25:59,500
by those who paused to consider 
how things were made before 

3639
03:25:59,500 --> 03:26:01,600
making became an industrial 
process. 

3640
03:26:02,800 --> 03:26:05,500
The 1800s crafts. 
People worked in a world by 

3641
03:26:05,500 --> 03:26:09,400
candles and heated by wood fires
where Horse Transport was still 

3642
03:26:09,400 --> 03:26:12,700
new technology and most people 
lived within a few miles of 

3643
03:26:12,700 --> 03:26:15,900
their birthplace. 
Yet, their core experience is 

3644
03:26:15,900 --> 03:26:18,200
the satisfaction of skilled 
work. 

3645
03:26:18,200 --> 03:26:22,000
The frustration of difficult 
materials, the pride in 

3646
03:26:22,000 --> 03:26:25,200
completed projects, the 
relationships with customers who

3647
03:26:25,200 --> 03:26:29,100
became friends, these remained 
fundamentally human regardless 

3648
03:26:29,100 --> 03:26:32,200
of era. 
Sleep comes now pulling. 

3649
03:26:32,200 --> 03:26:34,400
You gently away from these 
Workshop visits. 

3650
03:26:35,200 --> 03:26:38,700
As you surrender to it, perhaps 
you carry with you A Renewed 

3651
03:26:38,700 --> 03:26:42,400
appreciation, for how things are
made for the hands and Minds 

3652
03:26:42,400 --> 03:26:45,500
behind objects. 
We take for granted granted and 

3653
03:26:45,500 --> 03:26:48,800
for the Deep history of human, 
making that connects backward 

3654
03:26:48,800 --> 03:26:52,900
through time to the first person
who shaped a useful tool and 

3655
03:26:52,900 --> 03:26:55,700
forward to whatever future we 
craft for ourselves. 

3656
03:26:57,000 --> 03:27:00,200
Forge will glow again. 
Tomorrow, the saw will bite into

3657
03:27:00,200 --> 03:27:03,700
would the shuttle will fly 
through its shed and leather 

3658
03:27:03,700 --> 03:27:07,500
will yield to needle and thread.
The work continues because it 

3659
03:27:07,500 --> 03:27:09,800
must because we need things 
made. 

3660
03:27:09,800 --> 03:27:14,000
Well, Because some knowledge is 
too valuable to lose and because

3661
03:27:14,000 --> 03:27:15,700
making with our hands reminds 
us. 

3662
03:27:15,700 --> 03:27:19,200
What it means to be human in a 
world increasingly dominated by 

3663
03:27:19,200 --> 03:27:22,200
machines and algorithms. 
Rest. 

3664
03:27:22,200 --> 03:27:25,600
Now in this knowledge somewhere 
tonight someone is practicing 

3665
03:27:25,600 --> 03:27:29,700
these ancient crafts, keeping 
knowledge alive, making things 

3666
03:27:29,700 --> 03:27:33,300
with patience and skill and 
maintaining connection to ways 

3667
03:27:33,300 --> 03:27:35,700
of working that have served 
Humanity. 

3668
03:27:35,700 --> 03:27:39,500
Since we first learned to shape 
our world rather than merely 

3669
03:27:39,500 --> 03:27:44,300
inhabited The story of Croft is 
your story too, how we make 

3670
03:27:44,300 --> 03:27:48,100
things, how we make meaning and 
how we make our way through the 

3671
03:27:48,100 --> 03:27:51,000
world with skilled hands and 
thoughtful Minds. 

3672
03:27:51,700 --> 03:27:54,400
Sleep. 
Well and may your dreams be 

3673
03:27:54,400 --> 03:27:56,900
filled with the Quiet 
satisfaction of work done. 

3674
03:27:56,900 --> 03:28:01,800
Well of materials, transformed 
through skill of things made to 

3675
03:28:01,800 --> 03:28:04,200
last by people who cared enough 
to make them properly. 

3676
03:28:05,400 --> 03:28:08,700
Tomorrow, you'll wake to a world
vastly different from the 1800s,

3677
03:28:08,700 --> 03:28:10,500
Workshop culture, we visited 
tonight. 

3678
03:28:11,500 --> 03:28:15,000
But somewhere in that modern 
world ancient skills, persist 

3679
03:28:15,000 --> 03:28:19,700
ancient rhythms continue and the
fundamental human impulse to 

3680
03:28:19,700 --> 03:28:22,200
create with our hands remains as
strong as ever. 

3681
03:28:23,500 --> 03:28:28,100
At the real Legacy of those 19th
century Crafts People not just 

3682
03:28:28,100 --> 03:28:31,600
the objects they made but there 
are minder that making things. 

3683
03:28:31,600 --> 03:28:35,600
Well matters. 
The craft has value Beyond 

3684
03:28:35,600 --> 03:28:39,400
economics and that some of our 
deepest satisfactions come from 

3685
03:28:39,400 --> 03:28:41,500
creating rather than merely 
consuming. 

3686
03:28:42,800 --> 03:28:47,200
The workshops are quiet now the 
tools rest the materials wait 

3687
03:28:47,200 --> 03:28:51,200
and you rest to carrying forward
this story of how things were 

3688
03:28:51,200 --> 03:28:55,200
made when making required, not 
just pressing buttons but 

3689
03:28:55,200 --> 03:29:00,000
understanding materials deeply 
developing skills patiently and 

3690
03:29:00,000 --> 03:29:03,000
working with the kind of care 
that can be neither automated 

3691
03:29:03,000 --> 03:29:12,700
nor rushed. 
Picture yourself standing on a 

3692
03:29:12,708 --> 03:29:15,800
tree-lined street in London, 
somewhere around 1885. 

3693
03:29:15,800 --> 03:29:19,500
The gas lamps are just being 
lit, creating pools of amber 

3694
03:29:19,500 --> 03:29:21,700
light that, don't quite reach 
the darkening spaces between 

3695
03:29:21,700 --> 03:29:24,800
them, it's late October. 
And the air has that particular 

3696
03:29:24,800 --> 03:29:28,500
quality that Autumn brings crisp
enough to make you grateful for 

3697
03:29:28,500 --> 03:29:30,900
your coat. 
But not yet, bitter with Winters

3698
03:29:30,900 --> 03:29:34,200
approach, the smell of cold 
smoke drifts from chimneys 

3699
03:29:34,200 --> 03:29:37,200
mixing with the earthy scent of 
fallen leaves that have been 

3700
03:29:37,200 --> 03:29:40,700
dampened by afternoon rain. 
You're not in the London of 

3701
03:29:40,700 --> 03:29:43,000
dickensian poverty or industrial
Grime though. 

3702
03:29:43,000 --> 03:29:45,900
You found yourself in one of 
those comfortable neighborhoods 

3703
03:29:45,900 --> 03:29:48,500
where doctors and lawyers and 
prosperous, Merchants live 

3704
03:29:48,500 --> 03:29:51,700
people who have done well enough
to afford homes with proper 

3705
03:29:51,700 --> 03:29:55,100
parlors and dining rooms, maybe 
even a small servant or two. 

3706
03:29:55,100 --> 03:29:58,100
The kind of people who read 
novels and attend concerts and 

3707
03:29:58,100 --> 03:30:01,100
host parties, that lasts well 
into the evening, tonight is 

3708
03:30:01,100 --> 03:30:03,800
Halloween though. 
The victorians often called It 

3709
03:30:03,800 --> 03:30:06,600
All Hallows Eve, or Snapple 
Knight or nutkrack night. 

3710
03:30:06,600 --> 03:30:09,000
Depending on which region of 
Britain. 

3711
03:30:09,000 --> 03:30:11,800
You found yourself in the 
holiday hadn't yet become the 

3712
03:30:11,800 --> 03:30:14,900
commercial spectacle, you know, 
today, there were no plastic 

3713
03:30:14,900 --> 03:30:17,300
decorations manufactured in 
distant factories. 

3714
03:30:17,300 --> 03:30:21,100
No, costume shops and no balls 
of miniature chocolate bars, 

3715
03:30:21,100 --> 03:30:24,900
waiting by the door instead 
Halloween in Victorian times, 

3716
03:30:24,900 --> 03:30:27,900
was something more intimate and 
subtle a night that belonged as 

3717
03:30:27,900 --> 03:30:30,800
much to tradition and folklore 
as it did to parlor game's and 

3718
03:30:30,808 --> 03:30:34,100
gentle superstition. 
The house you're approaching has

3719
03:30:34,100 --> 03:30:37,100
its curtains open. 
Despite the Gathering darkness, 

3720
03:30:37,100 --> 03:30:40,700
which is unusual for the time 
victorians typically valued 

3721
03:30:40,700 --> 03:30:44,000
their privacy drawing heavy 
drapes against the night and the

3722
03:30:44,000 --> 03:30:46,900
Curious eyes of passes by. 
But on Halloween, there was a 

3723
03:30:46,908 --> 03:30:49,300
feeling that the boundary 
between public and private. 

3724
03:30:49,300 --> 03:30:52,600
Like so many other boundaries 
became a bit more permeable 

3725
03:30:52,600 --> 03:30:56,400
through those uncovered Windows,
you can see the Warm Glow of oil

3726
03:30:56,400 --> 03:30:59,800
lamps and candles and shadows. 
Moving against walls papered in 

3727
03:30:59,808 --> 03:31:02,000
Rich patterns of burgundy and 
Forest Green. 

3728
03:31:03,000 --> 03:31:06,200
The front door opens before you 
can knock and warm air rushes 

3729
03:31:06,200 --> 03:31:09,000
out to meet you carrying with 
it, the scent of apples and 

3730
03:31:09,000 --> 03:31:13,100
cinnamon burning candles and 
that particular mustiness of old

3731
03:31:13,100 --> 03:31:15,500
books and wool carpets the 
hostess. 

3732
03:31:15,500 --> 03:31:18,700
Let's call a Mrs, Eleanor 
Ashford, greets you with the 

3733
03:31:18,700 --> 03:31:21,300
restrained warmth that Victoria 
and middle-class propriety 

3734
03:31:21,300 --> 03:31:23,400
demanded. 
Know a few of hugging or 

3735
03:31:23,400 --> 03:31:26,900
squealing just a genuine smile 
and a gentle touch on your arm 

3736
03:31:26,900 --> 03:31:28,300
as she welcomes you into her 
home. 

3737
03:31:29,300 --> 03:31:32,400
Inside the hallways dimmer than 
modern homes lit. 

3738
03:31:32,400 --> 03:31:35,900
Only by a single lamp on a side 
table, your eyes, need a moment 

3739
03:31:35,900 --> 03:31:37,700
to adjust. 
And in that adjustment period, 

3740
03:31:37,700 --> 03:31:40,200
the house seems almost a 
breather around you. 

3741
03:31:40,200 --> 03:31:43,700
The walls are covered in dark 
wallpaper and every available 

3742
03:31:43,700 --> 03:31:47,700
surface holds something vase, a 
photograph, in an all-night 

3743
03:31:47,700 --> 03:31:51,500
frame, a small sculpture or 
dried flowers under a glass doe 

3744
03:31:51,500 --> 03:31:54,200
victorians. 
Uphold empty space, the way 

3745
03:31:54,200 --> 03:31:56,900
nature of Halls of vacuum 
filling their homes, with 

3746
03:31:56,900 --> 03:32:00,800
objects that spoke of taste, 
education and respectability. 

3747
03:32:01,700 --> 03:32:04,500
Mrs. Ashford takes your coat and
leads you toward the back of the

3748
03:32:04,500 --> 03:32:06,700
house where the main parlor 
waits. 

3749
03:32:06,700 --> 03:32:09,600
As you walk down the hallway, 
you notice that the usual 

3750
03:32:09,600 --> 03:32:11,900
family, photographs, and 
Landscape paintings have been 

3751
03:32:11,908 --> 03:32:15,100
joined by something else. 
Autumn Leaves pressed between 

3752
03:32:15,100 --> 03:32:18,600
sheets of glass, branches of 
Rowan, berries, and vases. 

3753
03:32:18,600 --> 03:32:22,100
And here, and there, small 
carved turnips, with candles 

3754
03:32:22,100 --> 03:32:24,300
flickering inside them. 
These are the original 

3755
03:32:24,300 --> 03:32:27,100
jack-o-lanterns before, Irish 
and Scottish immigrants, brought

3756
03:32:27,100 --> 03:32:30,300
the tradition to America and 
discovered that pumpkins were 

3757
03:32:30,300 --> 03:32:33,000
far easier to carve than tough 
fibrous turnips. 

3758
03:32:33,900 --> 03:32:38,400
The turnip lanterns cast, weird 
dancing, Shadows on the walls. 

3759
03:32:38,400 --> 03:32:41,100
Their carved faces less cartoon 
like than their pumpkin 

3760
03:32:41,100 --> 03:32:43,200
descendants would become these 
faces. 

3761
03:32:43,200 --> 03:32:46,500
Look genuinely Eerie in the 
candlelight hollowed out and 

3762
03:32:46,500 --> 03:32:49,800
skull like with a kind of 
ancient Menace that plastic 

3763
03:32:49,800 --> 03:32:53,100
decorations could never quite 
capture, but there are so oddly 

3764
03:32:53,100 --> 03:32:56,500
comforting, these little lights 
in the darkness, the small 

3765
03:32:56,500 --> 03:32:59,400
defenses, against whatever might
be lurking in the October night.

3766
03:33:00,600 --> 03:33:04,500
You're not the first guest to 
arrive as Mrs. Ashford opens the

3767
03:33:04,508 --> 03:33:07,000
Parlour door. 
You see, perhaps a dozen people 

3768
03:33:07,000 --> 03:33:09,900
already gathered all dressed in 
their respectable evening 

3769
03:33:09,900 --> 03:33:12,300
clothes. 
The women in dresses with high 

3770
03:33:12,300 --> 03:33:16,200
collars and narrow, waists The 
Hairpin up in elaborate styles 

3771
03:33:16,200 --> 03:33:17,900
that must have taken their 
maids. 

3772
03:33:17,900 --> 03:33:21,000
And now, to achieve the men in 
dark suits with high buttoned 

3773
03:33:21,000 --> 03:33:23,400
vests and watch chains glinting 
in the Lamplight. 

3774
03:33:23,400 --> 03:33:27,200
Everyone looks both formal and 
somehow cozy like their ready 

3775
03:33:27,200 --> 03:33:31,700
for both ceremony and comfort. 
The Parlor itself is a study in 

3776
03:33:31,700 --> 03:33:34,600
Victorian decorative excess 
tempered by Autumn's influence, 

3777
03:33:34,600 --> 03:33:38,100
the usual heavy Furniture, 
overstuffed chairs and cities 

3778
03:33:38,100 --> 03:33:40,200
side. 
Tables crowded with knickknacks 

3779
03:33:40,200 --> 03:33:44,100
a piano against one wall has 
been supplemented with seasonal 

3780
03:33:44,100 --> 03:33:47,900
touches swags of Autumn Leaves. 
Both real and silk draped along 

3781
03:33:47,908 --> 03:33:49,400
the mantle piece and picture 
rails. 

3782
03:33:49,400 --> 03:33:53,900
Apple sit in bowls on every 
available surface, the red and 

3783
03:33:53,900 --> 03:33:56,600
green skins polished to a shine 
hazelnuts. 

3784
03:33:56,600 --> 03:34:00,300
Fill small dishes and in the 
fireplace, a proper Coal, Fire 

3785
03:34:00,300 --> 03:34:03,200
Burns with that particular blue 
and orange flame, that coal 

3786
03:34:03,200 --> 03:34:07,100
produces radiating heat into the
room and creating Shadows that 

3787
03:34:07,100 --> 03:34:11,300
dance across the ceiling. 
What strikes you most though, is

3788
03:34:11,300 --> 03:34:13,700
the quality of the light in our 
modern world. 

3789
03:34:13,700 --> 03:34:17,300
We're so accustomed to uniform 
overhead illumination that we 

3790
03:34:17,300 --> 03:34:20,400
forget how Darkness used to have
texture and depth here. 

3791
03:34:20,400 --> 03:34:23,900
The light comes from the fire 
from oil lamps, turned down to a

3792
03:34:23,900 --> 03:34:25,800
gentle glow. 
And from candles in wall, 

3793
03:34:25,800 --> 03:34:28,800
sconces, and on the piano, 
Shadows aren't just the absence 

3794
03:34:28,800 --> 03:34:30,700
of light. 
There are almost substantial 

3795
03:34:30,700 --> 03:34:33,200
gathering in corners and pooling
under furniture. 

3796
03:34:33,200 --> 03:34:37,100
And in those Shadows on this 
particular night, anything might

3797
03:34:37,100 --> 03:34:39,500
be lurking. 
This is the world where 

3798
03:34:39,500 --> 03:34:42,900
Victorian Halloween lived not in
broad daylight, or harsh, 

3799
03:34:42,900 --> 03:34:45,500
electric glare. 
But in this liminal space 

3800
03:34:45,500 --> 03:34:49,700
between light and dark between 
Summers abundant and Winters. 

3801
03:34:49,700 --> 03:34:53,300
Scarcity, between the world, you
can see and the world, you can 

3802
03:34:53,300 --> 03:34:57,200
only sense Before we get too far
into the evening's festivities, 

3803
03:34:57,200 --> 03:35:00,500
it helps to understand what 
Halloween actually meant to 

3804
03:35:00,500 --> 03:35:03,600
these Victorian party-goers 
unlike their 20th century 

3805
03:35:03,600 --> 03:35:06,400
descendants who would largely 
forget the holidays origins in 

3806
03:35:06,400 --> 03:35:10,200
favor of candy and costumes. 
The victorians were still close 

3807
03:35:10,200 --> 03:35:12,500
enough to Halloween's routes to 
feel the weight of its history, 

3808
03:35:12,500 --> 03:35:14,900
Halloween or All Hallows. 
Eve. 

3809
03:35:14,900 --> 03:35:18,000
Sits on the calendar, like a 
hinge between seasons and 

3810
03:35:18,000 --> 03:35:21,500
Between Worlds, it falls on 
October 31st the night before. 

3811
03:35:21,500 --> 03:35:23,600
All Saints Day positioned, 
right? 

3812
03:35:23,600 --> 03:35:26,900
At that moment when autumn stops
being Harvest Time and starts 

3813
03:35:26,900 --> 03:35:30,200
being the descent into winter 
for agricultural societies, 

3814
03:35:30,200 --> 03:35:33,900
which Britain still largely was 
in Victorian times despite all 

3815
03:35:33,900 --> 03:35:36,900
the factory smoke and urban 
growth, this transition Point 

3816
03:35:36,900 --> 03:35:41,900
had always been significant The 
holiday reached back through 

3817
03:35:41,900 --> 03:35:45,500
Christian tradition, to even 
older Celtic celebrations of Sam

3818
03:35:45,500 --> 03:35:48,400
Hine, a festival that marked the
end of the harvest season and 

3819
03:35:48,400 --> 03:35:51,200
the beginning of the darker, 
half of the year, the Celts 

3820
03:35:51,200 --> 03:35:53,800
believed that on some hind, the 
boundary between the living 

3821
03:35:53,800 --> 03:35:56,900
world and the other world grew 
thin allowing spirits to cross 

3822
03:35:56,900 --> 03:35:58,600
over. 
This wasn't necessarily 

3823
03:35:58,600 --> 03:36:01,000
terrifying. 
These might be the spirits of 

3824
03:36:01,000 --> 03:36:04,200
beloved ancestors, coming back 
to visit after all, but it was 

3825
03:36:04,200 --> 03:36:07,700
certainly unsettling. 
When Christianity spread through

3826
03:36:07,700 --> 03:36:10,500
Celtic lands. 
It did what Christianity often 

3827
03:36:10,500 --> 03:36:14,500
did with pagan, holidays it 
absorbed them, renamed them and 

3828
03:36:14,500 --> 03:36:16,600
gave them new meaning while 
keeping much of the old 

3829
03:36:16,600 --> 03:36:20,500
symbolism intact. 
Same, All Hallows Eve, the night

3830
03:36:20,508 --> 03:36:22,300
before. 
All Saints Day when Christians 

3831
03:36:22,300 --> 03:36:25,400
commemorated their holy dead. 
But underneath the Christian 

3832
03:36:25,400 --> 03:36:27,900
overlay, those older beliefs 
about thinning, veils, and 

3833
03:36:27,908 --> 03:36:31,300
visiting Spirits remained like 
old wallpaper showing through 

3834
03:36:31,300 --> 03:36:35,200
new paint. 
By Victorian times most educated

3835
03:36:35,200 --> 03:36:37,100
middle-class. 
People didn't literally believe 

3836
03:36:37,100 --> 03:36:40,600
in ghosts wandering, the Earth 
on Halloween night or at least 

3837
03:36:40,600 --> 03:36:43,400
they would have been embarrassed
to admit it if they did, the 

3838
03:36:43,400 --> 03:36:46,700
Victorian era was after all the 
age of Science and progress of 

3839
03:36:46,700 --> 03:36:50,200
Railways and telegraphs and 
Gaslight Superstition was 

3840
03:36:50,200 --> 03:36:53,000
something for Country folk and 
the uneducated lower classes, 

3841
03:36:53,000 --> 03:36:56,000
not for respectable people in 
respectable home's. 

3842
03:36:56,700 --> 03:36:58,300
Yet, here's the fascinating 
thing. 

3843
03:36:58,300 --> 03:37:02,100
Those same respectable people 
were absolutely fascinated by 

3844
03:37:02,100 --> 03:37:05,200
the supernatural. 
This was the era of spiritualism

3845
03:37:05,200 --> 03:37:08,900
when seances were fashionable 
parlor, entertainment and 

3846
03:37:08,900 --> 03:37:10,800
mediums could fill theaters with
people. 

3847
03:37:10,800 --> 03:37:13,100
Hoping to contact their departed
loved ones. 

3848
03:37:13,100 --> 03:37:15,600
This was the age. 
When ghost stories became a 

3849
03:37:15,600 --> 03:37:17,600
literary. 
Genre, when people devoured 

3850
03:37:17,600 --> 03:37:21,300
Tales of haunted houses, and 
spectral visitations, the 

3851
03:37:21,300 --> 03:37:23,600
victorians might have said they 
didn't believe in ghosts. 

3852
03:37:24,200 --> 03:37:26,600
But they certainly loved talking
about them Halloween. 

3853
03:37:26,600 --> 03:37:29,300
Gave them permission to indulge 
this Fascination, under the 

3854
03:37:29,308 --> 03:37:32,400
cover of tradition. 
And folklore, you could pretend 

3855
03:37:32,400 --> 03:37:34,400
to consult Spirits about your 
future spouse. 

3856
03:37:34,400 --> 03:37:37,300
Not because you actually 
believed in such things Heaven's

3857
03:37:37,300 --> 03:37:40,500
know, but because it was a 
Charming old custom, a bit of 

3858
03:37:40,500 --> 03:37:42,800
harmless fun. 
And a way to connect with the 

3859
03:37:42,808 --> 03:37:46,100
quaint beliefs of your 
ancestors, the fact that you 

3860
03:37:46,108 --> 03:37:49,100
might feel a genuine thrill of 
excitement or unease while doing

3861
03:37:49,100 --> 03:37:51,700
so well, that was just part of 
the entertainment. 

3862
03:37:53,100 --> 03:37:55,800
The Victorian middle class had a
particular genius for taking, 

3863
03:37:55,800 --> 03:37:58,600
potentially frightening or 
socially disruptive, elements 

3864
03:37:58,600 --> 03:38:02,300
and domesticating them turning 
them into parlor games and 

3865
03:38:02,308 --> 03:38:05,200
polite amusements. 
This was after all an era that 

3866
03:38:05,200 --> 03:38:08,300
turned sex into coded flower 
language, and death into 

3867
03:38:08,300 --> 03:38:10,800
elaborate mourning. 
Rituals with specific rules, for

3868
03:38:10,800 --> 03:38:13,600
every stage of grief Halloween. 
Underwent, the same 

3869
03:38:13,600 --> 03:38:16,900
transformation from a night when
the dead might genuinely walk 

3870
03:38:16,900 --> 03:38:19,200
abroad to an evening of 
structured games, and 

3871
03:38:19,200 --> 03:38:22,700
fortune-telling all conducted in
well-lit parlors under the 

3872
03:38:22,700 --> 03:38:24,600
watchful eye of respectable, 
hostesses? 

3873
03:38:24,600 --> 03:38:28,200
But something of the original 
Power remained, even 

3874
03:38:28,200 --> 03:38:31,200
domesticated and turned into 
entertainment, these Halloween, 

3875
03:38:31,200 --> 03:38:34,400
traditions, still touched 
something deeper that awareness 

3876
03:38:34,400 --> 03:38:38,900
of cycles and seasons of death, 
as part of life of the mystery 

3877
03:38:38,900 --> 03:38:42,200
that lurks, just beyond the edge
of understanding the victorians 

3878
03:38:42,200 --> 03:38:44,200
might have dressed up in 
propriety and called it 

3879
03:38:44,208 --> 03:38:48,200
folklore, but they were still in
their own way acknowledging. 

3880
03:38:48,200 --> 03:38:51,400
The same realities that their 
Celtic ancestors had recognized 

3881
03:38:51,400 --> 03:38:54,500
centuries before. 
This is what makes Victorian 

3882
03:38:54,500 --> 03:38:57,700
Halloween. 
So, fascinating it existed in 

3883
03:38:57,700 --> 03:38:58,200
that. 
Perfect. 

3884
03:38:58,200 --> 03:39:01,200
Balance point between genuine 
belief and complete skepticism 

3885
03:39:01,200 --> 03:39:05,300
between ancient traditional and 
modern rationality Between 

3886
03:39:05,300 --> 03:39:08,400
treating it all as a joke and 
feeling that shiver down your 

3887
03:39:08,400 --> 03:39:10,200
spine. 
When a candle gut is 

3888
03:39:10,200 --> 03:39:13,200
unexpectedly or a shadow moves 
in a way that Shadows shouldn't 

3889
03:39:13,200 --> 03:39:16,400
move. 
Let's return to Mrs. Ashford's 

3890
03:39:16,400 --> 03:39:19,100
parlor where the evening is 
about to truly begin. 

3891
03:39:19,100 --> 03:39:22,900
As more guests arrive, you start
to notice the careful thought 

3892
03:39:22,900 --> 03:39:26,100
that has gone into preparing the
space for Halloween festivities.

3893
03:39:26,100 --> 03:39:30,400
Victorian party planning was not
form and a successful Hostess 

3894
03:39:30,400 --> 03:39:32,600
paid attention to details. 
That might Escape modern. 

3895
03:39:32,600 --> 03:39:36,500
Notice the decorations for 
instance, follow a logic quite 

3896
03:39:36,500 --> 03:39:38,800
different from contemporary 
Halloween, Aesthetics. 

3897
03:39:38,800 --> 03:39:41,700
There are no skeletons or 
witches, or manufactured 

3898
03:39:41,700 --> 03:39:44,600
spookiness. 
Instead, Mrs. Ashford has 

3899
03:39:44,600 --> 03:39:47,200
created an atmosphere that 
speaks more to Autumn's 

3900
03:39:47,200 --> 03:39:50,400
transition than to death's door.
Those swags of Autumn Leaves, 

3901
03:39:50,400 --> 03:39:54,700
aren't just pretty their symbols
of change and decay of Life 

3902
03:39:54,700 --> 03:39:57,400
completing its cycle. 
The Apple's represent the 

3903
03:39:57,400 --> 03:39:59,600
Harvest, the successful 
conclusion of the growing 

3904
03:39:59,600 --> 03:40:02,800
season, but also the old British
tradition of Apple divination 

3905
03:40:02,800 --> 03:40:06,500
which will get to soon enough. 
Look more closely at the mantle 

3906
03:40:06,500 --> 03:40:10,200
piece and you'll see that Mrs. 
Ashford has a seasonal 

3907
03:40:10,200 --> 03:40:13,000
decorations with the same 
careful, attention to Symmetry 

3908
03:40:13,000 --> 03:40:17,300
and balance that governs. 
All Victorian interior design, A

3909
03:40:17,300 --> 03:40:20,200
pair of brass candlesticks 
polished to a high shine 

3910
03:40:20,200 --> 03:40:22,200
standard either end between 
them. 

3911
03:40:22,200 --> 03:40:25,600
She's created a sort of harvest.
Tableau sheaves of wheat 

3912
03:40:25,600 --> 03:40:28,700
clusters of grapes. 
Probably artificial silk ones, 

3913
03:40:28,700 --> 03:40:31,600
since real grapes would be 
passed their season, and those 

3914
03:40:31,600 --> 03:40:35,500
ever-present apples tucked among
them, a small, personal touches,

3915
03:40:35,500 --> 03:40:39,600
a few feathers from game birds. 
Some chestnuts, and a sprig or 

3916
03:40:39,600 --> 03:40:41,900
two of Rosemary and Sage from 
her kitchen Garden. 

3917
03:40:42,900 --> 03:40:45,500
The walls already crowded with 
the usual. 

3918
03:40:45,500 --> 03:40:47,900
Victorian clutter of framed 
prints and family. 

3919
03:40:47,900 --> 03:40:50,700
Photographs have been 
supplemented with paper chains. 

3920
03:40:50,700 --> 03:40:55,400
Cut in autumn colors, deep gold 
rust, Reds and Browns that look 

3921
03:40:55,400 --> 03:40:58,300
almost black in the Lamplight. 
So Enterprise in guests at 

3922
03:40:58,300 --> 03:41:01,100
previous parties of clearly 
contributed paper cutouts of 

3923
03:41:01,108 --> 03:41:04,400
Oakleys and a corns, which hang 
from the picture rail on black 

3924
03:41:04,400 --> 03:41:08,000
threads spinning slowly in the 
warm air rise in from the fire. 

3925
03:41:08,000 --> 03:41:11,800
But it's the lighting that 
really sets the mood Mrs. 

3926
03:41:11,800 --> 03:41:14,400
Ashford has been strategic about
which lamps to light and which 

3927
03:41:14,400 --> 03:41:17,600
to leave dark. 
The corners of the room are 

3928
03:41:17,600 --> 03:41:20,600
deliberately dim creating 
pockets of shadow, that make the

3929
03:41:20,600 --> 03:41:23,500
space feel somehow larger and 
more mysterious than it would in

3930
03:41:23,500 --> 03:41:26,000
full light. 
The fire provides most of the 

3931
03:41:26,000 --> 03:41:29,000
illumination supplemented by 
candles in Hurricane glasses 

3932
03:41:29,000 --> 03:41:31,900
that protect the Flames from 
drafts while allowing them to 

3933
03:41:31,900 --> 03:41:36,400
Flicker and dance. 
On the piano, someone has draped

3934
03:41:36,400 --> 03:41:39,700
to length of black silk. 
And a top, it sits a curious 

3935
03:41:39,700 --> 03:41:43,900
collection of objects. 
A small mirror face down a bowl 

3936
03:41:43,900 --> 03:41:45,900
of water with a single candle 
floating in it. 

3937
03:41:45,900 --> 03:41:48,900
Several walnuts. 
And what appears to be a ball of

3938
03:41:48,908 --> 03:41:51,100
yarn? 
These aren't random decorations.

3939
03:41:51,100 --> 03:41:54,800
They're the tools for tonight's 
fortune-telling games and their 

3940
03:41:54,800 --> 03:41:57,900
presence transforms the piano 
from a musical instrument into 

3941
03:41:57,900 --> 03:41:59,800
something like an altar to 
divination. 

3942
03:42:01,600 --> 03:42:04,900
The room smells wonderful in a 
way, that's hard to describe to 

3943
03:42:04,900 --> 03:42:07,600
someone accustomed to air. 
Fresheners and scented candles. 

3944
03:42:07,600 --> 03:42:10,900
There's the coal fire, which has
its own particular smell, not 

3945
03:42:10,900 --> 03:42:13,700
unpleasant, but definitely 
present a sort of mineral 

3946
03:42:13,700 --> 03:42:15,800
warmth. 
There's the wood of the 

3947
03:42:15,800 --> 03:42:19,600
furniture which is absorbed 
Decades of beeswax polish and 

3948
03:42:19,600 --> 03:42:21,300
now releases its slowly in the 
heat. 

3949
03:42:21,300 --> 03:42:25,500
There's the faint mustiness of 
old Fabric and carpets the 

3950
03:42:25,500 --> 03:42:28,200
sharpest of the apples. 
And Underneath It All the 

3951
03:42:28,200 --> 03:42:31,400
slightly sweet, waxy smell of 
burning candles. 

