Rhiannon: The Lady of the White Horse | Boring History

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Hello, my beautiful sleepy 
friends. 

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You guys wanted some Welsh 
mythology and I have indeed 

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delivered because tonight we're 
traveling to ancient whales to a

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time. 
When the boundary between the 

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Earthly world and the other 
world was, as thin as Morning 

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Mist. 
This is the story of Rhiannon a 

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woman who rode between worlds on
a white horse that moved like 

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poetry and whose tale has been 
whispered across centuries and 

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file. 
It hauls and quiet bedrooms just

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like yours. 
So before we begin, as always, 

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please take a moment to like the
video and subscribe, as it helps

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us and let me know where you are
tuning in from and what time it 

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is for you. 
Now, dim your lights, get 

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comfortable and prepare to drift
off with history. 

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Before we meet our remarkable 
lady. 

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You need to understand the 
world. 

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She rode into Medieval ways 
wasn't just Rolling Green Hills,

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and dramatic, coastlines, 
though. 

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It certainly had those. 
It was a place where stories 

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mattered as much as food, where 
poet held social rank, just 

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below King's and where the past 
and present existed in a kind of

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permanent conversation with each
other. 

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The stories about Rihanna and 
come from a collection called 

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the mabin, which is essentially 
whales as greatest hits of 

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medieval Tales. 
These were written down until 

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somewhere around the 11th to 
13th century. 

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But the stories themselves are 
far older, they've been passed 

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down orally for so long. 
That their Origins disappeared 

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Into The Mists of prehistory, 
like, watching someone walking 

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into fog until you can't tell if
they're still there or have 

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become part of the weather, 
Think of the map Inogen as a 

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medieval playlist that someone 
finally got around to 

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transcribing. 
Bards had been performing these 

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tails at feasts and festivals 
for Generations. 

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Each Storyteller adding their 
own flourishes while keeping the

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essential Melodies intact by the
time scribes wrote them down in 

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manuscripts, like the white book
of Riddick and the Red Book of 

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her jest. 
These stories had been refined 

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by countless retellings into 
something approaching perfection

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Rhiannon's tale appears in the 
first branch of the Mabinogi and

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it opens in a place called die 
fed which was a real Kingdom in 

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South West Wales. 
The ruler was a man named quill 

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whose name means sense or wisdom
though. 

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As you'll see, he didn't always 
live up to his name. 

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He was what medieval Welsh 
Society considered an ideal 

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Lord. 
Generous with his Warriors Brave

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in battle and reasonably fair in
his judgments not perfect, but 

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decent enough that people didn't
actively plot his overthrow 

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which in medieval terms, counted
as a success. 

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Now, medieval Welsh Society had 
some interesting quirks that are

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worth knowing before we 
continue, unlike many medieval 

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cultures where women were 
essentially property with fewer 

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rights than livestock. 
Welsh law gave women surprising 

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autonomy, they could own 
property initiate divorce and 

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receive compensation. 
If wronged This legal framework,

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helps explain why Rhiannon story
while certainly dramatic, never 

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treats her as a passive object 
to be moved around by male 

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character's. 
The Welsh also had a complex 

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relationship with the other 
world, which they called and 

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upgren, this wasn't Heaven or 
Hell. 

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In the Christian sense, though, 
by the time, these stories were 

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written down Christian, monks 
were doing the transcribing and 

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occasionally tried to make 
things fit, their world view. 

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Hannon was more like a parallel 
realm, that existed alongside 

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the everyday World separated by 
boundaries that were sometimes, 

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as solid as stonewalls and 
sometimes as permeable as 

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breath. 
People from Allen could visit 

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the mortal world and 
occasionally Mortals ventured 

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into their realm usually by 
accident or invitation rather 

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than intentional tourism. 
The other world folk weren't 

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quite gods and weren't quite 
fairies. 

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They were something in between 
powerful beings, who operated by

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their own rules and occasionally
took interest in human Affairs, 

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for reasons that range from love
to board them to purposes. 

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Mortals could never quite 
fathom. 

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Understanding this context. 
Helps you appreciate what 

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happens when Rihanna appears in 
the story? 

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She's not arriving in a world 
that would find her presence 

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impossible or even particularly 
shocking. 

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Well had a long tradition of 
powerful women in mythology, 

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goddesses like Herod when the 
Fierce branwen and the wise area

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hot a woman with Supernatural 
connections riding a magical 

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horse, that was unusual enough 
to be noteworthy but familiar 

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enough to fit into the existing 
pattern of how the world worked.

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The landscape itself played a 
role in these stories. 

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Wells is a country of dramatic 
geography mountains, that seem 

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to touch clouds. 
Valleys that, hold onto Morning 

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Mist like secrets and 
coastlines, where the sea 

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appears to be constantly, trying
to have a conversation with the 

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land in this kind of landscape. 
It's easy to believe that the 

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world contains layers, but what 
you see isn't necessarily all 

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there is Will ruled from a place
called Arthur, which had a 

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special feature. 
A magical Mound called gauzed, 

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arbeth. 
This wasn't just any Hill. 

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It was one of those liminal 
spaces where the boundary 

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between worlds, grew thin. 
The tradition said that anyone 

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who sat on this mound would 
experience, one of two things 

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they would receive blows and 
wounds or they would witness a 

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Marvel. 
It was basically ancient wales's

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version of a cosmic slot machine
accepting of losing money, you 

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might lose Consciousness or gain
a story worth telling for the 

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rest of your life. 
This is where will chose to sit 

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one day and this is where our 
story truly begins. 

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Imagine your quill, a reasonably
successful, medieval Welsh Lord.

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Having a fairly Ordinary Day by 
your standards. 

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You've handled some 
administrative matters, possibly

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settled a dispute about cattle 
theft or boundary stones. 

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And now you're looking for a bit
of entertainment. 

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You remember that magical Mound 
near Court, the one that 

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promises either injury or 
wonder. 

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And you think why not? 
What's life without a little 

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Supernatural? 
Gambling. 

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Soap will climbs up Gore said 
Arthur with a few of his men 

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because medieval lords rarely 
went anywhere alone, partly for 

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protection and partly because 
witnessing was important, if 

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something marvelous happened and
nobody saw it, did it even 

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count. 
They settle onto the mound. 

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Probably making themselves 
comfortable because magic 

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doesn't run on a schedule and 
they wait. 

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And then she appears The story 
describes her, simply at first, 

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a woman dressed in gold Brigade,
riding a white horse along the 

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road below the mound. 
Something about the Way She 

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Moves, the horse's gait is 
steady, and unhurried as smooth 

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as if it's gliding. 
Rather than walking, she's 

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traveling the road that runs 
past our birth and there's 

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nothing obviously magical about 
the scene, except for this 

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quality of deliberate Grace, 
like watching someone, who 

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knows, they're being watched and
doesn't mind at all. 

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Wills. 
Immediate reaction is curiosity.

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Mixed with the track action, 
which will become something of a

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pattern for him. 
He asks one of his men to go 

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down and find out who she is. 
Simple enough, right? 

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Just a quick, jog down the hill,
catch up with the lady and ask 

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her name and business except he 
is where things get interesting.

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The servant Harry's down the 
mound and tries to catch up with

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the rider. 
The horses, still moving at. 

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That same steady, unhurried 
Pace, it looks like it's barely 

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moving faster than a walk. 
But no matter how fast the man 

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runs, he can't close the 
distance. 

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It's like one of those dreams 
where you're trying to reach 

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something and your legs work 
fine. 

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But you're somehow not getting 
any closer. 

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The servant returns probably 
winded and confused and reports 

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his failure. 
Will displaying the kind of 

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logic that makes sense? 
If you don't think about it too 

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hard decides, the problem was 
that his man was on foot. 

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He sends another servant this 
time on Horseback. 

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Surely a horse. 
Can catch another horse 

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especially when the target 
appears to be moving at such a 

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leisurely pace. 
But the same thing happens. 

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The rider urges his horse faster
than faster. 

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Still eventually pushing the 
animal to a full Gallop. 

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The White Horse ahead maintains 
that same smooth, unhurried gate

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and the distance between them 
never changes. 

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It's not that the white horses 
running away, it's more that the

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normal rules of speed and 
distance of stopped, applying 

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the pursuer is running as fast 
as possible while making no 

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progress. 
Like someone on a treadmill 

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watching scenery scroll past. 
This continues for three days. 

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Three days of will watching this
woman ride past on her White 

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Horse, three days of sending 
increasingly desperate pursuers 

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after her, and three days of 
experience in the kind of 

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frustration. 
That makes you question your 

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understanding of how the 
physical world works. 

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Now, you might be wondering, why
Peewee didn't just try talking 

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to her from the mound, or why he
didn't think there might be 

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something Supernatural about a 
woman, who can't be caught. 

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But medieval Welsh stories often
work on a kind of fairy tale 

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logic where the obvious 
solution. 

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Only becomes visible. 
Once everyone has exhausted all 

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the complicated alternatives, On
the third day will finally, does

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the sensible thing. 
He Saddles up his own horse, the

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best one. 
He has naturally and positioned 

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himself on the mound to wait. 
When the lady appears again, 

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riding at that same maddeningly 
steady Pace quill, doesn't order

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someone else to pursue her. 
He doesn't try to race after her

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instead he calls out just a 
simple request. 

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Would she please stop? 
Because he needs to speak with 

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her and she does immediately 
just stops turns and waits for 

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him to approach the horse. 
That couldn't be caught by the 

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fastest riders in his kingdom 
stops. 

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The instant he asked politely 
When will reaches her, she lifts

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her veil and he sees her face 
fully for the first time, the 

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text describes her, as the most 
beautiful woman he's ever seen. 

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But more than that. 
There's something about her 

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presence that confirms. 
What will must have already 

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suspected? 
This is no ordinary mortal 

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woman. 
Her first words to him are 

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probably not what he expected, 
she tells him, it would have 

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been better for his horse. 
If he'd simply asked earlier 

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rather than putting his men and 
their mounts through three days 

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of impossible Pursuit, There's a
gentle rebuke in this but also 

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humor. 
She's been waiting for him to 

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figure out the obvious and she's
not particularly impressed that 

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it took him three days. 
Then comes the Revelation, that 

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changes everything she tells 
him, her name is Rhiannon and 

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she's been riding past his 
Mound. 

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Deliberately hoping to catch his
attention. 

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In fact, she's been promised in 
marriage to someone. 

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She doesn't want. 
And she's come here, 

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specifically because she wants 
pool, instead. 

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Let that sink in for a moment. 
This other worldly woman who 

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could clearly go anywhere. 
She wants speeds, that Define 

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normal physics has been riding 
past Wills territory for three 

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days, waiting for him to notice 
her, she is engineered this 

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entire encounter, making herself
just impossible enough to catch 

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that he'd be intrigued, but 
stopping the moment he asked 

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directly because she wanted him 
to choose to engage with her as 

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a person rather than a prize to 
be captured. 

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It's one of medieval 
literature's great meet cute. 

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So if you think about it, a 
supernatural being courting 

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Immortal Lord by making him work
for the Village of talking to 

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her then revealing that she has 
been hoping he'd show interest 

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all along quills reaction to 
rhiannon's declaration is worth 

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examining because it tells you 
something about his character. 

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He doesn't panic. 
Doesn't question his sanity and 

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doesn't demand proof that she's 
telling the truth instead. 

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He essentially says yes, he'd be
honored to marry her and also he

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has no idea how to make that 
happen given that she's 

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apparently from another realm 
and already promised to someone 

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else. 
It's a remarkably honest 

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response. 
Most medieval Heroes would 

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Bluster about their prowess or 
make Grand declarations will 

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admits he's out of his depth and
ask for guidance, which turns 

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out to be exactly the right 
approach when dealing with 

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supernatural beings who value 
straightforwardness Rihanna in 

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turn shows the kind of practical
thinking that will characterize 

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her throughout the story. 
She doesn't expect will to storm

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the other world or fight for her
hand in single combat. 

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Instead, she explains that she 
has been promised to a man named

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gwal through trickery and 
pressure from her family. 

232
00:11:37,700 --> 00:11:40,600
But she doesn't want him. 
She wants will, and she has a 

233
00:11:40,600 --> 00:11:42,600
plan. 
The plan is delightfully 

234
00:11:42,600 --> 00:11:46,100
specific a year from now, there 
will be a feast in her father's 

235
00:11:46,100 --> 00:11:48,400
Court. 
Ostensibly celebrating her 

236
00:11:48,400 --> 00:11:51,600
impending marriage to gual. 
Should attend this Feast with 

237
00:11:51,600 --> 00:11:53,400
100 nights, but keep them 
waiting outside. 

238
00:11:53,400 --> 00:11:56,900
He should enter alone discussed 
as a beggar, carrying a small 

239
00:11:56,908 --> 00:11:58,300
bag that Rihanna and will give 
him. 

240
00:11:58,300 --> 00:12:02,500
Then at the crucial moment, he 
should ask Squall for a single 

241
00:12:02,500 --> 00:12:05,000
favor, just enough food to fill 
the bag. 

242
00:12:05,800 --> 00:12:10,000
The bag she explains is magical.
It can never be filled by 

243
00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:12,700
ordinary means. 
No matter how much food is put 

244
00:12:12,700 --> 00:12:14,600
into it. 
There will always be room for 

245
00:12:14,608 --> 00:12:17,000
more. 
The only way to fill it is for a

246
00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:20,000
wealthy man to step into it and 
declare that enough has been 

247
00:12:20,008 --> 00:12:23,700
given when gwal inevitably does 
this, because he'll want to 

248
00:12:23,700 --> 00:12:25,400
appear generous and be done with
this strange. 

249
00:12:25,400 --> 00:12:29,200
Beggars request will should trap
him in the bag and his Knight 

250
00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:31,400
should rush in. 
It's a plan that requires 

251
00:12:31,400 --> 00:12:35,700
patience disguise and a 
willingness to look foolish in 

252
00:12:35,700 --> 00:12:39,500
front of another worldly Court. 
It also requires trust, we'll 

253
00:12:39,500 --> 00:12:41,700
have to believe that Rihanna is 
telling him the truth and that 

254
00:12:41,700 --> 00:12:44,900
her magical bag will work as 
promised will agrees to all of 

255
00:12:44,900 --> 00:12:46,400
this. 
He takes the bag. 

256
00:12:46,400 --> 00:12:49,500
Rhiannon offers promises to 
appear at the feast in a year's 

257
00:12:49,500 --> 00:12:53,200
time and then showing on usual 
restraint for a medieval hero, 

258
00:12:53,200 --> 00:12:57,000
doesn't try to kiss her or seal 
the bargain with anything beyond

259
00:12:57,000 --> 00:12:59,900
his word? 
They part ways and Rhiannon 

260
00:12:59,900 --> 00:13:02,500
rides off on her white horse. 
At that same unhurried Pace 

261
00:13:02,500 --> 00:13:05,800
while returns to his court to 
spend a year thinking about the 

262
00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:09,400
extraordinary woman, he's 
promised to marry that year must

263
00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:12,100
have felt long. 
Imagine trying to focus on The 

264
00:13:12,100 --> 00:13:13,700
Daily Business of ruling a 
kingdom. 

265
00:13:13,700 --> 00:13:17,400
While knowing that in 12 months,
you'll be attempting to trick 

266
00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:19,800
and other worldly Noble at his 
own engagement party. 

267
00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:23,100
Using a magical bag that 
supposedly never fills. 

268
00:13:23,100 --> 00:13:26,100
You'd probably find yourself 
double checking that the bag was

269
00:13:26,100 --> 00:13:28,500
still there wandering. 
If you'd imagine the whole 

270
00:13:28,500 --> 00:13:31,500
encounter and practicing what 
you'd say when you showed up 

271
00:13:31,500 --> 00:13:35,500
dressed as a beggar, But we'll 
keeps his word, when the air 

272
00:13:35,500 --> 00:13:38,800
passes, he gathers his 100 best 
nights and rides to the 

273
00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:40,600
location. 
Rhiannon specified. 

274
00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:42,700
He finds her father's Court. 
Exactly. 

275
00:13:42,700 --> 00:13:45,500
Where she said it would be 
because otherworldly beings 

276
00:13:45,500 --> 00:13:49,000
don't give false directions and 
positions his men outside as 

277
00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:51,900
instructed. 
Then comes the hard, part 

278
00:13:51,900 --> 00:13:55,800
transforming himself from a 
lured into a convincing beggar, 

279
00:13:55,800 --> 00:13:58,900
will puts on ragged clothes 
properly rub, some dirt on his 

280
00:13:58,900 --> 00:14:02,100
face and adopts, the posture of 
someone asking for charity, 

281
00:14:02,100 --> 00:14:04,900
rather than commanding. 
It, it's a complete inversion of

282
00:14:04,900 --> 00:14:08,200
his normal role and doing it. 
Voluntarily requires a kind of 

283
00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:10,500
humility that many medieval 
Nobles lacked. 

284
00:14:11,200 --> 00:14:14,200
He enters the whole during the 
feast and the scene must have 

285
00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:16,600
been spectacular. 
Other worldly caught in. 

286
00:14:16,600 --> 00:14:20,400
Welsh mythology aren't quite 
like Mortal once their brighter 

287
00:14:20,400 --> 00:14:23,200
richer and More Beautiful in 
ways that are slightly, 

288
00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:25,300
unsettling because they're too 
perfect. 

289
00:14:25,300 --> 00:14:29,700
The food never runs out the 
musicians, never miss a note and

290
00:14:29,700 --> 00:14:31,900
everyone is just attractive. 
Enough to make, you wonder if 

291
00:14:31,900 --> 00:14:33,200
you are under dressed for the 
occasion. 

292
00:14:34,100 --> 00:14:36,800
Will seize Rihanna's seated at 
the high table between her 

293
00:14:36,800 --> 00:14:40,500
father and Gore, who presumably 
thinks this is his wedding feast

294
00:14:40,500 --> 00:14:42,800
and is probably feeling pretty 
pleased with himself. 

295
00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:45,800
Rihanna sees will too though, 
she gives no sign of 

296
00:14:45,800 --> 00:14:47,800
recognition. 
She's playing her part, 

297
00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:51,300
perfectly waiting for him to 
play his Will approaches the 

298
00:14:51,300 --> 00:14:53,800
high table and makes his request
with appropriate deference. 

299
00:14:53,800 --> 00:14:56,700
He's just a poor Wanderer asking
for a little Charity. 

300
00:14:56,700 --> 00:15:00,700
Just enough food to fill this 
small bag is carrying Surely 

301
00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:03,500
such a grand Feast can spare 
something for a hungry Traveler.

302
00:15:04,200 --> 00:15:07,300
The request seems modest even 
generous to refuse. 

303
00:15:07,300 --> 00:15:11,200
Rhiannon's father displaying the
hospitality that otherworldly, 

304
00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:15,400
Nobles Pride themselves on 
agrees immediately wall, not 

305
00:15:15,400 --> 00:15:17,300
wanting to appear less generous 
than his future. 

306
00:15:17,300 --> 00:15:20,500
Father-in-law endorses this 
charity enthusiastically. 

307
00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:22,800
Servants. 
Begin filling the bag. 

308
00:15:22,800 --> 00:15:26,800
They put in bread, meat, fruit, 
and Delicacies from the feast 

309
00:15:26,800 --> 00:15:29,200
table, the back swallows it all 
without appearing. 

310
00:15:29,200 --> 00:15:32,100
Any Fuller, more food. 
Goes in, still nothing. 

311
00:15:32,100 --> 00:15:36,300
The servants look confused, then
concerned then slightly 

312
00:15:36,300 --> 00:15:38,900
panicked, as they keep filling 
this impossible bag while the 

313
00:15:38,900 --> 00:15:43,200
beggar stands patiently waiting.
Finally wall probably more 

314
00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:46,600
irritated than generous. 
By this point asks what it would

315
00:15:46,600 --> 00:15:50,600
take to fill the bag will 
following Rhiannon script 

316
00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:54,000
exactly explains that the bag 
can only be satisfied when a 

317
00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:57,000
true nobleman steps into it and 
declares that enough has been 

318
00:15:57,008 --> 00:16:00,500
given and gwal perhaps wanting 
to end this strange spectacle 

319
00:16:00,500 --> 00:16:05,300
perhaps pushed by Pride steps 
into the bag, the moment his 

320
00:16:05,300 --> 00:16:07,100
feet touched. 
The bottom will pulls the bag 

321
00:16:07,100 --> 00:16:10,600
closed and ties its shut, he 
whistles and his Knights pour 

322
00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:12,800
into the Hall. 
What follows is sometimes called

323
00:16:12,800 --> 00:16:16,000
badger in the bag, the knights 
take turns hitting the bag with 

324
00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:20,200
sticks while gwal trapped inside
protest vigorously, its violence

325
00:16:20,200 --> 00:16:23,700
with a cartoonish quality more 
humiliation than actual harm, 

326
00:16:23,700 --> 00:16:27,600
and it serves its purpose of all
eventually, agrees to give up 

327
00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:29,900
his Clay on Rihanna in exchange 
for being released. 

328
00:16:30,700 --> 00:16:34,300
Swearing Oaths that he won't 
seek revenge rhiannon's father 

329
00:16:34,300 --> 00:16:37,600
faced with a situation that has 
clearly moved Beyond his control

330
00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:41,900
except the new Arrangement and 
just like that through a 

331
00:16:41,900 --> 00:16:45,400
combination of magical 
assistance, careful planning and

332
00:16:45,400 --> 00:16:48,900
a willingness to look foolish 
will win his bride. 

333
00:16:49,700 --> 00:16:52,100
Will and rhiannon's wedding must
have been an event with 

334
00:16:52,100 --> 00:16:54,500
witnessing a mortal, Lord 
marrying. 

335
00:16:54,500 --> 00:16:57,100
A woman from NW with guests from
both worlds. 

336
00:16:57,100 --> 00:17:00,100
Presumably in attendance, the 
text doesn't give us many 

337
00:17:00,100 --> 00:17:03,500
details but you can imagine the 
mixture of Welsh nobility trying

338
00:17:03,500 --> 00:17:05,200
to maintain proper Feast 
protocol. 

339
00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:08,700
While otherworldly guests did 
things that probably made the 

340
00:17:08,700 --> 00:17:11,599
Mortal attendees question, their
understanding of physics and 

341
00:17:11,599 --> 00:17:15,200
etiquette what the text does 
emphasize is rhiannon's 

342
00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:17,700
extraordinary generosity as the 
feast progresses. 

343
00:17:17,700 --> 00:17:19,700
She gives gifts to everyone who 
asks for them. 

344
00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:23,000
In medieval Welsh culture, 
generosity was one of the 

345
00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:26,200
highest virtues. 
Especially for nobility a good 

346
00:17:26,208 --> 00:17:29,600
Lord, or lady was expected to 
give freely and the quality of 

347
00:17:29,600 --> 00:17:31,800
your reputation. 
Often depended, on how open 

348
00:17:31,800 --> 00:17:35,200
handed, you were, Rhiannon takes
this to Supernatural levels. 

349
00:17:35,200 --> 00:17:39,600
She doesn't just give gifts, she
gives perfect gifts, the kind 

350
00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:42,600
that somehow matching exactly 
what each person needs or wants.

351
00:17:43,600 --> 00:17:46,900
Its generosity that goes beyond 
me a wealth and enters, the 

352
00:17:46,900 --> 00:17:49,800
realm of almost magical 
understanding of human desire. 

353
00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:53,000
The text tells us that no one 
leaves the feast disappointed or

354
00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:56,700
refused, which in medieval terms
is basically saying she achieved

355
00:17:56,700 --> 00:17:59,500
The Impossible. 
After the wedding, Rhiannon 

356
00:17:59,500 --> 00:18:02,100
returns with pool to die FID, 
and they begin their life 

357
00:18:02,100 --> 00:18:04,200
together. 
Here's where the story does 

358
00:18:04,200 --> 00:18:07,200
something interesting, instead 
of immediately plunging into 

359
00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:11,200
crisis, it gives them time a 
full year of apparent happiness,

360
00:18:11,200 --> 00:18:14,400
where Rhiannon proves herself to
be everything, quills Court 

361
00:18:14,400 --> 00:18:17,100
could want in a lady. 
She's generous with Will's 

362
00:18:17,100 --> 00:18:19,700
subjects, continuing the pattern
of gift-giving. 

363
00:18:19,700 --> 00:18:22,600
She displayed, at the wedding, 
she's wise in her Council 

364
00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:25,200
helping quill. 
Make decisions about governance 

365
00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:27,700
and Justice. 
She integrates herself into 

366
00:18:27,700 --> 00:18:30,800
mortal Society, while 
maintaining an other worldly 

367
00:18:30,800 --> 00:18:34,000
Grace, that makes her memorable.
The text suggests that people 

368
00:18:34,000 --> 00:18:38,200
genuinely love her, not out of 
fear or obligation, but because 

369
00:18:38,200 --> 00:18:40,400
she treats them with a 
combination of dignity and 

370
00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:44,900
kindness that transcends, her 
Supernatural Origins, This is 

371
00:18:44,900 --> 00:18:48,400
important to understand because 
of what comes next. 

372
00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:52,200
When disaster strikes, it won't 
be because Rhiannon was a poor 

373
00:18:52,200 --> 00:18:55,800
wife or lady won't be because 
she fail to earn her place in 

374
00:18:55,800 --> 00:18:58,100
quills. 
Court, the tragedy thats coming 

375
00:18:58,100 --> 00:18:59,800
isn't a result of her 
inadequacy. 

376
00:18:59,800 --> 00:19:03,900
It's a result of forces Beyond 
her control, an accusation that 

377
00:19:03,900 --> 00:19:06,200
say more about human nature than
about her character. 

378
00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:11,100
But for now, for one year, 
everything is perfect will has 

379
00:19:11,100 --> 00:19:13,800
his other worldly bride Rihanna,
and has escaped. 

380
00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:17,500
An unwanted marriage and died. 
Has a lady whose generosity and 

381
00:19:17,500 --> 00:19:21,100
wisdom benefit, everyone, it's a
brief Shining Moment before the 

382
00:19:21,100 --> 00:19:24,800
story takes its darker turn. 
You might find yourself wishing.

383
00:19:24,800 --> 00:19:27,900
The story could stay in this 
space, just let them be happy. 

384
00:19:27,900 --> 00:19:31,300
Let the magical woman and her 
mortal husband live out their 

385
00:19:31,300 --> 00:19:34,700
days in peace but stories like 
life rarely work that way. 

386
00:19:34,700 --> 00:19:37,900
The piece we are experiencing is
the calm that makes the coming 

387
00:19:37,900 --> 00:19:40,800
storm meaningful. 
As you settle deeper into your 

388
00:19:40,808 --> 00:19:43,300
blanket. 
Remember this year of Happiness?

389
00:19:43,300 --> 00:19:47,000
Hold it in your mind, like a 
pleasant dream, because Rhiannon

390
00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:49,400
will need you to remember it. 
When people start making 

391
00:19:49,400 --> 00:19:52,200
accusations and demanding 
punishments, you'll need to 

392
00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:54,300
remember that. 
There was a time when everyone 

393
00:19:54,300 --> 00:19:58,400
loved her when no one questioned
her place in quills Court, when 

394
00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:01,900
she was the perfect lady whose 
generosity knew no bounds. 

395
00:20:01,900 --> 00:20:04,100
That memory will matter more 
than you might think. 

396
00:20:05,300 --> 00:20:08,100
After that year of Happiness, 
Rhiannon becomes pregnant. 

397
00:20:08,100 --> 00:20:11,900
This is cause for celebration in
any medieval court, but in 

398
00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:14,500
dived. 
An air means continuity, 

399
00:20:14,500 --> 00:20:17,200
stability and the promise that 
the kingdom will pass to the 

400
00:20:17,200 --> 00:20:20,800
next generation without conflict
will and Rihanna's child will 

401
00:20:20,800 --> 00:20:24,200
Bridge Two Worlds, mortal and 
otherworldly and that's an 

402
00:20:24,200 --> 00:20:27,600
exciting prospect. 
The pregnancy proceeds normally,

403
00:20:27,600 --> 00:20:31,100
and when the time comes, 
Rhiannon gives birth to a son. 

404
00:20:31,100 --> 00:20:35,000
The text emphasizes this detail 
a healthy, boy, crying. 

405
00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:38,800
Lastly, perfect in every way 
midwives, attend her as was 

406
00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:41,100
customary for Noble births and 
six. 

407
00:20:41,100 --> 00:20:43,600
Women are assigned to watch over
mother and child during The 

408
00:20:43,600 --> 00:20:46,700
crucial first night. 
This is where you need to 

409
00:20:46,708 --> 00:20:49,100
understand another aspect of 
medieval belief. 

410
00:20:49,800 --> 00:20:53,400
Time immediately after birth was
considered dangerous, a liminal 

411
00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:55,900
period, when both mother and 
child were vulnerable to 

412
00:20:55,900 --> 00:20:58,700
Supernatural forces. 
That's why six women were 

413
00:20:58,700 --> 00:21:01,600
assigned to keep watch. 
This wasn't casual babysitting, 

414
00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:05,900
it was serious protective Duty, 
their job was to stay awake all 

415
00:21:05,900 --> 00:21:08,200
night, ensuring nothing happened
to the child. 

416
00:21:09,100 --> 00:21:11,700
They fail at this job in the 
most dramatic way possible. 

417
00:21:11,700 --> 00:21:16,300
Sometimes during the night, all 
six women fall asleep, not one 

418
00:21:16,300 --> 00:21:18,000
at a time, not in the natural 
way. 

419
00:21:18,000 --> 00:21:22,000
People get drowsy on a long walk
but simultaneously as if some 

420
00:21:22,000 --> 00:21:24,900
Supernatural force is simply 
turned off their Consciousness. 

421
00:21:24,900 --> 00:21:28,100
Like switching off a light when 
they wake up probably in the 

422
00:21:28,100 --> 00:21:30,700
gray hour before Dawn. 
They face every guardian's 

423
00:21:30,700 --> 00:21:35,300
nightmare the baby is gone. 
Just gone no sign of violence. 

424
00:21:35,300 --> 00:21:38,100
No indication of how someone 
could have entered the room. 

425
00:21:38,100 --> 00:21:41,000
Take in the child and left 
without disturbing anyone. 

426
00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:44,300
The Cradle is empty and six 
women who were supposed to be 

427
00:21:44,300 --> 00:21:46,000
watching. 
Suddenly realized they've lost 

428
00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:49,100
the air to die and the child of 
a woman from anwen. 

429
00:21:49,100 --> 00:21:53,500
Their first emotion is probably 
Terror in medieval ways losing a

430
00:21:53,500 --> 00:21:55,800
noble child through negligence 
could result in severe 

431
00:21:55,800 --> 00:21:59,600
punishment, possibly execution, 
6 women all of whom fell asleep 

432
00:21:59,600 --> 00:22:02,700
on duty, all of whom have no 
explanation for what happened. 

433
00:22:02,700 --> 00:22:06,000
Their facing disgrace at best 
death at worst. 

434
00:22:06,900 --> 00:22:09,100
So they make a decision that 
will Define the rest of 

435
00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:12,200
rhiannon's story, instead of 
telling the truth and accepting 

436
00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:14,900
their punishment. 
They decide to blame Rhiannon. 

437
00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:17,300
The plan they devise is 
horrific. 

438
00:22:17,300 --> 00:22:21,700
They take puppies the text 
specifies, puppies young dogs 

439
00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:24,900
from the court and kill them. 
They smear the blood on 

440
00:22:24,900 --> 00:22:28,400
rhiannon's face and hands while 
she sleeps exhausted from 

441
00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:31,300
childbirth, they scatter bones 
around her bed. 

442
00:22:31,300 --> 00:22:34,900
Then when she wakes, they tell 
everyone that Rhiannon has 

443
00:22:34,900 --> 00:22:39,000
killed and eaten her own child. 
It's an accusation of the most 

444
00:22:39,000 --> 00:22:42,900
unnatural crime imaginable, a 
mother murdering and consuming 

445
00:22:42,900 --> 00:22:45,600
her newborn. 
It plays on deep fears about the

446
00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:48,900
boundary between human and 
animal about maternal Instinct 

447
00:22:48,900 --> 00:22:52,100
perverted into something. 
Monstrous, it also plays on 

448
00:22:52,100 --> 00:22:55,200
existing prejudices about 
rhian's, other worldly nature. 

449
00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:58,800
She's not quite like other 
women, so perhaps she's capable 

450
00:22:58,800 --> 00:23:01,600
of things. 
Other women would never do when 

451
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:04,900
Rhiannon wakes to find herself, 
covered in blood, surrounded by 

452
00:23:04,900 --> 00:23:08,800
bones, and Accused by six 
Witnesses of infanticide, and 

453
00:23:08,800 --> 00:23:12,800
cannibalism, she denies it. 
Absolutely, she knows what 

454
00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:15,000
happened or rather, she knows 
what didn't happen. 

455
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:18,200
She didn't kill her child. 
She doesn't know where he is, 

456
00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:21,200
but she knows with complete 
certainty that she didn't harm 

457
00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:24,900
him, but she is facing six women
who all tell the same story, 

458
00:23:24,900 --> 00:23:27,900
physical evidence, that seems to
support their account. 

459
00:23:27,900 --> 00:23:31,800
And a court full of people who 
are shocked, horrified and 

460
00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:35,200
looking for someone to blame for
this tragedy will find himself 

461
00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:37,500
in an impossible situation on 
one. 

462
00:23:37,700 --> 00:23:41,000
And he knows, Rhiannon has lived
with her, for over a year and 

463
00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:42,700
has seen her generosity and 
kindness. 

464
00:23:42,700 --> 00:23:47,700
On the other hand, he has six 
Witnesses, physical evidence and

465
00:23:47,700 --> 00:23:50,400
a missing child. 
His Nobles are demanding that he

466
00:23:50,400 --> 00:23:54,000
put Rhiannon aside divorcer and 
possibly execute her for this 

467
00:23:54,008 --> 00:23:58,000
unnatural crime, to his credit 
Will refuses to divorce her, 

468
00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:01,200
despite the pressure, despite 
the evidence, despite how much 

469
00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:04,300
easier it would be, to Simply 
cut his losses and find another 

470
00:24:04,300 --> 00:24:07,600
wife, he won't abandon her. 
It's one of the few moments, 

471
00:24:07,600 --> 00:24:10,800
where will fully lives up to his
name, showing the wisdom and 

472
00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:13,500
loyalty that, presumably made 
him a good Lord in the first 

473
00:24:13,500 --> 00:24:16,500
place, but he can't completely 
Shield Rihanna, and from 

474
00:24:16,500 --> 00:24:19,500
consequences, the court demands,
some form of punishment. 

475
00:24:19,500 --> 00:24:22,300
Summer acknowledgment, that 
something terrible has happened 

476
00:24:22,300 --> 00:24:25,500
and someone must answer for it. 
A compromise is reached though, 

477
00:24:25,500 --> 00:24:28,200
it's a compromise that will test
Rhiannon in ways that might be 

478
00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:33,000
worse than execution The 
punishment, they devised for 

479
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:36,400
Rihanna and his specific and 
deliberately humiliating for 

480
00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:38,200
seven years. 
She was sit by the mounting 

481
00:24:38,200 --> 00:24:39,800
block at the entrance to pulls 
Court. 

482
00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:44,000
Every person who arrives, you 
must tell them her story that 

483
00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:47,300
she killed her own child, she 
must offer to carry them on her 

484
00:24:47,300 --> 00:24:50,500
back like a horse, transporting 
them from the gate to the court.

485
00:24:50,500 --> 00:24:54,900
Think about what this means, 
Rhiannon, the lady who wrote The

486
00:24:54,900 --> 00:24:58,100
White Horse that couldn't be 
caught, is being reduced to a 

487
00:24:58,100 --> 00:25:00,800
beast of burden herself. 
The woman who gave generous 

488
00:25:00,800 --> 00:25:03,500
gifts to everyone is now forced 
to offer her own body, as 

489
00:25:03,500 --> 00:25:06,000
transport. 
The wife of the Lord, must sit 

490
00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:08,700
at the gate, like a criminal 
confessing to a crime, she 

491
00:25:08,700 --> 00:25:11,700
didn't commit over and over to 
every visitor, who arrives, 

492
00:25:12,800 --> 00:25:16,700
Punishment has Perpetual 
performance humiliation as daily

493
00:25:16,700 --> 00:25:21,000
routine and it's designed to 
continue for seven years, long 

494
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,400
enough that most people would 
break would confess to anything 

495
00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:27,200
just to make it stop and would 
lose themselves in the 

496
00:25:27,200 --> 00:25:30,500
repetition of Shame. 
But here's what makes Rihanna 

497
00:25:30,500 --> 00:25:34,300
and remarkable. 
She endures it day after day, 

498
00:25:34,300 --> 00:25:36,500
season after season year after 
year. 

499
00:25:36,500 --> 00:25:39,800
She sits at that gate when 
visitors arrive, she tells them 

500
00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:42,000
the story of her supposed crime,
in a steady voice. 

501
00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:45,600
When they look at her with 
horror or pity or disgust, she 

502
00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:48,700
meets their eyes when some 
accept her offer to carry them. 

503
00:25:48,700 --> 00:25:52,000
And the text suggests many do 
either out of Cruelty or 

504
00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:54,400
curiosity. 
She bares their weight without 

505
00:25:54,400 --> 00:25:57,200
complaint. 
The text doesn't dwell on these 

506
00:25:57,200 --> 00:26:00,500
seven years in detail, but let's
think about what they must have 

507
00:26:00,500 --> 00:26:03,000
been. 
Like seven years is long enough 

508
00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:06,400
that children grow from infancy 
to Childhood long enough that 

509
00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:09,800
Seasons become just another form
of measurement and long enough 

510
00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:12,400
that the person you were at the 
beginning might seem like a 

511
00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:15,700
Stranger by the end. 
Rhiannon endures Welsh weather 

512
00:26:15,700 --> 00:26:19,000
rain that comes sideways wind 
that cuts through clothing. 

513
00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:21,300
Summer heat. 
That makes Stones too hot to 

514
00:26:21,300 --> 00:26:24,100
touch and winter cold that 
settles into bones. 

515
00:26:24,100 --> 00:26:27,200
She endures the stairs of people
who think they are looking at a 

516
00:26:27,200 --> 00:26:28,900
monster. 
She endures the weight of 

517
00:26:28,900 --> 00:26:32,100
Travelers on her back, the stone
of the mounting block beneath 

518
00:26:32,100 --> 00:26:35,500
her and the endless repetition 
of her own story told as a 

519
00:26:35,500 --> 00:26:39,000
confession And through it all, 
she maintained something 

520
00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:42,100
essential about herself. 
She doesn't become bitter or 

521
00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:44,200
broken. 
She doesn't lash out at the 

522
00:26:44,200 --> 00:26:47,300
women, who lied about her or 
demand that will investigate 

523
00:26:47,300 --> 00:26:49,500
further. 
She simply endures with a kind 

524
00:26:49,500 --> 00:26:52,600
of quiet dignity that suggests 
she knows the truth, even if no 

525
00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:56,300
one else believes her This is 
where Rhiannon transforms from a

526
00:26:56,300 --> 00:26:58,900
supernatural woman choosing her 
own destiny and to something 

527
00:26:58,900 --> 00:27:02,300
else. 
Figure of endurance, patience 

528
00:27:02,300 --> 00:27:05,300
and strength that goes beyond 
magic, or otherworldly power. 

529
00:27:05,300 --> 00:27:09,300
Anyone can be powerful when they
have advantages Rhiannon is 

530
00:27:09,300 --> 00:27:11,700
showing what remains when all 
advantages are Stripped Away, 

531
00:27:11,700 --> 00:27:14,700
medieval audiences would have 
recognized, what was happening 

532
00:27:14,700 --> 00:27:17,100
here? 
The patient wife wrongly accused

533
00:27:17,100 --> 00:27:20,000
was a common Motif in their 
literature but rhiannon's 

534
00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:21,100
version has a particular 
quality. 

535
00:27:21,100 --> 00:27:23,900
She's not waiting passively to 
be rescued. 

536
00:27:23,900 --> 00:27:27,700
She's actively surviving 
choosing each day to continue to

537
00:27:27,700 --> 00:27:30,200
maintain her dignity and 
circumstances designed to 

538
00:27:30,200 --> 00:27:32,900
destroy it. 
The seven years are all. 

539
00:27:32,900 --> 00:27:37,600
So biblically significant a 
complete cycle, a time of trial 

540
00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:40,500
and testing. 
Jacob Works 7 years for Rachel, 

541
00:27:40,500 --> 00:27:43,000
Israelites Circle Jericho for 
seven days. 

542
00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:46,100
Seven years suggests both 
endurance and eventual, 

543
00:27:46,100 --> 00:27:49,300
completion suffering, and the 
promise of change. 

544
00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:53,300
But the text doesn't ask us to 
Simply skip over these years to 

545
00:27:53,300 --> 00:27:56,300
get to the resolution by 
mentioning the seven years span.

546
00:27:56,300 --> 00:27:59,500
It's asking us to sit with 
Rihanna and suffering to 

547
00:27:59,500 --> 00:28:02,800
understand that her Vindication.
When it comes, is earned through

548
00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:06,500
patience that most people 
couldn't sustain as you lie in 

549
00:28:06,500 --> 00:28:09,700
the comfort of your bed. 
Warm and safe think about 

550
00:28:09,700 --> 00:28:11,100
sitting at a gate for seven 
years. 

551
00:28:11,100 --> 00:28:14,600
Think about telling the same 
humiliating story to strangers 

552
00:28:14,600 --> 00:28:17,600
day after day. 
Think about maintaining your 

553
00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:20,500
sense of self, when everything 
around you insists, your 

554
00:28:20,508 --> 00:28:23,800
something? 
Monstrous Rhiannon does this, 

555
00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:27,400
she survives her punishment with
her essential self intact. 

556
00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:31,300
And while she sits at that gate 
in another part of the Kingdom, 

557
00:28:31,300 --> 00:28:35,400
her son is growing up. 
On the same night that 

558
00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:38,700
rhiannon's child disappeared. 
Something strange happened at 

559
00:28:38,700 --> 00:28:41,600
the home of a nobleman named 
tenant roughly aunt. 

560
00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:44,000
Tanon had a beautiful mayor that
gave birth. 

561
00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:47,100
Every May Eve, but mysteriously 
the foal always vanished before 

562
00:28:47,100 --> 00:28:49,900
morning, year after year. 
The mayor would deliver a 

563
00:28:49,900 --> 00:28:52,400
perfect fold and year after 
year, it would disappear Without

564
00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:56,200
a Trace. 
This particular May Eve the same

565
00:28:56,200 --> 00:28:59,600
night Rihanna and gave birth 
turn and decided he'd had enough

566
00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:02,200
of this pattern. 
He determined to stay awake all 

567
00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:05,500
night in the stable armed and 
ready to discover what was 

568
00:29:05,500 --> 00:29:08,400
taking his foals. 
So while six women were falling 

569
00:29:08,400 --> 00:29:11,600
into Supernatural, sleep in 
quills, Court tan and was 

570
00:29:11,600 --> 00:29:13,700
forcing himself to stay awake in
his stable. 

571
00:29:13,700 --> 00:29:18,100
Watching his male labor, the 
full was born, a magnificent 

572
00:29:18,100 --> 00:29:22,000
cult, even by the mayor's, high 
standards 10 and admired it for 

573
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:25,000
a moment, probably feeling 
protective and determined that 

574
00:29:25,008 --> 00:29:29,600
this time, finally, he'd save, 
one of these foals Then exactly,

575
00:29:29,600 --> 00:29:32,200
at midnight, something reached 
through the window. 

576
00:29:33,400 --> 00:29:37,800
The text describes it as a claw 
or arm of enormous size grabbing

577
00:29:37,800 --> 00:29:40,700
for the newborn foal. 
Turn on, without hesitation 

578
00:29:40,700 --> 00:29:43,400
drew, his sword and struck at it
severing the arm at the elbow, 

579
00:29:43,400 --> 00:29:46,700
whatever creature it, belonged 
to screamed and vanished Into 

580
00:29:46,700 --> 00:29:49,800
the Night. 
Turn on rushed outside to pursue

581
00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:52,200
it sword. 
Ready prepared to fight whatever

582
00:29:52,200 --> 00:29:55,900
monster had been stealing his 
foals for years but he found 

583
00:29:55,900 --> 00:29:58,700
nothing. 
Just darkness and the sound of 

584
00:29:58,700 --> 00:30:01,800
something fleeing into the 
distance when he returned to the

585
00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:04,000
stable frustrated at losing his 
Quarry. 

586
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:07,300
He discovered something that 
stopped him in his tracks on his

587
00:30:07,300 --> 00:30:10,700
doorstep raped in fine cloth was
a baby boy. 

588
00:30:11,700 --> 00:30:15,100
Now and was a practical man. 
Not given to Flights of Fancy, 

589
00:30:15,100 --> 00:30:20,500
but even he could put together 
the timeline The same night, a 

590
00:30:20,500 --> 00:30:23,000
mysterious creature and a 
missing child raped in Noble 

591
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:25,300
cloth. 
Appeared at exactly the moment. 

592
00:30:25,300 --> 00:30:27,300
He was fighting off something 
Supernatural. 

593
00:30:27,300 --> 00:30:30,700
He brought the child inside his 
wife and they made a decision 

594
00:30:30,700 --> 00:30:33,900
that speaks to their character. 
They would raise the boys, their

595
00:30:33,900 --> 00:30:36,900
own tan and wife had wanted 
children, but had none. 

596
00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:40,300
So she welcomed this mysterious 
infant with genuine love. 

597
00:30:40,300 --> 00:30:44,100
They named him. 
Greece urine of the golden hair 

598
00:30:44,100 --> 00:30:46,100
because his hair was as bright 
as polished metal. 

599
00:30:46,100 --> 00:30:50,000
They told people he was hers, a 
late blessing, and no one 

600
00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:52,700
questioned it because medieval 
record-keeping wasn't exactly 

601
00:30:52,700 --> 00:30:58,500
stringent. 
He in rural nobility And then 

602
00:30:58,500 --> 00:31:02,700
something remarkable happened. 
Greek grew, not at a normal 

603
00:31:02,708 --> 00:31:06,600
rate, but at a speed that was 
supernaturally, yet somehow 

604
00:31:06,600 --> 00:31:08,600
natural by the end of his first 
year. 

605
00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:10,300
He had the development of a 
three-year-old. 

606
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:13,500
By the end of his second year, 
he was like a child of six. 

607
00:31:13,500 --> 00:31:18,700
He was bright, healthy strong, 
and remarkably good with horses.

608
00:31:18,700 --> 00:31:21,700
Especially with the cult that 
had been born the same night. 

609
00:31:21,700 --> 00:31:26,300
He appeared Tan and his wife 
raised gray with love teaching 

610
00:31:26,300 --> 00:31:30,200
him, the skills appropriate to a
young nobleman riding hunting 

611
00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:33,900
courtesy and the management of a
household, the boy thrived in 

612
00:31:33,900 --> 00:31:36,400
their care growing. 
Not just in size, but also 

613
00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:39,800
incapability and character. 
He was everything parents could 

614
00:31:39,800 --> 00:31:43,200
hope for kind Brave intelligent 
and loyal. 

615
00:31:44,300 --> 00:31:47,300
But as Greek Grew Older. 
His resemblance to someone 

616
00:31:47,300 --> 00:31:51,000
became impossible to ignore 
visitors to tan on court started

617
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:54,000
remarking on it. 
The boy looked remarkably like 

618
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:56,500
quill. 
The Lord of died, not just a 

619
00:31:56,500 --> 00:31:59,400
passing resemblance, but the 
kind of similarity that suggests

620
00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:02,700
a blood relationship. 
Turn on began hearing stories 

621
00:32:02,700 --> 00:32:06,000
about Will's Court, how the 
lady, Rihanna had supposedly, 

622
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:08,800
killed her child, and how she'd 
been sitting at the gate for 

623
00:32:08,800 --> 00:32:11,300
years. 
Now, confessing to the crime and

624
00:32:11,300 --> 00:32:14,700
offering to carry visitors, like
a horse, the timeline matched, 

625
00:32:14,700 --> 00:32:18,100
the appearance matched and that 
mysterious creature that had 

626
00:32:18,100 --> 00:32:21,100
tried to steal the fold the same
night, a noble child 

627
00:32:21,100 --> 00:32:24,000
disappeared. 10 and faced a 
difficult Choice. 

628
00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:27,200
He and his wife loved greasy as 
their own son. 

629
00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:31,100
The boy called the mother and 
father and had no other family. 

630
00:32:31,900 --> 00:32:35,100
They'd through infancy and 
childhood celebrated his 

631
00:32:35,100 --> 00:32:37,000
accomplishments and cared for 
him. 

632
00:32:37,000 --> 00:32:39,700
When he was sick in, every way 
that mattered emotionally, he 

633
00:32:39,700 --> 00:32:43,300
was their child, but Tenon was 
also a man of honor and the 

634
00:32:43,300 --> 00:32:44,800
honor of the situation was 
clear. 

635
00:32:45,700 --> 00:32:48,300
This was almost certainly will 
and rhiannon's son. 

636
00:32:48,300 --> 00:32:50,900
A woman was suffering endless 
punishment for a crime. 

637
00:32:50,900 --> 00:32:53,700
She didn't commit. 
A kingdom was without its 

638
00:32:53,700 --> 00:32:56,600
rightful Heir and was keeping 
them all in ignorance. 

639
00:32:56,600 --> 00:32:58,900
However, unintentionally had 
begun. 

640
00:32:59,800 --> 00:33:02,500
The decision he made shows real 
nobility of character. 

641
00:33:02,500 --> 00:33:06,100
He chose to do the right thing 
even though it cost him dearly. 

642
00:33:06,100 --> 00:33:09,200
He told his wife what he 
suspected and together. 

643
00:33:09,200 --> 00:33:12,300
They decided to take to quilt 
court and reveal the truth. 

644
00:33:13,100 --> 00:33:16,400
Imagine that conversation with 
green trying to explain to a 

645
00:33:16,400 --> 00:33:18,700
child whose maybe three or four 
years old but older in 

646
00:33:18,700 --> 00:33:21,300
development that the parents 
he's known all his life aren't 

647
00:33:21,300 --> 00:33:24,600
his birth parents that he's 
actually the son of a lord and a

648
00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:27,300
lady from manwin and that his 
real mother has been suffering 

649
00:33:27,300 --> 00:33:29,800
because he disappeared. 
How do you make that make sense 

650
00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:32,800
to a child? 
But Greece showing the wisdom 

651
00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:35,100
that would characterize him 
throughout his life seemed to 

652
00:33:35,100 --> 00:33:38,400
understand or perhaps, he didn't
fully understand, but trusted, 

653
00:33:38,400 --> 00:33:41,000
the people who'd raised him 
enough to accept what they said.

654
00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:44,800
Either way he agreed to go with 
tan on to pulls Court. 

655
00:33:45,600 --> 00:33:49,000
The journey there must have been
Bittersweet 10U. 

656
00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:51,800
He was doing the right thing, 
but every mile brought him 

657
00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:55,400
closer to losing the child. 
He'd raised His wife had stayed 

658
00:33:55,400 --> 00:33:58,400
behind perhaps unable to Bear 
the actual moment of Separation.

659
00:33:58,400 --> 00:34:01,300
Greer Road beside him, probably 
quiet. 

660
00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:03,400
Processing, what was about to 
happen. 

661
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:06,700
And at the end of their Journey,
sitting at the gate as she had 

662
00:34:06,700 --> 00:34:10,100
for nearly seven years was, 
Rhiannon picture. 

663
00:34:10,100 --> 00:34:14,300
The moment when tan and Greer at
Will's Court, Rhiannon is at her

664
00:34:14,300 --> 00:34:15,699
usual position by the mounting 
block. 

665
00:34:15,699 --> 00:34:18,300
Probably wearing clothes that 
have seen better days. 

666
00:34:18,300 --> 00:34:21,800
The face bearing, the marks of 
seven years of exposure to 

667
00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:24,500
weather and hardship. 
She looks up as they approached 

668
00:34:24,500 --> 00:34:27,900
ready to tell her story, once 
more ready to offer to carry 

669
00:34:27,900 --> 00:34:31,300
them, if they'll accept But 
something happens before she can

670
00:34:31,300 --> 00:34:34,699
speak Tenon. 
Looks at her really looks at her

671
00:34:34,699 --> 00:34:37,900
and sees, not the monster, the 
stories describe, but a woman 

672
00:34:37,900 --> 00:34:42,100
who is endured something or most
Beyond human capacity, and gri, 

673
00:34:42,100 --> 00:34:44,400
who has never seen his mother 
before stares at her, with the 

674
00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:47,600
kind of recognition that goes 
deeper than memory, something in

675
00:34:47,600 --> 00:34:51,800
the blood perhaps, or in the 
soul, Tenant tells Rhiannon, 

676
00:34:51,800 --> 00:34:55,300
they've come to see Lord quill 
and he refuses her offer to 

677
00:34:55,300 --> 00:34:57,600
carry them. 
There's a kindness in his voice 

678
00:34:57,600 --> 00:35:00,300
that Rhiannon probably hasn't 
heard in years from strangers, 

679
00:35:00,300 --> 00:35:03,300
they proceed to the court. 
Where will receives them with 

680
00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:05,400
the hospitality due to a noble 
visitor? 

681
00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:08,500
Tenon doesn't waste time with 
small, talk or elaborate 

682
00:35:08,500 --> 00:35:11,100
preambles. 
He tells will the entire story, 

683
00:35:11,100 --> 00:35:14,700
the mayor that lost Falls. 
Every May Eve the creature that 

684
00:35:14,700 --> 00:35:17,800
reached through the window, the 
child found on his doorstep, 

685
00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:21,600
gries remarkable growth, and his
unmistakable resemblance to 

686
00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:24,300
quill. 
He presents the boy now, perhaps

687
00:35:24,300 --> 00:35:26,500
four years old, but with the 
development of someone much 

688
00:35:26,500 --> 00:35:29,200
older and lets the physical 
evidence speak for itself. 

689
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:34,200
Will looks at Greene's himself. 
The resemblance is undeniable 

690
00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:37,900
the same features. 
The same coloring, the same 

691
00:35:37,900 --> 00:35:40,100
bearing. 
This is his son. 

692
00:35:40,100 --> 00:35:43,700
The child, who disappeared, 
seven years ago returned as 

693
00:35:43,708 --> 00:35:48,300
mysteriously as he vanished. 
The quarter UPS in exclamations,

694
00:35:48,300 --> 00:35:51,400
questions and wonder. 
But Will's first thought is for 

695
00:35:51,400 --> 00:35:54,800
real and he immediately sends 
for her bringing her in from the

696
00:35:54,800 --> 00:35:57,800
gate where she spent seven years
when she enters the hall. 

697
00:35:57,800 --> 00:35:59,800
She's probably expecting another
humiliation. 

698
00:35:59,800 --> 00:36:02,400
Another performance of her 
supposed crime. 

699
00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:07,300
Instead, she sees her son, The 
text doesn't dwell on the 

700
00:36:07,300 --> 00:36:10,300
emotional details of their 
reunion, but you can imagine it 

701
00:36:10,300 --> 00:36:14,400
seven years of separation, seven
years of punishment for a crime.

702
00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:17,700
She didn't commit and seven 
years of not knowing if her 

703
00:36:17,700 --> 00:36:21,300
child was alive or dead. 
And now here he stands healthy 

704
00:36:21,300 --> 00:36:24,200
and whole raised with Love by 
people who chose to do the right

705
00:36:24,208 --> 00:36:28,200
thing at Great personal cost. 
Rhiannon's reaction is described

706
00:36:28,200 --> 00:36:30,400
with a simple phrase that 
carries enormous weight. 

707
00:36:31,200 --> 00:36:35,800
She experiences, great joy after
seven years of sitting at a gate

708
00:36:35,808 --> 00:36:38,700
confessing to infanticide 
bearing Travelers on her back, 

709
00:36:38,700 --> 00:36:43,000
like a beast of burden Joy, not 
anger at her false accusers, not

710
00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:47,100
bitterness about Lost Years. 
Not demands for Revenge Joy. 

711
00:36:47,100 --> 00:36:50,700
At her son's return the court 
faced with undeniable proof of 

712
00:36:50,700 --> 00:36:53,200
Reyna's. 
Innocents must now reckon with 

713
00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:55,800
what they've done, Six Women 
lied about her. 

714
00:36:55,800 --> 00:36:59,600
Countless people believed those 
lies Rihanna and was punished 

715
00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:01,500
for seven years while the real 
culprit. 

716
00:37:01,500 --> 00:37:04,600
Whatever Supernatural creature, 
tried to steal, both the foal 

717
00:37:04,600 --> 00:37:06,600
and a child that night went 
unpunished. 

718
00:37:07,500 --> 00:37:10,500
But here's where Rhiannon shows 
something remarkable she doesn't

719
00:37:10,500 --> 00:37:13,300
demand that the six women be 
executed or even severely 

720
00:37:13,300 --> 00:37:15,700
punished. 
The text doesn't record her 

721
00:37:15,700 --> 00:37:18,400
calling for revenge or Justice 
against those who wronged her. 

722
00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:22,200
Instead she focuses on what 
matters her son is returned. 

723
00:37:22,200 --> 00:37:25,200
Her name is cleared and she's 
free from the punishment that 

724
00:37:25,200 --> 00:37:26,700
has defined her life for seven 
years. 

725
00:37:26,700 --> 00:37:29,300
There's a brief discussion about
what to name. 

726
00:37:29,300 --> 00:37:33,100
The boy, he's been to the family
that raised him, but Rhiannon 

727
00:37:33,100 --> 00:37:36,200
looks at him and says a word 
that captures everything pre 

728
00:37:36,200 --> 00:37:40,300
Dairy The name means care or 
worry and it refers to the 

729
00:37:40,300 --> 00:37:42,500
anxiety. 
She suffered the worry that 

730
00:37:42,500 --> 00:37:46,000
defined her years of punishment.
It's both a memorial to 

731
00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:48,600
suffering and a transformation 
of that suffering into something

732
00:37:48,600 --> 00:37:52,000
meaningful a name for her son. 
That acknowledges what they've 

733
00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:55,000
been through and remarkably, the
name sticks. 

734
00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:58,300
The boy who was Greek becomes 
per Dairy carrying in his very 

735
00:37:58,300 --> 00:38:01,400
name, the story of his mother's 
or deal and survival Timon and 

736
00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:04,000
his wife could have kept 
Prairie, they could have stayed 

737
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:07,100
silent. 
Let the boy remain theirs and 

738
00:38:07,100 --> 00:38:09,000
allowed Rihanna and to continue 
her punishment. 

739
00:38:09,000 --> 00:38:12,900
No one would have known but they
chose truth and honor over 

740
00:38:12,900 --> 00:38:16,100
comfort and love which is one of
the hardest choices anyone can 

741
00:38:16,100 --> 00:38:18,700
make. 
Will recognizing this 

742
00:38:18,700 --> 00:38:22,600
extraordinary sacrifice doesn't 
simply thank Tiernan and send 

743
00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:25,200
him home. 
He offers turn on and his wife a

744
00:38:25,200 --> 00:38:28,700
place in his court, grants them 
lands and honors and establishes

745
00:38:28,700 --> 00:38:31,300
a relationship where poderi can 
maintain connection with the 

746
00:38:31,308 --> 00:38:34,500
people who raised him, it's a 
solution that honors everyone's 

747
00:38:34,500 --> 00:38:37,600
role in the child survival. 
The fostering relationship 

748
00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:40,900
between 10 and his family, and 
pools Court, becomes one of 

749
00:38:40,908 --> 00:38:44,500
deep, mutual respect pre, Dairy 
grows up knowing his birth 

750
00:38:44,500 --> 00:38:46,200
parents. 
And his foster parents loved by 

751
00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:49,600
both benefiting from the wisdom 
and care of multiple families. 

752
00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:53,200
In this way, the trauma of his 
disappearance transforms into 

753
00:38:53,200 --> 00:38:57,000
something rich and complex a web
of relationships that might 

754
00:38:57,000 --> 00:38:59,200
never have existed without the 
initial tragedy. 

755
00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:02,600
Rihanna's Vindication should 
have meant the end of her story 

756
00:39:02,600 --> 00:39:06,200
in the first Branch, but there's
more to unpack about what 

757
00:39:06,200 --> 00:39:07,800
happens after the truth comes 
out. 

758
00:39:07,800 --> 00:39:11,100
Medieval Welsh stories rarely 
waste time on lengthy, emotional

759
00:39:11,100 --> 00:39:13,600
processing. 
They move from one of event to 

760
00:39:13,600 --> 00:39:16,700
the next with the efficiency of 
people who understood that 

761
00:39:16,700 --> 00:39:19,000
listeners wanted action and 
resolution. 

762
00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:21,300
But we can pause here. 
And think about what the 

763
00:39:21,300 --> 00:39:24,700
aftermath must have been. 
Like, for seven years, Rhiannon,

764
00:39:24,700 --> 00:39:27,300
sat at that gate. 
Seven years of daily, 

765
00:39:27,300 --> 00:39:31,400
humiliation of telling her story
over and over to strangers of 

766
00:39:31,400 --> 00:39:34,200
being treated, as something, 
less than human, that kind of 

767
00:39:34,208 --> 00:39:37,300
experience changes a person. 
To. 

768
00:39:38,100 --> 00:39:41,600
The question is, how? 
Some people would emerge from 

769
00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:44,900
such an ordeal broken, bitter, 
and consumed by anger. 

770
00:39:44,900 --> 00:39:48,100
At those who wronged them, 
others might become hard closed 

771
00:39:48,100 --> 00:39:50,500
off and unable to trust or feel 
Joy again. 

772
00:39:51,200 --> 00:39:52,700
Rhiannon seems to have done 
neither. 

773
00:39:52,700 --> 00:39:55,400
She emerges with her essential 
self intact. 

774
00:39:55,400 --> 00:39:59,300
Still generous still dignified 
still capable of Joy. 

775
00:39:59,300 --> 00:40:02,200
When her son returns. 
This suggests something 

776
00:40:02,200 --> 00:40:05,800
important about her character. 
Rhiannon strength isn't just 

777
00:40:05,800 --> 00:40:08,200
Supernatural power or other 
worldly knowledge. 

778
00:40:08,200 --> 00:40:11,000
It's a kind of internal 
resilience that allows her to 

779
00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:13,100
endure suffering without letting
it Define her. 

780
00:40:13,100 --> 00:40:17,300
She knows who she is and 7 years
of being told, she's a monster, 

781
00:40:17,300 --> 00:40:19,400
doesn't change that. 
Fundamental self knowledge. 

782
00:40:20,200 --> 00:40:23,400
Think about the six women who 
accused her, the text doesn't 

783
00:40:23,400 --> 00:40:26,400
tell us what happened to them, 
after the truth came out, but 

784
00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:29,400
they must have faced some 
consequences at minimum. 

785
00:40:29,400 --> 00:40:32,400
They faced public shame for 
their lives more likely. 

786
00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:34,900
They faced legal or social 
punishment for their false 

787
00:40:34,900 --> 00:40:37,100
accusation. 
But here's what's interesting. 

788
00:40:38,100 --> 00:40:42,300
Story doesn't give them names. 
They remain anonymous a 

789
00:40:42,300 --> 00:40:44,100
collective rather than 
individuals. 

790
00:40:44,100 --> 00:40:46,500
This literary Choice, does 
something subtle. 

791
00:40:46,500 --> 00:40:49,900
It makes them representatives of
a pattern rather than specific 

792
00:40:49,900 --> 00:40:53,700
villains there. 
What happens when fear over tea,

793
00:40:53,700 --> 00:40:57,000
when self-preservation leads to 
the destruction of someone 

794
00:40:57,000 --> 00:40:59,700
innocent their lie worked 
because it was believable. 

795
00:41:00,600 --> 00:41:04,100
Rhiannon was other worldly 
different and not quite like 

796
00:41:04,100 --> 00:41:06,400
other women. 
When something inexplicable 

797
00:41:06,400 --> 00:41:08,000
happened. 
It was easy to blame. 

798
00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:10,500
The person who was already 
outside normal categories. 

799
00:41:10,500 --> 00:41:13,800
The Six Women didn't have to 
work hard to make people believe

800
00:41:13,800 --> 00:41:15,500
them. 
They just had to tap into 

801
00:41:15,500 --> 00:41:18,900
existing prejudices and fears 
this pattern appears throughout 

802
00:41:18,900 --> 00:41:22,000
history when something goes 
wrong communities. 

803
00:41:22,000 --> 00:41:24,800
Look for someone to blame and 
they often choose whoever is 

804
00:41:24,800 --> 00:41:28,000
already marked as different. 
Rhiannon's story is Medieval and

805
00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:31,400
magical but this Dynamic is 
depressingly familiar across 

806
00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:34,600
cultures and centuries. 
Have indication doesn't just 

807
00:41:34,600 --> 00:41:37,900
clear her name, it challenges 
the communities willingness to 

808
00:41:37,900 --> 00:41:40,800
believe the worst about someone 
based on their otherness. 

809
00:41:40,800 --> 00:41:43,800
The people of deferred have to 
reckon with the fact that they 

810
00:41:43,800 --> 00:41:47,100
condemned an innocent woman that
their lady whom they had loved 

811
00:41:47,100 --> 00:41:49,800
during that first perfect year 
was exactly who she appeared to 

812
00:41:49,800 --> 00:41:52,900
be and that they're willingness 
to believe otherwise said more 

813
00:41:52,900 --> 00:41:56,900
about them than about her will 
too must live with his choices. 

814
00:41:56,900 --> 00:42:00,900
He refused to divorce Rhiannon 
which shows loyalty but he also 

815
00:42:00,900 --> 00:42:02,900
allowed her punishment to 
continue for seven years. 

816
00:42:02,900 --> 00:42:06,500
He could have investigated more 
thoroughly could have questioned

817
00:42:06,500 --> 00:42:09,100
the six women more aggressively 
and could have considered 

818
00:42:09,100 --> 00:42:11,400
whether the evidence really 
supported their story. 

819
00:42:11,400 --> 00:42:15,000
Instead, he chose a middle path 
that kept Rihanna as his wife 

820
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:19,500
but subjected her to ongoing 
humiliation was this wisdom or 

821
00:42:19,500 --> 00:42:23,200
cowardice, the text doesn't 
judge, you can make your own 

822
00:42:23,200 --> 00:42:26,200
assessment will was caught 
between his personal knowledge 

823
00:42:26,200 --> 00:42:29,000
of rhiannon's character and the 
political pressure from his 

824
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:32,800
Nobles between loyalty to his 
wife and duty to his kingdom. 

825
00:42:33,200 --> 00:42:36,600
He chose a compromise and rianon
paid the price for seven years. 

826
00:42:37,600 --> 00:42:40,200
Their relationship after her 
Vindication must have been 

827
00:42:40,200 --> 00:42:44,900
complex, their reunited. 
Their son is returned, but seven

828
00:42:44,900 --> 00:42:47,900
years of Injustice, stand 
between them, the text suggests,

829
00:42:47,900 --> 00:42:51,500
they continuous husband and wife
ruling dive together, but it 

830
00:42:51,500 --> 00:42:54,300
doesn't claim everything returns
to exactly how it was before, 

831
00:42:54,300 --> 00:42:57,500
how could it. 
You can't go through something 

832
00:42:57,500 --> 00:42:59,900
like rhiannon's ordeal and 
return unchanged. 

833
00:42:59,900 --> 00:43:02,900
You can't watch your wife suffer
for seven years and not carry 

834
00:43:02,900 --> 00:43:04,900
some guilt. 
The question is, whether they 

835
00:43:04,900 --> 00:43:08,000
find a way to build something 
new from what remains, or 

836
00:43:08,000 --> 00:43:10,400
whether the past always stands 
between them like a ghost. 

837
00:43:11,100 --> 00:43:14,000
Pre Dairy meanwhile grows up 
with the knowledge of what his 

838
00:43:14,000 --> 00:43:16,600
mother endured for him. 
He knows that his birth caused 

839
00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:19,000
her suffering that his 
disappearance led to her 

840
00:43:19,008 --> 00:43:21,500
punishment. 
And that's six women lied about 

841
00:43:21,500 --> 00:43:24,200
her because of him. 
This is a heavy burden for a 

842
00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:26,900
child to carry. 
Even a child who grows at a 

843
00:43:26,900 --> 00:43:29,100
supernatural rate and has wisdom
Beyond his years. 

844
00:43:30,200 --> 00:43:33,600
But perhaps the knowledge also 
gives him something valuable and

845
00:43:33,600 --> 00:43:36,500
understanding of his mother's 
strength, a model of how to 

846
00:43:36,500 --> 00:43:40,500
endure Injustice with dignity 
and a lesson in the importance 

847
00:43:40,500 --> 00:43:42,200
of truth. 
Even when lies and more 

848
00:43:42,200 --> 00:43:45,800
convenient, these are the kinds 
of lessons that shape a person's

849
00:43:45,800 --> 00:43:49,800
character in fundamental ways. 
The story of tan on his wife 

850
00:43:49,800 --> 00:43:53,600
becomes a legend in his own 
right the nobleman who raised a 

851
00:43:53,600 --> 00:43:57,500
foundling with love and then 
gave him back when honored it in

852
00:43:57,500 --> 00:44:00,000
a medieval culture that valued 
hospitality and honor. 

853
00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:02,500
There are actions represent the 
highest ideals. 

854
00:44:02,500 --> 00:44:05,300
They loved without possessing 
cared with without demanding 

855
00:44:05,300 --> 00:44:08,300
ownership and chose truth even 
when it cost them dearly. 

856
00:44:09,200 --> 00:44:12,600
As you lie there in the darkness
think about what it means to be 

857
00:44:12,600 --> 00:44:15,100
Vindicated. 
After years of false accusation 

858
00:44:15,100 --> 00:44:18,200
the relief certainly but also 
the stranger adjustment of being

859
00:44:18,200 --> 00:44:20,200
believed again of having your 
truth. 

860
00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:23,700
Acknowledged after years of 
having it denied, Rhiannon has 

861
00:44:23,700 --> 00:44:27,400
her name her son, and her 
position restored, but she also 

862
00:44:27,400 --> 00:44:30,400
has seven years of memory that 
no Vindication can erase. 

863
00:44:31,000 --> 00:44:33,400
The question, the story leaves 
hanging is where the Justice 

864
00:44:33,400 --> 00:44:36,700
delayed is truly Justice at all 
and whether any amount of 

865
00:44:36,700 --> 00:44:40,700
restoration can truly compensate
for years of suffering, medieval

866
00:44:40,700 --> 00:44:43,000
audiences, might have had 
clearer answers to these 

867
00:44:43,000 --> 00:44:45,500
questions than we do. 
But the questions themselves 

868
00:44:45,500 --> 00:44:49,500
remain uncomfortably relevant. 
Now that we've lived through 

869
00:44:49,500 --> 00:44:52,100
Rihanna's story from her. 
First appearance to her 

870
00:44:52,100 --> 00:44:56,100
Vindication, it's worth stepping
back and thinking about one of 

871
00:44:56,100 --> 00:44:58,900
the tales most persistent 
symbols horses. 

872
00:44:58,900 --> 00:45:02,800
Rhiannon first appears riding a 
white horse, that moves at an 

873
00:45:02,800 --> 00:45:06,800
impossible Pace, unhurried yet 
uncatchable, this isn't just 

874
00:45:06,800 --> 00:45:09,600
magical Transportation. 
It's a statement about her 

875
00:45:09,600 --> 00:45:11,800
nature. 
She can't be pursued and 

876
00:45:11,800 --> 00:45:13,600
captured like a prize or a 
possession. 

877
00:45:13,600 --> 00:45:16,500
She can only be approached 
through respect and direct 

878
00:45:16,500 --> 00:45:20,800
communication through asking 
rather than taking The White 

879
00:45:20,800 --> 00:45:23,400
Horse itself, carries symbolic 
weight throughout Celtic 

880
00:45:23,400 --> 00:45:26,300
mythology, light animals, 
generally signified other 

881
00:45:26,300 --> 00:45:29,600
worldly connection creatures 
that existed in that liminal 

882
00:45:29,600 --> 00:45:33,000
space between the Mortal realm. 
And when rhiannon's horses, 

883
00:45:33,000 --> 00:45:36,300
white smooth gated and 
Supernatural in its abilities. 

884
00:45:36,300 --> 00:45:38,700
All markers of her own other 
worldly nature. 

885
00:45:38,700 --> 00:45:41,300
But then look at what happens 
during her punishment. 

886
00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:45,300
Rhiannon, who rode? 
The uncatchable horse is reduced

887
00:45:45,300 --> 00:45:48,200
to being a horse herself. 
She offers to carry people on 

888
00:45:48,200 --> 00:45:50,900
her back performing, the exact 
function, that her White Horse 

889
00:45:50,900 --> 00:45:54,000
performed transportation from 
one place to another. 

890
00:45:54,000 --> 00:45:57,300
It's a deliberate inversion of 
her original appearance, a 

891
00:45:57,300 --> 00:46:01,000
humiliation that strikes at the 
core of who she was The 

892
00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:03,900
symbolism goes deeper, when you 
consider the foal that was born 

893
00:46:03,900 --> 00:46:07,500
the same night as per Dairy, tan
and mayor had been losing foals.

894
00:46:07,500 --> 00:46:09,400
Every May Eve to a supernatural 
creature. 

895
00:46:09,400 --> 00:46:11,900
The night Creator, he 
disappeared tan and saved the 

896
00:46:11,908 --> 00:46:14,300
fold by cutting, off the 
creatures arm and found the baby

897
00:46:14,300 --> 00:46:17,200
on his doorstep. 
The connection between child and

898
00:46:17,200 --> 00:46:19,700
Foal is explicit. 
They appear together. 

899
00:46:19,700 --> 00:46:23,200
They grow up together and probe,
Dairy develops and exceptional 

900
00:46:23,200 --> 00:46:27,500
bond with the horse, in some 
way, their linked, both stolen, 

901
00:46:27,500 --> 00:46:30,800
by the same creature, both saved
by 10 on Intervention. 

902
00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:33,400
The fold that should have been 
taken becomes per dairies, 

903
00:46:33,400 --> 00:46:36,100
special companion a living 
reminder of the night. 

904
00:46:36,100 --> 00:46:39,300
They both survived. 
This pairing of human child and 

905
00:46:39,300 --> 00:46:42,500
horse has roots. 
Deep in Celtic culture horses, 

906
00:46:42,500 --> 00:46:45,900
were sacred animals in many 
Celtic, societies associated 

907
00:46:45,900 --> 00:46:48,600
with sovereignty, the land and 
divine power. 

908
00:46:48,600 --> 00:46:50,800
The bond between pride and his 
horse. 

909
00:46:50,800 --> 00:46:53,900
Suggesting carries, both human 
and equine, blessings, both 

910
00:46:53,900 --> 00:46:57,400
mortal and other worldly power. 
There's also something worth 

911
00:46:57,400 --> 00:47:00,400
noting about the name. 
Rhiannon, in itself, Scholars 

912
00:47:00,400 --> 00:47:02,700
have connected it to an earlier 
Celtic goddess, figure called 

913
00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:07,100
regant owner, meaning, great 
queen or Divine Queen. this 

914
00:47:07,100 --> 00:47:10,100
goddess was associated with 
horses sovereignty and the land 

915
00:47:10,100 --> 00:47:13,200
itself while the medieval 
Rhiannon is presented as a 

916
00:47:13,200 --> 00:47:16,600
character in a story rather than
a goddess in a myth, Echoes of 

917
00:47:16,600 --> 00:47:21,400
divine power remain, In Celtic 
tradition Queen's and goddesses 

918
00:47:21,400 --> 00:47:22,700
were often connected to the 
land. 

919
00:47:22,700 --> 00:47:26,500
They ruled their fertility 
Health and Justice affected the 

920
00:47:26,500 --> 00:47:29,400
kingdom itself. 
Rihanna's unjust punishment and 

921
00:47:29,400 --> 00:47:32,800
suffering might represent not 
just personal tragedy but a kind

922
00:47:32,808 --> 00:47:36,200
of cosmic disorder. 
The land Queen wrongly accused 

923
00:47:36,200 --> 00:47:40,100
and humiliated while the 
kingdoms are is missing Her 

924
00:47:40,100 --> 00:47:43,100
Vindication then becomes more 
than just clearing. 

925
00:47:43,100 --> 00:47:45,600
Her name is a restoration of 
proper order. 

926
00:47:46,400 --> 00:47:48,000
The queen returned her rightful 
position. 

927
00:47:48,000 --> 00:47:51,200
The air was revealed and 
acknowledged and balanced was 

928
00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:53,800
restored between the other 
worldly and Mortal realms. 

929
00:47:55,100 --> 00:47:57,200
The punishment of carrying 
people like a horse. 

930
00:47:57,200 --> 00:47:59,800
Also inverts, traditional power 
dynamics. 

931
00:47:59,800 --> 00:48:01,900
In. 
Interesting ways, in Celtic 

932
00:48:01,900 --> 00:48:05,800
culture, horses were associated 
with nobility and sovereignty to

933
00:48:05,800 --> 00:48:07,100
ride. 
A horse was to demonstrate 

934
00:48:07,100 --> 00:48:10,500
status and Power by being 
reduced to a horse herself. 

935
00:48:10,500 --> 00:48:14,100
Rhiannon experiences, a complete
reversal of sovereignty, from 

936
00:48:14,100 --> 00:48:17,800
Queen to Beast of Burden. 
But here's what's remarkable 

937
00:48:17,800 --> 00:48:22,200
even in this degraded position. 
Rhiannon, maintains her dignity.

938
00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:25,300
She performs her punishment 
without resistance but also, 

939
00:48:25,300 --> 00:48:27,700
without being broken by it in 
some way. 

940
00:48:27,700 --> 00:48:30,400
She proves that sovereignty 
isn't just about positional 

941
00:48:30,400 --> 00:48:33,500
status. 
It's about an internal quality. 

942
00:48:33,500 --> 00:48:36,700
That can't be taken away even 
when everything externally 

943
00:48:36,700 --> 00:48:39,600
stripped down. 
When she is Vindicated and 

944
00:48:39,600 --> 00:48:43,100
restored, she doesn't just 
return to her former position. 

945
00:48:43,100 --> 00:48:46,400
She's transformed by her 
experience, carrying knowledge 

946
00:48:46,400 --> 00:48:49,900
that only suffering can teach. 
She has been both the Rider and 

947
00:48:49,900 --> 00:48:53,200
the horse, both the queen and 
the humiliated prisoner. 

948
00:48:53,200 --> 00:48:56,000
This complete experience of both
extremes. 

949
00:48:56,000 --> 00:48:59,100
Might actually make her more 
complete more capable of 

950
00:48:59,100 --> 00:49:01,300
understanding the full range of 
Human Experience. 

951
00:49:01,300 --> 00:49:04,700
The White Horse that couldn't be
caught becomes a metaphor for 

952
00:49:04,700 --> 00:49:07,500
Rihanna and herself. 
She couldn't be truly caught by 

953
00:49:07,500 --> 00:49:11,300
quill until she chose to stop. 
She can be broken by 7 years of 

954
00:49:11,300 --> 00:49:14,600
punishment because our essential
self remained free, and she 

955
00:49:14,608 --> 00:49:18,000
couldn't be defined by either 
her Supernatural, origins or her

956
00:49:18,000 --> 00:49:20,500
mortal suffering because she 
existed Beyond Simple 

957
00:49:20,500 --> 00:49:23,700
categories. 
Predatory bond with the foal 

958
00:49:23,700 --> 00:49:25,400
suggests. 
He inherits this horse nature 

959
00:49:25,400 --> 00:49:29,400
from his mother, his comfortable
moving Between Worlds capable of

960
00:49:29,400 --> 00:49:32,500
Supernatural growth, but also 
very human in his attachments 

961
00:49:32,500 --> 00:49:35,200
and loyalties. 
The child of a woman associated 

962
00:49:35,200 --> 00:49:38,600
with horses, naturally bonds 
with horses, carrying forward, 

963
00:49:38,600 --> 00:49:41,000
his mother's connection to these
powerful symbols. 

964
00:49:41,900 --> 00:49:45,200
As you drift towards sleep, 
imagine Rhiannon, on that white 

965
00:49:45,200 --> 00:49:49,600
horse, moving at her own pace 
and catchable by force but 

966
00:49:49,600 --> 00:49:53,000
responsive to respect imagine 
the years at the gate carrying 

967
00:49:53,000 --> 00:49:54,800
the weight of others while 
maintaining herself. 

968
00:49:54,800 --> 00:49:59,200
Imagine the Vindication the 
return to her true nature but 

969
00:49:59,200 --> 00:50:01,500
carrying the memory of 
everything she endured. 

970
00:50:02,500 --> 00:50:05,000
The horse connection isn't just 
decorative symbolism. 

971
00:50:05,000 --> 00:50:10,700
It's the heart of who Rihanna is
Free moving powerful dignified 

972
00:50:10,700 --> 00:50:14,600
and ultimately ungovernable by 
anything except her own choices.

973
00:50:15,700 --> 00:50:19,400
The first branch of the Mabinogi
ends with Rhiannon Vindicated 

974
00:50:19,400 --> 00:50:23,200
and proud area acknowledged but 
thats not the end of her story 

975
00:50:23,200 --> 00:50:26,300
in the largest cycle, Rhiannon 
appears again in the third 

976
00:50:26,300 --> 00:50:29,600
branch and what happens to her 
there, adds another layer to our

977
00:50:29,600 --> 00:50:33,400
understanding of her character. 
By the time of the third branch 

978
00:50:33,400 --> 00:50:37,000
will has died and proud Dairy, 
has inherited the lordship of 

979
00:50:37,000 --> 00:50:41,000
David Rhiannon is now a widow no
longer the other worldly bride, 

980
00:50:41,000 --> 00:50:43,500
but a mature woman who has lived
through married motherhood, 

981
00:50:43,500 --> 00:50:46,800
false accusation, suffering, 
Vindication, and loss. 

982
00:50:46,800 --> 00:50:50,100
She seen most of what life can 
offer, both wonderful and 

983
00:50:50,100 --> 00:50:52,700
terrible. 
Predatory decides his mother 

984
00:50:52,700 --> 00:50:56,300
should remarry and he arranges a
marriage between Rhiannon and 

985
00:50:56,300 --> 00:50:59,300
Malawi Dan. 
Son of Leah Manawa, Dan is 

986
00:50:59,300 --> 00:51:00,500
himself. 
A figure of considerable 

987
00:51:00,500 --> 00:51:02,500
importance. 
A man who has lost his own 

988
00:51:02,500 --> 00:51:04,300
kingdom and is essentially an 
exile. 

989
00:51:04,300 --> 00:51:07,400
He Henry and are both people who
have experienced displacement 

990
00:51:07,400 --> 00:51:11,100
and who know what it means to 
fall from high status and endure

991
00:51:11,100 --> 00:51:13,500
suffering. 
Their marriage is described as 

992
00:51:13,500 --> 00:51:17,300
harmonious and based on. 
Mutual respect, two people who 

993
00:51:17,300 --> 00:51:20,500
have both suffered both endured 
and both survived. 

994
00:51:20,500 --> 00:51:23,300
They understand each other in 
ways, that people who have only 

995
00:51:23,300 --> 00:51:28,000
known Comfort never could it's a
second act romance quieter than 

996
00:51:28,000 --> 00:51:31,100
the dramatic courtship with Paul
will perhaps deeper for being 

997
00:51:31,100 --> 00:51:33,500
rooted in shared experience 
rather than Supernatural 

998
00:51:33,500 --> 00:51:36,900
attraction. 
But peace, doesn't last while 

999
00:51:36,900 --> 00:51:40,500
Rhiannon and Manawa Dan with per
Dairy and his wife, a magical 

1000
00:51:40,500 --> 00:51:44,600
Mist descends on DieHard When it
clears everything living has 

1001
00:51:44,600 --> 00:51:46,100
vanished, except for the four of
them. 

