How Different Cultures Welcomed the New Year | Boring History for Sleep

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Tonight we follow the Turning of
the year as it passes quietly 

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from place to place, carried by 
small rituals rather than Grand 

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moments across different 
cultures, the arrival of a new 

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year. 
Has long been marked by simple 

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traditions gestures meant to 
bring order luck and calm to an 

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uncertain future. 
If you enjoy these slow Journeys

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through history and tradition, 
you can like the video 

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subscribe. 
And let me know where you're 

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listening from. 
And what time it is. 

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Now dim the lights, let a fan or
soft background noise. 

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Fill the room and allow the 
night to settle in. 

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The practice of marking times, 
passage didn't begin with 

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calendars printed on glossy 
paper or digital reminders. 

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Chirping from phones. 
It started with observation with

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people noticing that stars moved
in predictable patterns that 

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certain plants bloomed, when 
specific constellations appeared

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and that Rivers Rose and fell 
with Dependable regularity. 

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You can imagine those first 
astronomers perhaps. 

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Babylonian priests standing on 
ziggurats, 4,000 years ago, 

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tracking the movements of 
celestial bodies, and realizing 

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that time moved in Cycles, not 
straight lines. 

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The Babylonians celebrated their
new year in late March, when 

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spring arrived and The Barley 
crops needed planting their 

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festival called a key to lasted 
11 days involved. 

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Elaborate rituals meant to help 
the god. 

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Marduk defeat the forces of 
chaos for another year. 

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But here's the thing that makes 
you smile. 

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They also used this time to 
settle debts and return borrowed

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farm equipment, even in ancient 
Mesopotamia, the New Year meant 

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finally giving back your 
neighbor's plow that you'd be 

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meaning to return from months. 
The Romans never once to leave a

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good idea, alone borrowed 
heavily from everyone around 

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them, and eventually settled on 
January 1st as their new year. 

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Thanks to Julius Caesar's 
calendar. 

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Reforms in 46, BCE they named 
the month for Jannah. 

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The two-faced God who 
simultaneously looked backward 

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at the past and forward into the
future a rather perfect metaphor

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though. 
The Romans probably didn't 

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realize how perfect Janus was 
the god of doorways of 

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transitions of beginnings. 
His two faces weren't meant to 

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suggest duplicity but rather the
wisdom of learning from what 

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came before while stepping into 
what comes next. 

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You find variations of the same 
impulse everywhere, humans have 

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gathered. 
The Chinese New Year based on a 

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learner solar calendar Falls 
between late January and mid 

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February and has been celebrated
for over 3,000 years. 

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The Jewish New Year Rosh 
Hashanah typically arrives in 

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September or October. 
The Islamic New Year moves 

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through the seasons over time 
because it follows a purely 

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lunar calendar. 
Now ruse Persian New Year 

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arrives, precisely at the Spring
Equinox, each culture looked at 

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the sky at the Earth at their 
particular corner of the world 

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and decided Here. 
This moment. 

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This is when we begin again. 
What's remarkable, isn't the 

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diversity of dates, but the 
similarity of impulses almost 

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every culture developed some 
form of year in reflection. 

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The Japanese practice of beninca
for getting the year parties 

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encourages people to leave 
behind the previous year's 

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troubles over food and drink 
with colleagues and friends. 

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It's like a socially mandated 
Fresh Start which honestly 

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sounds rather civilized in 
Scotland the tradition of 

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hogmanay includes first footing 
where the first person to cross 

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your threshold after midnight 
should ideally be a dark-haired 

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male carrying gift of coal, salt
shortbread and whiskey The 

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specificity is delightful not 
just any person, not just any 

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hair color and definitely not 
showing up empty handed. 

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The Ethiopian calendar runs 
about seven years behind the 

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Gregorian calendar, due to 
different calculations about the

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date of Christ birth. 
Which means Ethiopians. 

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Get to celebrate the year 2017. 
While the rest of the world is 

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in 2017 1,024 their new year 
called encounter, Tash falls on 

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September 11th and coincides, 
with the end of the rainy 

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season, when Fields burst into 
blue with yellow daisies, 

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children gather these flowers 
and go to Door, singing songs 

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and offering bouquets receiving 
small Gifts of bread or coins 

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and return its Charming, without
being Sakura. 

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In a practical way, for 
communities to share what they 

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have at the seasons turn. 
The Thai New Year. 

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Songkran happens in April and 
revolves around water. 

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Lots of water. 
What began? 

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As gentle rituals of pouring 
scented water over Buddha 

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statues. 
And elderly relatives hands has 

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evolved into what might be the 
world's largest water fight with

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entire cities, becoming cheerful
Battlegrounds of Super Soakers 

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and bucket precarious. 
The original symbolism remains 

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though water washes away. 
Bad luck from the previous year.

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It's just that. 
Now it does. 

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So with considerably more 
enthusiasm and water pressure 

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than the ancient practitioners, 
probably envisioned. 

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The concept of reflection takes 
different forms depending on the

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culture. 
Some traditions emphasize 

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literal cleaning sweeping out. 
The old years dust washing away 

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accumulated, Grime and clearing,
physical space, to make room for

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new possibilities, others focus 
on spiritual or emotional 

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housekeeping. 
The 10 days between Rosh 

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Hashanah and Yom Kippur in 
Jewish tradition called the days

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of all. 
Time for serious 

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self-examination and making 
amends with people you've 

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wronged it's structured 
reflection with a deadline, 

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which probably helps people 
actually follow through rather 

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than just thinking vaguely about
improving themselves in many 

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Buddhist Traditions. 
The New Year involves visiting 

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temples to make Merit offering 
food to Moncks releasing captive

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birds or fish as acts of 
compassion and listening to 

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teachings about impermanence, 
the thigh practice of building, 

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sand stupa at temples during 
songkran serves a dual purpose. 

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Creating something beautiful and
meaningful. 

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While also bringing sand back to
Temple grounds, that visitors 

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have carried away on their feet 
throughout the year. 

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It's environmental consideration
raped in spiritual practice 

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which feels very sensible. 
The Balinese Hindu New Year 

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Yepi. 
Take silence seriously. 

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It's a day of complete 
Stillness, no work, no travel, 

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no electricity, no fires, no 
entertainment. 

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Even the airport closest, the 
island goes dark and quiet for 

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24 hours while people meditate 
and reflect security officers 

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called pickle and Patrol to 
ensure everyone. 

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Observes the silence, which 
sounds strict Until you realize,

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it's one guaranteed day per year
where nobody can demand your 

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attention when your phone won't 
ring and when the world simply 

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won't stop spinning, quite so 
frantically. 

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Many Balinese people describe it
as their favorite day of the 

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year, the zoroastrian tradition 
includes a practice called 

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jashan a ceremony of 
Thanksgiving that happens 

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throughout the year but takes on
special. 

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Significance of roses 
participants gather around a 

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white cloth with symbolic items.
A mirror for reflection an Apple

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for health, garlic for 
protection, sumac for Sunrise 

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vinegar for patients and coins 
for Prosperity each item. 

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Prompts specific contemplations 
turning abstract Concepts like 

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patients or Prosperity into 
tangible objects. 

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You can see and touch Its 
meditation with props which 

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helps wandering mine stay 
focused in Estonia people, 

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traditionally eat seven nine or 
12 times on New Year's Eve 79 or

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12 Meals to ensure abundance in 
the coming year. 

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The exact number of varies by 
region but the principle remains

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consume multiple complete meals 
throughout the day. 

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So supposedly gaining the 
strength of seven nine or 12 

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people. 
It's one of the Impractical and 

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probably quite uncomfortable, 
but imagine the sense of 

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community around preparing and 
sharing all that food, the 

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conversations that happen over 
the 5th or 6th meal of the day 

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when everyone's too full to do 
anything, but talk, lazily and 

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laugh. 
The average Australian people 

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have multiple New Year 
celebrations, depending on their

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specific Nations and regions 
often tied to environmental 

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marketers, like the first 
thunderstorms or the flowering 

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of certain plants. 
The young people of Arnhem Land 

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recognized six seasons in stead 
of four each with distinct 

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characteristics and assoc. 
Marked by observable changes in 

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the natural world. 
The different way of 

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understanding time. 
That feels more organic and less

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arbitrary than watching digital 
numbers. 

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Flip at midnight, what merges 
from all these Traditions is a 

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recognition that times passage 
matters. 

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And that marking, transitions 
helps humans, process change. 

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Whether you're releasing fish in
a Bangkok Temple, sitting in 

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complete silence in Bali or 
sharing your 12th meal in 

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Estonia, your participating in 
Humanity's Collective Agreement 

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that some moments deserve 
acknowledgment that pausing to 

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reflect isn't wasted time but 
essential maintenance for your 

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interior life, not every New 
Year, celebration involves 

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fireworks and champagne toasts 
at maximum volume some of the 

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most meaningful Traditions 
happen in Whispers And 

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Candlelight in moments so quiet,
you can hear your own breathing 

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sink with the rhythm of 
something larger than yourself 

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in Japan. 
The practice of Joya know Kane 

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involves ringing temple bells 
108 times on New Year's Eve. 

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The number corresponds to the 
Buddhist belief. 

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In 108 Earthly, Desires that 
cause human suffering. 

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Things, like greed, anger, 
ignorance, and the inexplicable 

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compulsion to check your phone. 
Every 30 seconds each Bell's 

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resonance is meant to dispel one
of these afflictions. 

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This sound waves literally, 
carrying away your attachments 

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and aversions temple bells in 
Japan are massive bronze 

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instruments that produce deep 
reverberating tones, you feel in

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your chest as much as here with 
your ears, the ringing begins 

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before midnight and extends past
it. 

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So you cross into the new year 
rat in that low humming 

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vibration visitors to Temple's. 
During this time off and light 

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incense and standard in the 
courtyard eyes closed. 

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Letting the Bell tones wash over
them. 

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There's no, rushing, no 
countdown know, manufactured 

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excitement, just the Bell, the 
incense smoke curling upward, 

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and the understanding that your 
participating in a ritual that 

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has been performed exactly this 
way for centuries. 

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The 1083 sounds different from 
the others. 

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Not in Pitch, but in 
significance because it's the 

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last because it completes the 
set because after it comes 

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silence and a new beginning in 
many Christian Orthodox 

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Traditions particularly in 
Eastern Europe. 

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The New Year arrives during a 
period of religious fasting 

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before Christmas, which follows 
the Julian calendar. 

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This means celebrations are 
naturally quiet and more 

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introspective families gather 
for modest meals. 

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Attend church services that lost
several hours and spend time in 

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prayer, the Serbian, tradition 
of bad and Jack involves 

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bringing a Young Oak Tree into 
the house on January 6th, 

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Orthodox Christmas Eve and 
burning it throughout the night.

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While family members take turns 
keeping watch over the fire. 

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It's companionable without being
chatty. 

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The kind of shared silence where
everyone feels comfortable, just

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existing together, the Quaker, 
practice of Silent worship while

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not specific to New. 
Year's Eve, offers a template 

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for quiet reflection, that some 
people adopt for marking the 

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years turning participants sit 
together. 

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In a plane room. 
No music, no liturgy, no plan 

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program. 
People speak only if they feel 

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moved by the spirit to share 
something and often an entire 

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hour passes with no one saying a
word for those accustomed to 

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constant noise and stimulation. 
This depth of Silence can feel 

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uncomfortable at first, You 
become acutely aware of your 

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chair, creaking, your stomach 
gurgling, and your brain. 

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Throwing up random thoughts like
a poorly trained, dog. 

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Bringing you dead birds, but if 
you sit with it long enough, the

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silent stops feeling empty and 
starts feeling full pregnant 

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with possibility. 
In Finland, people practice a 

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tradition called Malibu Mansi or
tin casting on New Year's Eve, 

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you melt small pieces of tin in 
a laid over the stove. 

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Then quickly pour the molten 
metal into a bucket of cold 

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water. 
Tin slides into abstract shapes 

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that you hold up to Lamplight, 
examining the Shadows, cast on 

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the wall to interpret. 
What the coming year might hold 

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his divination. 
Yes, but quiet divination. 

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Just you a candle and a blob of 
resided, metal throwing strange 

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Shadows, the interpretation of 
wonderfully subjective that 

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might be a ship indicating 
travel or it might be a horse 

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suggesting hard, work ahead. 
Or it might just be a lumpy bit 

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of tin that looks like nothing 
in particular, which probably 

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means you should stop looking 
for Omens and just live your 

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life. 
The Amish observed New Year's 

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00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:11,500
Day as a day of rest, visiting 
and quiet celebration no Grand 

233
00:13:11,500 --> 00:13:12,800
parties. 
No alcohol. 

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00:13:12,800 --> 00:13:15,800
No dance. 
In just families moving between 

235
00:13:15,800 --> 00:13:19,000
houses, sharing meals, singing, 
hymns. 

236
00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:22,800
And sometimes holding church 
services young people might play

237
00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:24,800
quiet games or go for walks 
together. 

238
00:13:25,700 --> 00:13:29,200
Older people nap without apology
which sounds entirely 

239
00:13:29,200 --> 00:13:31,900
reasonable. 
The dayspace is deliberate. 

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00:13:31,900 --> 00:13:34,800
The opposite of the Frantic 
energy that characterizes 

241
00:13:34,800 --> 00:13:36,600
mainstream New Year's 
celebrations. 

242
00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:39,200
There's something 
countercultural about choosing 

243
00:13:39,200 --> 00:13:43,300
slowness in a world that insists
on speed and Tibetan Buddhism 

244
00:13:43,300 --> 00:13:45,600
New Year. 
Celebrations called luchar 

245
00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:48,900
include quiet practices, like 
clearing debts, cleaning the 

246
00:13:48,900 --> 00:13:51,700
house thoroughly and settling 
disagreements before the year 

247
00:13:51,700 --> 00:13:53,000
ends. 
The night. 

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00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:57,200
Before lows are families, eat a 
special soup called Gothic that 

249
00:13:57,200 --> 00:14:00,700
contains 9 ingredients. 
Some of which are dumplings with

250
00:14:00,700 --> 00:14:04,700
symbolic items hidden inside 
white pebbles for long life. 

251
00:14:04,700 --> 00:14:08,500
Coal for dark Hearts, your 
supposed to examine your 

252
00:14:08,500 --> 00:14:12,500
behavior if you get that one and
wool for good heartedness 

253
00:14:12,500 --> 00:14:15,000
everyone. 
Laughs when someone bite into a 

254
00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:18,900
suspicious dumpling, but gently 
affectionately after the meal, 

255
00:14:18,900 --> 00:14:22,100
people perform a ritual called 
driving out the ghosts by making

256
00:14:22,100 --> 00:14:24,100
loud noises and carrying 
torches. 

257
00:14:24,100 --> 00:14:27,500
But before that Chaos comes 
hours of quiet. 

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00:14:27,500 --> 00:14:31,500
Preparation cooking and 
contemplation the zoroastrian 

259
00:14:31,500 --> 00:14:33,900
practice of staying awake 
throughout the last night of the

260
00:14:33,900 --> 00:14:37,400
year called shabby Cellar, 
involves gathering with family 

261
00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:40,300
and friends to read. 
Poetry particularly The Works of

262
00:14:40,300 --> 00:14:44,600
hafez, eat watermelon, and 
pomegranates and share stories 

263
00:14:44,600 --> 00:14:47,700
until dawn. 
Poetry reading might not sound 

264
00:14:47,700 --> 00:14:51,300
inherently quiet, but the way 
it's practiced in this tradition

265
00:14:51,300 --> 00:14:55,500
emphasizes, listening savoring 
language and thinking about 

266
00:14:55,500 --> 00:14:59,700
meaning, someone reads a gazelle
by hafez and everyone sits with 

267
00:14:59,700 --> 00:15:02,400
it for a moment before, 
discussing the imagery, the 

268
00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:06,300
metaphors and what it suggests 
about love or Divinity or human 

269
00:15:06,300 --> 00:15:09,900
nature conversation meanders 
like a stream following 

270
00:15:09,900 --> 00:15:12,100
interesting tributaries, no 
particular. 

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00:15:12,100 --> 00:15:15,000
Hurry to arrive anywhere in some
Scandinavian. 

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00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:18,300
Countries people practice 
watching the old year out. 

273
00:15:19,100 --> 00:15:22,300
Which involves sitting quietly 
as midnight, approaches often 

274
00:15:22,300 --> 00:15:26,000
looking at windows, at the dark 
sky, thinking about the year 

275
00:15:26,000 --> 00:15:30,700
that ending, There's No Agenda. 
No structured meditation just 

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00:15:30,700 --> 00:15:32,800
permission to sit with your 
thoughts without judgment. 

277
00:15:33,700 --> 00:15:35,500
If you want to cry about losses,
you cry. 

278
00:15:35,500 --> 00:15:39,700
If you want to smile about 
triumphs you smile if you want 

279
00:15:39,700 --> 00:15:42,400
to stare blankly at the middle 
distance, while your mind 

280
00:15:42,400 --> 00:15:44,500
wanders through disconnected 
memories. 

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00:15:44,500 --> 00:15:47,700
That's fine too. 
The point isn't to reach any 

282
00:15:47,700 --> 00:15:50,700
particular, emotional state, but
simply to be present with 

283
00:15:50,700 --> 00:15:54,700
whatever, arises the practice of
writing down regrets or 

284
00:15:54,700 --> 00:15:57,500
disappointments from the past 
year, then burning the paper 

285
00:15:57,500 --> 00:16:00,200
appears in various forms across 
many cultures. 

286
00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:04,300
Some people do this alone, 
sitting at their kitchen tables.

287
00:16:04,300 --> 00:16:05,900
After everyone else has gone to 
bed. 

288
00:16:05,900 --> 00:16:08,200
The writing itself is 
meditative. 

289
00:16:08,200 --> 00:16:11,700
You have to think clearly enough
to articulate what you're 

290
00:16:11,700 --> 00:16:14,200
releasing, which often makes you
realize that some of your 

291
00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:18,400
anxieties are fuzzier than you 
thought, less monster and more 

292
00:16:18,400 --> 00:16:20,800
Shadow. 
Then you like the paper on fire 

293
00:16:20,800 --> 00:16:23,600
Watching Ink and Pulp. 
Transformed into Ash and smoke. 

294
00:16:23,600 --> 00:16:26,400
Watching your words literally 
disappear. 

295
00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:31,200
Symbolic sure. 
But symbols work on our psyches,

296
00:16:31,200 --> 00:16:33,900
whether we believe in them, 
intellectually or not in 

297
00:16:33,900 --> 00:16:35,400
convents and monasteries around 
the world. 

298
00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:38,300
New Year's Eve often involves 
extended prayer vigils, 

299
00:16:38,300 --> 00:16:41,100
participants move through 
different forms of prayer 

300
00:16:41,100 --> 00:16:45,200
recited liturgies silent, 
meditation contemplative reading

301
00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:48,800
and chanting creating a rhythm 
that carries them from one year 

302
00:16:48,800 --> 00:16:51,500
into the next. 
There's something powerful about

303
00:16:51,500 --> 00:16:54,600
marking time through practices 
that humans have performed for 

304
00:16:54,600 --> 00:16:58,500
hundreds or thousands of years 
about connecting your individual

305
00:16:58,500 --> 00:17:01,400
experience. 
To a vast chain of people who 

306
00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:02,800
have performed these same 
actions. 

307
00:17:02,800 --> 00:17:07,099
Spoke in these same words and 
Saturn the same quality of 

308
00:17:07,108 --> 00:17:10,700
Silence humans, have always 
understood that eating is never 

309
00:17:10,700 --> 00:17:14,400
just about nutrition. 
Every shared meal tells a story 

310
00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:18,200
carries meaning and connects 
people to their history and 

311
00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:21,000
their hopes. 
When you combine food with fire 

312
00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:24,800
Humanity's, First Technology, 
our oldest friend and most 

313
00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:29,000
useful servant you create layers
of symbolism deep enough to get 

314
00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:31,500
lost. 
In the Scottish Edition, 

315
00:17:31,500 --> 00:17:35,700
includes making it pint a hot 
drink of Ale whiskey, beaten 

316
00:17:35,700 --> 00:17:40,000
eggs and spices that prepared in
a large pot over a fire and 

317
00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:43,200
shared at midnight, the fires, 
he transforms The Roaring 

318
00:17:43,200 --> 00:17:46,400
ingredients into something 
greater than their son on the 

319
00:17:46,408 --> 00:17:49,500
sharing from a common pot, 
reinforces Community bonds. 

320
00:17:50,300 --> 00:17:53,500
Everyone drinks from the same 
Source literally and 

321
00:17:53,500 --> 00:17:56,300
figuratively. 
The recipe has been passed down 

322
00:17:56,300 --> 00:17:59,900
through generations and people 
argue good, naturedly, about the

323
00:17:59,900 --> 00:18:02,600
proper proportions. 
Whether you should use more 

324
00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:06,000
whisky or less and if the eggs 
should be beaten separately or 

325
00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:09,700
added directly to the pot these 
arguments matter because they're

326
00:18:09,700 --> 00:18:12,300
not really about ingredients. 
There are about maintaining 

327
00:18:12,300 --> 00:18:16,500
connections to ancestors who 
made hot pint the same way in 

328
00:18:16,500 --> 00:18:20,400
the same pots probably having 
the same arguments in Spain and 

329
00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:24,400
several Latin American countries
eating 12 grapes at midnight one

330
00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:27,800
for each time of the clock. 
Supposedly brings good luck for 

331
00:18:27,800 --> 00:18:30,500
each month of the coming year. 
This is harder than it. 

332
00:18:30,500 --> 00:18:33,900
Sounds grapes are slippery. 
You're trying to swallow them 

333
00:18:33,908 --> 00:18:37,100
quickly while the bells are 
ringing and inevitably someone 

334
00:18:37,100 --> 00:18:40,400
starts giggling, which makes 
everyone else laugh and 

335
00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:44,300
accidentally inhaled great bits.
The tradition, possibly 

336
00:18:44,300 --> 00:18:46,700
originated from winegrowers and 
Alicante. 

337
00:18:46,700 --> 00:18:50,800
Who had a surplus harvest in 
1909 and needed Creative 

338
00:18:50,800 --> 00:18:53,600
Marketing. 
Which means this supposedly 

339
00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:57,200
ancient custom is actually about
a century old and based on 

340
00:18:57,208 --> 00:19:00,600
Commercial interests, but that 
doesn't make it less meaningful 

341
00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:03,800
to the millions of people who 
now consider it essential to 

342
00:19:03,800 --> 00:19:07,200
their New Year's celebrations. 
The Southern United States 

343
00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:09,800
tradition of eating black-eyed, 
peas on New, Year's Day for 

344
00:19:09,800 --> 00:19:13,900
Prosperity, greens for money and
cornbread for gold creates a 

345
00:19:13,900 --> 00:19:15,300
meal. 
That's both symbolic and 

346
00:19:15,300 --> 00:19:18,000
delicious. 
The peas are cooked slowly with 

347
00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:21,800
ham hock or salt pork absorbing 
smoke and fought until their 

348
00:19:21,800 --> 00:19:25,400
creamy and savory. 
Collard greens simmer with 

349
00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:28,400
vinegar and pepper until they're
tender, but still have texture. 

350
00:19:28,400 --> 00:19:32,300
Call bread emerges from a cast 
iron skillet with Crispy edges 

351
00:19:32,300 --> 00:19:35,300
and tender. 
He pile these together on your 

352
00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:38,700
plate and whether or not they 
bring actual Prosperity, they 

353
00:19:38,700 --> 00:19:42,800
definitely bring satisfaction 
the tradition possibly stems 

354
00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:45,400
from the Civil War. 
When Union troops raided 

355
00:19:45,400 --> 00:19:48,200
Confederate, Food Supplies, but 
left behind black-eyed peas, 

356
00:19:48,200 --> 00:19:51,500
considering them fit only for 
livestock, which meant 

357
00:19:51,500 --> 00:19:54,200
Southerners had peas to eat. 
When other Foods were scarce, 

358
00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:57,500
eating them on New Year's became
a way to remember that survival 

359
00:19:57,500 --> 00:20:00,500
is its own form of wealth. 
The Dutch tradition of eating 

360
00:20:00,500 --> 00:20:03,500
Olive Bowl in oil balls, which 
are deep fried dough. 

361
00:20:03,500 --> 00:20:05,100
Balls, dusted, with powdered 
sugar. 

362
00:20:05,100 --> 00:20:08,900
On New Year's Eve supposedly 
dates back to Germanic tribes, 

363
00:20:08,900 --> 00:20:11,200
who believed the fat would help 
protect them from The Sword 

364
00:20:11,200 --> 00:20:13,400
strikes of perched. 
Her a goddess who would 

365
00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:17,000
supposedly slice open bellies 
during old to see, if people had

366
00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:19,100
eaten. 
Well, the sword defense theory 

367
00:20:19,100 --> 00:20:23,100
of probably nonsense but only in
a definitely delicious and 

368
00:20:23,100 --> 00:20:26,800
watching them bubble in hot oil,
waiting for them to turn golden 

369
00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:30,000
and burning your mouth because 
you couldn't wait for them to 

370
00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:33,000
cool. 
That's part of the tradition, 

371
00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:35,900
too. 
In Greece, the vasilopita cake 

372
00:20:35,900 --> 00:20:39,200
contains a hidden coin and 
whoever finds it in their slice 

373
00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:41,300
receives special blessings for 
the coming year. 

374
00:20:41,300 --> 00:20:44,400
The cake is cut at midnight with
great ceremony. 

375
00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:48,400
With the First Slice for Christ.
The second for the poor and 

376
00:20:48,400 --> 00:20:52,900
subsequent slices for family 
members by age, his genuine 

377
00:20:52,900 --> 00:20:54,900
suspense. 
As people eat carefully watching

378
00:20:54,900 --> 00:20:58,000
for the glint of the coin, 
trying not to crack their teeth 

379
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:00,100
on it. 
Sometimes the coin goes to 

380
00:21:00,100 --> 00:21:01,700
someone who clearly needs. 
Good fortune. 

381
00:21:01,700 --> 00:21:04,800
And you wonder if the person 
cutting the cake managed that 

382
00:21:04,800 --> 00:21:07,100
through skill or if it really 
was luck. 

383
00:21:07,100 --> 00:21:10,000
Either way, the ritual creates a
moment of shared and 

384
00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:13,200
anticipation, everyone's 
attention focused on the same 

385
00:21:13,200 --> 00:21:17,000
object, the same possibility, 
the Austrian and German 

386
00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:20,000
tradition of black Eastern is 
similar to finish tin casting, 

387
00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:23,800
but uses LED instead or used to 
until they realize lead. 

388
00:21:23,800 --> 00:21:26,100
Poisoning wasn't an ideal way to
start the year. 

389
00:21:26,100 --> 00:21:31,500
So now they use tin or wax 
Principal remains you melt the 

390
00:21:31,500 --> 00:21:35,100
substance, pour it into water 
and interpret the shapes but the

391
00:21:35,100 --> 00:21:36,700
more interesting traditional 
happens. 

392
00:21:36,700 --> 00:21:40,100
Afterward gathering around the 
fire to toast bread on Long 

393
00:21:40,100 --> 00:21:43,700
forks and share stories, while 
eating the toast with butter and

394
00:21:43,700 --> 00:21:47,100
jam, the fire's heat on your 
face, the smell of Browning 

395
00:21:47,100 --> 00:21:50,200
bread, the butter melting into 
still warm toast. 

396
00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:54,100
The sensory experience is 
Anchor, the memory making it 

397
00:21:54,100 --> 00:21:57,700
distinct from every other night 
of the year in Iran. 

398
00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:00,800
Thefts in table prepared. 
For naruse, includes 7 items, 

399
00:22:00,800 --> 00:22:04,700
starting with the Farsi letter. 
S each symbolizing something 

400
00:22:04,700 --> 00:22:09,300
essential, sabse wheat, or 
lentil sprouts for rebirth. 

401
00:22:09,300 --> 00:22:12,500
Samanu. 
Sweet pudding for affluence 

402
00:22:12,500 --> 00:22:16,400
senjed, dried all Easter fruit 
for love. 

403
00:22:17,300 --> 00:22:23,300
Circa vinegar for patients, see 
apple for beauty and health sir 

404
00:22:23,300 --> 00:22:28,100
garlic for medicine and 
protection and somaek sumac for 

405
00:22:28,100 --> 00:22:31,700
Sunrise and New Beginnings. 
Family, spend days preparing 

406
00:22:31,700 --> 00:22:34,300
this table. 
Growing the Sprouts, making the 

407
00:22:34,300 --> 00:22:38,400
pudding and arranging everything
beautifully The table stays 

408
00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:42,900
decorated throughout the 13 days
of nurse, a constant reminder of

409
00:22:42,900 --> 00:22:47,300
what matters when you pass by 
multiple times daily, your eye 

410
00:22:47,300 --> 00:22:49,500
catchers on the green Sprouts, 
or the gleaming apple. 

411
00:22:49,500 --> 00:22:54,100
And you remember rebirth, 
Patients and New Beginnings. 

412
00:22:54,100 --> 00:22:58,000
The Japanese tradition of 
toshikoshi soba year, Crossing 

413
00:22:58,000 --> 00:23:01,700
noodles, eaten on New Year's Eve
carries multiple symbolic 

414
00:23:01,700 --> 00:23:05,300
meanings, the long noodles, 
represent longevity, and letting

415
00:23:05,300 --> 00:23:08,600
go of the past Year's hardships 
since the noodles are easy to 

416
00:23:08,608 --> 00:23:13,000
cut unlike other traditional 
Japanese Foods, they're served 

417
00:23:13,008 --> 00:23:16,000
in hot broth with various 
toppings and you're supposed to 

418
00:23:16,008 --> 00:23:19,000
finish the entire Bowl before, 
midnight to ensure, good luck. 

419
00:23:19,700 --> 00:23:22,500
Slurping is not just permitted, 
but encouraged. 

420
00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:26,400
The sound is considered proof of
appreciation. 

421
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:30,600
The sober must be buckwheat. 
Noodle, specifically, not other 

422
00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:33,800
types, because buckwheat plants 
are resilient and bounce back 

423
00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:35,300
off. 
After storms knock them down, 

424
00:23:35,300 --> 00:23:37,500
which is the kind of 
characteristic. 

425
00:23:37,500 --> 00:23:40,900
Everyone wants to embody in the 
Philippines, round fruits 

426
00:23:40,900 --> 00:23:42,800
dominate. 
New Year's tables because round 

427
00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:45,000
shapes symbolized coins and 
prosperity. 

428
00:23:45,900 --> 00:23:49,200
People display 12, different 
round fruits, one for each 

429
00:23:49,200 --> 00:23:53,800
month, in bowls and on platters 
the fruits range from common to 

430
00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:58,000
Exotic oranges. 
Grapes, watermelons, apples 

431
00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:01,200
pomelos and longans. 
The tradition says, you should 

432
00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:04,100
jump at midnight while holding 
coins and keeping your pockets 

433
00:24:04,100 --> 00:24:06,400
full of change. 
Which sounds exhausting. 

434
00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:09,400
If you've also been eating 
steadily since dinner, but the 

435
00:24:09,400 --> 00:24:13,000
combination of fruit circles and
jumping coins and general 

436
00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:15,700
awareness is meant to attract 
circular money. 

437
00:24:15,700 --> 00:24:19,500
Whether it works financially is 
debatable, but it definitely 

438
00:24:19,500 --> 00:24:21,400
creates a visually striking 
table. 

439
00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:25,300
The Italian tradition of eating 
lentils at midnight supposedly 

440
00:24:25,300 --> 00:24:28,300
brings wealth. 
Because lentils resemble coins, 

441
00:24:28,300 --> 00:24:32,900
small round and plentiful. 
They're cooked slowly until 

442
00:24:32,900 --> 00:24:37,000
tender and served with Cota 
Chino sausage, a rich fatty pork

443
00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:39,900
sausage that has been simmered 
for hours until it's melting Lee

444
00:24:39,900 --> 00:24:41,700
soft. 
You eat them together? 

445
00:24:41,700 --> 00:24:45,600
Just after midnight, sometimes 
Still Standing sometimes at the 

446
00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:49,100
table, depending on the family, 
the lentils are earthy and 

447
00:24:49,100 --> 00:24:52,800
comforting, the sausage is 
decadent and together, they 

448
00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:57,000
ground, you literally heavy 
food, making you feel anchored 

449
00:24:57,000 --> 00:25:00,300
substantial and ready for what 
comes next? 

450
00:25:01,500 --> 00:25:03,300
Fire appears in countless New 
Year. 

451
00:25:03,308 --> 00:25:07,000
Traditions Beyond cooking. 
Bonfires on hillside's candles 

452
00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:09,200
in Windows, torches carry 
through streets. 

453
00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:11,200
And controlled Burns. 
In fields. 

454
00:25:11,200 --> 00:25:15,000
The fire serves multiple 
purposes light against winter 

455
00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:19,300
Darkness, warmth against cold, a
beacon for Community Gathering 

456
00:25:19,300 --> 00:25:22,400
and purification through burning
in Scotland. 

457
00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:25,600
Stonehaven participants swing 
Balls of Fire over their heads. 

458
00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:28,600
While walking through the 
streets wire baskets, packed 

459
00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:32,700
with combustible material, set a
light and World in circles to 

460
00:25:32,700 --> 00:25:35,300
create wheels of flame against 
the dark sky. 

461
00:25:35,300 --> 00:25:38,900
It's spectacular and slightly 
terrifying, which seems 

462
00:25:38,900 --> 00:25:40,900
appropriate for marking a major 
transition. 

463
00:25:41,900 --> 00:25:44,300
The impulse to clean at the 
Year's End, seems nearly 

464
00:25:44,300 --> 00:25:46,600
Universal whether it's washing 
away. 

465
00:25:46,600 --> 00:25:49,600
Bad luck. 
Sweeping out old Spirits, or 

466
00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:52,200
just finally dealing with that 
accumulation of dust in the 

467
00:25:52,208 --> 00:25:54,100
corner. 
You've been ignoring for months.

468
00:25:54,100 --> 00:25:57,600
Cultures everywhere have 
developed a labyrinth cleansing 

469
00:25:57,600 --> 00:26:01,000
rituals for Fresh Starts in 
Chinese tradition cleaning the 

470
00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:03,100
house before the new year is 
mandatory, but comes with 

471
00:26:03,100 --> 00:26:05,900
specific rules. 
He cleaned thoroughly in the 

472
00:26:05,908 --> 00:26:09,200
days, leading up to the holiday,
but on New Year's Day itself, 

473
00:26:09,200 --> 00:26:12,500
you absolutely cannot sweep or 
take out garbage because you 

474
00:26:12,500 --> 00:26:15,500
might sweep away or throw out 
the New Year's good luck. 

475
00:26:15,500 --> 00:26:18,500
This means you have to finish 
all cleaning before the new year

476
00:26:18,500 --> 00:26:22,100
arrives which creates a deadline
that actually motivates people 

477
00:26:22,100 --> 00:26:25,300
to scrub under furniture and 
organized closets. 

478
00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:28,300
They've been meaning to tackle. 
There's all the tradition of 

479
00:26:28,300 --> 00:26:32,300
hanging few characters, Good 
Fortune, symbols upside down 

480
00:26:32,300 --> 00:26:36,200
because the words for upside 
down and arrive are both Dow in 

481
00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:38,900
Chinese. 
So an upside down a few means 

482
00:26:38,900 --> 00:26:42,600
good, fortune, as arrived 
language and visual Puns, merge 

483
00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:46,200
into tradition. 
The Japanese practice of a soji 

484
00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:48,500
or big cleaning happens in late,
December. 

485
00:26:49,200 --> 00:26:52,800
This isn't casual tidying, its 
comprehensive deep cleaning that

486
00:26:52,800 --> 00:26:55,900
involves everyone in the 
household, you clean places. 

487
00:26:55,900 --> 00:27:00,000
You normally ignore behind 
appliances inside cabinets, the 

488
00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:03,500
tops of door frames and window 
tracks, you throw away, broken 

489
00:27:03,500 --> 00:27:06,300
items, organized, paperwork and 
clear out closets. 

490
00:27:06,300 --> 00:27:09,300
The physical act of cleaning 
becomes a meditation on 

491
00:27:09,300 --> 00:27:13,100
impermanence and the 
accumulation of possessions, you

492
00:27:13,100 --> 00:27:16,000
discover your own things, you 
forgot about which raises 

493
00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:18,408
questions about whether you 
actually needed them in the 

494
00:27:18,416 --> 00:27:21,100
first place. 
You're soji culminates with 

495
00:27:21,100 --> 00:27:24,400
decorating the cleaned house 
with cardamom and pine 

496
00:27:24,400 --> 00:27:27,400
arrangements. 
And she men are sacred wrote 

497
00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:30,800
with white paper streamers 
marking the home as purified and

498
00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:35,000
ready for toshigami, the new 
year Day, in Guatemala families,

499
00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:38,700
burn Effigies called annuals 
viejos holding years that 

500
00:27:38,700 --> 00:27:42,600
midnight on December the 31st. 
These are often handmade figures

501
00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:46,100
representing the old year 
sometimes crafted to look like 

502
00:27:46,100 --> 00:27:47,900
dislike politicians or 
celebrities. 

503
00:27:49,100 --> 00:27:53,700
With sawdust and firecrackers. 
The burning is loud, Smoky and 

504
00:27:53,700 --> 00:27:56,400
cathartic watching a 
representation of the years 

505
00:27:56,400 --> 00:27:59,400
frustrations. 
Literally explode is satisfying 

506
00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:02,100
in a visceral way. 
The tradition combines 

507
00:28:02,100 --> 00:28:05,800
indigenous burning rituals with 
Catholic influences and modern 

508
00:28:05,800 --> 00:28:09,200
political commentary, creating 
something that's both ancient. 

509
00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:12,800
And immediate after the burning 
people, sweep up the ashes and 

510
00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:15,300
carry them away. 
Physically removing the old 

511
00:28:15,300 --> 00:28:18,900
years remnants in Denmark 
people, save up old dishes 

512
00:28:18,900 --> 00:28:22,400
throughout the year specifically
to smash them against friends 

513
00:28:22,400 --> 00:28:25,800
doors on New Year's Eve, the 
more broken pottery outside your

514
00:28:25,800 --> 00:28:29,600
door, the more friends you have.
It's a quantifiable measure of 

515
00:28:29,608 --> 00:28:32,100
affectionately expressed through
strategic vandalism. 

516
00:28:32,100 --> 00:28:35,400
You're supposed to feel honored 
when you find ceramic shards on 

517
00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:37,600
your doorstep. 
The next morning, though you all

518
00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:40,700
have to sweep them up, which 
brings us back to cleaning, some

519
00:28:40,700 --> 00:28:43,200
families have passed down the 
same plates for Generations, 

520
00:28:43,200 --> 00:28:46,800
specifically for this purpose. 
Great grandmother's. 

521
00:28:46,800 --> 00:28:49,400
China exists solely to be 
smashed annually at the 

522
00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:52,800
neighbor's house, which is a 
peculiar form of heirloom 

523
00:28:52,800 --> 00:28:56,300
preservation, the Scottish 
tradition of reading or cleaning

524
00:28:56,300 --> 00:28:59,400
the house before. 
Hogmanay includes carrying the 

525
00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:03,200
ashes from the previous year's 
fire outside and scattering them

526
00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:06,100
in the garden before bringing in
the first coal. 

527
00:29:06,100 --> 00:29:09,200
For the New Year's fire, you 
can't bring in new fire before 

528
00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:11,300
removing old Ash, the sequence 
matters. 

529
00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:14,600
This creates a liminal moment 
when there's no fire in the half

530
00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:18,100
at all a brief emptiness before 
the new flame catches. 

531
00:29:18,100 --> 00:29:22,100
The ash goes back to the Earth 
that came from the coal comes in

532
00:29:22,100 --> 00:29:25,400
to warm you for another year and
you've completed a circle 

533
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:29,500
without really thinking about it
in Iran before novruz families, 

534
00:29:29,500 --> 00:29:32,900
practice to Connie. 
Literally shaking the house. 

535
00:29:32,900 --> 00:29:34,700
Which means thorough spring 
cleaning. 

536
00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:39,500
You wash rugs, scrub floors, 
clean windows, until they're 

537
00:29:39,500 --> 00:29:43,500
invisible and are out bedding. 
Everyone participate including 

538
00:29:43,500 --> 00:29:45,900
children who are given age? 
Appropriate tasks. 

539
00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:49,700
The house smells of cleaning, 
solutions, and fresh air and 

540
00:29:49,700 --> 00:29:52,200
once everything Sparkles. 
You buy new clothes for everyone

541
00:29:52,200 --> 00:29:55,500
to wear on New Year's Day, the 
combination of a clean house. 

542
00:29:55,500 --> 00:29:58,400
And new clothes creates a 
feeling of renewal that physical

543
00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:02,900
not just philosophical. 
You actually look and smell 

544
00:30:02,900 --> 00:30:05,500
different which helps you feel 
different. 

545
00:30:07,100 --> 00:30:10,900
Water plays a central role in 
many cleansing traditions in 

546
00:30:10,900 --> 00:30:12,800
Myanmar. 
The thing and Water Festival 

547
00:30:12,800 --> 00:30:15,200
marks the Burmese new year with 
mass water. 

548
00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:19,100
Throwing what began as gentle 
anointment with blessed water, 

549
00:30:19,100 --> 00:30:22,300
has evolved into full-scale 
water Warfare. 

550
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:26,600
With people throwing buckets 
from balconies, spraying hoses, 

551
00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:30,700
from trucks and setting up 
elaborate water cannon stations,

552
00:30:30,700 --> 00:30:34,000
everyone gets completely 
drenched which in the hot season

553
00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:37,300
is actually Pleasant. 
The water symbolically washes 

554
00:30:37,300 --> 00:30:40,900
away the oldest sins and bad 
luck and the sheer volume of 

555
00:30:40,900 --> 00:30:42,800
water. 
Involved means your definitely 

556
00:30:42,800 --> 00:30:46,600
cleaned by the end at least 
temporarily the Jewish practice 

557
00:30:46,600 --> 00:30:50,200
of tasley during Rosh. 
Hashanah involves walking to a 

558
00:30:50,200 --> 00:30:54,200
body of flowing water, a river 
stream, or ocean and 

559
00:30:54,200 --> 00:30:57,600
symbolically casting away your 
sins by throwing breadcrumbs or 

560
00:30:57,600 --> 00:31:00,600
small stones into the water are 
reciting prayers. 

561
00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:04,200
You watch the crumbs float away 
on the current physically, 

562
00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:07,300
releasing your mistakes. 
Different communities have 

563
00:31:07,300 --> 00:31:09,100
different practices about what 
you throw. 

564
00:31:09,100 --> 00:31:13,300
Some say, the bread feeds, the 
fish completing a cycle, while 

565
00:31:13,300 --> 00:31:15,800
others point out that bread 
isn't particularly good for fish

566
00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:19,600
and suggest using bird seed 
instead, which leads to 

567
00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:22,600
theological discussion about 
whether the point is, the 

568
00:31:22,900 --> 00:31:26,700
Symbolism of the ecological 
impact in Korea, the practice of

569
00:31:26,700 --> 00:31:28,500
burning written, wishes or 
worries. 

570
00:31:28,500 --> 00:31:30,900
From the past year creates 
smoke, that carries your 

571
00:31:30,900 --> 00:31:35,100
concerns away. 
You write specific things, not 

572
00:31:35,100 --> 00:31:39,100
vague anxieties but particular 
worries on small pieces of 

573
00:31:39,100 --> 00:31:41,200
paper. 
Then you burn them in a 

574
00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:44,400
controlled fire watching the 
paper black and curl the ink 

575
00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:47,300
disappearing and your 
handwriting turning to Ash. 

576
00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:52,200
Smoke Rises and dissipates and 
your worries rise and dissipate 

577
00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:54,200
with it. 
You know, intellectually that 

578
00:31:54,200 --> 00:31:57,500
burning paper doesn't solve 
actual problems, but the ritual 

579
00:31:57,500 --> 00:32:00,500
provides permission to release 
worry at least temporarily, 

580
00:32:00,500 --> 00:32:04,500
which is his own form of problem
solving in part of South 

581
00:32:04,500 --> 00:32:06,500
America. 
People wear colored underwear on

582
00:32:06,500 --> 00:32:08,500
New Year's Eve, according to 
what they want to attract. 

583
00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:13,700
Yellow for money, read for love,
white for peace and green for 

584
00:32:13,700 --> 00:32:15,500
health. 
You wear the appropriately 

585
00:32:15,500 --> 00:32:18,500
colored underwear all day, and 
especially at midnight, which 

586
00:32:18,500 --> 00:32:21,500
means you've thought about your 
priorities and literally clothed

587
00:32:21,500 --> 00:32:24,800
yourself in your intentions. 
The tradition is both serious 

588
00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:27,700
and playful, people shop 
together for Lucky underwear. 

589
00:32:27,700 --> 00:32:30,400
Comparing shades of yellow and 
debating. 

590
00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:34,000
Whether burgundy counts, as read
the shopping trip, becomes part 

591
00:32:34,000 --> 00:32:36,800
of the ritual, a way of 
articulating hopes, while 

592
00:32:36,800 --> 00:32:38,600
choosing between lace and 
cotton. 

593
00:32:38,600 --> 00:32:43,400
The practice of smudging with 
sage cedar or sweet grass in 

594
00:32:43,400 --> 00:32:47,000
very indigenous North American 
traditions involves burning 

595
00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:52,100
dried plants and using the smoke
to cleanse spaces objects and 

596
00:32:52,100 --> 00:32:56,400
people you'd like the bundle. 
Let it catch them, blow out the 

597
00:32:56,400 --> 00:32:58,800
Flames, so it smolders and 
produces smoke. 

598
00:32:58,800 --> 00:33:02,500
Then you move the smoke around 
with your hand or a feather. 

599
00:33:02,500 --> 00:33:07,200
Directing it into Corners around
doorways and over your own body,

600
00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:12,100
the smoke has a distinct. 
Smell sharp, resinous and green 

601
00:33:12,100 --> 00:33:14,500
even though your burning dried 
plants. 

602
00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:18,400
Different plants, carry 
different purposes, Sage for 

603
00:33:18,400 --> 00:33:22,500
purification Cedar for 
protection and Sweetgrass for 

604
00:33:22,500 --> 00:33:25,200
blessing. 
Smoke is visible evidence of 

605
00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:28,700
cleansing happening. 
Tangible proof of intention made

606
00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:31,100
manifest. 
Once you've cleaned house and 

607
00:33:31,100 --> 00:33:34,000
released the past. 
The question becomes, what do 

608
00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:36,600
you want to invite into the 
emptiness you've created? 

609
00:33:37,500 --> 00:33:40,800
Intention setting takes 
countless forms from private 

610
00:33:40,800 --> 00:33:45,300
promises to public declarations 
from written lists to symbolic 

611
00:33:45,300 --> 00:33:47,600
actions. 
The Western tradition of New 

612
00:33:47,600 --> 00:33:51,200
Year's resolutions has ancient 
Roots took its modern form 

613
00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:54,900
during the early 20th century 
Jim memberships, spike in 

614
00:33:54,900 --> 00:33:59,000
January diet, books, sell 
briskly and self-improvement 

615
00:33:59,000 --> 00:34:02,900
courses, find Eagle audiences. 
The cynical view is that most 

616
00:34:02,900 --> 00:34:06,600
resolutions fail by February, 
which statistics support 

617
00:34:06,600 --> 00:34:10,500
Approximately 80% of 
resolution's, don't make it past

618
00:34:10,500 --> 00:34:13,800
the first month, but perhaps, 
the point isn't success rate, 

619
00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:17,400
but the practice is self the 
willingness to imagine better 

620
00:34:17,400 --> 00:34:19,400
version of ourselves and take 
steps. 

621
00:34:19,400 --> 00:34:24,300
However, faltering toward those 
Visions, in many Latin American 

622
00:34:24,300 --> 00:34:27,600
countries, people write down 
wishes for the new year on small

623
00:34:27,600 --> 00:34:30,199
piece of paper, then tuck them 
into their shoes. 

624
00:34:30,199 --> 00:34:33,400
You wear these wishes as you 
walk into the new year, 

625
00:34:33,400 --> 00:34:36,000
literally stepping into your 
intentions. 

626
00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:39,300
Some people keep the papers in 
their shoes for the entire first

627
00:34:39,300 --> 00:34:43,199
day While others transfer them 
to wallets or Pockets, keeping 

628
00:34:43,199 --> 00:34:47,000
their wishes close, the papers 
gradually wear and fade from 

629
00:34:47,000 --> 00:34:50,000
contact with your life which 
seems metaphorically 

630
00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:52,900
appropriate. 
Your intention should be lived, 

631
00:34:52,900 --> 00:34:56,900
not preserved in pristine 
condition, the Babylonian 

632
00:34:56,900 --> 00:34:59,600
practice during a key to 
involved, making Promises to the

633
00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:02,600
gods and to neighbors, 
particularly about returning 

634
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:04,400
borrowed property and paying 
debts. 

635
00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:08,000
These weren't private vows but 
public declarations made in 

636
00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:11,100
Temple, ceremonies the 
accountability built into the 

637
00:35:11,100 --> 00:35:15,200
practice promising in front of 
your community, probably improve

638
00:35:15,200 --> 00:35:16,800
follow through rates 
considerably. 

639
00:35:16,800 --> 00:35:20,000
It's harder to forget your 
resolution when multiple people 

640
00:35:20,000 --> 00:35:24,000
witnessed you making it and will
definitely ask how it's going in

641
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:25,800
some Buddhist Traditions. 
People are right. 

642
00:35:25,800 --> 00:35:28,600
Intentions for the coming year 
on small wooden tablets called 

643
00:35:28,600 --> 00:35:32,600
EMA, which they hang at. 
Temple's, the tablets accumulate

644
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:35,700
throughout the year. 100 of 
individual wishes hanging 

645
00:35:35,700 --> 00:35:38,400
together success in exams 
health. 

646
00:35:38,400 --> 00:35:42,400
For aging parents courage for 
new Ventures and patience for 

647
00:35:42,400 --> 00:35:46,000
daily frustrations walking 
through a temple, Courtyard and 

648
00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:49,000
seeing all these hopes suspended
on String's Creator, powerful 

649
00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:53,200
sense of shared Humanity, 
Everyone wants similar things, 

650
00:35:53,200 --> 00:35:59,100
love Health purpose, and peace, 
the specifics vary, but the 

651
00:35:59,100 --> 00:36:01,000
underlying desires can connect 
us. 

652
00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:04,000
The practice of creating vision 
boards. 

653
00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:08,600
Collages of images, representing
your goals combines artistic 

654
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:11,300
expression. 
With intention setting, you flip

655
00:36:11,300 --> 00:36:14,500
through magazines looking for 
pictures that resonate, a 

656
00:36:14,500 --> 00:36:18,400
kitchen Garden, a passport stamp
a person meditating, a 

657
00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:22,400
graduation cap, You arrange. 
These images on poster board, 

658
00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:25,300
creating a visual map of your 
aspirations. 

659
00:36:25,300 --> 00:36:27,100
Then you hang the board 
somewhere. 

660
00:36:27,100 --> 00:36:29,700
You'll see it daily. 
The regular visual 

661
00:36:29,700 --> 00:36:32,600
reinforcement, keeps your 
intentions accessible to your 

662
00:36:32,600 --> 00:36:35,300
conscious mind rather than 
letting them drift into 

663
00:36:35,300 --> 00:36:38,200
forgetfulness. 
Some people, swear by vision 

664
00:36:38,200 --> 00:36:41,100
boards, others, find them 
embarrassingly earnest, 

665
00:36:42,300 --> 00:36:45,600
Effectiveness probably depends 
Less on the board itself than on

666
00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:49,600
the clarity of thought required.
To create one in Japan, people 

667
00:36:49,600 --> 00:36:51,900
buy durum, adults, New Year 
markets. 

668
00:36:51,900 --> 00:36:54,800
These are Hollow rounded dolls 
models. 

669
00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:57,000
After body armor, the founder of
Zen Buddhism. 

670
00:36:58,000 --> 00:37:00,100
The dolls come with blank white 
eyes. 

671
00:37:00,100 --> 00:37:03,600
When you buy one, you color in 
one eye while setting a goal for

672
00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:05,800
the year, the doll sits in your 
home. 

673
00:37:05,800 --> 00:37:08,700
It's single. 
I watching you a constant 

674
00:37:08,700 --> 00:37:11,800
reminder of your intention. 
If you achieve your goal by 

675
00:37:11,800 --> 00:37:13,700
years, end you color in the 
second. 

676
00:37:13,700 --> 00:37:17,200
I completing the doll, then you 
return it to the temple to be 

677
00:37:17,200 --> 00:37:19,900
burned in a ceremonial fire 
releasing the commitment. 

678
00:37:20,800 --> 00:37:23,800
If you don't achieve your goal, 
you can keep the one-eyed doll 

679
00:37:23,800 --> 00:37:27,300
or return, it incomplete 
acknowledging that you weren't 

680
00:37:27,300 --> 00:37:30,800
ready or the goal wasn't, right?
The one I dull staring at you 

681
00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:32,800
all year. 
Creates gentle pressure without 

682
00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:36,000
crushing guilt, the practice of 
choosing a word for the year. 

683
00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:37,900
One word that captures your 
intentional. 

684
00:37:37,900 --> 00:37:41,800
Focus has gained popularity as a
less overwhelming alternative to

685
00:37:41,800 --> 00:37:46,500
detail resolutions in lose 20 
pounds, save 5,000 dollars, 

686
00:37:46,500 --> 00:37:50,600
learn Spanish and read 50 books.
You choose something like 

687
00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:53,600
balance or courage, or 
Simplicity. 

688
00:37:53,600 --> 00:37:57,500
The word becomes a lens through 
which you evaluate decisions 

689
00:37:57,500 --> 00:38:00,300
throughout the year. 
When facing a choice, you are. 

690
00:38:00,300 --> 00:38:04,500
Does this align with my word? 
It's simultaneously more 

691
00:38:04,500 --> 00:38:06,600
flexible and more focused than 
traditional. 

692
00:38:06,600 --> 00:38:10,000
Resolution allowing for 
interpretation while maintaining

693
00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:12,300
Direction in some Hindu 
Traditions. 

694
00:38:12,300 --> 00:38:15,600
People visit temples on New Year
to seek blessings for specific 

695
00:38:15,600 --> 00:38:18,600
intentions. 
You bring offerings flowers, 

696
00:38:18,600 --> 00:38:22,200
fruit and incidents and explain 
to the deity, what you hope to 

697
00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:25,400
accomplish some temples have 
priests who bless you and offer 

698
00:38:25,400 --> 00:38:28,200
guidance. 
A practice combines personal 

699
00:38:28,200 --> 00:38:31,300
intention with spiritual 
petition acknowledging that 

700
00:38:31,300 --> 00:38:32,900
while your work towards your 
goals. 

701
00:38:32,900 --> 00:38:37,500
You also recognize forces beyond
your control and ask for divine 

702
00:38:37,500 --> 00:38:42,000
support Practical humility. 
I'll do my part but I could use 

703
00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:45,200
some help from greater Powers, 
the kemetic practice of making 

704
00:38:45,200 --> 00:38:49,000
Oaths to Matt, the goddess of 
Truth and balance involved 

705
00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:51,900
publicly, stating your 
intentions and understanding 

706
00:38:51,900 --> 00:38:55,300
that Mark would weigh your heart
against her feather of Truth in 

707
00:38:55,300 --> 00:38:58,100
the afterlife. 
The severity of that eventual. 

708
00:38:58,100 --> 00:39:01,200
Judgment supposedly encourage 
people to follow through on 

709
00:39:01,200 --> 00:39:04,100
their promises modern 
practitioners of kemetic 

710
00:39:04,100 --> 00:39:06,800
traditions often, right? 
Intentions during the new year 

711
00:39:06,800 --> 00:39:10,500
and place them on all altars 
devoted to May at understanding 

712
00:39:10,500 --> 00:39:12,800
that truth and balance should 
guide their actions. 

713
00:39:13,700 --> 00:39:15,400
Feathering. 
Your heart creates. 

714
00:39:15,400 --> 00:39:18,900
Memorable motivation. 
Letter writing as intention 

715
00:39:18,900 --> 00:39:22,600
setting appears in many cultures
Some people write letters to 

716
00:39:22,600 --> 00:39:25,400
their future. 
Selves describing current hopes 

717
00:39:25,400 --> 00:39:27,600
and sealing them to open in one 
year. 

718
00:39:27,600 --> 00:39:30,900
Reading last year's letter 
becomes part of the next Year's 

719
00:39:30,900 --> 00:39:32,800
ritual. 
You discover. 

720
00:39:32,800 --> 00:39:36,500
Which intention you've forgot 
about entirely Which ones 

721
00:39:36,500 --> 00:39:39,600
evolved into something 
unexpected, which ones you 

722
00:39:39,600 --> 00:39:43,400
achieved without consciously, 
trying the gap between, who you 

723
00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:47,000
thought you'd be, and who you 
actually became holds valuable 

724
00:39:47,000 --> 00:39:49,900
information about the difference
between wishful thinking, and 

725
00:39:49,900 --> 00:39:52,700
genuine aspiration in some 
Caribbean. 

726
00:39:52,700 --> 00:39:56,000
Traditions, people make packets 
of herbs spices and other 

727
00:39:56,000 --> 00:39:58,200
ingredients corresponding to 
their intentions. 

728
00:39:58,200 --> 00:40:02,000
Then bury these packets in their
Gardens or at Crossroads under 

729
00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:03,700
the new moon closest to the New 
Year. 

730
00:40:03,700 --> 00:40:06,300
The packet deteriorates in the 
earth. 

731
00:40:06,300 --> 00:40:10,500
Releasing its contents slowly 
symbolizing, intentions 

732
00:40:10,500 --> 00:40:14,000
gradually manifesting throughout
the year different ingredients 

733
00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:17,500
attract different outcomes. 
Cinnamon for Prosperity basil 

734
00:40:17,500 --> 00:40:19,400
for love and bay leaves for 
Success. 

735
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:23,200
You choose your ingredients. 
Thoughtfully construct, your 

736
00:40:23,200 --> 00:40:27,200
packet with Care, Bear it with 
Sarah money, then trust the 

737
00:40:27,200 --> 00:40:29,300
Earth to do its work while you 
do yours. 

738
00:40:31,100 --> 00:40:34,500
Humans have always looked up at 
critical moments, when the year 

739
00:40:34,500 --> 00:40:39,100
turns we crane our next to watch
fireworks, blue and Fade to 

740
00:40:39,100 --> 00:40:42,500
count stars, and to witness the 
skies response to our 

741
00:40:42,500 --> 00:40:45,300
celebration. 
The practice connects us to our 

742
00:40:45,300 --> 00:40:48,900
astronomical Origins and reminds
us that were part of something, 

743
00:40:48,900 --> 00:40:53,700
vastly larger than our 
individual concerns. the Aurora 

744
00:40:53,700 --> 00:40:56,600
Borealis is influenced Northern 
cultures New Year, traditions 

745
00:40:56,600 --> 00:41:00,400
for Millennia in Scandinavia, 
the dancing lights were 

746
00:41:00,400 --> 00:41:03,000
sometimes interpreted as spirits
of the Dead celebrating 

747
00:41:03,700 --> 00:41:07,100
Sometimes, as reflections of the
Valkyries armor and sometimes as

748
00:41:07,100 --> 00:41:11,000
Bridges Between Worlds, watching
the Aurora on New Year's Eve was

749
00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:12,700
considered particularly 
auspicious. 

750
00:41:13,800 --> 00:41:17,500
You stood in brutal cold, 
looking up at curtains of green 

751
00:41:17,500 --> 00:41:21,300
and purple, light undulating 
across the sky, and felt very 

752
00:41:21,300 --> 00:41:24,900
small in a way, that was somehow
comforting, the light dance, 

753
00:41:24,900 --> 00:41:28,900
regardless of human activity in 
different, your hopes and fears,

754
00:41:28,900 --> 00:41:32,400
just physics and magnetism 
creating Beauty. 

755
00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:37,400
In Polynesian cultures, 
navigation by stars wasn't just 

756
00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:41,300
practical but sacred star 
watches held onward positions. 

757
00:41:41,300 --> 00:41:44,400
Maintaining knowledge of which 
stars appeared when and what 

758
00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:48,300
their positions indicated about 
seasons and Direction's the New 

759
00:41:48,300 --> 00:41:51,300
Year in traditional Hawaiian 
culture coincided with the rise 

760
00:41:51,300 --> 00:41:55,200
of McCallie, the player's star 
cluster signaling. 

761
00:41:55,200 --> 00:41:59,000
The start of the four months, 
makahiki season during makahiki 

762
00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:02,900
war was forbidden. 
Taxes were suspended and people 

763
00:42:02,900 --> 00:42:07,500
celebrated with sports dancing 
and feasting The entire social 

764
00:42:07,500 --> 00:42:10,500
structure shifted based on Stars
appearing in particular 

765
00:42:10,500 --> 00:42:13,500
positions. 
Astronomy, literally governed 

766
00:42:13,500 --> 00:42:17,900
Society meteor showers near New 
Year's, particularly the 

767
00:42:17,900 --> 00:42:20,400
quadrantids which peak in early 
January. 

768
00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:23,400
Give modern, skywatches 
something to search for during 

769
00:42:23,400 --> 00:42:26,400
cold winter nights. 
You find a dark location. 

770
00:42:26,400 --> 00:42:30,200
Away from light pollution, bring
blankets and thermoses of hot 

771
00:42:30,200 --> 00:42:34,400
drinks and lie on your back 
looking up. your eyes adjust to 

772
00:42:34,400 --> 00:42:39,300
Darkness over 20 minutes and 
then you wait meteors appear 

773
00:42:39,300 --> 00:42:43,900
unpredictably, A streaking, your
peripheral vision gone before 

774
00:42:43,900 --> 00:42:46,600
you can properly. 
See it then nothing for 10 

775
00:42:46,600 --> 00:42:48,800
minutes, then three in quick 
succession. 

776
00:42:49,700 --> 00:42:53,600
The Waiting becomes meditative, 
you're not scrolling, not 

777
00:42:53,600 --> 00:42:56,800
multi-tasking, just lying still 
watching for light. 

778
00:42:57,900 --> 00:43:02,400
The Chinese tradition of tianwen
or Celestial patterns involved. 

779
00:43:02,400 --> 00:43:05,800
Careful observation of 
astronomical phenomena and their

780
00:43:05,800 --> 00:43:09,200
interpretation as Omens. 
A particularly bright star might

781
00:43:09,200 --> 00:43:11,100
indicate the birth of a great 
leader. 

782
00:43:11,100 --> 00:43:14,300
A comet could suggest impending 
change. 

783
00:43:15,200 --> 00:43:18,400
Imperial astronomers held 
powerful positions because 

784
00:43:18,400 --> 00:43:20,300
they're reading's influence 
National policy. 

785
00:43:20,300 --> 00:43:22,700
While modern science has 
explained. 

786
00:43:22,700 --> 00:43:25,600
These phenomena in ways that 
remove the supernatural, the 

787
00:43:25,600 --> 00:43:28,400
practice of paying attention to 
the sky remains valuable. 

788
00:43:28,400 --> 00:43:33,400
You notice things How quickly 
clouds move the moon's changing 

789
00:43:33,400 --> 00:43:36,600
position throughout the night 
and which stars are visible in 

790
00:43:36,600 --> 00:43:40,700
different seasons. 
In zoroastrian Tradition, fire, 

791
00:43:40,700 --> 00:43:43,500
temples maintain Eternal Flames 
that should never be 

792
00:43:43,500 --> 00:43:47,100
extinguished on New Year's Eve. 
Families had special wood to 

793
00:43:47,100 --> 00:43:50,200
their home fires and stay awake 
watching Flames while telling 

794
00:43:50,200 --> 00:43:55,500
stories and reading poetry. 
Fire connects Earth to Sky smoke

795
00:43:55,500 --> 00:43:59,400
Rising Sparks, ascending and 
heat radiating upward. 

796
00:43:59,400 --> 00:44:02,900
You feed the fire throughout the
night watching, how different 

797
00:44:02,900 --> 00:44:06,200
Woods burn differently, how 
Flames, find whatever oxygen 

798
00:44:06,200 --> 00:44:09,900
they can and how fire is 
simultaneously destructive and 

799
00:44:09,900 --> 00:44:12,400
life-giving. 
The smoke carries your prayers 

800
00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:15,300
and intention Skyward or at 
least that's the belief. 

801
00:44:16,200 --> 00:44:19,500
Even without Supernatural, 
intercession watching fire 

802
00:44:19,500 --> 00:44:23,200
remains hypnotic the oldest 
television, the practice of 

803
00:44:23,200 --> 00:44:26,500
releasing Skylanders though. 
Now banned in many places due to

804
00:44:26,500 --> 00:44:30,300
fire hazards originated in China
and spread throughout Asia. 

805
00:44:31,400 --> 00:44:35,100
Paper lanterns with small Flames
inside lift on heated, air 

806
00:44:35,100 --> 00:44:39,800
Rising into the night sky, like 
reversed Stars, hundreds or 

807
00:44:39,800 --> 00:44:42,000
thousands, released 
simultaneously, create a 

808
00:44:42,008 --> 00:44:46,300
stunning sight, an artificial 
constellation ascending each 

809
00:44:46,300 --> 00:44:50,400
light representing someone's 
wish or prayer from the ground. 

810
00:44:50,400 --> 00:44:53,800
You watch your Lantern, join 
others, become indistinguishable

811
00:44:53,800 --> 00:44:56,600
and become part of a collective 
illumination. 

812
00:44:56,600 --> 00:45:00,000
Then the Flames burn out and the
lanterns drift back to Earth 

813
00:45:00,000 --> 00:45:04,000
which poses obvious problems. 
But created Beautiful Moments, 

814
00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:08,000
while Aloft in parts of Mexico, 
people practice the tradition of

815
00:45:08,000 --> 00:45:10,600
last. 
Do you use at midnight but do so

816
00:45:10,600 --> 00:45:14,500
outside looking at the sky 
between greats The logic is that

817
00:45:14,500 --> 00:45:18,100
wishes made under Open Sky have 
clearer paths to whatever forces

818
00:45:18,100 --> 00:45:20,600
grant wishes. 
This probably doesn't work 

819
00:45:20,600 --> 00:45:23,800
mechanically but eating grapes 
while looking at stars. 

820
00:45:23,800 --> 00:45:26,200
Does create a memorable sensory 
combination? 

821
00:45:27,000 --> 00:45:31,000
The sweet burst of fruit, the 
cold air on your face and the 

822
00:45:31,000 --> 00:45:34,000
vast Darkness above sprinkled 
with Ancient Light. 

823
00:45:34,000 --> 00:45:38,800
The Maori tradition of star 
observation called Wet, 2 tide 

824
00:45:38,800 --> 00:45:41,800
navigation, Agriculture, and 
spiritual practice together. 

825
00:45:42,800 --> 00:45:45,600
Different star clusters 
signified, different seasons and

826
00:45:45,600 --> 00:45:49,800
activities, matariki the Maori 
new year, celebrated, when the 

827
00:45:49,800 --> 00:45:52,500
player dies rise involves 
Gathering Before. 

828
00:45:52,500 --> 00:45:56,400
Dawn to watch the stars appear, 
the number of stars, visible 

829
00:45:56,400 --> 00:45:59,100
indicates, whether the coming 
year will be abundant or 

830
00:45:59,100 --> 00:46:03,300
challenging more stars, mean 
better harvests Modern 

831
00:46:03,300 --> 00:46:06,800
celebrations include staying up 
all night or Rising Before Dawn 

832
00:46:06,800 --> 00:46:10,000
to witness the rising connecting
contemporary Maori with 

833
00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:12,900
ancestral practices through the 
same Stars, their great 

834
00:46:12,900 --> 00:46:16,800
grandparents watched Planetarium
sometimes, often New Year's Eve 

835
00:46:16,800 --> 00:46:19,600
shows that take viewers on 
Journeys through space and time 

836
00:46:19,600 --> 00:46:22,700
showing what the sky looked 
like, thousands of years ago. 

837
00:46:22,700 --> 00:46:25,300
And what it will look like 
thousands of years. 

838
00:46:25,300 --> 00:46:29,000
Hence, you sit and reclining 
seats in a dark Dome, while 

839
00:46:29,000 --> 00:46:33,500
Stars wheel overhead planets, 
travel their orbits and galaxies

840
00:46:33,500 --> 00:46:35,700
spin. 
It's humbling and oddly 

841
00:46:35,700 --> 00:46:38,400
liberating. 
Your individual concerns seem 

842
00:46:38,400 --> 00:46:40,700
less pressing when you are 
watching the Andromeda galaxy 

843
00:46:40,700 --> 00:46:44,400
approach the Milky Way over the 
next several billion years, the 

844
00:46:44,400 --> 00:46:46,800
time scales involved. 
Make human calendar appear 

845
00:46:46,800 --> 00:46:50,200
arbitrary, which they are, but 
no less meaningful for Being 

846
00:46:50,200 --> 00:46:53,100
Human inventions. 
Some people practice Earth 

847
00:46:53,100 --> 00:46:56,800
gazing, and stead of Sky gazing 
on their backs and imagining 

848
00:46:56,800 --> 00:46:58,700
their looking down at the Earth 
from space. 

849
00:46:58,700 --> 00:47:03,100
Instead of up at the sky, this 
perspective shift understanding 

850
00:47:03,100 --> 00:47:06,600
that you're on a planet 
suspended in space held to the 

851
00:47:06,608 --> 00:47:09,600
surface by gravity, rather than 
City on stationary. 

852
00:47:09,600 --> 00:47:13,300
Ground beneath the distance guy 
can produce a disorienting 

853
00:47:13,300 --> 00:47:17,500
exhilaration, You feel the Earth
moving Beneath You rotating or 

854
00:47:17,500 --> 00:47:20,300
boating and moving through the 
galaxy is the Galaxy moves 

855
00:47:20,300 --> 00:47:23,700
through space. 
It's all emotional and spin your

856
00:47:23,700 --> 00:47:25,800
part of. 
It have always been part of it. 

857
00:47:26,500 --> 00:47:29,100
Clinging to this rock. 
Hurtling through Darkness 

858
00:47:29,100 --> 00:47:32,700
midnight arrives, whether you're
watching or not but there's 

859
00:47:32,700 --> 00:47:34,900
something powerful about 
deliberately witnessing the 

860
00:47:34,900 --> 00:47:38,600
transition different cultures. 
Mark this moment in ways ranging

861
00:47:38,600 --> 00:47:42,300
from reverent to raucous, but 
all recognize that the incident 

862
00:47:42,300 --> 00:47:46,100
of change deserves attention in 
Times Square, approximately 1 

863
00:47:46,100 --> 00:47:47,700
million. 
People gathered to watch a 

864
00:47:47,700 --> 00:47:51,200
Waterford crystal ball drop 
precisely at midnight, A 

865
00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:53,600
tradition that began in 1907 
though. 

866
00:47:53,600 --> 00:47:58,100
The current LED lit sphere with 
32,000 colors wasn't introduced 

867
00:47:58,100 --> 00:48:01,400
until 2008. 
The countdown is broadcast 

868
00:48:01,400 --> 00:48:04,500
globally and people in living 
rooms and bars worldwide 

869
00:48:04,500 --> 00:48:11,000
countdown together. 10 9 8. 
The synchronization creates 

870
00:48:11,000 --> 00:48:14,900
temporary Unity among people who
agree on nothing else for 60 

871
00:48:14,900 --> 00:48:17,800
seconds, everyone's counting the
same numbers toward the same 

872
00:48:17,800 --> 00:48:20,900
moment in Greece. 
The moment of midnight, involves

873
00:48:20,900 --> 00:48:24,700
card games, Families, play games
of charms, believe in that 

874
00:48:24,700 --> 00:48:27,700
winning at midnight predicts. 
Good luck for the year, The 

875
00:48:27,700 --> 00:48:32,800
Game's are often simple War, 
high card, dice rolls with small

876
00:48:32,800 --> 00:48:34,800
Stakes. 
Children. 

877
00:48:34,800 --> 00:48:37,600
Stay up to participate learning 
that sometimes you win, 

878
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:41,500
sometimes you lose and neither 
outcome defines you permanently 

879
00:48:41,500 --> 00:48:44,500
the next hand. 
The next year offers fresh 

880
00:48:44,500 --> 00:48:47,500
possibilities. 
In Brazil, the first moments of 

881
00:48:47,508 --> 00:48:50,500
the New Year involve running 
into the ocean preferably 

882
00:48:50,500 --> 00:48:54,500
jumping over seven waves while 
making wishes Beach communities.

883
00:48:54,500 --> 00:48:57,500
Like Rio de Janeiro become 
masses of people dressed in 

884
00:48:57,500 --> 00:48:59,500
white running into the water 
together. 

885
00:49:00,400 --> 00:49:04,500
The waves are cold shock salt, 
spray and tidal power nature, 

886
00:49:04,500 --> 00:49:07,500
indifferent to human 
celebrations, but providing a 

887
00:49:07,500 --> 00:49:10,400
stage for the many way 7 waves 
because seven is lucky. 

888
00:49:10,400 --> 00:49:13,400
There are seven days in the 
week, seven colors in the 

889
00:49:13,408 --> 00:49:18,000
rainbow and 7 musical notes. 
The number accumulates, meaning 

890
00:49:18,000 --> 00:49:21,300
through repetition, the Scottish
tradition of first footing 

891
00:49:21,300 --> 00:49:24,000
requires the first person to 
enter your home after midnight 

892
00:49:24,000 --> 00:49:26,400
to be a dark-haired male bearing
gifts. 

893
00:49:27,200 --> 00:49:30,600
In areas where most people 
Affairs, this creates logistical

894
00:49:30,600 --> 00:49:33,800
challenges some families 
arranged, first Footers in 

895
00:49:33,800 --> 00:49:36,800
advance, others, leave their 
doors unlocked, and hope 

896
00:49:36,800 --> 00:49:38,300
appropriate strangers. 
Arrived. 

897
00:49:39,100 --> 00:49:42,000
The gifts are specific coal for 
warmth. 

898
00:49:42,700 --> 00:49:47,100
Salt for flavor, shortbread, for
food, and whiskey, for cheer, 

899
00:49:47,100 --> 00:49:50,400
the first footer, shouldn't 
arrive empty-handed, shouldn't 

900
00:49:50,400 --> 00:49:53,300
speak before, delivering the 
gifts, and should only enter 

901
00:49:53,300 --> 00:49:55,000
through the front door. 
The same door. 

902
00:49:55,000 --> 00:49:58,300
They'll exit from not Crossing 
through the house, which might 

903
00:49:58,300 --> 00:50:00,600
bring bad luck in the 
Philippines. 

