Sophia Jex-Blake’s Early Education (Part One)

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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly Frye and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. So this quote about Sophia Jex Blake perfectly sums up why I wanted to do an episode about her. It was written by someone very close to her, and it reads quote she was merely a clever young woman with a rather outlandish name who had conceived the extraordinary desire of obtaining a medical education by hook or by crook. I mean, if that doesn't make a person sound interesting, I don't know what does. So. Sofia jex Blake was a young english woman in the nineteenth century who, after initially pursuing a career in teaching, fell in love with medicine while she was visiting the United States, and that passion transformed her life. But also because of her actions the lives of countless others as she battled for women's rights in education. And she is someone that is surely familiar to listeners from the UK and particlellarly in Scotland. But I sure didn't ever hear of her until recently when I just randomly came across her name in a book about women in science. Yeah. When you told me you were doing this episode, I was like, I don't know who that is. Yeah, spoiler alert, she's pretty great. This is one of those delights where you keep waiting for something horrible to arise about a person and if it's there, I did not find it, and I read a lot. But here's the thing. She gets talked about a lot in terms of her work in education reform, particularly in opening the schools of Britain to women, but one thing that doesn't get a lot of discussion in most mentions is her early life. And looking at that one I found it really. I don't know if endearing is the right word, but I recognize a lot of her life experience as similar to my own, so I love those. But also it's really illuminating in who she became as a person. So this is a two parter because part one is going to cover her early life in her teaching career and when she falls in love with medicine. But then in part two we will talk about her more well known aspect of her story, which is her part in the Edinburgh Seven, which is a group of women who sought to get medical degrees in Edinburgh in the late nineteenth century. Sofia Louisa jax Blake, whose name you may also hear Sophia because that's got variations by time and place. Yes, I will talk about why we went with Sofia on this one in the behind the scenes. Yeah. So. She was born January twenty first, eighteen forty, in Hastings, Sussex, England. Her parents were Mariah Emily Cubitt jax Blake and Thomas jax Blake. Thomas was the proctor of Doctor's Commons, which was an educational institution of law that specialized in civil law. Sophia was their third child, and she was the baby of the family. She often described her childhood as incredibly happy, although she was a bit more rambunctious than her very religious and quiet parents were accustomed to in their other children. It's not fully clear where Sophia, whose mother called her Sophie, learned to write, but she did so quite early before she really had any formal schooling. By the age of seven, she was corresponding regularly with her mother while she was away at school. One of these letters is very sweet, and she writes to Mariah quote, I wish you would be so kind as to come see me every night in Bedfordshire, at least tonight on Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and next Sunday after tomorrow. It's so sweet. And I will say, reading those letters that she was writing when she was seven, she is way more articulate than most seven year olds in her writing, Like I was still like, you know, whooping it up with kiddies and princesses, and she's having like deep thoughts. Sofaya also, much to my delight, created an entire imaginary world as a child, known as Sacermenty, and this was spread out over several islands that she drew and mapped out over a long period of time. And she also carefully and very extensively wrote out all of the laws and rules of succession, basically anything a government would need for this imaginary land. And when I say that, I mean like pages and pages more than some actual governments have. I think this is kind of a hint at the way her mind worked even from an early age. And charmingly, she stitched together all of this documentation into a little book titled The Sacramenty's pocketbook containing many little accounts of their and she published this book first in eighteen forty eight, and then she amended it and added to it for the same book. But it becomes its own second edition in eighteen fifty. I'm imagining published here means means she handed it out. She wrote it out herself. Yeah. Published has big old air quotes around him. Yeah. A close friend and biographer who we will be talking more about later, described Sephia in her youth as a quote terrible pickle. She was boisterous and had a temper and just seemed to overflow with energy. And this was really a lot for the Jex Blake household. According to accounts, this household had been very placid before Sepia's birth, even though there were two other children in it. She really struggled with efforts at school to make her be ladylike like. Notes from her earliest educators indicate that she had quote the desire to be conspicuous and lacked so self control. She loved it when the family went on holiday to the country so she could shoot a bow and arrow and gather plant specimens. But all this really rambunctious and inquisitive spirit