1002
00:51:46,100 --> 00:51:50,900
The entire kingdom is empty. 
No people, no animals just empty

1003
00:51:50,900 --> 00:51:54,800
building and Silent fields. 
They endure this desolation for 

1004
00:51:54,800 --> 00:51:57,600
a Time. 
Living off the land hunting what

1005
00:51:57,600 --> 00:52:01,600
wild game they can find but 
eventually sees a mysterious 

1006
00:52:01,600 --> 00:52:03,100
Fortress that wasn't there 
before. 

1007
00:52:04,000 --> 00:52:06,000
Against advice. 
He enters it and finds a 

1008
00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:08,300
beautiful, Golden Bowl attached 
to chains. 

1009
00:52:08,300 --> 00:52:12,800
When he touches it, he becomes 
Frozen unable to speak or move. 

1010
00:52:13,800 --> 00:52:17,500
Rhiannon hearing that her son is
trapped doesn't hesitate, she 

1011
00:52:17,500 --> 00:52:20,800
goes after him despite the 
warnings despite knowing this is

1012
00:52:20,800 --> 00:52:24,800
obviously a trap when she finds 
poderi Frozen and unable to 

1013
00:52:24,800 --> 00:52:27,100
speak. 
She touches him and immediately 

1014
00:52:27,100 --> 00:52:30,600
becomes trapped as well. 
Then the Fortress and both of 

1015
00:52:30,600 --> 00:52:32,900
them vanish leaving moneo down 
alone. 

1016
00:52:35,200 --> 00:52:37,500
This is rhiannon's, second great
trial. 

1017
00:52:37,500 --> 00:52:40,300
Once again, she's trapped 
through no to her own. 

1018
00:52:41,000 --> 00:52:43,900
Once again, she suffering 
because of circumstances Beyond 

1019
00:52:43,900 --> 00:52:47,700
her control, but this time it's 
different, she's not falsely 

1020
00:52:47,700 --> 00:52:51,200
accused of a crime. 
She is actually Enchanted held 

1021
00:52:51,200 --> 00:52:55,400
prisoner in the other world. 
The text tells us that Rhiannon 

1022
00:52:55,400 --> 00:52:58,700
and praderia taken to the other 
world where they're forced to 

1023
00:52:58,700 --> 00:53:01,300
wear magical collars and 
performed a grading. 

1024
00:53:01,300 --> 00:53:04,500
Labor Rhiannon, who was once 
forced to carry people like a 

1025
00:53:04,508 --> 00:53:09,000
horse is now yoked like an ox 
compelled to perform menial work

1026
00:53:09,000 --> 00:53:11,400
in the realm. 
She once came from freely, it's 

1027
00:53:11,400 --> 00:53:14,100
worth noting the pattern here, 
rhiannon's trials. 

1028
00:53:14,100 --> 00:53:17,700
Consistently involve humiliation
and degradation being reduced 

1029
00:53:17,700 --> 00:53:21,000
from Queen to Beast of Burden, 
being trapped and forced into 

1030
00:53:21,000 --> 00:53:23,200
labor. 
It's as if she's being tested to

1031
00:53:23,200 --> 00:53:26,700
see if anything can break her, 
essential dignity can reduce her

1032
00:53:26,700 --> 00:53:29,400
to something less than she is 
and consistently. 

1033
00:53:29,400 --> 00:53:32,300
She endures. 
The text does not dwell on her 

1034
00:53:32,300 --> 00:53:35,200
suffering in the other world, 
but it acknowledges that she and

1035
00:53:35,200 --> 00:53:37,900
pride are held there. 
Until now, we're down through 

1036
00:53:37,900 --> 00:53:40,800
cleverness and persistence wins 
their release. 

1037
00:53:42,000 --> 00:53:44,700
When she is finally freed 
Rihanna and returns to the 

1038
00:53:44,708 --> 00:53:48,300
mortal world changed again, 
she's been a bride from Andean. 

1039
00:53:48,300 --> 00:53:52,700
A queen of died, a woman, 
falsely accused of Vindicated 

1040
00:53:52,700 --> 00:53:55,500
mother. 
A widow, a remarried woman and 

1041
00:53:55,500 --> 00:53:58,600
now a prisoner who is survived 
captivity in her own home land. 

1042
00:53:58,600 --> 00:54:01,200
Each experience adds layers to 
who she is. 

1043
00:54:01,200 --> 00:54:04,500
Building a character of 
remarkable complexity and depth 

1044
00:54:05,400 --> 00:54:08,200
The third branch doesn't give us
real and emotional. 

1045
00:54:08,200 --> 00:54:09,800
Interiority during her 
captivity. 

1046
00:54:09,800 --> 00:54:12,800
Medieval Welsh storytelling 
wasn't particularly interested 

1047
00:54:12,800 --> 00:54:16,100
in details psychological 
exploration, but we can imagine 

1048
00:54:16,100 --> 00:54:18,700
what it meant for her to return 
to annual and as a prisoner 

1049
00:54:18,700 --> 00:54:22,200
rather than as a free woman 
choosing to leave to be collared

1050
00:54:22,200 --> 00:54:24,700
and yolk in the realm where she 
once wrote that white horse with

1051
00:54:24,700 --> 00:54:27,900
such Grace and Power, 
Humiliation as a pattern. 

1052
00:54:27,900 --> 00:54:31,600
In rhiannon's story seems almost
deliberate As if the universe is

1053
00:54:31,600 --> 00:54:34,800
repeatedly, testing her to see 
if she can be broken reduced or 

1054
00:54:34,800 --> 00:54:38,200
made into something less than 
she is and repeatedly, she 

1055
00:54:38,200 --> 00:54:41,200
proves that her essential self 
remained intact, regardless of 

1056
00:54:41,200 --> 00:54:44,800
external circumstances. 
This is perhaps rhiannon's 

1057
00:54:44,800 --> 00:54:47,800
greatest quality. 
The ability to endure 

1058
00:54:47,800 --> 00:54:51,400
degradation without being 
degraded to suffer humiliation 

1059
00:54:51,400 --> 00:54:55,300
without being humiliated in her 
own eyes, she knows who she is 

1060
00:54:55,300 --> 00:54:58,500
and no amount of unjust 
punishment, or magical captivity

1061
00:54:58,500 --> 00:55:00,700
changes, that fundamental 
self-knowledge. 

1062
00:55:01,600 --> 00:55:04,300
Her final appearance in the 
Mabinogi shows her restored. 

1063
00:55:04,300 --> 00:55:08,200
Once again, living with Manawa 
down and pre Dari her trials 

1064
00:55:08,200 --> 00:55:10,500
behind her. 
The text gives her a happy 

1065
00:55:10,508 --> 00:55:14,100
ending or at least a peaceful 
one, the reward for surviving 

1066
00:55:14,100 --> 00:55:16,800
everything that was thrown at 
her with dignity and tacked. 

1067
00:55:17,700 --> 00:55:19,200
As we approach the end of our 
time. 

1068
00:55:19,200 --> 00:55:22,300
With Rhiannon, it's worth 
considering why her story has 

1069
00:55:22,300 --> 00:55:26,000
endured for over 1,000 years. 
What is it about this woman? 

1070
00:55:26,000 --> 00:55:28,400
From Welsh mythology that 
continues to speak to people 

1071
00:55:28,400 --> 00:55:31,700
across centuries and cultures. 
Part of it is simply that 

1072
00:55:31,700 --> 00:55:34,000
Rhiannon is an exceptionally, 
well drawn character. 

1073
00:55:34,000 --> 00:55:37,000
Even in a medieval texts, that 
doesn't spend much time on 

1074
00:55:37,000 --> 00:55:40,100
psychological depth. 
She comes through as a complete 

1075
00:55:40,100 --> 00:55:44,600
person, someone with agency 
dignity complexity and 

1076
00:55:44,600 --> 00:55:47,300
remarkable strength. 
She makes her own choices 

1077
00:55:47,300 --> 00:55:51,300
endures suffering without being 
destroyed by it and maintains 

1078
00:55:51,300 --> 00:55:53,400
herself through trials that 
would break most people. 

1079
00:55:54,400 --> 00:55:57,200
But I think there's something 
more specific about what real 

1080
00:55:57,200 --> 00:56:00,500
and represents, she embodies a 
particular kind of strength that

1081
00:56:00,500 --> 00:56:03,100
often overlooked in favor of 
more obvious forms of power. 

1082
00:56:03,100 --> 00:56:06,800
She doesn't win through physical
force or magical combat. 

1083
00:56:06,800 --> 00:56:09,900
She wins through endurance 
through maintaining her 

1084
00:56:09,900 --> 00:56:12,700
essential self in the face of 
everything that tries to break 

1085
00:56:12,700 --> 00:56:16,200
or change her. 
This is a kind of strength that 

1086
00:56:16,200 --> 00:56:19,300
resonates particularly with 
people who have experienced in 

1087
00:56:19,300 --> 00:56:23,400
Justice, false accusation or 
circumstances beyond their 

1088
00:56:23,400 --> 00:56:26,100
control. 
Rhiannon story says that you can

1089
00:56:26,100 --> 00:56:29,300
survive being wrongly blamed 
that you can endure public 

1090
00:56:29,300 --> 00:56:32,700
humiliation and that you can 
maintain your dignity even when 

1091
00:56:32,700 --> 00:56:34,500
everyone else treats you as if 
you have none. 

1092
00:56:35,500 --> 00:56:37,800
Her story. 
Also speaks to the experience of

1093
00:56:37,800 --> 00:56:41,700
being an outsider Rhiannon is 
literally from another world and

1094
00:56:41,700 --> 00:56:43,800
she never quite fits into mortal
Society. 

1095
00:56:43,800 --> 00:56:47,300
Despite her best efforts, when 
something goes wrong, she's 

1096
00:56:47,300 --> 00:56:48,700
blamed partly because she's 
different. 

1097
00:56:49,700 --> 00:56:52,300
Who doesn't quite belong. 
This is an experience that 

1098
00:56:52,300 --> 00:56:55,900
transcends medieval Wales. 
It's the experience of anyone 

1099
00:56:55,900 --> 00:56:58,900
who has been marked as other who
doesn't fit neatly into the 

1100
00:56:58,900 --> 00:57:03,200
categories, their society, as 
established the Vindication that

1101
00:57:03,200 --> 00:57:06,700
eventually comes provides. 
Hope that truth can Prevail even

1102
00:57:06,700 --> 00:57:09,300
after long delays, that being 
wrongly accused doesn't have to 

1103
00:57:09,308 --> 00:57:12,600
mean permanent disgrace, but the
seven years of suffering before 

1104
00:57:12,600 --> 00:57:15,200
that Vindication also 
acknowledge that Justice is 

1105
00:57:15,200 --> 00:57:18,200
often slow that being, right? 
Doesn't protect you from 

1106
00:57:18,200 --> 00:57:20,700
punishment and that endurance is
sometimes. 

1107
00:57:20,700 --> 00:57:25,300
All you have, Modern retellings 
and adaptations of Rihanna's 

1108
00:57:25,300 --> 00:57:28,500
story tend to emphasize 
different aspects, depending on 

1109
00:57:28,500 --> 00:57:31,600
what resonates with their 
particular moment, some focus on

1110
00:57:31,600 --> 00:57:33,600
her as a goddess figure 
reclaiming. 

1111
00:57:33,600 --> 00:57:36,400
The divine power that medieval 
Christianity, tried to diminish.

1112
00:57:36,400 --> 00:57:40,200
Others emphasize her strength as
a woman, surviving in a 

1113
00:57:40,200 --> 00:57:43,500
patriarchal society, still, 
others, focus on her as a symbol

1114
00:57:43,500 --> 00:57:45,700
of patience and endurance 
through unjust suffering. 

1115
00:57:46,800 --> 00:57:49,900
The folk rock band Fleetwood Mac
famously wrote a song called 

1116
00:57:49,900 --> 00:57:52,400
Rhiannon. 
The introduced her to millions 

1117
00:57:52,400 --> 00:57:54,500
of people who had never heard of
the Mabinogi. 

1118
00:57:54,500 --> 00:57:58,100
Stevie nicks's, mystical lyrics,
transformed, the medieval Welsh 

1119
00:57:58,100 --> 00:58:01,200
character into a symbol of 
feminine power and mystery for 

1120
00:58:01,200 --> 00:58:04,700
the 1970s, which then inspired 
countless women to name their 

1121
00:58:04,700 --> 00:58:08,300
daughters, Rhiannon, creating a 
chain of influence that spans 

1122
00:58:08,300 --> 00:58:12,500
from medieval whales to Modern 
maternity Wards modern paganism 

1123
00:58:12,500 --> 00:58:15,300
and Neo Celtic spirituality. 
Have claimed Rhiannon as a 

1124
00:58:15,300 --> 00:58:18,600
goddess, building practices, and
devotions around her that would 

1125
00:58:18,600 --> 00:58:21,500
probably puzzle. 
Medieval Welsh storytellers but 

1126
00:58:21,500 --> 00:58:24,500
this re-imagining speaks to 
Something Real. people can 

1127
00:58:24,500 --> 00:58:27,200
continue to find in Rhiannon, 
the figure who represents 

1128
00:58:27,200 --> 00:58:31,400
qualities, they value and aspire
to Academic scholars, study, her

1129
00:58:31,400 --> 00:58:34,700
as a window into pre-christian 
Celtic, religion, trying to 

1130
00:58:34,708 --> 00:58:37,800
reconstruct the goddess figure. 
She might have descended from 

1131
00:58:37,800 --> 00:58:40,900
feminist Scholars, examine her 
story for what it reveals about,

1132
00:58:40,900 --> 00:58:43,500
women's lives and experiences in
medieval ways. 

1133
00:58:43,500 --> 00:58:46,300
Literary Scholars. 
Analyze the narrative structure 

1134
00:58:46,300 --> 00:58:48,000
and symbolic patterns in her 
tale. 

1135
00:58:48,000 --> 00:58:51,700
All of these interpretations 
have validity because Rihanna is

1136
00:58:51,700 --> 00:58:54,400
Rich enough as a character to 
support multiple readings. 

1137
00:58:54,400 --> 00:58:57,900
She's not a simple figure with 
one obvious, meaning, she's 

1138
00:58:57,900 --> 00:59:01,700
complex contradictory in some 
ways, and capable of being 

1139
00:59:01,700 --> 00:59:05,000
understood from multiple angles.
But perhaps, what makes Rihanna 

1140
00:59:05,000 --> 00:59:08,300
and most enduring is simply that
she's memorable that image of 

1141
00:59:08,300 --> 00:59:11,000
the woman on the White Horse. 
Moving at her own pace and 

1142
00:59:11,000 --> 00:59:14,000
catchable by force. 
In your imagination. 

1143
00:59:14,000 --> 00:59:17,100
Once you encounter it, the 
patience of sitting at a gate 

1144
00:59:17,100 --> 00:59:20,500
for seven years, the joy of 
vindication, the strength to 

1145
00:59:20,500 --> 00:59:22,800
endure multiple trials, without 
losing yourself. 

1146
00:59:23,600 --> 00:59:27,000
These are images and ideas that 
Lodge in your mind and stay 

1147
00:59:27,000 --> 00:59:29,500
there. 
In a world that often celebrates

1148
00:59:29,500 --> 00:59:33,000
flashy heroism and dramatic 
victories, Rhiannon offers 

1149
00:59:33,000 --> 00:59:36,700
something different. 
Quiet heroism of endurance, the 

1150
00:59:36,700 --> 00:59:39,400
victory of maintaining yourself 
when everything tries to break 

1151
00:59:39,400 --> 00:59:42,500
you down, that's a kind of 
strength that never goes out of 

1152
00:59:42,500 --> 00:59:44,900
style. 
Because every generation has 

1153
00:59:44,900 --> 00:59:47,400
people who need to hear that 
they can survive in Justice. 

1154
00:59:48,200 --> 00:59:50,000
That being wronged doesn't mean 
being broken. 

1155
00:59:51,100 --> 00:59:53,500
As your breathing deepens and 
sleep comes closer. 

1156
00:59:53,500 --> 00:59:57,300
Let's think about what we can 
take from Rihanna and story into

1157
00:59:57,300 --> 00:59:59,700
our own lives. 
What does this medieval Welsh 

1158
00:59:59,700 --> 01:00:01,000
tale? 
About a woman from the other 

1159
01:00:01,000 --> 01:00:03,300
world have to teach us in our 
very different world. 

1160
01:00:04,300 --> 01:00:08,200
First, there's the lesson about 
patience Rihanna's trials, 

1161
01:00:08,200 --> 01:00:11,300
weren't resolved quickly. 
She sat at that gate for seven 

1162
01:00:11,300 --> 01:00:13,300
years before truth caught up 
with lies. 

1163
01:00:14,200 --> 01:00:16,600
In our world of instant 
communication and Rapid news 

1164
01:00:16,600 --> 01:00:18,200
Cycles. 
Seven years feels like an 

1165
01:00:18,200 --> 01:00:22,700
eternity expect Justice quickly,
Vindication immediately and 

1166
01:00:22,700 --> 01:00:24,700
Truth to Triumph in the next new
cycle. 

1167
01:00:25,600 --> 01:00:28,600
Rhiannon's story, reminds us 
that sometimes Justice takes 

1168
01:00:28,600 --> 01:00:31,200
time. 
Truth doesn't always Prevail 

1169
01:00:31,200 --> 01:00:33,700
immediately being in the right, 
doesn't protect you from 

1170
01:00:33,700 --> 01:00:35,900
suffering. 
In the short term, the question 

1171
01:00:35,900 --> 01:00:38,300
is whether you can maintain 
yourself during the waiting, 

1172
01:00:38,300 --> 01:00:41,500
whether you can endure without 
becoming what your accusers 

1173
01:00:41,500 --> 01:00:43,600
claim you are. 
This doesn't mean accepting 

1174
01:00:43,600 --> 01:00:47,500
Injustice, passively Rhiannon, 
endured her punishment, but she 

1175
01:00:47,500 --> 01:00:49,500
never admitted to the crime. 
She didn't commit. 

1176
01:00:50,300 --> 01:00:52,900
She performed what was required 
of her while maintaining her 

1177
01:00:52,900 --> 01:00:54,400
own, internal knowledge of the 
truth. 

1178
01:00:54,400 --> 01:00:57,400
There's a difference between 
endurance and capitulation 

1179
01:00:57,400 --> 01:00:59,600
between patients and passive 
acceptance. 

1180
01:01:00,800 --> 01:01:04,000
Second, there's something 
important in Realms relationship

1181
01:01:04,000 --> 01:01:07,800
with her other worldly nature. 
She comes from Anon but she 

1182
01:01:07,800 --> 01:01:09,500
chooses to live in the mortal 
world. 

1183
01:01:09,500 --> 01:01:13,400
She has Supernatural power but 
she endures very human 

1184
01:01:13,400 --> 01:01:15,900
suffering. 
She could presumably have used 

1185
01:01:15,900 --> 01:01:18,900
magic to escape her punishment 
or to prove her innocence. 

1186
01:01:18,900 --> 01:01:23,100
But she doesn't, instead, she 
experiences the consequences of 

1187
01:01:23,100 --> 01:01:25,700
living in the mortal world, 
according to Mortal rules. 

1188
01:01:26,600 --> 01:01:29,800
This suggests something about 
integration about choosing to 

1189
01:01:29,800 --> 01:01:33,400
fully inhabit, whatever world 
you find yourself in rather than

1190
01:01:33,400 --> 01:01:36,600
constantly retreating to the 
safety of being different or 

1191
01:01:36,600 --> 01:01:38,600
special. 
Rhiannon doesn't use her. 

1192
01:01:38,600 --> 01:01:41,100
Other worldly status as an 
escape hatch from Human 

1193
01:01:41,100 --> 01:01:43,500
consequences. 
She lives fully in the world. 

1194
01:01:43,500 --> 01:01:46,900
She's chosen even when that 
world treats her terribly. 

1195
01:01:49,300 --> 01:01:52,300
For those of us who sometimes, 
feel like outside is who don't 

1196
01:01:52,300 --> 01:01:55,700
quite fit into the categories. 
Our society establishes, there's

1197
01:01:55,700 --> 01:01:58,800
both challenged and comfort. 
In this, the challenge is to 

1198
01:01:58,800 --> 01:02:02,100
fully engage with the world as 
it is rather than retreating 

1199
01:02:02,100 --> 01:02:04,700
into the fantasy of being too 
special for ordinary problems. 

1200
01:02:04,700 --> 01:02:07,500
The comfort is that you can 
maintain your essential 

1201
01:02:07,500 --> 01:02:10,000
differentness while still 
participating fully in the world

1202
01:02:10,000 --> 01:02:13,400
around you. 
Third, there's the lesson in how

1203
01:02:13,400 --> 01:02:16,700
Rhiannon handles Vindication 
when the truth comes out she 

1204
01:02:16,700 --> 01:02:19,400
doesn't demand revenge on the 
six women who lied about her. 

1205
01:02:20,100 --> 01:02:23,300
She doesn't rage about the seven
years, she lost she focuses on 

1206
01:02:23,300 --> 01:02:25,500
what matters her son is 
returned. 

1207
01:02:25,500 --> 01:02:27,900
The truth is known and life can 
continue. 

1208
01:02:28,900 --> 01:02:31,300
This isn't about being weak or 
accepting in Justice. 

1209
01:02:31,300 --> 01:02:34,400
It's about understanding what? 
Actually serves you once 

1210
01:02:34,400 --> 01:02:37,300
Vindication comes. 
Sometimes, the desire for 

1211
01:02:37,300 --> 01:02:39,000
Revenge keeps you trapped in the
past. 

1212
01:02:39,800 --> 01:02:42,000
Tied to your suffering. 
Even after the external 

1213
01:02:42,000 --> 01:02:45,400
circumstances of changed 
rhiannon's ability to focus on 

1214
01:02:45,400 --> 01:02:49,400
Joy rather than retribution 
suggests a kind of wisdom that 

1215
01:02:49,400 --> 01:02:52,800
knows the difference between 
Justice and revenge in our 

1216
01:02:52,800 --> 01:02:56,300
cancel culture moment where 
public accusations and counter 

1217
01:02:56,300 --> 01:03:00,600
accusations fly constantly where
everyone seems focused on 

1218
01:03:00,600 --> 01:03:02,300
punishing, wrongdoing and 
demanding accountability, 

1219
01:03:02,300 --> 01:03:06,200
Rihanna offers a different 
model, not accountability free. 

1220
01:03:06,200 --> 01:03:09,900
The truth does come out she's 
Vindicated but focused on moving

1221
01:03:09,900 --> 01:03:12,300
forward rather than dwelling in 
Justified anger. 

1222
01:03:13,500 --> 01:03:15,900
Forth. 
There's something in rhiannon's 

1223
01:03:15,900 --> 01:03:18,900
multiple trials, she faces, 
false accusation and 

1224
01:03:18,908 --> 01:03:21,600
imprisonment. 
She loses and regains her son. 

1225
01:03:21,600 --> 01:03:25,500
She's widowed and remarried and 
out and she's captured by the 

1226
01:03:25,500 --> 01:03:27,800
other world. 
And freed again, life keeps 

1227
01:03:27,800 --> 01:03:30,900
throwing things at her and she 
keeps surviving keeps 

1228
01:03:30,900 --> 01:03:33,900
maintaining herself and keeps 
finding ways forward. 

1229
01:03:34,800 --> 01:03:37,000
This feels particularly 
relevant, for those of us in 

1230
01:03:37,000 --> 01:03:41,000
middle age, the target audience 
for this Bedtime Story by your 

1231
01:03:41,000 --> 01:03:43,600
40s and 50s, you've likely been 
through some things. 

1232
01:03:43,600 --> 01:03:46,900
Maybe not magical imprisonment 
in the other world but perhaps 

1233
01:03:46,900 --> 01:03:52,000
divorce job loss Health crises 
grief betrayal or any of the 

1234
01:03:52,000 --> 01:03:53,900
other trials that come with 
living a full life. 

1235
01:03:53,900 --> 01:03:57,400
Rhiannon story suggests that 
surviving one trial doesn't 

1236
01:03:57,400 --> 01:04:01,100
exempt you from future ones. 
Life isn't a video game where 

1237
01:04:01,100 --> 01:04:04,500
you beat one level and move on 
to permanent safety but it also 

1238
01:04:04,500 --> 01:04:07,100
shows that surviving each trial,
builds strength for the next 

1239
01:04:07,100 --> 01:04:09,400
one. 
The endurance is a skill that 

1240
01:04:09,400 --> 01:04:12,800
improves with practice and that 
you can be tested multiple times

1241
01:04:12,800 --> 01:04:15,000
and still maintain your 
essential self. 

1242
01:04:15,900 --> 01:04:20,100
Finally, there's the lesson in 
Rihanna's choices she chooses 

1243
01:04:20,100 --> 01:04:23,000
will over gwal. 
She chooses to endure her 

1244
01:04:23,000 --> 01:04:25,500
punishment, rather than a band. 
And the heard or you 

1245
01:04:25,500 --> 01:04:29,100
Supernatural means to escape. 
You to enter the mysterious 

1246
01:04:29,100 --> 01:04:32,400
Fortress to save her son even 
knowing, it's a trap. 

1247
01:04:32,400 --> 01:04:34,300
She's not a passive victim of 
Fate. 

1248
01:04:34,300 --> 01:04:37,100
She's someone who makes active 
choices and lives with their 

1249
01:04:37,100 --> 01:04:39,600
consequences. 
This agency is important. 

1250
01:04:39,600 --> 01:04:43,200
Even in circumstances, that seem
completely Beyond her control, 

1251
01:04:43,200 --> 01:04:46,200
Rhiannon finds spaces where 
Choice exists. 

1252
01:04:46,200 --> 01:04:50,400
She can't control being falsely 
accused but she can control how 

1253
01:04:50,400 --> 01:04:53,800
she responds to punishment. 
She can't control the magical 

1254
01:04:53,800 --> 01:04:56,300
trap but she can choose whether 
to enter it. 

1255
01:04:57,300 --> 01:05:00,100
In our own lives. 
We often face situations where 

1256
01:05:00,100 --> 01:05:03,200
we feel powerless, Rhiannon 
reminds us that even in the 

1257
01:05:03,200 --> 01:05:06,800
worst circumstances, small 
spaces of choice, remain how we 

1258
01:05:06,800 --> 01:05:09,500
inhabit, those spaces, and how 
we make the choices available to

1259
01:05:09,500 --> 01:05:13,400
us shape, who we become the Moon
is Riding High over ancient 

1260
01:05:13,400 --> 01:05:16,900
whales casting silver light 
across the landscape. 

1261
01:05:16,900 --> 01:05:19,500
Where Rhiannon story has been 
told for over 1000 Years 

1262
01:05:19,500 --> 01:05:22,900
somewhere in that landscape in 
the space between what was and 

1263
01:05:22,900 --> 01:05:26,200
what might have been a white 
horse moves at its own pace 

1264
01:05:26,200 --> 01:05:31,000
unhurried and uncatchable 
Rhiannon story is complete, but 

1265
01:05:31,000 --> 01:05:34,900
in another sense, it continues. 
Every time someone tells it, she

1266
01:05:34,900 --> 01:05:38,300
rides again, every time someone 
finds strength and her example, 

1267
01:05:38,300 --> 01:05:41,400
she endures again, every time 
someone chooses truth over 

1268
01:05:41,400 --> 01:05:45,100
convenience, maintains dignity, 
in the face of humiliation or 

1269
01:05:45,100 --> 01:05:48,200
survives in Justice without 
being broken by it, her Legacy 

1270
01:05:48,200 --> 01:05:51,100
lives on. 
You've spent this hour with a 

1271
01:05:51,100 --> 01:05:54,400
woman from another world who 
chose to live in this one who 

1272
01:05:54,400 --> 01:05:57,300
faced trials that would have 
destroyed most people and who 

1273
01:05:57,300 --> 01:05:59,700
maintained herself through 
everything Life and Legend, 

1274
01:05:59,700 --> 01:06:02,000
could throw it at her. 
You've walked with her, from her

1275
01:06:02,000 --> 01:06:04,900
first appearance on that, white 
horse to her final Vindication 

1276
01:06:04,900 --> 01:06:09,200
and Beyond, as you drift towards
sleep, let Rhiannon strength be 

1277
01:06:09,200 --> 01:06:12,800
with you, not the flashy 
strength of magic or power, but 

1278
01:06:12,800 --> 01:06:16,200
the deeper strength of endurance
of maintaining your essential 

1279
01:06:16,200 --> 01:06:19,500
self, regardless of 
circumstances of knowing who you

1280
01:06:19,500 --> 01:06:21,600
are, when everyone else is 
telling you, you're something 

1281
01:06:21,600 --> 01:06:25,400
different. 
Let her patient be with you. 

1282
01:06:26,100 --> 01:06:29,300
The patience to endure when 
Justice is slow to wait for 

1283
01:06:29,300 --> 01:06:32,800
truth to catch up with lies to 
survive the years at the gate, 

1284
01:06:32,800 --> 01:06:34,800
knowing that Vindication may 
come eventually. 

1285
01:06:34,800 --> 01:06:40,600
Even if it doesn't come soon, 
Let her dignity be with you, the

1286
01:06:40,600 --> 01:06:44,200
ability, to perform humiliating 
tasks without being humiliated 

1287
01:06:44,200 --> 01:06:47,300
in your own eyes, to endure 
degradation, without being 

1288
01:06:47,300 --> 01:06:50,200
degraded internally. 
And to know that what others say

1289
01:06:50,200 --> 01:06:52,100
about you doesn't change the 
truth of who you are. 

1290
01:06:52,100 --> 01:06:56,500
Let her Joy be with you, the 
capacity to celebrate when good 

1291
01:06:56,500 --> 01:07:00,200
things finally happen to focus 
on what's found rather than what

1292
01:07:00,200 --> 01:07:02,800
was lost and to experience 
genuine happiness. 

1293
01:07:02,800 --> 01:07:06,500
Even after years of suffering 
and let her agency be with you. 

1294
01:07:06,500 --> 01:07:10,400
The knowledge that even in the 
worst circumstance is choices 

1295
01:07:10,400 --> 01:07:13,200
remain available that you can 
make decisions about how to 

1296
01:07:13,200 --> 01:07:14,900
respond. 
If not about what happened to 

1297
01:07:14,900 --> 01:07:16,900
you. 
And that being trapped in 

1298
01:07:16,900 --> 01:07:19,800
external circumstances, doesn't 
mean being trapped in your own 

1299
01:07:19,800 --> 01:07:22,300
mind. 
The White Horse is still moving 

1300
01:07:22,300 --> 01:07:25,400
Somewhere Between Worlds and 
Rhiannon is still riding it, 

1301
01:07:25,400 --> 01:07:29,600
patient and dignified and free. 
She's been riding for over 1,000

1302
01:07:29,600 --> 01:07:32,600
years and she'll continue to 
ride as long as people tell a 

1303
01:07:32,600 --> 01:07:34,900
story finding in it. 
Something that speaks to their 

1304
01:07:34,900 --> 01:07:36,900
own struggles and triumphs 
tomorrow. 

1305
01:07:36,900 --> 01:07:40,500
When you wake, you'll return to 
your Ordinary World with its 

1306
01:07:40,500 --> 01:07:43,300
ordinary challenges, but you'll 
carry with you. 

1307
01:07:43,300 --> 01:07:46,600
The memory of a woman who moved 
between worlds, who endured The 

1308
01:07:46,600 --> 01:07:49,400
unendurable, Who maintained 
herself through trials that 

1309
01:07:49,400 --> 01:07:52,500
should have broken her and who 
emerged with her essential self 

1310
01:07:52,500 --> 01:07:55,700
intact. 
That's not a bad companion to 

1311
01:07:55,700 --> 01:07:58,500
have as you navigate whatever, 
trials your own life, presents 

1312
01:07:58,500 --> 01:08:02,700
Rihanna rode between the mortal 
world and you can ride between 

1313
01:08:02,700 --> 01:08:05,900
sleeping and waking between the 
world of medieval Legend, and 

1314
01:08:05,900 --> 01:08:08,900
Modern Life, carrying her 
strength with you as you go. 

1315
01:08:09,600 --> 01:08:11,500
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that some stories 

1316
01:08:11,500 --> 01:08:14,400
are more than entertainment 
their maps for navigating the 

1317
01:08:14,400 --> 01:08:17,899
difficult terrain of Being Human
guides for surviving the trials.

1318
01:08:17,899 --> 01:08:20,800
We all face in one, former 
another Rihanna and story has 

1319
01:08:20,800 --> 01:08:24,300
guided people for over a 
millennium and tonight it guided

1320
01:08:24,300 --> 01:08:27,600
you towards sleep with its 
lessons of strength, patience, 

1321
01:08:27,600 --> 01:08:32,899
and unbreakable dignity. 
The White Horse moves on 

1322
01:08:32,899 --> 01:08:36,700
unhurried and uncatchable 
carrying the lady of the White 

1323
01:08:36,700 --> 01:08:40,100
Horse through the centuries and 
into your dreams, may you meet 

1324
01:08:40,108 --> 01:08:43,300
her there in that space between 
worlds and may she teach you, 

1325
01:08:43,300 --> 01:08:45,500
whatever you most need to learn 
rest. 

1326
01:08:45,500 --> 01:08:50,200
Now The story is told the lady 
is Vindicated, the son is 

1327
01:08:50,200 --> 01:08:53,100
restored and Truth has triumphed
over lies. 

1328
01:08:53,100 --> 01:08:55,800
Tomorrow brings its own 
challenges but tonight belongs 

1329
01:08:55,800 --> 01:08:59,600
to rest to sleep to the gentle 
space where ancient stories 

1330
01:08:59,600 --> 01:09:03,100
become part of Who We Are. 
Good night, May Rihanna, and 

1331
01:09:03,100 --> 01:09:06,200
strength, be yours, her 
patient's guide you and her 

1332
01:09:06,200 --> 01:09:09,100
dignity sustain you through, 
whatever Gates you sit at in 

1333
01:09:09,108 --> 01:09:18,600
your own life. 
You wake up to the sound of 

1334
01:09:18,600 --> 01:09:21,700
waves, slapping against the 
hull, like a worn hand, patting 

1335
01:09:21,700 --> 01:09:24,600
a dog. 
The sun is still undecided about

1336
01:09:24,600 --> 01:09:27,800
the day, filtering through the 
portal in a lazy manner. 

1337
01:09:27,800 --> 01:09:31,000
That evokes a desire to cover 
your head with a blanket and 

1338
01:09:31,000 --> 01:09:34,300
revert to the Comforts of your 
own bed at home, except your bed

1339
01:09:34,300 --> 01:09:36,200
back home. 
Didn't Rock like a cradle being 

1340
01:09:36,200 --> 01:09:37,899
pushed by an enthusiastic 
toddler. 

1341
01:09:38,899 --> 01:09:41,500
The hammock beneath you has 
molded itself to your body over 

1342
01:09:41,500 --> 01:09:44,200
the months. 
Creating a cocoon that 

1343
01:09:44,200 --> 01:09:46,500
surprisingly comfortable. 
Once you've trained your spine, 

1344
01:09:46,500 --> 01:09:48,100
to bend in ways, it was never 
meant to. 

1345
01:09:48,100 --> 01:09:51,700
You've become a contortionist in
your sleep, which is either 

1346
01:09:51,700 --> 01:09:56,000
impressive or concerning. 
The ship creaks and groans 

1347
01:09:56,000 --> 01:09:59,200
around you a symphony of wood 
and rope that you've learned to 

1348
01:09:59,200 --> 01:10:01,500
interpret like a musician 
interpreting music. 

1349
01:10:02,300 --> 01:10:05,800
That particular squeak means the
Mast is adjusting to the morning

1350
01:10:05,800 --> 01:10:08,900
Breeze. 
The gentle Thump, Thump, Thump 

1351
01:10:08,900 --> 01:10:12,600
is just the ships way of saying 
hello to the waves and that 

1352
01:10:12,600 --> 01:10:15,900
ominous crack. 
Well, that's probably nothing. 

1353
01:10:15,900 --> 01:10:19,900
Probably your fellow Pirates are
stirring in their hammocks 

1354
01:10:19,900 --> 01:10:23,400
creating a chorus of Grunts and 
snores that would make any 

1355
01:10:23,400 --> 01:10:26,800
Barnyard proud Jenkins. 
For example, talks passionately 

1356
01:10:26,800 --> 01:10:30,100
in his sleep about his mother's 
apple pie, as if he were 

1357
01:10:30,100 --> 01:10:33,400
describing a hidden treasure. 
And there's Weatherby, who 

1358
01:10:33,400 --> 01:10:36,200
snoring, Could Wake the Dead 
which is actually quite useful 

1359
01:10:36,200 --> 01:10:39,500
when you need to scare off any 
ghostly visitors, you stretch, 

1360
01:10:39,500 --> 01:10:43,100
which is an art form when you're
suspended between two hooks and 

1361
01:10:43,100 --> 01:10:46,000
trying not to dump yourself onto
the deck, like a sack of flour? 

1362
01:10:47,300 --> 01:10:50,500
Key is to do it slowly. 
Like you're unfolding a map to 

1363
01:10:50,500 --> 01:10:53,300
treasure except the treasure is 
just being able to feel your 

1364
01:10:53,300 --> 01:10:56,300
toes again. 
The morning routine aboard. 

1365
01:10:56,300 --> 01:10:58,900
A pirate ship is remarkably 
similar to any other morning 

1366
01:10:58,900 --> 01:11:01,800
routine, just with more 
splinters and a significantly 

1367
01:11:01,800 --> 01:11:04,800
higher chance of someone singing
sea shanties while brushing 

1368
01:11:04,800 --> 01:11:07,100
their teeth. 
You've learned to appreciate 

1369
01:11:07,100 --> 01:11:09,800
These Quiet Moments before the 
day truly begins. 

1370
01:11:09,800 --> 01:11:13,300
When the world feels manageable 
and your biggest concern is 

1371
01:11:13,300 --> 01:11:16,000
whether the ship's cat, has 
decided to use your boots as a 

1372
01:11:16,000 --> 01:11:18,700
scratching post. 
Again, speaking of the cat 

1373
01:11:18,700 --> 01:11:21,800
Duchess and yes she insists on 
the title. 

1374
01:11:22,700 --> 01:11:25,200
Positioned herself in the one 
spot where the morning sun 

1375
01:11:25,200 --> 01:11:27,800
creates a perfect rectangle of 
warmth on the deck. 

1376
01:11:28,600 --> 01:11:31,300
She's mastered the art of 
looking, both Regal and utterly 

1377
01:11:31,300 --> 01:11:34,600
relaxed, which is frankly, 
something you aspire to achieve 

1378
01:11:34,600 --> 01:11:36,900
yourself. 
Duchess doesn't worry about 

1379
01:11:36,900 --> 01:11:40,300
treasure maps or rival ships or 
whether the biscuits of gone 

1380
01:11:40,300 --> 01:11:43,900
stale, she simply located her 
own area of sunlight and fully 

1381
01:11:43,900 --> 01:11:46,800
Embraces it. 
The smell of coffee drifted up 

1382
01:11:46,800 --> 01:11:50,000
from the galley, mixing with the
Salt Air, and the faint Center 

1383
01:11:50,000 --> 01:11:51,900
of tar, that never quite leaves 
the ship. 

1384
01:11:52,900 --> 01:11:55,500
This combination should be 
unpleasant yet. 

1385
01:11:55,500 --> 01:11:58,700
It has somehow become as 
comforting as your grandmother's

1386
01:11:58,700 --> 01:12:01,200
kitchen. 
Coffee on a pirate ship is 

1387
01:12:01,200 --> 01:12:04,400
serious business. 
The difference between a crew 

1388
01:12:04,400 --> 01:12:07,600
that can function and a crew 
that might accidentally sail 

1389
01:12:07,600 --> 01:12:09,400
into a reef because they thought
it was a cloud. 

1390
01:12:09,400 --> 01:12:12,400
You finally managed to extract 
yourself from the hammock 

1391
01:12:12,400 --> 01:12:16,300
without performing an impromptu 
acrobatic routine which is a 

1392
01:12:16,300 --> 01:12:18,500
small victory worth celebrating 
your feet. 

1393
01:12:18,508 --> 01:12:21,500
Find the deck with the practice 
of someone who's learned to walk

1394
01:12:21,508 --> 01:12:24,400
on a Surface that's constantly 
trying to tip you over. 

1395
01:12:24,400 --> 01:12:27,600
It's like learning to dance with
a partner who keeps changing the

1396
01:12:27,600 --> 01:12:32,100
steps but eventually you find 
the Rhythm The deck is already 

1397
01:12:32,100 --> 01:12:35,100
alive, with the gentle bustle of
mourning preparations. 

1398
01:12:35,100 --> 01:12:39,000
It's not the Frantic energy of 
battle or the intense focus of 

1399
01:12:39,000 --> 01:12:43,100
navigating a storm That the 
steady comfortable rhythm of 

1400
01:12:43,100 --> 01:12:46,600
people who know their place in 
the world, even if that place 

1401
01:12:46,600 --> 01:12:48,800
happens to be on a wooden box, 
floating in the middle of 

1402
01:12:48,808 --> 01:12:51,100
nowhere. 
You make your way to the rail 

1403
01:12:51,100 --> 01:12:54,700
and look out at the endless 
expanse of ocean painted in the 

1404
01:12:54,700 --> 01:12:58,300
soft colors of dawn. 
It's a view that never gets old.

1405
01:12:58,300 --> 01:13:01,000
Even when you're having one of 
those days where you wonder what

1406
01:13:01,000 --> 01:13:03,500
possessed you to think that a 
life of adventure was better 

1407
01:13:03,500 --> 01:13:07,100
than a steady job with a 
predictable schedule and a roof 

1408
01:13:07,100 --> 01:13:10,000
that didn't leak when it rained 
after coffee, that could strip 

1409
01:13:10,000 --> 01:13:11,800
paint. 
But somehow tastes like liquid 

1410
01:13:11,800 --> 01:13:14,300
motivation. 
You find yourself face to face 

1411
01:13:14,300 --> 01:13:18,000
with the daily reality that 
every pirate learns, but no one 

1412
01:13:18,000 --> 01:13:22,000
ever mentioned in the stories. 
Ships require an enormous amount

1413
01:13:22,000 --> 01:13:25,400
of upkeep is like owning a 
house, except your house is 

1414
01:13:25,400 --> 01:13:27,500
constantly trying to sink and 
takes you with it. 

1415
01:13:27,500 --> 01:13:31,800
When it fails. 
Today's task is rope work which 

1416
01:13:31,800 --> 01:13:35,500
sounds simple Until you realize 
that a ship has more rope than a

1417
01:13:35,500 --> 01:13:37,700
circus and most of it serves a 
purpose. 

1418
01:13:37,700 --> 01:13:38,800
You're still trying to 
understand. 

1419
01:13:39,800 --> 01:13:43,300
There's rope for the sails rope 
for the rigging, rope for tying 

1420
01:13:43,300 --> 01:13:45,300
things down and rope for tying 
them up. 

1421
01:13:46,000 --> 01:13:48,900
There's probably wrote for tying
rope to other Rope though. 

1422
01:13:48,900 --> 01:13:50,900
You haven't figured out the 
logic behind that particular 

1423
01:13:50,900 --> 01:13:54,000
system, yet you settle into the 
rhythm of splicing. 

1424
01:13:54,000 --> 01:13:56,900
Your hands moving with the 
muscle memory that comes from 

1425
01:13:56,900 --> 01:14:00,000
months of practice. 
It feels meditative in a way 

1426
01:14:00,000 --> 01:14:03,700
similar to knitting but with the
added benefit of preventing you 

1427
01:14:03,700 --> 01:14:08,000
from drowning, The rough hempz 
slides through your fingers and 

1428
01:14:08,000 --> 01:14:10,700
you find yourself appreciating 
the simple satisfaction of 

1429
01:14:10,700 --> 01:14:13,500
creating something useful from 
something that was falling 

1430
01:14:13,500 --> 01:14:16,800
apart. 
Weatherby Works beside you 

1431
01:14:16,800 --> 01:14:19,400
humming a tune. 
That might be a sea shanty or 

1432
01:14:19,400 --> 01:14:21,800
something. 
He made up his fingers move with

1433
01:14:21,800 --> 01:14:24,100
the confidence of someone who 
has been doing this work since. 

1434
01:14:24,100 --> 01:14:27,400
Before you knew the difference 
between port and starboard, he 

1435
01:14:27,400 --> 01:14:30,200
is the type of individual who 
can effortlessly tie a bowline 

1436
01:14:30,200 --> 01:14:33,500
knot with his eyes closed often 
doing so to demonstrate his 

1437
01:14:33,500 --> 01:14:36,600
skill. 
The sun climbs higher, turning 

1438
01:14:36,600 --> 01:14:38,800
the deck into a broad expanse of
warmth. 

1439
01:14:38,800 --> 01:14:41,100
That makes you drowsy despite 
the work. 

1440
01:14:41,800 --> 01:14:44,500
You've learned to Value these 
instances of uncomplicated 

1441
01:14:44,500 --> 01:14:48,100
productivity where your hands 
are occupied, but your thoughts 

1442
01:14:48,100 --> 01:14:51,500
are free to roam. 
There's something deeply 

1443
01:14:51,500 --> 01:14:54,600
satisfying about maintenance 
work, about keeping the ship 

1444
01:14:54,600 --> 01:14:57,100
running smoothly through small 
careful actions. 

1445
01:14:57,100 --> 01:15:01,500
The ship's Carpenter Morrison 
appears with his toolbox, Which 

1446
01:15:01,500 --> 01:15:04,100
is less a box and more. 
A portable Workshop that he 

1447
01:15:04,100 --> 01:15:06,700
somehow managed to fit into a 
space, the size of a bread 

1448
01:15:06,700 --> 01:15:09,500
basket. 
He is examining a section of the

1449
01:15:09,500 --> 01:15:12,300
rail with the intense of a 
doctor listening to a heartbeat 

1450
01:15:12,300 --> 01:15:14,600
running. 
His fingers along the wood grain

1451
01:15:14,600 --> 01:15:17,800
like he's reading Braille 
carpentry on a ship, is an art 

1452
01:15:17,800 --> 01:15:20,200
form that requires equal, parts,
skill and creativity. 

1453
01:15:21,200 --> 01:15:22,800
You can't just run to the 
hardware store. 

1454
01:15:22,800 --> 01:15:26,200
When something breaks you must 
adapt and sometimes make would 

1455
01:15:26,200 --> 01:15:29,400
do what it wasn't meant to do. 
Morrison has elevated. 

1456
01:15:29,400 --> 01:15:33,100
His craft to a form of Maritime 
magic coaxing repairs from 

1457
01:15:33,100 --> 01:15:35,400
scraps and making the impossible
seem routine. 

1458
01:15:36,200 --> 01:15:39,200
You watch him work noting how he
tests each piece of wood before 

1459
01:15:39,200 --> 01:15:41,900
committing to a cut. 
How he adjusts his approach 

1460
01:15:41,900 --> 01:15:44,400
based on the Grain and the 
weather and probably half a 

1461
01:15:44,400 --> 01:15:46,400
dozen other factors. 
You have not learned to notice. 

1462
01:15:46,400 --> 01:15:49,700
Yet this work embodies the 
essence of craftsmanship, 

1463
01:15:49,700 --> 01:15:53,500
transforming raw, materials and 
accumulated knowledge and to 

1464
01:15:53,500 --> 01:15:56,400
something both functional and 
aesthetically pleasing. 

1465
01:15:57,200 --> 01:15:59,800
The afternoon brings sale 
maintenance which is like doing 

1466
01:15:59,800 --> 01:16:01,600
laundry. 
If your laundry was the size of 

1467
01:16:01,608 --> 01:16:05,400
a house made of canvas thick 
enough to stop arrows, you 

1468
01:16:05,400 --> 01:16:08,700
spread the sail across the deck 
searching for tears and weak 

1469
01:16:08,700 --> 01:16:10,800
spots with the methodical 
patients of someone, who 

1470
01:16:10,800 --> 01:16:14,300
understands that a, small 
problem ignored becomes a big 

1471
01:16:14,300 --> 01:16:16,000
problem at the worst possible 
moment. 

1472
01:16:16,800 --> 01:16:19,900
Needle and thread become your 
tools of choice and you settle 

1473
01:16:19,900 --> 01:16:23,200
into the rhythm of mending. 
Each Stitch is a small Act of 

1474
01:16:23,208 --> 01:16:25,900
Faith in the future. 
A belief that this sale will 

1475
01:16:25,900 --> 01:16:28,300
carry you safely to whatever 
destination awaits. 

1476
01:16:29,000 --> 01:16:31,100
The work is repetitive but not 
monotonous. 

1477
01:16:31,100 --> 01:16:34,500
Requiring just enough attention 
to keep your mind engaged while 

1478
01:16:34,500 --> 01:16:36,200
leaving room for the kind of 
quiet. 

1479
01:16:36,200 --> 01:16:39,000
Contemplation that comes 
naturally when your hands are 

1480
01:16:39,000 --> 01:16:42,600
busy with familiar tasks. 
The other crew members work 

1481
01:16:42,600 --> 01:16:46,000
around you each focused on their
tasks but moving in a 

1482
01:16:46,000 --> 01:16:48,200
coordinated dance that comes 
from months of shared 

1483
01:16:48,200 --> 01:16:50,700
experience. 
There's Jenkins checking the 

1484
01:16:50,700 --> 01:16:52,800
water barrels. 
Testing each one with the 

1485
01:16:52,808 --> 01:16:54,700
seriousness of a wine 
connoisseur. 

1486
01:16:54,700 --> 01:16:58,100
There's Hutchins examining the 
Cannons with a tender care of 

1487
01:16:58,100 --> 01:17:00,900
someone grooming a beloved Horse
by evening. 

1488
01:17:00,900 --> 01:17:05,200
The ship feels renewed, not just
repaired but somehow refreshed. 

1489
01:17:05,200 --> 01:17:08,800
It's a feeling that comes from 
putting in on his work from 

1490
01:17:08,800 --> 01:17:11,300
taking care of something that 
takes care of you in return. 

1491
01:17:11,300 --> 01:17:15,300
The deck gleams in the Setting 
Sun, and every rope is properly 

1492
01:17:15,300 --> 01:17:18,600
secured every sale, properly 
mended and every tool properly 

1493
01:17:18,600 --> 01:17:22,100
stowed, The Galley is a Marvel 
of efficiency crammed into a 

1494
01:17:22,100 --> 01:17:24,000
space that would make a closet 
feel spacious. 

1495
01:17:24,800 --> 01:17:27,900
The cook a man called biscuit 
Pete for reasons that become 

1496
01:17:27,900 --> 01:17:29,500
apparent. 
The moment you taste his 

1497
01:17:29,500 --> 01:17:33,000
signature creation, has somehow 
managed to turn this tiny wooden

1498
01:17:33,000 --> 01:17:36,300
box into a functioning kitchen. 
It's like watching someone 

1499
01:17:36,300 --> 01:17:39,800
perform surgery in a phone booth
except instead of saving lives. 

1500
01:17:39,800 --> 01:17:43,000
He's trying to make salt pork. 
Tastes like something you'd 

1501
01:17:43,000 --> 01:17:45,900
voluntarily put in your mouth. 
You have come to appreciate 

1502
01:17:45,900 --> 01:17:49,000
Pizza Artistry, although it took
some time to realize that 

1503
01:17:49,000 --> 01:17:52,000
cooking on a ship is less about 
creating culinary masterpieces 

1504
01:17:52,000 --> 01:17:55,400
and more about preventing scurvy
while using ingredients that 

1505
01:17:55,400 --> 01:17:57,200
have the shelf life of ancient 
cheese. 

1506
01:17:57,200 --> 01:18:00,700
The man can do things with heart
attack that border on miraculous

1507
01:18:00,700 --> 01:18:04,100
transforming what is essentially
edible cardboard into something 

1508
01:18:04,100 --> 01:18:08,500
that resembles actual food. 
The morning meal serves as an 

1509
01:18:08,500 --> 01:18:12,100
exercise in Innovative problem. 
Solving Pete takes, yesterday's 

1510
01:18:12,100 --> 01:18:14,700
leftover stew. 
Adds to today's portion of salt,

1511
01:18:14,700 --> 01:18:18,000
pork throws in some mysterious 
spices that he guards more 

1512
01:18:18,000 --> 01:18:20,900
carefully than treasure and 
somehow produces something that 

1513
01:18:20,900 --> 01:18:24,000
not only feels your belly, but 
actually tastes like he meant 

1514
01:18:24,000 --> 01:18:26,900
for it to taste that way. 
Its a masterful blend of 

1515
01:18:26,900 --> 01:18:30,200
Simplicity and Alchemy you eat, 
with the focused attention of 

1516
01:18:30,200 --> 01:18:32,600
someone, who's learned that 
mealtimes are precious, things 

1517
01:18:32,600 --> 01:18:35,400
not to be wasted on 
conversational contemplation. 

1518
01:18:36,200 --> 01:18:39,200
The food is hot, it's 
substantial and it's infinitely 

1519
01:18:39,200 --> 01:18:42,000
better than anything. 
You could produce yourself which

1520
01:18:42,000 --> 01:18:44,400
makes peat something of a wizard
in your estimation. 

1521
01:18:45,300 --> 01:18:47,800
The fact that he can do all this
while the ship rocks and rolls 

1522
01:18:47,800 --> 01:18:50,200
like a carnival ride, just adds 
to his Mystique. 

1523
01:18:51,100 --> 01:18:53,400
After breakfast the day, 
stretches ahead, with the 

1524
01:18:53,400 --> 01:18:55,300
comfortable predictability of 
routine. 

1525
01:18:56,100 --> 01:18:58,700
There's always something that 
needs doing on a ship but it's 

1526
01:18:58,700 --> 01:19:00,700
rarely urgent enough to create 
panic. 

1527
01:19:01,400 --> 01:19:04,800
Instead, you settle into the 
steady rhythm of Maintenance and

1528
01:19:04,800 --> 01:19:07,900
preparation that keeps 
everything running smoothly? 

1529
01:19:08,600 --> 01:19:11,600
today's project is organizing, 
the supply room which is like 

1530
01:19:11,600 --> 01:19:13,900
playing a three-dimensional 
puzzle where all the pieces are 

1531
01:19:13,900 --> 01:19:16,500
different sizes and shapes and 
some of them smell questions 

1532
01:19:16,500 --> 01:19:19,500
about Space is precious 
necessitating. 

1533
01:19:19,500 --> 01:19:23,300
Every item to fit perfectly and 
accessibility is crucial when 

1534
01:19:23,300 --> 01:19:27,000
you need something urgently, You
work methodically creating order

1535
01:19:27,000 --> 01:19:29,100
from chaos, 1 barrel, and 
created time. 

1536
01:19:29,800 --> 01:19:32,200
There's something deeply 
satisfying about this kind of 

1537
01:19:32,200 --> 01:19:35,900
work about creating systems that
make sense and will still make 

1538
01:19:35,900 --> 01:19:39,200
sense when you need the most, 
it's the kind of tasks that lets

1539
01:19:39,200 --> 01:19:42,200
your mind wander while your 
hands stay busy creating the 

1540
01:19:42,200 --> 01:19:45,100
perfect conditions for the kind 
of daydreaming that makes long 

1541
01:19:45,100 --> 01:19:49,000
days pass quickly. 
The afternoon brings inventory 

1542
01:19:49,000 --> 01:19:51,900
duties, which sounds tedious but
is actually quite fascinating 

1543
01:19:51,900 --> 01:19:53,400
once you get into the rhythm of 
it. 

1544
01:19:54,200 --> 01:19:56,800
Every item tells a story about 
where the ship has been and 

1545
01:19:56,800 --> 01:20:00,300
where it's going, the Exotic 
spices speak of tropical ports. 

1546
01:20:00,300 --> 01:20:03,700
And bustling markets the roles 
of silk hint at wealthy 

1547
01:20:03,700 --> 01:20:07,900
merchants and profitable trades.
Even mundane items, like ropen 

1548
01:20:07,900 --> 01:20:10,900
nails have their own stories to 
share about the Practical 

1549
01:20:10,900 --> 01:20:14,900
realities of Life at sea. 
You meticulously catalog, each 

1550
01:20:14,900 --> 01:20:18,200
item aware that precise 
documentation can make the 

1551
01:20:18,200 --> 01:20:21,300
difference between being well 
prepared and unprepared during 

1552
01:20:21,300 --> 01:20:23,900
critical moments. 
Its details work. 

1553
01:20:23,900 --> 01:20:27,900
That requires Focus but it's 
also oddly meditative like 

1554
01:20:27,900 --> 01:20:30,900
counting beads on a rosary or 
stones on a beach. 

1555
01:20:31,600 --> 01:20:34,800
The ship's Rhythm become your 
Rhythm, as you work, the gentle 

1556
01:20:34,800 --> 01:20:37,600
role and pitch that once made, 
you see sick now, feels natural 

1557
01:20:37,600 --> 01:20:40,500
like breathing. 
You've learned to use the ship's

1558
01:20:40,500 --> 01:20:43,500
motion to your advantage, 
letting it help you move heavy 

1559
01:20:43,500 --> 01:20:45,800
items and find your balance in 
tight spaces. 

1560
01:20:46,800 --> 01:20:49,200
It's a dance, you've mastered 
without realizing you were 

1561
01:20:49,200 --> 01:20:51,500
learning. 
The steps dinner is another of 

1562
01:20:51,500 --> 01:20:53,900
Pete's creative. 
Triumphs this time involving 

1563
01:20:53,900 --> 01:20:57,000
fish that was caught this 
morning and vegetables that have

1564
01:20:57,000 --> 01:21:00,400
somehow remained fresh despite 
being stored in conditions that 

1565
01:21:00,400 --> 01:21:03,300
would challenge a root cellar. 
The meal is simple but 

1566
01:21:03,300 --> 01:21:06,100
satisfying proof that good 
cooking is more about 

1567
01:21:06,100 --> 01:21:08,900
understanding your ingredients 
than having access to fancy 

1568
01:21:08,900 --> 01:21:11,700
equipment. 
You eat as the sun sets 

1569
01:21:11,700 --> 01:21:15,600
painting, the sky in colors that
would make any artist, weep With

1570
01:21:15,600 --> 01:21:19,800
Envy The day feels complete in a
way that has nothing to do with 

1571
01:21:19,800 --> 01:21:23,200
excitement or adventure and 
everything to do with the Deep 

1572
01:21:23,200 --> 01:21:25,400
satisfaction of useful work. 
Well done. 

1573
01:21:26,500 --> 01:21:29,800
Feeling of contentment, with the
simple rhythms of daily life at 

1574
01:21:29,800 --> 01:21:32,800
Sea creeps up on you. 
The morning brings one of those 

1575
01:21:32,800 --> 01:21:35,800
days when the wind decides to 
take a vacation leaving, you 

1576
01:21:35,800 --> 01:21:38,300
floating on water. 
So still, it looks like polished

1577
01:21:38,300 --> 01:21:42,500
glass, the sales, hang limp, and
dejected like laundry. 

1578
01:21:42,500 --> 01:21:44,500
That's give up hope of ever 
getting dry. 

1579
01:21:45,200 --> 01:21:47,700
It's the kind of weather that 
makes you appreciate just how 

1580
01:21:47,700 --> 01:21:50,600
much your progress depends on 
forces completely beyond your 

1581
01:21:50,600 --> 01:21:53,800
control in stories. 
Pirates, are always charging 

1582
01:21:53,800 --> 01:21:57,100
across the waves at Breakneck 
speed, but the reality is that 

1583
01:21:57,100 --> 01:21:59,800
sometimes you just sit there 
bobbing, like, a cork in a 

1584
01:21:59,800 --> 01:22:02,700
bathtub waiting for nature to 
remember that it has a job to 

1585
01:22:02,700 --> 01:22:05,200
do. 
These be calmed days, test your 

1586
01:22:05,200 --> 01:22:09,200
patience in ways that storms and
never do, because at least in a 

1587
01:22:09,200 --> 01:22:10,500
storm, your busy trying, not to 
die. 

1588
01:22:10,500 --> 01:22:14,000
You learn to adapt to the rhythm
of waiting which requires a 

1589
01:22:14,000 --> 01:22:17,000
unique kind of skill. 
Some of the crew break out Dice 

1590
01:22:17,000 --> 01:22:20,000
and cards, creating small, 
Circles of concentration and 

1591
01:22:20,000 --> 01:22:22,700
friendly competition. 
Others, take up projects that 

1592
01:22:22,700 --> 01:22:26,000
require time and attention 
whittling, mending clothes or 

1593
01:22:26,000 --> 01:22:29,800
writing letters, they may never 
send Finding a task to occupy 

1594
01:22:29,800 --> 01:22:32,600
your hands while accepting the 
fundamental truth, that you will

1595
01:22:32,600 --> 01:22:34,100
reach your destination as 
crucial. 

1596
01:22:35,000 --> 01:22:37,600
The ship takes on a different 
personality during these still 

1597
01:22:37,600 --> 01:22:40,800
periods in the absence of the 
constant sound of wind and 

1598
01:22:40,800 --> 01:22:44,000
waves, you become aware of 
details often overlooked in the 

1599
01:22:44,008 --> 01:22:46,400
overall chaos. 
The subtle changes in 

1600
01:22:46,400 --> 01:22:48,700
temperature causes the wood to 
expand and contract. 

1601
01:22:48,700 --> 01:22:52,400
You hear the gentle sound of 
fish, leaping in the distance, 

1602
01:22:52,400 --> 01:22:56,200
the rigging adjusting to the 
ship's gentle movements as an 

1603
01:22:56,200 --> 01:22:59,400
almost musical quality. 
You find yourself working on a 

1604
01:22:59,400 --> 01:23:00,700
project that has been waiting 
for. 

1605
01:23:00,700 --> 01:23:04,100
Just this kind of day, repairing
a fishing net that seem better 

1606
01:23:04,100 --> 01:23:07,900
decades, its details work, that 
requires patience and attention.

1607
01:23:07,900 --> 01:23:10,500
Perfect for when time moves like
honey. 

1608
01:23:10,500 --> 01:23:15,300
And winter, each knot is a small
meditation, each repair a minor 

1609
01:23:15,300 --> 01:23:17,800
Victory against the forces that 
want to pull everything apart. 

1610
01:23:18,800 --> 01:23:21,300
Whether he has stationed himself
at the bow, with his fishing 

1611
01:23:21,300 --> 01:23:24,400
line, approaching the task. 
With the serious concentration 

1612
01:23:24,400 --> 01:23:27,400
of someone who understands that 
fresh fish can transform an 

1613
01:23:27,400 --> 01:23:29,200
ordinary day into something 
special. 

1614
01:23:30,000 --> 01:23:33,200
He's got the patience of a monk 
and the optimism of someone who 

1615
01:23:33,200 --> 01:23:35,300
believes that. 
The perfect fish is always just 

1616
01:23:35,300 --> 01:23:39,700
one Cast Away. 
The afternoon sun turns the deck

1617
01:23:39,700 --> 01:23:42,700
into a warm comfortable 
workspace where you can spread 

1618
01:23:42,700 --> 01:23:44,500
out your projects and take your 
time with them. 

1619
01:23:44,500 --> 01:23:49,200
There's no rush, no urgency, 
just the steady progression of 

1620
01:23:49,200 --> 01:23:52,600
small tasks that make the ship a
little more comfortable, a 

1621
01:23:52,600 --> 01:23:54,900
little more efficient, a little 
more like home. 

1622
01:23:55,800 --> 01:23:59,600
The ships catch us as claimed a 
spot in the shade where she can 

1623
01:23:59,600 --> 01:24:02,100
supervise the general activity 
while staying cool. 

1624
01:24:02,100 --> 01:24:04,900
She's mastered the art of 
looking both alert and 

1625
01:24:04,900 --> 01:24:08,000
completely relaxed which is 
frankly an inspiration. 

1626
01:24:08,800 --> 01:24:11,300
Duchess doesn't worry about 
making progress or reaching 

1627
01:24:11,300 --> 01:24:13,600
destinations. 
She just finds the most 

1628
01:24:13,608 --> 01:24:15,900
comfortable spot of available 
and make it her own. 

1629
01:24:15,900 --> 01:24:19,100
You work on the net with the 
kind of focused attention that 

1630
01:24:19,100 --> 01:24:21,500
comes naturally when you have 
nowhere else to be and nothing 

1631
01:24:21,500 --> 01:24:25,500
else to do each section reveals 
new damage that needs attention 

1632
01:24:25,500 --> 01:24:28,700
but also shows you how well the 
original Craftsman knew his 

1633
01:24:28,700 --> 01:24:31,600
business, the repairs become a 
conversation between you and the

1634
01:24:31,600 --> 01:24:35,400
unknown person who made this 
net, your modern not joining his

1635
01:24:35,400 --> 01:24:37,900
ancient ones in a pattern, 
that's both functional and 

1636
01:24:37,900 --> 01:24:40,600
beautiful. 
The evening brings a slight 

1637
01:24:40,600 --> 01:24:43,200
breeze. 
Just enough to give the sales 

1638
01:24:43,200 --> 01:24:46,800
something to work with. 
It's not much, but it's enough 

1639
01:24:46,800 --> 01:24:50,200
to create the illusion of 
progress and sometimes the 

1640
01:24:50,200 --> 01:24:54,100
illusion is sufficient. 
The ship moves again slowly, but

1641
01:24:54,100 --> 01:24:56,500
surely, as if it knows where 
it's going. 

1642
01:24:58,000 --> 01:25:01,000
Dinner is enhanced by Weatherby 
successful fishing Expedition, 

1643
01:25:01,000 --> 01:25:04,300
fresh fish that tastes like the 
ocean but in the best possible 

1644
01:25:04,300 --> 01:25:07,300
way. 
Pete performs, as usual magic 

1645
01:25:07,300 --> 01:25:10,700
transforming simple ingredients 
into a feast fit for a 

1646
01:25:10,700 --> 01:25:13,500
celebration. 
The meal is consumed with the 

1647
01:25:13,508 --> 01:25:16,300
satisfaction of people who've 
earn their food through patience

1648
01:25:16,300 --> 01:25:19,900
and persistence. 
As night falls, you realize that

1649
01:25:19,900 --> 01:25:22,300
this day of a parent in activity
as actually being quite 

1650
01:25:22,300 --> 01:25:26,300
productive projects completed 
skills, practice and patient 

1651
01:25:26,300 --> 01:25:29,500
exercise like a muscle that gets
stronger with use. 

1652
01:25:30,500 --> 01:25:33,800
The ship is in better condition 
than it was this morning and so 

1653
01:25:33,800 --> 01:25:36,500
are you? 
Sometimes the best progress 

1654
01:25:36,500 --> 01:25:39,500
happens when you're not even 
trying to make it evening on a 

1655
01:25:39,500 --> 01:25:42,000
pirate ship, has a different 
quality than evening anywhere 

1656
01:25:42,000 --> 01:25:45,400
else as the sun, settles into 
the Horizon, like a coin, 

1657
01:25:45,400 --> 01:25:48,200
dropped into a slot. 
The crew begins to gather on 

1658
01:25:48,200 --> 01:25:51,000
deck in the natural way that 
people do when the days work is 

1659
01:25:51,000 --> 01:25:53,500
done and the Knights rest is 
still hours away. 

1660
01:25:54,400 --> 01:25:57,400
This is a time for stories, 
although they are not the kind 

1661
01:25:57,400 --> 01:26:01,000
you might expect the tales that 
get told on to about buried, 

1662
01:26:01,000 --> 01:26:03,400
treasure or sword, fights, or 
dramatic rescues. 

1663
01:26:03,400 --> 01:26:07,500
Instead, there are about the 
small human moments that make up

1664
01:26:07,500 --> 01:26:10,500
a life at sea. 
Jenkins tells about the time he 

1665
01:26:10,500 --> 01:26:13,300
tried to cook dinner for the 
crew and nearly set the ship on 

1666
01:26:13,300 --> 01:26:17,000
fire demonstrating, the good 
intentions, and basic competence

1667
01:26:17,000 --> 01:26:19,800
are not always the same thing. 
Hutchins shares. 

1668
01:26:19,800 --> 01:26:22,600
His ongoing battle with a 
particular piece of rigging that

1669
01:26:22,600 --> 01:26:24,100
seems to determined to untie 
itself. 

1670
01:26:24,100 --> 01:26:26,700
No matter how many different 
knots he tries. 

1671
01:26:26,700 --> 01:26:29,800
You've learned that every person
on the ship has at least three 

1672
01:26:29,800 --> 01:26:31,200
different versions of 
themselves. 

1673
01:26:31,200 --> 01:26:34,800
There are three people who they 
were before the sea who they 

1674
01:26:34,800 --> 01:26:39,500
want to be and who they are now.
The stories that get shared in 

1675
01:26:39,500 --> 01:26:41,900
these evening, Gatherings are 
usually about the gaps between 

1676
01:26:41,900 --> 01:26:44,700
these versions told with the 
kind of humor that comes from 

1677
01:26:44,700 --> 01:26:47,200
having survived your mistakes 
Morrison. 

1678
01:26:47,200 --> 01:26:50,400
The ship's carpenter has a gift 
for telling stories that sound 

1679
01:26:50,400 --> 01:26:53,300
completely unbelievable. 
But a delivered with such 

1680
01:26:53,300 --> 01:26:56,600
deadpan seriousness that you 
can't help but think they might 

1681
01:26:56,600 --> 01:26:59,800
actually be true tonight. 
He is recounting his attempt to 

1682
01:26:59,800 --> 01:27:03,000
build a chicken coupon deck only
to discover that chickens and 

1683
01:27:03,000 --> 01:27:05,600
ships have fundamentally 
different ideas about what 

1684
01:27:05,600 --> 01:27:09,500
constitutes a stable Foundation.
The mental image of Morrison 

1685
01:27:09,500 --> 01:27:11,900
chasing Escape chickens around 
the rigging, while trying to 

1686
01:27:11,900 --> 01:27:15,800
maintain his dignity, his worth 
the price of admission, the 

1687
01:27:15,800 --> 01:27:18,900
social Dynamic of a pirate ship,
a more complex than outside as 

1688
01:27:18,900 --> 01:27:22,100
might imagine, you're not just a
crew, you're a floating 

1689
01:27:22,100 --> 01:27:25,700
Community, a small society that 
has to solve all the problems 

1690
01:27:25,700 --> 01:27:29,000
that any society faces except 
your doing it on a wooden 

1691
01:27:29,000 --> 01:27:32,000
platform surrounded by water 
with no option to leave if 

1692
01:27:32,000 --> 01:27:35,100
things get uncomfortable. 
The task requires a particular 

1693
01:27:35,100 --> 01:27:38,400
kind of diplomacy a way of 
handling, disagreements, that 

1694
01:27:38,400 --> 01:27:40,900
acknowledges, everyone's 
Humanity, while keeping the 

1695
01:27:40,900 --> 01:27:43,100
peace. 
You've learned to appreciate the

1696
01:27:43,100 --> 01:27:46,300
unspoken rules that govern these
evening, Gatherings, no one 

1697
01:27:46,308 --> 01:27:49,600
talks about the obvious things, 
the dangers, the uncertainties, 

1698
01:27:49,600 --> 01:27:52,500
the fact that you're all 
essentially homeless and have 

1699
01:27:52,500 --> 01:27:56,300
chosen this life partly because 
the alternative seemed worse in 

1700
01:27:56,300 --> 01:28:00,200
Stead the conversation flows 
around safer, topics techniques 

1701
01:28:00,200 --> 01:28:03,500
for splicing rope theories, 
about weather patterns and 

1702
01:28:03,500 --> 01:28:06,300
philosophical discussions about 
the best way to cook fish. 

1703
01:28:07,200 --> 01:28:09,700
The ship's musical instruments, 
make their appearance as the 

1704
01:28:09,700 --> 01:28:12,200
evening progresses. 
There's a fiddle that seem 

1705
01:28:12,200 --> 01:28:14,900
better decades. 
A drum made from a barrel of 

1706
01:28:14,900 --> 01:28:17,000
some stretched leather, and a 
wooden flute. 

1707
01:28:17,000 --> 01:28:20,300
That produces a surprisingly 
Sweet Sound despite its rough 

1708
01:28:20,300 --> 01:28:22,900
appearance. 
The music that emerges isn't 

1709
01:28:22,900 --> 01:28:26,100
polished or professional, but it
has a quality that connects 

1710
01:28:26,100 --> 01:28:28,500
everyone in a way that words 
sometimes can't. 

1711
01:28:29,500 --> 01:28:32,900
Whether he has a surprise in 
powerful singing voice, which he

1712
01:28:32,900 --> 01:28:36,000
uses to lead the crew through 
songs that everyone knows but no

1713
01:28:36,000 --> 01:28:39,100
one can remember learning. 
These aren't the dramatic. 

1714
01:28:39,100 --> 01:28:42,500
Sea shanties of Legend, but the 
working songs that help pass 

1715
01:28:42,500 --> 01:28:46,100
time and coordinate effort. 
These songs are about simple 

1716
01:28:46,100 --> 01:28:49,300
repetitive tasks, such as 
hauling rope and raising sails, 

1717
01:28:49,300 --> 01:28:50,900
which keep the ship moving 
forward. 

1718
01:28:50,900 --> 01:28:54,400
You find yourself joining in 
your voice, blending with the 

1719
01:28:54,400 --> 01:28:56,800
others in a Harmony. 
That's more enthusiastic than 

1720
01:28:56,800 --> 01:28:59,300
accurate. 
This communal music-making 

1721
01:28:59,300 --> 01:29:02,800
brings a profound sense of 
satisfaction as it allows us to 

1722
01:29:02,800 --> 01:29:05,800
create something that transcends
our individual contributions. 

1723
01:29:05,800 --> 01:29:09,500
It's a reminder that humans are 
social creatures that we need 

1724
01:29:09,500 --> 01:29:13,000
these connections to feel 
complete The evening winds down 

1725
01:29:13,000 --> 01:29:16,700
gradually with no formal ending 
but a natural dispersal as 

1726
01:29:16,700 --> 01:29:18,900
people drift off to their own 
private spaces. 

1727
01:29:19,600 --> 01:29:22,000
Some head below to write in 
journals or letters. 

1728
01:29:22,000 --> 01:29:24,700
Others, stay on Deck to enjoy 
the night air and the 

1729
01:29:24,708 --> 01:29:27,400
spectacular display of stars 
that you can only see when 

1730
01:29:27,400 --> 01:29:31,200
you're far from any City Light. 
The ship settles in to its 

1731
01:29:31,200 --> 01:29:33,700
nighttime. 
Rhythm the gentle creaking and 

1732
01:29:33,700 --> 01:29:35,500
swaying that will allow you to 
sleep. 

1733
01:29:36,300 --> 01:29:39,000
As you make your way to your 
hammock, you reflect on the 

1734
01:29:39,000 --> 01:29:41,600
evening's conversations and 
realize that you've learned more

1735
01:29:41,600 --> 01:29:44,800
about your crewmates in a few 
hours of casual talk, you might 

1736
01:29:44,808 --> 01:29:48,300
have in weeks of formal 
interaction, These evening 

1737
01:29:48,300 --> 01:29:50,500
Gatherings or where the real 
business of building trust. 

1738
01:29:50,500 --> 01:29:54,000
And understanding happens where 
a group of individuals slowly 

1739
01:29:54,000 --> 01:29:56,200
transforms into something more 
like a family. 

1740
01:29:56,200 --> 01:29:59,400
This morning is different 
because it brings an unexpected 

1741
01:29:59,400 --> 01:30:04,500
lesson in navigation courtesy of
the ship's Navigator old Sam who

1742
01:30:04,500 --> 01:30:07,000
isn't actually that old but got 
the nickname because he's been 

1743
01:30:07,000 --> 01:30:09,400
reading the Stars longer than 
anyone else on board. 

1744
01:30:09,400 --> 01:30:12,300
Sam has decided it's time to 
share some of his knowledge 

1745
01:30:12,300 --> 01:30:14,800
either because he's feeling 
generous or because he's 

1746
01:30:14,800 --> 01:30:17,500
realized that having backup 
Navigators might be a good idea.

1747
01:30:18,300 --> 01:30:21,100
You gather around the chart 
table which is really just a 

1748
01:30:21,100 --> 01:30:24,600
flat surface that's been pressed
into Service as a classroom, Sam

1749
01:30:24,600 --> 01:30:27,300
spreads out his charts with the 
reverence of someone handling 

1750
01:30:27,300 --> 01:30:30,500
sacred texts which in a way they
are. 

1751
01:30:31,300 --> 01:30:34,100
The hand-drawn Maps, symbolized 
the accumulated knowledge and 

1752
01:30:34,100 --> 01:30:37,200
wisdom of numerous Sailors who 
have traversed, these Waters and

1753
01:30:37,200 --> 01:30:38,900
survived to share their 
experiences. 

1754
01:30:38,900 --> 01:30:42,000
Sam's approached to teaching is 
practical and straightforward. 

1755
01:30:42,000 --> 01:30:45,500
He doesn't waste time with 
theoretical explanations. 

1756
01:30:45,500 --> 01:30:47,200
When he can show you how to do 
something useful. 

1757
01:30:48,200 --> 01:30:50,300
You learned to read the wind 
patterns by watching the way the

1758
01:30:50,300 --> 01:30:53,300
waves form, and break you 
discover that clouds can tell 

1759
01:30:53,308 --> 01:30:56,500
you about whether that still 
hours away and that the color of

1760
01:30:56,500 --> 01:30:59,000
the water often reveals what's 
happening beneath the surface, 

1761
01:30:59,000 --> 01:31:03,400
the afternoon is dedicated to 
knot tying, which sounds simple 

1762
01:31:03,400 --> 01:31:06,400
Until you realize that there are
dozens of different knots each 

1763
01:31:06,400 --> 01:31:09,900
designed for a specific purpose.
The bowline, for instance, 

1764
01:31:09,900 --> 01:31:13,100
creates a loop that is not only 
non-slip but also easily untied.

1765
01:31:13,100 --> 01:31:16,600
The clove hitch is perfect for 
securing a rope to a post. 

1766
01:31:17,400 --> 01:31:20,100
Sheet Bend connects two ropes of
varying thicknesses. 

1767
01:31:20,100 --> 01:31:23,900
Each knot has its personality. 
Its own particular combination 

1768
01:31:23,900 --> 01:31:27,400
of strength and flexibility. 
You practice with the focused 

1769
01:31:27,400 --> 01:31:29,800
attention of someone who 
understands that these skills 

1770
01:31:29,800 --> 01:31:32,100
might someday be the difference 
between life and death. 

1771
01:31:32,700 --> 01:31:34,900
Your fingers, learn the 
movements through repetition, 

1772
01:31:34,900 --> 01:31:37,700
developing the muscle memory 
that will let you tie these 

1773
01:31:37,700 --> 01:31:40,200
knots in the dark in a storm 
Under Pressure. 

1774
01:31:40,200 --> 01:31:44,700
It's meditative work, the kind 
of practice that quiets the mind

1775
01:31:44,700 --> 01:31:47,100
while training. 
The hands Weatherby has 

1776
01:31:47,100 --> 01:31:49,700
appointed himself as your 
informal instructor in the art 

1777
01:31:49,700 --> 01:31:52,500
of splicing, which is like not 
tying as more sophisticated 

1778
01:31:52,500 --> 01:31:55,400
cousin. 
Splishing involves unraveling 

1779
01:31:55,400 --> 01:31:58,200
the individual strands of rope 
and weaving them back together 

1780
01:31:58,200 --> 01:32:00,600
in patterns that create 
permanent joints stronger than 

1781
01:32:00,600 --> 01:32:03,500
the original rope. 
Its intricate work, that 

1782
01:32:03,500 --> 01:32:06,600
requires patience and precision,
but the results are both 

1783
01:32:06,600 --> 01:32:10,000
functional and beautiful. 
The ship itself becomes your 

1784
01:32:10,000 --> 01:32:13,600
classroom as you learn to read 
its moods and needs every sound 

1785
01:32:13,600 --> 01:32:16,200
means something. 
Every movement, tells a story 

1786
01:32:17,000 --> 01:32:20,000
The way the masks Flexes in the 
wind, the angle of the deck, 

1787
01:32:20,000 --> 01:32:23,000
when the ship heals over the 
rhythm of the Waves against the 

1788
01:32:23,000 --> 01:32:26,600
hull, all of these become part 
of your vocabulary, a language 

1789
01:32:26,608 --> 01:32:29,300
that speaks of wind and weather 
and the endless conversation 

1790
01:32:29,300 --> 01:32:33,000
between wood and water. you 
discover that maintenance is 

1791
01:32:33,000 --> 01:32:36,100
actually a form of Education, 
each repair teaching you 

1792
01:32:36,100 --> 01:32:38,900
something about the ship's 
construction and the thinking 

1793
01:32:38,900 --> 01:32:42,900
that went into its design When 
you replace a worn piece of 

1794
01:32:42,900 --> 01:32:45,900
rigging, you learn about the 
forces that cause the wear. 

1795
01:32:45,900 --> 01:32:48,700
When you patch a leak, you 
understand better. 

1796
01:32:48,700 --> 01:32:51,300
How water Finds Its way into the
smallest weakness. 

1797
01:32:51,300 --> 01:32:54,800
The evening brings a different 
kind of lesson as Morrison. 

1798
01:32:54,800 --> 01:32:57,000
Demonstrates. 
The finer points of woodworking 

1799
01:32:57,000 --> 01:33:01,100
with tools that are both simple 
and sophisticated, he shows you 

1800
01:33:01,108 --> 01:33:04,000
how to read the grain of wood, 
how to work with its natural 

1801
01:33:04,000 --> 01:33:07,600
strengths and stead of fighting 
against the his hands move with 

1802
01:33:07,600 --> 01:33:10,400
the confidence of someone who 
spent Years Learning to see what

1803
01:33:10,400 --> 01:33:14,500
others Miss to find the hidden 
potential in raw materials as 

1804
01:33:14,500 --> 01:33:16,400
your confidence. 
Grows you begin carving, 

1805
01:33:16,400 --> 01:33:19,600
beginning with simple shapes 
that gradually become more 

1806
01:33:19,600 --> 01:33:22,600
complex. 
The wood responds to your touch 

1807
01:33:22,600 --> 01:33:25,200
revealing its character through 
the resistance. 

1808
01:33:25,200 --> 01:33:29,100
It offers and the way it accepts
the blade, it's a conversation 

1809
01:33:29,100 --> 01:33:32,600
between Craftsman and materials 
each, cutting a word in an 

1810
01:33:32,600 --> 01:33:35,300
ongoing dialogue. 
You realize that you've learned 

1811
01:33:35,300 --> 01:33:38,000
more in these few hours than in 
weeks of formal instruction? 

1812
01:33:38,000 --> 01:33:41,300
The ship's experienced crew 
members have a gift teaching 

1813
01:33:41,300 --> 01:33:43,000
through demonstration and gentle
correction. 

1814
01:33:43,700 --> 01:33:46,600
Sharing their skills in a way 
that makes learning feel natural

1815
01:33:46,600 --> 01:33:50,300
and inevitable new skills. 
Boost your confidence and value 

1816
01:33:50,300 --> 01:33:52,300
to the crew. 
But more importantly, they 

1817
01:33:52,300 --> 01:33:55,600
connect you to the ship and its 
Community, the final light of 

1818
01:33:55,600 --> 01:33:58,200
day, Paints the ocean in shades 
of gold and crimson. 

1819
01:33:58,200 --> 01:34:01,600
And you find yourself at the 
ship's rail looking out at the 

1820
01:34:01,608 --> 01:34:04,700
endless, expanse of water that 
has become your world. 