3952
03:42:32,400 --> 03:42:36,000
Mrs. Ashford has also thought 
about sound or rather the lack 

3953
03:42:36,000 --> 03:42:38,900
of it, unlike modern parties, 
where music might be playing 

3954
03:42:38,900 --> 03:42:41,300
constantly in the background 
here. 

3955
03:42:41,300 --> 03:42:43,000
The ambient noise is much 
gentler. 

3956
03:42:43,900 --> 03:42:47,400
Crackle and his of the coal, 
fire, the rustle of silk and 

3957
03:42:47,400 --> 03:42:50,500
taffeta as women adjust their 
positions in their chairs, and 

3958
03:42:50,500 --> 03:42:52,600
the soft tick of The Mantel 
clock. 

3959
03:42:52,600 --> 03:42:55,800
When people speak, they do. 
So in relatively quiet voices 

3960
03:42:55,800 --> 03:42:58,800
loud, laugh after or raise 
voices would be considered 

3961
03:42:58,800 --> 03:43:01,900
vulgar a sign of insufficient 
self-control. 

3962
03:43:02,800 --> 03:43:05,800
This attention to Atmosphere 
isn't just Victorian fussiness. 

3963
03:43:05,800 --> 03:43:09,000
Its intentional scene setting 
for the kinds of activities that

3964
03:43:09,000 --> 03:43:11,600
will happen later. 
Fortune telling and ghost 

3965
03:43:11,600 --> 03:43:13,700
stories. 
Work better in dim, quiet spaces

3966
03:43:13,700 --> 03:43:17,200
where Shadows have substance and
imagination has room to work. 

3967
03:43:18,200 --> 03:43:21,600
Mrs. Ashford understands that 
mystery requires a certain 

3968
03:43:21,600 --> 03:43:24,900
amount of Darkness, both literal
and figurative. 

3969
03:43:25,900 --> 03:43:27,800
The temperature in the room is 
also worth noting. 

3970
03:43:27,800 --> 03:43:30,200
The victorians didn't have 
central heating. 

3971
03:43:30,200 --> 03:43:33,200
So rooms tend to be either too 
hot near the fire or too cold 

3972
03:43:33,200 --> 03:43:37,100
away from it. 
Mrs. Ashford's parlor, follows 

3973
03:43:37,100 --> 03:43:40,400
this pattern, deliciously, warm,
if your sitting near the half, 

3974
03:43:40,400 --> 03:43:43,700
but with a definite, chill along
the outer walls, this 

3975
03:43:43,700 --> 03:43:45,500
temperature gradient adds to the
atmosphere. 

3976
03:43:45,500 --> 03:43:49,500
You find yourself drawn toward 
the warmth and the light away 

3977
03:43:49,500 --> 03:43:51,700
from the colder. 
Darker edges of the room where 

3978
03:43:51,700 --> 03:43:55,800
Shadows congregate, As the last 
guests arrive and settle into 

3979
03:43:55,800 --> 03:43:58,000
their places. 
You notice how the seating 

3980
03:43:58,000 --> 03:44:01,000
arrangement has been managed. 
Unlike modern parties were 

3981
03:44:01,000 --> 03:44:03,600
people might circulate freely 
victorians. 

3982
03:44:03,600 --> 03:44:06,500
Tended to arrange themselves, 
more formally with subtle 

3983
03:44:06,500 --> 03:44:11,300
hierarchies of age, gender, and 
social status governing, who sat

3984
03:44:11,300 --> 03:44:14,200
where the most comfortable 
chairs near the fire have been 

3985
03:44:14,208 --> 03:44:17,100
reserved, for older guests. 
And ladies, while younger people

3986
03:44:17,100 --> 03:44:20,600
and gentlemen, stand or perch on
less comfortable seats farther 

3987
03:44:20,600 --> 03:44:24,300
from the Heat, This formality 
might seem stifling to Modern 

3988
03:44:24,300 --> 03:44:28,100
sensibilities but it served a 
purpose by establishing clear 

3989
03:44:28,100 --> 03:44:31,300
structures for interaction. 
It created a safe framework 

3990
03:44:31,300 --> 03:44:33,700
within which people could engage
in activities that might 

3991
03:44:33,700 --> 03:44:37,300
otherwise feel risky or improper
when you know exactly where you 

3992
03:44:37,300 --> 03:44:40,800
stand in the social hierarchy 
and what's expected of you, it's

3993
03:44:40,800 --> 03:44:44,400
easier to participate in games 
of chance and divination without

3994
03:44:44,400 --> 03:44:48,200
feeling like you're actually 
Crossing important boundaries. 

3995
03:44:49,300 --> 03:44:52,100
Misses Ashford catches, 
everyone's attention. 

3996
03:44:52,100 --> 03:44:55,700
Not by calling out or clapping 
her hands that would be far too 

3997
03:44:55,700 --> 03:44:58,300
crude. 
Simply by moving to the center 

3998
03:44:58,300 --> 03:45:00,900
of the room and waiting 
Victorian social training. 

3999
03:45:00,900 --> 03:45:03,900
Meant that people noticed when a
Hostess Was preparing to speak 

4000
03:45:03,900 --> 03:45:07,800
and naturally fell silent giving
her the floor without her having

4001
03:45:07,800 --> 03:45:12,600
to demand it. present tainment 
is about to begin and in the 

4002
03:45:12,600 --> 03:45:16,000
warm shadowy parlor with the 
fire crackling and the turnip 

4003
03:45:16,000 --> 03:45:18,900
lanterns casting their Eerie 
light, you can feel the 

4004
03:45:18,900 --> 03:45:22,200
anticipation building like 
static electricity before a 

4005
03:45:22,200 --> 03:45:25,800
storm misses Ashford begins with
the most traditional of 

4006
03:45:25,800 --> 03:45:28,700
Halloween fortune telling games 
Apple divination. 

4007
03:45:28,700 --> 03:45:31,800
This isn't some quaint custom, 
she's invented for the evening, 

4008
03:45:31,800 --> 03:45:35,300
it's a practice that reaches 
back centuries and every person 

4009
03:45:35,300 --> 03:45:37,700
in the room would have grown up 
hearing about it from parents 

4010
03:45:37,700 --> 03:45:41,100
and grandparents. 
She directs everyone's attention

4011
03:45:41,100 --> 03:45:44,300
to a large wooden tub that had 
been hidden behind a screen. 

4012
03:45:44,300 --> 03:45:47,300
It's filled with water and 
floating on the water. 

4013
03:45:47,300 --> 03:45:50,000
Perhaps, a dozen apples, their 
Red Skins gleaming in the 

4014
03:45:50,008 --> 03:45:53,800
candlelight, this is snap apple,
one of the most enduring 

4015
03:45:53,800 --> 03:45:57,300
Halloween traditions and even 
though everyone present is far 

4016
03:45:57,300 --> 03:46:00,000
too sophisticated to believe it 
actually predicts the future, 

4017
03:46:00,000 --> 03:46:01,800
they're all eager to 
participate. 

4018
03:46:03,000 --> 03:46:06,800
The rules are simple enough. 
Each person in turn must try to 

4019
03:46:06,800 --> 03:46:08,400
catch an apple using only their 
mouth. 

4020
03:46:08,400 --> 03:46:11,600
No hands allowed successfully 
catching an apple, supposedly 

4021
03:46:11,600 --> 03:46:15,000
predicts a successful year 
ahead, particularly in matters 

4022
03:46:15,000 --> 03:46:18,200
of Love and Marriage. 
The first person to succeed will

4023
03:46:18,200 --> 03:46:21,500
be the first to marry the last 
person might expect to remain 

4024
03:46:21,500 --> 03:46:24,100
single for another year. 
It's all in good, fun, of 

4025
03:46:24,100 --> 03:46:27,300
course, just to silly game, but 
notice how the unmarried young 

4026
03:46:27,300 --> 03:46:29,600
people in the room of paying 
particularly close attention. 

4027
03:46:30,600 --> 03:46:33,500
A young woman goes, first 
kneeling beside the tub in her. 

4028
03:46:33,500 --> 03:46:36,400
Elaborate dress, trying, not to 
get her sleeves wet. 

4029
03:46:36,400 --> 03:46:40,000
She makes several attempts her 
face getting progressively read 

4030
03:46:40,000 --> 03:46:43,100
or she pursues The elusive 
apples, which Bob away whenever 

4031
03:46:43,100 --> 03:46:47,200
she gets close, the apples are 
playing hard to get spinning and

4032
03:46:47,200 --> 03:46:49,400
dodging in the water, like they 
have minds of their own. 

4033
03:46:49,400 --> 03:46:52,700
Finally, after much laughter 
from the assembled guests, she 

4034
03:46:52,700 --> 03:46:55,400
manages to pin one against the 
side of the tub and catch it, 

4035
03:46:55,400 --> 03:46:58,700
between her teeth emerging 
triumphant and only slightly 

4036
03:46:58,700 --> 03:47:02,800
damp the game continues around 
the room with varying degrees of

4037
03:47:02,808 --> 03:47:06,400
success and splashing, what 
makes it interesting is how it 

4038
03:47:06,400 --> 03:47:09,500
temporarily breaks down, 
Victorian Reserve, Suddenly 

4039
03:47:09,500 --> 03:47:12,100
proper ladies and gentlemen, are
kneeling on the floor, getting 

4040
03:47:12,100 --> 03:47:15,900
their faces, wet laughing at 
their own undignified struggles.

4041
03:47:15,900 --> 03:47:18,200
There's something leveling about
the game. 

4042
03:47:18,200 --> 03:47:21,800
Something that reduces everyone 
to the same slightly ridiculous 

4043
03:47:21,800 --> 03:47:25,500
level, but there's more going on
here than simple silliness. 

4044
03:47:25,500 --> 03:47:29,600
Apples have been symbols of 
knowledge, Temptation and 

4045
03:47:29,600 --> 03:47:32,700
divination for centuries in 
Celtic tradition. 

4046
03:47:32,700 --> 03:47:36,100
The Apple Tree was sacred 
associated with the other world 

4047
03:47:36,100 --> 03:47:39,300
and with immortality by using 
apples for divination on 

4048
03:47:39,300 --> 03:47:41,700
Halloween. 
When the veil Between Worlds was

4049
03:47:41,700 --> 03:47:44,800
thought to be thinnest. 
The victorians were tapping into

4050
03:47:44,800 --> 03:47:48,800
a very old current of belief, 
Once everyone who wishes to his 

4051
03:47:48,800 --> 03:47:52,400
tried, their luck with the snap 
Apple Mrs. Ashford produces 

4052
03:47:52,400 --> 03:47:56,500
another Apple based divination. 
This one is quieter and more 

4053
03:47:56,500 --> 03:47:59,200
intimate. 
She hands an apple to one of the

4054
03:47:59,200 --> 03:48:00,700
young women and provides a 
knife. 

4055
03:48:00,700 --> 03:48:04,100
Instructing her to peel the 
Apple in one continuous strip 

4056
03:48:04,100 --> 03:48:07,500
without breaking the peel. 
Once, she's managed this and it 

4057
03:48:07,500 --> 03:48:08,800
takes some concentration and 
skill. 

4058
03:48:08,800 --> 03:48:11,700
She's to throw the peel. 
Over her left shoulder the 

4059
03:48:11,700 --> 03:48:13,300
shape. 
It makes when it lands will 

4060
03:48:13,300 --> 03:48:15,900
supposedly form the initial of 
her future, spouses name. 

4061
03:48:15,900 --> 03:48:20,300
The young woman performs this 
operation with great care tongue

4062
03:48:20,300 --> 03:48:21,900
caught between her teeth and 
concentration. 

4063
03:48:21,900 --> 03:48:26,100
The apple peel spirals down in 
one long curling ribbon and when

4064
03:48:26,100 --> 03:48:29,400
she finally throws it over her 
shoulder, everyone crowds around

4065
03:48:29,400 --> 03:48:30,700
to see what letter it might 
form. 

4066
03:48:30,700 --> 03:48:34,400
The peel lies in a shape that 
could perhaps be an r or maybe a

4067
03:48:34,400 --> 03:48:38,200
p or possibly just around random
coil but the ambiguity is part 

4068
03:48:38,200 --> 03:48:40,600
of the fun. 
Everyone has an opinion about 

4069
03:48:40,600 --> 03:48:43,500
what led they see, and the young
woman laughs and blushes, 

4070
03:48:43,500 --> 03:48:46,600
probably thinking about which of
her acquaintances has a name 

4071
03:48:46,608 --> 03:48:50,500
beginning with r These Apple 
games might seem trivial but 

4072
03:48:50,500 --> 03:48:53,900
they served an important social 
function in an era when 

4073
03:48:53,900 --> 03:48:56,600
marriages were still partly 
business arrangements and when 

4074
03:48:56,600 --> 03:48:59,900
courtship was heavily chaperoned
and regulated Halloween 

4075
03:48:59,900 --> 03:49:02,900
divination gave young people a 
sanctioned way to think about 

4076
03:49:02,900 --> 03:49:05,400
romance and express their hopes 
for the future. 

4077
03:49:05,400 --> 03:49:08,700
It was all pretend, of course, 
nobody really believed that 

4078
03:49:08,708 --> 03:49:11,800
apple peels could predict 
marriages but it created a space

4079
03:49:11,800 --> 03:49:16,400
where such hopes could be voiced
examined and laughed about next 

4080
03:49:16,400 --> 03:49:19,700
comes the mirror divination and 
this one is more atmospheric 

4081
03:49:19,700 --> 03:49:23,400
edging closer to the genuinely. 
Eerie the lights are dimmed even

4082
03:49:23,400 --> 03:49:26,300
further and Missus Ashford 
produces a handmer that has been

4083
03:49:26,308 --> 03:49:29,500
kept face down on the piano. 
The traditional practice, she 

4084
03:49:29,500 --> 03:49:32,700
explained is for a young woman 
to go alone to a dark and room 

4085
03:49:32,700 --> 03:49:35,700
at midnight sit before a mirror 
and eat an apple. 

4086
03:49:35,708 --> 03:49:38,600
While looking at her reflection,
if she is destined to marry 

4087
03:49:38,600 --> 03:49:41,300
she'll supposedly, see the face 
of her future husband appear 

4088
03:49:41,300 --> 03:49:44,100
over shoulder. 
In the mirror, of course, in 

4089
03:49:44,100 --> 03:49:47,400
Apollo full of people. 
Nobody's going alone anyway and 

4090
03:49:47,400 --> 03:49:50,900
it's not yet midnight. 
But Mrs. Ashford has adapted the

4091
03:49:50,900 --> 03:49:54,100
traditional she arranges for one
of the young women to sit with 

4092
03:49:54,100 --> 03:49:57,100
her back to the room, holding 
the mirror so she can see both 

4093
03:49:57,100 --> 03:49:59,800
her own reflection and whatever 
might be behind her. 

4094
03:49:59,800 --> 03:50:03,100
The room Falls silent, even the 
fire seems to quiet its 

4095
03:50:03,100 --> 03:50:05,800
crackling as the young woman 
stares into the mirror. 

4096
03:50:06,700 --> 03:50:10,400
Nothing happens of course, but 
in the silence and the dimness 

4097
03:50:10,400 --> 03:50:13,300
with everyone's imagination 
activated by the build-up, 

4098
03:50:13,300 --> 03:50:15,200
there's a genuine moment of 
tension. 

4099
03:50:16,000 --> 03:50:19,200
Shadow shift in the candlelight,
the young woman stares into the 

4100
03:50:19,200 --> 03:50:22,200
mirror and you can see her own 
uncertainty about whether she 

4101
03:50:22,200 --> 03:50:23,500
really wants to see something or
not. 

4102
03:50:23,500 --> 03:50:26,700
It's a perfect example of how 
the victorians could create 

4103
03:50:26,700 --> 03:50:30,400
atmosphere and suspense using 
nothing more than tradition dim 

4104
03:50:30,400 --> 03:50:32,100
lighting and the power of 
suggestion. 

4105
03:50:33,400 --> 03:50:35,100
After a suitable, pause the 
young woman. 

4106
03:50:35,100 --> 03:50:38,200
Turns around laughing, a bit 
nervously and reports that she 

4107
03:50:38,200 --> 03:50:41,100
saw nothing but her own 
reflection, everyone, relaxes 

4108
03:50:41,100 --> 03:50:42,700
and the conversation picks up 
again. 

4109
03:50:42,700 --> 03:50:46,200
But something has shifted in the
room, the game's of created an 

4110
03:50:46,200 --> 03:50:50,400
atmosphere of possibility. 
Sent that perhaps just perhaps 

4111
03:50:50,400 --> 03:50:53,600
there might be more going on 
tonight than rational minds want

4112
03:50:53,600 --> 03:50:57,300
to acknowledge. 
As the evening progresses, Mrs. 

4113
03:50:57,300 --> 03:51:01,200
Ashford introduces, other forms 
of divination each with its own 

4114
03:51:01,200 --> 03:51:04,300
history and symbolism. 
These games might seem random to

4115
03:51:04,300 --> 03:51:07,700
Modern observers but they follow
a logic rooted in centuries of 

4116
03:51:07,700 --> 03:51:12,100
folklore and seasonal tradition.
The next game involves hazelnuts

4117
03:51:12,100 --> 03:51:15,400
which have been placed in a bowl
on the mantelpiece warming 

4118
03:51:15,400 --> 03:51:18,600
gently in the heat from the fire
in some parts of Britain, 

4119
03:51:18,600 --> 03:51:21,800
Halloween was known as nutkrack 
night and nuts. 

4120
03:51:21,800 --> 03:51:24,200
Featured prominently in the 
evenings fortune-telling 

4121
03:51:24,200 --> 03:51:27,200
practices. 
Mrs. Ashford explains, the 

4122
03:51:27,200 --> 03:51:31,000
procedure each person selects 
two hazelnuts and names, them 

4123
03:51:31,000 --> 03:51:34,000
one for themselves, and one for 
someone they're romantically 

4124
03:51:34,000 --> 03:51:35,800
interested in or currently 
courting. 

4125
03:51:36,600 --> 03:51:38,600
The nuts are then placed on the 
edge of the fire. 

4126
03:51:39,300 --> 03:51:42,100
If the two nuts burn quietly 
side by side, the relationship 

4127
03:51:42,100 --> 03:51:45,800
will be peaceful and successful.
If they pop and jump away from 

4128
03:51:45,800 --> 03:51:48,600
each other, the relationship is 
doomed to Discord. 

4129
03:51:48,600 --> 03:51:52,700
And if one nut explodes 
spectacularly, well, that 

4130
03:51:52,700 --> 03:51:56,400
suggests passion of one sort or 
another Hazelnuts are placed 

4131
03:51:56,400 --> 03:51:59,700
carefully on the hot coals and 
everyone watches with the kind 

4132
03:51:59,700 --> 03:52:02,800
of intense interest, usually 
reserved, for much more 

4133
03:52:02,800 --> 03:52:06,100
important matters. 
The nuts begin to heat their 

4134
03:52:06,100 --> 03:52:10,200
shells, darkening. 
And then the popping starts One 

4135
03:52:10,200 --> 03:52:13,100
pass, it's quietly together. 
Barely moving much to the 

4136
03:52:13,100 --> 03:52:15,800
satisfaction of the established 
married, couple who named them, 

4137
03:52:15,800 --> 03:52:19,200
another pair seems engaged in 
active warfare with one nut 

4138
03:52:19,200 --> 03:52:21,300
practically launching itself 
across the fireplace. 

4139
03:52:21,300 --> 03:52:25,100
While the other sit smugly in 
place this produces much, 

4140
03:52:25,100 --> 03:52:28,000
laughter and teasing. 
What's fascinating about this 

4141
03:52:28,000 --> 03:52:31,200
practice is how to allows people
to externalize their anxieties 

4142
03:52:31,200 --> 03:52:34,900
and hopes about relationships by
signing, significance. 

4143
03:52:34,900 --> 03:52:38,200
To how nuts behave in a fire. 
They're creating a framework for

4144
03:52:38,200 --> 03:52:41,500
thinking about compatibility and
future happiness, that feels 

4145
03:52:41,500 --> 03:52:44,500
both playful and somehow 
meaningful, it doesn't matter 

4146
03:52:44,500 --> 03:52:47,100
that there's no rational 
connection between nut behavior 

4147
03:52:47,100 --> 03:52:50,500
and romantic success. 
The game provides a language for

4148
03:52:50,500 --> 03:52:52,800
discussing these important, but 
difficult topics. 

4149
03:52:53,600 --> 03:52:57,100
The nut divination is followed 
by a practice involving cabbage.

4150
03:52:57,100 --> 03:53:00,000
Yes, cabbage. 
Which might seem like the least 

4151
03:53:00,000 --> 03:53:02,900
romantic vegetable imaginable, 
but which actually has a long 

4152
03:53:02,908 --> 03:53:06,000
history and Halloween, folklore,
traditionally young women would 

4153
03:53:06,000 --> 03:53:09,300
go blindfolded into a garden at 
midnight and pull up the first 

4154
03:53:09,300 --> 03:53:12,200
cabbage. 
They encountered the size shape 

4155
03:53:12,200 --> 03:53:15,800
and amount of dirt clinging to 
its roots were said to predict 

4156
03:53:15,800 --> 03:53:17,800
the appearance and wealth of 
their future spouse. 

4157
03:53:17,800 --> 03:53:21,100
A large cabbage with lots of 
dirt attached, meant to tall, 

4158
03:53:21,100 --> 03:53:24,400
wealthy husband, a small clean 
cabbage, suggested something 

4159
03:53:24,400 --> 03:53:28,800
rather, less impressive Mrs. 
Ashford lacking both a garden 

4160
03:53:28,800 --> 03:53:31,900
and midnight timing has adapted 
this tradition in a 

4161
03:53:31,900 --> 03:53:33,300
characteristically, Victorian 
way. 

4162
03:53:34,200 --> 03:53:37,200
Is brought in several cabbages 
of varying sizes and had them 

4163
03:53:37,200 --> 03:53:38,600
arranged on a table in the back 
parlor. 

4164
03:53:38,600 --> 03:53:41,500
Young women take turns being 
blindfolded and led to the 

4165
03:53:41,500 --> 03:53:45,000
table, where they must select a 
cabbage by touch alone, the 

4166
03:53:45,000 --> 03:53:48,300
ensuing predictions about 
future, spouses based on whether

4167
03:53:48,300 --> 03:53:51,900
they've chosen a large or small 
cabbage, a leafy or compact, one

4168
03:53:51,900 --> 03:53:56,100
provide much amusement But 
perhaps the most intriguing 

4169
03:53:56,100 --> 03:53:59,100
divination of the evening, 
involves something called the 

4170
03:53:59,100 --> 03:54:01,500
three bowls, or the three 
dishes. 

4171
03:54:01,500 --> 03:54:05,100
Misses Ashford has a range 
three, identical bowls on a side

4172
03:54:05,100 --> 03:54:07,200
table, covering them with cloth 
napkins. 

4173
03:54:07,200 --> 03:54:08,500
So their contents, aren't 
visible. 

4174
03:54:09,300 --> 03:54:13,300
One Bowl, contains clean water. 
One contains dirty water and one

4175
03:54:13,300 --> 03:54:15,600
is empty. 
Each person who wishes to try 

4176
03:54:15,600 --> 03:54:18,500
their luck, must close their 
eyes and chose a bowl dipping. 

4177
03:54:18,500 --> 03:54:20,500
Their fingers in to it or 
finding it empty. 

4178
03:54:21,300 --> 03:54:25,200
Clean water predicts marriage to
someone pure and virtuous dirty 

4179
03:54:25,200 --> 03:54:27,200
Waters, suggests marriage to a 
widow or widower. 

4180
03:54:27,200 --> 03:54:29,800
Someone who's already been 
through one relationship. 

4181
03:54:29,800 --> 03:54:33,000
An empty bowl means. 
No marriage in the coming year. 

4182
03:54:33,000 --> 03:54:36,200
It's all quite solemn and 
serious until someone gets the 

4183
03:54:36,200 --> 03:54:39,000
dirty water and everyone 
dissolves into laughter at the 

4184
03:54:39,000 --> 03:54:41,600
thought of this person, 
supposedly romantic future. 

4185
03:54:42,900 --> 03:54:46,200
These divinations silly. 
As they might seem touch on 

4186
03:54:46,200 --> 03:54:50,200
something deeply human, our 
desire to know what's coming. 

4187
03:54:50,200 --> 03:54:52,900
To have some sense of control. 
Over our futures. 

4188
03:54:52,900 --> 03:54:55,900
The victorians might have 
dismissed these practices as 

4189
03:54:55,900 --> 03:54:58,500
mere Superstition, but they 
participated in them with 

4190
03:54:58,500 --> 03:55:01,400
genuine enthusiasm. 
There's something comforting 

4191
03:55:01,400 --> 03:55:04,300
about the idea that the Universe
might drop hints about, what's 

4192
03:55:04,300 --> 03:55:06,600
ahead. 
Even if those hints come in the 

4193
03:55:06,600 --> 03:55:09,100
form of apple, peels, and 
exploding hazelnuts. 

4194
03:55:10,600 --> 03:55:14,100
Between these various games 
people mingle and chat helping 

4195
03:55:14,100 --> 03:55:18,000
themselves to Refreshments that 
Mrs. Ashford has laid out on the

4196
03:55:18,000 --> 03:55:20,200
dining room table. 
There are more apples, of 

4197
03:55:20,200 --> 03:55:24,000
course, along with nuts, to 
crack seed, cake gingerbread and

4198
03:55:24,000 --> 03:55:26,400
a large bowl of punch made with 
apples and spices. 

4199
03:55:26,400 --> 03:55:30,800
The food is substantial but not 
elaborate Halloween wasn't an 

4200
03:55:30,800 --> 03:55:33,200
occasion for formal dining. 
The younger guests are 

4201
03:55:33,200 --> 03:55:35,200
particularly animated their 
earlier. 

4202
03:55:35,200 --> 03:55:37,800
Reserve melting away as the 
evening progresses and the games

4203
03:55:37,800 --> 03:55:40,500
become more absurd. 
There's something about shared 

4204
03:55:40,500 --> 03:55:43,600
silliness that breaks down, 
social barriers, even Victorian 

4205
03:55:43,600 --> 03:55:45,200
ones. 
When you've just watched 

4206
03:55:45,200 --> 03:55:47,900
someone, you barely know stick 
their face in a tub of water, 

4207
03:55:47,900 --> 03:55:51,500
trying to catch an apple certain
formalities seem less important.

4208
03:55:51,500 --> 03:55:54,800
The older guests watch these 
proceedings with what appears to

4209
03:55:54,800 --> 03:55:58,300
be indulgent to Amusement, 
though, you suspect that some of

4210
03:55:58,308 --> 03:56:00,700
them are remembering their own 
youthful, Halloween parties. 

4211
03:56:00,700 --> 03:56:03,800
There are an attempts at 
divination and their own hopes 

4212
03:56:03,800 --> 03:56:06,900
and fears about the future. 
The game's might be silly, but 

4213
03:56:06,900 --> 03:56:10,400
the feelings they address the 
desire for love for security. 

4214
03:56:10,500 --> 03:56:13,600
For some glimpse of what 
tomorrow might bring these are 

4215
03:56:13,600 --> 03:56:18,100
Universal and timeless. as the 
evening deepens and the coal 

4216
03:56:18,100 --> 03:56:21,300
fire burns, lower misses 
Ashford, begins to shift the 

4217
03:56:21,300 --> 03:56:24,700
mood Active games, give way to 
something quieter, but 

4218
03:56:24,700 --> 03:56:27,400
potentially more powerful, the 
telling of ghost stories. 

4219
03:56:28,400 --> 03:56:30,300
This transition is managed 
skillfully. 

4220
03:56:30,300 --> 03:56:33,800
The lamps are turned down even 
further, making the shadows in 

4221
03:56:33,800 --> 03:56:36,300
the corners of the room seemed 
to expand and grow more 

4222
03:56:36,300 --> 03:56:38,700
substantial. 
Fresh coal is added to the fire 

4223
03:56:38,700 --> 03:56:41,700
which responds with blue flames 
that cast an eerie flickering 

4224
03:56:41,700 --> 03:56:43,400
light across the assembled 
faces. 

4225
03:56:44,300 --> 03:56:45,800
People draw their chairs closer 
together. 

4226
03:56:45,800 --> 03:56:49,100
Forming a more intimate Circle. 
The temperature in the room 

4227
03:56:49,100 --> 03:56:51,900
drops slightly as the fiery 
builds, and more than one person

4228
03:56:51,900 --> 03:56:54,000
pulls their shawl or jacket a 
bit tighter. 

4229
03:56:54,900 --> 03:56:57,300
Ghost stories, had become 
tremendously popular in 

4230
03:56:57,300 --> 03:57:01,000
Victorian times and Halloween 
provided the perfect excuse to 

4231
03:57:01,000 --> 03:57:03,600
indulge in this particular form 
of entertainment. 

4232
03:57:03,600 --> 03:57:07,500
The story served multiple 
purposes, they were thrilling 

4233
03:57:07,500 --> 03:57:10,800
without being truly frightening.
They provided a way to discuss 

4234
03:57:10,800 --> 03:57:14,400
death and the afterlife in an 
acceptable social context and 

4235
03:57:14,400 --> 03:57:17,100
they allowed people to 
experience fear in a controlled 

4236
03:57:17,100 --> 03:57:20,500
safe environment. 
Misses Ashford begins with a 

4237
03:57:20,500 --> 03:57:24,100
relatively mild tale, something 
about a spectral hitchhiker on a

4238
03:57:24,108 --> 03:57:26,700
country road who vanishes before
reaching his destination. 

4239
03:57:26,700 --> 03:57:29,200
It's a classic ghost story 
structure. 

4240
03:57:29,200 --> 03:57:33,600
Mysterious stranger helpful, 
gesture Supernatural, Revelation

4241
03:57:33,600 --> 03:57:37,300
and everyone listens with the 
kind of polite, attention the 

4242
03:57:37,300 --> 03:57:40,000
educated victorians brought to 
most social activities. 

4243
03:57:40,000 --> 03:57:44,100
But as she tells the story, 
something interesting happens, 

4244
03:57:44,100 --> 03:57:47,600
the listeners begin to lean 
forward drawn into the narrative

4245
03:57:47,600 --> 03:57:51,400
despite themselves Mrs. Ashford 
is a good Storyteller knowing 

4246
03:57:51,400 --> 03:57:54,900
when to pause when to lower her 
voice and when to inject A 

4247
03:57:54,908 --> 03:57:58,400
sudden detail that makes people 
jump, she is not just reciting a

4248
03:57:58,400 --> 03:58:01,400
tale, she's creating an 
experience using her voice in 

4249
03:58:01,400 --> 03:58:04,000
the atmosphere of the room to 
transport her audience into the 

4250
03:58:04,000 --> 03:58:07,800
stories world. 
When she finishes, there's a 

4251
03:58:07,800 --> 03:58:10,700
moment of silence that 
particular quality of Silence 

4252
03:58:10,700 --> 03:58:13,800
that follows a well-told story 
when people are still half 

4253
03:58:13,800 --> 03:58:16,900
inhabiting, its reality, then 
someone else volunteers to share

4254
03:58:16,900 --> 03:58:19,500
a story, they've heard about a 
haunted house in their Hometown,

4255
03:58:19,500 --> 03:58:21,700
where lights appear in Windows 
of long. 

4256
03:58:21,700 --> 03:58:25,500
Abandoned rooms the stories. 
Continue, each person who speaks

4257
03:58:25,500 --> 03:58:28,400
adding their own contribution to
the evening's entertainment. 

4258
03:58:28,400 --> 03:58:31,300
Some Tales are clearly borrowed 
from books or magazines. 

4259
03:58:31,300 --> 03:58:35,500
Victorian periodicals were full 
of ghost stories and educated 

4260
03:58:35,500 --> 03:58:38,500
people read. 
Widely others claimed to be true

4261
03:58:38,500 --> 03:58:40,100
events. 
That happened to a friend of a 

4262
03:58:40,100 --> 03:58:43,200
friend that classic framework of
urban legends. 

4263
03:58:43,200 --> 03:58:46,300
A few stories are local 
Traditions, tied to specific 

4264
03:58:46,300 --> 03:58:49,800
places or historical events. 
What's striking about these 

4265
03:58:49,800 --> 03:58:50,500
Victorian? 
Ghost? 

4266
03:58:50,500 --> 03:58:52,900
Stories is their restraint 
compared to Modern horror? 

4267
03:58:52,900 --> 03:58:55,500
There are no graphic 
descriptions of violence, no 

4268
03:58:55,500 --> 03:58:58,800
Gore, and no emphasis on 
physical Terror instead. 