904
00:50:00,600 --> 00:50:03,200
Families, believe that, jumping 
at midnight makes children grow 

905
00:50:03,200 --> 00:50:06,100
taller. 
Every child jumps as high as 

906
00:50:06,100 --> 00:50:10,000
possible precisely at 12 which 
creates hilarious videos and 

907
00:50:10,000 --> 00:50:13,200
slightly chaotic moments as 
everyone leaps simultaneously. 

908
00:50:13,200 --> 00:50:16,500
The physics don't support the 
growth claim but the collective 

909
00:50:16,500 --> 00:50:19,800
jumping creates joy and memory 
which might be the actual point.

910
00:50:20,600 --> 00:50:24,100
You jump you laugh and you land 
in the new year or already 

911
00:50:24,100 --> 00:50:27,500
Smiley in Denmark. 
People stand on chairs and jump 

912
00:50:27,500 --> 00:50:30,500
off them at midnight. 
Literally leaping into the new 

913
00:50:30,500 --> 00:50:32,900
year. 
This combines the jumping 

914
00:50:32,900 --> 00:50:35,800
impulse from the Philippines 
with Furniture, which adds an 

915
00:50:35,800 --> 00:50:39,100
element of Adventure. 
You stand on a chair countdown, 

916
00:50:39,100 --> 00:50:42,500
and jump into the year ahead, to
small action, with clear, 

917
00:50:42,500 --> 00:50:46,000
symbolism leaving the old year, 
behind taking a leap and 

918
00:50:46,000 --> 00:50:49,800
trusting your land safely in 
some native American traditions,

919
00:50:49,800 --> 00:50:52,400
the first Sunrise of the new 
year called for ceremony. 

920
00:50:53,000 --> 00:50:56,500
You wake Before Dawn, prepare 
yourself through prayer or 

921
00:50:56,500 --> 00:51:00,600
meditation. 
Then faced East and wait, the 

922
00:51:00,600 --> 00:51:03,000
sky. 
Gradually lightens black to deep

923
00:51:03,000 --> 00:51:05,400
blue to pale blue, to Pink to 
gold. 

924
00:51:05,400 --> 00:51:09,400
And then the Sun appears a 
sliver of fierce light, that 

925
00:51:09,400 --> 00:51:12,700
grows until you have to look 
away that first light touches 

926
00:51:12,700 --> 00:51:14,800
your face. 
And you've witnessed The Years 

927
00:51:14,800 --> 00:51:18,600
first sunrise and participated 
in the Cycles, continuation. 

928
00:51:19,500 --> 00:51:22,300
Each Sunrise is technically the 
same as the previous one. 

929
00:51:22,300 --> 00:51:26,200
But this one, you've marked a 
special through attention in 

930
00:51:26,200 --> 00:51:28,000
Japan. 
The first shrine visit of the 

931
00:51:28,000 --> 00:51:31,600
year called hatsumode typically 
happens in the first three days 

932
00:51:31,600 --> 00:51:34,500
of January. 
Shrines become crowded with 

933
00:51:34,500 --> 00:51:38,200
people waiting in long lines to 
Pray by Lucky Charms and 

934
00:51:38,200 --> 00:51:41,000
received blessings. 
The waiting is part of the 

935
00:51:41,000 --> 00:51:44,300
experience standing in a cube 
with strangers who are all there

936
00:51:44,300 --> 00:51:46,500
for the same purpose, creates 
temporary Community. 

937
00:51:46,500 --> 00:51:50,100
You might chat with the people 
around you or you might stand in

938
00:51:50,100 --> 00:51:53,000
companionable silence, but 
you're together in intention. 

939
00:51:53,800 --> 00:51:56,600
When you finally reach the 
shrine, he throw a coin in the 

940
00:51:56,600 --> 00:52:00,900
offering box. 
Bow twice, clap twice, bow once 

941
00:52:00,900 --> 00:52:05,200
more, and say a prayer, the 
rituals Precision is comforting,

942
00:52:05,200 --> 00:52:08,400
you know exactly what to do. 
And have seen countless others 

943
00:52:08,400 --> 00:52:11,500
do the same. 
In Spain's, Basque region, 

944
00:52:11,500 --> 00:52:15,400
people dress as the mythological
character olentzero. 

945
00:52:16,000 --> 00:52:20,100
Charcoal maker who brings gifts 
on New Year's groups of Valencia

946
00:52:20,100 --> 00:52:23,200
Oak Parade through streets, 
singing traditional songs and 

947
00:52:23,200 --> 00:52:26,900
carrying staffs the character 
represents the old year, 

948
00:52:26,900 --> 00:52:30,500
departing rural tradition 
continuing, despite urbanization

949
00:52:30,500 --> 00:52:34,600
and connection to the land. 
Even in cities children, watch 

950
00:52:34,600 --> 00:52:37,600
these parades learning stories. 
Their grandparents knew, 

951
00:52:37,600 --> 00:52:41,500
maintaining cultural memory 
through costume and song the 

952
00:52:41,500 --> 00:52:44,200
practice of kissing. 
Someone at midnight, supposedly 

953
00:52:44,200 --> 00:52:46,700
comes from English. 
And German folklore suggesting 

954
00:52:46,700 --> 00:52:49,900
that the first person you 
encounter in the New Year sets, 

955
00:52:49,900 --> 00:52:53,600
the year's tone, a kiss was 
meant to purify and strength, 

956
00:52:53,600 --> 00:52:56,300
and bonds. 
Now it's become an expectation 

957
00:52:56,300 --> 00:52:59,500
in many Western cultures. 
Sometimes creating pressure to 

958
00:52:59,500 --> 00:53:02,900
have someone to kiss at midnight
as though, your romantic status,

959
00:53:02,900 --> 00:53:06,400
determines your years quality. 
But a kiss between people who 

960
00:53:06,400 --> 00:53:09,800
genuinely care for each other 
chosen freely, rather than 

961
00:53:09,800 --> 00:53:13,300
performed out of obligation can 
be a lovely way to begin a year.

962
00:53:14,300 --> 00:53:19,300
Connection affection and warmth,
against winter cold, in some 

963
00:53:19,300 --> 00:53:22,600
cultures, the first word spoken 
in the New Year matter. 

964
00:53:23,400 --> 00:53:27,600
You choose them carefully. 
A blessing, a wish, a hope. 

965
00:53:28,300 --> 00:53:31,900
Some people remain silent until 
they formulated exactly what 

966
00:53:31,900 --> 00:53:34,400
they want. 
Their first words to be others, 

967
00:53:34,400 --> 00:53:37,900
shout joyfully claiming the year
with exuberance, the choice 

968
00:53:37,900 --> 00:53:41,100
reflects personality, some of us
are thoughtful, some 

969
00:53:41,100 --> 00:53:45,100
spontaneous, some quiet and some
loud, the year accommodates. 

970
00:53:45,100 --> 00:53:49,400
All of us after the celebration 
comes the morning while some 

971
00:53:49,400 --> 00:53:52,500
people wait with regret and 
headaches, many cultures of 

972
00:53:52,500 --> 00:53:54,800
traditions that make New Year's 
Day itself. 

973
00:53:54,800 --> 00:53:59,100
Meaningful quiet and A Gentle 
Beginning rather than allowed 

974
00:53:59,100 --> 00:54:02,700
continuation in Japan. 
New Year's Day morning, involves

975
00:54:02,700 --> 00:54:06,600
special breakfast foods called a
secure Ori elaborately prepared 

976
00:54:06,600 --> 00:54:08,900
dishes packed in beautiful, 
lacquer boxes. 

977
00:54:08,900 --> 00:54:12,600
Each dish has symbolic. 
Meaning black soybeans for 

978
00:54:12,600 --> 00:54:15,600
health Herring, Roe for 
fertility and sweet. 

979
00:54:15,600 --> 00:54:18,700
Rolled on the scholarship. 
The foods were traditionally 

980
00:54:18,700 --> 00:54:21,000
prepared in advance. 
So women wouldn't have to cook 

981
00:54:21,000 --> 00:54:23,800
during the first days of the 
year giving everyone rest. 

982
00:54:24,700 --> 00:54:27,600
Families eat together slowly 
discussing the past year and 

983
00:54:27,600 --> 00:54:30,400
hopes for the coming. 
One, the meal isn't rushed. 

984
00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:34,000
There's no way to go. 
Nothing that can't wait in the 

985
00:54:34,008 --> 00:54:36,500
Southern United States. 
New Year's Day, often means 

986
00:54:36,500 --> 00:54:38,900
staying home in comfortable 
clothes and cooking that 

987
00:54:38,900 --> 00:54:42,100
traditional meal of black eyed, 
peas, collard greens and 

988
00:54:42,108 --> 00:54:45,700
cornbread house smells of 
simmering greens and baking 

989
00:54:45,700 --> 00:54:47,900
bread. 
Someone might have a football 

990
00:54:47,900 --> 00:54:50,900
game playing on television 
volume low, just Pleasant 

991
00:54:50,900 --> 00:54:53,600
background noise. 
The meal simmers for hours 

992
00:54:53,600 --> 00:54:57,500
flavors deepening while family 
members drift in and out of the 

993
00:54:57,508 --> 00:55:01,700
kitchen, sampling, adding 
seasonings and telling stories 

994
00:55:01,700 --> 00:55:05,300
about previous New Year's. 
The Dutch practice of new jars. 

995
00:55:05,300 --> 00:55:09,000
Dark involves jumping into cold 
ocean water on Years Day, which 

996
00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:11,500
sounds terrible, but apparently 
attracts thousands of 

997
00:55:11,500 --> 00:55:15,100
participants annually. 
You change into your swimsuit in

998
00:55:15,100 --> 00:55:19,300
freezing temperatures, run, 
screaming into icy water, splash

999
00:55:19,300 --> 00:55:23,000
around briefly, then run back 
out and wrap yourself in towels 

1000
00:55:23,000 --> 00:55:28,100
while laughing uncontrollably. 
The shock of cold water creates 

1001
00:55:28,100 --> 00:55:31,000
an endorphin rush. 
You feel intensely alive. 

1002
00:55:31,000 --> 00:55:34,400
Every nerve alert absolutely 
present in your body. 

1003
00:55:34,400 --> 00:55:38,300
Then you drink hot chocolate and
warm up slowly feeling 

1004
00:55:38,300 --> 00:55:40,500
Victorious for reasons. 
You can't quite articulate. 

1005
00:55:42,300 --> 00:55:45,900
In many cultures New Year's Day,
is for visiting. 

1006
00:55:45,900 --> 00:55:48,300
You go to relatives and Friends 
homes. 

1007
00:55:48,300 --> 00:55:51,000
Bringing small gifts, staying 
for tea or coffee and 

1008
00:55:51,000 --> 00:55:55,100
conversation, the visiting 
follows patterns, oldest 

1009
00:55:55,100 --> 00:55:58,000
relatives first. 
Then working down through family

1010
00:55:58,000 --> 00:56:02,200
relationships, then friends some
households receive dozens of 

1011
00:56:02,200 --> 00:56:05,700
visitors throughout the day. 
The constant flow of people 

1012
00:56:05,700 --> 00:56:09,100
creates warmth and noise, 
reaffirms connections and 

1013
00:56:09,100 --> 00:56:12,600
reminds you that you're part of 
multiple interlocking Circles of

1014
00:56:12,600 --> 00:56:16,400
Care in Turkey, New Year's Day 
includes the practice of 

1015
00:56:16,400 --> 00:56:20,700
nasilsin visits where children 
go door-to-door asking, adults, 

1016
00:56:20,700 --> 00:56:24,500
how are you in exchange for 
small amounts of money or 

1017
00:56:24,500 --> 00:56:26,400
sweets? 
It teaches children to 

1018
00:56:26,400 --> 00:56:29,900
acknowledge Elders, creates 
intergenerational interaction, 

1019
00:56:29,900 --> 00:56:33,300
and gives adults an opportunity 
to see which children in the 

1020
00:56:33,300 --> 00:56:35,200
neighborhood are growing up into
polite young. 

1021
00:56:35,200 --> 00:56:38,700
People the children, accumulate 
modest amounts of money that 

1022
00:56:38,700 --> 00:56:42,100
feel like fortunes and the 
adults get to participate in 

1023
00:56:42,100 --> 00:56:43,800
Tradition and Community 
maintenance. 

1024
00:56:44,900 --> 00:56:47,700
For people who celebrated two 
enthusiastically the night 

1025
00:56:47,700 --> 00:56:51,600
before New Year's Day is for 
Recovery different cultures, 

1026
00:56:51,600 --> 00:56:54,500
have different hangover, cures 
manudo in Mexico. 

1027
00:56:54,500 --> 00:56:58,100
A spicy trite, soup. 
That supposedly restores balance

1028
00:56:58,100 --> 00:57:00,900
Prairie, oyster in the 
English-speaking World. 

1029
00:57:00,900 --> 00:57:04,400
A raw egg and a glass with 
Worcestershire sauce and hot 

1030
00:57:04,400 --> 00:57:08,300
sauce that seems designed to 
punish bad decisions and pickled

1031
00:57:08,300 --> 00:57:11,400
herring in Germany and Poland, 
the salt and vinegar cutting 

1032
00:57:11,400 --> 00:57:14,200
through woozie's. 
Whether these work medicinally 

1033
00:57:14,200 --> 00:57:16,800
or just distract you from your 
headache, with intense flavors 

1034
00:57:16,800 --> 00:57:20,100
is unclear. 
But the ritual of cure seeking 

1035
00:57:20,100 --> 00:57:23,000
creates structure for an 
otherwise, shapeless day, the 

1036
00:57:23,000 --> 00:57:25,800
Quaker, practice of spending New
Year's Day and Silent 

1037
00:57:25,800 --> 00:57:28,300
reflection. 
Possibly attending meeting for 

1038
00:57:28,300 --> 00:57:31,100
worship offers a dramatically 
different approach. 

1039
00:57:31,900 --> 00:57:36,300
You awake naturally without 
alarm, you sit in silence, maybe

1040
00:57:36,300 --> 00:57:40,000
at home, maybe at a meeting you.
Let your mind wander through the

1041
00:57:40,000 --> 00:57:43,200
past year without forcing it, 
into analytical categories, 

1042
00:57:43,200 --> 00:57:46,200
memories, arise and pass like 
clouds. 

1043
00:57:46,200 --> 00:57:51,100
You don't judge them as good or 
bad, just notice them ours. 

1044
00:57:51,100 --> 00:57:54,300
Pass this way. 
When you finally speak or move 

1045
00:57:54,300 --> 00:57:57,500
the words and actions feel 
considered an intentional 

1046
00:57:57,500 --> 00:58:01,800
arising from Stillness, rather 
than reacting in Iran. 

1047
00:58:01,800 --> 00:58:04,600
The 13 days of no, rules are for
visiting feasting and 

1048
00:58:04,600 --> 00:58:07,300
celebrating. 
But the 13th day specifically, 

1049
00:58:07,300 --> 00:58:10,800
as for getting out of the house,
people pick Nick Outdoors, 

1050
00:58:10,800 --> 00:58:13,800
seeking nature, fresh air and 
open space. 

1051
00:58:13,800 --> 00:58:17,200
The Customs supposedly helps 
avoid bad luck. 

1052
00:58:18,000 --> 00:58:19,900
But practically it gets everyone
outside. 

1053
00:58:19,900 --> 00:58:23,700
After nearly two weeks of heavy,
eating and endorsed socializing 

1054
00:58:24,500 --> 00:58:28,800
He spread blankets in Parks, 
bring food play games, and 

1055
00:58:28,800 --> 00:58:31,400
breathe deeply. 
The grass smells like the 

1056
00:58:31,400 --> 00:58:33,500
beginning of Spring. 
Even if the calendar says 

1057
00:58:33,500 --> 00:58:36,900
otherwise, the practice of 
taking a New Year's Day, walk 

1058
00:58:36,900 --> 00:58:40,600
appears in many cultures you 
bundle up and go outside walking

1059
00:58:40,600 --> 00:58:42,800
familiar routes or exploring new
ones. 

1060
00:58:42,800 --> 00:58:46,500
The world looks different on 
this particular day, even though

1061
00:58:46,500 --> 00:58:50,800
nothing has actually changed. 
Same trees, same buildings, same

1062
00:58:50,800 --> 00:58:53,200
streets. 
But you're paying attention 

1063
00:58:53,200 --> 00:58:57,300
differently, noticing details, 
you usually overlooked the way 

1064
00:58:57,308 --> 00:58:59,400
Frost patterns on Windows catch 
light. 

1065
00:59:00,300 --> 00:59:02,900
How Shadows Fall at this 
particular time of year. 

1066
00:59:03,600 --> 00:59:06,300
The specific quality of winter 
afternoon sun. 

1067
00:59:07,100 --> 00:59:10,900
Some people spend New Year's Day
organizing taking seriously that

1068
00:59:10,900 --> 00:59:14,600
impulse to start fresh. 
They clean out closets file. 

1069
00:59:14,600 --> 00:59:19,000
Paperwork organized digital 
photos and answer old emails. 

1070
00:59:20,000 --> 00:59:23,800
The productivity feels virtuous 
after a day of Celebration and 

1071
00:59:23,800 --> 00:59:26,500
this satisfaction and creating 
order and seeing physical 

1072
00:59:26,500 --> 00:59:29,400
results of your effort. 
Drawers, that closed properly 

1073
00:59:29,400 --> 00:59:33,500
now desktops physical and 
digital that display only 

1074
00:59:33,500 --> 00:59:38,000
relevant items space, where 
clutter used to live For some 

1075
00:59:38,000 --> 00:59:41,000
New Year's Day is for doing, 
absolutely nothing. 

1076
00:59:41,000 --> 00:59:44,500
You wake late, stay 
uncomfortable, clothes, read 

1077
00:59:44,500 --> 00:59:46,600
without purpose and napped 
without guilt. 

1078
00:59:47,300 --> 00:59:51,300
The day stretches out with no 
obligations no schedule and no 

1079
00:59:51,300 --> 00:59:54,400
demands. 
This luxury of unstructured time

1080
00:59:54,400 --> 00:59:57,700
is rare enough to feel special. 
You don't have to optimize the 

1081
00:59:57,700 --> 01:00:01,000
day or make it meaningful it can
just be a day of rest Breathing 

1082
01:00:01,000 --> 01:00:04,300
Room between the old year and 
the years coming demands the 

1083
01:00:04,300 --> 01:00:06,700
afternoon light on New Year's 
Day has a particular quality. 

1084
01:00:07,700 --> 01:00:11,200
Winter sun slanting through 
Windows creating Long Shadows 

1085
01:00:11,200 --> 01:00:14,100
Illuminating dust. 
Motes floating in the air. 

1086
01:00:14,100 --> 01:00:18,200
You sit in a patch of warmth, 
maybe with tea, or coffee, maybe

1087
01:00:18,200 --> 01:00:22,900
with a book, maybe with nothing 
at all. the year ahead contains 

1088
01:00:22,900 --> 01:00:28,600
unknowns possibilities potential
difficulties and Joyce, but 

1089
01:00:28,600 --> 01:00:31,800
right now, in this moment, the 
sunlight and warmth and quiet, 

1090
01:00:31,800 --> 01:00:38,100
and that's enough to begin with 
Imagine waking up on a Tuesday 

1091
01:00:38,100 --> 01:00:42,500
Morning in 1963 somewhere in a 
modest semi-detached house and 

1092
01:00:42,500 --> 01:00:46,300
Suburban Manchester or 
Birmingham or any other dozen 

1093
01:00:46,300 --> 01:00:50,300
similar cities across Britain. 
the alarm clock one of those 

1094
01:00:50,300 --> 01:00:54,200
wind up affairs with a twin 
bells on top rattles his life at

1095
01:00:54,200 --> 01:00:56,800
half past six and you Shuffle to
the bathroom in slippers that 

1096
01:00:56,808 --> 01:01:00,300
have seen better days the 
Britain outside your window is a

1097
01:01:00,300 --> 01:01:04,100
curious hybrid of old and new 
Some homes on your street still 

1098
01:01:04,100 --> 01:01:07,200
have outside. 
Toilets relics of Victorian 

1099
01:01:07,200 --> 01:01:10,300
construction that nobody's 
gotten around to modernizing? 

1100
01:01:11,900 --> 01:01:14,700
But there's all a television 
aerial sprouting from nearly 

1101
01:01:14,700 --> 01:01:18,000
every roof top and if you listen
carefully you can hear the 

1102
01:01:18,000 --> 01:01:19,700
distant Rumble of morning 
traffic. 

1103
01:01:19,700 --> 01:01:21,700
That's beginning to clogged 
roads. 

1104
01:01:21,700 --> 01:01:25,200
Never designed for this many 
vehicles for detective. 

1105
01:01:25,200 --> 01:01:27,800
Inspector Thomas Henley. 
Let's call him Tom because 

1106
01:01:27,800 --> 01:01:31,500
everyone at the station does 
This particular Tuesday begins 

1107
01:01:31,500 --> 01:01:34,500
like most others. 
He shaves with a safety razor 

1108
01:01:34,500 --> 01:01:37,500
over a porcelain sink. 
The mirror still foggy from The 

1109
01:01:37,500 --> 01:01:39,800
Limited hot water. 
His immersion heater provides 

1110
01:01:41,200 --> 01:01:44,300
His wife has already been up for
an hour preparing breakfast, in 

1111
01:01:44,300 --> 01:01:48,000
a kitchen, where a new electric 
kettle, sits proudly next to the

1112
01:01:48,000 --> 01:01:51,000
old stove, top one, she can't 
quite bring herself to discard 

1113
01:01:51,000 --> 01:01:54,500
the smell of toast and marmalade
drifts up the stairs. 

1114
01:01:54,500 --> 01:01:58,400
This is the Britain of hearty 
breakfasts, where a proper meal 

1115
01:01:58,400 --> 01:02:02,900
means fried eggs, bacon grilled 
tomatoes and toast soldiers. 

1116
01:02:02,900 --> 01:02:06,500
If you're feeling particularly 
traditional, Tom's wife believes

1117
01:02:06,500 --> 01:02:10,200
a man, can't possibly solve 
crimes on an empty stomach, and 

1118
01:02:10,200 --> 01:02:13,000
who is he to argue with three 
decades of married wisdom. 

1119
01:02:13,000 --> 01:02:16,300
The newspaper Waiting by his 
plate carries headlines about 

1120
01:02:16,300 --> 01:02:19,500
the profumo Scandal and the 
Beatles latest charts. 

1121
01:02:19,500 --> 01:02:23,400
Success, This peculiar moment 
when Britain seems caught 

1122
01:02:23,400 --> 01:02:27,700
between its stiff upper lip past
and something looser younger and

1123
01:02:27,700 --> 01:02:31,700
decidedly more colorful. 
But Tom is more interested in 

1124
01:02:31,700 --> 01:02:35,300
the local news section. 
Where a small article mentions a

1125
01:02:35,300 --> 01:02:37,200
burglary at a chemist shop on 
the High Street. 

1126
01:02:38,200 --> 01:02:42,500
Not his case but he reads it 
anyway because a good detective,

1127
01:02:42,500 --> 01:02:46,600
develops habits of attention 
that extend beyond official 

1128
01:02:46,600 --> 01:02:49,600
assignments, his journey to the 
station, takes him through 

1129
01:02:49,600 --> 01:02:52,500
streets, that would be 
unrecognizable to someone from 

1130
01:02:52,500 --> 01:02:55,500
our time. 
The corner shop, not yet called 

1131
01:02:55,500 --> 01:02:58,400
a convenience store. 
Displays hand, lettered signs 

1132
01:02:58,400 --> 01:03:03,800
advertising prices in pounds. 
Schilling's, and Pence, The 

1133
01:03:03,800 --> 01:03:06,300
tobacconist is doing brisk 
business, even at this hour, 

1134
01:03:06,300 --> 01:03:10,400
because smoking is something 
nearly everyone does everywhere 

1135
01:03:10,400 --> 01:03:14,300
all the time. 
The local pub won't open for 

1136
01:03:14,300 --> 01:03:17,900
hours yet but it's windows are 
already being washed by someone 

1137
01:03:17,900 --> 01:03:20,000
who takes pride in keeping the 
etched glass. 

1138
01:03:20,000 --> 01:03:24,100
Cleaning Tom walks, past the new
wimpy bar which opened last 

1139
01:03:24,100 --> 01:03:27,300
month and represents the Leading
Edge of American style, fast 

1140
01:03:27,300 --> 01:03:30,900
food culture, creeping into 
British life, The teenagers. 

1141
01:03:30,900 --> 01:03:33,600
Love it though. 
Tom can't quite understand 

1142
01:03:33,600 --> 01:03:36,400
paying money for something 
called a hamburger, when a 

1143
01:03:36,400 --> 01:03:38,500
proper fish and chip shop is 
right across the street. 

1144
01:03:39,500 --> 01:03:43,100
But then again, he's never quite
understood teenagers, even when 

1145
01:03:43,100 --> 01:03:45,700
he was one, the police station 
is a solid. 

1146
01:03:45,700 --> 01:03:48,800
Victorian building, that smells 
perpetually a floor wax damp 

1147
01:03:48,800 --> 01:03:51,800
wall and the particular 
mustiness, that seems to 

1148
01:03:51,800 --> 01:03:55,200
accumulate in any British 
institution of sufficient age, 

1149
01:03:56,500 --> 01:04:00,000
The front desk, sergeant nods as
Tom enters a gesture. 

1150
01:04:00,000 --> 01:04:03,400
They've exchanged nearly every 
working day for 15 years. 

1151
01:04:04,500 --> 01:04:06,600
Some Partnerships are built on 
conversation. 

1152
01:04:06,600 --> 01:04:09,500
Theirs is built on, comfortable 
silence, and shared. 

1153
01:04:09,500 --> 01:04:13,800
Understanding Tom's office is on
the second floor up stairs that 

1154
01:04:13,800 --> 01:04:16,600
Creek in a way that announces 
visitors long before they 

1155
01:04:16,600 --> 01:04:22,100
arrive, The room contains a desk
two filing cabinets, a telephone

1156
01:04:22,100 --> 01:04:25,100
that connects to the switchboard
down stairs, through a system of

1157
01:04:25,108 --> 01:04:28,700
mysterious clicks and buzzes at 
a window that looks out onto a 

1158
01:04:28,700 --> 01:04:30,800
car Parks. 
Slowly filling with Morris, 

1159
01:04:30,800 --> 01:04:34,900
minors, Ford angliers, and the 
occasional Rover, belonging to 

1160
01:04:34,900 --> 01:04:36,700
someone higher up the chain of 
command. 

1161
01:04:36,700 --> 01:04:39,600
The morning briefing won't start
from another 20 minutes. 

1162
01:04:39,600 --> 01:04:42,900
So Tom uses the time to review 
his Active cases. 

1163
01:04:42,900 --> 01:04:45,800
There's the matter of the 
missing garden gnomes from the 

1164
01:04:45,800 --> 01:04:49,700
residential area in the park 
probably teenagers though. 

1165
01:04:49,700 --> 01:04:52,400
Proving it will require either 
catching them in the act or 

1166
01:04:52,400 --> 01:04:55,800
someone's mother finding a dozen
ceramic gnomes hidden in their 

1167
01:04:55,800 --> 01:04:59,000
son's bedroom. 
Is a string of shoplifting 

1168
01:04:59,000 --> 01:05:02,200
incidents at the Woolworths that
suggests either, the same person

1169
01:05:02,200 --> 01:05:05,400
returning repeatedly or a small 
group working together. 

1170
01:05:06,300 --> 01:05:09,000
And there's the peculiar 
business of threatening letters 

1171
01:05:09,000 --> 01:05:11,600
being sent to the Headmaster of 
the local, grammar school. 

1172
01:05:11,600 --> 01:05:14,800
Written in Block capitals on 
paper that might have come from 

1173
01:05:14,800 --> 01:05:17,100
anywhere. 
None of these are murders or 

1174
01:05:17,100 --> 01:05:19,800
bank robberies or the kinds of 
cases that make headlines. 

1175
01:05:19,800 --> 01:05:24,000
They're the steady unglamorous 
work of maintaining order in a 

1176
01:05:24,000 --> 01:05:26,700
community where most people are 
basically decent but 

1177
01:05:26,700 --> 01:05:29,500
occasionally fall into bad 
decisions or temporary Madness. 

1178
01:05:30,700 --> 01:05:33,200
Thomas solved, exactly three 
murders in his career. 

1179
01:05:33,200 --> 01:05:38,000
And each one was solved through 
patience attention to detail and

1180
01:05:38,000 --> 01:05:40,700
the kind of shoe leather 
detective work that involves 

1181
01:05:40,700 --> 01:05:43,500
knocking on doors until someone 
mentioned something useful. 

1182
01:05:43,500 --> 01:05:47,400
The tea trolley arrives pushed 
by Mrs. Patterson, who has been 

1183
01:05:47,408 --> 01:05:50,100
providing tea to police officers
since before Tom joined the 

1184
01:05:50,100 --> 01:05:52,800
force. 
She knows everyone's preference,

1185
01:05:52,800 --> 01:05:56,900
Tom takes his with milk and one 
sugar though his doctor is 

1186
01:05:56,900 --> 01:05:59,000
suggested, he might want to cut 
back on the sugar. 

1187
01:06:00,000 --> 01:06:03,400
The tea is strong enough to 
stand a spoon in brewed in a pot

1188
01:06:03,400 --> 01:06:06,400
that's probably older than some 
of the younger constables and 

1189
01:06:06,400 --> 01:06:09,500
served in cups that don't quite 
match because institutional 

1190
01:06:09,500 --> 01:06:13,400
Crockery has a way of gradually 
becoming an Eclectic collection.

1191
01:06:13,400 --> 01:06:18,000
This is how detective work 
begins in 1960s, Britain, not 

1192
01:06:18,000 --> 01:06:22,200
with dramatic car, chases or 
shootouts but with t, paperwork 

1193
01:06:22,200 --> 01:06:25,000
and the quiet accumulation of 
small details that might 

1194
01:06:25,000 --> 01:06:28,300
eventually form a pattern worth 
investigating. 

1195
01:06:28,300 --> 01:06:32,000
If you've ever watched a modern 
crime show, you've probably seen

1196
01:06:32,000 --> 01:06:36,000
detectives request DNA analysis,
check surveillance for footage 

1197
01:06:36,000 --> 01:06:38,900
and pull up computer records 
that tell them everything about 

1198
01:06:38,900 --> 01:06:42,900
a suspect in second. 
Now imagine doing that same job 

1199
01:06:42,900 --> 01:06:46,000
with none of those tools and 
you'll begin to understand the 

1200
01:06:46,000 --> 01:06:49,500
particular challenges facing 
British detectives in the 1960s 

1201
01:06:49,500 --> 01:06:53,100
Tom's filing cabinets contain 
what passes for a database in 

1202
01:06:53,100 --> 01:06:57,100
this era. folders organized 
alphabetically, then by date 

1203
01:06:57,100 --> 01:07:00,300
containing handwritten notes, 
typed reports done on manual 

1204
01:07:00,300 --> 01:07:03,600
typewriters that require real 
finger strength, And 

1205
01:07:03,600 --> 01:07:06,000
photographed in the darkroom, in
the basement. 

1206
01:07:07,100 --> 01:07:09,900
Finding information means 
remembering where you filed it 

1207
01:07:09,900 --> 01:07:12,700
because there's no search 
function beyond your own memory 

1208
01:07:12,700 --> 01:07:15,700
and what ever organizational 
system, you've managed to 

1209
01:07:15,700 --> 01:07:19,000
maintain the telephone on his 
desk connects to other police 

1210
01:07:19,000 --> 01:07:22,200
stations through operators who 
manually plug cables into 

1211
01:07:22,200 --> 01:07:25,400
switchboards, creating 
connections, that sometimes 

1212
01:07:25,400 --> 01:07:28,300
involve waiting several minutes 
for a line to become available. 

1213
01:07:29,100 --> 01:07:32,700
Long distance calls to Scotland 
Yard in London, require planning

1214
01:07:32,700 --> 01:07:36,200
and often involve frustrating 
delays where you can hear other 

1215
01:07:36,200 --> 01:07:39,900
conversations bleeding through 
the line, ghostly fragments of 

1216
01:07:39,900 --> 01:07:43,000
other people's business mixing 
with your own fingerprint 

1217
01:07:43,000 --> 01:07:45,700
analysis exists and is 
considered remarkably 

1218
01:07:45,700 --> 01:07:49,600
sophisticated but it requires 
first lifting prints from a 

1219
01:07:49,600 --> 01:07:52,600
crime scene using powder and 
tape, then photographing them. 

1220
01:07:52,600 --> 01:07:56,000
Then manually comparing them to 
cards in files that are 

1221
01:07:56,000 --> 01:07:59,400
organized by pattern type 
worlds, loops and arches. 

1222
01:07:59,400 --> 01:08:03,000
An experience to finger print 
examiner can perform this 

1223
01:08:03,000 --> 01:08:04,800
matching work with impressive 
accuracy. 

1224
01:08:05,700 --> 01:08:09,300
But it takes hours or days 
rather than the second you see 

1225
01:08:09,300 --> 01:08:13,300
on television photography is 
both essential and frustratingly

1226
01:08:13,300 --> 01:08:16,000
limited. 
Crime, scene photographs must be

1227
01:08:16,000 --> 01:08:19,300
taken with film cameras, which 
means you get one chance to 

1228
01:08:19,300 --> 01:08:23,000
capture each angle correctly. 
There's no deleting and trying 

1229
01:08:23,000 --> 01:08:24,100
again. 
No. 

1230
01:08:24,100 --> 01:08:26,700
Checking the image on a screen 
to make sure you got it right. 

1231
01:08:27,800 --> 01:08:31,399
Film must be developed, which 
means waiting and prints, must 

1232
01:08:31,399 --> 01:08:33,600
be made, which means waiting 
more. 

1233
01:08:35,000 --> 01:08:38,300
A complete photographic record 
of a crime scene, might not be 

1234
01:08:38,300 --> 01:08:42,399
available until the following 
day, by which time memories have

1235
01:08:42,399 --> 01:08:44,600
already started to fade and 
details to blur. 

1236
01:08:44,600 --> 01:08:48,000
The forensic laboratory, that 
serves Tom's region is located 

1237
01:08:48,000 --> 01:08:52,100
in a converted Country House. 
An hour's Drive Away staffed by 

1238
01:08:52,108 --> 01:08:55,899
scientists who work with 
microscopes chemical reagents 

1239
01:08:55,899 --> 01:08:59,399
and the kind of meticulous 
attention to detail that would 

1240
01:08:59,399 --> 01:09:01,500
make a watchmaker nod with 
approval. 

1241
01:09:01,500 --> 01:09:06,700
They can analyze blood types. 
Examine textile, fibers identify

1242
01:09:06,700 --> 01:09:09,800
soil samples and perform other 
tests, that would have seen 

1243
01:09:09,800 --> 01:09:13,899
like, magic a generation early. 
But each test takes time 

1244
01:09:13,899 --> 01:09:18,800
requires careful, documentation,
and produces results that must 

1245
01:09:18,800 --> 01:09:22,600
be interpreted by people who 
understand both science and its 

1246
01:09:22,600 --> 01:09:26,100
limitations Thomas learned to 
work within these constraints 

1247
01:09:26,100 --> 01:09:30,300
through a combination of 
experienced intuition and what 

1248
01:09:30,308 --> 01:09:32,700
he thinks of as aggressive 
common sense. 

1249
01:09:33,899 --> 01:09:37,100
When a burglar strikes, Tom 
doesn't wait for forensic 

1250
01:09:37,100 --> 01:09:39,100
results before beginning his 
investigation. 

1251
01:09:39,100 --> 01:09:43,700
Instead he walks the 
neighborhood talking to people 

1252
01:09:43,700 --> 01:09:47,700
asking about strangers. 
They might have noticed unusual 

1253
01:09:47,700 --> 01:09:51,100
vehicles or anything that broke 
the normal pattern of their 

1254
01:09:51,100 --> 01:09:54,000
daily routines. 
Most people are surprisingly 

1255
01:09:54,000 --> 01:09:57,000
observe and about their own 
streets, even if they don't 

1256
01:09:57,000 --> 01:10:01,800
realize it, Mrs Jenkins at 
number 43 might not think she 

1257
01:10:01,800 --> 01:10:05,700
knows anything useful but when 
Tom asks the right questions she

1258
01:10:05,700 --> 01:10:08,500
remembers that there was a van 
parked on the corner Tuesday 

1259
01:10:08,500 --> 01:10:12,800
afternoon unusual because it's 
normally permit parking only and

1260
01:10:12,800 --> 01:10:15,100
she noticed because she was 
worried about getting a ticket 

1261
01:10:15,100 --> 01:10:18,600
herself. 
That van probably means nothing.

1262
01:10:19,400 --> 01:10:22,500
But Tom writes it down anyway 
because you never know which 

1263
01:10:22,500 --> 01:10:25,300
detail will matter until you've 
assembled enough of them to see 

1264
01:10:25,300 --> 01:10:28,700
a pattern, the local Bobby. 
The police Constable who walks 

1265
01:10:28,700 --> 01:10:31,400
the same beat every day. 
Becoming a familiar fixture in 

1266
01:10:31,400 --> 01:10:36,000
his neighborhood is one of Tom's
most valuable resources, PC 

1267
01:10:36,000 --> 01:10:39,800
Williams knows everyone on his 
patch knows which teenagers are 

1268
01:10:39,800 --> 01:10:42,500
heading for trouble and which 
ones are just going through a 

1269
01:10:42,500 --> 01:10:44,600
phase. 
Knows which houses have been 

1270
01:10:44,608 --> 01:10:48,400
empty during the day and which 
shot had new employees recently.

1271
01:10:49,500 --> 01:10:52,500
This kind of knowledge can't be 
stored in any filing system. 

1272
01:10:52,500 --> 01:10:57,100
It exists only in human memory 
and the relationships built 

1273
01:10:57,100 --> 01:11:01,000
through years of daily contact, 
when Tommy's to check someone's 

1274
01:11:01,000 --> 01:11:04,400
background, he can't simply run 
their names through a computer. 

1275
01:11:04,400 --> 01:11:09,200
Instead, he places telephone 
calls to other stations sends 

1276
01:11:09,200 --> 01:11:12,600
telegrams to the central 
registry and sometimes writes 

1277
01:11:12,600 --> 01:11:15,800
actual letters that travel 
through the post waiting days 

1278
01:11:15,800 --> 01:11:18,800
for replies that might or might 
not contain useful information. 

1279
01:11:19,800 --> 01:11:23,600
Criminal records exist, but 
their paper documents stored in 

1280
01:11:23,600 --> 01:11:27,000
specific locations, and 
accessing them requires knowing 

1281
01:11:27,000 --> 01:11:30,100
where to look and having the 
patience to wait for files to be

1282
01:11:30,100 --> 01:11:33,000
retrieved and copied the 
interview room, where Tom 

1283
01:11:33,000 --> 01:11:35,700
questions, suspects and 
Witnesses is furnished with a 

1284
01:11:35,700 --> 01:11:37,600
table, three chairs and nothing 
else. 

1285
01:11:38,500 --> 01:11:42,200
There's no two-way mirror, no 
recording equipment, and no 

1286
01:11:42,200 --> 01:11:44,200
video cameras, documenting every
moment. 

1287
01:11:45,000 --> 01:11:48,900
Instead a constable sit in the 
corner, taking notes in 

1288
01:11:48,900 --> 01:11:52,900
shorthand creating a written 
record that will be typed up and

1289
01:11:52,900 --> 01:11:55,800
fired. 
The accuracy of this record 

1290
01:11:55,800 --> 01:11:59,500
dependent entirely on the 
Constable skill, attention, an 

1291
01:11:59,500 --> 01:12:03,200
honesty, there's no backup. 
No way to review what was 

1292
01:12:03,200 --> 01:12:06,000
actually said beyond. 
What someone wrote down this 

1293
01:12:06,000 --> 01:12:10,000
means that a detective's memory,
observation skills and ability 

1294
01:12:10,000 --> 01:12:14,400
to read people become Paramount.
Thomas trained himself to notice

1295
01:12:14,400 --> 01:12:18,100
body language to hear what 
people are saying and to spot 

1296
01:12:18,100 --> 01:12:21,000
the small inconsistencies in 
someone's story that might 

1297
01:12:21,000 --> 01:12:24,700
indicate deception or confusion,
he's learned that the truth. 

1298
01:12:24,700 --> 01:12:28,800
Usually emerges not in dramatic 
confrontations but in Quiet 

1299
01:12:28,800 --> 01:12:33,400
Moments when someone lets their 
guard down often over tea often 

1300
01:12:33,400 --> 01:12:36,600
when they think the formal 
interview is ended the tools of 

1301
01:12:36,600 --> 01:12:40,200
1960s detective work. 
A fundamentally human. 

1302
01:12:41,200 --> 01:12:46,300
Tension, patience persistence 
and the ability to convince 

1303
01:12:46,300 --> 01:12:49,000
people to tell you things. 
They might prefer to keep 

1304
01:12:49,000 --> 01:12:52,600
hidden. 
Technology helps fingerprints, 

1305
01:12:52,600 --> 01:12:57,200
photographs forensic analysis, 
but these are supplements to 

1306
01:12:57,200 --> 01:12:59,800
human judgment, rather than 
replacements for it. 

1307
01:12:59,800 --> 01:13:02,900
The morning briefing is held in 
a room with a large map of the 

1308
01:13:02,900 --> 01:13:06,100
district pin to one wall marked 
with colored pins. 

1309
01:13:06,100 --> 01:13:09,900
Indicating different types of 
incidents. read for burglaries 

1310
01:13:09,900 --> 01:13:14,200
glue for assaults, green for 
traffic accidents and yellow for

1311
01:13:14,200 --> 01:13:17,900
what the sergeant calls 
miscellaneous, mischief, Pattern

1312
01:13:17,900 --> 01:13:20,800
of pins tells a story to anyone,
who knows how to read it, 

1313
01:13:20,800 --> 01:13:24,800
clusters near the train station,
suggesting opportunistic, theft,

1314
01:13:24,800 --> 01:13:28,600
a line of Red Pins along the 
main shopping street at 

1315
01:13:28,600 --> 01:13:32,100
isolated, Blues, in residential 
areas that usually involved, 

1316
01:13:32,100 --> 01:13:34,700
domestic situations. 
Nobody wants to discuss 

1317
01:13:34,700 --> 01:13:38,400
detective, Chief, Inspector 
Morris and runs these briefings 

1318
01:13:38,400 --> 01:13:41,100
with the efficiency of someone 
who learned his trade during the

1319
01:13:41,100 --> 01:13:43,900
war and Seasons. 
No reason to waste words. 

1320
01:13:44,700 --> 01:13:47,400
He's the sort of man who uses a 
pipe as a prop. 

1321
01:13:48,000 --> 01:13:50,100
Pointing with it to emphasize 
certain points. 

1322
01:13:50,100 --> 01:13:54,400
Consulting it during thoughtful 
silence is and occasionally. 

1323
01:13:54,400 --> 01:13:58,300
Forget to actually light it. 
The younger officers, find this 

1324
01:13:58,300 --> 01:14:01,700
mildly amusing. 
But nobody mentions it because 

1325
01:14:01,700 --> 01:14:05,600
Morrison is both respected and 
slightly feared in the way that 

1326
01:14:05,600 --> 01:14:08,800
very competent people. 
Often are Tom's assignment for 

1327
01:14:08,800 --> 01:14:11,400
the day, involves following up 
on the threatening letters to 

1328
01:14:11,400 --> 01:14:14,700
the grammar school Headmaster. 
The letters themselves are 

1329
01:14:14,700 --> 01:14:16,600
unsettling without being 
explicitly. 

1330
01:14:16,600 --> 01:14:21,900
Dangerous vague warnings about 
consequences and Justice written

1331
01:14:21,900 --> 01:14:25,000
in pencil on cheap lined paper 
that could have come from any 

1332
01:14:25,000 --> 01:14:29,000
news agent and Britain. 
The handwriting is deliberately 

1333
01:14:29,000 --> 01:14:32,600
disguised each letter. 
Formed carefully and block 

1334
01:14:32,600 --> 01:14:34,800
capitals that tell you. 
Nothing about the writers 

1335
01:14:34,800 --> 01:14:38,400
natural hair and the school 
itself is a Victorian Gothic 

1336
01:14:38,400 --> 01:14:41,500
structure that was probably 
impressive when it was built, 

1337
01:14:41,500 --> 01:14:44,000
but now just looked Stern and 
slightly forbidding. 

1338
01:14:45,200 --> 01:14:48,900
The headmaster's office smells 
of old books, furniture polish 

1339
01:14:48,900 --> 01:14:52,500
and the peculiar mustiness that 
seems to pervade British 

1340
01:14:52,500 --> 01:14:56,500
educational institutions. 
Headmaster, Richardson is a man 

1341
01:14:56,508 --> 01:15:00,500
in his late 50s, who still wears
an academic, gown for assemblies

1342
01:15:00,500 --> 01:15:03,900
and believes firmly that 
education should build character

1343
01:15:03,900 --> 01:15:07,900
as well as knowledge, Richardson
has kept all five letters in a 

1344
01:15:07,900 --> 01:15:09,900
folder. 
Handling them by the corners to 

1345
01:15:09,908 --> 01:15:12,000
preserve any fingerprints 
though. 

1346
01:15:12,000 --> 01:15:16,100
He's probably contaminated them 
thoroughly already Tom examines 

1347
01:15:16,100 --> 01:15:18,900
each one carefully noting that 
they're written on different 

1348
01:15:18,900 --> 01:15:21,500
paper. 
Suggesting either the writer has

1349
01:15:21,500 --> 01:15:25,000
access to multiple sources or is
deliberately varying the 

1350
01:15:25,000 --> 01:15:27,900
materials. 
The Messengers are similar but 

1351
01:15:27,900 --> 01:15:31,200
not identical. 
Each one slightly escalating, 

1352
01:15:31,200 --> 01:15:33,900
the implied threat while 
remaining just vague enough to 

1353
01:15:33,900 --> 01:15:37,000
avoid being actionable. 
What's interesting, is what the 

1354
01:15:37,000 --> 01:15:39,900
letters don't say. 
There's no specific, grievance 

1355
01:15:39,900 --> 01:15:43,800
mentioned no clear demand and no
indication of what the writer 

1356
01:15:43,800 --> 01:15:46,800
actually wants. 
This suggests either someone who

1357
01:15:46,800 --> 01:15:50,400
enjoys causing anxiety, for its 
own sake, or someone building 

1358
01:15:50,400 --> 01:15:52,500
towards a demand. 
They haven't yet articulated 

1359
01:15:54,000 --> 01:15:56,800
Tom's experience tells him. 
This is likely either a 

1360
01:15:56,800 --> 01:16:00,400
disgruntled former employee or a
parent who feels their child was

1361
01:16:00,400 --> 01:16:03,200
treated. 
Unfairly the two most common 

1362
01:16:03,200 --> 01:16:05,900
sources of grievances against 
School administrators. 

1363
01:16:05,900 --> 01:16:09,000
He spends the next several 
hours, conducting interviews, 

1364
01:16:09,000 --> 01:16:12,500
the school secretary who has 
worked there for 20 years and 

1365
01:16:12,500 --> 01:16:15,700
knows, everyone can't think of 
anyone who would do such a 

1366
01:16:15,700 --> 01:16:18,800
thing. 
The deputy head who handles 

1367
01:16:18,808 --> 01:16:23,300
disciplinary matters, mentions. 
Three recent expulsions but 

1368
01:16:23,300 --> 01:16:25,600
doesn't believe any of the 
parents involved would resort to

1369
01:16:25,600 --> 01:16:29,300
Anonymous letters. 
The caretaker, who sees the 

1370
01:16:29,300 --> 01:16:32,900
building from a different angle 
than the academic staff recalls 

1371
01:16:32,900 --> 01:16:36,000
that someone tried to break into
the chemistry lab last month, 

1372
01:16:36,000 --> 01:16:37,300
though? 
Nothing was taken. 

1373
01:16:37,300 --> 01:16:40,500
Each interview adds a small 
piece to a puzzle that doesn't 

1374
01:16:40,500 --> 01:16:43,900
yet have a clear shape, Tom 
takes notes in a pocket 

1375
01:16:43,900 --> 01:16:46,300
notebook, writing in a personal 
shorthand. 

1376
01:16:46,300 --> 01:16:50,300
He's developed over decades, not
the formal short-hand used by 

1377
01:16:50,300 --> 01:16:54,000
secretaries, but his own system 
of abbreviations and symbols 

1378
01:16:54,000 --> 01:16:56,000
that would be nearly eligible to
anyone else. 

1379
01:16:57,300 --> 01:17:00,300
The Notebook itself is a 
physical record that he later 

1380
01:17:00,300 --> 01:17:04,600
transcribed into formal reports 
but in the moment it's just a 

1381
01:17:04,600 --> 01:17:07,800
way of capturing thoughts. 
Before they evaporate lunchtime 

1382
01:17:07,800 --> 01:17:12,200
at the local cafe, the sort of 
establishment that serves meat, 

1383
01:17:12,200 --> 01:17:15,600
pies, mashed potatoes, and tea, 
strong enough to revive the 

1384
01:17:15,608 --> 01:17:18,600
Dead. 
The cafe is run by a woman named

1385
01:17:18,600 --> 01:17:23,000
Doris who has been feeding local
workers for 30 years and has 

1386
01:17:23,000 --> 01:17:26,600
opinions about everything from 
politics to proper pie crust. 

1387
01:17:27,600 --> 01:17:31,100
Tommy's here several times a 
week partly, because the food is

1388
01:17:31,100 --> 01:17:34,900
decent and cheap partly because 
Doris sees and hears everything 

1389
01:17:34,900 --> 01:17:38,900
that happens on this street. 
Making her Cafe, an unofficial 

1390
01:17:38,900 --> 01:17:42,000
intelligence gathering operation
disguised as a working-class 

1391
01:17:42,000 --> 01:17:45,500
restaurant today, Doris 
mentioned that young Billy 

1392
01:17:45,500 --> 01:17:47,300
Thompson. 
One of the teenagers. 

1393
01:17:47,300 --> 01:17:51,100
Tom suspects in the garden. 
Gnome thefts was in yesterday, 

1394
01:17:51,100 --> 01:17:53,400
spending money, on the new 
pinball machine. 

1395
01:17:54,100 --> 01:17:57,200
This is notable because Billy's 
family isn't well off and 

1396
01:17:57,200 --> 01:18:00,500
unexplained wealth in a teenage 
boy usually means either 

1397
01:18:00,500 --> 01:18:03,900
employment that is mother 
doesn't know about or income 

1398
01:18:03,900 --> 01:18:06,000
from activity. 
She definitely doesn't know 

1399
01:18:06,000 --> 01:18:09,900
about It's a small detail, 
possibly meaningless. 

1400
01:18:10,700 --> 01:18:13,700
But Tom files it away in the 
mental draw labeled worth. 

1401
01:18:13,700 --> 01:18:17,900
Checking the afternoon is spent 
on the more tedious aspect of 

1402
01:18:17,900 --> 01:18:21,200
police work. 
Typing reports making telephone 

1403
01:18:21,200 --> 01:18:24,400
calls and reviewing witness 
statements from other officers. 

1404
01:18:24,400 --> 01:18:27,800
Tom's typing is competent but 
not elegant. 

1405
01:18:27,800 --> 01:18:31,700
The product of a brief course 
years ago that taught him Hunter

1406
01:18:31,700 --> 01:18:35,200
without any claim to proper 
technique. 

1407
01:18:35,900 --> 01:18:39,700
Each keystroke requires real 
force on the manual typewriter 

1408
01:18:39,700 --> 01:18:43,100
and errors must be corrected 
with a special erasing paper 

1409
01:18:43,100 --> 01:18:45,900
that never quite makes the page 
clean again. 

1410
01:18:45,900 --> 01:18:49,300
A telephone call to the paper 
manufacturer reveals that the 

1411
01:18:49,300 --> 01:18:52,300
paper used in the threatening 
letters is sold at approximately

1412
01:18:52,300 --> 01:18:56,400
300 shops across the region, two
common to be useful for 

1413
01:18:56,400 --> 01:19:00,100
narrowing down Suspects. 
A call to a handwriting expert 

1414
01:19:00,100 --> 01:19:01,900
suggests. 
The disguised printing is 

1415
01:19:01,908 --> 01:19:05,100
probably done by someone 
educated based on certain 

1416
01:19:05,100 --> 01:19:06,700
letter. 
Formations that suggests 

1417
01:19:06,700 --> 01:19:09,800
familiarity with cursive 
writing, these aren't 

1418
01:19:09,800 --> 01:19:11,900
breakthroughs but their data 
points. 

1419
01:19:11,900 --> 01:19:15,200
That gradually constrain the 
universe of possibilities by 

1420
01:19:15,200 --> 01:19:17,300
late. 
After noon, Thomas developed a 

1421
01:19:17,300 --> 01:19:21,000
theory that he can't yet prove 
The letter strike him as coming 

1422
01:19:21,000 --> 01:19:23,800
from someone with some 
connection to education, not 

1423
01:19:23,800 --> 01:19:26,800
necessarily a teacher but 
someone who speaks the language 

1424
01:19:26,800 --> 01:19:29,000
of schools and understands their
hierarchies. 

1425
01:19:30,000 --> 01:19:32,900
The lack of specific grievances 
suggest someone nursing a 

1426
01:19:32,900 --> 01:19:35,400
general resentment rather than a
particular wrong. 

1427
01:19:36,100 --> 01:19:40,400
And the careful preparation. 
In papers disguise handwriting 

1428
01:19:40,400 --> 01:19:44,500
envelopes posted from different 
locations, suggest someone 

1429
01:19:44,500 --> 01:19:47,900
methodical and patient he 
decides to request the school's 

1430
01:19:47,900 --> 01:19:51,400
personal records for the past 
ten years looking for anyone who

1431
01:19:51,400 --> 01:19:54,000
left under circumstances, that 
might breed resentment. 

1432
01:19:55,100 --> 01:19:57,600
It's a long shot that will 
require hours of reading through

1433
01:19:57,600 --> 01:20:01,300
files but long shots and patient
reading are what detective work.

1434
01:20:01,300 --> 01:20:05,300
Actually consists of as opposed 
to the dramatic Revelations that

1435
01:20:05,300 --> 01:20:09,000
populate fictional Mysteries. 
The day ends with Tom walking 

1436
01:20:09,000 --> 01:20:11,700
back through streets. 
Now busy with evening, commuters

1437
01:20:11,700 --> 01:20:15,700
shops closing for the day and 
the smell of dinners, cooking 

1438
01:20:15,700 --> 01:20:18,300
behind the curtained, windows of
terraced houses. 

1439
01:20:19,500 --> 01:20:22,300
He carries his case files home 
in, a leather satchel that 

1440
01:20:22,300 --> 01:20:25,100
starting to show its age 
planning to spend the evening 

1441
01:20:25,100 --> 01:20:27,100
reviewing statements. 
While his wife watches 

1442
01:20:27,100 --> 01:20:30,600
television in the Next Room. 
This is the rhythm of detective 

1443
01:20:30,600 --> 01:20:34,700
work in 1960, Britain. 
Long stretches of routine 

1444
01:20:34,700 --> 01:20:36,900
punctuated by moments of 
significance. 

1445
01:20:36,900 --> 01:20:39,000
That only become apparent in 
retrospect. 

1446
01:20:40,000 --> 01:20:44,800
Emerging slowly from accumulated
detail and Truth revealed, not 

1447
01:20:44,800 --> 01:20:48,100
through brilliant deduction but 
through thorough patient and 

1448
01:20:48,100 --> 01:20:51,200
glamorous labor. 
One of the peculiar aspects of 

1449
01:20:51,208 --> 01:20:55,200
police work in the 1960s is how 
visible it remained to ordinary 

1450
01:20:55,200 --> 01:20:58,000
citizens. 
There's no internet to report 

1451
01:20:58,000 --> 01:21:00,700
crime's. 
Anonymously know, social media 

1452
01:21:00,700 --> 01:21:05,700
to follow investigations from a 
distance instead crime and its 

1453
01:21:05,700 --> 01:21:09,000
investigation happen in physical
spaces where people can see and 

1454
01:21:09,000 --> 01:21:12,300
participate in the process. 
The police box on the corner 

1455
01:21:12,300 --> 01:21:15,200
near the main shopping district 
is one of these visible, symbols

1456
01:21:15,200 --> 01:21:19,400
of law enforcement It's a blue 
painted, wooden structure, not 

1457
01:21:19,400 --> 01:21:23,400
unlike the Tardis, from Doctor, 
Who containing a telephone, that

1458
01:21:23,400 --> 01:21:24,800
connects directly to the 
station. 

1459
01:21:26,000 --> 01:21:29,100
Local officers, use it. 
As a reporting point and 

1460
01:21:29,100 --> 01:21:32,100
citizens can use it to report 
crimes or request assistance. 

1461
01:21:33,300 --> 01:21:35,800
There's something reassuring 
about its solid presence. 

1462
01:21:36,600 --> 01:21:39,900
A physical reminder that help is
theoretically available at the 

1463
01:21:39,908 --> 01:21:43,500
corner of Oak Street and the 
high road when a burglary occurs

1464
01:21:43,500 --> 01:21:46,800
neighbors, gathered to discuss 
it, not on online forums. 

1465
01:21:46,800 --> 01:21:50,100
But on front steps and over 
garden, fences, sharing, 

1466
01:21:50,100 --> 01:21:52,800
theories, and observations with 
the kind of Engagement that 

1467
01:21:52,800 --> 01:21:56,200
social media would later channel
into different forms. 

1468
01:21:57,600 --> 01:22:01,000
Mrs. Paterson saw someone 
unfamiliar walking past around 

1469
01:22:01,000 --> 01:22:03,400
tea time. 
Mr. Chen at the Chinese 

1470
01:22:03,400 --> 01:22:06,000
restaurant noticed a vehicle 
idling where it shouldn't have 

1471
01:22:06,000 --> 01:22:08,500
been. 
The postman remembers that the 

1472
01:22:08,500 --> 01:22:11,300
house was empty during his 
rounds because usually someone 

1473
01:22:11,300 --> 01:22:14,200
answers, when he needs a 
signature, these conversations 

1474
01:22:14,200 --> 01:22:18,100
create an informal network of 
surveillance that predate CCTV 

1475
01:22:18,100 --> 01:22:21,200
by decades. 
People notice things not because

1476
01:22:21,200 --> 01:22:24,300
they're particularly observant 
but because the rhythm of daily 

1477
01:22:24,300 --> 01:22:26,300
life in residential 
neighborhoods follows 

1478
01:22:26,300 --> 01:22:30,100
predictable patterns deviation 
from those patterns stand out 

1479
01:22:30,100 --> 01:22:32,100
like misplaced notes and 
familiar music. 

1480
01:22:32,100 --> 01:22:35,400
Thomas learned to tap into this 
network through Community 

1481
01:22:35,400 --> 01:22:38,400
relationships. 
These carefully cultivated over 

1482
01:22:38,400 --> 01:22:42,700
years, The news agent knows him 
by name and often mentions 

1483
01:22:42,700 --> 01:22:45,708
unusual purchases. 
Someone buying an odd number of 

1484
01:22:45,716 --> 01:22:49,200
the same newspaper, perhaps or a
stranger asking detailed 

1485
01:22:49,200 --> 01:22:50,600
questions about the 
neighborhood. 

1486
01:22:52,200 --> 01:22:55,300
The librarian at the public 
library, a formidable, woman 

1487
01:22:55,300 --> 01:22:58,400
named Miss Thornberry, who runs 
her institution with the 

1488
01:22:58,400 --> 01:23:02,300
Precision of a military 
operation notices who reads what

1489
01:23:02,300 --> 01:23:05,500
and occasionally mentions when 
someone's interests strike her 

1490
01:23:05,500 --> 01:23:07,600
as unusual? 
This isn't Official Police 

1491
01:23:07,600 --> 01:23:11,100
working exactly, there are no 
reports filed about these casual

1492
01:23:11,100 --> 01:23:13,700
conversations. 
No, formal records of 

1493
01:23:13,700 --> 01:23:16,800
information gathered while 
buying tobacco or returning 

1494
01:23:16,800 --> 01:23:20,300
library books, but it's the 
substrate on which actually 

1495
01:23:20,300 --> 01:23:23,700
investigation builds the 
community context, that helps 

1496
01:23:23,700 --> 01:23:26,900
detectives understand what's 
normal and what's not, there are

1497
01:23:26,900 --> 01:23:29,800
relationship between police and 
public in 1960s. 

1498
01:23:29,800 --> 01:23:31,900
Britain exists in an interesting
space. 

1499
01:23:32,800 --> 01:23:35,100
There's more deference to 
Authority than would be common. 

1500
01:23:35,100 --> 01:23:38,600
A generation later. 
Officers are still called Sir by

1501
01:23:38,600 --> 01:23:41,300
most people, and there's a 
general assumption that police 

1502
01:23:41,300 --> 01:23:43,400
are basically working on the 
side of good. 

1503
01:23:43,400 --> 01:23:47,000
Even if individual officers 
might be more or less competent,

1504
01:23:47,900 --> 01:23:50,500
but there's all aware in 
weariness, particularly among 

1505
01:23:50,500 --> 01:23:53,600
working class communities. 
Where police have historically 

1506
01:23:53,600 --> 01:23:57,500
been seen as in forces of rules,
made by and for other people, 

1507
01:23:57,500 --> 01:24:00,200
other Tom navigate to this 
territory. 

1508
01:24:00,200 --> 01:24:03,800
Through a combination of 
fairness honesty and what is 

1509
01:24:03,800 --> 01:24:06,600
wife calls, his Relentless 
reasonable list. 

1510
01:24:07,400 --> 01:24:10,200
He doesn't pretend to be 
something he's not, he's clearly

1511
01:24:10,200 --> 01:24:12,800
middle class clearly educated 
and clearly part of the 

1512
01:24:12,800 --> 01:24:16,000
establishment. 
He treats everyone with the same

1513
01:24:16,000 --> 01:24:19,100
straightforward respect, whether
he's interviewing a company 

1514
01:24:19,108 --> 01:24:22,900
director or a market Porter and 
people generally respond to that

1515
01:24:22,900 --> 01:24:25,700
consistency. 
When a shoplifting case brings 

1516
01:24:25,700 --> 01:24:28,200
Tom into contact with the 
teenage girl caught stealing 

1517
01:24:28,200 --> 01:24:30,900
makeup from boots. 
He doesn't lecture her about 

1518
01:24:30,900 --> 01:24:33,200
morality or threatened her with 
dire consequences. 

1519
01:24:34,300 --> 01:24:39,700
Instead he asks her, why not 
aggressively just genuinely 

1520
01:24:39,700 --> 01:24:42,500
curious about what drove this 
particular decision on this 

1521
01:24:42,500 --> 01:24:45,700
particular day? 
The girl expecting to be treated

1522
01:24:45,700 --> 01:24:49,500
as a criminal to self instead 
talking to someone who seems 

1523
01:24:49,500 --> 01:24:52,100
interested in understanding 
rather than judging. 

1524
01:24:52,100 --> 01:24:55,300
It turns out she was trying to 
impress, an older group of girls

1525
01:24:55,300 --> 01:24:57,200
who had essentially dared her to
steal something. 

1526
01:24:58,100 --> 01:25:02,000
Not an excuse exactly, but a 
context that transforms the 

1527
01:25:02,000 --> 01:25:05,600
incident from simple criminality
and to something more complex. 

1528
01:25:05,600 --> 01:25:10,100
Peer pressure, adolescent 
insecurity and the desperate 

1529
01:25:10,100 --> 01:25:12,700
desire to belong that can drive 
people to decisions. 

1530
01:25:12,700 --> 01:25:16,600
They know are wrong even as 
their making them Tomer Rangers 

1531
01:25:16,600 --> 01:25:19,500
for the girl to return to the 
store to apologize and work off 

1532
01:25:19,500 --> 01:25:22,500
the value of the stolen items 
through supervised community 

1533
01:25:22,500 --> 01:25:25,200
service. 
It's not official Police 

1534
01:25:25,200 --> 01:25:28,500
business to arrange such things,
but the store manager is 

1535
01:25:28,500 --> 01:25:30,500
willing. 
The girl's mother is relieved 

1536
01:25:30,500 --> 01:25:33,900
and everyone involved gets 
something closer to Justice than

1537
01:25:33,900 --> 01:25:35,900
a formal. 
Prosecution would have provided 

1538
01:25:35,900 --> 01:25:40,900
these small interventions 
unofficial unrecorded, barely 

1539
01:25:40,900 --> 01:25:42,700
visible. 
Even to other police officers 

1540
01:25:42,700 --> 01:25:45,900
are where Tom does. 
Some of his most important work,

1541
01:25:45,900 --> 01:25:49,200
the newspapers of the era treat 
crime stories with a particular 

1542
01:25:49,200 --> 01:25:52,500
style that blends sensationalism
with peculiarly British 

1543
01:25:52,500 --> 01:25:55,400
understatement. 
A brutal assault, might be 

1544
01:25:55,400 --> 01:25:57,500
described as an unfortunate 
incident. 

1545
01:25:57,500 --> 01:26:00,500
While a garden Noam theft. 
Could warrant dramatic 

1546
01:26:00,500 --> 01:26:03,600
headlines. 
If it's a slow news week, Thomas

1547
01:26:03,600 --> 01:26:06,400
learned to work with journalists
feeding them, just enough 

1548
01:26:06,400 --> 01:26:09,900
information to keep them 
satisfied without compromising 

1549
01:26:09,900 --> 01:26:13,500
investigations or invading 
victims privacy more than 

1550
01:26:13,500 --> 01:26:16,400
necessary. 
One report Jenkins from the 

1551
01:26:16,400 --> 01:26:20,700
local paper has been covering 
police news for 15 years and has

1552
01:26:20,700 --> 01:26:23,500
developed an almost Supernatural
ability to appear at crime 

1553
01:26:23,500 --> 01:26:24,900
scene. 
Shortly after the police 

1554
01:26:24,900 --> 01:26:28,100
themselves. 
Tom suspects Jenkins has 

1555
01:26:28,100 --> 01:26:30,900
connections at the station. 
Possibly someone on the 

1556
01:26:30,900 --> 01:26:34,600
switchboard who tips him off, 
but can't prove it and isn't 

1557
01:26:34,600 --> 01:26:39,200
entirely sure he wants to. 
Jenkins is generally fair in his

1558
01:26:39,208 --> 01:26:42,300
reporting and the relationship 
between police and press. 

1559
01:26:42,300 --> 01:26:46,400
While sometimes tense is built 
on Mutual need and grudging 

1560
01:26:46,400 --> 01:26:48,900
respect. 
Forensic laboratory where Tom 

1561
01:26:48,900 --> 01:26:52,100
occasionally visits occupies, a 
converted manor house on the 

1562
01:26:52,108 --> 01:26:55,400
outskirts of the city. 
Its Victorian Grandeur now 

1563
01:26:55,400 --> 01:26:59,800
dedicated to the systematic 
analysis of blood fiber and 

1564
01:26:59,808 --> 01:27:03,200
trace evidence. 
The scientists who work here are

1565
01:27:03,200 --> 01:27:07,000
a particular breed methodical 
patient and possessed of the 

1566
01:27:07,000 --> 01:27:10,900
kind of attention to microscopic
detail that would drive most 

1567
01:27:10,900 --> 01:27:14,300
people to distraction. 
Dr. Margaret Chen runs the 

1568
01:27:14,300 --> 01:27:18,200
textile analysis section working
with a microscope that she 

1569
01:27:18,200 --> 01:27:20,900
treats with the reverence most 
people reserved for religious 

1570
01:27:20,900 --> 01:27:24,500
artifacts. 
She can identify fiber types by 

1571
01:27:24,500 --> 01:27:27,800
their cellular structure, 
distinguished cotton from 

1572
01:27:27,800 --> 01:27:31,100
different regions, based on 
subtle variations in growth, 

1573
01:27:31,100 --> 01:27:34,200
patterns and determined with 
reasonable accuracy. 

1574
01:27:34,200 --> 01:27:37,300
How long a fibers been separated
from its source material. 

1575
01:27:38,500 --> 01:27:40,900
Her testimony in court is 
delivered with the calm 

1576
01:27:40,900 --> 01:27:43,900
Precision of someone. 
Explaining simple facts to 

1577
01:27:43,900 --> 01:27:45,700
people who happen to be less 
informed. 

1578
01:27:46,400 --> 01:27:49,400
And jury is generally believed 
her because she makes complexes 

1579
01:27:49,400 --> 01:27:51,500
to feel accessible within it 
down. 

1580
01:27:51,500 --> 01:27:55,100
Tom brings her a fiber found on 
a windowsill at a burglary 

1581
01:27:55,100 --> 01:27:58,300
scene. 
A single thread, barely visible 

1582
01:27:58,300 --> 01:28:01,600
caught on a rough Edge where 
someone presumably climbed 

1583
01:28:01,600 --> 01:28:05,200
through. 
Under the microscope, it reveals

1584
01:28:05,200 --> 01:28:08,900
itself as wool dyed, a 
particular shade of blue gray 

1585
01:28:08,900 --> 01:28:12,200
that narrows down its likely 
source to certain manufacturers.

1586
01:28:13,100 --> 01:28:16,300
Dr, Chen consults, reference 
books, filled with fiber 

1587
01:28:16,300 --> 01:28:19,300
samples, comparing the evidence 
under different lighting, 

1588
01:28:19,300 --> 01:28:23,100
conditions, measuring properties
that Tom barely understands 

1589
01:28:23,100 --> 01:28:25,600
three days later she calls with 
results. 

1590
01:28:26,500 --> 01:28:29,600
Fiber matches a type of wool 
used primarily in manufacturing 

1591
01:28:29,600 --> 01:28:33,100
industrial coveralls sold 
through Workwear suppliers 

1592
01:28:33,100 --> 01:28:34,900
rather than regular clothing 
stores. 

1593
01:28:34,900 --> 01:28:39,600
It's not proof of anything by 
itself but its information that 

1594
01:28:39,600 --> 01:28:43,200
constrains possibilities. 
If Tom suspect Works in 

1595
01:28:43,200 --> 01:28:46,200
construction or a similar trade,
this becomes corroborating 

1596
01:28:46,200 --> 01:28:50,000
evidence If they work in an 
office and wear suits, its 

1597
01:28:50,000 --> 01:28:52,800
suggests either on a compass or 
a completely different line of 

1598
01:28:52,800 --> 01:28:55,500
Investigation. 
The fingerprint Bureau operates,

1599
01:28:55,500 --> 01:28:58,700
in a different wing of the 
building staffed by Specialists 

1600
01:28:58,700 --> 01:29:01,600
who view the world through the 
lens of friction Ridge patterns.

1601
01:29:02,500 --> 01:29:05,600
They maintain files of known 
criminals organized by pattern 

1602
01:29:05,600 --> 01:29:09,700
type, allowing for comparison 
when Prince from crimes, a clear

1603
01:29:09,708 --> 01:29:12,900
enough to be useful. 
The problem is that prints from 

1604
01:29:12,900 --> 01:29:17,900
actual crime, scenes are often 
partial smudged or contaminated 

1605
01:29:17,900 --> 01:29:21,100
with multiple overlapping 
Impressions that make analysis. 

1606
01:29:21,100 --> 01:29:24,700
Challenging the fingerprint 
examiner working on Tom's 

1607
01:29:24,700 --> 01:29:28,300
burglary case a methodical man 
named Roberts who apparently 

1608
01:29:28,300 --> 01:29:31,500
never hurries. 
Never makes mistakes her spent 

1609
01:29:31,500 --> 01:29:34,000
two days. 
Analyzing prints lifted from a 

1610
01:29:34,008 --> 01:29:37,500
medicine cabinet. 
He's identified three distinct 

1611
01:29:37,500 --> 01:29:41,400
individuals, the homeowner, the 
homeowners wife and a third 

1612
01:29:41,400 --> 01:29:44,300
party whose prints don't match 
anyone in the known criminal 

1613
01:29:44,300 --> 01:29:46,900
files. 
This means either a first-time 

1614
01:29:46,900 --> 01:29:49,200
offender or someone who's been 
lucky enough. 

1615
01:29:49,200 --> 01:29:52,700
Not to be caught before Roberts 
explains this in the tone of 

1616
01:29:52,700 --> 01:29:55,500
someone discussing weather 
patterns showing Tom, the 

1617
01:29:55,500 --> 01:29:58,100
comparison images that 
demonstrate his analysis. 

1618
01:29:59,300 --> 01:30:00,300
Tom's. 
Untrained eye. 

1619
01:30:00,300 --> 01:30:01,800
The prints. 
Look nearly identical. 

1620
01:30:02,700 --> 01:30:06,500
But Roberts points out specific 
Ridge characteristics, a 

1621
01:30:06,500 --> 01:30:10,100
bifurcation here, an ending 
Ridge there and a pattern of 

1622
01:30:10,100 --> 01:30:13,400
minutiae that he's counted and 
documented with the Precision of

1623
01:30:13,400 --> 01:30:16,100
an accountant. 
Balancing complicated ledgers 

1624
01:30:16,100 --> 01:30:19,900
blood analysis in the 1960s can 
determine type but not 

1625
01:30:19,900 --> 01:30:23,900
individual identity. 
When blood is found to seen 

1626
01:30:23,900 --> 01:30:30,000
analysts, can tell you, whether 
it's type a b, a b or o which 

1627
01:30:30,000 --> 01:30:33,300
might help eliminate suspects 
but rarely provides definitive 

1628
01:30:33,300 --> 01:30:36,400
proof. 
The science exists in a space 

1629
01:30:36,400 --> 01:30:40,200
between useful and frustrating 
capable of providing information

1630
01:30:40,200 --> 01:30:42,900
that narrows possibilities 
without often delivering 

1631
01:30:42,900 --> 01:30:47,200
absolute certainty, Tom watches 
a blood analyst perform typing 

1632
01:30:47,200 --> 01:30:49,700
on a sample. 
From an assault case, adding 

1633
01:30:49,700 --> 01:30:53,000
reagents that cause reactions 
visible under specific lighting 

1634
01:30:53,000 --> 01:30:57,900
conditions Processes meticulous 
repeated multiple times to 

1635
01:30:57,900 --> 01:31:01,400
verify results and documented 
with the kind of details 

1636
01:31:01,400 --> 01:31:04,300
note-taking that would satisfy 
the most demanding auditor. 

1637
01:31:05,400 --> 01:31:08,900
The analyst explains that the 
sample is tight, a positive 

1638
01:31:08,900 --> 01:31:12,700
which matches approximately 40% 
of the British population, 

1639
01:31:13,700 --> 01:31:17,800
Helpful for eliminating suspects
who are typos or be useless for 

1640
01:31:17,800 --> 01:31:20,600
proving anything. 
About those who match ballistics

1641
01:31:20,600 --> 01:31:24,500
analysis used when Firearms were
involved relies on the prince of

1642
01:31:24,500 --> 01:31:27,600
Paul, that every gun barrel 
leaves unique marking on bullets

1643
01:31:27,600 --> 01:31:30,200
fired through it. 
The ballistics expert. 