made some of the adults in her life on edge. Letters written about her behavior describe her making people uncomfortable. This became particularly concerning as her mother, Mariah, who was never especially robust, started to decline in health. Mariah needed quiet and rest, and it was hard for Sofia to live in a house where that was the expectation. Still, she remained very very close to both of her parents, and there appears in their letters a very mutual adoration between them and their youngest child. Her father, for example, would write her jokey little poems in rhyming couplets, encouraging her to Behave one of those reads, my little child, you're very wild. Could you be still and yet not ill? Then? Little so this, I do know you'd be a blessing worth possessing. And her reply to that one was, my dear father, I had rather you'd believed me and relieve me when I say as I may, that I'll be good as I should. And the two of them kept this ongoing game of rhyming notes up in their correspondence for quite a while. I love that It's very very charming. At the same time, though there were dark periods When Sepaia was away at school, she yearned to be at home, but when she was at home, people thought she was a terror, especially according to her parents' standards. At one point, around the age of eleven, she developed a nebulous health issue that was characterized by poor digestion and weak joints. Sephia's teacher and former governess, who's referenced only as Miss b took her to a number of doctors to try to identify the problem. Sephia was given a lot of leeway behaviorally during this time, and it seems like when she next went home to see her parents, the whole experience was so awful that after she had returned to school, her mother Mariah wrote to her that quote more sad and foolish behavior than yours. Is difficult to imagine your ever being with us again for three weeks at a time is quite out of the question till you have the good sense to understand that to be happy and comfortable, and to enable me, in my weak state, to have you at all, you must be good. Mariah continues in this letter that they will try visits of one week at a time, and if Sepia behaves, they can extend them longer. She also notes that part of the reason for all this concern and chastisement is that if Sefia doesn't behave quote, the medical men will not allow us to be together. But she asked her daughter in her closing lines to tear up this letter. Not long after this, and for no recorded reason, then Sephia was removed from her school and put in another boarding school that was near her parents new home in Brighton. This kind of makes me think of when we talked about the letter that Mary Todd Lincoln wrote Vinnie Reams or not wrote any Reams, but wrote about Viny Reams that she's ream And She's like, destroy this letter, And I'm like, anytime that is how a letter ends, I'm like, you know, this was not a cool letter to write. Throughout her teens, Sephia's strong willed behavior and her tendency to get excited at things continued to be a source of stress for her parents. They wrote her so many letters that they surely believed were loving, but all of them really seemed to express this hope that she would become a fundamentally different person than she was. In one, her father wrote, quote, do you think Darling that by divine grace, you are less self willed day by day. Everybody seems to deprecate your presence as that which will spread discomfort all around, which I can only imagine. That's a heartbreaking thing for a father to write a child. But Sofia's own writing evidence is a girl who was keenly aware of other people and their feelings. For example, in one of her diary entries, she notes that a new girl whose father had died recently arrived at school, and that the head mistress went on and on to the entire student body about how fatherless children are in God's special care. And Sepia saw how uncomfortable this entire thing was making the girl in question, who was named Agnes, and she wrote in her diary of that teacher quote, Oh, I could have knocked her down. Sofia was asked not to return at the end of the school year. We don't know if that's related or not, but she seemed to be defiant. Sephia was placed back in her previous school, and the same cycle continued. Her mother and sister were both very ill for a time, and when Mariah had recovered a little wrote to her daughter of an upcoming visit. Quote, I look forward with great pleasure to Saturday week, but pray try to be quiet in your joy when I meet you, because I am still weak and soon upset, and people will be very vexed with you if I am the worst. In a surprising twist, when Sefia finished school and moved back home permanently, her relationship with her mother became really closer than ever, and they didn't seem to have any more issues. When the two of them talked of a potential marriage for Sophia, Sepia told her mother that she quote did not fancy I should ever marry, for I thought I should require too many qualities to meet in the man I could think for a husband, for it to be likely that I should ever meet such a paragon who could be willing to marry me. In eighteen fifty eight, at the age of eighteen, Sepia enrolled in Queen's College, London, and she loved this entire experience and wrote after arriving, quote, very delicious it is to be here. Oh, if there be an elysium here on herth, it is this. It is this. I am happy as a queen, work and independence. What can be more charming, really perfection. In addition to her own coursework, she started