4269
03:58:58,800 --> 03:59:02,200
The stories rely on atmosphere 
suggestion and psychological 

4270
03:59:02,200 --> 03:59:05,300
unease, a mysterious figure 
Glimpse at Twilight. 

4271
03:59:06,200 --> 03:59:10,100
Cold spot in a warm room, a 
feeling of being watched these 

4272
03:59:10,100 --> 03:59:13,100
subtle touches create more 
lasting discomfort than any 

4273
03:59:13,100 --> 03:59:16,800
amount of explicit horror. 
One gentleman tells a story 

4274
03:59:16,800 --> 03:59:20,100
about a house where a clock in a
sealed room continues to chime 

4275
03:59:20,100 --> 03:59:22,600
the hours even though nobody is 
wounded for decades. 

4276
03:59:22,600 --> 03:59:26,000
The clock belonged to a man who 
died there and it's supposedly 

4277
03:59:26,000 --> 03:59:27,700
marks the hours of his Restless 
Spirits. 

4278
03:59:27,700 --> 03:59:31,000
Nightly wandering, it's not a 
particularly frightening story 

4279
03:59:31,000 --> 03:59:34,600
but something about the image of
that clock chiming in darkness. 

4280
03:59:35,400 --> 03:59:38,508
Keeping time for someone who's 
Beyond time, sends a little 

4281
03:59:38,516 --> 03:59:41,800
shiver through the room. 
A young woman contributes, a 

4282
03:59:41,800 --> 03:59:45,100
tale about a mirror that won't 
reflects certain people, those 

4283
03:59:45,100 --> 03:59:46,800
who are Marked for Death within 
the year. 

4284
03:59:46,800 --> 03:59:50,800
She tells it well with just the 
right amount of hesitation as if

4285
03:59:50,800 --> 03:59:52,900
she's not quite sure whether she
should be sharing this 

4286
03:59:52,900 --> 03:59:56,000
particular story when she 
finishes, you notice that 

4287
03:59:56,000 --> 03:59:58,600
several people unconsciously 
avoid looking at the mirrors in 

4288
03:59:58,608 --> 04:00:01,300
the room. 
Between Stories, the fire 

4289
04:00:01,300 --> 04:00:04,700
crackles, and settles sending up
occasional Sparks. 

4290
04:00:04,700 --> 04:00:08,200
The candles have burned lower, 
their Flames growing smaller and

4291
04:00:08,200 --> 04:00:11,900
more unstable outside. 
You can hear the wind picking up

4292
04:00:11,900 --> 04:00:14,900
rustling through the Autumn 
Leaves and occasionally causing 

4293
04:00:14,900 --> 04:00:16,500
a branch to scratch against the 
window. 

4294
04:00:16,500 --> 04:00:20,000
These ambient sounds become part
of the storytelling experience, 

4295
04:00:20,000 --> 04:00:22,800
natural sound effects that 
enhance the atmosphere. 

4296
04:00:23,800 --> 04:00:27,200
Mrs. Ashford steers the 
selection carefully making sure 

4297
04:00:27,200 --> 04:00:30,100
that nobody tells anything to 
frightening or too dark. 

4298
04:00:30,100 --> 04:00:34,100
There are boundaries even for 
Halloween certain subjects are 

4299
04:00:34,100 --> 04:00:37,500
simply not discussed in polite, 
company and graphic, or deeply 

4300
04:00:37,500 --> 04:00:40,100
disturbing content would be 
considered in Port taste. 

4301
04:00:40,100 --> 04:00:43,700
The story should create a 
pleasant prison of unease, not 

4302
04:00:43,700 --> 04:00:47,500
genuine Terror or distress. 
The storytelling also provides 

4303
04:00:47,500 --> 04:00:50,600
an opportunity for people to 
demonstrate their education and 

4304
04:00:50,600 --> 04:00:54,100
cultural knowledge references to
Shakespeare's ghosts to 

4305
04:00:54,100 --> 04:00:56,800
classical mythology and to 
contemporary literature. 

4306
04:00:56,800 --> 04:00:59,800
These all indicate that the 
speaker is well-read and 

4307
04:00:59,800 --> 04:01:03,000
cultured ghost stories in. 
Victorian parlors were as much 

4308
04:01:03,000 --> 04:01:06,000
about displaying refinement as 
they were about scaring people. 

4309
04:01:06,900 --> 04:01:09,400
As the night wears on, and the 
stories continue. 

4310
04:01:09,400 --> 04:01:11,900
Something. 
Subtle happens to the atmosphere

4311
04:01:11,900 --> 04:01:14,000
in the room. 
The repeated implication of 

4312
04:01:14,008 --> 04:01:16,700
ghosts and spirits and the 
emphasis on the Supernatural and

4313
04:01:16,700 --> 04:01:20,000
The Uncanny create a kind of 
consensual haunting. 

4314
04:01:20,000 --> 04:01:22,800
Even though nobody literally 
believes in the stories, being 

4315
04:01:22,800 --> 04:01:26,000
told the collective imagination 
of the group, gives them a kind 

4316
04:01:26,000 --> 04:01:28,400
of reality. 
The shadows in the corners, feel

4317
04:01:28,400 --> 04:01:31,500
more watchful and The Creeks of 
the old house, more significant 

4318
04:01:32,400 --> 04:01:36,100
This is what the victorians, 
understood about Halloween, that

4319
04:01:36,100 --> 04:01:39,300
atmosphere and Imagination could
create experience, is that felt 

4320
04:01:39,300 --> 04:01:43,500
meaningful, even if they were 
not literally True by gathering 

4321
04:01:43,500 --> 04:01:46,400
together in a candlelit room and
telling stories of ghosts and 

4322
04:01:46,400 --> 04:01:49,700
spirits, they were participating
in a traditional that connected 

4323
04:01:49,700 --> 04:01:52,600
them to their ancestors. 
While also creating a shared 

4324
04:01:52,600 --> 04:01:56,600
moment of controlled, Wonder as 
the evening at Mrs. Ashford's 

4325
04:01:56,600 --> 04:01:59,700
party continues with a fire 
burning low and the candles 

4326
04:01:59,700 --> 04:02:02,500
guttering in their holders. 
It's worth pausing to consider 

4327
04:02:02,500 --> 04:02:05,100
what all this actually meant to 
the victorians themselves. 

4328
04:02:05,100 --> 04:02:08,800
Why did respectable rational, 
people Gather in parlors to Bob,

4329
04:02:08,800 --> 04:02:10,100
for apples and tell ghost 
stories. 

4330
04:02:10,100 --> 04:02:13,100
What were they really 
celebrating on Halloween night? 

4331
04:02:14,000 --> 04:02:16,100
On the surface. 
It's tempting to dismiss 

4332
04:02:16,100 --> 04:02:18,100
Victorian Halloween as mere 
entertainment. 

4333
04:02:19,000 --> 04:02:22,300
Parlor games to pass a long 
October evening, nothing more 

4334
04:02:22,300 --> 04:02:25,600
significant than an evening of 
cards or charades, but if you 

4335
04:02:25,600 --> 04:02:27,900
look more closely, these 
Halloween Traditions, serve 

4336
04:02:27,900 --> 04:02:31,500
deeper purposes in Victorian 
society, first and foremost, 

4337
04:02:31,500 --> 04:02:35,000
Halloween provided a sanctioned 
opportunity to acknowledge death

4338
04:02:35,000 --> 04:02:38,600
and the supernatural in a 
culture that was simultaneously,

4339
04:02:38,600 --> 04:02:41,000
obsessed with and terrified of 
both topics. 

4340
04:02:41,000 --> 04:02:44,400
The Victorian era was marked by 
high mortality rates 

4341
04:02:44,400 --> 04:02:46,800
particularly among children and 
young adults. 

4342
04:02:48,100 --> 04:02:51,200
Was a constant presence in 
people's lives, yet social 

4343
04:02:51,200 --> 04:02:54,100
conventions, demanded that grief
be expressed in highly 

4344
04:02:54,100 --> 04:02:57,500
controlled ritualized ways. 
You mourned. 

4345
04:02:57,500 --> 04:03:00,400
According to strict rules about 
clothing behavior and duration 

4346
04:03:01,200 --> 04:03:04,400
Genuine emotional expression was
often seen as a dangerous loss 

4347
04:03:04,400 --> 04:03:07,700
of control Halloween, offered a 
release valve for the suppressed

4348
04:03:07,700 --> 04:03:11,300
anxieties by Framing death and 
Spirits as folklore and 

4349
04:03:11,300 --> 04:03:13,800
entertainment. 
The victorians could engage with

4350
04:03:13,800 --> 04:03:17,500
their fears, in a way that felt 
safe and socially acceptable. 

4351
04:03:18,400 --> 04:03:20,200
The ghost stories weren't really
frightening. 

4352
04:03:20,200 --> 04:03:23,700
They were thrilling. 
The Divination games were not 

4353
04:03:23,700 --> 04:03:26,300
really about controlling fate, 
they were just fun. 

4354
04:03:26,300 --> 04:03:29,200
This distance thing mechanism 
allowed people to touch on 

4355
04:03:29,200 --> 04:03:31,800
difficult subjects without 
having to directly confront 

4356
04:03:31,800 --> 04:03:36,600
their genuine Terror of loss and
mortality, Secondly Halloween 

4357
04:03:36,600 --> 04:03:39,000
maintained a connection to 
agricultural rhythms and 

4358
04:03:39,000 --> 04:03:42,800
seasonal cycles that was rapidly
disappearing and industrializing

4359
04:03:42,800 --> 04:03:45,000
Britain. 
As more people moved to cities 

4360
04:03:45,000 --> 04:03:46,500
and worked in factories and 
offices. 

4361
04:03:46,500 --> 04:03:49,700
The direct relationship with 
nature that had governed human 

4362
04:03:49,700 --> 04:03:53,100
life for Millennia was breaking 
down, you know, longer planted 

4363
04:03:53,100 --> 04:03:55,000
and harvested. 
According to the seasons. 

4364
04:03:55,000 --> 04:03:57,900
You work the same hours in the 
same building regardless of 

4365
04:03:57,900 --> 04:04:01,100
whether it was spring or winter 
Halloween with its emphasis on 

4366
04:04:01,100 --> 04:04:05,100
Autumn Harvest, symbols apples 
nuts, late vegetables, reminded 

4367
04:04:05,100 --> 04:04:08,500
people that human life was still
fundamentally tied to natural 

4368
04:04:08,500 --> 04:04:10,500
cycles. 
The holiday marked, the 

4369
04:04:10,500 --> 04:04:13,400
transition between the abundance
of harvest and the scarcity of 

4370
04:04:13,400 --> 04:04:16,600
winter a transition that might 
not matter as much when you buy 

4371
04:04:16,600 --> 04:04:18,800
your food from shops rather than
growing it yourself. 

4372
04:04:18,800 --> 04:04:22,500
But which still resonates on 
some deeper level the fortune 

4373
04:04:22,500 --> 04:04:24,900
telling games. 
Meanwhile addressed a peculiarly

4374
04:04:24,900 --> 04:04:26,900
Victorian anxiety about the 
future. 

4375
04:04:27,800 --> 04:04:30,000
Particularly regarding marriage 
and social status. 

4376
04:04:30,000 --> 04:04:33,300
For young women. 
In marriage, was the single most

4377
04:04:33,300 --> 04:04:35,700
important event that would shape
their entire lives. 

4378
04:04:36,500 --> 04:04:40,100
A good marriage. 
Meant secuity respectability and

4379
04:04:40,100 --> 04:04:43,600
the possibility of Happiness, a 
bad marriage or no marriage at 

4380
04:04:43,600 --> 04:04:45,000
all. 
Could mean, poverty, social 

4381
04:04:45,000 --> 04:04:48,300
marginalization and dependence 
on relatives who might resent 

4382
04:04:48,300 --> 04:04:51,200
the burden. 
Yet, despite marriages enormous 

4383
04:04:51,200 --> 04:04:53,700
importance. 
Young people had relatively 

4384
04:04:53,700 --> 04:04:55,700
little control over their 
romantic Fates. 

4385
04:04:55,700 --> 04:04:57,900
Courtship was heavily 
supervised. 

4386
04:04:57,900 --> 04:05:01,700
Social mixing was limited by 
class boundaries and parental 

4387
04:05:01,700 --> 04:05:05,600
approval was essential in this 
context, divination games, 

4388
04:05:05,600 --> 04:05:08,800
offered a fantasy of control. 
The idea that you might Glimpse 

4389
04:05:08,800 --> 04:05:11,700
your future, or influence your 
fate through symbolic actions. 

4390
04:05:11,700 --> 04:05:14,400
It didn't matter that nobody 
really believed apple peels 

4391
04:05:14,400 --> 04:05:16,300
could predict initials or that 
nuts. 

4392
04:05:16,300 --> 04:05:19,800
And fire revealed compatibility 
the games provided a language 

4393
04:05:19,800 --> 04:05:21,900
for hopes that couldn't be 
directly expressed. 

4394
04:05:22,700 --> 04:05:25,900
Halloween also, served as what 
anthropologists might call a 

4395
04:05:25,900 --> 04:05:29,100
ritual of inversion. 
A sanction time when normal 

4396
04:05:29,100 --> 04:05:32,100
rules could be temporarily 
relaxed on ordinary evenings. 

4397
04:05:32,100 --> 04:05:34,900
Young women didn't need on the 
floor with their faces in tubs 

4398
04:05:34,900 --> 04:05:37,100
of water. 
While everyone watched people 

4399
04:05:37,100 --> 04:05:39,700
didn't sit in dark and rooms 
trying to summon Visions in 

4400
04:05:39,700 --> 04:05:42,300
mirrors. 
These activities involved a 

4401
04:05:42,300 --> 04:05:45,600
degree of undignified behavior, 
and superstitious practice. 

4402
04:05:45,600 --> 04:05:48,100
That would have been 
embarrassing on any other night.

4403
04:05:48,100 --> 04:05:52,000
But on Halloween, such things 
were acceptable even expected 

4404
04:05:52,000 --> 04:05:55,400
because they were traditional 
This temporary loosening of 

4405
04:05:55,400 --> 04:05:58,000
normal constraints, served an 
important social function. 

4406
04:05:58,000 --> 04:06:02,000
It allowed people to blow off 
steam to be slightly silly, and 

4407
04:06:02,000 --> 04:06:04,800
to interact across social 
boundaries that usually remained

4408
04:06:04,800 --> 04:06:07,400
firmly in place. 
The young woman who successfully

4409
04:06:07,400 --> 04:06:10,500
caught an apple could laugh and 
be congratulated by people, who 

4410
04:06:10,500 --> 04:06:12,600
would normally maintain a more 
formal distance? 

4411
04:06:12,600 --> 04:06:15,600
The gentleman who told a 
particularly effective ghost 

4412
04:06:15,600 --> 04:06:18,400
story earned admiration, 
regardless of his exact position

4413
04:06:18,400 --> 04:06:22,400
in the social hierarchy, for the
victorians Halloween, also 

4414
04:06:22,400 --> 04:06:26,100
represented continuity with the 
past at a time of Rapid change. 

4415
04:06:26,100 --> 04:06:29,100
Britain in the late 19th, 
century was transforming almost 

4416
04:06:29,100 --> 04:06:32,800
beyond recognition Railways, had
revolutionized, Transportation 

4417
04:06:32,800 --> 04:06:36,600
telegraphs had changed 
communication and photography, 

4418
04:06:36,600 --> 04:06:39,300
had altered how people 
understood images and memory, 

4419
04:06:39,300 --> 04:06:42,200
traditional crafts. 
Were being replaced by factory 

4420
04:06:42,200 --> 04:06:44,900
production and old social 
hierarchies were being 

4421
04:06:44,900 --> 04:06:47,400
challenged by New Wealth from 
industry and trade. 

4422
04:06:48,200 --> 04:06:51,300
In this context of constant 
chain change, Halloween, offered

4423
04:06:51,300 --> 04:06:53,500
connection, to something older 
and more stable. 

4424
04:06:53,500 --> 04:06:57,100
These were the same games that 
grandparents had played the same

4425
04:06:57,100 --> 04:06:58,800
stories that had been told for 
Generations. 

4426
04:06:58,800 --> 04:07:02,700
The Traditions linked victorians
to their ancestors and provided 

4427
04:07:02,700 --> 04:07:06,300
a sense of continuity in a world
that often seemed to be spinning

4428
04:07:06,300 --> 04:07:09,700
into unfamiliar territory. 
There's also something to be 

4429
04:07:09,708 --> 04:07:13,300
said for the communal aspect of 
Victorian Halloween in an era 

4430
04:07:13,300 --> 04:07:16,500
before radio television or the 
internet entertainment was 

4431
04:07:16,500 --> 04:07:18,900
something you created yourself 
usually with others. 

4432
04:07:18,900 --> 04:07:22,800
A Halloween party brought people
together in shared activity, not

4433
04:07:22,800 --> 04:07:25,500
just passive consumption of 
entertainment created by others,

4434
04:07:25,500 --> 04:07:28,900
but active participation in 
games, storytelling and 

4435
04:07:28,900 --> 04:07:31,400
tradition, everyone. 
Contributed to the evening 

4436
04:07:31,400 --> 04:07:33,500
success, everyone had a role to 
play. 

4437
04:07:33,500 --> 04:07:36,600
This communal creation of 
entertainment, fostered, social 

4438
04:07:36,600 --> 04:07:39,700
bonds in ways, that individual 
consumption of mass media, never

4439
04:07:39,700 --> 04:07:41,700
quite could. 
When you'd watch someone 

4440
04:07:41,700 --> 04:07:44,400
struggle to catch an apple, 
listen to them, tell a ghost 

4441
04:07:44,400 --> 04:07:46,900
story and participated with them
in divination games. 

4442
04:07:46,900 --> 04:07:50,200
You'd shared experience is that 
created genuine connection. 

4443
04:07:50,200 --> 04:07:53,100
You'd seen them in moments of 
silliness and seriousness 

4444
04:07:53,100 --> 04:07:55,800
competence. 
And clumsiness these shared 

4445
04:07:55,800 --> 04:07:58,700
moments built the social fabric 
that held communities together. 

4446
04:07:58,700 --> 04:08:01,600
The spiritual dimension of 
Halloween, though. 

4447
04:08:01,600 --> 04:08:04,200
Often downplayed in respectable 
Victorian society. 

4448
04:08:04,200 --> 04:08:07,900
Hadn't entirely disappeared. 
While middle class, urbanites 

4449
04:08:07,900 --> 04:08:10,100
might have dismissed. 
Literal belief in ghosts and 

4450
04:08:10,100 --> 04:08:13,500
spirits there, remained a sense 
that Halloween was a thin time 

4451
04:08:13,500 --> 04:08:16,200
when the boundary between worlds
became permeable. 

4452
04:08:16,200 --> 04:08:18,300
This wasn't necessarily 
frightening. 

4453
04:08:18,300 --> 04:08:22,200
It could all be comforting a 
time when to loved ones, might 

4454
04:08:22,200 --> 04:08:25,400
feel closer when the dead 
weren't entirely lost but 

4455
04:08:25,400 --> 04:08:27,000
somehow still part of the 
family. 

4456
04:08:28,900 --> 04:08:32,400
Victorian cultures, elaborate 
morning practices reflected, the

4457
04:08:32,400 --> 04:08:34,200
central place of death and daily
life. 

4458
04:08:34,200 --> 04:08:37,200
People wore mourning clothes for
years after a loss. 

4459
04:08:37,200 --> 04:08:40,500
Kept locks of hair from the 
deceased and took photographs of

4460
04:08:40,500 --> 04:08:43,800
dead children posed as if 
sleeping Halloween with its 

4461
04:08:43,800 --> 04:08:46,400
acknowledgment, that the dead 
might somehow still be present 

4462
04:08:46,400 --> 04:08:49,800
fit into this broader cultural 
framework of maintaining 

4463
04:08:49,800 --> 04:08:53,600
connections with those who had 
passed on Back in misses 

4464
04:08:53,600 --> 04:08:56,900
ashford's parlor, the evening is
reaching its natural conclusion.

4465
04:08:58,000 --> 04:09:00,100
The fire has burned down to 
glowing coals. 

4466
04:09:00,100 --> 04:09:03,500
The candles are mere Stubbs and 
several of the oil lamps have 

4467
04:09:03,500 --> 04:09:06,100
been extinguished entirely. 
The room is dark. 

4468
04:09:06,100 --> 04:09:09,300
And now than it was hours ago, 
the Shadows deeper and more 

4469
04:09:09,300 --> 04:09:13,600
assertive, the storytelling has 
wound down and people sit 

4470
04:09:13,600 --> 04:09:17,400
quietly, some still absorbed in 
the mood created by the tales 

4471
04:09:17,400 --> 04:09:19,700
others. 
Chatting in low voices, about 

4472
04:09:19,700 --> 04:09:23,600
less Supernatural topics. 
Someone suggests one final 

4473
04:09:23,600 --> 04:09:26,700
divination something to end the 
evening on an appropriately 

4474
04:09:26,700 --> 04:09:30,300
mysterious note. 
Mrs. Ashford nods and produces a

4475
04:09:30,300 --> 04:09:33,300
key. 
An old-fashioned Iron Key the 

4476
04:09:33,300 --> 04:09:36,500
kind that might unlock a trunk 
or in ancient door she explains 

4477
04:09:36,500 --> 04:09:40,000
the tradition at midnight on 
Halloween you take a key and 

4478
04:09:40,000 --> 04:09:42,300
hold it over your left shoulder 
while looking into a mirror. 

4479
04:09:43,000 --> 04:09:45,500
If your destined to have your 
heart's desire, granted in the 

4480
04:09:45,508 --> 04:09:47,700
coming year, you'll see the keys
reflection. 

4481
04:09:47,700 --> 04:09:51,100
Clearly if the reflection is 
blurred or distorted challenges,

4482
04:09:51,100 --> 04:09:54,600
lie ahead, it's nearly midnight.
Now, The Mantel clock shows, 

4483
04:09:54,600 --> 04:09:58,300
five minutes to 12 and the 
timing feels almost orchestrated

4484
04:09:58,300 --> 04:10:01,700
though, of course. 
Mrs. Ashford has been subtly 

4485
04:10:01,700 --> 04:10:03,000
steering the evening toward this
moment. 

4486
04:10:03,900 --> 04:10:07,000
Someone dims the remaining laps 
even further until the room is 

4487
04:10:07,000 --> 04:10:10,100
lit, almost entirely by the 
dying fire and a few candles. 

4488
04:10:11,000 --> 04:10:13,900
As midnight approaches, you can 
feel the tension building. 

4489
04:10:13,900 --> 04:10:17,300
It's absurd. 
Really nobody actually believes 

4490
04:10:17,300 --> 04:10:20,400
that the position of clock hands
has any mystical, significance 

4491
04:10:20,400 --> 04:10:23,800
that midnight is somehow more 
Supernatural than any other time

4492
04:10:23,800 --> 04:10:27,400
yet in this darkened room, after
hours of ghost stories and 

4493
04:10:27,400 --> 04:10:30,400
divination games after the 
repeated invocation of spirits 

4494
04:10:30,400 --> 04:10:33,600
and Supernatural forces 
midnight, feels genuinely 

4495
04:10:33,600 --> 04:10:38,500
significant Clock begins to 
chime its mechanism producing. 

4496
04:10:38,500 --> 04:10:42,500
That particular resonance sound 
that old clocks have not the 

4497
04:10:42,500 --> 04:10:45,500
electronic beep of modern 
timepieces, but a genuine Bell 

4498
04:10:45,500 --> 04:10:47,200
being struck. 
Each time. 

4499
04:10:47,200 --> 04:10:50,300
Seems to hang in the air before 
fading and nobody speaks. 

4500
04:10:50,300 --> 04:10:52,300
While the clock completes its 12
Strokes. 

4501
04:10:53,600 --> 04:10:57,100
In the silence following the 
final chime someone holds the 

4502
04:10:57,100 --> 04:10:59,700
key over their shoulder and 
looks into the mirror, the 

4503
04:10:59,700 --> 04:11:03,000
candlelight catches, the metal 
making the reflection Shimmer 

4504
04:11:03,000 --> 04:11:04,600
and dance. 
Is it clear? 

4505
04:11:04,600 --> 04:11:07,800
Is it distorted? 
In this lighting, it's 

4506
04:11:07,800 --> 04:11:10,900
impossible to say definitively 
and that ambiguity is perfect. 

4507
04:11:10,900 --> 04:11:13,900
The person lowers the key and 
turns away from the mirror 

4508
04:11:13,900 --> 04:11:16,500
smiling enigmatically and others
take their turns. 

4509
04:11:17,500 --> 04:11:20,600
What's interesting is how 
seriously people take this final

4510
04:11:20,600 --> 04:11:23,300
divination. 
Even after hours of laughing at 

4511
04:11:23,300 --> 04:11:26,700
similar practices, there's 
something about midnight about 

4512
04:11:26,700 --> 04:11:28,800
that moment. 
When one day officially becomes 

4513
04:11:28,800 --> 04:11:32,900
another that feels liminal and 
significant for just a moment in

4514
04:11:32,900 --> 04:11:36,200
that darkened room with shadows 
pressing close its possible to 

4515
04:11:36,208 --> 04:11:40,500
believe or at least to suspend 
disbelief in the idea that the 

4516
04:11:40,500 --> 04:11:42,700
Universe might offer glimpses of
what's to come. 

4517
04:11:43,700 --> 04:11:48,200
But the moment passes as such 
moments always do, someone makes

4518
04:11:48,200 --> 04:11:50,700
a joke. 
Breaking the tension, the lamps 

4519
04:11:50,700 --> 04:11:53,200
are turned up. 
Slightly Mrs. Ashford begins to 

4520
04:11:53,200 --> 04:11:55,600
move about the room. 
Subtly signaling that the 

4521
04:11:55,600 --> 04:11:58,900
evening is drawing to a close 
guest star and stretch 

4522
04:11:58,900 --> 04:12:02,200
beginning, the social dance of 
departure that Victorian 

4523
04:12:02,200 --> 04:12:05,200
etiquette demanded. 
Coats are retrieved from 

4524
04:12:05,200 --> 04:12:07,900
wherever they were stored. 
Goodbyes are said with the 

4525
04:12:07,900 --> 04:12:11,200
appropriate level of formality. 
Thanks to the hostess for a 

4526
04:12:11,200 --> 04:12:14,200
delightful evening, compliments 
on the refreshments, and 

4527
04:12:14,200 --> 04:12:16,400
expressions of hope that they'll
meet again soon. 

4528
04:12:16,400 --> 04:12:20,300
The guests who live nearby begin
to depart wrapping scarves 

4529
04:12:20,300 --> 04:12:23,500
against the October night, and 
stepping out into darkness that 

4530
04:12:23,500 --> 04:12:26,400
now seems less mysterious and 
more simply cold. 

4531
04:12:27,400 --> 04:12:29,800
As you prepare to leave, you 
take one last. 

4532
04:12:29,800 --> 04:12:33,300
Look at the Parlor, the turnip 
lanterns of burned out their 

4533
04:12:33,300 --> 04:12:35,100
candles reduced to puddles of 
Wax. 

4534
04:12:36,000 --> 04:12:39,000
The decorative autumn leaves, 
look, wilted and slightly sad in

4535
04:12:39,000 --> 04:12:41,400
the dim light. 
The bowls of apples have been 

4536
04:12:41,400 --> 04:12:44,200
depleted. 
The nuts are scattered the room,

4537
04:12:44,200 --> 04:12:47,700
which seemed so enchanted early.
Now just looks like someone's 

4538
04:12:47,700 --> 04:12:52,200
parlor after a party slightly 
messy dimly lit with that 

4539
04:12:52,200 --> 04:12:54,600
particular emptiness. 
That space is have when people 

4540
04:12:54,600 --> 04:12:57,900
have left them, but the memory 
of the evening willinger later 

4541
04:12:57,900 --> 04:13:00,600
when you're walking home through
dark streets lit, only by 

4542
04:13:00,600 --> 04:13:03,700
occasional gas lamps, you might 
find yourself thinking about 

4543
04:13:03,700 --> 04:13:06,800
those ghost stories. 
When you pass a mirror, you 

4544
04:13:06,800 --> 04:13:09,300
might remember that tradition 
about seeing faces over your 

4545
04:13:09,300 --> 04:13:12,400
shoulder when you eat an apple, 
you might recall the laughter 

4546
04:13:12,400 --> 04:13:14,000
and splashing of the snap apple 
game. 

4547
04:13:14,000 --> 04:13:18,500
This is what Victorian Halloween
created not lasting Terror or 

4548
04:13:18,500 --> 04:13:22,000
Genuine Supernatural experience.
But a gentle enchantment that 

4549
04:13:22,000 --> 04:13:25,600
colored ordinary things with a 
bit of mystery for one evening. 

4550
04:13:25,600 --> 04:13:28,800
The respectable middle-class 
allowed themselves to play with 

4551
04:13:28,800 --> 04:13:32,900
Superstition to tell stories 
about ghosts and to pretend that

4552
04:13:32,900 --> 04:13:36,500
hazelnuts and apple peels might 
reveal the future and in doing 

4553
04:13:36,500 --> 04:13:40,200
so they created moments of 
Community Connection and 

4554
04:13:40,200 --> 04:13:43,800
carefully controlled Wonder If 
you could return to Mrs, 

4555
04:13:43,800 --> 04:13:46,100
ashford's house. 
The next morning, you'd find a 

4556
04:13:46,100 --> 04:13:49,400
very different scene daylight 
streaming through the windows, 

4557
04:13:49,400 --> 04:13:51,000
that seem so mysterious last 
night. 

4558
04:13:51,800 --> 04:13:54,500
The maid bustled about clearing 
away, the remains of the party 

4559
04:13:54,500 --> 04:13:56,600
sweeping up, nutshells and apple
seeds. 

4560
04:13:56,600 --> 04:13:58,900
The Parlor was being restored to
its usual. 

4561
04:13:58,900 --> 04:14:02,000
Victorian order with all those 
decorative leaves and Autumn 

4562
04:14:02,000 --> 04:14:04,100
touches being carefully packed 
away for another year. 

4563
04:14:04,900 --> 04:14:08,800
Mrs. Ashford herself might be at
The Breakfast Table reading, the

4564
04:14:08,800 --> 04:14:11,200
morning newspaper, and thinking 
about, thank you notes. 

4565
04:14:11,200 --> 04:14:13,700
She'll need to write to guests, 
who brought contributions to the

4566
04:14:13,700 --> 04:14:15,900
party. 
The Enchantment of Halloween has

4567
04:14:15,900 --> 04:14:18,900
evaporated with the morning 
light and life has returned to 

4568
04:14:18,900 --> 04:14:21,800
its ordinary rhythms of calling 
cards and household, management,

4569
04:14:21,800 --> 04:14:26,200
and social obligations. 
But something has shifted even 

4570
04:14:26,200 --> 04:14:29,100
if it's subtle the guests, who 
attended last night will 

4571
04:14:29,100 --> 04:14:32,200
remember the evening not every 
detail perhaps but the feeling 

4572
04:14:32,200 --> 04:14:34,600
of it they'll mention it to 
friends who weren't there. 

4573
04:14:34,600 --> 04:14:37,500
Perhaps exaggerating slightly 
how frightening the ghost 

4574
04:14:37,500 --> 04:14:40,900
stories were or how accurate. 
The Divination seemed, they'll 

4575
04:14:40,900 --> 04:14:43,500
tuck the memory away. 
And years later, they might tell

4576
04:14:43,500 --> 04:14:45,600
their own children or 
grandchildren about Halloween 

4577
04:14:45,600 --> 04:14:47,100
parties. 
They attended when they were 

4578
04:14:47,100 --> 04:14:51,400
young, this is how tradition 
survived and evolved not through

4579
04:14:51,400 --> 04:14:54,400
any Grand preservation effort. 
But through people enjoying 

4580
04:14:54,400 --> 04:14:57,700
them, remembering them and 
passing them along the Victorian

4581
04:14:57,700 --> 04:15:00,700
Halloween party with all its 
games and divinations and ghost 

4582
04:15:00,700 --> 04:15:03,300
stories was itself. 
A link in a long chain 

4583
04:15:03,300 --> 04:15:06,300
stretching back to Celtic Sam 
Hine and forward to the 

4584
04:15:06,308 --> 04:15:09,800
Halloween, you know today. 
As you settle deeper into your 

4585
04:15:09,800 --> 04:15:12,500
comfortable spot. 
Perhaps, pulling your blanket a 

4586
04:15:12,500 --> 04:15:15,300
bit closer, let's Trace how 
those Victorian parlor games and

4587
04:15:15,300 --> 04:15:18,300
Fireside stories evolved into 
the Halloween you recognized. 