1644
01:31:30,200 --> 01:31:33,600
Maintains, a comparison 
microscope that allows side by 

1645
01:31:33,600 --> 01:31:37,200
side analysis of test, fired 
Realms and crime scene, evidence

1646
01:31:37,200 --> 01:31:41,100
looking for matching striation, 
that suggests a common origin. 

1647
01:31:42,200 --> 01:31:46,100
Thomas seen this expert, spend 
entire afternoon's, examining a 

1648
01:31:46,100 --> 01:31:49,900
single bullet making 
measurements taking photographs 

1649
01:31:49,900 --> 01:31:53,100
and building documentation. 
That might eventually support 

1650
01:31:53,100 --> 01:31:56,200
testimony in court. 
What strikes Tom about? 

1651
01:31:56,200 --> 01:31:59,700
All these Specialists is their 
patients with uncertainty They 

1652
01:31:59,700 --> 01:32:02,300
understand that forensic science
in this era, provides 

1653
01:32:02,300 --> 01:32:05,900
suggestions and probabilities 
rather than certainties. 

1654
01:32:06,700 --> 01:32:09,800
That their role is to narrow 
possibilities and support other 

1655
01:32:09,800 --> 01:32:12,900
evidence rather than solve cases
single-handedly. 

1656
01:32:13,600 --> 01:32:17,400
They're comfortable saying 
possibly likely and consistent 

1657
01:32:17,400 --> 01:32:22,200
with rather than definitely and 
certainly this stands in 

1658
01:32:22,200 --> 01:32:24,300
interesting contrast to help 
forensic. 

1659
01:32:24,300 --> 01:32:27,600
Science is portrayed, in popular
culture, where laboratory and 

1660
01:32:27,600 --> 01:32:30,700
Analysis provides clear 
definitive answers. 

1661
01:32:30,700 --> 01:32:33,000
That immediately, identify 
perpetrators. 

1662
01:32:34,600 --> 01:32:39,400
The real work is Messier more 
qualified, an infinitely, more 

1663
01:32:39,400 --> 01:32:41,900
dependent on human judgment than
the public. 

1664
01:32:41,900 --> 01:32:45,200
Generally understands Thomas 
learned to work within these 

1665
01:32:45,200 --> 01:32:49,000
limitations treating friends of 
evidence as one data source 

1666
01:32:49,000 --> 01:32:51,700
among many rather than the 
ultimate Arbiter of Truth. 

1667
01:32:52,700 --> 01:32:55,300
A fiber that matches the 
suspects clothing is 

1668
01:32:55,300 --> 01:33:00,000
interesting, but it's not proof.
Clothing, fibers transfer easily

1669
01:33:00,000 --> 01:33:02,500
and could have arrived through 
innocent contact. 

1670
01:33:03,400 --> 01:33:04,900
Fingerprints are more 
definitive. 

1671
01:33:05,600 --> 01:33:08,900
But only if they're clear enough
for confident matching and found

1672
01:33:08,900 --> 01:33:12,100
in locations, that couldn't be 
explained by legitimate access, 

1673
01:33:12,100 --> 01:33:15,200
the real power of forensic 
science in this era isn't 

1674
01:33:15,200 --> 01:33:19,200
improving Smoking Gun evidence, 
but in helping detectives Focus,

1675
01:33:19,200 --> 01:33:23,000
their investigations, 
eliminating unlikely scenarios 

1676
01:33:23,000 --> 01:33:26,100
and supporting theories that can
be tested through traditional 

1677
01:33:26,100 --> 01:33:29,700
detective work. 
It's a support system for human 

1678
01:33:29,700 --> 01:33:32,200
judgment, rather than a 
replacement for it. 

1679
01:33:32,200 --> 01:33:35,400
The discovery of a body in the 
canal near, the industrial 

1680
01:33:35,400 --> 01:33:38,800
district creates ripples through
the community that extend far 

1681
01:33:38,800 --> 01:33:42,500
beyond the immediate crime 
scene, This is the sort of event

1682
01:33:42,500 --> 01:33:45,500
that transforms abstract, 
concepts of danger, into 

1683
01:33:45,500 --> 01:33:48,800
immediate personal fear. 
Particularly when the victim is 

1684
01:33:48,800 --> 01:33:51,900
identified, as a young woman, 
who worked at the textile mill, 

1685
01:33:51,900 --> 01:33:55,500
Tom arrives at the scene. 
In early morning fog, the kind 

1686
01:33:55,500 --> 01:33:58,200
of thick clinging Mist that 
makes everything look slightly 

1687
01:33:58,200 --> 01:34:01,600
unreal. 
The canal path is lined with 

1688
01:34:01,600 --> 01:34:03,300
officers, maintaining a 
perimeter. 

1689
01:34:04,000 --> 01:34:06,700
Keeping away the Curious crowd 
that has already gathered 

1690
01:34:06,700 --> 01:34:09,900
despite the early hour. 
News travels through 

1691
01:34:09,900 --> 01:34:12,500
working-class neighborhoods with
remarkable speed. 

1692
01:34:13,300 --> 01:34:16,900
Passed along through networks of
gossip and concerned that 

1693
01:34:16,908 --> 01:34:21,300
operate far faster than official
channels, the woman identified 

1694
01:34:21,300 --> 01:34:24,000
from her handbag as Sarah, 
Mitchell appears to have been in

1695
01:34:24,000 --> 01:34:27,300
the water for several hours. 
She's wearing a good coat, not 

1696
01:34:27,300 --> 01:34:30,700
expensive but well, kept and 
shoes suitable for walking home 

1697
01:34:30,700 --> 01:34:33,200
from work. 
There's no obvious sign of 

1698
01:34:33,208 --> 01:34:35,700
violence, though. 
The pathologist who examined her

1699
01:34:35,700 --> 01:34:36,600
at the scene? 
Notes. 

1700
01:34:36,600 --> 01:34:39,200
Bruising that could indicate 
either assault or the body being

1701
01:34:39,200 --> 01:34:42,800
moved by water and debris. 
Tom's initial investigation, 

1702
01:34:42,800 --> 01:34:45,700
focuses on establishing a 
timeline and last known 

1703
01:34:45,700 --> 01:34:48,700
movements. 
Sarah lived with her parents in 

1704
01:34:48,700 --> 01:34:51,100
a terrorist house. 15 minutes 
walk from the mill. 

1705
01:34:51,900 --> 01:34:55,600
She typically worked the evening
shift finishing at 10:00 and 

1706
01:34:55,600 --> 01:34:57,400
walked home along well-lit 
streets. 

1707
01:34:57,400 --> 01:34:58,900
That should have been reasonably
safe. 

1708
01:34:59,800 --> 01:35:03,100
Her parents expected her home by
half past 10:00 and called the 

1709
01:35:03,100 --> 01:35:04,400
police. 
When she hadn't arrived by 

1710
01:35:04,400 --> 01:35:08,300
midnight the mill manager, a 
hairy man named Preston who 

1711
01:35:08,300 --> 01:35:11,800
clearly hasn't slept in hearing 
the news confirms that Sarah 

1712
01:35:11,800 --> 01:35:15,300
left work at her normal time, 
wearing the coat and carrying 

1713
01:35:15,300 --> 01:35:17,100
the handbag that were found with
her body. 

1714
01:35:18,200 --> 01:35:20,700
Several co-workers saw her 
leaving, but didn't walk with 

1715
01:35:20,700 --> 01:35:22,800
her. 
She preferred to walk alone. 

1716
01:35:22,800 --> 01:35:26,800
Apparently enjoying the choir 
after a day of industrial noise,

1717
01:35:26,800 --> 01:35:30,400
the Pathologists preliminary 
examination suggests drowning as

1718
01:35:30,408 --> 01:35:33,200
the likely cause of death. 
But there are questions that 

1719
01:35:33,200 --> 01:35:35,800
won't be answered until a full 
post-mortem examination. 

1720
01:35:36,700 --> 01:35:39,600
The bruises on her arms, could 
indicate that someone grabbed 

1721
01:35:39,600 --> 01:35:42,500
her or they could have been 
sustained when she fell into the

1722
01:35:42,500 --> 01:35:45,200
water. 
There's no water in her lungs 

1723
01:35:45,200 --> 01:35:47,900
which might suggest she was 
already dead when she entered 

1724
01:35:47,900 --> 01:35:51,200
the canal or might simply mean 
the drowning was rapid enough 

1725
01:35:51,200 --> 01:35:54,500
not to leave that evidence. 
The community's reaction to 

1726
01:35:54,500 --> 01:35:58,600
Sarah's death reveals much about
how 1960s Britain processes 

1727
01:35:58,600 --> 01:36:02,300
sudden tragedy. 
The mill stops production for a 

1728
01:36:02,300 --> 01:36:06,000
day as a mark of respect which 
cost money, the company can ill 

1729
01:36:06,000 --> 01:36:08,500
afford, but feels necessary to 
honor a dead employee. 

1730
01:36:09,400 --> 01:36:13,500
The local church holds a special
service attended by people who 

1731
01:36:13,500 --> 01:36:16,600
haven't set foot in the building
for months, but feel compelled 

1732
01:36:16,600 --> 01:36:20,800
to mark this particular loss. 
Sarah Street organizes a 

1733
01:36:20,800 --> 01:36:24,400
collection for her parents 
Gathering, small donations, that

1734
01:36:24,400 --> 01:36:27,900
had up to enough for funeral 
expenses but there's all so fear

1735
01:36:27,900 --> 01:36:30,800
particularly among young women 
who work, similar shifts and 

1736
01:36:30,800 --> 01:36:34,600
walk similar routes The Mills 
evening shift sees several women

1737
01:36:34,600 --> 01:36:37,100
who would normally walk home 
alone now traveling in groups 

1738
01:36:37,100 --> 01:36:41,500
staying later than necessary to 
find companions parents who 

1739
01:36:41,500 --> 01:36:43,500
previously allowed their 
daughters Independence. 

1740
01:36:43,500 --> 01:36:48,100
Now, insist on escorts or taxi 
services, they can barely afford

1741
01:36:48,100 --> 01:36:50,500
Tom. 
Finds himself conducting, dozens

1742
01:36:50,500 --> 01:36:53,600
of interviews, with people who 
didn't really know, Sarah, but 

1743
01:36:53,600 --> 01:36:56,300
feel compelled to share, 
whatever tangential information,

1744
01:36:56,300 --> 01:37:00,700
they possess A shopkeeper 
mentions that Sarah sometimes 

1745
01:37:00,700 --> 01:37:03,800
stopped on her way home. 
Buy cigarettes, a neighbor 

1746
01:37:03,800 --> 01:37:06,400
recalls seeing her the previous 
week, carrying library books. 

1747
01:37:06,400 --> 01:37:09,600
The news agent remembers that 
she had a sweet tooth and 

1748
01:37:09,600 --> 01:37:11,400
usually bought chocolate on 
Fridays. 

1749
01:37:11,400 --> 01:37:14,400
None of this is immediately 
useful for determining, what 

1750
01:37:14,400 --> 01:37:16,300
happened? 
Tomlinson's. 

1751
01:37:16,300 --> 01:37:19,800
Anyway, because sometimes useful
information emerges from these 

1752
01:37:19,800 --> 01:37:23,400
seemingly irrelevant details and
because people need to feel 

1753
01:37:23,400 --> 01:37:26,700
their contributing something in 
the face of senseless tragedy. 

1754
01:37:26,700 --> 01:37:29,700
The physical evidence is 
frustratingly limited. 

1755
01:37:30,800 --> 01:37:33,200
Canal path, where? 
Sarah, presumably entered the 

1756
01:37:33,200 --> 01:37:37,800
water show signs of a scuffle 
Disturbed, gravel a button. 

1757
01:37:37,800 --> 01:37:39,200
That might have come from her 
coat. 

1758
01:37:39,900 --> 01:37:43,000
But also shows signs of regular 
foot traffic that makes 

1759
01:37:43,000 --> 01:37:46,200
distinguishing relevant evidence
from background noise, nearly 

1760
01:37:46,200 --> 01:37:48,900
impossible. 
There are no clear Footprints 

1761
01:37:48,900 --> 01:37:52,800
know conveniently, dropped 
identification, and no 

1762
01:37:52,800 --> 01:37:54,900
Witnesses. 
Who saw anything definitive 

1763
01:37:54,900 --> 01:37:58,600
Tom's investigation expands to 
include known sex, offenders in 

1764
01:37:58,600 --> 01:38:01,100
the area. 
Men with previous convictions 

1765
01:38:01,100 --> 01:38:04,500
for assault or harassment of 
women and anyone who might have 

1766
01:38:04,500 --> 01:38:08,100
reason to be on that Canal path 
of that our Each interview 

1767
01:38:08,100 --> 01:38:12,100
follows a similar pattern. 
Establishing Alibi gauging 

1768
01:38:12,100 --> 01:38:14,900
reactions and looking for 
inconsistencies that might 

1769
01:38:14,900 --> 01:38:18,500
suggest involvement or 
knowledge, the Breakthrough when

1770
01:38:18,500 --> 01:38:22,500
it comes arrives through patient
persistence rather than dramatic

1771
01:38:22,500 --> 01:38:25,800
revelation. 
A factory worker who uses the 

1772
01:38:25,800 --> 01:38:29,500
canal path for his. 
Commute mentioned almost as an 

1773
01:38:29,500 --> 01:38:33,000
afterthought that he saw someone
running from the area around the

1774
01:38:33,000 --> 01:38:34,600
time. 
Sarah would have been there. 

1775
01:38:35,400 --> 01:38:38,200
Nothing, particularly 
suspicious, people, jog for 

1776
01:38:38,200 --> 01:38:42,200
exercise, but unusual enough at 
that hour, to register the 

1777
01:38:42,200 --> 01:38:44,400
running figure was male wearing 
dark clothing? 

1778
01:38:44,400 --> 01:38:48,600
And moving away from the city 
center along the Canal Park, The

1779
01:38:48,600 --> 01:38:51,300
witness didn't think much of it 
at the time, but hearing about 

1780
01:38:51,300 --> 01:38:53,300
Sarah's death. 
Made him wonder if it might be 

1781
01:38:53,300 --> 01:38:56,000
relevant. 
He can't provide a detailed 

1782
01:38:56,000 --> 01:38:57,900
description. 
It was dark. 

1783
01:38:57,900 --> 01:39:00,500
He was tired. 
He only glimpsed the figure 

1784
01:39:00,500 --> 01:39:03,900
briefly but he remembers the 
general build and the direction 

1785
01:39:03,900 --> 01:39:06,200
of travel. 
This fragment of information 

1786
01:39:06,200 --> 01:39:09,500
combined with patient checking 
of Alibis and whereabouts 

1787
01:39:09,500 --> 01:39:14,200
eventually leads Tom to David 
Porter, a foreman at a factory 

1788
01:39:14,200 --> 01:39:17,900
along the canal route. 
Porter's initial Alibi that he 

1789
01:39:17,900 --> 01:39:21,200
was home with his wife falls 
apart, when Thomas establishes 

1790
01:39:21,200 --> 01:39:23,900
that his wife was actually 
visiting her mother that evening

1791
01:39:23,900 --> 01:39:28,400
under gentle, but persistent 
questioning, Porter's story. 

1792
01:39:28,408 --> 01:39:32,500
Develops inconsistencies, that 
suggests both guilt and poor 

1793
01:39:32,500 --> 01:39:34,300
judgment about how to handle a 
crisis. 

1794
01:39:34,300 --> 01:39:37,400
The truth. 
When it finally emerges is both 

1795
01:39:37,400 --> 01:39:41,500
tragic and mundane Porter had 
been having an affair with Sarah

1796
01:39:41,500 --> 01:39:45,100
conducted in furtive meetings 
that both parties had hoped to 

1797
01:39:45,100 --> 01:39:48,200
keep Secret. 
On the night in question, they 

1798
01:39:48,200 --> 01:39:50,700
argued near the canal. 
Porter wanted to win the 

1799
01:39:50,700 --> 01:39:54,100
relationship and Sarah was 
upset, and perhaps threatened to

1800
01:39:54,100 --> 01:39:57,000
reveal it, to his wife. 
In the Heat of the argument 

1801
01:39:57,000 --> 01:40:00,900
Porter, grabbed Sarah's arm, she
pulled away lost her balance and

1802
01:40:00,900 --> 01:40:04,200
fell into the canal. 
Porters subsequent actions 

1803
01:40:04,200 --> 01:40:07,200
running from the scene lying 
about his whereabouts. 

1804
01:40:07,200 --> 01:40:11,400
Hoping the death would be ruled 
accidental, transformed, a 

1805
01:40:11,408 --> 01:40:15,000
tragic accident in to something,
requiring criminal prosecution. 

1806
01:40:16,000 --> 01:40:18,500
His panic and poor 
decision-making turned him from 

1807
01:40:18,500 --> 01:40:21,600
a man who made mistakes and to 
someone facing charges of 

1808
01:40:21,600 --> 01:40:23,900
manslaughter and leaving the 
scene of death. 

1809
01:40:24,600 --> 01:40:27,300
The community's reaction to this
resolution is complex. 

1810
01:40:28,300 --> 01:40:31,400
His relief that a dangerous 
predator isn't stalking the 

1811
01:40:31,400 --> 01:40:35,100
streets, but also discomfort 
with the messiness of real human

1812
01:40:35,100 --> 01:40:39,200
behavior, the affair, the 
argument, the series of small 

1813
01:40:39,200 --> 01:40:41,400
decisions that Cascade into 
tragedy. 

1814
01:40:42,100 --> 01:40:45,300
It's harder to process than a 
simple story of good versus evil

1815
01:40:45,300 --> 01:40:48,900
would have been Sarah's. 
Funeral is well attended, the 

1816
01:40:48,900 --> 01:40:51,500
service focusing on her life 
rather than her death. 

1817
01:40:52,200 --> 01:40:55,500
Her mother accepting condolences
with the dignified grief of 

1818
01:40:55,500 --> 01:40:57,200
someone who understands that 
life. 

1819
01:40:57,200 --> 01:41:00,900
Sometimes makes no sense. 
And all you can do is Endor. 

1820
01:41:02,100 --> 01:41:05,000
The mill returns to its normal 
operations, though. 

1821
01:41:05,000 --> 01:41:08,100
Sarah's usual, workstation 
remains empty for several weeks 

1822
01:41:08,100 --> 01:41:11,000
before someone new is quietly 
assigned to it. 

1823
01:41:11,000 --> 01:41:13,500
Tom files. 
His final reports with the 

1824
01:41:13,500 --> 01:41:17,200
satisfaction of having reached 
truth, if not Justice in any 

1825
01:41:17,200 --> 01:41:20,400
simple sense. 
The case will proceed through 

1826
01:41:20,400 --> 01:41:24,100
the courts portal will likely 
face prison time and the 

1827
01:41:24,100 --> 01:41:26,900
community will gradually absorb 
this tragedy in to its 

1828
01:41:26,900 --> 01:41:30,600
Collective memory. 
Another story told in hush tones

1829
01:41:30,600 --> 01:41:33,400
about why you should always be 
careful while you should never 

1830
01:41:33,400 --> 01:41:37,400
trust anyone completely and why 
life is fragile in ways. 

1831
01:41:37,400 --> 01:41:41,100
We prefer not to acknowledge 
between the headline case is the

1832
01:41:41,100 --> 01:41:44,400
deaths. 
The serious assaults, the crimes

1833
01:41:44,400 --> 01:41:47,800
that communities discuss for 
months afterward lies. 

1834
01:41:47,800 --> 01:41:51,600
The vast majority of police 
work, consisting of matters. 

1835
01:41:51,600 --> 01:41:55,000
So ordinary they barely register
as Mysteries at all. 

1836
01:41:56,400 --> 01:41:59,000
Yet these cases in their own 
way. 

1837
01:41:59,000 --> 01:42:02,500
Reveal as much about human 
nature as any dramatic 

1838
01:42:02,500 --> 01:42:05,800
investigation, the matter of the
missing garden gnomes. 

1839
01:42:05,800 --> 01:42:08,900
For instance, turns out to 
involve exactly the perpetrators

1840
01:42:08,900 --> 01:42:10,500
Tom suspected from the 
beginning. 

1841
01:42:11,600 --> 01:42:14,900
A group of teenage boys who 
thought relocating ceramic 

1842
01:42:14,900 --> 01:42:17,700
dwarfs to increase. 
The Absurd locations, was the 

1843
01:42:17,700 --> 01:42:21,300
height of Comedy. 
Tom finds the Gnomes arranged in

1844
01:42:21,308 --> 01:42:23,400
elaborate Tableau in an 
abandoned shed. 

1845
01:42:23,400 --> 01:42:27,700
Some fishing in a dry Fountain. 
Others apparently engaged in a 

1846
01:42:27,700 --> 01:42:31,000
ceramic cricket match. 
All positioned with the kind of 

1847
01:42:31,000 --> 01:42:33,600
creative effort that suggests 
these boys might have actual 

1848
01:42:33,600 --> 01:42:37,200
talent if they could find legal 
outlets for it rather than 

1849
01:42:37,200 --> 01:42:40,500
formal charges Tomar Rangers for
the boys to return. 

1850
01:42:40,500 --> 01:42:44,000
Each known personally, 
apologizing, to the owners face,

1851
01:42:44,000 --> 01:42:47,500
to face, experiencing the 
discomfort of seeing the actual 

1852
01:42:47,500 --> 01:42:50,800
human consequences of what 
seemed like harmless pranks. 

1853
01:42:52,200 --> 01:42:55,100
Most of the nommo owners 
confronted with sheepish 

1854
01:42:55,100 --> 01:42:59,400
teenagers rather than faceless 
criminals respond with a mixture

1855
01:42:59,400 --> 01:43:02,800
of relief, and the kind of stern
lectures that British people 

1856
01:43:02,800 --> 01:43:06,900
have perfected over Generations.
One elderly man, whose prized 

1857
01:43:06,900 --> 01:43:09,200
know had gone. 
Missing tells the culprit about 

1858
01:43:09,200 --> 01:43:12,700
receiving it as a gift from his 
late wife, who had bought it on 

1859
01:43:12,700 --> 01:43:17,500
their honeymoon in Brighton, 40 
years ago, The boy suddenly 

1860
01:43:17,500 --> 01:43:20,500
understanding that he hadn't 
just stolen a tacky Garden 

1861
01:43:20,500 --> 01:43:23,200
ornament, but a tangible 
connection to someone's personal

1862
01:43:23,200 --> 01:43:26,200
history. 
Looks genuinely stricken in a 

1863
01:43:26,200 --> 01:43:29,500
way that no formal punishment 
could have achieved the 

1864
01:43:29,500 --> 01:43:32,400
shoplifting ring at Woolworths 
proves more complex and 

1865
01:43:32,400 --> 01:43:34,800
considerably sadder than simple 
teenage theft. 

1866
01:43:35,700 --> 01:43:37,300
Perpetrators are a mother and 
her two. 

1867
01:43:37,300 --> 01:43:40,600
Daughters systematically 
stealing food children's 

1868
01:43:40,600 --> 01:43:44,300
clothing and other necessities 
that they can't afford on the 

1869
01:43:44,300 --> 01:43:46,700
mother's meager wages from her 
cleaning job. 

1870
01:43:47,500 --> 01:43:50,200
The father left two years ago 
and sends no support. 

1871
01:43:50,200 --> 01:43:54,700
The mother is Too Proud to apply
for assistance and convinced 

1872
01:43:54,700 --> 01:43:57,000
herself that stealing from a 
large company. 

1873
01:43:57,000 --> 01:44:00,400
That wouldn't even notice was 
somehow less wrong than 

1874
01:44:00,400 --> 01:44:03,600
accepting charity. 
Tom finds himself navigating the

1875
01:44:03,600 --> 01:44:07,200
gap between Laura and compassion
between what the rules require 

1876
01:44:07,200 --> 01:44:09,300
and what actual Justice might 
look like. 

1877
01:44:10,200 --> 01:44:13,100
The storm manager wants 
prosecution to deter others, 

1878
01:44:13,100 --> 01:44:15,800
which Tom understands from a 
business perspective. 

1879
01:44:15,800 --> 01:44:19,300
But finds deeply unsatisfying 
from a human one. 

1880
01:44:20,200 --> 01:44:22,500
He eventually broke as a 
compromise where the mother 

1881
01:44:22,500 --> 01:44:25,700
agrees to repay the stolen value
through additional cleaning work

1882
01:44:25,700 --> 01:44:27,700
and to apply for the social 
assistance. 

1883
01:44:27,700 --> 01:44:31,000
She's entitled to while the 
store agrees not to press 

1884
01:44:31,000 --> 01:44:34,200
charges. 
It's not elegant and it probably

1885
01:44:34,200 --> 01:44:37,200
wouldn't satisfy anyone looking 
for Clear moral lines. 

1886
01:44:38,000 --> 01:44:39,800
But IT addresses, the actual 
problem. 

1887
01:44:40,700 --> 01:44:44,400
Struggling families, desperate 
attempt to survive, rather than 

1888
01:44:44,400 --> 01:44:47,900
just punishing the symptom. 
Tom drives, the mother to the 

1889
01:44:47,900 --> 01:44:51,600
Social Services office himself, 
helping her navigate forms, that

1890
01:44:51,600 --> 01:44:56,300
seem deliberately designed to 
confuse and humiliate and feels 

1891
01:44:56,300 --> 01:44:59,500
more satisfaction from this than
from many more celebrated 

1892
01:44:59,500 --> 01:45:02,600
investigative successes, the 
threatening letters to the 

1893
01:45:02,600 --> 01:45:04,700
Headmaster. 
Eventually traced to a former 

1894
01:45:04,700 --> 01:45:07,900
janitor, who was dismissed for 
drinking on the job, and nursed,

1895
01:45:07,900 --> 01:45:10,700
his grievance into an elaborate 
Revenge fantasy. 

1896
01:45:11,400 --> 01:45:14,800
The man turns out to be more 
Pitbull than frightening, living

1897
01:45:14,800 --> 01:45:18,700
alone in a bedsit consuming too 
much Cheap whiskey clinging to 

1898
01:45:18,700 --> 01:45:22,000
imagine slights because they 
give shape to a life that is 

1899
01:45:22,000 --> 01:45:25,000
otherwise lost, meaning Tom 
Rangers for him to receive a 

1900
01:45:25,000 --> 01:45:28,500
caution rather than prosecution 
with the understanding that 

1901
01:45:28,500 --> 01:45:31,000
he'll seek help for his drinking
and stay away from the school. 

1902
01:45:31,000 --> 01:45:34,600
These cases don't make the 
newspapers or feature an annual 

1903
01:45:34,600 --> 01:45:38,100
crime statistics as anything 
more than numbers, but they 

1904
01:45:38,100 --> 01:45:40,500
consume the majority of TOMS 
time and energy. 

1905
01:45:40,500 --> 01:45:44,000
Each one requirement the same 
patient to attention to detail 

1906
01:45:44,000 --> 01:45:48,000
the same careful Gathering of 
evidence and the same navigation

1907
01:45:48,000 --> 01:45:51,200
of human complexity that 
characterizes detective work 

1908
01:45:51,200 --> 01:45:52,800
regardless of the crime 
severity. 

1909
01:45:52,800 --> 01:45:56,000
If you were to chart Tom's work 
week on a graph. 

1910
01:45:56,700 --> 01:46:00,200
It would show a rhythm that 
Cycles between intense focus and

1911
01:46:00,200 --> 01:46:05,100
administrative routine between 
human interaction and solitary 

1912
01:46:05,100 --> 01:46:08,700
contemplation and between the 
immediate demands of Active 

1913
01:46:08,700 --> 01:46:11,200
cases. 
And the patient accumulation of 

1914
01:46:11,200 --> 01:46:14,700
knowledge that makes future 
investigations possible, Monday 

1915
01:46:14,700 --> 01:46:16,300
mornings. 
Typically begin with the 

1916
01:46:16,308 --> 01:46:20,800
weekends accumulated incidents 
domestic disputes that escalated

1917
01:46:20,800 --> 01:46:23,700
after Saturday night drinking, 
burglaries committed. 

1918
01:46:23,700 --> 01:46:27,200
When families were out visiting 
relatives and traffic accidents.

1919
01:46:27,200 --> 01:46:30,400
Involving drivers who misjudged 
their capacity to handle Sunday,

1920
01:46:30,400 --> 01:46:32,100
lunch, followed by Sunday 
driving. 

1921
01:46:32,900 --> 01:46:37,200
Tom reviews reports filed by 
Weekend Duty Officers deciding 

1922
01:46:37,200 --> 01:46:40,200
which require his attention and 
which can be handled by 

1923
01:46:40,200 --> 01:46:43,700
uniformed, constables. 
The paperwork is Relentless and 

1924
01:46:43,700 --> 01:46:47,600
multiplying each investigation. 
Generates reports that must be 

1925
01:46:47,600 --> 01:46:51,900
typed filed and cross-reference.
Witness statements, require 

1926
01:46:51,900 --> 01:46:55,500
careful transcription and 
verification evidence, must be 

1927
01:46:55,500 --> 01:46:59,400
logged stored and tracked 
through chains of custody that 

1928
01:46:59,400 --> 01:47:03,300
will withstand Court scrutiny. 
Tom spend hours at his 

1929
01:47:03,300 --> 01:47:07,700
typewriter hunting and pecking 
his way through formal language.

1930
01:47:07,700 --> 01:47:12,300
That transforms human drama into
bureaucratic prose, Tuesday, and

1931
01:47:12,300 --> 01:47:14,600
Wednesday often involve Court, 
appearances. 

1932
01:47:14,600 --> 01:47:17,500
For cases that have worked their
way through the judicial system.

1933
01:47:18,400 --> 01:47:21,900
Tom sits in witness boxes, 
swearing on Bibles to tell the 

1934
01:47:21,900 --> 01:47:25,100
truth, then answering questions 
from barristers who treat 

1935
01:47:25,100 --> 01:47:27,500
cross-examination like a 
competitive sport. 

1936
01:47:28,400 --> 01:47:30,700
He's learned to answer precisely
what's asked without 

1937
01:47:30,700 --> 01:47:33,500
volunteering additional 
information to acknowledge 

1938
01:47:33,500 --> 01:47:37,200
uncertainty when he's uncertain 
and to present findings in 

1939
01:47:37,200 --> 01:47:39,600
language that jurors can 
understand without feeling 

1940
01:47:39,600 --> 01:47:43,600
patronized the courts themselves
are exercises in Tradition and 

1941
01:47:43,600 --> 01:47:46,800
formality. 
Judges in wigs and robes 

1942
01:47:46,800 --> 01:47:49,200
barristers in their own wigs, 
addressing each other with 

1943
01:47:49,200 --> 01:47:52,900
elaborate courtesy and a 
ceremonial dignity that some 

1944
01:47:52,900 --> 01:47:56,100
find reassuring and others find 
absurd. 

1945
01:47:57,100 --> 01:47:58,700
Tom appreciates, the theater of 
it. 

1946
01:47:58,700 --> 01:48:02,100
Understanding that Justice 
requires, not just correct 

1947
01:48:02,100 --> 01:48:06,200
outcomes, but visible processes 
that Inspire public confidence. 

1948
01:48:06,200 --> 01:48:10,600
Thursday's often dedicated to 
community policing visiting 

1949
01:48:10,600 --> 01:48:13,900
schools to talk about safety and
law attending neighborhood 

1950
01:48:13,900 --> 01:48:17,000
meetings, where residents raise 
concerns about parking and noise

1951
01:48:17,000 --> 01:48:19,900
and maintaining the 
relationships that make his job 

1952
01:48:19,900 --> 01:48:22,700
possible. 
Tom speaks to a group of primary

1953
01:48:22,700 --> 01:48:25,500
school children about stranger 
danger and road safety. 

1954
01:48:26,300 --> 01:48:30,200
Simplifying complex Concepts 
into memorable rules while 

1955
01:48:30,200 --> 01:48:32,200
trying not to terrify them about
the world. 

1956
01:48:32,200 --> 01:48:34,900
They live in the children asked 
questions with the 

1957
01:48:34,900 --> 01:48:37,900
unselfconscious directness, that
adults have learned to suppress.

1958
01:48:39,100 --> 01:48:41,700
Have you ever arrested anyone? 
Yes. 

1959
01:48:41,700 --> 01:48:44,500
Have you ever been scared? 
Yes. 

1960
01:48:44,500 --> 01:48:48,600
Do you carry a gun? 
No British police officers. 

1961
01:48:48,600 --> 01:48:50,900
Generally. 
Don't Have you ever met the 

1962
01:48:50,900 --> 01:48:54,000
queen? 
Know, but I met the male once 

1963
01:48:54,000 --> 01:48:55,400
which seemed impressive at the 
time. 

1964
01:48:55,400 --> 01:48:59,000
Friday, afternoons, often 
involve reviewing Active cases 

1965
01:48:59,000 --> 01:49:02,900
with other detectives sharing 
information and theories, and 

1966
01:49:02,900 --> 01:49:06,300
informal sessions, that generate
more useful insights than formal

1967
01:49:06,300 --> 01:49:09,300
briefings. 
These discussions range across 

1968
01:49:09,300 --> 01:49:12,400
topics. 
Patterns in recent burglaries 

1969
01:49:12,400 --> 01:49:16,500
concerns about a particular 
individual's behavior and 

1970
01:49:16,500 --> 01:49:19,900
technique for getting reluctant 
witnesses to cooperate. 

1971
01:49:21,400 --> 01:49:25,200
The accumulated wisdom of 
experienced officers passed 

1972
01:49:25,200 --> 01:49:28,100
along through conversation 
rather than written procedure 

1973
01:49:28,100 --> 01:49:30,300
forms. 
An invisible curriculum, that 

1974
01:49:30,300 --> 01:49:33,900
new detectives absorb through 
participation Tom shares, his 

1975
01:49:33,900 --> 01:49:37,300
theory about burglary is 10 to 
Cluster near major roads where 

1976
01:49:37,300 --> 01:49:40,600
thieves can make quick escapes 
while detective Sergeant 

1977
01:49:40,600 --> 01:49:43,800
Williams counters that proximity
to railway stations seems 

1978
01:49:43,800 --> 01:49:47,200
equally predictive Neither can 
prove their hypothesis 

1979
01:49:47,200 --> 01:49:51,400
definitively, but the discussion
sharpens, everyone's attention 

1980
01:49:51,400 --> 01:49:53,600
to these factors when examining 
new cases. 

1981
01:49:53,600 --> 01:49:57,200
The evenings that Tom doesn't 
spend reviewing case files are 

1982
01:49:57,200 --> 01:50:01,200
often dedicated to reading, not 
just detective manuals and legal

1983
01:50:01,200 --> 01:50:06,400
updates but psychology sociology
and anything that helps them 

1984
01:50:06,400 --> 01:50:08,100
understand why people do what 
they do. 

1985
01:50:09,200 --> 01:50:11,700
He's currently working through a
book about adolescent 

1986
01:50:11,700 --> 01:50:14,800
development, trying to 
understand the teenage mind, 

1987
01:50:14,800 --> 01:50:18,600
well enough to predict when 
minor misbehavior might escalate

1988
01:50:18,600 --> 01:50:21,700
into serious trouble. 
His wife, occasionally asks, if 

1989
01:50:21,700 --> 01:50:24,600
he ever stops being a detective 
and the honest answer is 

1990
01:50:24,600 --> 01:50:28,100
probably no. 
He notices things constantly, 

1991
01:50:28,100 --> 01:50:31,700
the man at the bus stop who's 
watching people to intently. 

1992
01:50:32,500 --> 01:50:35,400
The shop window that has the 
same display we cough after week

1993
01:50:35,400 --> 01:50:37,700
suggesting the business might be
struggling. 

1994
01:50:38,500 --> 01:50:40,900
And patterns in neighborhood 
foot traffic that might indicate

1995
01:50:40,900 --> 01:50:43,700
nothing or might indicate 
something worth remembering. 

1996
01:50:43,700 --> 01:50:47,300
This constant awareness is both 
the strength and burden of 

1997
01:50:47,300 --> 01:50:50,700
long-term police work. 
You become very good at reading 

1998
01:50:50,700 --> 01:50:55,900
environments and people noticing
Discord and anomalies, but you 

1999
01:50:55,900 --> 01:50:59,400
also lose the ability to Simply 
exist in spaces without 

2000
01:50:59,400 --> 01:51:02,800
analyzing them. 
Every social Gathering includes 

2001
01:51:02,800 --> 01:51:06,200
mental notes about who's 
drinking more than usual, whose 

2002
01:51:06,200 --> 01:51:09,500
marriage seems under strain and 
which teenagers are gravitating 

2003
01:51:09,500 --> 01:51:13,000
toward trouble Tom's desk drawer
contains the essential equipment

2004
01:51:13,000 --> 01:51:17,200
of 1960s, detective work, a 
collection that would seem quite

2005
01:51:17,200 --> 01:51:20,500
quickly inadequate to Modern 
investigators, but represents 

2006
01:51:20,500 --> 01:51:22,700
the best of available technology
of its time. 

2007
01:51:23,800 --> 01:51:27,300
There's a magnifying glass, 
genuinely useful for examining 

2008
01:51:27,300 --> 01:51:29,500
documents, and small pieces of 
evidence. 

2009
01:51:30,400 --> 01:51:33,100
A measuring tape for documenting
crime scenes. 

2010
01:51:33,900 --> 01:51:36,400
A camera though, the good 
cameras are kept in the evidence

2011
01:51:36,400 --> 01:51:40,100
room and signed out when needed.
Several notebooks in various 

2012
01:51:40,100 --> 01:51:43,500
stages of completion of an 
address book containing contact 

2013
01:51:43,500 --> 01:51:46,700
information for informant 
experts and useful officials 

2014
01:51:46,700 --> 01:51:49,100
across the region. 
The police radio system 

2015
01:51:49,100 --> 01:51:53,500
introduced during the 1950s and 
still being expanded allows 

2016
01:51:53,500 --> 01:51:56,800
limited communication with 
patrol cars, but requires 

2017
01:51:56,800 --> 01:52:00,400
speaking in codes and dealing 
with interference that sometimes

2018
01:52:00,400 --> 01:52:04,600
makes conversations nearly 
unintelligible. officers learn 

2019
01:52:04,600 --> 01:52:08,600
to repeat information, confirm, 
understanding and accept that 

2020
01:52:08,600 --> 01:52:11,400
some messages will need to be 
delivered through other means 

2021
01:52:12,200 --> 01:52:15,300
the squelch and crackle of radio
transmission becomes background 

2022
01:52:15,300 --> 01:52:18,200
noise. 
Occasionally punctuated by 

2023
01:52:18,200 --> 01:52:22,100
urgent calls that send everyone 
scrambling. patrol, cars 

2024
01:52:22,100 --> 01:52:25,900
themselves are mostly small, 
British saloons Morris, minors 

2025
01:52:25,900 --> 01:52:29,400
Ford, angliers and occasionally 
a larger over for senior 

2026
01:52:29,400 --> 01:52:32,800
officers, They're not 
particularly fast or powerful 

2027
01:52:32,800 --> 01:52:36,900
but there are economical and can
navigate narrow British streets 

2028
01:52:36,900 --> 01:52:39,500
that were challenged American 
style police cruisers. 

2029
01:52:40,500 --> 01:52:44,400
Each car contains basic 
Emergency Equipment a first aid 

2030
01:52:44,400 --> 01:52:47,800
kit, a blanket. 
A torch that always seems to 

2031
01:52:47,800 --> 01:52:51,400
have batteries that nearly dead 
and a collection of forms for 

2032
01:52:51,400 --> 01:52:55,100
documenting various types of 
incidents photography at crime 

2033
01:52:55,100 --> 01:52:57,300
scenes requires actual skill and
judgment. 

2034
01:52:58,200 --> 01:53:01,700
The photographer must decide 
which angles matter how to light

2035
01:53:01,700 --> 01:53:04,700
scene in buildings without 
proper illumination and how to 

2036
01:53:04,700 --> 01:53:08,100
capture both overview shots, 
that show context and detail 

2037
01:53:08,100 --> 01:53:10,600
shots that documents specific 
evidence. 

2038
01:53:10,600 --> 01:53:13,800
There's no instant review, no 
digital. 

2039
01:53:13,800 --> 01:53:17,600
Deletion of fail attempts, each 
photograph, consumes film. 

2040
01:53:17,600 --> 01:53:21,000
That must be carefully. 
Managed developed and archived. 

2041
01:53:21,000 --> 01:53:23,400
The evidence room in the 
station, basement is a 

2042
01:53:23,400 --> 01:53:25,600
fascinating archeology of recent
crime. 

2043
01:53:26,400 --> 01:53:30,500
Boxes containing clothing from 
assaults bags of items, stolen 

2044
01:53:30,500 --> 01:53:34,000
and recovered weapons ranging 
from knives to improvise clubs 

2045
01:53:34,000 --> 01:53:37,200
and documents photocopied for 
investigative purposes. 

2046
01:53:38,100 --> 01:53:41,700
Each item is tagged with case 
numbers and dates creating a 

2047
01:53:41,700 --> 01:53:44,000
physical database. 
That requires careful 

2048
01:53:44,000 --> 01:53:46,700
organization and occasional 
purges. 

2049
01:53:46,700 --> 01:53:49,500
When storage space becomes 
critical Tom. 

2050
01:53:49,500 --> 01:53:52,300
Sometimes, visits this room just
to refresh his memory about 

2051
01:53:52,300 --> 01:53:55,800
cases, pulling files and 
examining evidence that didn't 

2052
01:53:55,800 --> 01:53:58,500
quite solve Mysteries, but 
remains available. 

2053
01:53:58,500 --> 01:54:02,700
If new information emerges, The 
unsolved cases bother him more 

2054
01:54:02,700 --> 01:54:05,800
than he admits. 
Files that represent questions 

2055
01:54:05,800 --> 01:54:09,900
without answers victims without 
Justice and families without 

2056
01:54:09,900 --> 01:54:13,400
closure, the interview technique
of available to detectives in 

2057
01:54:13,400 --> 01:54:17,000
this area, relying entirely on 
human psychology rather than 

2058
01:54:17,000 --> 01:54:20,300
technological AIDS. 
There's no recording equipment 

2059
01:54:20,300 --> 01:54:24,400
to capture exact words and no 
video to document body language 

2060
01:54:24,400 --> 01:54:29,300
and emotional reactions. 
Instead detectives must remember

2061
01:54:29,300 --> 01:54:34,200
take notes and work with 
Witnesses who may be honest but 

2062
01:54:34,200 --> 01:54:38,900
unreliable dishonest but 
revealing or simply confused 

2063
01:54:38,900 --> 01:54:41,300
about events that happened 
quickly in stressful 

2064
01:54:41,300 --> 01:54:44,900
circumstances Tomas developed a 
particular approach that 

2065
01:54:44,900 --> 01:54:47,400
combines patients with strategic
persistence. 

2066
01:54:47,400 --> 01:54:50,900
He doesn't typically confront 
suspects with aggressive 

2067
01:54:50,900 --> 01:54:55,300
questioning or dramatic 
accusations instead he presents 

2068
01:54:55,300 --> 01:54:58,700
information gradually, letting 
people construct their own 

2069
01:54:58,700 --> 01:55:02,000
narratives noting where those 
narratives conflict with 

2070
01:55:02,000 --> 01:55:06,200
established facts, Many 
criminals, he's learned want to 

2071
01:55:06,208 --> 01:55:10,600
talk about their crimes, not to 
confess necessarily but to 

2072
01:55:10,600 --> 01:55:14,700
explain justify or relive 
significant experiences. 

2073
01:55:14,700 --> 01:55:17,900
The gap between what someone 
says and what they reveal 

2074
01:55:17,900 --> 01:55:22,500
through a mission, hesitation or
overemphasis, often tells Tom 

2075
01:55:22,500 --> 01:55:26,300
more than direct statements. 
A suspect who provides an 

2076
01:55:26,300 --> 01:55:30,700
extremely detailed Alibi for a 
specific hour, but remains vague

2077
01:55:30,700 --> 01:55:34,500
about the surrounding time may 
be constructing fiction for the 

2078
01:55:34,500 --> 01:55:37,900
period that matters while 
relying on memory for Less 

2079
01:55:37,900 --> 01:55:41,500
critical moments. 
Someone, who answers questions 

2080
01:55:41,500 --> 01:55:45,300
about their relationship with a 
victim with unexpected, anger, 

2081
01:55:45,300 --> 01:55:49,200
or defense of nurse, maybe 
revealing more than they intend.

2082
01:55:49,200 --> 01:55:53,200
As a 1960s progressed toward 
their conclusion, Tom 

2083
01:55:53,200 --> 01:55:56,400
increasingly fine to himself, 
training younger, detectives who

2084
01:55:56,400 --> 01:56:00,300
will carry police work into the 
next decade and Beyond These 

2085
01:56:00,300 --> 01:56:04,100
newer officers have different 
backgrounds, some University 

2086
01:56:04,100 --> 01:56:07,200
educated, bringing academic 
knowledge to compliment, 

2087
01:56:07,200 --> 01:56:10,800
practical training, others from 
working-class neighborhoods, 

2088
01:56:10,800 --> 01:56:14,100
bringing Street, wisdom and 
cultural fluency that help 

2089
01:56:14,100 --> 01:56:17,200
navigate Community 
relationships, detective 

2090
01:56:17,200 --> 01:56:20,100
Constable Janet Morrison 
represents the slowly, 

2091
01:56:20,100 --> 01:56:23,900
increasing presence of women in 
investigative roles though, she 

2092
01:56:23,900 --> 01:56:26,500
still faces assumptions and 
barriers that male colleagues 

2093
01:56:26,500 --> 01:56:29,400
don't encounter. 
Tom makes a point of assigning, 

2094
01:56:29,400 --> 01:56:32,400
her cases, based on skill, 
rather than gender. 

2095
01:56:33,400 --> 01:56:35,800
Watching her develop the 
particular combination of 

2096
01:56:35,800 --> 01:56:39,300
persistence and empathy that 
characterizes effective 

2097
01:56:39,300 --> 01:56:42,300
detective work. 
She handles interviews with 

2098
01:56:42,300 --> 01:56:45,400
assault, fake victims with a 
sensitivity that some mayo 

2099
01:56:45,400 --> 01:56:48,300
officers, struggle to achieve, 
but also demonstrate the kind of

2100
01:56:48,300 --> 01:56:52,000
analytical rigor, that solves 
complex cases the forensic 

2101
01:56:52,000 --> 01:56:55,300
techniques that Tom learn to use
a revolving becoming more 

2102
01:56:55,300 --> 01:56:59,100
sophisticated and more reliable.
Blood typing is being 

2103
01:56:59,100 --> 01:57:02,400
supplemented by enzyme analysis 
that can provide additional 

2104
01:57:02,400 --> 01:57:05,800
identifying information. 
Fingerprint classification. 

2105
01:57:05,800 --> 01:57:08,500
Systems are being refined and 
expanded. 

2106
01:57:09,500 --> 01:57:13,200
New chemical tests for gunshot. 
Residue and trace evidence are 

2107
01:57:13,200 --> 01:57:15,500
being developed in Laboratories 
that are becoming increasingly 

2108
01:57:15,500 --> 01:57:18,600
professionalized Tom. 
Attends workshops on these 

2109
01:57:18,600 --> 01:57:21,800
emerging techniques, sitting in 
rooms with other middle aged. 

2110
01:57:21,800 --> 01:57:24,700
Detectives learning about 
scientific Advance is that would

2111
01:57:24,700 --> 01:57:27,200
have seen like fantasy when they
began their careers. 

2112
01:57:28,000 --> 01:57:30,500
The workshops are taught by 
younger scientists who treat 

2113
01:57:30,500 --> 01:57:34,300
established investigators with 
the kind of careful respect you 

2114
01:57:34,300 --> 01:57:38,000
show to people who might feel 
threatened by change and Tom 

2115
01:57:38,000 --> 01:57:41,700
appreciates both their knowledge
and their diplomatic handling of

2116
01:57:41,700 --> 01:57:44,200
egos. 
The social changes sweeping 

2117
01:57:44,200 --> 01:57:46,500
through 1960. 
Britain are creating new 

2118
01:57:46,500 --> 01:57:50,800
challenges for police work Drug 
use previously, limited to 

2119
01:57:50,800 --> 01:57:54,300
specific, subcultures is 
spreading among young people 

2120
01:57:54,300 --> 01:57:57,700
experimenting with marijuana and
increasingly with harder 

2121
01:57:57,700 --> 01:58:00,400
substances. 
The sexual Revolution is 

2122
01:58:00,400 --> 01:58:03,400
complicating traditional 
approaches to morality crimes. 

2123
01:58:03,400 --> 01:58:07,400
Immigration is diverse finding 
communities in ways that require

2124
01:58:07,400 --> 01:58:11,000
cultural, sensitivity and 
language skills that older 

2125
01:58:11,000 --> 01:58:14,700
officers often lack, Tom find 
himself, navigating these 

2126
01:58:14,700 --> 01:58:19,200
changes with mixed feelings Some
shifts seem obviously positive 

2127
01:58:19,200 --> 01:58:22,500
thinking on willingness to 
tolerate domestic violence for 

2128
01:58:22,500 --> 01:58:25,600
instance, or the growing 
recognition, that criminal 

2129
01:58:25,600 --> 01:58:28,700
justice should serve victims 
rather than simply punish 

2130
01:58:28,700 --> 01:58:31,300
offenders. 
Other changes feel more 

2131
01:58:31,308 --> 01:58:35,500
ambiguous representing the loss 
of shared social norms that may 

2132
01:58:35,500 --> 01:58:38,700
community, policing simpler. 
Even if those Norms weren't 

2133
01:58:38,700 --> 01:58:42,200
always just, or Fair, the 
threatening letters to the 

2134
01:58:42,208 --> 01:58:46,400
Headmaster, the shoplifting 
family, the garden gnome 

2135
01:58:46,400 --> 01:58:49,000
thieves. 
All these cases, reveal a 

2136
01:58:49,000 --> 01:58:52,200
Britain in transition, caught 
between Traditional Values and 

2137
01:58:52,200 --> 01:58:55,600
emerging Alternatives between 
the tight-knit communities of 

2138
01:58:55,600 --> 01:58:58,300
the past and the more 
individualistic Society being 

2139
01:58:58,300 --> 01:59:01,800
born. 
Tom's role increasingly involves

2140
01:59:01,800 --> 01:59:06,200
mediating these tensions finding
Justice that serves both lore 

2141
01:59:06,200 --> 01:59:09,700
and human complexity. 
His reputation within the force 

2142
01:59:09,700 --> 01:59:13,200
is evolved over decades from 
promising, newcomer to Reliable 

2143
01:59:13,200 --> 01:59:17,200
veteran to unofficial mentor. 
Younger detective seek his 

2144
01:59:17,200 --> 01:59:20,700
advice not just about specific 
cases but about career 

2145
01:59:20,700 --> 01:59:24,700
decisions, ethical dilemmas and 
the challenge of maintaining 

2146
01:59:24,700 --> 01:59:28,300
professional objectivity, while 
remaining emotionally available 

2147
01:59:28,300 --> 01:59:32,600
to victims who need compassion. 
Tom answers these questions. 

2148
01:59:32,600 --> 01:59:36,100
As honestly as he can 
acknowledging that experience 

2149
01:59:36,100 --> 01:59:38,700
provides perspective rather than
certainly. 

2150
01:59:38,700 --> 01:59:42,400
And that every detective must 
ultimately find their own path 

2151
01:59:42,400 --> 01:59:44,700
through. 
Moral complexity, the regular 

2152
01:59:44,700 --> 01:59:47,500
Friday evening gathering at the 
pub, near the station, and 

2153
01:59:47,500 --> 01:59:50,900
informal tradition involving, 
whoever finishes their shift 

2154
01:59:50,900 --> 01:59:54,400
around the same time provides 
space for this mentoring to 

2155
01:59:54,400 --> 01:59:57,800
happen naturally. 
Over pints of bitter and packets

2156
01:59:57,800 --> 02:00:02,300
of crisps detectives trade 
stories discuss cases. 

2157
02:00:02,300 --> 02:00:05,500
They can legally discuss and 
gradually transmit the 

2158
02:00:05,500 --> 02:00:08,400
accumulated wisdom that makes 
police work something more than 

2159
02:00:08,400 --> 02:00:11,700
just following procedures, Tom 
shares, the story of his first, 

2160
02:00:11,700 --> 02:00:15,400
major investigation, a fatal hit
and run that he solved through 

2161
02:00:15,408 --> 02:00:18,600
patient door knocking and 
attention to vehicle damage. 

2162
02:00:18,600 --> 02:00:20,200
That most people wouldn't have 
noticed. 

2163
02:00:21,300 --> 02:00:24,500
The lesson isn't about the 
specific techniques, but about 

2164
02:00:24,500 --> 02:00:27,800
the value of thorough 
unglamorous work that produces 

2165
02:00:27,800 --> 02:00:31,500
results through accumulation 
rather than inspirational. 

2166
02:00:32,500 --> 02:00:35,400
Young detectives nodding over 
their drinks or absorbing, not 

2167
02:00:35,400 --> 02:00:38,900
just methods. 
Attitudes and approaches to work

2168
02:00:38,900 --> 02:00:42,000
that will shape their careers 
for decades, the Britain that 

2169
02:00:42,000 --> 02:00:45,200
Tom places is a country of 
specific textures and rhythms 

2170
02:00:45,200 --> 02:00:47,400
that will largely Disappear by 
the next decade. 

2171
02:00:48,500 --> 02:00:53,300
Shops close at 5:30 and remain 
firmly shut on Sundays creating 

2172
02:00:53,300 --> 02:00:56,700
weekly cycles of activity and 
rest that structure community 

2173
02:00:56,700 --> 02:00:59,800
life. 
Pub servers social centers where

2174
02:00:59,800 --> 02:01:03,300
neighborhood business gets 
conducted relationships form and

2175
02:01:03,300 --> 02:01:05,800
dissolve. 
And the informal News Network 

2176
02:01:05,800 --> 02:01:09,600
that predates, mass media 
continues to flourish, the High 

2177
02:01:09,600 --> 02:01:12,600
Street near, the station 
contains a butcher, a baker, a 

2178
02:01:12,600 --> 02:01:16,600
green grosser, a chemist and a 
Woolworths that serves as a 

2179
02:01:16,600 --> 02:01:19,600
department store for people who 
can't afford actual department 

2180
02:01:19,600 --> 02:01:22,900
stores. 
Tom knows the Proprietors of 

2181
02:01:22,900 --> 02:01:26,400
most of these establishments, 
not through formal community 

2182
02:01:26,400 --> 02:01:28,400
policing. 
But through the simple fact of 

2183
02:01:28,400 --> 02:01:31,800
working in the same area for 
years, becoming a familiar 

2184
02:01:31,800 --> 02:01:33,900
figure whose presence provides 
reassurance. 

2185
02:01:33,900 --> 02:01:38,300
The butcher, a man named Harris.
Who wears a striped apron 

2186
02:01:38,300 --> 02:01:41,400
spotted with blood in ways, that
would probably violate Modern 

2187
02:01:41,400 --> 02:01:44,300
Health codes? 
Occasionally mentions customers 

2188
02:01:44,300 --> 02:01:48,500
whose Behavior strikes him as 
odd. not criminal necessarily, 

2189
02:01:48,500 --> 02:01:52,100
but notable Someone buying 
unusual quantities of meat, 

2190
02:01:52,100 --> 02:01:55,200
perhaps or asking strange 
questions about cutting 

2191
02:01:55,200 --> 02:01:58,200
techniques. 
These observations rarely lead 

2192
02:01:58,200 --> 02:02:01,600
anywhere, but they form part of 
the texture of information that 

2193
02:02:01,600 --> 02:02:03,700
Tom accumulates without 
conscious effort. 

2194
02:02:03,700 --> 02:02:07,000
The chemist is more useful from 
an investigative perspective 

2195
02:02:07,000 --> 02:02:10,600
since poisoning and Farmers 
suitable theft occasionally 

2196
02:02:10,600 --> 02:02:15,200
featuring cases The chemist 
maintains meticulous records of 

2197
02:02:15,208 --> 02:02:18,600
controlled substance 
prescription noting any patterns

2198
02:02:18,600 --> 02:02:22,800
that might suggest Dr. Shopping 
or forged prescriptions Thomas 

2199
02:02:22,800 --> 02:02:25,700
sold two separate cases, 
involving prescription fraud 

2200
02:02:25,700 --> 02:02:29,900
through information, provided by
this methodical slightly fussy 

2201
02:02:29,900 --> 02:02:32,600
man who takes his regular 
literary responsibilities. 

2202
02:02:32,600 --> 02:02:36,300
Seriously, the tea rooms were 
Tom sometimes conducts, informal

2203
02:02:36,300 --> 02:02:39,500
interviews provide neutral 
territory, where Witnesses feel 

2204
02:02:39,500 --> 02:02:41,800
less intimidated than they would
at the police station. 

2205
02:02:43,200 --> 02:02:47,600
Over T and biscuits served on, 
mismatched China, people, share 

2206
02:02:47,600 --> 02:02:49,400
information. 
They might withhold in more 

2207
02:02:49,400 --> 02:02:52,700
formal settings, perhaps because
the domestic setting makes 

2208
02:02:52,700 --> 02:02:56,400
conversation feel social rather 
than investigative Thomas 

2209
02:02:56,400 --> 02:02:59,300
learned to read the specific 
vocabulary of British class and 

2210
02:02:59,300 --> 02:03:01,500
region. 
Understanding that how someone 

2211
02:03:01,500 --> 02:03:04,400
speaks often tells you as much 
about their background as what 

2212
02:03:04,400 --> 02:03:08,600
they say, a particular accent 
suggests specific neighborhoods,

2213
02:03:08,600 --> 02:03:12,400
certain word choices indicate 
educational level and social 

2214
02:03:12,400 --> 02:03:16,200
class and patterns of speech, 
reveal whether someone is local 

2215
02:03:16,200 --> 02:03:19,400
or from elsewhere. 
This isn't profiling in any 

2216
02:03:19,400 --> 02:03:22,400
prejudicial sense, but rather 
the kind of contextual 

2217
02:03:22,400 --> 02:03:25,900
understanding that comes from 
Decades of listening carefully. 

2218
02:03:25,900 --> 02:03:29,500
The telephone in Tom's office 
rings with a particular bell 

2219
02:03:29,500 --> 02:03:31,300
tone. 
That's unique to the stations. 

2220
02:03:31,300 --> 02:03:35,100
Internal system different from 
external calls in ways that 

2221
02:03:35,100 --> 02:03:37,600
allow him to prepare mentally 
for different types of 

2222
02:03:37,600 --> 02:03:41,000
conversations. 
Internal calls usually mean, 

2223
02:03:41,000 --> 02:03:43,000
assignments or updates from 
other offices. 

2224
02:03:43,900 --> 02:03:47,600
External calls might be 
Witnesses victims, informants, 

2225
02:03:47,600 --> 02:03:50,800
or occasionally criminals who 
have decided to turn themselves 

2226
02:03:50,800 --> 02:03:54,100
in through this specific 
detective rather than dealing 

2227
02:03:54,100 --> 02:03:57,800
with the front desk, Tom's hand 
writing in his notebooks has 

2228
02:03:57,800 --> 02:04:00,700
evolved over the years into a 
personal script that sufficient 

2229
02:04:00,700 --> 02:04:04,900
rather than elegant combining 
abbreviations with symbols, that

2230
02:04:04,900 --> 02:04:06,800
would be nearly meaningless to 
anyone else. 

2231
02:04:07,800 --> 02:04:10,800
The notebooks themselves become 
physical repositories of 

2232
02:04:10,808 --> 02:04:14,100
Investigations, occasionally 
consulted years later. 

2233
02:04:14,100 --> 02:04:18,100
When old cases develop new leads
or when patterns emerge, that 

2234
02:04:18,100 --> 02:04:22,000
connect seemingly unrelated 
incidents as Tom approaches the 

2235
02:04:22,008 --> 02:04:24,500
end of his career though he'll 
work several more years before 

2236
02:04:24,500 --> 02:04:27,500
retirement. 
He finds himself reflecting on 

2237
02:04:27,500 --> 02:04:31,300
what Justice actually means in 
practice rather than Theory. 

2238
02:04:32,200 --> 02:04:36,300
The law provides Frameworks and 
procedures, but individual cases

2239
02:04:36,300 --> 02:04:38,600
rarely fit neatly into legal 
categories. 

2240
02:04:38,600 --> 02:04:43,500
Real human behavior is Messier 
more complicated and more driven

2241
02:04:43,500 --> 02:04:48,000
by circumstance and emotion than
criminal codes acknowledge Theft

2242
02:04:48,000 --> 02:04:50,800
by the struggling mother, for 
instance was clearly illegal, 

2243
02:04:50,800 --> 02:04:53,400
but was it truly criminal in the
moral sense? 

2244
02:04:53,400 --> 02:04:56,300
The law says yes. 
But Tom's conscience from 

2245
02:04:56,300 --> 02:04:59,900
remains uncertainty. 
He followed procedure sort of, 

2246
02:04:59,900 --> 02:05:03,000
while also finding a solution 
that addressed underlying 

2247
02:05:03,000 --> 02:05:05,400
problems rather than just 
punishing symptoms. 

2248
02:05:06,400 --> 02:05:09,200
Whether this represents good 
policing or overstepping, his 

2249
02:05:09,200 --> 02:05:11,000
authority depends on Whose 
perspective. 

2250
02:05:11,000 --> 02:05:15,100
You adopt, the accidental death 
by the canal, followed by a 

2251
02:05:15,100 --> 02:05:18,700
panicked cover-up. 
Transformed a tragic accident in

2252
02:05:18,700 --> 02:05:22,700
criminal liability through David
Porter's, subsequent choices. 

2253
02:05:23,900 --> 02:05:26,400
Was Justice served by his 
prosecution. 

2254
02:05:27,200 --> 02:05:28,700
Sarah's mother seemed to think 
so. 

2255
02:05:28,700 --> 02:05:31,900
But her daughter remained dead 
regardless of legal outcomes. 

2256
02:05:32,700 --> 02:05:37,200
The community received closure, 
perhaps though the messy truth 

2257
02:05:37,200 --> 02:05:39,300
satisfied. 
Nobody's desire for simple 

2258
02:05:39,300 --> 02:05:42,000
morality. 
Even the garden known theft 

2259
02:05:42,000 --> 02:05:45,700
required, judgments about 
appropriate responses, Formal 

2260
02:05:45,700 --> 02:05:48,500
prosecution would have given 
those boys criminal records for 

2261
02:05:48,500 --> 02:05:52,000
essentially stupid pranks, 
potentially affecting their 

2262
02:05:52,000 --> 02:05:54,200
future employment, and 
educational opportunities. 

2263
02:05:55,500 --> 02:05:58,800
The informal resolution Tomar 
range, probably taught the more 

2264
02:05:58,800 --> 02:06:01,700
useful lessons while avoiding 
disproportionate consequences. 

2265
02:06:03,100 --> 02:06:05,400
But it also meant different 
treatment based on Tom's 

2266
02:06:05,400 --> 02:06:08,700
judgment rather than consistent 
application of law. 

2267
02:06:08,700 --> 02:06:12,100
These ambiguity used to bother 
Tom more than they do now. 

2268
02:06:13,200 --> 02:06:16,300
Experience as taught him, that 
Justice is a direction, you aim 

2269
02:06:16,308 --> 02:06:18,800
to Ward rather than a 
destination you reach. 

2270
02:06:19,600 --> 02:06:22,600
That most cases involve 
balancing competing Goods rather

2271
02:06:22,600 --> 02:06:24,600
than choosing between obvious 
right and wrong. 

2272
02:06:25,400 --> 02:06:27,800
The law provides useful 
guardrails, but the space 

2273
02:06:27,800 --> 02:06:30,000
between those guardrails 
requires human judgment. 

2274
02:06:30,000 --> 02:06:32,900
That can't be reduced to 
procedure the friends at 

2275
02:06:32,900 --> 02:06:35,700
science, he seemed developed 
during his career represents 

2276
02:06:35,700 --> 02:06:39,100
Humanity's attempt to make 
Justice, more objective to 

2277
02:06:39,100 --> 02:06:42,100
replace subjective judgment with
measurable facts. 

2278
02:06:42,900 --> 02:06:47,800
Blood types, fingerprints and 
fiber analysis, all these reduce

2279
02:06:47,800 --> 02:06:49,900
uncertainty and constrain 
possibilities. 

2280
02:06:50,700 --> 02:06:53,500
But they don't eliminate the 
need for human interpretation 

2281
02:06:53,500 --> 02:06:57,700
for understanding context and 
motivation or for distinguishing

2282
02:06:57,700 --> 02:07:01,800
between legal guilt and moral 
culpability, Thomas prosecuted 

2283
02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:05,000
people, he personally liked and 
felt sympathy for because they 

2284
02:07:05,000 --> 02:07:08,700
broke laws that serve important 
social purposes regardless of 

2285
02:07:08,700 --> 02:07:12,700
individual circumstances. 
He's also declined to prosecute 

2286
02:07:12,700 --> 02:07:15,600
people who were technically 
guilty, but whose prosecution 

2287
02:07:15,600 --> 02:07:19,700
would serve no useful purpose. 
These decisions haunt him 

2288
02:07:19,700 --> 02:07:23,700
sometimes late at night, when 
sleep won't come and he reviews 

2289
02:07:23,700 --> 02:07:25,600
choices that seemed clear at the
time. 

2290
02:07:25,600 --> 02:07:29,300
But look more ambiguous in 
retrospect the victims, he 

2291
02:07:29,300 --> 02:07:32,800
served some grateful, some 
disappointed by outcomes, they 

2292
02:07:32,800 --> 02:07:36,400
couldn't control some angry that
Justice moved to slowly or 

2293
02:07:36,400 --> 02:07:39,800
incompletely remind him. 
That police work affects real 

2294
02:07:39,800 --> 02:07:42,900
lives in ways that paperwork and
procedures can obscure. 

2295
02:07:44,200 --> 02:07:47,100
Assault case might be a 
satisfying check mark on his 

2296
02:07:47,100 --> 02:07:50,100
annual review. 
But for the victim, it's the 

2297
02:07:50,100 --> 02:07:53,700
difference between closure and 
endless wandering between 

2298
02:07:53,700 --> 02:07:57,700
Vindication and abandonment. 
As you prepare for deep sleep. 

2299
02:07:57,700 --> 02:08:01,400
Or if you are already there, 
consider the detectives who 

2300
02:08:01,400 --> 02:08:03,700
worked tonight in cities across,
Britain and Beyond. 

2301
02:08:04,600 --> 02:08:07,800
People conducting investigations
with tools, that would Astound 

2302
02:08:07,800 --> 02:08:11,800
Tom's generation solving crimes 
through DNA analysis, and 

2303
02:08:11,800 --> 02:08:16,100
digital forensics that seem like
magic compared to 1960s 

2304
02:08:16,100 --> 02:08:19,400
technology. 
Yet the fundamental work remains

2305
02:08:19,400 --> 02:08:23,500
unchanged paying attention 
asking questions and 

2306
02:08:23,500 --> 02:08:26,500
accumulating small facts into 
larger truths. 

2307
02:08:26,500 --> 02:08:29,800
The Mysteries, Tom investigated 
weren't always dramatic or 

2308
02:08:29,800 --> 02:08:34,700
violent many involve property 
rather than persons mistakes 

2309
02:08:34,700 --> 02:08:38,700
rather than malice and human 
weakness rather than calculated 

2310
02:08:38,700 --> 02:08:41,500
evil. 
But each one mattered to someone

2311
02:08:41,500 --> 02:08:45,000
the elderly, man, whose known 
connected him to his late wife, 

2312
02:08:45,000 --> 02:08:48,500
the mother struggling to feed 
her children, that Master 

2313
02:08:48,500 --> 02:08:52,200
receiving Anonymous threats and 
Sarah Mitchell's parents seeking

2314
02:08:52,200 --> 02:08:55,100
understanding. 
If not Comfort, detective work 

2315
02:08:55,100 --> 02:08:58,300
in the 1960s existed in a 
particular historical moment 

2316
02:08:58,300 --> 02:09:01,400
after the introduction of 
scientific crime solving. 

2317
02:09:01,400 --> 02:09:05,300
But before its full flowering in
communities, cohesive enough to 

2318
02:09:05,300 --> 02:09:08,700
notice anomalies the diverse 
enough to generate friction 

2319
02:09:08,700 --> 02:09:12,500
using technology, that was 
revolutionary for its time, but 

2320
02:09:12,500 --> 02:09:16,500
primitive by our standards. 
Tom and his colleagues navigated

2321
02:09:16,500 --> 02:09:21,000
this landscape with tools, both 
crude and sophisticated relying.

2322
02:09:21,000 --> 02:09:24,400
On human, observation. 
Supplemented by laboratory 

2323
02:09:24,400 --> 02:09:27,400
analysis and Community 
relationships, enhanced by 

2324
02:09:27,400 --> 02:09:30,700
careful record-keeping, the 
Britain, they placed his largely

2325
02:09:30,700 --> 02:09:35,100
gone now, replaced, by something
faster, more connected, and less

2326
02:09:35,100 --> 02:09:37,700
constrained by tradition, and 
social hierarchies. 

2327
02:09:37,700 --> 02:09:41,100
The high streets, where Tom knew
every shopkeeper have been 

2328
02:09:41,108 --> 02:09:43,400
transformed by chain stores and 
online shopping. 

2329
02:09:44,300 --> 02:09:46,500
The close-knit neighborhoods 
where everyone knew everyone 

2330
02:09:46,500 --> 02:09:48,600
else is business. 
Have fragmented into more 

2331
02:09:48,608 --> 02:09:52,600
Anonymous patterns of living. 
The deference to Authority that 

2332
02:09:52,600 --> 02:09:55,300
made police work. 
Simpler has been replaced by 

2333
02:09:55,300 --> 02:09:58,000
healthy escape to cism. 
That make it more accountable, 

2334
02:09:58,000 --> 02:10:01,900
but human nature, the mix of 
decency and selfishness, 

2335
02:10:01,900 --> 02:10:06,600
courage, and fear honesty and 
deception remains, remarkably 

2336
02:10:06,600 --> 02:10:10,300
constant to cross-generation 
People still steal when 

2337
02:10:10,300 --> 02:10:13,600
desperate or opportunistic, 
still harm each other through 

2338
02:10:13,600 --> 02:10:17,200
passional calculation and still 
make terrible decisions that 

2339
02:10:17,200 --> 02:10:20,900
Cascade into tragedy. 
And other people still dedicate 

2340
02:10:20,900 --> 02:10:23,200
their careers to sorting through
these failures. 

2341
02:10:24,100 --> 02:10:27,900
Speaking truth and some 
approximation of Justice Tom's 

2342
02:10:27,900 --> 02:10:30,900
Legacy isn't measured in 
dramatic cases or headlines. 

2343
02:10:30,900 --> 02:10:36,000
But in the steady accumulation 
of small successes crime, solved

2344
02:10:36,000 --> 02:10:39,700
communities, served young 
younger officers trained and 

2345
02:10:39,700 --> 02:10:42,500
victims, give them, whatever 
closure the law and human, 

2346
02:10:42,500 --> 02:10:46,800
limitation allow His career 
represents thousands of hours 

2347
02:10:46,800 --> 02:10:50,900
spent listening observing 
documenting and testifying 

2348
02:10:50,900 --> 02:10:54,000
always working within a system 
that's imperfect. 

2349
02:10:54,000 --> 02:10:58,300
But striving toward ideals that 
justify the effort, the quiet 

2350
02:10:58,300 --> 02:11:02,300
mysteries of 1960s, Britain 
garden, gnomes and threatening 

2351
02:11:02,300 --> 02:11:05,800
letters accidental deaths and 
opportunistic thefts. 

2352
02:11:06,600 --> 02:11:10,500
Reveal a society in transition 
struggling, to maintain order 

2353
02:11:10,500 --> 02:11:15,000
while navigating rapid change. 
Tom's generation of detectives 

2354
02:11:15,000 --> 02:11:18,800
served as guides through this 
transition applying old wisdom, 

2355
02:11:18,800 --> 02:11:22,600
to New Challenges, adapting 
traditional methods to emerging 

2356
02:11:22,600 --> 02:11:26,400
circumstances and Building 
Bridges between the Britain that

2357
02:11:26,400 --> 02:11:30,600
was and the Britain, becoming as
you drift towards sleep, you 

2358
02:11:30,600 --> 02:11:34,400
might imagine Tom in his later 
years, retired, but still alert 

2359
02:11:34,400 --> 02:11:36,800
to the world around. 
Him still noticing 

2360
02:11:36,800 --> 02:11:39,900
discrepancies, and anomalies 
through a habit to deeply 

2361
02:11:39,900 --> 02:11:43,900
ingrained to abandon Perhaps he 
volunteers with youth programs, 

2362
02:11:43,900 --> 02:11:46,400
sharing stories about Justice 
and consequences. 

2363
02:11:47,700 --> 02:11:51,400
Pepsi simply tends his guard and
finding peace and growing things

2364
02:11:51,400 --> 02:11:54,800
rather than hunting people. 
Perhaps the occasionally visits 

2365
02:11:54,800 --> 02:11:58,100
the old station now, updated 
with computers and modern 

2366
02:11:58,100 --> 02:12:01,700
technology and Marvels at how 
much has changed while 

2367
02:12:01,700 --> 02:12:06,300
recognizing how much Remains the
Same the mysteries in every era 

2368
02:12:06,300 --> 02:12:09,000
and every place where humans 
live together in communities. 

2369
02:12:09,900 --> 02:12:13,800
The tools for solving them 
evolve the social context shift,

2370
02:12:13,800 --> 02:12:18,400
but the fundamental work endures
paying attention to what others,

2371
02:12:18,400 --> 02:12:23,400
Miss asking questions until 
truth emerges Seeking Justice in

2372
02:12:23,400 --> 02:12:25,300
an imperfect world that 
nonetheless demands. 

2373
02:12:25,300 --> 02:12:28,300
The effort sleep. 
Well, knowing that in the long 

2374
02:12:28,300 --> 02:12:32,000
tradition of people dedicated 
that work you've just spent time

2375
02:12:32,000 --> 02:12:34,100
with one detectives ordinary 
career. 

2376
02:12:34,100 --> 02:12:37,000
In an extraordinary moment of 
British history. 

2377
02:12:37,000 --> 02:12:40,700
Tom Henley isn't famous and 
won't be remembered in history 

2378
02:12:40,700 --> 02:12:43,800
books, but represents thousands 
of professionals who served 

2379
02:12:43,800 --> 02:12:47,700
quietly and competently with 
more dedication, than glory. 