tutoring at the school, helping other students with their mathematics studies. She had started assisting other students with their math problems way back in her early days of school, so this was a very natural fit. Coming up, we'll learn about her family's reaction to this job, but first we will pause for a sponsor break. When he learned that his daughter was teaching other students' math, Sophia's father was mortified that she tutored for pay, and he wrote to her that it was beneath her to take money for such work and that it quote would lower you sadly in the eyes of almost everybody, and that was because she would be quote accepting wages that belonged to a claim beneath you in social rank. And she wrote back to him that she loved to teach and that the tutorship position had been unfilled for months because there was no one else who was able to do that job, so she did not feel like she was taking a position from someone who needed it more. She also noted to him, quote, you as a man, did your work and received your payment, and no one thought it any degradation, but a fair exchange. Why should the difference of my sex alter the laws of right and honor. The two of them argued back and forth about this issue in letters, and Sofia offered to donate any money that she made in her first term to the college, but that if she liked the job in her mind, that money was fairly hers for all future terms. By the way, she regretted making that deal. She wish she could have kept her first term wages because she kind of ran a little low on her allowance and was like, I really could have used that money. Jax Blake also started to reveal in her write that she was more drawn to women than to men. This wasn't cloaked in any kind of Koi language. She literally wrote quote, I believe I love women too much to ever love a man, yet who can tell. During these years, she formed some very intense friendships with women, which may have been romantic in nature. One of her closest friends, Octavia Hill, ended their friendship abruptly after Sephia had moved in with the Hill family. Sepia never fully understood why this friendship had ended, and just clung to the idea that they would reconcile for years. Friends described this movement as deeply significant for Jex Blake, one that bisected her life story into the time before it happened and the time after Sephia finished the school term but then immediately left for Brighton. Yeah, when we say she held on to hope about this for years and years, I'm talking decades and decades, like a long time. She was still writing about Octavia in her journal. Sophia met another young woman at this time in her life named Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. At that point, she was just Elizabeth Garrett. Elizabeth was born in Suffolk, England, in eighteen thirty six, so she was a few years older than Sophia, and Elizabeth was very clear in her life's ambition. She wanted to pursue a career in medicine, and understanding and experiencing that that was a field normally barred to women, Elizabeth found ways to step around the barriers. Her path had started with a surgical nurse position at Middlesex Hospital and then she tried to enroll in the hospital school's medical program, but she was declined, so she started to study things like anatomy with private instructors. And eventually did get a medical license after becoming a member of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries. That was her way in. It was a loophole that she exploited. Sophia met Elizabeth early in this journey and found her inspiring. Jax Blake had, in the meantime gotten a teaching job in Germany at the Grand Ducal Institution in Mannheim. It was not a great experience for her. She was really good at the actual teaching part of her job, but was not good at dealing with students when they got unruly. She found the period of her contract there overwhelming, and when it was over, she packed up to head home again. After foundering about to find something that felt like a calling to her, Sophia decided to travel to the United States, writing as she planned the trip quote, I have such a feeling that with the new world, a new life will open. On May twenty seventh, eighteen sixty five, Safaia sailed from Liverpool on the ship Africa. The ship landed in Boston on June eighth, and one of the people that Sefaia had a contact for in Boston was doctor Lucy Sewell. There were actually some problems with this. She had been given the wrong address and so it took her a couple of days to actually find where doctor Sewell was. But once she did, the two hit it off. Doctor Sewell worked at the New England Hospital for Women and Children, and she was the resident physician there at the young age of twenty eight. Sephia spent a lot of time with her in her dispensary and watched her care for patients. At the same time, jax Blake was dealing with her own health issues. This caused her energy to really wax and wane from day to day. Sewell prescribed a holiday for her and she went to the White Mountains in New Hampshire. She marveled in her letters home at the expanse of the woodlands that she saw in the United States. When Sephia returned to Boston, Sewell included her in the social life of the women's hospital and its staff. The team consisted entirely of women, and that made a significant impression on Sophia. She wrote to her mother, quote, can't you understand how refreshing it is to slip into the bright life of all these working people working hard all day and then so ready for fun. When work's over. Eventually, Jex