4588
04:15:18,300 --> 04:15:21,400
Today, it's a fascinating 
Journey that crosses an ocean 

4589
04:15:21,400 --> 04:15:24,100
and transforms. 
A relatively quiet celebration, 

4590
04:15:24,100 --> 04:15:27,800
into a major commercial holiday.
When Irish and Scottish 

4591
04:15:27,800 --> 04:15:31,100
immigrants came to America in 
the 19th century, they brought 

4592
04:15:31,100 --> 04:15:34,700
Halloween Traditions with them, 
the fortune telling games the 

4593
04:15:34,700 --> 04:15:36,800
apple. 
Bobbing the emphasis on Autumn 

4594
04:15:36,800 --> 04:15:39,100
Harvest. 
All of these traveled across the

4595
04:15:39,100 --> 04:15:41,300
Atlantic and found new 
expression in the new world. 

4596
04:15:41,300 --> 04:15:44,700
But America's Frontier spirit, 
and entrepreneurial energy would

4597
04:15:44,700 --> 04:15:46,400
transform these traditions in 
ways. 

4598
04:15:46,400 --> 04:15:50,000
The victorians might have found 
startling The first major 

4599
04:15:50,000 --> 04:15:52,700
American transformation was the 
emphasis on community 

4600
04:15:52,700 --> 04:15:56,000
celebration rather than private 
parties, in Rural America, 

4601
04:15:56,000 --> 04:15:58,900
Halloween became an occasion for
barn, dances, and town, 

4602
04:15:58,900 --> 04:16:02,200
Gatherings events that brought 
together much larger groups than

4603
04:16:02,200 --> 04:16:05,700
could fit in a Victorian parlor.
This shift from intimate to 

4604
04:16:05,708 --> 04:16:08,900
communal changed the nature of 
the celebration, the subtle 

4605
04:16:08,900 --> 04:16:11,900
atmosphere that misses Ashford 
worked so hard to create. 

4606
04:16:11,900 --> 04:16:15,500
That careful balance of light 
and Shadow the quiet 

4607
04:16:15,500 --> 04:16:18,000
storytelling. 
The controlled sense of mystery 

4608
04:16:18,000 --> 04:16:20,600
was harder to maintain in a 
barn, full of Neighbors. 

4609
04:16:21,500 --> 04:16:23,700
American Halloween. 
Also became more mischievous 

4610
04:16:23,700 --> 04:16:26,500
young people. 
Particularly boys took to play 

4611
04:16:26,500 --> 04:16:29,900
pranks on Halloween night. 
If it over out House's opening 

4612
04:16:29,900 --> 04:16:33,300
Windows and moving farm 
equipment, this trick element 

4613
04:16:33,300 --> 04:16:36,800
would eventually evolve into the
trick or treat tradition but in 

4614
04:16:36,808 --> 04:16:39,400
its early form, it was less 
about candy and more about 

4615
04:16:39,400 --> 04:16:42,800
sanctioned minor vandalism. 
The victorians would have been 

4616
04:16:42,800 --> 04:16:46,100
appalled, Halloween pranks 
violated their sense of proper 

4617
04:16:46,100 --> 04:16:49,200
behavior and respect for 
property, but Americans seem to 

4618
04:16:49,200 --> 04:16:52,900
view them as harmless fun. 
The costume element which was 

4619
04:16:52,900 --> 04:16:55,200
relatively minor in Victorian 
celebrations. 

4620
04:16:56,000 --> 04:16:58,800
Exploded in America were 
victorians might have worn 

4621
04:16:58,800 --> 04:17:01,300
simple masks or modest costumes 
for their parlor games. 

4622
04:17:02,100 --> 04:17:05,600
American Halloween embraced 
elaborate disguises by the early

4623
04:17:05,600 --> 04:17:08,400
20th century costume. 
Parties were becoming standard 

4624
04:17:08,400 --> 04:17:11,300
with people dressing as 
everything from ghosts and 

4625
04:17:11,308 --> 04:17:13,600
witches to contemporary 
celebrities and Comic 

4626
04:17:13,600 --> 04:17:16,500
characters. 
This shift toward costumes 

4627
04:17:16,500 --> 04:17:20,300
changed Halloween's nature 
fundamentally the holiday became

4628
04:17:20,300 --> 04:17:22,900
less about divination and 
Connection to the Past and more 

4629
04:17:22,900 --> 04:17:26,500
about fantasy and play acting. 
Instead of trying to Glimpse the

4630
04:17:26,500 --> 04:17:29,700
future or contact Spirits people
were creating alternate 

4631
04:17:29,700 --> 04:17:32,000
identities for themselves. 
It was still about 

4632
04:17:32,000 --> 04:17:35,100
transformation and mystery but 
in a more theatrical less 

4633
04:17:35,100 --> 04:17:39,500
spiritual way. 
Commercialization of Halloween 

4634
04:17:39,500 --> 04:17:41,700
began in Earnest. 
In the early 20th century 

4635
04:17:41,700 --> 04:17:45,200
manufacturers, recognized a 
market opportunity and began 

4636
04:17:45,200 --> 04:17:47,000
producing Halloween specific 
products. 

4637
04:17:47,700 --> 04:17:51,100
Decorated paper, goods, costumes
and Candy. 

4638
04:17:51,100 --> 04:17:53,000
What? 
Had been a homemade celebration 

4639
04:17:53,000 --> 04:17:55,400
using seasonal materials those 
turn. 

4640
04:17:55,400 --> 04:17:58,400
It toons Autumn Leaves and 
apples from your own trees 

4641
04:17:58,400 --> 04:18:01,100
became something you could buy 
at a store. 

4642
04:18:01,800 --> 04:18:04,500
This commercialization 
accelerated dramatically after 

4643
04:18:04,500 --> 04:18:08,100
World War 2 trick or treating 
which had existed in various 

4644
04:18:08,100 --> 04:18:11,500
forms for decades, the game 
standardized and wide-spread. 

4645
04:18:12,400 --> 04:18:15,100
Candy companies promoted their 
products, specifically for 

4646
04:18:15,100 --> 04:18:18,000
Halloween costume. 
Manufacturers, churned out, 

4647
04:18:18,008 --> 04:18:21,100
ready-made outfits, department 
stores created Halloween 

4648
04:18:21,100 --> 04:18:23,800
sections, the holiday was 
becoming an industry. 

4649
04:18:23,800 --> 04:18:27,100
But here's what's interesting, 
even as Halloween became 

4650
04:18:27,100 --> 04:18:29,800
commercialized and transformed 
some of those Victorian 

4651
04:18:29,800 --> 04:18:32,400
elements. 
Persisted apple bobbing though, 

4652
04:18:32,400 --> 04:18:35,000
less common now is still 
recognized as a Halloween game, 

4653
04:18:35,000 --> 04:18:38,900
Ghost Stories and scary movies 
have become Central to October 

4654
04:18:38,900 --> 04:18:41,200
entertainment. 
The emphasis on Autumn 

4655
04:18:41,200 --> 04:18:44,000
decorations, pumpkins corn 
stalks and Autumn Leaves 

4656
04:18:44,000 --> 04:18:46,200
continues. 
The Victorian tradition of 

4657
04:18:46,200 --> 04:18:49,800
marking the seasons change. 
The Divination element has 

4658
04:18:49,800 --> 04:18:52,800
mostly disappeared though, you 
can still find articles about 

4659
04:18:52,800 --> 04:18:54,900
Halloween, fortune telling 
Traditions. 

4660
04:18:54,900 --> 04:18:57,300
Modern people are less 
interested in learning who 

4661
04:18:57,300 --> 04:18:59,400
they'll marry and more focused 
on candy and costumes. 

4662
04:19:00,600 --> 04:19:03,700
But the impulse behind those, 
Victorian games, the desire to 

4663
04:19:03,700 --> 04:19:06,400
Mark, time passing to 
acknowledge mystery and 

4664
04:19:06,408 --> 04:19:09,100
uncertainty hasn't entirely 
vanished. 

4665
04:19:09,100 --> 04:19:11,700
It's just been channeled into 
different forms. 

4666
04:19:11,700 --> 04:19:14,400
The ghost story tradition 
particularly has proven 

4667
04:19:14,400 --> 04:19:18,700
remarkably durable Victorian 
Fireside Tales of old into pop 

4668
04:19:18,700 --> 04:19:21,600
magazine stories. 
Then radio plays then horror 

4669
04:19:21,600 --> 04:19:25,000
movies and TV shows every 
October people seek out scary 

4670
04:19:25,000 --> 04:19:27,100
content. 
Not because they genuinely 

4671
04:19:27,100 --> 04:19:30,400
believe in the Supernatural, but
for that same reason, the 

4672
04:19:30,400 --> 04:19:34,300
victorians told ghost stories to
experience controlled fear to 

4673
04:19:34,300 --> 04:19:36,500
touch on darker themes while 
remaining safe. 

4674
04:19:37,300 --> 04:19:40,000
Even the timing of Halloween has
Victorian roots. 

4675
04:19:40,000 --> 04:19:44,000
The date was fixed long before 
Victoria's reign, of course, but

4676
04:19:44,000 --> 04:19:46,900
the Victorian emphasis on 
October, 31st is the primary 

4677
04:19:46,900 --> 04:19:50,300
Halloween celebration rather 
than the extended period from 

4678
04:19:50,300 --> 04:19:53,300
October. 31st through November 
2nd, that Catholic tradition 

4679
04:19:53,300 --> 04:19:57,500
observed shaped how modern 
America, celebrates, we focus on

4680
04:19:57,500 --> 04:20:00,500
that single night. 
That one evening of costumes and

4681
04:20:00,500 --> 04:20:04,100
candy and spookiness rather than
a longer period of remembering 

4682
04:20:04,100 --> 04:20:06,700
the Dead. 
The Victorian influence. 

4683
04:20:06,700 --> 04:20:08,500
Also, persists in Halloween 
aesthetic. 

4684
04:20:08,500 --> 04:20:12,800
Those Rich, autumn colors, deep 
oranges, burgundies, and Browns,

4685
04:20:12,800 --> 04:20:15,800
come directly from Victorian 
decorative Traditions. 

4686
04:20:15,800 --> 04:20:19,500
The emphasis on Candlelight and 
Atmospheric lighting Echoes, 

4687
04:20:19,500 --> 04:20:22,100
those dimly lit. 
Parlors even the modern plastic 

4688
04:20:22,100 --> 04:20:25,100
decorations with their stylized 
witches, and ghosts and black 

4689
04:20:25,100 --> 04:20:28,400
cats reference imagery that 
became codified during the 

4690
04:20:28,400 --> 04:20:31,600
Victorian era. 
What's been mostly lost though 

4691
04:20:31,600 --> 04:20:34,500
is the intimacy and subtlety of 
Victorian Halloween. 

4692
04:20:34,500 --> 04:20:37,900
Modern celebrations, tend 
towards spectacle and excess, 

4693
04:20:37,900 --> 04:20:42,300
huge animatronic decorations, 
elaborate haunted houses, and 

4694
04:20:42,300 --> 04:20:45,600
vast quantities of candy. 
The Victorian emphasis on 

4695
04:20:45,608 --> 04:20:48,600
suggestion overstatement on 
creating atmosphere through 

4696
04:20:48,600 --> 04:20:52,900
careful detail, rather than over
the census that's largely 

4697
04:20:52,900 --> 04:20:56,200
disappeared. 
We've also lost the social 

4698
04:20:56,200 --> 04:20:58,400
function that Victorian 
Halloween served. 

4699
04:20:58,400 --> 04:21:01,100
Those parlor games brought 
people together and shared 

4700
04:21:01,100 --> 04:21:04,700
activity and created moments of 
genuine interaction and 

4701
04:21:04,700 --> 04:21:07,800
community. 
Modern Halloween, for all its 

4702
04:21:07,800 --> 04:21:11,200
popularity, tends to be more 
passive, you watch scary movies 

4703
04:21:11,200 --> 04:21:12,800
rather than telling stories to 
each other. 

4704
04:21:12,800 --> 04:21:16,800
You buy costumes rather than 
creating them with friends, you 

4705
04:21:16,800 --> 04:21:19,300
eat candy alone rather than 
playing games that require 

4706
04:21:19,300 --> 04:21:23,200
coordination and cooperation. 
But perhaps, that's changing in 

4707
04:21:23,200 --> 04:21:25,700
recent years, there's been a 
Revival of interest in what, you

4708
04:21:25,700 --> 04:21:28,300
might call artisanal Halloween 
people. 

4709
04:21:28,300 --> 04:21:31,400
Creating elaborate homemade 
decorations hosting themed 

4710
04:21:31,400 --> 04:21:34,700
parties with vintage games and 
seeking out authentic. 

4711
04:21:34,700 --> 04:21:38,600
Victorian Halloween Traditions. 
It's a small movement mostly 

4712
04:21:38,600 --> 04:21:40,800
among people who find modern 
commercial Halloween on 

4713
04:21:40,800 --> 04:21:42,700
satisfying, but it suggests 
that. 

4714
04:21:42,700 --> 04:21:46,400
Something about those Victorian 
practices, still resonates what 

4715
04:21:46,400 --> 04:21:49,000
the victorians understood and 
what, modern Halloweens 

4716
04:21:49,000 --> 04:21:52,300
sometimes forgets his is that 
the best celebrations, engage 

4717
04:21:52,300 --> 04:21:55,800
your imagination, rather than 
simply overwhelming the senses a

4718
04:21:55,800 --> 04:21:58,600
turnip lantern with a single 
candle flickering in, darkness 

4719
04:21:58,600 --> 04:22:01,800
creates a more genuine 
atmosphere than an expensive 

4720
04:22:01,800 --> 04:22:05,500
animatronic decoration. 
A well-told ghost story around a

4721
04:22:05,500 --> 04:22:08,400
fire affects people more deeply 
than a gory horror movie. 

4722
04:22:08,400 --> 04:22:13,300
Simple divination games invested
with meaning by the participants

4723
04:22:13,300 --> 04:22:16,600
create more authentic moments 
than elaborate party 

4724
04:22:16,600 --> 04:22:19,400
entertainment. 
As we near the end of our 

4725
04:22:19,400 --> 04:22:22,500
exploration, it's worth 
considering what we might learn 

4726
04:22:22,500 --> 04:22:25,800
from Victorian Halloween, not to
recreate it. 

4727
04:22:25,800 --> 04:22:28,200
Exactly. 
But to understand what made it 

4728
04:22:28,200 --> 04:22:30,900
effective and meaningful in ways
that modern celebrations, 

4729
04:22:30,900 --> 04:22:35,700
sometimes aren't The Victorian 
approach to Halloween was 

4730
04:22:35,700 --> 04:22:38,200
fundamentally about creating 
atmosphere rather than 

4731
04:22:38,200 --> 04:22:40,700
purchasing it. 
Mrs. Ashford didn't buy her 

4732
04:22:40,700 --> 04:22:42,300
decorations from a Halloween 
store? 

4733
04:22:42,300 --> 04:22:47,000
She used, what was available? 
Autumn Leaves apples candles and

4734
04:22:47,000 --> 04:22:51,500
fabric the limitation forced 
creativity, but it also created 

4735
04:22:51,500 --> 04:22:54,800
authenticity her decorations. 
Weren't generic Halloween 

4736
04:22:54,800 --> 04:22:56,300
images, mass-produced, in 
factories. 

4737
04:22:56,300 --> 04:23:01,400
They were specific to her home, 
her region and her autumn This 

4738
04:23:01,400 --> 04:23:03,700
DIY approach meant that 
preparing for Halloween was 

4739
04:23:03,700 --> 04:23:05,200
itself. 
Part of the celebration 

4740
04:23:05,200 --> 04:23:09,400
Gathering Autumn Leaves carving,
turnip blantons, and planning 

4741
04:23:09,400 --> 04:23:12,500
games and divination. 
These activities built 

4742
04:23:12,500 --> 04:23:15,500
anticipation and involvement in 
ways that opening a package of 

4743
04:23:15,508 --> 04:23:19,400
store-bought decorations, never 
quite can, the preparation was 

4744
04:23:19,400 --> 04:23:21,500
participatory rather than 
transactional. 

4745
04:23:21,500 --> 04:23:25,100
The Victorian emphasis on 
subtlety over spectacle also has

4746
04:23:25,100 --> 04:23:28,000
something to teach us, they 
understood that Darkness makes 

4747
04:23:28,000 --> 04:23:31,600
light more precious, that silent
amplifies sound. 

4748
04:23:31,600 --> 04:23:34,600
And that suggestion is often 
more powerful than explicit 

4749
04:23:34,600 --> 04:23:38,200
display a shadow in a dark, and 
corner is scarier than a plastic

4750
04:23:38,200 --> 04:23:40,400
skeleton. 
Precisely, because you're 

4751
04:23:40,400 --> 04:23:42,900
imagination fills. 
In the details, a whispered 

4752
04:23:42,900 --> 04:23:45,900
ghost story effects, you more 
deeply than allowed gory movie 

4753
04:23:45,900 --> 04:23:49,400
because you have to lean in, pay
attention and engage actively 

4754
04:23:49,400 --> 04:23:53,000
with the narrative, Victorian 
Halloween was also fundamentally

4755
04:23:53,000 --> 04:23:55,000
social in ways that modern 
celebrations. 

4756
04:23:55,000 --> 04:23:59,600
Often aren't everything happened
together in shared space with 

4757
04:23:59,600 --> 04:24:02,700
everyone participating. 
You didn't Retreat to separate 

4758
04:24:02,700 --> 04:24:06,200
screens or separate Activities, 
The Game's required interaction,

4759
04:24:06,200 --> 04:24:08,900
someone had to hold the mirror. 
Someone had to judge the apple 

4760
04:24:08,900 --> 04:24:11,900
bobbing and someone had to tell 
stories While others listened, 

4761
04:24:11,900 --> 04:24:14,900
this Force togetherness created 
genuine community. 

4762
04:24:15,800 --> 04:24:18,900
The fortune telling element. 
While we might not believe in it

4763
04:24:18,900 --> 04:24:20,500
literally served an important 
purpose. 

4764
04:24:20,500 --> 04:24:24,200
It gave people permission to 
voice hopes and fears that were 

4765
04:24:24,200 --> 04:24:27,100
otherwise difficult to express. 
The young woman wondering about 

4766
04:24:27,100 --> 04:24:29,200
her future. 
Could externalize that anxiety 

4767
04:24:29,200 --> 04:24:32,500
through apple peels and nut 
Behavior rather than having to 

4768
04:24:32,500 --> 04:24:34,200
speak directly about her 
worries. 

4769
04:24:34,200 --> 04:24:37,300
The game's created a language 
for discussing difficult topics,

4770
04:24:37,300 --> 04:24:40,600
this indirect approach to 
Serious subjects, might actually

4771
04:24:40,600 --> 04:24:43,800
be something worth recovering. 
We tend to value directness and 

4772
04:24:43,800 --> 04:24:47,100
explicit communication. 
But sometimes metaphor and 

4773
04:24:47,100 --> 04:24:49,500
symbol allow us to approach 
truths that direct statement 

4774
04:24:49,500 --> 04:24:53,200
makes two raw or overwhelming. 
Halloween divination gave the 

4775
04:24:53,200 --> 04:24:56,700
victorians a way to think about 
death change and uncertain 

4776
04:24:56,700 --> 04:24:59,100
Futures without having to 
confront those realities 

4777
04:24:59,100 --> 04:25:02,100
head-on. 
The Victorian integration of 

4778
04:25:02,100 --> 04:25:04,800
Halloween with natural rhythms 
and seasonal change is 

4779
04:25:04,800 --> 04:25:07,600
particularly relevant. 
Now, when climate change is 

4780
04:25:07,600 --> 04:25:10,300
disrupting the very Seasons, 
these Traditions were built 

4781
04:25:10,300 --> 04:25:14,200
around the emphasis on Harvest 
on the transition from abundance

4782
04:25:14,200 --> 04:25:16,700
to scarcity, on preparation for 
winter. 

4783
04:25:16,700 --> 04:25:19,800
These connected people to 
ecological realities that we 

4784
04:25:19,800 --> 04:25:22,900
often ignore in our climate 
controlled, always available 

4785
04:25:22,900 --> 04:25:28,100
food, Modern World, perhaps most
importantly, Victorian Halloween

4786
04:25:28,100 --> 04:25:30,500
maintained, a balance between 
playfulness and reference 

4787
04:25:30,500 --> 04:25:34,100
between treating Traditions as 
mere entertainment, and taking 

4788
04:25:34,100 --> 04:25:37,700
them to seriously the victorians
could participate in divination 

4789
04:25:37,700 --> 04:25:40,900
games without literally 
believing, they worked Telco 

4790
04:25:40,900 --> 04:25:44,200
stories without actually 
thinking ghost walked abroad and

4791
04:25:44,200 --> 04:25:47,300
engage with Supernatural themes 
while remaining fundamentally 

4792
04:25:47,300 --> 04:25:49,900
rational. 
They held multiple perspectives 

4793
04:25:49,900 --> 04:25:54,400
simultaneously skepticism and 
wonder reason and Imagination 

4794
04:25:54,400 --> 04:25:57,200
modern science and ancient 
folklore. 

4795
04:25:58,000 --> 04:26:00,900
This ability to engage with 
Traditions symbolically rather 

4796
04:26:00,900 --> 04:26:03,200
than literally is increasingly 
rare. 

4797
04:26:03,200 --> 04:26:06,600
In our polarized age, where we 
tend to sort everything into 

4798
04:26:06,600 --> 04:26:09,900
either literally true and 
therefore important or provably 

4799
04:26:09,900 --> 04:26:13,500
false and therefore meaningless 
The victorians understood that 

4800
04:26:13,500 --> 04:26:16,400
something could be symbolically 
true and meaningful without 

4801
04:26:16,400 --> 04:26:19,500
being literally factual 
Halloween divinations didn't 

4802
04:26:19,500 --> 04:26:21,900
actually predict the future, 
didn't make them worthless. 

4803
04:26:22,700 --> 04:26:25,400
They served social and 
psychological functions that had

4804
04:26:25,400 --> 04:26:31,100
real value. 
As you sit here, perhaps 

4805
04:26:31,100 --> 04:26:34,300
noticing that your tea has gone 
cold, or that you've pulled your

4806
04:26:34,300 --> 04:26:38,600
blanket up almost to your chin. 
Imagine one final scene with me.

4807
04:26:38,600 --> 04:26:41,700
It's the Deep powers of the 
night after Mrs. Ashford's 

4808
04:26:41,700 --> 04:26:44,800
party, all the guests of 
departed and the house has 

4809
04:26:44,800 --> 04:26:48,400
settled into silence in The 
Parlor, a single in the 

4810
04:26:48,400 --> 04:26:50,600
fireplace. 
Still glows faintly, not 

4811
04:26:50,600 --> 04:26:53,200
producing much heat, but 
maintaining a tiny point of 

4812
04:26:53,200 --> 04:26:56,100
light in the darkness, the 
turnip Lantern of burned out, 

4813
04:26:56,100 --> 04:26:59,000
completely the decorations 
looked tired and slightly 

4814
04:26:59,000 --> 04:27:01,800
flawed. 
The room smells of candle wax 

4815
04:27:01,800 --> 04:27:04,400
and cold, smoke apples, and old 
fabric. 

4816
04:27:04,400 --> 04:27:08,400
Mrs. Ashford before retiring to 
bed, does one final walk through

4817
04:27:08,400 --> 04:27:10,600
the space? 
She adjusted a picture frame 

4818
04:27:10,600 --> 04:27:14,200
that slightly Askew, picks up a 
forgotten Hank, Chief and make 

4819
04:27:14,200 --> 04:27:15,700
sure the fire screen is 
properly. 

4820
04:27:15,700 --> 04:27:17,600
Positioned, she pauses for a 
moment. 

4821
04:27:17,600 --> 04:27:20,600
Looking around at the dim 
parlor, probably thinking about 

4822
04:27:20,600 --> 04:27:23,900
the evening success, or failure,
mentally noting. 

4823
04:27:23,900 --> 04:27:26,200
What worked well and what she 
might change next year? 

4824
04:27:27,200 --> 04:27:29,800
Bench extinguishes, the final 
lamp and leaves the room to 

4825
04:27:29,800 --> 04:27:33,100
Darkness the house creaks and 
settles around her. 

4826
04:27:33,100 --> 04:27:35,300
She climbs the stairs to bed 
outside. 

4827
04:27:35,300 --> 04:27:38,300
The October night is quiet 
except for wind in the trees and

4828
04:27:38,300 --> 04:27:40,100
the occasional distant bark of a
dog. 

4829
04:27:40,100 --> 04:27:44,500
The Thin Veil Between Worlds if 
it was ever truly thin as closed

4830
04:27:44,500 --> 04:27:46,800
again. 
Halloween is over for another 

4831
04:27:46,800 --> 04:27:49,700
year. 
But something lingers in the 

4832
04:27:49,708 --> 04:27:52,400
minds of the guests walking home
or already lying in their beds, 

4833
04:27:52,400 --> 04:27:56,300
memories of the evening persist.
Particularly effective ghost 

4834
04:27:56,300 --> 04:28:00,200
story keeps replaying the image 
of a face and Candlelight eyes 

4835
04:28:00,200 --> 04:28:03,300
wide, while holding that key 
over a shoulder, the tastes of 

4836
04:28:03,308 --> 04:28:06,800
apples and the feel of cold 
water during Snapple, these 

4837
04:28:06,800 --> 04:28:10,000
Century memories will fade over 
time but they'll leave traces 

4838
04:28:10,000 --> 04:28:13,200
contributing to each person's 
understanding of what Autumn 

4839
04:28:13,200 --> 04:28:17,100
means what mystery feels like 
and how Community forms and 

4840
04:28:17,100 --> 04:28:21,000
reforms through shared ritual. 
This is the real Legacy of 

4841
04:28:21,000 --> 04:28:24,800
Victorian Halloween, not the 
specific games or Traditions, 

4842
04:28:24,800 --> 04:28:27,200
which have mostly faded or 
transformed beyond recognition, 

4843
04:28:27,200 --> 04:28:30,900
but the understanding that 
certain times of year call for 

4844
04:28:30,900 --> 04:28:34,100
certain kinds of attention that 
the transition from one season 

4845
04:28:34,100 --> 04:28:37,100
to another deserves 
acknowledgment, That gathering 

4846
04:28:37,100 --> 04:28:39,800
together in shared activity 
creates bonds that persist 

4847
04:28:39,800 --> 04:28:43,100
beyond the Gathering itself that
a well told story around a fire 

4848
04:28:43,100 --> 04:28:46,300
to something to the human soul 
that watching a screen alone can

4849
04:28:46,300 --> 04:28:50,900
never quite replicate. 
The victorians for all their 

4850
04:28:50,900 --> 04:28:52,600
stuffiness and their excessive 
furniture. 

4851
04:28:52,600 --> 04:28:55,500
And their social rigidity 
understood something about 

4852
04:28:55,500 --> 04:28:57,600
celebration that we've partially
lost. 

4853
04:28:57,600 --> 04:29:00,800
They knew that the best 
festivities engage people rather

4854
04:29:00,800 --> 04:29:04,600
than just entertaining them. 
They created experiences rather 

4855
04:29:04,600 --> 04:29:07,800
than consuming them they used. 
What was at hand rather than 

4856
04:29:07,800 --> 04:29:11,000
buying, what was marketed to 
them as you prepare to drift off

4857
04:29:11,000 --> 04:29:13,900
to sleep tonight. 
Perhaps your dream of Victorian,

4858
04:29:13,900 --> 04:29:17,800
parlors of candlelit, Shadows 
and apple bobbing of hushed, 

4859
04:29:17,800 --> 04:29:20,800
ghost stories, and mysterious 
mirrors, or perhaps your dream 

4860
04:29:20,800 --> 04:29:23,300
of something else. 
Entirely your own, memories, 

4861
04:29:23,300 --> 04:29:26,900
your own Autumn evening's your 
own celebrations with their own 

4862
04:29:26,900 --> 04:29:31,400
meanings. 
But maybe, just maybe your wake 

4863
04:29:31,400 --> 04:29:33,600
up tomorrow with a slightly 
different sense of what 

4864
04:29:33,600 --> 04:29:36,600
celebration could be. 
Not just buying decorations and 

4865
04:29:36,600 --> 04:29:39,900
candy, not just passive 
entertainment, but the creation 

4866
04:29:39,900 --> 04:29:42,800
of atmosphere and meaning 
through attention and attention,

4867
04:29:42,800 --> 04:29:44,800
Victorian Halloween, wasn't 
perfect. 

4868
04:29:44,800 --> 04:29:48,000
Nothing human ever is But it had
a gentle magic. 

4869
04:29:48,000 --> 04:29:51,500
That's worth remembering. 
The Thin Veil Between Worlds, 

4870
04:29:51,500 --> 04:29:54,900
that the Celts believed in 
wasn't just about spirits and 

4871
04:29:54,900 --> 04:29:57,500
the afterlife. 
It was also about the veil 

4872
04:29:57,500 --> 04:30:00,300
between past and present between
what was, and what is? 

4873
04:30:00,300 --> 04:30:04,000
Every time we engage with 
tradition, really engage with 

4874
04:30:04,008 --> 04:30:06,600
it, understanding its Origins 
and meanings. 

4875
04:30:06,600 --> 04:30:09,600
We thin that Veil a little. 
We can connect with the people 

4876
04:30:09,600 --> 04:30:12,800
who came before us, who 
celebrated in their own ways for

4877
04:30:12,800 --> 04:30:15,400
their own reasons. 
But who shared our fundamental 

4878
04:30:15,400 --> 04:30:19,300
human need for ritual community 
and a touch of Mystery. 

4879
04:30:20,300 --> 04:30:23,300
So, as you close your eyes and 
let's sleep, take you remember 

4880
04:30:23,300 --> 04:30:25,600
Mrs? 
Ashford's parlor. 

4881
04:30:25,600 --> 04:30:28,400
Remember the glow of the coal 
fire and the flicker of 

4882
04:30:28,408 --> 04:30:30,700
Candlelight? 
Remember the laughter during 

4883
04:30:30,700 --> 04:30:32,900
Snapper and the hush during 
ghost stories. 

4884
04:30:32,900 --> 04:30:36,100
Remember the smell of autumn 
leaves and burning wax. 

4885
04:30:36,100 --> 04:30:38,600
Remember that once upon a time 
not. 

4886
04:30:38,600 --> 04:30:41,200
So very long ago, people 
gathered in comfortable rooms to

4887
04:30:41,200 --> 04:30:44,400
play gentle games about the 
future and tell quiet stories 

4888
04:30:44,400 --> 04:30:47,300
about the past. 
And perhaps next Autumn were 

4889
04:30:47,300 --> 04:30:49,700
October, winds are rattling. 
The windows and leaves are 

4890
04:30:49,700 --> 04:30:52,600
drifting down from the trees. 
You might try lighting a candle 

4891
04:30:52,600 --> 04:30:55,700
instead of turning on all the 
lights, you might tell a story 

4892
04:30:55,700 --> 04:30:58,800
instead of turning on a screen, 
you might Bob for apples or 

4893
04:30:58,800 --> 04:31:01,100
throw apple. 
Peels over your shoulder or sit 

4894
04:31:01,100 --> 04:31:04,100
in the dark with friends and let
imagination work at subtle 

4895
04:31:04,100 --> 04:31:07,000
Magic. 
The victorians are long gone, 

4896
04:31:07,008 --> 04:31:10,500
their parlors dismantled or 
converted to other uses. 

4897
04:31:10,500 --> 04:31:14,800
Their elaborate social rules 
abandoned their stuffed 

4898
04:31:14,800 --> 04:31:17,600
Furniture, mostly consigned to 
antique shops, but the 

4899
04:31:17,600 --> 04:31:20,300
understanding at the heart of 
their Halloween celebrations, 

4900
04:31:20,300 --> 04:31:23,800
that mystery and community and 
seasonal awareness matter that 

4901
04:31:23,800 --> 04:31:26,400
atmosphere and attention can 
create enchantment. 

4902
04:31:27,100 --> 04:31:30,800
That sometimes the old ways, new
something worth preserving that 

4903
04:31:30,800 --> 04:31:33,800
understanding is still available
to us if we care to reach for 

4904
04:31:33,800 --> 04:31:36,400
it. 
Sleep, well, and let the gentle 

4905
04:31:36,400 --> 04:31:39,100
ghosts of Victorian Halloween's,
past keep watch over your 

4906
04:31:39,100 --> 04:31:41,300
dreams, their harmless Spirits, 
these. 