2380
02:12:47,700 --> 02:12:50,400
And perhaps that's the most 
important mystery solved 

2381
02:12:50,400 --> 02:12:53,100
tonight. 
That ordinary work, done with 

2382
02:12:53,100 --> 02:12:56,500
care, and persistence creates 
the foundation of civilization 

2383
02:12:56,500 --> 02:13:00,100
itself. 
The dramatic cases capture 

2384
02:13:00,100 --> 02:13:04,200
attention but it's the patient 
unglamorous resolution of 

2385
02:13:04,200 --> 02:13:07,300
everyday Mysteries that actually
holds communities together. 

2386
02:13:12,200 --> 02:13:15,000
You're sitting in a cave 
entrance on a hillside in what 

2387
02:13:15,000 --> 02:13:17,700
will Sunday be called County, 
Clare Ireland. 

2388
02:13:17,700 --> 02:13:20,900
The ear doesn't matter because 
years haven't been invented yet,

2389
02:13:20,900 --> 02:13:25,400
but the season does its deep 
winter and the sun has just 

2390
02:13:25,400 --> 02:13:27,500
slipped below the Western 
Horizon around four. 

2391
02:13:27,500 --> 02:13:31,300
In the afternoon, your breath 
makes small clouds in the frigid

2392
02:13:31,300 --> 02:13:34,900
air and your fingers are already
going numb despite the sheepskin

2393
02:13:34,900 --> 02:13:39,100
wrapped around your shoulders. 
Behind you deeper in the cave. 

2394
02:13:39,100 --> 02:13:41,100
Someone has been tending. 
The fire all day. 

2395
02:13:41,100 --> 02:13:44,300
This isn't just any fire, it's 
the fire. 

2396
02:13:44,300 --> 02:13:47,000
The one, your family group has 
kept alive for three 

2397
02:13:47,000 --> 02:13:50,100
generations. 
You know, this because your 

2398
02:13:50,100 --> 02:13:52,300
grandmother told you and her 
grandmother told her. 

2399
02:13:53,100 --> 02:13:56,100
The fire predates, everyone's 
memory a living thing that 

2400
02:13:56,100 --> 02:13:59,700
demands constant attention. 
Let it die, and you'll spend 

2401
02:13:59,700 --> 02:14:03,000
hours trying to coax new Flames 
from a friction drill and a 

2402
02:14:03,000 --> 02:14:03,900
piece of dried. 
Fungus. 

2403
02:14:03,900 --> 02:14:08,600
Your arms aching your patience 
worn thin as birch bark 

2404
02:14:10,100 --> 02:14:13,900
Firelight doesn't reach far 
perhaps 15 feet from the half. 

2405
02:14:13,900 --> 02:14:17,800
Maybe 20 of someone's just added
fresh pine logs that spit and 

2406
02:14:17,800 --> 02:14:20,600
crackle enthusiastically beyond 
that radius. 

2407
02:14:20,600 --> 02:14:22,800
The darkness isn't just an 
absence of light. 

2408
02:14:23,500 --> 02:14:26,600
It's a presents, something 
thick, and alive that presses 

2409
02:14:26,600 --> 02:14:28,600
against your small circle of 
warmth. 

2410
02:14:29,400 --> 02:14:31,600
You can hear things moving out 
there in the winter night. 

2411
02:14:31,600 --> 02:14:35,000
Probably just a fox. 
Hopefully, just a fox. 

2412
02:14:35,000 --> 02:14:37,900
Your cousin is rotating. 
A haunch of venison over the 

2413
02:14:37,908 --> 02:14:40,700
flames and the smell makes your 
stomach clenched with hunger. 

2414
02:14:41,600 --> 02:14:45,300
File like plays across her face,
making her features shift and 

2415
02:14:45,300 --> 02:14:47,700
dance in the shadows in this 
light. 

2416
02:14:47,700 --> 02:14:52,200
Every one looks different older 
stranger like versions of 

2417
02:14:52,200 --> 02:14:53,600
themselves from some other 
world. 

2418
02:14:54,600 --> 02:14:57,200
The Flames create a theater of 
Shadows on the cave. 

2419
02:14:57,200 --> 02:15:02,000
Walls, enormous and distorted 
turning simple human gestures 

2420
02:15:02,000 --> 02:15:06,200
into Mythic pantomimes. 
Fire was Humanity's first great 

2421
02:15:06,200 --> 02:15:09,700
technology, more important than 
the wheel and more revolutionary

2422
02:15:09,700 --> 02:15:13,300
than agriculture before. 
Fire, your species huddled in 

2423
02:15:13,300 --> 02:15:19,000
darkness 12 hours out of every 
24, Vulcan with sharp teeth and 

2424
02:15:19,008 --> 02:15:23,000
better night vision. 
After the fire, you would push 

2425
02:15:23,000 --> 02:15:25,700
back the darkness. 
Just enough to create a space 

2426
02:15:25,700 --> 02:15:29,200
that was yours. 
Not Conquered never that but 

2427
02:15:29,200 --> 02:15:33,300
negotiated with An agreement 
between humanity and the night. 

2428
02:15:33,300 --> 02:15:36,500
The half is never just about 
light though. 

2429
02:15:36,500 --> 02:15:38,300
Light is certainly part of its 
magic. 

2430
02:15:38,300 --> 02:15:40,200
It's about heat. 
Yes. 

2431
02:15:40,200 --> 02:15:43,200
And cooking and keeping 
Predators nervous enough to 

2432
02:15:43,200 --> 02:15:46,800
maintain their distance. 
But watch out everyone arranges 

2433
02:15:46,800 --> 02:15:50,700
themselves around it always 
facing in Wood backs to the 

2434
02:15:50,700 --> 02:15:54,100
protected cave wall, eyes drawn 
to the Flames. 

2435
02:15:54,100 --> 02:15:57,700
Fire is Hypnotic. 
You can watch it for hours and 

2436
02:15:57,700 --> 02:16:00,200
sometimes you do because there's
not much else to do once 

2437
02:16:00,200 --> 02:16:02,300
Darkness Falls and the days work
is finished. 

2438
02:16:03,200 --> 02:16:07,000
Firelight is intimate. 
It only reaches so far creating 

2439
02:16:07,000 --> 02:16:09,100
a boundary between your group 
and everything else. 

2440
02:16:09,900 --> 02:16:14,300
Inside this circle of 
Illumination your safe, warm and

2441
02:16:14,300 --> 02:16:16,700
fed. 
Outside it. 

2442
02:16:16,700 --> 02:16:20,100
The world is full of things that
would happily eat you. 

2443
02:16:20,100 --> 02:16:23,100
This is the first human 
experience of inside versus 

2444
02:16:23,100 --> 02:16:25,100
outside in the metaphorical 
sense. 

2445
02:16:25,900 --> 02:16:28,100
The division between 
civilization and Wilderness 

2446
02:16:28,100 --> 02:16:30,800
safety and danger and us and 
them. 

2447
02:16:30,800 --> 02:16:34,900
All of its starts here with a 
fire at the center and darkness 

2448
02:16:34,900 --> 02:16:37,700
at the edges. 
Quality of firelight is 

2449
02:16:37,700 --> 02:16:40,200
something you'll never 
experience in your modern life, 

2450
02:16:40,200 --> 02:16:44,299
no matter how many candles you 
like during a power outage, it's

2451
02:16:44,299 --> 02:16:47,000
not deadly. 
It doesn't stay the same color, 

2452
02:16:47,000 --> 02:16:49,600
or intensity for more than a few
seconds at a time. 

2453
02:16:49,600 --> 02:16:53,900
The Flames, Surge and subside. 
Like breathing, casting 

2454
02:16:53,900 --> 02:16:57,000
everything in shades of orange 
and gold and deep red. 

2455
02:16:57,799 --> 02:17:01,600
Faces appear a disappear objects
at the edge of the firelight 

2456
02:17:01,600 --> 02:17:03,200
seemed to flicker in and out of 
existence. 

2457
02:17:04,500 --> 02:17:06,700
Your ancestors were just 
shooting around fires. 

2458
02:17:06,700 --> 02:17:10,000
They were performing one of the 
most important maintenance tasks

2459
02:17:10,000 --> 02:17:12,600
in human history. 
Someone always had to watch the 

2460
02:17:12,600 --> 02:17:15,200
Flames had fuel before they died
too. 

2461
02:17:15,200 --> 02:17:17,200
Low and protect the coals 
through the night. 

2462
02:17:17,900 --> 02:17:21,299
In some cultures, letting the 
communal fire go out was 

2463
02:17:21,299 --> 02:17:23,100
considered such a serious 
failure. 

2464
02:17:23,100 --> 02:17:25,600
That it carried severe, social 
penalties. 

2465
02:17:25,600 --> 02:17:28,700
You'd let down not just your 
family but your entire 

2466
02:17:28,700 --> 02:17:32,700
Community, condemning everyone 
to cold Darkness until fire 

2467
02:17:32,700 --> 02:17:36,600
could be rekindled, an arduous 
process that might take hours. 

2468
02:17:37,299 --> 02:17:40,500
There's an art to fire tending, 
that you learn young too much. 

2469
02:17:40,508 --> 02:17:45,100
Would Smothers the Flames too 
little and they die to Embers 

2470
02:17:45,100 --> 02:17:49,400
that provide warmth but no light
Wet wood creates more smoke than

2471
02:17:49,400 --> 02:17:52,400
illumination. 
Sending everyone into coughing. 

2472
02:17:52,400 --> 02:17:55,100
Fits resinous, Pine lights 
quickly. 

2473
02:17:55,100 --> 02:18:00,600
But Burns fast Oak Burns, slowly
and steadily but takes forever 

2474
02:18:00,600 --> 02:18:03,500
to catch. 
Birch bark makes excellent 

2475
02:18:03,500 --> 02:18:06,900
kindling. 
Dried dung well, it's not 

2476
02:18:06,900 --> 02:18:08,900
pleasant to think about but it 
burns. 

2477
02:18:08,900 --> 02:18:11,500
Surprisingly. 
Well, when wood is scarce, the 

2478
02:18:11,500 --> 02:18:15,500
smoke from your Fire Rises and 
pools against the cave ceiling 

2479
02:18:15,500 --> 02:18:18,299
before finding its way out 
through cracks, and the cave 

2480
02:18:18,299 --> 02:18:22,000
entrance. 
Your eyes water constantly, your

2481
02:18:22,000 --> 02:18:26,900
clothes, your hair, your skin, 
everything reeks of smoke all 

2482
02:18:26,900 --> 02:18:29,500
the time. 
You stopped noticing months ago,

2483
02:18:29,500 --> 02:18:33,500
this is just what people smell. 
Like, centuries from now 

2484
02:18:33,500 --> 02:18:36,799
archaeologists, will be able to 
identify where ancient people's 

2485
02:18:36,799 --> 02:18:41,299
lived by testing soil samples 
for microscopic charcoal. 

2486
02:18:41,299 --> 02:18:45,500
Particles your presence here in 
this cave around. 

2487
02:18:45,500 --> 02:18:48,799
This fire will remain detectable
for thousands of years. 

2488
02:18:49,700 --> 02:18:53,900
Beyond your fire Circle. 
The winter night is absolute no 

2489
02:18:53,900 --> 02:18:57,000
street lights. 
No house lights, no distant 

2490
02:18:57,000 --> 02:18:59,299
glow. 
From a neighboring Village, just

2491
02:18:59,299 --> 02:19:01,200
darkness. 
So complete that you can't see 

2492
02:19:01,200 --> 02:19:03,299
your hand six inches from your 
face. 

2493
02:19:04,100 --> 02:19:07,299
The stars are brilliant when 
clouds permit brighter than 

2494
02:19:07,308 --> 02:19:09,000
anything. 
You've seen in your light, 

2495
02:19:09,000 --> 02:19:11,600
polluted Modern Life, but 
Starlight doesn't help. 

2496
02:19:11,600 --> 02:19:14,600
You see where you're walking, or
what might be watching you from 

2497
02:19:14,600 --> 02:19:18,400
the Shadows. 
So you stay near the fire, you 

2498
02:19:18,400 --> 02:19:21,500
arrange your entire life around 
its maintenance and it's limited

2499
02:19:21,500 --> 02:19:24,700
radius of Illumination. 
You wait when there's enough 

2500
02:19:24,700 --> 02:19:28,400
dawn like to see by work through
the day then Retreat to the 

2501
02:19:28,400 --> 02:19:33,000
Fireside, as Darkness Falls your
world shrinks to what the Flames

2502
02:19:33,000 --> 02:19:36,400
reveal. 
Stories are told here skills are

2503
02:19:36,407 --> 02:19:40,500
taught tools are prepared and 
children fall asleep to the 

2504
02:19:40,500 --> 02:19:43,900
sound of crackling wood and 
quiet conversations. 

2505
02:19:43,900 --> 02:19:47,500
This is Humanity's first 
experience of artificial light 

2506
02:19:47,500 --> 02:19:50,700
though, artificial seems like 
the wrong word for something. 

2507
02:19:50,700 --> 02:19:54,200
So Elemental. 
Fire is half-tamed nature. 

2508
02:19:54,200 --> 02:19:58,900
Neither fully wild North fully 
domesticated, it consumes, 

2509
02:19:58,900 --> 02:20:01,500
whatever you feed it in 
different to your needs 

2510
02:20:01,500 --> 02:20:05,900
dangerous. 
Even when contained, Spark jumps

2511
02:20:05,900 --> 02:20:07,600
from the half and lands on your 
wool. 

2512
02:20:07,600 --> 02:20:09,900
Cloak, you brush it away quickly
before. 

2513
02:20:09,900 --> 02:20:13,500
It can smolder into a hole fire 
serves you, but only if you 

2514
02:20:13,508 --> 02:20:17,300
remain Vigilant respectful and 
properly afraid, the elders in 

2515
02:20:17,300 --> 02:20:19,300
your group. 
Remember, stories passed down 

2516
02:20:19,300 --> 02:20:22,900
from their Elders about times 
when fire went out during a 

2517
02:20:22,900 --> 02:20:25,600
harsh winter. 
When illness or accident meant, 

2518
02:20:25,600 --> 02:20:28,800
no one could tend it properly. 
The darkness that followed was 

2519
02:20:28,800 --> 02:20:31,500
terrifying. 
Not just physically cold, but 

2520
02:20:31,500 --> 02:20:34,900
spiritually desolate, restarting
a fire required. 

2521
02:20:34,900 --> 02:20:38,800
Finding dry wood in wet, weather
preparing Tinder carefully and 

2522
02:20:38,800 --> 02:20:41,800
spending hours creating friction
hot enough to ignite the 

2523
02:20:41,800 --> 02:20:45,400
kindling. 
Success was never guaranteed. 

2524
02:20:46,600 --> 02:20:49,900
some groups, the story say, 
didn't survive, such failures, 

2525
02:20:49,900 --> 02:20:53,800
you watched the Flames dance and
realized that this fire connects

2526
02:20:53,800 --> 02:20:56,800
you to an unbroken chain of 
light, stretching, back further 

2527
02:20:56,800 --> 02:21:00,200
than memory, Every night for 
thousands of generations. 

2528
02:21:00,200 --> 02:21:03,300
Humans have gathered around 
fires just like this one. 

2529
02:21:04,200 --> 02:21:07,600
Secular would might change the 
shape of the half might differ, 

2530
02:21:07,600 --> 02:21:10,900
but the essential experience 
remains constant. 

2531
02:21:10,900 --> 02:21:16,900
Warm light safety and Community.
All contained, within a small 

2532
02:21:16,900 --> 02:21:18,700
radius of flickering 
illumination. 

2533
02:21:18,700 --> 02:21:21,500
Your younger sibling is learning
fire tending. 

2534
02:21:21,500 --> 02:21:25,100
Now, watching the Flames 
intently learning to read their 

2535
02:21:25,100 --> 02:21:27,800
language. 
When the fire burns, yellow and 

2536
02:21:27,800 --> 02:21:32,000
high, you're using fresh wood 
when it settles to blue flames. 

2537
02:21:32,000 --> 02:21:34,700
Close to the coals, the wood has
mostly burned away. 

2538
02:21:35,600 --> 02:21:37,900
Red Embers mean. 
The fire is dying but can be 

2539
02:21:37,908 --> 02:21:42,600
revived with careful attention. 
Black smoke means, wet wood, or 

2540
02:21:42,600 --> 02:21:45,700
insufficient oxygen. 
These lessons are as important 

2541
02:21:45,700 --> 02:21:49,400
as any other knowledge. 
The child will acquire the fire 

2542
02:21:49,400 --> 02:21:52,800
shapes your understanding of 
time as well as space you 

2543
02:21:52,800 --> 02:21:55,900
measure the evening by the 
amount of wood remaining by how 

2544
02:21:55,900 --> 02:21:59,100
low the Flames of burned. 
And by, when coals need to be 

2545
02:21:59,100 --> 02:22:02,900
banked for the night, There are 
no clocks here, no precise 

2546
02:22:02,900 --> 02:22:06,300
measurements of hours and 
minutes time is the fire burning

2547
02:22:06,300 --> 02:22:09,500
down daylight fading and stars 
Wheeling overhead. 

2548
02:22:09,500 --> 02:22:13,800
The rhythms are natural tied to 
observable phenomena rather than

2549
02:22:13,800 --> 02:22:17,600
abstract numbers. 
As the evening deepens people, 

2550
02:22:17,600 --> 02:22:21,200
begin preparing for Sleep. 
The fire is built up one final 

2551
02:22:21,200 --> 02:22:24,700
time and carefully arranged. 
So it will burn slowly through 

2552
02:22:24,700 --> 02:22:28,000
the night. 
Someone tonight is your turn 

2553
02:22:28,000 --> 02:22:31,600
will wake periodically to add 
wood to ensure the Fire doesn't 

2554
02:22:31,600 --> 02:22:32,300
die. 
Completely. 

2555
02:22:32,300 --> 02:22:35,900
This Night Watch is necessary 
but not particularly arduous. 

2556
02:22:35,900 --> 02:22:40,000
You've done it since childhood. 
You know the feel of waking in 

2557
02:22:40,000 --> 02:22:43,900
darkness, the brief moment of 
disorientation and then the 

2558
02:22:43,900 --> 02:22:46,300
automatic movement toward the 
half to add fuel. 

2559
02:22:46,300 --> 02:22:50,900
The problem with fire is that it
wants to stay in one place and 

2560
02:22:50,900 --> 02:22:53,000
you frequently need to be in 
another place. 

2561
02:22:54,000 --> 02:22:57,500
This created certain logistical 
challenges that occupied your 

2562
02:22:57,500 --> 02:23:02,600
ancestors considerable Ingenuity
for thousands of years you're 

2563
02:23:02,600 --> 02:23:05,600
walking through a forest at dusk
following a path, you know, by 

2564
02:23:05,600 --> 02:23:08,700
feel as much as sight. 
In your hand. 

2565
02:23:08,700 --> 02:23:13,500
You're carrying a torch nothing 
fancy just a branch of pine 

2566
02:23:13,500 --> 02:23:16,400
wrapped with strips of Birchbox 
soaked in animal fat. 

2567
02:23:16,400 --> 02:23:20,600
It burns with a smoky sputtering
flame that smells like a 

2568
02:23:20,600 --> 02:23:23,200
combination of campfire and old 
cooking grease. 

2569
02:23:23,200 --> 02:23:26,700
Every 30 feet or so you have to 
stop and scrape away the 

2570
02:23:26,700 --> 02:23:28,700
accumulated carbon at the 
burning end. 

2571
02:23:28,700 --> 02:23:32,000
Otherwise it will cross over and
extinguish itself. 

2572
02:23:32,000 --> 02:23:36,000
This torch will last perhaps 45 
minutes if you're lucky and the 

2573
02:23:36,000 --> 02:23:39,000
wind doesn't pick up after that,
you'll need to lighten. 

2574
02:23:39,000 --> 02:23:42,200
Another one from the dying 
flames of the first or carrying 

2575
02:23:42,200 --> 02:23:44,400
three spares in your other hand 
or already prepared. 

2576
02:23:44,400 --> 02:23:48,500
The mathematics of torch life 
versus distance to travel is 

2577
02:23:48,500 --> 02:23:51,500
something you calculate 
automatically now the same way 

2578
02:23:51,500 --> 02:23:54,000
you might calculate whether you 
have enough gas to reach. 

2579
02:23:54,000 --> 02:23:57,500
The next station, Torchlight is 
democratic in a way that 

2580
02:23:57,500 --> 02:24:02,100
firelight, isn't it moves with 
you and extends your radius of 

2581
02:24:02,100 --> 02:24:06,200
safety Beyond The Hearth? 
But it's also limited creating a

2582
02:24:06,200 --> 02:24:10,800
small bubble of Illumination in 
an ocean of Darkness, the Light 

2583
02:24:10,800 --> 02:24:14,600
reaches, perhaps 10 feet ahead 
of you enough to see roots that 

2584
02:24:14,600 --> 02:24:18,400
might trip you and to make large
Predators, think twice before 

2585
02:24:18,400 --> 02:24:22,100
approaching it doesn't. 
However, let you see much of 

2586
02:24:22,100 --> 02:24:25,300
what's Happening beyond that. 
Circle, The Darkness outside 

2587
02:24:25,300 --> 02:24:29,300
your torch light isn't just dark
it somehow darker than it was 

2588
02:24:29,300 --> 02:24:31,700
before you lit. 
The torch as if the flame 

2589
02:24:31,700 --> 02:24:35,800
creates Shadow as much as light 
ancient people's use, torches, 

2590
02:24:35,800 --> 02:24:39,200
the way you use flash lights 
with the same frustrations and 

2591
02:24:39,200 --> 02:24:43,100
benefits They Carried torches to
and from the fields after dark, 

2592
02:24:43,100 --> 02:24:45,700
They Carried torches down mine 
shafts. 

2593
02:24:45,700 --> 02:24:49,100
And into caves, They Carried 
torches through city streets 

2594
02:24:49,100 --> 02:24:53,100
before Street, lighting existed,
torches were so fundamental to 

2595
02:24:53,100 --> 02:24:56,600
ancient life that they show up 
in mythology art and literature 

2596
02:24:56,600 --> 02:25:00,200
constantly. 
The Olympic torch, the torch 

2597
02:25:00,200 --> 02:25:03,600
carrying Statue of Liberty and 
the Torches that angry 

2598
02:25:03,600 --> 02:25:05,500
villagers. 
Always seem to have handy in 

2599
02:25:05,500 --> 02:25:09,000
classic horror films. 
Making a good torch required. 

2600
02:25:09,000 --> 02:25:12,100
Genuine skill, simply setting, a
stick on fire. 

2601
02:25:12,100 --> 02:25:16,100
Produced terrible results. 
It burned too far to created too

2602
02:25:16,100 --> 02:25:19,100
much smoke and extinguished at 
the slightest Breeze. 

2603
02:25:19,100 --> 02:25:22,200
The best torches combined 
materials carefully. 

2604
02:25:22,200 --> 02:25:27,400
A dent core of hardwood, with 
bark or fabric strips soaked in 

2605
02:25:27,400 --> 02:25:31,900
fat, or resin or pitch. 
Some cultures added sulfur for a

2606
02:25:31,900 --> 02:25:34,600
brighter flame others 
experimented with different, 

2607
02:25:34,600 --> 02:25:37,000
wrapping techniques to control 
the burn rate. 

2608
02:25:37,900 --> 02:25:40,600
They were professional torch 
makers in ancient cities 

2609
02:25:40,600 --> 02:25:43,600
Specialists, who understood the 
chemistry and physics of 

2610
02:25:43,600 --> 02:25:47,500
combustion centuries. 
Before those Sciences had names,

2611
02:25:47,500 --> 02:25:50,300
he passed another traveler 
going, the opposite direction. 

2612
02:25:50,300 --> 02:25:53,100
Also carrying a torch You nod to
each other. 

2613
02:25:53,100 --> 02:25:56,700
As you pass two, small moving 
points of light, in the immense 

2614
02:25:56,700 --> 02:26:00,200
of Darkness, for a moment. 
As you walk away from each 

2615
02:26:00,200 --> 02:26:03,300
other, you can see their torch 
light receding into the distance

2616
02:26:03,300 --> 02:26:07,700
behind you a small Comfort proof
that you're not completely alone

2617
02:26:07,700 --> 02:26:10,300
out here. 
The forest at night is a 

2618
02:26:10,300 --> 02:26:12,400
different place than the forest 
by day. 

2619
02:26:12,400 --> 02:26:16,200
Sounds carried differently. 
Distances become impossible to 

2620
02:26:16,200 --> 02:26:19,700
judge that tree walked past this
morning looks vaguely 

2621
02:26:19,700 --> 02:26:22,600
threatening and tort Shadow your
torch illuminates. 

2622
02:26:22,600 --> 02:26:25,500
The eyes of something watching 
from the underbrush, two points 

2623
02:26:25,500 --> 02:26:28,700
of reflected light greenish, 
gold, humbling King. 

2624
02:26:29,400 --> 02:26:33,200
You pause what ever? 
It is Paul's is you take a step.

2625
02:26:33,200 --> 02:26:37,800
It fades Back Into Darkness. 
Your heart is pounding harder 

2626
02:26:37,800 --> 02:26:39,800
than it should be for a simple 
walk home. 

2627
02:26:40,500 --> 02:26:43,800
Torches had significant 
disadvantages beyond their short

2628
02:26:43,800 --> 02:26:48,600
burn time, they required both 
hands in a sense one to hold the

2629
02:26:48,600 --> 02:26:51,300
torch and want to steady it 
against wind or to carry other 

2630
02:26:51,300 --> 02:26:54,200
items. 
They created Sparks that could 

2631
02:26:54,200 --> 02:26:57,800
ignite your clothing or dry 
grass, they broadcast your 

2632
02:26:57,800 --> 02:27:01,400
position to anyone or anything 
watching in wet weather. 

2633
02:27:01,400 --> 02:27:04,700
They were nearly useless. 
Sputtering and smoking but 

2634
02:27:04,700 --> 02:27:08,100
providing minimal light. 
Smart people carried, extra 

2635
02:27:08,100 --> 02:27:11,500
kindling and fat soaked cloth to
restart torches, that refused to

2636
02:27:11,508 --> 02:27:13,700
stay lit. 
Yet despite these limitations, 

2637
02:27:13,700 --> 02:27:18,500
torches represented a revolution
in human Mobility. before 

2638
02:27:18,500 --> 02:27:23,800
torches Darkness meant staying 
put After torches Darkness, 

2639
02:27:23,800 --> 02:27:27,500
meant preceding carefully, but 
still proceeding, you could 

2640
02:27:27,500 --> 02:27:31,900
travel at night, if necessary, 
you could work after Sunset, you

2641
02:27:31,900 --> 02:27:35,300
could investigate strange noises
outside your settlement rather 

2642
02:27:35,300 --> 02:27:39,000
than huddling inside wondering 
what was making them the torch 

2643
02:27:39,000 --> 02:27:42,700
extended human agency Beyond 
daylight hours pushing back 

2644
02:27:42,700 --> 02:27:44,600
against the tyranny of the sun 
schedule. 

2645
02:27:44,600 --> 02:27:48,500
In ancient cities, torch bearers
were common sights on streets 

2646
02:27:48,500 --> 02:27:51,400
after dark. 
Sometimes servants, lighting the

2647
02:27:51,400 --> 02:27:55,200
way for wealthy employers, 
sometimes hired Guide to the 

2648
02:27:55,200 --> 02:27:58,600
safest route through dangerous 
neighborhoods, a torment. 

2649
02:27:58,600 --> 02:28:02,300
You had somewhere to be 
resources to spare and the 

2650
02:28:02,300 --> 02:28:06,100
confidence to travel after Dark.
It was a small statement of 

2651
02:28:06,100 --> 02:28:09,400
power over natural rhythms that 
had governed human life since 

2652
02:28:09,408 --> 02:28:12,500
the species began your own 
torches burning lower. 

2653
02:28:12,500 --> 02:28:15,300
Now the flame creeping down 
toward your hand. 

2654
02:28:16,000 --> 02:28:18,600
You stop and light. 
Your second Torch from the first

2655
02:28:18,600 --> 02:28:22,000
holding them together until the 
new one catches properly. 

2656
02:28:22,700 --> 02:28:25,700
First taught you drop and grind 
out with your heel. 

2657
02:28:25,700 --> 02:28:27,900
Can't risk. 
Leaving it burning where it 

2658
02:28:27,900 --> 02:28:32,000
might start a forest fire. 
The small careful actions 

2659
02:28:32,000 --> 02:28:35,400
repeated by millions of people 
over thousands of years. 

2660
02:28:35,400 --> 02:28:39,600
Prevented disasters, you'll 
never know about The path begins

2661
02:28:39,600 --> 02:28:43,900
to slope upward, you can see 
light's ahead, the fires of your

2662
02:28:43,900 --> 02:28:46,100
village, glowing orange through 
the trees. 

2663
02:28:46,100 --> 02:28:50,600
Each house has its own half, 
creating a constellation of warm

2664
02:28:50,600 --> 02:28:53,800
light against the hillside 
during winter, before everyone 

2665
02:28:53,800 --> 02:28:56,500
goes to sleep, The Village 
glows, softly in the darkness 

2666
02:28:56,500 --> 02:29:01,300
visible for Miles that glowing, 
safety, shelter, food, and 

2667
02:29:01,300 --> 02:29:04,500
family. 
You Quicken your pace eager to 

2668
02:29:04,500 --> 02:29:07,700
be home to put down your torch 
and warm Yourself by a fire. 

2669
02:29:07,700 --> 02:29:10,600
That doesn't need to be carried 
through the night, the invention

2670
02:29:10,600 --> 02:29:13,800
of the lantern essentially, a 
torch protected by translucent 

2671
02:29:13,800 --> 02:29:16,700
panels solved. 
Some of the Torches problems. 

2672
02:29:16,700 --> 02:29:19,700
Horns, scraped thin enough to be
semi-transparent. 

2673
02:29:19,700 --> 02:29:22,900
Could protect a flame from wind 
while still allowing light to 

2674
02:29:22,900 --> 02:29:26,400
pass through late papers, served
a similar function. 

2675
02:29:27,300 --> 02:29:30,100
These early lanterns were crewed
by later standards but 

2676
02:29:30,100 --> 02:29:33,500
represented significant 
improvements Overexposed Flames,

2677
02:29:33,500 --> 02:29:37,200
a lantern was less likely to be 
extinguished by a sudden gust. 

2678
02:29:38,000 --> 02:29:42,100
Less likely to drop Sparks on 
flammable materials and could be

2679
02:29:42,108 --> 02:29:44,100
carried. 
More safely through crowded 

2680
02:29:44,100 --> 02:29:46,500
spaces. 
You've seen lanterns in the 

2681
02:29:46,508 --> 02:29:50,000
market Town, carried by 
merchants and officials who 

2682
02:29:50,000 --> 02:29:54,200
could afford such luxuries The 
light they cast is softer than 

2683
02:29:54,200 --> 02:29:58,200
Torchlight more diffused, but 
also more reliable. 

2684
02:29:58,200 --> 02:30:01,800
A good lantern with adequate oil
could burn for hours without 

2685
02:30:01,800 --> 02:30:05,500
attention, making it ideal for 
night-watches and extended 

2686
02:30:05,500 --> 02:30:08,200
travel. 
The town's night Watchman 

2687
02:30:08,200 --> 02:30:11,500
carries one as he makes his 
rounds, calling out the hours 

2688
02:30:11,500 --> 02:30:14,400
and checking doors. 
His Lanta has become so 

2689
02:30:14,400 --> 02:30:17,800
associated with his role that 
children play at being Watchmen,

2690
02:30:17,800 --> 02:30:20,400
carrying makeshift lanterns and 
mimicking. 

2691
02:30:20,400 --> 02:30:24,600
His calls, torches played in 
Portland, ceremonial roles in 

2692
02:30:24,600 --> 02:30:26,900
your culture. 
Wedding's often included 

2693
02:30:26,900 --> 02:30:30,200
torch-lit procession with the 
bride, being a escorted to her 

2694
02:30:30,200 --> 02:30:34,400
new home by torchbearers 
Funerals similarly used torches 

2695
02:30:34,400 --> 02:30:38,000
the Flames representing the 
spirits Journey from this world 

2696
02:30:38,000 --> 02:30:41,400
to the next summer. 
Solstice celebrations involved, 

2697
02:30:41,400 --> 02:30:45,500
building enormous bonfire Towers
then using torches to light the 

2698
02:30:45,500 --> 02:30:49,800
simultaneously at Sunset 
creating spectacular displays 

2699
02:30:49,800 --> 02:30:53,100
visible across the countryside. 
The military applications of 

2700
02:30:53,108 --> 02:30:57,800
torches were equally significant
Armies on the March needed light

2701
02:30:57,800 --> 02:31:00,800
to set up Camp, Post centuries 
and coordinate movements after 

2702
02:31:00,800 --> 02:31:04,200
dark signal fires on. 
Hilltops could transmit messages

2703
02:31:04,200 --> 02:31:07,700
across vast distances faster 
than any Messenger on foot or 

2704
02:31:07,700 --> 02:31:11,400
horse a chain of Beacon fires. 
Stretching along a coastline, 

2705
02:31:11,400 --> 02:31:13,000
could warn of invasion within 
hours. 

2706
02:31:13,000 --> 02:31:17,000
Alerting populations to Danger 
long before the threat arrived. 

2707
02:31:17,000 --> 02:31:20,200
You remember hearing stories 
about the great Beacon chain 

2708
02:31:20,200 --> 02:31:23,300
that once stretched across the 
land linking watchtowers, and 

2709
02:31:23,300 --> 02:31:26,800
fortifications, when enemies 
approached, the first Tower 

2710
02:31:26,800 --> 02:31:29,700
would like its Beacon. 
Which would be seen by the next 

2711
02:31:29,700 --> 02:31:31,600
Tower which would like its own 
fire. 

2712
02:31:31,600 --> 02:31:35,400
And so on down the line, the 
system was simple but effective 

2713
02:31:35,400 --> 02:31:39,000
turning light itself into a 
communication Network, spanning 

2714
02:31:39,000 --> 02:31:42,800
hundreds of miles You're sitting
in a Stone House on the 

2715
02:31:42,800 --> 02:31:48,400
Mediterranean Coast and its some
time around 800 BCE Knight is 

2716
02:31:48,400 --> 02:31:50,600
fallen and rather than retiring 
to bed. 

2717
02:31:50,600 --> 02:31:53,400
You're working on a fishing net.
That needs repair before 

2718
02:31:53,400 --> 02:31:56,000
tomorrow's expedition. 
You're able to do this because 

2719
02:31:56,000 --> 02:31:59,400
of the object sitting on the 
table beside you, a simple clay,

2720
02:31:59,400 --> 02:32:02,200
oil lamp. 
No larger than your palm filled 

2721
02:32:02,200 --> 02:32:04,500
with olive oil and fitted with a
small linen Wick. 

2722
02:32:04,500 --> 02:32:09,100
The lamps light is modest barely
enough to illuminate your hands 

2723
02:32:09,100 --> 02:32:10,900
and the section of net your 
mending. 

2724
02:32:11,500 --> 02:32:14,900
But it's steady in a way that 
Torchlight never was and it 

2725
02:32:14,900 --> 02:32:16,400
doesn't require constant 
attention. 

2726
02:32:16,400 --> 02:32:20,700
The wick draws oil upward 
through capillary action, a 

2727
02:32:20,700 --> 02:32:22,400
phenomenon, you don't 
understand, but have learned to 

2728
02:32:22,400 --> 02:32:26,500
trust and burns with a small 
bright flame that smells faintly

2729
02:32:26,500 --> 02:32:29,500
of olives and smoke oil, lamps 
represented. 

2730
02:32:29,500 --> 02:32:32,500
A massive Leap Forward in 
lighting technology, though. 

2731
02:32:32,500 --> 02:32:34,400
They still had significant 
limitations. 

2732
02:32:35,500 --> 02:32:39,000
The light they casted was weak 
by modern standards enough for 

2733
02:32:39,000 --> 02:32:41,000
close work, but not for 
Illuminating. 

2734
02:32:41,000 --> 02:32:44,600
An entire room, you needed 
multiple lamps for that and 

2735
02:32:44,600 --> 02:32:46,200
olive oil. 
Was expensive enough. 

2736
02:32:46,200 --> 02:32:49,700
That most families used its 
spare in the The wealthy might 

2737
02:32:49,700 --> 02:32:51,900
burn lamps freely throughout 
their homes. 

2738
02:32:51,900 --> 02:32:55,300
Everyone else calculated 
carefully, how many hours of 

2739
02:32:55,300 --> 02:32:57,900
lamp light? 
They could afford the oil lamps 

2740
02:32:57,900 --> 02:33:00,900
invention, appears independently
in multiple ancient cultures 

2741
02:33:00,900 --> 02:33:03,600
Mediterranean peoples, used 
olive oil. 

2742
02:33:03,600 --> 02:33:06,800
Asian cultures used various 
vegetable oils. 

2743
02:33:06,800 --> 02:33:11,700
And Northern Europeans used fish
oil or animal fat, the principal

2744
02:33:11,700 --> 02:33:14,000
remained. 
The same a reservoir to hold 

2745
02:33:14,000 --> 02:33:18,000
fuel, a wick to draw that fuel 
to a flame and a design that 

2746
02:33:18,000 --> 02:33:21,200
prevented the entire apparatus 
from becoming a fire hazard. 

2747
02:33:21,200 --> 02:33:25,000
Early lamps were simply shells 
or hollowed Stones filled with 

2748
02:33:25,008 --> 02:33:29,200
fat and a plant fiber Wick. 
Later versions became more 

2749
02:33:29,200 --> 02:33:33,800
sophisticated shaped clay, 
bronze, or iron vessels with 

2750
02:33:33,800 --> 02:33:37,100
spouts to hold the wick and 
handles for carrying your lamp 

2751
02:33:37,100 --> 02:33:39,800
is beautiful. 
In its simplicity, Clay is 

2752
02:33:39,808 --> 02:33:41,700
reddish. 
Brown shaped like an elongated 

2753
02:33:41,700 --> 02:33:44,800
teardrop with a pinched spout. 
At one end, where the Wickham 

2754
02:33:44,800 --> 02:33:48,400
merges as a small hole at the 
wide enter refilling. 

2755
02:33:49,100 --> 02:33:51,900
The Potter who made it decorated
the top with a simple pattern of

2756
02:33:51,908 --> 02:33:54,600
radiating lines. 
You bought it from him. 

2757
02:33:54,600 --> 02:33:58,100
Last year for three fish is one 
of your prized possessions. 

2758
02:33:58,100 --> 02:34:01,700
The lighting produces has a 
different quality than firelight

2759
02:34:01,700 --> 02:34:05,900
from the half more focused. 
Less flickering with a slightly 

2760
02:34:05,900 --> 02:34:08,800
bluish tinge compared to the 
orange glow of burning wood. 

2761
02:34:08,800 --> 02:34:12,000
You can read by this light of 
your literate, which you're not 

2762
02:34:12,800 --> 02:34:15,700
But your neighbor who runs the 
wine shop keeps his accounts by 

2763
02:34:15,708 --> 02:34:19,300
Lamplight, well into the night, 
the lamp allows him to extend 

2764
02:34:19,300 --> 02:34:23,200
his working hours to review his 
numbers and to plan his orders 

2765
02:34:23,200 --> 02:34:24,800
in the evening when his shop is 
closed. 

2766
02:34:25,700 --> 02:34:28,100
Oil lamps changed nighttime, 
behavior. 

2767
02:34:28,100 --> 02:34:29,700
In ways that torches never 
could. 

2768
02:34:29,700 --> 02:34:33,800
They enabled sedentary work you 
could sit and weave, right? 

2769
02:34:33,800 --> 02:34:38,000
Mend calculator or repair tools 
for extended periods, without 

2770
02:34:38,000 --> 02:34:41,300
constantly tending to a torch or
moving closer to the half. 

2771
02:34:41,300 --> 02:34:44,300
They were portable but didn't 
require constant replacement 

2772
02:34:44,300 --> 02:34:47,300
like torches. 
A well-made lamp with a good 

2773
02:34:47,300 --> 02:34:49,400
supply of oil could burn all 
night if needed. 

2774
02:34:50,200 --> 02:34:52,600
Though, that level of 
extravagance was rare outside 

2775
02:34:52,600 --> 02:34:56,200
wealthy households, or temples 
the wick requires occasional 

2776
02:34:56,200 --> 02:34:59,500
trimming, you do this. 
Now, pinching off the chart end 

2777
02:34:59,500 --> 02:35:03,000
with your calloused fingers. 
The flame sputters for a moment,

2778
02:35:03,008 --> 02:35:07,200
then burns, brighter and steady 
a properly trimmed Wick is the 

2779
02:35:07,200 --> 02:35:10,100
difference between a lamp that 
smokes and smells and one that 

2780
02:35:10,100 --> 02:35:13,100
burns cleanly. 
You learned this through trial 

2781
02:35:13,100 --> 02:35:16,400
and error wasting oil and 
filling a house with black smoke

2782
02:35:16,400 --> 02:35:19,000
before you figure out the 
correct technique different 

2783
02:35:19,000 --> 02:35:20,800
oils, produced different 
results. 

2784
02:35:20,800 --> 02:35:25,100
All of oil, burned cleanly. 
But was expensive fish oil was 

2785
02:35:25,100 --> 02:35:28,900
cheaper but smelled distinctly 
Oceanic especially when the 

2786
02:35:28,900 --> 02:35:32,200
flame wasn't burning. 
Hot enough castor oil burned 

2787
02:35:32,200 --> 02:35:35,400
brightly but required specific 
WIC materials to work properly. 

2788
02:35:36,200 --> 02:35:39,600
Animal fat could be used but 
tended to produce more smoke and

2789
02:35:39,608 --> 02:35:41,600
needed higher temperatures to 
remain liquid. 

2790
02:35:41,600 --> 02:35:44,400
Every culture developed 
preferences based on what 

2791
02:35:44,400 --> 02:35:45,800
resources were locally 
available. 

2792
02:35:46,500 --> 02:35:49,200
Religious ceremonies relied 
heavily on oil lamps. 

2793
02:35:49,700 --> 02:35:53,100
Temples and shrines kept 
Perpetual, Flames burning and 

2794
02:35:53,100 --> 02:35:56,700
dedicated lamps tended by 
priests or Temple servants. 

2795
02:35:56,700 --> 02:36:00,900
These Flames represented divine 
presence, continuity and 

2796
02:36:00,900 --> 02:36:03,700
connection between the human and
divine realms. 

2797
02:36:04,400 --> 02:36:07,300
Letting a temple lamp. 
Go out was considered a terrible

2798
02:36:07,300 --> 02:36:09,200
Omen. 
Some lamps were designed 

2799
02:36:09,200 --> 02:36:13,000
specifically for religious use. 
Elaborate bronze vessels with 

2800
02:36:13,000 --> 02:36:16,700
multiple Wicks ornate 
decorations and chains for 

2801
02:36:16,700 --> 02:36:19,000
hanging. 
Your almost finished with your 

2802
02:36:19,000 --> 02:36:21,000
net repair. 
When you notice the flame 

2803
02:36:21,000 --> 02:36:25,100
dimming slightly, you check the 
oil level low, but enough to 

2804
02:36:25,100 --> 02:36:28,400
finish this work, tomorrow, 
you'll need to refill the lamp 

2805
02:36:28,400 --> 02:36:31,100
from the large clay, vessel in 
the corner, where you store your

2806
02:36:31,100 --> 02:36:35,000
olive oil supply, you budget 
carefully, balancing the need 

2807
02:36:35,000 --> 02:36:37,800
for evening light against the 
oils are the uses in cooking and

2808
02:36:37,800 --> 02:36:41,300
preserving food. 
Life is a series of small 

2809
02:36:41,300 --> 02:36:45,200
calculations like this. 
Trade-offs between competing 

2810
02:36:45,200 --> 02:36:48,000
needs with limited resources. 
Outside. 

2811
02:36:48,000 --> 02:36:50,600
You can hear the night Watchman 
passing through the street 

2812
02:36:50,600 --> 02:36:52,500
calling out. 
That all is well. 

2813
02:36:53,400 --> 02:36:56,300
He carries a lantern 
essentially, an oil lamp and 

2814
02:36:56,300 --> 02:37:00,000
closed in a frame with 
translucent panels of horn, or 

2815
02:37:00,000 --> 02:37:03,900
animal skin, to protect the 
flame from wind, his light bulbs

2816
02:37:03,900 --> 02:37:07,800
and sways as he walks casting 
moving Shadows against the walls

2817
02:37:07,800 --> 02:37:10,500
of houses. 
His voice is reassuring. 

2818
02:37:10,500 --> 02:37:14,300
A reminder that someone is 
watching that the darkness isn't

2819
02:37:14,300 --> 02:37:17,200
entirely unguarded. 
Lamp. 

2820
02:37:17,200 --> 02:37:19,800
Designed continuously over 
centuries. 

2821
02:37:19,800 --> 02:37:22,900
Simple open Bolls. 
Gave way to covered vessels with

2822
02:37:22,900 --> 02:37:25,500
small filling holes and pinched 
spouts. 

2823
02:37:26,400 --> 02:37:28,800
Spouts became longer to project 
the flame forward. 

2824
02:37:28,800 --> 02:37:32,600
Multiple Wick lamps provided 
more light from a single 

2825
02:37:32,600 --> 02:37:35,700
Reservoir, reflective surfaces 
behind lamps. 

2826
02:37:35,700 --> 02:37:39,000
Amplified their illumination. 
Each Improvement was 

2827
02:37:39,000 --> 02:37:42,500
incremental, but collectively. 
They transformed a crude light 

2828
02:37:42,500 --> 02:37:45,300
source into a sophisticated 
technology. 

2829
02:37:45,300 --> 02:37:48,300
The Romans became particularly 
skilled at lamp. 

2830
02:37:48,300 --> 02:37:52,100
Making producing thousands of 
ceramic, lamps and standardized 

2831
02:37:52,100 --> 02:37:54,800
workshops. 
These lamps were decorated with 

2832
02:37:54,800 --> 02:37:58,200
images of gods, animals 
Gladiators, and geometric 

2833
02:37:58,200 --> 02:38:02,000
patterns, art objects as much as
functional tools. 

2834
02:38:03,100 --> 02:38:06,900
Wealthy Romans owned, dozens of 
lamps, using them to illuminate,

2835
02:38:06,900 --> 02:38:08,900
dinner parties. 
And evening, social Gatherings, 

2836
02:38:08,900 --> 02:38:12,500
the lamps were arranged, 
strategically around rooms, 

2837
02:38:12,500 --> 02:38:16,200
creating lighting effects, that 
showcase the hosts wealth and 

2838
02:38:16,200 --> 02:38:19,200
taste. 
Lamp fuel was sometimes centered

2839
02:38:19,200 --> 02:38:23,000
with herbs or flowers to mask 
the smell of burning oil and 

2840
02:38:23,000 --> 02:38:25,500
create Pleasant. 
Atmospheres lavender oil, 

2841
02:38:25,500 --> 02:38:29,300
Rosemary or rose petals might be
added to the fuel creating 

2842
02:38:29,300 --> 02:38:32,200
fragrances that mix with a warm 
smell of burning oil. 

2843
02:38:32,200 --> 02:38:36,100
This practice was expensive and 
reserved for special occasions, 

2844
02:38:36,100 --> 02:38:40,100
but it demonstrated how people 
sought to make their artificial 

2845
02:38:40,100 --> 02:38:42,100
light. 
Not just functional but 

2846
02:38:42,100 --> 02:38:45,700
beautiful and pleasant. 
The trade and lamp, oil was 

2847
02:38:45,700 --> 02:38:50,000
substantial and economically. 
Important Olive Growers, oil 

2848
02:38:50,000 --> 02:38:52,700
presses merchants and lamp 
makers. 

2849
02:38:52,700 --> 02:38:55,000
All depended on the demand for 
illumination. 

2850
02:38:56,000 --> 02:38:59,200
In Mediterranean regions olive 
oil production was geared. 

2851
02:38:59,200 --> 02:39:01,200
As much toward lighting as 
toward cooking. 

2852
02:39:01,200 --> 02:39:04,400
Poor Olive Harvest, meant not 
just food shortages, but 

2853
02:39:04,400 --> 02:39:08,000
Darkness, as families, rationed 
their remaining oil carefully 

2854
02:39:08,000 --> 02:39:11,300
through the winter months, you 
finish your net repair and trim 

2855
02:39:11,300 --> 02:39:13,400
the wick one final time before 
extinguishing. 

2856
02:39:13,400 --> 02:39:17,200
The lamp the process is 
deliberate, you don't just blow 

2857
02:39:17,200 --> 02:39:20,100
out the flame which would fill 
the room with akward smoke. 

2858
02:39:20,900 --> 02:39:24,400
Instead you use a small bronze 
tool designed for the purpose, 

2859
02:39:24,400 --> 02:39:27,600
pressing the wick down into the 
oil until the flame is 

2860
02:39:27,600 --> 02:39:30,200
smothered. 
The room plunges into darkness 

2861
02:39:30,200 --> 02:39:32,300
leaving. 
Only the dim glow from the half 

2862
02:39:32,300 --> 02:39:36,200
fire across the room, Your eyes 
need a moment to adjust before. 

2863
02:39:36,200 --> 02:39:38,600
You can safely navigate to your 
sleeping area. 

2864
02:39:38,600 --> 02:39:42,100
You're standing in a monastery 
and medieval England, sometime 

2865
02:39:42,100 --> 02:39:46,200
around 1200 CE, its late 
evening, and you're in the 

2866
02:39:46,200 --> 02:39:48,900
scriptorium where monks spend 
their days copying manuscripts, 

2867
02:39:48,900 --> 02:39:52,900
the rumors filled with a soft 
steady glow from dozens of 

2868
02:39:52,908 --> 02:39:56,400
candles. 
Beeswax candles that burn with a

2869
02:39:56,400 --> 02:39:59,600
gentle, honey scent and a light 
that's bright enough to read by 

2870
02:39:59,600 --> 02:40:04,200
but soft enough, not to strain. 
The eyes candles weren't new by 

2871
02:40:04,200 --> 02:40:07,500
this period but they're 
widespread use represented a 

2872
02:40:07,500 --> 02:40:10,500
significant advancement over oil
lamps in many situations. 

2873
02:40:10,500 --> 02:40:15,300
They were portable created. 
No liquid fuel to spill produced

2874
02:40:15,300 --> 02:40:18,800
minimal smoke if made properly 
and could be extinguished and 

2875
02:40:18,800 --> 02:40:22,300
re-lit with relative ease. 
They also burned down gradually 

2876
02:40:22,300 --> 02:40:24,700
which made them useful for 
measuring time. 

2877
02:40:24,700 --> 02:40:28,400
Specially marked candles could 
track hours during religious 

2878
02:40:28,400 --> 02:40:31,500
services or night-watches. 
The candles Illuminating. 

2879
02:40:31,500 --> 02:40:35,700
The scriptorium are expensive 
made from beeswax collected from

2880
02:40:35,700 --> 02:40:39,700
the monasteries highs. 
Beeswax candles, burn cleanly, 

2881
02:40:39,700 --> 02:40:41,800
and smell Pleasant. 
Making them. 

2882
02:40:41,800 --> 02:40:44,800
The preferred choice for 
churches and Wealthy households.

2883
02:40:44,800 --> 02:40:48,100
The common people used Tallow 
candles made from rendered 

2884
02:40:48,100 --> 02:40:53,000
animal, fat, much cheaper, but 
also smellier and smokier Tallow

2885
02:40:53,000 --> 02:40:54,800
candle burning. 
As a distinctly different 

2886
02:40:54,800 --> 02:40:58,500
olfactory experience than 
beeswax with undertones of old 

2887
02:40:58,500 --> 02:41:03,300
meat and Greece that never 
entirely dissipate You watch a 

2888
02:41:03,300 --> 02:41:07,000
monk working at his desk copying
lines from an illuminated 

2889
02:41:07,000 --> 02:41:09,800
manuscript, the candle beside 
him is thick. 

2890
02:41:09,800 --> 02:41:14,000
Perhaps 6 inches, tall burning 
steadily in a simple iron holder

2891
02:41:14,000 --> 02:41:17,200
every hour or so he trims the 
wick with a small pair of 

2892
02:41:17,200 --> 02:41:19,500
scissors designed specifically 
for this purpose. 

2893
02:41:20,400 --> 02:41:22,600
Snuffers. 
They're called though that name 

2894
02:41:22,600 --> 02:41:25,400
is slightly misleading since 
they're for trimming rather than

2895
02:41:25,400 --> 02:41:29,500
extinguishing the trimmed Wick 
Falls away leaving behind a 

2896
02:41:29,500 --> 02:41:32,700
cleaner, brighter Flame. 
Candle making was both a 

2897
02:41:32,700 --> 02:41:35,400
household tasks and a 
professional trade families. 

2898
02:41:35,400 --> 02:41:38,800
Made their own Tallow candles by
dipping Wix repeatedly into 

2899
02:41:38,800 --> 02:41:41,700
melted fat. 
Building up layers until the 

2900
02:41:41,700 --> 02:41:44,700
candle reached the desired, 
thickness, professional 

2901
02:41:44,700 --> 02:41:47,900
Chandlers, produced higher 
quality candles using molds and 

2902
02:41:47,900 --> 02:41:52,300
better materials selling them in
markets and to institutions, the

2903
02:41:52,300 --> 02:41:55,100
Chandlers Guild in medieval 
cities was powerful and 

2904
02:41:55,100 --> 02:41:59,000
well-respected, light was 
valuable Those Who provided it 

2905
02:41:59,000 --> 02:42:03,100
enjoyed special status. 
The process of making a dipped 

2906
02:42:03,100 --> 02:42:07,200
candle is meditated and tedious.
We prepare your Wick, usually 

2907
02:42:07,200 --> 02:42:11,300
braided cotton or linen strands.
He hit your wax or Tallow until 

2908
02:42:11,300 --> 02:42:14,700
it's fully melted. 
Then you begin dipping sink the 

2909
02:42:14,700 --> 02:42:18,200
wick into the liquid. 
Pull it out let it cool slightly

2910
02:42:18,200 --> 02:42:21,900
and dip again. 
Each dip adds a thin layer. 

2911
02:42:21,900 --> 02:42:25,600
You need dozens of dips to 
create a candle of useful size. 

2912
02:42:25,600 --> 02:42:29,300
The work takes hours and fills 
your house with the smell of hot

2913
02:42:29,300 --> 02:42:33,600
wax or cooking fat molded 
candles were faster to produce 

2914
02:42:33,600 --> 02:42:37,100
but required equipment. 
A pewter or tin mold shaped like

2915
02:42:37,108 --> 02:42:40,000
a tube with a hole at the bottom
for the wicked to pass through. 

2916
02:42:40,800 --> 02:42:42,800
Pour in the melted wax. 
Let it cool, completely. 

2917
02:42:42,800 --> 02:42:46,600
Then push out the finished 
candle multiple molds allowed. 

2918
02:42:46,600 --> 02:42:50,200
Chandlers to produce candles in 
batches making the process more 

2919
02:42:50,200 --> 02:42:53,300
efficient. 
The best molds created candles 

2920
02:42:53,300 --> 02:42:56,800
with smooth sides and even 
burning characteristics, the 

2921
02:42:56,800 --> 02:43:00,500
amount of light candle produced,
became a unit of measurement the

2922
02:43:00,500 --> 02:43:04,400
foot candle Define as the 
illumination cast by one candle,

2923
02:43:04,400 --> 02:43:08,600
at a distance of one foot. 
This unit persisted into the 

2924
02:43:08,600 --> 02:43:12,500
modern era eventually evolving 
into the Lumen medieval. 

2925
02:43:12,500 --> 02:43:15,500
People were intimately familiar 
with how many candles were 

2926
02:43:15,500 --> 02:43:18,400
needed to illuminate. 
A room adequately, and Wealthy 

2927
02:43:18,400 --> 02:43:20,700
households. 
Employed servants, specifically 

2928
02:43:20,700 --> 02:43:24,000
to manage candle supplies and 
ensure proper lighting 

2929
02:43:24,000 --> 02:43:26,900
throughout the house. 
Candles had one significant 

2930
02:43:26,900 --> 02:43:30,600
advantage over lamps and certain
contexts, they could be easily 

2931
02:43:30,600 --> 02:43:34,000
moved and positioned. 
You could carry a candle in a 

2932
02:43:34,000 --> 02:43:36,600
simple holder upstairs, downhaul
ways. 

2933
02:43:36,600 --> 02:43:40,600
And into storage rooms. 
Candlesticks came in elaborate 

2934
02:43:40,600 --> 02:43:44,500
varieties, tall stands for 
hallways, short holders, for 

2935
02:43:44,500 --> 02:43:49,300
tables wall, sconces for rooms 
and chandeliers with multiple 

2936
02:43:49,300 --> 02:43:50,500
arms. 
For great Halls. 

2937
02:43:50,500 --> 02:43:54,600
Each design, sold a specific 
lighting problem while also 

2938
02:43:54,600 --> 02:43:58,700
displaying wealth and status. 
Catholic Church was perhaps the 

2939
02:43:58,700 --> 02:44:01,200
largest consumer of candles in 
medieval Europe. 

2940
02:44:01,200 --> 02:44:06,000
Altar candles burned during 
every service votive candles 

2941
02:44:06,000 --> 02:44:10,300
flickered in alcoves, dedicated 
to Saints, Processional candles 

2942
02:44:10,300 --> 02:44:14,300
were carried during ceremonies. 
The Paschal candle blessed 

2943
02:44:14,300 --> 02:44:17,100
during the Easter Vigil 
represented, Christ Light 

2944
02:44:17,100 --> 02:44:20,700
entering the world, religious 
candle used was so extensive 

2945
02:44:20,700 --> 02:44:23,800
that monasteries with their own 
Apiaries, had significant 

2946
02:44:23,800 --> 02:44:27,300
economic advantages, they could 
produce their own beeswax. 

2947
02:44:27,300 --> 02:44:30,800
Rather than purchasing it, you 
notice how the candlelight in 

2948
02:44:30,800 --> 02:44:34,600
this scriptorium creates a 
particular atmosphere quieter to

2949
02:44:34,608 --> 02:44:38,400
somehow them daylight more 
contemplative amongst work in 

2950
02:44:38,400 --> 02:44:41,500
near silence appends scratching 
against parchment. 

2951
02:44:41,500 --> 02:44:44,500
The only sounds being the 
occasional turned page or 

2952
02:44:44,500 --> 02:44:47,600
whispered prayer the light seems
appropriate for this work of 

2953
02:44:47,600 --> 02:44:50,700
preservation and devotion. 
As if the candles themselves 

2954
02:44:50,700 --> 02:44:55,500
participate in the sacred task 
of copying religious texts a 

2955
02:44:55,500 --> 02:44:58,200
draft from somewhere causes 
several candles to flicker 

2956
02:44:58,200 --> 02:45:02,400
simultaneously and among Rises 
to investigate candles, were 

2957
02:45:02,400 --> 02:45:05,400
sensitive to air movement, a 
strong draft could extinguish 

2958
02:45:05,400 --> 02:45:09,900
the entirely calls them to burn 
unevenly creating long drips 

2959
02:45:09,900 --> 02:45:13,100
down one side. 
Windows were kept closed at 

2960
02:45:13,100 --> 02:45:16,800
night, not just for warmth, but 
to protect the lights, heavy 

2961
02:45:16,800 --> 02:45:20,800
curtains, served double duty 
insulating against cold and 

2962
02:45:20,800 --> 02:45:23,100
blocking wins that might disturb
the flames. 

2963
02:45:23,900 --> 02:45:27,200
The monk trimming Wix carries a 
small, ceramic Bowl to collect 

2964
02:45:27,200 --> 02:45:31,000
the trimmed portions. 
Nothing is wasted, even these 

2965
02:45:31,000 --> 02:45:34,000
tiny scraps of Wick and adhering
wax will be saved. 

2966
02:45:34,000 --> 02:45:39,000
And eventually incorporated into
new candles wax was too valuable

2967
02:45:39,000 --> 02:45:43,000
to discard even in an 
institution as wealthy as this 

2968
02:45:43,000 --> 02:45:45,600
monastery. 
Principle of careful Resource 

2969
02:45:45,600 --> 02:45:49,000
Management, permeated every 
aspect of life in ages when 

2970
02:45:49,000 --> 02:45:52,900
materials were expensive and 
labels, cheap candle snuffers. 

2971
02:45:52,900 --> 02:45:56,400
Bell-shaped tools on long. 
Handles were used to extinguish 

2972
02:45:56,400 --> 02:46:00,100
candles without spreading smoke,
or spattering, hot wax, you 

2973
02:46:00,100 --> 02:46:03,500
watch, as a monk, makes his 
rounds with a Snuffer carefully.

2974
02:46:03,500 --> 02:46:06,900
Extinguishing candles that no 
longer needed as monks complete 

2975
02:46:06,900 --> 02:46:08,500
their work and retire for the 
night. 

2976
02:46:08,500 --> 02:46:12,900
The process is ritualistic 
performed with the same care and

2977
02:46:12,900 --> 02:46:14,900
attention as any other monastic 
Duty. 

2978
02:46:15,800 --> 02:46:18,600
Different colored candles, serve
different purposes and church 

2979
02:46:18,600 --> 02:46:21,600
settings. 
White candles were standard for 

2980
02:46:21,600 --> 02:46:25,500
most Services red candles appear
during certain feast days. 

2981
02:46:25,500 --> 02:46:30,000
Black handles were used during 
Good Friday The colors carried 

2982
02:46:30,000 --> 02:46:33,200
symbolic weight, part of the 
elaborate visual language of 

2983
02:46:33,200 --> 02:46:36,400
medieval Christianity. 
Even the number of candles had 

2984
02:46:36,400 --> 02:46:39,500
meaning two, candles 
represented, the Dual nature of 

2985
02:46:39,508 --> 02:46:43,400
Christ and seven candles 
corresponded to the Seven Gifts 

2986
02:46:43,400 --> 02:46:46,900
of the Holy Spirit, the wealthy 
experimented with candles made 

2987
02:46:46,900 --> 02:46:50,800
from spermaceti, a waxy 
substance, derived from sperm 

2988
02:46:50,800 --> 02:46:54,700
whales these candles burn, even 
more cleanly than beeswax and 

2989
02:46:54,700 --> 02:46:57,600
produced bright white light. 
However, they were 

2990
02:46:57,600 --> 02:47:00,500
extraordinarily expensive, 
reserved for royalty and the 

2991
02:47:00,500 --> 02:47:03,100
highest nobility. 
A sperm asset tea candle 

2992
02:47:03,100 --> 02:47:06,800
represented, not just light but 
an ostentatious display of 

2993
02:47:06,800 --> 02:47:09,900
wealth, a statement that the 
owner could afford to burn the 

2994
02:47:09,900 --> 02:47:12,200
finest materials simply for 
illumination. 

2995
02:47:12,200 --> 02:47:16,300
Poor households used Rush lights
as an economical alternative to 

2996
02:47:16,300 --> 02:47:19,100
candles. 
These were made by soaking the 

2997
02:47:19,100 --> 02:47:23,000
pithy Corps of Rush plants in 
animal fat, they burned quickly 

2998
02:47:23,000 --> 02:47:25,900
and produced and minimal light. 
But they were cheap enough for 

2999
02:47:25,900 --> 02:47:27,600
even the poorest family to 
afford. 

3000
02:47:28,400 --> 02:47:32,500
A rush, like might burn for just
20 minutes, requiring constant 

3001
02:47:32,500 --> 02:47:34,800
replacement throughout the 
evening families. 

3002
02:47:34,800 --> 02:47:37,900
Using Rush lights, lived with 
much dimmer illumination than 

3003
02:47:37,900 --> 02:47:40,800
their wealthy and Neighbors, He 
walked through the monastery 

3004
02:47:40,800 --> 02:47:44,200
Cloisters as evening deepens 
into night, and the 

3005
02:47:44,200 --> 02:47:48,100
transformation is striking 
during the day, the stone arches

3006
02:47:48,100 --> 02:47:50,700
and corridors seem austere 
almost cold. 

3007
02:47:51,700 --> 02:47:55,500
A candlelight they become warm 
and mysterious Shadows pooling 

3008
02:47:55,500 --> 02:47:57,800
in Corners. 
The voltage ceiling. 

3009
02:47:57,800 --> 02:48:00,600
Barely visible of. 
This is a different building 

3010
02:48:00,600 --> 02:48:04,300
after dark experienced in a 
fundamentally different way. 

3011
02:48:05,300 --> 02:48:08,800
Architecture designed for 
daylight takes on new character.

3012
02:48:08,800 --> 02:48:13,000
When revealed by flickering 
Flames the monastery belt Tower 

3013
02:48:13,000 --> 02:48:17,100
houses, a special candle used 
for timekeeping Thick handle 

3014
02:48:17,100 --> 02:48:20,200
marked with hours burning at a 
consistent rate. 

3015
02:48:20,200 --> 02:48:22,600
That allows the bell ring at a 
track time through the night. 

3016
02:48:22,600 --> 02:48:26,400
When the flame reaches each 
Mark, he rings the bell to call 

3017
02:48:26,400 --> 02:48:29,300
monks to prayer. 
This system isn't perfectly 

3018
02:48:29,300 --> 02:48:32,200
accurate but it's reliable 
enough for the monasteries needs

3019
02:48:32,200 --> 02:48:35,600
time measured by a burning 
candle has a different texture 

3020
02:48:35,600 --> 02:48:39,600
than time measured by mechanical
clocks, more fluid, more 

3021
02:48:39,600 --> 02:48:42,300
connected to physical processes 
of consumption and 

3022
02:48:42,300 --> 02:48:44,800
transformation. 
Your attending a Diwali 

3023
02:48:44,800 --> 02:48:48,000
celebration in India, sometime 
around 1500 CE. 

3024
02:48:48,000 --> 02:48:51,900
The entire city is transformed 
into a constellation of small 

3025
02:48:51,900 --> 02:48:56,700
lights, thousands upon thousands
of clay oil lamps called Diaz 

3026
02:48:56,700 --> 02:49:01,000
arranged on windowsills 
doorsteps roof tops and streets.

3027
02:49:01,000 --> 02:49:05,400
Each deer is a simple thing, a 
small clay Bowl filled with oil 

3028
02:49:05,400 --> 02:49:08,000
or ghee with a cotton wick 
floating in it. 

3029
02:49:08,800 --> 02:49:11,500
Individually they provide 
minimal illumination 

3030
02:49:11,500 --> 02:49:14,200
collectively. 
They create a spectacle that 

3031
02:49:14,200 --> 02:49:17,800
transforms the night into 
something magical light has 

3032
02:49:17,800 --> 02:49:19,300
always carried. 
Meaning beyond the merely 

3033
02:49:19,300 --> 02:49:21,800
practical. 
In cultures around the world 

3034
02:49:21,800 --> 02:49:27,600
like represents knowledge divine
presence, hope celebration and 

3035
02:49:27,600 --> 02:49:31,400
Triumph, over Darkness both 
literal and metaphorical. 

3036
02:49:31,400 --> 02:49:36,200
The ways people use light, when 
where, and why they lit lamps or

3037
02:49:36,208 --> 02:49:40,200
candles or fires reveal as much 
about their spiritual lives, as 

3038
02:49:40,200 --> 02:49:43,700
their material ones, you walk 
through the streets, admiring 

3039
02:49:43,700 --> 02:49:47,300
the displays some households 
have a range, their deers in 

3040
02:49:47,300 --> 02:49:52,000
elaborate patterns, spirals 
lotus, flowers and geometric 

3041
02:49:52,000 --> 02:49:54,100
designs, that seemed to Glow 
with intention. 

3042
02:49:55,200 --> 02:49:59,200
Children carry sparklers waving 
them to create brief Trails of 

3043
02:49:59,200 --> 02:50:01,400
light. 
In the darkness, the smell of 

3044
02:50:01,400 --> 02:50:05,100
burning oil mixes with incense 
and the scent of Festival Foods 

3045
02:50:05,100 --> 02:50:08,700
being prepared. 
This is light, used not for work

3046
02:50:08,700 --> 02:50:12,000
or safety. 
But for Joy for creating Beauty,

3047
02:50:12,000 --> 02:50:16,000
for honoring the Divine, the 
festival, celebrates the return 

3048
02:50:16,000 --> 02:50:19,800
of Lord Rama to his kingdom, 
after 14 years of Exile, and the

3049
02:50:19,800 --> 02:50:23,400
lights, represent the lamps that
citizens lit to guide him home 

3050
02:50:23,400 --> 02:50:26,700
and celebrate his return. 
But the meaning has deepened 

3051
02:50:26,700 --> 02:50:30,200
over centuries to Encompass 
broader themes, the victory of 

3052
02:50:30,200 --> 02:50:32,900
light over Darkness knowledge, 
over ignorance. 

3053
02:50:32,900 --> 02:50:37,000
And good over evil. 
Each tiny flame, becomes a 

3054
02:50:37,008 --> 02:50:41,000
prayer, a hope, a connection to 
something larger than individual

3055
02:50:41,000 --> 02:50:44,100
existence. 
In another time and place your 

3056
02:50:44,100 --> 02:50:47,200
standing in a Jewish household 
on the 8th night of Hanukkah. 

3057
02:50:47,200 --> 02:50:51,700
The menorah holds nine candles 8
for the 8th of the holiday. 

3058
02:50:51,700 --> 02:50:55,200
Plus the shamash the helper 
candle used to light the others,

3059
02:50:55,200 --> 02:50:58,900
the ritual of lighting, the 
menorah follows a specific order

3060
02:50:58,900 --> 02:51:03,000
right to left adding one candle 
each night until all later 

3061
02:51:03,000 --> 02:51:06,000
burning on the final evening. 
The light from these candles is 

3062
02:51:06,000 --> 02:51:07,900
not to be used for practical 
purposes. 

3063
02:51:07,900 --> 02:51:11,900
You don't read by them or 
navigate by them, they exist 

3064
02:51:11,900 --> 02:51:15,400
purely to remember to 
commemorate and to maintain 

3065
02:51:15,400 --> 02:51:17,200
connection with history and 
Faith. 

3066
02:51:17,200 --> 02:51:21,600
The story being commemorated is 
specific, the rededication of 

3067
02:51:21,600 --> 02:51:24,600
the second temple in Jerusalem 
and the Miracle of oil that 

3068
02:51:24,600 --> 02:51:27,100
should have burned for one day 
lasting 8 days. 

3069
02:51:27,100 --> 02:51:30,000
But like all religious 
observance, is the particular 

3070
02:51:30,000 --> 02:51:34,000
story opens onto Universal 
themes, lighters endurance, 

3071
02:51:34,000 --> 02:51:38,100
light is Unexpected Grace, like 
to persistence against 

3072
02:51:38,100 --> 02:51:41,200
overwhelming odds. 
The menorah as placement in a 

3073
02:51:41,208 --> 02:51:44,000
window in Shores that the Lights
Proclaim their message to the 

3074
02:51:44,000 --> 02:51:47,500
street, sharing the miracle, 
publicly rather than keeping it 

3075
02:51:47,500 --> 02:51:50,000
private. 
The Christians had their own 

3076
02:51:50,000 --> 02:51:54,400
traditions of sacred, light 
candlemas celebrated on February

3077
02:51:54,400 --> 02:51:57,900
2nd involved, bringing all the 
household candles to church for 

3078
02:51:57,900 --> 02:52:00,500
blessing. 
These blessed candles would 

3079
02:52:00,500 --> 02:52:04,200
protect the home ward off evil 
and ensure prosperity for the 

3080
02:52:04,208 --> 02:52:06,700
coming year. 
The traditional acknowledge that

3081
02:52:06,700 --> 02:52:10,000
light was more than mere 
illumination, it carried power, 

3082
02:52:10,000 --> 02:52:14,200
meaning and protection Beyond, 
its physical properties in 

3083
02:52:14,200 --> 02:52:17,200
Celtic lands. 
Before Christianity arrived, the

3084
02:52:17,200 --> 02:52:20,300
Festival of samin marked the 
transition from the light half 

3085
02:52:20,300 --> 02:52:24,500
of the year to the dark half. 
Large bonfires were lit on, 

3086
02:52:24,500 --> 02:52:28,800
hilltops visible for miles, 
around families, carried torches

3087
02:52:28,800 --> 02:52:32,900
lit from the sacred fires, back 
to their own halves rekindling 

3088
02:52:32,900 --> 02:52:35,300
their household Flames with 
Sanctified fire. 

3089
02:52:35,300 --> 02:52:39,300
The ritual connected individual 
homes to the community and to 

3090
02:52:39,300 --> 02:52:43,100
the Turning of Seasons using 
light as both of practical tool 

3091
02:52:43,100 --> 02:52:46,300
and a spiritual symbol. 
The Japanese obon festival 

3092
02:52:46,300 --> 02:52:50,000
honors deceased ancestors and 
part of its observance, involves

3093
02:52:50,000 --> 02:52:52,500
lighting lanterns to guide 
Spirits back to the living 

3094
02:52:52,500 --> 02:52:55,700
world. 
Paper lanterns hang from Eaves 

3095
02:52:55,700 --> 02:52:58,400
and posts glowing softly in the 
summer. 

3096
02:52:58,400 --> 02:53:02,100
Darkness on the final night of 
the festival floating lanterns 

3097
02:53:02,100 --> 02:53:05,300
are set a drift on rivers and 
lakes carrying prayers. 

3098
02:53:05,300 --> 02:53:09,200
And farewells back to the spirit
world, the lights Bob and drift 

3099
02:53:09,200 --> 02:53:12,600
Downstream gradually 
disappearing into the darkness. 

3100
02:53:12,600 --> 02:53:16,700
A beautiful Melancholy image of 
impermanence and connection. 

3101
02:53:16,700 --> 02:53:20,200
Winter solstice celebrations, 
across numerous cultures, 

3102
02:53:20,200 --> 02:53:23,200
involved lighting fires or lamps
to encourage. 

3103
02:53:23,200 --> 02:53:27,000
The sun's return to prove, that 
light, still existed, even in 

3104
02:53:27,000 --> 02:53:31,000
the darkest part of the year. 
The Scandinavian tradition of 

3105
02:53:31,000 --> 02:53:34,700
Saint Lucia's day involved. 
Young women wearing crowns of 

3106
02:53:34,700 --> 02:53:38,600
candles bringing light and food 
to households during the darkest

3107
02:53:38,600 --> 02:53:42,100
weeks of Winter. 
The symbolism was clear, we 

3108
02:53:42,100 --> 02:53:43,300
carry light through the 
darkness. 

3109
02:53:43,300 --> 02:53:48,000
We maintain hope and we refuse 
to surrender to the long night. 