Blake canceled most of her other North American travel plans, and she moved into the hospital's house for resident doctors. She started helping out around the facility, doing things like working on paperwork and filling prescriptions in the dispensary. She also started reading to patients and reported to her mother that she felt quote so exceedingly content that I hardly feel the need of anything beyond. She also wrote in her letters that she had thoughts of quote, were I not a teacher, I would be a doctor if I could. She had throughout her life been religious, and she started writing sermons for the hospital and got one of the surgeons to play hymns on an accordion for these services. Those services got really mixed reviews. After a year in Boston, Safia returned home ready to discuss the thoughts that she was having about a future in medicine. She and Sewell had gotten to the point where they had discussed a future together, and Sewell wrote to her after she had returned to England, quote, I really feel quite well satisfied with the increase in my practice, and if it continues to increase for the next two years as well, we shall be able to take a fine house and live in style. I cannot tell you how much pleasure I get out of anticipating our housekeeping. When I am too tired to do anything, I lay on the sofa and plan and plan, and think, what a good time we are going to have, And I am happy as a cricket, so sweet. Jex Blake had returned to Brighton in June of eighteen sixty six, and on September first, she left again to return to the United States. She wrote a book titled A Visit to Some American Colleges and Schools, based on the touring that she had done on her first visit, and when that was done, she turned all of her energies to being essentially a medical student at the Women's Hospital. During this time, though, she realized that even though she was learning a great deal, she wasn't earning an academic degree. She tried applying to Harvard Medical School and was denied, so she wrote a letter to the President and fellows of Harvard requesting admission to the medical school, and she had that letter published in the Boston Daily Advertiser. Her co signer on the letter was another woman seeking a medical degree named Susan Dimmick. That didn't attain the desired result, but Sofia made it her business to find ways to be introduced to anyone she could find who worked at Massachusetts General Hospital and the Harvard Medical School faculty. She made her case to all of them. If you remember our episode on Rebecca Lee Crumpler, and you're like, wasn't there a New England Female Medical College, Yes, we don't really know why she seems not to have included that college in her efforts here. No, it's a mystery. You can talk about that, moro. We could talk about it more on Friday. But since that episode was not long ago, I thought, huh. Some of these folks supported her efforts, including doctor Oliver Wendell Holmes, who wrote quote, I should not only be willing, but I should be pleased to lecture to any number of ladies for whom we can find accommodation in the anatomical lecture room always provided that any special subject which seemed not adapted for an audience of both sexes should be delivered to the male students alone. But though Sophia was certainly happy to have some degree of support She noted in her personal writing that all of this really amounted to nothing because Harvard had made a decision that women would not be admitted. The Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, which had allowed women to sit in as clinical observers, rescinded that permission. Massachusetts General continued to allow interested women to observe, but that made it abundantly clear that what they had been allowed to learn, even from willing supporters, was very abbreviated because the students were women. They also met with open hostility from some members of the hospital staff, so this just wasn't a good environment. Sofia and Lucy Sewell were still very close. In one of her letters home, she wrote to her parents about Lucy, quote, the doctor begs me to send her love. I do hope you may know her by this time next year, don't you. The two women went on a number of vacations together. When there was time to get away, they would take long driving tours in a carriage, stopping at a new town each night. These were not luxury tours by any means. Sometimes they would stay at inns, but on other occasions they stopped at people's houses and just asked if there was a place to sleep. This was mostly all out in the country, so it wasn't expected that would be in places with staff to take care of them. In her diary, Saphia relayed one story in which a widow let them stay at her home, but there was no one else there, so she had to manage their horse by herself in the dark, and she came to appreciate how hard that particular kind of work was. Sofia jex Blake did not give up on trying to get Harvard Medical School to change its mind regarding women as medical students. In January of eighteen sixty eight, she wrote to the school once again, quote, Gentlemen, having during the past year been granted access to the clinical advantages of the Massachusetts General Hospital, but finding it impossible anywhere in New England to obtain adequate theoretical instruction in medicine, we now earnestly entreat you to reconsider the subject of admission of women to the lectures at Harvard Medical School. Such admission being, as we understand, forbidden by no past or present statute of the University. We do not