4907
04:31:41,300 --> 04:31:44,800
Not frightening, but friendly 
not threatening, but comforting 

4908
04:31:44,800 --> 04:31:48,400
they Whisper of autumn evenings 
and firelight of laughter, and 

4909
04:31:48,400 --> 04:31:51,500
shadows of that perfect balance 
between playfulness and 

4910
04:31:51,500 --> 04:31:54,200
reverence that made Victorian 
Halloween, something special, 

4911
04:31:54,200 --> 04:31:58,300
the coal in Mrs. Ashford's, 
fireplace is finally gone dark, 

4912
04:31:58,300 --> 04:32:01,400
but it's warmth lingers in 
memory, and that perhaps is the 

4913
04:32:01,400 --> 04:32:04,400
best kind of warmth. 
The kind that persists long 

4914
04:32:04,400 --> 04:32:07,300
after the fire itself has burned
out, the kind that can be 

4915
04:32:07,300 --> 04:32:10,200
rekindled whenever we remember 
and honor the Traditions that 

4916
04:32:10,200 --> 04:32:21,300
shape us Imagine This. 2 a.m. 
and you're in bed staring at the

4917
04:32:21,308 --> 04:32:22,700
ceiling. 
Like it, owes you money. 

4918
04:32:22,700 --> 04:32:25,000
Your brain is helpfully playing 
back. 

4919
04:32:25,000 --> 04:32:28,800
That awful thing. 
You said in 2003, 30,000 years 

4920
04:32:28,800 --> 04:32:32,400
ago, nevertheless, your ancestor
grok was cutting logs. 

4921
04:32:32,400 --> 04:32:35,900
So quietly that surrounding 
mastered owns employed him as a 

4922
04:32:35,900 --> 04:32:38,000
white noise machine. 
What is going on? 

4923
04:32:38,000 --> 04:32:42,100
How did we go from sleeping like
newborns enveloped in enormous 

4924
04:32:42,100 --> 04:32:45,000
fur tossing and turning like 
squirrels on coffee? 

4925
04:32:46,000 --> 04:32:49,400
The answer, my friend who is 
always exhausted is buried 

4926
04:32:49,400 --> 04:32:53,000
deeper than your phone charger. 
Under the couch, cushions our 

4927
04:32:53,000 --> 04:32:54,800
predecessors. 
Who lived in caves didn't just 

4928
04:32:54,800 --> 04:32:55,800
fall asleep. 
Perfectly. 

4929
04:32:55,800 --> 04:32:59,200
They had a full technique that 
would make currently experts cry

4930
04:32:59,200 --> 04:33:01,400
with jealousy in their 
perspective. 

4931
04:33:01,400 --> 04:33:05,099
Darkness meant Darkness not let 
me check Instagram one more 

4932
04:33:05,099 --> 04:33:07,599
time. 
Darkness, their body's processed

4933
04:33:07,599 --> 04:33:10,400
the message more quickly than a 
teenager who just been grounded 

4934
04:33:10,400 --> 04:33:13,300
at dusk But this is where it 
gets fascinating. 

4935
04:33:13,300 --> 04:33:16,099
These work just individuals who 
lived in caves. 

4936
04:33:16,099 --> 04:33:19,099
They were the consequence of 
millions of years of evolution. 

4937
04:33:19,099 --> 04:33:23,000
Making the perfect slumber 
machine every Instinct every 

4938
04:33:23,000 --> 04:33:25,700
biological mechanism. 
And every little thing they did 

4939
04:33:25,700 --> 04:33:28,300
every day was set up to help 
them obtain the kind of sleep, 

4940
04:33:28,300 --> 04:33:31,700
that would make a spa jealous. 
Think about what you usually do 

4941
04:33:31,700 --> 04:33:33,700
at night. 
You might be reading news, that 

4942
04:33:33,700 --> 04:33:36,900
makes you mistrust mankind, 
eating dinner, beneath strong, 

4943
04:33:36,900 --> 04:33:39,900
fluorescent lights, that might 
land a plane, and then wondering

4944
04:33:39,900 --> 04:33:42,300
why your brain won't stop. 
When you finally go to bed. 

4945
04:33:42,300 --> 04:33:44,599
On the other hand, your 
Neanderthal. 

4946
04:33:44,599 --> 04:33:47,400
Ancestor was winding down as 
naturally As Leaves dropping 

4947
04:33:47,400 --> 04:33:50,200
from a tree in the fall as 
actual Darkness. 

4948
04:33:50,200 --> 04:33:53,400
The type that engulfed. 
Everything whole spread over 

4949
04:33:53,400 --> 04:33:57,000
their world, their bodies began 
to release melatonin which is 

4950
04:33:57,000 --> 04:33:58,900
like a perfectly timed sleeping 
pill. 

4951
04:33:58,900 --> 04:34:02,099
They had no blue light to 
disrupt their internal clock. 

4952
04:34:02,099 --> 04:34:06,000
No emails to spike their 
cortisol levels at night and no 

4953
04:34:06,000 --> 04:34:08,000
neighbors leaf blower at dawn to
wake them up. 

4954
04:34:09,000 --> 04:34:12,099
The reality is that we've been 
recklessly attempting to sleep 

4955
04:34:12,099 --> 04:34:13,700
and the results have been 
disastrous. 

4956
04:34:13,700 --> 04:34:17,099
But before you go looking for a 
cave on Zillow, let's take a 

4957
04:34:17,099 --> 04:34:19,300
closer look at what made these 
Stone Age sleepers. 

4958
04:34:19,300 --> 04:34:22,700
So successful, there are secrets
hidden in their modest way of 

4959
04:34:22,707 --> 04:34:24,200
living. 
That could turn your restless 

4960
04:34:24,200 --> 04:34:26,400
evening's, into the calm sleep. 
You've always wanted. 

4961
04:34:26,400 --> 04:34:29,200
It wasn't just one item that 
they were hiding. 

4962
04:34:29,200 --> 04:34:33,400
It was everything everything 
about their lives, was ideally 

4963
04:34:33,400 --> 04:34:37,900
set up for deep restful, Slumber
from how they ate to how they 

4964
04:34:37,900 --> 04:34:40,400
walked. 
And from the are they inhaled to

4965
04:34:40,400 --> 04:34:43,500
the sound they heard. 
They lived in unison with 

4966
04:34:43,500 --> 04:34:44,900
rhythms that we have long since 
forgotten. 

4967
04:34:44,900 --> 04:34:50,099
So take a seat unwind and 
journey back to a time when 

4968
04:34:50,099 --> 04:34:53,700
falling asleep was as effortless
as breathing, you might find 

4969
04:34:53,700 --> 04:34:55,300
that the answer to your sleep, 
troubles in. 

4970
04:34:55,300 --> 04:34:56,900
The present has been there all 
along. 

4971
04:34:56,900 --> 04:35:00,200
It's not your fault that your 
internal clock is suffering and 

4972
04:35:00,200 --> 04:35:03,200
identity crisis. 
Not completely, though, you have

4973
04:35:03,200 --> 04:35:06,700
a small group of cells located 
deep in your brain, which we can

4974
04:35:06,700 --> 04:35:08,599
refer to. 
As your internal timekeeper, 

4975
04:35:08,599 --> 04:35:11,599
this group has been having the 
biological equivalent of a 

4976
04:35:11,608 --> 04:35:14,700
tantrum for decades. 
Over millions of years. 

4977
04:35:14,700 --> 04:35:17,900
This small-time keeper learned 
to respond to one basic signal 

4978
04:35:17,900 --> 04:35:23,500
light and dark This technique 
worked like a Swiss watch built 

4979
04:35:23,500 --> 04:35:25,900
of Starlight and Common Sense 
for your Neanderthal. 

4980
04:35:25,900 --> 04:35:29,300
Ancestors, their internal alarm 
clock softly, woke them up. 

4981
04:35:29,300 --> 04:35:32,099
When the sun came up, when it 
got dark, the evening show 

4982
04:35:32,099 --> 04:35:35,000
started and it made them less 
alert like a theater. 

4983
04:35:35,000 --> 04:35:38,099
Gently lowering the house 
lights, But this is when things 

4984
04:35:38,099 --> 04:35:42,300
get deliciously, ironic, we are.
So excellent at manipulating our

4985
04:35:42,300 --> 04:35:45,400
surroundings that we have 
unintentionally, waged war on 

4986
04:35:45,400 --> 04:35:48,400
our own nature. 
Your ancestor glanced up at the 

4987
04:35:48,400 --> 04:35:50,500
stars and felt their body, 
getting ready to sleep. 

4988
04:35:50,500 --> 04:35:53,400
You can't answer up at the 
ceiling of your bedroom, which 

4989
04:35:53,400 --> 04:35:56,099
is lit up by 17 different 
electrical devices. 

4990
04:35:56,099 --> 04:35:59,200
And you wonder why you feel like
a vampire in a bed. 

4991
04:35:59,900 --> 04:36:03,500
The plot goes further than you 
might realize that led street 

4992
04:36:03,500 --> 04:36:07,500
light outside your window that 
looks harmless at 11 p.m. it's 

4993
04:36:07,500 --> 04:36:09,700
sending out blue light at 
wavelengths that your brain 

4994
04:36:09,700 --> 04:36:13,400
reads as wake up. 
The sun is rising your phone 

4995
04:36:13,400 --> 04:36:17,300
tablet, laptop, and even your 
microwave's, digital clock are 

4996
04:36:17,300 --> 04:36:19,000
all part of this scheme to keep 
you awake. 

4997
04:36:20,099 --> 04:36:23,000
Scientists today, call the 
natural light dark cycle. 

4998
04:36:23,000 --> 04:36:26,700
What cave dwellers lived by, but
they didn't need a fancy name 

4999
04:36:26,700 --> 04:36:29,800
for it. 
They just called it Tuesday. the

5000
04:36:29,800 --> 04:36:33,000
warm steady light of Daybreak 
marked, the start of their days,

5001
04:36:33,000 --> 04:36:37,099
the dazzling completes spectrum 
of midday Sun marked the peak 

5002
04:36:37,099 --> 04:36:40,800
while the Deep orange and 
Crimson Hues of sunset Mark The 

5003
04:36:40,800 --> 04:36:43,800
End Their brains were already 
three steps ahead. 

5004
04:36:43,800 --> 04:36:47,900
By the time real darkness came 
sending Sleepytime hormones into

5005
04:36:47,900 --> 04:36:51,200
their bodies. 
You wake up to fake light, spend

5006
04:36:51,200 --> 04:36:53,300
eight hours at work under 
fluorescent lights. 

5007
04:36:53,300 --> 04:36:56,700
That would make a vampire squint
drive home in traffic while 

5008
04:36:56,700 --> 04:36:59,400
looking at LED headlights and 
then spend the evening in front 

5009
04:36:59,400 --> 04:37:02,099
of a screen before bed. 
It's like giving your internal 

5010
04:37:02,099 --> 04:37:05,300
clock a continuous diet of junk 
food and then being surprised 

5011
04:37:05,300 --> 04:37:08,900
when it's confused, but the real
kicker Is Not only was your 

5012
04:37:08,900 --> 04:37:11,900
predecessors sleep deeper, but 
it was all so more flexible. 

5013
04:37:11,900 --> 04:37:16,599
Researchers term, what they did 
segmented sleep, they would wake

5014
04:37:16,599 --> 04:37:19,099
up in the middle of the night 
for an hour or two of Calm 

5015
04:37:19,099 --> 04:37:20,900
wakefulness before going back to
sleep. 

5016
04:37:21,700 --> 04:37:24,599
This wasn't sleeplessness. 
It was how people slept for 

5017
04:37:24,599 --> 04:37:27,800
thousands of years. 
These nocturnal breaks. 

5018
04:37:27,800 --> 04:37:31,300
They might tend to the fire 
talk, quietly or just lie, still

5019
04:37:31,300 --> 04:37:34,300
in the dark. 
They didn't have to worry about 

5020
04:37:34,300 --> 04:37:38,200
getting back to sleep. 
Check the time or wonder if they

5021
04:37:38,200 --> 04:37:41,700
would be tired the next day. 
They had entire faith in their 

5022
04:37:41,700 --> 04:37:44,000
body, just like you do in 
gravity. 

5023
04:37:44,900 --> 04:37:48,000
Your brain still wants to follow
these old patterns, but Modern 

5024
04:37:48,000 --> 04:37:50,700
Life continues, getting in the 
way of the dialogue between your

5025
04:37:50,700 --> 04:37:52,099
biology and the natural 
environment. 

5026
04:37:52,099 --> 04:37:56,599
Every artificial light every 
late night notification and 

5027
04:37:56,599 --> 04:38:00,400
every just one more episode is 
like static on the radio 

5028
04:38:00,400 --> 04:38:03,400
frequency that your forefathers 
used to sleep like Champions 

5029
04:38:03,400 --> 04:38:06,400
your caveman ancestor would be 
shocked to learn that. 

5030
04:38:06,400 --> 04:38:09,200
You worry about things that 
haven't happened yet might not 

5031
04:38:09,200 --> 04:38:11,300
happen and perhaps aren't even 
feasible. 

5032
04:38:12,099 --> 04:38:15,700
Rocks Stress Management approach
was also basic when the saber 

5033
04:38:15,700 --> 04:38:19,300
tooth tiger was gone. 
So was the stress your ancestors

5034
04:38:19,300 --> 04:38:21,500
nervous system worked like a 
smoke detector that was 

5035
04:38:21,500 --> 04:38:22,400
correctly. 
Set up? 

5036
04:38:22,400 --> 04:38:25,800
Is there a real danger? 
All systems are go? 

5037
04:38:25,800 --> 04:38:29,500
And adrenaline is pumping like a
fire hose, is the danger over 

5038
04:38:29,500 --> 04:38:33,000
the system is reset back to 
normal and ready for a lovely 

5039
04:38:33,000 --> 04:38:36,000
snooze by the fire. 
Your neurological system. 

5040
04:38:36,000 --> 04:38:39,300
However, perceives your morning,
commute job deadline. 

5041
04:38:39,300 --> 04:38:42,300
And the strange noise from your 
automobile is equally 

5042
04:38:42,300 --> 04:38:44,400
significant as a charging 
rhinoceros. 

5043
04:38:44,400 --> 04:38:47,700
You didn't do anything wrong. 
It's just the price we pay for 

5044
04:38:47,700 --> 04:38:50,200
having Minds that can think 
about problems that might happen

5045
04:38:50,200 --> 04:38:52,800
in the future. 
But here's what's keeping you up

5046
04:38:52,800 --> 04:38:56,500
at night your stress response. 
System doesn't know that most of

5047
04:38:56,500 --> 04:38:59,800
the threats you face. 
Every day aren't genuinely life 

5048
04:38:59,800 --> 04:39:02,500
or death circumstances. 
Stress. 

5049
04:39:02,500 --> 04:39:04,800
Hormones are released by your 
body for everything. 

5050
04:39:04,800 --> 04:39:07,800
From giving a presentation, at 
work to being late for dinner. 

5051
04:39:09,000 --> 04:39:11,200
These molecules of the enemies 
of calm sleep. 

5052
04:39:12,000 --> 04:39:14,400
Cortisol. 
Your main stress hormone was 

5053
04:39:14,400 --> 04:39:17,099
meant to wake you up and keep 
you attentive in real crises. 

5054
04:39:18,000 --> 04:39:21,900
Don't sleep. 
Now a tiger is nearby was what a

5055
04:39:21,900 --> 04:39:25,200
surgeon cortisol signaled in 
prehistoric times these days 

5056
04:39:25,200 --> 04:39:28,900
cortisol levels go up when your 
Internet is slow your employer, 

5057
04:39:28,900 --> 04:39:31,900
sends you a strange email or you
remember that you forgot to 

5058
04:39:31,900 --> 04:39:35,599
defrost dinner, your body can't 
detect the difference between a 

5059
04:39:35,599 --> 04:39:37,900
real threat and the annoying 
sound of your neighbor's. 

5060
04:39:37,900 --> 04:39:41,700
Wind chimes at 6 a.m. but this 
is where life is a caveman gets 

5061
04:39:41,700 --> 04:39:44,800
extremely desirable. 
Their stress was largely 

5062
04:39:44,800 --> 04:39:49,000
physical happened right away and
didn't last long get rid of the 

5063
04:39:49,000 --> 04:39:52,300
Predator, get food and go away 
from the storm problem. 

5064
04:39:52,300 --> 04:39:54,500
Solved, stress gone time to 
sleep. 

5065
04:39:54,500 --> 04:39:57,900
Your stress is mental and 
continual and there is no 

5066
04:39:57,900 --> 04:40:01,300
apparent way to fix it. 
How do you beat global warming 

5067
04:40:01,300 --> 04:40:03,900
or job insecurity? 
You can't really fight your 

5068
04:40:03,900 --> 04:40:07,200
mortgage payment and win your 
four Bears possess something. 

5069
04:40:07,200 --> 04:40:10,200
We don't have any more the 
ability to relieve tension by 

5070
04:40:10,200 --> 04:40:13,300
being very tired. 
They were really ready to rest 

5071
04:40:13,300 --> 04:40:16,100
after a day of hunting Gathering
building and staying alive. 

5072
04:40:16,100 --> 04:40:19,100
They didn't need to wind down 
because they were already there 

5073
04:40:19,100 --> 04:40:21,700
in contrast. 
You spend much of your day in 

5074
04:40:21,700 --> 04:40:25,100
meetings staring at screens and 
utilizing your mind more than 

5075
04:40:25,100 --> 04:40:27,600
your body. 
Your mind is freed by the 

5076
04:40:27,600 --> 04:40:29,800
evening but your body hasn't 
really done anything. 

5077
04:40:30,600 --> 04:40:33,800
Researchers who study sleep, 
call this the tired, but wired 

5078
04:40:33,800 --> 04:40:37,100
phenomenon, your brain is tired 
from taking in information, 

5079
04:40:37,100 --> 04:40:40,800
making choices and dealing with 
stress, but your body hasn't had

5080
04:40:40,800 --> 04:40:42,700
the physical release that makes 
you sleepy. 

5081
04:40:42,700 --> 04:40:46,100
It's like revving, the engine of
a car while it's still in park, 

5082
04:40:46,100 --> 04:40:48,600
lots of energy, but no place to 
go. 

5083
04:40:49,600 --> 04:40:52,900
People who lived in caves or 
lived in small close-knit groups

5084
04:40:52,900 --> 04:40:55,400
where they could express their 
worries and get help all the 

5085
04:40:55,408 --> 04:40:57,900
time. 
Everyone in the clan knew about 

5086
04:40:57,900 --> 04:41:01,600
rocks, disastrous, Mammoth hunt 
offered to Aid and then went on.

5087
04:41:02,500 --> 04:41:04,700
You can spend hours going over a
poor day at work. 

5088
04:41:04,700 --> 04:41:08,200
In your thoughts, letting your 
stress build up like a mental 

5089
04:41:08,200 --> 04:41:12,000
pot roast, Funny thing is that 
the stress response system of 

5090
04:41:12,000 --> 04:41:15,600
our ancestors is still in charge
of your body today, but the 

5091
04:41:15,600 --> 04:41:17,900
challenges it is trying to solve
a very different. 

5092
04:41:17,900 --> 04:41:21,500
Your fight or flight response is
great for coping with immediate 

5093
04:41:21,500 --> 04:41:23,900
physical dangers. 
But not for the Slow Burn 

5094
04:41:23,900 --> 04:41:27,400
anxiety of Modern Life that 
follows you to bed and Whispers 

5095
04:41:27,400 --> 04:41:29,100
delicious nightmares in your 
ear. 

5096
04:41:29,100 --> 04:41:32,200
The way you feel about eating 
influences, your sleep in ways 

5097
04:41:32,200 --> 04:41:34,600
that would make a caveman 
scratch his head and confusion. 

5098
04:41:35,500 --> 04:41:38,600
While you enjoy a bowl of sugary
cereal later at night and Ponder

5099
04:41:38,600 --> 04:41:41,700
while you remain Wide Awake, 
your ancestor was likely three 

5100
04:41:41,700 --> 04:41:44,500
hours into REM sleep. 
They knew something we've 

5101
04:41:44,500 --> 04:41:48,300
forgotten what when, and how 
much you eat directly affects 

5102
04:41:48,300 --> 04:41:51,400
how well, you sleep cave. 
Dwellers, didn't eat snacks 

5103
04:41:51,400 --> 04:41:53,200
later at night since they didn't
stay up late. 

5104
04:41:53,200 --> 04:41:56,000
Like we do. 
Their eating habits were in line

5105
04:41:56,008 --> 04:41:57,800
with natural rhythms, that help 
them sleep. 

5106
04:41:57,800 --> 04:42:01,300
Well, they ate their biggest 
meal during the day when their 

5107
04:42:01,300 --> 04:42:03,700
digestive fires were at their 
hottest and then naturally 

5108
04:42:03,700 --> 04:42:07,600
fasted from Sunset to Sunrise, 
not because some health Guru 

5109
04:42:07,600 --> 04:42:10,800
instructed them to, but because 
that was when food was available

5110
04:42:10,800 --> 04:42:12,500
and their systems could handle 
it best. 

5111
04:42:13,400 --> 04:42:16,600
This natural meal plan fit their
circadian clocks wonderfully 

5112
04:42:16,600 --> 04:42:19,800
when they needed digestive 
enzymes, their bodies made them 

5113
04:42:19,800 --> 04:42:23,300
when it came time to sleep and 
repair their system stopped 

5114
04:42:23,300 --> 04:42:25,600
digesting food. 
It was like a perfectly 

5115
04:42:25,600 --> 04:42:28,900
choreographed, dance between 
their gut and their head with 

5116
04:42:28,900 --> 04:42:31,000
each partner knowing when to 
lead and went to follow. 

5117
04:42:31,000 --> 04:42:34,400
Now, let's talk about what they 
ate and what you probably have 

5118
04:42:34,400 --> 04:42:37,400
in your kitchen right now. 
They didn't eat any processed 

5119
04:42:37,400 --> 04:42:41,000
meals, refined sugars or 
unnatural ingredients, that can 

5120
04:42:41,000 --> 04:42:44,000
mess with how your brain works. 
No late night, ice cream. 

5121
04:42:44,000 --> 04:42:46,700
That makes your blood sugar. 
Go up and down, just as your 

5122
04:42:46,700 --> 04:42:48,800
attempting to fall asleep. 
No. 

5123
04:42:48,800 --> 04:42:50,400
Energy drinks. 
That make you crash from 

5124
04:42:50,400 --> 04:42:53,200
caffeine at night? 
No snacks that have been 

5125
04:42:53,200 --> 04:42:55,500
processed and a full of 
chemicals that your 

5126
04:42:55,500 --> 04:42:57,500
great-great-grandmother wouldn't
know a food. 

5127
04:42:57,500 --> 04:43:00,200
Instead, they ate items that 
help them. 

5128
04:43:00,200 --> 04:43:04,000
Sleep like nuts, high in 
magnesium, fish, high in omega-3

5129
04:43:04,000 --> 04:43:07,900
fatty acids and seasonal fruits,
that included, natural sugars, 

5130
04:43:07,900 --> 04:43:10,400
and fiber to keep their blood 
sugar levels stable. 

5131
04:43:10,400 --> 04:43:13,700
They didn't require melatonin 
pills because the food they ate 

5132
04:43:13,700 --> 04:43:15,800
naturally had components that 
helped them sleep. 

5133
04:43:15,800 --> 04:43:18,800
They didn't require magnesium 
supplements because they got 

5134
04:43:18,800 --> 04:43:21,700
enough minerals from their food 
that helped their muscles, relax

5135
04:43:21,700 --> 04:43:25,400
and their nerves calm down. 
But here's the truly interesting

5136
04:43:25,400 --> 04:43:29,800
part, they did what we now call 
Chrono nutrition without even 

5137
04:43:29,800 --> 04:43:32,600
knowing it had a name. 
Their bodies were organically 

5138
04:43:32,600 --> 04:43:34,900
adapted to each foods. 
That gave them the energy, they 

5139
04:43:34,900 --> 04:43:37,800
needed each day. 
Morning Foods, woke them up. 

5140
04:43:37,800 --> 04:43:41,600
After noon Foods kept the 
energized and evening Foods when

5141
04:43:41,600 --> 04:43:44,900
available help them sleep. 
Your current eating routine. 

5142
04:43:44,900 --> 04:43:48,000
On the other hand is like a jazz
band that can't agree on what 

5143
04:43:48,000 --> 04:43:50,800
music to play. 
You might miss breakfast, drink 

5144
04:43:50,800 --> 04:43:53,300
a sugary coffee, drink in the 
middle of the morning, have 

5145
04:43:53,300 --> 04:43:55,500
lunch at your desk, while 
worrying about deadlines 

5146
04:43:55,500 --> 04:43:58,500
mindlessly nibble, all 
afternoon, and then eat your 

5147
04:43:58,508 --> 04:44:01,600
biggest meal right before bed. 
While watching Netflix, your 

5148
04:44:01,600 --> 04:44:04,200
digestive system doesn't know if
it should be speeding up or 

5149
04:44:04,200 --> 04:44:07,700
slowing down eating late at 
night is a specially detrimental

5150
04:44:07,700 --> 04:44:11,400
for the quality of your sleep. 
When you eat close to bed, your 

5151
04:44:11,400 --> 04:44:14,600
body has to decide whether to 
digest the food or get ready for

5152
04:44:14,600 --> 04:44:18,500
bed, digestion, normally wins 
your core body, temperature, 

5153
04:44:18,500 --> 04:44:21,500
stays High, when it should be 
low, your blood sugar goes up 

5154
04:44:21,500 --> 04:44:24,300
and down when it should be 
steady and your digestive organs

5155
04:44:24,300 --> 04:44:26,500
are working too hard when they 
should be resting. 

5156
04:44:27,200 --> 04:44:29,900
People who lived in caves or 
didn't have to cope with how 

5157
04:44:29,900 --> 04:44:32,600
alcohol coffee or highly 
processed foods. 

5158
04:44:32,600 --> 04:44:35,300
Messed up their sleep. 
They received their evening 

5159
04:44:35,300 --> 04:44:38,000
relaxation from the natural 
exhaustion that comes from being

5160
04:44:38,000 --> 04:44:42,100
active and in the sun rather 
than from a glass of wine that 

5161
04:44:42,100 --> 04:44:45,000
initially makes them drowsy but 
later disrupts their sleep. 

5162
04:44:45,800 --> 04:44:48,500
From an emotional perspective, 
their relationship with food was

5163
04:44:48,500 --> 04:44:51,300
also very different. 
They didn't eat because they 

5164
04:44:51,300 --> 04:44:55,100
were bored stressed celebrating 
or trying to make themselves 

5165
04:44:55,100 --> 04:44:57,800
feel better. 
They ate when they were hungry 

5166
04:44:57,800 --> 04:45:00,600
and stopped when they were full.
This simple method. 

5167
04:45:00,600 --> 04:45:03,500
Stopped the blood sugar swings 
and intestinal discomfort. 

5168
04:45:03,500 --> 04:45:07,100
That may keep individuals up all
night, your bedroom thermostat 

5169
04:45:07,100 --> 04:45:10,300
could be messing up your sleep 
and your Neanderthal ancestor 

5170
04:45:10,300 --> 04:45:11,700
would know right away. 
What was wrong. 

5171
04:45:11,700 --> 04:45:14,900
They had to learn how to control
their body temperature to stay 

5172
04:45:14,900 --> 04:45:17,200
alive. 
But by doing so, they 

5173
04:45:17,200 --> 04:45:19,700
accidentally found out. 
One of the most crucial secrets 

5174
04:45:19,700 --> 04:45:22,800
to getting a good night's sleep.
Your body temperature needs to 

5175
04:45:22,800 --> 04:45:26,400
drop to trigger deep sleep, and 
modern living makes this tougher

5176
04:45:26,400 --> 04:45:30,000
than it should be. 
As the sun went down over the 

5177
04:45:30,000 --> 04:45:33,500
ancient Countryside, the are 
naturally began to cool your 

5178
04:45:33,500 --> 04:45:35,800
ancestors. 
Body started to cool down in the

5179
04:45:35,800 --> 04:45:38,600
evening after absorbing heat 
from the day's activities and 

5180
04:45:38,600 --> 04:45:41,200
the Sun. 
Not only was this cooling 

5181
04:45:41,200 --> 04:45:44,900
process comforting, but it also 
sent a biochemical signal to 

5182
04:45:44,900 --> 04:45:46,700
their brain that it was time to 
get ready for bed. 

5183
04:45:46,700 --> 04:45:50,400
Their body temperature would 
drop by 1 to 2 degrees, which 

5184
04:45:50,400 --> 04:45:53,300
would start a chain reaction of 
drowsy hormones, that current 

5185
04:45:53,300 --> 04:45:55,700
Sleep Clinic strive to copy with
costly treatments. 

5186
04:45:55,700 --> 04:45:59,000
This natural cooling happened at
the same time as the rest of the

5187
04:45:59,000 --> 04:46:01,900
environment. 
The cave kept the heat in the 

5188
04:46:01,900 --> 04:46:04,100
fire gave forth, heat, that 
could be controlled. 

5189
04:46:04,100 --> 04:46:06,800
And the animal fur bedding made 
a microclimate that could be 

5190
04:46:06,808 --> 04:46:09,000
changed by adding or taking away
layers. 

5191
04:46:09,000 --> 04:46:12,100
They didn't need a programmable 
thermostat because the 

5192
04:46:12,100 --> 04:46:14,700
temperature in their bedroom 
changed naturally with the 

5193
04:46:14,700 --> 04:46:16,400
rhythms that help them sleep 
best. 

5194
04:46:17,600 --> 04:46:20,400
In your modern bedroom, you face
a temperature control. 

5195
04:46:20,400 --> 04:46:23,800
Nightmare that appears easy to 
use your house is shut up, 

5196
04:46:23,800 --> 04:46:25,700
tight. 
Your bedroom keeps the same 

5197
04:46:25,700 --> 04:46:28,700
temperature all night and your 
mattress can be composed of 

5198
04:46:28,700 --> 04:46:31,200
materials. 
That retain heat like a sleeping

5199
04:46:31,200 --> 04:46:33,500
bag made by someone who has 
never slept before. 

5200
04:46:34,500 --> 04:46:36,900
Every time you try to sleep in a
place where you can't control 

5201
04:46:36,900 --> 04:46:40,000
the temperature naturally, 
you're going against millions of

5202
04:46:40,000 --> 04:46:42,500
years of nature. 
But here's where it becomes 

5203
04:46:42,500 --> 04:46:46,200
really interesting, your hands 
and feet or your body's natural 

5204
04:46:46,200 --> 04:46:49,700
way of cooling down. 
People who lived in caves slept 

5205
04:46:49,700 --> 04:46:52,700
with their arms and legs exposed
to cooler air which helped their

5206
04:46:52,700 --> 04:46:55,700
body's release heat. 
It is possible to be so heavily 

5207
04:46:55,700 --> 04:46:59,200
bundled that your body is unable
to cool down naturally leading 

5208
04:46:59,200 --> 04:47:02,700
your brain to perceive that it 
is not yet time for sleep. 

5209
04:47:03,500 --> 04:47:07,300
Your forebears knew something. 
We don't how powerful contrast 

5210
04:47:07,300 --> 04:47:09,300
can be. 
They had been in different 

5211
04:47:09,300 --> 04:47:12,200
temperatures all day. 
Warm in the sun cold in the 

5212
04:47:12,208 --> 04:47:15,900
shade hot from moving around and
chili from the evening breezes. 

5213
04:47:15,900 --> 04:47:19,100
So their bodies were ready for 
the decrease in temperature. 

5214
04:47:19,100 --> 04:47:20,600
That meant it was time to go to 
bed. 

5215
04:47:21,600 --> 04:47:23,700
Your primarily climate 
controlled day lacks. 

5216
04:47:23,700 --> 04:47:25,800
These natural temperature 
changes that regulate your 

5217
04:47:25,800 --> 04:47:28,700
circadian rhythms. 
The things they slept on will 

5218
04:47:28,700 --> 04:47:32,200
also very important animal, Furs
and woven plant fibers 

5219
04:47:32,200 --> 04:47:35,200
naturally, let air through which
kept them warm and dry by 

5220
04:47:35,200 --> 04:47:36,800
wicking moisture away from their
bodies. 