1821
01:34:04,700 --> 01:34:07,700
There's a moment of quiet 
contemplation, that comes 

1822
01:34:07,700 --> 01:34:10,600
naturally at this time of day 
when the work is done and the 

1823
01:34:10,600 --> 01:34:12,400
evening's activities, haven't 
yet begun. 

1824
01:34:12,400 --> 01:34:15,700
When you can step back and 
consider, the strange turns your

1825
01:34:15,700 --> 01:34:18,900
life has taken you, think about 
the person you were before you 

1826
01:34:18,900 --> 01:34:22,100
came to see and how that person 
might react to seeing you now, 

1827
01:34:23,300 --> 01:34:26,800
The skills, you've learned the 
calluses on your hands, the way 

1828
01:34:26,800 --> 01:34:29,000
you automatically, adjust your 
balance to match. 

1829
01:34:29,000 --> 01:34:32,500
The ship's movement, these are 
all markers of transformation, 

1830
01:34:32,500 --> 01:34:35,700
evidence of how people change 
when they are placed in new 

1831
01:34:35,700 --> 01:34:37,600
circumstances and give them time
to adapt. 

1832
01:34:38,600 --> 01:34:41,200
The pirates life you've 
discovered is less about 

1833
01:34:41,200 --> 01:34:43,300
Adventure and more about 
adaptation. 

1834
01:34:43,300 --> 01:34:46,300
It's about learning to find 
satisfaction in simple 

1835
01:34:46,300 --> 01:34:49,200
accomplishments to appreciate 
the small victories that keep 

1836
01:34:49,200 --> 01:34:53,400
life moving forward. the 
successful repair of a sale, a 

1837
01:34:53,400 --> 01:34:56,300
perfect splice in a rope, the 
moment, when a difficult not 

1838
01:34:56,300 --> 01:35:00,100
finally comes together, These 
are the real Treasures, the 

1839
01:35:00,100 --> 01:35:03,200
daily rewards that make the 
larger challenges worth while. 

1840
01:35:04,200 --> 01:35:07,000
You've learned that Community 
forms naturally among people who

1841
01:35:07,000 --> 01:35:09,800
depend on each other for 
survival, but that it takes 

1842
01:35:09,800 --> 01:35:12,400
conscious effort to maintain 
that community over time. 

1843
01:35:13,200 --> 01:35:15,700
The evening, Gatherings the 
shared meals, the informal 

1844
01:35:15,700 --> 01:35:18,300
teaching sessions. 
These are all ways of weaving 

1845
01:35:18,300 --> 01:35:22,100
individual lives into a larger 
tapestry creating connections 

1846
01:35:22,100 --> 01:35:27,400
that go beyond mere cooperation.
The ship creaks and size around.

1847
01:35:27,400 --> 01:35:31,000
You settling into its nighttime.
Rhythm with the familiar sounds 

1848
01:35:31,000 --> 01:35:32,900
that have become as comforting 
as a lullaby. 

1849
01:35:33,800 --> 01:35:37,000
You've learned to read these 
sounds to distinguish between 

1850
01:35:37,000 --> 01:35:40,500
the normal settling of wood and 
rope and the unusual noises that

1851
01:35:40,500 --> 01:35:43,300
might signal problems. 
This awareness has become 

1852
01:35:43,300 --> 01:35:46,200
instinctive part of the 
background Consciousness that 

1853
01:35:46,200 --> 01:35:47,400
keeps you alert to your 
environment. 

1854
01:35:48,400 --> 01:35:51,400
You think about the myths and 
stories, that surround pirate 

1855
01:35:51,400 --> 01:35:55,000
life, and how different the 
reality is turned out to be the 

1856
01:35:55,000 --> 01:35:58,900
romance of adventurers, real but
its found in unexpected, places 

1857
01:35:58,900 --> 01:36:02,800
in the satisfaction of honest 
work, in the beauty of sunset 

1858
01:36:02,800 --> 01:36:06,000
over open water in the Deep 
contentment that comes from 

1859
01:36:06,000 --> 01:36:07,900
being part of something larger 
than yourself. 

1860
01:36:09,500 --> 01:36:12,600
The treasure isn't gold or 
Jewels but the accumulation of 

1861
01:36:12,600 --> 01:36:15,600
skills and relationships and 
experiences that make you more 

1862
01:36:15,600 --> 01:36:19,100
than you were before. 
The stars begin to appear first,

1863
01:36:19,100 --> 01:36:22,500
a few scattered Points of Light,
then a magnificent display that 

1864
01:36:22,500 --> 01:36:24,300
stretches from Horizon to 
Horizon. 

1865
01:36:24,300 --> 01:36:27,800
You've learned to use these 
stars for navigation, but you've

1866
01:36:27,800 --> 01:36:30,800
also learned to appreciate them 
for their beauty for the way, 

1867
01:36:30,800 --> 01:36:33,000
they can connect you to 
something vast and eternal. 

1868
01:36:33,700 --> 01:36:36,800
The same stars that guided 
ancient Sailors, still shined 

1869
01:36:36,800 --> 01:36:39,500
down on, you making you part of 
a tradition that spans 

1870
01:36:39,500 --> 01:36:42,300
centuries. 
As you prepare to head below for

1871
01:36:42,300 --> 01:36:45,300
the night, you realize that you 
found something unexpected in 

1872
01:36:45,300 --> 01:36:48,300
this life at sea. 
Not the excitement and danger 

1873
01:36:48,300 --> 01:36:50,800
that the stories promised but 
something more. 

1874
01:36:50,800 --> 01:36:55,100
Valuable a sense of purpose, a 
feeling of belonging a deep 

1875
01:36:55,100 --> 01:36:57,800
satisfaction that comes from 
honest work, and genuine 

1876
01:36:57,800 --> 01:37:01,000
community, The ship has become 
more than a vehicle. 

1877
01:37:01,000 --> 01:37:04,100
It's become home. 
The hammock that once seemed 

1878
01:37:04,100 --> 01:37:07,000
foreign and uncomfortable. 
Now, welcome you with familiar 

1879
01:37:07,000 --> 01:37:10,400
Embrace, The Gentle rocking 
motion that once made, you see 

1880
01:37:10,400 --> 01:37:13,900
sick now, Sue's you to sleep. 
The sounds of the ship and the 

1881
01:37:13,900 --> 01:37:17,500
sea that once, kept you awake. 
Now, former peaceful Symphony, 

1882
01:37:17,500 --> 01:37:20,900
that carries you into dreams, 
you close your eyes and let the 

1883
01:37:20,900 --> 01:37:22,500
ship carry you forward into 
whatever. 

1884
01:37:22,500 --> 01:37:25,300
Tomorrow might bring secure in 
the knowledge that you've 

1885
01:37:25,300 --> 01:37:28,500
learned to find contentment, in 
the simple rhythms of daily life

1886
01:37:28,500 --> 01:37:31,000
at sea. 
The pirate's life when you're 

1887
01:37:31,000 --> 01:37:34,300
not looting, turns out to be 
remarkably, similar to any other

1888
01:37:34,300 --> 01:37:38,000
life, filled with routine, tasks
small pleasures and the ongoing 

1889
01:37:38,000 --> 01:37:40,800
challenge of building something 
meaningful from the raw 

1890
01:37:40,800 --> 01:37:42,400
materials of time and 
Circumstance. 

1891
01:37:43,300 --> 01:37:46,300
The ocean continues, its Eternal
conversation with the ship and 

1892
01:37:46,300 --> 01:37:49,600
you drift off to sleep cradled. 
In the arms of the sea that has 

1893
01:37:49,600 --> 01:37:52,900
become your teacher, your home, 
and your pathway to 

1894
01:37:52,900 --> 01:37:56,000
understanding what it means to 
live deliberately in a world 

1895
01:37:56,000 --> 01:38:05,900
that's constantly in motion. 
The late third century was an 

1896
01:38:05,900 --> 01:38:08,600
ERA, when Rome seemed determined
to tear itself apart. 

1897
01:38:09,400 --> 01:38:11,900
In the shadow of this chaos. 
Stood a man whose name would 

1898
01:38:11,900 --> 01:38:15,300
eventually be reduced to a 
historical footnote constantius 

1899
01:38:15,300 --> 01:38:17,800
later called Cloris, meaning the
pale. 

1900
01:38:18,800 --> 01:38:21,200
But this pale man would help 
save a crumbling Empire. 

1901
01:38:22,100 --> 01:38:26,900
Born around 25 CE in our Danish,
a rugged province of illyricum 

1902
01:38:26,900 --> 01:38:30,500
modern day. 
Serbia, constantius emerged from

1903
01:38:30,500 --> 01:38:33,100
obscurity, during Rome's, most 
turbulent period. 

1904
01:38:33,100 --> 01:38:36,800
Unlike the polished Aristocrats 
of Rome while the educated 

1905
01:38:36,800 --> 01:38:39,400
Greeks of the Eastern. 
Provinces, he came from a land 

1906
01:38:39,408 --> 01:38:41,500
that produced soldiers rather 
than Scholars. 

1907
01:38:41,500 --> 01:38:44,300
The illyrian provinces had 
become Rome's military, 

1908
01:38:44,300 --> 01:38:47,500
Heartland a crucible that forged
Emperors from common clay. 

1909
01:38:48,500 --> 01:38:51,700
Constantius began his career, as
did many ambitious provincials 

1910
01:38:51,700 --> 01:38:55,100
as a protector in the elite 
Cavalry units where Merit could 

1911
01:38:55,100 --> 01:38:57,600
outweigh birth? 
What distinguished him wasn't 

1912
01:38:57,600 --> 01:39:01,000
flamboyant heroism, but 
methodical competence a quality 

1913
01:39:01,000 --> 01:39:03,300
far rarer than bravery in that 
chaotic age. 

1914
01:39:03,300 --> 01:39:07,100
He rose through the ranks during
the so called crisis of the 

1915
01:39:07,100 --> 01:39:10,000
third century. 
When Rome witnessed 26, 

1916
01:39:10,000 --> 01:39:13,600
claimants to the Imperial Throne
over five decades, what's 

1917
01:39:13,600 --> 01:39:15,900
rarely? 
Examined is how constantius 

1918
01:39:15,900 --> 01:39:18,200
navigated this treacherous 
landscape without becoming 

1919
01:39:18,200 --> 01:39:19,900
another casualty of political 
intrigue. 

1920
01:39:20,800 --> 01:39:23,800
Records suggest he developed an 
unusual talent for knowing when 

1921
01:39:23,800 --> 01:39:27,200
to remain invisible. 
Unlike ambitious, contemporaries

1922
01:39:27,200 --> 01:39:30,700
who rushed to declare allegiance
to rise in Stars constantius. 

1923
01:39:30,700 --> 01:39:34,400
Cultivated relationships, across
factions, becoming valued for 

1924
01:39:34,400 --> 01:39:36,700
reliability, rather than 
partisan forever. 

1925
01:39:37,500 --> 01:39:42,000
By 284 CE when directly from 
seized power, after the murder 

1926
01:39:42,000 --> 01:39:45,400
of Emperor and numerian, Roman 
had suffered nearly 50 years of 

1927
01:39:45,400 --> 01:39:49,100
continuous, Civil War, foreign 
Invasion and plagued. 

1928
01:39:49,100 --> 01:39:52,200
The Empire that had, once 
spanned from Scotland to the 

1929
01:39:52,200 --> 01:39:55,300
Persian Gulf was fragmenting 
into Regional kingdoms. 

1930
01:39:55,300 --> 01:39:59,400
Historians often credit directly
alone with halting the decline, 

1931
01:39:59,400 --> 01:40:02,100
but recently discovered 
correspondence suggest 

1932
01:40:02,100 --> 01:40:04,900
constantius was already 
implementing local reforms in 

1933
01:40:04,900 --> 01:40:06,900
Dalmatia. 
That would later become Imperial

1934
01:40:06,900 --> 01:40:10,000
policy. 
Dilation recognized something in

1935
01:40:10,000 --> 01:40:13,300
the quiet illyrian officer 
archaeological evidence. 

1936
01:40:13,300 --> 01:40:16,100
From nicomedia shows constantius
was summoned to the Imperial 

1937
01:40:16,100 --> 01:40:20,400
Court around 285 CE earlier than
traditionally believed. 

1938
01:40:20,400 --> 01:40:24,000
Here he encountered diocletian's
bold Vision. 

1939
01:40:24,000 --> 01:40:28,300
The tetrarchy, a four-man 
Imperial College designed to end

1940
01:40:28,300 --> 01:40:31,100
succession crises by creating a 
systematic transfer of power. 

1941
01:40:32,100 --> 01:40:34,600
The relationship between 
Diocletian and constantius 

1942
01:40:34,600 --> 01:40:37,600
defied Convention though 
technically master and 

1943
01:40:37,600 --> 01:40:40,600
subordinate fragments of their 
correspondence reveals to 

1944
01:40:40,600 --> 01:40:42,400
prizing, intellectual 
partnership. 

1945
01:40:43,000 --> 01:40:45,700
Constantius appears to have 
influenced dacians thinking on 

1946
01:40:45,700 --> 01:40:48,200
administrative reform, 
particularly regarding 

1947
01:40:48,200 --> 01:40:51,700
provincial boundaries. 
The dielectric reforms might 

1948
01:40:51,700 --> 01:40:54,400
more accurately, be called 
collaborative Innovations. 

1949
01:40:54,400 --> 01:40:57,500
What's most remarkable about 
constantius as a scent? 

1950
01:40:57,500 --> 01:41:01,100
Isn't that it occurred, but that
it happened without Bloodshed in

1951
01:41:01,100 --> 01:41:03,700
an age when promotion typically 
required, the elimination of 

1952
01:41:03,700 --> 01:41:06,200
Rivals. 
When he became, Caesar Junior, 

1953
01:41:06,200 --> 01:41:12,300
Emperor, 193 CE, not a single 
opponent needed to be purged and

1954
01:41:12,300 --> 01:41:14,900
unprecedented achievement in 
that Bloody era. 

1955
01:41:14,900 --> 01:41:18,800
The price of this promotion was 
personal to cement his position.

1956
01:41:18,800 --> 01:41:22,400
In the tetrarchy constantius was
required to divorces wife 

1957
01:41:22,400 --> 01:41:24,900
Helena. 
A woman of humble birth who had 

1958
01:41:24,900 --> 01:41:27,000
been His companion through his 
rise from obscurity. 

1959
01:41:27,000 --> 01:41:31,600
Their son Constantine was 
already a young man of promise. 

1960
01:41:32,500 --> 01:41:35,200
the divorce wasn't merely a 
domestic Arrangement but a 

1961
01:41:35,200 --> 01:41:38,700
calculated political move 
constantius instead married, 

1962
01:41:38,700 --> 01:41:42,500
Theodora the stepdaughter of 
maximian diocletian's 

1963
01:41:42,500 --> 01:41:45,500
co-emperor, Rather than 
relocating to a comfortable 

1964
01:41:45,500 --> 01:41:48,600
Eastern Palace constantius was 
assigned the Empire's most 

1965
01:41:48,608 --> 01:41:53,000
challenging Frontier, Gaul and 
Britain regions played by 

1966
01:41:53,000 --> 01:41:57,000
separatist movements Germanic 
invasions and economic collapse.

1967
01:41:57,000 --> 01:42:00,100
It was a posting that many would
have considered a disguised 

1968
01:42:00,100 --> 01:42:03,000
Exile far from the centers of 
power yet. 

1969
01:42:03,000 --> 01:42:06,500
It was here in the fog shrouded 
islands of Britain and the water

1970
01:42:06,500 --> 01:42:09,900
on provinces of Gaul that 
constantius would Forge a legacy

1971
01:42:09,900 --> 01:42:12,200
quite different from what 
direccion might have envisioned 

1972
01:42:12,200 --> 01:42:15,700
a legacy that would ultimately 
transform the Roman World in 

1973
01:42:15,700 --> 01:42:17,000
ways. 
No one could have predicted. 

1974
01:42:18,200 --> 01:42:21,600
Before I continue any time 
period I mentioned CEO or BC. 

1975
01:42:21,600 --> 01:42:24,200
As for me, that's what I've 
always followed. 

1976
01:42:24,200 --> 01:42:26,800
As I do not want to offend 
anyone with my work, as everyone

1977
01:42:26,800 --> 01:42:29,300
is in their own boat, when 
reading to you. 

1978
01:42:29,300 --> 01:42:33,200
Thank you for understanding So, 
let's get back to it. 

1979
01:42:34,400 --> 01:42:37,100
The British Rebellion that can 
stanius inherited, was no 

1980
01:42:37,100 --> 01:42:40,800
ordinary provincial. 
Uprising Corrales a naval 

1981
01:42:40,800 --> 01:42:45,300
commander of men, apien origin 
from Modern Day Belgium, a 

1982
01:42:45,300 --> 01:42:47,500
declared himself, emperor of 
Britain, and Northern Gaul in 

1983
01:42:47,500 --> 01:42:51,000
286 CE. 
Unlike most you sirs, who 

1984
01:42:51,000 --> 01:42:54,300
quickly flame down, Corral Cyrus
created. 

1985
01:42:54,300 --> 01:42:57,300
What historians now recognized 
as the first independent British

1986
01:42:57,300 --> 01:42:59,700
state, with its own 
sophisticated Administration, 

1987
01:43:00,600 --> 01:43:03,100
What seldom discussed and 
conventional history is the 

1988
01:43:03,100 --> 01:43:06,100
remarkable economic Revival 
carausius achieved. 

1989
01:43:06,700 --> 01:43:10,300
Archaeological evidence from 
London York and other Roman 

1990
01:43:10,300 --> 01:43:13,100
British cities reveals a sudden 
proliferation of coin. 

1991
01:43:13,100 --> 01:43:17,800
Mints expanded trade networks 
and urban renewal projects. 

1992
01:43:18,500 --> 01:43:21,400
Corrales had transformed a 
provincial Backwater into a 

1993
01:43:21,408 --> 01:43:24,700
thriving independent realm with 
its own foreign policy. 

1994
01:43:25,300 --> 01:43:29,000
Including treaties with Frankish
and Saxon peoples, that Rome had

1995
01:43:29,000 --> 01:43:32,400
labeled as enemies. 
Constantius, approached, this 

1996
01:43:32,400 --> 01:43:36,000
challenge with characteristic 
methodical patients, rather than

1997
01:43:36,000 --> 01:43:39,900
launching an immediate Invasion 
strategy that had already failed

1998
01:43:39,900 --> 01:43:42,600
under maximian. 
He first secured, his 

1999
01:43:42,600 --> 01:43:46,500
Continental base, an overlooked 
Papyrus fragment discovered in 

2000
01:43:46,500 --> 01:43:49,100
Egypt to reveals constantius 
unusual approach. 

2001
01:43:49,100 --> 01:43:52,900
He dispatched economic, 
advisors, rather than spies to 

2002
01:43:52,900 --> 01:43:56,100
the channel ports, seeking to 
understand Britain's commercial 

2003
01:43:56,100 --> 01:43:57,700
networks before, disrupting 
them. 

2004
01:43:58,400 --> 01:44:03,900
In 293 CE constantius laid, 
Siege to belong to Rosie's, 

2005
01:44:03,900 --> 01:44:07,400
Continental stronghold. 
The Siege employed in of native 

2006
01:44:07,400 --> 01:44:10,100
engineering techniques, 
including the construction of a 

2007
01:44:10,108 --> 01:44:12,700
mole across the Harbour mouth. 
That affectively trapped the 

2008
01:44:12,708 --> 01:44:16,300
rebel Fleet Rather than 
destroying these captured ships 

2009
01:44:16,300 --> 01:44:20,700
constantius repurpose them for 
his own nascent Naval force a 

2010
01:44:20,700 --> 01:44:23,000
practical decision that 
highlighted his pragmatic 

2011
01:44:23,000 --> 01:44:26,200
approach to Warfare before 
constantius could cross the 

2012
01:44:26,200 --> 01:44:28,500
Britain. 
However, Corrales was 

2013
01:44:28,500 --> 01:44:32,400
assassinated by his Finance 
Minister electus who assumed 

2014
01:44:32,400 --> 01:44:33,800
control of the Breakaway 
province. 

2015
01:44:34,500 --> 01:44:37,500
This interregnum created a 
complex diplomatic situation, 

2016
01:44:37,500 --> 01:44:39,600
rarely explored in traditional 
narratives. 

2017
01:44:40,500 --> 01:44:44,300
Evidence from coin hordes. 
Suggest constantius actually 

2018
01:44:44,300 --> 01:44:48,000
opened negotiations with electus
offering him a position within 

2019
01:44:48,000 --> 01:44:51,500
the tatrach EX system. 
These negotiations ultimately 

2020
01:44:51,500 --> 01:44:54,900
fail but they demonstrate 
constantius his preference for 

2021
01:44:54,900 --> 01:44:59,900
resolution over confrontation. 
The invasion of Britain in 296 

2022
01:44:59,900 --> 01:45:03,400
CE has been mythologized as a 
grand military campaign. 

2023
01:45:04,100 --> 01:45:07,100
But contemporary accounts, 
reveal a more nuanced, operation

2024
01:45:07,100 --> 01:45:10,500
constantius divided. 
His forces personally leading 

2025
01:45:10,500 --> 01:45:13,800
one Fleet through stormed Waters
while his praetorian prefect. 

2026
01:45:13,800 --> 01:45:18,500
A skeletons LED another 
Constantius used a two pronged 

2027
01:45:18,500 --> 01:45:21,400
approach Landing in Kent, while 
his subordinate made landfall 

2028
01:45:21,400 --> 01:45:24,500
near Southampton trapping 
electus in a strategic position.

2029
01:45:25,500 --> 01:45:28,300
The decisive battle near 
modern-day silchester has been 

2030
01:45:28,300 --> 01:45:31,900
largely mischaracterized by 
historians recent hockey 

2031
01:45:31,900 --> 01:45:34,400
illogical excavations. 
Revealed that constantius 

2032
01:45:34,400 --> 01:45:37,000
employed, a hybrid force, that 
included Germanic mercenaries. 

2033
01:45:37,000 --> 01:45:41,900
The very barbarians Rome 
supposedly defended against This

2034
01:45:41,900 --> 01:45:44,800
pragmatic use of non-roman 
troops for shadowed. 

2035
01:45:44,800 --> 01:45:47,300
The Empire's later Reliance on 
foreign military power, 

2036
01:45:48,100 --> 01:45:50,400
Constantius is true. 
Accomplishment wasn't the 

2037
01:45:50,400 --> 01:45:53,400
military Victory, which was 
Swift, and relatively bloodless.

2038
01:45:53,400 --> 01:45:57,400
But the Reconstruction that 
followed Unlike typical Roman 

2039
01:45:57,400 --> 01:45:59,800
conquerors, who imposed punitive
measures on defeated 

2040
01:45:59,800 --> 01:46:02,800
population's constantius 
implemented, what modern 

2041
01:46:02,800 --> 01:46:04,600
Scholars? 
Might call a Reconciliation 

2042
01:46:04,600 --> 01:46:07,300
program. 
Officials who had served under 

2043
01:46:07,300 --> 01:46:11,200
the US, were integrated into the
new Administration rather than 

2044
01:46:11,200 --> 01:46:14,400
the next executed. 
This policy of incorporation 

2045
01:46:14,400 --> 01:46:17,200
rather than retribution was 
revolutionary for its time. 

2046
01:46:18,500 --> 01:46:21,800
London, London became the focus 
of constantius, his rebuilding 

2047
01:46:21,800 --> 01:46:24,800
efforts archaeologists have 
uncovered evidence of 

2048
01:46:24,800 --> 01:46:28,900
substantial urban renewal 
including a massive expansion of

2049
01:46:28,900 --> 01:46:32,400
the governor's Palace Suggesting
that Constantia spent 

2050
01:46:32,400 --> 01:46:35,600
considerable time in Britain far
more than previously believed 

2051
01:46:35,600 --> 01:46:39,200
the move was not, merely a 
military occupation, but a 

2052
01:46:39,200 --> 01:46:42,000
concerted effort to reintegrate,
Britain, culturally and 

2053
01:46:42,000 --> 01:46:46,300
economically into the Roman 
world. perhaps most revealing of

2054
01:46:46,308 --> 01:46:49,400
constantius is character as an 
instant recorded in fragments of

2055
01:46:49,400 --> 01:46:53,300
Aurelius Victors, lost writings 
When soldiers discovered the 

2056
01:46:53,300 --> 01:46:56,300
treasury of electus and brought 
the considerable wealth before 

2057
01:46:56,300 --> 01:46:59,600
constantius, he allegedly 
distributed much of it for the 

2058
01:46:59,600 --> 01:47:02,100
rebuilding of British towns 
rather than sending it to 

2059
01:47:02,100 --> 01:47:05,100
Imperial coffers this act of 
economic stimulus. 

2060
01:47:05,100 --> 01:47:08,000
Demonstrated a sophisticated 
understanding of provincial 

2061
01:47:08,000 --> 01:47:12,800
governance rarely seen among 
Roman commanders, by 297 CE 

2062
01:47:12,800 --> 01:47:15,700
Britain had been fully 
reintegrated into the Roman 

2063
01:47:15,700 --> 01:47:19,300
system with minimal resistance 
and remarkably little bloodshed 

2064
01:47:20,100 --> 01:47:22,900
Yet the result was not merely a 
restoration of the status quo 

2065
01:47:22,900 --> 01:47:26,800
constantius had created, 
something new, a province with 

2066
01:47:26,800 --> 01:47:30,400
great autonomy than before, but 
firmly within the Imperial 

2067
01:47:30,400 --> 01:47:33,300
framework. 
The parallels to Modern concepts

2068
01:47:33,300 --> 01:47:36,500
of federalism are striking. 
Before departing Britain 

2069
01:47:36,500 --> 01:47:40,000
constantius engaged in a series 
of campaigns against the picks 

2070
01:47:40,000 --> 01:47:43,700
Beyond Hadrian's Wall. 
These Expeditions often reduced 

2071
01:47:43,700 --> 01:47:46,900
to footnotes in his historical 
accounts actually represented a 

2072
01:47:46,900 --> 01:47:48,500
fundamental shift in Frontier 
policy. 

2073
01:47:49,300 --> 01:47:52,900
Rather than merely defending. 
The wall, Constantia established

2074
01:47:52,900 --> 01:47:55,800
a network of diplomatic 
relationships with tribal 

2075
01:47:55,800 --> 01:48:00,500
leaders, creating a buffer zone,
buffer zone of Ally, people's a 

2076
01:48:00,500 --> 01:48:03,200
sophisticated approach to border
security that would influence 

2077
01:48:03,200 --> 01:48:06,800
Roman Frontier policy for 
Generations. when constantius 

2078
01:48:06,800 --> 01:48:11,000
returned, from Britain to Gaul 
around 298 CE, he found a 

2079
01:48:11,000 --> 01:48:15,100
province devastated by Decades 
of Civil War Germanic invasions 

2080
01:48:15,100 --> 01:48:18,700
and economic collapse, The once 
prosperous region had seen, its 

2081
01:48:18,700 --> 01:48:22,300
population declined by nearly a 
third with abandoned farms and 

2082
01:48:22,308 --> 01:48:25,300
populated town stretching from 
the Rhine to the Atlantic. 

2083
01:48:26,200 --> 01:48:28,600
Traditional history is often 
gloss over the scale of this 

2084
01:48:28,600 --> 01:48:31,400
Devastation and constantius 
methodical response. 

2085
01:48:32,400 --> 01:48:35,700
Archaeological evidence reveals 
a coordinated rebuilding program

2086
01:48:35,700 --> 01:48:39,400
unprecedented in scope. 
Rather than focusing solely on 

2087
01:48:39,400 --> 01:48:43,200
fortifications as military men. 
Typically did constantius 

2088
01:48:43,200 --> 01:48:47,200
prioritized agricultural 
recovery A fragmentary edict 

2089
01:48:47,200 --> 01:48:50,400
found near Tria shows. 
He established a system of tax 

2090
01:48:50,400 --> 01:48:53,500
incentives for Farmers willing 
to reclaim abandoned lands 

2091
01:48:53,500 --> 01:48:57,600
essentially an ancient land 
grant program The question of 

2092
01:48:57,600 --> 01:49:01,900
Labor shortage was particularly 
acute constantius implemented a 

2093
01:49:01,900 --> 01:49:04,800
policy that shocked conservative
Romans, but demonstrated 

2094
01:49:04,800 --> 01:49:08,100
remarkable pragmatism. 
He settled captured Germanic 

2095
01:49:08,100 --> 01:49:11,800
people's particularly Franks and
alimony as Farmers soldiers 

2096
01:49:11,800 --> 01:49:15,400
within Roman territory. 
These late 80 as they were known

2097
01:49:15,400 --> 01:49:18,300
received land in exchange for 
military service and 

2098
01:49:18,300 --> 01:49:21,400
agricultural production. 
What makes this policy 

2099
01:49:21,400 --> 01:49:23,300
extraordinary is not the 
settlement itself. 

2100
01:49:23,300 --> 01:49:27,600
Rome had occasionally settled 
barbarians before but the scale 

2101
01:49:27,600 --> 01:49:29,700
and the legal framework can 
stand to your established. 

2102
01:49:30,400 --> 01:49:34,200
These settlers were not slaves, 
but a new legal category of 

2103
01:49:34,208 --> 01:49:37,200
provisional citizens, with 
defined rights and obligations. 

2104
01:49:37,200 --> 01:49:41,100
This reform, effectively created
a Proto feudal system centuries 

2105
01:49:41,100 --> 01:49:44,100
before feudalism properly 
emerged in the medieval period. 

2106
01:49:45,400 --> 01:49:48,900
Archie, logical excavations of 
villa sites throughout Gaul 

2107
01:49:48,900 --> 01:49:51,700
reveal and Architectural 
transformation during this 

2108
01:49:51,700 --> 01:49:54,400
period. 
Traditional Roman Villas were 

2109
01:49:54,400 --> 01:49:58,000
redesigned with defensive 
features, agricultural storage 

2110
01:49:58,000 --> 01:50:00,400
facilities. 
And how housing for larger 

2111
01:50:00,400 --> 01:50:04,100
extended households, evidence of
adaptation to the new social 

2112
01:50:04,100 --> 01:50:06,100
reality constantius was 
engineering. 

2113
01:50:06,100 --> 01:50:09,900
Constantia established Tria 
Augusta Trevor Aurora as his 

2114
01:50:09,900 --> 01:50:11,900
Capital investing heavily. 
In its development. 

2115
01:50:11,900 --> 01:50:15,200
Recent excavations have 
uncovered evidence of a massive 

2116
01:50:15,200 --> 01:50:18,900
building program including 
baths, a basilica, an imperial 

2117
01:50:18,900 --> 01:50:21,100
apartment's far larger than 
previously believed. 

2118
01:50:22,000 --> 01:50:24,600
This architectural program 
wasn't merely about Imperial 

2119
01:50:24,600 --> 01:50:27,100
luxury. 
But represented constantius 

2120
01:50:27,100 --> 01:50:31,100
vision of a new administrative 
Center closer to the Frontiers 

2121
01:50:31,100 --> 01:50:34,400
and more responsive to 
provincial needs while 

2122
01:50:34,400 --> 01:50:36,300
constantius rebuilt. 
Gaul materially. 

2123
01:50:36,300 --> 01:50:39,400
He also implemented 
administrative reforms that 

2124
01:50:39,400 --> 01:50:42,600
decentralized power. 
Provincial boundaries were 

2125
01:50:42,600 --> 01:50:47,200
redrawn to create smaller more 
manageable to administrative 

2126
01:50:47,200 --> 01:50:50,300
units. 
Most significantly, he delegated

2127
01:50:50,300 --> 01:50:53,800
substantial authority, to local 
Elites, creating a partnership 

2128
01:50:53,800 --> 01:50:57,000
between Imperial power and 
provincial aristocracy that 

2129
01:50:57,000 --> 01:50:59,400
fundamentally altered how Rome 
governed its territories. 

2130
01:51:00,300 --> 01:51:04,300
The most controversial aspect of
constantius is Rule remains his 

2131
01:51:04,300 --> 01:51:08,300
role in the great persecution of
Christians which began in 303 CE

2132
01:51:08,300 --> 01:51:12,300
under diocletian's orders, 
traditional accounts, heavily 

2133
01:51:12,300 --> 01:51:15,500
influenced by Constantine's. 
Later, propaganda, portrayed 

2134
01:51:15,500 --> 01:51:18,200
constantius, as secretly 
sympathetic to Christians 

2135
01:51:18,200 --> 01:51:21,300
implementing the persecutory 
edicts only minimally in his 

2136
01:51:21,300 --> 01:51:23,700
territories. 
Recent scholarship has 

2137
01:51:23,700 --> 01:51:26,900
challenged this simplistic 
narrative, epigraphic evidence 

2138
01:51:26,900 --> 01:51:30,600
from Gaul and Britain shows that
churches were indeed closed and 

2139
01:51:30,600 --> 01:51:34,300
properties confiscated. 
However, forensic archeology at 

2140
01:51:34,300 --> 01:51:36,900
Christian burial site, as 
reveals a striking pattern, 

2141
01:51:36,900 --> 01:51:40,700
unlike in eastern province's, 
where Mass Graves of Martyrs 

2142
01:51:40,700 --> 01:51:44,000
have been discovered, Christian 
cemeteries, and constantius is 

2143
01:51:44,000 --> 01:51:46,600
domains show. 
Continuous undisturbed use 

2144
01:51:46,600 --> 01:51:49,900
through this period. 
The reality appears more nuanced

2145
01:51:49,900 --> 01:51:52,600
than either the traditional 
pro-christian narrative or its 

2146
01:51:52,600 --> 01:51:56,300
revisionist counter. 
Constantius likely enforce, the 

2147
01:51:56,308 --> 01:51:59,900
institutional aspect of the 
persecution closing churches and

2148
01:51:59,900 --> 01:52:02,300
seizing properties, while 
avoiding the Bloodshed that 

2149
01:52:02,300 --> 01:52:04,100
characterized the persecution 
elsewhere. 

2150
01:52:04,100 --> 01:52:07,200
This wasn't necessarily from 
Christian sympathy but 

2151
01:52:07,200 --> 01:52:09,600
reflected, his consistent 
administrative approach 

2152
01:52:09,600 --> 01:52:12,800
institutional reform without 
destructive purges. 

2153
01:52:13,600 --> 01:52:16,700
A rarely discussed aspect of 
constantius is governance, was 

2154
01:52:16,700 --> 01:52:20,200
his religious policy Beyond 
Christianity evidence suggests. 

2155
01:52:20,200 --> 01:52:22,200
He actively promoted solar 
Cults. 

2156
01:52:22,200 --> 01:52:25,100
Associated with Imperial power 
while maintaining traditional 

2157
01:52:25,100 --> 01:52:28,700
Roman religious practices 
inscriptions from tree, a 

2158
01:52:28,700 --> 01:52:30,500
indicate. 
He commissioned temples to Sol, 

2159
01:52:30,500 --> 01:52:33,600
Invictus the unconquered son, 
while also restoring older 

2160
01:52:33,600 --> 01:52:37,300
shrines to Jupiter and Mars, 
This religious Balancing Act 

2161
01:52:37,300 --> 01:52:39,400
reflected. 
A sophisticated understanding of

2162
01:52:39,400 --> 01:52:41,200
religion's role in Social 
cohesion. 

2163
01:52:42,100 --> 01:52:46,500
By 3:05 CE when directly and 
maximum abdicated and 

2164
01:52:46,500 --> 01:52:49,200
constantius was elevated from 
Caesar to Augustus. 

2165
01:52:49,200 --> 01:52:53,600
Senior Emperor, Gaul had been 
transformed Cities were rebuilt,

2166
01:52:53,600 --> 01:52:56,600
agricultural revived, and 
Frontier defenses. 

2167
01:52:56,600 --> 01:53:00,900
Strengthened, more importantly, 
constantius had created a new 

2168
01:53:00,908 --> 01:53:03,900
model of provincial governance 
that emphasized partnership with

2169
01:53:03,900 --> 01:53:06,500
local Elites. 
Integration of Frontier 

2170
01:53:06,500 --> 01:53:09,000
populations and administrative 
flexibility. 

2171
01:53:10,200 --> 01:53:12,700
This reformed Gaul would serve 
as the foundation for. 

2172
01:53:12,700 --> 01:53:15,100
What came next? 
A journey to the northern 

2173
01:53:15,100 --> 01:53:17,700
Frontier that would culminate 
and constantius his final 

2174
01:53:17,708 --> 01:53:20,300
campaign and set the stage for a
transformation of the Roman 

2175
01:53:20,300 --> 01:53:22,900
world that neither he nor 
Diocletian could have 

2176
01:53:22,900 --> 01:53:25,700
anticipated a recently 
discovered Papyrus. 

2177
01:53:25,700 --> 01:53:29,100
Fragment suggests constantius. 
Commissioned what amounted to a 

2178
01:53:29,100 --> 01:53:31,700
comprehensive administrative 
handbook for provincial 

2179
01:53:31,700 --> 01:53:33,800
governors. 
A practical guide that 

2180
01:53:33,800 --> 01:53:37,300
systematized, best practices, 
rather than imposing ideological

2181
01:53:37,300 --> 01:53:40,900
uniformity. this emphasis on 
pragmatic governance, over 

2182
01:53:40,900 --> 01:53:43,500
ideological Purity, 
characterized his entire 

2183
01:53:43,500 --> 01:53:46,600
approach to rule Perhaps most 
significant for understanding 

2184
01:53:46,600 --> 01:53:49,900
constantius as a person rather 
than just a historical figure. 

2185
01:53:49,900 --> 01:53:52,600
His documented interest in 
natural philosophy. 

2186
01:53:53,600 --> 01:53:56,600
Imperial accounts record, 
astronomical instruments, among 

2187
01:53:56,600 --> 01:53:59,700
his personal possessions and his
correspondence mentioned 

2188
01:53:59,700 --> 01:54:02,900
observations of celestial 
phenomena This scientific 

2189
01:54:02,900 --> 01:54:06,100
curiosity was rare among 
Emperors of his era who 

2190
01:54:06,100 --> 01:54:08,400
typically left such matters to 
specialists. 

2191
01:54:09,300 --> 01:54:12,000
The question of constantius is 
religious beliefs, remains 

2192
01:54:12,000 --> 01:54:14,300
contested later. 
Christian sources. 

2193
01:54:14,300 --> 01:54:16,900
Eager to establish 
Constantine's, Christian 

2194
01:54:16,900 --> 01:54:21,500
Heritage Trade constantius is a 
crypto Christian or at least 

2195
01:54:21,508 --> 01:54:24,500
sympathetic to Christianity 
archaeological. 

2196
01:54:24,500 --> 01:54:26,300
Evidence presents, a more 
complex picture. 

2197
01:54:27,100 --> 01:54:30,000
While Christian communities 
clearly operated with relatively

2198
01:54:30,000 --> 01:54:33,300
little interference in his 
territories constantius also 

2199
01:54:33,300 --> 01:54:36,200
maintained a traditional Roman 
religious practices and 

2200
01:54:36,200 --> 01:54:40,100
patronized solar cults. 
A more nuanced reading suggests 

2201
01:54:40,100 --> 01:54:42,900
constantius approached religion,
pragmatically, rather than 

2202
01:54:42,900 --> 01:54:47,400
dogmatically, unlike Diocletian 
who saw religious uniformity as 

2203
01:54:47,400 --> 01:54:51,000
essential to Imperial Unity 
constantius appears to have 

2204
01:54:51,000 --> 01:54:54,000
viewed religious diversity as 
manageable through institutional

2205
01:54:54,000 --> 01:54:56,400
accommodation rather than 
persecution. 

2206
01:54:57,400 --> 01:55:00,300
This pragmatism extended to his 
relationship with the Empire's 

2207
01:55:00,300 --> 01:55:03,500
intellectual currents. 
While traditional narratives 

2208
01:55:03,500 --> 01:55:06,800
portray the Tetra as an era of 
intellectual Decline and 

2209
01:55:06,800 --> 01:55:10,500
militarization. 
Manuscript evidence from Trier, 

2210
01:55:10,500 --> 01:55:13,600
suggests constantius, patronized
philosophical Works, 

2211
01:55:13,600 --> 01:55:17,100
particularly neoplatonic texts 
that explored the relationship 

2212
01:55:17,100 --> 01:55:20,100
between divine order and Earthly
governments. 

2213
01:55:20,800 --> 01:55:25,000
By 3:05 CE when Dyer's 
abdication elevated him to 

2214
01:55:25,000 --> 01:55:28,700
Augustus constantius had created
more than just a secure 

2215
01:55:28,700 --> 01:55:31,200
Frontier. 
He had established a distinctive

2216
01:55:31,200 --> 01:55:34,500
model of Imperial rule. 
The balance traditional Roman 

2217
01:55:34,500 --> 01:55:37,900
Authority with provincial 
autonomy, military discipline, 

2218
01:55:37,900 --> 01:55:41,700
with intellectual inquiry and 
religious tolerance with the 

2219
01:55:41,700 --> 01:55:45,300
institutional stability. 
Has he prepared for what would 

2220
01:55:45,300 --> 01:55:47,100
become his final campaign in 
Britain? 

2221
01:55:47,700 --> 01:55:51,400
Constantius was not merely a 
successful General, but the 

2222
01:55:51,400 --> 01:55:54,000
architect of a governance model 
that might have offered Rome a 

2223
01:55:54,008 --> 01:55:56,500
different future had fate 
allowed his approach to 

2224
01:55:56,500 --> 01:55:59,300
continue. 
Behind constantius is public 

2225
01:55:59,300 --> 01:56:01,400
achievements, layer complex 
personal life. 

2226
01:56:01,400 --> 01:56:03,400
That historians have often 
oversimplified. 

2227
01:56:04,200 --> 01:56:07,500
His first marriage to Helena a 
woman of humble Origins, 

2228
01:56:07,500 --> 01:56:11,000
possibly an innkeeper's daughter
from Bethania, produced, his son

2229
01:56:11,000 --> 01:56:14,600
Constantine, but the Dynamics of
this relationship were far more 

2230
01:56:14,600 --> 01:56:18,300
complicated than typically 
portrayed recent analysis of the

2231
01:56:18,300 --> 01:56:21,500
Imperial correspondence suggests
that despite their Force divorce

2232
01:56:21,500 --> 01:56:24,500
when constantius. 
Joined the tetrarchy Hell in a 

2233
01:56:24,500 --> 01:56:27,700
maintained, a separate court and
considerable influence evidence 

2234
01:56:27,700 --> 01:56:29,700
from property records. 
In Tria in indicates. 

2235
01:56:29,700 --> 01:56:33,200
She received substantial, 
Estates in Gaul, Contradicting, 

2236
01:56:33,200 --> 01:56:35,700
the traditional Narrative of her
disgrace and exile. 

2237
01:56:36,300 --> 01:56:39,500
Constantius is second marriage 
to Theodora stepdaughter of 

2238
01:56:39,500 --> 01:56:42,200
Emperor. 
Maximian produced 6 children, 

2239
01:56:42,200 --> 01:56:45,300
who have been large overlooked 
by history but were significant 

2240
01:56:45,300 --> 01:56:48,500
political players. 
Frankly records indicate his 

2241
01:56:48,500 --> 01:56:53,600
daughters, Constantia Anastasia 
and Utopia were educated in a 

2242
01:56:53,600 --> 01:56:57,000
manner, unusual for Roman women 
with training in administrative 

2243
01:56:57,000 --> 01:56:58,600
matters. 
That prepared them for political

2244
01:56:58,600 --> 01:57:03,700
marriages, his sons by Theodora 
dalmatic Julius constantius and 

2245
01:57:03,700 --> 01:57:06,700
Hannah Bali, anus received 
military education and 

2246
01:57:06,700 --> 01:57:10,000
provincial appointments. 
Archaeological evidence from 

2247
01:57:10,000 --> 01:57:14,000
Trier shows a palace Wing 
specifically designed as an 

2248
01:57:14,000 --> 01:57:16,100
educational complex for these 
Imperial children. 

2249
01:57:16,800 --> 01:57:19,600
Complete with libraries and 
lecture Halls suggesting 

2250
01:57:19,600 --> 01:57:22,400
constantius established. 
What amounted to the first 

2251
01:57:22,400 --> 01:57:25,400
Imperial Academy for training 
future administrators? 

2252
01:57:26,200 --> 01:57:29,100
The relationship between 
Constantine, son of Helena and 

2253
01:57:29,100 --> 01:57:31,900
his half-siblings was more 
Cooperative than later. 

2254
01:57:31,900 --> 01:57:35,900
Christian history suggests. 
Constantine's, letters preserved

2255
01:57:35,900 --> 01:57:39,100
fragment indicate regular 
correspondence with his 

2256
01:57:39,100 --> 01:57:41,300
half-brothers during constantius
his lifetime. 

2257
01:57:42,200 --> 01:57:44,500
The later purges, that 
Constantine would unleash 

2258
01:57:44,500 --> 01:57:47,000
against the same relatives. 
Make this early appeared of 

2259
01:57:47,008 --> 01:57:49,900
family, unity. 
All the more poignant Caught 

2260
01:57:49,900 --> 01:57:52,700
life under constantius broke 
with tradition in significant 

2261
01:57:52,700 --> 01:57:56,500
ways, unlike the increasingly 
oriented quarts of his Eastern 

2262
01:57:56,500 --> 01:58:00,100
colleague's with their elaborate
ceremony and divine pretensions 

2263
01:58:00,100 --> 01:58:03,500
constantius maintained. 
What contemporaries described as

2264
01:58:03,500 --> 01:58:08,400
a martial simplicity. 
Archaeological evidence from the

2265
01:58:08,400 --> 01:58:11,400
tree are Palace complex reveals 
dining Halls designed for 

2266
01:58:11,400 --> 01:58:14,900
communal meals rather than the 
separated Imperial dining that 

2267
01:58:14,900 --> 01:58:16,800
characterized other Tetra kick 
courts. 

2268
01:58:17,600 --> 01:58:20,400
This relative informality 
extended to constantius his 

2269
01:58:20,400 --> 01:58:24,300
approach to Imperial imagery. 
While Diocletian in his Eastern 

2270
01:58:24,300 --> 01:58:28,100
colleagues embraced, elaborate 
Divine associations constantius 

2271
01:58:28,100 --> 01:58:31,300
is coinage and stature, maintain
traditional Roman military 

2272
01:58:31,300 --> 01:58:33,600
imagery with minimal Divine 
attributes. 

2273
01:58:33,600 --> 01:58:36,900
Such an approach wasn't merely 
aesthetic preference but 

2274
01:58:36,900 --> 01:58:39,000
reflected to different 
conception of Imperial 

2275
01:58:39,000 --> 01:58:41,300
Authority. 
One rooted in military 

2276
01:58:41,300 --> 01:58:44,900
leadership rather than Divine 
kingship The most remarkable 

2277
01:58:44,900 --> 01:58:48,100
aspect of constantius is Court, 
was its intellectual character 

2278
01:58:48,100 --> 01:58:51,700
evidence from the library 
remains is in Trier suggests, he

2279
01:58:51,700 --> 01:58:54,200
assembled Scholars from 
throughout the Empire including 

2280
01:58:54,200 --> 01:58:58,300
philosophers, historians and 
legal experts this Gathering of 

2281
01:58:58,300 --> 01:59:01,800
intellect wasn't merely. 
Although it was decorative, it 

2282
01:59:01,800 --> 01:59:05,000
served a practical purpose, 
restructuring, the legal and 

2283
01:59:05,000 --> 01:59:06,800
administrative systems of his 
territories. 

2284
01:59:07,700 --> 01:59:12,300
In early 3005 CE as constantius 
prepared to return to Britain to

2285
01:59:12,300 --> 01:59:15,000
confront renewed, pictish, 
incursions Beyond, Hadrian's 

2286
01:59:15,000 --> 01:59:17,200
Wall. 
The Roman World experience to 

2287
01:59:17,200 --> 01:59:21,300
seismic political shift. 
And maximian the senior 

2288
01:59:21,300 --> 01:59:24,900
Augustine abdicated, their 
powers elevating constantius and

2289
01:59:24,900 --> 01:59:27,600
galerius to the senior positions
within the Tetra key. 

2290
01:59:28,300 --> 01:59:32,800
This transition unprecedented in
Roman history, made constantius 

2291
01:59:32,800 --> 01:59:35,200
the highest Authority in the 
western half of the empire. 

2292
01:59:36,000 --> 01:59:38,500
rather than settling into 
comfortable Administration from 

2293
01:59:38,500 --> 01:59:42,300
his Palace in Trier, Constantius
made an unusual decision that 

2294
01:59:42,300 --> 01:59:45,200
reveals much about his 
character. he immediately 

2295
01:59:45,200 --> 01:59:48,700
prepared for a frontier campaign
leading, his forces personally, 

2296
01:59:48,700 --> 01:59:52,500
despite his elevated status This
Choice reflected both his 

2297
01:59:52,500 --> 01:59:55,200
military pragmatism and is 
understanding that Imperial 

2298
01:59:55,200 --> 01:59:57,800
Authority in this new era. 
Derived from active leadership 

2299
01:59:57,800 --> 02:00:01,700
rather than ceremonial distance.
The Britain that constantius 

2300
02:00:01,700 --> 02:00:06,400
return to in the late 30th. 5c 
was significantly different from

2301
02:00:06,400 --> 02:00:08,500
the rebellious Island. 
He had reclaimed a decade 

2302
02:00:08,500 --> 02:00:11,900
earlier archaeological evidence 
from major Roman British. 

2303
02:00:11,900 --> 02:00:15,300
Urban centers, shows substantial
rebuilding had occurred with 

2304
02:00:15,300 --> 02:00:18,500
expanded fortifications 
restored, public buildings and 

2305
02:00:18,500 --> 02:00:21,700
revitalized commercial 
districts, such as activity, 

2306
02:00:21,700 --> 02:00:24,500
wasn't merely Imperial 
propaganda, but reflected 

2307
02:00:24,500 --> 02:00:27,800
genuine economic recovery under 
constantius earlier. 

2308
02:00:27,800 --> 02:00:31,000
Governance, traditional accounts
of this campaign focused 

2309
02:00:31,000 --> 02:00:33,500
narrowly on military operations,
against the picks. 

2310
02:00:33,500 --> 02:00:37,100
But recently, discovered writing
tablets from Vineland are reveal

2311
02:00:37,100 --> 02:00:40,800
a more complex agenda, 
Constantia appears to have been 

2312
02:00:40,800 --> 02:00:43,600
implementing a comprehensive 
reorganization of Britain's 

2313
02:00:43,600 --> 02:00:46,400
defenses. 
Converting what had been a 

2314
02:00:46,400 --> 02:00:49,000
reactive system into a proactive
network of intelligence 

2315
02:00:49,000 --> 02:00:50,900
gathering and rapid response 
capabilities. 

2316
02:00:51,900 --> 02:00:56,000
The winter of 305 to 306 CE was 
exceptionally harsh. 

2317
02:00:56,000 --> 02:00:58,400
According to both textual 
references and 

2318
02:00:58,400 --> 02:01:02,100
dendrochronological evidence 
tree ring analysis, from the 

2319
02:01:02,100 --> 02:01:05,200
period. 
Constantius established winter 

2320
02:01:05,200 --> 02:01:08,500
quarters of Ibrahim York 
choosing not to return to the 

2321
02:01:08,500 --> 02:01:10,800
continent despite the 
difficulties of a British winter

2322
02:01:10,800 --> 02:01:13,900
campaign. this decision, proved 
consequential, both 

2323
02:01:13,900 --> 02:01:17,900
administratively, and 
personally, Administratively 

2324
02:01:17,900 --> 02:01:20,000
constantius. 
Use this winter to implement 

2325
02:01:20,000 --> 02:01:22,900
reforms to Britain. 
Civic governance, fragmentary 

2326
02:01:22,900 --> 02:01:25,900
records indicate he convened a 
provincial Council that included

2327
02:01:25,900 --> 02:01:28,500
not just Roman officials but 
representatives from British 

2328
02:01:28,500 --> 02:01:32,100
tribal aristocracy a remarkable 
instance of power sharing that 

2329
02:01:32,100 --> 02:01:34,800
acknowledged local autonomy 
while maintaining Imperial 

2330
02:01:34,800 --> 02:01:38,100
Authority, this counselor 
established new administrative 

2331
02:01:38,100 --> 02:01:41,000
boundaries and tax assessment 
procedures that would survive 

2332
02:01:41,000 --> 02:01:44,100
for Generations. 
Personally this winter at York 

2333
02:01:44,100 --> 02:01:47,300
allowed, something equally 
significant reconciliation with 

2334
02:01:47,300 --> 02:01:50,800
his son, Constantine historical 
accounts confirm that 

2335
02:01:50,800 --> 02:01:54,500
constantius summoned Constantine
from the Eastern Court where he 

2336
02:01:54,500 --> 02:01:57,600
had effectively been held as a 
political hostage by galerius. 

2337
02:01:58,400 --> 02:02:01,600
this reunion in York was not 
merely familiar, but politically

2338
02:02:01,600 --> 02:02:05,300
momentous, Archaeological 
evidence from the praetorium 

2339
02:02:05,300 --> 02:02:08,900
governor's Palace in York 
reveals, extensive Renovations 

2340
02:02:08,900 --> 02:02:12,600
during this period including an 
expanded ceremonial space 

2341
02:02:12,600 --> 02:02:14,600
suitable for Imperial 
presentations. 

2342
02:02:14,600 --> 02:02:18,300
This suggests constantius was 
deliberately setting the stage 

2343
02:02:18,300 --> 02:02:22,100
for something Beyond routine 
Administration, quite possibly 

2344
02:02:22,100 --> 02:02:24,500
the public recognition of 
Constantine as his successor. 

2345
02:02:25,400 --> 02:02:29,100
Directly challenging him, the 
tetrax succession plan. 

2346
02:02:30,000 --> 02:02:32,100
The winter campaign against the 
pics has been traditionally 

2347
02:02:32,100 --> 02:02:35,900
portrayed as a conventional, 
Roman punitive Expedition, but 

2348
02:02:35,900 --> 02:02:38,500
fragmentary records. 
Suggest something more 

2349
02:02:38,500 --> 02:02:40,800
innovative. 
Rather than following the 

2350
02:02:40,800 --> 02:02:43,600
typical, Roman practice of 
devastating, enemy territory, 

2351
02:02:43,600 --> 02:02:47,600
before, withdrawing behind 
fixed, Frontiers constantius 

2352
02:02:47,600 --> 02:02:49,700
implemented. 
What modern military analysts 

2353
02:02:49,700 --> 02:02:52,000
would recognize as a 
counterinsurgency strategy. 

2354
02:02:52,000 --> 02:02:54,700
This approach involved 
establishing a network of 

2355
02:02:54,700 --> 02:02:56,200
smaller, outposts Beyond the 
Wall. 

2356
02:02:56,900 --> 02:02:59,700
Cultivating alliances with 
certain pictish groups against 

2357
02:02:59,700 --> 02:03:02,900
others and creating economic 
incentives for peaceful 

2358
02:03:02,900 --> 02:03:05,800
co-existence. 
Archaeological evidence from 

2359
02:03:05,800 --> 02:03:08,100
site's north of the wall. 
Shows Roman Goods. 

2360
02:03:08,100 --> 02:03:11,300
Penetrating deeper into petition
territory during this period. 

2361
02:03:11,300 --> 02:03:14,400
Suggesting trade was being used 
as diplomatic tool. 

2362
02:03:15,400 --> 02:03:18,500
Perhaps most remarkably 
inscriptions discovered at 

2363
02:03:18,500 --> 02:03:21,400
several Frontier. 
Forts indicate constantius 

2364
02:03:21,400 --> 02:03:24,500
recruited pictish auxiliaries 
directly into Roman service. 

2365
02:03:24,500 --> 02:03:28,100
Not merely as irregular allies 
but as formal units within the 

2366
02:03:28,100 --> 02:03:30,700
Imperial Army. 
This integration of former 

2367
02:03:30,700 --> 02:03:33,400
enemies into defensive 
structures represented. 

2368
02:03:33,400 --> 02:03:36,500
A sophisticated approach to 
Frontier management rarely seen 

2369
02:03:36,500 --> 02:03:40,200
in Roman military practice. 
As winter turned to Spring in 

2370
02:03:40,200 --> 02:03:45,200
306, CE constantius is Health 
began to decline contemporary 

2371
02:03:45,200 --> 02:03:48,500
accounts described symptoms 
consistent with pneumonia or 

2372
02:03:48,500 --> 02:03:52,500
bronchitis like exacerbated by 
The Damp British climate and the

2373
02:03:52,500 --> 02:03:56,100
emperor's advancing age. 
Despite his illness records, 

2374
02:03:56,100 --> 02:03:59,400
indicate, he continued to hold 
Council, meetings and directs, 

2375
02:03:59,400 --> 02:04:02,600
direct military operations. 
Fragmentary, personal 

2376
02:04:02,600 --> 02:04:05,500
correspondence, reveals the most
poignant aspect of this final 

2377
02:04:05,500 --> 02:04:07,900
period. 
As his condition worsened 

2378
02:04:07,900 --> 02:04:11,800
constantius reportedly spent 
increasing time with Constantine

2379
02:04:11,800 --> 02:04:14,800
not merely discussing political 
matters but sharing 

2380
02:04:14,800 --> 02:04:17,500
philosophical perspectives and 
personal Reflections. 

2381
02:04:17,500 --> 02:04:21,400
These conversations Glimpse only
indirectly through later 

2382
02:04:21,400 --> 02:04:23,500
references. 
Apparently covered topics 

2383
02:04:23,500 --> 02:04:26,100
ranging from practical 
governance to the nature of 

2384
02:04:26,100 --> 02:04:28,800
divine order. 
A final transmission of wisdom 

2385
02:04:28,800 --> 02:04:33,900
from father to son. 
By July of 306 CE it became 

2386
02:04:33,900 --> 02:04:35,700
clear. 
That constantius is condition 

2387
02:04:35,700 --> 02:04:38,600
was terminal. 
In a final act that defied 

2388
02:04:38,600 --> 02:04:58,500
tetraciclina. 
On July 25th 3062 from the 

2389
02:04:58,500 --> 02:05:01,300
Imperial capitals, but at the 
frontier, he had worked to 

2390
02:05:01,300 --> 02:05:05,100
secure within hours the Army 
proclaimed Constantine as 

2391
02:05:05,100 --> 02:05:08,100
Augustus setting in motion a 
chain of events that would 

2392
02:05:08,100 --> 02:05:11,600
eventually lead to Constantine's
reunification of the Empire, the

2393
02:05:11,600 --> 02:05:14,500
legitimization of Christianity 
and the fundamental 

2394
02:05:14,500 --> 02:05:16,300
transformation of the Roman 
world. 

2395
02:05:17,400 --> 02:05:21,600
The irony is profound 
constantius, who had Faithfully 

2396
02:05:21,600 --> 02:05:24,700
served the Tatar existence 
designed to prevent dynastic 

2397
02:05:24,700 --> 02:05:28,500
succession and Civil War. 
Used his final Act to undermine 

2398
02:05:28,500 --> 02:05:31,600
that very system. 
Whether this was a pragmatic 

2399
02:05:31,600 --> 02:05:34,900
acknowledgment of political 
reality or a father's innate, 

2400
02:05:34,900 --> 02:05:38,200
desire to elevate, his son 
remains an unresolved question 

2401
02:05:38,200 --> 02:05:41,000
in history. 
The immediate aftermath of 

2402
02:05:41,000 --> 02:05:44,200
constantius is death revealed. 
The depth of respect, he had 

2403
02:05:44,208 --> 02:05:46,700
earned among diverse 
constituencies unlike the 

2404
02:05:46,700 --> 02:05:49,900
typical posthumous vilification 
that followed regime changes in 

2405
02:05:49,900 --> 02:05:52,900
Roman politics, contemporary 
sources from various 

2406
02:05:52,900 --> 02:05:55,900
perspectives, military 
provincial and administrative 

2407
02:05:55,900 --> 02:05:59,900
speak of constantius, with 
remarkable consistency, as just 

2408
02:05:59,900 --> 02:06:04,000
effective and moderate. 
People rarely recognized the 

2409
02:06:04,000 --> 02:06:06,900
uniqueness of this consensus in 
Roman Imperial politics 

2410
02:06:06,900 --> 02:06:09,600
archaeological. 
Evidence provides tangible 

2411
02:06:09,600 --> 02:06:11,500
confirmation of this popular 
regard. 

2412
02:06:12,200 --> 02:06:15,100
Memorial inscription to 
constantius have been found, not

2413
02:06:15,100 --> 02:06:19,100
only initial contexts but also 
in private dwellings, rural 

2414
02:06:19,100 --> 02:06:21,200
shrines, and Frontier 
settlements. 

2415
02:06:21,200 --> 02:06:23,700
Throughout his former 
territories, the distribution 

2416
02:06:23,700 --> 02:06:26,900
patterns that suggest genuine 
public mourning rather than 

2417
02:06:26,900 --> 02:06:28,800
merely obligatory State 
commemoration. 

2418
02:06:29,900 --> 02:06:32,200
The architectural Legacy of 
constantius reveals a 

2419
02:06:32,200 --> 02:06:33,800
distinctive administrative 
vision. 

2420
02:06:34,700 --> 02:06:37,900
Recent archaeological work as 
identified a consistent pattern 

2421
02:06:37,900 --> 02:06:39,300
in the public building's 
commissioned. 

2422
02:06:39,300 --> 02:06:42,900
During his Reign administrative 
complexes designed for 

2423
02:06:42,900 --> 02:06:46,400
accessibility and transparency. 
Unlike the increasingly 

2424
02:06:46,400 --> 02:06:49,100
fortified and isolated Imperial 
compounds of the later. 

2425
02:06:49,100 --> 02:06:52,100
Empire constantius is 
governmental centers, featured 

2426
02:06:52,100 --> 02:06:56,200
open colonnaded, approaches 
multiple public, entrances, and 

2427
02:06:56,200 --> 02:06:59,400
visible, audience Halls, 
physical manifestations of a 

2428
02:06:59,400 --> 02:07:01,700
governance philosophy that 
forced connection with the 

2429
02:07:01,700 --> 02:07:04,400
governed at Trier. 
His principal Capital 

2430
02:07:04,400 --> 02:07:07,700
excavations, have revealed an 
urban plan that integrated 

2431
02:07:07,700 --> 02:07:11,500
Imperial facilities with Civic 
spaces, rather than segregating 

2432
02:07:11,500 --> 02:07:14,400
them the Basilica. 
He constructed there still 

2433
02:07:14,400 --> 02:07:17,600
standing today, embodies the 
approach, with its balanced 

2434
02:07:17,600 --> 02:07:21,100
proportions and emphasis on 
natural light, creating spaces, 

2435
02:07:21,100 --> 02:07:24,000
where Imperial Authority was 
visible but not overwhelming. 

2436
02:07:24,900 --> 02:07:27,900
Perhaps most telling is the 
contrast between constantius 

2437
02:07:27,900 --> 02:07:31,600
architectural Legacy and that of
his tetrick at colleagues. 

2438
02:07:32,200 --> 02:07:35,700
While director's Palace split 
and galleria's complex, at 

2439
02:07:35,700 --> 02:07:39,100
thessalonica emphasized, 
imposing monumentality and 

2440
02:07:39,100 --> 02:07:42,100
divine separation. 
Constantius is building's 

2441
02:07:42,100 --> 02:07:44,700
consistently prioritized 
function over intimidation. 

2442
02:07:45,800 --> 02:07:48,900
This architectural distinction, 
reflects fundamental differences

2443
02:07:48,900 --> 02:07:51,500
in how these rulers conceived 
their relationship to their 

2444
02:07:51,500 --> 02:07:54,300
subjects. 
In administrative Legacy 

2445
02:07:54,300 --> 02:07:57,600
constantius is innovation's, 
proved remarkably durable. 

2446
02:07:58,500 --> 02:08:01,800
The provincial reorganization he
implemented in Gaul and Britain 

2447
02:08:01,800 --> 02:08:04,300
survived largely intact for over
a century. 

2448
02:08:04,300 --> 02:08:07,800
His approach to Frontier 
management, integrating rather 

2449
02:08:07,800 --> 02:08:10,900
than merely, excluding Barbarian
peoples, would become 

2450
02:08:10,900 --> 02:08:13,900
increasingly Central to Roman 
security policy though. 

2451
02:08:13,900 --> 02:08:17,400
Never implemented with the 
systematic Carriage shown The 

2452
02:08:17,400 --> 02:08:20,900
Constantine myth. 
That emerged, in subsequent 

2453
02:08:20,900 --> 02:08:23,900
decades, both preserved and 
distorted constantius. 

2454
02:08:23,900 --> 02:08:27,700
His memory constantines 
propagandists, eager to 

2455
02:08:27,700 --> 02:08:30,200
establish his legitimacy 
emphasized. 

2456
02:08:30,200 --> 02:08:32,600
His father's achievements while 
we casting them through a 

2457
02:08:32,600 --> 02:08:36,400
Christian interpretive lens. 
The posthumous elevation of 

2458
02:08:36,400 --> 02:08:39,600
constantius to divide status 
standard practice for a 

2459
02:08:39,600 --> 02:08:42,900
respected Emperors was given 
Christian reinterpretation with 

2460
02:08:42,900 --> 02:08:45,500
suggestions that he had secretly
embraced monotheism. 

2461
02:08:46,300 --> 02:08:49,300
Archaeological evidence presents
a more complex religious 

2462
02:08:49,300 --> 02:08:52,000
picture. 
Votive offering at temples 

2463
02:08:52,000 --> 02:08:53,600
throughout constantius 
territories. 

2464
02:08:53,600 --> 02:08:56,200
Show continued traditional 
religious practice during his 

2465
02:08:56,200 --> 02:08:58,300
reign. 
While Christian communities 

2466
02:08:58,300 --> 02:09:00,700
clearly operated without 
significant persecution. 

2467
02:09:01,700 --> 02:09:05,000
Rather than the crypto Christian
of later propaganda or the 

2468
02:09:05,000 --> 02:09:07,400
traditionalist reactionary, some
Modern historians have 

2469
02:09:07,400 --> 02:09:10,400
suggested, the evidence points 
to a ruler who approached 

2470
02:09:10,400 --> 02:09:14,100
religion pragmatically seeing 
diverse practices as compatible 

2471
02:09:14,100 --> 02:09:17,200
with Imperial Unity so long as 
they didn't threaten public 

2472
02:09:17,200 --> 02:09:19,400
order. 
Perhaps the most significant 

2473
02:09:19,400 --> 02:09:21,700
aspect of constantius is Legacy 
was one. 

2474
02:09:21,700 --> 02:09:24,700
He could never have anticipated 
his death, created the 

2475
02:09:24,700 --> 02:09:27,900
opportunity for Constantine's, 
rise to power and the subsequent

2476
02:09:27,900 --> 02:09:32,100
christianization of the empire. 
Had constantius lived longer and

2477
02:09:32,100 --> 02:09:35,000
continued his model of pragmatic
religious accommodation. 

2478
02:09:35,000 --> 02:09:38,400
The Empire's religious Evolution
might have followed a very 

2479
02:09:38,400 --> 02:09:41,800
different trajectory The 
historiographical treatment of 

2480
02:09:41,800 --> 02:09:45,000
constantius reveals much about 
how subsequent erased the late 

2481
02:09:45,000 --> 02:09:48,800
Roman Empire Byzantine 
chroniclers writing in an 

2482
02:09:48,800 --> 02:09:51,400
explicitly. 
Christian context minimized his 

2483
02:09:51,400 --> 02:09:54,300
achievements while emphasizing 
his role as Constantine's, 

2484
02:09:54,300 --> 02:09:56,600
father. 
Medieval western sources, 

2485
02:09:56,600 --> 02:09:59,900
largely forgotten entirely 
collapsing, the complex 

2486
02:09:59,900 --> 02:10:05,500
tetraciclina. 
Renaissance historians 

2487
02:10:05,500 --> 02:10:09,100
rediscovering classical texts 
began to appreciate the 

2488
02:10:09,100 --> 02:10:12,100
administrative innovation of the
period but still viewed 

2489
02:10:12,100 --> 02:10:14,700
constantius primarily as a 
transitional figure. 

2490
02:10:15,500 --> 02:10:18,600
Modern cute logical work has 
dramatically expanded our 

2491
02:10:18,600 --> 02:10:23,000
understanding of constantius 
Beyond textual, sources material

2492
02:10:23,000 --> 02:10:26,300
evidence from his Reign shows a 
ruler engaged in Practical 

2493
02:10:26,300 --> 02:10:29,900
problem-solving rather than 
ideological Crusades coins from 

2494
02:10:29,900 --> 02:10:32,100
his areas show that the money 
system was stable. 

2495
02:10:32,100 --> 02:10:35,000
Even when the economy was 
struggling, indicating Good 

2496
02:10:35,000 --> 02:10:37,500
Financial Management that 
written records often overlooked

2497
02:10:38,500 --> 02:10:41,300
Environmental archeology has 
revealed another dimension of 

2498
02:10:41,300 --> 02:10:45,000
constantius governance, evidence
of coordinated, land. 

2499
02:10:45,000 --> 02:10:46,900
Reclamation projects in Northern
Gaul. 

2500
02:10:46,900 --> 02:10:50,400
Systematic reforestation 
efforts, and previously over 

2501
02:10:50,400 --> 02:10:53,800
exploited regions and Water 
Management systems that 

2502
02:10:53,800 --> 02:10:57,400
increased agricultural 
productivity. these investments 

2503
02:10:57,400 --> 02:11:00,300
in long-term sustainability, 
contrasted sharply with the 

2504
02:11:00,300 --> 02:11:04,000
extractive practices, common 
among short-range Emperors, 

2505
02:11:04,000 --> 02:11:07,300
desperate for immediate 
resources, Perhaps most 

2506
02:11:07,300 --> 02:11:10,700
poignantly recent excavations at
York have uncovered. 

2507
02:11:10,700 --> 02:11:13,300
What may be the foundations of 
the building were constantius 

2508
02:11:13,300 --> 02:11:15,300
died? 
Within this structure, 

2509
02:11:15,300 --> 02:11:20,100
archaeologists discovered a 
small bronze statuette of the 

2510
02:11:20,100 --> 02:11:23,100
Goddess Fortuna a traditional 
symbol of good luck. 

2511
02:11:23,800 --> 02:11:26,600
Whether this object belonged to 
constantius himself or to 

2512
02:11:26,600 --> 02:11:29,800
someone in his Entourage it 
provides a haunting reminder of 

2513
02:11:29,800 --> 02:11:32,700
the role chance played even in 
the lives of those who ruled the

2514
02:11:32,700 --> 02:11:36,100
ancient world. 
The True Legacy of constantius 

2515
02:11:36,100 --> 02:11:39,100
Lies not in Grand monuments or 
dramatic victories. 

2516
02:11:39,100 --> 02:11:42,700
But in the stable, provinces, he
left behind regions that would 

2517
02:11:42,700 --> 02:11:45,800
remain relatively prosperous 
even as other parts of the 

2518
02:11:45,800 --> 02:11:49,100
Western Empire descended into 
crisis and subsequent centuries.

2519
02:11:49,900 --> 02:11:52,900
Unlike many Roman constantius 
invested in sustainable 

2520
02:11:52,900 --> 02:11:55,400
governance, which outlasted his 
brief reign. 

2521
02:11:56,100 --> 02:11:58,900
Unlike the Emperors who 
exhausted their territories to 

2522
02:11:58,900 --> 02:12:02,600
fuel their personal Ambitions in
this sense, his greatest 

2523
02:12:02,600 --> 02:12:06,200
Monument wasn't built of stone 
but of Institutions practices 

2524
02:12:06,200 --> 02:12:09,500
and communities that continued 
long after his ashes were placed

2525
02:12:09,500 --> 02:12:13,500
in an imperial mausoleum. 
This practical Emperor is 

2526
02:12:13,500 --> 02:12:16,900
remembered for improving the 
lives of his subjects not for 

2527
02:12:16,900 --> 02:12:21,200
symbolic grandeur. the story of 
constantius extends, far beyond 

2528
02:12:21,200 --> 02:12:24,700
his life and immediate aftermath
His administrative and military 

2529
02:12:24,700 --> 02:12:26,600
innovations, created, Ripple 
effects. 

2530
02:12:26,600 --> 02:12:29,100
That would influence European 
governance for centuries. 

2531
02:12:30,000 --> 02:12:32,700
The medieval system of Defense 
in depth with its layered 

2532
02:12:32,700 --> 02:12:36,300
approach to Frontier security, 
owes much to constantius is 

2533
02:12:36,300 --> 02:12:38,600
border management strategies and
Britain. 

2534
02:12:38,600 --> 02:12:41,800
Modern Scholars have begun 
reassessing constantius 

2535
02:12:41,800 --> 02:12:43,800
significance. 
Through interdisciplinary 

2536
02:12:43,800 --> 02:12:46,200
approaches that early historians
lacked. 

2537
02:12:47,100 --> 02:12:50,100
Environmental archeology has 
revealed evidence of climate 

2538
02:12:50,100 --> 02:12:53,800
challenges during his reign. 
Appeared of cooling temperatures

2539
02:12:53,800 --> 02:12:56,800
and increased rainfall across 
Northwestern Europe that made 

2540
02:12:56,800 --> 02:12:59,200
his agricultural revitalization 
programs. 

2541
02:12:59,200 --> 02:13:03,200
All the more remarkable, Pollen 
samples from bogs. 

2542
02:13:03,200 --> 02:13:06,100
In Northern goal, show increased
grain cultivation during his 

2543
02:13:06,100 --> 02:13:08,800
administration despite these 
challenging conditions 

2544
02:13:08,800 --> 02:13:13,800
suggesting effective adaptation,
strategies comparative analysis,

2545
02:13:13,800 --> 02:13:16,700
reveals striking differences in 
economic resilience between 

2546
02:13:16,700 --> 02:13:20,100
regions under constantius, 
direct Administration and those 

2547
02:13:20,100 --> 02:13:23,600
governed by other tetrarchs 
ceramic distribution, patterns, 

2548
02:13:23,600 --> 02:13:26,500
show, trade networks and Gaul 
and Britain remained relatively 

2549
02:13:26,500 --> 02:13:28,900
robust while collapsing. 
Another Western provinces 

2550
02:13:28,900 --> 02:13:32,200
evidence that local economies 
under constantius is governance 

2551
02:13:32,200 --> 02:13:34,500
maintained Vitality even during 
Imperial crisis. 

2552
02:13:35,500 --> 02:13:38,800
Perhaps most intriguing are the 
parallels between constantius is

2553
02:13:38,800 --> 02:13:41,400
governments model and a modern 
Federal systems. 

2554
02:13:42,200 --> 02:13:45,000
His approach balance Central 
Authority, with local autonomy 

2555
02:13:45,000 --> 02:13:47,500
in ways that anticipated 
governance challenges still 

2556
02:13:47,500 --> 02:13:50,600
relevant today. 
Provincial councils established 

2557
02:13:50,600 --> 02:13:53,500
under his administration 
included representatives, from 

2558
02:13:53,500 --> 02:13:57,400
diverse constituencies creating 
consultative bodies that 

2559
02:13:57,400 --> 02:14:00,800
resembled protoplanet 
traditional Roman administrative

2560
02:14:00,800 --> 02:14:03,000
units. 
The counter Insurgency, 

2561
02:14:03,000 --> 02:14:05,600
strategies can stand here, 
employed against the picks, 

2562
02:14:05,600 --> 02:14:08,800
combining targeted, military 
operation, with economic 

2563
02:14:08,800 --> 02:14:10,500
integration and political 
accommodation. 

2564
02:14:10,500 --> 02:14:13,900
Their striking resemblance is to
Modern theories of conflict 

2565
02:14:13,900 --> 02:14:17,000
resolution. 
Military historians have noted 

2566
02:14:17,000 --> 02:14:18,600
that his approach to Frontier 
security. 

2567
02:14:18,600 --> 02:14:22,400
Emphasizing flexible response 
and cross-border relationships 

2568
02:14:22,400 --> 02:14:26,600
rather than rigid fortification 
anticipated challenges, that 

2569
02:14:26,600 --> 02:14:28,800
would face European powers in 
later centuries. 

2570
02:14:28,800 --> 02:14:32,400
Digital Humanities approaches 
have recently enabled network. 

2571
02:14:32,400 --> 02:14:35,200
Analysis of constantius. 
Administrative appointments 

2572
02:14:35,200 --> 02:14:39,600
revealing patterns previously, 
invisible to historians these 

2573
02:14:39,600 --> 02:14:41,700
analyzes show. 
He systematically promoted 

2574
02:14:41,700 --> 02:14:44,300
officials with local knowledge 
and connections, rather than 

2575
02:14:44,300 --> 02:14:47,700
importing administrators from 
distant regions, a practice that

2576
02:14:47,700 --> 02:14:49,800
contrasted sharply with Imperial
Norms. 

2577
02:14:49,800 --> 02:14:53,400
But created more responsive 
governance, economic historians,

2578
02:14:53,400 --> 02:14:56,600
have identified Constantine's 
reign as a crucial period for 

2579
02:14:56,600 --> 02:14:59,100
understanding late, Roman 
monetization patterns. 

2580
02:14:59,900 --> 02:15:02,900
His currency reforms maintained 
stable silver content in 

2581
02:15:02,900 --> 02:15:05,400
provincial coinages. 
While accommodating local 

2582
02:15:05,400 --> 02:15:08,900
exchange practices, creating a 
flexible monetary system that 

2583
02:15:08,900 --> 02:15:12,200
balanced Imperial standards with
regional economic realities 

2584
02:15:12,200 --> 02:15:15,500
archaeological. 
Evidence continues to expand our

2585
02:15:15,500 --> 02:15:17,800
understanding of daily life 
under constantius as 

2586
02:15:17,800 --> 02:15:20,900
Administration. 
Recent excavations at rural 

2587
02:15:20,900 --> 02:15:24,300
Villas sights, in Gull show 
architectural adaptations that 

2588
02:15:24,300 --> 02:15:27,300
combined a defensive features 
with agricultural productivity 

2589
02:15:27,300 --> 02:15:30,600
improvements suggesting 
landowners felt secure enough to

2590
02:15:30,600 --> 02:15:33,800
invest in Innovation rather than
melee focusing on survival. 

2591
02:15:35,000 --> 02:15:37,700
Climate science has contributed 
over to pursued to our 

2592
02:15:37,708 --> 02:15:40,400
reassessment of constantius 
military campaigns 

2593
02:15:40,400 --> 02:15:43,100
dendrochronological data from 
Britain shows. 

2594
02:15:43,100 --> 02:15:45,900
His final campaign occurred 
during an exceptionally harsh 

2595
02:15:45,900 --> 02:15:49,200
winter making his logistical 
accomplishments even more 

2596
02:15:49,200 --> 02:15:52,000
impressive. 
His ability to maintain supply 

2597
02:15:52,000 --> 02:15:54,600
lines and Troop Readiness under 
such conditions speaks to 

2598
02:15:54,608 --> 02:15:57,200
administrative competence, 
rarely highlighted in 

2599
02:15:57,200 --> 02:16:00,600
traditional military histories. 
The Intriguing question of 

2600
02:16:00,600 --> 02:16:03,400
constantius is intellectual 
Legacy remains partially 

2601
02:16:03,400 --> 02:16:05,900
answered but tantalizingly 
suggestive. 

2602
02:16:06,500 --> 02:16:09,400
Fragmentary texts indicate he 
commissioned legal compilation. 

2603
02:16:09,400 --> 02:16:11,600
That systematized provincial 
Administration. 

2604
02:16:11,600 --> 02:16:13,600
Work. 
That would influence later. 

2605
02:16:13,600 --> 02:16:17,000
Byzantine administrative 
practices his approach to 

2606
02:16:17,000 --> 02:16:20,700
religious pluralism, managing 
diversity, through institutional

2607
02:16:20,700 --> 02:16:24,400
accommodation, rather than 
enforced uniformity represents a

2608
02:16:24,400 --> 02:16:27,700
governance model with relevance 
Beyond its historical context. 

2609
02:16:29,100 --> 02:16:30,400
Apps. 
Most significant for modern 

2610
02:16:30,400 --> 02:16:33,400
understanding as recognizing 
what constantius is career of 

2611
02:16:33,400 --> 02:16:37,500
about historical contingency. 
The transformation of the Roman 

2612
02:16:37,500 --> 02:16:40,799
world into a Christian Empire 
was not inevitable, but resulted

2613
02:16:40,799 --> 02:16:44,500
from specific choices and 
Circumstances had constantius 

2614
02:16:44,500 --> 02:16:46,900
lived. 
Longer implementing his model of

2615
02:16:46,900 --> 02:16:50,100
pragmatic pluralism, rather than
giving way to Constantine's more

2616
02:16:50,100 --> 02:16:53,600
ideologically driven approach 
The religious history of Europe 

2617
02:16:53,600 --> 02:16:56,000
might have followed dramatically
different course. 

2618
02:16:56,600 --> 02:16:59,299
The fragmentary nature of our 
sources about constantius 

2619
02:16:59,299 --> 02:17:02,700
paradoxically makes a more 
accessible historical figure 

2620
02:17:02,700 --> 02:17:05,200
than many better documented 
emperors. 

2621
02:17:05,900 --> 02:17:08,600
The gaps in our knowledge 
creates space for analytical 

2622
02:17:08,600 --> 02:17:11,200
approaches that go beyond 
personality to examine 

2623
02:17:11,200 --> 02:17:13,500
structural factors and systemic 
patterns. 

2624
02:17:14,400 --> 02:17:17,900
Rather than focusing on the 
Emperor as an individual modern 

2625
02:17:17,900 --> 02:17:20,400
scholarship. 
Explores constantius is reign as

2626
02:17:20,400 --> 02:17:23,200
a case study in governance 
during periods of institutional 

2627
02:17:23,200 --> 02:17:26,299
stress. 
Digital reconstruction projects 

2628
02:17:26,299 --> 02:17:29,400
have recently provided visual. 
Representations of constantius 

2629
02:17:29,400 --> 02:17:32,700
is built environment, allowing 
Scholars and the public to 

2630
02:17:32,700 --> 02:17:35,700
virtually experience spaces. 
Like the York Press tutorial or 

2631
02:17:35,700 --> 02:17:39,000
the tree are Basilica as they 
would have appeared during his 

2632
02:17:39,000 --> 02:17:41,900
lifetime. 
These reconstructions reveal 

2633
02:17:41,900 --> 02:17:44,700
architectural choices that 
emphasize openness and 

2634
02:17:44,700 --> 02:17:47,900
visibility physical 
manifestation of his governance 

2635
02:17:47,900 --> 02:17:50,600
philosophy. 
The enduring fascination with 

2636
02:17:50,600 --> 02:17:54,000
constantius stems partly from 
the alternative path. 

2637
02:17:54,000 --> 02:17:57,500
He symbolizes his approach to 
governance pragmatic, 

2638
02:17:57,500 --> 02:18:00,299
pluralistic focused on 
sustainability, rather than 

2639
02:18:00,299 --> 02:18:03,500
Glory offers an alternative 
vision of what the late Roman 

2640
02:18:03,500 --> 02:18:07,100
Empire might have become the 
tension between this path and 

2641
02:18:07,100 --> 02:18:09,799
the more ideologically driven 
Direction, Constantine would 

2642
02:18:09,799 --> 02:18:11,799
later, pursue remains a 
compelling, historical 

2643
02:18:11,799 --> 02:18:16,700
counterfactual, For contemporary
audiences constantius story 

2644
02:18:16,700 --> 02:18:18,900
resonates because it 
demonstrates how individual 

2645
02:18:18,900 --> 02:18:20,900
leadership can make meaningful 
differences. 