3110
02:53:48,800 --> 02:53:52,100
You're at a Buddhist temple 
during visakh the celebration of

3111
02:53:52,100 --> 02:53:54,500
Buddha's birth, in lightning, 
and death. 

3112
02:53:55,200 --> 02:53:58,000
The temple complex is adorned 
with thousands of lanterns 

3113
02:53:58,000 --> 02:54:01,700
creating a warm glow that seems 
to pulse with spiritual energy 

3114
02:54:01,700 --> 02:54:05,300
monks and lay people alike, 
carry small lamps and procession

3115
02:54:05,300 --> 02:54:10,000
circling the temple grounds, the
accumulated light of hundreds of

3116
02:54:10,000 --> 02:54:12,800
individual Flames. 
Creating an illumination that 

3117
02:54:12,800 --> 02:54:16,400
feels qualitatively different 
from any electric light you've 

3118
02:54:16,400 --> 02:54:20,400
experienced in your Modern Life.
In these, contexts wasn't 

3119
02:54:20,400 --> 02:54:22,600
measured in lumens or foot 
candles. 

3120
02:54:22,600 --> 02:54:27,800
It wasn't evaluated based on 
efficiency or duration, instead,

3121
02:54:27,800 --> 02:54:31,400
it was appreciated for its 
symbolic weight, its connection 

3122
02:54:31,400 --> 02:54:35,600
to meaning and memory, and its 
devotion, a single candle 

3123
02:54:35,600 --> 02:54:38,600
burning in memory of a deceased.
Loved one provided almost no 

3124
02:54:38,600 --> 02:54:42,100
practical illumination, but its 
purpose wasn't practical. 

3125
02:54:42,100 --> 02:54:47,300
It was witness remembrance and 
continuing connection, the 

3126
02:54:47,300 --> 02:54:50,600
ancient zoroastrians maintained,
sacred fires and fire temples 

3127
02:54:50,600 --> 02:54:55,000
tended continuously by priests 
These files were considered 

3128
02:54:55,000 --> 02:54:58,300
living manifestations of the 
Divine, requiring careful 

3129
02:54:58,300 --> 02:55:01,700
feeding and protection different
grades of fire existed, 

3130
02:55:01,700 --> 02:55:05,300
household fires, Community fires
and most sacred of all the 

3131
02:55:05,308 --> 02:55:08,500
attached behran. 
A fire, requiring, the Gathering

3132
02:55:08,500 --> 02:55:12,300
and combination of 16 different 
types of fire in elaborate 

3133
02:55:12,300 --> 02:55:14,900
purification. 
Ceremonies the fire could never 

3134
02:55:14,900 --> 02:55:18,100
be allowed to go out with 
priests maintaining constant 

3135
02:55:18,100 --> 02:55:21,400
vigil over its preservation. 
You observe how different 

3136
02:55:21,400 --> 02:55:24,100
cultures develop distinct 
Aesthetics of light. 

3137
02:55:24,100 --> 02:55:27,800
Chinese lanterns made of paper 
and bamboo painted with 

3138
02:55:27,800 --> 02:55:32,100
auspicious, symbols and proverbs
Moroccan lanterns of pierced 

3139
02:55:32,100 --> 02:55:35,600
metal creating intricate, Shadow
patterns on surrounding walls. 

3140
02:55:36,400 --> 02:55:40,000
Indian hanging lamps of brass 
with multiple Wicks arranged in 

3141
02:55:40,000 --> 02:55:43,000
rows, each traditional 
expressed, something about how 

3142
02:55:43,000 --> 02:55:46,900
people understood and valued 
light turning functional objects

3143
02:55:46,900 --> 02:55:50,600
into works of art. even in the 
darkness, you find that the 

3144
02:55:50,600 --> 02:55:53,700
human impulse toward ritual and 
celebration manifest through 

3145
02:55:53,700 --> 02:55:57,000
light birthday, candles 
represent years lived, and 

3146
02:55:57,000 --> 02:56:00,400
wishes made Memorial candles 
honor of those who died. 

3147
02:56:01,300 --> 02:56:05,100
Vigil candles accompany prayers 
for the sick or troubled, the 

3148
02:56:05,100 --> 02:56:08,600
Olympic torch carries flame 
across continents, connecting 

3149
02:56:08,600 --> 02:56:11,700
Nations through a shared symbol 
of Hope and excellence. 

3150
02:56:12,600 --> 02:56:14,800
None of these uses make economic
sense. 

3151
02:56:14,800 --> 02:56:17,900
They're inefficient expensive 
and accomplished. 

3152
02:56:17,900 --> 02:56:21,600
No practical work yet they 
persist because light means 

3153
02:56:21,600 --> 02:56:26,000
something Beyond mere visibility
processions by Torchlight or 

3154
02:56:26,000 --> 02:56:29,500
Candlelight created memorable. 
Spectacles, medieval religious 

3155
02:56:29,500 --> 02:56:31,400
processions. 
Wound through streets with 

3156
02:56:31,400 --> 02:56:35,100
participants carrying candles 
creating rivers of light flowing

3157
02:56:35,100 --> 02:56:38,800
through Darkness Japanese, 
Shrine festivals featured, 

3158
02:56:38,800 --> 02:56:41,700
participants carrying 
illuminated portable shrines, 

3159
02:56:41,700 --> 02:56:44,600
through streets. 
These moving lights, transformed

3160
02:56:44,600 --> 02:56:48,200
familiar spaces, making the 
everyday, World seem strange, 

3161
02:56:48,200 --> 02:56:51,900
and sacred In some traditions, 
the act of lighting itself 

3162
02:56:51,900 --> 02:56:55,500
became ritualized. 
Pacific prayers accompanied, the

3163
02:56:55,508 --> 02:56:58,400
lighting of Sabbath candles 
certain holidays. 

3164
02:56:58,400 --> 02:57:02,000
Required fires to be lit in 
particular, ways from specific 

3165
02:57:02,000 --> 02:57:05,700
materials at specific times with
specific invocations. 

3166
02:57:06,500 --> 02:57:10,100
The lighting was as important as
the light itself and the Act 

3167
02:57:10,100 --> 02:57:13,500
was, as meaningful as the 
outcome, you notice how sacred 

3168
02:57:13,500 --> 02:57:15,900
light often involves Community 
participation. 

3169
02:57:16,900 --> 02:57:20,300
One person likes a candle then 
shares that flame with others 

3170
02:57:20,300 --> 02:57:24,100
who share with still others 
until hundreds of individual 

3171
02:57:24,100 --> 02:57:26,300
lights Bloom from a single 
Source. 

3172
02:57:26,300 --> 02:57:30,500
The metaphor is obvious, but 
powerful, like multiplies 

3173
02:57:30,500 --> 02:57:34,300
without diminishing knowledge, 
shared enriches everyone, and 

3174
02:57:34,300 --> 02:57:37,100
one small flame can illuminate, 
an entire Gathering. 

3175
02:57:37,100 --> 02:57:39,900
You're reviewing the household 
accounts in a middle class, 

3176
02:57:39,900 --> 02:57:43,500
London home, sometime around 
1750, the numbers are 

3177
02:57:43,500 --> 02:57:47,000
frustrating, the cost of candles
alone represents a significant 

3178
02:57:47,000 --> 02:57:50,700
portion of your family's budget,
not as much as food or rent, 

3179
02:57:50,700 --> 02:57:53,600
certainly, but enough to require
careful management. 

3180
02:57:53,600 --> 02:57:57,400
You burn cheap Tallow candles in
the kitchen and servants 

3181
02:57:57,400 --> 02:58:00,300
quarters. 
Save the better beeswax candles 

3182
02:58:00,300 --> 02:58:04,300
for the Parlor where you 
entertain guests, Even so the 

3183
02:58:04,300 --> 02:58:08,000
expense adds up before, 
electricity lighting was 

3184
02:58:08,000 --> 02:58:10,800
expensive enough to meaningful 
constrain Behavior. 

3185
02:58:11,700 --> 02:58:14,300
Poor families went to bed soon 
after Sunset because they 

3186
02:58:14,300 --> 02:58:17,100
couldn't afford to burn. 
Lights middling families 

3187
02:58:17,100 --> 02:58:19,200
carefully. 
Rational their lighting using 

3188
02:58:19,200 --> 02:58:22,600
good candles sparingly and 
making with cheaper alternatives

3189
02:58:22,600 --> 02:58:25,200
when possible. 
Only the wealthy could afford to

3190
02:58:25,200 --> 02:58:27,300
like their homes as freely as 
they wished. 

3191
02:58:27,300 --> 02:58:29,700
And even they paid attention to 
the cost. 

3192
02:58:30,600 --> 02:58:33,800
The economics of light affected 
every level of society 

3193
02:58:33,800 --> 02:58:37,900
differently rural Farmers had 
access to animal fat for Tallow 

3194
02:58:37,900 --> 02:58:40,300
candles but might lack. 
The means to buy better 

3195
02:58:40,300 --> 02:58:43,300
alternatives. 
Urban workers could purchase 

3196
02:58:43,300 --> 02:58:46,600
various grades of candles and 
lamp oil but earned barely 

3197
02:58:46,600 --> 02:58:49,800
enough to afford, basic 
necessities, the wealthy 

3198
02:58:49,800 --> 02:58:53,100
employed, specialized servants 
lamp Bois candle, snuffers and 

3199
02:58:53,100 --> 02:58:56,800
torch bearers whose entire role 
involved managing the households

3200
02:58:56,800 --> 02:58:59,900
lighting needs. 
You calculate how many hours of 

3201
02:58:59,900 --> 02:59:02,800
light you can afford this week 
evening, Gatherings must be 

3202
02:59:02,800 --> 02:59:05,200
planned carefully. 
If your hosting guests, you need

3203
02:59:05,200 --> 02:59:08,200
to burn more candles to make a 
good impression, but that means 

3204
02:59:08,200 --> 02:59:11,500
fewer hours of light on other 
nights reading must be done 

3205
02:59:11,500 --> 02:59:14,400
during daylight or by the most 
economical light sources. 

3206
02:59:15,200 --> 02:59:18,100
Sowing mending and other clothes
work are scheduled for the 

3207
02:59:18,108 --> 02:59:20,900
brightest part of the day or 
postponed. 

3208
02:59:20,900 --> 02:59:23,400
Until you can justify the cost 
of proper illumination. 

3209
02:59:23,400 --> 02:59:26,800
The poor made difficult, 
trade-offs, a family earning 

3210
02:59:26,800 --> 02:59:28,700
barely enough to eat. 
Might choose between buying 

3211
02:59:28,700 --> 02:59:31,300
candles and buying food often 
food. 

3212
02:59:31,300 --> 02:59:34,400
One people went to bed, early. 
Not because they were specially 

3213
02:59:34,400 --> 02:59:37,300
tired, but because sitting in 
darkness was depressing and 

3214
02:59:37,300 --> 02:59:41,200
unproductive, Winter. 
Evenings were long and dark and 

3215
02:59:41,200 --> 02:59:43,800
the inability to afford light 
made them longer and darker 

3216
02:59:43,800 --> 02:59:47,300
still some crafts and trades 
were required light to function.

3217
02:59:47,300 --> 02:59:50,300
And the cost of that light was 
built into the price of goods 

3218
02:59:50,300 --> 02:59:52,800
and services assume making 
needed. 

3219
02:59:52,800 --> 02:59:54,500
Good light to work leather 
properly. 

3220
02:59:55,300 --> 02:59:58,600
Taylor needed it for fine 
stitching, I watch maker, 

3221
02:59:58,600 --> 03:00:01,100
absolutely required, it for 
delicate, repairs. 

3222
03:00:02,000 --> 03:00:04,800
These skilled tradespeople 
invested in better lighting 

3223
03:00:04,800 --> 03:00:06,600
because their livelihoods 
demanded it. 

3224
03:00:07,300 --> 03:00:10,100
But they paid a price in the 
form of significant ongoing 

3225
03:00:10,100 --> 03:00:12,300
expenses for candles or lamp 
oil. 

3226
03:00:12,900 --> 03:00:15,600
Street lighting, where it 
existed at all, was rudimentary 

3227
03:00:15,600 --> 03:00:18,600
and expensive in. 
London householders were 

3228
03:00:18,600 --> 03:00:21,400
required by law to hang 
lanterns, outside their doors on

3229
03:00:21,400 --> 03:00:24,100
Dark Nights. 
Creating a patchwork of light 

3230
03:00:24,100 --> 03:00:25,900
that barely illuminated the 
streets. 

3231
03:00:25,900 --> 03:00:30,100
The system was unreliable people
forgot or couldn't afford the 

3232
03:00:30,100 --> 03:00:33,700
oil or simply ignored the 
requirement walking through the 

3233
03:00:33,700 --> 03:00:37,100
city after dark remained 
dangerous with criminals. 

3234
03:00:37,100 --> 03:00:40,600
Taking advantage of poorly lit 
areas and victims, having 

3235
03:00:40,600 --> 03:00:44,700
limited ability to see threats 
approaching The cost of light 

3236
03:00:44,700 --> 03:00:48,500
created a kind of temporal 
inequality, the wealthy, could 

3237
03:00:48,500 --> 03:00:52,500
extend their days hosting 
evening salons and parties that 

3238
03:00:52,500 --> 03:00:54,100
continued. 
Well, past dark. 

3239
03:00:55,000 --> 03:00:58,400
They could read work and 
socialize during hours when 

3240
03:00:58,400 --> 03:01:02,100
poorer people had no choice but 
to sleep, his wasn't a trivial 

3241
03:01:02,100 --> 03:01:04,000
Advantage. 
It meant more hours for 

3242
03:01:04,000 --> 03:01:06,900
Education, networking 
entertainment and productive 

3243
03:01:06,900 --> 03:01:09,200
work. 
The ability to light the 

3244
03:01:09,208 --> 03:01:12,900
darkness was in effect. 
The ability to buy time itself, 

3245
03:01:12,900 --> 03:01:16,700
institutions had different 
economics than individuals 

3246
03:01:16,700 --> 03:01:20,100
churches could afford to keep 
multiple candles burning because

3247
03:01:20,100 --> 03:01:24,000
they serve communities rather 
than families universities and 

3248
03:01:24,000 --> 03:01:26,900
colleges maintained reading 
rooms with adequate lighting 

3249
03:01:26,900 --> 03:01:31,500
enabling Scholars to study. 
After Sunset, governments lit, 

3250
03:01:31,500 --> 03:01:33,200
official buildings and public 
spaces. 

3251
03:01:33,200 --> 03:01:35,500
As demonstrations of power and 
resources. 

3252
03:01:35,500 --> 03:01:39,200
These institutional lights 
created islands of Illumination 

3253
03:01:39,200 --> 03:01:42,700
in otherwise, dark cities. 
You've heard about experiments 

3254
03:01:42,700 --> 03:01:45,600
with new types of lamps, 
something about gaslighting, 

3255
03:01:45,600 --> 03:01:47,800
being tested in some public 
spaces. 

3256
03:01:47,800 --> 03:01:52,500
The idea seems fantastic. 
Pipes carrying flammable gas 

3257
03:01:52,500 --> 03:01:56,000
through the streets with flames,
burning at regular intervals 

3258
03:01:56,000 --> 03:01:58,800
from special fixtures. 
It sounds dangerous, but 

3259
03:01:58,800 --> 03:02:01,600
apparently the light is much 
brighter than candles or oil 

3260
03:02:01,600 --> 03:02:04,800
lamps and the cost per hour of 
Illumination is low. 

3261
03:02:05,800 --> 03:02:09,100
Still You doubt, it will become 
white spread, how could such a 

3262
03:02:09,100 --> 03:02:11,800
system possibly be maintained 
across an entire city? 

3263
03:02:12,700 --> 03:02:15,500
The economics of light influence
social structures in ways. 

3264
03:02:15,500 --> 03:02:18,700
You're only beginning to 
understand servants rows Before 

3265
03:02:18,700 --> 03:02:23,100
Dawn and worked until well after
dark Often by inadequate light 

3266
03:02:23,100 --> 03:02:25,500
that strained, their eyes and 
made their work more difficult. 

3267
03:02:25,500 --> 03:02:29,700
Their labor subsidized their 
employers Comfort, including the

3268
03:02:29,700 --> 03:02:33,300
management of expensive Lighting
systems, the distribution of 

3269
03:02:33,300 --> 03:02:36,000
Light Within a household 
reflected the distribution of 

3270
03:02:36,000 --> 03:02:39,100
power. 
Masters got the best light and 

3271
03:02:39,100 --> 03:02:43,100
servants may do with minimal 
illumination or work by daylight

3272
03:02:43,100 --> 03:02:46,800
whenever possible professional, 
lamplighters formed guilds and 

3273
03:02:46,800 --> 03:02:49,600
maintained regular employment in
cities with Street Lighting 

3274
03:02:49,600 --> 03:02:52,400
systems. 
They made rounds each evening 

3275
03:02:52,400 --> 03:02:56,100
with ladders and long poles. 
Lighting lamps along designated 

3276
03:02:56,100 --> 03:02:59,200
routes in the morning. 
They reversed the process 

3277
03:02:59,200 --> 03:03:01,800
extinguishing lamps and 
collecting unused oil. 

3278
03:03:02,600 --> 03:03:06,100
The work was steady but not 
glamorous and the pay, reflected

3279
03:03:06,100 --> 03:03:10,400
the low status of manual labor 
still, it was preferable to many

3280
03:03:10,400 --> 03:03:12,700
Alternatives available to 
working class men. 

3281
03:03:13,700 --> 03:03:16,700
The market for lighting Products
was substantial and stratified 

3282
03:03:16,700 --> 03:03:20,200
expensive. 
Beeswax candles for the wealthy 

3283
03:03:20,200 --> 03:03:24,500
middling Tallow candles for the 
respectable poor and cheap Rush 

3284
03:03:24,500 --> 03:03:28,800
lights for those barely scraping
by Different grades of lamp 

3285
03:03:28,800 --> 03:03:33,200
oils, serve different markets, 
candlesticks lanterns, snuffers,

3286
03:03:33,200 --> 03:03:35,700
and other lighting. 
Implements came inversions 

3287
03:03:35,700 --> 03:03:37,500
appropriate for every social 
class. 

3288
03:03:37,500 --> 03:03:40,700
You could tell a family's 
approximately wealth and Status 

3289
03:03:40,700 --> 03:03:44,200
by examining their lighting 
Provisions somehow holds try to 

3290
03:03:44,208 --> 03:03:47,800
economize by making their own 
candles, but this required time 

3291
03:03:47,800 --> 03:03:51,900
skill and access to raw 
materials The Tallow had to be 

3292
03:03:51,900 --> 03:03:55,300
rendered from animal fat 
filtered to remove impurities, 

3293
03:03:55,300 --> 03:03:57,600
then used for dipping or 
molding. 

3294
03:03:58,200 --> 03:04:00,700
The process was time-consuming 
and smelly. 

3295
03:04:01,400 --> 03:04:03,800
Filling the house with the odor 
of hot animal fat. 

3296
03:04:04,500 --> 03:04:07,300
Many families decided that 
purchasing candles from 

3297
03:04:07,300 --> 03:04:09,700
professional. 
Chandlers was worth the extra 

3298
03:04:09,700 --> 03:04:13,600
expense to avoid the unpleasant 
work, the seasonal variation, in

3299
03:04:13,600 --> 03:04:16,200
daylight hours, affected 
household, economic 

3300
03:04:16,200 --> 03:04:20,200
significantly, Summer evenings, 
required less artificial, light 

3301
03:04:20,200 --> 03:04:24,000
reducing expenses and allowing 
families to extend their waking 

3302
03:04:24,000 --> 03:04:27,700
hours without additional cost. 
Winter demanded much more light 

3303
03:04:27,700 --> 03:04:30,200
straining. 
Budgets, precisely when other 

3304
03:04:30,200 --> 03:04:35,500
expenses heating, warm clothing,
preserved Foods all increased, 

3305
03:04:35,500 --> 03:04:38,400
the darkest months were often 
the hardest months, he 

3306
03:04:38,400 --> 03:04:41,800
economically with multiple needs
competing for limited resources.

3307
03:04:43,000 --> 03:04:45,000
You finish your accounting with 
a sigh. 

3308
03:04:45,700 --> 03:04:48,300
The candle budget will need to 
be reduced next month to cover 

3309
03:04:48,300 --> 03:04:52,100
an unexpected expense. 
This means fewer evening, social

3310
03:04:52,100 --> 03:04:56,200
Gatherings more work completed 
during daylight hours and early 

3311
03:04:56,200 --> 03:04:59,800
at times. 
It's a small adjustment, but it 

3312
03:04:59,800 --> 03:05:02,600
reminds you, how much of your 
life is constrained by the 

3313
03:05:02,600 --> 03:05:06,300
economics of something, as basic
as light, you long for a time 

3314
03:05:06,308 --> 03:05:07,900
when illumination might be 
cheap. 

3315
03:05:07,900 --> 03:05:11,200
And abundant though, you can't 
imagine how such a world could 

3316
03:05:11,200 --> 03:05:15,200
possibly come to exist. 
You're in a blacksmith's, Forge 

3317
03:05:15,200 --> 03:05:18,300
late in the evening and work 
continues, despite the darkness 

3318
03:05:18,300 --> 03:05:22,000
outside, but the forge provides 
its own lumination. 

3319
03:05:22,000 --> 03:05:24,700
The fire burning at 
temperatures, hot enough to 

3320
03:05:24,700 --> 03:05:28,600
soften iron casts enough light 
to see by, especially once your 

3321
03:05:28,600 --> 03:05:31,400
eyes adjust. 
The glow is reddish. 

3322
03:05:31,400 --> 03:05:36,000
Orange painting everything in 
shades of warmth and Shadow. 

3323
03:05:36,000 --> 03:05:39,200
You can see the blacksmith's 
face, clearly when he leans 

3324
03:05:39,200 --> 03:05:42,500
close to the forge, but he 
disappears into silhouette when 

3325
03:05:42,500 --> 03:05:46,400
he steps back to his anvil. 
Certain types of work created 

3326
03:05:46,400 --> 03:05:49,300
their own light and people 
organized, their labor around. 

3327
03:05:49,300 --> 03:05:52,700
This fact, blacksmith could work
in the evening because their 

3328
03:05:52,700 --> 03:05:54,700
forges illuminated their 
workspaces. 

3329
03:05:55,700 --> 03:05:58,700
Baker started their days in the 
middle of the night but there 

3330
03:05:58,700 --> 03:06:02,100
are others provided light as 
well as heat, metal workers 

3331
03:06:02,100 --> 03:06:05,900
glass blowers and anyone else 
who's crafted fire had a 

3332
03:06:05,908 --> 03:06:09,100
lighting solution though? 
It wasn't always sufficient for 

3333
03:06:09,100 --> 03:06:11,900
detail work. 
The quality of Forge light is 

3334
03:06:11,900 --> 03:06:15,800
particular very bright near the 
fire but the illumination falls 

3335
03:06:15,800 --> 03:06:19,000
off quickly. 
Colors are distorted with 

3336
03:06:19,000 --> 03:06:22,400
everything taking on warm tones 
that make it difficult to judge 

3337
03:06:22,400 --> 03:06:26,100
the true appearance of objects. 
The blacksmith knows this and 

3338
03:06:26,100 --> 03:06:28,700
often takes worked pieces 
outside during daylight to 

3339
03:06:28,700 --> 03:06:32,100
examine them properly. 
What looks smooth and even by 

3340
03:06:32,100 --> 03:06:35,300
Forge, light might reveal flaws 
in natural illumination. 

3341
03:06:35,300 --> 03:06:38,200
You watch as the blacksmith 
Heats a piece of iron until it 

3342
03:06:38,200 --> 03:06:41,900
glows first red then orange then
yellow white at the hottest 

3343
03:06:41,900 --> 03:06:44,300
point. 
The metal itself, becomes a 

3344
03:06:44,308 --> 03:06:46,800
source of light bright enough to
read by. 

3345
03:06:46,800 --> 03:06:49,900
If you were foolish enough to 
get that close, he hammers it 

3346
03:06:49,908 --> 03:06:53,900
against the Anvil and Sparks, 
Fly with each impact, creating 

3347
03:06:53,900 --> 03:06:57,100
brief fireworks that illuminate 
the workshop in flickering 

3348
03:06:57,100 --> 03:07:00,100
bursts. 
The darkness between Sparks is 

3349
03:07:00,108 --> 03:07:03,900
somehow darker, your eyes 
constantly adjusting to changes 

3350
03:07:03,900 --> 03:07:06,700
in light level. 
The rhythmic work of the forge 

3351
03:07:06,700 --> 03:07:10,000
creates a kind of temporal 
structure to the evening heat. 

3352
03:07:10,000 --> 03:07:13,400
The metal hammer, it check the 
shape and return it to the fire.

3353
03:07:13,400 --> 03:07:16,700
Each cycle, involves moving 
between different light levels. 

3354
03:07:16,700 --> 03:07:20,400
The brilliant glow of the forge,
the dimmer light of the work 

3355
03:07:20,400 --> 03:07:23,700
area and the near darkness of 
the corners, where tools and 

3356
03:07:23,700 --> 03:07:26,700
materials are stored, the 
blacksmith navigates, these 

3357
03:07:26,700 --> 03:07:29,900
transitions automatically, his 
body remembering where 

3358
03:07:29,900 --> 03:07:33,200
everything is located. 
Other trades found different 

3359
03:07:33,200 --> 03:07:36,900
solutions to working after dark.
Fishermen often worked by 

3360
03:07:36,900 --> 03:07:40,200
Moonlight when the lunar cycle 
permitted or carried, torches 

3361
03:07:40,200 --> 03:07:43,600
were necessary night fishing 
required, different skills than 

3362
03:07:43,600 --> 03:07:46,800
daylight fishing. 
You learn to navigate by feel 

3363
03:07:46,800 --> 03:07:50,900
and sound as much as sight to 
interpret Ripples and splashes 

3364
03:07:50,900 --> 03:07:54,300
you couldn't see clearly the 
torture tracted certain fish 

3365
03:07:54,300 --> 03:07:57,400
while scaring others away 
creating different opportunities

3366
03:07:57,400 --> 03:08:00,000
and challenges than daylight 
fishing presented. 

3367
03:08:00,900 --> 03:08:03,800
Mine has worked underground 
where no natural light ever 

3368
03:08:03,800 --> 03:08:07,000
reached entirely dependent on 
lamps or candles. 

3369
03:08:07,000 --> 03:08:11,400
A minus lamp was a critical 
piece of equipment as important 

3370
03:08:11,400 --> 03:08:13,700
as any tool. 
Running out of light. 

3371
03:08:13,700 --> 03:08:16,900
While deep underground could be 
fatal, you might become 

3372
03:08:16,900 --> 03:08:20,100
disoriented unable to find your 
way back to the shaft, 

3373
03:08:20,100 --> 03:08:23,300
surrounded by Darkness. 
So complete, it created a kind 

3374
03:08:23,308 --> 03:08:26,800
of panic, miners, learned a 
ration their like carefully to 

3375
03:08:26,800 --> 03:08:30,600
navigate partially by memory and
field and to always carry back 

3376
03:08:30,600 --> 03:08:33,800
up illumination. 
The dangers of working by 

3377
03:08:33,800 --> 03:08:37,300
inadequate, light were real and 
common Crafts People strain 

3378
03:08:37,300 --> 03:08:39,900
their eyes, trying to see detail
by dim Lamplight. 

3379
03:08:40,600 --> 03:08:45,300
Accidents increased after dark 
misjudged distances, missed 

3380
03:08:45,300 --> 03:08:49,000
steps tools that slipped because
you couldn't quite see what you 

3381
03:08:49,008 --> 03:08:51,300
were doing. 
Some trades simply couldn't be 

3382
03:08:51,300 --> 03:08:54,400
performed safely without good 
light, and people learned which 

3383
03:08:54,400 --> 03:08:57,900
tasks to save for daylight and 
which could be attempted By 

3384
03:08:57,900 --> 03:09:01,700
Flame, women's work often 
continued after dark out of 

3385
03:09:01,708 --> 03:09:05,300
necessity. 
Spinning weaving sewing and 

3386
03:09:05,300 --> 03:09:08,600
mending needed to be done and 
days weren't long enough to 

3387
03:09:08,600 --> 03:09:10,400
complete everything during 
daylight hours. 

3388
03:09:10,400 --> 03:09:14,600
So women worked by firelight or 
Lamplight sitting close to the 

3389
03:09:14,600 --> 03:09:19,100
flame eyes, straining to see 
fine details, the cost was 

3390
03:09:19,100 --> 03:09:22,800
measured in headaches, I strain 
and gradual loss of close 

3391
03:09:22,800 --> 03:09:25,700
Vision, over years of working. 
In it, inadequate illumination 

3392
03:09:26,700 --> 03:09:29,700
You observe a spinner working by
the half in the blacksmith's 

3393
03:09:29,700 --> 03:09:31,900
home. 
She sits close to the fire 

3394
03:09:31,900 --> 03:09:36,000
distilled in one hand spindle in
the other drawing out, fiber and

3395
03:09:36,000 --> 03:09:37,900
twisting it into thread through 
movement. 

3396
03:09:37,900 --> 03:09:41,700
So practice their almost 
unconscious The firelight Caster

3397
03:09:41,700 --> 03:09:45,300
hands in sharp relief. 
Making the thread visible as it 

3398
03:09:45,300 --> 03:09:49,500
forms, but the light is 
inconsistent surging and fading 

3399
03:09:49,500 --> 03:09:52,700
with the Flames, requiring 
constant, adjustment and 

3400
03:09:52,700 --> 03:09:56,300
attention. 
Textile work spinning weaving. 

3401
03:09:56,300 --> 03:09:59,700
Sowing demanded, good vision and
steady hands. 

3402
03:10:00,500 --> 03:10:04,000
Women performing this work by an
adequate light developed eye 

3403
03:10:04,000 --> 03:10:06,400
problems earlier than men. 
Doing outdoor physical labor. 

3404
03:10:07,100 --> 03:10:10,100
Strain of focusing on fine 
detail in poor illumination to 

3405
03:10:10,100 --> 03:10:13,100
accumulative toll. 
Some women were effectively 

3406
03:10:13,100 --> 03:10:17,200
blind for close work by their 
forties unable to thread needles

3407
03:10:17,200 --> 03:10:21,100
or see fine stitches. 
Relegated to simpler tasks that 

3408
03:10:21,100 --> 03:10:25,200
didn't require acute vision. 
The Potters Workshop operates on

3409
03:10:25,200 --> 03:10:28,300
a different Rhythm. 
Clay work requires good light to

3410
03:10:28,300 --> 03:10:32,200
see subtle imperfections and 
variations in thickness Potters 

3411
03:10:32,200 --> 03:10:34,200
who had to work. 
After dark position, their 

3412
03:10:34,200 --> 03:10:37,900
wheels near Windows to capture 
the last of the evening light or

3413
03:10:37,900 --> 03:10:40,500
arranged multiple lamps around 
their workspace. 

3414
03:10:40,500 --> 03:10:44,500
At considerable expense throwing
pots by firelight alone was 

3415
03:10:44,500 --> 03:10:47,500
nearly impossible. 
The inconsistent illumination 

3416
03:10:47,500 --> 03:10:50,500
made it too difficult to judge 
the vessels shape and symmetry 

3417
03:10:51,500 --> 03:10:54,200
glass blow as had perhaps the 
best nighttime working 

3418
03:10:54,200 --> 03:10:58,000
conditions among Crafts People. 
The molten glass itself glowed 

3419
03:10:58,000 --> 03:11:01,700
brilliantly and the furnace is 
provided ample, light, and heat.

3420
03:11:01,700 --> 03:11:05,400
Watching a glass, blow a work 
after dark was spectacular. 

3421
03:11:06,400 --> 03:11:09,100
The Blob of glowing glass on the
end of the blowpipe lit, the 

3422
03:11:09,108 --> 03:11:12,600
entire Workshop, casting the 
worker in silhouette as they 

3423
03:11:12,600 --> 03:11:16,500
shaped and formed the material 
Sparks and smaller pieces of 

3424
03:11:16,500 --> 03:11:20,400
glass flew like tiny meteors 
when glass was cut or broken and

3425
03:11:21,100 --> 03:11:23,500
He noticed how different crafts 
developed different 

3426
03:11:23,500 --> 03:11:27,800
relationships with Darkness. 
Some resisted it struggling to 

3427
03:11:27,800 --> 03:11:30,100
maintain adequate light for 
precise work. 

3428
03:11:30,100 --> 03:11:33,700
Others accommodated. 
It adjusting work schedules to 

3429
03:11:33,700 --> 03:11:37,300
maximize use of daylight and 
minimize dependence on 

3430
03:11:37,308 --> 03:11:40,800
artificial illumination. 
Still others, Incorporated. 

3431
03:11:40,800 --> 03:11:44,500
It like the blacksmith whose 
work actually created the light 

3432
03:11:44,500 --> 03:11:47,700
necessary to see by The 
Apprentice system, partly 

3433
03:11:47,700 --> 03:11:49,500
reflected the economics of 
light. 

3434
03:11:50,200 --> 03:11:53,300
Young apprentices were sent to 
bed early partly to conserve 

3435
03:11:53,300 --> 03:11:56,200
candles and lamp oil. 
They Rose Before, Dawn and 

3436
03:11:56,208 --> 03:11:58,900
worked by daylight under 
supervision learning their 

3437
03:11:58,900 --> 03:12:00,800
trades. 
During hours when light was free

3438
03:12:00,800 --> 03:12:04,300
Masters, who could afford to 
work longer hours by artificial 

3439
03:12:04,300 --> 03:12:08,100
light gained competitive 
advantages more productivity 

3440
03:12:08,100 --> 03:12:12,300
fast to completion of complex 
projects and the ability to take

3441
03:12:12,300 --> 03:12:15,800
on urgent orders, requiring 
nighttime work seasonal, 

3442
03:12:15,800 --> 03:12:19,600
variations affected work 
patterns significantly. summer 

3443
03:12:19,600 --> 03:12:23,000
meant, long working days, taking
full advantage of extended 

3444
03:12:23,000 --> 03:12:26,400
daylight, when to mentioned 
shorter days and more dependence

3445
03:12:26,400 --> 03:12:29,800
on expensive artificial light 
with some trades, essentially 

3446
03:12:29,800 --> 03:12:33,200
shutting down after dark, While 
others invested in lighting and 

3447
03:12:33,200 --> 03:12:36,300
continued working the rhythm of 
work, followed the rhythm of the

3448
03:12:36,300 --> 03:12:40,700
sun more closely than any modern
workplace can imagine The night 

3449
03:12:40,700 --> 03:12:43,700
shift is modern industry, 
understands it barely existed 

3450
03:12:43,700 --> 03:12:48,100
some work continued after dark 
out of necessity Baker's. 

3451
03:12:48,100 --> 03:12:51,000
Preparing morning bread, 
nightwatchman patrolling streets

3452
03:12:51,000 --> 03:12:55,200
and midwives attending births at
any hour, but the idea of 

3453
03:12:55,200 --> 03:12:58,300
deliberately scheduling large 
numbers of workers to labor 

3454
03:12:58,300 --> 03:13:00,000
through. 
The night was largely 

3455
03:13:00,000 --> 03:13:03,200
impractical before adequate 
lighting made such Arrangements 

3456
03:13:03,200 --> 03:13:05,600
feasible. 
You're walking through Edinburgh

3457
03:13:05,600 --> 03:13:09,400
on a moonless night in 1780 and 
the Darkness is thick enough to 

3458
03:13:09,400 --> 03:13:12,000
feel solid. 
The street lighting is sporadic 

3459
03:13:12,000 --> 03:13:14,300
at best. 
Some oil lamps hanging from 

3460
03:13:14,300 --> 03:13:17,800
Posts of major into sections, 
but long stretches of Road 

3461
03:13:17,800 --> 03:13:20,900
remain. 
Completely dark your carrying a 

3462
03:13:20,900 --> 03:13:23,800
lantern, which helps. 
But the light doesn't extend far

3463
03:13:23,800 --> 03:13:26,000
enough to prevent you from 
occasionally stepping in 

3464
03:13:26,000 --> 03:13:29,900
something unpleasant that you'd 
rather than not identify cities 

3465
03:13:29,900 --> 03:13:31,800
after dark, would dangerous 
places. 

3466
03:13:31,800 --> 03:13:35,600
And insufficient lighting was a 
major reason why Criminals 

3467
03:13:35,600 --> 03:13:39,200
worked under cover of Darkness 
knowing that victims couldn't 

3468
03:13:39,200 --> 03:13:42,100
identify them. 
And constables couldn't easily 

3469
03:13:42,100 --> 03:13:46,100
give Chase getting home safely 
after dark often meant hiring a 

3470
03:13:46,100 --> 03:13:48,400
link boy. 
A youth carrying a torch to 

3471
03:13:48,400 --> 03:13:51,400
light your way or traveling in 
groups for safety. 

3472
03:13:52,400 --> 03:13:55,600
The wealthy had servants, who 
accompanied them with lanterns, 

3473
03:13:55,600 --> 03:13:58,700
everyone else took their 
chances, the watch system 

3474
03:13:58,700 --> 03:14:02,300
attempted to maintain order with
nightwatchman patrolling streets

3475
03:14:02,300 --> 03:14:06,000
and calling out the hours. 
But Watchmen were often elderly 

3476
03:14:06,000 --> 03:14:10,300
poorly paid and not particularly
effective at preventing crime, 

3477
03:14:10,300 --> 03:14:13,400
their lanterns helped them 
navigate, but also advertise 

3478
03:14:13,400 --> 03:14:15,700
their positions to anyone, 
wanting to avoid them. 

3479
03:14:16,400 --> 03:14:19,700
Criminals simply worked in the 
areas between watch roots in the

3480
03:14:19,700 --> 03:14:22,700
dark spaces, where no one was 
looking some cities, 

3481
03:14:22,700 --> 03:14:25,100
experimented with public 
Lighting systems. 

3482
03:14:26,000 --> 03:14:28,500
Paris had been installing oil 
lamps on major streets. 

3483
03:14:28,500 --> 03:14:32,700
Since the 1660s, creating a 
network of lights that were lit 

3484
03:14:32,700 --> 03:14:34,400
each evening and extinguished 
Adorn. 

3485
03:14:34,400 --> 03:14:38,100
The system required an army of 
lamplighters and lamps nasas 

3486
03:14:38,100 --> 03:14:41,300
workers, who made their rounds 
with ladders and long poles 

3487
03:14:41,300 --> 03:14:44,100
managing, thousands of lamps 
across the city. 

3488
03:14:44,100 --> 03:14:48,600
The cost was enormous, but the 
benefits in terms of reduced 

3489
03:14:48,600 --> 03:14:51,300
crime and improved nighttime 
Commerce made, it worthwhile 

3490
03:14:51,300 --> 03:14:54,700
London, was slower to adopt. 
Comprehensive Street lighting. 

3491
03:14:54,700 --> 03:14:58,400
Relying on the patchwork system 
of householder lanterns. 

3492
03:14:58,400 --> 03:15:02,900
Supplemented by a few public 
lamps in, busier areas, the 

3493
03:15:02,900 --> 03:15:05,300
result was inconsistent. 
Some streets were reasonably 

3494
03:15:05,300 --> 03:15:07,500
well lit. 
While others remained dark 

3495
03:15:07,500 --> 03:15:11,100
passages, best avoided off to 
Sunset maps of London. 

3496
03:15:11,100 --> 03:15:14,000
Published in this period 
sometimes included notation 

3497
03:15:14,000 --> 03:15:16,400
about which streets were safe to
Traverse at night. 

3498
03:15:16,400 --> 03:15:20,300
He strange form of cartography 
that mapped danger as much as 

3499
03:15:20,300 --> 03:15:23,600
geography. 
He passed a Tavern like a noise 

3500
03:15:23,600 --> 03:15:27,300
spilling from his Open Door. 
inside, you can see customers 

3501
03:15:27,300 --> 03:15:32,400
drinking by candlelight the room
hazy with tobacco smoke Tavern 

3502
03:15:32,400 --> 03:15:35,100
stayed open late because they 
could afford the light necessary

3503
03:15:35,100 --> 03:15:38,600
to do business after dark. 
They became social centers by 

3504
03:15:38,600 --> 03:15:40,800
default. 
Where else could people Gather 

3505
03:15:40,800 --> 03:15:43,200
in the evening? 
The pub served as a kind of 

3506
03:15:43,200 --> 03:15:46,600
communal, living room, a lit 
space in the dark city, where 

3507
03:15:46,600 --> 03:15:49,900
news was exchanged deals were 
made and the hours between 

3508
03:15:49,900 --> 03:15:51,700
supper and bedtime could be 
passed. 

3509
03:15:51,700 --> 03:15:54,900
In company, like, soil, 
collectors were working emptying

3510
03:15:54,900 --> 03:15:58,300
chamber pots, and cesspits doing
work that polite Society 

3511
03:15:58,300 --> 03:16:01,700
preferred not to think about. 
They worked at night partly to 

3512
03:16:01,700 --> 03:16:05,300
avoid offending, daytime 
sensibilities, but also because 

3513
03:16:05,300 --> 03:16:08,600
Darkness provided some cover for
work that no one wanted to watch

3514
03:16:08,600 --> 03:16:12,700
their lanterns bobbed through 
alleys and rear courts marking 

3515
03:16:12,700 --> 03:16:15,700
their progress through tusks 
that were necessary of deeply 

3516
03:16:15,700 --> 03:16:18,000
unpleasant. 
He hear the Nightingale, man, 

3517
03:16:18,000 --> 03:16:20,500
making his rounds. 
A vendor selling small. 

3518
03:16:20,500 --> 03:16:24,600
Songbirds in cages conducting 
business primarily after dark 

3519
03:16:24,600 --> 03:16:26,800
because that's when his 
customers were home from work. 

3520
03:16:26,800 --> 03:16:31,000
He carries a lantern to show his
Wares and the birds sing despite

3521
03:16:31,000 --> 03:16:34,100
the dark. 
Their voices, strangely cheerful

3522
03:16:34,100 --> 03:16:36,700
in the night streets. 
You wonder if they confused 

3523
03:16:36,700 --> 03:16:39,100
about the time of day or if they
simply don't care when they 

3524
03:16:39,100 --> 03:16:42,200
sing, as long as someone is 
listening, Street lighting, 

3525
03:16:42,200 --> 03:16:44,800
transformed, urban geography, 
and subtle ways. 

3526
03:16:44,800 --> 03:16:48,400
Well, its streets became 
desirable addresses with 

3527
03:16:48,400 --> 03:16:51,300
property values reflecting the 
relative safety and convenience 

3528
03:16:51,300 --> 03:16:55,100
of good illumination. 
Dark streets were avoided when 

3529
03:16:55,100 --> 03:16:59,100
possible creating invisible, 
boundaries within cities, the 

3530
03:16:59,100 --> 03:17:02,100
pattern of light and Shadow 
shaped how people move through 

3531
03:17:02,100 --> 03:17:05,900
Urban spaces creating preferred 
routes and no-go areas. 

3532
03:17:06,900 --> 03:17:10,000
The introduction of gaslighting 
would revolutionize cities in 

3533
03:17:10,000 --> 03:17:13,600
ways that were only Beginning To
Be Imagined within your lifetime

3534
03:17:13,600 --> 03:17:16,100
though. 
You don't know this yet streets 

3535
03:17:16,100 --> 03:17:19,000
will be lit by gas lamps that 
burn brighter and more steadily 

3536
03:17:19,000 --> 03:17:23,300
than oil lamps ever could the 
change will transform urban life

3537
03:17:23,300 --> 03:17:27,400
extending Commerce reducing 
crime and making nighttime 

3538
03:17:27,400 --> 03:17:30,700
navigation, far, less 
treacherous, but for now, you 

3539
03:17:30,700 --> 03:17:33,800
navigate by Lantern light and 
Moonlight stepping carefully 

3540
03:17:33,800 --> 03:17:37,800
through a city that Darkness, 
still controls public squares 

3541
03:17:37,800 --> 03:17:40,300
and Market places. 
Receive priority for lighting 

3542
03:17:40,300 --> 03:17:43,400
installation. 
These were spaces where Commerce

3543
03:17:43,400 --> 03:17:47,300
happened where people gathered 
and where a city's prosperity in

3544
03:17:47,300 --> 03:17:50,500
civility, were on display. 
Good Lighting in these areas, 

3545
03:17:50,500 --> 03:17:53,700
served both practical and 
symbolic functions. if 

3546
03:17:53,708 --> 03:17:57,200
facilitated trade and social 
interaction, while also 

3547
03:17:57,200 --> 03:18:01,200
demonstrating civil courtroom 
progress, you notice how the few

3548
03:18:01,200 --> 03:18:04,500
Street lamps create pools of 
light separated by expanses of 

3549
03:18:04,500 --> 03:18:09,300
Darkness, Walking between lamps 
means periodic, transitions from

3550
03:18:09,300 --> 03:18:13,300
relative, visibility to near 
total darkness with your eyes. 

3551
03:18:13,300 --> 03:18:16,600
Constantly adjusting the 
psychological effect is 

3552
03:18:16,600 --> 03:18:19,100
unsettling. 
You feel exposed under the 

3553
03:18:19,100 --> 03:18:21,600
lamps, vulnerable, in the 
darkness between them. 

3554
03:18:22,400 --> 03:18:25,000
The profession of Link boy 
emerged to address the lighting 

3555
03:18:25,000 --> 03:18:27,700
Gap. 
These were typically poor youth 

3556
03:18:27,700 --> 03:18:31,200
who carried torches or lanterns 
and escorted people through dark

3557
03:18:31,200 --> 03:18:34,200
streets for a small fee. 
The work was a regular and 

3558
03:18:34,200 --> 03:18:38,100
poorly paid but it was available
to anyone with access to a torch

3559
03:18:38,100 --> 03:18:41,300
and knowledge of the city 
streets link boys position 

3560
03:18:41,300 --> 03:18:44,800
themselves busy corners and near
theater's offering their 

3561
03:18:44,800 --> 03:18:47,100
services to anyone venturing 
Into the Night. 

3562
03:18:47,900 --> 03:18:51,300
Theater goes provided reliable 
business for link, boys and 

3563
03:18:51,300 --> 03:18:53,800
Sudan. 
Check carriers performance is 

3564
03:18:53,800 --> 03:18:57,400
ended after dark releasing 
well-dressed audiences into 

3565
03:18:57,400 --> 03:18:59,000
streets that were often quite 
dark. 

3566
03:18:59,900 --> 03:19:02,700
The wealthy audience members 
hired sedan chairs or private 

3567
03:19:02,700 --> 03:19:05,800
carriages with a tenant torch. 
Bearers middle class. 

3568
03:19:05,800 --> 03:19:08,600
Patron's hired, Lincoln boys or 
walked in groups. 

3569
03:19:08,600 --> 03:19:12,000
The poor simply walked home as 
quickly as possible hoping for 

3570
03:19:12,000 --> 03:19:14,800
the best. 
Prostitutes work, the dark 

3571
03:19:14,800 --> 03:19:18,800
streets using Shadows for 
anonymity and negotiating 

3572
03:19:18,800 --> 03:19:22,300
business in doorways and allies 
the darkness that made streets. 

3573
03:19:22,300 --> 03:19:24,300
Dangerous. 
Also made them useful for 

3574
03:19:24,300 --> 03:19:26,000
activities that required 
discretion. 

3575
03:19:26,000 --> 03:19:29,500
The relationship between 
illumination and moral order was

3576
03:19:29,500 --> 03:19:31,600
something city authorities 
understood well. 

3577
03:19:32,600 --> 03:19:35,500
Better lighting meant better 
surveillance and better 

3578
03:19:35,500 --> 03:19:38,800
surveillance meant better 
control of behavior, you pass, 

3579
03:19:38,800 --> 03:19:41,100
the remains of someone's evening
meal thrown into the street 

3580
03:19:41,100 --> 03:19:44,500
bones, vegetable peelings and 
other less identifiable 

3581
03:19:44,500 --> 03:19:48,200
materials in darkness streets 
become repositories, for all 

3582
03:19:48,200 --> 03:19:51,000
kinds of waste. 
With people disposing of things 

3583
03:19:51,000 --> 03:19:53,900
they wouldn't dare throw out 
during daylight the morning, 

3584
03:19:53,900 --> 03:19:55,300
cleaning crews will deal with 
it. 

3585
03:19:55,300 --> 03:19:58,600
But for now the debris adds 
another Hazard to nighttime 

3586
03:19:58,600 --> 03:20:01,400
navigation. 
The sound of footsteps behind 

3587
03:20:01,400 --> 03:20:05,300
you causes a moment of anxiety. 
You turn to see another 

3588
03:20:05,300 --> 03:20:07,400
pedestrian with a lantern 
nodding. 

3589
03:20:07,400 --> 03:20:10,900
As the pass, the encounter is 
brief, but illustrates constant 

3590
03:20:10,900 --> 03:20:13,300
calculations people make about 
risk and safety. 

3591
03:20:14,100 --> 03:20:17,900
Who else is on the street? 
Are they walking with purpose or

3592
03:20:17,900 --> 03:20:20,700
lingering? 
Suspiciously do they have light 

3593
03:20:20,700 --> 03:20:23,100
every encounter after dark 
carried? 

3594
03:20:23,100 --> 03:20:26,500
A Potential Threat? 
Churches and Cathedrals often 

3595
03:20:26,500 --> 03:20:30,500
maintained exterior lamps, as 
acts of Charity, providing light

3596
03:20:30,500 --> 03:20:34,200
for travelers and demonstrating 
religious commitment to aiding 

3597
03:20:34,200 --> 03:20:37,000
the vulnerable, these lamps burn
throughout the night. 

3598
03:20:37,000 --> 03:20:40,800
Tended, by Church, caretakers 
creating small, sanctuaries of 

3599
03:20:40,800 --> 03:20:44,600
light in the Darkness, Travelers
knew to look for church lamps 

3600
03:20:44,600 --> 03:20:48,700
when navigating unfamiliar areas
after dark, the contrast between

3601
03:20:48,700 --> 03:20:51,300
daytime and nighttime cities was
Stark. 

3602
03:20:52,100 --> 03:20:56,100
During the day streets filled 
with vendors, workers vehicles 

3603
03:20:56,100 --> 03:20:58,900
and pedestrians. 
Moving purposefully through 

3604
03:20:58,900 --> 03:21:02,600
familiar spaces after dark, the 
same streets became different 

3605
03:21:02,600 --> 03:21:07,000
places, emptier more dangerous 
and navigable only with 

3606
03:21:07,000 --> 03:21:09,200
artificial light and 
considerable caution. 

3607
03:21:09,200 --> 03:21:14,000
The city effectively contracted 
after sunset, with large areas 

3608
03:21:14,000 --> 03:21:16,400
becoming virtually uninhabitable
until dawn. 

3609
03:21:17,200 --> 03:21:20,500
You're in Baltimore in 1816 and 
you've just witnessed something 

3610
03:21:20,500 --> 03:21:24,300
remarkable a demonstration of 
gaslighting in a downtown 

3611
03:21:24,300 --> 03:21:26,800
building. 
The light is like nothing you've

3612
03:21:26,800 --> 03:21:31,900
ever seen steady bright almost 
harsh compared to the soft glow 

3613
03:21:31,900 --> 03:21:34,600
of candles and oil lamps, you've
known your entire life. 

3614
03:21:34,600 --> 03:21:38,600
The room is illuminated evenly 
with none of the shadows, and 

3615
03:21:38,600 --> 03:21:41,300
dark Corners that characterize 
every other lit space you've 

3616
03:21:41,300 --> 03:21:44,700
experienced This is the 
beginning of the end for the 

3617
03:21:44,700 --> 03:21:46,100
world. 
You've known that you can't 

3618
03:21:46,100 --> 03:21:49,400
fully appreciate that. 
Yet gaslighting represents a 

3619
03:21:49,400 --> 03:21:53,300
transitional technology. 
Still based on combustion still 

3620
03:21:53,300 --> 03:21:57,000
require in pipes and maintenance
still producing heat and using 

3621
03:21:57,000 --> 03:21:59,900
oxygen. 
But it's the first lighting 

3622
03:21:59,900 --> 03:22:03,200
technology that divorces the 
source of fuel from the point of

3623
03:22:03,200 --> 03:22:06,800
use, the gas is manufactured 
elsewhere transported through 

3624
03:22:06,800 --> 03:22:09,200
pipes and burned at fixtures 
throughout the building. 

3625
03:22:09,900 --> 03:22:12,700
It's a small conceptual step, 
but it changes everything. 

3626
03:22:12,700 --> 03:22:17,300
The gas itself is made from coal
heated in sealed retorts, and it

3627
03:22:17,300 --> 03:22:21,800
releases flammable Vapors, these
Vapors are captured purified and

3628
03:22:21,800 --> 03:22:25,200
stored in large gas holders 
before being distributed through

3629
03:22:25,200 --> 03:22:28,800
iron pipes, the entire system 
requires significant 

3630
03:22:28,800 --> 03:22:32,500
infrastructure investment 
gasworks pipes meters and 

3631
03:22:32,500 --> 03:22:36,000
fixers, it's not something 
individuals can create in their 

3632
03:22:36,000 --> 03:22:38,600
homes. 
It requires organized systems 

3633
03:22:38,600 --> 03:22:42,200
companies, capital and 
technology that transforms 

3634
03:22:42,200 --> 03:22:45,200
lighting from a household 
concern into a public utility. 

3635
03:22:45,200 --> 03:22:49,400
You watch as the demonstrator, 
adjust the flame, turning a 

3636
03:22:49,400 --> 03:22:52,500
small key that increases or 
decreases the flow of gas. 

3637
03:22:53,400 --> 03:22:56,700
The light responds instantly 
brightening or dimming with 

3638
03:22:56,700 --> 03:22:59,400
precise control. 
That would be impossible with 

3639
03:22:59,400 --> 03:23:02,800
candles or oil lamps. 
This control ability is part of 

3640
03:23:02,800 --> 03:23:06,800
the Revolution light that obeys.
Your immediate commands that 

3641
03:23:06,800 --> 03:23:08,700
requires no trimming or 
refilling. 

3642
03:23:08,700 --> 03:23:11,800
The burns. 
Consistently our after our, as 

3643
03:23:11,800 --> 03:23:15,900
long as the gas flows, the smell
is different too cold. 

3644
03:23:15,900 --> 03:23:19,200
Gas has a distinctive slightly 
unpleasant odor though. 

3645
03:23:19,200 --> 03:23:22,000
The demonstration organizers 
have added ventilation to make 

3646
03:23:22,000 --> 03:23:25,200
the space comfortable. 
Later, systems will add aromatic

3647
03:23:25,200 --> 03:23:29,200
compounds to gas to make leaks 
detectable But for now, the 

3648
03:23:29,200 --> 03:23:30,800
smell is just part of the 
experience. 

3649
03:23:32,000 --> 03:23:34,600
You notice that despite the 
bright light, the room is 

3650
03:23:34,608 --> 03:23:39,100
getting warm gaslights produce 
substantial heat, a side effect 

3651
03:23:39,108 --> 03:23:42,600
that will make some evenings 
uncomfortable and gaslit spaces 

3652
03:23:42,600 --> 03:23:45,400
outside. 
Your told they're beginning to 

3653
03:23:45,408 --> 03:23:47,700
install gas street lights in 
major cities. 

3654
03:23:47,700 --> 03:23:51,000
Baltimore itself will have 
gastric lighting within a few 

3655
03:23:51,000 --> 03:23:53,400
years. 
The Lamppost will be taller than

3656
03:23:53,400 --> 03:23:57,300
oil lamp posts, the flames and 
closed in glass to protect them 

3657
03:23:57,300 --> 03:24:00,400
from wind, lamplighters will 
still make their rounds each 

3658
03:24:00,400 --> 03:24:03,700
evening, but now they'll be 
lighting gas, rather than oil 

3659
03:24:03,700 --> 03:24:07,600
using long poles to turn the gas
valves and ignite the flames. 

3660
03:24:08,400 --> 03:24:12,200
The economic implications are 
enormous gaslighting costs 

3661
03:24:12,200 --> 03:24:15,600
significantly less per hour of 
Illumination than candles or oil

3662
03:24:15,600 --> 03:24:19,300
lamps, making it extended 
nighttime activity affordable 

3663
03:24:19,300 --> 03:24:22,200
for more people. 
Factories will be able to run 

3664
03:24:22,200 --> 03:24:26,200
evening shifts shops. 
Will stay open after dark social

3665
03:24:26,200 --> 03:24:28,100
life, will extend further into 
the night. 

3666
03:24:28,100 --> 03:24:31,400
The working day will stretch 
beyond the boundaries, the sun 

3667
03:24:31,400 --> 03:24:35,600
had always set Not everyone is 
enthusiastic about these changes

3668
03:24:35,600 --> 03:24:39,200
can handle makers, see their 
livelihood, threatened, some 

3669
03:24:39,200 --> 03:24:42,100
people find gaslighting garish 
and unpleasant compared to the 

3670
03:24:42,100 --> 03:24:43,400
familiar. 
Glow of candles. 

3671
03:24:43,400 --> 03:24:47,700
There are safety concerns gas 
leaks can cause explosions. 

3672
03:24:47,700 --> 03:24:50,400
And several well-publicized 
accidents have made people 

3673
03:24:50,400 --> 03:24:53,600
nervous about having flammable 
gas pipe through their walls. 

3674
03:24:54,600 --> 03:24:56,900
The changes met with a mixture 
of excitement. 

3675
03:24:56,900 --> 03:25:00,000
And trepidation theaters were 
among the first to adopt 

3676
03:25:00,000 --> 03:25:03,800
gaslighting enthusiastically, 
the ability to control light 

3677
03:25:03,800 --> 03:25:07,400
levels, revolutionized 
stagecraft allowing for effects 

3678
03:25:07,400 --> 03:25:10,000
impossible, with candles or oil 
lamps lights. 

3679
03:25:10,000 --> 03:25:13,300
Could be dimmed gradually for 
dramatic effect, Brighton. 

3680
03:25:13,300 --> 03:25:16,600
For comedic scenes and adjusted 
throughout performance to 

3681
03:25:16,600 --> 03:25:20,300
enhance mood and meaning the 
theater became a showcase for 

3682
03:25:20,300 --> 03:25:23,700
lighting technology, 
demonstrating possibilities, 

3683
03:25:23,700 --> 03:25:27,200
that would eventually spread to 
other venues, the installation 

3684
03:25:27,200 --> 03:25:31,000
of gaslighting infrastructure. 
Created new occupations gas 

3685
03:25:31,000 --> 03:25:34,700
Fitters who installed pipes and 
fixtures gas inspectors who 

3686
03:25:34,700 --> 03:25:36,800
checked for leaks and safety 
compliance. 

3687
03:25:36,800 --> 03:25:41,100
And meter readers who tracked 
consumption an entire industry 

3688
03:25:41,100 --> 03:25:44,300
emerged around this new 
technology employing, thousands 

3689
03:25:44,300 --> 03:25:47,200
of workers and generating 
substantial capital investment. 

3690
03:25:48,400 --> 03:25:51,200
You're seeing the future, 
though, you don't realize it 

3691
03:25:51,200 --> 03:25:53,800
yet. 
Your lifetime gaslighting will 

3692
03:25:53,800 --> 03:25:55,700
transform cities factories and 
homes. 

3693
03:25:55,700 --> 03:25:59,700
But even gaslighting is just 
another transition already. 

3694
03:25:59,700 --> 03:26:02,800
Scientists are experimenting 
with something called electric 

3695
03:26:02,800 --> 03:26:06,300
light using batteries, and metal
filaments, to create 

3696
03:26:06,300 --> 03:26:09,900
illumination without combustion.
It sounds like science fiction, 

3697
03:26:09,900 --> 03:26:11,800
you can't. 
Imagine it will ever be 

3698
03:26:11,800 --> 03:26:15,400
practical for everyday. 
Use some enthusiasts Envision 

3699
03:26:15,400 --> 03:26:19,600
entire cities, lit by gas with 
streets bright enough to read by

3700
03:26:19,600 --> 03:26:23,700
Holmes, illuminated, as 
thoroughly as daylight and work 

3701
03:26:23,700 --> 03:26:26,800
continuing Around the Clock, 
others warned of dangers, 

3702
03:26:26,800 --> 03:26:31,800
explosions fires, and the moral 
hazards of extending human 

3703
03:26:31,800 --> 03:26:35,300
activity into hours that God 
intended for rest. 

3704
03:26:35,300 --> 03:26:38,800
The debate reflects broader 
anxiety is about technology and 

3705
03:26:38,800 --> 03:26:42,300
change about whether progress 
serves Humanity or threatened 

3706
03:26:42,300 --> 03:26:45,200
it. 
The gas company representatives 

3707
03:26:45,200 --> 03:26:46,800
are taking questions from the 
audience. 

3708
03:26:46,800 --> 03:26:51,300
How much will installation cost?
How is gas consumption, measured

3709
03:26:51,300 --> 03:26:54,300
and billed. 
What happens if Pike's break or 

3710
03:26:54,300 --> 03:26:56,900
leak? 
Can gaslighting be used safely 

3711
03:26:56,900 --> 03:26:59,700
and homes with children. 
The questions reveal both 

3712
03:26:59,700 --> 03:27:03,600
interest and concern a community
trying to understand how this 

3713
03:27:03,600 --> 03:27:05,500
new technology will affect their
lives. 

3714
03:27:06,700 --> 03:27:09,200
Walking home that evening your 
own oil lamps. 

3715
03:27:09,200 --> 03:27:11,200
Seems dimmer and less 
satisfactory than it. 

3716
03:27:11,200 --> 03:27:14,200
Did this morning. 
You've seen what's possible and 

3717
03:27:14,200 --> 03:27:18,400
the old way feel inadequate, The
light you carry has served 

3718
03:27:18,400 --> 03:27:21,900
Humanity for thousands of years 
but its days are numbered. 

3719
03:27:22,700 --> 03:27:26,200
Within a century almost no one 
will use oil lamps or candles as

3720
03:27:26,200 --> 03:27:30,000
primary light sources, they'll 
become decorative, nostalgic, 

3721
03:27:30,000 --> 03:27:32,700
and reserved for special 
occasions and power outages. 

3722
03:27:32,700 --> 03:27:36,700
The darkness that surrounded 
your ancestors that shape their 

3723
03:27:36,700 --> 03:27:40,800
days and structured, their 
societies that created fears and

3724
03:27:40,800 --> 03:27:43,100
rituals and careful economies of
light. 

3725
03:27:43,900 --> 03:27:47,000
That darkness is about to 
retreat further than anyone 

3726
03:27:47,000 --> 03:27:49,800
imagined possible. 
The night will never be fully 

3727
03:27:49,800 --> 03:27:53,500
conquered, but it will be pushed
back contained and made less 

3728
03:27:53,500 --> 03:27:56,200
threatening and less absolute 
your witnessing. 

3729
03:27:56,200 --> 03:27:58,900
The beginning of that 
transformation, standing at the 

3730
03:27:58,900 --> 03:28:01,900
threshold, between the world of 
fire and the world of artificial

3731
03:28:01,900 --> 03:28:04,500
light that will Define the 
future elsewhere. 

3732
03:28:04,500 --> 03:28:08,100
In Laboratories and workshops 
experimenters are working with 

3733
03:28:08,100 --> 03:28:12,100
electricity art clamps using 
electric current between carbon 

3734
03:28:12,100 --> 03:28:15,500
electrodes can produce brilliant
light though their two bright 

3735
03:28:15,500 --> 03:28:17,400
and hot for most practical 
applications. 

3736
03:28:17,400 --> 03:28:22,400
The light they created harsh 
bluish white and fundamentally 

3737
03:28:22,400 --> 03:28:24,900
different from any flame base 
illumination. 

3738
03:28:25,800 --> 03:28:28,700
Most people who see art, clamp 
demonstrations are impressed, 

3739
03:28:28,700 --> 03:28:32,300
but doubtful about practical 
applications Thomas Edison 

3740
03:28:32,300 --> 03:28:36,000
hasn't been born yet, but the 
trajectory taught his eventual 

3741
03:28:36,000 --> 03:28:39,300
breakthrough as being 
established, each Improvement in

3742
03:28:39,300 --> 03:28:42,600
lighting, technology, creates 
demand for more and better 

3743
03:28:42,600 --> 03:28:46,900
illumination each new capability
reveals limitations of existing 

3744
03:28:46,900 --> 03:28:50,900
systems the path from fire to 
electricity passes through 

3745
03:28:50,900 --> 03:28:53,700
gaslighting and that transition 
is beginning. 

3746
03:28:53,700 --> 03:28:57,000
Now, in your time, in your city,
you think about your 

3747
03:28:57,000 --> 03:29:00,000
grandparents who live their 
entire lives by candle and 

3748
03:29:00,000 --> 03:29:03,900
Lamplight, never imagining 
Alternatives, you think about 

3749
03:29:03,900 --> 03:29:06,600
your grandchildren, who might 
grow up in a world where 

3750
03:29:06,600 --> 03:29:10,500
lighting is cheap abundant and 
controllable and ways? 

3751
03:29:10,500 --> 03:29:15,200
You can barely imagine the pace 
of change is accelerating and 

3752
03:29:15,200 --> 03:29:17,700
you're living through a pivotal 
moment, when Millennia of 

3753
03:29:17,700 --> 03:29:21,100
lighting history are being 
compressed and transformed rest.

3754
03:29:21,100 --> 03:29:24,500
Well, knowing that the darkness,
your ancestors navigated with 

3755
03:29:24,500 --> 03:29:28,200
such care and Annuity has been 
mapped and measured and made 

3756
03:29:28,200 --> 03:29:31,100
familiar through thousands of 
years of human persistence, 

3757
03:29:31,100 --> 03:29:35,700
their solutions to the problem 
of Darkness, simple, practical 

3758
03:29:35,700 --> 03:29:38,700
and deeply meaningful. 
Like the path backward Through 

3759
03:29:38,700 --> 03:29:41,100
Time, showing us who we were 
before. 

3760
03:29:41,100 --> 03:29:44,100
We could banish the night with 
the flip of a switch, the 

3761
03:29:44,100 --> 03:29:47,000
Flames, they tended the lamps. 
They filled the candles, they 

3762
03:29:47,000 --> 03:29:49,100
dipped and the streets, they 
lit. 

3763
03:29:49,100 --> 03:29:52,700
All of these represent 
Humanities long conversation 

3764
03:29:52,700 --> 03:29:55,500
with Darkness, a dialogue that 
continues. 

3765
03:29:55,500 --> 03:29:58,900
Even now in the age of electric 
light sleep peacefully 

3766
03:29:58,900 --> 03:30:02,700
surrounded by the glow of 
understanding wrapped in the 

3767
03:30:02,700 --> 03:30:05,400
knowledge, that light has always
been about more than mere 

3768
03:30:05,400 --> 03:30:08,300
visibility. 
It's been about safety 

3769
03:30:08,300 --> 03:30:13,600
Community, meaning and hope 
carried carefully through the 

3770
03:30:13,600 --> 03:30:18,400
long night. 
Check this out. 

3771
03:30:18,400 --> 03:30:21,100
I'm about to take you on the 
most comfortable ghost tour. 

3772
03:30:21,100 --> 03:30:24,400
You've ever experienced. 
No creaking floorboards under 

3773
03:30:24,400 --> 03:30:26,800
your feet. 
Tonight, just the gentle rustle 

3774
03:30:26,800 --> 03:30:29,900
of turning pages in history is 
most intriguing chapters. 

3775
03:30:30,600 --> 03:30:32,900
You won't need a flashlight or 
courage for this journey, 

3776
03:30:32,900 --> 03:30:34,600
though. 
You might want to pull that 

3777
03:30:34,600 --> 03:30:36,400
blanket. 
A little closer as we explore. 

3778
03:30:36,400 --> 03:30:38,800
Why Europe's Castle's earned 
their spooky reputation. 

3779
03:30:40,000 --> 03:30:41,800
You know, how some houses just 
feel different. 

3780
03:30:41,800 --> 03:30:43,300
The moment, you walk through the
front door. 

3781
03:30:43,300 --> 03:30:46,500
Well European castles are like 
that house in your neighborhood.

3782
03:30:46,508 --> 03:30:49,200
The one with the overgrown 
garden and the windows that 

3783
03:30:49,200 --> 03:30:51,600
seemed to watch you. 
Except these places have been 

3784
03:30:51,608 --> 03:30:54,800
collecting stories for 1,000 
years and of just a few decades.

3785
03:30:55,900 --> 03:30:59,200
Take Edinburgh Castle perched on
its volcanic rock like a stone 

3786
03:30:59,200 --> 03:31:01,100
crown that forgot to come down 
from the heights. 

3787
03:31:01,100 --> 03:31:03,200
You've probably seen it in 
movies. 

3788
03:31:03,200 --> 03:31:05,900
Looking all Majestic and 
mysterious against the Scottish 

3789
03:31:05,900 --> 03:31:07,700
sky. 
But here's what Hollywood 

3790
03:31:07,700 --> 03:31:10,500
doesn't tell you. 
This place has been continuously

3791
03:31:10,500 --> 03:31:13,000
occupied longer than most 
countries have existed. 

3792
03:31:13,800 --> 03:31:17,100
Imagine if your house had been 
lived in by Viking's medieval 

3793
03:31:17,100 --> 03:31:21,400
King's Renaissance courtiers and
Georgian soldiers, all leaving 

3794
03:31:21,400 --> 03:31:24,900
behind their hopes fears and 
probably a few unfinished 

3795
03:31:24,900 --> 03:31:27,800
arguments. 
The thing about calling Castle's

3796
03:31:27,800 --> 03:31:31,400
haunted, is that it's a bit like
calling your grandmother's attic

3797
03:31:31,400 --> 03:31:34,600
mysterious. 
Sure, there are strange sounds 

3798
03:31:34,600 --> 03:31:37,300
and unexplained Shadows but 
mostly there's just an 

3799
03:31:37,300 --> 03:31:41,300
overwhelming amount of History, 
crammed into every corner. when 

3800
03:31:41,300 --> 03:31:43,800
you've got centuries of human 
drama playing out in the same 

3801
03:31:43,800 --> 03:31:46,800
Stone rooms, things are bound to
feel a little crowded with 

3802
03:31:46,800 --> 03:31:50,900
memories Edinburgh's famous Grey
Lady, for instance, supposedly 

3803
03:31:50,900 --> 03:31:53,700
wanders. 
The Castle's corridors. now, 

3804
03:31:53,700 --> 03:31:56,800
before you start imagining some 
aetherial figure and flowing, 

3805
03:31:56,800 --> 03:32:00,800
robes consider this the castle 
employed dozens of women over 

3806
03:32:00,800 --> 03:32:05,000
the centuries as servants cooks 
and caretakers These women knew 

3807
03:32:05,000 --> 03:32:07,700
every secret passage every 
hidden stare. 

3808
03:32:07,700 --> 03:32:10,600
And every shortcut through the 
Maze of stone corridors. 

3809
03:32:11,700 --> 03:32:14,500
If you were a practical woman, 
who'd spent 40 Years Learning 

3810
03:32:14,500 --> 03:32:16,700
the most efficient way to 
navigate those Halls. 

3811
03:32:16,700 --> 03:32:18,900
Wouldn't you keep using your 
preferred routes? 

3812
03:32:18,900 --> 03:32:22,400
Even after retirement, The Grey 
Lady might just be history's. 

3813
03:32:22,400 --> 03:32:25,800
Most dedicated employee still 
showing up for work out of pure 

3814
03:32:25,800 --> 03:32:28,300
habit. 
But let's be honest about why we

3815
03:32:28,300 --> 03:32:31,100
love these stories. 
There's something deliciously 

3816
03:32:31,100 --> 03:32:33,900
cozy about being scared in a 
completely safe way. 

3817
03:32:33,900 --> 03:32:36,700
It's like watching a 
thunderstorm from inside a warm 

3818
03:32:36,708 --> 03:32:38,800
house. 
All the drama and excitement 

3819
03:32:38,800 --> 03:32:42,700
with none of the actual Danger. 
Medieval castles were designed 

3820
03:32:42,700 --> 03:32:45,700
to be intimidating after all 
their Builders wanted visitors 

3821
03:32:45,700 --> 03:32:49,100
to feel small and impressed to 
Crane their necks at Soaring 

3822
03:32:49,100 --> 03:32:50,800
walls. 
And wonder at the power of 

3823
03:32:50,800 --> 03:32:53,600
whoever lived there. 
The Architects of these places 

3824
03:32:53,600 --> 03:32:56,100
were essentially medieval 
special effects artists. 

3825
03:32:56,100 --> 03:33:00,600
They knew exactly how to use 
Shadows, Echoes and unexpected 

3826
03:33:00,600 --> 03:33:05,000
spaces to create atmosphere. 
Are they spiral staircases that 

3827
03:33:05,000 --> 03:33:07,700
appear to never end? 
They were designed to disorient 

3828
03:33:07,700 --> 03:33:10,200
attackers but they work just as 
well on Modern. 

3829
03:33:10,200 --> 03:33:13,500
Visitors does your flashlight 
fail to properly illuminate. 

3830
03:33:13,500 --> 03:33:17,800
Those deep dark corners it is 
perfect for storing grain but it

3831
03:33:17,800 --> 03:33:21,200
is also perfect for your 
imagination to run wild What's 

3832
03:33:21,200 --> 03:33:24,400
really happening in these 
castles is a kind of time travel

3833
03:33:24,400 --> 03:33:26,700
that doesn't require any special
equipment. 

3834
03:33:27,500 --> 03:33:30,400
You're walking through rooms 
where real people lived, loved 

3835
03:33:30,400 --> 03:33:34,100
schemed and died. 
Their stories of soaked the 

3836
03:33:34,100 --> 03:33:37,400
stones like wine on a tablecloth
leaving permanent stains that 

3837
03:33:37,400 --> 03:33:38,900
change color depending on the 
light. 

3838
03:33:39,800 --> 03:33:42,900
The Tower of London, for example
has hosted more drama than a 

3839
03:33:42,900 --> 03:33:46,000
season of your favorite soap. 
Opera, King's Queen's. 

3840
03:33:46,000 --> 03:33:49,100
Traitors and Saints, have all 
spent time within the walls of 

3841
03:33:49,100 --> 03:33:53,100
this place often not by choice. 
When you visit today, and feel 

3842
03:33:53,100 --> 03:33:56,000
that peculiar in the bloody 
Tower, you're not necessarily 

3843
03:33:56,000 --> 03:33:59,600
sensing Supernatural activity, 
your sensing history itself, 

3844
03:33:59,600 --> 03:34:04,100
thick and heavy, as London Fog, 
So as we begin this journey 

3845
03:34:04,100 --> 03:34:06,500
together through Europe's Most 
storied Castle's. 

3846
03:34:06,500 --> 03:34:09,900
Remember that every ghost story 
starts with a human story. 