wish to enter on the vexed question of the capability of women for the practice of medicine, as we believe that time and experience can only furnish its true answer. This letter goes on to say that the interested women are absolutely willing to submit to the qualifying exams and to provide references, and to agree to any rules that the school might wish to set up to make this proposal work. While she waited on a reply to this particular phase of request, a funny thing happened to her and that she adopted rather by accident, a dog. This dog had belonged to the family of a patient at the women's hospital. When the patient's husband came to pick her up and take her home after treatment, the family dog was with him, and after that the dog, which Sofaia described as possibly being a setter, kept coming back to the hospital by itself. The family came and got it several times, and then one night it showed up at the resident home and as it was cold, Jex Blake let it in and then she took it home in the morning. The dog was friendly with its owner. It didn't act like it had been mistreated in any way, but it kept trying to go back home with Sophia every time she tried to leave, So she and the gentleman had a discussion about it, and she ultimately offered him five dollars if she could just keep the dog named Turk, noting quote one can't help liking, even a dog who so plainly declares elective affinity. Coming up a familiar character to longtime podcast listeners, will enter Sophia's story, but first we will hear from the sponsors that keep our show going. Although she absolutely adored her life in Boston, Sofia was getting frustrated enough with Harvard that she decided to seek out alternate possibilities for a medical education in New York. She left for New York in March of eighteen sixty eight, and there her life intersects with another prior podcast subject, doctor Elizabeth Blackwell. Blackwell and her sister Emily took Sophia under their wings. Doctor Blackwell was also lobbying for better medical education opportunities for women, so their goals were very closely aligned. Sephia also managed to get a tiny anatomy class together for women, just her and one other student, so a very tiny class at Bellevue Hospital. After she got one of the administrators there at doctor Moseley to agree to teach it. Sophia's first experience with a dissecting class was thrilling to her. She wrote in her diary on March twenty eighth, eighteen sixty eight, quote began dissecting with doctor Moseley. Oh dear, isn't it good to have some real teaching at last? By the bye, the Blackwells think they could get us into Bellevue if Harvard refuses New York for three winters. That's funny to me because the Massachusetts for three winters was what she was looking at. Fright. So she notes just how much she was learning now that she had actual teaching, both in her dissecting lab and under doctor Blackwell, compared to the previous observation she'd been allowed to do. She was also writing Lucy Sewell long letters, which included, among other things, how to manage the various day to day things that Seviyah had been handling for her, like how to manage her bookkeeping and how to take care of turk. It's so cute some of these letters where she's like, Okay, there's a Ledger book. It looks like this. It's on this shelf. Please don't forget to write down invoices that you sent out like it is the funniest, most kind of mothering that it's very cute. At the end of April, she sailed back home for a visit, writing in her diary quote, nearly three years in America. In that time, complete health regained, probably better than ever before, real strength and power of study, A profession opening calmly and clearly before me becoming clearer daily, my vocation given up or laid aside, and I quietly learning knowledge chiefly because of its power. Hardly yet shaping out any end. But what does come selfish enough? Professor of anatomy, surgeon, doctor, teacher. She credits all of this hope and new life to l Ees, meaning Lucy Sewell. And when she got back home to England, she brought Lucy with her to introduce her to friends and family. Everyone really adored Lucy. She gave medical advice to sick people in Bristol. She easily won over the entire Jax Blake family, inspiring Sephia's parents to want to buy her a new carriage when she returned home to Boston as a memento of their affection. For her. Sephia was very aware that her parents would not be around forever, and it was important to her that they understand her new path in life, that they like her dearest friend Lucy, and that they all have a good holiday together. And all of these things happened. Saphia wrote in her diary quote, I think the wheel is beginning to sway upwards again. Please God, it's It's very sweet that this entire visit is. All of her notes are about how everyone is just as bananas about Lucy as she is and thinks she's the best thing that ever walked the earth. When Saphia returned to the US after that wonderful visit home, jax Blake got the news that Harvard had once again said no to her request for admittance to medical school, so she headed to New York in the autumn of eighteen sixty eight, which was timed well to Elizabeth Blackwell and her sister opening their medical school for women. Sophia took rooms at two twenty two East tenth Street in the East Village. She noted that once her furniture and food stores were purchased, which included two barrels of potatoes and thirty pounds of butter, which made me cheer a little bit. She was low on money, but also that she