5221
04:47:36,800 --> 04:47:39,400
They didn't wake up in the 
middle of the night because 

5222
04:47:39,400 --> 04:47:42,400
they're fake mattress had turned
into a sauna or because their 

5223
04:47:42,400 --> 04:47:45,200
polyester pajamas had made a 
microclimate, that would make a 

5224
04:47:45,200 --> 04:47:48,200
greenhouse jealous. 
Researchers now called 

5225
04:47:48,200 --> 04:47:51,600
temperature in trainman what 
cave inhabitants also profited 

5226
04:47:51,600 --> 04:47:54,900
from their bodies learned to 
expect the natural cooling that 

5227
04:47:54,900 --> 04:47:57,700
occurred with knightfall, 
getting ready for sleep, even 

5228
04:47:57,700 --> 04:48:00,700
before they were exhausted. 
Because their bodies were 

5229
04:48:00,700 --> 04:48:02,500
perfectly in sync with their 
surroundings. 

5230
04:48:02,500 --> 04:48:05,200
They fell asleep. 
Fast faster and stayed asleep 

5231
04:48:05,200 --> 04:48:08,000
longer. 
Researchers today have proven 

5232
04:48:08,000 --> 04:48:11,300
what cave dwellers knew, all 
along, the best temperature for 

5233
04:48:11,300 --> 04:48:15,200
sleeping is cooler than most. 
People imagine between 60 and 67

5234
04:48:15,200 --> 04:48:18,400
degrees Fahrenheit. 
But temperature isn't only about

5235
04:48:18,400 --> 04:48:21,400
the air around you. 
It's also about how well your 

5236
04:48:21,400 --> 04:48:22,900
body can release heat while you 
sleep. 

5237
04:48:23,600 --> 04:48:27,200
This is why wearing socks to bed
can sometimes be helpful as they

5238
04:48:27,200 --> 04:48:28,900
allow heat to escape through 
your feet. 

5239
04:48:28,900 --> 04:48:32,100
And while taking a hot bath 
before, bed can be beneficial 

5240
04:48:32,100 --> 04:48:34,600
since the rapid cooling 
afterward mimics. 

5241
04:48:34,600 --> 04:48:36,200
How your body naturally cools 
down. 

5242
04:48:37,000 --> 04:48:39,600
Your forefathers didn't require 
weighted blankets or cooling 

5243
04:48:39,600 --> 04:48:42,200
mattress pads because their 
whole Sleeping area was made to 

5244
04:48:42,200 --> 04:48:44,400
keep the temperature. 
Stable, they align their 

5245
04:48:44,400 --> 04:48:47,300
sleeping conditions with their 
biology, which helped their 

5246
04:48:47,300 --> 04:48:49,300
bodies understand how to achieve
the best sleep. 

5247
04:48:49,300 --> 04:48:52,500
The Sounds in your Neanderthal. 
Ancestors, bedroom would make a 

5248
04:48:52,500 --> 04:48:55,800
modern sleep, sound machine cry 
because it wasn't good enough. 

5249
04:48:56,900 --> 04:48:59,400
While the line in bed listening 
to a symphony of air 

5250
04:48:59,400 --> 04:49:02,600
conditioners traffic, your 
neighbor's music and strange 

5251
04:49:02,600 --> 04:49:05,800
noises from the home settling. 
Your prehistoric relative was 

5252
04:49:05,800 --> 04:49:08,300
falling asleep to Nature's, 
original White Noise, mix. 

5253
04:49:09,000 --> 04:49:11,500
Which was made to help you sleep
deeply and restore your energy. 

5254
04:49:12,800 --> 04:49:15,700
As they got ready for bed, they 
could hear the distant crackling

5255
04:49:15,700 --> 04:49:18,800
of the fading fire, the delicate
rustling of leaves in the 

5256
04:49:18,800 --> 04:49:20,800
breeze. 
The rhythmic chirping of 

5257
04:49:20,800 --> 04:49:23,900
crickets and maybe even the 
faint breathing of their tribe 

5258
04:49:23,900 --> 04:49:26,500
mates nearby. 
These were just background 

5259
04:49:26,500 --> 04:49:29,500
sounds, their brains had 
developed to read them as safe 

5260
04:49:29,500 --> 04:49:32,600
time to sleep now. 
There was a reason for every 

5261
04:49:32,600 --> 04:49:35,500
sound they heard. 
The crackling fire meant that it

5262
04:49:35,500 --> 04:49:38,500
was warm and safe. 
The natural sounds signified. 

5263
04:49:38,500 --> 04:49:41,500
That there were no Predators 
nearby since the Forest Falls 

5264
04:49:41,500 --> 04:49:43,100
quiet. 
When hazardous animals are 

5265
04:49:43,100 --> 04:49:45,300
closed. 
The sound of family members 

5266
04:49:45,300 --> 04:49:48,100
breathing nearby made her feel 
comfortable because there were 

5267
04:49:48,100 --> 04:49:50,700
so many of them. 
Their brains could entirely 

5268
04:49:50,700 --> 04:49:53,000
relaxed since their ears were 
always telling them that 

5269
04:49:53,000 --> 04:49:56,200
everything was fine. 
In contrast, your modern sound 

5270
04:49:56,200 --> 04:49:58,700
environment. 
Has the buzz of electronics, the

5271
04:49:58,700 --> 04:50:00,300
distant whoosh of highway 
traffic. 

5272
04:50:00,300 --> 04:50:03,400
The neighbor's dog. 
Having an existential crisis at 

5273
04:50:03,400 --> 04:50:06,800
3 a.m. and the strange banging 
in your walls, that you've 

5274
04:50:06,800 --> 04:50:08,900
decided is either settling or 
ghosts. 

5275
04:50:09,600 --> 04:50:12,600
Your brain, which still runs the
same old software as your 

5276
04:50:12,600 --> 04:50:15,100
Neanderthal. 
Ancestor doesn't know how to put

5277
04:50:15,100 --> 04:50:18,800
these noises in order. 
Do they pose a threat are they 

5278
04:50:18,808 --> 04:50:20,900
okay? 
Should you be on guard or a 

5279
04:50:20,900 --> 04:50:24,400
tease part of your brain is on 
guard duty all night because you

5280
04:50:24,400 --> 04:50:25,400
don't know what's going to 
happen. 

5281
04:50:25,400 --> 04:50:29,200
You'll nervous system is still 
analyzing the sound even if you 

5282
04:50:29,208 --> 04:50:32,200
don't know it It's a tempting to
figure out, if they pose a 

5283
04:50:32,200 --> 04:50:36,000
threat sleep, researchers call 
these micro arousals, which are 

5284
04:50:36,000 --> 04:50:38,500
brief moments when your brain 
wakes up briefly to monitor 

5285
04:50:38,500 --> 04:50:41,100
things, breaking up your sleep 
without you even knowing it. 

5286
04:50:42,300 --> 04:50:44,600
Your ancestors likewise profited
from what we now. 

5287
04:50:44,600 --> 04:50:46,700
Call sound masking without 
knowing it. 

5288
04:50:47,500 --> 04:50:49,900
The soft steady sounds of their 
natural surroundings. 

5289
04:50:49,900 --> 04:50:52,500
Covered up other minor noises 
that could have been annoying. 

5290
04:50:53,200 --> 04:50:56,500
The steady sound of the wind 
blowing through the trees, the 

5291
04:50:56,500 --> 04:51:00,100
stream flowing, nearby, and the 
chorus of insects at night made 

5292
04:51:00,100 --> 04:51:03,200
a natural sound blanket that 
kept me, sleeping soundly all 

5293
04:51:03,200 --> 04:51:04,900
night. 
But here's what's truly 

5294
04:51:04,900 --> 04:51:07,900
interesting, the sounds that 
cave dwellers heard were 

5295
04:51:07,900 --> 04:51:10,900
predictable and made sense. 
Their brains learn to connect 

5296
04:51:10,900 --> 04:51:13,200
certain sounds with being safe 
and sleepy. 

5297
04:51:14,200 --> 04:51:16,000
Fire crackled. 
Signaling. 

5298
04:51:16,000 --> 04:51:19,100
The end of the day's work. 
The sounds of animals settling 

5299
04:51:19,100 --> 04:51:21,300
down at night, suggested it was 
time to sleep. 

5300
04:51:22,200 --> 04:51:25,200
The Sounds help them fall asleep
in ways, that modern White Noise

5301
04:51:25,200 --> 04:51:28,700
devices can only come close to 
The noise pollution in our 

5302
04:51:28,708 --> 04:51:31,100
modern lives, would have driven 
after his crazy. 

5303
04:51:31,800 --> 04:51:35,100
The random beats and buzzers of 
electronics, the unpredictable 

5304
04:51:35,100 --> 04:51:38,500
timing of traffic and sirens, 
and the jarring changes between 

5305
04:51:38,500 --> 04:51:42,000
distinct mechanical noises. 
Don't fit the patterns that are 

5306
04:51:42,000 --> 04:51:43,700
brains evolved to perceive as 
pleasant. 

5307
04:51:44,800 --> 04:51:48,200
Some Modern folks sleep in utter
silence which is much worse. 

5308
04:51:48,200 --> 04:51:52,000
Quiet might be calming, but 
complete silence can be alarming

5309
04:51:52,000 --> 04:51:55,300
to a brain that has evolved to 
expect the soft sounds of a safe

5310
04:51:55,300 --> 04:51:58,300
natural environment. 
Your subconscious might think 

5311
04:51:58,300 --> 04:52:00,400
something is a Miss, if there is
complete quiet. 

5312
04:52:01,200 --> 04:52:03,100
Where are all the regular 
signals of life. 

5313
04:52:03,800 --> 04:52:06,500
The electromagnetic fields from 
all of our contemporary. 

5314
04:52:06,500 --> 04:52:10,300
Technology didn't bother your 
forefathers when they slept. we 

5315
04:52:10,300 --> 04:52:13,400
don't know for sure how much 
this impacts sleep, but some 

5316
04:52:13,400 --> 04:52:16,100
studies indicate that the 
electromagnetic soup we live, in

5317
04:52:16,108 --> 04:52:19,400
might be gradually messing with 
our regular sleep cycles in 

5318
04:52:19,400 --> 04:52:23,900
ways, we don't fully understand 
yet, Cave dwellers didn't want 

5319
04:52:23,900 --> 04:52:26,700
perfect silence. 
They wanted sounds that were 

5320
04:52:26,700 --> 04:52:29,400
meaningful predictable and 
comforting, and that meant 

5321
04:52:29,400 --> 04:52:32,800
safety and deep sleep. 
They lived in the original 

5322
04:52:32,800 --> 04:52:35,100
sleep. 
Soundtrack of nature, which had 

5323
04:52:35,100 --> 04:52:37,900
been fine-tuned over millions of
years to help them, get the kind

5324
04:52:37,900 --> 04:52:40,500
of restorative sleep that made 
them healthier happier and 

5325
04:52:40,500 --> 04:52:42,400
stronger than most of us can 
conceive. 

5326
04:52:42,400 --> 04:52:45,400
You're a modern person with an 
old brain, trying to sleep in a 

5327
04:52:45,408 --> 04:52:47,700
world that would have seemed 
like science fiction to your 

5328
04:52:47,700 --> 04:52:51,400
cave, dwelling for fathers. 
But before you go hunting for a 

5329
04:52:51,400 --> 04:52:54,400
time machine or Caverns, let's 
talk about how you may respect 

5330
04:52:54,400 --> 04:52:57,400
the wisdom of your inner caveman
while still living in the 21st 

5331
04:52:57,400 --> 04:52:59,700
century. 
The lovely fact is that your 

5332
04:52:59,700 --> 04:53:02,000
body still has the blueprint for
perfect sleep. 

5333
04:53:02,000 --> 04:53:05,900
It's simply been buried under 
layers of Modern Life, like an 

5334
04:53:05,900 --> 04:53:07,700
archaeological. 
Treasure waiting to be found 

5335
04:53:07,700 --> 04:53:10,200
again. 
Your body circadian rhythms 

5336
04:53:10,200 --> 04:53:12,800
still desire to follow the sun, 
your stress response. 

5337
04:53:12,800 --> 04:53:15,800
Still knows how to reset when it
gets the chance and your 

5338
04:53:15,800 --> 04:53:18,300
temperature control system, 
still works the same way. 

5339
04:53:18,300 --> 04:53:21,200
It did for thousands of years to
keep your ancestors sleeping. 

5340
04:53:21,200 --> 04:53:25,400
Well, Key is not to give up on 
Modern Life totally but to find 

5341
04:53:25,408 --> 04:53:28,000
ways to bring ancient knowledge 
into your modern existence. 

5342
04:53:28,700 --> 04:53:31,300
You could say that your 
constructing Bridges between 

5343
04:53:31,300 --> 04:53:34,000
your caveman biology and your 
Modern Life. 

5344
04:53:34,600 --> 04:53:37,400
You can't control everything 
around you, but you can work 

5345
04:53:37,400 --> 04:53:39,900
with your body's natural rhythms
and against them. 

5346
04:53:41,100 --> 04:53:45,000
To begin consider, like the 
strong drug that it is your 

5347
04:53:45,000 --> 04:53:47,100
forebears didn't require 
blackout curtains since there 

5348
04:53:47,100 --> 04:53:48,900
weren't any street lights. 
You do? 

5349
04:53:48,900 --> 04:53:51,900
They didn't require glasses that
blocked blue light because they 

5350
04:53:51,900 --> 04:53:55,600
didn't have screens you could 
though To honor your old light 

5351
04:53:55,600 --> 04:53:58,100
dark cycle, turn down the lights
in the evening. 

5352
04:53:58,100 --> 04:54:01,800
Stay away from screens before 
bed and get some bright light in

5353
04:54:01,800 --> 04:54:04,200
the morning. 
Keep in mind that your stress 

5354
04:54:04,200 --> 04:54:07,400
response system is still using 
caveman software in the modern 

5355
04:54:07,400 --> 04:54:09,600
world. 
If your lying awake worried 

5356
04:54:09,600 --> 04:54:11,100
about tomorrow's meeting or 
next. 

5357
04:54:11,100 --> 04:54:15,500
Month's bills, ask yourself? 
Is this a saber tooth tiger or 

5358
04:54:15,500 --> 04:54:17,400
is my mind making up problems to
solve? 

5359
04:54:17,400 --> 04:54:21,000
Learn how to tell the difference
between genuine current risks 

5360
04:54:21,000 --> 04:54:23,300
and the habit of worrying about 
things that might happen in the 

5361
04:54:23,300 --> 04:54:26,200
future? 
Your relationship with food can 

5362
04:54:26,200 --> 04:54:27,800
also show respect for old 
knowledge. 

5363
04:54:27,800 --> 04:54:31,100
When your digestive fire is at 
its highest try, eating your 

5364
04:54:31,100 --> 04:54:33,800
biggest meal earlier in the day.
Stop eating at least. 

5365
04:54:33,800 --> 04:54:35,300
Three hours before you go to 
bed. 

5366
04:54:35,300 --> 04:54:38,800
So your body has time to switch 
from digesting food to sleeping.

5367
04:54:39,600 --> 04:54:41,700
Pick meals that your 
great-great-grandmother would 

5368
04:54:41,700 --> 04:54:44,900
know and see how much better you
sleep when you don't ask your 

5369
04:54:44,900 --> 04:54:47,500
body to deal with substances. 
It doesn't know how to handle 

5370
04:54:48,500 --> 04:54:51,700
Make your bedroom a temperature 
Refuge by keeping it chilly, and

5371
04:54:51,700 --> 04:54:55,100
letting your body naturally 
control its heat your hands and 

5372
04:54:55,100 --> 04:54:56,800
feet can assist in cooling you 
down. 

5373
04:54:56,800 --> 04:54:59,200
So wear clothes that let air 
flow through them. 

5374
04:54:59,200 --> 04:55:02,700
Additionally, keep in mind that 
your body needs to cool down in 

5375
04:55:02,700 --> 04:55:06,100
order to relax and fall asleep. 
Make your sound environment. 

5376
04:55:06,100 --> 04:55:08,000
Feel like a cave dweller would 
feel at home. 

5377
04:55:08,000 --> 04:55:10,300
This could entail using a white 
noise machine. 

5378
04:55:10,300 --> 04:55:14,200
That sounds like nature earplugs
to block out random noises or 

5379
04:55:14,200 --> 04:55:16,800
just realizing that some steady 
background noise, is more 

5380
04:55:16,800 --> 04:55:20,500
calming than complete silence. 
Most crucially, keep in mind 

5381
04:55:20,500 --> 04:55:23,400
that your forefathers had 
complete faith in their bodies. 

5382
04:55:23,400 --> 04:55:25,600
They didn't lie, awake 
contemplating. 

5383
04:55:25,600 --> 04:55:28,000
Their sleep wondering about 
whether they were getting 

5384
04:55:28,000 --> 04:55:30,800
enough, sleep, or figuring out 
how many hours they had left 

5385
04:55:30,800 --> 04:55:33,300
before morning. 
They were fatigued, so they went

5386
04:55:33,300 --> 04:55:35,300
to sleep. 
When they woke up, they knew 

5387
04:55:35,300 --> 04:55:36,700
their bodies would tell them 
what to do. 

5388
04:55:37,500 --> 04:55:40,300
Your inner caveman is still 
there, waiting for you to 

5389
04:55:40,300 --> 04:55:42,300
ReDiscover how to sleep like the
champion. 

5390
04:55:42,300 --> 04:55:45,300
You were born to be every time 
you listen to your body's 

5391
04:55:45,300 --> 04:55:47,900
natural rhythms. 
Choose biology over convenience 

5392
04:55:47,900 --> 04:55:51,100
or make settings that support 
your ancient sleep knowledge, 

5393
04:55:51,100 --> 04:55:54,500
your moving closer to the kind 
of restorative rest that has 

5394
04:55:54,500 --> 04:55:56,500
kept humans alive for thousands 
of years. 

5395
04:55:57,500 --> 04:56:00,000
To get better sleep, you don't 
need to proceed with more 

5396
04:56:00,000 --> 04:56:02,700
intricate Solutions. 
You need to go back to the 

5397
04:56:02,700 --> 04:56:05,100
simple knowledge that your body 
has always held. 

5398
04:56:05,900 --> 04:56:09,700
Your ancestors didn't require 
sleep research supplements or 

5399
04:56:09,700 --> 04:56:12,000
special equipment because they 
lived in harmony with the 

5400
04:56:12,000 --> 04:56:14,300
natural forces that control, 
rest and Recovery. 

5401
04:56:14,300 --> 04:56:18,300
You can do it too. 
One small change at a time until

5402
04:56:18,300 --> 04:56:20,500
sleeping properly feels As 
Natural as breathing. 

5403
04:56:21,600 --> 04:56:23,200
Modern cave dweller have a good 
night. 

5404
04:56:23,200 --> 04:56:26,400
Your forefathers are cheering 
you on from the Fantastic sleep 

5405
04:56:26,400 --> 04:56:29,500
lab in the sky, they think you 
can find the Tranquil sleep. 

5406
04:56:29,500 --> 04:56:32,500
That is your inheritance. 
Close your eyes now and trust 

5407
04:56:32,500 --> 04:56:35,900
your body's innate wisdom. 
Let Yourself Go back to appeared

5408
04:56:35,900 --> 04:56:37,800
when sleeping was the easiest 
thing in the world. 

5409
04:56:43,800 --> 04:56:46,500
Think of the Great Depression, 
we see dust storms and bread, 

5410
04:56:46,500 --> 04:56:49,200
lines and CPA. 
Before we can appreciate the 

5411
04:56:49,200 --> 04:56:51,400
cycle impact of the economic 
collapse. 

5412
04:56:51,400 --> 04:56:54,800
We must remember the world that 
was lost a world of 

5413
04:56:54,800 --> 04:56:58,000
extraordinary optimism and 
excessive consumerism that few 

5414
04:56:58,000 --> 04:57:02,300
today can imagine by 1988 
Americans believed in Endless 

5415
04:57:02,300 --> 04:57:06,200
Prosperity, almost religiously. 
The typical manufacturing pay 

5416
04:57:06,200 --> 04:57:08,000
has increased by proximately 
40%. 

5417
04:57:08,000 --> 04:57:12,000
Since the early 1920s, most new,
urban homes have indoor plumbing

5418
04:57:12,000 --> 04:57:15,500
longer luxury. 
In less than a decade car 

5419
04:57:15,500 --> 04:57:17,800
ownership rows from 8 million to
23 million. 

5420
04:57:18,700 --> 04:57:22,500
Perhaps most telling 40% of 
American families, not just the 

5421
04:57:22,500 --> 04:57:27,100
wealthy, but teachers Clarks and
Factory workers invested in the 

5422
04:57:27,100 --> 04:57:29,600
stock market. 
We thought we discovered 

5423
04:57:29,600 --> 04:57:33,100
economic immortality said 
Philadelphia radio salesperson, 

5424
04:57:33,100 --> 04:57:36,300
Martin Steinberg. 
My customers bought philco and 

5425
04:57:36,300 --> 04:57:39,400
RCA's on installment plans with 
10% down. 

5426
04:57:39,400 --> 04:57:42,900
I set up their new consoles as 
they discussed their Investments

5427
04:57:42,900 --> 04:57:46,300
Milton gave stock advice. 
Stock tips were given to the 

5428
04:57:46,300 --> 04:57:49,300
shoe shine, boy, those should 
have been warning signs, but we 

5429
04:57:49,300 --> 04:57:52,800
were drunk with affluence. 
Often forgotten is how boom 

5430
04:57:52,800 --> 04:57:54,700
times generated a strange 
isolation. 

5431
04:57:55,500 --> 04:57:58,000
Extended families that lived 
together for economic reasons. 

5432
04:57:58,000 --> 04:58:01,800
Split into nuclear units, many 
young couples bought homes in 

5433
04:58:01,800 --> 04:58:03,300
new projects. 
Far from parents and 

5434
04:58:03,308 --> 04:58:06,100
grandparents. 
Americans, individualism and 

5435
04:58:06,100 --> 04:58:08,500
materialism, damaged Community 
institutions. 

5436
04:58:08,500 --> 04:58:12,000
Sunday became a day for new car 
drives reducing Church, 

5437
04:58:12,000 --> 04:58:15,400
attendance, local, Social Clubs 
became commercial entertainment,

5438
04:58:15,400 --> 04:58:19,600
establishments, When the crash 
came we discovered how much we'd

5439
04:58:19,600 --> 04:58:22,900
sacrificed for material Goods, 
remarked late, 1920s, Boston, 

5440
04:58:22,900 --> 04:58:26,900
girl, Eleanor Winthrop. 
At an insurance company. 

5441
04:58:26,900 --> 04:58:30,700
My father was well-positioned. 
We owned a Packard Frigidaire 

5442
04:58:30,700 --> 04:58:33,200
and phone. 
We scarcely knew our neighbors. 

5443
04:58:33,200 --> 04:58:36,700
Everyone competed for new 
gadgets and things we had little

5444
04:58:36,700 --> 04:58:39,700
when my father lost his job in 
1930. 

5445
04:58:40,800 --> 04:58:44,200
We had limited resources. 
They didn't know us well enough 

5446
04:58:44,200 --> 04:58:47,700
to help and we were ashamed to 
ask for assistance American 

5447
04:58:47,700 --> 04:58:50,000
societies atomization would be 
deadly. 

5448
04:58:50,000 --> 04:58:53,800
During the economic crisis, many
families suffered a loan without

5449
04:58:53,800 --> 04:58:57,600
Community safety nets. 
American Banks were unexpectedly

5450
04:58:57,600 --> 04:58:59,300
vulnerable to financial 
instabilities. 

5451
04:58:59,300 --> 04:59:04,400
First Tremors in the 1920s bank 
accounts were uninsured unlike 

5452
04:59:04,400 --> 04:59:08,900
today's FDIC insured, deposits. 
Most Americans didn't know their

5453
04:59:08,900 --> 04:59:11,200
deposits. 
Finance speculative Investments.

5454
04:59:11,900 --> 04:59:14,700
People viewed, the collapse of 
rural banks in the late, 19th 

5455
04:59:14,700 --> 04:59:18,300
and early 20th, centuries as a 
local issue, affecting backward,

5456
04:59:18,300 --> 04:59:22,100
rural communities, Continental 
Illinois, bank teller Harold 

5457
04:59:22,100 --> 04:59:25,200
Jenkins, recalls the denial 
management assured us. 

5458
04:59:25,200 --> 04:59:28,300
These rural bank failures in 28,
were isolated cases. 

5459
04:59:28,300 --> 04:59:31,200
As tributable to deteriorating. 
Agricultural prices. 

5460
04:59:31,200 --> 04:59:34,800
The crucial connections were 
missed our loan, officers 

5461
04:59:34,800 --> 04:59:37,200
approved mortgages with low 
down, payments, and margin 

5462
04:59:37,200 --> 04:59:40,700
loans, for stock buyers after 
the crash are leaders to 

5463
04:59:40,700 --> 04:59:43,700
correctly. 
This institutional, blindness 

5464
04:59:43,700 --> 04:59:47,600
included government in early 
1930, treasury secretary Andrew 

5465
04:59:47,600 --> 04:59:50,800
Mellon, famously said, 
gentlemen, liquidate labor 

5466
04:59:50,800 --> 04:59:54,200
stocks farms and real estate, we
will eradicate the rot. 

5467
04:59:54,900 --> 04:59:58,100
A virtually medieval 
understanding of economic nomics

5468
04:59:58,100 --> 05:00:02,000
held that economic hardship was 
necessary to purify and rebuild 

5469
05:00:02,000 --> 05:00:04,300
the economy. 
This approach would delay 

5470
05:00:04,300 --> 05:00:07,500
significant involvement until 
Millions were bankrupt. 

5471
05:00:08,200 --> 05:00:10,500
The psychological modifications 
forced on everyday. 

5472
05:00:10,500 --> 05:00:14,600
Americans were most acute, the 
1920s influence, consumer, 

5473
05:00:14,600 --> 05:00:17,900
Behavior significantly. 
Advertisements pitched products 

5474
05:00:17,900 --> 05:00:20,100
as convenience's and identity 
markers. 

5475
05:00:20,900 --> 05:00:22,500
A car or cigarette brand. 
Defined one. 

5476
05:00:22,500 --> 05:00:25,700
Social status. 
Many suffered financial and 

5477
05:00:25,700 --> 05:00:28,700
existential crises when these 
material indicators disappeared.

5478
05:00:29,700 --> 05:00:32,800
We lost more than our money 
said, Mildred, Hayes a store 

5479
05:00:32,800 --> 05:00:35,600
Clarke. 
We forgot who we were the life 

5480
05:00:35,600 --> 05:00:37,800
and future stories. 
We told us crashed. 

5481
05:00:37,800 --> 05:00:40,100
My husband was promoted to floor
manager. 

5482
05:00:40,100 --> 05:00:43,700
We saved for a Suburban house 
down payment, after his job 

5483
05:00:43,700 --> 05:00:45,200
loss. 
We moved in with his parents and

5484
05:00:45,200 --> 05:00:47,200
slept on a fold-out couch, in 
their parlor. 

5485
05:00:47,200 --> 05:00:49,400
How do you explain this 
reversal? 

5486
05:00:50,800 --> 05:00:53,300
For millions of Americans. 
This cognitive dissonance 

5487
05:00:53,300 --> 05:00:55,100
between expectations and 
reality. 

5488
05:00:55,100 --> 05:00:58,600
Defined the early depression, 
The world, they were promised to

5489
05:00:58,608 --> 05:01:01,900
vanished overnight leaving them 
in strange territory without 

5490
05:01:01,900 --> 05:01:06,200
Maps or goal guides the 
financial collapse of 1929. 

5491
05:01:06,200 --> 05:01:09,800
To 1933 wasn't just about stock 
market losses affecting wealthy 

5492
05:01:09,800 --> 05:01:12,800
investors. 
What truly devastated ordinary 

5493
05:01:12,800 --> 05:01:15,000
Americans was the destruction of
the banking system. 

5494
05:01:15,000 --> 05:01:20,000
And with it, their life savings 
between 1930 and 1933 over. 

5495
05:01:20,000 --> 05:01:24,300
9,000 banks failed, nearly 40% 
of all banks in the United 

5496
05:01:24,300 --> 05:01:26,500
States. 
Each closure, triggered, 

5497
05:01:26,500 --> 05:01:29,500
cascading losses in communities 
where those Banks operated 

5498
05:01:29,500 --> 05:01:33,400
unlike today's news cycle, which
might report bank failures as 

5499
05:01:33,400 --> 05:01:36,300
abstract statistics. 
Those closures were visceral 

5500
05:01:36,300 --> 05:01:40,000
Community, altering events, I 
was walking to school, when I 

5501
05:01:40,008 --> 05:01:42,600
saw the crowd outside First 
National remembered Eunice 

5502
05:01:42,600 --> 05:01:45,100
Templeton, who was 12 years old,
in Galesburg Illinois. 

5503
05:01:45,100 --> 05:01:49,200
When her towns largest Bank 
closed, People were pounding on 

5504
05:01:49,200 --> 05:01:53,200
the doors, some women were 
crying Mr. Hall Hobart, who 

5505
05:01:53,200 --> 05:01:56,300
owned the hardware store, sat on
the curb with his head in his 

5506
05:01:56,300 --> 05:02:00,200
hands my father lost 800 dollars
his entire savings. 

5507
05:02:01,500 --> 05:02:04,400
That night mother cut up an old 
dress to make me a new one for 

5508
05:02:04,400 --> 05:02:06,500
school. 
We have to be creative. 

5509
05:02:06,500 --> 05:02:09,100
Now, she said her voice all 
tight, like she was holding 

5510
05:02:09,100 --> 05:02:12,300
something back. 
What's rarely discussed in 

5511
05:02:12,300 --> 05:02:15,300
depression, histories is how the
crisis transformed attitudes 

5512
05:02:15,300 --> 05:02:19,600
toward money itself. 
Before 1929 cash had been 

5513
05:02:19,608 --> 05:02:22,200
migrating from the mattress to 
the bank account as Americans 

5514
05:02:22,200 --> 05:02:25,900
embraced financial institutions.
After the banking collapse, many

5515
05:02:25,900 --> 05:02:28,200
developed, a profound distrust 
of banks, that would last 

5516
05:02:28,200 --> 05:02:31,000
Generations communities 
responded by developing 

5517
05:02:31,000 --> 05:02:33,900
extraordinary alternatives to 
traditional currency. 

5518
05:02:34,600 --> 05:02:37,900
In Minneapolis, the organized 
unemployed created script 

5519
05:02:37,900 --> 05:02:41,500
certificates, tied to hours of 
work in California's Imperial 

5520
05:02:41,500 --> 05:02:45,700
Valley Farmers traded promissory
notes backed by Future crops. 

5521
05:02:46,500 --> 05:02:50,000
In Seattle professionals, formed
exchange networks, where doctors

5522
05:02:50,000 --> 05:02:52,500
and lawyers traded Services 
directly with plumbers and 

5523
05:02:52,500 --> 05:02:55,600
electricians. 
Wayne Thornton a plumbing 

5524
05:02:55,600 --> 05:02:57,800
contractor in Des Moines 
described his experience. 

5525
05:02:58,600 --> 05:03:01,900
Money just disappeared. 
I had customers who needed leaks

5526
05:03:01,900 --> 05:03:05,400
fixed but couldn't pay cash. 
I started taking chickens home. 

5527
05:03:05,400 --> 05:03:08,600
Canned vegetables and even 
Furniture in exchange for work, 

5528
05:03:08,600 --> 05:03:11,200
my secretary kept Allegra of who
owed. 

5529
05:03:11,200 --> 05:03:15,200
What by 1922, I was only getting
about 30% of my payments in 

5530
05:03:15,200 --> 05:03:17,900
actual currency. 
The rest was barter or promises.

5531
05:03:18,900 --> 05:03:21,200
This collapse of conventional 
currency revealed. 

5532
05:03:21,200 --> 05:03:24,600
Something profound about money 
itself that it exists primarily 

5533
05:03:24,600 --> 05:03:27,200
as a social agreement rather 
than an inherent value. 

5534
05:03:28,000 --> 05:03:30,800
When that agreement faltered 
communities improvised 

5535
05:03:30,800 --> 05:03:33,400
Alternatives based on trust and 
shared necessity. 

5536
05:03:34,400 --> 05:03:36,400
The children, the depressions 
monetary lessons were 

5537
05:03:36,400 --> 05:03:40,200
particularly complex. 
Kathryn Wagner, who grew up in 

5538
05:03:40,208 --> 05:03:43,300
San Francisco recalled. 
My father had been a successful 

5539
05:03:43,300 --> 05:03:45,400
attorney before the crash 
suddenly. 

5540
05:03:45,400 --> 05:03:47,700
He was accepting payment in 
firewood or fish. 