3847
03:34:09,900 --> 03:34:13,400
Every mysterious footstep, once 
belonged to someone who was 

3848
03:34:13,400 --> 03:34:17,300
simply trying to get from one 
room to another, Every cold spot

3849
03:34:17,300 --> 03:34:20,600
marks a place where someone 
wants stood perhaps looking out 

3850
03:34:20,600 --> 03:34:23,200
a window at a world that was 
changing faster than they could 

3851
03:34:23,208 --> 03:34:26,100
understand. 
The real magic of these places 

3852
03:34:26,100 --> 03:34:29,400
isn't in their ghosts. 
It's in their ability to make 

3853
03:34:29,400 --> 03:34:33,200
the past, feel present to 
collapse centuries in to moments

3854
03:34:33,200 --> 03:34:36,200
and to let you feel the weight 
of all the lives that came 

3855
03:34:36,200 --> 03:34:36,900
before. 
Yours. 

3856
03:34:36,900 --> 03:34:39,600
Now that you're comfortable. 
Let's talk about why these 

3857
03:34:39,600 --> 03:34:41,600
castles feel so naturally 
spooky. 

3858
03:34:42,300 --> 03:34:44,400
Starting with the very practical
reasons. 

3859
03:34:44,400 --> 03:34:46,500
Medieval people built them to be
unsettling. 

3860
03:34:47,300 --> 03:34:49,800
You need to realize that 
intimidation was intentionally 

3861
03:34:49,800 --> 03:34:51,500
included in the architectural 
plan. 

3862
03:34:51,500 --> 03:34:53,700
These weren't just homes for 
rich people. 

3863
03:34:53,700 --> 03:34:56,800
They were psychological warfare 
made of stone and mortar 

3864
03:34:56,800 --> 03:34:59,100
medieval castle. 
Builders were master 

3865
03:34:59,100 --> 03:35:02,500
manipulators of human emotion 
and they didn't even need a 

3866
03:35:02,500 --> 03:35:03,900
degree in Psychology to pull it 
off. 

3867
03:35:04,800 --> 03:35:07,200
They understood instinctively 
that if you wanted to keep 

3868
03:35:07,200 --> 03:35:09,600
people in line, you made your 
home look like something that 

3869
03:35:09,600 --> 03:35:13,000
could swallow them whole. 
Are those walls impossibly High?

3870
03:35:13,700 --> 03:35:15,900
They weren't just for defense. 
They were Billboards, 

3871
03:35:15,900 --> 03:35:18,600
advertising power visible from 
Miles Away. 

3872
03:35:18,600 --> 03:35:21,700
Making sure everyone knew 
exactly who was in charge. 

3873
03:35:22,500 --> 03:35:26,200
Take Warwick Castle in England 
when you approach it today, even

3874
03:35:26,200 --> 03:35:28,800
knowing you're just a tourist 
with a perfectly lovely car 

3875
03:35:28,800 --> 03:35:32,200
waiting in the parking lot. 
Something Primal kicks in as you

3876
03:35:32,200 --> 03:35:35,100
walked towards those Towers, 
it's the same feeling your 

3877
03:35:35,100 --> 03:35:37,400
ancestors would have had When 
approaching the local Lords 

3878
03:35:37,400 --> 03:35:40,500
strong-hold except they were 
probably carrying a complaint 

3879
03:35:40,500 --> 03:35:43,500
about their neighbor's goat and 
hoping not to be thrown in the 

3880
03:35:43,500 --> 03:35:46,500
dungeon for their trouble. 
The Genius of medieval castle 

3881
03:35:46,500 --> 03:35:49,300
design was in the details that 
most visitors never consciously.

3882
03:35:49,300 --> 03:35:52,700
Notice do those narrow Windows 
appear, so picturesque in 

3883
03:35:52,700 --> 03:35:55,800
photographs, They were 
specifically designed to be too 

3884
03:35:55,800 --> 03:35:59,000
small for attackers to climb 
through but also too small to 

3885
03:35:59,000 --> 03:36:03,000
let in much cheerful sunlight. 
The result is interior lighting 

3886
03:36:03,000 --> 03:36:04,600
that would make a horror movie 
director. 

3887
03:36:04,600 --> 03:36:08,000
Weep With Envy, always just dim 
enough to leave your peripheral 

3888
03:36:08,000 --> 03:36:10,900
vision uncertain about what 
might be lurking in the corners.

3889
03:36:10,900 --> 03:36:14,000
And speaking of Corners medieval
Architects had a particular 

3890
03:36:14,000 --> 03:36:16,900
talent for creating spaces that 
felt slightly off. 

3891
03:36:17,600 --> 03:36:20,500
Rooms weren't quite Square. 
Corridors didn't quite run 

3892
03:36:20,500 --> 03:36:23,500
straight and stairs. 
Spiraled in ways that left you 

3893
03:36:23,500 --> 03:36:26,600
feeling vaguely dizzy, This 
wasn't poor craftsmanship. 

3894
03:36:26,600 --> 03:36:30,700
It was deliberate when you're 
defending a castle, you want to 

3895
03:36:30,708 --> 03:36:32,700
attack us to feel disoriented 
and uncomfortable. 

3896
03:36:33,600 --> 03:36:36,100
The fact that these same design 
tricks work on Modern tourists 

3897
03:36:36,100 --> 03:36:40,000
as just a delightful bonus. 
Consider the cycle effect of 

3898
03:36:40,000 --> 03:36:43,400
living in one of these places. 
If you were say a server in the 

3899
03:36:43,408 --> 03:36:47,100
14th century, You'd Wake Up 
Before Dawn in a small cold 

3900
03:36:47,100 --> 03:36:49,600
room. 
Navigate Stone corridors lit. 

3901
03:36:49,600 --> 03:36:53,000
Only by flickering torches and 
spend your day in vast Halls 

3902
03:36:53,000 --> 03:36:55,900
where your footsteps echoed like
Whispers from the grave. 

3903
03:36:56,700 --> 03:36:59,600
Is it surprising that the castle
staff cultivated a rich 

3904
03:36:59,608 --> 03:37:02,800
tradition of ghosts or stories? 
When you're already living in a 

3905
03:37:02,800 --> 03:37:05,500
place to designed to make you 
feel small and nervous, every 

3906
03:37:05,500 --> 03:37:07,700
unexplained sound become 
significant. 

3907
03:37:08,700 --> 03:37:12,100
The heating system or lack 
thereof added another layer to 

3908
03:37:12,100 --> 03:37:14,100
the atmosphere. 
Medieval castles. 

3909
03:37:14,100 --> 03:37:17,700
Were chronically cold despite 
massive fireplaces that consumed

3910
03:37:17,700 --> 03:37:21,500
entire trees worth of wood. 
You've probably noticed how your

3911
03:37:21,500 --> 03:37:23,000
mood changes on dreary winter 
days? 

3912
03:37:23,000 --> 03:37:24,600
When the house just won't warm 
up properly. 

3913
03:37:24,600 --> 03:37:28,900
Now, imagine living in a stone 
building where warm was a 

3914
03:37:28,900 --> 03:37:31,900
relative concept and cozy was 
something that happened to other

3915
03:37:31,900 --> 03:37:34,400
people in other places. 
This constant, chill. 

3916
03:37:34,400 --> 03:37:37,500
Meant that everyone who lived in
these castles became experts in 

3917
03:37:37,500 --> 03:37:39,900
reading the subtle variations in
coldness. 

3918
03:37:40,600 --> 03:37:43,800
A sudden drop in temperature. 
The kind that makes modern Ghost

3919
03:37:43,800 --> 03:37:46,600
Hunters reach for their 
thermometers was just Tuesday 

3920
03:37:46,600 --> 03:37:49,900
afternoon near the north wall. 
But also meant that people 

3921
03:37:49,900 --> 03:37:52,600
became incredibly sensitive to 
atmospheric changes. 

3922
03:37:52,600 --> 03:37:56,100
Primed to notice when something 
felt different from the usual 

3923
03:37:56,100 --> 03:37:59,500
catalog of discomforts, the 
social dynamics added, another 

3924
03:37:59,500 --> 03:38:02,600
layer of cycle pressure. 
These castles housed. 

3925
03:38:02,600 --> 03:38:05,600
Intricate hierarchies were 
understanding one's position 

3926
03:38:05,600 --> 03:38:07,500
could literally determine one's 
fate. 

3927
03:38:08,500 --> 03:38:12,300
Servants, learn to move quietly 
to appear and disappear without 

3928
03:38:12,300 --> 03:38:14,800
drawing attention. 
And to navigate the Halls like 

3929
03:38:14,800 --> 03:38:18,700
Shadows After centuries of 
people perfecting the art of 

3930
03:38:18,700 --> 03:38:21,700
moving unseen through these 
corridors, is it really 

3931
03:38:21,700 --> 03:38:24,000
surprising that later, 
generations started seeing 

3932
03:38:24,000 --> 03:38:26,100
mysterious figures in the 
periphery of their vision. 

3933
03:38:26,900 --> 03:38:30,200
Food storage in medieval castles
created its own share of 

3934
03:38:30,200 --> 03:38:33,100
mysterious sounds. 
Those deep Sellers and 

3935
03:38:33,100 --> 03:38:35,500
underground Chambers weren't 
just convenient for keeping 

3936
03:38:35,500 --> 03:38:36,200
wine. 
Cool. 

3937
03:38:36,200 --> 03:38:39,800
They were essential for storing 
enough, Provisions to survive a 

3938
03:38:39,800 --> 03:38:43,700
Siege, but grain, settling 
barrels, creaking and small 

3939
03:38:43,700 --> 03:38:45,200
animals. 
Getting into the stores, 

3940
03:38:45,200 --> 03:38:49,000
created, a constant Symphony of 
unexplained noises echoing up 

3941
03:38:49,000 --> 03:38:51,700
through the floors. 
If you were lying in bed, in the

3942
03:38:51,700 --> 03:38:54,200
dead of night already on edge 
from living in what was 

3943
03:38:54,200 --> 03:38:56,000
essentially a beautiful stone 
bunker. 

3944
03:38:56,800 --> 03:39:00,000
Those sounds could easily become
something much more Sinister in 

3945
03:39:00,000 --> 03:39:03,800
your imagination. 
The medieval mind shape by a 

3946
03:39:03,800 --> 03:39:07,100
world where the supernatural was
considered perfectly normal was 

3947
03:39:07,100 --> 03:39:10,300
already primed to interpret 
unusual experiences as ghostly 

3948
03:39:10,300 --> 03:39:13,300
encounters. 
When your daily reality included

3949
03:39:13,300 --> 03:39:17,100
believing in Miracles, demons 
and divine intervention, a cold 

3950
03:39:17,100 --> 03:39:20,800
spot in the corridor or adore. 
That Creak open by itself wasn't

3951
03:39:20,800 --> 03:39:22,800
necessarily evident of poor 
maintenance. 

3952
03:39:22,800 --> 03:39:26,200
It was evidence of the spirit 
world intersecting with your 

3953
03:39:26,200 --> 03:39:28,300
own. 
Let's get comfortable with some 

3954
03:39:28,300 --> 03:39:30,700
of history's. 
Most famous Royal residents, who

3955
03:39:30,700 --> 03:39:32,700
apparently never got the memo 
about checking out. 

3956
03:39:33,500 --> 03:39:35,400
You'd think being dead would 
come with some kind of 

3957
03:39:35,400 --> 03:39:38,700
forwarding address service, but 
Europe's Noble ghosts, seem to 

3958
03:39:38,700 --> 03:39:41,300
have a remarkable attachment to 
their Earthly real estate. 

3959
03:39:41,300 --> 03:39:44,600
Considering the property values.
It's understandable why they 

3960
03:39:44,600 --> 03:39:47,200
would feel that way. 
The Tower of London. 

3961
03:39:47,200 --> 03:39:50,000
Deserves special attention here 
because it's essentially a 

3962
03:39:50,000 --> 03:39:53,700
five-star Resort for famous 
ghosts and Berlin that 

3963
03:39:53,700 --> 03:39:56,600
unfortunate Queen who lost her 
head in more ways than one. 

3964
03:39:56,600 --> 03:39:59,600
Supposedly makes regular 
appearances around the grounds. 

3965
03:39:59,600 --> 03:40:03,000
Now, before you start picturing 
a headless figure dramatically 

3966
03:40:03,000 --> 03:40:07,000
swooping around the battlements.
Consider and actual personality 

3967
03:40:07,000 --> 03:40:09,700
historical records show. 
She was intelligent 

3968
03:40:09,700 --> 03:40:12,700
strong-willed and had a flair 
for making memorable entrances. 

3969
03:40:13,600 --> 03:40:16,300
If you were going to haunt a 
location, wouldn't you prefer a 

3970
03:40:16,300 --> 03:40:18,500
place where you had already made
a significant impression? 

3971
03:40:19,900 --> 03:40:22,400
The thing about Anne boleyn's 
ghost stories that it perfectly 

3972
03:40:22,400 --> 03:40:24,100
captures her historical 
character. 

3973
03:40:25,000 --> 03:40:27,700
She was never one to fade 
quietly into the background when

3974
03:40:27,700 --> 03:40:30,100
she was alive. 
So, why would Death change her 

3975
03:40:30,100 --> 03:40:33,100
approach? 
Visitors report seeing a figure 

3976
03:40:33,100 --> 03:40:36,500
in Tudor dress walking the 
grounds sometimes carrying her 

3977
03:40:36,500 --> 03:40:39,000
head under her arm like a 
particularly morbid handbag. 

3978
03:40:39,000 --> 03:40:43,600
It's theatrical it's impossible 
to ignore and it's exactly the 

3979
03:40:43,600 --> 03:40:46,800
kind of dramatic statement and 
would have appreciated but 

3980
03:40:46,800 --> 03:40:49,200
here's where it gets intriguing.
From a historical perspective. 

3981
03:40:49,200 --> 03:40:52,300
The Tower of London has been a 
tourist attraction for 

3982
03:40:52,300 --> 03:40:57,200
centuries, not just decades. 
Even in the 1800s individuals 

3983
03:40:57,200 --> 03:40:59,700
travels specifically with the 
hope of witnessing, something 

3984
03:40:59,700 --> 03:41:02,400
Supernatural. 
When you've got generations of 

3985
03:41:02,400 --> 03:41:05,000
visitors showing up with ghost 
stories already in their heads 

3986
03:41:05,000 --> 03:41:07,600
and tour guides, whose 
livelihood depends on keeping 

3987
03:41:07,600 --> 03:41:10,300
those stories alive. 
The line between historical fact

3988
03:41:10,300 --> 03:41:12,900
and entertaining fiction gets 
charmingly blurry. 

3989
03:41:14,000 --> 03:41:17,100
Moving cross the channel. 
Let's visit Chateau debris sac 

3990
03:41:17,100 --> 03:41:19,900
in France's luau Valley where 
the green lady has been making 

3991
03:41:19,900 --> 03:41:23,600
herself at home for centuries. 
Unlike Anne boleyn's dramatic, 

3992
03:41:23,600 --> 03:41:26,300
appearances. 
The green lady seems to prefer a

3993
03:41:26,300 --> 03:41:27,600
more domestic approach to 
haunting. 

3994
03:41:27,600 --> 03:41:29,700
She's been spotted in the tower 
room. 

3995
03:41:29,700 --> 03:41:32,500
Apparently, just going about her
business as if she still lives. 

3996
03:41:32,500 --> 03:41:35,700
There guests have reported 
waking up to find her standing 

3997
03:41:35,708 --> 03:41:39,000
in their room, not menacingly, 
but almost as if she's checking 

3998
03:41:39,000 --> 03:41:41,000
to make sure they have 
everything they need for a 

3999
03:41:41,000 --> 03:41:41,700
comfortable. 
Stay. 

4000
03:41:43,200 --> 03:41:45,500
The current Duke of brisach 
whose family has owned the 

4001
03:41:45,508 --> 03:41:47,500
Chateau. 
For centuries talks about the 

4002
03:41:47,500 --> 03:41:49,200
green lady, the way you might 
discuss. 

4003
03:41:49,200 --> 03:41:51,700
A long time neighbor, who has a 
key to your house. 

4004
03:41:52,600 --> 03:41:55,300
She's part of the family now, a 
presence that's more familiar 

4005
03:41:55,300 --> 03:41:58,400
than frightening. 
This casual acceptance is 

4006
03:41:58,400 --> 03:42:01,200
something fascinating about how 
European aristocracy has learned

4007
03:42:01,200 --> 03:42:05,100
to live with their history. 
Literally, What's particularly 

4008
03:42:05,100 --> 03:42:07,800
Charming about Royal ghosts is 
how they seem to maintain their 

4009
03:42:07,800 --> 03:42:09,600
social protocols, even after 
death. 

4010
03:42:10,300 --> 03:42:13,800
They appear in the finest rooms 
where their best clothes and 

4011
03:42:13,800 --> 03:42:16,600
generally conduct themselves 
with the dignity befitting their

4012
03:42:16,600 --> 03:42:19,400
station. 
You don't hear stories about 

4013
03:42:19,400 --> 03:42:22,000
Royal ghosts, hanging around the
kitchens or the servants 

4014
03:42:22,000 --> 03:42:25,200
quarters, even in death. 
Apparently one must maintain 

4015
03:42:25,200 --> 03:42:29,100
proper standards Glamis castle. 
In Scotland childhood home of 

4016
03:42:29,100 --> 03:42:32,300
the Queen Mother hosts, several 
ghostly Nobles, who seem to have

4017
03:42:32,300 --> 03:42:36,200
turned haunting into a social 
activity The Grey Lady, the 

4018
03:42:36,200 --> 03:42:38,900
white lady and various other 
colorfully named Spirits. 

4019
03:42:38,900 --> 03:42:41,700
Apparently share the Castle's 
corridors like a supernatural 

4020
03:42:41,700 --> 03:42:43,600
house party. 
That's been going on for 

4021
03:42:43,600 --> 03:42:46,500
centuries. 
The current residents speak of 

4022
03:42:46,500 --> 03:42:48,400
these ghosts with the kind of 
fond tolerance. 

4023
03:42:48,400 --> 03:42:51,300
Usually reserved for elderly, 
relatives who tell the same 

4024
03:42:51,308 --> 03:42:55,000
stories, every family gathering.
There's something deeply human 

4025
03:42:55,000 --> 03:42:57,000
about our fascination with royal
ghosts. 

4026
03:42:57,000 --> 03:43:00,000
These people, live such 
extraordinary lives that they 

4027
03:43:00,000 --> 03:43:01,800
could have been fairy tale 
characters. 

4028
03:43:01,800 --> 03:43:05,500
Their ghosts allow us to imagine
them as real people with real 

4029
03:43:05,500 --> 03:43:06,900
problems. 
Real regrets. 

4030
03:43:06,900 --> 03:43:09,800
And real attachments to the 
places they called home. 

4031
03:43:10,600 --> 03:43:12,300
The Persistence of Royal ghost 
stories. 

4032
03:43:12,300 --> 03:43:15,500
Also reflects something profound
about how we process historical.

4033
03:43:15,500 --> 03:43:18,300
Trauma. 
Many of these Noble Spirits died

4034
03:43:18,300 --> 03:43:22,800
violently or tragically executed
for treason poisoned by rivals 

4035
03:43:22,800 --> 03:43:25,100
or simply crushed under the 
weight of impossible 

4036
03:43:25,100 --> 03:43:28,400
expectations. 
Their ghost stories become a way

4037
03:43:28,400 --> 03:43:31,400
of acknowledging that suffering 
of saying that these were just 

4038
03:43:31,400 --> 03:43:34,400
names in history books. 
But real people whose pain 

4039
03:43:34,400 --> 03:43:37,700
Echoes through the centuries. 
When you visit these castles 

4040
03:43:37,700 --> 03:43:40,200
today and feel that familiar, 
chill, you're not just 

4041
03:43:40,200 --> 03:43:43,600
experiencing atmospheric 
theatrics, your standing in 

4042
03:43:43,600 --> 03:43:46,400
places where the most dramatic 
moments in European history. 

4043
03:43:46,400 --> 03:43:50,400
Played out By decisions that 
shaped nations were made and 

4044
03:43:50,400 --> 03:43:52,600
where real people faced 
impossible choices with 

4045
03:43:52,600 --> 03:43:54,900
consequences that Ripple through
generations. 

4046
03:43:55,600 --> 03:43:57,800
The Royal ghosts of Europe's 
castles aren't just 

4047
03:43:57,800 --> 03:44:00,200
entertainment. 
There are way of keeping faith 

4048
03:44:00,200 --> 03:44:03,200
with the past of ensuring that 
the human stories behind the 

4049
03:44:03,200 --> 03:44:05,300
grand historical. 
Narratives, never fade, 

4050
03:44:05,300 --> 03:44:08,400
completely from memory. 
Settle back with your tea 

4051
03:44:08,400 --> 03:44:11,000
because we're about to explore 
how the everyday reality of 

4052
03:44:11,008 --> 03:44:13,000
medieval castle. 
Life created, the perfect 

4053
03:44:13,000 --> 03:44:16,400
conditions for ghost stories to 
flourish like mushrooms in a 

4054
03:44:16,400 --> 03:44:19,000
damp Cellar. 
The truth is, if you designed a 

4055
03:44:19,008 --> 03:44:21,700
building specifically to 
generate Supernatural Legends, 

4056
03:44:21,700 --> 03:44:23,500
you'd probably end up with 
something. 

4057
03:44:23,500 --> 03:44:25,700
Remarkably similar to a medieval
castle. 

4058
03:44:26,500 --> 03:44:28,700
Let's start with the most 
practical consideration, 

4059
03:44:28,700 --> 03:44:32,500
medieval Plumbing or more 
accurately the complete absence 

4060
03:44:32,500 --> 03:44:35,400
thereof. 
Those romantic looking guards, 

4061
03:44:35,400 --> 03:44:39,200
medieval toilets, built into the
castle walls were essentially 

4062
03:44:39,200 --> 03:44:42,200
stoned seats with holes that 
dropped waste directly into the 

4063
03:44:42,200 --> 03:44:45,800
moat or Castle Courtyard. 
The smell alone was enough to 

4064
03:44:45,800 --> 03:44:49,300
make people avoid certain areas 
of the castle, creating haunted 

4065
03:44:49,300 --> 03:44:52,300
zones that were really just 
uninhabitable due to Medieval 

4066
03:44:52,300 --> 03:44:55,100
sanitation practices. 
But odors weren't the only 

4067
03:44:55,100 --> 03:44:58,200
atmospheric challenge, the 
acoustic properties of stone 

4068
03:44:58,200 --> 03:45:01,600
Castle's meant that every 
footstep every closing door, and

4069
03:45:01,600 --> 03:45:04,800
every conversation echoed and 
traveled in unexpected ways. 

4070
03:45:06,100 --> 03:45:08,800
Sound could bounce around stone 
corridors for what felt like 

4071
03:45:08,808 --> 03:45:12,500
miles appearing to come from 
empty rooms or Vanishing into 

4072
03:45:12,500 --> 03:45:14,900
walls. 
If you were a medieval person 

4073
03:45:14,900 --> 03:45:18,600
trying to sleep, the constant 
unexplained noises would have 

4074
03:45:18,600 --> 03:45:21,600
made you very creative. 
Consider the daily rhythm of 

4075
03:45:21,608 --> 03:45:25,100
Castle life most activities 
happen during daylight hours 

4076
03:45:25,100 --> 03:45:27,800
because candles and torches were
expensive and dangerous. 

4077
03:45:27,800 --> 03:45:31,700
Once Darkness fell the castle, 
transformed into a maze of 

4078
03:45:31,700 --> 03:45:35,000
Shadows and uncertain spaces. 
People learn to navigate by 

4079
03:45:35,000 --> 03:45:37,900
memory and feel, which meant 
that anyone moving through the 

4080
03:45:37,900 --> 03:45:40,300
Halls after dark, would 
naturally, move quietly and 

4081
03:45:40,300 --> 03:45:43,600
cautiously exactly the way 
modern people imagine ghosts 

4082
03:45:43,600 --> 03:45:45,400
would move the servants 
quarters. 

4083
03:45:45,400 --> 03:45:48,800
Tell their story Castle. 
Staff often lived in tiny rooms,

4084
03:45:48,800 --> 03:45:52,300
tucked into walls under 
staircases or in converted 

4085
03:45:52,300 --> 03:45:55,000
storage spaces. 
They appeared and disappeared 

4086
03:45:55,000 --> 03:45:58,100
through hidden passages and back
stairs, going about their 

4087
03:45:58,100 --> 03:45:59,500
duties. 
While remaining largely 

4088
03:45:59,500 --> 03:46:03,800
invisible to the noble families.
That generations of servants 

4089
03:46:03,800 --> 03:46:05,700
knew how to move through the 
castle on scene. 

4090
03:46:05,700 --> 03:46:09,100
Is it any wonder that people 
began to see mysterious figures 

4091
03:46:09,100 --> 03:46:12,400
in the corridors food? 
Preparation added another layer 

4092
03:46:12,400 --> 03:46:16,300
of mysterious activity. 
Castle kitchens operated almost 

4093
03:46:16,300 --> 03:46:20,000
around the clock with staff 
starting bread Before Dawn, and 

4094
03:46:20,000 --> 03:46:21,700
banking fires, late Into the 
Night. 

4095
03:46:22,600 --> 03:46:26,400
The combination of heat, smoke 
Steam, and the constant movement

4096
03:46:26,400 --> 03:46:29,100
of people carrying supplies 
through service, corridors 

4097
03:46:29,100 --> 03:46:32,000
created, an atmosphere thick 
with shadows and unexpected 

4098
03:46:32,000 --> 03:46:34,900
sounds. 
Modern visitors experience. 

4099
03:46:34,900 --> 03:46:37,800
These lingering effects, often 
interpret them as Supernatural 

4100
03:46:37,800 --> 03:46:40,100
rather than the ghost of 
medieval meal prep. 

4101
03:46:40,800 --> 03:46:43,200
The sheer number of people who 
lived and worked in these 

4102
03:46:43,200 --> 03:46:45,300
castles over the centuries 
creates. 

4103
03:46:45,300 --> 03:46:49,400
What you might call historical 
density, A successful Castle 

4104
03:46:49,400 --> 03:46:52,400
might house, 50 to 200 people at
any given time. 

4105
03:46:52,400 --> 03:46:56,000
Over 500 years, that's 10s of 
thousands of individuals Who 

4106
03:46:56,000 --> 03:46:59,100
call these stone walls home. 
Each person brought their 

4107
03:46:59,100 --> 03:47:02,700
habits, superstitions and 
stories, the mathematical 

4108
03:47:02,700 --> 03:47:05,300
probability of strange 
experience is starts looking 

4109
03:47:05,300 --> 03:47:07,700
pretty favorable when you 
multiply Human Nature by that 

4110
03:47:07,700 --> 03:47:09,300
many people across that much 
time. 

4111
03:47:10,100 --> 03:47:12,700
Medieval medicine deserve 
special mention in our ghost 

4112
03:47:12,700 --> 03:47:15,200
tour. 
People died frequently and often

4113
03:47:15,200 --> 03:47:18,100
mysteriously simply because 
medical knowledge was limited 

4114
03:47:18,100 --> 03:47:22,000
and life expectancy was short. 
In a world where sudden death 

4115
03:47:22,000 --> 03:47:25,100
was common, the boundary between
the living and the dead felt 

4116
03:47:25,100 --> 03:47:28,600
much thinner than it does today.
People were already primed to 

4117
03:47:28,600 --> 03:47:31,000
believe that those who died 
might stick around to finish 

4118
03:47:31,000 --> 03:47:34,200
unfinished business. 
The medieval calendar was packed

4119
03:47:34,200 --> 03:47:37,300
with religious observances. 
Many of which involved honoring 

4120
03:47:37,300 --> 03:47:41,400
the dead or contemplating the 
afterlife All Saints, Day, All 

4121
03:47:41,400 --> 03:47:44,900
Souls day, and various feast 
days, dedicated to Marta's kept 

4122
03:47:44,900 --> 03:47:47,800
death and the spiritual world at
the Forefront of daily 

4123
03:47:47,800 --> 03:47:51,200
consciousness. 
In that context, seeing a ghost,

4124
03:47:51,200 --> 03:47:53,200
wasn't a shocking Supernatural 
event. 

4125
03:47:53,200 --> 03:47:55,600
It was practically a religious 
experience. 

4126
03:47:56,800 --> 03:47:59,600
Castle construction itself, 
contributed to the mysterious 

4127
03:47:59,600 --> 03:48:02,500
atmosphere and evil. 
Builders worked with the 

4128
03:48:02,500 --> 03:48:04,800
materials and techniques 
available, which meant that 

4129
03:48:04,800 --> 03:48:08,800
walls settled, Foundation, 
shifted and Joints, creaked as 

4130
03:48:08,800 --> 03:48:12,500
the buildings aged Doors that 
had hung perfectly straight for 

4131
03:48:12,500 --> 03:48:14,400
decades. 
Might suddenly start swinging, 

4132
03:48:14,400 --> 03:48:18,900
open due to structural settling.
Windows that once fit snugly 

4133
03:48:18,900 --> 03:48:20,600
might begin rattling in their 
frames. 

4134
03:48:20,600 --> 03:48:23,700
These perfectly normal signs of 
an aging building became 

4135
03:48:23,700 --> 03:48:26,100
evidence of Supernatural 
activity to people who were 

4136
03:48:26,100 --> 03:48:29,800
already expecting such things. 
The isolation of many Castle's 

4137
03:48:29,800 --> 03:48:31,900
Amplified every mysterious 
experience. 

4138
03:48:31,900 --> 03:48:35,300
When your nearest neighbors 
might be miles, away and winter.

4139
03:48:35,300 --> 03:48:38,700
Travel was nearly impossible. 
Your Castle became a closed 

4140
03:48:38,700 --> 03:48:42,000
world where every unexplained 
event took on outside 

4141
03:48:42,000 --> 03:48:44,500
significant. 
There was no one to compare 

4142
03:48:44,500 --> 03:48:47,800
notes with no outside 
perspective, to provide rational

4143
03:48:47,800 --> 03:48:51,000
explanations. 
If three people in the castle 

4144
03:48:51,000 --> 03:48:54,300
saw something strange, it became
fact rather than shared 

4145
03:48:54,300 --> 03:48:57,800
imagination, whether patterns 
around castles often created 

4146
03:48:57,800 --> 03:49:01,500
their own special effects, the 
tool, stone structures affected,

4147
03:49:01,500 --> 03:49:04,500
local air, currents creating 
sudden temperature, changes, 

4148
03:49:04,500 --> 03:49:07,200
unexpected, drafts, and 
localized. 

4149
03:49:07,200 --> 03:49:09,400
Fog that could appear and 
disappear without warning. 

4150
03:49:10,300 --> 03:49:13,100
These natural phenomena filtered
through, medieval understanding 

4151
03:49:13,100 --> 03:49:16,400
of the world became evidence of 
other worldly presents. 

4152
03:49:17,100 --> 03:49:20,100
Pour yourself another cup of tea
because the Renaissance brought 

4153
03:49:20,100 --> 03:49:22,100
some fascinating changes to 
Castle haunting. 

4154
03:49:22,800 --> 03:49:24,700
Though, perhaps not in the ways 
you might expect. 

4155
03:49:25,800 --> 03:49:28,400
While the rest of Europe, was 
discovering perspective, in art 

4156
03:49:28,400 --> 03:49:30,700
and revolution in science 
Castle. 

4157
03:49:30,700 --> 03:49:33,500
Ghosts were getting a major 
upgrade into sophistication and 

4158
03:49:33,500 --> 03:49:36,100
style. 
The Renaissance mind was caught 

4159
03:49:36,100 --> 03:49:40,100
in a delightful contradiction on
one hand, humanist, Scholars 

4160
03:49:40,100 --> 03:49:42,700
were promoting rational thinking
and scientific observation. 

4161
03:49:43,500 --> 03:49:46,200
On the other hand, this period 
was also characterized by 

4162
03:49:46,200 --> 03:49:49,700
elaborate Court, ceremonies 
theatrical drama and artistic 

4163
03:49:49,700 --> 03:49:52,700
expression that celebrated the 
mysterious and Sublime. 

4164
03:49:53,400 --> 03:49:56,600
Renaissance goes. 
It seems decided to embrace both

4165
03:49:56,600 --> 03:50:00,600
Trends simultaneously. 
Take the whole thing of Bran 

4166
03:50:00,600 --> 03:50:04,000
Castle in Romania. 
Yes Dracula's supposed stomping 

4167
03:50:04,000 --> 03:50:06,300
grounds, though. 
Vlad the Impaler probably never 

4168
03:50:06,300 --> 03:50:09,200
actually lived there. 
During the Renaissance period, 

4169
03:50:09,200 --> 03:50:12,200
this Castle became a customs 
post between wallachia and 

4170
03:50:12,200 --> 03:50:15,100
Transylvania which meant it 
hosted a constant stream of 

4171
03:50:15,100 --> 03:50:17,700
merchants diplomats and 
travelers. 

4172
03:50:18,500 --> 03:50:21,600
Each visitor brought their 
stories superstitions and 

4173
03:50:21,600 --> 03:50:24,100
cultural interpretations of what
they experienced in. 

4174
03:50:24,100 --> 03:50:27,100
Those ancient walls, the 
Renaissance was when ghost 

4175
03:50:27,100 --> 03:50:30,300
stories became more literary, 
more detailed and frankly, more 

4176
03:50:30,300 --> 03:50:33,400
entertaining. 
Medieval ghost accounts tend to 

4177
03:50:33,400 --> 03:50:35,300
be brief and practical. 
Brother. 

4178
03:50:35,300 --> 03:50:37,800
Thomas saw the deceased Abbott 
Walking The Cloister at 

4179
03:50:37,800 --> 03:50:40,100
midnight. 
Renaissance ghost stories. 

4180
03:50:40,100 --> 03:50:43,300
Read like short novels complete 
with atmospheric details, 

4181
03:50:43,300 --> 03:50:46,500
character development, and 
dramatic plot twists. 

4182
03:50:46,500 --> 03:50:49,600
This shift happened, partly 
because more people could read 

4183
03:50:49,600 --> 03:50:52,600
and write but also because the 
Renaissance celebrated 

4184
03:50:52,600 --> 03:50:56,100
storytelling as an art form. 
Castle residents were no longer 

4185
03:50:56,100 --> 03:50:59,800
content with simple appearances 
by the deceased, their ghost 

4186
03:50:59,800 --> 03:51:03,100
needed to have style motivation 
and preferably a tragic 

4187
03:51:03,100 --> 03:51:05,100
backstory that would make for 
enjoyable dinner. 

4188
03:51:05,100 --> 03:51:08,900
Party conversation, the Chateau 
in France is Loire Valley 

4189
03:51:08,900 --> 03:51:11,200
exemplifies Renaissance ghosts 
of sophistication. 

4190
03:51:12,000 --> 03:51:13,900
Shamble originally built by 
Francis. 

4191
03:51:13,900 --> 03:51:17,100
The first as a hunting lodge 
accidentally became one of the 

4192
03:51:17,108 --> 03:51:20,600
most architecturally complex 
buildings in Europe, designed to

4193
03:51:20,600 --> 03:51:24,400
impress and confuse in equal 
measure, its famous double 

4194
03:51:24,400 --> 03:51:27,100
spiral staircase means that two 
people can climb to the same 

4195
03:51:27,100 --> 03:51:30,400
floor without ever meeting. 
Perfect for mysterious 

4196
03:51:30,400 --> 03:51:33,000
encounters that leave Witnesses 
questioning what they actually 

4197
03:51:33,000 --> 03:51:36,000
saw. 
Renaissance Castle goes also 

4198
03:51:36,000 --> 03:51:39,100
became more interactive instead 
of Simply appearing and 

4199
03:51:39,100 --> 03:51:41,200
disappearing. 
They began leaving signs of 

4200
03:51:41,208 --> 03:51:45,700
their presence, rearranged 
Furniture, mysterious music and 

4201
03:51:45,700 --> 03:51:47,800
doors that opened significant 
moments. 

4202
03:51:48,500 --> 03:51:51,300
This wasn't just medieval drafts
and settling foundations. 

4203
03:51:51,300 --> 03:51:54,700
These were ghosts with the sense
of timing and Theatrical Flair. 

4204
03:51:55,600 --> 03:51:58,400
The periods fascination with 
Alchemy and natural philosophy. 

4205
03:51:58,400 --> 03:52:01,000
Created. 
A new category of Castle Spirit,

4206
03:52:01,000 --> 03:52:05,900
the scholarly ghost Library in 
Renaissance, Castle's started 

4207
03:52:05,900 --> 03:52:08,000
reporting mysterious research 
activities. 

4208
03:52:08,000 --> 03:52:11,500
Books found open to specific 
passages quill pens. 

4209
03:52:11,500 --> 03:52:14,800
Discovered still wet with ink 
and candles burning in studies, 

4210
03:52:14,800 --> 03:52:17,700
that should have been empty. 
These were not your typical 

4211
03:52:17,700 --> 03:52:20,600
chain rattling specters. 
These were intellectual ghosts 

4212
03:52:20,600 --> 03:52:24,500
pursuing, post-mortem continuing
education, What's particularly 

4213
03:52:24,500 --> 03:52:27,200
intriguing is how Renaissance 
ghost stories reflected the 

4214
03:52:27,200 --> 03:52:28,800
periods, political 
uncertainties. 

4215
03:52:29,500 --> 03:52:32,800
This was nearer of religious 
Reformation shifting, alliances 

4216
03:52:32,800 --> 03:52:36,800
and social upheaval. 
Many Renaissance Castle ghosts 

4217
03:52:36,800 --> 03:52:39,800
were said to appear during times
of political crisis as if the 

4218
03:52:39,800 --> 03:52:42,000
spirits of the past were 
commenting on contemporary 

4219
03:52:42,000 --> 03:52:44,700
events. 
Nostradamus would have loved the

4220
03:52:44,700 --> 03:52:47,900
job security. 
The Renaissance also brought us 

4221
03:52:47,900 --> 03:52:49,700
the concept of the Romantic 
ghost. 

4222
03:52:50,700 --> 03:52:53,200
Medieval Spirits were usually 
either benevolent religious 

4223
03:52:53,200 --> 03:52:55,300
figures or dangerous entities to
be avoided. 

4224
03:52:56,300 --> 03:52:59,800
Renaissance ghost introduced, 
the idea of tragic lovers, Noble

4225
03:52:59,800 --> 03:53:03,400
Spirits, Seeking Justice, and 
beautiful specters who stories 

4226
03:53:03,400 --> 03:53:05,900
inspired poetry, rather than 
prayers for protection. 

4227
03:53:06,900 --> 03:53:09,500
These ghosts had backstories 
that would make modern romance. 

4228
03:53:09,500 --> 03:53:13,000
Novelists take notes. 
Italian Renaissance Castle's 

4229
03:53:13,000 --> 03:53:16,400
developed their own particular 
flavor of Haunting the Costello 

4230
03:53:16,400 --> 03:53:19,000
defense in the Oster. 
Valley reports of appearances by

4231
03:53:19,000 --> 03:53:22,000
a lady in white who was 
supposedly walled up alive for 

4232
03:53:22,000 --> 03:53:25,000
adultery, the story that 
perfectly captures Renaissance 

4233
03:53:25,000 --> 03:53:28,400
the themes of passion, betrayal,
and dramatic Justice. 

4234
03:53:28,400 --> 03:53:32,100
Unlike evil ghost stories that 
focused on moral lessons 

4235
03:53:32,100 --> 03:53:36,200
haunting explored complex, human
emotions and motivation. 

4236
03:53:36,200 --> 03:53:39,500
The periods artistic 
sensibilities in Florence how 

4237
03:53:39,500 --> 03:53:43,800
people interpreted Supernatural 
experience is Renaissance Castle

4238
03:53:43,800 --> 03:53:47,200
residents were trained to 
appreciate Beauty, symbolism and

4239
03:53:47,200 --> 03:53:50,000
dramatic effect. 
When they saw something 

4240
03:53:50,000 --> 03:53:52,000
unexplained, they didn't just 
record it. 

4241
03:53:52,000 --> 03:53:54,100
They analyzed its aesthetic 
qualities. 

4242
03:53:54,100 --> 03:53:57,300
It symbolic meaning and its 
artistic Merit. 

4243
03:53:58,000 --> 03:54:00,900
This led to much more detailed 
and colorful ghost stories, 

4244
03:54:00,900 --> 03:54:03,900
Technical Innovations. 
Also change the ghost game. 

4245
03:54:03,900 --> 03:54:07,200
Better glass making meant 
clearer Windows, which meant 

4246
03:54:07,200 --> 03:54:09,400
better visibility for mysterious
appearances. 

4247
03:54:10,300 --> 03:54:13,500
Improved, Metallurgy, created 
doors and hinges that moved more

4248
03:54:13,500 --> 03:54:16,900
smoothly, allowing for more 
subtle Supernatural effects. 

4249
03:54:16,900 --> 03:54:20,300
Even the ghost benefitted from 
technological progress. 

4250
03:54:20,300 --> 03:54:23,500
The essence practice of 
commissioning detail, portraits 

4251
03:54:23,500 --> 03:54:26,900
of family members created a new 
phenomenon, People started 

4252
03:54:26,900 --> 03:54:30,200
recognizing their ghosts, 
instead of vague figures in 

4253
03:54:30,200 --> 03:54:32,100
outdated clothing, Castle 
residents. 

4254
03:54:32,100 --> 03:54:35,100
Could now identify specific 
ancestors based on their painted

4255
03:54:35,100 --> 03:54:38,000
like likenesses. 
Oh, that's just great art. 

4256
03:54:38,000 --> 03:54:40,900
Margarita in the blue dress from
her portrait in the main hall 

4257
03:54:40,900 --> 03:54:43,400
became a perfectly. 
Reasonable explanation for 

4258
03:54:43,400 --> 03:54:46,900
Supernatural Encounters, this 
period established, many of the 

4259
03:54:46,900 --> 03:54:50,400
ghost story conventions. 
We still recognize today. the 

4260
03:54:50,400 --> 03:54:53,300
tragic lover, the warning 
Spirit, The Unfinished Business 

4261
03:54:53,300 --> 03:54:56,700
theme, and the idea that ghosts 
have distinct personalities and 

4262
03:54:56,700 --> 03:55:00,700
motivations, rather than being 
generic spooky phenomena, Now, 

4263
03:55:00,700 --> 03:55:03,600
we're getting to the dramatic 
chapters of our Castle stories 

4264
03:55:03,600 --> 03:55:06,000
where European history provided 
enough. 

4265
03:55:06,000 --> 03:55:07,900
Real life horror to make any 
ghost. 

4266
03:55:07,900 --> 03:55:09,900
Story seemed like a gentle 
bedtime Tale. 

4267
03:55:10,500 --> 03:55:13,200
Wrap that blanket a little 
tighter because we're about to 

4268
03:55:13,200 --> 03:55:15,100
explore. 
How centuries of warfare and 

4269
03:55:15,100 --> 03:55:17,600
disease created the perfect 
conditions for Supernatural 

4270
03:55:17,600 --> 03:55:21,000
Legends to flourish. 
The black death of the 14th, 

4271
03:55:21,000 --> 03:55:23,700
century deserves special 
attention in our ghost tour. 

4272
03:55:23,700 --> 03:55:26,600
Not just because it killed 
roughly one third of Europe's 

4273
03:55:26,600 --> 03:55:30,600
population, but because of how 
it transformed, the relationship

4274
03:55:30,600 --> 03:55:33,200
between the living and the dead 
in Castle communities. 

4275
03:55:33,200 --> 03:55:37,100
When plague struck a castle 
death, wasn't a rare Solomon 

4276
03:55:37,100 --> 03:55:39,500
occasion. 
It was a daily reality that 

4277
03:55:39,500 --> 03:55:41,900
could claim anyone from the 
lowliest servant to the Lord 

4278
03:55:41,900 --> 03:55:44,700
himself. 
Carefully Castle in Wales 

4279
03:55:44,700 --> 03:55:46,300
experience. 
Multiple playgrounds. 

4280
03:55:46,300 --> 03:55:49,300
So over the centuries and each 
one left, its mark on the 

4281
03:55:49,300 --> 03:55:51,000
Castle's Supernatural 
reputation. 

4282
03:55:51,000 --> 03:55:54,900
During play years normal, burial
practices became impossible. 

4283
03:55:55,600 --> 03:55:58,000
Bodies were often in turd 
quickly and unmarked Graves 

4284
03:55:58,000 --> 03:56:00,100
within the castle grounds or in 
nearby fields. 

4285
03:56:01,000 --> 03:56:03,900
Centuries later, visitors 
report, cold spots, and 

4286
03:56:03,900 --> 03:56:08,000
unexplained Sensations in areas.
That archaeological surveys have

4287
03:56:08,000 --> 03:56:09,600
revealed contained for gotten 
plague burials. 

4288
03:56:10,400 --> 03:56:12,900
The cycle impact of living 
through a plague outbreak 

4289
03:56:12,900 --> 03:56:15,500
created ideal conditions for 
ghost stories to develop. 

4290
03:56:16,400 --> 03:56:19,700
Survivors were traumatized 
grieving and Hyper vigilant for 

4291
03:56:19,700 --> 03:56:23,400
signs of continued Danger. 
In this heightened emotional 

4292
03:56:23,400 --> 03:56:28,000
state, every unexplained sound 
every shadow in peripheral 

4293
03:56:28,000 --> 03:56:31,500
vision and every cold draft 
became potentially significant. 

4294
03:56:32,600 --> 03:56:35,400
People who had watched friends 
and family die suddenly were 

4295
03:56:35,400 --> 03:56:37,200
primed to believe that the dead 
might return. 

4296
03:56:37,200 --> 03:56:41,000
Wartime added its own layer of 
Supernatural activity to Castle 

4297
03:56:41,000 --> 03:56:43,500
life. 
The seige of Carcassonne during 

4298
03:56:43,500 --> 03:56:47,200
the albigensian Crusade lasted 
for months with attackers, and 

4299
03:56:47,200 --> 03:56:49,300
Defenders locked in a brutal 
standoff. 

4300
03:56:50,100 --> 03:56:52,700
Modern visitors to this 
remarkably preserved medieval 

4301
03:56:52,700 --> 03:56:55,200
city report hearing Phantom 
sounds of combat. 

4302
03:56:56,000 --> 03:56:58,800
Clash of metal on metal shouts 
in languages. 

4303
03:56:58,800 --> 03:57:02,100
They don't recognize and the 
Thunder of horses, hooves on 

4304
03:57:02,100 --> 03:57:04,900
stones. 
But here's what makes these War 

4305
03:57:04,900 --> 03:57:06,600
related hauntings particularly 
interesting. 

4306
03:57:06,600 --> 03:57:10,200
Many of the reported for nominal
match historical accounts of 

4307
03:57:10,200 --> 03:57:14,000
medieval Siege Warfare. 
The mysterious sounds visitors 

4308
03:57:14,000 --> 03:57:16,100
here. 
Aren't random ghostly noises. 

4309
03:57:16,100 --> 03:57:18,700
There are acoustically 
consistent with the specific 

4310
03:57:18,700 --> 03:57:22,300
weapons and tactics used during 
documented, historical battles. 

4311
03:57:23,100 --> 03:57:25,800
It's as if the stones themselves
recorded the events and 

4312
03:57:25,800 --> 03:57:28,600
occasionally play them back for 
modern audiences Castle. 

4313
03:57:28,600 --> 03:57:32,000
Dungeons deserve their own 
chapter in any respectable Ghost

4314
03:57:32,000 --> 03:57:35,500
Story, collection, places like 
the Tower of London and Chateau 

4315
03:57:35,500 --> 03:57:38,700
de Vincennes housed, political 
prisoners for centuries. 

4316
03:57:38,700 --> 03:57:41,700
Many of whom died in captivity 
under less than Pleasant 

4317
03:57:41,700 --> 03:57:44,500
circumstances. 
These underground Chambers were 

4318
03:57:44,500 --> 03:57:47,800
designed to be psychologically 
oppressive with minimal light, 

4319
03:57:47,800 --> 03:57:52,200
poor ventilation and Acoustics 
that Amplified every sound into 

4320
03:57:52,200 --> 03:57:53,900
an echoing reminder of 
isolation. 

4321
03:57:55,000 --> 03:57:57,800
Fascinating thing about dungeon 
haunting is how they reflect the

4322
03:57:57,800 --> 03:58:00,200
specific fears of different 
historical periods. 

4323
03:58:01,100 --> 03:58:03,400
The evil prisoners worried about
eternal damnation. 

4324
03:58:03,400 --> 03:58:06,700
So dungeon ghosts from this 
period often appears seeking 

4325
03:58:06,700 --> 03:58:10,100
religious absolution Renaissance
prisoners, feared political 

4326
03:58:10,100 --> 03:58:12,900
disgrace. 
So their Spirits seem concerned 

4327
03:58:12,900 --> 03:58:16,100
with clearing their family 
names, More recent political 

4328
03:58:16,100 --> 03:58:18,600
prisoners were often 
intellectuals and they ghost 

4329
03:58:18,600 --> 03:58:21,100
reportedly engaged in more 
sophisticated haunting 

4330
03:58:21,100 --> 03:58:25,300
activities rearranging books, 
leaving written messages or 

4331
03:58:25,300 --> 03:58:27,900
appearing in library's rather 
than just rattling chains. 

4332
03:58:29,000 --> 03:58:32,000
Plague in Warfare also created a
phenomenon unique to Castle 

4333
03:58:32,000 --> 03:58:35,200
community's Collective trauma 
that lasted for Generations. 

4334
03:58:35,200 --> 03:58:38,900
Unlike Villages that might be 
abandoned after a disaster. 

4335
03:58:38,900 --> 03:58:43,200
Castle's were two valuable to 
abandon completely. new 

4336
03:58:43,200 --> 03:58:45,600
residents moved into spaces 
where terrible things had 

4337
03:58:45,600 --> 03:58:48,400
happened, inheriting not just 
the buildings, but also the 

4338
03:58:48,400 --> 03:58:52,500
psychological atmosphere created
by previous tragedies The 

4339
03:58:52,500 --> 03:58:55,400
Chateau de bruise in France's 
Loire, Valley illustrates this 

4340
03:58:55,400 --> 03:58:58,800
beautifully built on the site of
earlier fortifications, that 

4341
03:58:58,800 --> 03:59:00,600
were destroyed during various 
conflicts. 

4342
03:59:00,600 --> 03:59:04,200
The current Castle incorporates 
stones from buildings where 

4343
03:59:04,200 --> 03:59:06,900
people lived fought and died 
over more than 1,000 years. 

4344
03:59:08,000 --> 03:59:10,400
Modern visitors reported a sense
of layered history. 

4345
03:59:10,400 --> 03:59:13,900
Not just one ghost story, but 
multiple eras of Human 

4346
03:59:13,900 --> 03:59:15,800
Experience. 
Compressed into a single 

4347
03:59:15,800 --> 03:59:19,300
location, Battlefield castles 
developed, their own special 

4348
03:59:19,300 --> 03:59:23,100
category of Haunting Edinburgh. 
Castle built on a strategic 

4349
03:59:23,100 --> 03:59:26,500
military position that has been 
fortified for over 1,000 years, 

4350
03:59:26,500 --> 03:59:29,900
reportedly host, ghostly 
re-enactments of battles from 

4351
03:59:29,900 --> 03:59:32,700
different eras. 
Visitors described seeing 

4352
03:59:32,700 --> 03:59:35,500
Phantom soldiers in our armor 
from various historical periods 

4353
03:59:35,500 --> 03:59:38,300
as if different conflicts have 
left their mark on the same 

4354
03:59:38,300 --> 03:59:42,600
piece of ground. 
The Great Fire of London in 1666

4355
03:59:42,600 --> 03:59:45,900
affected several castle like 
structures in the city, and the 

4356
03:59:45,900 --> 03:59:48,600
rebuilding process created 
opportunities for new ghost 

4357
03:59:48,600 --> 03:59:51,400
stories to develop. 
When you're constructing new 

4358
03:59:51,400 --> 03:59:54,100
buildings on foundations, where 
people died in traumatic 

4359
03:59:54,100 --> 03:59:56,400
circumstances, you're 
essentially creating a 

4360
03:59:56,400 --> 03:59:59,900
supernatural Time Capsule, the 
new structures, inherit the 

4361
03:59:59,908 --> 04:00:03,400
emotional Resonance of what came
before, medical practices of 

4362
04:00:03,400 --> 04:00:05,700
earlier eras. 
Also contributed to Castle 

4363
04:00:05,700 --> 04:00:08,900
hauntings, medieval and 
Renaissance medicine, often 

4364
04:00:08,900 --> 04:00:11,700
involve procedures that were 
essentially torture by modern 

4365
04:00:11,700 --> 04:00:15,200
standards. castle infirmaries 
and Chambers where medical 

4366
04:00:15,200 --> 04:00:17,800
treatment took place became 
associated with Supernatural 

4367
04:00:17,800 --> 04:00:21,400
activity, not because of 
malevolent spirits, but because 

4368
04:00:21,400 --> 04:00:24,400
of the intense human suffering 
that occurred in these spaces, 

4369
04:00:26,000 --> 04:00:28,800
As we reach the end of our cozy 
journey through haunted, castle 

4370
04:00:28,800 --> 04:00:31,600
history. 
Let's explore how these ancient 

4371
04:00:31,600 --> 04:00:35,400
Stones can continue to mystify 
and enchant visitors in our 

4372
04:00:35,400 --> 04:00:38,200
modern world. 
Pour the last of your tea 

4373
04:00:38,200 --> 04:00:40,800
because we're about to discover 
that the boundary between 

4374
04:00:40,800 --> 04:00:43,400
history and mystery has only 
gotten more intriguing with 

4375
04:00:43,400 --> 04:00:45,800
time. 
The Advent of Photography, in 

4376
04:00:45,800 --> 04:00:49,000
the 19th century created an 
entirely new dimension to Castle

4377
04:00:49,000 --> 04:00:51,800
ghost stories. 
Suddenly people could document 

4378
04:00:51,800 --> 04:00:54,700
their Supernatural experience's 
leading to the famous. 

4379
04:00:54,700 --> 04:00:58,300
Ghost photographs that still 
circulate today, of course, 

4380
04:00:58,300 --> 04:01:01,300
Victoria and photography was 
particularly susceptible to 

4381
04:01:01,300 --> 04:01:05,100
double exposures like leeches 
and other technical issues that 

4382
04:01:05,100 --> 04:01:07,000
could create mysterious figures 
in images. 

4383
04:01:08,000 --> 04:01:10,800
But here's the Charming part, 
many of these photographic 

4384
04:01:10,800 --> 04:01:14,500
Spirits appeared in exactly the 
locations where oral Traditions 

4385
04:01:14,500 --> 04:01:16,400
had been reporting ghosts for 
centuries. 

4386
04:01:17,400 --> 04:01:20,800
Modern technology has brought 
new tools to Old Mysteries but 

4387
04:01:20,800 --> 04:01:23,000
the results are fascinatingly 
contradictory. 

4388
04:01:23,000 --> 04:01:27,100
Electromagnetic field detectors,
register unusual readings in 

4389
04:01:27,100 --> 04:01:30,100
Castle Chambers where people 
have reported Supernatural 

4390
04:01:30,100 --> 04:01:34,100
activity for Generations thermal
cameras capture cold spots that 

4391
04:01:34,100 --> 04:01:37,300
correspond to traditional ghost.
Sightings digital voice 

4392
04:01:37,300 --> 04:01:40,000
recorders pick up. 
Unexplained sounds in empty. 

4393
04:01:40,000 --> 04:01:42,200
Corridors. 
Yet none of this, modern 

4394
04:01:42,200 --> 04:01:45,200
equipment can definitively prove
or disprove the presence of 

4395
04:01:45,200 --> 04:01:48,500
Supernatural activity. 
It just adds new layers to the 

4396
04:01:48,500 --> 04:01:51,900
mystery. what's particularly 
interesting is how different 

4397
04:01:51,900 --> 04:01:54,700
generations of visitors 
interpret the same phenomena 

4398
04:01:55,500 --> 04:01:57,800
Your grandparents might have 
attributed mysterious 

4399
04:01:57,800 --> 04:02:00,500
experiences to family Spirits 
watching over the castle. 

4400
04:02:01,400 --> 04:02:04,100
Your parents might have looked 
for psychological explanations 

4401
04:02:04,100 --> 04:02:06,200
involving suggestion and 
atmospheric pressure. 

4402
04:02:07,000 --> 04:02:10,000
Today's visitors often approach 
Castle Mysteries with a mixture 

4403
04:02:10,000 --> 04:02:13,900
of scientific skepticism and 
hopeful curiosity armed with 

4404
04:02:13,900 --> 04:02:16,200
smartphone cameras and a 
willingness to believe that 

4405
04:02:16,200 --> 04:02:18,500
reality might be more complex 
than we understand. 

4406
04:02:19,800 --> 04:02:22,700
Tourism has transformed these 
castles into stages where 

4407
04:02:22,700 --> 04:02:25,200
history and mystery perform 
together for modern audiences. 

4408
04:02:26,200 --> 04:02:29,100
Guides places like Warwick 
Castle or the Tower of London 

4409
04:02:29,100 --> 04:02:32,000
have become skilled 
storytellers, who can weave 

4410
04:02:32,000 --> 04:02:34,800
historical facts and legendary 
ghosts into narratives that 

4411
04:02:34,800 --> 04:02:36,800
satisfy both Skeptics and 
believers. 

4412
04:02:37,600 --> 04:02:40,300
They've discovered that the most
effective ghost stories aren't 

4413
04:02:40,300 --> 04:02:42,000
just about supernatural 
encounters. 

4414
04:02:42,000 --> 04:02:44,500
There are about human 
connections across time. 

4415
04:02:44,500 --> 04:02:47,400
Conservation efforts have 
revealed fascinating new 

4416
04:02:47,400 --> 04:02:50,500
information about how these 
castles were actually used which

4417
04:02:50,500 --> 04:02:53,300
often contradicts romantic 
Notions about medieval life. 

4418
04:02:54,000 --> 04:02:57,200
Ground, penetrating radar has 
discovered hidden rooms sealed, 

4419
04:02:57,200 --> 04:02:59,100
passages and forgotten burial 
sites. 

4420
04:02:59,100 --> 04:03:02,700
Each archaeological Discovery 
adds new chapters to the castle 

4421
04:03:02,700 --> 04:03:06,000
story and sometimes provides 
rational explanations for 

4422
04:03:06,000 --> 04:03:08,100
Mysteries that have puzzled 
people for centuries. 

4423
04:03:09,000 --> 04:03:12,000
But here's what remains 
beautifully, unexplained the 

4424
04:03:12,000 --> 04:03:14,500
emotional impact these places 
have on Modern visitors. 

4425
04:03:14,500 --> 04:03:17,500
You can understand the 
architectural techniques that 

4426
04:03:17,500 --> 04:03:20,800
create dramatic Acoustics. 
The historical reasons for 

4427
04:03:20,800 --> 04:03:24,300
intimidating designs and the 
psychological factors that make 

4428
04:03:24,300 --> 04:03:26,800
people susceptible to 
Supernatural interpretation. 

4429
04:03:27,800 --> 04:03:30,400
Yet, none of that knowledge. 
Diminishes the feeling you get? 

4430
04:03:30,400 --> 04:03:33,700
When you walk through a medieval
Great Hall or climb a spiral 

4431
04:03:33,700 --> 04:03:36,300
staircase that has been warned, 
Smooth by centuries of 

4432
04:03:36,300 --> 04:03:40,700
footsteps, contemporary Castle 
residents, the family's careers 

4433
04:03:40,700 --> 04:03:43,800
and staff who actually live and 
work in these places offer, 

4434
04:03:43,800 --> 04:03:45,900
perhaps the most balanced 
perspective on their 

4435
04:03:45,900 --> 04:03:49,400
Supernatural reputation. 
They've learned to coexist with 

4436
04:03:49,400 --> 04:03:52,800
both the history and the Mystery
treating unusual experiences as 

4437
04:03:52,800 --> 04:03:55,700
just another aspect of daily 
life in an unusual setting. 

4438
04:03:56,400 --> 04:03:58,700
They're neither dismissive 
Skeptics nor credulous 

4439
04:03:58,700 --> 04:04:00,900
Believers. 
They're simply people who found 

4440
04:04:00,900 --> 04:04:02,800
practical ways to live with the 
inexplicable. 

4441
04:04:03,600 --> 04:04:06,500
The real magic of Europe's 
haunted castle isn't in their 

4442
04:04:06,500 --> 04:04:08,500
ghost stories. 
It's in their ability to 

4443
04:04:08,500 --> 04:04:12,200
collapse time, to make the past,
feel immediately present and to 

4444
04:04:12,200 --> 04:04:14,300
remind us that we're part of a 
human story. 

4445
04:04:14,300 --> 04:04:17,600
That stretches back centuries 
when you stand in a medieval 

4446
04:04:17,600 --> 04:04:20,700
chamber and feel that familiar 
chill, you're not necessarily 

4447
04:04:20,700 --> 04:04:24,800
encountering the supernatural 
during the accumulated weight of

4448
04:04:24,800 --> 04:04:27,800
Human Experience. 
The emotional residue of all the

4449
04:04:27,800 --> 04:04:31,200
lives that have touched that 
space. these castles servers 

4450
04:04:31,200 --> 04:04:33,800
Bridges between our world and 
the worlds of our ancestors 

4451
04:04:33,800 --> 04:04:37,500
places where the modern and the 
ancient coexist with remarkable 

4452
04:04:37,500 --> 04:04:41,000
Grace, whether you leave believe
in ghosts or simply in the power

4453
04:04:41,000 --> 04:04:43,900
of History to move. 
And Inspire, you've participated

4454
04:04:43,900 --> 04:04:47,200
in a traditional one that 
connects you to every other 

4455
04:04:47,200 --> 04:04:51,100
person who has ever looked up at
those ancient walls and felt the

4456
04:04:51,100 --> 04:04:52,800
presence of something larger 
than themselves. 

4457
04:04:52,800 --> 04:04:56,800
So as you settle down to sleep 
tonight, remember that the real 

4458
04:04:56,800 --> 04:04:59,900
haunting power of Europe's 
Castle's lies not in their 

4459
04:04:59,900 --> 04:05:03,200
Supernatural residents but in 
their ability to keep human 

4460
04:05:03,200 --> 04:05:06,700
stories alive across centuries. 
They remind us that we're all 

4461
04:05:06,708 --> 04:05:08,900
temporary residents in the grand
castle of History. 

4462
04:05:08,900 --> 04:05:11,800
Each adding our own small 
chapter to stories that will 

4463
04:05:11,800 --> 04:05:16,600
continue long after we're gone. 
Sweet dreams fellow traveler may

4464
04:05:16,600 --> 04:05:18,800
your own Adventures, be filled 
with just the right amount of 

4465
04:05:18,800 --> 04:05:22,200
mystery and just enough Solid. 
Ground beneath your feet to keep

4466
04:05:22,200 --> 04:05:25,100
you safe, while you explore the 
beautiful unknown. 

4467
04:05:29,100 --> 04:05:32,100
The afternoon light has that 
particular Amber quality that 

4468
04:05:32,100 --> 04:05:36,400
makes dust Motes visible and 
still are You've been aware of 

4469
04:05:36,400 --> 04:05:38,600
the approaching dinner hours 
since about 4:00. 

4470
04:05:38,600 --> 04:05:42,200
Then the households Rhythm 
shifted, almost imperceptibly. 

4471
04:05:43,100 --> 04:05:46,100
The Parlor maid appeared with 
fresh coals for the drawing room

4472
04:05:46,100 --> 04:05:47,900
fire. 
The kitchen below. 

4473
04:05:47,900 --> 04:05:50,500
Stairs grew louder. 
With purposeful activity. 

4474
04:05:51,200 --> 04:05:53,900
Even the house itself seemed to 
straighten its posture. 

4475
04:05:53,900 --> 04:05:57,000
You're upstairs in your dressing
room now, and the act of 

4476
04:05:57,008 --> 04:06:00,200
changing for dinner. 
Feels less like vanity and more,

4477
04:06:00,200 --> 04:06:01,800
like, suiting up for a 
performance. 

4478
04:06:02,900 --> 04:06:06,200
Your day clothes, perfectly 
respectable for receiving 

4479
04:06:06,200 --> 04:06:09,600
morning, callers or writing 
correspondence, won't do for the

4480
04:06:09,600 --> 04:06:12,400
evening meal. 
That's simply not how things 

4481
04:06:12,400 --> 04:06:15,200
work. 
The woman who helped you dress 

4482
04:06:15,200 --> 04:06:18,400
three times daily is already 
laying out your dinner attire 

4483
04:06:18,400 --> 04:06:20,900
with a practice efficiency of 
someone who could do this 

4484
04:06:20,900 --> 04:06:24,500
blindfolded, the fabric she 
selected feels heavier than your

4485
04:06:24,500 --> 04:06:27,200
afternoon dress. 
Darker too. 

4486
04:06:28,300 --> 04:06:31,800
There's a practicality to this, 
that nobody discusses openly 

4487
04:06:31,800 --> 04:06:36,000
evening clothes, hide stains 
better under gas light and the 

4488
04:06:36,000 --> 04:06:38,700
Richer colors photograph. 
Well if someone important drops 

4489
04:06:38,700 --> 04:06:42,400
by with a new camera, but mostly
the weight of the fabric itself,

4490
04:06:42,400 --> 04:06:47,100
reminds you to move differently.
Slower more deliberately You 

4491
04:06:47,100 --> 04:06:49,900
become a slightly different 
version of yourself and dinner 

4492
04:06:49,900 --> 04:06:52,000
clothes. 
Your corset gets tightened 

4493
04:06:52,000 --> 04:06:54,100
again, though. 
Not as severely as it would be 

4494
04:06:54,100 --> 04:06:56,600
for a ball. 
You need to breathe well enough 

4495
04:06:56,600 --> 04:06:59,100
to eat multiple courses without 
looking distressed. 

4496
04:07:00,000 --> 04:07:03,100
There's an art to this. 
Tight enough to create the 

4497
04:07:03,100 --> 04:07:05,500
fashionable. 
Silhouette loosen enough that 

4498
04:07:05,500 --> 04:07:07,900
you won't need smelling salts 
before the fish course. 

4499
04:07:08,500 --> 04:07:11,600
The woman dressing, you knows 
exactly where that line Falls. 

4500
04:07:12,400 --> 04:07:14,300
She's been doing this long 
enough to recognize the 

4501
04:07:14,300 --> 04:07:17,600
difference between your sharp 
inhale of discomfort and your 

4502
04:07:17,600 --> 04:07:19,600
sharp. 
Inhale of I actually cannot 

4503
04:07:19,600 --> 04:07:22,200
breathe the house, smells 
different now than it. 

4504
04:07:22,200 --> 04:07:25,300
Did two hours ago, cooking, 
odors arising through the 

4505
04:07:25,300 --> 04:07:28,400
floorboards despite everyone's 
best efforts to contain them. 

4506
04:07:29,100 --> 04:07:32,700
You can detect roasting meat, 
something sweet and caramelized 

4507
04:07:32,700 --> 04:07:36,900
bread warming and Underneath It.
All the ever-present, cold 

4508
04:07:36,900 --> 04:07:38,800
smoke. 
That defines London are. 

4509
04:07:38,800 --> 04:07:41,900
These smells don't offend you 
the way they might, if they 

4510
04:07:41,900 --> 04:07:45,600
appeared in the drawing room 
here, in the private process of 

4511
04:07:45,600 --> 04:07:47,500
dressing, they're almost 
comforting. 

4512
04:07:48,400 --> 04:07:51,500
They mean dinner is happening. 
The household is functioning as 

4513
04:07:51,500 --> 04:07:54,100
it should, your hands. 
Get special attention. 

4514
04:07:54,100 --> 04:07:58,100
They'll be visible all evening 
holding utensils lifting glasses

4515
04:07:58,100 --> 04:08:00,200
and gesturing politely during 
conversation. 

4516
04:08:01,000 --> 04:08:04,000
The woman helping you dress 
produces a small dish of almond,

4517
04:08:04,000 --> 04:08:06,000
paste mixed with honey and Rose 
Water. 

4518
04:08:06,700 --> 04:08:09,900
You work it into your palms 
while she fastens the seemingly 

4519
04:08:09,900 --> 04:08:12,000
infinite row of buttons up your 
back. 

4520
04:08:13,000 --> 04:08:15,000
Your nails have been cleaned 
with a small brush. 

4521
04:08:15,000 --> 04:08:19,000
Any ink stains from letter? 
Writing have been scrubbed away.

4522
04:08:19,800 --> 04:08:22,300
Your hands now look, like 
they've never done anything more

4523
04:08:22,300 --> 04:08:25,700
strenuous than needlework. 
The jewelry you wet night is 

4524
04:08:25,700 --> 04:08:30,000
real, but not ostentatious a 
simple gold, brooch Your Collar,

4525
04:08:30,000 --> 04:08:34,100
small earring, your wedding 
ring, if your married or perhaps

4526
04:08:34,100 --> 04:08:37,100
a family ring. 
If you're not The massive Jewels

4527
04:08:37,100 --> 04:08:40,500
stay locked away for actual 
social events dinner at home. 

4528
04:08:40,500 --> 04:08:43,700
Even a formal dinner at home. 
Doesn't call for anything. 

4529
04:08:43,700 --> 04:08:46,900
That might be mistaken for 
showing off, that would be 

4530
04:08:46,900 --> 04:08:49,400
vulgar. 
The victorians have very 

4531
04:08:49,400 --> 04:08:53,200
specific ideas about vulgarity 
and they're more than happy to 

4532
04:08:53,200 --> 04:08:55,700
discuss them at length behind 
closed doors. 

4533
04:08:55,700 --> 04:08:59,000
Your hair has been dressed since
this afternoon but it gets 

4534
04:08:59,000 --> 04:09:02,900
refreshed. 
Now a few pins repositioned any 

4535
04:09:02,900 --> 04:09:07,100
loose, strands, tucked back, the
style itself is elaborate enough

4536
04:09:07,100 --> 04:09:09,100
to show. 
You've made an effort, but not 

4537
04:09:09,100 --> 04:09:11,700
so elaborate that it looks like 
you're trying to impress your 

4538
04:09:11,700 --> 04:09:15,300
own family. 
There's a sweet spot here too 

4539
04:09:15,300 --> 04:09:19,200
and finding it requires the kind
of social mathematics that 

4540
04:09:19,200 --> 04:09:23,100
everyone pretends doesn't exist.
But everyone absolutely 

4541
04:09:23,100 --> 04:09:27,500
practices from somewhere below. 
You hear the dining room door 

4542
04:09:27,500 --> 04:09:30,500
open and close. 
The butler is doing his final 

4543
04:09:30,500 --> 04:09:33,100
inspection. 
He'll be checking that every 

4544
04:09:33,100 --> 04:09:36,600
glass is spotless. 
Every Forker lined and every 

4545
04:09:36,600 --> 04:09:38,300
candle trim to the proper 
height. 

4546
04:09:39,000 --> 04:09:42,500
He approaches this task with the
gravity of a general inspecting 

4547
04:09:42,500 --> 04:09:46,300
troops before battle. 
In his mind, he probably is 

4548
04:09:46,300 --> 04:09:50,500
preparing for battle against 
disorder against impropriety 

4549
04:09:50,500 --> 04:09:53,900
against anything that might 
suggest this household is less 

4550
04:09:53,900 --> 04:09:57,200
than perfectly managed. 
You can hear your husband in his

4551
04:09:57,200 --> 04:10:00,400
dressing room of cross the hall.
The sound of male dressing, a 

4552
04:10:00,408 --> 04:10:06,100
different sharper quicker, less 
fabric rustling, more closing. 

4553
04:10:06,900 --> 04:10:09,200
He's probably struggling with 
his collar, studs. 

4554
04:10:09,200 --> 04:10:13,300
He struggles with them every 
evening, and every evening, he 

4555
04:10:13,300 --> 04:10:17,900
refuses to admit, he finds the 
annoying, Men's Formal Wear in 

4556
04:10:17,900 --> 04:10:20,800
this area seems designed 
specifically to test patients. 

4557
04:10:21,900 --> 04:10:25,400
The high starched collars the 
multiple waste, good buttons, 

4558
04:10:25,400 --> 04:10:27,300
and the cufflinks that never 
want to cooperate. 

4559
04:10:28,200 --> 04:10:31,500
Patel emerged looking 
effortlessly dignified as though

4560
04:10:31,500 --> 04:10:33,300
these clothes assembled 
themselves. 

4561
04:10:33,300 --> 04:10:37,500
The clock on your mantle shows 
half past six dinner is at 7. 

4562
04:10:37,500 --> 04:10:41,000
This gives you just enough time 
to finish dressing compose 

4563
04:10:41,000 --> 04:10:44,000
yourself and descend to the 
drawing room where you'll wait 

4564
04:10:44,000 --> 04:10:45,300
the final minutes before the 
meal. 

4565
04:10:46,100 --> 04:10:49,300
Nobody arrives in the dining 
room, early that would suggest 

4566
04:10:49,300 --> 04:10:52,100
your two eager to eat, which 
would suggest you're not quite 

4567
04:10:52,100 --> 04:10:56,100
in control of your appetites. 
Self-control is everything in 

4568
04:10:56,100 --> 04:10:59,100
this world. 
Your dress is finally fastened. 

4569
04:10:59,800 --> 04:11:02,500
You stand and feel its weight 
settle around you. 

4570
04:11:03,400 --> 04:11:05,900
The skirt is heavy enough that 
you'll need to think about 

4571
04:11:05,900 --> 04:11:10,100
doorways and Furniture Corners. 
The bustle at your back creates 

4572
04:11:10,100 --> 04:11:12,200
a silhouette that photographs 
beautifully. 

4573
04:11:12,200 --> 04:11:16,500
But sits awkwardly you've long 
since stopped noticing this is 

4574
04:11:16,500 --> 04:11:19,800
simply how close work a last 
look in the mirror. 

4575
04:11:19,800 --> 04:11:22,900
Shows you transformed from your 
afternoon self into your evening

4576
04:11:22,900 --> 04:11:25,100
self. 
Same face, different 

4577
04:11:25,100 --> 04:11:28,200
presentation. 
Your expression has changed too,

4578
04:11:28,200 --> 04:11:29,400
though. 
You have not consciously 

4579
04:11:29,400 --> 04:11:33,900
adjusted it, you look more 
composed now, more formal, ready

4580
04:11:33,900 --> 04:11:35,100
for the small theater 
production. 

4581
04:11:35,100 --> 04:11:36,700
That is a proper Victorian 
dinner. 

4582
04:11:36,700 --> 04:11:39,200
The drawing room serves as a 
stage in area. 

4583
04:11:40,000 --> 04:11:41,800
You're here. 
Now with your husband, waiting 

4584
04:11:41,800 --> 04:11:43,900
for the butler to announce that 
dinner is served. 