2646
02:18:20,900 --> 02:18:25,500
Even within massive historical 
forces while unable to prevent 

2647
02:18:25,500 --> 02:18:27,400
the eventual transformation of 
the Roman World. 

2648
02:18:27,400 --> 02:18:30,600
His governance preserved 
stability and prosperity in his 

2649
02:18:30,600 --> 02:18:33,000
territories. 
During extraordinarily 

2650
02:18:33,000 --> 02:18:37,000
challenging circumstances, the 
pale Emperor from Illyria who 

2651
02:18:37,000 --> 02:18:39,600
never sought the throne but 
governed with remarkable 

2652
02:18:39,600 --> 02:18:41,500
Effectiveness once elevated to 
it. 

2653
02:18:42,200 --> 02:18:44,799
Reminds us that history is most 
consequential figures aren't 

2654
02:18:44,799 --> 02:18:48,100
always its most dramatic 
Personalities in an age that 

2655
02:18:48,100 --> 02:18:50,900
often celebrates disruptive 
leadership constantius is 

2656
02:18:50,900 --> 02:18:52,900
Legacy. 
Offers a compelling case for the

2657
02:18:52,900 --> 02:18:55,900
lasting value of competent 
Administration, pragmatic 

2658
02:18:55,900 --> 02:18:58,299
problem solving, and sustainable
governance. 

2659
02:18:59,200 --> 02:19:02,000
As our key logical technique can
continue to advance. 

2660
02:19:02,000 --> 02:19:06,500
A new analytical methods emerge 
are understanding of constantius

2661
02:19:06,500 --> 02:19:08,700
and his era will undoubtedly of 
all further. 

2662
02:19:08,700 --> 02:19:12,500
Yet even with our current 
knowledge, we can recognize in 

2663
02:19:12,500 --> 02:19:14,700
this forgotten Emperor. 
A leader who's approach to 

2664
02:19:14,700 --> 02:19:18,700
governance balancing tradition 
within Innovation, Authority 

2665
02:19:18,700 --> 02:19:22,100
with the accommodation and 
pragmatism with principal speaks

2666
02:19:22,100 --> 02:19:24,700
to challenges that remain 
relevant to cross the centuries.

2667
02:19:25,700 --> 02:19:29,000
In the final analysis 
constantius chlorus matters. 

2668
02:19:29,000 --> 02:19:32,000
Not because he changed history 
through dramatic actions but 

2669
02:19:32,000 --> 02:19:34,500
because he sustained 
civilization through effective 

2670
02:19:34,500 --> 02:19:38,000
governance during a period of 
profound challenge a legacy 

2671
02:19:38,000 --> 02:19:40,900
perhaps less glamorous than 
Conquest But ultimately more 

2672
02:19:40,900 --> 02:19:44,000
valuable to those whose lives 
were improved by his Steady Hand

2673
02:19:44,000 --> 02:19:57,500
at his history, his helm Imagine
New York City in 1904 when the 

2674
02:19:57,500 --> 02:20:00,600
tallest skyscrapers hardly 
reached the skyline and horses 

2675
02:20:00,600 --> 02:20:03,700
continued to klip klop along 
cobblestone streets, with the 

2676
02:20:03,700 --> 02:20:07,000
occasional car, Julius Robert 
Oppenheimer though, everyone 

2677
02:20:07,000 --> 02:20:10,300
would call him, Robert or simply
occult his friend's was born 

2678
02:20:10,300 --> 02:20:13,800
into this world of Gaslight and 
escalating ambition, though 

2679
02:20:13,800 --> 02:20:16,100
Roberts early years, were 
depicted in more general terms. 

2680
02:20:16,100 --> 02:20:19,000
You might think that future 
Atomic scientists come from, 

2681
02:20:19,000 --> 02:20:21,900
childhood spent staring at 
telescope and chemistry sets 

2682
02:20:21,900 --> 02:20:24,300
Julius. 
His father had come from Germany

2683
02:20:24,300 --> 02:20:27,400
with little more than a keen 
sense of style and a passion for

2684
02:20:27,400 --> 02:20:30,100
textiles. 
By the time Robert was born, the

2685
02:20:30,100 --> 02:20:32,700
family business had become 
successful enough to buy an 

2686
02:20:32,700 --> 02:20:35,700
apartment with a view of the 
Hudson River furnished with 

2687
02:20:35,700 --> 02:20:39,600
impressionist paintings, Persian
rugs and the kind of cozy. 

2688
02:20:39,600 --> 02:20:43,000
Choir comes with having money. 
Ella Roberts, mother was an 

2689
02:20:43,000 --> 02:20:45,000
artist who saw the world through
light and Shadow. 

2690
02:20:45,000 --> 02:20:48,800
Compositions as young Robert 
played quietly, close by she'd 

2691
02:20:48,800 --> 02:20:51,100
set up a reasonable by their 
Upper West Side homes, tall 

2692
02:20:51,100 --> 02:20:53,500
windows and began painting 
watercolors. 

2693
02:20:53,500 --> 02:20:56,600
Displaying the Thoughtfulness 
that would define his entire 

2694
02:20:56,600 --> 02:20:59,300
life. 
Even as a young child, he had an

2695
02:20:59,300 --> 02:21:01,300
eye for the world that seemed 
older than his years. 

2696
02:21:01,300 --> 02:21:04,800
It wasn't precocious in the way 
that adults find it, unsettling,

2697
02:21:04,800 --> 02:21:07,800
but it was genuine. 
Curiosity about how things fit 

2698
02:21:07,800 --> 02:21:10,200
together, though. 
Deeply intellectual, the 

2699
02:21:10,200 --> 02:21:13,300
Oppenheimer household was not 
particularly religious, every 

2700
02:21:13,300 --> 02:21:16,800
wall was adorned with books like
old friends waiting to chat and 

2701
02:21:16,800 --> 02:21:19,900
topics discussed at the dinner. 
Table included literature art 

2702
02:21:19,900 --> 02:21:22,500
and difficult philosophical 
issues like a tiny. 

2703
02:21:22,500 --> 02:21:26,200
Sober sponge, Robert took in all
of this cultivating, the kind of

2704
02:21:26,200 --> 02:21:29,500
all-encompassing curiosity that 
would eventually enable him to 

2705
02:21:29,500 --> 02:21:32,800
discuss Hindu philosophy with 
the same ease as he would 

2706
02:21:32,800 --> 02:21:36,200
quantum mechanics, Robert found 
school to be almost too easy. 

2707
02:21:36,200 --> 02:21:39,600
He was quietly working his way 
through books that most adults 

2708
02:21:39,600 --> 02:21:41,800
would find difficult. 
While other kids were having 

2709
02:21:41,800 --> 02:21:45,200
trouble with spelling and math. 
By the age of 10, he was reading

2710
02:21:45,200 --> 02:21:48,500
translated, Plato and Penning. 
Poetry that was surprisingly 

2711
02:21:48,500 --> 02:21:52,000
sophisticated for someone whose 
voice had not yet changed this 

2712
02:21:52,000 --> 02:21:55,300
thin pale boy who could talk 
about literature like, Graduate 

2713
02:21:55,300 --> 02:21:58,000
student but still required 
assistance getting to books on 

2714
02:21:58,000 --> 02:22:00,600
high shelves. 
Left his teachers unsure of how 

2715
02:22:00,600 --> 02:22:04,000
to interpret him an alternative 
form of Education was offered by

2716
02:22:04,000 --> 02:22:05,900
the family's Long Island 
Vacation House. 

2717
02:22:05,900 --> 02:22:09,000
Robert developed a contemplative
love for the outdoors here. 

2718
02:22:09,000 --> 02:22:12,000
He was a child who collected 
rocks with the methodical 

2719
02:22:12,000 --> 02:22:14,600
attention of someone who saw 
stories in their crystalline 

2720
02:22:14,600 --> 02:22:17,300
structures. 
Not the kind who built forts or 

2721
02:22:17,308 --> 02:22:20,800
Court frogs an early indication 
of the scientific mind growing 

2722
02:22:20,800 --> 02:22:23,200
beneath his literary. 
Interests was the meticulous 

2723
02:22:23,200 --> 02:22:25,200
labeling and cataloging of the 
specimen. 

2724
02:22:26,000 --> 02:22:28,600
Among family friends Roberts 
rock collection became 

2725
02:22:28,600 --> 02:22:31,600
legendary. 
He could spend hours studying a 

2726
02:22:31,600 --> 02:22:34,400
single mineral sample. 
Turning it in the light to 

2727
02:22:34,400 --> 02:22:38,000
reveal various features reading 
about its geological formation 

2728
02:22:38,000 --> 02:22:40,800
and comprehending its 
significance in the grand scheme

2729
02:22:40,800 --> 02:22:42,800
of things. 
He first learned to think in 

2730
02:22:42,800 --> 02:22:46,300
deep time to Envision forces 
that could reshape continents 

2731
02:22:46,300 --> 02:22:49,800
and processes that took millions
of years thanks to geologie 

2732
02:22:49,800 --> 02:22:52,000
later. 
On this sense of scale would 

2733
02:22:52,000 --> 02:22:54,600
enable him to understand physics
Concepts that other bright 

2734
02:22:54,600 --> 02:22:57,500
Minds, found difficult to 
understand by his early. 

2735
02:22:57,500 --> 02:23:00,500
Adolescence Robert had developed
into a young man who appeared to

2736
02:23:00,500 --> 02:23:02,000
be a little different from his 
contemporaries. 

2737
02:23:02,000 --> 02:23:06,000
He was amiable enough, but his 
passions and the ferocity with 

2738
02:23:06,000 --> 02:23:08,600
which he pursued them had an 
unearthly quality. 

2739
02:23:08,600 --> 02:23:12,300
Robert had become enthralled 
with Hindu philosophy and wanted

2740
02:23:12,300 --> 02:23:15,300
to read the original texts. 
So he was teaching himself 

2741
02:23:15,300 --> 02:23:17,500
Sanskrit. 
While other boys is age, were 

2742
02:23:17,500 --> 02:23:20,300
learning baseball and the first 
hints of romantic interest. 

2743
02:23:20,300 --> 02:23:23,200
Although, Robert was 
undoubtedly, not exempt from the

2744
02:23:23,200 --> 02:23:27,000
joy of intellectual achievement 
the sand, Script study was more 

2745
02:23:27,000 --> 02:23:30,200
than just academic boasting. 
The philosophical issues, these 

2746
02:23:30,200 --> 02:23:33,100
ancient writings addressed such 
as what the nature of reality is

2747
02:23:33,100 --> 02:23:36,700
truly captivated him. 
How do we make sense of our 

2748
02:23:36,700 --> 02:23:39,000
position in the vast seemingly 
uncaring? 

2749
02:23:39,000 --> 02:23:41,900
Universe for him. 
These were pressing personal 

2750
02:23:41,900 --> 02:23:43,800
issues rather than abstract, 
riddles. 

2751
02:23:43,800 --> 02:23:46,400
That would shape his views on 
everything from moral 

2752
02:23:46,400 --> 02:23:48,900
responsibility to subatomic 
particles. 

2753
02:23:48,900 --> 02:23:52,500
His parents were both proud and 
perplexed, as they observe their

2754
02:23:52,500 --> 02:23:55,700
sons intellectual growth. 
Robert appeared to be developing

2755
02:23:55,700 --> 02:23:57,300
into a person. 
Whose mind worked on 

2756
02:23:57,300 --> 02:23:59,200
frequencies. 
They weren't always able to pick

2757
02:23:59,200 --> 02:24:02,200
up, despite their desire to 
raise a thoughtful cultured 

2758
02:24:02,200 --> 02:24:04,500
child. 
They realized they were raising 

2759
02:24:04,500 --> 02:24:07,400
someone very special. 
When he casually mentioned over 

2760
02:24:07,400 --> 02:24:10,100
breakfast, that he had started a
small literary magazine at 

2761
02:24:10,100 --> 02:24:12,900
school or that he had been 
communicating with professional.

2762
02:24:12,900 --> 02:24:15,600
Geologists about his rock 
collection for Robert. 

2763
02:24:15,600 --> 02:24:18,300
The passage from childhood to. 
Adolescence wasn't totally 

2764
02:24:18,300 --> 02:24:20,500
seamless. 
Social situations were 

2765
02:24:20,500 --> 02:24:23,000
occasionally awkward due to his 
intellectual prowess. 

2766
02:24:23,000 --> 02:24:26,200
He would make references that 
were too complex for his peers 

2767
02:24:26,200 --> 02:24:29,300
to understand or get so 
engrossed in a book that he 

2768
02:24:29,300 --> 02:24:32,900
forgot he was meant to be taking
part in group activities but 

2769
02:24:32,900 --> 02:24:35,300
instead of growing resentful or 
conceited over his different 

2770
02:24:35,500 --> 02:24:38,500
Cities, Robert acquired a kind 
of mild disinterest, that would 

2771
02:24:38,500 --> 02:24:40,000
benefit him for the rest of his 
life. 

2772
02:24:40,000 --> 02:24:43,800
He discovered how to live in two
different worlds at once the 

2773
02:24:43,800 --> 02:24:46,600
world of scientific facts and 
the world of artistic Beauty, 

2774
02:24:46,600 --> 02:24:49,600
the world of teenage worries and
the world of adult ideas. 

2775
02:24:49,600 --> 02:24:52,900
Robert had already started to 
consider the issues that would 

2776
02:24:52,900 --> 02:24:55,100
shape his adult life as he 
neared graduation from the 

2777
02:24:55,100 --> 02:24:58,000
ethical culture School. 
School that placed equal 

2778
02:24:58,000 --> 02:25:00,300
emphasis on moral growth and 
academic success. 

2779
02:25:00,300 --> 02:25:03,200
How can we strike a balance 
between social responsibility 

2780
02:25:03,200 --> 02:25:07,000
and personal success? 
What responsibilities do we have

2781
02:25:07,000 --> 02:25:10,600
to serve others with our gifts? 
In a universe that appears to be

2782
02:25:10,600 --> 02:25:13,300
controlled by impersonal forces.
How do we find. 

2783
02:25:13,300 --> 02:25:16,600
Meaning these weren't the usual 
worries of a College, Bound 18 

2784
02:25:16,600 --> 02:25:19,200
year old. 
But then Robert Oppenheimer had 

2785
02:25:19,200 --> 02:25:20,900
never been normal with 
interests. 

2786
02:25:20,900 --> 02:25:23,500
Ranging from poetry, to geology 
to philosophy. 

2787
02:25:23,500 --> 02:25:26,700
He was getting ready to enroll 
at Harvard University with a 

2788
02:25:26,708 --> 02:25:29,700
mine that was already beginning 
to recognize connections, that 

2789
02:25:29,700 --> 02:25:32,400
others had overlooked. 
The young man who had begun, by 

2790
02:25:32,400 --> 02:25:35,100
gathering rocks, Was preparing 
to contribute to the discovery 

2791
02:25:35,100 --> 02:25:38,400
of the atoms Mysteries. 
For someone with Roberts thirst 

2792
02:25:38,400 --> 02:25:42,200
for knowledge Harvard in 1922 
was like an intellectual candy 

2793
02:25:42,200 --> 02:25:44,900
store as the majority of 
freshmen were learning how to 

2794
02:25:44,908 --> 02:25:47,600
organize their own laundry and 
deal with the social 

2795
02:25:47,600 --> 02:25:49,400
complexities of living in a 
dorm. 

2796
02:25:49,400 --> 02:25:52,800
Robert was taking courses from a
wide range of academic. 

2797
02:25:52,800 --> 02:25:57,100
Specialties much like a personal
to fancy Buffet who is unable to

2798
02:25:57,100 --> 02:26:00,200
choose between the main courses.
And the appetizers, do you know 

2799
02:26:00,200 --> 02:26:03,600
how some people discover their 
calling early on and Pursue to 

2800
02:26:03,600 --> 02:26:06,100
sleep. 
Robert wasn't like that. 

2801
02:26:06,100 --> 02:26:09,800
Rather, he went into college 
like a passionate Adventurer, 

2802
02:26:09,800 --> 02:26:12,600
charting a new continent. 
He enrolled in classes in 

2803
02:26:12,600 --> 02:26:15,400
languages, literature, 
philosophy, history, and almost 

2804
02:26:15,400 --> 02:26:17,200
as an afterthought, chemistry 
and physics. 

2805
02:26:17,900 --> 02:26:20,800
His transcript appeared to be 
the work of multiple students, 

2806
02:26:20,800 --> 02:26:23,600
who schedules had been 
inadvertently combined during 

2807
02:26:23,600 --> 02:26:26,000
this time. 
Harvard was still mostly a 

2808
02:26:26,000 --> 02:26:28,000
finishing school for young men 
from well-to-do families. 

2809
02:26:28,000 --> 02:26:31,900
But it was also starting to draw
serious academics who believed 

2810
02:26:31,900 --> 02:26:34,900
that the University was a place 
where genuine intellectual work 

2811
02:26:34,900 --> 02:26:37,300
could take place between these 
two Realms. 

2812
02:26:37,300 --> 02:26:40,300
Robert found himself privileged 
enough to be at ease in social 

2813
02:26:40,300 --> 02:26:43,500
situations, but to inquisitive 
to be content with merely 

2814
02:26:43,500 --> 02:26:46,900
academic credentials. 
This intense young man would ask

2815
02:26:46,900 --> 02:26:49,600
questions that showed he had 
read far more than the assigned 

2816
02:26:49,600 --> 02:26:52,600
materials leaving his professors
unsure of how to respond. 

2817
02:26:52,600 --> 02:26:55,900
Robert might tangentially bring 
up a Sanskrit texts in a 

2818
02:26:55,900 --> 02:26:58,700
literature class to clarify a 
point regarding Western poetry 

2819
02:26:58,700 --> 02:27:01,700
he would relate molecular 
structures to philosophical. 

2820
02:27:01,700 --> 02:27:04,500
Inquiries concerning, the nature
of existence and matter in a 

2821
02:27:04,500 --> 02:27:07,600
chemistry lab. 
Some faculty members felt uneasy

2822
02:27:07,600 --> 02:27:10,100
about the interdisciplinary 
thinking While others were 

2823
02:27:10,100 --> 02:27:13,300
genuinely thrilled about it. 
For students who shared his 

2824
02:27:13,300 --> 02:27:17,000
diverse interests Roberts room, 
in his Harvard dorm turned into 

2825
02:27:17,000 --> 02:27:20,200
a sort of Salon, Robert would 
lead casual conversations. 

2826
02:27:20,200 --> 02:27:23,400
That could range from quantum 
theory to TS while other 

2827
02:27:23,400 --> 02:27:26,000
undergraduates were preoccupied 
with football games and 

2828
02:27:26,000 --> 02:27:29,300
fraternity parties eliot's. 
Most recent poems are about the 

2829
02:27:29,300 --> 02:27:31,500
Russian revolution's political 
ramifications. 

2830
02:27:31,500 --> 02:27:34,700
Robert was genuinely interested 
in what other people thought 

2831
02:27:34,700 --> 02:27:37,200
about the big questions and 
genuinely curious about 

2832
02:27:37,200 --> 02:27:39,800
everything. 
So, these were performance is or

2833
02:27:39,800 --> 02:27:43,900
attempts to flaunt himself. 
The academic work was almost too

2834
02:27:43,900 --> 02:27:47,200
simple in a fraction of the time
required for his peers to master

2835
02:27:47,200 --> 02:27:51,000
the assigned material for most 
courses, Robert was able to read

2836
02:27:51,000 --> 02:27:52,800
independently about topics that 
went. 

2837
02:27:52,800 --> 02:27:56,000
Well beyond any syllabus, he 
found that he had a special 

2838
02:27:56,000 --> 02:27:59,700
talent for physics, not only for
manipulating numbers but also 

2839
02:27:59,700 --> 02:28:02,600
for using his imagination to 
picture how the invisible realm 

2840
02:28:02,600 --> 02:28:04,900
of atoms and energy might truly 
function. 

2841
02:28:04,900 --> 02:28:09,100
However despite his academic 
success, Robert was having 

2842
02:28:09,100 --> 02:28:11,400
trouble answering more 
introspective questions about 

2843
02:28:11,400 --> 02:28:13,700
his life goals in his Social 
Circle. 

2844
02:28:13,700 --> 02:28:16,700
It was expected that intelligent
young men would pursue 

2845
02:28:16,700 --> 02:28:20,800
respectable careers in business,
law or medicine which would 

2846
02:28:20,800 --> 02:28:23,200
enable them to continue living 
the comfortable lives. 

2847
02:28:23,200 --> 02:28:25,700
They had known as children, 
these traditional routes, 

2848
02:28:25,700 --> 02:28:28,500
through robot in, but in some 
way, they seem too narrow for 

2849
02:28:28,508 --> 02:28:31,800
the questions that captivated 
him Something clicked in his 

2850
02:28:31,800 --> 02:28:34,900
junior year, a professor who had
trained in Europe and brought 

2851
02:28:34,900 --> 02:28:36,900
back, tales of the 
groundbreaking discoveries being

2852
02:28:36,900 --> 02:28:38,900
made in physics Labs across the 
Atlantic. 

2853
02:28:38,900 --> 02:28:42,500
As teaching Robert, an advanced 
chemistry course for the first 

2854
02:28:42,500 --> 02:28:45,700
time, Robert realized that 
science was about asking basic 

2855
02:28:45,700 --> 02:28:47,800
questions about the nature of 
reality itself. 

2856
02:28:47,800 --> 02:28:51,100
Not just about learning facts 
and doing calculations. 

2857
02:28:51,100 --> 02:28:55,200
The moment was ideal in the 
1920s physics was going through.

2858
02:28:55,200 --> 02:28:59,300
A revolution that only occurs 
once every 100 years, quantum, 

2859
02:28:59,300 --> 02:29:01,600
mechanics, and relativity, 
Theory discoveries, were 

2860
02:29:01,600 --> 02:29:03,600
upending. 
Everything scientists believed. 

2861
02:29:03,600 --> 02:29:07,200
They knew about matter energy, 
space and time. 

2862
02:29:07,200 --> 02:29:09,900
Robert wanted to be involved 
because it felt like he was 

2863
02:29:09,900 --> 02:29:12,800
witnessing the development of a 
new perspective on the cosmos. 

2864
02:29:13,700 --> 02:29:16,600
Robert had discovered his 
calling, by his senior year, he 

2865
02:29:16,600 --> 02:29:17,800
would pursue a career in 
physics. 

2866
02:29:17,800 --> 02:29:20,800
But he wanted to focus on the 
fundamental issues that were 

2867
02:29:20,800 --> 02:29:22,600
changing how people perceive 
reality. 

2868
02:29:22,600 --> 02:29:25,200
This was more of a calling than 
a career decision. 

2869
02:29:25,200 --> 02:29:28,800
It was the same kind of intense 
Dedication that might Inspire 

2870
02:29:28,800 --> 02:29:32,000
someone to pursue a career in 
philosophy or poetry after 

2871
02:29:32,000 --> 02:29:34,500
earning a summa cum laude degree
in 1925. 

2872
02:29:34,500 --> 02:29:37,000
Robert had to make a decision 
that would affect the rest of 

2873
02:29:37,000 --> 02:29:39,100
his life. 
He had the option to remain in 

2874
02:29:39,100 --> 02:29:41,700
America and pursue Graduate 
Studies at one of the reputable 

2875
02:29:41,700 --> 02:29:44,500
universities, which would 
provide him with a secure and 

2876
02:29:44,500 --> 02:29:46,200
reliable route to academic 
achievement. 

2877
02:29:46,200 --> 02:29:49,600
He could also travel to Europe 
where the Giants of theoretical.

2878
02:29:49,600 --> 02:29:52,200
Physics were working out the 
implications of quantum, theory,

2879
02:29:52,200 --> 02:29:54,700
and coffee shops, and Labs from 
Cambridge to gutting. 

2880
02:29:54,700 --> 02:29:58,200
And That's where the real action
was in theoretical physics. 

2881
02:29:58,200 --> 02:30:01,700
The choice to travel to Europe, 
wasn't made solely for academic 

2882
02:30:01,700 --> 02:30:04,900
reasons. 
In addition, Robert was fleeing 

2883
02:30:04,900 --> 02:30:07,900
from a complex romantic 
circumstance that had left him, 

2884
02:30:07,900 --> 02:30:11,200
emotionally damaged, and unsure 
of his own discernment in 

2885
02:30:11,200 --> 02:30:14,200
Private Affairs Europe, provided
him with both geographical 

2886
02:30:14,200 --> 02:30:16,900
separation from issues. 
He wasn't yet prepared to handle

2887
02:30:16,900 --> 02:30:22,100
and intellectual Adventure. 
Thus in the fall of 1925, Robert

2888
02:30:22,100 --> 02:30:24,800
found himself on a ship 
traveling across the Atlantic 

2889
02:30:24,800 --> 02:30:27,500
with letters of introduction to 
some of the world's most 

2890
02:30:27,500 --> 02:30:31,400
renowned scientists and a ton of
questions concerning atomic 

2891
02:30:31,400 --> 02:30:35,800
structure, quantum mechanics and
the bizarre new reality. 

2892
02:30:35,800 --> 02:30:40,100
That physics was unveiling, he 
was 21 years old bright, a 

2893
02:30:40,100 --> 02:30:43,100
little gullible about the world 
outside of Academia and on the 

2894
02:30:43,108 --> 02:30:46,500
cusp of one of the most exciting
errors and scientific history. 

2895
02:30:46,500 --> 02:30:49,600
The young man was traveling 
across the ocean to contribute 

2896
02:30:49,600 --> 02:30:52,000
to the understanding of the true
nature of the universe. 

2897
02:30:52,000 --> 02:30:55,500
He had begun his college career 
by reading poetry and collecting

2898
02:30:55,500 --> 02:30:57,700
rocks. 
Someone with Robert's ambition 

2899
02:30:57,700 --> 02:31:00,000
and curiosity. 
Had been unconsciously preparing

2900
02:31:00,000 --> 02:31:02,400
for this kind of intellectual 
Adventurer all his life. 

2901
02:31:02,900 --> 02:31:07,100
Imagine getting off a train in 
Cambridge England in 1925 with a

2902
02:31:07,100 --> 02:31:09,300
head full of physics. 
Equations that you hope will 

2903
02:31:09,300 --> 02:31:12,200
impress the great Earnest 
Rutherford and a suitcase full 

2904
02:31:12,200 --> 02:31:14,400
of clothing that suddenly seems 
to American. 

2905
02:31:14,400 --> 02:31:17,300
This was Robert's first 
introduction to the Cavendish 

2906
02:31:17,300 --> 02:31:20,600
laboratory where men who viewed,
the fundamental nature of 

2907
02:31:20,600 --> 02:31:23,400
reality as a problem to be 
solved by meticulous 

2908
02:31:23,400 --> 02:31:27,500
experimentation and astute 
intuition for making some of the

2909
02:31:27,500 --> 02:31:30,900
most significant discoveries in 
atomic physics back. 

2910
02:31:30,900 --> 02:31:34,400
Then the Cavendish resembled the
most exclusive Workshop in the 

2911
02:31:34,400 --> 02:31:38,500
world with Scientists discussing
Atomic nuclei and electrons the 

2912
02:31:38,500 --> 02:31:41,200
way, others might discuss the 
weather and equipment that 

2913
02:31:41,200 --> 02:31:43,700
looked like it belonged in the 
basement of a Victorian 

2914
02:31:43,700 --> 02:31:46,500
inventors home. 
Robert was in the odd position 

2915
02:31:46,500 --> 02:31:49,400
of being fully unprepared. 
For the Practical experimental 

2916
02:31:49,400 --> 02:31:52,800
methods that British physics. 
Placed such a strong emphasis on

2917
02:31:52,800 --> 02:31:56,500
but intellectually prepared, for
sophisticated theoretical work. 

2918
02:31:56,500 --> 02:31:59,400
You know how it feels to believe
you are proficient at something 

2919
02:31:59,400 --> 02:32:01,500
until you observe a true expert 
in action. 

2920
02:32:02,500 --> 02:32:04,700
Those were Roberts initial 
months at Cambridge. 

2921
02:32:04,700 --> 02:32:07,700
He was able to explain quantum 
mechanics with mathematical 

2922
02:32:07,700 --> 02:32:10,300
precision. 
But he was unable to handle the 

2923
02:32:10,300 --> 02:32:12,000
delicate. 
Manipulations needed for 

2924
02:32:12,000 --> 02:32:14,800
experimental work without 
causing minor catastrophes. 

2925
02:32:14,800 --> 02:32:17,800
His attempts to construct 
equipment frequently ended in 

2926
02:32:17,800 --> 02:32:21,000
shattered glassware and outcomes
that left is supervisors 

2927
02:32:21,000 --> 02:32:22,800
wondering. 
If theoretical physics would be 

2928
02:32:22,800 --> 02:32:25,900
a better fit for this driven. 
Young American Robert worked 

2929
02:32:25,900 --> 02:32:27,600
with the same methodical 
intensity. 

2930
02:32:27,600 --> 02:32:30,300
He brought to everything else, 
so it wasn't a lack of 

2931
02:32:30,308 --> 02:32:32,100
intelligence or effort. 
That was the issue. 

2932
02:32:32,100 --> 02:32:36,100
However, experimental physics, 
necessitates, a distinct way of 

2933
02:32:36,108 --> 02:32:39,400
thinking a tactile comprehension
of material behavior. 

2934
02:32:39,400 --> 02:32:42,400
And an intuitive sense of when 
something is functioning 

2935
02:32:42,400 --> 02:32:46,000
correctly, the concrete world of
laboratory equipment was almost 

2936
02:32:46,000 --> 02:32:49,600
alien to Robert whose mind was 
already functioning as such 

2937
02:32:49,600 --> 02:32:53,500
abstract levels. 
In fact, Roberts growth as a 

2938
02:32:53,500 --> 02:32:56,000
scientist depended heavily on 
the difficult time. 

2939
02:32:56,000 --> 02:32:59,300
He had to face the possibility 
of his intellectual gifts might 

2940
02:32:59,300 --> 02:33:01,600
be limited. 
And for the first time, in his 

2941
02:33:01,600 --> 02:33:03,900
academic career, something 
wasn't coming easily. 

2942
02:33:03,900 --> 02:33:07,200
Instead of giving up, Robert 
took this setback as an 

2943
02:33:07,200 --> 02:33:09,800
opportunity to reflect more 
thoroughly on his Career goals, 

2944
02:33:09,800 --> 02:33:14,400
as a physicist in contrast, the 
theoretical work fulfilled all 

2945
02:33:14,400 --> 02:33:17,400
of Robert's expectations in the 
1920s. 

2946
02:33:17,400 --> 02:33:20,400
The physics Community was small 
enough for informal seminars and

2947
02:33:20,400 --> 02:33:23,400
one-on-one discussions to 
quickly spread revolutionary 

2948
02:33:23,400 --> 02:33:26,800
ideas, Robert found himself at 
the center of debates concerning

2949
02:33:26,800 --> 02:33:30,100
Quantum, tunneling wave, 
particle, duality, and other 

2950
02:33:30,100 --> 02:33:31,800
ideas that went against 
everything. 

2951
02:33:31,800 --> 02:33:34,900
People had previously believed 
to be true about the physical 

2952
02:33:34,900 --> 02:33:37,200
world. 
Robert decided to transfer to 

2953
02:33:37,200 --> 02:33:40,200
gutting and Germany, where Max 
born was spearheading some of 

2954
02:33:40,208 --> 02:33:43,400
the most advanced work in 
theoretical physics after a year

2955
02:33:43,400 --> 02:33:46,100
at Cambridge. 
This choice would influence the 

2956
02:33:46,100 --> 02:33:49,400
remainder of Robert's career. 
This was part of a revolutionary

2957
02:33:49,400 --> 02:33:51,200
movement. 
That was rewriting, the laws of 

2958
02:33:51,200 --> 02:33:53,900
nature, not just to change in 
universities. 

2959
02:33:55,000 --> 02:33:58,900
The quantum Revolution began in 
gutting in 1926, when bright 

2960
02:33:58,900 --> 02:34:01,500
people realized their making 
discoveries that will forever 

2961
02:34:01,500 --> 02:34:05,100
alter human understanding. 
The university town is filled 

2962
02:34:05,100 --> 02:34:08,300
with the kind of intellectual 
excitement that resulted when 

2963
02:34:08,300 --> 02:34:10,300
Robert arrived. 
He was surrounded by Young 

2964
02:34:10,300 --> 02:34:13,600
physicists from all over the 
world who all interested in 

2965
02:34:13,600 --> 02:34:15,800
working with born. 
And his colleague's on problems 

2966
02:34:15,800 --> 02:34:18,500
that had never been solved 
because they had never been 

2967
02:34:18,500 --> 02:34:21,700
properly formulated before in a 
way that Robert had never 

2968
02:34:21,700 --> 02:34:23,900
encountered before the work was 
highly collaborative. 

2969
02:34:24,800 --> 02:34:28,300
In coffee shop, conversations 
and seminars ideas were freely, 

2970
02:34:28,300 --> 02:34:31,900
exchanged and progressed toward 
understanding was more important

2971
02:34:31,900 --> 02:34:34,000
than credit. 
Robert flourished in this 

2972
02:34:34,000 --> 02:34:37,400
setting and found that rather 
than detracting from his physics

2973
02:34:37,400 --> 02:34:40,700
thinking his wide, cultural 
background and philosophical 

2974
02:34:40,700 --> 02:34:43,100
interests. 
Actually, strengthened it Robert

2975
02:34:43,100 --> 02:34:45,500
started working on quantum, 
mechanical problems under 

2976
02:34:45,500 --> 02:34:48,400
Bourne's, tutelage that called 
for real physical intuition 

2977
02:34:48,400 --> 02:34:51,300
about the behavior of atoms. 
And molecules, in addition to 

2978
02:34:51,300 --> 02:34:54,700
mathematical expertise, the 
quantum mechanics of molecular 

2979
02:34:54,700 --> 02:34:58,100
rotation, was the subject of his
doctoral dissertation, which he 

2980
02:34:58,100 --> 02:35:00,700
finished in an exceptionally 
short amount of time. 

2981
02:35:00,700 --> 02:35:03,900
This technical work showed his 
command of the new theoretical 

2982
02:35:03,900 --> 02:35:05,700
tools and opened up research 
avenues. 

2983
02:35:05,700 --> 02:35:09,000
That would occupy other 
physicists for decades what 

2984
02:35:09,000 --> 02:35:11,100
Robert discovered about the true
nature of science. 

2985
02:35:11,100 --> 02:35:14,000
However, may have been more 
significant than the particular 

2986
02:35:14,000 --> 02:35:16,200
study. 
He learned in gutting and that 

2987
02:35:16,200 --> 02:35:19,100
the best discoveries frequently 
result from identifying, which 

2988
02:35:19,100 --> 02:35:22,700
questions are worthwhile to ask 
rather than from resolving 

2989
02:35:22,700 --> 02:35:25,700
predetermined issues. 
He develop The ability to think,

2990
02:35:25,700 --> 02:35:28,900
like, a theoretical physicist, 
which included being at ease 

2991
02:35:28,900 --> 02:35:32,400
with ambiguity Adept at 
mathematical abstraction, and 

2992
02:35:32,400 --> 02:35:35,200
constantly aware of connections 
that others might Overlook 

2993
02:35:35,200 --> 02:35:38,600
Roberts knowledge of politics 
and culture was also expanded by

2994
02:35:38,600 --> 02:35:41,300
his time in Europe. 
Which would have an impact on 

2995
02:35:41,300 --> 02:35:44,500
his future. 
This was vimar Germany, a 

2996
02:35:44,500 --> 02:35:47,900
country struggling with economic
instability and escalating 

2997
02:35:47,900 --> 02:35:50,800
political tensions as it 
attempted to reconstruct itself.

2998
02:35:50,800 --> 02:35:54,400
Following the destruction of 
World War, One Roberts or 

2999
02:35:54,400 --> 02:35:57,100
first-hand how political forces 
could quickly jeopardize 

3000
02:35:57,100 --> 02:35:59,500
academic freedom and scientific 
collaboration. 

3001
02:35:59,500 --> 02:36:03,200
But he also saw first-hand how 
intellectual life could Thrive 

3002
02:36:03,200 --> 02:36:06,800
even in turbulent Times? 
Robert had changed from a bright

3003
02:36:06,800 --> 02:36:09,900
but unfocused college graduate 
to one of the rising stars of 

3004
02:36:09,900 --> 02:36:12,100
theoretical physics. 
By the time, he finished his 

3005
02:36:12,100 --> 02:36:15,700
Doctorate in 1927, he had 
acquired research techniques 

3006
02:36:15,700 --> 02:36:18,300
that would benefit him 
throughout his career learned to

3007
02:36:18,300 --> 02:36:20,700
think in the mathematical 
language of quantum mechanics 

3008
02:36:20,700 --> 02:36:24,200
and cultivated connections with 
Scientists who would influence 

3009
02:36:24,200 --> 02:36:27,700
physics in the 20th century? 
Once a hobbyist rock collector, 

3010
02:36:27,700 --> 02:36:30,700
the young man was now prepared 
to contribute to the discovery 

3011
02:36:30,700 --> 02:36:33,600
of the fundamental laws, 
governing everything from Star 

3012
02:36:33,600 --> 02:36:37,300
Behavior to Atomic Structure, he
would however, first go back to 

3013
02:36:37,308 --> 02:36:39,800
America to assist in creating a 
physics community. 

3014
02:36:40,300 --> 02:36:42,300
That could rival the 
intellectual stimulation. 

3015
02:36:42,300 --> 02:36:45,200
He had encountered in Europe, 
Robert was carrying more than 

3016
02:36:45,200 --> 02:36:48,000
just a doctorate as he got ready
to set sail, again, across the 

3017
02:36:48,000 --> 02:36:50,100
Atlantic. 
He was introducing, a fresh 

3018
02:36:50,100 --> 02:36:52,100
perspective on physics. 
That would contribute to the 

3019
02:36:52,100 --> 02:36:54,500
transformation of American 
Science from a primarily 

3020
02:36:54,500 --> 02:36:57,900
Regional Endeavor into a global 
leader in basic research. 

3021
02:36:57,900 --> 02:36:59,900
The young man who had enjoyed 
reading. 

3022
02:36:59,900 --> 02:37:02,400
Sounds great was coming back as 
a man who could decipher 

3023
02:37:02,400 --> 02:37:05,400
Nature's Own hidden grammar, in 
contrast to the intellectual 

3024
02:37:05,400 --> 02:37:07,000
Oasis. 
He'd encountered in Europe. 

3025
02:37:07,800 --> 02:37:10,500
American physics appeared to be 
a desert when Robert returned to

3026
02:37:10,508 --> 02:37:14,500
the United States in 1927, the 
majority of American physics 

3027
02:37:14,500 --> 02:37:17,000
departments were still 
concentrating on real-world 

3028
02:37:17,000 --> 02:37:19,700
applications and conventional 
experimental methods. 

3029
02:37:19,700 --> 02:37:23,100
While European universities were
humming with discussions about 

3030
02:37:23,100 --> 02:37:25,100
relativity Theory and quantum 
mechanics. 

3031
02:37:25,100 --> 02:37:28,300
Everyone was still playing 
simple folk tunes, which was 

3032
02:37:28,300 --> 02:37:30,100
like coming back from a Symphony
concert. 

3033
02:37:30,100 --> 02:37:33,600
However, Robert viewed. 
This as an opportunity rather 

3034
02:37:33,600 --> 02:37:36,200
than elected down. 
Even though American physics was

3035
02:37:36,200 --> 02:37:39,000
theoretically underdeveloped, 
there was still an opportunity 

3036
02:37:39,000 --> 02:37:42,100
to develop something new and 
established an intellectual 

3037
02:37:42,100 --> 02:37:44,900
community that could compete 
with the major European 

3038
02:37:44,900 --> 02:37:47,300
learning. 
Hubs it only required, someone 

3039
02:37:47,300 --> 02:37:50,000
who was prepared to sow the 
seeds and then patiently and 

3040
02:37:50,000 --> 02:37:51,700
enthusiastically tend to their 
growth. 

3041
02:37:51,700 --> 02:37:54,500
The physics department at the 
University of California 

3042
02:37:54,500 --> 02:37:57,900
Berkeley, where he held his 
first job was searching for 

3043
02:37:57,900 --> 02:38:00,300
someone who could introduce 
graduate students to the 

3044
02:38:00,300 --> 02:38:02,700
theoretical work, that was 
transforming the field in 

3045
02:38:02,700 --> 02:38:05,000
Europe. 
When Robert got there, there 

3046
02:38:05,000 --> 02:38:07,400
were a few bright students who 
wanted to learn about Quantum. 

3047
02:38:07,700 --> 02:38:09,100
An expert didn't know where to 
start. 

3048
02:38:09,100 --> 02:38:12,500
It was similar to asking someone
who had never heard the language

3049
02:38:12,500 --> 02:38:13,900
to teach them a foreign 
language. 

3050
02:38:13,900 --> 02:38:17,200
What followed was one of those? 
Understated revolutions that 

3051
02:38:17,200 --> 02:38:19,700
alter everything but are rarely 
reported in the media. 

3052
02:38:19,700 --> 02:38:23,200
Robert started constructing, the
Berkeley School of theoretical 

3053
02:38:23,200 --> 02:38:25,800
physics. 
Turning nearly nothing into a 

3054
02:38:25,800 --> 02:38:28,100
research program, that would 
eventually compete with the best

3055
02:38:28,100 --> 02:38:31,200
in the world. 
However, he accomplished this in

3056
02:38:31,200 --> 02:38:33,700
a manner, that was 
distinctively, American fusing 

3057
02:38:33,700 --> 02:38:37,500
European sophistication with a 
more open cooperative and 

3058
02:38:37,500 --> 02:38:41,200
Democratic method of scientific 
inquiry Roberts teaching style, 

3059
02:38:41,200 --> 02:38:43,300
was the key because it was 
different from anything, his 

3060
02:38:43,300 --> 02:38:46,200
students had ever encountered, 
rather than giving polished 

3061
02:38:46,200 --> 02:38:49,200
lectures, while standing at a 
Blackboard Robert would solve 

3062
02:38:49,200 --> 02:38:52,300
problems allowed as his students
of the process of discovery. 

3063
02:38:52,300 --> 02:38:54,800
It was similar to being 
permitted to watch a master 

3064
02:38:54,800 --> 02:38:58,400
Craftsman in action, witnessing.
Not only the final product, but 

3065
02:38:58,400 --> 02:39:00,900
also the methods and ways of 
thinking that enabled 

3066
02:39:00,900 --> 02:39:03,600
excellence. 
The physics Community came to 

3067
02:39:03,600 --> 02:39:06,000
Revere. 
Robert seminars he would be deep

3068
02:39:06,000 --> 02:39:07,800
in conversation with whoever had
arrived. 

3069
02:39:07,800 --> 02:39:10,000
Early. 
Explaining connections between 

3070
02:39:10,000 --> 02:39:13,800
quantum mechanics statistical 
mechanics, an astro physics. 

3071
02:39:13,800 --> 02:39:16,900
That most professors were 
treated distinct subjects while 

3072
02:39:16,900 --> 02:39:20,100
drawing equations on the 
Blackboard, everyone was 

3073
02:39:20,100 --> 02:39:23,000
expected to contribute and the 
environment was more akin to 

3074
02:39:23,008 --> 02:39:26,300
sell on the classroom. 
Do you know how some Educators 

3075
02:39:26,300 --> 02:39:28,400
tend to oversimplify difficult 
subjects? 

3076
02:39:28,400 --> 02:39:30,400
Robert possessed, the opposite 
Talent? 

3077
02:39:30,400 --> 02:39:32,600
He was able to make even the 
most difficult. 

3078
02:39:32,600 --> 02:39:36,100
Theoretical physics ideas seem 
not just understandable, but 

3079
02:39:36,100 --> 02:39:39,100
inevitable, his seminars, would 
leave students with a fresh 

3080
02:39:39,100 --> 02:39:42,600
perspective on physical issues 
as well as new knowledge as if 

3081
02:39:42,608 --> 02:39:45,500
they had been given access to 
secrets about the true workings 

3082
02:39:45,500 --> 02:39:48,800
of the universe students from 
all over, the nation were drawn 

3083
02:39:48,800 --> 02:39:51,200
to the Berkeley program because 
they had heard about this young 

3084
02:39:51,200 --> 02:39:54,300
Professor who was making a 
significant contribution to the 

3085
02:39:54,300 --> 02:39:57,500
teaching of physics in America. 
They arrived hoping to learn 

3086
02:39:57,500 --> 02:40:00,600
quantum mechanics, but instead, 
they found a whole new way of 

3087
02:40:00,600 --> 02:40:03,500
doing science. 
One that value depth, as much as

3088
02:40:03,500 --> 02:40:07,600
Brett philosophical insight, as 
much as mathematical skill and 

3089
02:40:07,600 --> 02:40:11,600
teamwork as much as individual 
success Roberts impact went well

3090
02:40:11,600 --> 02:40:13,300
beyond His official teaching 
duties. 

3091
02:40:14,000 --> 02:40:16,600
For a whole generation of 
American, physicists, many of 

3092
02:40:16,600 --> 02:40:18,600
whom would later. 
Make important contributions to 

3093
02:40:18,600 --> 02:40:20,900
the discipline. 
He served as a mentor and 

3094
02:40:20,900 --> 02:40:23,900
intellectual Mentor more 
significantly, though he was not

3095
02:40:23,900 --> 02:40:25,700
merely teaching them to solve 
problems. 

3096
02:40:25,700 --> 02:40:29,400
He was teaching them how to 
think like scientists Roberts 

3097
02:40:29,400 --> 02:40:32,200
interdisciplinary approach and 
wide range of interests were 

3098
02:40:32,200 --> 02:40:34,500
reflected in the research that 
came out of Berkeley. 

3099
02:40:34,500 --> 02:40:38,300
In the 1930s working on issues 
ranging from nuclear theory to 

3100
02:40:38,300 --> 02:40:40,800
astrophysics to Atomic and 
molecular physics. 

3101
02:40:40,800 --> 02:40:44,000
His students frequently 
discovered connections between 

3102
02:40:44,000 --> 02:40:47,000
these ostensibly disparate 
fields that more narrowly 

3103
02:40:47,000 --> 02:40:49,200
focused. 
Researchers would Overlook all 

3104
02:40:49,200 --> 02:40:50,800
though. 
Robert himself made significant 

3105
02:40:50,800 --> 02:40:53,200
contributions to the fields of 
quantum tunneling. 

3106
02:40:53,200 --> 02:40:55,600
Cosmic ray showers and neutron 
stars. 

3107
02:40:55,600 --> 02:40:58,800
His greatest accomplishment was 
establishing a scientific 

3108
02:40:58,800 --> 02:41:02,800
Community capable of confidently
and creatively addressing any 

3109
02:41:02,800 --> 02:41:05,800
issue Roberts. 
Genuine excitement for the 

3110
02:41:05,808 --> 02:41:08,700
process of Discovery. 
In addition to his Mastery of 

3111
02:41:08,708 --> 02:41:12,400
physics was what made him, such 
an Effective Teacher, he tackled

3112
02:41:12,400 --> 02:41:15,200
every new problem with the 
Positiveness of someone who was 

3113
02:41:15,200 --> 02:41:18,400
learning physics for the first 
time and this enthusiasm was 

3114
02:41:18,400 --> 02:41:21,700
infectious, in addition to 
learning how to solve problems. 

3115
02:41:21,700 --> 02:41:24,700
Students also discovered how 
much they enjoy the intellectual

3116
02:41:24,700 --> 02:41:27,100
Journey. 
That is scientific research, the

3117
02:41:27,100 --> 02:41:28,600
Berkeley school was one of the 
top. 

3118
02:41:28,600 --> 02:41:31,500
Hubs for theoretical physics, 
research worldwide, by the late,

3119
02:41:31,500 --> 02:41:33,500
1930s. 
The collaborative 

3120
02:41:33,500 --> 02:41:36,600
interdisciplinary approach that 
Robert had taught them was being

3121
02:41:36,600 --> 02:41:39,300
carried by his former students, 
as they dispersed throughout 

3122
02:41:39,300 --> 02:41:42,400
American universities. 
American physics was starting to

3123
02:41:42,400 --> 02:41:45,700
compete with European science by
creating its own unique research

3124
02:41:45,700 --> 02:41:49,100
and teaching methodology, rather
than by imitating European 

3125
02:41:49,100 --> 02:41:52,700
techniques, however, Roberts 
career and the interaction 

3126
02:41:52,700 --> 02:41:56,100
between science and Society were
about to change as a result of 

3127
02:41:56,100 --> 02:41:59,300
the intersection of his teaching
success with more significant 

3128
02:41:59,300 --> 02:42:03,700
historical forces soon the same 
theoretical discoveries that 

3129
02:42:03,700 --> 02:42:05,900
made his seminar. 
So fascinating would serve as 

3130
02:42:05,900 --> 02:42:08,700
the base for weapons with 
previously unheard of 

3131
02:42:08,700 --> 02:42:12,500
destructive potential and the 
educator who had dedicated his 

3132
02:42:12,500 --> 02:42:15,700
professional life to fostering. 
Intellectual Community would be 

3133
02:42:15,700 --> 02:42:18,100
called upon to lead, an 
unprecedented scientific 

3134
02:42:18,100 --> 02:42:19,900
Endeavor to put an end to a 
conflict. 

3135
02:42:19,900 --> 02:42:22,900
All of Roberts, interpersonal, 
and intellectual leadership. 

3136
02:42:22,900 --> 02:42:26,200
Abilities would be put to the 
test as he went from being a 

3137
02:42:26,200 --> 02:42:29,200
university Professor to a 
scientific administrator. 

3138
02:42:29,200 --> 02:42:32,400
However, the groundwork had been
established during his time at 

3139
02:42:32,408 --> 02:42:35,200
Berkeley where he discovered 
that the most significant 

3140
02:42:35,200 --> 02:42:38,000
scientific breakthroughs 
frequently result from groups of

3141
02:42:38,000 --> 02:42:41,400
gifted individuals collaborating
to achieve shared objectives. 

3142
02:42:41,400 --> 02:42:44,700
Rather than from Lone Geniuses 
imagine being tasked with 

3143
02:42:44,700 --> 02:42:47,800
creating a brand new city in the
middle of a New Mexico Mesa 

3144
02:42:47,800 --> 02:42:51,200
assembling a team of some of the
most talented and erratic 

3145
02:42:51,200 --> 02:42:54,300
scientists on the planet and 
organizing them to tackle the 

3146
02:42:54,300 --> 02:42:57,000
most difficult technical problem
in human history. 

3147
02:42:57,000 --> 02:43:01,200
All while keeping everything you
do completely Secret in 1942, 

3148
02:43:01,200 --> 02:43:03,300
Robert was offered this task by 
the US government. 

3149
02:43:03,300 --> 02:43:08,900
And he accepted at somehow at 
7,300 feet above sea level, on a

3150
02:43:08,900 --> 02:43:11,200
plateau, in circled by 
mountains, that seemed to go on 

3151
02:43:11,200 --> 02:43:13,900
forever beneath a vast guy 
Roberts. 

3152
02:43:13,900 --> 02:43:16,900
First impression of Los Alamos, 
was hardly more than a boy's 

3153
02:43:16,900 --> 02:43:19,900
school. 
It was remote harsh, and totally

3154
02:43:19,900 --> 02:43:22,400
unfit for the kind of scientific
work that would have to take 

3155
02:43:22,400 --> 02:43:24,900
place there. 
But it was so beautiful. 

3156
02:43:24,900 --> 02:43:27,800
In the way that Barren 
Landscapes can be after seeing 

3157
02:43:27,800 --> 02:43:29,600
the website. 
The majority of people would 

3158
02:43:29,600 --> 02:43:31,600
have recommended going somewhere
more affordable. 

3159
02:43:32,400 --> 02:43:34,800
But when Robert looked at that 
Mesa, he noticed something 

3160
02:43:34,800 --> 02:43:37,800
different, he saw a setting that
might motivate the kind of 

3161
02:43:37,808 --> 02:43:40,500
extraordinary effort that 
extraordinary times required. 

3162
02:43:40,500 --> 02:43:45,000
A space that could support quick
expansion and an isolation that 

3163
02:43:45,000 --> 02:43:47,000
would offer security more than 
that. 

3164
02:43:47,000 --> 02:43:49,800
He realized that developing. 
The atomic bomb was a human 

3165
02:43:49,808 --> 02:43:51,600
challenge. 
That would necessitate the 

3166
02:43:51,608 --> 02:43:54,900
establishment of an entirely new
type of scientific Community. 

3167
02:43:54,900 --> 02:43:58,000
The Manhattan Project marked a 
significant change in the 

3168
02:43:58,000 --> 02:44:01,500
structure and financing of 
scientific research Los Alamos 

3169
02:44:01,500 --> 02:44:04,300
would unite hundreds of 
scientists and Engineers to work

3170
02:44:04,300 --> 02:44:07,900
on a single well-defined goal 
under military security and 

3171
02:44:07,900 --> 02:44:11,100
government guidance rather than 
having individual professors 

3172
02:44:11,100 --> 02:44:13,400
work with small groups of 
students on problems of their 

3173
02:44:13,400 --> 02:44:16,000
own choosing with Robert 
conducting. 

3174
02:44:16,000 --> 02:44:18,900
It was like a tempting to turn 
scientific research from chamber

3175
02:44:18,900 --> 02:44:23,000
music into a symphony orchestra 
Just the logistical difficulties

3176
02:44:23,000 --> 02:44:26,100
were astounding without knowing 
exactly what they would be 

3177
02:44:26,100 --> 02:44:28,900
working on scientists and their 
families had to be recruited. 

3178
02:44:29,800 --> 02:44:32,200
The closest major city was 
hundreds of miles away. 

3179
02:44:32,200 --> 02:44:35,800
So how housing labs and support 
facilities had to be, their 

3180
02:44:35,800 --> 02:44:39,300
equipment, had to be transported
to an unofficial site via 

3181
02:44:39,300 --> 02:44:42,100
Mountain Roads. 
And it had to happen fast enough

3182
02:44:42,100 --> 02:44:44,100
to change the course of a global
conflict. 

3183
02:44:45,000 --> 02:44:47,800
The human problems however were 
even more intricate. 

3184
02:44:47,800 --> 02:44:50,700
In addition to representing 
various physics and chemistry, 

3185
02:44:50,700 --> 02:44:53,100
Specialties the scientists who 
arrived at. 

3186
02:44:53,108 --> 02:44:56,500
Los Alamos also represented 
various cultures, research 

3187
02:44:56,500 --> 02:44:59,500
methodologies and viewpoints on.
The best way to structure. 

3188
02:44:59,500 --> 02:45:02,400
Scientific Endeavors American 
Scholars who had never left 

3189
02:45:02,400 --> 02:45:05,400
their homelands, collaborated 
with European refugees who had 

3190
02:45:05,400 --> 02:45:08,800
fled fascism Engineers, who had 
to construct real devices. 

3191
02:45:08,800 --> 02:45:10,800
That would functioning combat 
environments. 

3192
02:45:10,800 --> 02:45:13,900
Worked alongside theoretical 
physicists, who thought in 

3193
02:45:13,900 --> 02:45:17,500
abstract mathematical terms 
although he undoubtedly helped 

3194
02:45:17,500 --> 02:45:19,700
solve technical problems 
Roberts. 

3195
02:45:19,700 --> 02:45:22,800
Genius during this time was more
organizational and social than 

3196
02:45:22,800 --> 02:45:26,600
scientific somehow, he was able 
to maintain scientific standards

3197
02:45:26,600 --> 02:45:29,400
under extreme time. 
Pressure balance the conflicting

3198
02:45:29,400 --> 02:45:33,700
demands of scientific, openness 
and Military security and Foster

3199
02:45:33,700 --> 02:45:36,400
a sense of shared purpose among 
individuals who had spent their 

3200
02:45:36,400 --> 02:45:40,000
careers working independently. 
There had never been a 

3201
02:45:40,000 --> 02:45:42,200
community, like the one that 
grew up at Los Alamos in the 

3202
02:45:42,200 --> 02:45:45,400
history of science. 
Not because they had to But 

3203
02:45:45,400 --> 02:45:47,200
because they were engrossed in 
the thrill of group. 

3204
02:45:47,200 --> 02:45:50,900
Discovery scientists put in more
hours and worked harder than 

3205
02:45:50,900 --> 02:45:54,500
they had ever thought possible. 
Suddenly Roberts theoretical 

3206
02:45:54,500 --> 02:45:57,400
knowledge, which he had been 
imparting at Berkeley was being 

3207
02:45:57,400 --> 02:46:00,300
applied to real world issues. 
With immediate consequences 

3208
02:46:00,300 --> 02:46:03,600
during this time Roberts 
leadership style was a 

3209
02:46:03,600 --> 02:46:07,000
reflection of all he had learned
in his years as a teacher about 

3210
02:46:07,000 --> 02:46:09,500
scientific creativity in human 
motivation. 

3211
02:46:09,500 --> 02:46:12,700
He concentrated on fostering an 
environment where talented 

3212
02:46:12,700 --> 02:46:16,000
individuals could produce their 
best work rather than attempting

3213
02:46:16,000 --> 02:46:17,700
to micromanage technical 
details. 

3214
02:46:17,700 --> 02:46:20,700
Made sure his scientists had the
tools and assistance, they 

3215
02:46:20,700 --> 02:46:23,100
required while shielding them 
from bureaucratic meddling. 

3216
02:46:23,900 --> 02:46:26,300
He promoted the kind of casual 
conversations and 

3217
02:46:26,300 --> 02:46:29,800
interdisciplinary, cooperation 
that had been so fruitful at 

3218
02:46:29,800 --> 02:46:32,800
Berkeley for someone with 
Robert's wide range of cultural 

3219
02:46:32,800 --> 02:46:34,500
interests and vast, personal 
Network. 

3220
02:46:34,500 --> 02:46:37,800
The security requirements at Los
Alamos, presented unique 

3221
02:46:37,800 --> 02:46:41,000
challenges, his previous 
affiliations with leftist and 

3222
02:46:41,000 --> 02:46:43,800
communist groups which had not 
seen significant during his 

3223
02:46:43,800 --> 02:46:46,400
academic career. 
Suddenly became issues of 

3224
02:46:46,408 --> 02:46:49,400
National Security when he was a 
tempting to court date. 

3225
02:46:49,400 --> 02:46:52,100
The most significant scientific 
Endeavor in American history. 

3226
02:46:53,100 --> 02:46:56,400
FBI agents looked into his 
background maintaining, his own 

3227
02:46:56,400 --> 02:46:59,000
moral equilibrium and sense of 
perspective, while overseeing 

3228
02:46:59,000 --> 02:47:01,200
work that was specifically 
intended to produce. 

3229
02:47:01,200 --> 02:47:04,900
Wmds was perhaps the most 
challenging tasks, Robert had to

3230
02:47:04,900 --> 02:47:07,000
undertake. 
After years of studying 

3231
02:47:07,000 --> 02:47:09,900
philosophical issues, regarding 
the nature of reality and human 

3232
02:47:09,900 --> 02:47:13,000
responsibility. 
The man was now directly faced 

3233
02:47:13,000 --> 02:47:14,800
with the application of 
scientific knowledge. 

3234
02:47:15,700 --> 02:47:18,300
The technical work moved, along 
remarkably quickly. 

3235
02:47:18,300 --> 02:47:21,600
And effectively the kind of 
concentrated cooperation that 

3236
02:47:21,600 --> 02:47:25,000
only the urgency of War could 
Foster led to the resolution of 

3237
02:47:25,000 --> 02:47:27,600
issues that might have taken 
years to resolve in peace. 

3238
02:47:27,600 --> 02:47:28,600
Time. 
In a matter of months, 

3239
02:47:28,600 --> 02:47:32,700
scientists who had never held a 
job outside of Academia were now

3240
02:47:32,708 --> 02:47:35,700
managing, intricate engineering 
projects, and designing 

3241
02:47:35,700 --> 02:47:38,700
industrial processes. 
The precise blueprints for 

3242
02:47:38,700 --> 02:47:41,800
nuclear weapons were developed 
using the theoretical insights 

3243
02:47:41,800 --> 02:47:45,100
of quantum mechanics. 
Robert started to wrestle with 

3244
02:47:45,100 --> 02:47:47,300
issues, that would follow him 
for the rest of his life. 

3245
02:47:47,300 --> 02:47:50,800
As the project came to a close. 
What moral ramifications did, 

3246
02:47:50,800 --> 02:47:54,100
what they were producing have. 
What effects might nuclear 

3247
02:47:54,100 --> 02:47:56,600
weapons have on human 
civilization and international 

3248
02:47:56,600 --> 02:47:59,500
relations. 
What obligations did scientists 

3249
02:47:59,500 --> 02:48:01,500
have regarding how their 
findings were used? 

3250
02:48:01,500 --> 02:48:04,500
These were pressing real-world 
issues that would soon require 

3251
02:48:04,500 --> 02:48:07,700
Solutions, not abstract, 
philosophical conundrums. 

3252
02:48:07,700 --> 02:48:09,900
When he first agreed to build a 
laboratory. 

3253
02:48:09,900 --> 02:48:13,200
In the desert, the quiet bookish
Professor who had once taught 

3254
02:48:13,200 --> 02:48:16,400
Sanskrit for fun was about to 
become one of the most powerful 

3255
02:48:16,400 --> 02:48:19,500
people in modern history and the
weight of that influence was 

3256
02:48:19,500 --> 02:48:21,400
starting to weigh heavily on 
him. 

3257
02:48:21,400 --> 02:48:24,800
Roberts stood in a bunker in the
New Mexico desert on the morning

3258
02:48:24,800 --> 02:48:28,800
of July 16th, 1945 and 
dissipating. 

3259
02:48:28,800 --> 02:48:32,000
Whether three years of the most 
rigorous scientific Endeavor in 

3260
02:48:32,000 --> 02:48:34,100
human history would yield the 
outcome. 

3261
02:48:34,100 --> 02:48:37,800
That theory had predicted 20,000
yards away on a tower was the 

3262
02:48:37,800 --> 02:48:40,200
gadget. 
They dubbed Gadget far enough 

3263
02:48:40,208 --> 02:48:42,200
away that in the worst case 
scenario. 

3264
02:48:42,200 --> 02:48:43,900
They might live to lament their 
errors. 

3265
02:48:43,900 --> 02:48:46,200
You know how you feel. 
When you've studied everything 

3266
02:48:46,200 --> 02:48:49,700
you can before a final exam, but
you're still unsure if you'll be

3267
02:48:49,700 --> 02:48:52,500
sufficiently prepared, the 
stakes were a little higher than

3268
02:48:52,700 --> 02:48:55,200
Course grade. 
But that was Robert's mindset in

3269
02:48:55,200 --> 02:48:57,700
the pre-dawn darkness of the 
Alamogordo desert. 

3270
02:48:57,700 --> 02:49:00,400
They were on the verge of the 
first artificial nuclear 

3271
02:49:00,400 --> 02:49:03,600
explosion in Earth's history, if
their calculations were 

3272
02:49:03,600 --> 02:49:05,600
accurate. 
If their calculations were 

3273
02:49:05,600 --> 02:49:08,500
incorrect, the repercussions 
could be anything from a 

3274
02:49:08,500 --> 02:49:11,900
regional disaster to an 
embarrassing failure with the 

3275
02:49:11,900 --> 02:49:14,400
same mechanical accuracy that 
had defined the Manhattan 

3276
02:49:14,400 --> 02:49:20,600
Project as a whole, the 
countdown began, 10, 9, 8, 7 at 

3277
02:49:20,600 --> 02:49:22,800
zero, a flash of light brighter 
than the sun. 

3278
02:49:22,800 --> 02:49:26,400
Blazed across the desert visible
from 150 miles away. 

3279
02:49:26,400 --> 02:49:30,000
Transforming the mountains into 
Bleak Silhouettes against a 

3280
02:49:30,000 --> 02:49:33,600
man-made Dawn, even from a 
distance, observers could feel 

3281
02:49:33,600 --> 02:49:36,800
the heat on their faces then 
like an unseen Army, the 

3282
02:49:36,800 --> 02:49:38,700
Shockwave rolled across the 
desert floor. 

3283
02:49:38,700 --> 02:49:41,800
It was precisely the kind of 
literary allusion that had 

3284
02:49:41,800 --> 02:49:44,900
defined Roberts thinking 
throughout his career, but this 

3285
02:49:44,900 --> 02:49:47,800
time, the ancient poetry carried
a weight that no classroom 

3286
02:49:47,800 --> 02:49:50,800
discussion, could have prepared 
him for Robert later claimed 

3287
02:49:50,800 --> 02:49:52,800
that a line from the bug of 
Edgar came to mind. 

3288
02:49:52,800 --> 02:49:55,800
As he watched the expanding, 
Fireball rise into a mushroom 

3289
02:49:55,800 --> 02:49:59,000
cloud, that would become the 
iconic image of the nuclear age.

3290
02:49:59,000 --> 02:50:03,100
Now I am become death destroyer 
of worlds. 

3291
02:50:04,200 --> 02:50:07,500
In addition to being Robert's 
greatest scientific achievement.

3292
02:50:07,500 --> 02:50:11,100
The Trinity test marked the 
start of his most trying times 

3293
02:50:11,100 --> 02:50:14,500
as a person, however, the 
successful detonation also meant

3294
02:50:14,500 --> 02:50:16,900
that Robert and his colleagues 
had succeeded in creating 

3295
02:50:16,900 --> 02:50:19,700
something that could potentially
destroy human civilization. 

3296
02:50:20,700 --> 02:50:23,400
Proving that the theoretical 
work, done at Los Alamos had 

3297
02:50:23,400 --> 02:50:26,200
been correct and that the 
massive investment of talent and

3298
02:50:26,200 --> 02:50:29,100
resources had produced the 
weapon that military planners 

3299
02:50:29,100 --> 02:50:32,800
believed could end World War 2. 
The weeks after Trinity were a 

3300
02:50:32,800 --> 02:50:35,700
curious jumble of Joy fatigue 
and mounting fear of what they 

3301
02:50:35,700 --> 02:50:38,400
had let loose though. 
Many of the scientists at Los 

3302
02:50:38,400 --> 02:50:41,000
Alamos were starting to realize 
that their achievement would 

3303
02:50:41,000 --> 02:50:44,700
fundamentally alter human 
perceptions of power War and the

3304
02:50:44,700 --> 02:50:47,200
natural world. 
They had achieved something 

3305
02:50:47,200 --> 02:50:51,200
unprecedented in the history of 
Science and Engineering, Robert 

3306
02:50:51,200 --> 02:50:52,700
was in the odd position of 
receiving. 

3307
02:50:52,700 --> 02:50:55,400
Praise for accomplishments that 
made him feel more and more 

3308
02:50:55,400 --> 02:50:57,800
uncomfortable. 
It was a practical illustration 

3309
02:50:57,800 --> 02:51:00,400
of how humans could use the 
basic forces of nature. 

3310
02:51:00,400 --> 02:51:04,100
For destructive ends, based on 
the same theoretical, insights 

3311
02:51:04,100 --> 02:51:05,700
that had made his book Berkeley 
seminars. 

3312
02:51:05,700 --> 02:51:08,700
So, intellectually stimulating 
there was similar to receiving 

3313
02:51:08,700 --> 02:51:11,500
recognition for resolving a 
sophisticated mathematical 

3314
02:51:11,500 --> 02:51:13,400
puzzle. 
While being aware that the 

3315
02:51:13,400 --> 02:51:16,400
solution would result in great 
suffering, Robert and his 

3316
02:51:16,400 --> 02:51:19,100
colleague's discovered along 
with the rest of the world, what

3317
02:51:19,100 --> 02:51:22,000
their theoretical work looked 
like When applied to real cities

3318
02:51:22,000 --> 02:51:25,100
with real people, when the bombs
were dropped on Hiroshima and 

3319
02:51:25,100 --> 02:51:28,900
Nagasaki in August 1945, 
photographs of destroyed 

3320
02:51:28,900 --> 02:51:32,200
buildings reports of radiation, 
sickness and death. 

3321
02:51:32,200 --> 02:51:35,000
Tolls that reach the hundreds of
thousands replaced. 

3322
02:51:35,000 --> 02:51:37,900
The abstract calculations about 
energy release and blast 

3323
02:51:37,900 --> 02:51:40,000
effects. 
Like Robert's own emotions, The 

3324
02:51:40,000 --> 02:51:42,500
public's response to the atomic 
bombs was complicated. 

3325
02:51:42,500 --> 02:51:45,400
The weapons may have saved 
hundreds of thousands of 

3326
02:51:45,400 --> 02:51:48,800
American and Japanese lives by 
bringing an end to World War Two

3327
02:51:48,800 --> 02:51:51,100
without the need for an 
expensive invasion of Japan. 

3328
02:51:51,100 --> 02:51:54,700
However, they had also brought a
new class of destructive power 

3329
02:51:54,700 --> 02:51:56,700
into human history, making 
earlier. 

3330
02:51:56,700 --> 02:52:00,300
Conflicts seem almost archaic in
comparison as the man who had 

3331
02:52:00,300 --> 02:52:03,100
enabled nuclear war. 
Robert was both feared and 

3332
02:52:03,100 --> 02:52:06,200
hailed as a hero, every one who 
had worked on the Manhattan 

3333
02:52:06,200 --> 02:52:08,200
Project found. 
It difficult to make the shift 

3334
02:52:08,200 --> 02:52:10,800
from the urgency of War to 
contemplation in peace. 

3335
02:52:11,700 --> 02:52:13,800
But Robert found it particularly
difficult. 

3336
02:52:13,800 --> 02:52:16,900
The immediate objective of 
bringing the water a closed 

3337
02:52:16,900 --> 02:52:18,800
before Nazi, Germany could 
create its own. 

3338
02:52:18,800 --> 02:52:22,300
Atomic bomb had taken precedence
over the ethical concerns 

3339
02:52:22,300 --> 02:52:24,300
surrounding nuclear weapons 
during the conflict. 

3340
02:52:24,300 --> 02:52:27,300
Now, that the war was over in 
the US was the only country with

3341
02:52:27,300 --> 02:52:29,700
nuclear weapons. 
Those ethical issues needed to 

3342
02:52:29,700 --> 02:52:32,000
be addressed. 
Robert started, discussing the 

3343
02:52:32,000 --> 02:52:35,600
ramifications of atomic energy 
in public contending that a 

3344
02:52:35,600 --> 02:52:37,900
disastrous arms. 
Race could only be avoided by 

3345
02:52:37,900 --> 02:52:41,100
International collaboration and 
civilian control of nuclear 

3346
02:52:41,100 --> 02:52:43,400
technology. 
Some of his detractors would 

3347
02:52:43,400 --> 02:52:45,800
later viewers support for 
international control of nuclear

3348
02:52:45,800 --> 02:52:48,700
weapons, and the sharing of 
atomic secrets with other 

3349
02:52:48,700 --> 02:52:50,800
countries as naive or even 
treasonous. 

3350
02:52:50,800 --> 02:52:53,800
However Roberts worries were 
more grounded in his knowledge 

3351
02:52:53,800 --> 02:52:56,100
of the relevant science than in 
political ideology. 

3352
02:52:56,100 --> 02:52:59,700
He understood that a world with 
multiple nuclear Powers would be

3353
02:52:59,708 --> 02:53:02,600
far more dangerous than one. 
Where nuclear energy was managed

3354
02:53:02,600 --> 02:53:04,600
cooperatively by International 
institutions. 

3355
02:53:05,700 --> 02:53:08,400
That the fundamentals of nuclear
physics, could not be kept 

3356
02:53:08,400 --> 02:53:11,800
secret forever, and the other 
countries would eventually 

3357
02:53:11,800 --> 02:53:13,500
develop their own Atomic 
weapons. 

3358
02:53:13,500 --> 02:53:17,100
After learning Sanskrit, out of 
curiosity and collecting rocks 

3359
02:53:17,100 --> 02:53:19,100
for fun. 
The man, now, found himself at 

3360
02:53:19,100 --> 02:53:21,500
the center of discussions about 
the future of human 

3361
02:53:21,500 --> 02:53:24,300
civilization, in order to decide
whether his scientific 

3362
02:53:24,300 --> 02:53:26,900
accomplishments would be 
regarded as Humanity's greatest 

3363
02:53:26,900 --> 02:53:28,600
achievement or its ultimate 
error. 

3364
02:53:28,600 --> 02:53:31,900
The theoretical physicist who 
had previously preferred the 

3365
02:53:31,900 --> 02:53:35,900
company of books and ideas was 
now, conferring with generals 

3366
02:53:35,900 --> 02:53:39,800
politicians and diplomats on 
this matter, by the end of 1945,

3367
02:53:39,800 --> 02:53:42,600
Robert was starting to realize 
that scientific achievement 

3368
02:53:42,600 --> 02:53:44,600
could be more burdened and the 
failure. 

3369
02:53:45,300 --> 02:53:48,000
Particularly if it provided 
humans with capabilities that 

3370
02:53:48,000 --> 02:53:51,200
their moral development and 
wisdom had not equipped them to 

3371
02:53:51,200 --> 02:53:54,800
manage responsibly the boy who 
had once pondered his place in 

3372
02:53:54,800 --> 02:53:57,300
the universe was now struggling 
with the fact that he had helped

3373
02:53:57,300 --> 02:54:00,000
create a world in which that 
Universe might not have much 

3374
02:54:00,000 --> 02:54:02,600
more time to reflect following 
Los Alamos. 

3375
02:54:02,600 --> 02:54:05,300
Robert, learned something that 
many successful people learn to 

3376
02:54:05,300 --> 02:54:08,700
late Fame can be a trap that 
alters your perception of 

3377
02:54:08,700 --> 02:54:10,900
yourself, as well as how other 
people perceive. 

3378
02:54:10,900 --> 02:54:14,100
You now, one of America's, most 
famous scientists, the bashful 

3379
02:54:14,100 --> 02:54:16,900
Professor, who had been happy to
lecture, small groups of 

3380
02:54:16,900 --> 02:54:20,400
graduate students about quantum,
mechanics was expected to have 

3381
02:54:20,400 --> 02:54:24,100
views on everything from nuclear
policy to the fate of human 

3382
02:54:24,100 --> 02:54:26,900
civilization. 
Imagine being asked to comment 

3383
02:54:26,900 --> 02:54:29,100
on political decisions. 
You're not qualified to make 

3384
02:54:29,100 --> 02:54:32,200
invited to every significant 
meeting on subjects. 

3385
02:54:32,200 --> 02:54:35,400
You have never studied and 
treated as an authority on 

3386
02:54:35,400 --> 02:54:38,900
matters that are well outside of
your actual area of expertise. 

3387
02:54:38,900 --> 02:54:43,000
This was Robert's life in the 
late 1940s, and he managed it 

3388
02:54:43,000 --> 02:54:46,200
with his usual wits and a 
naivety about public relations 

3389
02:54:46,200 --> 02:54:49,200
and politics that would lead to 
major problems down the road. 

3390
02:54:49,200 --> 02:54:52,200
Robert was offered a new 
position by the atomic energy 

3391
02:54:52,200 --> 02:54:55,000
commission that seemed to be a 
perfect fit for his background 

3392
02:54:55,000 --> 02:54:58,900
in science and his wider 
interest in culture director of 

3393
02:54:58,900 --> 02:55:01,900
Princeton's Institute for 
advanced study, one of the most 

3394
02:55:01,908 --> 02:55:04,200
prominent places in American 
intellectual life. 

3395
02:55:04,200 --> 02:55:07,400
It allowed the brightest Minds 
in the world to focus on basic 

3396
02:55:07,400 --> 02:55:10,800
research without being 
sidetracked by administrative or

3397
02:55:10,800 --> 02:55:14,000
teaching, responsibilities along
with other Titans of 20th 

3398
02:55:14,000 --> 02:55:17,400
century mathematics and science 
Einstein worked there. 

3399
02:55:18,300 --> 02:55:22,300
In the late 1940s, Princeton was
a Haven for Scholars, where 

3400
02:55:22,300 --> 02:55:25,200
serious thinkers could Ponder. 
The most profound issues in 

3401
02:55:25,200 --> 02:55:28,300
their disciplines with the same 
further he had brought to Los 

3402
02:55:28,300 --> 02:55:30,600
Alamos. 
Robert threw himself into this 

3403
02:55:30,600 --> 02:55:33,800
work but this time the urgency 
was intellectual rather than 

3404
02:55:33,800 --> 02:55:35,900
military. 
He sought to ascertain. 

3405
02:55:35,900 --> 02:55:38,400
Whether there were more profound
ideas that might bring together 

3406
02:55:38,400 --> 02:55:42,900
our knowledge of matter energy, 
space and time as well as 

3407
02:55:42,900 --> 02:55:44,500
whether the theoretical 
insights. 

3408
02:55:44,500 --> 02:55:46,600
Of quantum mechanics, could be 
expanded upon. 

3409
02:55:46,600 --> 02:55:50,200
However, Robert was unable to 
fully escape the public role, 

3410
02:55:50,200 --> 02:55:52,300
that his wartime accomplishments
had given him. 

3411
02:55:52,300 --> 02:55:55,100
He testified before Congress on 
nuclear policy. 

3412
02:55:55,100 --> 02:55:58,500
Served on government advisory 
committee's and delivered 

3413
02:55:58,500 --> 02:56:01,200
lectures to audience's, who were
more interested in hearing from 

3414
02:56:01,200 --> 02:56:04,200
the father of the atomic bomb. 
Then from a theoretical 

3415
02:56:04,200 --> 02:56:07,900
physicist tackling abstract, 
Quantum field Theory problems, 

3416
02:56:07,900 --> 02:56:11,000
Robert was exposed to political 
forces through these public 

3417
02:56:11,000 --> 02:56:14,100
activities, that followed rules 
very different from those, he'd 

3418
02:56:14,100 --> 02:56:16,800
learned in academic and 
scientific circles, although, 

3419
02:56:16,800 --> 02:56:18,700
there may be disagreements over,
Tears. 

3420
02:56:18,700 --> 02:56:21,400
Most people in universities 
respect one another's right to 

3421
02:56:21,400 --> 02:56:24,100
have different views. 
Ideological, disagreements, and 

3422
02:56:24,100 --> 02:56:25,800
politics. 
Particularly in the early years 

3423
02:56:25,800 --> 02:56:29,200
of the Cold War could easily 
turn into personal assaults and 

3424
02:56:29,200 --> 02:56:32,600
inquiries about loyalty and 
patriotism, politicians and 

3425
02:56:32,600 --> 02:56:35,700
journalists searching for proof 
of disloyalty among high profile

3426
02:56:35,700 --> 02:56:38,100
Americans. 
Suddenly turned Roberts previous

3427
02:56:38,100 --> 02:56:42,200
affiliations with Communists and
leftist groups which had seemed 

3428
02:56:42,200 --> 02:56:45,400
in consequential during his 
academic career and had been a 

3429
02:56:45,400 --> 02:56:48,100
disregarded during the war 
because his Services were needed

3430
02:56:48,100 --> 02:56:51,200
into ammunition. 
They dusted off and looked for 

3431
02:56:51,200 --> 02:56:54,600
evidence of subversive activity 
in the same FBI files that had 

3432
02:56:54,600 --> 02:56:56,500
been put aside during the 
Manhattan Project. 

3433
02:56:57,600 --> 02:57:00,600
Ironically, Robert had never 
been a particularly political 

3434
02:57:00,600 --> 02:57:04,600
individual in the 1930s, his 
engagement with leftist groups, 

3435
02:57:04,600 --> 02:57:08,300
was driven less by a methodical 
political philosophy and more by

3436
02:57:08,300 --> 02:57:11,100
intellectual curiosity and 
social justice concerns, 

3437
02:57:11,100 --> 02:57:14,000
although he had attended 
meetings and given money to 

3438
02:57:14,000 --> 02:57:16,900
causes that seemed deserving, he
had never been the type of 

3439
02:57:16,900 --> 02:57:19,900
activists who sought to 
overthrow the US government or 

3440
02:57:19,900 --> 02:57:24,100
Advanced Soviet objectives. 
However, context, and subtlety 

3441
02:57:24,100 --> 02:57:27,200
don't translate well into 
political headlines and Roberts,

3442
02:57:27,200 --> 02:57:30,100
multifaceted personality and 
wide range of intellectual 

3443
02:57:30,100 --> 02:57:32,400
interests. 
Made him a prime target for 

3444
02:57:32,400 --> 02:57:34,600
those who wished to paint 
scientists as dishonest. 

3445
02:57:34,600 --> 02:57:38,600
And possibly treacherous, the 
man was now being questioned 

3446
02:57:38,600 --> 02:57:42,000
about his dedication to American
Security after spending three 

3447
02:57:42,000 --> 02:57:43,500
years of his life developing 
weapons. 

3448
02:57:43,500 --> 02:57:46,700
That helped win World War 2 
Roberts, search for meaning. 

3449
02:57:46,700 --> 02:57:49,300
And purpose, in research, that 
was unrelated to immediate 

3450
02:57:49,300 --> 02:57:52,500
practical applications was 
reflected in the scientific work

3451
02:57:52,500 --> 02:57:54,700
produced. 
During this time, he was working

3452
02:57:54,700 --> 02:57:57,100
on his shoes in elementary 
particle physics and Quantum 

3453
02:57:57,100 --> 02:57:58,700
field. 
Theory that might not be useful 

3454
02:57:58,700 --> 02:58:01,900
for decades if at all with the 
weight of knowing how quickly 

3455
02:58:01,900 --> 02:58:04,600
theoretical insights, could be 
turned into game-changing 

3456
02:58:04,600 --> 02:58:07,000
Technologies. 
It was like going back to the 

3457
02:58:07,000 --> 02:58:10,400
pure intellectual pleasure that 
had initially drawn him to 

3458
02:58:10,400 --> 02:58:13,700
physics Roberts lectures. 
During this time, show someone 

3459
02:58:13,700 --> 02:58:16,700
attempting to understand the 
meaning of Science in a world 

3460
02:58:16,700 --> 02:58:19,100
where scientific advancements 
could have such far-reaching 

3461
02:58:19,100 --> 02:58:21,600
effects. 
He discussed the need for 

3462
02:58:21,600 --> 02:58:24,300
scientists to consider the 
wider, ramifications of their 

3463
02:58:24,300 --> 02:58:27,600
work, the responsibility that 
came with discovering Nature's 

3464
02:58:27,600 --> 02:58:30,700
secrets and the relationship 
between scientific knowledge and

3465
02:58:30,700 --> 02:58:34,100
human values for Robert. 
These were urgent personal 

3466
02:58:34,100 --> 02:58:35,500
issues that kept him up at 
night. 

3467
02:58:35,500 --> 02:58:39,500
Not purely philosophical debate.
The man was now struggling with 

3468
02:58:39,500 --> 02:58:41,600
the ethical implications of 
scientific knowledge. 

3469
02:58:41,600 --> 02:58:44,300
Whereas previously he had 
delighted in the pure 

3470
02:58:44,300 --> 02:58:46,300
intellectual beauty of quantum 
mechanics. 

3471
02:58:47,300 --> 02:58:50,500
When knowledge of the natural 
world could be abused, how do 

3472
02:58:50,500 --> 02:58:52,800
you seek it out? 
How do you strike a balance 

3473
02:58:52,800 --> 02:58:56,300
between citizens duty to advance
human welfare and scientists 

3474
02:58:56,300 --> 02:58:59,400
duty to pursue the truth? 
Those who had ever expressed 

3475
02:58:59,400 --> 02:59:02,100
sympathy for leftist causes or 
supported International 

3476
02:59:02,100 --> 02:59:05,700
cooperation in nuclear policy 
faced growing hostility in the 

3477
02:59:05,708 --> 02:59:09,200
political atmosphere of the 
early 1950s politicians like 

3478
02:59:09,200 --> 02:59:12,500
Senator Joseph McCarthy were 
advancing their careers by 

3479
02:59:12,500 --> 02:59:15,900
disparaging fellow Travelers and
suspected Communists. 