5541
05:03:47,700 --> 05:03:51,100
I remember asking for a nickel 
for candy and my mother cried, 

5542
05:03:51,100 --> 05:03:54,300
not because we didn't have a 
nickel, we did, but because she 

5543
05:03:54,300 --> 05:03:58,100
understood that money now had to
be hoarded save for absolute 

5544
05:03:58,100 --> 05:04:00,900
necessities. 
The depression's monetary 

5545
05:04:00,900 --> 05:04:03,700
transformation was also visible 
in how physical currency was 

5546
05:04:03,700 --> 05:04:07,200
treated bills. 
Were pressed flat coins were 

5547
05:04:07,200 --> 05:04:11,000
counted repeatedly and cache was
hidden in increasingly creative 

5548
05:04:11,000 --> 05:04:14,200
locations. 
Laura Hillman, whose father was 

5549
05:04:14,200 --> 05:04:17,100
a bank manager in Cincinnati 
described finding money 

5550
05:04:17,100 --> 05:04:19,600
throughout their home after his 
death in 1940. 

5551
05:04:20,400 --> 05:04:22,900
There were silver dollars. 
So in to the hems of curtains 

5552
05:04:22,900 --> 05:04:26,200
bills, tucked between book, 
pages, coins and sealed mason 

5553
05:04:26,200 --> 05:04:29,600
jars, buried in the garden. 
Father knew better than anyone, 

5554
05:04:29,600 --> 05:04:33,400
how fragile Banks were, and it 
marked in permanently beyond the

5555
05:04:33,400 --> 05:04:36,500
Practical aspects of monies, 
transformation was a deeper 

5556
05:04:36,500 --> 05:04:39,900
philosophical shift. 
Americans who had embraced 

5557
05:04:39,900 --> 05:04:42,700
consumer culture and defined 
themselves through purchases. 

5558
05:04:42,700 --> 05:04:45,500
Now found themselves questioning
the basis of value itself. 

5559
05:04:46,300 --> 05:04:49,300
The arbitrary nature of monetary
value, became unavoidably 

5560
05:04:49,300 --> 05:04:51,900
apparent. 
When homes with 5,000 mortgages 

5561
05:04:51,900 --> 05:04:55,600
sold at auction for 1,000. 
And when a skilled labor is 

5562
05:04:55,600 --> 05:04:57,900
daily wage fell from four 
dollars to one dollar. 

5563
05:04:57,900 --> 05:05:02,100
If work could be found at all. 
We realized money was fictional 

5564
05:05:02,100 --> 05:05:04,100
explained former Banker Thomas 
Whitfield. 

5565
05:05:05,000 --> 05:05:07,400
Not just paper money, but the 
whole concept. 

5566
05:05:08,500 --> 05:05:12,200
A house didn't change physically
when its price dropped 80%, but 

5567
05:05:12,200 --> 05:05:15,200
suddenly the banks said, it was 
worth a fifth of what they'd 

5568
05:05:15,200 --> 05:05:18,000
claimed last year. 
A man's labor didn't change when

5569
05:05:18,000 --> 05:05:20,600
his wage was cut. 
But now an hour of sweat was 

5570
05:05:20,600 --> 05:05:24,100
worth half ordered Bean. 
This change made people question

5571
05:05:24,100 --> 05:05:26,900
everything. 
This questioning extended to 

5572
05:05:26,900 --> 05:05:30,300
Authority itself when presidents
who wrote Roosevelt made 

5573
05:05:30,300 --> 05:05:31,800
pronouncements about the 
economy. 

5574
05:05:31,800 --> 05:05:34,800
Many Americans had become 
skeptical of official 

5575
05:05:34,800 --> 05:05:38,500
narratives, having watched sound
Banks collapse and Blue Chips. 

5576
05:05:38,500 --> 05:05:41,500
Stocks become worthless, they 
developed a weariness to what 

5577
05:05:41,500 --> 05:05:44,000
institutional pronouncements 
that would influence American 

5578
05:05:44,000 --> 05:05:47,200
politics for decades. 
The depression's monetary chaos.

5579
05:05:47,200 --> 05:05:51,300
Also produced unexpected, social
effects as cash became scarce. 

5580
05:05:51,300 --> 05:05:53,500
Those who still had it gained 
outside. 

5581
05:05:53,500 --> 05:05:56,800
Influence, small town Bankers, 
who had maintained liquidity. 

5582
05:05:56,800 --> 05:06:00,200
Landlords, who owned properties 
outright and business owners? 

5583
05:06:00,200 --> 05:06:02,800
Who had avoided debt found 
themselves with disproportionate

5584
05:06:02,800 --> 05:06:06,200
Community power. 
This shift, created new, social 

5585
05:06:06,200 --> 05:06:09,500
hierarchies, based Less on 
traditional status markers and 

5586
05:06:09,500 --> 05:06:13,000
more on financial Prudence a 
virtue that had been largely 

5587
05:06:13,000 --> 05:06:15,200
dismissed during the exuberant 
1920s. 

5588
05:06:16,100 --> 05:06:19,500
The social order flipped 
observed Harriet, Crawley a 

5589
05:06:19,500 --> 05:06:23,400
schoolteacher from Virginia. 
The flashy Spenders of the 20s 

5590
05:06:23,400 --> 05:06:26,600
were now destitute while 
cautious, Savers became 

5591
05:06:26,600 --> 05:06:29,600
Community leaders. 
Everyone thought our principal 

5592
05:06:29,600 --> 05:06:32,600
was a Frugal Miser. 
But he was the only one who 

5593
05:06:32,600 --> 05:06:35,200
could provide small loans to 
prevent faculty members from 

5594
05:06:35,200 --> 05:06:38,500
losing their homes. 
His influence grew tremendously,

5595
05:06:38,500 --> 05:06:42,000
the psychological impact of the 
depression created wounds that 

5596
05:06:42,000 --> 05:06:45,800
statistics can't capture 
invisible scars, that shape 

5597
05:06:45,800 --> 05:06:49,300
behaviors relationships and 
World Views for Generations. 

5598
05:06:49,300 --> 05:06:53,500
While historians often focus on 
economic metrics, the True 

5599
05:06:53,500 --> 05:06:57,300
Legacy lived in changed minds 
and hearts, For adults who had 

5600
05:06:57,300 --> 05:07:00,500
established identities and 
expectations before the crash 

5601
05:07:00,500 --> 05:07:03,300
the cycle toll was particularly 
severe. 

5602
05:07:04,000 --> 05:07:07,100
Edwin Matthews who practiced 
medicine in Cleveland throughout

5603
05:07:07,100 --> 05:07:10,600
the 1930s observed. 
I treated physical ailments, 

5604
05:07:10,600 --> 05:07:13,900
malnutrition tuberculosis 
exacerbated by poor housing 

5605
05:07:13,900 --> 05:07:17,700
industrial injuries, but the 
most common problems were cycle 

5606
05:07:17,700 --> 05:07:20,700
insomnia. 
Plagued former businessman 

5607
05:07:20,700 --> 05:07:24,400
digestive disorders, affected 
women, trying to feed families 

5608
05:07:24,400 --> 05:07:27,800
on inadequate budgets. 
I observe Tremors in hands that 

5609
05:07:27,800 --> 05:07:31,400
had previously been steady. 
These stress-related ailments 

5610
05:07:31,400 --> 05:07:33,800
rarely appear in depression. 
Statistics yet. 

5611
05:07:33,800 --> 05:07:36,900
They're affected Millions. 
More startling with the 

5612
05:07:36,900 --> 05:07:40,200
invisible behavioral changes. 
People who had been outgoing. 

5613
05:07:40,200 --> 05:07:42,500
Became withdrawn 
decision-making. 

5614
05:07:42,500 --> 05:07:45,900
Became Paralyzed by fear 
marriages strained, under 

5615
05:07:45,900 --> 05:07:48,900
Financial pressure developed 
communication patterns centered 

5616
05:07:48,900 --> 05:07:50,700
on avoidance rather than 
confrontation. 

5617
05:07:51,400 --> 05:07:54,500
My mother changed completely 
said, Richard Neville, who was 

5618
05:07:54,500 --> 05:07:57,200
10 years old when his father 
lost his accounting position in 

5619
05:07:57,200 --> 05:07:59,400
1931. 
Before she had been the 

5620
05:07:59,400 --> 05:08:01,900
neighborhood social organizer 
card, parties, Community. 

5621
05:08:01,900 --> 05:08:05,100
Theater Church of events. 
After we lost our home and moved

5622
05:08:05,100 --> 05:08:07,800
to a rental across town, she 
stopped seeing friends entirely,

5623
05:08:07,800 --> 05:08:10,600
she'd say she was too busy, but 
I would find her sitting 

5624
05:08:10,600 --> 05:08:12,100
motionless by the window for 
hours. 

5625
05:08:12,100 --> 05:08:15,500
The woman wants the heart of our
community became nearly mute. 

5626
05:08:16,500 --> 05:08:19,400
This social withdrawal emerged 
as a common coping mechanism. 

5627
05:08:20,300 --> 05:08:23,100
Shame about downward Mobility, 
led many to isolate themselves 

5628
05:08:23,100 --> 05:08:25,500
rather than maintain 
relationships that reminded them

5629
05:08:25,500 --> 05:08:27,800
of their losses. 
This isolation, often 

5630
05:08:27,800 --> 05:08:31,300
compounded, depression creating 
cycles of emotional decline that

5631
05:08:31,300 --> 05:08:34,000
remained unaddressed in an era. 
When Mental Health Care was 

5632
05:08:34,000 --> 05:08:38,300
primitive and stigmatized for 
children, the cyclical impacts 

5633
05:08:38,300 --> 05:08:41,600
manifested differently. 
Many developed extreme risk 

5634
05:08:41,600 --> 05:08:44,200
aversion and preoccupation with 
security that would influence 

5635
05:08:44,200 --> 05:08:46,500
their adult. 
Decision's decades later. 

5636
05:08:47,300 --> 05:08:49,600
School teachers reported 
students, hoarding lunch, 

5637
05:08:49,600 --> 05:08:53,300
leftovers, and school supplies. 
Children as young as six began 

5638
05:08:53,300 --> 05:08:55,800
asking anxious questions about 
family finances. 

5639
05:08:55,800 --> 05:09:00,300
Clara Mortensen, who taught 
third grade in Omaha noted for 

5640
05:09:00,300 --> 05:09:03,500
the depression children would 
trade sandwich halves or share 

5641
05:09:03,500 --> 05:09:07,400
treats by. 1932, I observed 
students carefully wrapping 

5642
05:09:07,400 --> 05:09:10,900
uneaten portions to take home. 
They'd count crayons repeatedly 

5643
05:09:10,900 --> 05:09:13,500
to ensure none were lost. 
These weren't behaviors. 

5644
05:09:13,500 --> 05:09:14,900
Their parents are directly 
taught them. 

5645
05:09:14,900 --> 05:09:17,600
The children were absorbing the 
anxiety from the atmosphere 

5646
05:09:17,600 --> 05:09:20,800
around them. 
What's particularly striking 

5647
05:09:20,800 --> 05:09:23,800
about depression neuropsychology
was the disproportionate impact 

5648
05:09:23,800 --> 05:09:26,300
on men. 
In a culture that primarily 

5649
05:09:26,300 --> 05:09:29,400
defined masculine Success 
Through provider ship an 

5650
05:09:29,400 --> 05:09:33,200
employment profoundly impacted, 
the core of male identity women,

5651
05:09:33,200 --> 05:09:35,200
though, certainly not immune to 
depression. 

5652
05:09:35,200 --> 05:09:39,000
Trauma often had secondary 
identities as caregivers and 

5653
05:09:39,000 --> 05:09:41,000
home managers. 
That remained intact despite 

5654
05:09:41,000 --> 05:09:44,300
Financial collapse, Henry 
Gladwell who spent two years, 

5655
05:09:44,300 --> 05:09:46,800
riding the rails after losing 
his Factory job in Akron. 

5656
05:09:46,800 --> 05:09:50,400
Described this gender, 
differential, a man with without

5657
05:09:50,400 --> 05:09:52,300
working in these days, wasn't a 
man at all. 

5658
05:09:52,300 --> 05:09:55,500
Women could still be mothers and
wives without paychecks. 

5659
05:09:55,500 --> 05:09:59,300
Women faced severe, hardships, 
but their experiences were 

5660
05:09:59,300 --> 05:10:02,500
different from Men. 
For us men unemployment wasn't 

5661
05:10:02,500 --> 05:10:06,100
just economic hardship. 
It was a masculine, some 

5662
05:10:06,100 --> 05:10:07,500
fellows. 
I knew would leave home each 

5663
05:10:07,508 --> 05:10:10,000
morning pretending to seek 
employment, but would actually 

5664
05:10:10,000 --> 05:10:12,800
spend the day in the public 
library just to maintain the 

5665
05:10:12,800 --> 05:10:14,100
fiction that they were still 
trying. 

5666
05:10:15,400 --> 05:10:18,500
This gendered experience created
lasting imprints on family. 

5667
05:10:18,500 --> 05:10:22,200
Dynamics children, who watched 
fathers struggle with identity 

5668
05:10:22,200 --> 05:10:25,700
loss, often developed complex 
relationships with authority and

5669
05:10:25,700 --> 05:10:28,300
achievement. 
Many Depression era children 

5670
05:10:28,300 --> 05:10:31,000
grew up to become Workaholics 
driving themselves. 

5671
05:10:31,000 --> 05:10:33,000
Relentlessly to avoid the 
vulnerability. 

5672
05:10:33,000 --> 05:10:36,800
They had witnessed in their 
third parents, the cycle impact 

5673
05:10:36,800 --> 05:10:40,000
extended, to how people viewed 
institutions, trust in Banks 

5674
05:10:40,000 --> 05:10:43,000
corporations and government 
suffered damage that would never

5675
05:10:43,000 --> 05:10:45,300
fully heal. 
For many, who had believed in 

5676
05:10:45,300 --> 05:10:48,600
American capitalism, as an 
essentially Fair system at 

5677
05:10:48,600 --> 05:10:51,300
rewarded hard work, the 
depression destroyed, this 

5678
05:10:51,300 --> 05:10:56,200
foundational, assumption. my 
father was a True Believer in 

5679
05:10:56,200 --> 05:11:00,500
the American dream explained, 
Catherine Oaks whose family lost

5680
05:11:00,500 --> 05:11:04,000
their Michigan Farm to 
foreclosure He'd emigrated from 

5681
05:11:04,000 --> 05:11:08,100
Poland, worked, 18 hours, a day,
and saved every penny. 

5682
05:11:09,800 --> 05:11:13,700
When the bank took our farm 
something broken in him, not 

5683
05:11:13,700 --> 05:11:18,300
just sadness, his entire 
worldview collapsed, he believed

5684
05:11:18,300 --> 05:11:20,500
there was a moral order where 
virtue was rewarded. 

5685
05:11:20,500 --> 05:11:24,600
After that, he viewed all 
institutions with suspicion, he 

5686
05:11:24,600 --> 05:11:26,900
wouldn't even trust the Post 
Office with packages. 

5687
05:11:28,100 --> 05:11:31,200
This institutional, distrust 
manifested in behaviors that 

5688
05:11:31,200 --> 05:11:33,300
Outsiders often found in 
comprehensible. 

5689
05:11:34,000 --> 05:11:36,600
People who had survived bank 
failures might divide their 

5690
05:11:36,600 --> 05:11:39,000
modest savings between multiple 
hiding places. 

5691
05:11:39,000 --> 05:11:43,200
Important documents were kept at
home rather than in safe deposit

5692
05:11:43,200 --> 05:11:46,300
boxes government assistance 
programs were viewed with 

5693
05:11:46,300 --> 05:11:49,500
suspicion even by those who 
desperately needed help. 

5694
05:11:50,100 --> 05:11:54,400
Perhaps most profoundly. 
The depression altered America's

5695
05:11:54,400 --> 05:11:56,200
relationship with possibility 
itself. 

5696
05:11:57,000 --> 05:11:59,400
The assumption that tomorrow 
would likely be better than 

5697
05:11:59,400 --> 05:12:01,500
today. 
A quintessentially, American 

5698
05:12:01,500 --> 05:12:04,700
Outlook was replaced for many by
a persistent expectation of 

5699
05:12:04,700 --> 05:12:08,100
calamity. 
This anticipatory anxiety became

5700
05:12:08,100 --> 05:12:11,300
so ingrained that many 
depression survivors maintained 

5701
05:12:11,300 --> 05:12:14,200
emergencies preparations 
throughout their lives long 

5702
05:12:14,200 --> 05:12:17,600
after economic recovery. 
Grandmother kept a suitcase 

5703
05:12:17,600 --> 05:12:21,800
packed until the day she died in
1992, called Tom Whitaker about 

5704
05:12:21,800 --> 05:12:25,200
his grandmother who lived 
through bank runs in 1931. 

5705
05:12:25,200 --> 05:12:28,700
She insisted every family member
memorized, a meeting location, 

5706
05:12:28,700 --> 05:12:32,100
if things fell apart again. 
She maintained a pantry that 

5707
05:12:32,100 --> 05:12:34,900
could feed 20 people for months.
When we cleaned out her 

5708
05:12:34,900 --> 05:12:38,100
apartment, we found gold coins. 
Sewn into the lining of her 

5709
05:12:38,100 --> 05:12:40,300
winter coat. 
The depression never ended in 

5710
05:12:40,300 --> 05:12:43,300
her mind when we examine the 
depression Beyond economic 

5711
05:12:43,300 --> 05:12:45,700
statistics. 
We discover how profoundly it 

5712
05:12:45,708 --> 05:12:50,300
transformed every day routines 
and practices necessity forced 

5713
05:12:50,300 --> 05:12:53,200
innovation in ways that 
fundamentally reshaped American 

5714
05:12:53,200 --> 05:12:56,100
domestic life. 
Perhaps the most remarkable 

5715
05:12:56,100 --> 05:12:59,500
transformation happened in 
kitchens Across America cooking 

5716
05:12:59,500 --> 05:13:02,400
practices that had been trending
toward convenience Foods in the 

5717
05:13:02,400 --> 05:13:05,400
1920s. 
Reverse dramatically women, who 

5718
05:13:05,400 --> 05:13:07,500
had never baked bread found 
themselves studying their 

5719
05:13:07,500 --> 05:13:10,500
grandmother's recipes complex 
systems for food. 

5720
05:13:10,500 --> 05:13:12,400
Preservation. 
Emerged in Urban Apartments, 

5721
05:13:12,400 --> 05:13:13,900
never designed for such 
activities. 

5722
05:13:13,900 --> 05:13:17,200
Evelyn Carruthers, who managed 
to household in Baltimore 

5723
05:13:17,200 --> 05:13:20,700
described. 
This culinary Revolution, Before

5724
05:13:20,700 --> 05:13:24,000
29, I bought Baker's bread and 
canned vegetables without 

5725
05:13:24,000 --> 05:13:27,100
thinking after my husband's pay 
was cut by 2/3. 

5726
05:13:27,100 --> 05:13:31,000
I had to relearn everything. 
I converted our fire escape into

5727
05:13:31,000 --> 05:13:34,000
a cooling rack for bread. 
I learned to make five different

5728
05:13:34,000 --> 05:13:36,900
meals from a single chicken. 
Nothing was wasted. 

5729
05:13:36,900 --> 05:13:40,700
Potato peels became super stock 
and meat bones were boiled 

5730
05:13:40,700 --> 05:13:43,200
repeatedly. 
We strained, the bacon, grease 

5731
05:13:43,200 --> 05:13:44,900
and used it for cooking 
throughout the week. 

5732
05:13:44,900 --> 05:13:47,700
This color Andre 
transformational wasn't merely 

5733
05:13:47,700 --> 05:13:51,100
about frugality, it represented 
a fundamental change in how 

5734
05:13:51,100 --> 05:13:55,000
Americans related to their food.
The direct involvement in food 

5735
05:13:55,000 --> 05:13:58,000
production, created new 
relationships with ingredients 

5736
05:13:58,000 --> 05:14:02,000
and nutrition. despite financial
hardship, many depression 

5737
05:14:02,000 --> 05:14:05,000
survivors reported that their 
diets improved in quality as 

5738
05:14:05,000 --> 05:14:09,700
they replaced processed foods 
with scratch cooking, Home 

5739
05:14:09,700 --> 05:14:11,200
Maintenance underwent, similar 
reinvention. 

5740
05:14:11,200 --> 05:14:14,600
The service economy that had 
begun emerging in the 1920s 

5741
05:14:14,600 --> 05:14:16,600
collapsed. 
As families could no longer 

5742
05:14:16,608 --> 05:14:19,500
afford repairmen cleaners or 
delivery services. 

5743
05:14:19,500 --> 05:14:23,000
This scenario necessitated a 
massive reskilling of the 

5744
05:14:23,000 --> 05:14:25,600
American population. 
Particularly among middle-class 

5745
05:14:25,600 --> 05:14:28,700
men who had specialized 
professionally but now needed to

5746
05:14:28,700 --> 05:14:32,400
become generalists. 
Robert Thornhill who'd worked as

5747
05:14:32,400 --> 05:14:35,100
an accountant in Chicago. 
Exemplified this transition. 

5748
05:14:36,300 --> 05:14:38,600
Before the crash I called 
Professionals for everything 

5749
05:14:38,600 --> 05:14:40,700
electricians. 
Plumbers Carpenters. 

5750
05:14:40,700 --> 05:14:44,400
After losing my position, I 
couldn't afford 15 cents for A 

5751
05:14:44,408 --> 05:14:46,900
Streetcar, fare let alone 
dollars for repairs. 

5752
05:14:46,900 --> 05:14:49,900
I traded accounting. 
Help to a hardware store, owner 

5753
05:14:49,900 --> 05:14:53,600
for tools and manuals. 
I rewired our lighting fix the 

5754
05:14:53,600 --> 05:14:58,200
toilet and rebuilt, our kitchen 
table, My father had been a 

5755
05:14:58,200 --> 05:15:00,500
farmer who could fix anything 
skills? 

5756
05:15:00,500 --> 05:15:02,900
I dismissed as unnecessary and 
modern times. 

5757
05:15:03,800 --> 05:15:06,200
The depression brought me back 
to his world with humility. 

5758
05:15:07,400 --> 05:15:10,400
This reskilling extended Beyond 
maintenance to a complete 

5759
05:15:10,400 --> 05:15:13,800
re-imagining of household 
objects Americans developed in 

5760
05:15:13,808 --> 05:15:15,800
genius systems, for repurposing 
items. 

5761
05:15:15,800 --> 05:15:19,000
That would otherwise be 
discarded flour, sacks became 

5762
05:15:19,000 --> 05:15:22,700
dresses, cars became shoe, soles
newspapers, became insulation, 

5763
05:15:22,700 --> 05:15:25,800
and cardboard was transformed 
into Furniture reinforcement. 

5764
05:15:25,800 --> 05:15:28,500
Martha Simmons, who grew up in 
Tulsa. 

5765
05:15:28,500 --> 05:15:33,000
Recalled her mother's Ingenuity.
Mum turned old wool coats into 

5766
05:15:33,000 --> 05:15:36,400
children's clothing. 
She unraveled worn out sweaters 

5767
05:15:36,400 --> 05:15:39,700
to renit the yarn into socks, 
but her most extraordinary 

5768
05:15:39,700 --> 05:15:43,700
creation was our new living room
set. you couldn't afford 

5769
05:15:43,700 --> 05:15:47,300
upholstery, she needed fabric, 
so she gathered, burlap coffee 

5770
05:15:47,300 --> 05:15:50,200
sacks from local shops, dyed 
them, with walnut, husks to 

5771
05:15:50,200 --> 05:15:52,900
achieve a consistent color and 
refinished our worn out 

5772
05:15:52,908 --> 05:15:56,600
furniture She stuffed the 
cushions with unraveled cotton 

5773
05:15:56,600 --> 05:15:59,200
from worn out. 
Mattresses guests complemented, 

5774
05:15:59,200 --> 05:16:02,200
our rustic decor. 
Never realizing it was born of 

5775
05:16:02,200 --> 05:16:05,000
desperation Transportation 
underwent, perhaps the most 

5776
05:16:05,000 --> 05:16:08,400
visible transformation, the 
automobile, which had become 

5777
05:16:08,400 --> 05:16:12,000
Central to American identity in 
the 1920s was now often 

5778
05:16:12,000 --> 05:16:15,600
unaffordable to operate Family, 
who kept their cars developed 

5779
05:16:15,600 --> 05:16:19,100
elaborate systems to extend 
their utility adding cargo 

5780
05:16:19,100 --> 05:16:22,300
platforms to carry Goods. 
Converting sedans in to pick up 

5781
05:16:22,300 --> 05:16:25,800
trucks by removing rear sections
and modifying engines to burn 

5782
05:16:25,800 --> 05:16:29,100
lower quality fuels many 
families returned to pre-order 

5783
05:16:29,100 --> 05:16:31,700
of Transportation, Urban bicycle
usage. 

5784
05:16:33,200 --> 05:16:35,300
Alan Parker who delivered 
groceries and Philadelphia 

5785
05:16:35,300 --> 05:16:38,400
noted. 
A 1932 the streets had changed 

5786
05:16:38,400 --> 05:16:41,300
completely, for weeks at a time 
people Park. 

5787
05:16:41,300 --> 05:16:43,000
Their cars up on blocks to 
reduce tire. 

5788
05:16:43,000 --> 05:16:48,000
Wear bicycle's were everywhere. 
Often carrying entire families. 

5789
05:16:48,000 --> 05:16:51,400
I saw a father pedaling with his
wife on the handlebars and two 

5790
05:16:51,400 --> 05:16:54,300
children on the back. 
Fender people rigged, incredible

5791
05:16:54,300 --> 05:16:56,500
trailers to bite for moving 
larger items. 

5792
05:16:57,400 --> 05:17:00,600
Leisure activities were 
similarly reinvented commercial 

5793
05:17:00,600 --> 05:17:04,400
entertainment movies, nightclubs
and sports events became 

5794
05:17:04,400 --> 05:17:08,000
unaffordable luxuries for many 
in response Americans. 

5795
05:17:08,000 --> 05:17:11,800
Rediscovered, participatory and 
entertainment, Community 

5796
05:17:11,800 --> 05:17:14,900
singing, amateur theatricals and
storytelling circles 

5797
05:17:14,900 --> 05:17:18,400
experienced, unexpected, 
revivals or games enjoyed, 

5798
05:17:18,400 --> 05:17:22,000
unprecedented popularity with 
families, often making their own

5799
05:17:22,000 --> 05:17:25,500
versions of commercial games. 
The depression also forced 

5800
05:17:25,500 --> 05:17:27,100
reconsideration of living 
arrangements. 

5801
05:17:28,000 --> 05:17:31,500
Extended families, Consolidated 
into shared housing creating new

5802
05:17:31,500 --> 05:17:34,800
intergenerational Dynamics. 
In urban areas, apartment 

5803
05:17:34,800 --> 05:17:38,700
sharing became common among 
unrelated adults creating ad hoc

5804
05:17:38,700 --> 05:17:41,700
family structures that pulled 
resources and distributed 

5805
05:17:41,700 --> 05:17:44,700
household labor. 
Margaret Wilson who shared a 

5806
05:17:44,700 --> 05:17:47,100
Chicago apartment with five 
other women, described these 

5807
05:17:47,100 --> 05:17:49,400
Arrangements. 
We each contributed, what we 

5808
05:17:49,408 --> 05:17:52,800
could Helen worked part-time as 
a secretary and provided most of

5809
05:17:52,800 --> 05:17:55,100
our cashing come with my sewing 
machine. 

5810
05:17:55,100 --> 05:17:57,600
Still in working order. 
I made clothes for everyone 

5811
05:17:57,600 --> 05:18:00,200
Dorothy had trained as a nurse 
and handled medical needs. 

5812
05:18:00,200 --> 05:18:02,900
We developed a system as precise
as any Factory. 

5813
05:18:02,900 --> 05:18:06,200
Scheduled for cooking cleaning 
and job hunting, we weren't 

5814
05:18:06,200 --> 05:18:09,400
relatives but necessity made us 
closer than many families. 

5815
05:18:11,000 --> 05:18:14,200
Perhaps most significant was the
transformation of time itself. 

5816
05:18:14,200 --> 05:18:18,200
The standardized workday which 
had been increasingly normalized

5817
05:18:18,200 --> 05:18:23,300
in the 1920s, disintegrated for 
many Americans work when 

5818
05:18:23,300 --> 05:18:24,900
available might come at any 
hour. 

5819
05:18:24,900 --> 05:18:28,000
The unemployed developed 
elaborate routines to provide 

5820
05:18:28,000 --> 05:18:30,800
structure to days, no longer 
defined by workplace schedules. 

5821
05:18:31,500 --> 05:18:34,100
William Harrington laid off from
Pittsburgh steel, mills 

5822
05:18:34,100 --> 05:18:38,100
described, this temporal shift. 
After three months without work,

5823
05:18:38,100 --> 05:18:41,700
I realized time was becoming my 
enemy, empty hours bred to 

5824
05:18:41,700 --> 05:18:44,400
spare. 
So I created a schedule as rigid

5825
05:18:44,400 --> 05:18:48,200
as the Mills up at 5:30 
breakfast job hunting until 

5826
05:18:48,200 --> 05:18:50,600
noon. 
After noon for repair work or 

5827
05:18:50,600 --> 05:18:53,700
gardening, I dedicate my 
evening's to reading in order to

5828
05:18:53,700 --> 05:18:57,400
enhance my skills on Sundays, I 
dedicate myself to church and 

5829
05:18:57,400 --> 05:18:59,800
spending time with my family, it
wasn't about efficiency. 

5830
05:18:59,800 --> 05:19:03,100
It was about maintaining sanity 
when the clock no longer ruled 

5831
05:19:03,100 --> 05:19:05,600
my life. 
This reinvention of daily 

5832
05:19:05,600 --> 05:19:07,400
routines wasn't merely 
adaptation. 

5833
05:19:07,400 --> 05:19:10,700
It represented a profound 
cultural shift in how Americans 

5834
05:19:10,700 --> 05:19:14,300
related to material Goods 
services and time itself. 

5835
05:19:14,300 --> 05:19:17,700
The depression forced a 
nationwide reassessment of needs

5836
05:19:17,700 --> 05:19:22,400
versus wants durability vs 
disposability and self-reliance 

5837
05:19:22,400 --> 05:19:25,900
versus specialization. 
These values would influence 

5838
05:19:25,900 --> 05:19:28,700
consumption, patterns, and 
domestic practices for decades 

5839
05:19:28,700 --> 05:19:31,500
after economic recovery. 
The depression is famous for 

5840
05:19:31,500 --> 05:19:35,000
individual hardships, but it's 
most impressive story may be how

5841
05:19:35,000 --> 05:19:37,500
communities device survival, 
strategies, that changed 

5842
05:19:37,500 --> 05:19:40,800
American Social organization. 
Together, these responses 

5843
05:19:40,800 --> 05:19:43,400
provided resilience where 
individual efforts failed, 

5844
05:19:43,400 --> 05:19:46,300
highly sophisticated 
neighborhood supports systems 

5845
05:19:46,300 --> 05:19:49,800
arose, informal communication, 
networks, convey information 

5846
05:19:49,800 --> 05:19:53,500
about jobs Assistance, programs 
and local credit providers in 

5847
05:19:53,500 --> 05:19:56,600
metropolitan areas. 
These networks spanned ethnic 

5848
05:19:56,600 --> 05:20:00,300
and religious divides by using 
tenement hallways laundry lines 

5849
05:20:00,300 --> 05:20:02,000
and front Stoops to spread 
information. 

5850
05:20:03,100 --> 05:20:05,100
Before the crash. 
The Jewish families in our 

5851
05:20:05,100 --> 05:20:06,700
building. 
Barely spoke to the Italian 

5852
05:20:06,700 --> 05:20:08,600
families. 
Two floors down, said William, 

5853
05:20:08,600 --> 05:20:11,500
Williamsburg resident, Sarah 
Goldstein, Mrs. Esposito. 

5854
05:20:11,500 --> 05:20:14,800
And my mother ran a Soup pot for
both families in 1931. 

5855
05:20:14,800 --> 05:20:18,400
After learning about the 
warehouse job Mr. Esposito 

5856
05:20:18,400 --> 05:20:21,300
informed. 
My father old boundaries fell 

5857
05:20:21,300 --> 05:20:25,200
because survival demanded. 
Cooperation Mrs. Esposito lit. 