4585
04:11:44,600 --> 04:11:47,900
Neither of you has much to say. 
This isn't uncomfortable 

4586
04:11:47,900 --> 04:11:52,900
silence, its expectant silence. 
You're both mentally preparing 

4587
04:11:52,900 --> 04:11:55,900
for the performance ahead. 
The drawing room fire has been 

4588
04:11:55,908 --> 04:11:58,800
built up to combat, the Autumn 
chill settling over London. 

4589
04:11:59,700 --> 04:12:03,800
Outside your windows, the street
is growing dark lamplighters are

4590
04:12:03,800 --> 04:12:06,500
making their rounds. 
You can hear their footsteps on 

4591
04:12:06,500 --> 04:12:09,900
the pavement and the small 
whoosh of each Gaslamp igniting.

4592
04:12:10,700 --> 04:12:12,800
In a few minutes your street 
will glow with that. 

4593
04:12:12,800 --> 04:12:15,300
Particular yellowish light. 
That makes everything look 

4594
04:12:15,300 --> 04:12:18,100
slightly unreal. 
Your husband is pretending to 

4595
04:12:18,100 --> 04:12:21,000
read the evening newspaper, but 
he's really just holding it. 

4596
04:12:21,700 --> 04:12:24,900
You're pretending to examine 
some needlework, but you're 

4597
04:12:24,900 --> 04:12:28,100
really just holding that too. 
These are the props of waiting. 

4598
04:12:28,100 --> 04:12:32,400
Everyone knows your both simply 
marking time until the formal 

4599
04:12:32,400 --> 04:12:35,300
part of the evening Begins. 
The butler appears in the 

4600
04:12:35,300 --> 04:12:38,100
doorway with perfect timing. 
He doesn't speak. 

4601
04:12:38,100 --> 04:12:40,900
He simply stands there with a 
slighting client of his head. 

4602
04:12:40,900 --> 04:12:44,500
This is the signal you set down 
your needlework. 

4603
04:12:45,700 --> 04:12:48,600
Your husband folds, his 
newspaper with audible Christmas

4604
04:12:48,600 --> 04:12:51,800
together. 
You process the 12 feet from 

4605
04:12:51,800 --> 04:12:54,600
drawing room to dining room with
the solemnity of a wedding 

4606
04:12:54,600 --> 04:12:56,500
March. 
The dining room hits. 

4607
04:12:56,500 --> 04:12:59,600
You first with temperature. 
It's warmer than the drawing 

4608
04:12:59,600 --> 04:13:01,800
room, warmer than anywhere else.
In the house. 

4609
04:13:01,800 --> 04:13:06,000
The fire here has been burning 
longer and the kitchen below is 

4610
04:13:06,000 --> 04:13:07,900
radiating, heat through the 
floorboards. 

4611
04:13:09,100 --> 04:13:12,300
It's not uncomfortably warm. 
It's the kind of warmth that 

4612
04:13:12,300 --> 04:13:15,400
makes you relaxed. 
Slightly loosening muscles, you 

4613
04:13:15,400 --> 04:13:18,300
didn't realize you'd tense, then
comes the light. 

4614
04:13:19,500 --> 04:13:23,100
The dining room is dimmer than 
you'd expect let primarily by 

4615
04:13:23,100 --> 04:13:25,500
candles on the table and in wall
sconces. 

4616
04:13:26,300 --> 04:13:28,800
There's Gaslight tube but it's 
been turned down low. 

4617
04:13:29,600 --> 04:13:32,600
The Victorian of discovered that
dimmer light is more flattering,

4618
04:13:32,600 --> 04:13:36,300
more mysterious, and more 
forgiving of imperfect 

4619
04:13:36,300 --> 04:13:39,000
household. 
Maintenance in this light, the 

4620
04:13:39,000 --> 04:13:43,300
silver gleams, the crystal 
catches and multiplies flame. 

4621
04:13:43,300 --> 04:13:47,500
Even the wallpaper looks richer 
the table dominates the room, 

4622
04:13:47,500 --> 04:13:50,900
like an altar dominates a 
church, it's not a large table, 

4623
04:13:50,900 --> 04:13:54,700
you're not hosting tonight, just
dining on famine, but it's been 

4624
04:13:54,700 --> 04:13:57,000
set with the full formal service
anywhere. 

4625
04:13:57,000 --> 04:14:00,900
This is how things are done. 
The white tablecloth is so 

4626
04:14:00,900 --> 04:14:03,800
heavily starched, it could 
practically stand up by itself. 

4627
04:14:04,800 --> 04:14:07,200
Later in the evening. 
If you accidentally brush 

4628
04:14:07,200 --> 04:14:09,000
against it, you'll hear the 
fabric. 

4629
04:14:09,000 --> 04:14:12,700
Crackle, your place setting or 
elaborate enough to confuse a 

4630
04:14:12,700 --> 04:14:17,100
modern person multiple Forks on 
the left, multiple knives, and 

4631
04:14:17,100 --> 04:14:20,700
spoons on the right and glasses 
arranged above the knives in a 

4632
04:14:20,708 --> 04:14:23,700
specific pattern. 
There's a logic to the 

4633
04:14:23,700 --> 04:14:26,000
arrangement but it's not 
immediately obvious. 

4634
04:14:26,000 --> 04:14:29,600
You start with the outermost 
utensils and work inward as the 

4635
04:14:29,600 --> 04:14:33,400
course is progress. 
Everyone knows this just like 

4636
04:14:33,400 --> 04:14:35,600
everyone knows you don't discuss
knowing this. 

4637
04:14:36,400 --> 04:14:38,200
The rules are meant to appear 
natural. 

4638
04:14:38,200 --> 04:14:42,000
Not learned the China is your 
second best set. 

4639
04:14:42,800 --> 04:14:45,900
The actual best set only appears
when you're entertaining guests,

4640
04:14:45,900 --> 04:14:49,300
who might notice the quality. 
Tonight's pieces are still 

4641
04:14:49,300 --> 04:14:52,300
lovely white with a delicate 
floral border. 

4642
04:14:53,000 --> 04:14:56,400
But they're meant for regular 
use regularly use in this 

4643
04:14:56,400 --> 04:15:00,800
context means formal family. 
Dinners the plate, a warmed. 

4644
04:15:01,400 --> 04:15:04,700
You'll discover this when you 
first touch one, the victorians 

4645
04:15:04,700 --> 04:15:07,600
hate cold food with a passion 
that borders on a rational 

4646
04:15:07,600 --> 04:15:11,200
Crystal Water goblets standard 
attention of each knife. 

4647
04:15:11,900 --> 04:15:13,500
They'll remain largely 
decorative. 

4648
04:15:13,500 --> 04:15:15,800
He'll drink from the sparing for
tall. 

4649
04:15:15,800 --> 04:15:19,200
Wine glasses. 
Wait nearby different shapes for

4650
04:15:19,200 --> 04:15:23,000
different wines. 
The red wine glass has around a 

4651
04:15:23,000 --> 04:15:25,400
bowl. 
The white wine glass is taller 

4652
04:15:25,400 --> 04:15:28,500
and narrower, the Sherry glass 
is the smallest. 

4653
04:15:28,500 --> 04:15:32,200
There's a science to glassware 
that people study seriously. 

4654
04:15:33,600 --> 04:15:37,300
Shape, apparently affects how 
the wine tastes that you 

4655
04:15:37,300 --> 04:15:38,700
suspect. 
It's mostly about having the 

4656
04:15:38,700 --> 04:15:41,300
right equipment to demonstrate. 
You know what, the right 

4657
04:15:41,300 --> 04:15:45,200
equipment is the centerpiece is 
a modest arrangement of autumn 

4658
04:15:45,200 --> 04:15:49,300
flowers, chrysanthemums and some
Greenery, nothing too tall. 

4659
04:15:49,300 --> 04:15:51,800
Nothing too fragrant. 
Tall. 

4660
04:15:51,800 --> 04:15:54,200
Centerpieces block conversation 
across the table. 

4661
04:15:55,000 --> 04:15:57,300
Fragrant ones compete with food 
smells. 

4662
04:15:57,300 --> 04:16:01,100
This Arrangement, is exactly 
tall enough to be decorative and

4663
04:16:01,100 --> 04:16:05,000
exactly neutral enough. 
To offend, no one, it probably 

4664
04:16:05,000 --> 04:16:07,800
took the Parlor, maid 15 minutes
to arrange at this morning, 

4665
04:16:07,800 --> 04:16:11,300
adjusting and readjusting until 
it perfect. 

4666
04:16:11,300 --> 04:16:14,900
Mediocrity, silver salt Cellars 
sit at intervals along the 

4667
04:16:14,900 --> 04:16:18,900
table, tiny spoons, rest in 
them, you'll use these to 

4668
04:16:18,900 --> 04:16:20,700
transfer salt to the edge of 
your plate. 

4669
04:16:20,700 --> 04:16:23,600
Then pinch the salt from there 
to season your food. 

4670
04:16:24,500 --> 04:16:27,500
Shaking salt directly onto food 
from a seller would be crewed. 

4671
04:16:27,500 --> 04:16:30,700
These are the kinds of 
distinctions that separate your 

4672
04:16:30,700 --> 04:16:32,500
class from the ones below and 
above you. 

4673
04:16:32,500 --> 04:16:35,800
The rooms will paper is dark red
with a subtle pattern. 

4674
04:16:36,600 --> 04:16:38,400
Candlelight, it looks almost 
burgundy. 

4675
04:16:39,400 --> 04:16:42,400
The victorians favor dark colors
in dining rooms because they 

4676
04:16:42,400 --> 04:16:45,500
don't show soot stains from 
candles and they create an 

4677
04:16:45,500 --> 04:16:49,200
intimate atmosphere. 
The wool seem to absorb sound 

4678
04:16:49,200 --> 04:16:51,400
too, making the room feel 
hushed. 

4679
04:16:51,400 --> 04:16:55,200
Even when conversation flows, 
you could whisper here and be 

4680
04:16:55,200 --> 04:16:58,500
heard clearly across the table. 
Heavy curtains frame, the 

4681
04:16:58,508 --> 04:17:02,000
windows already drawn against 
the night, they're made from the

4682
04:17:02,000 --> 04:17:04,900
same deep red fabric as the 
wallpapers base color. 

4683
04:17:05,800 --> 04:17:08,700
During the day, these curtains 
stay open to show the street 

4684
04:17:08,700 --> 04:17:12,500
that this is a respectable 
household. during dinner, they 

4685
04:17:12,500 --> 04:17:15,000
closed to keep the private 
theater of dining away from 

4686
04:17:15,000 --> 04:17:18,400
public eyes, the sideboard 
against one wall, holds the 

4687
04:17:18,408 --> 04:17:22,400
evening Supporting Cast of 
serving pieces, Covered dishes, 

4688
04:17:22,400 --> 04:17:26,400
weight there, keeping food, 
warm, a crystal Cantor of wine 

4689
04:17:26,400 --> 04:17:30,000
extra napkins. 
In case of spills, the butler 

4690
04:17:30,000 --> 04:17:32,700
will move between table and 
sideboard throughout the meal 

4691
04:17:32,700 --> 04:17:35,800
with choreographed Precision. 
The fire in the dining room 

4692
04:17:35,800 --> 04:17:38,500
fireplace burned with a 
different quality than drawing 

4693
04:17:38,500 --> 04:17:41,100
room fires. 
It's more purposeful more 

4694
04:17:41,100 --> 04:17:45,700
utilitarian it's not trying to 
be cozy it's trying to keep the 

4695
04:17:45,700 --> 04:17:47,800
room at the proper temperature 
for digestion. 

4696
04:17:48,600 --> 04:17:51,400
The victorians have theories 
about digestion and temperature,

4697
04:17:51,400 --> 04:17:54,700
most of these theories are 
completely wrong, but everyone 

4698
04:17:54,700 --> 04:17:56,600
believes them with absolute 
confidence. 

4699
04:17:56,600 --> 04:18:00,600
Your chair Waits behind you. 
It's a heavy piece of furniture 

4700
04:18:00,600 --> 04:18:04,200
with the arms and a padded seat.
It doesn't slide easily on the 

4701
04:18:04,208 --> 04:18:07,900
carpet, which is intentional. 
Furniture, that's difficult to 

4702
04:18:07,900 --> 04:18:10,700
move appears more permanent more
established. 

4703
04:18:11,300 --> 04:18:14,400
Light furniture that shifts 
around suggests you might leave 

4704
04:18:14,400 --> 04:18:18,000
at any moment which suggests 
instability the butler stands 

4705
04:18:18,000 --> 04:18:21,300
ready to assist with seating. 
This is a choreographed moment 

4706
04:18:21,300 --> 04:18:24,600
that happens the same way every 
evening your husband will be 

4707
04:18:24,600 --> 04:18:26,900
seated. 
First at the head of the table, 

4708
04:18:26,900 --> 04:18:28,700
you'll take your place at the 
foot. 

4709
04:18:29,500 --> 04:18:32,500
Even though you're only two 
people, you'll sit at opposite 

4710
04:18:32,500 --> 04:18:34,500
ends of this table. 
As though commanding a dinner 

4711
04:18:34,500 --> 04:18:37,600
party of 12, the distance 
between you and your husband, 

4712
04:18:37,600 --> 04:18:41,000
probably eight feet is standard 
for formal dining. 

4713
04:18:41,000 --> 04:18:43,900
It allows servants to move 
freely around the table. 

4714
04:18:43,900 --> 04:18:46,900
It creates proper space for food
presentation. 

4715
04:18:47,700 --> 04:18:50,600
It also makes conversations 
slightly difficult, which is 

4716
04:18:50,600 --> 04:18:53,300
either a feature or a bug 
depending on how you feel about 

4717
04:18:53,300 --> 04:18:54,800
your spouse on any given 
evening. 

4718
04:18:54,800 --> 04:18:56,800
The butler. 
Pulls out your chair. 

4719
04:18:57,700 --> 04:19:02,200
The sound of Woodlands on carpet
is muffled, but substantial you 

4720
04:19:02,200 --> 04:19:04,900
approach. 
From the left side, always the 

4721
04:19:04,900 --> 04:19:08,400
left, and wait until the chair 
is positioned correctly before 

4722
04:19:08,400 --> 04:19:11,700
sitting then you sit in one 
smooth motion. 

4723
04:19:11,700 --> 04:19:14,000
While the butler pushes the 
chair forward. 

4724
04:19:15,100 --> 04:19:17,700
It's a small dance. 
You've done hundreds of times. 

4725
04:19:18,700 --> 04:19:21,200
Sometimes you wonder what would 
happen if you just pulled out 

4726
04:19:21,200 --> 04:19:23,600
your own chair and sat down like
a normal person. 

4727
04:19:23,600 --> 04:19:27,700
But you know what would happen? 
The butler would be quietly. 

4728
04:19:27,700 --> 04:19:31,400
Horrified, entire household 
would sense the disruption. 

4729
04:19:32,300 --> 04:19:35,500
The evening would feel slightly 
off like a picture frame 

4730
04:19:35,500 --> 04:19:38,400
hanging. 
Crooked your napkin sits folded 

4731
04:19:38,400 --> 04:19:42,900
on your plate, in an elaborate 
shape a Bishop's hat, maybe or a

4732
04:19:42,900 --> 04:19:45,600
fan. 
The Parlor maid, spent actual 

4733
04:19:45,600 --> 04:19:49,000
time folding these this 
afternoon, you pick it up and 

4734
04:19:49,000 --> 04:19:51,400
unfold it in your lap with 
deliberate movements. 

4735
04:19:51,400 --> 04:19:55,200
The napkin is enormous large 
enough to protect your entire 

4736
04:19:55,200 --> 04:19:58,200
dress front. 
If necessary is also starched, 

4737
04:19:58,200 --> 04:20:01,200
just enough to stay where you 
place it across the table. 

4738
04:20:01,200 --> 04:20:03,800
Your husband is performing the 
same napkin ritual. 

4739
04:20:03,800 --> 04:20:08,000
His napkin is identical to yours
because a quality and napkin 

4740
04:20:08,000 --> 04:20:12,200
size is a important. 
You catch his eye and he gives 

4741
04:20:12,200 --> 04:20:15,100
you a small smile. 
This is the moment you both 

4742
04:20:15,100 --> 04:20:16,900
acknowledge the absurdity of 
City. 

4743
04:20:16,900 --> 04:20:20,500
So far apart while dining alone,
but acknowledging, it doesn't 

4744
04:20:20,500 --> 04:20:23,400
mean changing it, the ritual 
matters more than the 

4745
04:20:23,400 --> 04:20:26,200
efficiency. 
The first thing you notice after

4746
04:20:26,200 --> 04:20:28,600
city is how different, the room 
looks from this position. 

4747
04:20:29,600 --> 04:20:32,000
The centerpiece now blocks your 
direct view of your husband. 

4748
04:20:32,000 --> 04:20:35,400
You can see him around the 
flowers, but you have to make 

4749
04:20:35,400 --> 04:20:38,100
the effort. 
Every conversation across this 

4750
04:20:38,100 --> 04:20:41,000
table will require you to lean 
slightly to one side or the 

4751
04:20:41,000 --> 04:20:43,200
other. 
Your hands rest naturally on the

4752
04:20:43,200 --> 04:20:46,200
table Edge but not too far 
forward elbows. 

4753
04:20:46,200 --> 04:20:48,400
Never touch the table. 
Everyone knows this. 

4754
04:20:49,200 --> 04:20:52,200
But hands can rest lightly on 
the table cloth between courses.

4755
04:20:53,100 --> 04:20:55,400
Your posture is straight without
being rigid. 

4756
04:20:56,100 --> 04:20:59,900
Comfortable, but not casual. 
You'll maintain this posture 

4757
04:20:59,900 --> 04:21:02,700
through seven courses and 
roughly 90 minutes of dining. 

4758
04:21:02,700 --> 04:21:06,200
The butler's taken his position 
near the sideboard standing at 

4759
04:21:06,200 --> 04:21:08,900
attention. 
He's not exactly watching you, 

4760
04:21:08,900 --> 04:21:10,700
but he's aware of your every 
movement. 

4761
04:21:10,700 --> 04:21:13,700
He'll know, the instant, you're 
ready for the next course. 

4762
04:21:13,700 --> 04:21:16,400
He'll notice. 
If you need water, he's 

4763
04:21:16,400 --> 04:21:19,700
developed a sixth sense for 
anticipating needs before their 

4764
04:21:19,700 --> 04:21:22,800
expressed. 
This is what makes him excellent

4765
04:21:22,800 --> 04:21:25,500
at his job and probably 
exhausting to live with the 

4766
04:21:25,500 --> 04:21:27,700
rooms settles into its dining 
configuration. 

4767
04:21:28,600 --> 04:21:33,300
Fire pops, softly candle Flames 
wave in some invisible draft. 

4768
04:21:34,100 --> 04:21:37,700
You can hear kitchen sounds from
below muffled clattering and 

4769
04:21:37,700 --> 04:21:41,300
voice giving instructions. 
These sounds don't disturb the 

4770
04:21:41,300 --> 04:21:43,900
dining room atmosphere there 
evidence that everything's 

4771
04:21:43,900 --> 04:21:46,700
working, as it should, your 
husband clears, his throat 

4772
04:21:46,700 --> 04:21:52,300
gently, this is The Unofficial 
signal that dinner May begin The

4773
04:21:52,300 --> 04:21:55,000
butler responds by moving toward
the sideboard to collect the 

4774
04:21:55,000 --> 04:21:59,400
first course. until this moment,
everyone has been in position, 

4775
04:21:59,400 --> 04:22:05,300
but Frozen, Now, the evening can
actually start you adjust your 

4776
04:22:05,300 --> 04:22:08,600
seating slightly settling in for
the long performance ahead. 

4777
04:22:09,500 --> 04:22:12,200
Your corset presses against your
ribs at this angle. 

4778
04:22:12,200 --> 04:22:15,900
You breathe carefully. 
Finding the Rhythm that will 

4779
04:22:15,900 --> 04:22:17,500
work for the next hour and a 
half. 

4780
04:22:18,100 --> 04:22:21,900
Shallow breaths, but steady. 
You learned this years ago? 

4781
04:22:22,800 --> 04:22:25,900
Fight the corset and you'll be 
miserable work with it. 

4782
04:22:25,900 --> 04:22:30,100
And you barely notice, it's 
there, the chairs arms, provide 

4783
04:22:30,100 --> 04:22:32,100
a place to rest your wrist 
between courses. 

4784
04:22:32,100 --> 04:22:36,200
You'll use these strategically 
throughout the meal arms provide

4785
04:22:36,200 --> 04:22:39,600
stability for cutting meat. 
They offer a resting place when 

4786
04:22:39,600 --> 04:22:43,300
conversation pauses their 
possibly the most useful part of

4787
04:22:43,300 --> 04:22:47,200
dining room furniture though. 
Nobody ever mentions this, your 

4788
04:22:47,200 --> 04:22:51,000
feet touch the floor. 
Solidly dining chairs are lower 

4789
04:22:51,000 --> 04:22:52,000
than drawing room. 
Chairs. 

4790
04:22:52,000 --> 04:22:54,200
And the table. 
Height is calibrated. 

4791
04:22:54,200 --> 04:22:57,200
Exactly. 
Your arms can rest comfortably 

4792
04:22:57,200 --> 04:23:01,300
on the table Edge, your plate, 
when it arrives will sit at the 

4793
04:23:01,300 --> 04:23:04,000
perfect distance for eating 
without hunching forward. 

4794
04:23:04,800 --> 04:23:08,100
Someone calculated these 
measurements decades ago and 

4795
04:23:08,100 --> 04:23:10,500
everyone since is simply 
replicated them. 

4796
04:23:10,500 --> 04:23:13,200
Without question, the 
temperature at table level is 

4797
04:23:13,200 --> 04:23:17,700
perfect too high and you'd feel 
stuffy too low, in the food 

4798
04:23:17,700 --> 04:23:21,300
would cool too quickly. 
The victorians have worked out, 

4799
04:23:21,300 --> 04:23:24,800
the thermodynamics of dining 
rooms the way Engineers, work 

4800
04:23:24,800 --> 04:23:29,100
out Bridge construction. 
There's an ideal temperatures 

4801
04:23:29,100 --> 04:23:31,400
Zone and considerable effort 
goes into. 

4802
04:23:31,400 --> 04:23:33,300
Maintaining it from your 
position. 

4803
04:23:33,300 --> 04:23:37,000
You can see the fire directly 
it's been built in layers. 

4804
04:23:37,000 --> 04:23:40,500
Coal on the bottom producing 
heat with some wood on top 

4805
04:23:40,500 --> 04:23:43,200
producing Ambience, the Flames 
are energetic. 

4806
04:23:43,200 --> 04:23:46,600
But contained later in the 
evening, someone will add more 

4807
04:23:46,600 --> 04:23:48,600
cold. 
Your barely notice when this 

4808
04:23:48,600 --> 04:23:52,400
happens the servants are ghosts.
When they want to be the butler 

4809
04:23:52,400 --> 04:23:55,300
returns from the sideboard, 
carrying a covered silver dish. 

4810
04:23:56,000 --> 04:23:58,700
He moves with the deliberate 
pace of someone carrying 

4811
04:23:58,700 --> 04:24:02,400
something valuable. 
His footsteps on the carpet, a 

4812
04:24:02,400 --> 04:24:05,000
silent. 
He could be floating for all the

4813
04:24:05,000 --> 04:24:07,700
noisy makes this is the 
beginning. 

4814
04:24:07,700 --> 04:24:12,200
Everything before this moment 
was preparation, now you're 

4815
04:24:12,200 --> 04:24:15,400
actually dining the butler, 
places are small plate before 

4816
04:24:15,400 --> 04:24:19,400
you with practice precision. 
The plate is warm noticeably 

4817
04:24:19,400 --> 04:24:22,300
warm heated in the kitchen 
before food touched it. 

4818
04:24:23,100 --> 04:24:24,700
On the plate. 
Sits something that looks 

4819
04:24:24,700 --> 04:24:26,600
delicate and carefully 
constructed. 

4820
04:24:27,400 --> 04:24:30,200
It's the first course, and first
course is always about 

4821
04:24:30,200 --> 04:24:32,500
restraint. 
They announced that this will be

4822
04:24:32,500 --> 04:24:35,100
a civilized meal, not a Feeding 
Frenzy. 

4823
04:24:35,100 --> 04:24:37,600
Tonight's first course, is 
oysters. 

4824
04:24:37,600 --> 04:24:41,200
Six of them arranged on the 
plate with geometric precision. 

4825
04:24:42,400 --> 04:24:44,900
They're sitting in their half 
shells, already opened in the 

4826
04:24:44,900 --> 04:24:46,900
kitchen. 
A small Fork. 

4827
04:24:46,900 --> 04:24:49,900
Rest beside the plate. 
This wasn't part of your 

4828
04:24:49,900 --> 04:24:53,800
original place setting. 
It appeared with the oysters as 

4829
04:24:53,800 --> 04:24:56,200
if by Magic. 
He always does glisten in the 

4830
04:24:56,208 --> 04:24:58,000
candlelight like their made of 
pewter. 

4831
04:24:58,000 --> 04:25:02,400
And silk, each one is different 
Slightly different size 

4832
04:25:02,400 --> 04:25:05,400
slightly, different shape, but 
they've been arranged to look 

4833
04:25:05,400 --> 04:25:08,100
uniform. 
Someone in the kitchen spent 

4834
04:25:08,100 --> 04:25:11,700
time selecting these making sure
none were too large or too 

4835
04:25:11,700 --> 04:25:14,100
small. 
The first course sets the tone 

4836
04:25:14,100 --> 04:25:17,300
nobody wants to set the tone 
with a massive frightening. 

4837
04:25:17,300 --> 04:25:20,800
Oyster thin slices of lemon sit 
between the shells. 

4838
04:25:20,800 --> 04:25:25,000
A tiny dish of mignonette sauce 
vinegar shallots and pepper 

4839
04:25:25,000 --> 04:25:29,200
appears at your Plate's Edge. 
Smell reaching you as mostly 

4840
04:25:29,200 --> 04:25:33,200
brine that distinct ocean scent.
That means the oysters are 

4841
04:25:33,200 --> 04:25:36,800
fresh. 
Not yesterday, fresh today. 

4842
04:25:36,800 --> 04:25:39,800
Fresh possibly. 
There's afternoon fresh after 

4843
04:25:39,800 --> 04:25:41,900
noon. 
You pick up the small fork and 

4844
04:25:41,908 --> 04:25:43,300
look across the table at your 
husband. 

4845
04:25:44,300 --> 04:25:47,400
He's examining his own oyster 
plate, with the expression of a 

4846
04:25:47,400 --> 04:25:48,900
man who would rather be eating 
beef. 

4847
04:25:49,600 --> 04:25:51,500
He doesn't dislike oysters. 
Exactly. 

4848
04:25:51,500 --> 04:25:54,100
He dislikes. 
That oysters are fashionable. 

4849
04:25:54,800 --> 04:25:57,700
He dislikes, that fashionable 
things must be eaten even when 

4850
04:25:57,700 --> 04:26:00,900
you'd prefer something else. 
But Elite them because that's 

4851
04:26:00,900 --> 04:26:04,100
what the first course is the 
technique for eating oysters has

4852
04:26:04,100 --> 04:26:06,200
been explained to you many times
though. 

4853
04:26:06,200 --> 04:26:09,100
You learned it so long ago that 
the explanations feel like 

4854
04:26:09,100 --> 04:26:13,100
something you were born Noah. 
Use the small Fork to detach the

4855
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:16,200
oyster from its shell, cutting 
the muscle, that holds it in 

4856
04:26:16,200 --> 04:26:18,700
place. 
Then you're supposed to lift the

4857
04:26:18,700 --> 04:26:20,800
shell and let the oyster slide 
into your mouth. 

4858
04:26:21,500 --> 04:26:23,300
You're definitely not supposed 
to chew it. 

4859
04:26:23,300 --> 04:26:26,900
Let it rest on your tongue. 
Maybe compress it slightly 

4860
04:26:26,900 --> 04:26:31,200
against your palate, then 
swallow Chewing oysters is what 

4861
04:26:31,200 --> 04:26:34,500
people in restaurants. 
Do proper people simply receive 

4862
04:26:34,500 --> 04:26:36,600
oysters. 
You squeeze, Lemmon over the 

4863
04:26:36,600 --> 04:26:39,100
first one. 
The juice runs down into the 

4864
04:26:39,100 --> 04:26:42,200
shells curve mixing with the 
oysters, natural liquid. 

4865
04:26:43,100 --> 04:26:45,600
The smell intense of his eyes. 
More citrus. 

4866
04:26:45,600 --> 04:26:49,300
Now, cutting through the brine. 
You add a tiny amount of 

4867
04:26:49,300 --> 04:26:51,800
mignonette sauce with the 
miniature spoon provided for 

4868
04:26:51,800 --> 04:26:54,500
this purpose. 
The victorians have specific 

4869
04:26:54,500 --> 04:26:58,400
utensils for everything. 
Somewhere in London, there's 

4870
04:26:58,400 --> 04:27:01,300
probably a factory employing 
dozens of people to make nothing

4871
04:27:01,300 --> 04:27:03,400
but tiny spoons for mignonette 
sauce. 

4872
04:27:04,100 --> 04:27:07,200
The shell is rough against your 
lips, cold from the oyster, 

4873
04:27:07,200 --> 04:27:10,700
slightly sharp along the edge, 
then the oyster itself, slides 

4874
04:27:10,700 --> 04:27:13,000
into your mouth, and you 
understand why people either 

4875
04:27:13,000 --> 04:27:17,100
love these or hate them. 
Texture is like nothing else. 

4876
04:27:17,900 --> 04:27:22,600
Silky, and the same time. 
The Taste is intensely ocean, 

4877
04:27:22,600 --> 04:27:25,700
not fishy, but definitely from 
water. 

4878
04:27:26,600 --> 04:27:27,300
Salt. 
Yes. 

4879
04:27:27,300 --> 04:27:30,900
But all so something mineral. 
Something that reminds you of 

4880
04:27:30,900 --> 04:27:34,100
rocks and Tide's you. 
Let it rest on your tongue for a

4881
04:27:34,100 --> 04:27:36,900
moment. 
The lemon brightens everything. 

4882
04:27:37,800 --> 04:27:40,600
The mignonette adds a sharp 
vinegar note that cuts through 

4883
04:27:40,600 --> 04:27:44,000
the richness. 
Then you swallow and the oyster 

4884
04:27:44,000 --> 04:27:47,900
is gone leaving behind just 
flavor and a faint memory of 

4885
04:27:47,900 --> 04:27:50,600
texture. 
Your husband has eaten his first

4886
04:27:50,600 --> 04:27:52,800
oyster while you were 
contemplating yours. 

4887
04:27:52,800 --> 04:27:56,500
He's reaching for a second the 
meal has officially begun. 

4888
04:27:56,500 --> 04:27:59,300
You're both eating. 
Now both committed to the 

4889
04:27:59,308 --> 04:28:02,000
evenings progression. 
The second oysters slightly 

4890
04:28:02,000 --> 04:28:04,600
larger than the first more lemon
this time. 

4891
04:28:04,600 --> 04:28:08,700
Less sauce, the third one. 
You eat without any additions at

4892
04:28:08,700 --> 04:28:10,400
all. 
Just to taste the oyster itself.

4893
04:28:10,400 --> 04:28:15,500
It's sweet underneath the brine 
almost buttery these are good 

4894
04:28:15,508 --> 04:28:17,600
oysters someone at the fish 
monger. 

4895
04:28:17,600 --> 04:28:21,300
Did their job, well, eating or 
oysters creates a rhythm detach 

4896
04:28:21,300 --> 04:28:27,200
lift, receive swallow detach 
lift received swallow. 

4897
04:28:27,200 --> 04:28:32,000
It's meditative in its way, your
mind can wander while your hands

4898
04:28:32,000 --> 04:28:33,500
perform. 
This simple sequence. 

4899
04:28:33,500 --> 04:28:37,600
You think about the oysters 
journey to this table harvested 

4900
04:28:37,600 --> 04:28:39,600
somewhere on the coast. 
Probably this morning. 

4901
04:28:40,500 --> 04:28:44,400
Tonight, transported, by train 
to London, sold at Market, 

4902
04:28:44,400 --> 04:28:47,700
carried to your kitchen and 
opened by someone whose hands 

4903
04:28:47,700 --> 04:28:50,100
are probably cut from years of 
oyster shells. 

4904
04:28:51,400 --> 04:28:54,800
All this effort to produce six 
small bite of food that take 

4905
04:28:54,800 --> 04:28:58,100
maybe three minutes to eat, the 
butler appears silently to 

4906
04:28:58,100 --> 04:29:00,000
refill. 
Your water glass, you didn't 

4907
04:29:00,000 --> 04:29:03,600
notice it was low. 
He noted This is his gift 

4908
04:29:03,600 --> 04:29:06,000
noticing things before anyone 
else. 

4909
04:29:06,000 --> 04:29:08,900
Realizes they need noticing 
forth, oyster. 

4910
04:29:09,700 --> 04:29:13,400
The Rhythm continues. 
You're eating slowly but not too

4911
04:29:13,400 --> 04:29:16,300
slowly. 
There's a pace to First courses 

4912
04:29:16,300 --> 04:29:18,500
that everyone understands 
without discussing. 

4913
04:29:19,400 --> 04:29:21,600
Fast enough to show. 
You're not afraid of food. 

4914
04:29:21,600 --> 04:29:25,000
Slow enough to demonstrate. 
You're not desperately hungry. 

4915
04:29:25,900 --> 04:29:28,300
The performance of eating is 
sometimes more important than 

4916
04:29:28,300 --> 04:29:31,000
the eating itself. 
Your husband finishes his 

4917
04:29:31,000 --> 04:29:35,000
oysters before you finish yours.
He sets down his fork, with a 

4918
04:29:35,000 --> 04:29:37,100
soft, click against his plate 
and waits. 

4919
04:29:37,900 --> 04:29:42,000
He could start a conversation 
now, but he doesn't He'll still 

4920
04:29:42,000 --> 04:29:44,700
eating talking. 
While someone is eating oysters 

4921
04:29:44,700 --> 04:29:47,500
would be poor form or oysters 
demand, a certain amount of 

4922
04:29:47,500 --> 04:29:51,400
concentration, fifth oyster. 
Your developing favorites. 

4923
04:29:51,400 --> 04:29:56,200
Now, This one is particularly 
Briny and particularly firm, the

4924
04:29:56,200 --> 04:29:58,600
lemon juice. 
You add seems to make it Sparkle

4925
04:29:58,600 --> 04:30:01,000
somehow. 
Chemistry, you don't understand 

4926
04:30:01,000 --> 04:30:05,200
is happening on this shell. 
The sixth and final oyster feels

4927
04:30:05,200 --> 04:30:08,900
almost disappointing. 
First courses, always end too 

4928
04:30:08,900 --> 04:30:10,900
quickly. 
You've barely settled into the 

4929
04:30:10,900 --> 04:30:15,000
meals Rhythm and already the 
opening actors over You eat this

4930
04:30:15,008 --> 04:30:19,600
last oyster slowly trying to 
extend the experience more, 

4931
04:30:19,600 --> 04:30:23,300
lemon, more sauce. 
Hold it in your mouth, a moment 

4932
04:30:23,308 --> 04:30:25,600
longer. 
Let the flavors develop fully 

4933
04:30:25,600 --> 04:30:27,800
before. 
Swallowing your plate is now 

4934
04:30:27,808 --> 04:30:30,900
decorated with six. 
Empty shells arranged in a 

4935
04:30:30,900 --> 04:30:33,800
circle around the edge. 
The center is clean white 

4936
04:30:33,800 --> 04:30:36,200
porcelain. 
The visual effect is 

4937
04:30:36,200 --> 04:30:39,800
surprisingly pleasing. 
These organic irregular shells 

4938
04:30:39,800 --> 04:30:41,800
against the perfect manufactured
plate. 

4939
04:30:42,500 --> 04:30:43,800
It looks like an art 
installation. 

4940
04:30:43,800 --> 04:30:47,000
You'd see in a gallery if 
galleries existed for dinner 

4941
04:30:47,000 --> 04:30:49,800
courses, the butler has been 
waiting for this moment. 

4942
04:30:49,800 --> 04:30:52,200
The instant you set down your 
fork. 

4943
04:30:52,200 --> 04:30:53,800
He moves forward to collect your
plate. 

4944
04:30:54,600 --> 04:30:58,100
Your husband's plate is lifted 
at the same time, both plates 

4945
04:30:58,100 --> 04:31:01,700
disappear toward the sideboard, 
the oyster Forks, vanished too. 

4946
04:31:01,700 --> 04:31:06,200
Intense seconds, all evidence of
the first course is gone except 

4947
04:31:06,200 --> 04:31:07,500
the taste lingering in your 
mouth. 

4948
04:31:07,500 --> 04:31:10,800
A pause now. 
Maybe two minutes of nothing. 

4949
04:31:10,800 --> 04:31:15,200
This is intentional. 
The break between horses, gives 

4950
04:31:15,200 --> 04:31:19,100
your stomach time to register 
that food has arrived. it lets 

4951
04:31:19,100 --> 04:31:23,000
conversation resume if anyone 
has something to say, it builds 

4952
04:31:23,000 --> 04:31:24,800
anticipation for the next 
course. 

4953
04:31:25,700 --> 04:31:28,100
The victorians understand that 
eating is about timing. 

4954
04:31:28,100 --> 04:31:31,800
As much as taste, the butler 
returns carrying two plates that

4955
04:31:31,800 --> 04:31:34,200
are noticeably larger than the 
first course plates. 

4956
04:31:34,200 --> 04:31:37,600
These are dinner plates, proper 
dinner plates, the kind that 

4957
04:31:37,600 --> 04:31:39,200
could hold a reasonable amount 
of food. 

4958
04:31:39,200 --> 04:31:43,000
And they do, hold a reasonable 
amount of food arranged, of 

4959
04:31:43,000 --> 04:31:46,600
course with the Precision of a 
military formation, your plate 

4960
04:31:46,600 --> 04:31:50,100
arrives, first on it sits a 
portion of a roasted lamb 

4961
04:31:50,100 --> 04:31:53,100
sliced, thin, and arranged in an
overlapping pattern. 

4962
04:31:54,100 --> 04:31:58,000
Aside the lamb, a small, roasted
potatoes, their skins crisped 

4963
04:31:58,000 --> 04:32:01,500
and gleaming with butter. 
Green beans run alongside the 

4964
04:32:01,500 --> 04:32:04,100
potatoes arranged in a parallel 
line. 

4965
04:32:04,100 --> 04:32:07,000
A small pool of gravy sits in 
the plates. 

4966
04:32:07,000 --> 04:32:10,700
Curved dark, and glossy 
everything is positioned with 

4967
04:32:10,700 --> 04:32:14,700
geometric intentionality, the 
smell hits you before, you've 

4968
04:32:14,700 --> 04:32:16,500
even registered all the visual 
details. 

4969
04:32:16,500 --> 04:32:21,000
Roasted meat Rosemary, garlic 
butter and the Deep Savory 

4970
04:32:21,000 --> 04:32:23,200
Center of gravy made from pan 
dripping. 

4971
04:32:23,200 --> 04:32:26,600
This is the smell that makes 
your stomach suddenly remember, 

4972
04:32:26,600 --> 04:32:29,000
its hungry. 
The oysters were interesting. 

4973
04:32:29,000 --> 04:32:32,200
This is food your husband 
receives his plates 

4974
04:32:32,200 --> 04:32:35,700
simultaneously. 
His portion is noticeably larger

4975
04:32:35,700 --> 04:32:39,400
than yours about half again as 
much meat more potatoes. 

4976
04:32:40,300 --> 04:32:43,800
Nobody mentions this discrepancy
because the discrepancy is 

4977
04:32:43,808 --> 04:32:48,800
expected men, get larger 
portions women, get portion 

4978
04:32:48,800 --> 04:32:53,100
sized for their supposedly 
smaller appetites and definitely

4979
04:32:53,100 --> 04:32:56,500
smaller stomachs compressed. 
Buy corsets Whether you're 

4980
04:32:56,500 --> 04:32:59,800
actually less hungry than your 
husband is irrelevant new 

4981
04:32:59,800 --> 04:33:01,800
utensils have appeared beside 
your plate. 

4982
04:33:02,600 --> 04:33:05,099
A proper Denon knife and fork 
larger, and heavier than 

4983
04:33:05,099 --> 04:33:08,500
anything used in the first 
course, the knife has real 

4984
04:33:08,500 --> 04:33:11,599
weight to it. 
Fork, tines are sharp. 

4985
04:33:11,599 --> 04:33:15,099
These are serious. 
Eating implements, you arrange 

4986
04:33:15,099 --> 04:33:18,500
your napkin slightly making sure
it's positioned to catch any 

4987
04:33:18,500 --> 04:33:21,400
potential drips. 
Gravy has a way of finding 

4988
04:33:21,400 --> 04:33:24,200
shirts and dress bodices through
some kind of malicious 

4989
04:33:24,200 --> 04:33:26,800
navigation system. 
The napkin is your primary 

4990
04:33:26,800 --> 04:33:28,800
defense. 
The lamb has been cooked 

4991
04:33:28,800 --> 04:33:31,700
properly pink in the middle gray
at the Edge's. 

4992
04:33:31,700 --> 04:33:35,900
You can see this in the slice 
portion on your plate, the 

4993
04:33:35,900 --> 04:33:38,900
outside has that desirable 
crossed where herbs and heat 

4994
04:33:38,900 --> 04:33:42,099
combined to create something 
more delicious than the summer 

4995
04:33:42,099 --> 04:33:44,500
of its parts. 
You select a piece from the 

4996
04:33:44,500 --> 04:33:46,200
middle of the rangement and cut 
it carefully. 

4997
04:33:47,300 --> 04:33:49,599
The knife slides through with 
just the right amount of 

4998
04:33:49,599 --> 04:33:53,300
resistance, two, easy would 
mean, the meat is overcooked to 

4999
04:33:53,300 --> 04:33:56,599
difficult would mean its tough. 
This is exactly right. 

5000
04:33:56,599 --> 04:34:00,599
The first bite, combines lamb 
gravy and a small piece of 

5001
04:34:00,599 --> 04:34:03,200
potato. 
You've learned that food tastes 

5002
04:34:03,200 --> 04:34:05,300
better in combinations than in 
isolation. 

5003
04:34:06,400 --> 04:34:10,500
The lamb is tender and Rich with
the distinctive slightly gamey 

5004
04:34:10,500 --> 04:34:11,900
flavor. 
That separates it from beef. 

5005
04:34:12,599 --> 04:34:16,800
The gravy add salt and depth. 
Potato provides textural 

5006
04:34:16,800 --> 04:34:20,099
contrast and soaks up the gravy 
like an edible sponge. 

5007
04:34:20,099 --> 04:34:24,000
Your mouth is suddenly very 
happy across the table. 

5008
04:34:24,000 --> 04:34:26,599
Your husband is cutting his meat
with the focused. 

5009
04:34:26,599 --> 04:34:30,099
Attention of someone performing 
surgery men are taught to cut 

5010
04:34:30,099 --> 04:34:33,300
meat. 
Decisively one firm, motion per 

5011
04:34:33,300 --> 04:34:37,200
cut, women are taught to cut 
more delicately with multiple 

5012
04:34:37,200 --> 04:34:41,500
small soaring motions. 
If necessary these gendered 

5013
04:34:41,500 --> 04:34:43,800
cutting techniques are 
apparently important enough. 

5014
04:34:43,800 --> 04:34:46,900
That people write etiquette 
books, explaining them, the 

5015
04:34:46,900 --> 04:34:49,800
green beans are still slightly, 
crisp, dressed with butter and 

5016
04:34:49,800 --> 04:34:52,800
possibly, a touch of almond. 
You want to expecting the 

5017
04:34:52,800 --> 04:34:55,000
Almond. 
That's a nice surprise. 

5018
04:34:55,000 --> 04:34:59,300
The beans taste green and fresh 
despite being cooked. someone in

5019
04:34:59,300 --> 04:35:02,400
the kitchen understands 
vegetables, you eat methodically

5020
04:35:02,400 --> 04:35:06,099
working your way around the 
plate, a bite of lamb, a potato,

5021
04:35:06,099 --> 04:35:10,900
some beans, another bite of lamb
with gravy and doesn't matter. 

5022
04:35:10,900 --> 04:35:13,099
Exactly. 
But having some pattern to your 

5023
04:35:13,099 --> 04:35:15,599
eating looks better than 
randomly attacking whatever 

5024
04:35:15,599 --> 04:35:18,599
appears closest. 
Even eating alone with your 

5025
04:35:18,599 --> 04:35:22,500
husband appearances matter. 
The potatoes have been roasted 

5026
04:35:22,500 --> 04:35:24,300
in duck fat, if your palate is 
correct. 

5027
04:35:25,099 --> 04:35:27,500
They have that particular 
richness that butter alone 

5028
04:35:27,500 --> 04:35:30,400
doesn't provide? 
Their outsides a crispy. 

5029
04:35:30,400 --> 04:35:33,900
They're insights fluffy. 
They're possibly the best thing 

5030
04:35:33,900 --> 04:35:36,500
on the plate though. 
You'd never say this out loud. 

5031
04:35:37,300 --> 04:35:39,500
Admitting you prefer potatoes to
lamb. 

5032
04:35:39,500 --> 04:35:41,300
Would suggest your priorities 
are wrong. 

5033
04:35:41,300 --> 04:35:44,400
Your husband speaks for the 
first time since the main course

5034
04:35:44,400 --> 04:35:47,200
arrived. 
The lamb is very good tonight. 

5035
04:35:47,200 --> 04:35:50,000
You agree that the lamb is very 
good tonight. 

5036
04:35:50,900 --> 04:35:54,300
This exchange covers all 
necessary conversation about the

5037
04:35:54,300 --> 04:35:57,500
food going into more detail. 
Would suggest, your overly 

5038
04:35:57,500 --> 04:36:00,099
focused on eating, not 
commenting at all. 

5039
04:36:00,099 --> 04:36:03,700
Would suggest your ungrateful. 
This brief acknowledgment is The

5040
04:36:03,700 --> 04:36:06,599
Sweet Spot you're about halfway 
through your portion. 

5041
04:36:06,599 --> 04:36:09,900
When you realize you're eating 
too quickly, first courses 

5042
04:36:09,900 --> 04:36:11,500
should be eaten at a leisurely 
Pace. 

5043
04:36:11,500 --> 04:36:14,099
Main courses should be eaten at 
a pace. 

5044
04:36:14,099 --> 04:36:17,000
Suggesting your enjoying the 
food but not obsessed with it. 

5045
04:36:17,000 --> 04:36:21,099
You deliberately slow down 
setting your knife and fork on 

5046
04:36:21,099 --> 04:36:24,000
your plate between bites. 
This is the proper resting 

5047
04:36:24,000 --> 04:36:27,400
position knife and fork in an 
expat pattern on the plate. 

5048
04:36:28,200 --> 04:36:31,400
Setting them parallel with 
signal your finished and you're 

5049
04:36:31,400 --> 04:36:33,900
definitely not finished. 
The wine glasses have been 

5050
04:36:33,908 --> 04:36:38,300
filled red wine for the main 
course you didn't notice when 

5051
04:36:38,300 --> 04:36:40,700
this happened. 
The butler is a magician when he

5052
04:36:40,700 --> 04:36:44,200
wants to be The wine is a 
burgundy, you think or possibly 

5053
04:36:44,200 --> 04:36:47,200
a Claret? 
The victorians aren't as fussy 

5054
04:36:47,200 --> 04:36:50,500
about wine as the French, but 
they do understand that red wine

5055
04:36:50,500 --> 04:36:53,500
goes with red meat. 
You take a small sip. 

5056
04:36:54,200 --> 04:36:56,900
The wine is dry and slightly 
tannic with fruit notes. 

5057
04:36:56,900 --> 04:36:58,400
That complement the Lambs 
richness. 

5058
04:36:58,400 --> 04:37:01,700
Your husband is eating more 
quickly than you but not 

5059
04:37:01,700 --> 04:37:04,700
rapidly. 
His larger portion requires more

5060
04:37:04,700 --> 04:37:07,400
efficient, eating to finish in a
reasonable time frame. 

5061
04:37:07,400 --> 04:37:10,200
He's about three quarters 
through when you're still 

5062
04:37:10,207 --> 04:37:14,000
navigating your halfway point. 
This is normal these 

5063
04:37:14,000 --> 04:37:16,400
proportional timing differences 
work out naturally. 

5064
04:37:16,400 --> 04:37:18,099
If everyone eats at their proper
Pace. 

5065
04:37:18,099 --> 04:37:20,900
The gravy is becoming more 
important as the meal 

5066
04:37:20,900 --> 04:37:24,300
progresses. 
It started doesn't have now 

5067
04:37:24,300 --> 04:37:26,400
become the element that ties 
everything together. 

5068
04:37:27,200 --> 04:37:30,300
You find yourself deliberately 
saving some for the final bites 

5069
04:37:30,300 --> 04:37:32,599
running out of gravy before 
finishing. 

5070
04:37:32,599 --> 04:37:34,300
Your meat would be a small 
tragedy. 

5071
04:37:34,300 --> 04:37:37,099
The rooms temperature is 
increased slightly from the hot 

5072
04:37:37,099 --> 04:37:40,800
plate and the continuing fire. 
You're warm now but not 

5073
04:37:40,800 --> 04:37:42,900
uncomfortable. 
The wine helps. 

5074
04:37:42,900 --> 04:37:45,900
Everything is slightly blurred 
at the edges in that Pleasant 

5075
04:37:45,900 --> 04:37:49,500
way that good food and 
low-light, create a small piece 

5076
04:37:49,500 --> 04:37:50,900
of lamb. 
Resists your knife. 

5077
04:37:51,700 --> 04:37:54,900
You have to sort it slightly 
more than elegantly these 

5078
04:37:54,900 --> 04:37:58,200
moments happen. 
Nobody has invented meet that 

5079
04:37:58,200 --> 04:38:00,099
cuts perfectly every single 
time. 

5080
04:38:00,900 --> 04:38:03,300
You managed to separate the 
piece without anything. 

5081
04:38:03,300 --> 04:38:07,200
Sliding off your plate or making
dramatic knife, screeching 

5082
04:38:07,200 --> 04:38:11,000
sounds small victories. 
The potatoes are gone. 

5083
04:38:11,000 --> 04:38:14,099
You wait them, strategically 
spreading them throughout the 

5084
04:38:14,099 --> 04:38:16,200
meal instead of consuming them 
all at once. 

5085
04:38:16,200 --> 04:38:20,400
Now you missed them, the plate 
looks empty or without their 

5086
04:38:20,400 --> 04:38:23,900
gold and presents your husband 
sets down his utensils. 

5087
04:38:23,900 --> 04:38:27,800
In the finish position, parallel
across his plate, he is done, 

5088
04:38:27,800 --> 04:38:31,099
you're not quite done but close 
enough that finishing won't take

5089
04:38:31,099 --> 04:38:33,400
long. 
You work through your final few 

5090
04:38:33,400 --> 04:38:36,000
bites with the knowledge that 
the butler is probably preparing

5091
04:38:36,000 --> 04:38:39,500
to clear plates, the last bite 
of lamb swirled through 

5092
04:38:39,500 --> 04:38:42,800
remaining gravy accompanied by a
single green bean. 

5093
04:38:43,800 --> 04:38:45,700
You choose slowly tasting 
everything. 

5094
04:38:45,700 --> 04:38:50,000
One last time, then it's gone. 
Your plate is clean, except for 

5095
04:38:50,000 --> 04:38:53,800
smears of gravy and butter, your
Ranger knife and fork in the 

5096
04:38:53,800 --> 04:38:57,000
Finnish position. 
The Butler materializes Beside 

5097
04:38:57,000 --> 04:38:59,700
You both plates are lifted 
simultaneously. 

5098
04:38:59,700 --> 04:39:03,700
Your wine glasses remain, whine,
carries through multiple 

5099
04:39:03,700 --> 04:39:06,200
courses. 
The empty plates of vanished 

5100
04:39:06,200 --> 04:39:09,300
toward the sideboard, Another 
pause now. 

5101
04:39:09,300 --> 04:39:12,900
Longer this time, you've eaten, 
the substantial part of the 

5102
04:39:12,900 --> 04:39:15,900
evening's meal. 
What comes next is supplementary

5103
04:39:15,900 --> 04:39:17,900
the break. 
After the main course. 

5104
04:39:17,900 --> 04:39:20,000
Feels different from the break 
after oysters. 

5105
04:39:20,000 --> 04:39:22,900
Your stomach is genuinely 
satisfied. 

5106
04:39:22,900 --> 04:39:27,500
Now, the slightly frantic Edge 
that hunger creates as vanished 

5107
04:39:28,400 --> 04:39:29,700
You're in that comfortable 
state? 

5108
04:39:29,700 --> 04:39:32,400
Where more food sounds pleasant 
but not necessary. 

5109
04:39:32,400 --> 04:39:35,099
Your husband adjusts his 
position in his chair. 

5110
04:39:35,099 --> 04:39:38,600
Settling back slightly. 
This is as casual as he'll get 

5111
04:39:38,608 --> 04:39:41,000
during dinner. 
He's not sprawling or anything 

5112
04:39:41,000 --> 04:39:43,700
undignified. 
He still upright, still proper. 

5113
04:39:43,700 --> 04:39:46,100
But the ramrod posture is 
softened. 

5114
04:39:46,100 --> 04:39:50,600
You do the same, nobody mention 
this shift but you both felled. 

5115
04:39:50,600 --> 04:39:52,900
It happened. 
The wine gets attention now that

5116
04:39:52,900 --> 04:39:54,600
food isn't competing for your 
focus. 

5117
04:39:55,600 --> 04:39:59,000
You lift your glass and really 
look at the wine examining its 

5118
04:39:59,000 --> 04:40:02,800
color in the candlelight. 
It's a deep red almost purple at

5119
04:40:02,800 --> 04:40:06,200
the edges. 
The victorians have opinions 

5120
04:40:06,200 --> 04:40:08,900
about wine appreciation that 
they've absorbed from French 

5121
04:40:08,900 --> 04:40:12,600
culture holding wine up to the 
light and contemplating its 

5122
04:40:12,600 --> 04:40:15,700
seriously as part of the 
performance, you take a sip. 

5123
04:40:15,700 --> 04:40:20,000
The wine is opened up since you 
first tasted it, whatever towns 

5124
04:40:20,000 --> 04:40:23,000
were sharp before of mellowed, 
the fruit flavors are more 

5125
04:40:23,000 --> 04:40:27,100
prominent You're not a wine 
expert by any stretch but you 

5126
04:40:27,100 --> 04:40:31,100
can tell this is decent Wine, 
Not spectacular, but certainly 

5127
04:40:31,100 --> 04:40:34,200
good enough for a family dinner,
your husband is looking at you 

5128
04:40:34,200 --> 04:40:37,100
with the expression that means 
he's about to start an actual 

5129
04:40:37,100 --> 04:40:40,300
conversation. 
The earlier comment about lamb 

5130
04:40:40,300 --> 04:40:42,300
was ritual. 
This will be real. 

5131
04:40:42,300 --> 04:40:46,400
I spoke with Matthews today 
about the property Matthews is 

5132
04:40:46,400 --> 04:40:49,300
your solicitor. 
The property is a small house. 

5133
04:40:49,300 --> 04:40:51,300
You're considering purchasing as
an investment. 

5134
04:40:52,000 --> 04:40:54,900
This is the kind of discussion 
that happens during the post 

5135
04:40:54,900 --> 04:40:58,100
main course lull. 
Business talk is acceptable. 

5136
04:40:58,100 --> 04:41:01,100
Now, it wouldn't have been 
during oysters and it won't be 

5137
04:41:01,108 --> 04:41:04,200
during Desert. 
But right now in the brake 

5138
04:41:04,200 --> 04:41:08,800
practical matters can emerge. 
You ask what Matthew said, Your 

5139
04:41:08,800 --> 04:41:12,100
husband explained some detail 
about deeds and surveys and 

5140
04:41:12,100 --> 04:41:15,200
structural assessments. 
You're listening, but also 

5141
04:41:15,200 --> 04:41:17,900
thinking about how strange it 
is, that major financial 

5142
04:41:17,900 --> 04:41:22,100
decisions get discussed across 
eight feet of dining table over,

5143
04:41:22,100 --> 04:41:26,300
dirty plates and wine glasses. 
But this is when husbands and 

5144
04:41:26,308 --> 04:41:30,100
wives often have uninterrupted 
time together, the dining room 

5145
04:41:30,100 --> 04:41:33,600
becomes an office by default. 
The conversation continues for 

5146
04:41:33,600 --> 04:41:36,200
several minutes. 
You offer opinions about the 

5147
04:41:36,200 --> 04:41:39,600
properties location. 
Your husband mentioned concerned

5148
04:41:39,600 --> 04:41:43,500
about drainage You both agree 
that Matthews should proceed 

5149
04:41:43,500 --> 04:41:45,900
with the structural assessment. 
Before any offer is made. 

5150
04:41:45,900 --> 04:41:48,600
This is partnership in Victorian
marriage. 

5151
04:41:49,300 --> 04:41:52,100
Collaborative decision-making, 
conducted with formal 

5152
04:41:52,100 --> 04:41:54,500
politeness. 
The butler is waiting somewhere 

5153
04:41:54,500 --> 04:41:57,400
in the periphery. 
He can hear every word of this 

5154
04:41:57,400 --> 04:42:01,700
conversation servants, always, 
can everyone pretends they 

5155
04:42:01,700 --> 04:42:06,200
can't, but they absolutely can. 
Your private discussions about 

5156
04:42:06,200 --> 04:42:08,600
property and money are being 
absorbed by a man who will 

5157
04:42:08,600 --> 04:42:11,600
repeat nothing, but remember, 
everything, you finish your 

5158
04:42:11,600 --> 04:42:14,300
wine. 
The butler appears instantly to 

5159
04:42:14,300 --> 04:42:16,700
refill the glass. 
This timing can't be 

5160
04:42:16,700 --> 04:42:19,000
coincidence. 
He's been watching without 

5161
04:42:19,000 --> 04:42:21,500
appearing to watch. 
Your glass is never empty. 

5162
04:42:21,500 --> 04:42:24,400
Your husband's glass is never 
empty. 

5163
04:42:24,400 --> 04:42:28,000
This is the standard, the 
household, maintains the 

5164
04:42:28,000 --> 04:42:30,500
conversation, shifts to social 
obligations. 

5165
04:42:30,500 --> 04:42:34,500
There's a dinner party next week
at the Hendersons, your expected

5166
04:42:34,500 --> 04:42:37,300
to attend. 
Neither of you is particularly 

5167
04:42:37,300 --> 04:42:40,700
enthused about this but 
attendance is mandatory, the 

5168
04:42:40,700 --> 04:42:44,200
Hendersons are connected to 
people who matter not attending 

5169
04:42:44,200 --> 04:42:47,000
would be noticed. 
Being noticed for absence is 

5170
04:42:47,000 --> 04:42:49,400
never good. 
Your husband mentioned that 

5171
04:42:49,400 --> 04:42:52,200
Henderson's son is a courting, 
the Thompson girl. 

5172
04:42:52,200 --> 04:42:55,400
This is Gossip which is 
technically beneath formal 

5173
04:42:55,400 --> 04:42:58,500
dinner conversation, but you're 
only two people and nobody's 

5174
04:42:58,500 --> 04:43:02,200
keeping score. 
The Thompson girl is perfectly 

5175
04:43:02,200 --> 04:43:06,000
nice but not well connected. 
Hendersons can do better. 

5176
04:43:06,000 --> 04:43:08,900
You both agree on this without 
saying it directly? 

5177
04:43:08,900 --> 04:43:12,600
The victorians have perfected. 
The art of judgmental 

5178
04:43:12,600 --> 04:43:15,300
implication more wine appears in
your glass. 

5179
04:43:15,300 --> 04:43:18,600
Your surprised to realize you've
finished the previous serving 

5180
04:43:18,600 --> 04:43:21,100
already. 
The wine is working its way 

5181
04:43:21,100 --> 04:43:24,500
through your system, creating a 
pleasant warmth that has nothing

5182
04:43:24,500 --> 04:43:28,000
to do with the fire. 
Everything is slightly softer 

5183
04:43:28,000 --> 04:43:30,300
now. 
The candlelight seems warmer 

5184
04:43:30,300 --> 04:43:33,700
your husband's face across the 
table looks younger somehow. 

5185
04:43:33,700 --> 04:43:37,700
The discussion meanders to 
household matters, the carpets 

5186
04:43:37,700 --> 04:43:39,200
in the morning, room need 
replacing. 

5187
04:43:39,200 --> 04:43:42,400
There's a persistent draft in 
the upstairs hallway that nobody

5188
04:43:42,400 --> 04:43:45,100
can locate. 
The cold delivery man has 

5189
04:43:45,100 --> 04:43:47,400
started arriving at inconvenient
times. 

5190
04:43:47,400 --> 04:43:50,100
These are the mundane details 
that fill. 

5191
04:43:50,100 --> 04:43:52,600
Actual marriage is behind all 
the formality. 

5192
04:43:52,600 --> 04:43:55,800
You're not just discussing 
property Investments and social 

5193
04:43:55,800 --> 04:43:59,000
obligations. 
Your figuring out how to keep a 

5194
04:43:59,000 --> 04:44:01,700
household running, your husband 
Smiles at something. 

5195
04:44:01,700 --> 04:44:03,300
You said about the cold 
delivery, man. 

5196
04:44:03,300 --> 04:44:06,200
A real smile, not the plight in 
a smile. 

5197
04:44:07,000 --> 04:44:10,000
These moments of genuine 
connection happen in the spaces 

5198
04:44:10,000 --> 04:44:13,700
between formal Behavior. 
You're performing dinner but 

5199
04:44:13,700 --> 04:44:16,300
you're also just two people 
talking about your lives. 

5200
04:44:16,300 --> 04:44:18,700
The butler shifts position 
slightly. 

5201
04:44:19,500 --> 04:44:21,800
This is the signal that the 
kitchen is ready for the next 

5202
04:44:21,800 --> 04:44:24,700
course, the social interlude is 
ending. 

5203
04:44:24,700 --> 04:44:27,200
You feel it without anyone 
announcing it. 

5204
04:44:28,100 --> 04:44:29,900
The evenings rhythm is. 
Pulling you forward. 

5205
04:44:29,900 --> 04:44:34,100
You straighten slightly in your 
chair, your husband notices and 

5206
04:44:34,100 --> 04:44:36,600
does the same. 
The brief relaxation is over 

5207
04:44:36,600 --> 04:44:39,700
desert is coming and desert 
requires. 

5208
04:44:39,700 --> 04:44:42,900
Its own form of attention. 
The butler approaches with two 

5209
04:44:42,900 --> 04:44:45,700
smaller plates. 
Deserters arrived with the 

5210
04:44:45,700 --> 04:44:49,400
formality of a diplomatic Envoy.
The plates are clean white, 

5211
04:44:49,400 --> 04:44:51,700
porcelain different from any 
use. 

5212
04:44:51,700 --> 04:44:54,600
So far this evening. 
The victorians believed that 

5213
04:44:54,600 --> 04:44:56,300
courses deserve their own 
dishes. 

5214
04:44:57,300 --> 04:44:59,700
Using the same plate for 
multiple courses, would be like 

5215
04:44:59,700 --> 04:45:02,900
wearing the same shoes to a 
wedding and a funeral, tonight's

5216
04:45:02,900 --> 04:45:06,200
desert is trifle. 
You can see it constructed in a 

5217
04:45:06,208 --> 04:45:10,100
small Crystal Bowl layers of 
sponge cake, soaked in Sherry 

5218
04:45:10,100 --> 04:45:14,600
custard jam and whipped cream. 
The bowl itself is possibly more

5219
04:45:14,600 --> 04:45:16,200
valuable than the food. 
Inside it. 

5220
04:45:16,900 --> 04:45:19,900
The cream on top has been 
smoothed with the flat edge of a

5221
04:45:19,900 --> 04:45:22,700
knife, creating a pristine White
surface. 

5222
04:45:23,600 --> 04:45:26,200
A single candied, Violet sits in
the center. 

5223
04:45:26,200 --> 04:45:30,200
Purple and delicate. 
A dessert spoon appears beside 

5224
04:45:30,200 --> 04:45:33,700
the bowl, small, and elegant 
with a rounded Bowl instead of 

5225
04:45:33,700 --> 04:45:37,200
the oval shape of soup Spoons. 
The victorians have different 

5226
04:45:37,200 --> 04:45:39,500
spoons for every possible eating
scenario. 

5227
04:45:39,500 --> 04:45:43,300
There's probably a specific 
spoon for eating trifle. 

5228
04:45:43,300 --> 04:45:46,600
That's distinct from the spoon 
for eating custard directly 

5229
04:45:46,600 --> 04:45:48,400
though. 
You can't imagine what the 

5230
04:45:48,408 --> 04:45:51,100
difference would be. 
You lift the spoon and break 

5231
04:45:51,100 --> 04:45:52,600
through the whipped cream 
surface. 

5232
04:45:52,600 --> 04:45:56,700
The layers reveal themselves, as
you dig down, the custard is 

5233
04:45:56,700 --> 04:46:00,400
pale, yellow. 
And the jam is dark red possibly

5234
04:46:00,400 --> 04:46:03,200
raspberry. 
The cake at the bottom, has 

5235
04:46:03,200 --> 04:46:06,800
absorbed Sherry and turned 
slightly in exactly the way 

5236
04:46:06,800 --> 04:46:11,500
trifle is supposed to be soggy. 
First bite is intensely, sweet. 

5237
04:46:12,600 --> 04:46:15,400
After the Savory land and 
mineral oil oysters, the 

5238
04:46:15,400 --> 04:46:18,100
sweetness is almost shocking, 
your palate. 

5239
04:46:18,100 --> 04:46:21,800
Needs a moment to recalibrate 
then the flavors sort themselves

5240
04:46:21,800 --> 04:46:24,300
out. 
The cream is Rich and barely 

5241
04:46:24,300 --> 04:46:27,000
sweet. 
The custard is vanilla heavy. 

5242
04:46:27,000 --> 04:46:31,300
The jam provides tart fruit 
notes and the Sherry soaked 

5243
04:46:31,300 --> 04:46:35,300
cake, adds boozy depth. 
This is not subtle food. 

5244
04:46:35,300 --> 04:46:39,200
This is a celebration in a bowl.
Your husband is eating his 

5245
04:46:39,200 --> 04:46:41,600
trifle with the focused 
attention of someone who 

5246
04:46:41,600 --> 04:46:45,300
genuinely enjoys desert. 
He's not performing for 

5247
04:46:45,300 --> 04:46:47,500
enjoyment. 
He actually likes this. 

5248
04:46:48,400 --> 04:46:51,400
You can tell by how carefully 
he's constructing each spoonful,

5249
04:46:51,400 --> 04:46:54,000
making sure to get some of every
layer. 

5250
04:46:54,700 --> 04:46:57,300
The candied Violet on top of 
your trifle, turns out to be 

5251
04:46:57,308 --> 04:47:00,300
completely edible. 
You expected it to be 

5252
04:47:00,300 --> 04:47:03,400
decorative, but when you taste 
it cautiously, it's actually 

5253
04:47:03,400 --> 04:47:07,900
quite nice floral without being 
perfume, like, slightly crunchy 

5254
04:47:07,900 --> 04:47:11,100
from the sugar coating. 
You eat it, slowly letting it 

5255
04:47:11,100 --> 04:47:14,200
dissolve on your tongue, eating 
trifold creates a kind of 

5256
04:47:14,200 --> 04:47:18,100
archaeological dig in Reverse, 
your deconstructing the layers 

5257
04:47:18,100 --> 04:47:20,800
with each spoonful. 
Working your way down through 

5258
04:47:20,800 --> 04:47:24,400
cream and custard and jam until 
you reach the foundation of 

5259
04:47:24,400 --> 04:47:28,300
Sherry soaked cake. 
The cake is almost putting like 

5260
04:47:28,300 --> 04:47:30,200
now, barely holding its 
structure. 

5261
04:47:30,200 --> 04:47:33,100
It dissolves in your mouth, more
than being chewed. 

5262
04:47:33,100 --> 04:47:36,700
This cherry flavor becomes more 
prominent as you go deeper. 

5263
04:47:37,500 --> 04:47:39,600
Someone in the kitchen was not 
shy with the bottle. 

5264
04:47:39,600 --> 04:47:43,400
This trifle could probably get 
you slightly Tipsy if you ate 

5265
04:47:43,400 --> 04:47:45,900
enough of it. 
Combined with the wine you've 

5266
04:47:45,900 --> 04:47:48,900
been drinking all evening, 
you're definitely feeling warmer

5267
04:47:48,900 --> 04:47:50,500
and more relaxed than you were 
at the meals. 

5268
04:47:50,500 --> 04:47:54,000
Beginning, your husband finishes
his trifle before you finish 

5269
04:47:54,000 --> 04:47:56,300
yours. 
This is becoming a pattern. 

5270
04:47:57,400 --> 04:48:00,000
He sets his spoon in the empty 
bowl with a satisfied 

5271
04:48:00,000 --> 04:48:02,300
expression. 
You'll still working through 

5272
04:48:02,300 --> 04:48:05,400
your bottom layers, savoring, 
the last few bites. 

5273
04:48:05,400 --> 04:48:08,300
The dining room feels Cozier now
than it did earlier. 

5274
04:48:09,100 --> 04:48:12,000
The candles have burned down 
slightly creating softer light. 

5275
04:48:12,000 --> 04:48:16,200
The fire has settled into steady
warmth rather than active Heat. 

5276
04:48:17,300 --> 04:48:20,300
Outside the curtained windows, 
London is fully dark. 

5277
04:48:20,900 --> 04:48:23,600
Your isolated in this warm 
bubble of food and Light. 

5278
04:48:24,300 --> 04:48:27,700
Final spoonful of trifle is 
mostly just soaked cake and jam.

5279
04:48:28,500 --> 04:48:30,900
Cream and custard a long gone, 
you eat it. 

5280
04:48:30,900 --> 04:48:33,600
Slowly knowing that finishing 
the bite marks, the end of the 

5281
04:48:33,600 --> 04:48:37,400
formal meal. 
Once the desert is gone, dinner 

5282
04:48:37,400 --> 04:48:40,500
is officially over. 
What comes next is a different 

5283
04:48:40,500 --> 04:48:43,800
part of the evening entirely. 
You set your spoon in the empty 

5284
04:48:43,800 --> 04:48:45,800
bowl. 
The butler has been waiting for 

5285
04:48:45,800 --> 04:48:48,900
this moment. 
Both dessert bowls are cleared. 

5286
04:48:48,900 --> 04:48:51,800
The wine glasses, remain still, 
half full. 

5287
04:48:51,800 --> 04:48:55,300
The table is now clear except 
for these glasses and the 

5288
04:48:55,300 --> 04:48:57,800
centerpiece that has been 
presiding over the meal, like a 

5289
04:48:57,800 --> 04:49:01,300
small floral dignitary, your 
husband stands first. 

5290
04:49:02,200 --> 04:49:04,400
This is the signal that has 
concluded. 

5291
04:49:05,100 --> 04:49:07,900
You stand as well. 
Carefully navigating the weight 

5292
04:49:07,900 --> 04:49:11,800
of your skirts and the slight 
whining induced unsteadiness in 

5293
04:49:11,800 --> 04:49:14,100
your legs. 
You've been sitting for nearly 

5294
04:49:14,100 --> 04:49:17,200
90 minutes. 
Standing feels strange. 

5295
04:49:17,200 --> 04:49:20,900
The butler has already moved to 
the door ready to open it for 

5296
04:49:20,900 --> 04:49:23,800
your exit. 
Nobody says the meal is over. 

5297
04:49:23,800 --> 04:49:27,800
The meal is simply over because 
people are standing and moving 

5298
04:49:27,800 --> 04:49:30,500
toward the door. 
The butler understands this 

5299
04:49:30,500 --> 04:49:33,900
language perfectly, you process 
out of the dining room with your

5300
04:49:33,900 --> 04:49:37,000
husband returning to the drawing
room, where the evening began. 

5301
04:49:38,100 --> 04:49:40,000
The fire here has been 
maintained during dinner. 

5302
04:49:40,800 --> 04:49:43,200
Someone came in while you were 
eating and added coal and 

5303
04:49:43,200 --> 04:49:45,700
adjusted. 
The logs, the room is warm and 

5304
04:49:45,700 --> 04:49:48,100
inviting this is the hour for 
coffee. 

5305
04:49:48,100 --> 04:49:51,100
And after dinner drinks, the 
drawing room has been set for 

5306
04:49:51,100 --> 04:49:55,300
this purpose, a coffee service, 
on a side table, small cups and 

5307
04:49:55,300 --> 04:49:59,800
saucers sugar and cream, a 
decanter of ports, its nearby 

5308
04:49:59,800 --> 04:50:03,100
for your husband. 
Brandy too, probably though, you

5309
04:50:03,100 --> 04:50:04,500
can't see it from where you're 
standing. 

5310
04:50:04,508 --> 04:50:08,200
You settle in to a chair near 
the fire, a different chair than

5311
04:50:08,200 --> 04:50:10,700
before dinner. 
That chair was for waiting. 

5312
04:50:10,700 --> 04:50:15,200
This chair is for digesting. 
The distinction feels important,

5313
04:50:15,200 --> 04:50:18,800
even if you can't explain 
exactly why the Parlor. 

5314
04:50:18,800 --> 04:50:22,000
Maid appears with coffee, she 
pauses silently and add sugar 

5315
04:50:22,000 --> 04:50:23,700
and cream. 
According to your preference is 

5316
04:50:23,700 --> 04:50:27,400
without asking everyone in the 
household knows how you take 

5317
04:50:27,400 --> 04:50:30,600
coffee. 
This information is filed away 

5318
04:50:30,600 --> 04:50:33,400
and servant, memory banks and 
retrieved whenever necessary, 

5319
04:50:33,400 --> 04:50:36,800
the coffee is strong and hot 
just below scolding. 

5320
04:50:37,500 --> 04:50:39,900
You hold the cup carefully, 
letting the heat, warm your 

5321
04:50:39,900 --> 04:50:42,300
hands. 
The coffee's bitterness cuts, 

5322
04:50:42,300 --> 04:50:44,600
through the residual. 
Sweetness from the trifle. 

5323
04:50:45,100 --> 04:50:47,700
Your palate is resetting 
preparing for the evenings. 