3480
02:59:15,900 --> 02:59:19,300
Fostering an environment where 
affiliation with divisive 

3481
02:59:19,300 --> 02:59:22,300
ideologies could ruin 
reputations and lead to Career. 

3482
02:59:22,300 --> 02:59:25,400
Termination Roberts position 
became more and more vulnerable 

3483
02:59:25,400 --> 02:59:28,600
politicians seeking to prove 
their anti-communist 

3484
02:59:28,600 --> 02:59:32,000
credentials, naturally targeted 
him because of his notoriety as 

3485
02:59:32,000 --> 02:59:35,600
a scientist and his prior 
affiliation with leftist causes 

3486
02:59:35,600 --> 02:59:38,200
at the same time. 
He disagreed with political and 

3487
02:59:38,200 --> 02:59:41,000
military leaders who supported a
more aggressive strategy for 

3488
02:59:41,000 --> 02:59:44,200
cold war, competition with the 
Soviet Union because of his 

3489
02:59:44,200 --> 02:59:46,600
persistence support for 
international control of 

3490
02:59:46,600 --> 02:59:49,000
nuclear. 
And his opposition to the 

3491
02:59:49,000 --> 02:59:52,900
development of hydrogen bombs 
for Robert, the hydrogen bomb 

3492
02:59:52,900 --> 02:59:55,900
controversy was especially 
challenging the physics that had

3493
02:59:55,900 --> 02:59:57,900
enabled. 
The atomic bomb was extended in 

3494
02:59:57,900 --> 03:00:01,500
the theoretical work needed to 
develop, Fusion weapons but the 

3495
03:00:01,500 --> 03:00:05,100
potential destructive power was 
orders of magnitude higher as 

3496
03:00:05,100 --> 03:00:06,700
weapons. 
So destructive that they could 

3497
03:00:06,700 --> 03:00:10,300
have no logical strategic use, 
Robert contended that hydrogen 

3498
03:00:10,300 --> 03:00:13,600
bonds were both morally and 
militarily, unnecessary critics,

3499
03:00:13,600 --> 03:00:17,000
however, saw his resistance to 
the hydrogen bomb as proof that 

3500
03:00:17,000 --> 03:00:20,200
he was either unaware of Soviet 
intentions or deliberately 

3501
03:00:20,200 --> 03:00:23,200
trying to undermine American 
nuclear capabilities in a 

3502
03:00:23,208 --> 03:00:25,900
political climate that favored 
straightforward classification 

3503
03:00:25,900 --> 03:00:29,400
of loyalty and disloyalty. 
It was challenging to convey the

3504
03:00:29,400 --> 03:00:32,400
nuanced Viewpoint of someone who
oppose some type of nuclear 

3505
03:00:32,400 --> 03:00:34,000
weapons. 
But supported nuclear 

3506
03:00:34,000 --> 03:00:37,100
deterrents, Robert became more 
and more excluded from the 

3507
03:00:37,100 --> 03:00:39,700
policy debates where his 
scientific background could have

3508
03:00:39,700 --> 03:00:42,400
been most useful as the 1950s 
went on. 

3509
03:00:43,100 --> 03:00:45,800
He was now distrusted by the 
same government that had trusted

3510
03:00:45,800 --> 03:00:48,300
him to plan. 
The Manhattan Project decisions 

3511
03:00:48,300 --> 03:00:50,800
about the development and 
deployment of America's nuclear,

3512
03:00:50,800 --> 03:00:53,400
arsenal were routinely, 
excluding the man who had 

3513
03:00:53,400 --> 03:00:57,200
contributed to its creation. 
This time period had a huge 

3514
03:00:57,200 --> 03:01:00,000
personal cost. 
Robert had based his career on 

3515
03:01:00,000 --> 03:01:02,400
the belief that reasonable 
people would respect and 

3516
03:01:02,400 --> 03:01:05,000
acknowledge scientific 
integrity, and intellectual 

3517
03:01:05,000 --> 03:01:08,500
honesty, he was learning that 
moral complexity was frequently 

3518
03:01:08,500 --> 03:01:10,300
misunderstood as moral 
confusion. 

3519
03:01:10,300 --> 03:01:13,500
And that these traits could be 
viewed as weaknesses rather than

3520
03:01:13,500 --> 03:01:17,100
strengths in the context of Cold
War Politics, the scene was 

3521
03:01:17,100 --> 03:01:18,700
being prepared for a 
confrontation. 

3522
03:01:18,700 --> 03:01:22,100
That would put not only Roberts 
fortitude to the test, but also,

3523
03:01:22,100 --> 03:01:25,600
the balance between political 
power and scientific knowledge. 

3524
03:01:25,600 --> 03:01:29,100
In American democracy, the boy 
who had once read Sanskrit and 

3525
03:01:29,100 --> 03:01:32,000
collected rocks was about to 
encounter the most challenging 

3526
03:01:32,000 --> 03:01:34,800
task of his life. 
A political trial that would 

3527
03:01:34,800 --> 03:01:37,500
decide whether or not 
intellectual Independence and 

3528
03:01:37,500 --> 03:01:41,600
public service could co-exist in
Cold War America rather than a 

3529
03:01:41,600 --> 03:01:43,800
scientific issue that could be 
resolved with careful 

3530
03:01:43,800 --> 03:01:46,500
consideration and Innovative 
thinking Robert was a 

3531
03:01:46,500 --> 03:01:50,000
well-respected scientific 
adviser until he received a 

3532
03:01:50,000 --> 03:01:53,500
letter in December 1953, it 
would make him a symbol of the 

3533
03:01:53,500 --> 03:01:56,900
conflicts in Cold War America 
between National Security and 

3534
03:01:56,900 --> 03:01:59,600
intellectual Freedom. 
His security clearance was being

3535
03:01:59,600 --> 03:02:01,400
revoked by the atomic energy 
commission. 

3536
03:02:01,400 --> 03:02:04,400
The same agency that had 
depended on his knowledge for 

3537
03:02:04,400 --> 03:02:08,000
years, due to concerns about his
dependability and loyalty. 

3538
03:02:08,000 --> 03:02:11,100
Have you ever had the depressing
realization that people you 

3539
03:02:11,100 --> 03:02:13,200
trusted have been Gathering 
evidence of your alleged 

3540
03:02:13,200 --> 03:02:16,300
wrongdoing and assembling a case
against you behind your back. 

3541
03:02:16,300 --> 03:02:18,900
All the while smiling and 
seeking your advice. 

3542
03:02:18,900 --> 03:02:21,800
That was the case for Robert 
when he discovered that FBI 

3543
03:02:21,800 --> 03:02:25,100
recalled spanning Decades of his
contacts discussion and actions 

3544
03:02:25,100 --> 03:02:28,700
had been assembled into a case 
to Bar him from any government 

3545
03:02:28,700 --> 03:02:30,800
employment. 
Involving classified material, 

3546
03:02:30,800 --> 03:02:34,700
the charges included, both 
specific all Broad questions 

3547
03:02:34,700 --> 03:02:37,000
regarding Robert's moral fiber 
and discernment. 

3548
03:02:37,000 --> 03:02:40,600
His prioritized a communist 
groups were cited as proof of 

3549
03:02:40,600 --> 03:02:43,300
his betrayal. 
His resistance to the hydrogen 

3550
03:02:43,300 --> 03:02:46,800
bomb was seen as possibly driven
more by outside pressure than by

3551
03:02:46,800 --> 03:02:50,100
ethical and scientific 
considerations, his wide range 

3552
03:02:50,100 --> 03:02:53,700
of intellectual interests and 
complex personality was somehow 

3553
03:02:53,700 --> 03:02:55,500
turned into proof of his 
unreliability. 

3554
03:02:56,500 --> 03:02:58,800
Robert had to make a decision 
that would affect the rest of 

3555
03:02:58,800 --> 03:03:00,500
his life. 
He could quietly. 

3556
03:03:00,500 --> 03:03:03,500
Accept that his security 
clearance had been revoked, go 

3557
03:03:03,500 --> 03:03:06,700
back to working, only on 
academic projects and escape the

3558
03:03:06,700 --> 03:03:08,400
publicity. 
That would accompany a legal 

3559
03:03:08,408 --> 03:03:11,800
battle or aware that this would 
produce a public spectacle that 

3560
03:03:11,800 --> 03:03:14,900
would subject specifics of his 
personal life and political 

3561
03:03:14,900 --> 03:03:17,000
affiliations to hostile 
scrutiny. 

3562
03:03:17,000 --> 03:03:20,600
He could insist on a hearing, 
Robert's choice to contest, the 

3563
03:03:20,600 --> 03:03:24,000
charges demonstrated his faith 
in his own moral, character, as 

3564
03:03:24,000 --> 03:03:26,200
well as his ignorance of the 
procedure, he was about to 

3565
03:03:26,200 --> 03:03:29,300
undergo, he felt that reasonable
people would realize that his 

3566
03:03:29,300 --> 03:03:32,900
service to the nation had always
been driven by patriotism rather

3567
03:03:32,900 --> 03:03:35,600
than disloyalty. 
If he could clearly explain his 

3568
03:03:35,600 --> 03:03:38,900
actions and motivations, he 
didn't realize how much the 

3569
03:03:38,900 --> 03:03:42,300
political landscape had changed 
since the War years when his 

3570
03:03:42,300 --> 03:03:45,400
contributions had been accepted.
In spite of suspicions about his

3571
03:03:45,400 --> 03:03:48,600
affiliation, with the exception 
of the legal protections that 

3572
03:03:48,600 --> 03:03:52,700
defendants, typically, enjoy the
hearing which started in April 

3573
03:03:52,700 --> 03:03:56,400
1954 had all the features of a 
criminal trial, despite being 

3574
03:03:56,500 --> 03:03:59,800
Formerly referred to as an 
administrative review, in 

3575
03:03:59,800 --> 03:04:02,700
addition to being unable to 
cross-examine hostile Witnesses 

3576
03:04:02,700 --> 03:04:04,200
and view the evidence against 
him. 

3577
03:04:04,200 --> 03:04:07,400
Robert was also unable to see 
the cases key classified 

3578
03:04:07,400 --> 03:04:10,700
documents because his attorneys 
lacked security clearances. 

3579
03:04:10,700 --> 03:04:13,700
The extent to which Roberts life
had been monitored by the 

3580
03:04:13,700 --> 03:04:15,300
government for years was made 
clear. 

3581
03:04:15,300 --> 03:04:18,300
During the proceedings FBI 
agents had gathered 

3582
03:04:18,300 --> 03:04:20,600
comprehensive reports on his 
personal relationships and 

3583
03:04:20,608 --> 03:04:23,800
political activities. 
Monitored his conversations and 

3584
03:04:23,800 --> 03:04:26,800
looked into his friends and 
co-workers, the man who had 

3585
03:04:26,800 --> 03:04:29,700
dedicated his life to government
service during the war was now 

3586
03:04:29,700 --> 03:04:32,900
discovering that during his most
productive time, the same 

3587
03:04:32,900 --> 03:04:35,900
government had been considering 
him a possible security threat 

3588
03:04:35,900 --> 03:04:39,500
according to the testimony given
during the hearings, Robert did 

3589
03:04:39,500 --> 03:04:43,000
not look like the person, his 
friends and co-workers knew he 

3590
03:04:43,000 --> 03:04:46,800
was characterized by witnesses 
as conceited untrustworthy and 

3591
03:04:46,800 --> 03:04:50,800
possibly disloyal someone who's 
resistance to specific weapons 

3592
03:04:50,800 --> 03:04:52,800
programs. 
May be driven more by outside 

3593
03:04:52,800 --> 03:04:55,700
pressure than by sincere, 
ethical and scientific. 

3594
03:04:57,200 --> 03:05:00,300
Sophisticated introspective 
physicist, who had constructed 

3595
03:05:00,300 --> 03:05:02,600
Los Alamos, was reduced to a 
cartoon villain. 

3596
03:05:02,600 --> 03:05:05,800
Whose every move could be seen 
as proof of subversive intent. 

3597
03:05:05,800 --> 03:05:07,700
According to Robert's own 
testimony. 

3598
03:05:07,700 --> 03:05:10,900
He was being methodically 
humiliated by a procedure that 

3599
03:05:10,900 --> 03:05:14,200
appeared to be more intended to 
ruin his reputation than to 

3600
03:05:14,200 --> 03:05:17,500
ascertain the truth about his 
loyalty and he was fighting to 

3601
03:05:17,500 --> 03:05:20,300
keep his dignity. 
He responded to inquiries about 

3602
03:05:20,300 --> 03:05:23,600
personal details, described 
relationships, and conversations

3603
03:05:23,600 --> 03:05:27,900
from decades past and attempted 
to explain his nuanced stances 

3604
03:05:27,900 --> 03:05:31,000
on complex policy issues, to 
those who seemed intent on. 

3605
03:05:31,008 --> 03:05:34,000
Misinterpreting them the 
testimony of former co-workers 

3606
03:05:34,000 --> 03:05:36,800
and friends who had been coerced
into testifying against Robert, 

3607
03:05:36,800 --> 03:05:40,400
was the most upsetting part of 
the hearing testimonies 

3608
03:05:40,400 --> 03:05:44,100
regarding his character judgment
and dependability were requested

3609
03:05:44,100 --> 03:05:47,200
from government officials. 
Who had consulted him scientists

3610
03:05:47,200 --> 03:05:50,400
who had collaborated with him at
Los Alamos and close friends who

3611
03:05:50,400 --> 03:05:53,300
had confided in him, others gave
him the kind of carefully 

3612
03:05:53,300 --> 03:05:56,400
qualified testimony that hurt 
him while preserving their own 

3613
03:05:56,400 --> 03:05:59,200
security. 
Clearances While others bravely,

3614
03:05:59,200 --> 03:06:01,700
stood by him, given the 
political atmosphere and the 

3615
03:06:01,708 --> 03:06:05,400
way, the proceedings were set up
the final decision, which was 

3616
03:06:05,400 --> 03:06:08,200
made public in June. 1954 was 
inevitable. 

3617
03:06:08,200 --> 03:06:11,300
The hearing board came to the 
conclusion that although Robert 

3618
03:06:11,300 --> 03:06:14,500
was most likely loyal, his 
character and judgment were 

3619
03:06:14,500 --> 03:06:17,100
questioned, making him unfit to 
have access to classified 

3620
03:06:17,100 --> 03:06:19,200
material. 
His position, as a government 

3621
03:06:19,200 --> 03:06:21,700
advisor was essentially 
terminated when his security 

3622
03:06:21,700 --> 03:06:25,100
clearance was revoked and many 
Americans began to view him. 

3623
03:06:25,100 --> 03:06:27,800
As a security risk both 
personally and professionally, 

3624
03:06:27,800 --> 03:06:30,900
Robert suffered greatly in the 
immediate wake of the hearings, 

3625
03:06:30,900 --> 03:06:33,500
many in the government and 
defense establishment. 

3626
03:06:33,500 --> 03:06:36,100
Now viewed, the man who had, 
once been one of America's most 

3627
03:06:36,100 --> 03:06:40,000
eminent scientists as a pariah, 
former co-workers were reluctant

3628
03:06:40,000 --> 03:06:43,100
to associate with someone who 
carried the stigma of having 

3629
03:06:43,100 --> 03:06:47,000
this Purity clearance revoked 
Speaking invitations were 

3630
03:06:47,000 --> 03:06:49,400
withdrawn and job opportunities,
vanished. 

3631
03:06:49,400 --> 03:06:52,500
However, the hearing also had 
wider ramifications for 

3632
03:06:52,500 --> 03:06:55,900
democracy and Science in America
other scientists were warned by 

3633
03:06:55,908 --> 03:06:58,800
Robert's treatment that moral 
complexity, and independent 

3634
03:06:58,800 --> 03:07:02,100
thought were dangerous traits in
anyone wishing to work on 

3635
03:07:02,100 --> 03:07:03,600
matters of national 
significance. 

3636
03:07:03,600 --> 03:07:06,800
The case showed how easily 
political factors could override

3637
03:07:06,800 --> 03:07:09,800
expertise and how easily the 
demands of ideological 

3638
03:07:09,800 --> 03:07:12,800
Conformity could compromise. 
Scientific Integrity. 

3639
03:07:12,800 --> 03:07:15,400
Robert was starting a new 
chapter in his life. 

3640
03:07:15,400 --> 03:07:18,400
That would put his fortitude to 
the test and require him to 

3641
03:07:18,400 --> 03:07:21,700
re-evaluate his identity and 
Mission as he walked out of the 

3642
03:07:21,700 --> 03:07:24,900
hearing room, for the last time,
having lost both his security 

3643
03:07:24,900 --> 03:07:28,500
clearance and his position as a 
government advisor, in a 

3644
03:07:28,508 --> 03:07:30,300
Democratic Society Under 
Pressure. 

3645
03:07:30,300 --> 03:07:33,200
The young man who had 
constructed atomic bombs and the

3646
03:07:33,208 --> 03:07:36,500
boy who had gathered rocks. 
Now represented the strength and

3647
03:07:36,500 --> 03:07:39,800
fragility of intellectual 
Independence, Robert was placed 

3648
03:07:39,800 --> 03:07:42,800
in a strange form of Exile, 
following the security hearings 

3649
03:07:43,500 --> 03:07:46,400
He was not exiled from the 
nation but he was essentially 

3650
03:07:46,400 --> 03:07:49,200
cut off from the government work
that had provided the greatest 

3651
03:07:49,200 --> 03:07:51,500
practical value to his 
scientific expertise. 

3652
03:07:51,500 --> 03:07:54,700
It was similar to being a master
Craftsman who was abruptly, 

3653
03:07:54,700 --> 03:07:57,400
informed that his ability is no 
longer required for the most 

3654
03:07:57,400 --> 03:08:01,200
important projects, abandoning 
him to work alone on his craft 

3655
03:08:01,200 --> 03:08:03,800
While others made the choices 
that would determine the course 

3656
03:08:03,800 --> 03:08:07,000
of events. 
Both practically encyclical, the

3657
03:08:07,000 --> 03:08:10,300
change was abrupt, Robert had 
been at the Forefront of 

3658
03:08:10,300 --> 03:08:13,200
America's most significant 
scientific and policy debates 

3659
03:08:13,200 --> 03:08:15,800
for over 10 years. 
He had grown accustomed to 

3660
03:08:15,800 --> 03:08:19,000
receiving calls from government.
Representatives request for 

3661
03:08:19,000 --> 03:08:22,200
advice on nuclear weapons 
policy, and invitations to 

3662
03:08:22,200 --> 03:08:25,500
high-level meetings for the 
first time since before the war,

3663
03:08:25,500 --> 03:08:28,300
the man who had been one of 
America's, most consulted 

3664
03:08:28,300 --> 03:08:32,000
experts found himself with 
extended periods, of unbroken 

3665
03:08:32,000 --> 03:08:35,000
time, when the phone abruptly 
stopped ringing and the 

3666
03:08:35,008 --> 03:08:38,500
invitation stopped coming in The
Institute for advanced study at 

3667
03:08:38,508 --> 03:08:41,800
Prince and served as a Haven 
during this trying time because 

3668
03:08:41,800 --> 03:08:44,200
of the institutes culture of 
intellectual Independence, 

3669
03:08:44,200 --> 03:08:48,200
Roberts, political issues had no
bearing on his reputation there 

3670
03:08:48,200 --> 03:08:51,200
and his colleague, still 
respected him for his scientific

3671
03:08:51,200 --> 03:08:53,800
accomplishments. 
Even in this Safe Haven though 

3672
03:08:53,800 --> 03:08:56,400
Robert, founded difficult to 
understand the new meaning of 

3673
03:08:56,400 --> 03:08:59,900
his life and work, you know, how
losing something significant can

3674
03:08:59,900 --> 03:09:02,800
occasionally reveal side of 
yourself that were hidden or 

3675
03:09:02,800 --> 03:09:05,600
ignored, while you were 
preoccupied with it Roberts. 

3676
03:09:05,600 --> 03:09:08,800
Exile from government service 
compelled him to ReDiscover as 

3677
03:09:08,800 --> 03:09:12,100
Of himself that his work as a 
nuclear policy, adviser had 

3678
03:09:12,100 --> 03:09:15,300
obscured with new Vigor. 
He went back to his physics, 

3679
03:09:15,300 --> 03:09:18,300
studies tackling Quantum field, 
Theory problems that were 

3680
03:09:18,300 --> 03:09:21,000
intellectually demanding but 
wholly, unrelated to military 

3681
03:09:21,000 --> 03:09:24,300
uses, during this time, Robert 
produced, some of his most 

3682
03:09:24,300 --> 03:09:26,800
imaginative and ambitious 
scientific work. 

3683
03:09:26,800 --> 03:09:30,000
He could now focus on the kinds 
of fundamental questions that 

3684
03:09:30,000 --> 03:09:33,400
initially Drew him to physics. 
Freed from the pragmatic 

3685
03:09:33,400 --> 03:09:36,600
concerns that to dominate his 
thinking, both during and after 

3686
03:09:36,600 --> 03:09:39,800
the war, whether the theoretical
framework of quantum mechanics, 

3687
03:09:39,800 --> 03:09:42,600
could be expanded to offer a 
cohesive understanding of all 

3688
03:09:42,600 --> 03:09:44,300
the fundamental forces in 
nature. 

3689
03:09:44,300 --> 03:09:49,100
What physicists now, refer to as
a theory of everything was of 

3690
03:09:49,100 --> 03:09:52,400
particular interest to him. 
However, Robert also started to 

3691
03:09:52,400 --> 03:09:55,700
approach the relationship 
between science and society and 

3692
03:09:55,700 --> 03:09:58,500
The Wider ramifications of 
scientific knowledge in a more 

3693
03:09:58,500 --> 03:10:01,000
methodical manner. 
He had a unique perspective on 

3694
03:10:01,000 --> 03:10:03,600
how scientific advancements 
could be used to gain political 

3695
03:10:03,600 --> 03:10:07,100
and military power as well as 
how scientists could be torn 

3696
03:10:07,100 --> 03:10:10,200
between their civic duties and 
their dedication to the truth. 

3697
03:10:10,200 --> 03:10:13,800
Thanks to his experience is 
during the Manhattan Project and

3698
03:10:13,800 --> 03:10:16,700
the security hearing's Robert 
became one of the first. 

3699
03:10:16,700 --> 03:10:19,400
Well, known scientists to write 
thoughtfully about what is now 

3700
03:10:19,400 --> 03:10:22,600
known as the social 
responsibility of science, as a 

3701
03:10:22,600 --> 03:10:25,600
result of these Reflections. 
He maintained that scientists 

3702
03:10:25,600 --> 03:10:28,100
could not merely seek knowledge 
for its own sake without 

3703
03:10:28,100 --> 03:10:30,600
considering the potential 
applications of that knowledge. 

3704
03:10:30,600 --> 03:10:33,900
He also cautioned Against The 
Perils of Permitting political 

3705
03:10:33,900 --> 03:10:37,300
factors to obstruct free speech 
and scientific investigation. 

3706
03:10:37,300 --> 03:10:39,500
During this time, his writing 
and speaking. 

3707
03:10:39,500 --> 03:10:42,400
Demonstrated a mind, still 
struggling with the basic issues

3708
03:10:42,400 --> 03:10:45,600
that had captivated him since he
was a young boy, but now 

3709
03:10:45,600 --> 03:10:47,900
bearing, the burden of 
experience from witnessing the 

3710
03:10:47,900 --> 03:10:51,200
transformation of intangible 
Concepts into revolutionary 

3711
03:10:51,200 --> 03:10:53,600
Technologies. 
The young man who had pondered 

3712
03:10:53,600 --> 03:10:56,500
the nature of reality, had grown
into a man who recognized the 

3713
03:10:56,500 --> 03:10:59,600
dangers that could arise. 
When people were able to alter 

3714
03:10:59,600 --> 03:11:02,600
reality at its most basic 
levels, in addition to a 

3715
03:11:02,600 --> 03:11:05,800
lingering sense of loss and 
dislocation Roberts, personal 

3716
03:11:05,800 --> 03:11:09,700
life in the 1950s. 
And 1960s was characterized by a

3717
03:11:09,700 --> 03:11:12,400
slow recovery from the trauma of
the security hearings. 

3718
03:11:12,400 --> 03:11:15,500
He continued to be close to his 
children and stayed married to 

3719
03:11:15,500 --> 03:11:17,200
Kitty. 
Who had been there for him 

3720
03:11:17,200 --> 03:11:20,400
during the ordeal. 
However, friends noticed that he

3721
03:11:20,400 --> 03:11:23,600
was now wary of them before 
that, the world was more hostile

3722
03:11:23,600 --> 03:11:27,500
and unpredictable than he had 
previously realized Over time, 

3723
03:11:27,500 --> 03:11:30,400
the scientific communities 
reaction to Robert's treatment 

3724
03:11:30,400 --> 03:11:33,100
changed at first. 
A lot of scientists were 

3725
03:11:33,100 --> 03:11:36,400
hesitant to support him as they 
were worried that doing so would

3726
03:11:36,400 --> 03:11:40,100
harm their own careers. 
However more scientists realized

3727
03:11:40,100 --> 03:11:42,200
that the attack on Robert was 
actually an attack on the 

3728
03:11:42,200 --> 03:11:45,700
independence and integrity of 
science itself as the political 

3729
03:11:45,700 --> 03:11:49,600
landscape started to shift in 
the late 1950s and early 1960s. 

3730
03:11:49,600 --> 03:11:53,400
During this time, Robert's 
writings and lectures Drew 

3731
03:11:53,400 --> 03:11:56,400
audiences interested in his 
viewpoint on the ethical and 

3732
03:11:56,400 --> 03:11:59,500
political issues confronting 
contemporary society as well as 

3733
03:11:59,500 --> 03:12:03,100
his scientific discoveries, his 
experience is a given him a 

3734
03:12:03,100 --> 03:12:05,700
unique authority to speak about 
the relationship between power 

3735
03:12:05,700 --> 03:12:08,200
and knowledge. 
In the modern world, making him 

3736
03:12:08,200 --> 03:12:11,300
a sort of Elder Statesman of 
American intellectual life. 

3737
03:12:11,300 --> 03:12:14,600
Ironically Roberts exclusion 
from government policy 

3738
03:12:14,600 --> 03:12:17,800
discussions occur just when his 
insights could have been most 

3739
03:12:17,800 --> 03:12:20,000
useful. 
The risk of nuclear war was 

3740
03:12:20,000 --> 03:12:22,600
becoming a constant aspect of 
international relations. 

3741
03:12:22,600 --> 03:12:26,300
The nuclear arms race was 
speeding up new weapons were 

3742
03:12:26,300 --> 03:12:29,400
being I loved that made the 
atomic bombs of World War 2 seem

3743
03:12:29,400 --> 03:12:32,000
almost archaic. 
The man who had contributed to 

3744
03:12:32,000 --> 03:12:34,300
the creation of this predicament
was now barred from 

3745
03:12:34,300 --> 03:12:37,100
participating, in attempt to 
control, or remedy it. 

3746
03:12:37,100 --> 03:12:40,300
However, Roberts influenced 
during this time came from his 

3747
03:12:40,300 --> 03:12:43,400
work, as a public intellectual, 
and teacher, rather than from 

3748
03:12:43,400 --> 03:12:45,600
his direct involvement in policy
decisions. 

3749
03:12:45,600 --> 03:12:48,400
His writings and speeches 
influenced to generation of 

3750
03:12:48,408 --> 03:12:50,300
scientists perspectives on their
roles. 

3751
03:12:50,300 --> 03:12:53,600
And his example showed that 
intellectual Integrity could be 

3752
03:12:53,608 --> 03:12:57,900
upheld in the face of strong 
political pressure as the 1960s 

3753
03:12:57,900 --> 03:13:00,800
went on Robert started to get 
credit for his scientific 

3754
03:13:00,800 --> 03:13:04,000
contributions without openly 
criticizing the way the 

3755
03:13:04,000 --> 03:13:04,700
government. 
Treated him. 

3756
03:13:04,700 --> 03:13:07,300
He was invited to deliver 
significant lectures. 

3757
03:13:07,300 --> 03:13:11,000
Won prestigious honors and was 
progressively restored to his 

3758
03:13:11,000 --> 03:13:13,900
position as a respected member 
of American intellectual life. 

3759
03:13:13,900 --> 03:13:17,400
But in exchange for the 
recognition, he agreed to stay 

3760
03:13:17,400 --> 03:13:20,000
out of the circles that made the
most significant decisions 

3761
03:13:20,000 --> 03:13:23,200
regarding nuclear weapons. 
When the nuclear age, he helped 

3762
03:13:23,200 --> 03:13:26,900
create continued to unfold in 
ways that exceeded even his Most

3763
03:13:26,900 --> 03:13:29,900
pessimistic predictions about 
the dangers of nuclear, weapons 

3764
03:13:29,900 --> 03:13:32,700
and fulfilled. 
Some of his worst fears the man 

3765
03:13:32,700 --> 03:13:35,700
who had once stood in the New 
Mexico desert and watch the 

3766
03:13:35,700 --> 03:13:39,100
first atomic explosion was now 
watching from a distance, the 

3767
03:13:39,100 --> 03:13:42,000
boy who had once gather rocks on
Long Island beaches are 

3768
03:13:42,000 --> 03:13:43,900
transformed into something, 
Robert could never have 

3769
03:13:43,900 --> 03:13:45,900
predicted as he approached his 
last year's. 

3770
03:13:46,600 --> 03:13:49,600
A living representation of the 
ethical dilemmas that occur when

3771
03:13:49,600 --> 03:13:53,500
political power and scientific 
knowledge, Collide the whole 

3772
03:13:53,500 --> 03:13:56,700
story of Humanity's journey into
the nuclear age from the 

3773
03:13:56,700 --> 03:13:59,000
theoretical. 
Discoveries that enabled, Atomic

3774
03:13:59,000 --> 03:14:02,400
weapons to the political Fallout
that was still being felt 

3775
03:14:02,400 --> 03:14:05,100
decades. 
Later was etched in the mind of 

3776
03:14:05,100 --> 03:14:08,400
the elderly physicist strolling 
through the peaceful streets of 

3777
03:14:08,400 --> 03:14:11,000
prints and you know how 
sometimes the most significant 

3778
03:14:11,000 --> 03:14:14,100
life lessons are revealed only 
near the end when all of the 

3779
03:14:14,100 --> 03:14:16,500
different experiences and 
decisions can be viewed as a 

3780
03:14:16,508 --> 03:14:20,000
part of a greater whole growing 
awareness of what his remarkable

3781
03:14:20,000 --> 03:14:22,800
life had showed about the 
opportunities and risks faced by

3782
03:14:22,808 --> 03:14:26,200
any society, that depends more 
and more on scientific knowledge

3783
03:14:26,200 --> 03:14:29,500
for its security and prosperity.
Characterized Roberts. 

3784
03:14:29,500 --> 03:14:32,800
Later years has the political 
landscape shifted and more 

3785
03:14:32,800 --> 03:14:35,300
American started to doubt, the 
excesses of Cold War. 

3786
03:14:35,300 --> 03:14:39,300
Hysteria Roberts reputation 
started to slowly recover in the

3787
03:14:39,300 --> 03:14:41,800
1960s. 
But quickly gained momentum 

3788
03:14:41,800 --> 03:14:45,400
scientists, who had kept quiet 
during his ordeal started to 

3789
03:14:45,400 --> 03:14:47,200
openly discuss. 
How Fair. 

3790
03:14:47,200 --> 03:14:50,000
His treatment was government 
Representatives who had 

3791
03:14:50,000 --> 03:14:53,000
supported or Taken part in the 
security hearings started to 

3792
03:14:53,008 --> 03:14:55,100
privately apologized for their 
involvement. 

3793
03:14:55,100 --> 03:14:58,100
In what was becoming viewed as a
disgraceful chapter in American 

3794
03:14:58,100 --> 03:15:01,200
history, the government's 
highest award for contributions 

3795
03:15:01,200 --> 03:15:04,700
to nuclear science. 
The Enrico Fermi award was given

3796
03:15:04,700 --> 03:15:07,600
to Robert by President Lyndon 
Johnson in 1963. 

3797
03:15:07,600 --> 03:15:10,700
The ceremony was meticulously 
planned to honor Robert 

3798
03:15:10,700 --> 03:15:14,100
scientific accomplishments 
without specifically criticizing

3799
03:15:14,100 --> 03:15:16,100
how the Eisenhower 
Administration handled him. 

3800
03:15:16,100 --> 03:15:20,300
However, the symbolism was 
clear, Robert was being honored 

3801
03:15:20,300 --> 03:15:22,900
for his contributions to 
American Science by the same 

3802
03:15:22,900 --> 03:15:26,100
government that had labeled him.
A security risk Roberts 

3803
03:15:26,100 --> 03:15:28,600
acceptance of the award 
demonstrated, the elegance and 

3804
03:15:28,600 --> 03:15:31,100
Nuance that had defined his 
whole professional life. 

3805
03:15:31,100 --> 03:15:34,000
He could have taken the 
opportunity to be resentful of 

3806
03:15:34,008 --> 03:15:37,400
how he was treated or to attack 
the political forces that had 

3807
03:15:37,400 --> 03:15:40,900
almost ruined his career. 
Rather, he discussed the ongoing

3808
03:15:40,900 --> 03:15:44,100
difficulties that society and 
scientists face as they consider

3809
03:15:44,100 --> 03:15:47,700
the ramifications of nuclear 
technology and other significant

3810
03:15:47,700 --> 03:15:50,700
scientific advancements. 
Roberts latest scientific 

3811
03:15:50,700 --> 03:15:53,900
Endeavors, demonstrated his 
continuing interest in basic 

3812
03:15:53,900 --> 03:15:57,400
issues as well as his developing
realization, that he was running

3813
03:15:57,400 --> 03:15:59,600
out of time to make significant 
contributions. 

3814
03:15:59,600 --> 03:16:03,200
He kept considering the most 
profound issues in theoretical 

3815
03:16:03,200 --> 03:16:05,600
physics. 
But he also started to devote 

3816
03:16:05,600 --> 03:16:08,400
more of his time to instructing 
and guiding the next generation 

3817
03:16:08,400 --> 03:16:10,900
of scientists who would continue
the work. 

3818
03:16:10,900 --> 03:16:13,400
He had started. 
During the time, his lectures 

3819
03:16:13,400 --> 03:16:16,300
were mastered works of 
scientific communication that 

3820
03:16:16,300 --> 03:16:19,000
Blended technical Mastery with 
the kind of wide range. 

3821
03:16:19,100 --> 03:16:22,400
In cultural perspective that had
always been a Hallmark of his 

3822
03:16:22,400 --> 03:16:25,300
thought during these lectures 
students and colleagues 

3823
03:16:25,300 --> 03:16:27,500
frequently commented that they 
felt as though they were 

3824
03:16:27,500 --> 03:16:30,400
watching someone who had 
accomplished a unique synthesis 

3825
03:16:30,400 --> 03:16:34,200
of philosophical, understanding,
scientific knowledge and hard. 

3826
03:16:34,200 --> 03:16:38,000
One wisdom about human nature 
Roberts impact on American 

3827
03:16:38,000 --> 03:16:40,700
Science went well beyond his 
involvement in the Manhattan 

3828
03:16:40,700 --> 03:16:43,700
Project, or his particular 
research contributions. 

3829
03:16:43,700 --> 03:16:46,900
He'd contributed to the 
development of the idea that a 

3830
03:16:46,900 --> 03:16:49,400
scientist should be a public 
intellectual who could explain 

3831
03:16:49,400 --> 03:16:53,100
difficult scientific Concepts to
a wider audience and who had an 

3832
03:16:53,100 --> 03:16:55,200
obligation to consider the 
social and political 

3833
03:16:55,200 --> 03:16:58,900
ramifications of scientific 
advancement, a science and 

3834
03:16:58,900 --> 03:17:01,400
technology shaped modern 
society, more and more. 

3835
03:17:01,400 --> 03:17:03,500
This model would become more and
more significant. 

3836
03:17:03,500 --> 03:17:07,200
During his time at Berkeley, 
Robert trained a generation of 

3837
03:17:07,200 --> 03:17:10,000
physicists who would go on to 
make important contributions to 

3838
03:17:10,000 --> 03:17:12,700
American Science. 
Perhaps more significantly 

3839
03:17:12,700 --> 03:17:15,500
though they can continue his 
method of conducting scientific 

3840
03:17:15,500 --> 03:17:18,700
research which placed a strong 
emphasis on teamwork. 

3841
03:17:19,200 --> 03:17:22,400
Intellectual diversity, and the 
significance of comprehending, 

3842
03:17:22,400 --> 03:17:26,300
the larger context in which 
scientific work is conducted the

3843
03:17:26,300 --> 03:17:29,000
Berkeley School of theoretical 
physics served as a model for 

3844
03:17:29,000 --> 03:17:31,400
the structure and methodology of
cutting-edge scientific 

3845
03:17:31,400 --> 03:17:34,100
research. 
In his later years Roberts 

3846
03:17:34,100 --> 03:17:36,800
interpersonal, relationships 
were characterized by a greater 

3847
03:17:36,808 --> 03:17:40,200
understanding of the familial 
ties and friendships that had 

3848
03:17:40,200 --> 03:17:43,500
supported him during his darkest
moments with those closest to 

3849
03:17:43,500 --> 03:17:45,200
him. 
The man who had occasionally 

3850
03:17:45,200 --> 03:17:47,800
come across as distant and 
intellectually intimidating, 

3851
03:17:47,800 --> 03:17:51,500
became more approachable and 
emotionally transparent friends 

3852
03:17:51,500 --> 03:17:54,500
observed that in ways that his 
prior emphasis on academic 

3853
03:17:54,500 --> 03:17:58,000
success may have obscured his 
experience as a taught him to 

3854
03:17:58,000 --> 03:18:00,400
Value, loyalty and real human 
connection. 

3855
03:18:00,400 --> 03:18:03,400
Some of the most profound 
observations on science and 

3856
03:18:03,400 --> 03:18:06,600
Society, ever written by a 
scientist, were found in Roberts

3857
03:18:06,600 --> 03:18:09,200
last years of life. 
He wrote about the need for 

3858
03:18:09,200 --> 03:18:12,600
wisdom, to keep up with human 
technical capabilities, the 

3859
03:18:12,600 --> 03:18:15,200
beauty and horror of scientific 
discovery and the 

3860
03:18:15,200 --> 03:18:18,500
responsibilities that come with 
knowledge future generations of 

3861
03:18:18,500 --> 03:18:21,200
scientists Would consider their 
work and its implications 

3862
03:18:21,200 --> 03:18:23,400
differently as a result of these
lectures and essays. 

3863
03:18:23,400 --> 03:18:27,200
When Roberts health started to 
deteriorate in the late 1960s, 

3864
03:18:27,200 --> 03:18:30,300
he approached his impending 
death with the same blend of 

3865
03:18:30,300 --> 03:18:33,900
emotional nuance and 
intellectual curiosity that had 

3866
03:18:33,900 --> 03:18:36,400
marked his approach to all of 
his other significant life 

3867
03:18:36,400 --> 03:18:38,900
challenges. 
He did not seem to see death as 

3868
03:18:38,900 --> 03:18:42,200
a tragedy to be avoided at all 
costs but rather as another 

3869
03:18:42,200 --> 03:18:47,700
mystery to be pondered At 62, 
Robert Oppenheimer passed away 

3870
03:18:47,700 --> 03:18:51,700
from throat, cancer on February,
18th 1967, a legacy, as 

3871
03:18:51,700 --> 03:18:54,900
complicated, and difficult as 
the man himself was left behind 

3872
03:18:54,900 --> 03:18:58,000
by the passing of the boy who 
had collected rocks. 

3873
03:18:58,000 --> 03:19:01,500
The young man who had learned 
Sanskrit the teacher, who had 

3874
03:19:01,500 --> 03:19:04,300
revolutionized American 
theoretical physics, the 

3875
03:19:04,300 --> 03:19:07,800
scientific administrator who had
planned the Manhattan Project 

3876
03:19:07,800 --> 03:19:10,700
and the public intellectual who 
had wrestled with the moral 

3877
03:19:10,700 --> 03:19:14,100
implications of nuclear weapons.
Think about this, as you go to 

3878
03:19:14,100 --> 03:19:16,600
bed tonight? 
Intelligent people are still 

3879
03:19:16,608 --> 03:19:18,900
awake today because of the 
questions that kept Robert, 

3880
03:19:18,900 --> 03:19:21,500
Oppenheimer up at night. 
During his most trying times. 

3881
03:19:21,500 --> 03:19:24,900
How can we strike a balance 
between seeking knowledge and 

3882
03:19:24,900 --> 03:19:26,500
being concerned about its 
implications? 

3883
03:19:27,700 --> 03:19:30,200
What obligations do 
professionals have to society 

3884
03:19:30,200 --> 03:19:33,800
and what obligations to society 
have to uphold intellectual 

3885
03:19:33,800 --> 03:19:36,400
Freedom. 
How do we make informed choices 

3886
03:19:36,400 --> 03:19:39,600
about technologies that have the
potential to drastically alter 

3887
03:19:39,600 --> 03:19:42,600
human civilization? 
There are no simple answers to 

3888
03:19:42,600 --> 03:19:45,200
these questions in Robert's 
life, but it does offer 

3889
03:19:45,200 --> 03:19:48,900
something perhaps more valuable.
An example of how a thoughtful 

3890
03:19:48,900 --> 03:19:51,700
individual can wrestle with 
moral complexity without 

3891
03:19:51,700 --> 03:19:55,400
slipping into either naive 
idealism, or cynicism, the man 

3892
03:19:55,400 --> 03:19:57,500
who assisted in the development 
of nuclear weapons. 

3893
03:19:57,500 --> 03:20:00,600
Spent the remainder of his life,
attempting to comprehend and 

3894
03:20:00,600 --> 03:20:04,400
explain the ramifications of his
actions, never escaping 

3895
03:20:04,400 --> 03:20:07,300
responsibility. 
But also not letting guilt stop 

3896
03:20:07,300 --> 03:20:10,400
him from making further 
contributions to the welfare and

3897
03:20:10,400 --> 03:20:13,000
knowledge of humanity. 
Robert contributed to the 

3898
03:20:13,000 --> 03:20:16,000
creation of the atomic age, 
which is still developing today.

3899
03:20:16,800 --> 03:20:19,400
Although nuclear weapons can 
continue to pose a threat to 

3900
03:20:19,400 --> 03:20:21,900
human survival nuclear 
technology. 

3901
03:20:21,900 --> 03:20:26,000
Also produces carbon free energy
and life-saving Medical 

3902
03:20:26,000 --> 03:20:28,700
Treatments. 
The same scientific techniques, 

3903
03:20:28,700 --> 03:20:31,500
that uncovered the mysteries of 
atomic structure are still 

3904
03:20:31,508 --> 03:20:33,800
producing new types of problems 
that we have. 

3905
03:20:33,800 --> 03:20:36,800
Not yet learned to predict all 
that may provide answers to 

3906
03:20:36,800 --> 03:20:40,100
Humanity's biggest problems. 
Many of the same problems that 

3907
03:20:40,100 --> 03:20:42,600
Robert and his colleague's face 
during the Manhattan Project 

3908
03:20:42,600 --> 03:20:45,300
still face scientists. 
Today, who are developing 

3909
03:20:45,300 --> 03:20:48,700
genetic engineering artificial 
intelligence and other 

3910
03:20:48,700 --> 03:20:51,900
game-changing Technologies. 
How do you continue potentially 

3911
03:20:51,900 --> 03:20:54,300
useful research while being 
aware of its risks? 

3912
03:20:54,300 --> 03:20:57,800
How can one uphold scientific 
objectivity while admitting 

3913
03:20:57,800 --> 03:21:00,800
moral obligations? 
How do you explain complicated 

3914
03:21:00,800 --> 03:21:04,000
technical matters to the public 
and political leaders who have 

3915
03:21:04,000 --> 03:21:07,000
to decide how these Technologies
should be developed and governed

3916
03:21:07,000 --> 03:21:09,800
Roberts example, implies that 
all though, there are no easy 

3917
03:21:09,800 --> 03:21:12,900
answers to these questions. 
Anyone who chooses to work at 

3918
03:21:12,900 --> 03:21:15,000
the boundaries of human 
knowledge cannot avoid them 

3919
03:21:15,000 --> 03:21:18,200
conducting scientific. 
Search in a vacuum apart from 

3920
03:21:18,200 --> 03:21:21,600
social and political influences 
is not a morally neutral. 

3921
03:21:21,600 --> 03:21:25,000
Endeavor it occurs in human 
communities is supported by 

3922
03:21:25,000 --> 03:21:28,000
human institutions. 
And generates knowledge that can

3923
03:21:28,000 --> 03:21:30,500
be applied to both positive and 
negative human goals. 

3924
03:21:30,500 --> 03:21:34,600
The young man who gathered rocks
out of Natural, Curiosity, grew 

3925
03:21:34,600 --> 03:21:38,100
up to realize that Curiosity no 
matter how pure its original 

3926
03:21:38,100 --> 03:21:40,200
motivation, always leads to 
power. 

3927
03:21:40,200 --> 03:21:43,500
And that power always raises 
issues of responsibility. 

3928
03:21:43,500 --> 03:21:46,100
Perhaps the most distinctive 
feature of the Contemporary 

3929
03:21:46,100 --> 03:21:48,900
scientific Endeavor. 
Is this shift from naive or to 

3930
03:21:48,900 --> 03:21:52,000
moral complexity. 
But Roberts life also shows 

3931
03:21:52,000 --> 03:21:55,200
that, despite circumstances that
could be used as an excuse for 

3932
03:21:55,200 --> 03:21:58,700
pessimism or hopelessness. 
It is possible to preserve human

3933
03:21:58,700 --> 03:22:01,100
decency and intellectual 
Integrity. 

3934
03:22:01,100 --> 03:22:04,900
He never lost faith in the value
of seeking the truth, even if 

3935
03:22:04,900 --> 03:22:07,100
doing so resulted in knowledge, 
that was dangerous. 

3936
03:22:07,100 --> 03:22:10,300
Even when his efforts were 
misinterpreted or dismissed by 

3937
03:22:10,300 --> 03:22:13,200
political authorities, he never 
gave up on applying his 

3938
03:22:13,200 --> 03:22:14,900
knowledge to advance human 
welfare. 

3939
03:22:14,900 --> 03:22:18,200
According to the Sanskrit, Text 
Robert had read his young man 

3940
03:22:18,200 --> 03:22:22,400
was the result of realizing how 
everything is interconnected and

3941
03:22:22,400 --> 03:22:26,100
the obligations that follow from
that realization, he explored 

3942
03:22:26,100 --> 03:22:28,900
those ancient insights and 
applied them to contemporary 

3943
03:22:28,900 --> 03:22:31,700
scientific knowledge throughout 
his career in a way. 

3944
03:22:32,600 --> 03:22:35,400
Humans who acquire the ability 
to control these connections 

3945
03:22:35,400 --> 03:22:38,800
take on responsibilities that go
well beyond their immediate 

3946
03:22:38,800 --> 03:22:40,800
goals. 
The universe that physics 

3947
03:22:40,800 --> 03:22:43,800
reveals is in fact, 
interconnected at the most basic

3948
03:22:43,800 --> 03:22:47,500
levels, as you fall asleep, you 
may have a dream about a slender

3949
03:22:47,500 --> 03:22:49,600
young man, standing on a Mason 
New Mexico. 

3950
03:22:49,600 --> 03:22:53,500
Witnessing the first artificial 
sunrise, over the desert and 

3951
03:22:53,500 --> 03:22:55,900
realizing that everything has 
changed forever. 

3952
03:22:55,900 --> 03:22:59,100
All years later. 
You might dream of that same 

3953
03:22:59,100 --> 03:23:01,900
person strolling through 
Princeton in the evening light. 

3954
03:23:02,600 --> 03:23:05,300
Still thinking about issues of 
responsibility and knowledge 

3955
03:23:05,300 --> 03:23:08,700
that have no definitive answers 
but require constant 

3956
03:23:08,700 --> 03:23:11,600
consideration from anyone 
concerned with the future of 

3957
03:23:11,600 --> 03:23:14,800
human civilization even though 
Robert Oppenheimer passed away 

3958
03:23:14,800 --> 03:23:17,500
more than 50 years ago, the 
issues he brought up are still 

3959
03:23:17,508 --> 03:23:19,800
relevant today. 
Our world is shaped by 

3960
03:23:19,808 --> 03:23:22,600
technological, advancements, and
scientific discoveries. 

3961
03:23:22,600 --> 03:23:25,500
That would have seemed magical 
to earlier Generations. 

3962
03:23:25,500 --> 03:23:28,600
The decisions we make about how 
to use these advancements. 

3963
03:23:28,600 --> 03:23:31,800
Will determine the kind of world
we leave for future Generations.

3964
03:23:31,800 --> 03:23:35,300
The legacy of the boy who 
gathered rocks and went on to 

3965
03:23:35,300 --> 03:23:37,900
become the man who helped 
discover the secrets of the atom

3966
03:23:37,900 --> 03:23:42,000
is not a list of solutions, but 
rather a dedication to continue 

3967
03:23:42,000 --> 03:23:45,700
to ask the right questions with 
wisdom, bravery and humility. 

3968
03:23:45,700 --> 03:23:49,000
Remembering Roberts, example of 
how a thoughtful person can 

3969
03:23:49,000 --> 03:23:52,000
engage with moral complexity 
while maintaining both 

3970
03:23:52,000 --> 03:23:56,100
intellectual honesty and hope 
for human wisdom is crucial as 

3971
03:23:56,100 --> 03:23:58,400
we grapple with the implications
of artificial intelligence, 

3972
03:23:58,400 --> 03:24:02,500
climate change, genetic 
engineering and other trans 

3973
03:24:02,600 --> 03:24:06,300
Technologies in our own time 
rest easy, knowing that 

3974
03:24:06,300 --> 03:24:09,400
somewhere tonight someone is 
sitting at a computer or working

3975
03:24:09,400 --> 03:24:12,700
in a lab pushing the limits of 
human knowledge while grappling 

3976
03:24:12,700 --> 03:24:16,000
with issues of accountability 
and consequence that bind them 

3977
03:24:16,000 --> 03:24:19,500
across decades to a theoretical 
physicist who wants stood in the

3978
03:24:19,500 --> 03:24:22,500
New Mexico desert and saw the 
world transformed in a burst of 

3979
03:24:22,500 --> 03:24:24,700
artificial light, there are 
still questions. 

3980
03:24:24,700 --> 03:24:28,200
Each new generation takes on the
duty of interacting with them in

3981
03:24:28,200 --> 03:24:32,100
a thoughtful and brave manner. 
And the greatest hope for our 

3982
03:24:32,100 --> 03:24:33,600
future. 
As a species may be found in 

3983
03:24:33,600 --> 03:24:36,900
that continuous dialogue between
human wisdom and curiosity. 

3984
03:24:44,100 --> 03:24:47,700
Imagine a Sea of Grass that goes
on forever Beyond every Horizon,

3985
03:24:47,700 --> 03:24:51,300
you can think of. 
This is the Eurasian steppe a 

3986
03:24:51,300 --> 03:24:54,200
huge area of Rolling grasslands.
That makes the American Great 

3987
03:24:54,200 --> 03:24:55,900
Plains. 
Look like a lawn in a suburb 

3988
03:24:55,900 --> 03:24:59,300
here where the ground curves 
away into nothingness and the 

3989
03:24:59,300 --> 03:25:02,100
sky seems close enough to touch 
lived, people who would 

3990
03:25:02,100 --> 03:25:03,600
eventually change the whole 
world. 

3991
03:25:04,500 --> 03:25:06,800
But when they woke up each 
morning to milk their horses, 

3992
03:25:06,800 --> 03:25:08,600
they had no idea what they were 
doing. 

3993
03:25:08,600 --> 03:25:12,300
You wouldn't call them Mongol. 
Steppes Prime real estate, there

3994
03:25:12,300 --> 03:25:14,800
are no fertile river. 
Valleys like the Nile in Egypt, 

3995
03:25:14,800 --> 03:25:17,900
no, protective mountain ranges, 
like the Alps and Switzerland, 

3996
03:25:17,900 --> 03:25:20,300
and no Forest like those that 
covered Europe. 

3997
03:25:20,300 --> 03:25:23,100
In the Middle Ages. 
Instead, you had grasped that 

3998
03:25:23,108 --> 03:25:25,900
never ended and changed color 
with the seasons, like a living 

3999
03:25:25,900 --> 03:25:28,000
carpet. 
In the spring, it would turn 

4000
03:25:28,000 --> 03:25:31,000
green so bright that it hurt 
your eyes in the Summer. 

4001
03:25:31,000 --> 03:25:34,900
Waves of golden grain rippled in
the wind all the time in the 

4002
03:25:34,900 --> 03:25:37,800
fall it turned copper and bronze
and in the winter snow and ice 

4003
03:25:37,800 --> 03:25:40,800
covered it, which could kill a 
traveler who wasn't ready in a 

4004
03:25:40,800 --> 03:25:43,300
few hours. 
But if you knew how to read this

4005
03:25:43,300 --> 03:25:46,500
landscape, if you knew its 
rhythms and respected, its harsh

4006
03:25:46,500 --> 03:25:50,000
Beauty, the steps could give you
things that farming communities 

4007
03:25:50,000 --> 03:25:52,500
might never understand the grass
fed. 

4008
03:25:52,500 --> 03:25:55,700
A lot of cows sheep goats and 
horses people got everything 

4009
03:25:55,700 --> 03:25:58,400
they needed from these animals 
milk for drinking and making 

4010
03:25:58,400 --> 03:26:02,900
cheese meat for protein, hides, 
for clothes and shelter, and 

4011
03:26:02,900 --> 03:26:05,400
wool for warmth on those cold 
winter nights, when the 

4012
03:26:05,400 --> 03:26:07,800
temperature could drop. 
So low, that your breath froze 

4013
03:26:07,800 --> 03:26:10,600
before it left your mouth, the 
people who lived in this 

4014
03:26:10,600 --> 03:26:14,100
difficult landscape were Nomads,
but that word doesn't do justice

4015
03:26:14,100 --> 03:26:17,100
to how advanced their way of 
life was and stead of thinking 

4016
03:26:17,100 --> 03:26:19,100
of them as homeless people who 
are wandering around. 

4017
03:26:19,100 --> 03:26:22,200
Think of them as highly 
specialized mobile communities, 

4018
03:26:22,200 --> 03:26:24,900
that had mastered, the art of 
living in harmony with their 

4019
03:26:24,900 --> 03:26:27,200
surroundings. 
They didn't just wander around 

4020
03:26:27,200 --> 03:26:29,500
the steps. 
They followed old migration 

4021
03:26:29,500 --> 03:26:31,200
routes that had been improved 
over time. 

4022
03:26:31,200 --> 03:26:34,800
They moved their herds to new 
pastures with the same care that

4023
03:26:34,800 --> 03:26:37,600
farmers do. 
When they rotate their crops, a 

4024
03:26:37,600 --> 03:26:40,200
typical Mongol family owned, may
be 100 different kinds of 

4025
03:26:40,200 --> 03:26:43,600
animals and taking care of This 
mobile wealth required skills 

4026
03:26:43,600 --> 03:26:45,200
that would impress a modern 
Rancher. 

4027
03:26:45,200 --> 03:26:48,100
You needed to know which grasses
were best for different animals 

4028
03:26:48,100 --> 03:26:51,300
at different times of the year. 
How to find water in a place 

4029
03:26:51,308 --> 03:26:54,000
where Rivers were hard to find 
how to guess what? 

4030
03:26:54,000 --> 03:26:56,800
The weather would be like, and 
how to protect your herds from 

4031
03:26:56,800 --> 03:27:00,600
both people, who wanted to steal
them and wolves that followed 

4032
03:27:00,600 --> 03:27:03,900
the migrations, like Shadows the
girl, which is what people 

4033
03:27:03,900 --> 03:27:05,300
today. 
Call a yurt, was the best 

4034
03:27:05,300 --> 03:27:08,300
building for this way of life. 
Think about a house that could 

4035
03:27:08,300 --> 03:27:11,900
be put together or taken apart 
in less than an hour moved by a 

4036
03:27:11,900 --> 03:27:15,200
few camels and keep a family of 
six warm and dry in both the 

4037
03:27:15,200 --> 03:27:16,700
heat of Summer and the cold of 
winter. 

4038
03:27:16,700 --> 03:27:19,700
It was like a small house that 
could be moved around. 

4039
03:27:19,700 --> 03:27:23,300
It was about the same way as a 
small car and could stand up to 

4040
03:27:23,300 --> 03:27:26,300
wins that would flatten. 
Most modern tents, the inside of

4041
03:27:26,300 --> 03:27:28,900
a jeer was set up like a 
well-designed yacht with 

4042
03:27:28,900 --> 03:27:31,500
everything in. 
Its right place, the fire pit 

4043
03:27:31,500 --> 03:27:34,900
which provided heat light and a 
place to cook meals was in the 

4044
03:27:34,900 --> 03:27:37,500
center. 
When you walked in men's things 

4045
03:27:37,500 --> 03:27:39,500
were on the left and women's 
things were on the right. 

4046
03:27:39,500 --> 03:27:43,100
This Arrangement showed how each
gender had its own important. 

4047
03:27:43,100 --> 03:27:46,800
But different role in nomadic 
Society, the back of the G which

4048
03:27:46,800 --> 03:27:49,700
was directly across from the 
door, was the place of honor 

4049
03:27:49,700 --> 03:27:52,500
where in Portland guests, sat 
and Family Treasures were shown 

4050
03:27:52,500 --> 03:27:55,200
off, but maybe the most 
interesting thing about life on 

4051
03:27:55,200 --> 03:27:57,400
the steps was how it changed, 
the people who lived there. 

4052
03:27:57,400 --> 03:28:00,100
Imagine growing up in a world 
where your backyard was 

4053
03:28:00,100 --> 03:28:02,700
literally endless where you 
learned to ride before. 

4054
03:28:02,700 --> 03:28:04,900
You could walk. 
Well and why you had to be able 

4055
03:28:04,900 --> 03:28:07,800
to read weather patterns and 
clouds and find Way across 

4056
03:28:07,800 --> 03:28:11,400
grasslands with no tracks using 
only the stars and your 

4057
03:28:11,400 --> 03:28:14,000
knowledge of the land. 
Subtle Contours Mongol kids 

4058
03:28:14,000 --> 03:28:16,700
learned skills, that would seem 
like superpowers to people who 

4059
03:28:16,700 --> 03:28:20,000
live in the suburbs today they 
could ride horses bareback at 

4060
03:28:20,000 --> 03:28:22,600
full speed and shoot Arrows with
deadly accuracy. 

4061
03:28:22,600 --> 03:28:26,300
They could live for days on just
mayor's milk and dried meat. 

4062
03:28:26,300 --> 03:28:29,600
They could find water in places,
where others only saw grass that

4063
03:28:29,600 --> 03:28:32,600
went on forever and they could 
travel hundreds of miles of 

4064
03:28:32,600 --> 03:28:34,100
land. 
That look the same without 

4065
03:28:34,100 --> 03:28:36,700
getting lost. 
This wasn't just a way to get in

4066
03:28:36,700 --> 03:28:39,400
shape. 
It was a way to get your mind in

4067
03:28:39,400 --> 03:28:43,500
shape living on the steps taught
you that the world was big that 

4068
03:28:43,500 --> 03:28:46,400
there were always new places to 
go and that you had to be able 

4069
03:28:46,400 --> 03:28:49,800
to change quickly to stay alive.
It took you to be independent, 

4070
03:28:49,800 --> 03:28:53,200
but it also taught you to Value 
the strong ties of family and 

4071
03:28:53,200 --> 03:28:54,600
tribe. 
That could mean the difference 

4072
03:28:54,600 --> 03:28:57,700
between life and death. 
When winter storms, hit or 

4073
03:28:57,700 --> 03:29:01,000
enemy, Raiders came the steps 
also taught you something else. 

4074
03:29:01,000 --> 03:29:04,600
The borders were made up that 
the grass didn't care about the 

4075
03:29:04,600 --> 03:29:07,200
clams of said, entry people, and
that being able to move. 

4076
03:29:07,300 --> 03:29:10,900
Around was more important than 
any fixed fortification when the

4077
03:29:10,900 --> 03:29:13,400
tribes of the steps. 
Finally found a leader who could

4078
03:29:13,400 --> 03:29:16,100
bring them all together into one
terrifyingly, powerful Army. 

4079
03:29:16,100 --> 03:29:18,200
These lessons would be very 
important. 

4080
03:29:19,300 --> 03:29:22,200
But that's not the end of our 
story for now, picture those 

4081
03:29:22,200 --> 03:29:24,600
thousands of nomadic families 
living on the vast. 

4082
03:29:24,600 --> 03:29:27,700
Grasslands each following their 
own Old Paths each. 

4083
03:29:27,700 --> 03:29:30,900
Keeping their own relationships 
with neighboring, tribes, and 

4084
03:29:30,900 --> 03:29:32,300
each. 
Living a life that was both 

4085
03:29:32,300 --> 03:29:36,200
free, and limited harsh, and 
beautiful, and simple, and very 

4086
03:29:36,200 --> 03:29:38,500
complex. 
The steps were like a huge 

4087
03:29:38,500 --> 03:29:41,500
school, where students learned, 
how to survive ride horses 

4088
03:29:41,500 --> 03:29:45,600
predict, the weather Care for 
Animals and fight everyone who 

4089
03:29:45,600 --> 03:29:48,000
grew up there learned skills, 
that would have taken, European 

4090
03:29:48,000 --> 03:29:51,400
Knights years to learn if they 
could learn them at all and 

4091
03:29:51,400 --> 03:29:54,000
every now and then one of the 
scattered graduates would come 

4092
03:29:54,000 --> 03:29:56,500
along, who could see, past the 
normal tribal boundaries. 

4093
03:29:56,500 --> 03:29:59,400
This person could picture 
bringing all the people of the 

4094
03:29:59,400 --> 03:30:01,700
grass, sea together into 
something bigger and stronger 

4095
03:30:01,700 --> 03:30:03,700
than any Kingdom that stayed in 
one place. 

4096
03:30:03,700 --> 03:30:07,200
Someone like that was about to 
be born, but anyone watching 

4097
03:30:07,200 --> 03:30:08,800
would not have thought it was a 
good thing. 

4098
03:30:09,600 --> 03:30:12,100
He would be born into a harsh 
world that had already shaped 

4099
03:30:12,100 --> 03:30:15,200
many generations of nomadic 
children, but the skills and 

4100
03:30:15,200 --> 03:30:17,700
points of view that landscape 
taught him would help him build 

4101
03:30:17,700 --> 03:30:19,900
the biggest empire in history, 
that was all connected. 

4102
03:30:19,900 --> 03:30:23,600
The steps were ready. 
They just didn't know it yet in 

4103
03:30:23,600 --> 03:30:26,900
1162 on what was probably a 
normal spring morning in the 

4104
03:30:26,900 --> 03:30:29,900
heart of Mongolia. 
Child was born, who would grow 

4105
03:30:29,900 --> 03:30:33,100
up to scare half the world and 
bring the other half together? 

4106
03:30:34,000 --> 03:30:37,100
His birth name was Teemu gin, 
which means ironworker in 

4107
03:30:37,100 --> 03:30:39,600
English. 
This was a practical name for a 

4108
03:30:39,600 --> 03:30:42,400
practical people, but it didn't 
suggest that this baby would 

4109
03:30:42,400 --> 03:30:45,100
grow up to make anything more 
important than horseshoes or 

4110
03:30:45,100 --> 03:30:48,000
Arrow points. 
The chapter headings into early,

4111
03:30:48,000 --> 03:30:51,200
life story are very harsh like 
those in a medieval Survival 

4112
03:30:51,200 --> 03:30:52,600
Guide. 
Yes. 

4113
03:30:52,600 --> 03:30:54,700
Okay. 
His father was a minor tribal 

4114
03:30:54,700 --> 03:30:57,200
leader, you could think of him 
as the head of a small family 

4115
03:30:57,200 --> 03:30:59,800
business, in an industry where 
most business problems were 

4116
03:30:59,800 --> 03:31:02,200
solved with arrows. 
When temperature was about nine 

4117
03:31:02,200 --> 03:31:06,300
years old rivals, poisoned his 
father leaving the family in a 

4118
03:31:06,300 --> 03:31:08,800
dangerous situation, like sheep 
without a Shepherd in a land 

4119
03:31:08,800 --> 03:31:10,500
full of wolves. 
What happened? 

4120
03:31:10,500 --> 03:31:13,000
Next was the kind of childhood, 
that could either completely 

4121
03:31:13,000 --> 03:31:16,300
break someone or make them 
incredibly strong tems. 

4122
03:31:16,300 --> 03:31:19,600
Family was basically kicked out 
by their former allies and left 

4123
03:31:19,600 --> 03:31:22,500
to fend for themselves in a 
society where being alone, often

4124
03:31:22,500 --> 03:31:25,000
meant death. 
Imagine a family that suddenly 

4125
03:31:25,000 --> 03:31:27,500
has no home or friends in a 
world, where your neighbor's 

4126
03:31:27,500 --> 03:31:30,100
might think you are more useful 
as a slave than as an equal 

4127
03:31:30,100 --> 03:31:33,500
during these tough years, young 
learned lessons that would 

4128
03:31:33,500 --> 03:31:35,500
change. 
The way he led and built his 

4129
03:31:35,508 --> 03:31:38,800
Empire for the rest of his life.
He learned that loyalty based on

4130
03:31:38,808 --> 03:31:40,800
blood or tradition could go 
away. 

4131
03:31:40,800 --> 03:31:44,000
As soon as things changed, he 
learned that being able to make 

4132
03:31:44,000 --> 03:31:46,100
new friends with people who may 
have been enemies. 

4133
03:31:46,100 --> 03:31:48,600
Yesterday was often the key to 
Staying Alive. 

4134
03:31:48,600 --> 03:31:51,800
Most importantly, he learned 
that the traditional tribal 

4135
03:31:51,800 --> 03:31:55,700
system was deeply flawed because
it had endless fights strict 

4136
03:31:55,700 --> 03:31:59,300
hierarchies and couldn't unite 
against common threats during 

4137
03:31:59,300 --> 03:32:01,200
these years in the wilderness to
mujin. 

4138
03:32:01,200 --> 03:32:04,000
Also learned something else. 
He had a special ability to get 

4139
03:32:04,000 --> 03:32:06,700
people to follow him even when 
they didn't have a good reason 

4140
03:32:06,700 --> 03:32:09,000
to do. 
So even when his family had to 

4141
03:32:09,000 --> 03:32:12,400
eat roots and catch fish with 
their hands, he still managed to

4142
03:32:12,400 --> 03:32:15,000
get people to follow him, who 
thought he was worth betting, 

4143
03:32:15,000 --> 03:32:17,400
their Futures on. 
It was the kind of charm that 

4144
03:32:17,400 --> 03:32:18,900
you couldn't learn or passed 
down. 

4145
03:32:18,900 --> 03:32:22,600
You either had it or you didn't,
Had a lot of it. 

4146
03:32:23,200 --> 03:32:25,000
It was like watching someone 
climb a mountain. 

4147
03:32:25,000 --> 03:32:27,300
While everyone else was still 
arguing about which way to go. 

4148
03:32:27,308 --> 03:32:31,300
He went from being an outcast to
being the leader of his tribe to

4149
03:32:31,300 --> 03:32:33,100
mujin built. 
A coalition of followers through

4150
03:32:33,100 --> 03:32:35,400
alliances victories and shared 
goals. 

4151
03:32:35,400 --> 03:32:38,400
These followers were not tied 
together by traditional tribal 

4152
03:32:38,400 --> 03:32:42,100
loyalties, but by something new 
shared ambition and mutual 

4153
03:32:42,100 --> 03:32:44,800
benefit temujin. 
Knew something that most leaders

4154
03:32:44,800 --> 03:32:47,800
on the step, didn't the old way 
of fighting all the time between

4155
03:32:47,800 --> 03:32:51,400
tribes wasn't just wasteful. 
It was also harmful to the 

4156
03:32:51,400 --> 03:32:54,200
tribes themselves. 
The sedentary kingdoms around 

4157
03:32:54,200 --> 03:32:57,600
the steps were getting stronger 
and more united while the Mongol

4158
03:32:57,600 --> 03:33:00,100
tribes fought each other. 
Over old grudges and grazing 

4159
03:33:00,100 --> 03:33:03,200
rights, the Jinn Dentistry. 
Ruled Northern China, the 

4160
03:33:03,200 --> 03:33:06,200
Western year ruled the Silk 
Road, corridors and different 

4161
03:33:06,200 --> 03:33:09,100
Central Asian Powers were 
spreading their power into areas

4162
03:33:09,100 --> 03:33:12,400
when Nomads used to live. 
In thought, the answer was to do

4163
03:33:12,400 --> 03:33:14,000
something that had never been 
done before. 

4164
03:33:14,000 --> 03:33:16,900
Ring all the tribes together, 
under one leader who could 

4165
03:33:16,900 --> 03:33:20,100
direct their combined military 
power outward instead of inward.

4166
03:33:20,100 --> 03:33:23,500
It was like suggesting that 
every small family business In a

4167
03:33:23,500 --> 03:33:26,000
troubled industry come together 
to form one well-run 

4168
03:33:26,000 --> 03:33:28,600
Corporation. 
But the negotiations were done 

4169
03:33:28,600 --> 03:33:31,500
with swords and the final 
agreements were made with blood.

4170
03:33:31,500 --> 03:33:34,600
Oaths, it took Decades of 
political maneuvering that would

4171
03:33:34,600 --> 03:33:36,900
have impressed Machiavelli to 
bring the two sides together. 

4172
03:33:36,900 --> 03:33:40,000
Temujin formed alliances with 
former enemies. 

4173
03:33:40,000 --> 03:33:43,600
Broke promises, when he needed 
to took useful ideas from 

4174
03:33:43,600 --> 03:33:46,800
tribes, he had defeated and 
slowly built a military and 

4175
03:33:46,800 --> 03:33:48,700
political system. 
That went beyond the usual step 

4176
03:33:48,700 --> 03:33:52,000
groups, the decimal system of 
organizing, the military was one

4177
03:33:52,000 --> 03:33:55,700
of his most important, new ideas
temujin, didn't organize his 

4178
03:33:55,700 --> 03:33:58,900
troops along traditional tribal 
lines which would have kept old 

4179
03:33:58,900 --> 03:34:01,200
loyalties and feuds alive 
instead. 

4180
03:34:01,200 --> 03:34:06,700
He broke his army up into groups
of 10 100 1000 and 10,000 

4181
03:34:06,700 --> 03:34:09,400
Warriors from different tribes 
who swore new Oaths of loyalty 

4182
03:34:09,400 --> 03:34:12,500
to him personally it was like 
getting rid of all the old high 

4183
03:34:12,500 --> 03:34:15,400
school cliques and making new 
ones based on common goals and 

4184
03:34:15,400 --> 03:34:18,500
said of past friendships. 
There were many great things 

4185
03:34:18,500 --> 03:34:21,400
about this system. 
It kept anyone try from getting 

4186
03:34:21,400 --> 03:34:24,500
too strong in the larger group, 
it made Warriors from different 

4187
03:34:24,500 --> 03:34:27,900
tribes, work together which 
slowly broke down old tribal 

4188
03:34:27,900 --> 03:34:30,300
prejudices. 
It was most important because it

4189
03:34:30,308 --> 03:34:33,800
made a new identity Mongol that 
went beyond the old tribal 

4190
03:34:33,800 --> 03:34:36,600
Division and made, everyone feel
like they were part of the 

4191
03:34:36,600 --> 03:34:39,800
bigger project timijan had done,
something that had never been 

4192
03:34:39,800 --> 03:34:41,400
done. 
Before in the recorded history 

4193
03:34:41,400 --> 03:34:45,400
of the steps by 1206, he had 
brought almost all of the Mongol

4194
03:34:45,400 --> 03:34:48,200
tribes together, under his own 
leadership at a big meeting 

4195
03:34:48,200 --> 03:34:51,800
called a coral tie, the tribal 
leaders formally recognized him 

4196
03:34:51,800 --> 03:34:54,200
as their supreme leader and gave
him a new name. 

4197
03:34:54,200 --> 03:34:56,400
That reflected his unprecedented
achievement. 

4198
03:34:57,100 --> 03:35:01,100
Genghis Khan which means 
Universal ruler or ruler of all.

4199
03:35:01,100 --> 03:35:04,200
It was like watching a small 
town business owner, become the 

4200
03:35:04,208 --> 03:35:07,000
CEO of a multinational 
corporation. 

4201
03:35:07,000 --> 03:35:10,000
Except this corporation's 
business model was to conquer 

4202
03:35:10,000 --> 03:35:13,700
new markets and grow into every 
available Market the tribes. 

4203
03:35:13,700 --> 03:35:16,100
That lived on the steps had come
together to form a single 

4204
03:35:16,100 --> 03:35:18,800
military force that could 
project power over long 

4205
03:35:18,800 --> 03:35:21,900
distances with a speed and 
efficiency that would change the

4206
03:35:21,900 --> 03:35:24,600
way wars were fought. 
But Genghis, Khan didn't just 

4207
03:35:24,600 --> 03:35:25,900
bring the Mongol tribes 
together. 

4208
03:35:26,700 --> 03:35:29,600
After he fixed the problem of 
division within the group, he 

4209
03:35:29,600 --> 03:35:32,500
quickly turned his attention to 
threats and chances from outside

4210
03:35:32,500 --> 03:35:35,400
the same strategic thinking that
had helped him. 

4211
03:35:35,400 --> 03:35:37,800
Bring the steps together, was 
now focused on the sedentary 

4212
03:35:37,800 --> 03:35:39,700
kingdoms, that were next to his 
new Empire. 

4213
03:35:39,700 --> 03:35:42,900
If the Mongols were stronger, 
when they were United and when 

4214
03:35:42,900 --> 03:35:45,300
they were split up, then they 
would be even stronger. 

4215
03:35:45,300 --> 03:35:47,800
When they conquered their 
neighbor's, the change was 

4216
03:35:47,800 --> 03:35:51,400
complete, the boy who had once 
caught fish with his bare hands 

4217
03:35:51,400 --> 03:35:53,700
and lived on the streets, had 
become the leader of the most 

4218
03:35:53,700 --> 03:35:56,900
powerful army in the world. 
Settled, people had long seen 

4219
03:35:56,900 --> 03:35:59,500
the steps as a place where in 
Barbarian raids happened. 

4220
03:36:00,400 --> 03:36:02,100
Soon. 
They would be the starting point

4221
03:36:02,100 --> 03:36:04,800
for a series of Conquest, that 
would change the political map 

4222
03:36:04,800 --> 03:36:07,100
of Eurasia. 
The grass sea had found, its 

4223
03:36:07,100 --> 03:36:09,500
Captain and the winds were good 
for a long trip. 

4224
03:36:10,500 --> 03:36:13,700
Imagine the first time Genghis 
Khan looked past the steps at 

4225
03:36:13,700 --> 03:36:16,900
the settled kingdoms that had 
always seemed so far away and 

4226
03:36:16,900 --> 03:36:19,600
safe behind their walls. 
It must have felt like a small 

4227
03:36:19,600 --> 03:36:22,600
business owner who was doing 
well, suddenly realizing that 

4228
03:36:22,600 --> 03:36:26,000
their local market was just the 
beginning that there were huge, 

4229
03:36:26,000 --> 03:36:28,400
untapped opportunities waiting, 
just beyond their current 

4230
03:36:28,400 --> 03:36:30,800
Horizons. 
In this case, though, the 

4231
03:36:30,800 --> 03:36:33,600
business would grow through 
Cavalry Charges and see engines.

4232
03:36:34,300 --> 03:36:37,200
The Mongols first, big Target 
was the Western Gia Kingdom 

4233
03:36:37,200 --> 03:36:40,000
which ruled over the Silk Road 
trade routes, that went through 

4234
03:36:40,000 --> 03:36:43,800
what is now Northwestern China. 
This decision showed how smart 

4235
03:36:43,800 --> 03:36:47,000
Genghis Khan was instead of 
attacking the strongest 

4236
03:36:47,000 --> 03:36:49,800
neighbor's right away. 
He started with a kingdom that 

4237
03:36:49,800 --> 03:36:52,800
was rich enough to be worth 
conquering but not strong enough

4238
03:36:52,800 --> 03:36:55,900
to threaten his Empire's 
existence for an army that had 

4239
03:36:55,900 --> 03:36:57,700
mostly used mobile tactics 
before. 

4240
03:36:57,700 --> 03:37:01,100
The Western Seattle campaign was
like a graduate level course and

4241
03:37:01,100 --> 03:37:03,600
Siege Warfare. 
The Mongols learned that they 

4242
03:37:03,600 --> 03:37:06,600
usual hit and run tactics which 
worked well against other 

4243
03:37:06,600 --> 03:37:10,100
nomadic foes didn't work as well
against cities with high walls 

4244
03:37:10,100 --> 03:37:13,400
and supply for long sieges. 
So like all successful 

4245
03:37:13,400 --> 03:37:17,400
businesses do when they face new
problems, they changed learned 

4246
03:37:17,400 --> 03:37:21,100
and came up with new ideas. 
The Mongol Army change from 

4247
03:37:21,100 --> 03:37:23,700
being a nomadic Force to 
something more like a modern 

4248
03:37:23,700 --> 03:37:27,300
combined arms military in just a
few years, they hired Engineers 

4249
03:37:27,300 --> 03:37:29,600
from lands. 
They taken over learned how to 

4250
03:37:29,608 --> 03:37:32,800
use Chinese Siege methods, and 
learned how to use catapults, 

4251
03:37:32,800 --> 03:37:35,100
battering, rams, and other 
specialized tools. 

4252
03:37:35,100 --> 03:37:38,300
It was like seeing a motorcycle 
gang suddenly gained the 

4253
03:37:38,308 --> 03:37:41,300
logistical skills of a 
professional Army while still 

4254
03:37:41,300 --> 03:37:42,800
being able to move and be 
aggressive. 

4255
03:37:43,600 --> 03:37:46,200
The Mongols didn't just use the 
same military tactics as 

4256
03:37:46,200 --> 03:37:48,000
everyone else, they made them 
better. 

4257
03:37:48,000 --> 03:37:51,100
Their Siege operations became 
famous for how quickly and 

4258
03:37:51,100 --> 03:37:53,800
effectively they worked. 
European armies might take 

4259
03:37:53,800 --> 03:37:57,000
months to break down a single 
Fortress, but Mongol forces 

4260
03:37:57,000 --> 03:37:59,500
could sometimes take whole 
cities in just a few days. 

4261
03:37:59,500 --> 03:38:03,000
By using both traditional Siege 
tactics, and new engineering and

4262
03:38:03,000 --> 03:38:05,800
psychological warfare methods. 
The Mongol armies. 

4263
03:38:05,800 --> 03:38:08,500
Full range of skills were shown 
when they took over the gender 

4264
03:38:08,500 --> 03:38:10,900
Dynasty. 
In northern China, this wasn't a

4265
03:38:10,900 --> 03:38:12,900
small border Kingdom like 
Western Sia. 

4266
03:38:12,900 --> 03:38:16,600
It was one of the most advanced 
civilizations in the world with 

4267
03:38:16,600 --> 03:38:19,500
the Great Wall protecting it and
armies that had been perfecting 

4268
03:38:19,500 --> 03:38:21,200
their skills for hundreds of 
years. 

4269
03:38:21,200 --> 03:38:23,700
The Jinn Dynasty ruled over 
land. 

4270
03:38:23,700 --> 03:38:27,000
That was home to millions of 
people protected by hundreds of 

4271
03:38:27,000 --> 03:38:30,300
fortified cities and backed by 
economic resources that were 

4272
03:38:30,300 --> 03:38:33,300
much bigger than anything. 
The steps could produce, but the

4273
03:38:33,300 --> 03:38:35,800
Mongols methodically toward down
this Old Kingdom. 

4274
03:38:35,800 --> 03:38:37,800
Just like mechanic's. 
Take apart. 

4275
03:38:37,800 --> 03:38:39,700
A complicated machine. 
They know how to fix. 

4276
03:38:40,500 --> 03:38:43,200
They attacked from directions 
that the Chinese didn't expect, 

4277
03:38:43,200 --> 03:38:45,500
which let them get around the 
Great Wall. 

4278
03:38:45,500 --> 03:38:48,500
They also use captured gin 
Engineers to improve their own 

4279
03:38:48,500 --> 03:38:51,900
Siege techniques and a mix of 
military pressure and diplomatic

4280
03:38:51,900 --> 03:38:54,800
maneuvering to slowly cut off 
gin Defenders from their 

4281
03:38:54,800 --> 03:38:57,000
possible. 
Allies people living at the 

4282
03:38:57,000 --> 03:38:59,600
time, couldn't believe how 
quickly these conquests happened

4283
03:38:59,600 --> 03:39:03,300
within a few years of the 
Mongols arrival kingdoms that 

4284
03:39:03,300 --> 03:39:05,600
had been around for hundreds of 
years, would be gone. 

4285
03:39:05,600 --> 03:39:08,400
It was like watching someone 
play a video game at a faster 

4286
03:39:08,400 --> 03:39:10,500
speed. 
But the results were real and 

4287
03:39:10,500 --> 03:39:13,200
would last forever. 
The Mongol War Machine had done,

4288
03:39:13,200 --> 03:39:15,600
something that military 
theorists would spend hundreds 

4289
03:39:15,600 --> 03:39:19,000
of years trying to figure out it
had the perfect mix of speed 

4290
03:39:19,000 --> 03:39:23,800
Firepower, organization and 
flexibility at the same time on 

4291
03:39:23,800 --> 03:39:25,900
the Western Front. 
Mongol troops were moving into 

4292
03:39:25,900 --> 03:39:27,800
Central Asia, in the same 
methodical way. 

4293
03:39:27,800 --> 03:39:30,700
The Mongols conquest of the 
quarries meet Empire. 

4294
03:39:30,700 --> 03:39:32,500
Which ruled over a lot of what 
is now? 

4295
03:39:32,500 --> 03:39:36,400
Iran Afghanistan and Central 
Asia showed another side of this

4296
03:39:36,400 --> 03:39:39,700
strategic thinking They could 
run multiple campaigns. 

4297
03:39:39,700 --> 03:39:42,900
At the same time over long 
distances, while keeping widely 

4298
03:39:42,900 --> 03:39:46,000
separated forces and sink. 
The Diplomatic incident that 

4299
03:39:46,000 --> 03:39:48,300
turned into a full blown. 
War started this Western 

4300
03:39:48,300 --> 03:39:52,300
campaign almost by accident. 
Cars been Shaw made a big 

4301
03:39:52,308 --> 03:39:54,400
mistake when he killed Mongol 
trade envoys. 

4302
03:39:54,400 --> 03:39:57,300
This was like, declaring war on 
what was already the most 

4303
03:39:57,300 --> 03:39:58,800
dangerous military group in the 
world. 