5858
05:20:25,200 --> 05:20:28,300
Candles with us on Friday nights
because we are family, not 

5859
05:20:28,300 --> 05:20:30,800
because she was Jewish. 
Community. 

5860
05:20:30,800 --> 05:20:34,500
Cohesion, led to practical 
assistance systems organic Child

5861
05:20:34,500 --> 05:20:36,800
Care cooperatives. 
Let parents switch job hunting 

5862
05:20:36,800 --> 05:20:40,300
days tool Library. 
Let neighbor expensive gear, 

5863
05:20:40,300 --> 05:20:44,000
Urban vacant sights become 
fertile land with communal 

5864
05:20:44,000 --> 05:20:46,900
Garden's. 
The depression also saw formal 

5865
05:20:46,900 --> 05:20:50,200
mutual help organizations grow, 
many histories focus on 

5866
05:20:50,200 --> 05:20:53,100
government relief programs, 
although community-based 

5867
05:20:53,100 --> 05:20:55,900
structures delivered faster and 
more culturally relevant Aid. 

5868
05:20:56,600 --> 05:20:59,900
Religious fraternal and ethnic 
benefit societies extended their

5869
05:20:59,900 --> 05:21:01,700
roles to meet economic 
requirements. 

5870
05:21:02,700 --> 05:21:06,300
The black fraternal group Prince
Hall Masons exhibited this 

5871
05:21:06,300 --> 05:21:09,200
expansion. 
Detroit Lodge officer Thomas 

5872
05:21:09,200 --> 05:21:12,300
Washington said. 
Our organization, traditionally 

5873
05:21:12,300 --> 05:21:14,700
provides burial benefits and 
social connections. 

5874
05:21:14,700 --> 05:21:17,900
We became a job office Food, 
Distribution Center and housing,

5875
05:21:17,900 --> 05:21:21,400
referral agency overnight during
the Depression, every working 

5876
05:21:21,400 --> 05:21:24,600
brother supported the unemployed
when the economy failed our 

5877
05:21:24,600 --> 05:21:28,800
community retained dignity, 
Labor unions, expanded Beyond 

5878
05:21:28,800 --> 05:21:30,900
workplace activism to provide 
overall support. 

5879
05:21:31,900 --> 05:21:34,400
The international ladies garment
Workers Union in New York 

5880
05:21:34,400 --> 05:21:38,200
sponsored Health, Clinic's 
Cooperative, housing, and adult 

5881
05:21:38,200 --> 05:21:41,700
education. 
Michigan United Auto Workers 

5882
05:21:41,700 --> 05:21:44,300
unemployment, council's. 
Organized, direct action to 

5883
05:21:44,300 --> 05:21:48,100
avoid eviction later, UAB 
leader, Walter remembered early,

5884
05:21:48,100 --> 05:21:51,500
Depression, era activities, 
Hundreds of workers blocked. 

5885
05:21:51,500 --> 05:21:53,900
The sheriff winner, family, 
received an eviction notice, 

5886
05:21:53,900 --> 05:21:57,100
then we negotiate lower, rent, 
or payment schedule with the 

5887
05:21:57,100 --> 05:22:00,000
landlord, we'd return. 
The family's possession after 

5888
05:22:00,000 --> 05:22:03,400
authorities left. 
If eviction was inevitable, now 

5889
05:22:03,400 --> 05:22:06,200
we fought for Community 
survival, not pay. 

5890
05:22:07,200 --> 05:22:10,400
Rural communities established 
unique mutual help systems. 

5891
05:22:11,200 --> 05:22:14,300
Besides advocacy, The Grange 
coordinated seed exchanges, 

5892
05:22:14,300 --> 05:22:16,500
equipment, sharing and labor 
pooling. 

5893
05:22:17,100 --> 05:22:20,400
Farmers formed, communal lending
circles, based on European and 

5894
05:22:20,400 --> 05:22:22,900
African Customs. 
When bank failures devastated, 

5895
05:22:22,900 --> 05:22:26,600
the conventional credit system, 
Transformations were specially 

5896
05:22:26,600 --> 05:22:30,700
profound in churches, religion 
became a distribution employment

5897
05:22:30,700 --> 05:22:33,100
and housing coordinators. 
In addition, to spiritual 

5898
05:22:33,100 --> 05:22:36,300
assistance, when public 
education funds, fell Church, 

5899
05:22:36,300 --> 05:22:39,800
basements became schools, 
religious communities, that had 

5900
05:22:39,800 --> 05:22:41,800
focused on spirituality. 
Now, addressed material, 

5901
05:22:41,800 --> 05:22:46,300
concerns directly, Before the 
depression, charity was a minor 

5902
05:22:46,300 --> 05:22:49,900
part of our ministry said data. 
First Methodist Church, Pastor, 

5903
05:22:49,900 --> 05:22:52,700
Michael Thompson. 
We turned our refuge into a 

5904
05:22:52,700 --> 05:22:57,000
nighttime dormitory by 1932 Our 
Sunday School classes became 

5905
05:22:57,000 --> 05:22:59,800
healthcare clinics. 
With volunteer nurse is we 

5906
05:22:59,800 --> 05:23:02,400
broadened Christian 
responsibility from Spirits to 

5907
05:23:02,400 --> 05:23:04,800
bodies. 
Theological consequences were 

5908
05:23:04,800 --> 05:23:06,600
huge. 
We couldn't preach about 

5909
05:23:06,600 --> 05:23:08,700
Paradise while neglecting 
Earthly misery. 

5910
05:23:10,200 --> 05:23:12,500
The cross-cutting aspect of 
these Community Systems was 

5911
05:23:12,500 --> 05:23:16,300
significant organizations that 
service ethnic religious or 

5912
05:23:16,300 --> 05:23:19,300
occupational. 
Groups expanded their reach, the

5913
05:23:19,300 --> 05:23:21,700
result opened up Social 
relationships across boundaries 

5914
05:23:21,700 --> 05:23:25,200
intentional communities plan to 
Cooperative living arrangements 

5915
05:23:25,200 --> 05:23:28,400
that pulled resources to Foster 
security grew during the 

5916
05:23:28,400 --> 05:23:31,300
Depression. 
These included official Ventures

5917
05:23:31,300 --> 05:23:34,500
like West, Virginia's arthurdale
community and spontaneous 

5918
05:23:34,500 --> 05:23:37,100
settlements like unemployed 
workers Cooperative camps 

5919
05:23:37,100 --> 05:23:41,000
outside major towns. 
According to Joseph Collins, who

5920
05:23:41,000 --> 05:23:42,700
founded a Cooperative Camp? 
Outside? 

5921
05:23:42,700 --> 05:23:46,600
Seattle, 60, families. 
Erected shelters from salvaged 

5922
05:23:46,600 --> 05:23:51,400
materials on vacant ground. 
We had sanitation, education and

5923
05:23:51,400 --> 05:23:53,300
food production committees. 
Like a little town. 

5924
05:23:54,100 --> 05:23:57,800
Everyone contributed skills. 
A fired teacher taught kids 

5925
05:23:57,800 --> 05:24:00,100
restaurant. 
Veterans, ran our shared 

5926
05:24:00,100 --> 05:24:02,700
kitchen. 
We printed labor-backed script. 

5927
05:24:02,700 --> 05:24:05,700
It was more than survival. 
We were developing an 

5928
05:24:05,700 --> 05:24:07,500
alternative to the fail to 
economy. 

5929
05:24:08,600 --> 05:24:11,200
These Villages were social and 
economic Innovation Labs. 

5930
05:24:11,200 --> 05:24:15,100
Many tried Cooperative 
ownership, labor exchange, and 

5931
05:24:15,100 --> 05:24:17,200
non-monetary economies to 
replace capitalism. 

5932
05:24:17,200 --> 05:24:20,500
Most of these attempts were 
absorbed into mainstream 

5933
05:24:20,500 --> 05:24:23,600
Economic Institutions, but the 
shaped American Community 

5934
05:24:23,600 --> 05:24:26,600
organization, Community 
structures generated 

5935
05:24:26,600 --> 05:24:29,800
psychological resilience that 
individuals couldn't most 

5936
05:24:29,800 --> 05:24:32,700
notably. 
Mutual Aid, participants had 

5937
05:24:32,700 --> 05:24:35,700
lower depression, and suicide 
rates than those who struggled 

5938
05:24:35,700 --> 05:24:38,800
alone Community responses, 
brought meaning to suffering, 

5939
05:24:38,800 --> 05:24:42,900
that may have seemed useless. 
Chicago settlement house. 

5940
05:24:42,900 --> 05:24:46,700
Worker Margaret Wilson, said 
Community connections kept 

5941
05:24:46,700 --> 05:24:49,700
Spirits alive. 
A huge psychological difference,

5942
05:24:49,700 --> 05:24:53,000
existed between unemployed men 
who joined our workers Council. 

5943
05:24:53,000 --> 05:24:56,900
And those who stayed alienated 
meaning and perseverance came 

5944
05:24:56,900 --> 05:24:59,700
from shared hardship. 
The council members endured 

5945
05:24:59,700 --> 05:25:02,500
hunger and pain with friends not
shamefully alone. 

5946
05:25:03,400 --> 05:25:05,000
These Collective survival 
structures. 

5947
05:25:05,000 --> 05:25:07,800
Challenged American 
individualism greatly, they 

5948
05:25:07,800 --> 05:25:11,000
showed that interdependence not 
self-reliance, determined 

5949
05:25:11,000 --> 05:25:15,700
economic disaster, survivability
Long after the Depression, this 

5950
05:25:15,700 --> 05:25:17,900
lesson shaped social policy and 
Community. 

5951
05:25:17,900 --> 05:25:21,200
Organizing the Great Depression 
affected, almost all Americans, 

5952
05:25:21,200 --> 05:25:24,400
all though, some of events are 
forgotten, black Americans 

5953
05:25:24,400 --> 05:25:27,100
suffered greatly during the 
Depression but conventional 

5954
05:25:27,100 --> 05:25:31,100
narrative, rarely mention it 
already discriminated against in

5955
05:25:31,100 --> 05:25:34,200
work housing and education. 
Black communities saw the 

5956
05:25:34,200 --> 05:25:36,100
depression as a worsening of 
their poverty. 

5957
05:25:37,000 --> 05:25:39,900
Atlanta domestic worker, Lillian
Thompson characterized this 

5958
05:25:39,900 --> 05:25:42,800
continuity. 
White's disgust, the depression,

5959
05:25:42,800 --> 05:25:46,400
like it ended the world. 
Historically colored people were

5960
05:25:46,400 --> 05:25:48,800
economically insecure last 
hired. 

5961
05:25:48,800 --> 05:25:51,900
First dismissed was armed. 
We lost even our minimal 

5962
05:25:51,900 --> 05:25:55,300
security, my spouse, and I saved
400 dollars for a house. 

5963
05:25:55,308 --> 05:25:58,100
When Citizens Trust Bank fail 
that money vanished. 

5964
05:25:58,100 --> 05:26:01,400
No government officials worried 
about black Banks, like they did

5965
05:26:01,400 --> 05:26:04,400
white ones. 
Black agricultural workers 

5966
05:26:04,400 --> 05:26:07,700
suffered most in rural areas in 
addition to Chronic debt from 

5967
05:26:07,708 --> 05:26:10,200
sharecropping, they faced 
falling cotton prices and 

5968
05:26:10,200 --> 05:26:13,700
agricultural mechanization. 
Mechanical cotton, Pickers 

5969
05:26:13,700 --> 05:26:17,200
eliminated, thousands of jobs in
the 1930s when Alternatives were

5970
05:26:17,200 --> 05:26:19,600
scarce. 
This agricultural, displacement 

5971
05:26:19,600 --> 05:26:22,600
spurred the great migration of 
black Americans to Northern 

5972
05:26:22,600 --> 05:26:25,600
cities where housing 
discrimination forced them into 

5973
05:26:25,600 --> 05:26:30,100
overcrowded, poor dwellings, 
many New Deal initiatives helped

5974
05:26:30,100 --> 05:26:32,900
Americans find housing but 
redlining excluded black 

5975
05:26:32,900 --> 05:26:35,900
neighborhoods indigenous. 
Populations experience the 

5976
05:26:35,900 --> 05:26:40,100
depression through a complicated
mix of economic breakdown and 

5977
05:26:40,100 --> 05:26:43,100
Colonial policy. 
The failure of the cash economy 

5978
05:26:43,100 --> 05:26:45,900
had less of an impact on 
traditional subsistence tribes 

5979
05:26:45,900 --> 05:26:49,800
than on non-native those forced 
into wage labor by previous 

5980
05:26:49,800 --> 05:26:54,300
government legislation. 
Vulnerable Joseph Blackhawk and 

5981
05:26:54,300 --> 05:26:57,300
Omaha tribal member, who worked 
in Nebraska Meatpacking for 

5982
05:26:57,300 --> 05:26:59,700
facilities said, government 
schools and reservation 

5983
05:26:59,700 --> 05:27:02,500
regulations, destroyed our 
grandparents Land Based 

5984
05:27:02,500 --> 05:27:05,100
abilities. 
Any of us relied on wage work, 

5985
05:27:05,100 --> 05:27:08,000
that disappeared during the 
Depression, the transformation 

5986
05:27:08,000 --> 05:27:10,800
of our hunting grounds into 
farms and our plant Gathering 

5987
05:27:10,800 --> 05:27:13,500
sights into paved areas. 
Prevented us from reverting to 

5988
05:27:13,500 --> 05:27:16,500
our ancient Customs, the 
simultaneous failure of both 

5989
05:27:16,500 --> 05:27:21,100
systems, put us Between Worlds. 
The 1934 Indian reorganization 

5990
05:27:21,100 --> 05:27:25,300
Act, despite its promotion as a 
progressive reform, resulted in 

5991
05:27:25,300 --> 05:27:27,600
increased economic dependency 
during the Depression 

5992
05:27:27,600 --> 05:27:31,200
constitutions, that prioritize 
resource exploitation have 

5993
05:27:31,200 --> 05:27:34,200
reformed tribes promoting 
outside interests over 

5994
05:27:34,200 --> 05:27:37,300
indigenous communities. 
Mexican-americans in the 

5995
05:27:37,300 --> 05:27:39,600
south-west had particular, 
depression problems. 

5996
05:27:39,600 --> 05:27:42,500
Large producers slashed wages 
drastically. 

5997
05:27:42,500 --> 05:27:45,500
But still demanded hard work 
when crop prices plummeted 

5998
05:27:45,500 --> 05:27:49,000
Mexican and Mexican-American 
workers faced violence, 

5999
05:27:49,000 --> 05:27:52,100
oppression and deportation due 
to their organizing efforts. 

6000
05:27:52,900 --> 05:27:55,200
The federal government's 
repatriation plans, demonstrate 

6001
05:27:55,200 --> 05:27:59,500
economic, distress, and racial 
targeting about 60% of the one 

6002
05:27:59,500 --> 05:28:02,400
to two million, Mexican 
Americans, deported, or pushed 

6003
05:28:02,400 --> 05:28:05,400
to leave. 
The US between 1929 and 1936. 

6004
05:28:05,400 --> 05:28:08,700
Were US citizens. 
The result was one of the 

6005
05:28:08,700 --> 05:28:11,800
largest forced migration in 
American history frequently 

6006
05:28:11,800 --> 05:28:16,400
without legal procedure. 
Elena Ramirez whose family was 

6007
05:28:16,400 --> 05:28:20,500
deported to Mexico in. 1932 
said, immigration agents in 

6008
05:28:20,500 --> 05:28:23,100
circled, our Los Angeles 
neighborhood and loaded everyone

6009
05:28:23,100 --> 05:28:25,400
onto trucks. 
The fact that my brother and I 

6010
05:28:25,400 --> 05:28:28,500
were born in California and held
a American citizenship did not 

6011
05:28:28,500 --> 05:28:31,100
matter. 
We only had a few hours to pack.

6012
05:28:32,000 --> 05:28:34,300
My father worked at the same 
Factory for nine years. 

6013
05:28:34,300 --> 05:28:36,800
Our church school and Friends 
vanished. 

6014
05:28:36,800 --> 05:28:41,300
Overnight we landed in Mexico as
strangers, 20 years, after my 

6015
05:28:41,300 --> 05:28:43,900
parents departed. 
We were considered pochos, 

6016
05:28:43,900 --> 05:28:46,900
neither Mexican nor American 
Urban Americans. 

6017
05:28:46,900 --> 05:28:50,400
Rarely saw the hardship of rural
white populations in apalachia 

6018
05:28:50,400 --> 05:28:53,700
and the Ozarks Economic 
deterioration in these areas 

6019
05:28:53,700 --> 05:28:57,500
began before 1929 owing to 
Resource extraction and changing

6020
05:28:57,500 --> 05:29:01,200
agricultural markets, the 
depression sank economically 

6021
05:29:01,200 --> 05:29:04,400
marginalized groups into deep 
poverty, these regions 

6022
05:29:04,400 --> 05:29:07,200
emphasized, the difference 
between deserving and 

6023
05:29:07,200 --> 05:29:09,800
undeserving poor. 
New Deal. 

6024
05:29:09,800 --> 05:29:12,300
Initiatives favored, recent 
middle class dropouts over 

6025
05:29:12,300 --> 05:29:15,100
multi-generational. 
Poor such multi-tiered 

6026
05:29:15,100 --> 05:29:17,800
assistance schemes, occasionally
excluded, the most desperate, 

6027
05:29:18,800 --> 05:29:21,900
Disability during depression is 
another underestimated pain 

6028
05:29:21,900 --> 05:29:25,500
Factor family support systems 
and philanthropic institutions 

6029
05:29:25,500 --> 05:29:28,900
crumbled, putting Americans with
Disabilities in unparalleled 

6030
05:29:28,900 --> 05:29:31,700
hardship. 
When demand for disabled 

6031
05:29:31,700 --> 05:29:35,500
American Services expanded 
Financial Cuts, deteriorated 

6032
05:29:35,500 --> 05:29:38,100
their facilities. 
A Massachusetts state 

6033
05:29:38,100 --> 05:29:40,300
psychiatric hospitals. 
Dr. Margaret Chen. 

6034
05:29:40,300 --> 05:29:43,100
Observed. 
This declined we were 

6035
05:29:43,100 --> 05:29:47,200
understaffed and underfunded 
before the crash after State, 

6036
05:29:47,200 --> 05:29:49,400
budgets fell circumstances were 
terrible. 

6037
05:29:49,400 --> 05:29:54,000
Our patient base increased while
staffed by a third food quality 

6038
05:29:54,000 --> 05:29:56,300
plummeted treatment became 
confinement. 

6039
05:29:57,200 --> 05:29:59,400
We ran out of resources during 
acute illness. 

6040
05:29:59,400 --> 05:30:02,100
So many individuals who could 
have recovered were 

6041
05:30:02,100 --> 05:30:06,600
institutionalized for life. 
Depression devastated, carefully

6042
05:30:06,600 --> 05:30:09,200
developed support systems for 
physically challenged Americans 

6043
05:30:09,200 --> 05:30:12,400
living freely. 
When informal helpers focused on

6044
05:30:12,400 --> 05:30:15,100
their own Survival. 
Disabled people who had retained

6045
05:30:15,100 --> 05:30:17,500
autonomy through Community 
networks were forced into 

6046
05:30:17,500 --> 05:30:20,500
institutionalization. 
The depression produced, new 

6047
05:30:20,500 --> 05:30:24,100
disability categories, childhood
malnutrition caused lifelong, 

6048
05:30:24,100 --> 05:30:26,900
developmental problems. 
Safety requirements were 

6049
05:30:26,900 --> 05:30:30,500
abandoned to minimize costs, 
increasing workplace accidents, 

6050
05:30:30,500 --> 05:30:34,200
depression-related psychological
trauma, caused untreated mental 

6051
05:30:34,200 --> 05:30:36,600
health issues. 
However, economic disaster, 

6052
05:30:36,600 --> 05:30:39,300
affected youth is often 
forgotten in depression accounts

6053
05:30:39,300 --> 05:30:43,000
schools in various locations, 
cut academic years or shuttered,

6054
05:30:43,000 --> 05:30:46,500
due to budget, limitations child
labor, which had been falling 

6055
05:30:46,500 --> 05:30:49,300
for decades rows as families, 
required cash from everyone 

6056
05:30:49,300 --> 05:30:52,800
malnutrition, at Key development
had lifelong physical and 

6057
05:30:52,800 --> 05:30:56,200
cognitive damage. 
Helen Morrison aural Kentucky 

6058
05:30:56,200 --> 05:30:58,900
teacher saw. 
These changes planting and 

6059
05:30:58,900 --> 05:31:00,900
harvest attendance was 
intermittent before the 

6060
05:31:00,900 --> 05:31:05,400
catastrophe, many children 
vanished by 1932, I found them 

6061
05:31:05,400 --> 05:31:08,300
working full-time at anything 
they could find when I visited 

6062
05:31:08,300 --> 05:31:10,700
their home's. 
Some families had broken up with

6063
05:31:10,700 --> 05:31:13,500
children, living with relatives 
or neighbors while parents 

6064
05:31:13,500 --> 05:31:16,100
looked for jobs. 
Many of my students lost the 

6065
05:31:16,100 --> 05:31:18,500
idea of infancy as a protected 
period of development. 

6066
05:31:19,800 --> 05:31:22,100
These forgotten depression 
scenes, show how economic 

6067
05:31:22,100 --> 05:31:25,200
disaster deep and social 
divisions, while popular 

6068
05:31:25,200 --> 05:31:28,000
narratives highlight shared pain
that linked Americans, these 

6069
05:31:28,000 --> 05:31:32,200
Forgotten Tales show how crises 
reinforced race region, aptitude

6070
05:31:32,200 --> 05:31:34,400
and age. 
Hierarchies the Great Depression

6071
05:31:34,400 --> 05:31:37,500
created enduring legacies. 
That shaped American Society for

6072
05:31:37,500 --> 05:31:41,000
Generations, in ways, few could 
have predicted these influences 

6073
05:31:41,000 --> 05:31:43,700
transformed behaviors and 
attitudes that would persist 

6074
05:31:43,700 --> 05:31:47,300
long after economic recovery. 
The most visible Legacy was 

6075
05:31:47,300 --> 05:31:49,500
American's relationship with 
Financial Risk. 

6076
05:31:50,700 --> 05:31:53,100
Russian survivors developed, 
what marketers later called, 

6077
05:31:53,100 --> 05:31:56,500
depression syndrome, Financial 
behaviors that prioritize 

6078
05:31:56,500 --> 05:31:59,700
security over opportunity. 
Even when economically 

6079
05:31:59,700 --> 05:32:03,400
irrational, Millionaires who had
survived bank failures 

6080
05:32:03,400 --> 05:32:05,600
maintained multiple modest 
accounts rather than 

6081
05:32:05,600 --> 05:32:09,100
Consolidated ones. 
Successful professionals refused

6082
05:32:09,100 --> 05:32:11,000
mortgages despite having ample 
income. 

6083
05:32:11,800 --> 05:32:14,900
Families stockpiled Necessities 
due to concerns about future 

6084
05:32:14,900 --> 05:32:19,100
shortages Dorothy, Klein, a 
consumer researcher in the 1950s

6085
05:32:19,100 --> 05:32:22,000
noted that conventional 
advertising could not persuade 

6086
05:32:22,000 --> 05:32:25,200
depression survivors, they 
evaluated purchases through a 

6087
05:32:25,200 --> 05:32:28,100
trauma lens. 
I interviewed a doctor who kept 

6088
05:32:28,100 --> 05:32:29,900
25 pounds of coffee in his 
Pantry. 

6089
05:32:29,900 --> 05:32:32,100
When coffee was Raton during the
war. 

6090
05:32:32,100 --> 05:32:35,700
He developed anxiety about 
shortages, 20 years later 

6091
05:32:35,700 --> 05:32:39,300
despite abundant supplies, he 
maintained this buffer against a

6092
05:32:39,300 --> 05:32:43,500
threat that no longer existed. 
This security oriented mindset 

6093
05:32:43,500 --> 05:32:46,400
was passed down to children, 
raised by depression survivors. 

6094
05:32:47,200 --> 05:32:50,000
The silent generation and early 
baby boomers inherited their 

6095
05:32:50,000 --> 05:32:52,600
parents risk. 
Aversion, despite growing up in 

6096
05:32:52,600 --> 05:32:56,400
unprecedented prosperity, This 
generational transmission of 

6097
05:32:56,400 --> 05:32:59,200
financial trauma influenced 
banking, housing and Retail 

6098
05:32:59,200 --> 05:33:02,400
sectors for decades. 
As these sectors are knowingly, 

6099
05:33:02,400 --> 05:33:05,200
catered to customers whose 
decision-making was influenced 

6100
05:33:05,200 --> 05:33:06,800
by psychological patterns 
formed. 

6101
05:33:06,800 --> 05:33:09,900
During the 1930s, The 
depression, fundamentally 

6102
05:33:09,900 --> 05:33:11,800
altered, Americans relationship 
with government. 

6103
05:33:13,000 --> 05:33:17,000
Before 1929 most citizens had 
minimal interaction with federal

6104
05:33:17,000 --> 05:33:20,000
agencies. 
By 1940, government had become 

6105
05:33:20,000 --> 05:33:23,100
an everyday presence through 
relief, programs employment 

6106
05:33:23,100 --> 05:33:26,500
projects and Regulatory 
Frameworks this created 

6107
05:33:26,500 --> 05:33:29,500
expectations that transcended 
traditional political division. 

6108
05:33:30,700 --> 05:33:34,100
Frank Holloway who administered 
WPA projects in Tennessee noted.

6109
05:33:34,900 --> 05:33:37,900
Before the depression mentioning
I worked for the federal 

6110
05:33:37,900 --> 05:33:40,700
government, Drew suspicion by 
1936. 

6111
05:33:40,700 --> 05:33:43,900
People welcomed me because I 
represented jobs and assistance 

6112
05:33:43,900 --> 05:33:47,600
people who philosophically 
opposed government interference.

6113
05:33:47,600 --> 05:33:51,400
Now, expect Government 
Solutions, this Evolution wasn't

6114
05:33:51,400 --> 05:33:54,100
about liberal or conservative 
was at a fundamental 

6115
05:33:54,100 --> 05:33:56,500
recalibration of what government
was for. 

6116
05:33:57,700 --> 05:34:01,300
Cultural expressions, underwent 
profound transformation the Arts

6117
05:34:01,300 --> 05:34:04,500
developed dual, impulses that 
seemed contradictory, but often 

6118
05:34:04,500 --> 05:34:06,100
existed. 
Within the same Works 

6119
05:34:06,100 --> 05:34:10,000
unflinching documentation of 
suffering alongside Escapist 

6120
05:34:10,000 --> 05:34:12,300
entertainment. 
The documentary tradition 

6121
05:34:12,300 --> 05:34:15,700
emerged in photography, Walker 
Evans Dorothea Lange, and 

6122
05:34:15,700 --> 05:34:19,300
literature Steinbeck Wright 
while escapism flourished in 

6123
05:34:19,300 --> 05:34:21,500
Hollywood musicals, and 
superhero comics. 

6124
05:34:22,200 --> 05:34:25,300
Playwright Arthur Miller 
explained this Duality the 

6125
05:34:25,300 --> 05:34:27,200
theater. 
Swung between Agate propped 

6126
05:34:27,200 --> 05:34:30,500
realism and Pure Fantasy. 
What endured were works that 

6127
05:34:30,500 --> 05:34:33,100
somehow managed both 
acknowledging suffering. 

6128
05:34:33,100 --> 05:34:36,500
While suggesting Transcendence 
audience is needed both truth 

6129
05:34:36,500 --> 05:34:38,200
and hope reality and 
possibility. 

6130
05:34:38,200 --> 05:34:40,900
The depression created a 
generation that approached 

6131
05:34:40,900 --> 05:34:42,800
community building with 
deliberate intention. 

6132
05:34:43,500 --> 05:34:46,200
Having experienced how the 
economic disaster could isolate 

6133
05:34:46,200 --> 05:34:49,700
individuals, many survivors 
became what sociologists later 

6134
05:34:49,700 --> 05:34:53,400
called, intentional neighbors, 
deliberately cultivating 

6135
05:34:53,400 --> 05:34:55,700
Community connections as in 
insurance against future 

6136
05:34:55,700 --> 05:34:58,200
hardship. 
The explosion of Civic 

6137
05:34:58,200 --> 05:35:01,600
organizations in post 
depression, America, from pta's 

6138
05:35:01,600 --> 05:35:04,600
to Neighborhood association's 
reflected this impulse. 

6139
05:35:06,200 --> 05:35:09,100
While often viewed as expression
of 1950s Conformity. 

6140
05:35:09,100 --> 05:35:13,000
These organizations actually 
represented lessons learned from

6141
05:35:13,000 --> 05:35:18,300
1930s isolation, Most profound 
was the depression's impact, on 

6142
05:35:18,300 --> 05:35:21,900
Americans relationship. 
With work itself employment 

6143
05:35:21,900 --> 05:35:24,000
became more than an economic 
necessity. 

6144
05:35:24,000 --> 05:35:26,500
It became psychological 
validation. 

6145
05:35:27,300 --> 05:35:30,300
Experience of involuntary 
joblessness created lasting 

6146
05:35:30,300 --> 05:35:32,400
associations between work and 
identity. 

6147
05:35:32,400 --> 05:35:34,800
That influenced retirement 
patterns for decades. 

6148
05:35:35,700 --> 05:35:40,200
To Samuel Weinstein, who studied
Aging in the 1970s Foundation, 

6149
05:35:40,200 --> 05:35:43,000
survivors approached retirement 
differently than subsequent 

6150
05:35:43,000 --> 05:35:45,200
Generations. 
They often couldn't articulate. 

6151
05:35:45,200 --> 05:35:46,900
Why continue work fell to 
Central. 

6152
05:35:47,600 --> 05:35:50,700
Once successful businessman told
me, I know, I don't need the 

6153
05:35:50,700 --> 05:35:54,100
money but I need to be needed. 
their concern wasn't about 

6154
05:35:54,100 --> 05:35:56,700
income, but about avoiding the 
psychological state of 

6155
05:35:56,700 --> 05:35:59,700
uselessness they had experienced
during unemployment decades 

6156
05:35:59,700 --> 05:36:03,200
earlier, Looking back, many 
aspects of American life, we 

6157
05:36:03,200 --> 05:36:06,200
take for granted from Social 
Security, to bank deposit, 

6158
05:36:06,200 --> 05:36:10,400
Insurance emerged directly from 
depression experiences these 

6159
05:36:10,400 --> 05:36:13,800
institutional responses to 
catastrophe became so normalized

6160
05:36:13,800 --> 05:36:17,600
that their Origins and crisis 
were forgotten their existence 

6161
05:36:17,600 --> 05:36:21,300
seemingly natural rather than a 
response to specific historical 

6162
05:36:21,300 --> 05:36:24,600
trauma. 
What remains most remarkable 

6163
05:36:24,600 --> 05:36:27,000
about the depression's legacy is
how it demonstrated. 

6164
05:36:27,000 --> 05:36:30,300
Both human vulnerability and 
resilience is simultaneously 

6165
05:36:30,300 --> 05:36:34,100
revealed how quickly Prosperity 
could vanish and how fragile 

6166
05:36:34,100 --> 05:36:37,500
social structures could prove. 
Yet it also showed how 

6167
05:36:37,500 --> 05:36:40,000
communities could adapt and 
societies could reimagine 

6168
05:36:40,000 --> 05:36:41,900
themselves in response to 
catastrophe. 

6169
05:36:42,700 --> 05:36:44,900
As depression. 
Survivor Eleanor, Winthrop 

6170
05:36:44,900 --> 05:36:47,200
reflected. 
What stayed with me wasn't the 

6171
05:36:47,200 --> 05:36:49,800
hardship itself but the 
discovery of what humans could 

6172
05:36:49,800 --> 05:36:53,200
withstand and create from ruins,
we lost our innocence, about 

6173
05:36:53,200 --> 05:36:56,500
Economic Security, but gained 
wisdom about human connection. 

6174
05:36:57,400 --> 05:36:59,400
The Disappearance of the money 
did not diminish. 

6175
05:36:59,400 --> 05:37:02,600
The value of the ingenious 
adaptations, extraordinary 

6176
05:37:02,600 --> 05:37:05,500
kindnesses and communities 
forged in struggle. 

6177
05:37:05,500 --> 05:37:08,600
That replaced it. 
The Paradox of catastrophe is 

6178
05:37:08,600 --> 05:37:11,400
that it takes with one hand, but
gives with the other and 

6179
05:37:11,400 --> 05:37:13,700
sometimes the gifts out last, 
the losses.