knew she could borrow from doctor Sewell if she needed to. She also wrote to her mother quote, though I have no special friends here, I shall be so busy and cozy that I expect to get on capitally. During this period of her life, Sephia started an interesting practice when writing to her parents. She would write most of her letters with the intent that her mother would pass them on to her father to read, but she also added additional sheets of paper with messages only intended for her mother. In these, she was more frank about any difficulties or challenges that she was working through. Her father's health had become more fragile as he aged, she didn't want to upset or worry him about anything. It's an interesting twist that her mother, who wrote the teenage Sophia letters suggesting she was too fragile to deal with her daughter, had now become the one more trusted with potentially stressful news. But the stressful news came not from Sophia but to her. In November of eighteen sixty eight, her sister Carrie wrote to her of their father quote, I believe if you could start from New York today, you would have no prospect whatever of seeing him alive. Sophia immediately left for home on a frantic journey to get there as quickly as possible, only to find that her father, Thomas Jex Blake, had died ten days before she even received her sister's message. As it turned out, mister Jex Blake had been keenly aware of the limited time he had left for several months, and he had, without anyone in the family knowing, been making sure that all of his affairs were in order, and had also been writing farewell letters to all of his loved ones to be delivered after his death. His last words were reportedly beautiful, beautiful, when a doctor had shifted him slightly in the bed before he passed. Her father's death shifted Safia's feelings about her studies in New York. She stopped working with Blackwell abruptly and vowed never to be so far from her remaining family again. Lucy Sewell was of course heartbroken that their plans for a future together were ended with no real warning, but she also seemed to understand the logic of it and she wrote to Sofia that she knew she would still become a doctor despite the challenges that she faced in that effort. Back home, the two of them planned that Lucy would help set up a practice for Sophia once she had her schooling done and had acquired a medical license. And that is where we are going to end part one, and next time we will talk about Jex Blake's fight for an education in the British Isles and how she became part of a group known as the Edinburgh Seven. Dun, Dun. You also have some listener mail for us, of course I do. This one is about our recent on Margaret Knight, and it is from our listener Melissa, who writes, when I started listening to your recent episode about Margaret E. Knight, I thought to myself, h, this story sounds familiar. And then you mentioned her nickname Mattie, and I was like, oh, right, I have a book about that Maddie in the Machine by Lynn ing Quazon. I don't know if I'm pronouncing that author's name right. I picked it up in a benefit auction. The author wrote a very sweet note in it for my kid, who is an inventor himself, he hasn't read it yet. It's probably more YA than MG. But I did, and I found it pretty enjoyable. It is fictionalized, of course, there's a whole rival love interest side plot that I suspect isn't historical, but as a frequent reader of historical fiction, I was satisfied overall. The author is an engineer, so the amount of detail into the mechanical development of Mattie's bag folder work is great. My kiddo is way beyond his years in engineering abilities, so I often struggle finding books for him that are engaging reads with sufficiently geeky details. I just thought i'd drop a line for anyone else who would love to spend more time with a brilliant I'm gonna do this thing I'm awesome at, regardless of social opinion woman from History. Also that book does not include the mislabeled photo of her yay, but it does have patent diagrams, which I think she would rather us look at anyway. Okay, this is where we get to what to me is a very thrilling part of this email. Melissa writes no pets at present, but attaching a photo of one of my aforementioned son's latest inventions a critter ridder for our vegetable garden. When a motion sensor is tripped, lights and sound will go off to startle away the deer and bunnies that frequent our forest. At home, Dad helped cut holes in the plastic container, but otherwise the coding, writing, etc. Is all by my nine year old. Yes, I do believe he is the heck and coolest. Thanks for the continually excellent podcast. I know it's tough days in the podcast world, so I extra appreciate your commitment to shouldering all the research you do and crafting such approachable stories from it. Okay, this kid is amazing because one, this is like a great humane way to keep animals from eating your fruits and vegetables. Two, it made me think also of Sofia, a little bit who was very advanced when she was a kid, although in her case she was not getting that much encouragement about it. So kudos Melissa for having a super bright kid who is also being encouraged to use that brightness. If you have an email for us, you can send it to History Podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. You can also subscribe to the podcast on the iHeartRadio app, or anywhere you listen to your favorite shows. Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 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