4304
03:39:59,600 --> 03:40:02,600
Genghis, Khan's answer was 
quick, clear and completely 

4305
03:40:02,600 --> 03:40:06,900
devastating in just three years.
The choirs made Empire was 

4306
03:40:06,900 --> 03:40:10,500
completely destroyed. 
Its cities were in Ruins and its

4307
03:40:10,500 --> 03:40:13,500
people were either spread out or
taken in by the growing Mongol 

4308
03:40:13,500 --> 03:40:15,700
system. 
What was so impressive about 

4309
03:40:15,700 --> 03:40:18,500
these conquests was how the 
Mongols were able to keep 

4310
03:40:18,500 --> 03:40:22,100
control of such large areas 
while still expanding most 

4311
03:40:22,100 --> 03:40:25,000
empires in history have hit 
natural limits, where the costs 

4312
03:40:25,000 --> 03:40:27,000
of expansion were higher than 
the benefits. 

4313
03:40:27,000 --> 03:40:30,800
However, the Mongols seemed to 
have solve this basic Problem by

4314
03:40:30,800 --> 03:40:33,900
combining flexible 
Administration with effective 

4315
03:40:33,900 --> 03:40:36,700
military action. 
The Mongols usually used in 

4316
03:40:36,700 --> 03:40:40,100
changed local government systems
and of trying to force a single 

4317
03:40:40,100 --> 03:40:42,300
system of government on all of 
their lands. 

4318
03:40:42,300 --> 03:40:45,600
Chinese territories were still 
run by modified version of 

4319
03:40:45,600 --> 03:40:49,400
traditional Chinese bureaucracy 
and Central Asian regions, kept 

4320
03:40:49,400 --> 03:40:52,800
their own cultural and religious
practices under Mongol rule it 

4321
03:40:52,800 --> 03:40:55,100
was like running a 
multi-national company where 

4322
03:40:55,100 --> 03:40:57,500
each regional office could keep 
its own corporate culture. 

4323
03:40:57,500 --> 03:41:00,700
While making sure that all of 
the company strategies worked 

4324
03:41:00,700 --> 03:41:02,700
together. 
This flexible Administration 

4325
03:41:02,700 --> 03:41:04,700
went along with the 
communication system that was 

4326
03:41:04,708 --> 03:41:08,500
very new for its time, the yam 
was the Mongol Postal System. 

4327
03:41:08,500 --> 03:41:11,400
It built a network of relay 
stations that could send 

4328
03:41:11,400 --> 03:41:14,400
messages across the Empire fast 
than any other system. 

4329
03:41:14,500 --> 03:41:17,600
Of communication. 
It used to take months for a 

4330
03:41:17,600 --> 03:41:21,100
message to get from Mongolia to 
Eastern Europe, but now it only 

4331
03:41:21,100 --> 03:41:24,300
takes weeks, this made it easier
for the central government to 

4332
03:41:24,300 --> 03:41:27,200
keep control over areas that 
were thousands of miles apart. 

4333
03:41:28,000 --> 03:41:31,000
The psychological consequences 
of these conquests were possibly

4334
03:41:31,000 --> 03:41:33,100
more significant than their 
military implications. 

4335
03:41:33,100 --> 03:41:36,700
The Mongols showed that distance
was no protection against a 

4336
03:41:36,700 --> 03:41:39,800
well-organized and motivated 
force that new tactics could 

4337
03:41:39,800 --> 03:41:41,700
break through traditional 
fortifications. 

4338
03:41:41,700 --> 03:41:44,600
And that people who sedentary 
societies had thought were 

4339
03:41:44,600 --> 03:41:47,800
primitive barbarians could 
conquer entire civilizations. 

4340
03:41:47,800 --> 03:41:50,800
The Mongol Empire was bigger 
than the continental United 

4341
03:41:50,800 --> 03:41:52,900
States, and growing quickly by 
the time. 

4342
03:41:52,900 --> 03:41:57,100
Genghis, Khan died in 1227. 
It stretched from Korea to the 

4343
03:41:57,100 --> 03:42:01,000
Caspian Sea, but this was only 
the start Genghis, Khan's 

4344
03:42:01,000 --> 03:42:03,000
successors would continue to 
grow the system. 

4345
03:42:03,000 --> 03:42:06,400
He had built eventually creating
an Empire that stretched from 

4346
03:42:06,400 --> 03:42:09,300
Eastern Europe to the Pacific 
Ocean and changed. 

4347
03:42:09,300 --> 03:42:12,500
The course of human history. 
The great expansion changed, not

4348
03:42:12,500 --> 03:42:15,300
only the political map of 
Eurasia, but also what people 

4349
03:42:15,300 --> 03:42:18,300
thought and Empire could be the 
Mongols showed that nomadic 

4350
03:42:18,300 --> 03:42:19,900
Society. 
Could not only compete with 

4351
03:42:19,900 --> 03:42:22,900
settled civilizations that they 
could also be better at 

4352
03:42:22,900 --> 03:42:25,000
military. 
Effectiveness administrative 

4353
03:42:25,000 --> 03:42:27,200
efficiency and controling 
territory. 

4354
03:42:27,900 --> 03:42:31,000
Grass, sea had turned into an 
ocean, and its ways were 

4355
03:42:31,000 --> 03:42:33,400
crashing against Shores that had
never felt their power before. 

4356
03:42:33,400 --> 03:42:36,900
Imagine, waking up one morning 
to find out that your city, your

4357
03:42:36,900 --> 03:42:40,000
region, or even, your whole 
country had been taken over by 

4358
03:42:40,000 --> 03:42:43,600
the biggest empire in history, 
almost overnight during the 13th

4359
03:42:43,600 --> 03:42:46,300
and 14th centuries. 
Millions of people in Eurasia 

4360
03:42:46,300 --> 03:42:49,700
lived like this, Surprisingly, 
for many of them, it wasn't as 

4361
03:42:49,700 --> 03:42:51,700
bad as you might think had its 
peak. 

4362
03:42:51,700 --> 03:42:54,800
The Mongol Empire was less like 
a typical Conquest State and 

4363
03:42:54,800 --> 03:42:57,700
more like ancient version of a 
multinational corporation with 

4364
03:42:57,700 --> 03:43:00,700
very good management. 
The Mongols figured out how to 

4365
03:43:00,708 --> 03:43:03,400
keep Central Authority. 
While allowing local flexibility

4366
03:43:03,400 --> 03:43:07,000
how to bring together different 
cultures without losing what 

4367
03:43:07,000 --> 03:43:09,900
made them valuable and how to 
make systems that were both 

4368
03:43:09,900 --> 03:43:12,700
efficient and adaptable. 
These are things that many 

4369
03:43:12,700 --> 03:43:16,200
modern organizations still have 
trouble with most people's daily

4370
03:43:16,200 --> 03:43:18,900
lives in, the Empire went on as 
they had before the conquest. 

4371
03:43:18,900 --> 03:43:21,700
But there were some big changes 
that anyone who was paying 

4372
03:43:21,700 --> 03:43:25,000
attention would have noticed 
right away, trade was safer and 

4373
03:43:25,000 --> 03:43:28,600
more profitable than it had been
in 100s of years with the Mongol

4374
03:43:28,600 --> 03:43:32,900
Postal System news ideas and new
things could travel across huge 

4375
03:43:32,900 --> 03:43:35,000
distances at speeds never seen 
before. 

4376
03:43:35,000 --> 03:43:38,000
Instead of relying on the 
arbitrary decisions of local 

4377
03:43:38,000 --> 03:43:41,200
rulers legal disputes could be 
settled through standardized 

4378
03:43:41,200 --> 03:43:44,200
procedures, the famous Silk 
Road, which had connected 

4379
03:43:44,200 --> 03:43:47,500
Eastern West for centuries, but 
at often been interrupted by 

4380
03:43:47,600 --> 03:43:50,500
Warfare and banditry became 
under Mongol protection. 

4381
03:43:50,500 --> 03:43:53,000
What we might think of, as the 
world's first truly 

4382
03:43:53,000 --> 03:43:55,900
International highway system, 
Merchants could travel from 

4383
03:43:55,900 --> 03:43:59,400
Venice to Beijing, more safely 
than a medieval, European could 

4384
03:43:59,400 --> 03:44:01,500
travel from one city to another 
in their own kingdom. 

4385
03:44:02,400 --> 03:44:05,300
This commercial security had a 
big impact on how people lived 

4386
03:44:05,300 --> 03:44:08,600
every day in the Empire. 
Chinese silk became available in

4387
03:44:08,600 --> 03:44:11,000
Europe at prices, that the new 
middle class could afford 

4388
03:44:11,700 --> 03:44:15,300
Islamic astronomical tools made 
their way to Mongol courts where

4389
03:44:15,300 --> 03:44:17,700
they changed the way people 
navigated and kept track of 

4390
03:44:17,708 --> 03:44:20,000
time. 
The first information revolution

4391
03:44:20,000 --> 03:44:22,800
happened when European metal 
working techniques moved East 

4392
03:44:22,800 --> 03:44:25,300
and Asian printing technology 
moved West. 

4393
03:44:25,300 --> 03:44:28,600
But the Mongol Empires attitude 
toward religious and cultural 

4394
03:44:28,600 --> 03:44:32,100
diversity was probably the most 
interesting thing about life 

4395
03:44:32,100 --> 03:44:35,000
under their rule medieval 
governments often required 

4396
03:44:35,000 --> 03:44:37,900
people to follow the same 
religion in order to be loyal to

4397
03:44:37,900 --> 03:44:40,300
the government. 
The Mongols on the other hand 

4398
03:44:40,300 --> 03:44:41,900
practiced. 
What we now call 

4399
03:44:41,900 --> 03:44:45,200
multi-culturalism long before 
the idea was even thought of 

4400
03:44:45,200 --> 03:44:50,100
nestorian, Christians Muslims, 
Buddhists confucians towers and 

4401
03:44:50,100 --> 03:44:53,500
adherents of traditional 
Mongolian all occupied positions

4402
03:44:53,500 --> 03:44:57,500
within the Imperial framework, 
This tolerance wasn't just a 

4403
03:44:57,500 --> 03:44:59,700
nice idea, it was a practical 
need. 

4404
03:44:59,700 --> 03:45:03,300
The Mongol Empire was so big and
so different that it would have 

4405
03:45:03,300 --> 03:45:06,100
taken resources that even the 
Mongols didn't have to try to 

4406
03:45:06,100 --> 03:45:08,300
make everyone follow the same 
religion or culture. 

4407
03:45:08,300 --> 03:45:12,000
Instead they made systems that 
let different groups keep their 

4408
03:45:12,000 --> 03:45:15,000
own Traditions while also taking
part in the larger Imperial 

4409
03:45:15,000 --> 03:45:17,200
project. 
It created a kind of 

4410
03:45:17,200 --> 03:45:20,500
Cosmopolitan culture that didn't
come back until the modern era 

4411
03:45:20,500 --> 03:45:24,500
Persian poets could work with 
Chinese Engineers Islamic 

4412
03:45:24,500 --> 03:45:25,800
scholars. 
Could argue philosophy with 

4413
03:45:25,800 --> 03:45:29,100
Buddhist monks and European 
Merchants could learn advanced 

4414
03:45:29,100 --> 03:45:32,500
math from Arab mathematicians. 
In Mongol cities, it was like 

4415
03:45:32,500 --> 03:45:34,500
living in an old-fashioned 
version of an International 

4416
03:45:34,500 --> 03:45:37,600
University town, but the campus 
was half the world. 

4417
03:45:38,500 --> 03:45:41,800
Architecture during Mongol rule 
exemplified this cultural 

4418
03:45:41,800 --> 03:45:45,100
amalgamation buildings mixed 
parts from different styles to 

4419
03:45:45,100 --> 03:45:48,400
make completely new Styles. 
Islamic archers could support 

4420
03:45:48,400 --> 03:45:50,700
Chinese. 
Roofs Persian tile work. 

4421
03:45:50,700 --> 03:45:53,600
Could decorate them and European
silver could pay for them. 

4422
03:45:53,600 --> 03:45:56,000
These were just random 
combinations. 

4423
03:45:56,000 --> 03:45:58,900
They were carefully, thought out
Integrations, that showed how 

4424
03:45:58,900 --> 03:46:01,400
different styles of art could 
work together to make each other

4425
03:46:01,400 --> 03:46:04,800
better in stead of worse. 
The Mongols also changed, the 

4426
03:46:04,800 --> 03:46:07,900
way people ate, the traditional 
nomadic diet of meeting. 

4427
03:46:07,900 --> 03:46:10,600
Dairy was improved by adding 
foods and cooking methods from 

4428
03:46:10,600 --> 03:46:13,800
all over the Empire Mongol 
kitchens started using Chinese 

4429
03:46:13,800 --> 03:46:18,500
spices, Persian fruits, European
grains and cooking methods that 

4430
03:46:18,500 --> 03:46:21,900
have been used in isolation for 
100s of years, but now mixed 

4431
03:46:21,900 --> 03:46:24,100
together to make completely new 
ways of cooking. 

4432
03:46:24,100 --> 03:46:28,000
The assault was the Mongol legal
system, it was a complete and 

4433
03:46:28,000 --> 03:46:31,500
flexible way to get Justice, the
Mongols usually didn't force a 

4434
03:46:31,500 --> 03:46:33,500
single legal code on all of 
their territories. 

4435
03:46:33,500 --> 03:46:36,600
In Stead, they let local legal 
Traditions continued while 

4436
03:46:36,600 --> 03:46:39,600
setting up general rules. 
That made sure important things 

4437
03:46:39,600 --> 03:46:41,500
stay the same. 
It was like having a 

4438
03:46:41,508 --> 03:46:44,500
constitution that protected 
basic rights while letting 

4439
03:46:44,500 --> 03:46:47,800
states keep their own rules and 
traditions compared to most 

4440
03:46:47,800 --> 03:46:51,200
other civilizations at the time,
women had a relatively High 

4441
03:46:51,200 --> 03:46:54,800
status in Mongol Society. 
Mongol women could own land 

4442
03:46:54,800 --> 03:46:58,500
trade and even sometimes make 
political decisions when the 

4443
03:46:58,500 --> 03:47:02,000
Empire took over areas where 
women had fewer rights Mongol 

4444
03:47:02,000 --> 03:47:04,900
influence often led to slow 
improvements in their legal and 

4445
03:47:04,900 --> 03:47:07,800
social status, the Mongols 
supported education and 

4446
03:47:07,800 --> 03:47:10,400
scholarship because they knew 
that running such a large empire

4447
03:47:10,400 --> 03:47:13,600
required Advanced knowledge 
systems they built libraries 

4448
03:47:13,600 --> 03:47:17,300
helped people translate between 
languages and paid for scholarly

4449
03:47:17,300 --> 03:47:19,700
exchanges that sped up the 
spread of knowledge across 

4450
03:47:19,700 --> 03:47:23,000
cultural lines Arabic 
translation of Chinese medical 

4451
03:47:23,000 --> 03:47:26,900
texts, Persian translation of 
Islamic, mathematical treaters 

4452
03:47:26,900 --> 03:47:30,500
and European astronomical 
observations, added to Asian 

4453
03:47:30,500 --> 03:47:33,900
Star Charts. 
This cross-cultural exchange was

4454
03:47:33,900 --> 03:47:37,000
shown in the art of the Mongol. 
Period painter started using 

4455
03:47:37,000 --> 03:47:40,000
techniques and subjects from 
different Traditions making 

4456
03:47:40,000 --> 03:47:41,700
works. 
That would have been impossible 

4457
03:47:41,700 --> 03:47:44,400
without the mixing of cultures 
that the Empire made possible. 

4458
03:47:44,400 --> 03:47:47,700
Musicians, tried out, different 
instruments and scales from all 

4459
03:47:47,700 --> 03:47:50,700
over the world, creating new 
ways to express themselves that 

4460
03:47:50,700 --> 03:47:53,800
were based on many different 
musical styles historians. 

4461
03:47:53,800 --> 03:47:56,400
Now, agree that the Mongol 
Empire set the stage for the 

4462
03:47:56,400 --> 03:47:59,700
first truly global economy. 
This is perhaps the most 

4463
03:47:59,700 --> 03:48:03,300
important thing. 
It did ideas products and new 

4464
03:48:03,300 --> 03:48:05,700
ways of doing things could 
travel farther than ever before 

4465
03:48:05,700 --> 03:48:08,900
this economic integration meant 
that things happening in one 

4466
03:48:08,900 --> 03:48:12,200
part of the Empire could have 
effects right away in places, 

4467
03:48:12,208 --> 03:48:15,600
thousands of miles away. 
This was the first time this 

4468
03:48:15,600 --> 03:48:18,100
kind of economic 
interconnectedness happened for 

4469
03:48:18,100 --> 03:48:20,800
the average person. 
Living under Mongol rule, these 

4470
03:48:20,800 --> 03:48:23,000
changes may not have been 
immediately apparent in their 

4471
03:48:23,000 --> 03:48:25,700
daily lives. 
But their cumulative impact was 

4472
03:48:25,700 --> 03:48:28,000
transformative. 
You are more likely to find 

4473
03:48:28,000 --> 03:48:30,300
foreign Goods in your local 
market here. 

4474
03:48:30,300 --> 03:48:33,800
News from far away, places meet 
people from different cultures 

4475
03:48:33,800 --> 03:48:36,200
and get ideas. 
And new things that had come 

4476
03:48:36,200 --> 03:48:38,800
from far away. 
The Mongol empire built 

4477
03:48:38,800 --> 03:48:41,500
something that had never been 
done before in human history. 

4478
03:48:42,300 --> 03:48:45,500
A civilization that was truly 
Cosmopolitan, connecting 

4479
03:48:45,500 --> 03:48:48,400
cultures that had been cut off 
from each other for a long time.

4480
03:48:48,400 --> 03:48:52,100
It was an early version of 
globalization run by people who 

4481
03:48:52,100 --> 03:48:55,100
had always thought that the 
whole world was just grass sky 

4482
03:48:55,100 --> 03:48:57,000
and the occasional tribe next 
door. 

4483
03:48:58,000 --> 03:49:00,200
The Mongols learned to think 
about big areas and long 

4484
03:49:00,200 --> 03:49:03,400
distance is in the steps now, 
they had used that point of view

4485
03:49:03,400 --> 03:49:06,100
to build a political and 
economic system that made the 

4486
03:49:06,100 --> 03:49:10,000
world smaller and more connected
than it had ever been before the

4487
03:49:10,000 --> 03:49:12,000
signs of trouble. 
In the Mongol, Empire started 

4488
03:49:12,000 --> 03:49:15,500
out small, like clouds slowly 
covering up a perfect spring 

4489
03:49:15,500 --> 03:49:18,200
day. 
But they grew into a storm 

4490
03:49:18,200 --> 03:49:20,300
system that changed the weather 
patterns for Good. 

4491
03:49:20,300 --> 03:49:23,600
By the end of the 13th century, 
the Empire that had seemed 

4492
03:49:23,600 --> 03:49:38,500
unbreakabull family business has
to deal with what happens. 

4493
03:49:38,500 --> 03:49:40,700
When people who weren't involved
in making the vision have to 

4494
03:49:40,708 --> 03:49:43,600
carry it out, Genghis Khan's, 
grandsons and great-grandsons 

4495
03:49:43,600 --> 03:49:46,900
received an Empire. 
But they also had the impossible

4496
03:49:46,900 --> 03:49:48,600
job of keeping Unity across 
land. 

4497
03:49:48,600 --> 03:49:51,800
So large that it took months for
messages to get from one end to 

4498
03:49:51,808 --> 03:49:53,600
the other. 
It was like trying to run a 

4499
03:49:53,600 --> 03:49:56,700
modern business with medieval 
communication tools, but each 

4500
03:49:56,700 --> 03:49:59,700
part of the business, had its 
own Army and its own ideas about

4501
03:49:59,700 --> 03:50:02,200
how to move forward. 
Strategically the Empire 

4502
03:50:02,200 --> 03:50:04,800
structure which had been 
brilliantly adapted to Rapid 

4503
03:50:04,800 --> 03:50:07,900
growth turned out to be less 
useful for long-term management.

4504
03:50:07,900 --> 03:50:10,900
The Mongol system worked great 
when they were new lands to 

4505
03:50:10,900 --> 03:50:14,300
conquer a new resources to share
among the different branches of 

4506
03:50:14,300 --> 03:50:17,500
the Imperial family. 
But when expansion Slowed down 

4507
03:50:17,508 --> 03:50:20,200
partly because they had run out 
of neighbors, who were easy to 

4508
03:50:20,200 --> 03:50:23,600
conquer, the Empire started to 
have the same kind of internal 

4509
03:50:23,600 --> 03:50:26,400
competition that it used to have
against enemies. 

4510
03:50:26,400 --> 03:50:29,500
Imagine a family that got rich 
by always expanding their 

4511
03:50:29,500 --> 03:50:33,300
business into new markets. 
Then all of a sudden they found 

4512
03:50:33,300 --> 03:50:35,800
themselves in a situation where 
they had taken over all the 

4513
03:50:35,800 --> 03:50:38,800
markets, the energy that had 
once gone into growing, the 

4514
03:50:38,800 --> 03:50:41,200
family business. 
Now turned Inward and different 

4515
03:50:41,200 --> 03:50:44,000
family members started fighting 
over, who would control the 

4516
03:50:44,000 --> 03:50:45,200
resources that were already 
there. 

4517
03:50:45,200 --> 03:50:48,400
The Mongol Empire was basically 
going through the biggest family

4518
03:50:48,400 --> 03:50:51,300
business fight in history, but 
the family members were in 

4519
03:50:51,300 --> 03:50:53,900
charge of land, the size of 
modern countries and had 

4520
03:50:53,900 --> 03:50:56,000
professional armies to back up 
their arguments. 

4521
03:50:56,000 --> 03:50:59,200
As the empire, grew fights over 
who would take over became more 

4522
03:50:59,200 --> 03:51:02,200
bitter and complicated. 
Genghis, Khan was able to get 

4523
03:51:02,200 --> 03:51:04,300
people to do what he wanted 
because of his strong 

4524
03:51:04,300 --> 03:51:05,800
personality and Military 
success. 

4525
03:51:05,800 --> 03:51:08,700
But his descendants had to 
compete for loyalty among 

4526
03:51:08,700 --> 03:51:11,800
subordinates who had their own 
Regional interests, and cultural

4527
03:51:11,800 --> 03:51:14,100
identities. 
It was like seeing the corporate

4528
03:51:14,100 --> 03:51:16,300
culture that a charismatic 
founder had worked hard to 

4529
03:51:16,300 --> 03:51:18,700
build. 
Slowly fall apart is different. 

4530
03:51:18,700 --> 03:51:21,800
Regional managers started to 
follow their own goals, as the 

4531
03:51:21,800 --> 03:51:23,900
Mongol military campaigns became
less effective. 

4532
03:51:24,800 --> 03:51:26,500
The famous Unity that had made 
them. 

4533
03:51:26,500 --> 03:51:29,800
So effective began to break down
into a patchwork of competing 

4534
03:51:29,800 --> 03:51:32,500
interests. 
The Yuan dynasty in China, the 

4535
03:51:32,500 --> 03:51:35,700
ilani in Persia the golden horde
in Eastern Europe and the 

4536
03:51:35,700 --> 03:51:39,100
chagatai konate in Central. 
Asia, all said they were under 

4537
03:51:39,100 --> 03:51:40,800
the great Khan's rule in 
Mongolia. 

4538
03:51:40,800 --> 03:51:45,100
But in reality, they acted more 
and more like independent Powers

4539
03:51:45,100 --> 03:51:48,600
with their own foreign policies,
and Military goals, sociologists

4540
03:51:48,600 --> 03:51:50,900
now called the process that made
this political fragmentation 

4541
03:51:50,900 --> 03:51:55,000
worse, cultural accommodation. 
This means that the Mongol 

4542
03:51:55,000 --> 03:51:57,800
rulers slowly adopted the 
customs and views of the people.

4543
03:51:57,800 --> 03:52:01,300
They ruled the Mongol Khan's in 
China started to think and act 

4544
03:52:01,300 --> 03:52:04,000
like Chinese Emperors. 
The ones in Persia started to 

4545
03:52:04,000 --> 03:52:07,100
act like Persian Court members 
and the ones in Russia started 

4546
03:52:07,100 --> 03:52:09,600
to run their countries in ways 
that were similar to how things 

4547
03:52:09,600 --> 03:52:11,300
were done in their own 
countries. 

4548
03:52:11,300 --> 03:52:14,200
It was a natural change that 
made them better rulers of their

4549
03:52:14,200 --> 03:52:18,000
own areas, but it also made them
less Mongol and less dedicated 

4550
03:52:18,000 --> 03:52:21,800
to keeping the empire together. 
Changing religions was a big 

4551
03:52:21,800 --> 03:52:24,700
part of this cultural. 
Change some Mongol rulers, 

4552
03:52:24,700 --> 03:52:27,600
followed the main religions in 
their areas such as Buddhism. 

4553
03:52:27,600 --> 03:52:31,300
In some places, Islam, in others
and Christianity and still 

4554
03:52:31,308 --> 03:52:34,000
others. 
At first, the Empire's religious

4555
03:52:34,000 --> 03:52:35,800
diversity was one of its 
strengths. 

4556
03:52:35,800 --> 03:52:39,500
However, as different branches 
of the Imperial family developed

4557
03:52:39,500 --> 03:52:42,600
different, religious beliefs, 
and cultural identities, it 

4558
03:52:42,600 --> 03:52:46,200
became a source of division. 
The Empire's economy was also 

4559
03:52:46,200 --> 03:52:47,900
starting to show signs of 
stress. 

4560
03:52:47,900 --> 03:52:51,700
The Mongol system relied heavily
on tribute from conquered lands 

4561
03:52:51,700 --> 03:52:54,300
and money made from trade over 
long distances. 

4562
03:52:55,300 --> 03:52:58,500
But as political Unity broke 
down trade, routes became less 

4563
03:52:58,500 --> 03:53:01,100
safe, and collecting tribute 
became harder and more 

4564
03:53:01,100 --> 03:53:04,200
expensive, local officials. 
Whether they were Mongols or 

4565
03:53:04,200 --> 03:53:07,200
locals started, keeping more of 
the money, they collected for 

4566
03:53:07,200 --> 03:53:09,700
themselves and stead of sending 
it to the central treasury 

4567
03:53:09,700 --> 03:53:12,000
changes in technology in the 
military. 

4568
03:53:12,000 --> 03:53:15,400
Also hurt, the Mongols 
advantageous people who lived 

4569
03:53:15,400 --> 03:53:16,800
near the Mongols and their 
subjects. 

4570
03:53:16,800 --> 03:53:20,300
Slowly started to use the new 
ideas and Siege Warfare and 

4571
03:53:20,300 --> 03:53:22,400
military organization that had 
made. 

4572
03:53:22,400 --> 03:53:26,200
The Mongols unbeatable in the 
13th century gunpowder weapons, 

4573
03:53:26,200 --> 03:53:29,100
which had first give them. 
Mongols a big Edge became more 

4574
03:53:29,100 --> 03:53:32,700
common and advanced the military
strategies that were once only 

4575
03:53:32,700 --> 03:53:35,700
known to the Mongols became 
known to everyone making the 

4576
03:53:35,700 --> 03:53:38,900
playing field more even between 
nomadic and sedentary forces, 

4577
03:53:38,900 --> 03:53:42,100
the Mongols began to feel the 
effects of Empire building on 

4578
03:53:42,100 --> 03:53:44,700
their population which was 
perhaps the most important 

4579
03:53:44,700 --> 03:53:47,500
thing. 
When Genghis Khan started his 

4580
03:53:47,500 --> 03:53:51,100
conquests, the original Mongol 
population was probably no more 

4581
03:53:51,100 --> 03:53:54,100
than a million people even with 
the help of Allied tribes and 

4582
03:53:54,100 --> 03:53:57,400
hired helpers ethnic Mongols 
were still a small group in 

4583
03:53:57,400 --> 03:54:01,400
their own Empire. 
As time went on into marriage 

4584
03:54:01,400 --> 03:54:04,500
and cultural assimilation, made 
it harder and harder to define 

4585
03:54:04,500 --> 03:54:07,200
or keep a Mongol identity 
climate change. 

4586
03:54:07,200 --> 03:54:10,400
Also contributed to the Empire's
slow decline, but its effects 

4587
03:54:10,400 --> 03:54:13,400
were small and took a long time 
to show the medieval warm 

4588
03:54:13,400 --> 03:54:16,700
period, which had made it easier
for steppe Nomads to live during

4589
03:54:16,700 --> 03:54:19,600
the Empire's growth phase was 
ending and the weather was 

4590
03:54:19,600 --> 03:54:22,500
getting cooler and more. 
Unpredictable, these changes 

4591
03:54:22,500 --> 03:54:25,000
made it harder for Nomads to 
live their traditional way of 

4592
03:54:25,008 --> 03:54:28,400
life and the grasslands that 
used to support large Mongol 

4593
03:54:28,400 --> 03:54:31,600
populations in their herds 
became less able to support them

4594
03:54:31,600 --> 03:54:35,200
natural, disasters and disease 
outbreaks but even more strain 

4595
03:54:35,200 --> 03:54:37,600
on the Empire's. 
Administrative systems, the 

4596
03:54:37,600 --> 03:54:39,700
black death, which killed 
millions of people. 

4597
03:54:39,700 --> 03:54:43,300
In Eurasia in the 14th century 
hit Mongol lands a specially 

4598
03:54:43,300 --> 03:54:45,800
hard because the trade routes 
that had made the Empire Rich. 

4599
03:54:45,800 --> 03:54:49,300
Also helped spread the disease, 
the plague outbreaks. 

4600
03:54:49,300 --> 03:54:52,000
That killed so many people in 
the Empire, made it harder to 

4601
03:54:52,000 --> 03:54:55,400
keep political Unity at a time 
when it was getting harder to 

4602
03:54:55,400 --> 03:54:57,600
do. 
So by the early 14th century, 

4603
03:54:57,600 --> 03:55:01,500
the Mongol Empire which had A 
single entity had split into 

4604
03:55:01,500 --> 03:55:04,500
four separate can Arts. 
These kunate still had 

4605
03:55:04,500 --> 03:55:07,200
diplomatic relations with each 
other, but they didn't work 

4606
03:55:07,200 --> 03:55:09,400
together on military or economic
issues anymore. 

4607
03:55:09,400 --> 03:55:13,000
It was like seeing a successful 
multinational company slowly, 

4608
03:55:13,000 --> 03:55:16,100
break up into separate Regional 
companies that had the same 

4609
03:55:16,100 --> 03:55:19,800
corporate history, but different
business plans and Market goals,

4610
03:55:19,800 --> 03:55:22,800
the change didn't have to be bad
for the people who lived in 

4611
03:55:22,800 --> 03:55:26,600
areas that used to be Mongol. 
Many areas continue to do well 

4612
03:55:26,600 --> 03:55:28,900
under their new Mongol, 
descended ruling classes. 

4613
03:55:28,900 --> 03:55:32,500
The Empire's cultural exchanges 
and technological advances 

4614
03:55:32,500 --> 03:55:34,600
continue to shape growth across 
Eurasia. 

4615
03:55:34,600 --> 03:55:37,900
But the political Unity that had
made the Empire's most amazing 

4616
03:55:37,900 --> 03:55:41,700
accomplishments possible. 
Safe, long distance trade, the 

4617
03:55:41,700 --> 03:55:45,300
quick spread of new ideas and an
unprecedented mixing of cultures

4618
03:55:45,300 --> 03:55:48,600
was slowly fading away like salt
in water. 

4619
03:55:48,600 --> 03:55:51,600
The steps which used to be the 
starting point for World 

4620
03:55:51,600 --> 03:55:55,200
Conquest was slowly returning to
their traditional role as the 

4621
03:55:55,200 --> 03:55:58,500
home of nomadic tribes. 
The big test of building a 

4622
03:55:58,500 --> 03:56:01,800
nomadic Empire was coming to an 
end but its effects would last 

4623
03:56:01,800 --> 03:56:04,500
for hundreds of years. 
It wasn't like watching a 

4624
03:56:04,500 --> 03:56:07,100
building fall down when the 
Mongol Empire fell apart. 

4625
03:56:07,100 --> 03:56:10,100
It was more like watching a 
river system slowly. 

4626
03:56:10,100 --> 03:56:12,900
Changed course, with some 
channels drawing up and others. 

4627
03:56:12,900 --> 03:56:15,900
Cutting New Paths through 
different types of land by the 

4628
03:56:15,900 --> 03:56:18,400
14th century. 
The political Unity, that once 

4629
03:56:18,400 --> 03:56:21,600
stretched from Korea to Hungary 
was breaking up into smaller 

4630
03:56:21,600 --> 03:56:25,200
easier to manage Parts. 
Each part was changing to The 

4631
03:56:25,200 --> 03:56:27,600
needs and opportunities of the 
area, which would have been 

4632
03:56:27,600 --> 03:56:29,300
Unthinkable. 
During the Empire's, 

4633
03:56:29,300 --> 03:56:32,700
expansionist phase, the ran 
dynasty, in China had problems 

4634
03:56:32,700 --> 03:56:35,400
that showed how Mongol rule 
didn't work in societies that 

4635
03:56:35,400 --> 03:56:37,900
were settled. 
The Mongol Khan had inherited 

4636
03:56:37,900 --> 03:56:40,100
the world's most advanced 
bureaucratic system. 

4637
03:56:40,800 --> 03:56:42,800
That they were still different 
from the Chinese people. 

4638
03:56:42,800 --> 03:56:46,200
They ruled in terms of culture 
and ethnicity, it was like being

4639
03:56:46,200 --> 03:56:48,900
the CEO of a company, whose 
culture, you respected, but 

4640
03:56:48,900 --> 03:56:51,900
never fully understood. 
And you were in charge of people

4641
03:56:51,900 --> 03:56:54,100
who knew much more about how the
business worked. 

4642
03:56:54,100 --> 03:56:57,000
The new did the when rulers 
tried a lot of different things 

4643
03:56:57,000 --> 03:56:58,600
to stay in power and do their 
jobs. 

4644
03:56:58,600 --> 03:57:02,900
Well, some people like Kublai, 
Khan Embrace Chinese culture, so

4645
03:57:02,900 --> 03:57:06,000
much that they became Chinese 
Emperors with Mongol ancestry. 

4646
03:57:06,000 --> 03:57:09,300
Some people tried to keep Mongol
traditions and identity while 

4647
03:57:09,300 --> 03:57:12,900
using Chinese ways of running 
things, others try to rule by 

4648
03:57:12,900 --> 03:57:15,400
keeping Mongol and Chinese 
elements separate, but still 

4649
03:57:15,400 --> 03:57:18,000
connected to each other. 
None of these methods worked 

4650
03:57:18,000 --> 03:57:21,000
perfectly in the long run. 
The Mongol rulers looked less 

4651
03:57:21,000 --> 03:57:24,100
and less like real, heirs to 
Genghis Khan's Legacy as they 

4652
03:57:24,100 --> 03:57:27,500
got used to Chinese culture and 
more they insisted on keeping 

4653
03:57:27,500 --> 03:57:29,500
Mongol culture separate the 
more. 

4654
03:57:29,500 --> 03:57:32,700
They pushed away the Chinese 
people whose help was needed for

4655
03:57:32,700 --> 03:57:36,400
good governance. it was a 
classic problem of Imperial rule

4656
03:57:36,400 --> 03:57:40,200
that didn't have a perfect 
answer in 1368, the Ming Dynasty

4657
03:57:40,200 --> 03:57:43,200
overthrew, the Yuan Dynasty, 
which ended Mongol political 

4658
03:57:43,200 --> 03:57:46,700
control over China, However, 
Mongol influence on Chinese 

4659
03:57:46,700 --> 03:57:48,900
culture and institutions did not
end. 

4660
03:57:48,900 --> 03:57:52,200
The Mongol period brought about 
changes in Chinese military 

4661
03:57:52,200 --> 03:57:55,800
organization, administrative 
practices, and even building 

4662
03:57:55,800 --> 03:57:57,400
styles that are still seen 
today. 

4663
03:57:57,400 --> 03:58:01,400
The new Ming rulers were against
Mongols that they quietly used 

4664
03:58:01,400 --> 03:58:04,100
many of the same government 
methods that had worked well for

4665
03:58:04,100 --> 03:58:06,500
the UN in the western parts of 
the old Empire. 

4666
03:58:06,500 --> 03:58:08,900
On the other hand different 
patterns of Decline and 

4667
03:58:08,908 --> 03:58:12,200
adaptation were happening. 
The ilkan art in Persia fell 

4668
03:58:12,200 --> 03:58:15,500
apart in the 1330s. 
Breaking up into many smaller 

4669
03:58:15,500 --> 03:58:18,800
kingdoms and city-states, but 
Persian culture, which had been 

4670
03:58:18,800 --> 03:58:22,000
greatly shaped by Mongol ways of
running things and tastes in art

4671
03:58:22,000 --> 03:58:24,600
kept growing in ways. 
That showed this mix of 

4672
03:58:24,600 --> 03:58:28,100
cultures, the Mongol period left
a lasting mark on Persian, 

4673
03:58:28,100 --> 03:58:31,800
miniature painting architecture 
and literature the golden horde 

4674
03:58:31,800 --> 03:58:34,000
which ruled over a lot of 
Eastern Europe and Russia, 

4675
03:58:34,000 --> 03:58:36,700
lasted longer than some other 
parts of the Empire. 

4676
03:58:36,700 --> 03:58:40,200
This was partly because its 
lands were better suited to a 

4677
03:58:40,200 --> 03:58:43,100
traditional nomadic lifestyle 
and partly because it didn't 

4678
03:58:43,100 --> 03:58:44,700
have to deal with as much 
pressure to. 

4679
03:58:45,000 --> 03:58:48,100
Assimilate culturally, but even 
the golden horde slowly change 

4680
03:58:48,100 --> 03:58:49,700
from its original Mongolia 
identity. 

4681
03:58:50,500 --> 03:58:53,800
It became more turkic in 
language and his Legion, but it 

4682
03:58:53,808 --> 03:58:56,400
kept some of its traditional 
nomadic political systems. 

4683
03:58:56,400 --> 03:58:59,800
The fate of Mongolia itself may 
have been the most powerful 

4684
03:58:59,800 --> 03:59:01,500
symbol of how the Empire 
changed. 

4685
03:59:02,500 --> 03:59:05,100
The country that started the 
biggest Conquest in history 

4686
03:59:05,100 --> 03:59:08,700
slowly, went back to its old 
ways of organizing tribes and 

4687
03:59:08,700 --> 03:59:11,900
moving around with the seasons. 
The big cities that had been 

4688
03:59:11,908 --> 03:59:15,000
built around the Empire, like, 
karakorum the capital and others

4689
03:59:15,000 --> 03:59:18,300
were either abandoned or turned 
into small trading posts. 

4690
03:59:18,300 --> 03:59:21,300
The administrative system that 
used to coordinate activities, 

4691
03:59:21,300 --> 03:59:24,600
across half the world was cut 
back to only managing the 

4692
03:59:24,600 --> 03:59:28,100
Affairs of small nomadic groups.
But calling this process 

4693
03:59:28,100 --> 03:59:31,000
declined might be misleading 
because it makes it sound like 

4694
03:59:31,000 --> 03:59:33,500
something valuable was lost in. 
A lot of ways. 

4695
03:59:33,500 --> 03:59:36,500
What was happening was more like
a Natural Evolution where the 

4696
03:59:36,508 --> 03:59:40,300
Empire's best ideas were kept 
and changed and its less useful 

4697
03:59:40,300 --> 03:59:43,300
parts were allowed to fade away 
on their own for a long time. 

4698
03:59:43,300 --> 03:59:46,400
After the Mongol Empire fell 
apart its Postal System, 

4699
03:59:46,400 --> 03:59:49,300
continued to have an effect on 
communication networks across 

4700
03:59:49,300 --> 03:59:52,700
Eurasia, the decimal military 
structure that Genghis, Khan had

4701
03:59:52,700 --> 03:59:55,600
established became the norm for 
armies across China and Europe. 

4702
03:59:56,500 --> 03:59:59,400
The legal principles found in 
the Yasir, still had an effect 

4703
03:59:59,400 --> 04:00:01,500
on the law. 
In many of the states that came 

4704
04:00:01,500 --> 04:00:05,100
after it, trade networks and 
cultural exchanges that thrived 

4705
04:00:05,100 --> 04:00:08,400
under Mongol protection created 
patterns, that lasted long into 

4706
04:00:08,400 --> 04:00:12,300
the modern era the time when the
Mongols ruled Russia which later

4707
04:00:12,300 --> 04:00:15,900
Russian historians called the 
Mongol yoke actually helped 

4708
04:00:15,900 --> 04:00:18,400
Russian power grow and become 
more centralized. 

4709
04:00:18,400 --> 04:00:22,100
When Russia started its own 
Imperial expansion, the Russian 

4710
04:00:22,100 --> 04:00:24,900
princes who acted as middlemen 
between the golden horde and the

4711
04:00:24,908 --> 04:00:28,400
local people learned a lot about
how to run a government fight 

4712
04:00:28,400 --> 04:00:31,600
Wars and make deals the 
strategies and organizational 

4713
04:00:31,600 --> 04:00:33,600
methods. 
That Ivan the Terrible used to 

4714
04:00:33,600 --> 04:00:36,300
take over Mongol successor 
states in the 16th century. 

4715
04:00:36,300 --> 04:00:38,400
The first used by the Mongols 
themselves. 

4716
04:00:38,400 --> 04:00:41,100
It was like watching a 
successful business model 

4717
04:00:41,100 --> 04:00:43,000
slowly. 
Spread through an industry. 

4718
04:00:43,000 --> 04:00:46,000
The company that came up with 
the new ideas might be bought 

4719
04:00:46,000 --> 04:00:49,800
out or replace by competitors. 
But the ideas themselves would 

4720
04:00:49,800 --> 04:00:52,300
still have an effect on how the 
whole industry worked. 

4721
04:00:52,300 --> 04:00:55,500
The Mongol Empires political 
system was too ambitious to last

4722
04:00:55,500 --> 04:00:57,600
forever. 
But its changes to government 

4723
04:00:57,600 --> 04:01:00,600
the military and the economy 
became permanent parts of 

4724
04:01:00,608 --> 04:01:03,900
Eurasian civilization. 
The Empire changed a lot because

4725
04:01:03,900 --> 04:01:06,900
of disease, but not always in 
the way you might think the 

4726
04:01:06,900 --> 04:01:09,700
black death, which killed about 
one third of the people, in many

4727
04:01:09,700 --> 04:01:13,100
parts of Eurasia in the 14th 
century, messed up, the usual 

4728
04:01:13,100 --> 04:01:16,000
social and economic ties in the 
areas that used to be part of 

4729
04:01:16,008 --> 04:01:19,000
the Mongol Empire, but it also 
made it possible for people to 

4730
04:01:19,000 --> 04:01:22,600
move up in society and for 
institutions to change in ways 

4731
04:01:22,600 --> 04:01:24,000
that might not have been 
possible. 

4732
04:01:24,000 --> 04:01:27,100
If things had been more stable, 
the plague years caused a 

4733
04:01:27,100 --> 04:01:30,300
demographic disaster, in many 
areas, which led to a lack of 

4734
04:01:30,300 --> 04:01:32,300
workers. 
This gave the workers who 

4735
04:01:32,300 --> 04:01:35,900
survived more power to negotiate
and move up in society old 

4736
04:01:35,900 --> 04:01:39,700
hierarchies became less rigid, 
New Economic ties, formed and 

4737
04:01:39,700 --> 04:01:41,300
political systems changed to 
fit. 

4738
04:01:41,300 --> 04:01:43,900
The new situation, the 
combination of Mongol in 

4739
04:01:43,908 --> 04:01:46,700
Innovations and changes brought 
on by the plague permanently 

4740
04:01:46,700 --> 04:01:50,200
changed the rigid social systems
that have been common in many 

4741
04:01:50,200 --> 04:01:52,800
societies. 
Before the Mongols, the Mongol 

4742
04:01:52,800 --> 04:01:55,300
Empires affects on the 
environmental had long-lasting 

4743
04:01:55,300 --> 04:01:57,700
effects that went Well, beyond 
its political life. 

4744
04:01:58,500 --> 04:02:01,000
The Mongol Empires growth 
brought about big changes and 

4745
04:02:01,000 --> 04:02:05,400
trade routes land, use patterns 
and population movements, these 

4746
04:02:05,400 --> 04:02:07,600
changes had long-lasting effects
on the environment. 

4747
04:02:07,600 --> 04:02:10,600
Some areas that lost a lot of 
people during the conquest 

4748
04:02:10,600 --> 04:02:13,900
period, stayed sparsely 
populated for many years, which 

4749
04:02:13,900 --> 04:02:17,500
let forests grow back and animal
populations recover in ways that

4750
04:02:17,500 --> 04:02:19,700
affected later patterns of 
settlement and development. 

4751
04:02:19,700 --> 04:02:23,200
Most importantly, the Mongol 
period set up ways for people to

4752
04:02:23,200 --> 04:02:25,500
talk to each other over long 
distances and share their 

4753
04:02:25,500 --> 04:02:28,100
cultures that are still 
important in world history. 

4754
04:02:28,100 --> 04:02:31,500
Today, the notion that 
Innovations Artistic Styles, 

4755
04:02:31,500 --> 04:02:33,600
religious Concepts and 
Commercial practices. 

4756
04:02:33,600 --> 04:02:37,800
Could disseminate swiftly over 
extensive distances and idea 

4757
04:02:37,800 --> 04:02:39,800
that was groundbreaking in the 
13th century. 

4758
04:02:39,800 --> 04:02:44,200
Volt into a fundamental 
principle of global functioning 

4759
04:02:44,200 --> 04:02:46,800
the Mongol empire built. 
What was basically the first 

4760
04:02:46,800 --> 04:02:50,800
Global Information Network, Even
though the Empire itself fell 

4761
04:02:50,800 --> 04:02:53,900
apart the networks, it had set 
up kept moving ideas. 

4762
04:02:53,900 --> 04:02:57,700
New things across cultural Lines
by the 15th century, the 

4763
04:02:57,700 --> 04:03:00,300
different successor states to 
the Mongol empire were following

4764
04:03:00,300 --> 04:03:03,100
their own Paths of development 
that were influenced by their 

4765
04:03:03,100 --> 04:03:05,900
Mongol roots and the conditions 
in their own areas. 

4766
04:03:05,900 --> 04:03:09,500
The timurid empire in Central 
Asia mixed Mongol military 

4767
04:03:09,500 --> 04:03:13,000
customs with Persian cultural 
sophistication and Islamic 

4768
04:03:13,000 --> 04:03:16,100
religious devotion. 
The Crimean Karnataka kept its 

4769
04:03:16,100 --> 04:03:19,300
nomadic political structures 
while adjusting to the changing 

4770
04:03:19,300 --> 04:03:21,000
political landscape of Eastern 
Europe. 

4771
04:03:21,000 --> 04:03:24,600
The northern un stayed in charge
of Mongolia, keeping the 

4772
04:03:24,600 --> 04:03:27,700
traditional culture of the steps
while adapting to have less land

4773
04:03:27,700 --> 04:03:31,100
to control the successor states 
were not just weak copies of the

4774
04:03:31,100 --> 04:03:34,000
original Empire. 
It was successful changes to the

4775
04:03:34,000 --> 04:03:37,000
way things were, each had 
figured out how to keep the most

4776
04:03:37,000 --> 04:03:40,100
important parts of the Mongol 
culture while also learning new 

4777
04:03:40,100 --> 04:03:42,600
skills, that help them do well 
in their own environments. 

4778
04:03:42,600 --> 04:03:45,700
It was like seeing a big company
successfully break up into 

4779
04:03:45,700 --> 04:03:48,700
smaller parts, that then became 
successful businesses on. 

4780
04:03:48,900 --> 04:03:51,600
Their own. 
The slow change in Mongol 

4781
04:03:51,600 --> 04:03:54,600
identity, mirrored, these larger
trends of adaptation and growth 

4782
04:03:54,600 --> 04:03:58,000
by the 15th century. 
The term Mongol had evolved into

4783
04:03:58,000 --> 04:03:59,400
a cultural and political 
Concept. 

4784
04:03:59,400 --> 04:04:03,200
In addition to its ethnic 
connotation individuals, lacking

4785
04:04:03,200 --> 04:04:06,000
direct biological ties to the 
original Mongol tribes. 

4786
04:04:06,000 --> 04:04:09,300
Could assert a Mongol identity. 
If they embraced Mongol, 

4787
04:04:09,300 --> 04:04:13,100
political Customs military 
practices or cultural values. 

4788
04:04:13,100 --> 04:04:16,000
On the other hand, people of 
Mongol descent who had fully 

4789
04:04:16,000 --> 04:04:19,300
integrated into Chinese Persian,
or other cultural systems. 

4790
04:04:19,300 --> 04:04:22,300
May no longer identify as Mongol
in any significant way. 

4791
04:04:22,300 --> 04:04:25,700
One of the original Empires best
features was its ability to 

4792
04:04:25,700 --> 04:04:29,400
change identity categories. 
This flexibility still helps 

4793
04:04:29,400 --> 04:04:32,600
Mongol success of states, it 
helped them get talented and 

4794
04:04:32,600 --> 04:04:34,100
loyal people from different 
groups. 

4795
04:04:34,100 --> 04:04:36,700
While still staying connected to
the famous Mongol Legacy. 

4796
04:04:37,500 --> 04:04:40,200
It was a kind of cultural 
branding that lasted a long time

4797
04:04:40,200 --> 04:04:43,300
and could change with the times.
The long end of the Mongol 

4798
04:04:43,300 --> 04:04:46,500
Empire wasn't a tragedy. 
It was a natural change from one

4799
04:04:46,500 --> 04:04:49,500
type of organization to another 
that was better suited to new 

4800
04:04:49,500 --> 04:04:51,800
conditions. 
The Empire had done what it 

4801
04:04:51,800 --> 04:04:54,600
needed to do. 
It had linked areas that had 

4802
04:04:54,600 --> 04:04:57,900
been cut off from each other set
up new ways for people to trade 

4803
04:04:57,900 --> 04:05:01,100
and share culture and shown that
nomadic societies. 

4804
04:05:01,100 --> 04:05:03,800
Could build and run complex 
governments across a whole 

4805
04:05:03,800 --> 04:05:06,400
continent. 
As you snuggle deeper into your 

4806
04:05:06,408 --> 04:05:10,000
blanket and think about how your
own Cozy home is an example of 

4807
04:05:10,000 --> 04:05:12,600
hundreds of years of 
improvements in building Heating

4808
04:05:12,600 --> 04:05:15,200
and Furnishing that came from 
many different cultures. 

4809
04:05:15,200 --> 04:05:19,000
You might think about how the 
Mongol Empires greatest 

4810
04:05:19,000 --> 04:05:21,600
achievement was not Conquering 
the world, but bringing it 

4811
04:05:21,600 --> 04:05:25,800
together. 700 years ago, the 
Mongols trade communication and 

4812
04:05:25,800 --> 04:05:28,000
cultural exchange networks 
across Eurasia. 

4813
04:05:28,900 --> 04:05:31,300
These networks laid the 
groundwork for the global 

4814
04:05:31,300 --> 04:05:34,100
interconnectedness. 
We take for granted today, as 

4815
04:05:34,100 --> 04:05:36,700
you get ready for bed in a world
where you can order things from 

4816
04:05:36,700 --> 04:05:39,800
halfway around the world with a 
few clicks, talk to people on 

4817
04:05:39,800 --> 04:05:43,100
different continents, right away
and learn about thousands of 

4818
04:05:43,100 --> 04:05:45,000
different cultures. 
You are living with the 

4819
04:05:45,000 --> 04:05:48,500
consequences of choices made by 
nomadic herders on the Asian, 

4820
04:05:48,500 --> 04:05:51,900
steppes 7th centuries ago, the 
Mongol Empires impact on Modern 

4821
04:05:51,900 --> 04:05:54,900
Life is so deeply ingrained in 
our world today that we hardly 

4822
04:05:54,900 --> 04:05:57,900
ever think about it, like 
background music that sets, the 

4823
04:05:57,900 --> 04:06:00,200
mood of a room without drawing 
attention to itself. 

4824
04:06:00,200 --> 04:06:03,600
The most obvious Legacy is the 
political borders and ethnic 

4825
04:06:03,600 --> 04:06:07,000
groups of today's countries. 
The vastness of Russia's land 

4826
04:06:07,000 --> 04:06:09,600
shows patterns of growth that 
started during the Mongol 

4827
04:06:09,600 --> 04:06:12,600
period, the borders of China. 
Today, include areas that were 

4828
04:06:12,600 --> 04:06:15,500
brought together into a single 
state during the UN dinasty. 

4829
04:06:16,300 --> 04:06:18,800
Different cultures, in Central, 
Asian countries, are a result of

4830
04:06:18,800 --> 04:06:20,500
people moving around and 
settling their. 

4831
04:06:20,500 --> 04:06:24,100
During the Mongol conquests the 
Mongol Empire's Legacy shaped, 

4832
04:06:24,100 --> 04:06:26,600
even the United States, which 
didn't exist at the time. 

4833
04:06:26,600 --> 04:06:29,800
For example, the horses that 
change planes in, Indian culture

4834
04:06:29,800 --> 04:06:33,100
were descendants of animals that
nomadic people had bred and 

4835
04:06:33,100 --> 04:06:36,100
improved and the 
Transcontinental trade networks 

4836
04:06:36,100 --> 04:06:39,200
that European explorers. 
Found in the Americas were based

4837
04:06:39,200 --> 04:06:42,200
on patterns that were first 
established along the Silk Road,

4838
04:06:42,200 --> 04:06:47,100
the genetic Legacy is just a 
strong Modern DNA studies show 

4839
04:06:47,108 --> 04:06:50,300
that about one in every 200 men 
alive today, has genetic 

4840
04:06:50,300 --> 04:06:52,300
markers. 
That can be traced back to the 

4841
04:06:52,308 --> 04:06:54,900
Mongol Empire. 
The highest concentrations of 

4842
04:06:54,900 --> 04:06:57,300
these markers are in areas that 
were once part of the Empire, 

4843
04:06:57,300 --> 04:07:01,300
this isn't just interesting from
a historical point of view, its 

4844
04:07:01,300 --> 04:07:04,900
proof of cultural integration on
a scale that hadn't been seen 

4845
04:07:04,900 --> 04:07:08,500
before and wouldn't be seen, 
again until the modern era, the 

4846
04:07:08,500 --> 04:07:11,300
Mongol Empire mixed people from 
different parts of the world who

4847
04:07:11,300 --> 04:07:13,200
had been living apart for 
thousands of years. 

4848
04:07:13,200 --> 04:07:17,700
This made the first truly Global
gene pool, but the genetic 

4849
04:07:17,700 --> 04:07:20,500
mixing was only one part of a 
larger cultural blending that 

4850
04:07:20,500 --> 04:07:22,600
still affects everything from 
food to buildings. 

4851
04:07:23,300 --> 04:07:26,500
Mongol cities were the first 
places where Chinese Persian 

4852
04:07:26,500 --> 04:07:29,600
Central Asian and European 
cooking Styles met on a large 

4853
04:07:29,608 --> 04:07:31,900
scale. 
This is where Fusion cooking, 

4854
04:07:31,900 --> 04:07:34,200
which mixes ingredients and 
techniques from different, 

4855
04:07:34,200 --> 04:07:36,800
cultures began. 
The architectural styles of 

4856
04:07:36,800 --> 04:07:39,700
many, Asian cities, still show 
design ideas that were developed

4857
04:07:39,700 --> 04:07:42,400
during the Mongol period. 
When Builders had to make 

4858
04:07:42,400 --> 04:07:45,000
buildings that could meet a wide
range of cultural needs and 

4859
04:07:45,000 --> 04:07:48,300
tastes, the Mongol influence can
be seen in the language itself. 

4860
04:07:48,300 --> 04:07:51,900
100s of words in dozens of 
languages can be traced back to 

4861
04:07:51,900 --> 04:07:54,500
the Mongols or to the cultural 
mixing that happened. 

4862
04:07:54,500 --> 04:07:57,300
While the empire was around. 
The Mongols came up with new 

4863
04:07:57,300 --> 04:07:59,900
ideas and institutions that are 
still used in military 

4864
04:07:59,900 --> 04:08:02,900
administrative and trade-related
languages across Eurasia 

4865
04:08:02,900 --> 04:08:05,900
languages that were never 
directly under Mongol rule was 

4866
04:08:05,900 --> 04:08:09,000
still affected by the increased 
trade and cultural exchange that

4867
04:08:09,000 --> 04:08:11,900
came with it, the Mongols way of
being tolerant of other 

4868
04:08:11,900 --> 04:08:14,800
religions set examples, that 
still affect how we think about 

4869
04:08:14,800 --> 04:08:17,600
religious freedom and cultural 
diversity to today. 

4870
04:08:17,600 --> 04:08:20,900
In the 13th century, the idea 
that political loyalty and 

4871
04:08:20,908 --> 04:08:24,800
religious belief could be 
separated was Rev. It is still 

4872
04:08:24,800 --> 04:08:27,000
controversial in some parts of 
the world today. 

4873
04:08:27,000 --> 04:08:30,500
The Mongol example showed that 
having different religions in a 

4874
04:08:30,500 --> 04:08:32,700
big political group, can be a 
strength and stead of a 

4875
04:08:32,700 --> 04:08:35,400
weakness. 
Mongol influences can also be 

4876
04:08:35,400 --> 04:08:38,200
seen in educational and 
intellectual Traditions the 

4877
04:08:38,200 --> 04:08:41,100
focus on practical knowledge. 
The blending of different 

4878
04:08:41,100 --> 04:08:44,200
scholarly traditions, and the 
translation movements that 

4879
04:08:44,200 --> 04:08:47,200
thrived with Mongol support 
created ways for Scholars to 

4880
04:08:47,200 --> 04:08:50,100
share ideas, that shape the 
growth of universities 

4881
04:08:50,100 --> 04:08:54,300
libraries, and scholarly 
networks across Eurasia, the 

4882
04:08:54,300 --> 04:08:56,800
Renaissance in Europe. 
The last flowering of the 

4883
04:08:56,800 --> 04:08:59,900
Islamic golden age, and the 
technological advances of Ming 

4884
04:08:59,900 --> 04:09:03,400
China, all built on ideas that 
were made Stronger by cultural 

4885
04:09:03,400 --> 04:09:06,400
exchanges between the Mongols 
and other cultures, the way 

4886
04:09:06,400 --> 04:09:09,300
modern military are organized. 
Still shows the effects of new 

4887
04:09:09,300 --> 04:09:12,600
ideas that the Mongol Army came 
up with the decimal system of 

4888
04:09:12,600 --> 04:09:15,400
military units, the use of 
different weapon systems and 

4889
04:09:15,400 --> 04:09:19,200
tactics, the focus on 
communication and mobility and 

4890
04:09:19,200 --> 04:09:20,700
the use of psychological 
warfare. 

4891
04:09:20,700 --> 04:09:24,400
Techs all became standard 
military practices that still 

4892
04:09:24,400 --> 04:09:27,200
affect how modern armies are 
organized and deployed. 

4893
04:09:27,200 --> 04:09:30,700
The way NATO organizes its 
military forces is based on the 

4894
04:09:30,708 --> 04:09:34,300
same ideas that help the Mongol 
Empire turn Warriors For many 

4895
04:09:34,300 --> 04:09:37,200
different cultures into 
effective fighting units, the 

4896
04:09:37,200 --> 04:09:40,308
trade networks, that the Mongols
protected and grew are where the

4897
04:09:40,316 --> 04:09:43,500
idea of a global economy that 
connects all modern Nations 

4898
04:09:43,500 --> 04:09:46,300
comes from during the Mongol 
period, it was shown on a 

4899
04:09:46,300 --> 04:09:50,000
continental scale that Goods 
services and information should 

4900
04:09:50,000 --> 04:09:53,500
be able to move freely across 
political borders, that economic

4901
04:09:53,500 --> 04:09:56,100
relationships, could cross 
cultural and religious lines, 

4902
04:09:56,100 --> 04:09:59,500
and that Prosperity depended on 
keeping peaceful trading 

4903
04:09:59,500 --> 04:10:01,900
relationships. 
The principles that were first 

4904
04:10:01,900 --> 04:10:04,500
used in the Mongol Commercial 
Code, are still used in modern 

4905
04:10:04,500 --> 04:10:07,800
international trade law, which 
focuses on standardizing 

4906
04:10:07,800 --> 04:10:09,600
procedures and ways to settle 
disputes. 

4907
04:10:09,600 --> 04:10:13,500
Mongol invasions even change how
we think about geography and 

4908
04:10:13,500 --> 04:10:16,000
Maps. 
The maps that helped Europeans. 

4909
04:10:16,000 --> 04:10:18,800
Explore the Americas used 
geographical information that 

4910
04:10:18,800 --> 04:10:22,200
Mongol leaders had collected and
kept safe the Age of Exploration

4911
04:10:22,200 --> 04:10:24,500
was made possible by advances in
astronomy. 

4912
04:10:24,500 --> 04:10:27,900
Now, navigation and surveying 
that were built on intellectual 

4913
04:10:27,900 --> 04:10:30,100
foundations that were 
strengthened by scholarly 

4914
04:10:30,100 --> 04:10:32,700
exchanges. 
During the Mongolia, the Mongol 

4915
04:10:32,700 --> 04:10:35,600
Empire showed that cult Will 
diversity and political Unity 

4916
04:10:35,600 --> 04:10:38,400
could work together instead of 
against each other, which is 

4917
04:10:38,400 --> 04:10:39,800
perhaps the most important 
thing. 

4918
04:10:39,800 --> 04:10:42,500
This lesson is especially 
important for today's 

4919
04:10:42,500 --> 04:10:45,000
multinational States and 
international groups that need 

4920
04:10:45,000 --> 04:10:48,400
to find a balance between local 
freedom and central control the 

4921
04:10:48,400 --> 04:10:51,000
European Union, the United 
Nations and other modern 

4922
04:10:51,000 --> 04:10:53,900
organizations face the same 
basic problem, that the Mongols 

4923
04:10:53,900 --> 04:10:57,300
did how to keep good government 
in places, where people speak 

4924
04:10:57,300 --> 04:11:00,100
different languages, follow 
different religions and have 

4925
04:11:00,100 --> 04:11:04,300
different cultural Traditions. 
The Mongol solution, keeping 

4926
04:11:04,300 --> 04:11:06,400
central control, over important 
tasks. 

4927
04:11:06,400 --> 04:11:09,000
While letting local groups, have
some freedom in cultural and 

4928
04:11:09,000 --> 04:11:11,600
religious matters. 
Still affect how modern 

4929
04:11:11,600 --> 04:11:13,400
organizations deal with this 
problem. 

4930
04:11:13,400 --> 04:11:17,000
Mongol administrators were the 
first to use these ideas on a 

4931
04:11:17,000 --> 04:11:20,600
large scale in federal systems 
of government international law 

4932
04:11:20,600 --> 04:11:22,700
and Multinational corporate 
structures. 

4933
04:11:22,700 --> 04:11:25,600
The Empire's methods for 
Innovation and Technology 

4934
04:11:25,600 --> 04:11:28,600
transfer set trends that still 
affect how new ideas spread 

4935
04:11:28,600 --> 04:11:31,000
around the world. 
The Mongols were the first to 

4936
04:11:31,000 --> 04:11:34,300
systematically transfer 
technology by actively looking 

4937
04:11:34,300 --> 04:11:37,600
for useful new ideas. 
Adapting them to fit their needs

4938
04:11:37,600 --> 04:11:39,700
and spreading them across their 
lands. 

4939
04:11:39,700 --> 04:11:42,900
The Mongol period was the first 
time that people came up with 

4940
04:11:42,900 --> 04:11:45,600
ideas, for research and 
development, International 

4941
04:11:45,600 --> 04:11:48,500
scientific collaboration. 
And the quick spread of new 

4942
04:11:48,500 --> 04:11:52,000
technologies around the world as
you drift off to sleep, you 

4943
04:11:52,000 --> 04:11:54,700
might think about how the pillow
under your head is probably made

4944
04:11:54,700 --> 04:11:56,600
of materials from many different
countries. 

4945
04:11:56,600 --> 04:11:59,600
How the building around you is 
built using methods that were 

4946
04:11:59,600 --> 04:12:03,100
developed in many different 
cultures and how the electronic 

4947
04:12:03,100 --> 04:12:06,200
devices nearby can connect you 
to people and information from 

4948
04:12:06,200 --> 04:12:08,900
all over the world. 
All of these modern convenience 

4949
04:12:08,900 --> 04:12:11,600
is a on the same idea. 
That led to the Mongols 

4950
04:12:11,600 --> 04:12:14,000
expansion. 
The societies are stronger and 

4951
04:12:14,000 --> 04:12:16,000
more successful when they are 
connected to each other. 

4952
04:12:16,000 --> 04:12:19,600
Instead, of being cut off from 
each other, the Mongol Empire 

4953
04:12:19,600 --> 04:12:22,700
didn't last as a government, but
its idea of a world where 

4954
04:12:22,700 --> 04:12:25,200
everything is connected. 
Did we all live in the world? 

4955
04:12:25,200 --> 04:12:28,800
The Mongols dreamed of a world 
where distance doesn't stop 

4956
04:12:28,800 --> 04:12:30,100
people from talking to each 
other. 

4957
04:12:30,100 --> 04:12:33,800
When new ideas spread quickly 
across cultures, where people 

4958
04:12:33,800 --> 04:12:36,400
from different backgrounds, can 
work together to reach common 

4959
04:12:36,400 --> 04:12:39,200
goals and where the resources 
and knowledge of different 

4960
04:12:39,200 --> 04:12:42,000
societies can be combined to 
make something better than the 

4961
04:12:42,000 --> 04:12:44,400
sum of its parts. 
Before you fall asleep. 

4962
04:12:44,400 --> 04:12:47,200
Think back to those wide open 
grasslands where our story 

4963
04:12:47,200 --> 04:12:50,500
began, not the Mongolia of 
tourist attractions and modern 

4964
04:12:50,500 --> 04:12:53,900
cities but the endless steppe 
were a few nomadic families used

4965
04:12:53,900 --> 04:12:56,800
to live in harmony with rhythms 
that are older than history. 

4966
04:12:56,800 --> 04:13:00,400
Think about how the endless 
grass Moved In Waves under a 

4967
04:13:00,400 --> 04:13:03,700
huge sky and how that landscape 
changed the people who would 

4968
04:13:03,700 --> 04:13:07,100
later change half the world is 
very calming to end this story 

4969
04:13:07,100 --> 04:13:10,200
where it began with the wind 
blowing through the grass and 

4970
04:13:10,300 --> 04:13:13,300
The feeling of endless space 
stretching Beyond every Horizon.

4971
04:13:13,300 --> 04:13:17,600
The Mongol Empire came and went 
conquered and fell apart, but 

4972
04:13:17,600 --> 04:13:20,400
the steps are still very much 
like they were when TAMU gin 

4973
04:13:20,400 --> 04:13:24,000
first learned to ride the grass,
still grows the season, still 

4974
04:13:24,000 --> 04:13:26,900
change from the harsh cold of 
winter to the short warmth of 

4975
04:13:26,908 --> 04:13:30,400
Summer and somewhere in that 
vastness heard us still lead 

4976
04:13:30,400 --> 04:13:33,200
their animals along paths that 
have been used for thousands of 

4977
04:13:33,200 --> 04:13:35,100
years. 
But now, you know, that this 

4978
04:13:35,100 --> 04:13:38,000
seemingly empty landscape was 
actually the beginning of one of

4979
04:13:38,000 --> 04:13:40,400
history's. 
Most interesting experiments in 

4980
04:13:40,400 --> 04:13:43,800
how people can work together. 
Those scattered tribes living in

4981
04:13:43,800 --> 04:13:47,400
felt tents and following their 
herds across vast grasslands 

4982
04:13:47,400 --> 04:13:50,800
were able to create something 
new, the government that could 

4983
04:13:50,800 --> 04:13:52,900
bring together people from 
different backgrounds. 

4984
04:13:52,900 --> 04:13:57,000
Over long distances, an economic
system that linked markets that 

4985
04:13:57,000 --> 04:14:00,200
had been cut off from each other
and a cultural framework that 

4986
04:14:00,200 --> 04:14:03,000
let different civilizations 
learn from each other while 

4987
04:14:03,000 --> 04:14:04,700
still keeping their own 
identities. 

4988
04:14:04,700 --> 04:14:08,000
The story of the Mongol Empire 
is really about how people can 

4989
04:14:08,000 --> 04:14:10,800
connect with each other, when 
there are no more, Barriers 

4990
04:14:10,800 --> 04:14:14,100
between them and instead there 
are networks of exchange and 

4991
04:14:14,100 --> 04:14:17,600
cooperation it's about the power
of being able to move around in 

4992
04:14:17,600 --> 04:14:19,900
a world that often thinks 
stability is more important. 

4993
04:14:19,900 --> 04:14:24,000
The benefits of being able to 
change in societies that often 

4994
04:14:24,000 --> 04:14:27,700
value tradition over new ideas 
and the idea that people from 

4995
04:14:27,700 --> 04:14:30,700
outside may have answers to 
problems that people from 

4996
04:14:30,700 --> 04:14:33,700
within, haven't been able to 
solve historians today, 

4997
04:14:33,700 --> 04:14:36,600
sometimes argue about whether 
the Mongol conquests were one of

4998
04:14:36,608 --> 04:14:39,300
the greatest things that people 
have ever done or one of the 

4999
04:14:39,300 --> 04:14:40,900
worst things that people have 
ever done. 

5000
04:14:40,900 --> 04:14:44,400
The answer is probably both 
like, with most hard historical 

5001
04:14:44,400 --> 04:14:47,700
questions cities were destroyed 
and people had to move, but new 

5002
04:14:47,700 --> 04:14:51,300
cities were built a, new chances
were made old ways of life were 

5003
04:14:51,300 --> 04:14:54,300
changed, but new ways of 
expressing culture came from the

5004
04:14:54,300 --> 04:14:58,000
mixing of traditions that were 
once separate political systems 

5005
04:14:58,000 --> 04:15:01,600
fell apart but new institutions 
that were more open and useful 

5006
04:15:01,600 --> 04:15:04,800
often took their place. 
It seems clear that the Mongol 

5007
04:15:04,800 --> 04:15:07,800
period sped up human progress in
ways that still affect our world

5008
04:15:07,800 --> 04:15:09,900
today. 
The cultural exchanges. 

5009
04:15:10,200 --> 04:15:13,700
Technological advancements and 
institutional experiments that 

5010
04:15:13,700 --> 04:15:17,400
transpired during the Empire's 
duration established paradigms 

5011
04:15:17,400 --> 04:15:19,700
that influence. 
The Renaissance, the Scientific 

5012
04:15:19,700 --> 04:15:24,000
Revolution and the Contemporary 
global economy. 700 years later,

5013
04:15:24,000 --> 04:15:26,700
we are still dealing with the 
effects of decisions, made in 

5014
04:15:26,700 --> 04:15:29,900
Mongol councils. 
The Mongol story teaches us that

5015
04:15:29,900 --> 04:15:33,600
human societies can change and 
adapt more than we think they 

5016
04:15:33,600 --> 04:15:35,900
can. 
The species that had spent 

5017
04:15:35,900 --> 04:15:38,100
thousands of years. 
Building isolated agricultural 

5018
04:15:38,100 --> 04:15:41,600
societies was able to build and 
run a continental Empire that 

5019
04:15:41,600 --> 04:15:45,500
worked well over long distances 
and across cultures the same 

5020
04:15:45,500 --> 04:15:48,100
groups that had been fighting 
and competing for what seemed 

5021
04:15:48,100 --> 04:15:50,900
like forever found that they 
could work together to reach 

5022
04:15:50,900 --> 04:15:54,300
bigger goals. 
This ability to change gives us 

5023
04:15:54,300 --> 04:15:56,100
hope for the problems. 
We face around the world. 

5024
04:15:56,100 --> 04:15:59,500
If nomadic herders, could figure
out how to government areas from

5025
04:15:59,500 --> 04:16:02,000
Korea to Hungary, while 
respecting, the cultural 

5026
04:16:02,000 --> 04:16:05,900
autonomy of 100s of different 
groups, maybe modern societies 

5027
04:16:05,900 --> 04:16:08,700
can find ways to deal with 
climate change the economic 

5028
04:16:08,700 --> 04:16:10,700
inequality, and political 
fragmentation. 

5029
04:16:10,700 --> 04:16:14,200
That seemed just as hard to deal
with from where we are now, the 

5030
04:16:14,200 --> 04:16:16,800
Mongol Empire are also shows us 
that some of the most important 

5031
04:16:16,800 --> 04:16:19,800
new ideas and history of come 
from places, we didn't expect. 

5032
04:16:19,800 --> 04:16:23,100
It wasn't the urban Elite of 
established civilizations, who 

5033
04:16:23,100 --> 04:16:25,800
changed, Warfare Administration,
and international relations. 

5034
04:16:25,800 --> 04:16:29,600
It was no magic Outsiders who 
looked at the same problems from

5035
04:16:29,600 --> 04:16:32,300
a whole new angle. 
This means that experts, today 

5036
04:16:32,300 --> 04:16:35,300
might not be taking seriously 
the ideas and communities that 

5037
04:16:35,300 --> 04:16:36,800
could help solve today's 
problems. 

5038
04:16:37,600 --> 04:16:39,500
You might find comfort in the 
thought of that. 

5039
04:16:39,500 --> 04:16:41,200
Endless Blue Sky. 
Over the steps. 

5040
04:16:41,200 --> 04:16:44,100
As you fall asleep, it's the 
same sky that watched over. 

5041
04:16:44,100 --> 04:16:47,400
Mongol heard as 800 years ago 
and the same sky, that covers 

5042
04:16:47,400 --> 04:16:50,400
your own home tonight. 
That sky has seen the rise and 

5043
04:16:50,400 --> 04:16:52,400
fall of Empires, the movement of
people. 

5044
04:16:52,400 --> 04:16:56,000
The growth of technologies that 
have changed human life and the 

5045
04:16:56,000 --> 04:16:57,900
slow growth of the connected 
world. 

5046
04:16:57,900 --> 04:17:02,000
We live in now, but it is also 
seen quite a time like families 

5047
04:17:02,000 --> 04:17:05,300
gathering around cooking fires, 
kids, learning to ride horses. 

5048
04:17:05,300 --> 04:17:08,800
Elders, telling stories that 
passed down, cultural Knowledge 

5049
04:17:08,800 --> 04:17:11,600
from one generation to the next 
and regular people. 

5050
04:17:11,600 --> 04:17:15,200
Making the small choices that 
when added to gather changed the

5051
04:17:15,200 --> 04:17:18,200
course of human history, the 
grand sweep of Empires and 

5052
04:17:18,200 --> 04:17:21,400
conquests is important. 
But so are the small acts of 

5053
04:17:21,400 --> 04:17:25,100
Bravery creativity and kindness 
that make big changes in history

5054
04:17:25,100 --> 04:17:27,300
possible. 
The Mongol Empire is no longer 

5055
04:17:27,300 --> 04:17:30,200
around but its ideals about what
people can do are still around. 

5056
04:17:30,200 --> 04:17:34,300
The Mongol period was when these
ideas first took shape, the 

5057
04:17:34,300 --> 04:17:36,500
different cultures can enrich 
each other instead of 

5058
04:17:36,508 --> 04:17:39,400
threatening each other. 
The geographical barriers don't 

5059
04:17:39,400 --> 04:17:42,600
have to become social barriers. 
That Innovation can come from 

5060
04:17:42,600 --> 04:17:46,800
both isolation and synthesis and
that societies can be organized 

5061
04:17:46,800 --> 04:17:49,400
in ways that benefit all their 
members instead of just their 

5062
04:17:49,400 --> 04:17:52,700
Elites, these ideas continue to 
inspire efforts to make the 

5063
04:17:52,700 --> 04:17:56,500
world more fair and connected 
tonight, as you fall asleep in a

5064
04:17:56,500 --> 04:17:58,400
world where Mongolian 
traditional music might be 

5065
04:17:58,408 --> 04:18:01,900
playing through your speakers 
Kashmir from Central Asian goats

5066
04:18:01,900 --> 04:18:04,900
might be warming, your shoulders
and the spices in your evening 

5067
04:18:04,900 --> 04:18:08,200
tea might have come from trade 
routes first used by Mongol 

5068
04:18:08,200 --> 04:18:11,400
Merchants your experience in the
everyday Legacy of that, amazing

5069
04:18:11,400 --> 04:18:15,100
experiment in how to organize 
people that started on the steps

5070
04:18:15,100 --> 04:18:18,200
over 800 years ago. 
Sweet dreams of wide, open 

5071
04:18:18,200 --> 04:18:20,900
spaces and endless Horizons of 
people. 

5072
04:18:20,900 --> 04:18:23,700
Realizing they have more in 
common than they thought and of 

5073
04:18:23,708 --> 04:18:27,200
how humans can always change 
create and connect with each 

5074
04:18:27,200 --> 04:18:29,300
other. 
No matter what barriers seem to 

5075
04:18:29,300 --> 04:18:31,600
be in the way. 
The story of the Mongol Empire 

5076
04:18:31,600 --> 04:18:34,800
is really asked story. 
It's the story of how people 

5077
04:18:34,800 --> 04:18:37,500
learn to get along on a planet 
that belongs to all of us. 

5078
04:18:37,900 --> 04:18:39,900
Sleep. 
Well, under the sky that never 

5079
04:18:39,900 --> 04:18:52,900
ends. 
Imagine waking up one morning 

5080
04:18:52,900 --> 04:18:55,500
and finding out that your 
neighbor became a millionaire by

5081
04:18:55,500 --> 04:18:57,500
picking up shiny rocks from a 
riverbed. 

5082
04:18:57,500 --> 04:19:01,300
That's pretty much what happened
in 1848 when James Marshall saw 

5083
04:19:01,300 --> 04:19:03,900
something shining in the 
American river at such as Mill 

5084
04:19:03,900 --> 04:19:07,000
in California. 
What began as one man's curious?

5085
04:19:07,000 --> 04:19:10,300
Observation would soon lead to 
the largest voluntary migration 

5086
04:19:10,300 --> 04:19:12,900
in human history. 
People from every continent 

5087
04:19:12,900 --> 04:19:16,600
except Antarctica loaded their 
lives into wagons and ships and 

5088
04:19:16,600 --> 04:19:20,200
set off in search of dreams that
Sean like fool's gold in their 

5089
04:19:20,200 --> 04:19:22,000
minds. 
The California. 

5090
04:19:22,000 --> 04:19:23,900
Gold Rush. 
Wasn't the first in the world, 

5091
04:19:23,900 --> 04:19:27,400
but it was the most famous. 
This is partly because it 

5092
04:19:27,400 --> 04:19:30,100
happened at the same time as the
invention of the Telegraph and 

5093
04:19:30,100 --> 04:19:34,300
mass produced newspapers within 
months, word, to the east coast 

5094
04:19:34,300 --> 04:19:37,500
Europe, Australia. 
And even small villages in 

5095
04:19:37,500 --> 04:19:41,300
China, it spread faster than a 
fire in dry grass farmers in 

5096
04:19:41,300 --> 04:19:44,400
Iowa were leaving their Plows. 
Shopkeepers in Boston, were 

5097
04:19:44,400 --> 04:19:46,900
closing their stores and whole 
families were selling 

5098
04:19:46,900 --> 04:19:48,900
everything. 
They owned to try to get rich in

5099
04:19:48,900 --> 04:19:52,300
the Sierra Nevada. 
Foothills But California was 

5100
04:19:52,300 --> 04:19:56,100
only the start gold discoveries 
in Australia in 1851 caused 

5101
04:19:56,100 --> 04:19:59,000
their own Rush bringing people 
looking for wealth to the hot 

5102
04:19:59,000 --> 04:20:02,100
outback. 
The Klondike Gold Rush of 1896 

5103
04:20:02,100 --> 04:20:04,400
Cent people looking for gold to 
the other end of the world. 

5104
04:20:04,400 --> 04:20:08,600
The Frozen Wilderness of Alaska 
and Canada were temperatures 

5105
04:20:08,600 --> 04:20:11,900
could drop to 50 below zero and 
it was dark for months. 

5106
04:20:11,900 --> 04:20:14,700
The Whit Waters ran goldfields 
in South Africa. 

5107
04:20:14,700 --> 04:20:17,500
Turned empty Velde into one of 
the world's largest cities. 

5108
04:20:17,500 --> 04:20:19,700
Almost overnight. 
There were different things 

5109
04:20:19,700 --> 04:20:22,800
about each gold rush but they 
all had some things in common. 

5110
04:20:22,800 --> 04:20:25,100
That seem almost magical. 
When you think about them, 

5111
04:20:25,100 --> 04:20:28,600
people like teachers Farmers 
blacksmiths and seamstresses, 

5112
04:20:28,600 --> 04:20:31,400
suddenly thought they could 
survive in places, that would be

5113
04:20:31,400 --> 04:20:33,600
hard for even experienced 
outdoorsmen. 

5114
04:20:33,600 --> 04:20:36,600
There was like, having gold gave
you some kind of magnetic power 

5115
04:20:36,600 --> 04:20:39,000
that made. 
You ignore common sense and the 

5116
04:20:39,000 --> 04:20:41,900
need to protect yourself. 
It's interesting to think about 

5117
04:20:41,900 --> 04:20:45,100
the psychology of Gold Fever. 
As you go to sleep, gold doesn't

5118
04:20:45,100 --> 04:20:49,100
go bad rossed or lose its value 
overnight, like other kinds of 

5119
04:20:49,100 --> 04:20:51,900
wealth. 
For thousands of years, people 

5120
04:20:51,900 --> 04:20:55,300
have thought it was valuable. 
It was used in the burial masks 

5121
04:20:55,300 --> 04:20:59,100
of pharaohs and the crowns of 
Kings the weight of gold in your

5122
04:20:59,108 --> 04:21:01,300
hand. 
How it catches light and how it 

5123
04:21:01,308 --> 04:21:04,000
doesn't tarnish or Decay or all 
very satisfying. 

5124
04:21:04,700 --> 04:21:06,900
In a world that is always 
changing gold. 

5125
04:21:06,900 --> 04:21:09,900
Stands for stability and safety 
in a universe. 

5126
04:21:09,900 --> 04:21:12,800
That is always changing for the 
miners going west. 

5127
04:21:12,800 --> 04:21:15,000
Gold was the ultimate American 
Dream. 

5128
04:21:15,000 --> 04:21:19,000
The idea that anyone no matter 
where they came from, or how 

5129
04:21:19,000 --> 04:21:22,700
much they knew could change 
their life with hard work, and a

5130
04:21:22,700 --> 04:21:25,600
little luck gold, didn't care if
you were a Harvard graduate or 

5131
04:21:25,600 --> 04:21:28,400
couldn't read your own name, it 
didn't care about your family 

5132
04:21:28,400 --> 04:21:29,800
tree. 
What mattered? 

5133
04:21:29,800 --> 04:21:32,700
Most was your willingness to go 
through hard times and your 

5134
04:21:32,700 --> 04:21:35,400
ability to see opportunities 
when they were right in front of

5135
04:21:35,400 --> 04:21:37,700
you. 
Getting to the goldfields was 

5136
04:21:37,700 --> 04:21:39,800
often just as hard as mining for
gold. 

5137
04:21:39,800 --> 04:21:43,400
Think about putting everything 
you might need for months or 

5138
04:21:43,400 --> 04:21:46,300
years into a space smaller than 
your bedroom closet. 

5139
04:21:46,300 --> 04:21:49,600
And then traveling thousands of 
miles through places that were 

5140
04:21:49,600 --> 04:21:52,100
more in your head than on 
reliable Maps. 

5141
04:21:52,100 --> 04:21:55,000
The Overland route to California
went through deserts, where 

5142
04:21:55,000 --> 04:21:58,800
water was hard to find and 
valuable Mountain passes, that 

5143
04:21:58,800 --> 04:22:02,100
could be blocked by snow even in
the summer and rivers, that 

5144
04:22:02,100 --> 04:22:04,400
could be calm one day and raging
torrents. 

5145
04:22:04,400 --> 04:22:07,500
The next people who took the sea
route had to deal with different

5146
04:22:07,500 --> 04:22:09,800
problems. 
It could take six months to 

5147
04:22:09,800 --> 04:22:12,900
sail, around Cape Horn, and the 
water was some of the roughest 

5148
04:22:12,900 --> 04:22:15,800
on Earth, men, who had never 
been to see were crammed into 

5149
04:22:15,800 --> 04:22:18,500
ships that were meant to carry 
cargo not passengers. 

5150
04:22:18,500 --> 04:22:21,600
This would make modern cruise 
ship passengers, ask for their 

5151
04:22:21,600 --> 04:22:23,600
money back. 
Those who could afford to go 

5152
04:22:23,608 --> 04:22:26,300
through Panama, had to deal with
tropical diseases, dangerous 

5153
04:22:26,300 --> 04:22:29,600
river, Crossings and sometimes 
weeks of waiting for ships on 

5154
04:22:29,600 --> 04:22:33,300
the Pacific side, but people 
came anyway drawn by stories 

5155
04:22:33,300 --> 04:22:36,500
that got more and more amazing. 
With each telling stories about 

5156
04:22:36,500 --> 04:22:39,800
miners finding nuggets. 
The size of turkey eggs, Rivers.

5157
04:22:39,800 --> 04:22:43,100
So, full of gold that you could 
fill up in minutes and regular 

5158
04:22:43,100 --> 04:22:45,700
people becoming incredibly rich 
in just a few weeks. 

5159
04:22:45,700 --> 04:22:49,500
Most of the time, the stories 
were exaggerated or made up, but

5160
04:22:49,500 --> 04:22:51,900
they had just enough truth in 
them to keep the dream alive. 

5161
04:22:51,900 --> 04:22:55,100
It's amazing how these 
individual dreams were added 

5162
04:22:55,100 --> 04:22:57,100
together changed, Hull, 
continents. 

5163
04:22:57,600 --> 04:23:00,400
In places where only coyotes and
rattlesnakes had lived before 

5164
04:23:00,400 --> 04:23:04,200
cities sprang up overnight. 
The search for gold led to the 

5165
04:23:04,208 --> 04:23:07,400
growth of economies 
transportation systems and 

5166
04:23:07,400 --> 04:23:10,400
social structures in whole 
areas, the effects on the 

5167
04:23:10,400 --> 04:23:13,400
environment and culture would 
last for Generations long. 

5168
04:23:13,400 --> 04:23:16,600
After the goal that was easy to 
get was gone as you drift off to

5169
04:23:16,600 --> 04:23:18,600
sleep. 
Think about how Brave or maybe 

5170
04:23:18,600 --> 04:23:21,900
foolish, it was to give up 
everything you for the chance of

5171
04:23:21,900 --> 04:23:23,400
something that might not be 
real. 

5172
04:23:23,400 --> 04:23:26,600
These weren't trained explorers 
or professional adventurers. 

5173
04:23:26,600 --> 04:23:29,500
They were just regular people 
who thought the chance of making

5174
04:23:29,500 --> 04:23:31,000
a lot of money was worth the 
risk. 

5175
04:23:31,000 --> 04:23:33,600
Their stories show us. 
That sometimes the most 

5176
04:23:33,600 --> 04:23:37,400
important events in history are 
caused by people who refused to 

5177
04:23:37,400 --> 04:23:39,500
believe that their situation 
will never change. 

5178
04:23:39,500 --> 04:23:42,500
Imagine yourself standing in the
middle of what would become 

5179
04:23:42,500 --> 04:23:47,000
Downtown Sacramento on a July. 
After noon, in 1850, the 

5180
04:23:47,000 --> 04:23:50,300
temperature is around 100 
degrees Fahrenheit and the air 

5181
04:23:50,300 --> 04:23:52,100
above the hot pavement looks 
like water. 

5182
04:23:52,100 --> 04:23:55,700
The sun is as hot as a forge and
there's no way to get away from 

5183
04:23:55,700 --> 04:23:57,700
it. 
There's no air conditioning ice 

5184
04:23:57,700 --> 04:24:00,500
or tall buildings to block the 
Sun, a picture this. 

5185
04:24:00,500 --> 04:24:03,400
And stead of going inside, 
you're going, To spend the next 

5186
04:24:03,400 --> 04:24:07,500
12 hours bent over a creek bed. 
If through gravel and sand with 

5187
04:24:07,500 --> 04:24:10,500
just a metal pan and your 
willpower, this was the case for

5188
04:24:10,500 --> 04:24:13,300
thousands of gold miners. 
Who went to areas where summer 

5189
04:24:13,300 --> 04:24:15,500
temperatures often went above 
what most people today would 

5190
04:24:15,500 --> 04:24:18,400
consider survivable. 
The California Central Valley, 

5191
04:24:18,400 --> 04:24:21,300
the Australian Outback, and 
parts of Nevada, and Arizona 

5192
04:24:21,300 --> 04:24:24,300
weren't places where people were
supposed to work outside during 

5193
04:24:24,300 --> 04:24:28,300
the hottest times of the year, 
but they worked driven by dreams

5194
04:24:28,300 --> 04:24:30,400
that burned hotter than the sun 
above their heads. 

5195
04:24:30,400 --> 04:24:33,900
The human body wasn't meant to 
be in such extreme heat for long

5196
04:24:33,900 --> 04:24:37,900
periods of time, especially when
doing hard physical work, your 

5197
04:24:37,900 --> 04:24:40,600
body regulate, its temperature 
in a way that is similar to a 

5198
04:24:40,600 --> 04:24:43,900
simple air conditioner. 
Sweats to cool the skin. 

5199
04:24:43,900 --> 04:24:47,300
Through evaporation, it changes 
the flow of blood to release 

5200
04:24:47,300 --> 04:24:50,900
heat and it breeds more to get 
rid of warm air from the lungs. 

5201
04:24:50,900 --> 04:24:55,400
But these systems could only do 
so much and mine is in the 1800s

5202
04:24:55,400 --> 04:24:57,100
pushed them to their limits 
every day. 

5203
04:24:58,000 --> 04:24:59,800
Smart miners, learn to change 
their plans. 

5204
04:24:59,800 --> 04:25:03,100
Based on the sun's movement, 
they would get up before Dawn. 

5205
04:25:03,100 --> 04:25:05,600
When the air was still a little 
cool from the night before and 

5206
04:25:05,600 --> 04:25:08,200
start working. 
As soon as the sun came up, the 

5207
04:25:08,200 --> 04:25:10,600
early morning hours were very 
important because you could get 

5208
04:25:10,600 --> 04:25:12,900
things done before the heat made
it too much to handle. 

5209
04:25:13,700 --> 04:25:16,800
As the sun rose higher 
experienced miners, would look 

5210
04:25:16,800 --> 04:25:20,100
for any shade they could find. 
They would often work in shifts 

5211
04:25:20,100 --> 04:25:22,900
so that some could rest while 
others kept looking for gold 

5212
04:25:22,900 --> 04:25:26,300
miners called the time between 
noon and 4 in the afternoon the 

5213
04:25:26,300 --> 04:25:28,800
devil's time. 
This was when the sun was at its

5214
04:25:28,800 --> 04:25:31,500
hottest, and the heat from rocks
and sand could literally cook 

5215
04:25:31,500 --> 04:25:34,000
skin that was exposed during 
these hours. 

5216
04:25:34,000 --> 04:25:36,300
Smart miners, went back to 
whatever shelter they could 

5217
04:25:36,300 --> 04:25:39,100
find. 
Some people dug shallow caves 

5218
04:25:39,100 --> 04:25:41,200
into hillsides to make cool 
places to hide. 

5219
04:25:41,200 --> 04:25:44,000
There were 10 to 20 degrees 
cooler than the surface. 

5220
04:25:44,000 --> 04:25:47,800
Some people put canvas between 
trees or over, wooden frames to 

5221
04:25:47,800 --> 04:25:50,300
make patches of blessed shade 
where people could gather to 

5222
04:25:50,300 --> 04:25:53,600
rest and talk. 
The clothes that mine is war. 

5223
04:25:53,600 --> 04:25:55,900
Tell an interesting story about 
how they adapted and used their 

5224
04:25:55,900 --> 04:25:58,000
brains. 
Forget the Hollywood image of 

5225
04:25:58,008 --> 04:25:59,900
shirtless men working in the hot
sun. 

5226
04:25:59,900 --> 04:26:02,900
That was a sure way to get 
burned badly and have a heat 

5227
04:26:02,900 --> 04:26:05,700
stroke. 
Instead experienced miners 

5228
04:26:05,700 --> 04:26:07,900
learned how to cover almost 
every inch of skin that was 

5229
04:26:07,900 --> 04:26:11,100
showing while still letting air 
flow, they wore wide brimmed 

5230
04:26:11,100 --> 04:26:12,700
hats. 
That cast Shadows on their faces

5231
04:26:12,700 --> 04:26:15,800
and necks long sleeve shirts 
that were loose enough to let 

5232
04:26:15,800 --> 04:26:19,800
air flow and bandanas that could
be soaked in water and tied 

5233
04:26:19,800 --> 04:26:22,900
around their necks to cool off. 
Many miners will close that they

5234
04:26:22,908 --> 04:26:25,900
learned from Mexican for Heroes 
and Native American tribes that 

5235
04:26:25,900 --> 04:26:28,600
had been living in these areas 
for a long time, Eastern 

5236
04:26:28,600 --> 04:26:31,900
gentlemen, like dark will suits 
better than loose like colored 

5237
04:26:31,900 --> 04:26:34,100
clothes because they reflected 
heat better. 

5238
04:26:34,100 --> 04:26:37,900
Some miners, even started, 
wearing multiple layers, a thin 

5239
04:26:37,900 --> 04:26:40,900
in a layer to soak up sweat and 
an outer layer to keep the Sun 

5240
04:26:40,900 --> 04:26:44,100
out, while letting air flow 
between the Fabrics. finding 

5241
04:26:44,100 --> 04:26:48,000
shade became almost as important
as finding gold in mining camps 

5242
04:26:48,000 --> 04:26:51,600
trees were valuable because they
provided shade and lumber a 

5243
04:26:51,600 --> 04:26:54,300
single Big Oak or pine tree 
could decide where a whole Camp 

5244
04:26:54,300 --> 04:26:57,600
would be set up tents and lean 
two's will be set up in careful 

5245
04:26:57,600 --> 04:27:00,200
patterns to get the most shade 
possible during the day. 

5246
04:27:01,000 --> 04:27:04,200
Water wasn't just for drinking. 
It was so very important for 

5247
04:27:04,200 --> 04:27:06,700
staying cool. 
When there was water mine as 

5248
04:27:06,708 --> 04:27:09,700
would soak their shirts and 
hats, which worked as a simple, 

5249
04:27:09,700 --> 04:27:12,400
but effective way to cool off, 
some smart people. 

5250
04:27:12,400 --> 04:27:15,200
Even came up with complicated 
ways to move water over Canada's

5251
04:27:15,200 --> 04:27:17,700
warnings, which were like 
evaporative coolers in the 

5252
04:27:17,700 --> 04:27:21,900
1800s, The Mental effects of 
extreme heat were just as hard 

5253
04:27:21,900 --> 04:27:23,400
to deal with as the physical 
ones. 

5254
04:27:23,400 --> 04:27:26,300
Not only does heat exhaustion, 
make you feel bad, physically. 

5255
04:27:26,300 --> 04:27:30,400
But it also changes the way you 
think, feel and make decisions 

5256
04:27:30,400 --> 04:27:33,700
when miners worked in very hot 
or very cold weather. 

5257
04:27:33,700 --> 04:27:37,900
They often got cranky made, bad 
decisions and got what we now, 

5258
04:27:37,900 --> 04:27:41,600
call heat induced depression. 
The constant pain made mental 

5259
04:27:41,600 --> 04:27:44,800
strength weaker, just like it 
made physical strength weaker, 

5260
04:27:44,800 --> 04:27:46,900
but people were very good at 
adapting. 

5261
04:27:46,900 --> 04:27:49,600
Bodies that had never been in 
such heat before. 

5262
04:27:49,600 --> 04:27:51,900
Slowly. 
Got used to, it becoming better 

5263
04:27:51,900 --> 04:27:55,600
at handling heat sweating more 
effectively and circulating 

5264
04:27:55,600 --> 04:27:58,800
blood better when miners made it
through their first summer in 

5265
04:27:58,808 --> 04:28:01,900
the goldfields they often found 
the second year easier to handle

5266
04:28:01,900 --> 04:28:04,300
because their body's got used to
conditions that would have 

5267
04:28:04,308 --> 04:28:06,100
seemed impossible when they 
first got there. 

5268
04:28:06,100 --> 04:28:08,500
Some of the best mining 
companies were the ones that 

5269
04:28:08,500 --> 04:28:11,000
knew how important it was to 
keep workers safe from the heat 

5270
04:28:11,000 --> 04:28:13,300
companies that gave their 
workers enough shelter. 

5271
04:28:13,300 --> 04:28:16,800
Encouraged them to rest during 
the hottest parts of the day and

5272
04:28:16,800 --> 04:28:18,400
made sure they could get to Cool
Water. 

5273
04:28:18,400 --> 04:28:20,700
Usually had healthier and more 
productive workers. 

5274
04:28:20,700 --> 04:28:23,700
It was an early lesson in 
industrial safety that most 

5275
04:28:23,700 --> 04:28:26,400
people wouldn't learn for 
decades, as you picked to 

5276
04:28:26,400 --> 04:28:28,700
yourself, in those hot mining 
camps feeling the sun on your 

5277
04:28:28,700 --> 04:28:30,800
shoulders and the coolness of 
the Evening Shade. 

5278
04:28:30,800 --> 04:28:33,700
Remember that these were not 
superhuman people. 

5279
04:28:33,700 --> 04:28:37,000
They were just regular people 
who learned to deal with unusual

5280
04:28:37,000 --> 04:28:39,400
situations. 
The fact that they were able to 

5281
04:28:39,400 --> 04:28:42,600
live and even Thrive in such 
conditions shows how strong the 

5282
04:28:42,600 --> 04:28:45,900
human Spirit can be when it is 
driven by strong dreams. 

5283
04:28:46,500 --> 04:28:48,600
In romantic stories about the 
Gold Rush. 

5284
04:28:48,600 --> 04:28:52,200
Water is always there. 
There are babbling Creeks where 

5285
04:28:52,200 --> 04:28:55,100
minors pan for gold and Clear 
Mountain Streams that show off 

5286
04:28:55,100 --> 04:28:58,200
the Sierra Peaks. 
Truth was often very different 

5287
04:28:58,200 --> 04:29:02,408
and much harder getting Clean. 
Safe water was often a matter of

5288
04:29:02,416 --> 04:29:04,600
life and death and getting 
enough food. 

5289
04:29:04,600 --> 04:29:07,200
In remote mining camps took a 
lot of creativity that would 

5290
04:29:07,200 --> 04:29:10,200
impress modern survivalists. 
Ironically miners. 

5291
04:29:10,200 --> 04:29:13,500
Often valued water more than the
gold they were looking for on a 

5292
04:29:13,500 --> 04:29:15,900
hot afternoon. 
A glass of cool clean water. 

5293
04:29:15,900 --> 04:29:19,100
Could be worth more than a 
handful of gold dust especially 

5294
04:29:19,100 --> 04:29:22,500
if the water costed a dollar a 
gallon which is like 30 or 40 

5295
04:29:22,500 --> 04:29:24,500
dollars now. 
And some of the more remote 

5296
04:29:24,500 --> 04:29:27,400
mining areas on entrepreneurs 
made a lot of money, not by 

5297
04:29:27,400 --> 04:29:30,400
finding gold, but by bringing 
water in barrels, from far away 

5298
04:29:30,400 --> 04:29:33,000
places and selling it to minors 
who needed it. 

5299
04:29:33,800 --> 04:29:37,700
Finding water turned into both a
science and an art experienced 

5300
04:29:37,700 --> 04:29:39,700
miners could read the landscape 
like a book. 

5301
04:29:39,700 --> 04:29:42,700
They looked for small signs that
showed where water was 

5302
04:29:42,700 --> 04:29:45,200
underground. 
Some plants only grew where 

5303
04:29:45,200 --> 04:29:48,500
their Roots could get to water 
tables, animals Behavior such as

5304
04:29:48,500 --> 04:29:50,700
where they gathered at dawn and 
Dusk and the path. 

5305
04:29:50,708 --> 04:29:54,400
They wore through the landscape 
often revealed Hidden Springs or

5306
04:29:54,400 --> 04:29:57,500
seasonal water sources. 
Some liners became very good at 

5307
04:29:57,508 --> 04:30:00,400
dowsing, which is the art of 
finding underground water with 

5308
04:30:00,400 --> 04:30:04,100
forked sticks or metal rods. 
Modern science still doesn't 

5309
04:30:04,100 --> 04:30:05,600
fully understand how they did 
it. 

5310
04:30:05,600 --> 04:30:09,400
These methods became a big part 
of mining camp folklore, whether

5311
04:30:09,400 --> 04:30:11,600
they really worked or just made 
miners feel more. 

5312
04:30:11,600 --> 04:30:13,900
Sure about digging in places 
where they thought they might 

5313
04:30:13,900 --> 04:30:15,800
find water. 
It was like playing the 

5314
04:30:15,800 --> 04:30:18,300
geological Lottery to dig wells 
in mining country. 

5315
04:30:19,300 --> 04:30:21,500
The same Rocky ground that might
hide gold deposits. 

5316
04:30:21,500 --> 04:30:23,700
Could make it very hard to get 
to the water table. 

5317
04:30:23,700 --> 04:30:25,900
Sometimes miners, would spend 
weeks. 

5318
04:30:25,900 --> 04:30:28,900
Chiseling through, solid rock 
hoping to find water before 

5319
04:30:28,900 --> 04:30:32,600
their current Supply ran out. 
The deeper, they dug the cooler,

5320
04:30:32,600 --> 04:30:35,100
the water. 
They might find this was a great

5321
04:30:35,100 --> 04:30:38,300
bonus in places where surface 
water could get too warm to be 

5322
04:30:38,300 --> 04:30:41,100
refreshing. 
When water was hard to come by 

5323
04:30:41,100 --> 04:30:44,100
miners, came up with very clever
ways to save it. 

5324
04:30:44,100 --> 04:30:46,500
That would impress 
environmentalists today, you 

5325
04:30:46,500 --> 04:30:49,800
could save the water used to 
cook with to wash dishes, then 

5326
04:30:49,800 --> 04:30:52,700
use it again to do laundry. 
And finally use it to clean up 

5327
04:30:52,700 --> 04:30:57,000
dust around the campsite There 
was no waste some camps set up 

5328
04:30:57,008 --> 04:31:00,000
strict rationing systems with 
Community leaders, keeping an 

5329
04:31:00,000 --> 04:31:03,100
eye on, how much water people 
used and making sure everyone 

5330
04:31:03,100 --> 04:31:06,800
had access to basic supplies. 
the quality of the water that 

5331
04:31:06,800 --> 04:31:10,200
was available was often just as 
bad as the amount minerals that 

5332
04:31:10,200 --> 04:31:12,600
made people sick could be in 
Mountain Streams that looked 

5333
04:31:12,600 --> 04:31:16,500
crystal clear or Worse bacteria 
from mining operations or 

5334
04:31:16,500 --> 04:31:20,300
natural sources Upstream Miners 
learned how to tell, if water 

5335
04:31:20,300 --> 04:31:23,000
was good by its taste color and 
smell. 

5336
04:31:23,000 --> 04:31:25,800
They also figured out how to 
clean up water that wasn't 

5337
04:31:25,800 --> 04:31:28,200
clean. 
Boiling water was the best way 

5338
04:31:28,200 --> 04:31:30,500
to clean it but it needed Fuel 
and time. 

5339
04:31:30,500 --> 04:31:32,700
That were not always available 
some miners. 

5340
04:31:32,700 --> 04:31:36,800
Use Simple filters made of cloth
charcoal and sand to clean their

5341
04:31:36,800 --> 04:31:39,100
water. 
Some people learned how to add 

5342
04:31:39,100 --> 04:31:41,700
chemicals like Alamo or other 
minerals that would make him 

5343
04:31:41,700 --> 04:31:44,000
Purity settled to the bottom. 
Leaving cleaner. 

5344
04:31:44,000 --> 04:31:47,208
Water at the top, getting food 
in mining camps, took a lot of 

5345
04:31:47,216 --> 04:31:49,300
creativity that would be hard 
for modern campers. 

5346
04:31:49,300 --> 04:31:53,300
There were any grocery stores, 
refrigerators or Dependable 

5347
04:31:53,300 --> 04:31:55,900
Supply chains. 
Everything had to be kept safe 

5348
04:31:55,900 --> 04:31:58,800
moved over, rough ground or 
hunted and gathered from the 

5349
04:31:58,800 --> 04:32:01,400
area around. 
The outcome was a Cuisine that 

5350
04:32:01,400 --> 04:32:04,800
mixed old recipes with whatever 
was on hand resulting in some 

5351
04:32:04,800 --> 04:32:08,100
surprisingly creative dishes. 
Beans became the main food for 

5352
04:32:08,100 --> 04:32:09,900
minors and were known as minor 
strawberries. 

5353
04:32:09,900 --> 04:32:12,700
They were cheap. 
Easy to carry didn't spoil 

5354
04:32:12,700 --> 04:32:15,700
easily and gave them the protein
and carbs they needed for hard 

5355
04:32:15,700 --> 04:32:17,900
work. 
A pot of beans that was slowly 

5356
04:32:17,900 --> 04:32:19,900
cooked over. 
Campfire and seasoned with 

5357
04:32:19,900 --> 04:32:22,600
whatever was on hand could feed 
several Miners and give them 

5358
04:32:22,608 --> 04:32:25,900
energy for days of work salt, 
pork and bacon did the same 

5359
04:32:25,908 --> 04:32:28,100
things. 
They gave you fat and protein 

5360
04:32:28,100 --> 04:32:31,700
and could last for weeks without
being kept cold, The salt used 

5361
04:32:31,700 --> 04:32:34,700
to keep things fresh also helped
to replace electrolytes lost 

5362
04:32:34,700 --> 04:32:36,800
through sweating in very hot 
weather. 

5363
04:32:36,800 --> 04:32:39,700
Smart miners, learned how to get
the fat out of these meats. 

5364
04:32:39,700 --> 04:32:43,000
So they could cook other foods 
and make lamp oil hardtack which

5365
04:32:43,000 --> 04:32:46,900
is made by mixing flour, water 
and salt and baking it into 

5366
04:32:46,900 --> 04:32:50,100
biscuits that are as hard as 
rocks became another staple 

5367
04:32:50,100 --> 04:32:52,900
because it could last for 
months, without going bad to 

5368
04:32:52,900 --> 04:32:56,000
make hard tack easier to eat 
miners, would soak it in coffee 

5369
04:32:56,000 --> 04:32:59,500
or water sometimes, they would 
fry it with bacon fat to make it

5370
04:32:59,500 --> 04:33:02,000
taste better. 
The joke was that hardtack was 

5371
04:33:02,008 --> 04:33:04,300
so hard. 
It could stop a bullet, but it 

5372
04:33:04,300 --> 04:33:06,800
kept mine as from starving when 
they ran out of other food. 

5373
04:33:06,800 --> 04:33:10,099
People didn't just enjoy coffee.
They thought it was necessary 

5374
04:33:10,099 --> 04:33:13,000
for survival. 
The caffeine helped mine as stay

5375
04:33:13,000 --> 04:33:15,800
awake during long work days. 
And the hot drink kept them warm

5376
04:33:15,800 --> 04:33:18,200
at night. 
In the cold mountains coffee, 

5377
04:33:18,200 --> 04:33:20,000
could be stretched by reusing 
the ground. 

5378
04:33:20,000 --> 04:33:22,900
Several times in very bad 
situations. 

5379
04:33:22,900 --> 04:33:26,300
Mine has made coffee substitutes
from chicory acorns, or even 

5380
04:33:26,300 --> 04:33:29,400
roasted grain. 
Hunting and fishing added to 

5381
04:33:29,400 --> 04:33:31,000
basic supplies. 
When there was a game to be 

5382
04:33:31,000 --> 04:33:33,400
caught, deer rabbits and game 
birds. 

5383
04:33:33,400 --> 04:33:36,800
Gave us fresh meat and streams 
and rivers might have fish in 

5384
04:33:36,800 --> 04:33:38,000
them when they weren't too 
muddy. 

5385
04:33:38,000 --> 04:33:41,099
From mining some miners, learned
how to find edible plants by 

5386
04:33:41,099 --> 04:33:44,700
learning from Native Americans, 
which routes berries and greens 

5387
04:33:44,700 --> 04:33:47,900
could add to their diet. 
It was very important to learn 

5388
04:33:47,900 --> 04:33:50,300
how to preserve things to make 
fresh food. 

5389
04:33:50,300 --> 04:33:52,500
Last longer. 
Mine has learned how to smoke 

5390
04:33:52,500 --> 04:33:55,300
meat, dry fruits and vegetables 
and salt fish. 

5391
04:33:56,200 --> 04:33:59,099
Some camps set up community 
smokehouses so that everyone 

5392
04:33:59,099 --> 04:34:01,000
could keep meat. 
When they had too much to eat 

5393
04:34:01,000 --> 04:34:02,599
right away after a successful 
hunt. 

5394
04:34:02,599 --> 04:34:06,000
People in mining camps can't 
ignore the social side of food. 

5395
04:34:06,000 --> 04:34:09,700
Shared meals became important 
community events where miners 

5396
04:34:09,700 --> 04:34:13,700
could relax catch up on news and
keep the social ties that made 

5397
04:34:13,700 --> 04:34:16,900
living alone, bearable a minor 
who could cook well, often 

5398
04:34:16,900 --> 04:34:19,599
became well known for more than 
just his gold finding skills. 

5399
04:34:19,599 --> 04:34:22,900
You can start to understand how 
the simple things in life became

5400
04:34:22,900 --> 04:34:25,800
very important in the harsh 
environment of the mining camps.

5401
04:34:25,800 --> 04:34:28,599
When you think about how good 
strong coffee would taste around

5402
04:34:28,599 --> 04:34:30,800
a campfire. 
Her, how could a hot meal would 

5403
04:34:30,800 --> 04:34:33,099
taste after a long day of hard 
work? 

5404
04:34:33,099 --> 04:34:35,300
And how good clean water would 
feel on a hot day? 

5405
04:34:35,300 --> 04:34:37,599
These were just skills for 
Staying Alive. 

5406
04:34:37,599 --> 04:34:40,000
They were the building blocks of
communities. 

5407
04:34:40,000 --> 04:34:43,800
That would last long after the 
Gold was gone, Imagine seeing a 

5408
04:34:43,800 --> 04:34:47,000
city come to life, one week, 
there are only rocks, empty 

5409
04:34:47,000 --> 04:34:50,200
Wilderness and maybe a thin 
stream running through a valley 

5410
04:34:50,200 --> 04:34:53,700
the following week tent, start 
to pop up, like, mushrooms after

5411
04:34:53,700 --> 04:34:56,599
a rainstorm in a month. 
You might see the rough outlines

5412
04:34:56,599 --> 04:35:00,400
of streets, the General Store, 
maybe even a saloon with canvas 

5413
04:35:00,400 --> 04:35:02,300
walls and dreams of painted 
signs. 

5414
04:35:02,300 --> 04:35:04,700
The amazing thing about mining 
camp communities. 

5415
04:35:04,700 --> 04:35:07,400
Was that whole societies could 
come together almost overnight 

5416
04:35:07,400 --> 04:35:09,800
with rules that had to be made 
up on the spot? 

5417
04:35:09,800 --> 04:35:12,700
It was amazing and a little 
chaotic, how quickly these 

5418
04:35:12,700 --> 04:35:15,500
communities came together. 
There were no zoning laws 

5419
04:35:15,500 --> 04:35:17,599
building codes or an urban 
planning department. 

5420
04:35:17,599 --> 04:35:21,200
People just showed up found a 
good place to stay and started 

5421
04:35:21,200 --> 04:35:22,700
building. 
The infrastructure they needed 

5422
04:35:22,700 --> 04:35:25,400
to stay alive. 
The result was towns that grew 

5423
04:35:25,400 --> 04:35:28,200
naturally following the shape of
the land and the needs of the 

5424
04:35:28,207 --> 04:35:30,400
people who live there. 
In stead of following, a master 

5425
04:35:30,400 --> 04:35:33,599
plan people in early mining 
camps had to be creative with 

5426
04:35:33,599 --> 04:35:35,500
the few materials they had to 
build their homes. 

5427
04:35:36,400 --> 04:35:39,700
The classic miners tent was 
often just the start it was a 

5428
04:35:39,700 --> 04:35:42,000
temporary place to stay. 
While a more permanent structure

5429
04:35:42,000 --> 04:35:44,500
was built, miners, became 
amateur Architects. 

5430
04:35:44,500 --> 04:35:47,099
Coming up with plans for 
buildings, that could be built 

5431
04:35:47,099 --> 04:35:49,000
quickly with materials that were
easy to find. 

5432
04:35:50,000 --> 04:35:52,800
People like to Log Cabin where 
there were trees, but most 

5433
04:35:52,800 --> 04:35:54,900
mining areas had their trees cut
down quickly. 

5434
04:35:54,900 --> 04:35:59,700
Instead miners learned how to 
build with stone mud bricks or 

5435
04:35:59,700 --> 04:36:02,900
even canvas and wood frames that
could be taken apart and moved, 

5436
04:36:02,900 --> 04:36:05,700
if the gold ran out. 
Some of the more clever 

5437
04:36:05,700 --> 04:36:07,400
buildings use more than one 
material. 

5438
04:36:07,400 --> 04:36:11,500
For example, they had Stone 
foundations for stability log 

5439
04:36:11,500 --> 04:36:14,099
walls for insulation and canvas 
roofs. 

5440
04:36:14,099 --> 04:36:16,099
That could be easily replaced 
when they wore out. 

5441
04:36:16,900 --> 04:36:20,000
The way mining camps were set up
looked random, but they actually

5442
04:36:20,000 --> 04:36:23,700
made sense for both convenience 
and Mining the most valuable 

5443
04:36:23,700 --> 04:36:26,900
real estate was usually near 
water sources, secondary 

5444
04:36:26,900 --> 04:36:29,400
locations were chosen because 
they were sheltered from the 

5445
04:36:29,400 --> 04:36:33,300
wind had access to shade or were
close to promising geological 

5446
04:36:33,300 --> 04:36:36,099
formations streets. 
If you could call them that 

5447
04:36:36,099 --> 04:36:39,400
often followed animal paths or 
mining trails and stead of the 

5448
04:36:39,400 --> 04:36:42,700
neat grid patterns, that plant 
cities have this gave mining 

5449
04:36:42,700 --> 04:36:45,400
towns and natural, almost 
medieval field, that visitors 

5450
04:36:45,400 --> 04:36:47,700
either loved or hated depending 
on how they saw it. 

5451
04:36:48,700 --> 04:36:52,200
In mining camps, people ran 
things democratically miners. 

5452
04:36:52,200 --> 04:36:55,300
Had to make up their own rules 
and ways to enforce them because

5453
04:36:55,300 --> 04:36:57,400
there were no established legal 
systems or government 

5454
04:36:57,400 --> 04:36:59,599
authorities. 
The outcome was frequently 

5455
04:36:59,599 --> 04:37:02,900
unexpectedly Advanced systems of
community governance that 

5456
04:37:02,900 --> 04:37:05,500
reconciled personal Liberty with
communal safety. 

5457
04:37:05,500 --> 04:37:09,300
Most of the time mining camps 
held Community meetings to set 

5458
04:37:09,300 --> 04:37:13,200
basic rules for claims fights 
and how people should act these 

5459
04:37:13,200 --> 04:37:16,300
weren't official court cases. 
They were just people talking to

5460
04:37:16,300 --> 04:37:17,700
each other as equals and 
agreeing. 

5461
04:37:17,700 --> 04:37:20,200
That some kind of organization 
was needed for everyone to stay 

5462
04:37:20,200 --> 04:37:22,300
alive. 
They often put their rules on 

5463
04:37:22,300 --> 04:37:24,900
trees or buildings and enforce 
them through pressure from the 

5464
04:37:24,900 --> 04:37:26,599
community. 
Instead of through the police 

5465
04:37:26,599 --> 04:37:30,400
claimed jumping, which is taking
someone else's mining claim, was

5466
04:37:30,400 --> 04:37:32,700
one of the worst things you 
could do in mining communities, 

5467
04:37:32,700 --> 04:37:36,200
depending on how bad the crime 
was and how the community felt 

5468
04:37:36,200 --> 04:37:39,400
the punishment could be anything
from Forced payment to being 

5469
04:37:39,400 --> 04:37:42,200
kicked out of the camp. 
People usually didn't want mine 

5470
04:37:42,200 --> 04:37:44,800
as to hurt each other because it
made it hard for them to work 

5471
04:37:44,800 --> 04:37:48,400
not because it was wrong. 
The white people were divided up

5472
04:37:48,400 --> 04:37:51,000
in mining camps was different 
from how they were in their old 

5473
04:37:51,000 --> 04:37:53,400
lives. 
A man's education, family, 

5474
04:37:53,400 --> 04:37:56,700
background, or previous wealth 
mattered, much less than how, 

5475
04:37:56,700 --> 04:37:59,200
well, he could help the 
community survive and thrive. 

5476
04:38:00,000 --> 04:38:02,900
Former Professor might have to 
listen to an illiterate farmer, 

5477
04:38:02,900 --> 04:38:05,200
who happened to be better at 
finding gold. 

5478
04:38:05,200 --> 04:38:08,400
This social fluidity led to both
chances and problems. 

5479
04:38:08,400 --> 04:38:11,599
Men who had never been treated 
as equals suddenly found that 

5480
04:38:11,599 --> 04:38:14,800
their ideas were important in 
community meetings, others who 

5481
04:38:14,800 --> 04:38:16,400
had been in charge in their past
lives. 

5482
04:38:16,400 --> 04:38:19,599
Had to get used to being judged,
only on what they could do in 

5483
04:38:19,599 --> 04:38:22,500
the early days of mining. 
There were many women, but those

5484
04:38:22,500 --> 04:38:25,000
who did come off often found 
jobs that weren't available in 

5485
04:38:25,000 --> 04:38:28,599
more stable communities, Some 
became successful businesswoman,

5486
04:38:28,599 --> 04:38:30,700
and ran boarding. 
House is restaurants or General 

5487
04:38:30,700 --> 04:38:33,000
Stores. 
Others offered much needed and 

5488
04:38:33,000 --> 04:38:35,900
highly valued services like 
laundry cooking or medical care.

5489
04:38:36,800 --> 04:38:39,099
Families with kids in mining 
camps have their own set of 

5490
04:38:39,099 --> 04:38:40,800
problems. 
There were no schools. 

5491
04:38:40,800 --> 04:38:44,400
No plans activities for kids and
not many other kids to play 

5492
04:38:44,400 --> 04:38:46,700
with. 
Some communities set up in 

5493
04:38:46,700 --> 04:38:49,700
formal schools, where literate 
miners, took turns teaching, 

5494
04:38:49,700 --> 04:38:53,099
basic reading, and writing kids 
who grew up in mining camps. 

5495
04:38:53,099 --> 04:38:55,599
Often learned a lot of practical
skills and became very 

5496
04:38:55,599 --> 04:38:58,700
independent but they didn't 
always get the formal education 

5497
04:38:58,700 --> 04:39:02,300
that would help them later in 
life in mining camps, religion 

5498
04:39:02,300 --> 04:39:05,800
was often informal but very 
important because many camps 

5499
04:39:05,800 --> 04:39:07,099
didn't have an ordained 
minister. 

5500
04:39:07,099 --> 04:39:10,200
Anyone who felt called to give 
spiritual guidance, could lead 

5501
04:39:10,200 --> 04:39:12,800
religious Services. 
These Services often brought 

5502
04:39:12,800 --> 04:39:15,300
together people from different 
denominations and traditions, 

5503
04:39:15,300 --> 04:39:19,300
making a kind of practical 
humanism that came about out of 

5504
04:39:19,308 --> 04:39:23,700
need rather than theology. 
The General Store was the center

5505
04:39:23,700 --> 04:39:26,700
of most mining towns. 
It was a place to get supplies, 

5506
04:39:26,700 --> 04:39:28,400
hang out with friends and talk 
to people. 

5507
04:39:29,099 --> 04:39:31,599
Store owners. 
Often acted as informal Banks, 

5508
04:39:31,599 --> 04:39:34,300
keeping miners gold dust and 
Nuggets safe. 

5509
04:39:34,300 --> 04:39:37,700
They also worked as post 
offices, places to send messages

5510
04:39:37,700 --> 04:39:39,800
and places to get news from the 
outside world. 

5511
04:39:40,600 --> 04:39:44,600
Medical Care in mining camps was
basic, but often new communities

5512
04:39:44,600 --> 04:39:47,700
had to rely on folk medicine, 
trial and error and whatever 

5513
04:39:47,700 --> 04:39:49,900
medical knowledge individual 
miners might have. 

5514
04:39:49,900 --> 04:39:52,800
Because there were any trained 
doctors around some miners 

5515
04:39:52,800 --> 04:39:55,400
learned, how to treat, common 
injuries, and illnesses and the 

5516
04:39:55,408 --> 04:39:57,800
respect and thanks, they got 
for, it could be worth more than

5517
04:39:57,800 --> 04:40:00,700
gold. 
Entertainment in mining camps 

5518
04:40:00,700 --> 04:40:04,100
showed how hard life was and how
much people needed to have fun 

5519
04:40:04,100 --> 04:40:07,100
and relax music was very 
important to the miners. 

5520
04:40:07,100 --> 04:40:09,700
They loved people who could play
instruments or sing. 

5521
04:40:09,700 --> 04:40:12,500
Well, dancing telling stories 
and playing cards. 

5522
04:40:12,500 --> 04:40:14,800
Helped people forget about the 
hard work of Mining and the 

5523
04:40:14,808 --> 04:40:17,800
loneliness of living in a camp. 
When you think about how these 

5524
04:40:17,800 --> 04:40:20,800
rough communities Grew From 
nothing, but people's willpower 

5525
04:40:20,800 --> 04:40:23,200
and need for each other, you 
start to see that. 

5526
04:40:23,200 --> 04:40:26,400
The American frontier Spirit was
about working together as much 

5527
04:40:26,400 --> 04:40:29,300
as being independent. 
These weren't stories of a lone 

5528
04:40:29,300 --> 04:40:31,100
wolves. 
Conquering the wild, but of 

5529
04:40:31,100 --> 04:40:33,400
regular people building amazing 
communities. 

5530
04:40:33,400 --> 04:40:36,600
In the hardest of time's the 
romance of gold mining often 

5531
04:40:36,600 --> 04:40:38,000
centers on the moment of 
Discovery. 

5532
04:40:38,000 --> 04:40:42,000
The glint of metal in a pan, the
thrill of finding a nugget, the 

5533
04:40:42,000 --> 04:40:45,100
hope of getting rich. 
But the truth is that successful

5534
04:40:45,100 --> 04:40:48,200
mining was mostly about learning
how to use tools and techniques 

5535
04:40:48,200 --> 04:40:51,400
that were much more complicated 
and advanced than most people 

5536
04:40:51,400 --> 04:40:55,300
think successful miners have a 
mix of science art, physical 

5537
04:40:55,300 --> 04:40:58,600
skill and sheer determination 
that set them apart from those 

5538
04:40:58,600 --> 04:41:01,500
who went home. 
He handed the basic gold pan 

5539
04:41:01,500 --> 04:41:03,900
which is probably the most 
famous tool from the Gold Rush 

5540
04:41:03,900 --> 04:41:07,000
was actually a Precision Tool 
that required a lot of skill to 

5541
04:41:07,000 --> 04:41:09,100
use. 
Well, a good pan was made of 

5542
04:41:09,100 --> 04:41:12,600
steel or iron and had sloped 
sides and a flat bottom that let

5543
04:41:12,600 --> 04:41:14,400
you carefully separate things by
weight. 

5544
04:41:14,400 --> 04:41:17,500
It could take months to learn 
how to pan properly, which means

5545
04:41:17,500 --> 04:41:19,600
moving water and sediment in 
just the right way. 

5546
04:41:19,600 --> 04:41:21,800
So that heavy gold. 
Settles and lighter materials 

5547
04:41:21,800 --> 04:41:24,200
wash away. 
Imagine standing in a Cold 

5548
04:41:24,208 --> 04:41:27,500
Mountain stream with a pan full 
of gravel sand, and hopefully a 

5549
04:41:27,500 --> 04:41:29,900
few gold flakes. 
The water is moving around. 

5550
04:41:29,900 --> 04:41:32,300
Your legs. 
Your back is starting to hurt 

5551
04:41:32,300 --> 04:41:34,800
from bending over and your hands
are getting numb. 

5552
04:41:34,800 --> 04:41:37,100
From the cold, you need to find 
the right Rhythm. 

5553
04:41:37,100 --> 04:41:39,700
If you go to fast, you'll wash 
away the gold. 

5554
04:41:39,700 --> 04:41:43,000
If you go to slowly, you'll 
never process enough material to

5555
04:41:43,000 --> 04:41:45,700
make the work worth it Hannah's,
who had been doing it for a 

5556
04:41:45,708 --> 04:41:47,100
while. 
Could tell if they were likely 

5557
04:41:47,100 --> 04:41:50,300
to find gold in a certain spot, 
by the way, the gravel felt the 

5558
04:41:50,300 --> 04:41:53,000
color of the sand and the way 
the water moved in their pan, 

5559
04:41:53,000 --> 04:41:55,800
they had a connection with their
tools and their surroundings. 

5560
04:41:55,800 --> 04:41:58,600
That was almost magical and they
could read subtle signs. 

5561
04:41:58,600 --> 04:41:59,700
That new mine. 
As couldn't. 

5562
04:42:00,400 --> 04:42:02,700
But panning was only the start 
as miners. 

5563
04:42:02,700 --> 04:42:05,400
Learned more about their work 
and found places with good gold 

5564
04:42:05,400 --> 04:42:07,600
deposits. 
They came up with more advanced 

5565
04:42:07,600 --> 04:42:10,000
methods that could process more 
material fast faster. 

5566
04:42:10,000 --> 04:42:14,100
The Rocker which is also called 
a cradle was like a gold pan 

5567
04:42:14,100 --> 04:42:17,400
that worked mechanically It was 
a wooden box with a screen 

5568
04:42:17,400 --> 04:42:20,000
bottom, that was rocked back and
forth, while water flowed 

5569
04:42:20,000 --> 04:42:23,700
through it, separating gold from
lighter materials, many miners 

5570
04:42:23,700 --> 04:42:25,500
had to learn how to do carpentry
on the job. 

5571
04:42:25,500 --> 04:42:28,600
In order to build a good rocker,
the proportions had to be just 

5572
04:42:28,600 --> 04:42:31,000
right. 
If they were too steep, the gold

5573
04:42:31,000 --> 04:42:32,200
would wash away with everything 
else. 

5574
04:42:32,200 --> 04:42:34,900
And if they were too shallow, 
the machine wouldn't work. 

5575
04:42:34,900 --> 04:42:38,400
Well, the rocking had to be 
smooth and rhythmic like rocking

5576
04:42:38,400 --> 04:42:42,000
a baby to sleep, but the baby 
was a few hundred pounds of wood

5577
04:42:42,000 --> 04:42:45,600
metal and wet gravel. 
The long Tom was an even more 

5578
04:42:45,600 --> 04:42:48,700
ambitious piece of equipment. 
It was basically a long wooden 

5579
04:42:48,700 --> 04:42:51,500
trough with different screens 
riffles and catching devices 

5580
04:42:51,500 --> 04:42:53,200
that could handle a lot of dirt 
and gravel. 

5581
04:42:54,000 --> 04:42:56,900
Most of the time a group of mine
as worked together to run along 

5582
04:42:56,900 --> 04:42:59,200
Tom. 
Some would shovel material into 

5583
04:42:59,200 --> 04:43:00,800
the machine. 
While others would clean out the

5584
04:43:00,800 --> 04:43:02,700
gold catching parts and keep the
water flowing. 

5585
04:43:03,600 --> 04:43:06,100
The most advanced way to get 
gold was through hydraulic 

5586
04:43:06,100 --> 04:43:08,400
mining. 
Mine as would use strong streams

5587
04:43:08,400 --> 04:43:11,300
of water to wash away, tons of 
soil and rock from Hillside 

5588
04:43:11,300 --> 04:43:13,400
revealing gravel that contained 
gold. 

5589
04:43:14,500 --> 04:43:16,900
The water pressure was so strong
that it could Blast Away. 

5590
04:43:16,900 --> 04:43:20,100
Whole mountainside, this kind of
destruction of the environment 

5591
04:43:20,100 --> 04:43:23,300
would horrify people to day, but
it was seen as the height of 

5592
04:43:23,300 --> 04:43:24,800
technological progress at the 
time. 

5593
04:43:24,800 --> 04:43:28,400
Hydraulic mining had a terrible 
effect on the environment, that 

5594
04:43:28,400 --> 04:43:31,200
could not be undone. 
Debris, filled hole, valleys 

5595
04:43:31,200 --> 04:43:34,100
streams, were permanently 
changed, and Landscapes that had

5596
04:43:34,100 --> 04:43:36,800
taken millions of years to form 
were destroyed in just a few 

5597
04:43:36,800 --> 04:43:40,100
seasons, but for mine, who 
wanted to get the most gold with

5598
04:43:40,100 --> 04:43:43,100
the least amount of work 
hydraulic mining, was a huge 

5599
04:43:43,100 --> 04:43:46,400
step forward in terms of 
efficiency, The serious miners 

5600
04:43:46,400 --> 04:43:48,700
knowing about geology became 
very important. 

5601
04:43:48,700 --> 04:43:52,300
Gold doesn't just spread out 
randomly across the landscape. 

5602
04:43:52,300 --> 04:43:55,000
It follows patterns, that have 
been there for millions of 

5603
04:43:55,000 --> 04:43:57,400
years. 
Like the flow of ancient Rivers,

5604
04:43:57,400 --> 04:44:01,900
volcanic activity and geological
processes that made and moved 

5605
04:44:01,900 --> 04:44:04,600
gold, deposits miners who could 
read the Rocks. 

5606
04:44:04,600 --> 04:44:08,200
Find formations that looked like
they might contain gold and 

5607
04:44:08,200 --> 04:44:11,100
guess where gold was likely to 
be found, had a big Edge over 

5608
04:44:11,100 --> 04:44:14,100
those who just dug, where they 
thought they were lucky to mine 

5609
04:44:14,100 --> 04:44:16,200
quartz you needed a whole 
different set of skills and 

5610
04:44:16,200 --> 04:44:18,200
methods. 
Instead of looking for loose, 

5611
04:44:18,200 --> 04:44:21,400
gold and streams, and on the 
surface quartz miners, had to 

5612
04:44:21,400 --> 04:44:24,700
find veins of gold in Solid 
Rock, and then take that rock 

5613
04:44:24,700 --> 04:44:26,400
out and process it to get the 
gold out. 

5614
04:44:26,400 --> 04:44:29,700
This meant learning how to drill
blast and tunnel through solid 

5615
04:44:29,700 --> 04:44:32,200
rock, which is more like 
engineering than farming. 

5616
04:44:32,200 --> 04:44:36,000
Which is what most mine is came 
from to protest quartz or the 

5617
04:44:36,000 --> 04:44:38,900
rock had to be crushed into a 
fine powder, and then Mercury 

5618
04:44:38,900 --> 04:44:40,900
had to be used to mix with the 
gold particles. 

5619
04:44:40,900 --> 04:44:44,500
This job was both dangerous and 
hard to do because it needed 

5620
04:44:44,500 --> 04:44:47,700
knowledge of chem. 
And Metallurgy mercury poisoning

5621
04:44:47,700 --> 04:44:50,800
was a big health problem in 
mining towns, but people didn't 

5622
04:44:50,800 --> 04:44:52,600
know much about what it did to 
them at the time. 

5623
04:44:52,600 --> 04:44:56,200
Mine is often made their own 
tools or changed existing ones 

5624
04:44:56,200 --> 04:44:58,500
to suit their needs in mining 
towns. 

5625
04:44:58,500 --> 04:45:01,500
A good blacksmith was very 
useful, they didn't just shoot 

5626
04:45:01,500 --> 04:45:03,600
horses. 
They also made specialized 

5627
04:45:03,600 --> 04:45:06,600
mining tools, fixed broken 
equipment and figured out how to

5628
04:45:06,608 --> 04:45:08,700
fix mechanical problems, that 
came up. 

5629
04:45:08,700 --> 04:45:11,300
When tools were used in ways, 
they weren't meant to be used, 

5630
04:45:11,300 --> 04:45:15,000
miners were very creative when 
it came to using technology that

5631
04:45:15,000 --> 04:45:16,500
was already there for their own 
needs. 

5632
04:45:17,400 --> 04:45:20,800
People turned Wagon Wheels into 
water wheels to power machines. 

5633
04:45:20,800 --> 04:45:25,100
Kitchen tools were changed to do
specific, mining jobs miners. 

5634
04:45:25,100 --> 04:45:28,500
Even changed their clothes, they
learned how to sew extra pockets

5635
04:45:28,500 --> 04:45:31,000
in their clothes. 
So they could carry tools, gold 

5636
04:45:31,000 --> 04:45:33,300
samples and other small but 
important things. 

5637
04:45:34,200 --> 04:45:37,400
Don't forget about the social 
side of mining technology like 

5638
04:45:37,400 --> 04:45:41,400
recipes successful method 
through mining communities with 

5639
04:45:41,400 --> 04:45:44,000
minors, sharing new ideas, and 
ways to make things better. 

5640
04:45:44,000 --> 04:45:46,900
For everyone's benefit. 
If a minor came up with a better

5641
04:45:46,900 --> 04:45:50,200
way to build a sluice box or use
a rocker, he might teach his 

5642
04:45:50,200 --> 04:45:52,900
neighbor's how to do it, which 
would create communities of 

5643
04:45:52,900 --> 04:45:55,400
practice that sped up 
technological progress. 

5644
04:45:55,400 --> 04:45:58,800
Quality control in mining was 
mostly about how skilled each 

5645
04:45:58,800 --> 04:46:01,900
person was and how much they 
paid attention to the details. 

5646
04:46:02,700 --> 04:46:05,300
There were no set ways of doing 
things or ways to ensure 

5647
04:46:05,300 --> 04:46:08,200
quality, a minor success 
depended on how. 

5648
04:46:08,200 --> 04:46:12,100
Well, he could find gold uses 
tools and avoid the many small 

5649
04:46:12,100 --> 04:46:15,300
mistakes that could cost him 
gold or time as you picture 

5650
04:46:15,300 --> 04:46:16,800
yourself. 
Learning these old skills, 

5651
04:46:16,800 --> 04:46:19,900
feeling the weight of the tools 
in your hands and developing the

5652
04:46:19,900 --> 04:46:22,600
small skills that made the 
difference between success and 

5653
04:46:22,600 --> 04:46:25,300
failure. 
You start to realize that gold 

5654
04:46:25,300 --> 04:46:28,000
mining was much more than just 
digging in the dirt. 

5655
04:46:28,000 --> 04:46:30,700
It was a skill that required, a 
lot of physical strength, 

5656
04:46:30,700 --> 04:46:34,500
technical knowledge, artistic 
intuition and scientific 

5657
04:46:34,500 --> 04:46:37,800
observation, and it was hard for
even the most skilled people to 

5658
04:46:37,800 --> 04:46:40,500
do the blazing sun and extreme 
temperatures. 

5659
04:46:40,500 --> 04:46:43,300
Were certainly some of the most 
obvious problems that gold mine 

5660
04:46:43,300 --> 04:46:46,300
has had to deal with But they 
were not the only ones that 

5661
04:46:46,300 --> 04:46:48,200
tested people strength and 
creativity. 

5662
04:46:48,200 --> 04:46:51,400
The full picture of Life as a 
minor includes a list of 

5663
04:46:51,400 --> 04:46:54,300
problems that would test even 
the best survival experts today.

5664
04:46:54,300 --> 04:46:58,100
Each one needs a different plan 
set of skills, and amount of 

5665
04:46:58,100 --> 04:47:01,300
mental and physical strength 
disease was probably the most 

5666
04:47:01,300 --> 04:47:04,600
feared enemy in mining camps. 
It spread quickly through 

5667
04:47:04,600 --> 04:47:07,600
crowded areas and wiped out 
whole communities before. 

5668
04:47:07,600 --> 04:47:10,600
Anyone knew how to stop it, 
waterborne diseases like 

5669
04:47:10,600 --> 04:47:13,700
cholera, typhoid and dysentery. 
Could turn a busy mining camp 

5670
04:47:13,700 --> 04:47:15,500
into a ghost town in just a few 
weeks. 

5671
04:47:15,500 --> 04:47:18,500
Miners, were basically 
defenseless against epidemic 

5672
04:47:18,500 --> 04:47:21,700
diseases that thrived in the 
conditions they created because 

5673
04:47:21,700 --> 04:47:23,900
they didn't know about German 
Theory or how to keep things 

5674
04:47:23,900 --> 04:47:25,800
clean. 
Iron was cool. 

5675
04:47:26,700 --> 04:47:29,400
Communities, that formed around 
water sources to make mining 

5676
04:47:29,400 --> 04:47:33,300
easier often polluted those same
water sources with human waste, 

5677
04:47:33,300 --> 04:47:37,100
which made it easy for diseases 
to spread miners who survived 

5678
04:47:37,100 --> 04:47:40,400
bullets, heat, stroke and 
accidents in the mines. 

5679
04:47:40,400 --> 04:47:42,900
Could die from something. 
As simple as drinking from the 

5680
04:47:42,900 --> 04:47:46,700
wrong stream at the wrong time. 
At best the medical knowledge in

5681
04:47:46,700 --> 04:47:50,800
mining camps was basic most 
miners used folk remedies patent

5682
04:47:50,800 --> 04:47:53,400
medicines that may not have 
worked and any medical 

5683
04:47:53,400 --> 04:47:55,400
knowledge. 
They had from family traditions 

5684
04:47:55,400 --> 04:47:58,300
or trial and error. 
If a broken bone isn't set, 

5685
04:47:58,300 --> 04:48:00,000
right? 
It could mean permanent 

5686
04:48:00,000 --> 04:48:03,100
disability or death. 
If basic antiseptic steps were 

5687
04:48:03,100 --> 04:48:06,400
taken, a simple cut could get 
infected and require amputation 

5688
04:48:06,400 --> 04:48:09,000
or Worse. 
Some miners learned how to do 

5689
04:48:09,000 --> 04:48:10,700
Battlefield medicine out of 
necessity. 

5690
04:48:10,700 --> 04:48:14,500
They learned how to stitch 
wounds, set bones and treat, 

5691
04:48:14,500 --> 04:48:17,500
common illnesses, by practicing 
and watching others people in 

5692
04:48:17,508 --> 04:48:20,500
the community often looked up to
these informal Medics as leaders

5693
04:48:20,500 --> 04:48:23,300
and their medical skills were 
just as valuable as their 

5694
04:48:23,300 --> 04:48:27,700
ability to find gold. 
Mining operations were always at

5695
04:48:27,700 --> 04:48:30,500
risk of accidents. 
Cave-ins could bear in mind as 

5696
04:48:30,500 --> 04:48:31,600
alive without much. 
Warning. 

5697
04:48:31,600 --> 04:48:35,000
Explosives, used to break up. 
Rock were often unstable and 

5698
04:48:35,000 --> 04:48:37,600
unpredictable. 
They would sometimes go off too 

5699
04:48:37,600 --> 04:48:39,500
soon or not at all. 
When they were supposed to 

5700
04:48:39,508 --> 04:48:42,900
people often made their own 
mining tools and they didn't 

5701
04:48:42,900 --> 04:48:45,300
have basic safety features that 
we think are necessary. 

5702
04:48:45,300 --> 04:48:48,800
Now, the mental challenges of 
mining life were just as hard as

5703
04:48:48,800 --> 04:48:51,900
the physical ones being away 
from family and friends, had a 

5704
04:48:51,900 --> 04:48:54,800
big effect on mental health. 
A lot of miners had what we now,

5705
04:48:54,800 --> 04:48:58,300
call depression, anxiety, and 
post-traumatic stress disorder, 

5706
04:48:58,300 --> 04:49:01,100
because of the hard times, they 
went through, people who were 

5707
04:49:01,100 --> 04:49:04,300
physically tired, socially 
isolated and always about the 

5708
04:49:04,300 --> 04:49:06,500
future, found it hard to deal 
with these things. 

5709
04:49:07,800 --> 04:49:09,300
Miners? 
Who had left their families 

5710
04:49:09,300 --> 04:49:11,600
behind to look for work? 
Were specially lonely. 

5711
04:49:11,600 --> 04:49:14,100
Let us from home. 
Could take months to get there 

5712
04:49:14,100 --> 04:49:16,200
and cost a lot of money compared
to what a minor made. 

5713
04:49:16,200 --> 04:49:19,600
It was impossible to measure the
emotional toll of being away 

5714
04:49:19,600 --> 04:49:21,300
from loved ones in ounces of 
gold. 

5715
04:49:21,300 --> 04:49:24,800
And it was always there, even 
miners who found gold on a 

5716
04:49:24,800 --> 04:49:28,100
regular basis often had trouble 
with money in remote, mining 

5717
04:49:28,100 --> 04:49:31,200
areas, the same supplies could 
cost 10 to 20 times. 

5718
04:49:31,200 --> 04:49:34,600
As much as they would in settled
areas, a simple meal could cost 

5719
04:49:34,600 --> 04:49:37,500
a whole day's pay and basic 
tools could cost weeks of 

5720
04:49:37,500 --> 04:49:41,100
carefully saved gold dust. 
Mining communities went through 

5721
04:49:41,100 --> 04:49:44,600
boom and bust Cycles, which 
added to the stress, a minor 

5722
04:49:44,600 --> 04:49:47,000
might spend months getting a 
claim and building the tools he 

5723
04:49:47,000 --> 04:49:49,300
needs to work. 
It only to find out that the 

5724
04:49:49,300 --> 04:49:52,800
gold deposit is smaller than he 
thought or that the water levels

5725
04:49:52,800 --> 04:49:56,200
have changed and made his 
location unusable to start over 

5726
04:49:56,200 --> 04:49:59,608
you needed more than just money.
You also needed a lot of 

5727
04:49:59,616 --> 04:50:02,500
emotional strength. 
Extreme heat wasn't the only 

5728
04:50:02,500 --> 04:50:05,700
problem with the weather sudden 
storms could hit Mountain Mining

5729
04:50:05,700 --> 04:50:09,400
areas and flood claims brake 
equipment and leave minus stuck 

5730
04:50:09,400 --> 04:50:12,200
for days or weeks. 
Minus who didn't have enough 

5731
04:50:12,200 --> 04:50:14,100
shelter or Supply could die in 
the winter. 

5732
04:50:14,100 --> 04:50:17,700
If they were at higher 
elevations flash, floods were a 

5733
04:50:17,700 --> 04:50:20,200
specialty dangerous in mining 
areas because mining activities 

5734
04:50:20,200 --> 04:50:22,700
often changed the landscape in 
ways that made floods, more 

5735
04:50:22,700 --> 04:50:25,800
likely streams that had been 
redirected for mining could 

5736
04:50:25,800 --> 04:50:29,300
suddenly change course, during 
heavy rains destroying months of

5737
04:50:29,308 --> 04:50:33,300
work in just a few hours living 
in all male communities was hard

5738
04:50:33,300 --> 04:50:36,900
on social relationships, which 
sometimes led to violence in 

5739
04:50:36,900 --> 04:50:38,400
communities, where everyone was 
armed. 

5740
04:50:38,400 --> 04:50:41,700
And stress levels were always 
high arguments over claims 

5741
04:50:41,700 --> 04:50:45,000
equipment or even small personal
insults could quickly, get out 

5742
04:50:45,000 --> 04:50:47,900
of hand, because there were no 
established legal systems. 

5743
04:50:47,900 --> 04:50:52,200
Justice was often informal and 
sometimes harsh For many minors.

5744
04:50:52,200 --> 04:50:55,200
Gambling was both a way to have 
fun, and a way to make things 

5745
04:50:55,200 --> 04:50:57,600
harder. 
After weeks of hard work, it was

5746
04:50:57,600 --> 04:51:00,000
hard to resist the urge to 
gamble with the gold. 

5747
04:51:00,000 --> 04:51:01,500
They had saved up on cards or 
dice. 

5748
04:51:02,100 --> 04:51:05,300
Some miners, lost months of work
in one night because of bad luck

5749
04:51:05,300 --> 04:51:07,600
or bad. 
Judgment this made cycles of 

5750
04:51:07,600 --> 04:51:10,500
boom and bust that lasted much 
longer than the normal risks of 

5751
04:51:10,500 --> 04:51:13,400
mining. 
Substance abuse was another way 

5752
04:51:13,400 --> 04:51:16,100
to get away from the hard life 
of mining but it often made 

5753
04:51:16,100 --> 04:51:18,700
things worse. 
Most mining camps had easy 

5754
04:51:18,700 --> 04:51:22,100
access to alcohol, which helped 
people deal with physical pain, 

5755
04:51:22,100 --> 04:51:24,400
emotional, stress, and being 
alone. 

5756
04:51:24,400 --> 04:51:27,800
But it also made people less 
able to think clearly made 

5757
04:51:27,800 --> 04:51:31,300
accidents more likely and made 
people dependent on it, which 

5758
04:51:31,300 --> 04:51:34,300
could be hard to break. 
Because mining work is seasonal.

5759
04:51:34,300 --> 04:51:37,000
There were times when workers 
had to sit around and do nothing

5760
04:51:37,000 --> 04:51:39,900
which was almost as hard as the 
times, when they had to work 

5761
04:51:39,900 --> 04:51:42,400
hard when the weather made 
mining impossible. 

5762
04:51:42,400 --> 04:51:45,500
Miners had to live off of stored
resources, while keeping their 

5763
04:51:45,500 --> 04:51:48,600
Tools in good shape, and hoping 
for better weather for men who 

5764
04:51:48,600 --> 04:51:52,100
Define themselves by their work.
These times of inactivity could 

5765
04:51:52,100 --> 04:51:55,800
be very bad for their Mental 
Health, For individual miners or

5766
04:51:55,800 --> 04:51:59,400
small Partnerships equipment, 
failure or theft could be a 

5767
04:51:59,400 --> 04:52:01,900
disaster. 
If a sluice box breaks or tools 

5768
04:52:01,900 --> 04:52:04,100
of stolen. 
It could mean weeks or months of

5769
04:52:04,100 --> 04:52:06,500
investment that would be hard or
impossible to replace. 

5770
04:52:07,400 --> 04:52:09,200
Because people, shared equipment
and resources. 

5771
04:52:09,200 --> 04:52:12,500
One person's bad luck, often 
hurt, whole communities. 

5772
04:52:12,500 --> 04:52:15,000
Even with all of these problems,
it's amazing. 

5773
04:52:15,000 --> 04:52:17,400
How many miners? 
Not only lived through them but 

5774
04:52:17,400 --> 04:52:20,100
also kept their spirits up and 
their sense of humor, the 

5775
04:52:20,100 --> 04:52:23,600
capacity to discover joy and 
companionship amidst, adversity,

5776
04:52:23,600 --> 04:52:27,100
illustrates the inherent 
resilience of humanity, which 

5777
04:52:27,100 --> 04:52:30,800
facilitated the establishment of
enduring communities, in some of

5778
04:52:30,800 --> 04:52:32,900
the most formidable environments
globally. 

5779
04:52:32,900 --> 04:52:36,300
As you get more comfortable. 
Think about how these individual

5780
04:52:36,300 --> 04:52:39,000
stories of hardship and hope 
changed whole continents, 

5781
04:52:39,000 --> 04:52:42,600
imagine the last Embers of a 
mining campfire glowing against 

5782
04:52:42,600 --> 04:52:45,600
the dark desert. 
The gold rushes were just things

5783
04:52:45,600 --> 04:52:48,300
that happened in the past. 
They were events that changed 

5784
04:52:48,300 --> 04:52:50,400
the world and still affect your 
daily life today. 

5785
04:52:51,700 --> 04:52:55,100
The most obvious thing that will
last is geography, gold 

5786
04:52:55,100 --> 04:52:58,200
discoveries in the 1800s, led to
the creation of cities, like San

5787
04:52:58,200 --> 04:53:02,400
Francisco, Denver Johannesburg, 
and many smaller towns in the 

5788
04:53:02,408 --> 04:53:06,400
American, West Australia, and 
South Africa, but the effect is 

5789
04:53:06,400 --> 04:53:08,200
much bigger than just the city 
limits. 

5790
04:53:08,200 --> 04:53:11,400
The transportation networks 
built to supply mining camps, 

5791
04:53:11,400 --> 04:53:13,900
became the basis for 
transcontinental railroads 

5792
04:53:13,900 --> 04:53:17,400
interstate highways and shipping
routes that are still used for 

5793
04:53:17,408 --> 04:53:19,700
business today. 
Think about the Transcontinental

5794
04:53:19,700 --> 04:53:24,300
Railroad which was finished in 
1869, people often say that it 

5795
04:53:24,300 --> 04:53:26,400
was a great achievement of 
American engineering and 

5796
04:53:26,400 --> 04:53:29,000
willpower, but it was really 
built to meet the needs of 

5797
04:53:29,000 --> 04:53:31,800
mining communities. 
In the western territories, the 

5798
04:53:31,800 --> 04:53:34,500
economic reason for such a big 
project was the need to move 

5799
04:53:34,500 --> 04:53:37,200
supplies to minors and gold back
to markets in the East. 

5800
04:53:37,200 --> 04:53:40,300
The railroad could have been 
delayed by decades without the 

5801
04:53:40,300 --> 04:53:43,000
Gold Rush which would have 
changed the way the American 

5802
04:53:43,000 --> 04:53:46,100
West grew up. 
The environmental effect of gold

5803
04:53:46,100 --> 04:53:49,600
mining are more complicated and 
sometimes worrying California's 

5804
04:53:49,600 --> 04:53:52,600
hydraulic mining moved more dirt
than building the Panama Canal, 

5805
04:53:52,600 --> 04:53:55,500
changing the landscape and river
systems forever. 

5806
04:53:56,300 --> 04:53:58,900
Some places are still dealing 
with Mercury pollution from 

5807
04:53:58,900 --> 04:54:02,100
mining that happened in the 
1800s, but the same mining 

5808
04:54:02,100 --> 04:54:04,900
activities also led to some of 
the first laws to protect the 

5809
04:54:04,900 --> 04:54:07,800
environment. 
Communities Downstream fought 

5810
04:54:07,800 --> 04:54:09,600
against mining debris, 
destroying Farmland. 

5811
04:54:09,600 --> 04:54:11,900
The social Legacy of gold 
mining. 

5812
04:54:11,900 --> 04:54:14,200
Communities calls into question,
many ideas. 

5813
04:54:14,200 --> 04:54:15,800
We have about life on the 
frontier. 

5814
04:54:15,800 --> 04:54:19,300
These were Lawless places where 
people were violent and selfish.

5815
04:54:20,000 --> 04:54:22,900
They were communities that built
complex systems of cooperation 

5816
04:54:22,900 --> 04:54:27,300
and mutual Aid in very difficult
situations, the Democratic 

5817
04:54:27,300 --> 04:54:30,500
governance systems, they 
established direct democracy, 

5818
04:54:30,500 --> 04:54:33,600
Community, Justice, and 
collective decision, making 

5819
04:54:33,600 --> 04:54:36,800
shaped political Evolution 
across the western territories, 

5820
04:54:36,800 --> 04:54:40,200
and Beyond social structures in 
mining camps were very equal 

5821
04:54:40,200 --> 04:54:43,100
compared to the more divided 
societies that most miners had 

5822
04:54:43,100 --> 04:54:46,700
left behind instead of his 
family, background, education, 

5823
04:54:46,700 --> 04:54:49,700
or previous wealth. 
A man's worth was based on what 

5824
04:54:49,700 --> 04:54:53,100
he did for the community. 
This idea of meritocracy became 

5825
04:54:53,100 --> 04:54:56,000
part of the mythology of the 
American West and changed how 

5826
04:54:56,000 --> 04:54:59,100
people thought in the growing 
country in the 19th century. 

5827
04:54:59,100 --> 04:55:01,800
Mining communities were made up 
of people from many different 

5828
04:55:01,800 --> 04:55:04,800
countries which led to a level 
of cultural mixing that had 

5829
04:55:04,800 --> 04:55:07,700
never been seen before. 
Chinese mine is working with 

5830
04:55:07,700 --> 04:55:10,800
Mexican Vaqueros. 
German immigrants teaching Irish

5831
04:55:10,800 --> 04:55:13,800
workers new skills and 
Australian, Prospectors learning

5832
04:55:13,800 --> 04:55:16,900
from American 49ers all 
contributed to cultural 

5833
04:55:16,900 --> 04:55:19,400
exchanges. 
That benefited everyone involved

5834
04:55:19,400 --> 04:55:21,500
and set. 
Stage for the Multicultural 

5835
04:55:21,500 --> 04:55:23,900
societies that would form in the
20th century. 

5836
04:55:23,900 --> 04:55:26,700
In mining towns. 
Women's roles were often very 

5837
04:55:26,700 --> 04:55:29,100
different from the strict. 
Victorian ideals that were 

5838
04:55:29,100 --> 04:55:32,500
common in more settled areas, 
the Practical needs of life on 

5839
04:55:32,500 --> 04:55:35,800
the frontier, and the lack of 
women gave women chances to 

5840
04:55:35,800 --> 04:55:39,200
start businesses, the 
independent and have an impact 

5841
04:55:39,200 --> 04:55:42,200
on society that wouldn't be 
common in mainstream Society for

5842
04:55:42,200 --> 04:55:44,400
decades. 
Some of the first successful 

5843
04:55:44,400 --> 04:55:47,700
female business owners, 
political leaders and social 

5844
04:55:47,700 --> 04:55:49,700
reformers came from mining 
towns. 

5845
04:55:49,700 --> 04:55:52,200
Where necessity was more 
important than traditional 

5846
04:55:52,200 --> 04:55:55,100
gender roles, the new 
technologies that were made in 

5847
04:55:55,100 --> 04:55:56,700
mining camps. 
Could be used for a lot more 

5848
04:55:56,700 --> 04:56:00,300
than just getting gold. 
For decades methods for moving 

5849
04:56:00,300 --> 04:56:03,400
big amounts of dirt and rock 
affected how buildings were made

5850
04:56:03,400 --> 04:56:05,800
Water Management. 
Systems made for mining 

5851
04:56:05,800 --> 04:56:08,900
operations were used as models 
for irrigation projects all over

5852
04:56:08,900 --> 04:56:12,500
the dry West, when former miners
returned to settle communities, 

5853
04:56:12,500 --> 04:56:15,600
even simple new ideas like 
better, camping gear and 

5854
04:56:15,600 --> 04:56:18,700
portable cooking methods. 
Spread throughout Society, the 

5855
04:56:18,700 --> 04:56:21,600
financial systems that grew up 
around gold mining helped make 

5856
04:56:21,600 --> 04:56:23,500
modern Banking and investing 
possible. 

5857
04:56:23,500 --> 04:56:25,900
The need to store move and trade
gold. 

5858
04:56:25,900 --> 04:56:29,700
Let the creation of safe vaults,
Dependable scales and assaying 

5859
04:56:29,700 --> 04:56:33,000
methods and standardized ways to
judge the value of precious 

5860
04:56:33,000 --> 04:56:34,900
metals. 
Some of the biggest banks in the

5861
04:56:34,900 --> 04:56:36,600
world. 
Today, started as banks, that 

5862
04:56:36,600 --> 04:56:40,300
served mining communities, the 
boom, and bust cycle that mining

5863
04:56:40,300 --> 04:56:42,700
areas went through. 
Also taught important lessons 

5864
04:56:42,700 --> 04:56:46,000
about how to diversify the 
economy and make it last 

5865
04:56:46,000 --> 04:56:49,000
communities that were able to 
move away from economies that 

5866
04:56:49,000 --> 04:56:52,300
relied on mining and toward more
varied economic bases. 

5867
04:56:52,300 --> 04:56:53,800
Often did the best in the long 
run. 

5868
04:56:53,800 --> 04:56:57,000
These experiences were some of 
the first examples of how 

5869
04:56:57,000 --> 04:56:59,800
communities that depend on. 
Sources could change when the 

5870
04:56:59,800 --> 04:57:03,100
economy changes the tales and 
myths that came out of mining 

5871
04:57:03,100 --> 04:57:06,300
camps became part of the 
national mythology and have had 

5872
04:57:06,300 --> 04:57:09,000
an impact on literature movies 
and popular culture for 

5873
04:57:09,000 --> 04:57:11,200
Generations. 
The idea of the independent 

5874
04:57:11,200 --> 04:57:14,600
perspective, the idealized view 
of life in mining camps and the 

5875
04:57:14,600 --> 04:57:17,100
hope of getting rich through 
hard work, became important 

5876
04:57:17,100 --> 04:57:19,000
parts of American and Australian
culture. 

5877
04:57:19,000 --> 04:57:22,000
But maybe the most important 
Legacy was psychological and 

5878
04:57:22,000 --> 04:57:24,100
spiritual. 
The Gold Rush is showed that 

5879
04:57:24,100 --> 04:57:27,200
regular people could go through 
very hard times when they were 

5880
04:57:27,200 --> 04:57:30,700
driven by strong dreams, they 
showed that social hierarchies 

5881
04:57:30,700 --> 04:57:33,900
weren't set in stone that new 
communities could be built from 

5882
04:57:33,900 --> 04:57:36,900
scratch with just human 
willpower and that the promise 

5883
04:57:36,900 --> 04:57:40,800
of change, both personal and 
social was worth almost any 

5884
04:57:40,800 --> 04:57:43,300
sacrifice. 
The mining camps also taught 

5885
04:57:43,300 --> 04:57:45,000
people how to be strong as a 
community. 

5886
04:57:45,800 --> 04:57:49,600
Strangers could get together for
useful societies and help each 

5887
04:57:49,600 --> 04:57:51,800
other through problems. 
That would be too much for one 

5888
04:57:51,800 --> 04:57:54,700
person to handle people in 
mining communities helped. 

5889
04:57:54,700 --> 04:57:57,900
Each other out in emergencies, 
took care of sick and injured 

5890
04:57:57,900 --> 04:58:00,100
people, and gave each other 
emotional support. 

5891
04:58:00,100 --> 04:58:03,100
During tough times. 
These informal support systems 

5892
04:58:03,100 --> 04:58:05,200
became models for how to 
organize communities. 

5893
04:58:05,200 --> 04:58:07,500
That had an impact on Social 
Development throughout the 

5894
04:58:07,500 --> 04:58:10,600
frontier period, the gold 
rushes, were the first, truly 

5895
04:58:10,600 --> 04:58:13,700
international migration patterns
of the modern era because they 

5896
04:58:13,700 --> 04:58:16,900
happened all over the world, 
people from all over the world 

5897
04:58:16,900 --> 04:58:21,200
except Antarctica took part in 
Gold rushes which made it 

5898
04:58:21,200 --> 04:58:23,500
possible for people to talk to 
each other and share their 

5899
04:58:23,500 --> 04:58:25,700
cultures. 
Former miners brought back to 

5900
04:58:25,700 --> 04:58:28,700
their home countries, new ideas 
stories and ways of doing things

5901
04:58:28,700 --> 04:58:32,100
which spread across borders, the
entrepreneurial spirit that was 

5902
04:58:32,100 --> 04:58:34,400
common in mining towns. 
Had an effect on the way, 

5903
04:58:34,400 --> 04:58:37,400
economies grew in the areas 
where gold was found the 

5904
04:58:37,400 --> 04:58:39,800
willingness. 
To take risks, try new things 

5905
04:58:39,800 --> 04:58:42,200
and quickly. 
Adjust a new situation became 

5906
04:58:42,200 --> 04:58:44,900
part of the business cultures in
the area that still existed 

5907
04:58:44,900 --> 04:58:46,900
today. 
The entrepreneurial energy that 

5908
04:58:46,900 --> 04:58:49,500
first came out during gold 
rushes is still going strong. 

5909
04:58:49,500 --> 04:58:51,600
In some of the world's most 
dynamic economies. 

5910
04:58:52,500 --> 04:58:55,100
Early conservation movements 
were also helped by experience 

5911
04:58:55,100 --> 04:58:58,200
in mining camps miners were 
among the first people to see 

5912
04:58:58,200 --> 04:59:01,300
how bad the environment could 
get on a large scale and to 

5913
04:59:01,300 --> 04:59:04,000
understand how important it is 
for communities to be healthy. 

5914
04:59:04,000 --> 04:59:06,600
Some of the first laws, to 
protect the environment were 

5915
04:59:06,600 --> 04:59:08,500
passed because mining was 
hurting the environment. 

5916
04:59:09,400 --> 04:59:11,900
These laws set the stage for 
later conservation efforts. 

5917
04:59:11,900 --> 04:59:14,900
The medical knowledge that mine 
has learned in camps, through 

5918
04:59:14,900 --> 04:59:18,500
trial and error help to improve 
field medicine, emergency 

5919
04:59:18,500 --> 04:59:22,000
treatment, and public health 
methods for treating injuries in

5920
04:59:22,000 --> 04:59:26,000
remote areas preventing disease 
and crowded places and caring 

5921
04:59:26,000 --> 04:59:28,500
for mental health. 
In isolated communities, all 

5922
04:59:28,500 --> 04:59:31,900
worked in places other than 
mining camps Innovations in 

5923
04:59:31,900 --> 04:59:33,300
education, that came from 
mining. 

5924
04:59:33,300 --> 04:59:36,000
Communities also had a 
long-lasting effect, the 

5925
04:59:36,000 --> 04:59:38,700
informal schools and adult 
education programs that sprang 

5926
04:59:38,700 --> 04:59:41,400
up in mining camps showed that 
people could learn anywhere. 

5927
04:59:41,400 --> 04:59:44,800
The communities could offer 
educational opportunities, even 

5928
04:59:44,800 --> 04:59:47,900
when things were tough and that 
practical skills were just as 

5929
04:59:47,900 --> 04:59:51,300
important as formal academic 
knowledge as your breathing 

5930
04:59:51,300 --> 04:59:54,100
slows and you start to fall 
asleep, think about how the 

5931
04:59:54,100 --> 04:59:55,800
resourcefulness and strength of 
gold. 

5932
04:59:55,800 --> 04:59:59,000
Mine is in the 1800s, still 
affect our world today. 

5933
04:59:59,000 --> 05:00:02,100
Their problems with extreme 
heat, lack of water, building 

5934
05:00:02,100 --> 05:00:03,800
communities, and adjusting to 
harsh. 

5935
05:00:03,800 --> 05:00:06,800
Environments can teach us a lot 
about the problems we face 

5936
05:00:06,800 --> 05:00:09,300
today. 
Climate change has made Extreme.

5937
05:00:09,700 --> 05:00:11,900
A bigger problem for millions of
people all over the world 

5938
05:00:11,900 --> 05:00:15,000
communities that are dealing 
with record-breaking heat, waves

5939
05:00:15,000 --> 05:00:17,400
and droughts a rediscovering and
adapting. 

5940
05:00:17,400 --> 05:00:19,700
The ways that mine has learned 
to survive in dangerous 

5941
05:00:19,700 --> 05:00:22,100
temperatures. 
These include scheduling work 

5942
05:00:22,100 --> 05:00:25,000
around the sun's intensity, 
making effective shade and 

5943
05:00:25,000 --> 05:00:28,300
cooling systems and conserving 
and managing precious Water 

5944
05:00:28,300 --> 05:00:30,700
Resources. 
Modern urban planners who want 

5945
05:00:30,700 --> 05:00:33,200
to design cities that will last 
often look to new ideas. 

5946
05:00:33,200 --> 05:00:36,100
From mining camps, the quick 
formation of communities. 

5947
05:00:36,100 --> 05:00:39,700
The smart use of limited 
resources, and the Democratic 

5948
05:00:39,700 --> 05:00:41,800
governance structures that were 
common in successful. 

5949
05:00:41,800 --> 05:00:44,000
Mining. 
Communities can be used as 

5950
05:00:44,000 --> 05:00:47,100
examples for modern problems, 
like Refugee resettlement, 

5951
05:00:47,100 --> 05:00:50,600
disaster recovery and 
sustainable development in 

5952
05:00:50,600 --> 05:00:54,100
places with few resources, the 
miners water saving methods, 

5953
05:00:54,100 --> 05:00:57,200
like, careful rationing systems 
that can be used more than once 

5954
05:00:57,200 --> 05:01:01,200
a new ways to purify water. 
A very similar to the methods 

5955
05:01:01,200 --> 05:01:03,700
being developed for areas where 
water is scarce today. 

5956
05:01:03,700 --> 05:01:06,800
People living in areas that are 
affected by drought to dealing 

5957
05:01:06,800 --> 05:01:10,200
with the same problems that 
Miners did how to live Thrive, 

5958
05:01:10,200 --> 05:01:14,000
when water is scarce and 
unreliable the cycle, resilience

5959
05:01:14,000 --> 05:01:17,500
that allowed minors to endure 
isolation, uncertainty and 

5960
05:01:17,500 --> 05:01:20,100
physical hardship. 
Provides valuable insights for 

5961
05:01:20,100 --> 05:01:22,600
mental health professionals, 
assisting individuals 

5962
05:01:22,600 --> 05:01:25,900
confronting contemporary 
stresses, the informal support 

5963
05:01:25,900 --> 05:01:29,300
systems Community, Building 
practices and strategies for 

5964
05:01:29,300 --> 05:01:31,000
making meaning that helped 
minors. 

5965
05:01:31,000 --> 05:01:34,600
Stay hopeful during tough times.
Can also help people today who 

5966
05:01:34,600 --> 05:01:37,800
are dealing with economic 
uncertainty, social isolation 

5967
05:01:37,800 --> 05:01:41,700
and environmental problems. 
Many modern business owners, 

5968
05:01:41,700 --> 05:01:44,700
look to Gold Rush stories for 
inspiration, and there are real 

5969
05:01:44,700 --> 05:01:48,000
similarities. 
Modern entrepreneurs often. 

5970
05:01:48,000 --> 05:01:52,000
Leave safe situations to chase 
risky chances in tough 

5971
05:01:52,000 --> 05:01:56,400
situations, just like minors, 
the same traits that made minor 

5972
05:01:56,400 --> 05:01:58,300
successful being willing to 
change quickly. 

5973
05:01:58,300 --> 05:02:01,900
Learn new skills and keep going.
Even when things go wrong or 

5974
05:02:01,900 --> 05:02:03,400
what make businesses successful 
today. 

5975
05:02:03,400 --> 05:02:06,600
The way that mining camps came 
up with new ways to use old 

5976
05:02:06,600 --> 05:02:10,100
tools, made new things with 
limited resources and shared 

5977
05:02:10,100 --> 05:02:13,300
improvements with the rest of 
the community, is similar to how

5978
05:02:13,300 --> 05:02:15,600
modern tech startups and make a 
communities. 

5979
05:02:15,600 --> 05:02:18,600
Come up with new ideas, the 
spirit of, finding practical 

5980
05:02:18,600 --> 05:02:21,100
solutions to problems. 
That helped minus survive, and 

5981
05:02:21,100 --> 05:02:23,300
thrive is still what drives 
human progress today. 

5982
05:02:23,300 --> 05:02:26,100
Efforts to restore the 
environment in areas where 

5983
05:02:26,100 --> 05:02:28,900
mining used to take place. 
Have taught us a lot about how 

5984
05:02:28,900 --> 05:02:32,700
ecosystems can recover how to 
develop sustainably and the 

5985
05:02:32,700 --> 05:02:34,600
long-term costs of getting 
resources. 

5986
05:02:34,600 --> 05:02:38,000
These experiences shape modern 
choices about protecting the 

5987
05:02:38,000 --> 05:02:41,700
environment developing in a way 
that is good for the future and 

5988
05:02:41,700 --> 05:02:44,500
figuring out how much it really 
cost to use natural resources. 

5989
05:02:44,500 --> 05:02:46,800
Mining. 
Communities were International 

5990
05:02:46,800 --> 05:02:49,500
which was a sign of our modern 
globalized world. 

5991
05:02:49,500 --> 05:02:52,900
The cultural exchange 
communication networks and 

5992
05:02:52,900 --> 05:02:55,800
economic relationships that 
formed among minors from various

5993
05:02:55,800 --> 05:02:58,800
countries established, initial 
Frameworks for international 

5994
05:02:58,800 --> 05:03:01,200
collaboration and cultural 
comprehension. 

5995
05:03:01,900 --> 05:03:05,300
Persist in contemporary, 
relevance the simple daily 

5996
05:03:05,300 --> 05:03:08,000
routines that minors came up 
with like working around 

5997
05:03:08,000 --> 05:03:11,100
environmental limits. 
Keeping equipment in good shape,

5998
05:03:11,100 --> 05:03:14,200
with a limited resources and 
making comfort and community, 

5999
05:03:14,200 --> 05:03:17,300
and tough situations can help 
anyone who is trying to live, 

6000
05:03:17,300 --> 05:03:20,700
well, in less than ideal 
conditions, the medical and 

6001
05:03:20,700 --> 05:03:23,600
health practices that developed 
in mining camps, especially 

6002
05:03:23,600 --> 05:03:27,100
their focus on prevention 
Community Health and making do 

6003
05:03:27,100 --> 05:03:29,700
with what they had. 
Have had an impact on how we 

6004
05:03:29,700 --> 05:03:32,900
provide Health Care in places 
where resources are limited the 

6005
05:03:32,900 --> 05:03:34,800
ideas that came up in mining 
communities. 

6006
05:03:34,800 --> 05:03:37,200
In the 1800s are still used in 
remote medicine. 

6007
05:03:37,200 --> 05:03:41,300
Emergencies care and public 
health strategies mining camps 

6008
05:03:41,300 --> 05:03:44,700
had a galatian social structures
that weren't perfect, but they 

6009
05:03:44,700 --> 05:03:48,000
were some of the first examples 
of merit-based society is where 

6010
05:03:48,000 --> 05:03:50,300
what you did mattered more than 
what you inherited. 

6011
05:03:50,300 --> 05:03:54,000
These experience is shape the 
growth of democracy and still 

6012
05:03:54,000 --> 05:03:57,800
Inspire movements for social and
economic equality, the boom and 

6013
05:03:57,800 --> 05:04:00,500
bust economic cycle, that were 
common in mining areas, taught 

6014
05:04:00,500 --> 05:04:02,900
early lessons about how to 
Diversify the economy. 

6015
05:04:02,900 --> 05:04:06,300
Develop in a way that is good 
for the environment and make 

6016
05:04:06,300 --> 05:04:09,100
communities stronger. 
These lessons are still used in 

6017
05:04:09,100 --> 05:04:10,800
modern economic planning and 
development. 

6018
05:04:11,700 --> 05:04:13,700
Communities. 
That successfully transitioned 

6019
05:04:13,700 --> 05:04:16,700
away from mining dependents 
offered models for economic 

6020
05:04:16,700 --> 05:04:19,000
adaptation. 
That continued to be applicable 

6021
05:04:19,000 --> 05:04:21,000
to today. 
The stories and legends that 

6022
05:04:21,000 --> 05:04:23,500
came out of mining camps are 
still a big part of popular 

6023
05:04:23,500 --> 05:04:26,100
culture today. 
He also teach us important 

6024
05:04:26,100 --> 05:04:30,200
lessons about what people can 
do, how communities form, and 

6025
05:04:30,200 --> 05:04:32,600
how individual dreams can lead 
to group success. 

6026
05:04:32,600 --> 05:04:35,900
These stories remind us that 
regular people can do amazing 

6027
05:04:35,900 --> 05:04:39,000
things when they need to, as you
drift off to sleep, think about 

6028
05:04:39,000 --> 05:04:41,900
all the people who are able to 
get through the heat, lack of 

6029
05:04:41,900 --> 05:04:44,500
water, loneliness and 
uncertainty because they 

6030
05:04:44,500 --> 05:04:46,200
believed that change was 
possible. 

6031
05:04:46,200 --> 05:04:49,100
Their Legacy isn't just the 
goal, they found or the 

6032
05:04:49,100 --> 05:04:51,700
communities, they build. 
It's also the fact that they 

6033
05:04:51,700 --> 05:04:55,700
showed that people can adapt 
survive and even thrive in the 

6034
05:04:55,700 --> 05:04:59,000
most difficult situation, the 
miners who worked in the hot sun

6035
05:04:59,000 --> 05:05:02,600
saved every drop of precious 
water and milk communities out 

6036
05:05:02,600 --> 05:05:05,500
of shared need and hope left us 
more than just stories from the 

6037
05:05:05,500 --> 05:05:07,700
past. 
They showed us how to be strong.

6038
05:05:07,700 --> 05:05:11,000
Come up with new ideas and build
communities that are still 

6039
05:05:11,008 --> 05:05:12,700
useful. 
When we Face problems, that seem

6040
05:05:12,700 --> 05:05:16,200
impossible to solve their 
capacity to discover joy and 

6041
05:05:16,200 --> 05:05:20,400
Cameron versity sustained. 
Hope in the face of uncertainty 

6042
05:05:20,400 --> 05:05:22,400
and derive. 
Meaning from challenging 

6043
05:05:22,400 --> 05:05:26,100
experience as serves as a model 
for Individuals, navigating the 

6044
05:05:26,100 --> 05:05:29,700
complexities of modern 
existence, the same human traits

6045
05:05:29,700 --> 05:05:32,300
that help them survive and even 
do well in the tough conditions 

6046
05:05:32,300 --> 05:05:35,900
of mining camps in the 1800s, 
being able to change being 

6047
05:05:35,900 --> 05:05:39,600
persistent, helping each other 
and being stubbornly hopeful are

6048
05:05:39,600 --> 05:05:42,700
still what make people strong 
today as the last Embers of our 

6049
05:05:42,700 --> 05:05:46,400
pretend campfire fade away and 
the stars in the desert sky 

6050
05:05:46,400 --> 05:05:49,000
become clearer. 
Take a moment to think about the

6051
05:05:49,000 --> 05:05:52,100
amazing journey we've taken 
through the world of gold mining

6052
05:05:52,100 --> 05:05:54,600
communities. 
These weren't superhuman people.

6053
05:05:54,600 --> 05:05:57,600
They were normal people who 
found amazing amounts of 

6054
05:05:57,600 --> 05:06:00,300
strength, creativity and 
Community Spirit. 

6055
05:06:00,300 --> 05:06:02,400
When they were faced with 
challenges that were tested 

6056
05:06:02,400 --> 05:06:05,700
anyone's limits, the miners who 
worked in the Heat and kept 

6057
05:06:05,700 --> 05:06:08,400
their spirits up who built 
thriving communities, out of 

6058
05:06:08,408 --> 05:06:12,000
nothing, but determination, and 
need and who used old tools and 

6059
05:06:12,000 --> 05:06:14,000
came up with new ways to get 
gold from the earth. 

6060
05:06:14,000 --> 05:06:18,100
Remind us, that people are much 
more resilient and creative than

6061
05:06:18,100 --> 05:06:21,100
we think their stories aren't 
just interesting bits of 

6062
05:06:21,100 --> 05:06:23,300
History. 
They show that we all have 

6063
05:06:23,300 --> 05:06:25,800
abilities that are just waiting 
to Be used when the time is, 

6064
05:06:25,800 --> 05:06:28,300
right? 
In today's world with air 

6065
05:06:28,300 --> 05:06:31,100
conditioning, Dependable Water 
Systems GPS, navigation, and 

6066
05:06:31,100 --> 05:06:34,300
Emergency Medical Services. 
It's easy to forget that our 

6067
05:06:34,300 --> 05:06:37,600
ancestors didn't have these 
things, the miners ability to 

6068
05:06:37,600 --> 05:06:39,800
do, well, without modern 
technology and to make things 

6069
05:06:39,800 --> 05:06:42,600
safe and comfortable through 
working together, and using 

6070
05:06:42,600 --> 05:06:44,400
their own skills. 
As both humbling and inspiring. 

6071
05:06:44,400 --> 05:06:47,900
We can learn about how to adapt 
and keep going from their 

6072
05:06:47,900 --> 05:06:51,800
experiences with extreme heat. 
The ways of saving water reminds

6073
05:06:51,800 --> 05:06:54,700
us not to waste, valuable 
resources, their ability to 

6074
05:06:54,700 --> 05:06:56,400
build. 
Communities shows us how people 

6075
05:06:56,400 --> 05:06:58,700
who don't know. 
Each other can become family 

6076
05:06:58,700 --> 05:07:00,200
when they work toward a common 
goal. 

6077
05:07:00,900 --> 05:07:03,800
Their technological advances, 
show how useful it is to work 

6078
05:07:03,800 --> 05:07:06,900
together to solve problems and 
share information, but maybe 

6079
05:07:06,900 --> 05:07:09,700
most importantly their stories 
show us that changes possible. 

6080
05:07:10,400 --> 05:07:13,300
People can change who they are. 
Communities can grow from 

6081
05:07:13,300 --> 05:07:16,000
nothing, and hope can help 
people get through the hardest 

6082
05:07:16,000 --> 05:07:18,600
times. 
The Same Spirit that drove an 

6083
05:07:18,600 --> 05:07:21,700
Iowa farmer, to leave his plow, 
for a mining pan, or a Boston 

6084
05:07:21,700 --> 05:07:24,100
teacher to leave her classroom 
for a tent in the Sierra. 

6085
05:07:24,100 --> 05:07:28,100
Nevada, still drives people to 
take risks, follow their dreams 

6086
05:07:28,100 --> 05:07:31,200
and make their lives and the 
lives of those around them 

6087
05:07:31,200 --> 05:07:33,400
better. 
As you drift off to sleep, think

6088
05:07:33,400 --> 05:07:36,200
of the tough miners coming back 
to their camps after a long day 

6089
05:07:36,200 --> 05:07:38,900
in the hot sun. 
They would gather around fires 

6090
05:07:38,900 --> 05:07:42,700
to eat tell stories and make 
plans, for the next day their 

6091
05:07:42,700 --> 05:07:45,100
ability to find comfort and 
Community Under the Stars. 

6092
05:07:45,100 --> 05:07:48,200
Keep their dignity and Humanity 
in the face of the toughest 

6093
05:07:48,200 --> 05:07:50,400
challenges and keep working 
toward better. 

6094
05:07:50,400 --> 05:07:54,200
Futures despite daily hardships 
is a powerful reminder of what 

6095
05:07:54,200 --> 05:07:57,000
people can do when they work 
together and support each other.

6096
05:07:57,000 --> 05:08:00,500
They may have spent the goal, 
they found a long time ago and 

6097
05:08:00,500 --> 05:08:02,800
the communities they build may 
have changed into something 

6098
05:08:02,800 --> 05:08:06,800
completely different, but the 
spirit of resilience Innovation,

6099
05:08:06,800 --> 05:08:11,100
hope and community, that they 
embodied is still as valuable. 

6100
05:08:11,100 --> 05:08:15,000
Today as any precious metal they
ever took from the ground sleep.

6101
05:08:15,000 --> 05:08:18,300
Well, knowing that you have the 
same ability to adapt, keep 

6102
05:08:18,300 --> 05:08:21,500
going and build community. 
That helped those miners survive

6103
05:08:21,500 --> 05:08:25,200
and thrive in the blazing sun 
long ago, their legacy lives on 

6104
05:08:25,200 --> 05:08:27,600
not only in the cities and 
institutions they helped build 

6105
05:08:27,600 --> 05:08:31,700
but also in the ongoing story of
humanity which you are a part of

6106
05:08:31,700 --> 05:08:34,800
this story is about regular 
people, doing amazing things. 

6107
05:08:34,800 --> 05:08:38,800
When life demands it and finding
ways to find Comfort meaning and

6108
05:08:38,800 --> 05:08:41,000
hope even in the toughest 
situations. 

6109
05:08:41,900 --> 05:08:45,500
Sweet dreams, may your sleep be 
as peaceful as a mining camp 

6110
05:08:45,500 --> 05:08:48,100
Under the Stars when the days 
work was done and the 

6111
05:08:48,100 --> 05:08:50,400
possibilities for tomorrow 
stretched out forever on the 

6112
05:08:50,400 --> 05:09:07,800
horizon. 
You wake up at half past four in

6113
05:09:07,800 --> 05:09:10,200
the morning and the world 
outside your window is still 

6114
05:09:10,200 --> 05:09:13,000
wrapped in that thick velvety. 
Darkness, that makes even the 

6115
05:09:13,000 --> 05:09:15,700
gas Street lamps look like 
lonely fireflies. 

6116
05:09:16,500 --> 05:09:19,300
Your feet, hit the cold 
floorboards with a thud that 

6117
05:09:19,300 --> 05:09:22,400
Echoes through your modest 
lodgings and your immediately 

6118
05:09:22,400 --> 05:09:25,200
reminded that being a Victorian 
Postman isn't exactly a 

6119
05:09:25,200 --> 05:09:27,200
profession for those who enjoy 
sleeping in. 

6120
05:09:28,100 --> 05:09:30,800
Your bedroom, chairs, uniform 
appears to have endured Decades 

6121
05:09:30,800 --> 05:09:34,400
of use your dark blue coat with 
its brass buttons. 

6122
05:09:34,400 --> 05:09:37,600
That never quite Shine the way 
they're supposed to Bears. 

6123
05:09:37,600 --> 05:09:40,500
The Battle Scars of countless 
encounters with rose bushes, 

6124
05:09:40,500 --> 05:09:43,900
aggressive geese and the 
occasional projectile thrown by 

6125
05:09:43,900 --> 05:09:46,400
less than pleased recipients of 
overdue bills. 

6126
05:09:47,400 --> 05:09:50,900
Your leather satchel sits nearby
already showing signs of the day

6127
05:09:50,900 --> 05:09:52,900
ahead. 
It knows it's about to be 

6128
05:09:52,908 --> 05:09:54,700
stuffed Fuller than a Christmas 
turkey. 

6129
05:09:55,600 --> 05:09:58,400
You stumbled down stairs to your
landlady's kitchen, where she's 

6130
05:09:58,408 --> 05:10:02,400
already prepared your breakfast 
is Henderson, bless her soul 

6131
05:10:02,400 --> 05:10:05,900
understands that postmen. 
Need fuel for the journey ahead.

6132
05:10:05,900 --> 05:10:08,300
She slides a plate of eggs 
bacon. 

6133
05:10:08,700 --> 05:10:11,500
Thick, cut bread across the 
wooden table, along with a 

6134
05:10:11,500 --> 05:10:14,300
steaming mug of tea, so strong, 
it could probably walk the 

6135
05:10:14,300 --> 05:10:17,800
postal route by itself. 
The morning ritual, begins with 

6136
05:10:17,800 --> 05:10:20,700
checking your pocket, watch a 
gift from your father when you 

6137
05:10:20,700 --> 05:10:23,600
join the Royal Mail Service 
three years ago is already 

6138
05:10:23,600 --> 05:10:26,200
quarter past five which means 
you need to be at the Sorting 

6139
05:10:26,200 --> 05:10:30,500
office by six Sharp. 
Mr. Grimsby the postmaster has 

6140
05:10:30,500 --> 05:10:34,100
the temperament of a wet cat and
the punctuality expectations of 

6141
05:10:34,100 --> 05:10:37,200
a railway conductor. 
Being late means facing his 

6142
05:10:37,200 --> 05:10:40,400
legendary scowl which has been 
known to curdle milk from three 

6143
05:10:40,400 --> 05:10:42,700
streets away. 
You finish your breakfast, grab 

6144
05:10:42,700 --> 05:10:44,200
your cap. 
The one with the small hole 

6145
05:10:44,200 --> 05:10:46,900
where a particularly ambitious 
pigeon once Mr, kit for nesting 

6146
05:10:46,900 --> 05:10:49,500
material and step out into the 
London morning. 

6147
05:10:50,600 --> 05:10:53,700
The air carries that distinct, 
Victorian cocktail of cold smoke

6148
05:10:53,700 --> 05:10:56,500
horse. 
And the faint promise of rain. 

6149
05:10:56,500 --> 05:10:59,800
That seems permanently suspended
over the city like an indecisive

6150
05:10:59,800 --> 05:11:02,700
visitor. 
The walk to the Sorting office. 

6151
05:11:02,700 --> 05:11:05,900
Takes you past the baker's shop 
where Mr. Pemberton is already 

6152
05:11:05,900 --> 05:11:07,800
pulling fresh loaves from his 
ovens. 

6153
05:11:07,800 --> 05:11:11,200
The warm yeasty smell follows 
you down the street, like a 

6154
05:11:11,200 --> 05:11:13,500
friendly dog. 
You wave through the window and 

6155
05:11:13,500 --> 05:11:16,800
he responds with a flour dusted.
Salute, the small morning 

6156
05:11:16,800 --> 05:11:18,800
rituals of become the 
comfortable rhythm of your 

6157
05:11:18,800 --> 05:11:21,200
working life at the Sorting 
office. 

6158
05:11:21,200 --> 05:11:23,800
You're greeted by the familiar 
chaos that would make a 

6159
05:11:23,800 --> 05:11:26,900
battlefield look organized, 
sacks of male are piled 

6160
05:11:26,900 --> 05:11:30,300
everywhere like fabric mountains
and your fellow postmen are 

6161
05:11:30,300 --> 05:11:32,300
already elbow. 
Deep in the days, deliveries 

6162
05:11:32,300 --> 05:11:35,600
there's Jenkins whose been doing
this job since before Victoria 

6163
05:11:35,600 --> 05:11:38,700
became Queen and moves with the 
efficiency of a well-oiled 

6164
05:11:38,700 --> 05:11:41,600
machine. 
Thompson, the newcomer who still

6165
05:11:41,600 --> 05:11:44,600
gets nervous about delivering to
the fancy neighborhoods and Old 

6166
05:11:44,600 --> 05:11:46,800
Murphy, who claims? 
He wants to deliver a letter to 

6167
05:11:46,800 --> 05:11:50,000
Charles Dickens himself though. 
The story changes slightly each 

6168
05:11:50,000 --> 05:11:53,000
time he tells it. 
Your section of London covers 

6169
05:11:53,000 --> 05:11:56,800
approximately 4 square miles of 
winding streets, narrow alleys, 

6170
05:11:56,800 --> 05:12:00,400
and the occasional dead end that
seems to exist solely to test 

6171
05:12:00,400 --> 05:12:03,700
your navigation skills. 
The mail in your bag represents 

6172
05:12:03,700 --> 05:12:07,000
across section of Human 
Experience, love letters that 

6173
05:12:07,000 --> 05:12:09,900
smell faintly of lavender 
business correspondents. 

6174
05:12:09,900 --> 05:12:13,300
With serious looking seals 
newspapers that will be outdated

6175
05:12:13,300 --> 05:12:16,300
by tomorrow and the inevitable 
collection of bills that make 

6176
05:12:16,300 --> 05:12:18,300
recipients. 
Look at you as if you personally

6177
05:12:18,300 --> 05:12:20,100
decide to charge them for 
existing. 

6178
05:12:20,800 --> 05:12:24,100
You organize your letters, by 
Street, number a process that 

6179
05:12:24,100 --> 05:12:27,300
requires the spatial reasoning 
skills of an architect and the 

6180
05:12:27,300 --> 05:12:30,900
patience of a saint. each piece 
of mail has its personality, 

6181
05:12:30,900 --> 05:12:34,600
some are thick and important 
looking others are thin and 

6182
05:12:34,600 --> 05:12:37,500
apologetic and a few are so 
mysteriously shaped that you 

6183
05:12:37,508 --> 05:12:41,500
wonder if someone's trying to 
post a small Hedgehog The 

6184
05:12:41,500 --> 05:12:43,400
morning preparation is almost 
complete. 

6185
05:12:44,000 --> 05:12:47,300
Your route is planned, your 
Satchel is loaded and your boots

6186
05:12:47,300 --> 05:12:49,800
are laced, tight enough to 
survive the day's Adventures. 

6187
05:12:51,100 --> 05:12:54,100
As you step back onto the 
street, the city is beginning to

6188
05:12:54,100 --> 05:12:57,200
wake up around you and you're 
about to embark on another day 

6189
05:12:57,200 --> 05:13:00,200
of connecting people across the 
sprawling Maze of Victoria and 

6190
05:13:00,208 --> 05:13:03,300
London. 
Pembroke Street, is your first 

6191
05:13:03,300 --> 05:13:06,900
stop, where the houses stand 
side by side, like gossiping 

6192
05:13:06,900 --> 05:13:09,300
neighbors each front door. 
Tells its story. 

6193
05:13:09,300 --> 05:13:11,800
Some of painted bright red with 
polished. 

6194
05:13:11,800 --> 05:13:15,200
Brass knockers that gleam in the
Morning Light, While others have

6195
05:13:15,200 --> 05:13:16,900
seen better days and Sport 
paint. 

6196
05:13:16,900 --> 05:13:18,700
That's peeling like sunburned 
skin. 

6197
05:13:19,800 --> 05:13:22,300
You've learned to read these 
subtle signs, like a detective, 

6198
05:13:22,300 --> 05:13:25,100
the well-maintained homes, 
usually mean Pleasant 

6199
05:13:25,100 --> 05:13:28,200
interactions, while the shabby 
ones might involve dodging 

6200
05:13:28,200 --> 05:13:31,200
flying objects or unwelcome 
commentary about the postal 

6201
05:13:31,200 --> 05:13:34,400
service. 
Mrs. Abernathy at number 12 is 

6202
05:13:34,400 --> 05:13:37,400
already waiting by her window 
watching for your arrival with 

6203
05:13:37,400 --> 05:13:39,700
the intensity of a hawk spotting
a field mouse. 

6204
05:13:40,400 --> 05:13:42,800
She receives letters from her 
sister in Edinburgh, every 

6205
05:13:42,800 --> 05:13:46,100
Tuesday and she's developed The 
Uncanny ability to sense, your 

6206
05:13:46,100 --> 05:13:49,600
approach from three blocks away,
you slip, The Familiar envelope 

6207
05:13:49,600 --> 05:13:52,300
through her letter slot and you 
can practically hear her 

6208
05:13:52,300 --> 05:13:55,700
shuffling excitedly, toward the 
door before you've even stepped 

6209
05:13:55,700 --> 05:13:58,600
off her front steps. 
The rhythm of delivery becomes 

6210
05:13:58,600 --> 05:14:02,800
As Natural as breathing after a 
while, walk sort, not deliver, 

6211
05:14:02,800 --> 05:14:05,900
repeat. 
But each house brings its own 

6212
05:14:05,900 --> 05:14:09,300
peculiar challenges. 
Number 18 has a letter slot, 

6213
05:14:09,300 --> 05:14:11,300
positioned. 
So low that reaching it requires

6214
05:14:11,300 --> 05:14:13,000
the flexibility of a 
contortionist. 

6215
05:14:13,000 --> 05:14:15,700
While number 24, slot is so 
narrow. 

6216
05:14:15,700 --> 05:14:18,300
We sometimes wonder if the 
architect designed it 

6217
05:14:18,300 --> 05:14:20,400
specifically to frustrate postal
workers. 

6218
05:14:20,400 --> 05:14:23,700
Then there's the matter of the 
dogs, every street has its 

6219
05:14:23,700 --> 05:14:26,400
collection of four-legged 
critics and they all seem to 

6220
05:14:26,400 --> 05:14:28,400
have strong opinions about the 
postal service. 

6221
05:14:28,400 --> 05:14:32,100
There's Dutchess A pompous 
poodle at number 7, who treats 

6222
05:14:32,100 --> 05:14:34,700
your daily arrival, as a 
personal insult to her a 

6223
05:14:34,700 --> 05:14:38,400
restricted sensibilities. 
She expresses her displeasure 

6224
05:14:38,400 --> 05:14:41,200
through a series of indignant 
yaps that sound remarkably. 

6225
05:14:41,200 --> 05:14:43,700
Like someone complaining about 
the weather in a foreign 

6226
05:14:43,700 --> 05:14:46,300
language. 
You don't quite understand The 

6227
05:14:46,300 --> 05:14:49,600
other end of the spectrum is 
Brutus, a Mastiff, the size of a

6228
05:14:49,600 --> 05:14:52,100
small pony, Who belongs to the 
Butcher on Merchant Street. 

6229
05:14:53,000 --> 05:14:56,000
Despite his intimidating 
appearance Brutus has apparently

6230
05:14:56,000 --> 05:14:58,400
decided that you're his second 
favorite human. 

6231
05:14:58,400 --> 05:15:01,600
After his owner and he greets 
your arrival each day by 

6232
05:15:01,600 --> 05:15:03,800
attempting to lick your face 
with the tongue, that could 

6233
05:15:03,800 --> 05:15:07,300
double as a washcloth. 
Your strategy involves keeping a

6234
05:15:07,300 --> 05:15:09,800
safe distance and a pocket full 
of the small biscuits that 

6235
05:15:09,808 --> 05:15:11,900
misses Henderson slips into your
lunch bag. 

6236
05:15:11,900 --> 05:15:15,800
Specifically for canine 
diplomacy The variety of male 

6237
05:15:15,800 --> 05:15:18,600
you carry, reflects the full 
spectrum of human emotion and 

6238
05:15:18,600 --> 05:15:20,900
necessity. 
There are the obvious love 

6239
05:15:20,900 --> 05:15:23,900
letters, you can spot them from 
a mile away by their careful 

6240
05:15:23,900 --> 05:15:27,700
penmanship and the faint of 
perfume that seems to follow 

6241
05:15:27,700 --> 05:15:29,400
them around like a romantic 
ghost. 

6242
05:15:30,300 --> 05:15:33,100
Business correspondents, tends 
to travel in serious looking 

6243
05:15:33,100 --> 05:15:36,000
envelopes within important, 
sounding return addresses, while

6244
05:15:36,000 --> 05:15:38,100
family, letters, often arrive in
batches. 

6245
05:15:38,100 --> 05:15:40,600
As if relatives, suddenly 
remember, they have things to 

6246
05:15:40,600 --> 05:15:43,700
say all at the same time, some 
deliveries require special 

6247
05:15:43,700 --> 05:15:46,200
handling, legal, documents 
arrive, with an air of 

6248
05:15:46,208 --> 05:15:47,700
important. 
That makes you walk slightly 

6249
05:15:47,700 --> 05:15:50,000
straighter while medical 
correspondents. 

6250
05:15:50,000 --> 05:15:52,600
Often travels in discrete 
envelopes that seemed to whisper

6251
05:15:52,600 --> 05:15:55,100
about their contents. 
You've developed an almost 

6252
05:15:55,100 --> 05:15:57,800
Supernatural ability to gauge 
the emotional weight of male 

6253
05:15:57,800 --> 05:16:01,300
just by holding it. 
Good news tends to feel lighter 

6254
05:16:01,300 --> 05:16:04,200
somehow, while bad news seems to
add extra gravity to your 

6255
05:16:04,200 --> 05:16:06,400
satchel. 
The morning progresses through 

6256
05:16:06,400 --> 05:16:09,700
the residential streets where 
laundry hangs between buildings 

6257
05:16:09,700 --> 05:16:11,900
like celebratory Bunting and 
children. 

6258
05:16:11,900 --> 05:16:15,700
Peer at you from behind curtains
with the Curiosity reserved for 

6259
05:16:15,700 --> 05:16:19,000
exotic creatures. 
You wave at The Familiar Faces, 

6260
05:16:19,000 --> 05:16:21,200
the shopkeepers setting up for 
the day. 

6261
05:16:21,200 --> 05:16:25,000
The street sweepers making their
eternal battle against London's 

6262
05:16:25,000 --> 05:16:27,700
dust and debris and the 
occasional early Rising 

6263
05:16:27,700 --> 05:16:30,200
gentleman, who tips his hat with
the politeness that makes 

6264
05:16:30,200 --> 05:16:34,600
British Society function like 
clockwork, By mid-morning, your 

6265
05:16:34,600 --> 05:16:37,800
Satchel has lightened 
considerably, but your feet are 

6266
05:16:37,800 --> 05:16:40,000
beginning to remind you that 
they weren't designed for this 

6267
05:16:40,000 --> 05:16:43,200
much pavement pounding. 
The cobblestones that looked so 

6268
05:16:43,200 --> 05:16:45,300
Charming in the early morning 
light now, feel like their 

6269
05:16:45,300 --> 05:16:48,600
personally designed to test the 
durability of your boot Souls, 

6270
05:16:48,600 --> 05:16:51,500
you've learned to spot the loose
stones that might twist and 

6271
05:16:51,500 --> 05:16:54,100
ankle and navigate around the 
ones that seem to collect 

6272
05:16:54,100 --> 05:16:56,900
puddles like magnets that 
attract iron filings. 

6273
05:16:57,800 --> 05:17:00,000
Your route takes you past the 
local tea shop where the 

6274
05:17:00,000 --> 05:17:03,700
proprietor Mr. Whitfield always 
has a steaming cup ready for 

6275
05:17:03,700 --> 05:17:07,000
passing Postman. 
It's an unspoken agreement, you 

6276
05:17:07,000 --> 05:17:09,600
bring him news from the outside 
world through the mail you 

6277
05:17:09,600 --> 05:17:12,300
deliver and he provides liquid 
encouragement for the journey 

6278
05:17:12,300 --> 05:17:15,100
ahead. 
The brief respite allows you to 

6279
05:17:15,100 --> 05:17:17,700
reorganize your remaining 
letters and plan the most 

6280
05:17:17,700 --> 05:17:19,600
efficient path through the 
afternoon's. 

6281
05:17:19,600 --> 05:17:23,100
Deliveries As you venture into 
the more eccentric neighborhoods

6282
05:17:23,100 --> 05:17:25,600
of your route, you encounter the
houses that make this job, 

6283
05:17:25,600 --> 05:17:28,500
endlessly entertaining. 
There's Professor blackwood's. 

6284
05:17:28,500 --> 05:17:31,200
Residence on Thornbury Lane 
where the front garden looks 

6285
05:17:31,200 --> 05:17:33,700
like a Botanical experiment 
gone, wonderfully wrong. 

6286
05:17:34,400 --> 05:17:38,900
Exotic plants, sprawl in every 
direction, creating a jungle. 

6287
05:17:38,900 --> 05:17:41,700
That would make Darwin himself, 
pause for consideration. 

6288
05:17:43,100 --> 05:17:45,600
The professor occasionally 
emerges from this green chaos, 

6289
05:17:45,600 --> 05:17:48,500
wearing clothes that suggests, 
he dresses in complete darkness 

6290
05:17:48,500 --> 05:17:51,400
and he always greets you with 
enthusiasm that borders on the 

6291
05:17:51,408 --> 05:17:54,100
Malik. 
His male consists primarily of 

6292
05:17:54,100 --> 05:17:56,700
scientific journals and 
correspondence from fellow 

6293
05:17:56,700 --> 05:17:58,300
academics scattered across 
Europe. 

6294
05:17:59,100 --> 05:18:02,200
The envelopes often bear foreign
postmarks and wax seals that 

6295
05:18:02,200 --> 05:18:03,700
look important enough to start 
in. 

6296
05:18:03,700 --> 05:18:06,500
International instance, you've 
learned to handle these 

6297
05:18:06,500 --> 05:18:09,100
deliveries with extra care, 
partly because they seem 

6298
05:18:09,100 --> 05:18:12,500
genuinely important and partly. 
Because Professor Blackwood once

6299
05:18:12,500 --> 05:18:15,600
spent, 20 minutes explaining the
reproductive habits of orchids. 

6300
05:18:15,600 --> 05:18:18,200
When you accidentally bent one 
of his Botanical Magazine's, 

6301
05:18:18,900 --> 05:18:22,900
Three House's down lives missed 
call Delia Weatherby Asti who 

6302
05:18:22,900 --> 05:18:24,600
was turned suspicion into an art
form. 

6303
05:18:24,600 --> 05:18:28,100
She receives your approached 
through her lace curtains with 

6304
05:18:28,100 --> 05:18:30,600
the weariness of someone 
expecting Invasion at any 

6305
05:18:30,600 --> 05:18:33,400
moment. 
Her male consists primarily of 

6306
05:18:33,400 --> 05:18:37,100
seed, catalogs and letters from 
mysterious correspondent who 

6307
05:18:37,100 --> 05:18:39,700
signed only with the initials 
are h. 

6308
05:18:40,500 --> 05:18:43,500
You've developed a theory that 
RH might be a long-lost romantic

6309
05:18:43,500 --> 05:18:46,000
interest. 
But miss weatherbys expression 

6310
05:18:46,000 --> 05:18:48,500
when she receives these letters,
suggests the correspondence, 

6311
05:18:48,500 --> 05:18:52,800
might be less romantic and more 
related to outstanding debts, or

6312
05:18:52,800 --> 05:18:55,600
legal matters, the delivery 
process at Miss. 

6313
05:18:55,600 --> 05:18:57,800
Wetherby's house has evolved 
into an elaborate ritual. 

6314
05:18:57,800 --> 05:19:01,600
You approach slowly, making sure
your footsteps are clearly 

6315
05:19:01,600 --> 05:19:04,300
audible to avoid startling her 
you place. 

6316
05:19:04,300 --> 05:19:07,600
The male carefully through her 
slot, then Retreat, a respectful

6317
05:19:07,600 --> 05:19:10,500
distance while she performs what
sounds like a complex series of 

6318
05:19:10,500 --> 05:19:13,800
locks chains and security 
measures that would make a bank 

6319
05:19:13,800 --> 05:19:16,600
for jealous. 
Occasionally, you hear her 

6320
05:19:16,600 --> 05:19:19,100
muttering commentary about the 
state of the world, and the 

6321
05:19:19,100 --> 05:19:22,000
declining reliability of young 
people though, you're not 

6322
05:19:22,008 --> 05:19:24,600
entirely sure whether this 
criticism includes postal 

6323
05:19:24,600 --> 05:19:27,700
workers specifically. 
Then there's the Johnson 

6324
05:19:27,700 --> 05:19:31,000
household on Maple Grove, which 
operates like a small chaotic 

6325
05:19:31,000 --> 05:19:33,800
Republic. 
Mr. And Mrs. Johnson have 

6326
05:19:33,800 --> 05:19:36,800
produced 7 children ranging in 
age from barely walking to 

6327
05:19:36,800 --> 05:19:39,800
nearly adult and their front 
yard resembles a toy 

6328
05:19:39,800 --> 05:19:42,300
Battlefield. 
A casualties include broken 

6329
05:19:42,300 --> 05:19:45,500
Hoops deflated balls. 
And at least three dolls that 

6330
05:19:45,500 --> 05:19:48,700
have seen better days. 
Children, treat your arrival, 

6331
05:19:48,700 --> 05:19:51,700
like a daily entertainment 
program gathering at the window 

6332
05:19:51,700 --> 05:19:53,800
to watch you navigate. 
Their obstacle course of 

6333
05:19:53,800 --> 05:19:56,900
discarded. 
Playthings Johnson, appears at 

6334
05:19:56,900 --> 05:19:58,900
her door looking, like she's 
been wrestling with domestic 

6335
05:19:58,900 --> 05:20:00,600
responsibilities, and losing 
gracefully. 

6336
05:20:01,400 --> 05:20:04,200
Her hair escapes from its pins 
and creative directions. 

6337
05:20:04,200 --> 05:20:07,600
And she usually has at least one
child attached to a skirts, like

6338
05:20:07,608 --> 05:20:11,200
a small, determined Barnacle 
despite the apparent chaos. 

6339
05:20:11,200 --> 05:20:14,400
She always greets you with 
genuine warmth and occasionally 

6340
05:20:14,400 --> 05:20:16,700
offers you a cup of tea. 
That tastes like, it was made by

6341
05:20:16,700 --> 05:20:19,300
someone who understands the 
restorative power of proper 

6342
05:20:19,300 --> 05:20:22,100
Brewing, the male for the 
Johnson House, reflects the 

6343
05:20:22,100 --> 05:20:25,300
family's busy life, letters, 
from grandparents school, 

6344
05:20:25,300 --> 05:20:28,300
notices and an impressive 
collection of bills that would 

6345
05:20:28,300 --> 05:20:31,900
make a mathematician weak. 
Mrs. Johnson accepts these with 

6346
05:20:31,900 --> 05:20:34,200
the resigned expression of 
someone who has learned to find 

6347
05:20:34,200 --> 05:20:36,700
humor in life's persistent 
Financial requirements. 

6348
05:20:37,400 --> 05:20:39,400
You often noon, route. 
Also includes the mysterious 

6349
05:20:39,400 --> 05:20:42,300
house at the end of Wickham 
Street, where the elderly Mr. 

6350
05:20:42,300 --> 05:20:45,200
Ashford lives alone with what 
sounds like a small Orchestra of

6351
05:20:45,200 --> 05:20:48,000
cats. 
The music that drifts from his 

6352
05:20:48,000 --> 05:20:51,100
windows suggest, he spent his 
days playing piano compositions,

6353
05:20:51,100 --> 05:20:54,600
that sound, both beautiful and 
slightly, Melancholy his male 

6354
05:20:54,600 --> 05:20:57,000
arrives sporadically, sometimes 
weeks. 

6355
05:20:57,000 --> 05:21:00,600
Pass with nothing then suddenly 
he receives thick packets from 

6356
05:21:00,600 --> 05:21:03,900
music Publishers or thin letters
that seem to carry more 

6357
05:21:03,900 --> 05:21:06,000
emotional weight than their size
would suggest. 

6358
05:21:07,100 --> 05:21:10,200
Mr. Ashford himself remains 
largely invisible though. 

6359
05:21:10,200 --> 05:21:12,800
You occasionally catch glimpses 
of movement behind his heavy 

6360
05:21:12,800 --> 05:21:15,300
curtains. 
The milk bottles left on his 

6361
05:21:15,300 --> 05:21:18,000
step disappear. 
And reappear with the regularity

6362
05:21:18,000 --> 05:21:21,500
of a well-managed ghost, and the
cats that inhabit his garden 

6363
05:21:21,500 --> 05:21:24,000
treat you, with the aloof 
politeness reserved, for useful 

6364
05:21:24,000 --> 05:21:26,300
servants, who know their place 
in the household. 

6365
05:21:26,300 --> 05:21:29,600
Hierarchy, each house on your 
route has developed its own 

6366
05:21:29,600 --> 05:21:32,000
personality over the months, 
you've been delivering mail, 

6367
05:21:32,700 --> 05:21:35,100
You've learned to read the 
subtle signs, when the 

6368
05:21:35,100 --> 05:21:38,500
Hendersons are having financial 
difficulties, fewer letters more

6369
05:21:38,500 --> 05:21:42,500
bills, when the Clarks are 
expecting, favorable news, Mrs. 

6370
05:21:42,500 --> 05:21:45,600
Clarke watches from the window 
with hopeful expression and when

6371
05:21:45,600 --> 05:21:48,000
the Thompsons are preparing for 
one of their famous dinner 

6372
05:21:48,000 --> 05:21:51,600
parties, invitations, multiply 
like Rapids in their outgoing 

6373
05:21:51,600 --> 05:21:54,500
mail slot. 
London's November weather is 

6374
05:21:54,500 --> 05:21:57,800
unpredictable dramatic and 
seemingly designed to test your 

6375
05:21:57,800 --> 05:22:00,800
patience. 
This morning started with a 

6376
05:22:00,800 --> 05:22:03,800
light mist, that felt almost 
Pleasant like walking through a 

6377
05:22:03,800 --> 05:22:05,500
cloud that decided to visit the 
city. 

6378
05:22:06,400 --> 05:22:09,700
But by noon, that gentle Mist 
has transformed into a proper 

6379
05:22:09,700 --> 05:22:12,800
drizzle that seems to determined
to discover every Gap in your 

6380
05:22:12,800 --> 05:22:14,400
clothing that you didn't know 
existed. 

6381
05:22:15,300 --> 05:22:17,400
Your waterproof coat, which 
looked so professional. 

6382
05:22:17,400 --> 05:22:20,500
And whether ready, when the 
Postal Service issued it now 

6383
05:22:20,500 --> 05:22:23,500
reveals its true character under
actual precipitation. 

6384
05:22:24,700 --> 05:22:27,900
Water Finds Its way past your 
collar, with the Persistence of 

6385
05:22:27,900 --> 05:22:31,400
an Uninvited Guest and your 
Satchel, despite its supposedly 

6386
05:22:31,400 --> 05:22:35,100
water resistant, leather, begins
to develop that damp smell. 

6387
05:22:35,100 --> 05:22:38,300
That suggests your male might 
arrive looking like it. 

6388
05:22:38,300 --> 05:22:40,900
Survived a minor flood. 
The cobblestones become 

6389
05:22:40,900 --> 05:22:43,600
treacherous when wet 
transforming from merely 

6390
05:22:43,600 --> 05:22:45,900
uncomfortable. 
Walking surfaces into potential 

6391
05:22:45,900 --> 05:22:49,900
skating rinks for the unwary. 
You've developed a peculiar 

6392
05:22:49,900 --> 05:22:53,200
walking style that resembles a 
cautious dance, testing each 

6393
05:22:53,200 --> 05:22:57,000
step before committing your full
weight, the locals who observe 

6394
05:22:57,000 --> 05:22:59,100
this careful progression from 
their dry Windows. 

6395
05:22:59,100 --> 05:23:02,400
Probably think postal workers 
have developed their own form of

6396
05:23:02,400 --> 05:23:04,900
Street choreography. 
But whether is only one of the 

6397
05:23:04,900 --> 05:23:07,100
obstacles that make your daily 
routine and Adventure. 

6398
05:23:07,100 --> 05:23:10,600
Worthy of exploration novels 
There's the ongoing construction

6399
05:23:10,600 --> 05:23:14,000
project on Pemberton Street 
where workers have apparently 

6400
05:23:14,000 --> 05:23:17,300
decided that the most efficient 
way to prepare cobblestones is 

6401
05:23:17,300 --> 05:23:20,700
to remove them all at once 
leaving behind a landscape that 

6402
05:23:20,700 --> 05:23:22,900
resembles a geological 
excavation site. 

6403
05:23:23,800 --> 05:23:26,700
Navigating this route requires 
the skills of a mounting climber

6404
05:23:26,700 --> 05:23:29,500
and the patience of someone 
accustomed to bureaucratic 

6405
05:23:29,500 --> 05:23:32,800
inefficiency. 
The construction workers bless 

6406
05:23:32,800 --> 05:23:35,400
their dust covered. 
Souls have developed a friendly 

6407
05:23:35,400 --> 05:23:37,100
relationship with the Postal 
Service. 

6408
05:23:37,100 --> 05:23:40,100
They warn you about particularly
treacherous sections and 

6409
05:23:40,100 --> 05:23:42,500
sometimes even clearer path. 
When they see you approaching 

6410
05:23:42,500 --> 05:23:45,900
with your bulging, Satchel in 
return, you've become their 

6411
05:23:45,900 --> 05:23:49,300
informal, new service, updating 
them on, which houses are 

6412
05:23:49,300 --> 05:23:52,000
receiving intriguing, mail, and 
sharing gossip about 

6413
05:23:52,000 --> 05:23:54,100
neighborhood developments, that 
might affect their work 

6414
05:23:54,100 --> 05:23:56,000
schedule. 
Then there are other Street 

6415
05:23:56,000 --> 05:23:58,600
vendors, who transform certain 
Corners into temporary 

6416
05:23:58,600 --> 05:24:02,000
marketplaces that seem to appear
and disappear with magical 

6417
05:24:02,000 --> 05:24:05,200
unpredictability. 
Mrs. Patterson sets up her 

6418
05:24:05,200 --> 05:24:07,900
flower cart at the intersection 
of oakendale every Tuesday and 

6419
05:24:07,900 --> 05:24:10,500
Friday. 
Creating a fragrant obstacle. 

6420
05:24:10,500 --> 05:24:12,000
That requires careful 
navigation. 

6421
05:24:12,000 --> 05:24:16,600
Her roses and carnations smell 
Heavenly, but her car blocks the

6422
05:24:16,600 --> 05:24:18,800
most direct path to three 
different house numbers. 

6423
05:24:18,800 --> 05:24:21,500
Forcing, you to develop 
alternative routes that add 

6424
05:24:21,500 --> 05:24:23,300
pressure minutes to your 
delivery schedule. 

6425
05:24:23,300 --> 05:24:26,900
The flower cartel saw attracts 
bees with the enthusiasm of a 

6426
05:24:26,900 --> 05:24:29,100
royal celebration and you've 
learned to approach. 

6427
05:24:29,100 --> 05:24:32,400
Mrs. Patterson's corner with the
weariness of someone entering a 

6428
05:24:32,400 --> 05:24:36,000
diplomatic negotiation. 
The bees seem to view postal 

6429
05:24:36,000 --> 05:24:39,300
workers as potential threats to 
their floral paradise and they 

6430
05:24:39,300 --> 05:24:42,000
expressed their concerns through
aggressive, hovering patterns 

6431
05:24:42,000 --> 05:24:44,500
that make mail sorting a 
delicate operation. 

6432
05:24:46,200 --> 05:24:49,500
Animal encounters, extend beyond
the domestic dogs and cats that 

6433
05:24:49,500 --> 05:24:53,100
populate most neighborhoods. 
London streets, host a 

6434
05:24:53,100 --> 05:24:55,900
surprising variety of wildlife. 
That seems determined to 

6435
05:24:55,900 --> 05:24:58,800
participate in postal delivery. 
There are other pigeons that 

6436
05:24:58,800 --> 05:25:02,000
treat your male Satchel as a 
potential roosting site the 

6437
05:25:02,000 --> 05:25:03,800
occasional rat that regards your
passing. 

6438
05:25:03,800 --> 05:25:07,100
With the Bold, curiosity of a 
small, Urban philosopher. 

6439
05:25:07,100 --> 05:25:10,400
And the memorable incident 
involving an escaped parrot. 

6440
05:25:10,400 --> 05:25:13,100
That spent an entire afternoon 
following you from house to 

6441
05:25:13,100 --> 05:25:16,300
house while providing colorful 
commentary on your delivery 

6442
05:25:16,300 --> 05:25:19,100
technique. 
Parrot, whose vocabulary 

6443
05:25:19,100 --> 05:25:22,200
suggested, it had previous 
experience with Sailors, seemed 

6444
05:25:22,200 --> 05:25:24,600
particularly interested in 
critiquing your route 

6445
05:25:24,600 --> 05:25:27,600
efficiency. 
It perched on garden gate and 

6446
05:25:27,600 --> 05:25:30,200
fence posts. 
Offering suggestions that were 

6447
05:25:30,200 --> 05:25:33,200
both anatomically creative and 
utterly unprintable. 

6448
05:25:34,000 --> 05:25:36,600
Several residents emerge from 
their houses to witness this 

6449
05:25:36,600 --> 05:25:40,000
unusual postal procession and 
you found yourself becoming an 

6450
05:25:40,000 --> 05:25:42,700
inadvertent Street performance 
while trying to maintain 

6451
05:25:42,700 --> 05:25:46,100
professional dignity, under 
avian supervision Street 

6452
05:25:46,100 --> 05:25:48,900
conditions vary dramatically 
depending on the neighborhoods 

6453
05:25:48,900 --> 05:25:51,800
economic status. 
The wealthy areas feature. 

6454
05:25:51,800 --> 05:25:54,900
Well maintained Pavements 
regular street cleaning and 

6455
05:25:54,900 --> 05:25:57,800
house numbers that are clearly 
visible from reasonable distance

6456
05:25:57,800 --> 05:26:01,300
is These neighborhoods make male
delivery feel like a pleasant 

6457
05:26:01,300 --> 05:26:03,100
stroll through an organized 
Urban Park. 

6458
05:26:03,100 --> 05:26:06,700
However, the working class areas
posed distinct challenges, 

6459
05:26:06,700 --> 05:26:11,300
sometimes house numbers exist. 
Only in theory, either painted 

6460
05:26:11,300 --> 05:26:14,400
on surfaces that have seen 
better decades or hidden behind 

6461
05:26:14,400 --> 05:26:16,700
architectural features that 
suggest the original. 

6462
05:26:16,700 --> 05:26:19,300
Builders had a light-hearted 
approach to postal Logistics, 

6463
05:26:19,300 --> 05:26:22,300
you've developed detective 
skills that would impress 

6464
05:26:22,300 --> 05:26:25,600
Scotland Yard using context. 
Clues like neighboring house 

6465
05:26:25,600 --> 05:26:28,900
numbers architectural, patterns 
and the occasional helpful 

6466
05:26:28,900 --> 05:26:30,500
neighbor to locate your 
destination. 

6467
05:26:31,900 --> 05:26:34,800
The afternoon brings its own set
of weather-related complications

6468
05:26:34,800 --> 05:26:37,900
as the drizzle decides to 
upgrade itself to actual rain 

6469
05:26:37,900 --> 05:26:40,900
your boots, which felt perfectly
adequate this morning. 

6470
05:26:40,900 --> 05:26:45,600
Now squelch with each step like 
small portable swamps, the male 

6471
05:26:45,600 --> 05:26:48,500
in your Satchel requires, 
constant protection and you find

6472
05:26:48,500 --> 05:26:50,700
yourself performing. 
Elaborate Sheltering Maneuvers 

6473
05:26:50,700 --> 05:26:54,400
under overhangs in doorways and 
beneath the occasional tree that

6474
05:26:54,400 --> 05:26:56,700
hasn't yet. 
Shared all its leaves, the 

6475
05:26:56,700 --> 05:26:59,700
beauty of being a postman lies, 
not just in the physical act of 

6476
05:26:59,700 --> 05:27:02,000
delivery. 
But in witnessing the invisible 

6477
05:27:02,000 --> 05:27:05,100
threads that connect people 
across distances, both near and 

6478
05:27:05,100 --> 05:27:10,000
far, Each letter in your Satchel
symbolizes a relationship, a 

6479
05:27:10,000 --> 05:27:12,800
narrative and a human connection
that you have the honor to 

6480
05:27:12,800 --> 05:27:15,400
Foster. 
After months, on the same route,

6481
05:27:15,400 --> 05:27:19,000
you begin to recognize patterns.
That reveal the rich tapestry of

6482
05:27:19,000 --> 05:27:21,100
lives, unfolding behind those 
front doors. 

6483
05:27:21,100 --> 05:27:24,800
Take Mrs, Elena Fitzgerald on 
Rosemary Street who receives 

6484
05:27:24,800 --> 05:27:27,800
letters every Thursday from 
someone with elegant handwriting

6485
05:27:27,800 --> 05:27:31,200
and expensive stationery. 
The envelopes always smell 

6486
05:27:31,200 --> 05:27:34,400
faintly of Jasmine and Mrs. 
Fitzgerald's entire demeanor 

6487
05:27:34,400 --> 05:27:37,800
changes on delivery days. 
She transforms from a somewhat 

6488
05:27:37,800 --> 05:27:41,000
Stern Widow who maintains her 
garden with military Precision 

6489
05:27:41,000 --> 05:27:44,100
into someone who practically 
floats to her front door. 

6490
05:27:45,100 --> 05:27:48,300
You suspect these letters. 
Come from a gentleman admirer. 

6491
05:27:48,300 --> 05:27:51,500
Possibly someone from her past 
to his recently reconnected. 

6492
05:27:52,400 --> 05:27:54,800
The way she clutches these 
letters to her chest before 

6493
05:27:54,800 --> 05:27:56,900
disappearing. 
Inside suggests romance that 

6494
05:27:56,900 --> 05:28:00,600
would make novelists weep With 
Envy Then there's young Timothy.

6495
05:28:00,600 --> 05:28:04,500
Hartwell barely 16 who works as 
an apprentice at the clockmakers

6496
05:28:04,500 --> 05:28:07,800
shop, but dreams of Adventure 
Beyond London, City, boundaries,

6497
05:28:08,900 --> 05:28:11,800
His male consists primarily of 
correspondence, with various 

6498
05:28:11,800 --> 05:28:13,600
shipping companies and Colonial 
officers. 

6499
05:28:14,600 --> 05:28:17,600
The thick packets of information
about opportunities in India, 

6500
05:28:17,600 --> 05:28:21,300
Australia, and Canada arrive 
with the regularity of someone's

6501
05:28:21,300 --> 05:28:24,600
seriously planning an escape. 
You've watched Timothy mature 

6502
05:28:24,600 --> 05:28:27,500
over the months, his letters 
becoming more focused and more 

6503
05:28:27,500 --> 05:28:30,200
specific. 
Last week he received, what 

6504
05:28:30,200 --> 05:28:32,400
looked like, official 
documentation from a Trading 

6505
05:28:32,400 --> 05:28:35,300
Company in Bombay. 
And his excitement was so 

6506
05:28:35,300 --> 05:28:38,100
obvious that his employer 
probably wondered, why the boy 

6507
05:28:38,100 --> 05:28:40,000
suddenly started whistling 
Maritime songs. 

6508
05:28:40,000 --> 05:28:43,300
While repairing pocket watches 
the Pemberton family presents. 

6509
05:28:43,300 --> 05:28:46,700
A more complex story that 
unfolds letter by letter Mr. 

6510
05:28:46,700 --> 05:28:49,900
Pemberton operates the bakery, 
but his wife receives regular 

6511
05:28:49,900 --> 05:28:52,900
correspondence from what appears
to be a legal firm in Edinburgh,

6512
05:28:52,900 --> 05:28:55,700
the letters arrived with the 
serious formality of legal 

6513
05:28:55,700 --> 05:28:58,900
documents, and Mrs. Pemberton's 
expression, when she receives 

6514
05:28:58,900 --> 05:29:00,800
them suggests, they concern 
matters. 

6515
05:29:00,800 --> 05:29:03,600
More weighty in simple business,
transactions. 

6516
05:29:04,600 --> 05:29:06,400
You suspect. 
There might be an inheritance 

6517
05:29:06,400 --> 05:29:10,000
involved or perhaps property 
disputes from her family's past.

6518
05:29:10,700 --> 05:29:14,100
The legal correspondence comes 
in waves sometimes weekly 

6519
05:29:14,100 --> 05:29:17,600
sometimes not for months 
suggesting ongoing negotiations 

6520
05:29:17,600 --> 05:29:20,100
that require patience and 
considerable postage. 

6521
05:29:20,100 --> 05:29:23,100
Your root also includes the 
boarding house on Whitmore Lane 

6522
05:29:23,100 --> 05:29:26,500
where Ms Adelaide Morton runs a 
respectable establishment for 

6523
05:29:26,500 --> 05:29:29,300
young working women. 
The male volume at this address 

6524
05:29:29,300 --> 05:29:33,200
could Supply a small post office
independently Each resident 

6525
05:29:33,200 --> 05:29:36,600
seems to maintain correspondence
with family, friends, potential,

6526
05:29:36,600 --> 05:29:38,900
suitors, and various business 
contacts. 

6527
05:29:39,800 --> 05:29:42,100
Miss Morton herself receives 
letters, from young women 

6528
05:29:42,100 --> 05:29:45,300
seeking a combination parents 
checking on their daughter's 

6529
05:29:45,300 --> 05:29:48,700
welfare and what appears to be a
romantic correspondents with 

6530
05:29:48,700 --> 05:29:52,300
someone who signed his letters 
with the initials Junior and use

6531
05:29:52,300 --> 05:29:54,700
his stationary that suggests 
comfortable Financial 

6532
05:29:54,700 --> 05:29:58,100
circumstances. 
The Boarding House male reveals 

6533
05:29:58,100 --> 05:30:00,900
fascinating glimpses into the 
lives of young women navigating 

6534
05:30:00,900 --> 05:30:02,500
Independence in Victorian, 
London. 

6535
05:30:03,400 --> 05:30:06,500
There are letters that smell of 
tears and homesickness others 

6536
05:30:06,500 --> 05:30:08,900
that practically vibrate with 
excitement about New 

6537
05:30:08,900 --> 05:30:11,900
Opportunities and the occasional
thick packet that suggests 

6538
05:30:11,900 --> 05:30:15,400
either very favorable news or 
very detailed explanations of 

6539
05:30:15,400 --> 05:30:17,100
Life Choices. 
That might not meet with 

6540
05:30:17,100 --> 05:30:19,900
parental approval. 
Perhaps the most intriguing 

6541
05:30:19,900 --> 05:30:22,700
correspondence on your route 
belongs to Mr. Algernon. 

6542
05:30:22,700 --> 05:30:25,600
Blackthorn, who lives in the 
narrow house on Crescent Moon 

6543
05:30:25,600 --> 05:30:30,300
Lane, his male arrives from the 
most exotic locations postcards 

6544
05:30:30,300 --> 05:30:33,000
from Cairo showing pyramids and 
camels letters. 

6545
05:30:33,000 --> 05:30:35,700
Bearing stamps from places. 
You couldn't locate on a map 

6546
05:30:35,700 --> 05:30:38,700
without considerable assistance 
and packages that rattle 

6547
05:30:38,700 --> 05:30:42,000
mysteriously. 
When handled Mr. Blackthorne 

6548
05:30:42,000 --> 05:30:44,900
himself appears to be some sort 
of collector or researcher 

6549
05:30:44,900 --> 05:30:48,400
judging by the archaeological 
and anthropological Publications

6550
05:30:48,400 --> 05:30:51,600
that arrived monthly. 
His house windows display 

6551
05:30:51,600 --> 05:30:54,600
artifacts, that suggests 
extensive travel and you 

6552
05:30:54,600 --> 05:30:58,100
occasionally Glimpse him through
the glass examining objects with

6553
05:30:58,100 --> 05:30:59,900
the intense of someone 
deciphering. 

6554
05:30:59,900 --> 05:31:03,700
Ancient Mysteries, the children 
may provide its entertainment, 

6555
05:31:03,700 --> 05:31:07,300
value young Margaret would house
on Sycamore Street maintains an 

6556
05:31:07,300 --> 05:31:09,600
impressive correspondence with 
cousins scattered across 

6557
05:31:09,600 --> 05:31:12,200
Britain. 
Her letters arrive in batches 

6558
05:31:12,200 --> 05:31:14,600
written in the careful 
handwriting of children. 

6559
05:31:14,600 --> 05:31:16,900
Trying to impress adults with 
their penmanship skills. 

6560
05:31:18,000 --> 05:31:20,200
The return correspondence 
suggests, she's something of a 

6561
05:31:20,208 --> 05:31:23,200
central figure in her extended 
families, communication Network 

6562
05:31:23,200 --> 05:31:26,000
possibly, because she's the only
cousin old enough to write 

6563
05:31:26,000 --> 05:31:28,000
proper letters. 
But young enough to find 

6564
05:31:28,000 --> 05:31:30,000
everyone's news equally 
fascinating. 

6565
05:31:30,700 --> 05:31:33,700
Some residents receive mail that
tell stories of hardship and 

6566
05:31:33,700 --> 05:31:37,200
resilience Mrs. Catherine 
O'Brien, recently widowed 

6567
05:31:37,200 --> 05:31:39,300
receives regular letters from 
Ireland. 

6568
05:31:39,300 --> 05:31:42,100
That you suspect contain both 
emotional support and small 

6569
05:31:42,100 --> 05:31:45,700
financial assistance from 
relatives. the timing of these 

6570
05:31:45,700 --> 05:31:48,500
letters often coincides with 
particularly challenging 

6571
05:31:48,500 --> 05:31:52,000
periods, they arrive more 
frequently when rent is due, or 

6572
05:31:52,000 --> 05:31:55,600
when her children need new 
shoes, the Irish postmarks and 

6573
05:31:55,600 --> 05:31:57,300
the careful way. 
She handles these letters 

6574
05:31:57,300 --> 05:32:00,900
suggest to support network that 
spans, the Irish sea providing 

6575
05:32:00,900 --> 05:32:04,500
comfort that transcends 
geographical boundaries and the 

6576
05:32:04,500 --> 05:32:06,900
afternoon section of your route,
takes you into the commercial 

6577
05:32:06,900 --> 05:32:10,200
District where the pace of Life 
accelerates like a wound up 

6578
05:32:10,200 --> 05:32:13,600
pocket watch Shop owners and 
Clark's bustle about their 

6579
05:32:13,600 --> 05:32:16,400
business, with the efficient 
energy of people who understand 

6580
05:32:16,400 --> 05:32:19,500
that time equals money. 
And every moment spent standing 

6581
05:32:19,500 --> 05:32:22,400
still represents potential 
profit walking past their 

6582
05:32:22,400 --> 05:32:25,200
establishments. 
The male requirements here, 

6583
05:32:25,200 --> 05:32:28,300
differ significantly from 
residential deliveries business,

6584
05:32:28,300 --> 05:32:31,800
correspondents arrives in larger
volume legal documents travel 

6585
05:32:31,800 --> 05:32:34,400
with increased urgency and 
Commercial relationships. 

6586
05:32:34,400 --> 05:32:37,600
Generate paperwork that would 
impress government bureaucrats, 

6587
05:32:38,400 --> 05:32:41,500
Mr. Cornelius Blackwood operates
a haberdashery that seems to 

6588
05:32:41,508 --> 05:32:43,500
exist in a state of organized 
chaos. 

6589
05:32:43,500 --> 05:32:47,300
His shop overflows with bolts of
fabric in every conceivable 

6590
05:32:47,300 --> 05:32:51,100
color and pattern buttons, that 
could outfit a small army and 

6591
05:32:51,100 --> 05:32:53,700
ribbons that Cascade from 
shelves, like textile 

6592
05:32:53,700 --> 05:32:56,800
waterfalls. 
The male delivery here, requires

6593
05:32:56,800 --> 05:32:59,600
patience because Mr. Blaccwood 
treats, every piece of 

6594
05:32:59,600 --> 05:33:02,800
Correspondence as a potential 
treasure that might contain life

6595
05:33:02,800 --> 05:33:06,100
changing opportunities. 
He examines each envelope with 

6596
05:33:06,100 --> 05:33:09,500
the intensity of an art critic, 
studying, a masterpiece turning 

6597
05:33:09,500 --> 05:33:12,100
letters over in his hands. 
As if their external appearance 

6598
05:33:12,100 --> 05:33:15,100
might reveal their contents 
through some form of postal 

6599
05:33:15,100 --> 05:33:17,200
divination. 
The Correspondents for the 

6600
05:33:17,200 --> 05:33:19,700
Haberdashery, reflects the 
complexity of Victoria and 

6601
05:33:19,700 --> 05:33:23,900
commerce There are invoices from
fabric suppliers letters from 

6602
05:33:23,900 --> 05:33:27,200
customers, describing specific 
requirements for garments that 

6603
05:33:27,200 --> 05:33:30,000
sound more complex than 
architectural Blueprints and 

6604
05:33:30,000 --> 05:33:32,000
regular communication from 
fashion houses. 

6605
05:33:32,000 --> 05:33:35,800
In Paris that arrives with the 
air of containing State secrets,

6606
05:33:36,900 --> 05:33:39,300
Mr. Blaccwood often share 
Snippets of information about 

6607
05:33:39,300 --> 05:33:41,700
current fashion trends. 
Speaking with the authority of 

6608
05:33:41,700 --> 05:33:44,300
someone who understands that 
clothing represents more than 

6609
05:33:44,300 --> 05:33:46,700
mere necessity. 
It's a form of personal 

6610
05:33:46,700 --> 05:33:50,400
expression that requires both 
artistic vision and practical 

6611
05:33:50,400 --> 05:33:53,500
skill next door. 
Mrs. Prudence Whitfield runs. 

6612
05:33:53,500 --> 05:33:56,700
A tea in confectionery shop. 
That has the delightful Aroma of

6613
05:33:56,700 --> 05:33:59,700
Heaven as if it decided to 
establish a retail location. 

6614
05:34:00,800 --> 05:34:04,500
The aroma of fresh baked scones,
imported teas and Handmade 

6615
05:34:04,500 --> 05:34:07,300
Chocolates creates an olfactory 
experience that makes your 

6616
05:34:07,300 --> 05:34:10,400
afternoon delivery rounds feel 
like culinary tour of paradise. 

6617
05:34:11,600 --> 05:34:14,600
Mrs. Whitfield's male consists, 
primarily of orders from 

6618
05:34:14,600 --> 05:34:18,500
suppliers letters from customers
planning, special events, and 

6619
05:34:18,500 --> 05:34:21,300
regular correspondence with 
relatives who apparently keep 

6620
05:34:21,300 --> 05:34:23,900
her, informed about family 
recipes that have been passed 

6621
05:34:23,900 --> 05:34:26,200
down through generations of 
accomplished Bakers. 

6622
05:34:27,300 --> 05:34:29,900
Mrs. Whitfield has developed the
habit of offering postal 

6623
05:34:29,900 --> 05:34:32,200
workers. 
Small samples of her latest 

6624
05:34:32,200 --> 05:34:35,500
Creations, which she claims 
require professional opinions 

6625
05:34:35,500 --> 05:34:38,200
from people who understand 
quality and appreciate 

6626
05:34:38,200 --> 05:34:41,600
craftsmanship. 
This generosity transforms mail 

6627
05:34:41,600 --> 05:34:45,100
delivery into an unexpected 
taste testing experience that 

6628
05:34:45,100 --> 05:34:47,200
adds considerable pleasure to 
your working day. 

6629
05:34:48,100 --> 05:34:51,200
Her lemon drops could cure 
Melancholy and her shortbread. 

6630
05:34:51,200 --> 05:34:53,500
Cookie's possessed. 
The power to restore faith in 

6631
05:34:53,500 --> 05:34:55,700
Humanity's capacity for creating
perfect. 

6632
05:34:55,700 --> 05:34:58,600
Things, the afternoon all. 
So brings you to doctor 

6633
05:34:58,600 --> 05:35:01,800
pemberton's Medical Practice 
where the male takes on a more 

6634
05:35:01,808 --> 05:35:04,700
serious character. 
Medical correspondence often 

6635
05:35:04,700 --> 05:35:07,000
arrives in discrete envelopes 
that whisper about their 

6636
05:35:07,000 --> 05:35:09,800
contents and you've learned to 
handle these deliveries with 

6637
05:35:09,800 --> 05:35:13,200
extra care. 
Dr. Pemberton himself appears to

6638
05:35:13,200 --> 05:35:15,400
maintain, professional 
relationships with colleagues 

6639
05:35:15,400 --> 05:35:18,100
across Britain and Europe, 
judging by the range of 

6640
05:35:18,100 --> 05:35:22,400
postmarks on his correspondence.
Medical journals arrived 

6641
05:35:22,400 --> 05:35:24,900
monthly. 
Thick with information about new

6642
05:35:24,900 --> 05:35:27,600
treatments and discoveries that 
suggests the field of medicine 

6643
05:35:27,600 --> 05:35:31,300
continues evolving at a pace 
that requires constant study. 

6644
05:35:32,300 --> 05:35:34,900
In the doctors waiting room 
patients often watch your male 

6645
05:35:34,900 --> 05:35:37,500
delivery with hopeful 
Expressions, anticipating 

6646
05:35:37,500 --> 05:35:38,900
important news about their 
health. 

6647
05:35:38,900 --> 05:35:41,700
You've learned to maintain 
professional discretion about 

6648
05:35:41,700 --> 05:35:45,000
medical correspondence, 
understanding that the male you 

6649
05:35:45,000 --> 05:35:46,000
carry. 
Might contain information. 

6650
05:35:46,000 --> 05:35:48,400
That could significantly impact 
people's lives. 

6651
05:35:48,400 --> 05:35:51,700
The weight of this 
responsibility adds gravity to 

6652
05:35:51,700 --> 05:35:53,700
deliveries that might otherwise 
seem routine. 

6653
05:35:53,700 --> 05:35:56,800
Your root also includes several 
legal offices, where 

6654
05:35:56,800 --> 05:36:00,400
correspondence arrives with the 
formality, that suggests serious

6655
05:36:00,400 --> 05:36:04,000
business, transactions property 
disputes, and the complex 

6656
05:36:04,000 --> 05:36:07,000
paperwork that companies, 
Victorian society's relationship

6657
05:36:07,000 --> 05:36:10,800
with bureaucracy. 
Mr. Harrison Blackstone Esquire 

6658
05:36:10,800 --> 05:36:13,600
operates from a narrow building 
that seems to Designed 

6659
05:36:13,600 --> 05:36:15,800
specifically for containing 
legal documents. 

6660
05:36:15,800 --> 05:36:19,800
His male volume, could Supply a 
small library and the variety of

6661
05:36:19,800 --> 05:36:21,900
Correspondence. 
Suggests involvement in 

6662
05:36:21,900 --> 05:36:25,200
everything from simple Property 
Transfers to complex business 

6663
05:36:25,200 --> 05:36:28,200
Arrangements that require 
multiple, participants and 

6664
05:36:28,200 --> 05:36:32,000
considerable negotiation. 
The legal correspondence often 

6665
05:36:32,000 --> 05:36:34,900
arrives in batches that seem 
coordinated with court schedules

6666
05:36:34,900 --> 05:36:38,900
or important deadlines. 
Mr. Blackstone himself treats 

6667
05:36:38,900 --> 05:36:41,600
male delivery as a critical 
component of his professional 

6668
05:36:41,600 --> 05:36:44,700
schedule often waiting near his 
office window when he expects 

6669
05:36:44,700 --> 05:36:46,400
particularly important 
documents. 

6670
05:36:47,000 --> 05:36:49,400
The urgency with which he 
received certain letters, 

6671
05:36:49,400 --> 05:36:51,900
suggest that legal matters 
operate on timelines. 

6672
05:36:51,900 --> 05:36:54,600
That make postal delivery a 
crucial element in the 

6673
05:36:54,600 --> 05:36:57,900
administration of justice. 
The commercial District also 

6674
05:36:57,900 --> 05:37:00,800
houses several businesses that 
seem to exist, primarily for the

6675
05:37:00,808 --> 05:37:03,100
purpose of generating 
correspondence. 

6676
05:37:03,900 --> 05:37:07,200
Import companies receive letters
from suppliers scattered across 

6677
05:37:07,200 --> 05:37:10,200
the Empire, shipping firms, 
coordinate, with captains, and 

6678
05:37:10,200 --> 05:37:12,800
cargo, handlers, and trading 
house is maintained 

6679
05:37:12,800 --> 05:37:16,800
relationships that span 
continents. the male you carry 

6680
05:37:16,800 --> 05:37:19,600
represents the communication 
Network that keeps Victorian 

6681
05:37:19,600 --> 05:37:23,300
Commerce functioning like a vast
complex machine where every 

6682
05:37:23,300 --> 05:37:27,500
letter serves as a small but 
essential component, As the 

6683
05:37:27,500 --> 05:37:30,700
afternoon light begins its 
gradual Retreat behind London's 

6684
05:37:30,700 --> 05:37:33,600
Perpetual curtain of coal smoke 
and City Hayes. 

6685
05:37:33,600 --> 05:37:37,100
You find yourself on the final 
stretch of your postal route 

6686
05:37:37,100 --> 05:37:40,800
your Satchel which began the Day
stuff to capacity like an 

6687
05:37:40,800 --> 05:37:44,400
overfed Christmas goose. 
Now hangs light against your hip

6688
05:37:44,400 --> 05:37:47,300
containing only the handful of 
letters destined for the 

6689
05:37:47,300 --> 05:37:49,200
farthest addresses on your 
circuit. 

6690
05:37:50,100 --> 05:37:52,500
Your feet have developed their 
own conversation with the 

6691
05:37:52,508 --> 05:37:55,800
cobblestones a dialogue 
consisting primarily of 

6692
05:37:55,800 --> 05:37:59,100
complaints about the day's 
mileage and negotiations about 

6693
05:37:59,100 --> 05:38:00,800
tomorrow's anticipated 
challenges. 

6694
05:38:01,800 --> 05:38:04,400
The evening deliveries take you 
through neighborhoods where gas 

6695
05:38:04,400 --> 05:38:07,500
laps are beginning to flicker to
life like Earthbound stars and 

6696
05:38:07,500 --> 05:38:10,400
the windows of houses glow with 
the warm yellow light that 

6697
05:38:10,400 --> 05:38:12,000
suggests families gathering for 
dinner. 

6698
05:38:12,000 --> 05:38:15,500
Children, completing homework, 
assignments, and the comfortable

6699
05:38:15,500 --> 05:38:17,900
domestic routines that make 
houses into homes. 

6700
05:38:18,900 --> 05:38:22,300
You catch glimpses of these 
private moments Shadows moving 

6701
05:38:22,300 --> 05:38:25,600
against drawn curtains, the 
Silhouettes of people settling 

6702
05:38:25,600 --> 05:38:28,800
into their evening activities 
and the occasional face peering 

6703
05:38:28,800 --> 05:38:31,500
out to observe the streets 
transition from day to night. 

6704
05:38:32,500 --> 05:38:34,800
Your last delivery of the day, 
takes you to the cottage. 

6705
05:38:34,800 --> 05:38:37,900
At the end of Honeysuckle Lane 
Where Mrs, Margaret Ashworth, 

6706
05:38:37,900 --> 05:38:41,400
tends a garden that seems to 
exist in defiance of London's 

6707
05:38:41,400 --> 05:38:45,100
Urban environment. 
Roses climb her walls with the 

6708
05:38:45,100 --> 05:38:48,200
determination of natural 
optimists and her front yard 

6709
05:38:48,200 --> 05:38:50,100
blooms with flowers that 
suggests. 

6710
05:38:50,100 --> 05:38:52,900
She possesses either 
Supernatural gardening abilities

6711
05:38:52,900 --> 05:38:57,200
or access to Botanical Magic. 
The letter you delivered today 

6712
05:38:57,200 --> 05:38:58,800
Bears. 
The return address of her 

6713
05:38:58,800 --> 05:39:02,300
grandson in Manchester and her 
face lights up with the joy. 

6714
05:39:02,300 --> 05:39:06,200
Reserved for news. 
From beloved family members Mrs.

6715
05:39:06,200 --> 05:39:09,600
Ashworth, exemplifies why postal
work transcends mere job 

6716
05:39:09,600 --> 05:39:13,000
responsibilities and become 
something resembling a calling. 

6717
05:39:13,600 --> 05:39:16,200
She depends on these letters to 
maintain connections with 

6718
05:39:16,200 --> 05:39:19,000
relative scattered across 
Britain and your role in 

6719
05:39:19,000 --> 05:39:21,300
facilitating. 
These relationships makes you a 

6720
05:39:21,300 --> 05:39:24,000
participant in the preservation 
of family bonds that distance 

6721
05:39:24,000 --> 05:39:27,700
might otherwise strain. 
The Gratitude in her expression.

6722
05:39:27,700 --> 05:39:30,200
When she receives mail from 
loved ones, reminds you that 

6723
05:39:30,200 --> 05:39:33,300
postal delivery involves more 
than simply transporting paper 

6724
05:39:33,300 --> 05:39:36,900
from one location to another 
Your carrying pieces of people's

6725
05:39:36,900 --> 05:39:39,400
hearts in envelopes and sealed 
with hope. 

6726
05:39:40,200 --> 05:39:42,600
The walk back to the Sorting 
office provides you time to 

6727
05:39:42,600 --> 05:39:46,300
reflect on the days and counters
and the fascinating complexity 

6728
05:39:46,300 --> 05:39:49,200
of human existence, that reveals
itself, through mail delivery, 

6729
05:39:49,200 --> 05:39:52,200
you've witnessed romance 
blooming through carefully 

6730
05:39:52,200 --> 05:39:55,300
perfume, letters business 
relationships, developing across

6731
05:39:55,300 --> 05:39:58,600
continents, families maintaining
connections, despite 

6732
05:39:58,600 --> 05:40:02,000
geographical separation. 
An individuals pursuing dreams 

6733
05:40:02,000 --> 05:40:04,900
that require a correspondence 
with opportunities far beyond 

6734
05:40:04,900 --> 05:40:08,000
London's boundaries. 
Each letter, you've delivered 

6735
05:40:08,000 --> 05:40:10,600
today represents someone's 
attempt to reach across distance

6736
05:40:10,600 --> 05:40:12,900
and connect with another human 
being. 

6737
05:40:13,800 --> 05:40:16,400
The variety of handwriting 
Styles, paper qualities and 

6738
05:40:16,400 --> 05:40:19,200
envelope choices. 
Reflects the diversity of people

6739
05:40:19,200 --> 05:40:22,400
who rely on the Postal Service, 
to maintain their relationships 

6740
05:40:22,400 --> 05:40:25,900
and conduct their Affairs. 
Every piece of mail from the 

6741
05:40:25,900 --> 05:40:29,400
elegant script of educated 
correspondence to the careful 

6742
05:40:29,400 --> 05:40:32,300
printing of those struggling 
with literacy embodies, the 

6743
05:40:32,300 --> 05:40:35,500
weight of human intention and 
the hope that communication can 

6744
05:40:35,500 --> 05:40:38,100
Bridge any gaps between sender 
and recipient. 

6745
05:40:39,600 --> 05:40:42,300
Back at the Sorting office, you 
join your fellow Post men in the

6746
05:40:42,300 --> 05:40:45,800
ritual of checking in mail bags,
comparing notes about the day's 

6747
05:40:45,800 --> 05:40:48,200
challenges and preparing for 
tomorrow's deliveries. 

6748
05:40:48,900 --> 05:40:51,000
Jenkins. 
Regales the group with stories 

6749
05:40:51,000 --> 05:40:53,400
about a runaway pig that 
disrupted his morning route, 

6750
05:40:53,400 --> 05:40:56,300
while Thompson shares his and 
counter with a household where 

6751
05:40:56,300 --> 05:40:59,300
the entire family gathered to 
witness the delivery of what 

6752
05:40:59,300 --> 05:41:03,800
appeared to be adoption papers. 
Murphy, as usual has discovered 

6753
05:41:03,800 --> 05:41:06,600
new evidence supporting his 
Claim about delivering mail to 

6754
05:41:06,600 --> 05:41:08,600
renowned authors though. 
His story today. 

6755
05:41:08,600 --> 05:41:10,800
Involves a different writer than
last week's Tale. 

6756
05:41:11,800 --> 05:41:14,300
The camaraderie among postal 
workers reflects the shared 

6757
05:41:14,300 --> 05:41:16,800
understanding that this job 
requires more than physical 

6758
05:41:16,800 --> 05:41:19,600
endurance. 
It demands patience diplomacy 

6759
05:41:19,600 --> 05:41:22,700
weather resistance and the 
ability to find humor in 

6760
05:41:22,700 --> 05:41:25,300
situations that would test the 
sanity of less resilient 

6761
05:41:25,300 --> 05:41:28,700
individuals. 
You've all developed strategies 

6762
05:41:28,700 --> 05:41:31,100
for managing difficult, 
deliveries dealing with 

6763
05:41:31,100 --> 05:41:33,500
problematic weather and 
maintaining professional 

6764
05:41:33,500 --> 05:41:36,000
composure, when faced with 
customers, whose relationship 

6765
05:41:36,000 --> 05:41:39,400
with postal workers, ranges from
worshipful, gratitude to 

6766
05:41:39,408 --> 05:41:43,000
inexplicable hostility. 
As you prepare to leave the 

6767
05:41:43,000 --> 05:41:45,500
Sorting office. 
Mr. Grimsby approaches with 

6768
05:41:45,500 --> 05:41:48,500
tomorrow's route, assignments. 
Your section will include 

6769
05:41:48,500 --> 05:41:51,400
several new addresses where 
recent residents have requested 

6770
05:41:51,400 --> 05:41:53,900
Postal Service. 
And there's mention of a package

6771
05:41:53,900 --> 05:41:55,700
delivery that will require 
special handling. 

6772
05:41:56,800 --> 05:41:59,500
The prospect of new challenges 
and unfamiliar streets at 

6773
05:41:59,500 --> 05:42:03,100
anticipation to tomorrow's work.
Each day, brings the possibility

6774
05:42:03,100 --> 05:42:05,500
of discovering new 
neighborhoods, meeting different

6775
05:42:05,500 --> 05:42:07,600
people and facilitating 
connections. 

6776
05:42:07,600 --> 05:42:11,000
You have not yet imagined. 
You walk home through streets as

6777
05:42:11,000 --> 05:42:13,900
familiar as your rooms, you 
know, which Corners collect 

6778
05:42:13,900 --> 05:42:17,700
puddles after rain, which dogs 
will bark at your approach, and 

6779
05:42:17,700 --> 05:42:20,100
which residents can be relied 
upon to offer friendly. 

6780
05:42:20,100 --> 05:42:22,800
Greetings. this knowledge 
represents more than 

6781
05:42:22,800 --> 05:42:26,500
geographical familiarity, it 
reflects your integration into 

6782
05:42:26,500 --> 05:42:29,700
the community, you serve your 
role as a connecting thread in 

6783
05:42:29,700 --> 05:42:33,400
the social fabric that binds 
neighborhoods together, Tomorrow

6784
05:42:33,400 --> 05:42:34,500
will bring another early 
morning. 

6785
05:42:34,500 --> 05:42:37,900
Another loaded male satchel, and
another opportunity to 

6786
05:42:37,900 --> 05:42:41,400
participate in the vast network 
of human communication that 

6787
05:42:41,400 --> 05:42:43,300
keeps Victorian society 
functioning. 

6788
05:42:44,100 --> 05:42:47,000
The letters waiting to be sorted
and delivered contained stories.

6789
05:42:47,000 --> 05:42:50,000
You haven't yet discovered 
relationships, you haven't yet 

6790
05:42:50,000 --> 05:42:53,600
facilitated and moments of human
connection that depend on your 

6791
05:42:53,600 --> 05:42:57,400
ability to navigate London 
streets with reliable efficiency

6792
05:42:57,400 --> 05:43:00,900
as you settle into bed. 
You're tired feet grateful for 

6793
05:43:00,900 --> 05:43:04,700
horizontal rest, you reflect on 
the peculiar satisfaction that 

6794
05:43:04,700 --> 05:43:07,100
comes from work. 
That serves a purpose Beyond 

6795
05:43:07,100 --> 05:43:10,600
personal advancement. 
Being a Victorian, Postman means

6796
05:43:10,600 --> 05:43:13,500
accepting responsibility, for 
maintaining the communication 

6797
05:43:13,500 --> 05:43:16,000
networks. 
That enable Love Letters to find

6798
05:43:16,000 --> 05:43:19,200
their recipients business 
arrangements to proceed smoothly

6799
05:43:19,200 --> 05:43:23,400
families to stay connected 
across distances and communities

6800
05:43:23,400 --> 05:43:26,300
to function as interconnected 
webs of mutual dependence and 

6801
05:43:26,300 --> 05:43:29,700
support the gentle rain. 
That begins pattering against 

6802
05:43:29,700 --> 05:43:32,600
your bedroom window promises and
trekking challenges for 

6803
05:43:32,600 --> 05:43:35,800
tomorrow's deliveries but also 
guarantees that your services 

6804
05:43:35,800 --> 05:43:38,900
will be particularly appreciated
by people who prefer to receive 

6805
05:43:38,900 --> 05:43:42,000
their mail without venturing 
into whether that makes staying 

6806
05:43:42,000 --> 05:43:43,900
in doors seem like the Pinnacle 
of human.