5324
04:50:47,700 --> 04:50:51,000
Next phase, your husband takes 
his port to a chair across from 

5325
04:50:51,000 --> 04:50:53,300
you. 
Port is what gentleman drink 

5326
04:50:53,300 --> 04:50:56,100
after dinner? 
Sweet and fortified, and 

5327
04:50:56,100 --> 04:50:59,800
probably completely unnecessary 
after wine and Sherry soaked, 

5328
04:50:59,800 --> 04:51:03,900
trifle the tradition demands. 
It He'll sip it slowly for the 

5329
04:51:03,900 --> 04:51:05,800
next half. 
Hour, possibly reading the 

5330
04:51:05,800 --> 04:51:08,200
newspaper again, or simply 
staring into the fire. 

5331
04:51:08,200 --> 04:51:11,600
This post dinnertime is quieter 
than the meal itself. 

5332
04:51:12,900 --> 04:51:16,900
Performance pressure, ZZ you 
fulfilled the days formal dining

5333
04:51:16,900 --> 04:51:19,400
obligation. 
What you do now is more 

5334
04:51:19,400 --> 04:51:23,500
flexible, you might do 
needlework read, write letters, 

5335
04:51:23,500 --> 04:51:27,700
have actual conversation. 
Or simply sit in companionable 

5336
04:51:27,700 --> 04:51:32,200
silence, digesting and thinking 
about nothing in particular, the

5337
04:51:32,200 --> 04:51:33,800
house is settling into its 
evening. 

5338
04:51:33,800 --> 04:51:36,700
Routine around you. 
You can hear distant sound 

5339
04:51:36,700 --> 04:51:39,300
servants. 
Clearing the dining room washing

5340
04:51:39,300 --> 04:51:42,200
dishes in the skullery and 
preparing tomorrow's breakfast 

5341
04:51:42,200 --> 04:51:45,200
items. 
The household runs on a schedule

5342
04:51:45,200 --> 04:51:47,700
that never stops while you're 
resting. 

5343
04:51:47,700 --> 04:51:50,700
Other people are working. 
This is simply how things 

5344
04:51:50,700 --> 04:51:53,300
function. 
Your corset is noticeably 

5345
04:51:53,300 --> 04:51:55,900
uncomfortable. 
Now, it was fine during dinner 

5346
04:51:55,900 --> 04:51:57,800
fine. 
Even during Desert, but now that

5347
04:51:57,800 --> 04:52:00,500
you're sitting quietly, it's 
pressing against your full 

5348
04:52:00,500 --> 04:52:03,200
stomach. 
You shift position carefully 

5349
04:52:03,200 --> 04:52:05,800
trying to find an angle that 
provides relief without looking 

5350
04:52:05,800 --> 04:52:08,200
like you're squirming. 
This is the price of 

5351
04:52:08,200 --> 04:52:09,600
fashionable. 
Silhouette. 

5352
04:52:09,600 --> 04:52:13,000
The coffee cup is empty. 
You can consider a second cup 

5353
04:52:13,000 --> 04:52:15,200
but decide against it too much 
coffee. 

5354
04:52:15,200 --> 04:52:18,700
This late will keep you awake. 
You have that slightly over full

5355
04:52:18,700 --> 04:52:20,400
feeling that comes from eating a
proper. 

5356
04:52:20,400 --> 04:52:23,500
Multi-course meal, not 
uncomfortable, exactly. 

5357
04:52:23,500 --> 04:52:26,300
But definitely aware that your 
stomach is occupied. 

5358
04:52:26,300 --> 04:52:29,600
Your husband has set aside his 
Port glass and picked up a book.

5359
04:52:29,600 --> 04:52:33,400
He's not really reading it. 
He's just open to a random page 

5360
04:52:33,400 --> 04:52:35,500
and is staring at word without 
absorbing them. 

5361
04:52:35,500 --> 04:52:39,900
This is his version of winding 
down let the food settle. 

5362
04:52:39,900 --> 04:52:44,800
Let the wine metabolize. 
Transition slowly from the 

5363
04:52:44,800 --> 04:52:46,900
formal evening to actual night 
time. 

5364
04:52:46,900 --> 04:52:49,800
The clock on the mantle shows 
half past 8:00. 

5365
04:52:50,400 --> 04:52:52,700
Two hours ago, you are upstairs 
dressing for dinner. 

5366
04:52:52,700 --> 04:52:56,500
Now, dinner is over and the 
evening is settling into its 

5367
04:52:56,500 --> 04:52:59,600
final phase. 
In another hour, you'll begin 

5368
04:52:59,600 --> 04:53:03,000
preparing for bed. 
The days formal activities are 

5369
04:53:03,000 --> 04:53:04,900
complete. 
You Close Your Eyes For a 

5370
04:53:04,908 --> 04:53:07,400
Moment, listening to the fire 
crackle and the house. 

5371
04:53:07,400 --> 04:53:11,300
Breathe The evening has been 
exactly what every evening is. 

5372
04:53:11,300 --> 04:53:14,600
A careful performance of 
propriety and routine. 

5373
04:53:14,600 --> 04:53:18,500
Nothing, exciting happened. 
Nothing was supposed to happen. 

5374
04:53:18,500 --> 04:53:22,400
The success of the evening lies,
precisely, and how ordinary it 

5375
04:53:22,400 --> 04:53:23,600
was. 
The drawing room. 

5376
04:53:23,600 --> 04:53:27,100
Fire is dying down to Embers. 
The rumors taken on that. 

5377
04:53:27,100 --> 04:53:30,100
Late evening Stillness, where 
even movement feels like it 

5378
04:53:30,100 --> 04:53:33,300
should be slow, and deliberate 
Your husband has closed his 

5379
04:53:33,300 --> 04:53:35,800
book, you've set aside your 
needlework. 

5380
04:53:35,800 --> 04:53:38,900
The evening is winding down 
through mutual unspoken 

5381
04:53:38,900 --> 04:53:41,300
agreement. 
This is the time when the formal

5382
04:53:41,300 --> 04:53:43,000
parts of your personas Fall 
Away. 

5383
04:53:43,000 --> 04:53:47,300
Your both tired from the day 
comfortable from the meal and 

5384
04:53:47,300 --> 04:53:51,100
slightly fuzzy from the wine. 
The need to maintain perfect to 

5385
04:53:51,100 --> 04:53:54,100
Portman to his faded. 
You can slout slightly in your 

5386
04:53:54,108 --> 04:53:56,600
chair, you can loosen his 
college just a bit. 

5387
04:53:57,400 --> 04:53:59,300
Nobody's watching any more 
accepting each other. 

5388
04:53:59,300 --> 04:54:02,500
And you've seen each other at 
far less dignified moments than 

5389
04:54:02,500 --> 04:54:04,500
this. 
The house is quieter. 

5390
04:54:04,500 --> 04:54:08,500
Now, the kitchen sounds of 
ceased the Servants of finished,

5391
04:54:08,500 --> 04:54:11,100
their dinner service duties and 
moved on to their own evening 

5392
04:54:11,100 --> 04:54:13,900
routines. 
Soon, the down stairs will be 

5393
04:54:13,908 --> 04:54:16,800
locked up for the night. 
The routine is so established 

5394
04:54:16,800 --> 04:54:19,900
that it happens without anyone 
needing to coordinate it. 

5395
04:54:19,900 --> 04:54:23,600
You think about the meal in 
retrospect the oysters that 

5396
04:54:23,600 --> 04:54:26,500
started everything. 
The lamb that formed the heart 

5397
04:54:26,500 --> 04:54:31,200
of it, Trifle that concluded it,
the wine that accompanied it all

5398
04:54:31,200 --> 04:54:35,000
this same pattern repeats, most 
evenings with variations 

5399
04:54:35,000 --> 04:54:37,900
different first courses, 
different Meats, different 

5400
04:54:37,900 --> 04:54:42,000
desserts but the structure 
remains constant, the ritual 

5401
04:54:42,000 --> 04:54:45,500
doesn't change just because the 
specific foods do your husband 

5402
04:54:45,500 --> 04:54:49,700
stands and stretches slightly. 
This is his signal that he's 

5403
04:54:49,700 --> 04:54:53,500
ready to retire for the evening,
you stand as well, feeling the 

5404
04:54:53,500 --> 04:54:56,100
full weight of your dinner, 
pressing against your corset. 

5405
04:54:56,900 --> 04:54:58,900
Tomorrow, you'll face these same
rituals again. 

5406
04:54:59,600 --> 04:55:02,100
Dressing for dinner, the 
procession to the dining room. 

5407
04:55:02,100 --> 04:55:04,200
The careful choreography of 
eating. 

5408
04:55:04,200 --> 04:55:07,600
It's exhausting and it's way all
these performance. 

5409
04:55:07,600 --> 04:55:12,000
But there's also comfort in it 
You know exactly what to expect,

5410
04:55:12,000 --> 04:55:16,200
the boundaries are clear, the 
rules are established, you don't

5411
04:55:16,208 --> 04:55:20,000
have to wonder what comes next 
or how to behave the script is 

5412
04:55:20,000 --> 04:55:22,000
written. 
You just have to follow it 

5413
04:55:22,000 --> 04:55:24,000
together. 
You leave the drawing room and 

5414
04:55:24,000 --> 04:55:26,000
climb the stairs to your 
respective dressing rooms 

5415
04:55:26,000 --> 04:55:28,900
tomorrow night. 
You'll do this again and the 

5416
04:55:28,900 --> 04:55:31,100
night after that, and the night 
after that. 

5417
04:55:31,900 --> 04:55:35,600
Dinner at 7:00 multiple courses.
Proper utensils. 

5418
04:55:35,600 --> 04:55:39,100
Perfect posture. 
This is life in a Victorian 

5419
04:55:39,100 --> 04:55:41,100
household. 
This is what dinner? 

5420
04:55:41,100 --> 04:55:44,000
Really feels like The Gaslight 
in the hallway. 

5421
04:55:44,000 --> 04:55:48,100
Cast Long Shadows, as you walk. 
Your footsteps are muffled by 

5422
04:55:48,100 --> 04:55:50,900
carpet. 
The house is preparing for sleep

5423
04:55:50,900 --> 04:55:54,900
and so are you behind you, the 
dining room stands, empty the 

5424
04:55:54,900 --> 04:55:58,400
table already cleared and reset 
for tomorrow's breakfast, the 

5425
04:55:58,400 --> 04:56:01,900
cycle, never stops the 
performance, simply pauses until

5426
04:56:01,900 --> 04:56:05,200
the next meal, you reach your 
dressing room and the woman who 

5427
04:56:05,200 --> 04:56:07,300
dressed you for dinner appears 
to help you undress. 

5428
04:56:08,000 --> 04:56:10,300
The buttons get unfastened in 
reverse order. 

5429
04:56:11,100 --> 04:56:13,100
The heavy evening dress is 
lifted away. 

5430
04:56:14,100 --> 04:56:16,300
The corset loosens with blessed 
relief. 

5431
04:56:16,300 --> 04:56:20,000
Your breathing deepens 
immediately you put on your 

5432
04:56:20,000 --> 04:56:22,900
night dress, soft cotton, 
comfortable completely 

5433
04:56:22,900 --> 04:56:25,300
unpresentable. 
This is who you are when 

5434
04:56:25,300 --> 04:56:28,400
nobody's watching in bed. 
Finally, the days formal 

5435
04:56:28,400 --> 04:56:31,700
activities received. 
The Dinner becomes just another 

5436
04:56:31,700 --> 04:56:33,600
dinner in an endless series of 
dinners. 

5437
04:56:34,400 --> 04:56:37,000
But while you were in it, while 
you were sitting at that table, 

5438
04:56:37,000 --> 04:56:40,400
with Candlelight and warm plates
and wine, it was the entire 

5439
04:56:40,400 --> 04:56:43,000
world. 
That's the strange thing about 

5440
04:56:43,000 --> 04:56:45,700
routine. 
Each iteration feels both 

5441
04:56:45,700 --> 04:56:49,700
insignificant and somehow 
important you close your eyes 

5442
04:56:49,700 --> 04:56:52,300
and let the evening Fade to 
tomorrow will bring the same 

5443
04:56:52,300 --> 04:56:55,600
paths. 
Dressing dining performing being

5444
04:56:55,600 --> 04:56:57,500
the proper. 
Victorian person, you're 

5445
04:56:57,500 --> 04:57:00,900
supposed to be But for now 
you're just tired and full and 

5446
04:57:00,900 --> 04:57:03,600
ready for sleep. 
The house settles into complete 

5447
04:57:03,600 --> 04:57:06,100
quiet, even the servants are 
still now. 

5448
04:57:06,100 --> 04:57:10,500
Outside London continues, its 
noisy existence but in here 

5449
04:57:10,500 --> 04:57:13,600
everything has stopped The 
dining room, waits in darkness 

5450
04:57:13,608 --> 04:57:17,400
for tomorrow's breakfast. 
The drawing room, fire burns 

5451
04:57:17,400 --> 04:57:20,200
down to Ash. 
The whole, elaborate structure 

5452
04:57:20,200 --> 04:57:23,200
of Victorian, Domesticity pauses
to catch its breath. 

5453
04:57:23,200 --> 04:57:27,500
This is what dinner, really felt
like, not just the food though. 

5454
04:57:27,500 --> 04:57:31,500
The food mattered, not just the 
wine, though, the wine helped, 

5455
04:57:31,500 --> 04:57:33,700
it was the weight of 
expectation. 

5456
04:57:33,700 --> 04:57:38,200
The comfort of ritual. 
A performance of propriety and 

5457
04:57:38,200 --> 04:57:41,500
Underneath It All the simple 
human need to eat and beat 

5458
04:57:41,500 --> 04:57:44,400
together. 
Dinner was theater and necessity

5459
04:57:44,400 --> 04:57:47,300
combined. 
It was exhausting and reassuring

5460
04:57:47,300 --> 04:57:50,300
in equal measure and tomorrow 
evening at 7:00. 

5461
04:57:50,300 --> 04:57:58,200
You'll do it all again. 
Imagine you're sitting around 

5462
04:57:58,200 --> 04:58:01,900
Humanity's first controlled, 
fire may be 400,000 years ago 

5463
04:58:01,900 --> 04:58:06,100
give or take a few millennia. 
You're not quite a modern human 

5464
04:58:06,100 --> 04:58:08,500
yet, your brow Ridge is more 
pronounced. 

5465
04:58:08,500 --> 04:58:12,700
Your posture slightly different 
But your brain is asking the 

5466
04:58:12,700 --> 04:58:16,200
same questions human still asked
today, what is this? 

5467
04:58:16,200 --> 04:58:20,500
How does it work and most 
importantly, how can I use this 

5468
04:58:20,500 --> 04:58:23,700
to make my life better? 
The fire itself was already 

5469
04:58:23,700 --> 04:58:26,800
miraculous enough. 
Your ancestors had watched 

5470
04:58:26,800 --> 04:58:29,300
lightning strikes for 
generations and seen the 

5471
04:58:29,300 --> 04:58:31,900
devastating and cleansing power 
of wildfire. 

5472
04:58:32,600 --> 04:58:36,000
But now, now they could carry 
this Elemental force in their 

5473
04:58:36,008 --> 04:58:40,300
hands feed. 
It control it and make it dance 

5474
04:58:40,300 --> 04:58:44,400
to human rhythms. 
The warmth alone would have been

5475
04:58:44,400 --> 04:58:48,700
revolutionary transforming caves
from Cold, Stone Chambers in to 

5476
04:58:48,700 --> 04:58:51,900
something approaching homes. 
But then something unexpected 

5477
04:58:51,900 --> 04:58:54,900
happened. 
Someone, let's call her the 

5478
04:58:54,900 --> 04:58:58,600
world's first accidental Aroma 
therapist through some Greenwood

5479
04:58:58,600 --> 04:59:03,400
onto the fire Maybe it was wet 
Sage or pine boughs or some 

5480
04:59:03,400 --> 04:59:05,400
resinous, branch that hadn't 
dried properly. 

5481
04:59:06,400 --> 04:59:10,300
The smoke that Rose wasn't, the 
usual grey plume, this smoke was

5482
04:59:10,300 --> 04:59:14,100
thick and aromatic and when it 
drifted past someone's face, 

5483
04:59:14,100 --> 04:59:16,800
something changed. 
You have to understand that 

5484
04:59:16,800 --> 04:59:19,500
these early humans had no 
context for what we'd call 

5485
04:59:19,500 --> 04:59:25,000
relaxation, or stress relief. 
Life was an endless cycle of 

5486
04:59:25,000 --> 04:59:29,800
hunting Gathering voiding 
predators, and trying not to die

5487
04:59:29,800 --> 04:59:31,500
from infected wounds or bad 
weather. 

5488
04:59:32,300 --> 04:59:35,200
The concept of deliberately 
calming yourself would have seen

5489
04:59:35,208 --> 04:59:40,300
as alien as quantum physics. but
when that fragrance smoke passed

5490
04:59:40,300 --> 04:59:44,400
by muscles, that had been tense 
for days, suddenly loosened, 

5491
04:59:45,100 --> 04:59:48,000
Minds that had been vigilantly 
scanning for danger. 

5492
04:59:48,000 --> 04:59:51,100
Found themselves drifting into 
something approaching piece, 

5493
04:59:51,100 --> 04:59:53,900
probably took generations to 
connect the dots. 

5494
04:59:54,800 --> 04:59:57,300
Fire Plus certain plants equals 
feeling different. 

5495
04:59:58,200 --> 05:00:01,200
But humans are pattern 
recognition machines and 

5496
05:00:01,200 --> 05:00:04,100
eventually someone noticed that 
burning Juniper made the cave 

5497
05:00:04,100 --> 05:00:06,400
smell clean, left people feeling
lighter. 

5498
05:00:07,300 --> 05:00:10,500
Burning certain resins made 
everyone drowsy and content. 

5499
05:00:11,300 --> 05:00:14,700
Burning others seem to sharpen 
the mind or lift the spirits. 

5500
05:00:14,700 --> 05:00:18,400
These early experiments were 
written down writing, wouldn't 

5501
05:00:18,400 --> 05:00:22,000
be invented for thousands of 
years, but they were passed down

5502
05:00:22,000 --> 05:00:23,800
through demonstration and 
experience. 

5503
05:00:24,500 --> 05:00:27,000
The knowledge became embedded in
human culture. 

5504
05:00:27,000 --> 05:00:30,700
So deeply that by the time we 
invented writing smoking, 

5505
05:00:30,700 --> 05:00:33,800
various substances for various 
effects was already in ancient 

5506
05:00:33,800 --> 05:00:35,800
practice. 
The interesting thing is that 

5507
05:00:35,800 --> 05:00:38,800
this discovery was almost 
certainly made independently and

5508
05:00:38,800 --> 05:00:40,500
dozens of different locations 
around the world. 

5509
05:00:41,400 --> 05:00:45,700
Humans in Africa, Asia Europe, 
and eventually the Americas all 

5510
05:00:45,700 --> 05:00:48,300
figured out that smoke could be 
more than just a byproduct of 

5511
05:00:48,300 --> 05:00:51,000
fire. 
It could be a tool, a medicine, 

5512
05:00:51,000 --> 05:00:55,000
a pathway to Altered States Of 
Consciousness, or simply a 

5513
05:00:55,000 --> 05:00:57,300
moment of relief in otherwise 
Relentless lives. 

5514
05:00:57,300 --> 05:01:00,400
Consider the sensory experience 
for these early humans. 

5515
05:01:00,400 --> 05:01:03,800
They lived in a world that was 
simultaneously more Vivid and 

5516
05:01:03,800 --> 05:01:07,100
more limited than ours. 
No, artificial lights. 

5517
05:01:07,100 --> 05:01:09,300
Meant that fire was the only 
thing holding back. 

5518
05:01:09,300 --> 05:01:13,300
Absolute Darkness. 
No processed foods meant every 

5519
05:01:13,300 --> 05:01:17,600
meal was an adventure in Wild 
flavors, and no air pollution 

5520
05:01:17,600 --> 05:01:21,000
meant that the smell of burning 
herbs, was a profound departure 

5521
05:01:21,000 --> 05:01:26,100
from the normal sense of Earth 
animals and unwashed humans when

5522
05:01:26,100 --> 05:01:29,300
aromatic Smoke Filled a cave, it
transformed the space entirely. 

5523
05:01:29,300 --> 05:01:32,600
The flickering firelight would 
make the smoke visible as it 

5524
05:01:32,600 --> 05:01:36,300
Rose and swirled creating packs 
that human eyes. 

5525
05:01:36,300 --> 05:01:40,500
The valve to spot predators and 
prey couldn't help but follow. 

5526
05:01:41,500 --> 05:01:45,000
The smell would announce itself 
immediately, overwhelming the 

5527
05:01:45,000 --> 05:01:47,500
caves normal odors with 
something intentional and 

5528
05:01:47,500 --> 05:01:50,900
controlled. 
And The Taste because smell and 

5529
05:01:50,900 --> 05:01:53,700
taste are intimately. 
Connected would Linger on the 

5530
05:01:53,700 --> 05:01:56,200
tongue. 
A reminder, that this moment was

5531
05:01:56,200 --> 05:01:59,400
different from normal moments. 
Some of these early smoke 

5532
05:01:59,400 --> 05:02:03,900
experiments probably went badly,
Certain plants when burned 

5533
05:02:03,900 --> 05:02:08,800
produce toxic fumes that cause 
nausea headaches or worse? 

5534
05:02:09,400 --> 05:02:12,000
There must have been countless 
trial and error incidents that 

5535
05:02:12,000 --> 05:02:14,200
ended with everyone, stumbling 
out of a cave. 

5536
05:02:14,200 --> 05:02:17,000
Gasping for fresh air and 
wondering why their ancestors 

5537
05:02:17,000 --> 05:02:19,100
had recommended burning that 
particular plant. 

5538
05:02:19,100 --> 05:02:23,400
But The successes those plants 
that produced Pleasant calming 

5539
05:02:23,400 --> 05:02:27,200
or Consciousness altering smoke.
Those got remembered and 

5540
05:02:27,200 --> 05:02:31,400
repeated by the time humans were
anatomically modern roughly 

5541
05:02:31,400 --> 05:02:35,200
300,000 years ago, the knowledge
of smoke and its effects was 

5542
05:02:35,200 --> 05:02:37,300
already an established part of 
human culture. 

5543
05:02:38,500 --> 05:02:42,600
Archaeological evidence shows 
that even neanderthals are close

5544
05:02:42,600 --> 05:02:45,200
cousins who died out around 
40,000 years ago. 

5545
05:02:45,200 --> 05:02:50,100
Used aromatic plants 
deliberately We found traces of 

5546
05:02:50,100 --> 05:02:53,400
medicinal herbs in their teeth. 
Suggesting they were either 

5547
05:02:53,400 --> 05:02:56,900
eating them or breathing their 
smoke for theraputic purposes. 

5548
05:02:56,900 --> 05:03:01,100
This will wasn't Superstition or
primitive ignorant. 

5549
05:03:01,900 --> 05:03:04,900
These early humans were 
conducting empirical experiments

5550
05:03:04,900 --> 05:03:07,900
with their own consciousness. 
Discovering that certain 

5551
05:03:07,900 --> 05:03:11,300
substances could rely produce 
specific effects. 

5552
05:03:11,900 --> 05:03:15,500
They were in their way, the 
world's first farmer colleges 

5553
05:03:15,500 --> 05:03:18,600
working without Laboratories or 
double blind studies. 

5554
05:03:18,600 --> 05:03:22,000
But with a deep intuitive, 
understanding of how plants and 

5555
05:03:22,000 --> 05:03:27,200
human bodies interact, the smoke
itself became a teacher, Watch 

5556
05:03:27,200 --> 05:03:29,800
how it rises always seeking the 
sky. 

5557
05:03:29,800 --> 05:03:33,400
Never moving straight but 
dancing and response to air 

5558
05:03:33,400 --> 05:03:35,900
currents, too subtle for human 
senses to detect. 

5559
05:03:36,900 --> 05:03:39,900
See how it gathers along. 
The cave ceiling creating a 

5560
05:03:39,900 --> 05:03:42,600
visible layer between Earth and 
Stone. 

5561
05:03:43,200 --> 05:03:45,500
Notice how it clings to hair and
clothing. 

5562
05:03:45,500 --> 05:03:49,100
Marking those who sat closest to
the fire with a lingering 

5563
05:03:49,100 --> 05:03:52,600
reminder of the experience. 
These observations would later 

5564
05:03:52,600 --> 05:03:56,800
become metaphors and spiritual 
Concepts Smoke Rises like 

5565
05:03:56,800 --> 05:04:00,100
prayers. 
Smoke connects, Earth to Sky, 

5566
05:04:00,100 --> 05:04:04,100
smoke transforms, solid matter, 
into something ethereal and 

5567
05:04:04,100 --> 05:04:07,200
temporary. 
But before the metaphors came, 

5568
05:04:07,200 --> 05:04:12,300
the simple physical reality, 
burning certain things, produces

5569
05:04:12,300 --> 05:04:13,800
smoke that makes you feel 
different. 

5570
05:04:14,900 --> 05:04:17,700
Feeling different can be exactly
what you need. 

5571
05:04:17,700 --> 05:04:21,400
Fast forward, several hundred 
thousand years humans have 

5572
05:04:21,400 --> 05:04:24,700
invented, agriculture built 
cities developed, writing 

5573
05:04:24,700 --> 05:04:28,900
systems, and created the first 
civilization where now in the 

5574
05:04:28,900 --> 05:04:32,300
ancient world of temples and 
Priests of organized, religion 

5575
05:04:32,300 --> 05:04:35,500
and institutionalized ritual and
smoke. 

5576
05:04:35,500 --> 05:04:39,000
Our old friend, from the cave, 
has become absolutely Central to

5577
05:04:39,000 --> 05:04:42,300
how humans interact with the 
Divine picture yourself in 

5578
05:04:42,300 --> 05:04:47,200
ancient Egyptian temple around 
2000, BCE You've been awake 

5579
05:04:47,200 --> 05:04:50,200
since before, Dawn preparing for
Ceremony, that will honor the 

5580
05:04:50,200 --> 05:04:53,300
gods and hopefully secure Their 
Blessings for the coming 

5581
05:04:53,300 --> 05:04:56,500
Harvest. 
The temple itself is a Marvel, 

5582
05:04:56,500 --> 05:05:00,100
massive stone. 
Columns, carved with hieroglyphs

5583
05:05:00,100 --> 05:05:03,600
painted in colors that would 
seem garish by modern standards,

5584
05:05:03,600 --> 05:05:06,300
but that Shimmer beautifully and
Lamplight. 

5585
05:05:06,300 --> 05:05:09,500
But what hits you first before 
you even enter the inner 

5586
05:05:09,500 --> 05:05:12,900
Sanctuary is the smell Incense 
has been burning in this Temple 

5587
05:05:12,900 --> 05:05:16,800
for hours, maybe days, the 
priests know that the Sacred 

5588
05:05:16,800 --> 05:05:20,400
Space must be properly prepared,
and preparation means filling 

5589
05:05:20,400 --> 05:05:22,700
the air with fragrance. 
So thick you can almost see it 

5590
05:05:22,700 --> 05:05:27,000
the ancient Egyptians took their
incense seriously and by 

5591
05:05:27,000 --> 05:05:30,500
seriously I mean they built an 
entire economic system around 

5592
05:05:30,500 --> 05:05:33,200
it. 
They imported frankincense and 

5593
05:05:33,200 --> 05:05:35,300
myrrh from the mysterious Land 
of Punt. 

5594
05:05:35,300 --> 05:05:39,800
Probably modern Somalia, or 
Yemen, paying enormous sums for 

5595
05:05:39,800 --> 05:05:42,300
resins that were literally worth
their weight in gold. 

5596
05:05:43,700 --> 05:05:47,400
A famous reliefs at Dale bihari 
show, Queen hatshepsut's 

5597
05:05:47,400 --> 05:05:50,800
expedition to punt, bringing 
back, living my trees like 

5598
05:05:50,800 --> 05:05:55,400
Botanical trophies, why this 
obsession with aromatic smoke. 

5599
05:05:56,500 --> 05:05:59,400
The Practical answer is that 
temples were located in hot 

5600
05:05:59,400 --> 05:06:03,400
climates filled with animal 
sacrifices and attended by 

5601
05:06:03,400 --> 05:06:06,200
crowds of people who bathed less
frequently than we do. 

5602
05:06:07,000 --> 05:06:10,700
Incense was among other things, 
the ancient world's most 

5603
05:06:10,700 --> 05:06:13,900
sophisticated air freshener. 
But that's only part of the 

5604
05:06:13,900 --> 05:06:16,100
story. 
The Egyptians believed that 

5605
05:06:16,100 --> 05:06:19,800
fragrant smoke was literally 
food for the Gods. when they 

5606
05:06:19,808 --> 05:06:23,900
burned incense before a statue 
of RA or Osiris, they weren't 

5607
05:06:23,900 --> 05:06:26,800
just creating a pleasant 
atmosphere, they were providing 

5608
05:06:26,800 --> 05:06:31,300
sustenance to Divine beings who 
existed in a realm, Beyond human

5609
05:06:31,300 --> 05:06:34,800
senses, The smoke rising from 
the scent. 

5610
05:06:34,800 --> 05:06:39,000
Was a bridge between worlds 
carrying prayers and offerings 

5611
05:06:39,000 --> 05:06:41,600
to places. 
Humans couldn't reach the 

5612
05:06:41,600 --> 05:06:44,100
physical effect of. 
This constant incense burning 

5613
05:06:44,100 --> 05:06:47,200
would have been significant 
ancient temples used 

5614
05:06:47,200 --> 05:06:51,400
frankincense myrrh. 
Style racks and other resins 

5615
05:06:51,400 --> 05:06:54,000
that we now know, contained 
psychoactive compounds. 

5616
05:06:54,900 --> 05:06:58,300
Frankincense for instance 
contains Tetra Hydra cannabinol 

5617
05:06:58,300 --> 05:07:00,700
and other chemicals. 
That can produce mild Euphoria 

5618
05:07:00,700 --> 05:07:05,800
and reduce anxiety when burned 
in enclosed space spaces Stand 

5619
05:07:05,800 --> 05:07:08,700
in the temple filled with 
frankincense, smoke for hours 

5620
05:07:08,700 --> 05:07:12,500
and you're going to feel 
different Karma, more 

5621
05:07:12,500 --> 05:07:15,400
contemplative, perhaps more 
receptive to spiritual 

5622
05:07:15,400 --> 05:07:17,900
experiences, the priest 
understood this. 

5623
05:07:17,900 --> 05:07:21,800
Even if they couldn't explain it
in modern pharmacological terms,

5624
05:07:21,800 --> 05:07:25,400
then that the right combination 
of incense chanting. 

5625
05:07:25,400 --> 05:07:28,800
Drumming and ritual could induce
States Of Consciousness that 

5626
05:07:28,800 --> 05:07:30,700
felt like communication with the
divine. 

5627
05:07:32,000 --> 05:07:35,300
Whether these states actually 
involved Supernatural contact or

5628
05:07:35,300 --> 05:07:38,000
were simply altered brain 
chemistry is almost beside the 

5629
05:07:38,000 --> 05:07:41,400
point. 
The experience was real profound

5630
05:07:41,400 --> 05:07:46,100
and reliably reproducible, a 
travel West to ancient Greece 

5631
05:07:46,100 --> 05:07:50,100
around 500 BCE. 
You're at the Oracle of Delphi, 

5632
05:07:50,100 --> 05:07:53,400
that famous Sanctuary where 
priestesses delivered prophecies

5633
05:07:53,400 --> 05:07:56,600
that Kings and Generals would 
stake their fortunes on. 

5634
05:07:57,500 --> 05:08:00,400
The Oracle sits in a small 
chamber, built over a geological

5635
05:08:00,400 --> 05:08:03,300
fault, a modern researchers have
discovered something, 

5636
05:08:03,300 --> 05:08:06,400
fascinating. 
The fault releases ethylene, 

5637
05:08:06,400 --> 05:08:09,100
gas. 
A sweet smelling substance that 

5638
05:08:09,100 --> 05:08:12,600
produces Euphoria and 
dissociative States in moderate 

5639
05:08:12,600 --> 05:08:15,000
concentrations. 
The Greeks didn't know about 

5640
05:08:15,000 --> 05:08:18,400
ethylene chemistry, but they 
certainly knew that the pythia 

5641
05:08:18,400 --> 05:08:22,500
The Prestige who served as the 
Oracle would breathe deeply from

5642
05:08:22,500 --> 05:08:24,000
the vapors rising from the 
earth. 

5643
05:08:24,000 --> 05:08:27,600
Then enter a trance State during
which she would speak the words 

5644
05:08:27,600 --> 05:08:29,600
of Apollo. 
They burned additional 

5645
05:08:29,600 --> 05:08:33,900
substances, Laurel leaves barley
and other materials to enhance 

5646
05:08:33,900 --> 05:08:36,700
the effect and create an 
atmosphere thick with smoke and 

5647
05:08:36,700 --> 05:08:39,200
mystery. 
You can imagine standing in that

5648
05:08:39,200 --> 05:08:42,700
sacred Precinct waiting, your 
turn to consult the Oracle. 

5649
05:08:42,700 --> 05:08:46,100
The smell of burning Laurel 
fills your nostrils. 

5650
05:08:46,100 --> 05:08:50,500
Sharp slightly medicinal 
Strangely compelling. 

5651
05:08:51,500 --> 05:08:54,700
The pythia's attendance, 
maintain the fires adding more 

5652
05:08:54,700 --> 05:08:56,600
leaves When the Smoke begins to 
thin. 

5653
05:08:57,400 --> 05:09:00,200
The whole process has been 
refined over centuries to 

5654
05:09:00,200 --> 05:09:04,000
produce maximum psychological 
and pharmacological effect when 

5655
05:09:04,000 --> 05:09:06,700
the pythia. 
Finally, speaks her words are 

5656
05:09:06,700 --> 05:09:09,600
often cryptic and ambiguous 
famously. 

5657
05:09:09,600 --> 05:09:13,600
So, But in that smoke filled 
chamber with your own 

5658
05:09:13,600 --> 05:09:16,700
Consciousness, slightly altered 
by the atmospheric compounds 

5659
05:09:16,700 --> 05:09:20,200
you've been breathing. those 
ambiguous words, seem pregnant, 

5660
05:09:20,200 --> 05:09:24,100
with meaning, your mind, makes 
connections sees patterns and 

5661
05:09:24,100 --> 05:09:27,100
finds significant that might not
survive, exposure, to clear, 

5662
05:09:27,100 --> 05:09:31,300
air, and sober reflection the 
Romans practical, as always took

5663
05:09:31,300 --> 05:09:35,100
incense culture and 
industrialized, it They imported

5664
05:09:35,100 --> 05:09:38,600
so much frankincense and myrrh 
that the trade routes carrying, 

5665
05:09:38,600 --> 05:09:41,100
these materials, became some of 
the most important economic 

5666
05:09:41,100 --> 05:09:46,100
arteries of the ancient world. 
Roman temples burned incense 

5667
05:09:46,100 --> 05:09:49,700
constantly not just during 
special ceremonies but as a 

5668
05:09:49,700 --> 05:09:52,600
regular offering to maintain 
good relations with the gods, 

5669
05:09:52,600 --> 05:09:57,000
but Romans also recognized the 
secular uses of aromatic smoke. 

5670
05:09:57,900 --> 05:10:01,000
Wealthy households burned 
incense to mask unpleasant, 

5671
05:10:01,000 --> 05:10:03,700
odors and create an atmosphere 
of luxury. 

5672
05:10:04,800 --> 05:10:09,200
Roman Physicians, like Galen and
dioscorides wrote extensively 

5673
05:10:09,200 --> 05:10:11,800
about the medicinal properties 
of different incense, is 

5674
05:10:11,800 --> 05:10:14,900
recommending specific substances
for specific conditions 

5675
05:10:14,900 --> 05:10:21,900
headache, burning willow bark, 
anxiety, camera, smoke insomnia,

5676
05:10:21,900 --> 05:10:25,000
Valerian or Poppy the sensors 
themselves. 

5677
05:10:25,000 --> 05:10:29,700
Those ornate metal containers 
designed to burn incense became 

5678
05:10:29,700 --> 05:10:33,100
works of art. 
Some with simple clay bowls, 

5679
05:10:33,100 --> 05:10:36,700
others were elaborate bronze 
constructions, with chains for 

5680
05:10:36,700 --> 05:10:41,000
carrying perforated Lids to 
control airflow and decorative. 

5681
05:10:41,000 --> 05:10:44,400
Elements that showed exactly how
important incentive become to 

5682
05:10:44,400 --> 05:10:47,600
Mediterranean culture across the
Mediterranean in ancient. 

5683
05:10:47,600 --> 05:10:51,100
Judea, incense played a central 
role in Temple worship. 

5684
05:10:52,200 --> 05:10:55,600
The book of Exodus describes a 
specific incense recipe. 

5685
05:10:56,400 --> 05:11:01,800
Stack tea on nature, galbanum 
and frankincense mixed in 

5686
05:11:01,800 --> 05:11:05,400
precise proportions. 
That was so sacred that making 

5687
05:11:05,400 --> 05:11:08,400
it for any purpose other than 
Temple worship was punishable by

5688
05:11:08,400 --> 05:11:11,500
exile. 
Cloud of incense smoke in the 

5689
05:11:11,500 --> 05:11:14,100
Temple's holy of holies was 
thought to Veil The Very 

5690
05:11:14,100 --> 05:11:17,700
presence of God, making the 
Divine bearable, to humanize 

5691
05:11:17,700 --> 05:11:22,800
this period. 
Roughly 3,000 BCE to 500 CE 

5692
05:11:22,800 --> 05:11:25,800
represents the high. 
Watermark of institutional, 

5693
05:11:25,800 --> 05:11:30,000
incense culture in the ancient 
world Smoke had evolved from a 

5694
05:11:30,000 --> 05:11:33,800
cave, Discovery to a Cornerstone
of religious practice from an 

5695
05:11:33,800 --> 05:11:36,700
accidental finding to a 
deliberate technology for 

5696
05:11:36,700 --> 05:11:40,200
altering Consciousness, and 
creating Sacred Space, while 

5697
05:11:40,200 --> 05:11:42,200
priests were burning incense and
temples. 

5698
05:11:42,200 --> 05:11:45,700
And other group of professionals
was discovering that smoke could

5699
05:11:45,700 --> 05:11:49,000
heal the body as directly as it 
elevated, the spirit. 

5700
05:11:50,600 --> 05:11:54,200
The ancient Physicians those 
observers of human suffering who

5701
05:11:54,200 --> 05:11:57,900
combined empirical observation 
with theoretical Frameworks, 

5702
05:11:57,900 --> 05:12:01,200
that seemed both sophisticated 
and charmingly wrong by modern 

5703
05:12:01,200 --> 05:12:04,300
standards. 
Developed an entire branch of 

5704
05:12:04,300 --> 05:12:07,700
Therapeutics based on inhaling 
medicinal smoke. 

5705
05:12:07,700 --> 05:12:13,200
Let's visit ancient China around
200, BCE your suffering from a 

5706
05:12:13,200 --> 05:12:15,100
persistent cough. 
That's been keeping you awake at

5707
05:12:15,100 --> 05:12:18,400
night and your family is finally
scraped together enough money to

5708
05:12:18,400 --> 05:12:21,500
consult a physician. 
He's a learned man who has 

5709
05:12:21,500 --> 05:12:25,200
studied the classics understands
the flow of chi through the body

5710
05:12:25,200 --> 05:12:28,600
and has access to the 
accumulated medical wisdom of 

5711
05:12:28,600 --> 05:12:32,600
centuries, after examining your 
tongue, checking your pulse at 

5712
05:12:32,600 --> 05:12:35,700
several points and asking 
details questions about your 

5713
05:12:35,700 --> 05:12:39,000
diet and daily routine. 
He nods thought for me. 

5714
05:12:40,100 --> 05:12:43,600
The problem he explains is an 
imbalance of energy in your 

5715
05:12:43,600 --> 05:12:46,800
lungs Complicated by excess 
dampness. 

5716
05:12:47,900 --> 05:12:51,500
The treatment requires a careful
combination of approaches, but 

5717
05:12:51,500 --> 05:12:55,200
one element will be therapeutic.
Smoke, The Physician produces a 

5718
05:12:55,200 --> 05:12:59,900
small bundle of dried herbs 
Mahal efedra some dried Mulberry

5719
05:12:59,900 --> 05:13:04,100
leaf and other materials you 
don't recognize He instructs you

5720
05:13:04,108 --> 05:13:06,500
to burn these over. 
Charcoal and breathe. 

5721
05:13:06,500 --> 05:13:09,500
The resulting smoke deeply. 
Three times per day. 

5722
05:13:09,500 --> 05:13:12,500
Always facing East in the 
morning and West, in the 

5723
05:13:12,500 --> 05:13:15,300
evening. 
The ritual specification isn't 

5724
05:13:15,300 --> 05:13:17,700
arbitrary Chinese medicine 
viewed. 

5725
05:13:17,700 --> 05:13:21,600
The body as intimately connected
to Cosmic patterns and timing 

5726
05:13:21,600 --> 05:13:25,100
treatments to align with daily 
Cycles was thought to enhance 

5727
05:13:25,100 --> 05:13:28,800
their effectiveness, the herbs. 
He's prescribed actually work 

5728
05:13:28,800 --> 05:13:30,900
though. 
Not for the reasons he believes.

5729
05:13:32,100 --> 05:13:35,800
Ma Huang contains a fedrin a 
Broncho dilator that opens 

5730
05:13:35,800 --> 05:13:37,400
Airways and makes breathing 
easier. 

5731
05:13:38,400 --> 05:13:40,400
The other herbs have 
antimicrobial and 

5732
05:13:40,400 --> 05:13:43,700
anti-inflammatory properties. 
That would genuinely helped her 

5733
05:13:43,700 --> 05:13:47,600
respiratory infection. 
The act of deliberately slowing 

5734
05:13:47,600 --> 05:13:52,000
your breathing to inhale the 
smoke properly helps to inducing

5735
05:13:52,000 --> 05:13:55,500
a relaxation response that 
reduces stress related coughing.

5736
05:13:55,500 --> 05:13:58,700
The Chinese were not alone in 
developing smoke bass, 

5737
05:13:58,700 --> 05:14:03,600
Therapeutics in Ancient India, 
ayurvedic Physicians created, 

5738
05:14:03,600 --> 05:14:05,800
elaborate systems of douma 
Panna. 

5739
05:14:06,600 --> 05:14:11,400
Therapeutic smoking. 
The sushruta samhita, a medical 

5740
05:14:11,400 --> 05:14:16,300
texts, composed around 600 BC 
described specific herbs to be 

5741
05:14:16,300 --> 05:14:19,800
smoked for specific conditions. 
Asthma. 

5742
05:14:19,800 --> 05:14:22,300
Try mixture. 
That includes cannabis, and 

5743
05:14:22,300 --> 05:14:26,100
datura. 
Mental disturbances different 

5744
05:14:26,100 --> 05:14:28,600
combinations of aromatic, woods 
and resins. 

5745
05:14:29,200 --> 05:14:31,900
Even hiccups had their own 
prescribed smoke treatment, 

5746
05:14:31,900 --> 05:14:35,200
these ayurvedic Physicians. 
Understood something important. 

5747
05:14:36,100 --> 05:14:39,000
Different substances, produce 
different effects depending on 

5748
05:14:39,000 --> 05:14:43,000
how they're consumed. 
Cannabis eaten as food produces 

5749
05:14:43,000 --> 05:14:46,900
one, set of effects, the same 
plant smoked produces different 

5750
05:14:46,900 --> 05:14:51,000
faster, acting results. 
This wasn't Superstition. 

5751
05:14:51,000 --> 05:14:55,200
It was practical pharmacology 
based on careful observation the

5752
05:14:55,200 --> 05:14:58,500
Greeks and Romans also 
Incorporated therapeutic smoking

5753
05:14:58,500 --> 05:15:02,100
into their medical practice. 
Hypocrites, the father of 

5754
05:15:02,100 --> 05:15:05,800
Western medicine, described 
using smoke inhalation, to treat

5755
05:15:05,800 --> 05:15:09,300
gynecological problems. 
His reasoning was based on the 

5756
05:15:09,308 --> 05:15:11,900
theory that the uterus could 
wander through the body. 

5757
05:15:11,900 --> 05:15:16,000
A delightfully wrong idea, 
called the wandering womb, and 

5758
05:15:16,000 --> 05:15:18,900
strong, smelling smoke would 
drive it back to its proper 

5759
05:15:18,900 --> 05:15:22,700
position. 
The theory was nonsense, but 

5760
05:15:22,700 --> 05:15:25,300
some of the herbs he recommended
had genuine and 

5761
05:15:25,300 --> 05:15:28,400
anti-inflammatory or muscle 
relaxing properties, that 

5762
05:15:28,400 --> 05:15:31,700
probably provided actual relief 
Galen. 

5763
05:15:31,700 --> 05:15:34,700
Probably the most influential 
physician of the ancient world 

5764
05:15:34,700 --> 05:15:37,800
wrote extensively about smoke 
Therapeutics. 

5765
05:15:38,600 --> 05:15:41,600
He distinguished between 
different types of smoke based 

5766
05:15:41,600 --> 05:15:46,100
on their properties, hot, or 
cold wet, or dry, subtle, or 

5767
05:15:46,100 --> 05:15:49,000
thick. 
A physician needed to match the 

5768
05:15:49,000 --> 05:15:52,200
qualities of the therapeutic. 
Smoke to the imbalance in the 

5769
05:15:52,208 --> 05:15:56,400
patient's body. 
Too much heat in the lungs, use 

5770
05:15:56,400 --> 05:15:58,800
cooling smoke from cucumber 
seeds or lettuce. 

5771
05:15:58,800 --> 05:16:02,800
Too much cold warming smoke from
Pepper or mustard. 

5772
05:16:02,800 --> 05:16:05,700
The interesting thing is that 
many of these ancient smoke 

5773
05:16:05,700 --> 05:16:09,800
remedies actually worked, even 
if the theoretical explanations 

5774
05:16:09,800 --> 05:16:13,600
were completely wrong, When you 
burn eucalyptus and breathe, its

5775
05:16:13,608 --> 05:16:17,900
Vapor, your congested sinuses do
clear, not because your 

5776
05:16:17,900 --> 05:16:20,200
balancing humors or adjusting 
your key. 

5777
05:16:20,200 --> 05:16:23,600
But because you collect all is a
genuine expectorant and 

5778
05:16:23,600 --> 05:16:27,200
decongestant. 
Ancient Physicians, didn't need 

5779
05:16:27,200 --> 05:16:30,700
to understand the chemistry to 
observe that it worked and to 

5780
05:16:30,700 --> 05:16:33,700
incorporate it into their 
practice, some ancient smoke 

5781
05:16:33,700 --> 05:16:35,500
therapies were surprisingly 
sophisticated. 

5782
05:16:36,700 --> 05:16:39,700
Greek and Roman Physicians. 
Developed fumigation tents where

5783
05:16:39,700 --> 05:16:41,300
patients with respiratory 
problems. 

5784
05:16:41,300 --> 05:16:44,300
Could sit surrounded by 
therapeutic smoke from 

5785
05:16:44,300 --> 05:16:45,600
carefully. 
Chosen herbs. 

5786
05:16:46,700 --> 05:16:49,400
The dosage could be controlled 
by Justin ventilation. 

5787
05:16:49,400 --> 05:16:53,400
The duration of treatment was 
specified, precisely and 

5788
05:16:53,400 --> 05:16:55,800
patients were monitored for 
adverse reactions. 

5789
05:16:55,800 --> 05:16:58,600
In ancient Persia. 
Physicians at the famous, 

5790
05:16:58,600 --> 05:17:02,300
medical school in Gundam. 
Poor compiled, extensive farmaca

5791
05:17:02,300 --> 05:17:05,500
payers that included details 
descriptions of therapeutic 

5792
05:17:05,500 --> 05:17:08,500
smoking. 
The categorized hundreds of 

5793
05:17:08,508 --> 05:17:11,200
plants by their effects. 
When burned and inhaled, 

5794
05:17:11,200 --> 05:17:14,500
creating reference works that 
Physicians could consult when 

5795
05:17:14,500 --> 05:17:18,400
treating specific conditions, 
the sensory experience of these 

5796
05:17:18,400 --> 05:17:20,700
treatments would have been 
significant in itself. 

5797
05:17:21,600 --> 05:17:25,200
Imagine suffering from some 
chronic condition joint pain. 

5798
05:17:25,200 --> 05:17:28,700
Respiratory problems or 
digestive issues and being 

5799
05:17:28,700 --> 05:17:31,700
prescribed, a treatment that 
involves sitting in a warm room 

5800
05:17:31,700 --> 05:17:35,300
filled with aromatic smoke, 
while a physician monitors your 

5801
05:17:35,300 --> 05:17:39,800
response The relaxation induced 
by the setting, the attention 

5802
05:17:39,800 --> 05:17:43,300
from a respected healer, and the
pleasant smell of the burning 

5803
05:17:43,300 --> 05:17:45,900
herbs. 
All of these factors would work 

5804
05:17:45,900 --> 05:17:49,700
together to produce, what modern
medicine calls Placebo effects 

5805
05:17:49,700 --> 05:17:51,900
though that term doesn't quite 
capture. 

5806
05:17:51,900 --> 05:17:54,800
The complexity of what's 
happening because here's the 

5807
05:17:54,800 --> 05:17:57,500
thing, about Placebo effects, 
they're real. 

5808
05:17:58,300 --> 05:18:01,300
When your brain believes healing
as a curing, it triggers 

5809
05:18:01,300 --> 05:18:04,400
physiological, processes that 
promote actual healing. 

5810
05:18:05,400 --> 05:18:09,300
Stress hormones, decrease immune
function, improves pain, 

5811
05:18:09,300 --> 05:18:13,100
perception changes. 
The ancient physicians may not 

5812
05:18:13,100 --> 05:18:16,200
have understood the mechanisms, 
but they understood that healing

5813
05:18:16,200 --> 05:18:20,400
involved, the whole person Body 
Mind and Spirit and that 

5814
05:18:20,400 --> 05:18:22,000
therapeutic. 
Smoke could address. 

5815
05:18:22,000 --> 05:18:23,700
All three aspects 
simultaneously. 

5816
05:18:23,700 --> 05:18:27,700
While Physicians were refining, 
therapeutic smoke into a medical

5817
05:18:27,700 --> 05:18:32,300
art and Priests were perfecting 
incense rituals Merchants were 

5818
05:18:32,300 --> 05:18:34,600
creating networks. 
That would carry aromatic 

5819
05:18:34,600 --> 05:18:36,800
substances across continents and
oceans. 

5820
05:18:38,200 --> 05:18:41,000
These trade routes. 
Particularly the famous Silk 

5821
05:18:41,000 --> 05:18:44,400
Road and the maritime spice 
route didn't just transport 

5822
05:18:44,400 --> 05:18:47,400
Goods. 
They Carried knowledge practices

5823
05:18:47,400 --> 05:18:49,700
and entire cultural Traditions 
around smoke. 

5824
05:18:49,700 --> 05:18:53,300
And its uses picture yourself as
a merchant in a caravan. 

5825
05:18:53,300 --> 05:18:55,700
Traveling. 
The Silk Road around 200 CE 

5826
05:18:56,700 --> 05:19:00,500
You've been on the road for 
months, moving slowly from Oasis

5827
05:19:00,500 --> 05:19:02,600
to Oasis across the heart of 
Asia. 

5828
05:19:03,500 --> 05:19:07,000
Your camels are loaded with 
various Goods, but the most 

5829
05:19:07,000 --> 05:19:13,300
valuable items are small light. 
And Incredibly expensive, resins

5830
05:19:13,300 --> 05:19:17,200
herbs, and aromatic Woods that 
will eventually be burned in 

5831
05:19:17,200 --> 05:19:20,400
temples, palaces and Wealthy 
homes across the known world. 

5832
05:19:20,400 --> 05:19:23,700
The economics of the incense 
trade were fascinating and 

5833
05:19:23,700 --> 05:19:28,500
sometimes absurd Frankincense 
and myrrh harvested from trees 

5834
05:19:28,500 --> 05:19:31,900
in southern Arabia, and the Horn
of Africa could increase in 

5835
05:19:31,900 --> 05:19:35,500
value by a factor of 50 or more.
By the time they reached Rome or

5836
05:19:35,500 --> 05:19:39,300
shangaan, Merchants could become
wealthy from a single successful

5837
05:19:39,300 --> 05:19:41,900
Caravan though. 
They could also lose everything 

5838
05:19:41,900 --> 05:19:46,100
to Bandits sandstorms or simple 
miscalculations about market 

5839
05:19:46,100 --> 05:19:49,600
demand, but these Merchants were
carrying more than commodities. 

5840
05:19:50,500 --> 05:19:53,800
At each stop along the Route. 
They shared information about 

5841
05:19:53,800 --> 05:19:57,900
how different cultures used 
aromatic smoke. a Buddhist 

5842
05:19:57,900 --> 05:20:00,600
technique for burning incense 
learned in India, might be 

5843
05:20:00,600 --> 05:20:03,500
combined with Chinese theories 
about herbal properties and 

5844
05:20:03,500 --> 05:20:07,000
Persian aesthetic preferences to
create something entirely new 

5845
05:20:08,200 --> 05:20:12,200
The Silk Road was like a massive
slow motion cultural blender 

5846
05:20:12,200 --> 05:20:16,400
mixing practices and beliefs 
about smoking to increase in 

5847
05:20:16,400 --> 05:20:20,600
complex combinations. 
Consider Sandalwood that 

5848
05:20:20,600 --> 05:20:23,900
aromatic wood from India that 
has been prized for thousands of

5849
05:20:23,900 --> 05:20:26,900
years. 
In its Homeland, Sandalwood was 

5850
05:20:26,900 --> 05:20:31,000
primarily a religious substance 
burned in Hindu and Buddhist 

5851
05:20:31,000 --> 05:20:33,600
temples to purify space and 
honor the divine. 

5852
05:20:34,500 --> 05:20:37,500
But does it traveled along trade
routes at acquired New Uses and 

5853
05:20:37,500 --> 05:20:41,600
meanings Chinese Buddhists 
adopted Sandalwood incense but 

5854
05:20:41,600 --> 05:20:44,000
integrated it with Taoist 
practices and Confucian 

5855
05:20:44,000 --> 05:20:47,000
Aesthetics. 
Japanese culture eventually 

5856
05:20:47,000 --> 05:20:49,800
transformed incense appreciation
into codo. 

5857
05:20:49,800 --> 05:20:54,900
Literally the way of incense a 
ceremonial art form is refined 

5858
05:20:54,900 --> 05:20:59,200
as tea, ceremony, Islamic 
cultures Incorporated Sandalwood

5859
05:20:59,200 --> 05:21:00,900
into their own devotional 
practices. 

5860
05:21:00,900 --> 05:21:04,800
While developing new 
combinations with rows howled 

5861
05:21:04,800 --> 05:21:08,300
and other aromatics. 
Christian churches began using 

5862
05:21:08,300 --> 05:21:12,100
it as an alternative to 
frankincense the same substance 

5863
05:21:12,100 --> 05:21:13,600
moving through different 
cultural. 

5864
05:21:13,600 --> 05:21:16,900
Contexts became multiple 
different things while remaining

5865
05:21:16,900 --> 05:21:19,800
itself. 
This is one of Smoke's, 

5866
05:21:19,800 --> 05:21:20,700
interesting? 
Properties. 

5867
05:21:20,700 --> 05:21:24,600
Its concrete enough to be a 
definite substance with specific

5868
05:21:24,600 --> 05:21:27,500
effects. 
But ephemeral enough to acquire,

5869
05:21:27,500 --> 05:21:30,400
whatever symbolic, meaning 
humans want to project onto it. 

5870
05:21:30,400 --> 05:21:33,900
The maritime spice routes that 
connected the Indian Ocean world

5871
05:21:33,900 --> 05:21:35,800
were equally important for 
spreading smoke. 

5872
05:21:35,800 --> 05:21:39,900
Kulture Arab traders sailing 
from East Africa to India to 

5873
05:21:39,900 --> 05:21:43,800
South East, Asia carried, not 
just cinnamon cloves and pepper 

5874
05:21:43,800 --> 05:21:47,100
but also knowledge about 
aromatic and their uses. 

5875
05:21:48,200 --> 05:21:50,600
An Indonesian method for 
processing benzoin. 

5876
05:21:50,600 --> 05:21:54,600
Resin might be combined with 
Indian ivic theories and Arab 

5877
05:21:54,600 --> 05:21:57,700
perfumery techniques to create 
new products and practices. 

5878
05:21:57,700 --> 05:22:01,300
Some of these aromatic 
substances traveled, astonishing

5879
05:22:01,300 --> 05:22:05,700
distances, Camphor from Borneo. 
Found its way to Chinese temples

5880
05:22:05,700 --> 05:22:09,300
and European apothecaries. 
Hallows wood from Southeast. 

5881
05:22:09,300 --> 05:22:11,700
Asia became prized in Middle 
Eastern palaces. 

5882
05:22:12,500 --> 05:22:16,300
Dragons blood, resin from the 
socotra islands off, Yemen 

5883
05:22:16,300 --> 05:22:20,200
traveled to China, India, Rome, 
and eventually Medieval Europe. 

5884
05:22:20,900 --> 05:22:25,300
Each substance carried with its 
stories practices and beliefs 

5885
05:22:25,300 --> 05:22:28,400
about smoke and its properties 
the Traders themselves. 

5886
05:22:28,400 --> 05:22:32,500
Often became experts in aromatic
substances, they needed to know,

5887
05:22:32,500 --> 05:22:35,900
not just market prices but also 
how to identify genuine 

5888
05:22:35,900 --> 05:22:39,800
materials versus delta rations. 
How to store and transport 

5889
05:22:39,800 --> 05:22:43,300
delicate, resins, without losing
their aromatic properties and 

5890
05:22:43,300 --> 05:22:45,800
what different customers in 
different regions preferred. 

5891
05:22:46,700 --> 05:22:50,800
A successful incense Merchant 
was part chemist, Park cultural 

5892
05:22:50,800 --> 05:22:54,200
Anthropologist and part 
Logistics expert. 

5893
05:22:54,200 --> 05:22:58,000
These trade routes also spread 
Technologies for using aromatic 

5894
05:22:58,000 --> 05:23:01,900
smoke. the sensor designs we 
discussed earlier those 

5895
05:23:01,900 --> 05:23:05,600
specialized containers for 
burning incense evolved through 

5896
05:23:05,600 --> 05:23:09,300
contact between different 
cultures Chinese designs 

5897
05:23:09,300 --> 05:23:13,100
influenced, Persian metal work 
in Indian temple practices, 

5898
05:23:13,100 --> 05:23:16,900
inspired Southeast, Asian 
Buddhist rituals Arab 

5899
05:23:16,900 --> 05:23:18,700
Innovations in perfumery 
influenced. 

5900
05:23:18,700 --> 05:23:22,300
European approaches to aromatic 
substances by the medieval 

5901
05:23:22,300 --> 05:23:23,900
period. 
You could track cultural 

5902
05:23:23,900 --> 05:23:27,800
influence by following incense 
practices, When you see a 

5903
05:23:27,800 --> 05:23:30,800
particular way of blending 
aromatics, or a specific ritual,

5904
05:23:30,800 --> 05:23:33,900
use of smoke appearing. 
In a new region, you're usually 

5905
05:23:33,908 --> 05:23:37,000
seeing evidence of trade contact
and cultural Exchange. 

5906
05:23:37,700 --> 05:23:39,800
Smoke became a marker of 
cultural connection. 

5907
05:23:39,800 --> 05:23:43,400
A visible sign that ideas and 
practices were flowing between 

5908
05:23:43,400 --> 05:23:47,200
regions the economic importance 
of the incense trade, also 

5909
05:23:47,200 --> 05:23:51,500
shaped political relationships, 
Control over frankincense and 

5910
05:23:51,500 --> 05:23:54,800
myrrh producing regions was 
contested by various Powers 

5911
05:23:54,800 --> 05:23:58,100
throughout ancient history. 
The Romans even launched 

5912
05:23:58,100 --> 05:24:00,000
military Expeditions into 
Arabia. 

5913
05:24:00,000 --> 05:24:03,800
Partly to try to control incense
supplies and reduced the 

5914
05:24:03,808 --> 05:24:06,000
enormous costs. 
They were paying to Arabian 

5915
05:24:06,000 --> 05:24:09,600
merchants. 
The Expeditions failed desert 

5916
05:24:09,600 --> 05:24:13,800
Warfare is hard but the attempt 
shows just how valuable these 

5917
05:24:13,800 --> 05:24:17,500
aromatic substances had become. 
What's remarkable is that this 

5918
05:24:17,500 --> 05:24:22,200
vast complex trade system 
existed primarily to serve human

5919
05:24:22,200 --> 05:24:26,900
desires for Pleasant smells and 
altered consciousness Yes, some 

5920
05:24:26,900 --> 05:24:30,500
aromatic substances had 
important medicinal uses and yes

5921
05:24:30,500 --> 05:24:35,000
incense played crucial roles in 
religious practices but at its 

5922
05:24:35,000 --> 05:24:38,500
core, the incense trade existed 
because humans across cultures 

5923
05:24:38,500 --> 05:24:41,600
agreed that filling the air with
fragrant smoke was worth 

5924
05:24:41,600 --> 05:24:45,300
enormous effort, and expense. 
This tells us something about 

5925
05:24:45,300 --> 05:24:48,500
human priorities. 
We're not purely practical 

5926
05:24:48,500 --> 05:24:50,600
creatures. 
Focused, only on immediate 

5927
05:24:50,600 --> 05:24:54,000
survival needs. 
We're also aesthetic beings who 

5928
05:24:54,000 --> 05:24:58,500
Value Beauty, pleasure, and 
experiences that transport us 

5929
05:24:58,500 --> 05:25:03,000
Beyond ordinary consciousness. 
The ancient incense trade serve 

5930
05:25:03,000 --> 05:25:06,600
these deeper, human needs and 
Merchants became wealthy because

5931
05:25:06,600 --> 05:25:09,200
they understood something 
essential about what humans want

5932
05:25:09,200 --> 05:25:12,200
from Life. 
By now several thousand years 

5933
05:25:12,200 --> 05:25:15,800
into Humanity's relationship 
with aromatic smoke, something 

5934
05:25:15,800 --> 05:25:19,600
interesting, had happened, Smoke
hadn't just become a tool or 

5935
05:25:19,600 --> 05:25:22,600
commodity. 
It had become a language a 

5936
05:25:22,600 --> 05:25:26,100
system of symbols through which 
humans expressed ideas about the

5937
05:25:26,100 --> 05:25:29,900
sacred, the mysterious and the 
boundaries between different 

5938
05:25:29,900 --> 05:25:32,300
Realms of existence. 
Let's explore. 

5939
05:25:32,300 --> 05:25:35,100
How different cultures turn this
physical phenomenon into 

5940
05:25:35,100 --> 05:25:37,900
metaphor, and how those 
metaphors shaped human, 

5941
05:25:37,900 --> 05:25:41,800
understanding of Consciousness, 
devinity, and the structure of 

5942
05:25:41,808 --> 05:25:46,000
reality itself, starting in 
ancient, Mesopotamia, that 

5943
05:25:46,000 --> 05:25:49,600
cradle of civilization between 
the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

5944
05:25:50,500 --> 05:25:53,600
The Babylonians and Assyrians 
burned incense in their temples 

5945
05:25:53,600 --> 05:25:56,900
but they all carefully. 
Observe the patterns smoke made 

5946
05:25:56,900 --> 05:26:00,900
as it Rose. 
Specialized priests baru. 

5947
05:26:00,900 --> 05:26:04,800
They were called practiced 
divination by smoke. 

5948
05:26:04,800 --> 05:26:09,000
Reading messages from the gods 
in how incense smoke curled 

5949
05:26:09,000 --> 05:26:11,600
drifted or suddenly changed 
Direction. 

5950
05:26:11,600 --> 05:26:14,100
This wasn't as arbitrary as it 
might sound. 

5951
05:26:14,100 --> 05:26:18,700
Smoke is exquisitely, sensitive 
to air, currents, temperature, 

5952
05:26:18,700 --> 05:26:22,400
gradients, and subtle 
environmental factors that human

5953
05:26:22,400 --> 05:26:26,800
senses can't directly detect. 
The baru were essentially using 

5954
05:26:26,800 --> 05:26:30,300
smoke as a visualization tool 
for invisible atmospheric 

5955
05:26:30,300 --> 05:26:33,100
conditions, then interpreting 
these patterns. 

5956
05:26:33,100 --> 05:26:36,800
According to complex symbolic 
systems that have been refined 

5957
05:26:36,800 --> 05:26:39,900
over Generations. 
They were wrong about the God, 

5958
05:26:39,900 --> 05:26:43,900
sending messages. 
But right that smoke reveals 

5959
05:26:43,900 --> 05:26:45,900
information about the 
environment that would otherwise

5960
05:26:45,900 --> 05:26:48,400
be hidden, the symbolism was 
clear. 

5961
05:26:49,400 --> 05:26:52,900
Smoke connects the visible and 
invisible, the known and 

5962
05:26:52,900 --> 05:26:55,900
unknown. 
It emerges from the solid matter

5963
05:26:55,900 --> 05:27:00,100
of incense, or herbs transforms 
into something ethereal and 

5964
05:27:00,100 --> 05:27:03,800
disappears in to air. 
Travelling, perhaps to Realms 

5965
05:27:03,800 --> 05:27:07,400
Beyond human perception. 
This made smoke a perfect 

5966
05:27:07,400 --> 05:27:11,400
metaphor for the Soul's Journey 
after death for prayer, seeking 

5967
05:27:11,400 --> 05:27:15,000
Divine attention and for any 
movement between material and 

5968
05:27:15,000 --> 05:27:18,900
spiritual Realms in ancient 
China, smoke took on different, 

5969
05:27:18,900 --> 05:27:22,400
but related meanings. 
Dallas philosophers, watched 

5970
05:27:22,400 --> 05:27:25,700
incense smoke rising, and 
temples, and saw lessons about 

5971
05:27:25,700 --> 05:27:29,300
the nature of reality. 
The smoke follows its nature, 

5972
05:27:29,300 --> 05:27:33,000
they noted, it doesn't try to be
anything other than what it is 

5973
05:27:33,000 --> 05:27:35,500
doesn't resist. 
Its own transformation from 

5974
05:27:35,500 --> 05:27:39,400
visible to Invisible and doesn't
cling to any particular form or 

5975
05:27:39,400 --> 05:27:42,700
place this made. 
Smoke a teaching tool about Wu 

5976
05:27:42,700 --> 05:27:46,300
away, effortless action, and 
about accepting change. 

5977
05:27:46,300 --> 05:27:48,900
Rather than fighting it Chinese 
poets. 

5978
05:27:48,900 --> 05:27:51,300
Wrote extensively about incense 
smoke. 

5979
05:27:51,300 --> 05:27:54,400
Using it as a metaphor, for 
everything from romantic 

5980
05:27:54,400 --> 05:27:57,800
Longing, To political 
frustration to the transients of

5981
05:27:57,800 --> 05:28:01,800
life itself. 
Lie by one of China's greatest 

5982
05:28:01,800 --> 05:28:05,500
poets, wrote about smoke from 
his incense, burner twisting 

5983
05:28:05,500 --> 05:28:09,500
like dragon shapes, connecting, 
his writing desk to the realm of

5984
05:28:09,500 --> 05:28:12,700
Immortals, The smoke wasn't just
decoration. 

5985
05:28:12,700 --> 05:28:16,000
It was a visual representation 
of the connection between 

5986
05:28:16,000 --> 05:28:19,300
mundane reality and Transcendent
experience. 

5987
05:28:19,300 --> 05:28:21,900
That poetry sought to capture in
India. 

5988
05:28:21,900 --> 05:28:25,100
Smoke symbolism, became deeply 
embedded in both Hindu and 

5989
05:28:25,100 --> 05:28:29,200
Buddhist practice. 
The Sanskrit word Dumar smoke 

5990
05:28:29,200 --> 05:28:33,200
appears in countless religious 
texts, usually associated with 

5991
05:28:33,200 --> 05:28:37,100
transformation purification, and
the transition between states, 

5992
05:28:38,000 --> 05:28:40,800
When a Hindu cremation releases 
smoke into the sky. 

5993
05:28:41,500 --> 05:28:43,700
That smoke represents the 
deceased. 

5994
05:28:43,700 --> 05:28:46,600
Essence beginning its journey to
whatever comes next. 

5995
05:28:47,600 --> 05:28:51,400
When Buddhist monks burn incense
the rising smoke. 

5996
05:28:51,400 --> 05:28:53,900
Visualizes. 
The rise of Merit from good 

5997
05:28:53,900 --> 05:28:57,200
actions. 
The dispersion of negative Karma

5998
05:28:57,200 --> 05:28:59,400
and the movement of 
Consciousness toward 

5999
05:28:59,400 --> 05:29:02,800
Enlightenment, the Buddha 
himself apparently used smokers 

6000
05:29:02,800 --> 05:29:07,100
are teaching metaphor In various
sutras, he compared clinging to 

6001
05:29:07,100 --> 05:29:09,600
impermanent things to try to 
grasp smoke. 

6002
05:29:10,500 --> 05:29:13,600
The harder, you squeeze the 
faster it escapes, and your left

6003
05:29:13,608 --> 05:29:16,600
with nothing, but perhaps a 
lingering smell on your hands. 

6004
05:29:17,700 --> 05:29:20,900
The lesson was about 
non-attachment about recognizing

6005
05:29:20,900 --> 05:29:23,600
that everything like smoke is 
temporary and cannot be 

6006
05:29:23,600 --> 05:29:26,100
possessed. 
Native American cultures 

6007
05:29:26,100 --> 05:29:28,800
developed their own Rich. 
Smoke symbolism, though. 

6008
05:29:28,800 --> 05:29:31,900
We should be careful here about 
generalizing cross hundreds of 

6009
05:29:31,900 --> 05:29:35,300
distinct cultures. 
Many groups use smoke from 

6010
05:29:35,300 --> 05:29:41,400
sacred plants tobacco, Sage 
Sweetgrass in ways that combined

6011
05:29:41,400 --> 05:29:43,600
practical purposes with deep 
symbolic. 

6012
05:29:43,600 --> 05:29:48,000
Meaning Smoke might purify a 
space carry prayers to the 

6013
05:29:48,000 --> 05:29:51,600
spirit world, Mark the 
boundaries of sacred ground, or 

6014
05:29:51,600 --> 05:29:55,800
seal agreements between people's
the peace pipe sage and or 

6015
05:29:55,800 --> 05:29:59,300
ceremonial pipe. 
Traditions found in many North 

6016
05:29:59,300 --> 05:30:02,200
American cultures treated smoke 
as a covenant, mediator. 

6017
05:30:03,000 --> 05:30:06,400
When former enemies, shared 
smoke from the same pipe, they 

6018
05:30:06,400 --> 05:30:08,600
were creating a physical and 
symbolic Bond. 

6019
05:30:09,500 --> 05:30:13,100
The smoke, they exhaled had been
inside their bodies mingling 

6020
05:30:13,100 --> 05:30:16,700
with their breath and blood 
sharing that smoke meant sharing

6021
05:30:16,700 --> 05:30:20,600
something essential. 
Breaking an agreement made over,

6022
05:30:20,600 --> 05:30:22,300
the pipe wasn't just political 
betrayal. 

6023
05:30:22,300 --> 05:30:26,800
It was spiritual violation in 
Islamic cultures, smoke a quiet,

6024
05:30:26,800 --> 05:30:29,200
meaning related to both Beauty 
and Transcendence. 

6025
05:30:30,000 --> 05:30:33,000
Persian, poetry frequently 
mentioned incense smokers as a 

6026
05:30:33,000 --> 05:30:36,700
symbol of devotion longing and 
the attempt to reach Beyond 

6027
05:30:36,700 --> 05:30:40,500
material limitations. 
Sufi Mystic sometimes used 

6028
05:30:40,500 --> 05:30:44,800
aromatic smoke as part of their 
practices seeing in its Rising 

6029
05:30:44,800 --> 05:30:47,600
movement and image of the souls 
aspiration toward God. 

6030
05:30:48,500 --> 05:30:52,600
The best smoked pure fragrant, 
Rising straight and true 

6031
05:30:52,600 --> 05:30:55,600
represented. 
The ideal spiritual State 

6032
05:30:55,600 --> 05:30:58,600
medieval European Christianity 
inherited. 

6033
05:30:58,600 --> 05:31:02,500
Its smoke, symbolism partly from
Jewish temple traditions and 

6034
05:31:02,500 --> 05:31:04,500
partly from Broadmead training 
cultures. 

6035
05:31:05,500 --> 05:31:08,600
The smoke of incense in a 
cathedral represented, prayer's,

6036
05:31:08,600 --> 05:31:11,900
rising to heaven, but it also 
had more practical symbolic 

6037
05:31:11,900 --> 05:31:14,400
functions. 
It marked Sacred Space as 

6038
05:31:14,400 --> 05:31:18,100
distinct from ordinary space. 
Created an atmosphere for 

6039
05:31:18,100 --> 05:31:21,500
experiences of the numinous and 
literally Illustrated 

6040
05:31:21,500 --> 05:31:25,000
theological Concepts about 
mediation, between human and 

6041
05:31:25,000 --> 05:31:28,100
divine Realms. 
The writers of medieval mystical

6042
05:31:28,100 --> 05:31:30,900
texts often use smokers a 
metaphor for Spiritual 

6043
05:31:30,900 --> 05:31:33,800
experiences that couldn't be 
captured in ordinary language. 

6044
05:31:35,100 --> 05:31:36,900
How do you describe a vision of 
God? 

6045
05:31:36,900 --> 05:31:41,800
It's like seeing through smoke 
you perceive something, you 

6046
05:31:41,800 --> 05:31:45,600
know, something is there but you
can't make out clear details and

6047
05:31:45,600 --> 05:31:49,500
the experience is inherently 
transitory Smoke became the 

6048
05:31:49,500 --> 05:31:52,000
language for describing and 
counters with the ineffable. 

6049
05:31:52,000 --> 05:31:55,000
What's interesting across? 
All these Traditions is how 

6050
05:31:55,000 --> 05:31:58,900
Smoke's physical properties, its
visibility combined within 

6051
05:31:58,900 --> 05:32:02,800
tangibility, its upward 
movement, and its gradual 

6052
05:32:02,800 --> 05:32:06,800
dissolution made it almost 
universally available as a 

6053
05:32:06,800 --> 05:32:11,300
metaphor for similar Concepts. 
Different cultures didn't arrive

6054
05:32:11,300 --> 05:32:13,200
at identical. 
Smoke, symbolism. 

6055
05:32:13,200 --> 05:32:17,100
But there are striking parallels
in how humans have interpreted 

6056
05:32:17,100 --> 05:32:19,200
this phenomenon. 
The color of smoke. 

6057
05:32:19,200 --> 05:32:22,700
Also acquired symbolic. 
Meaning white smoke was 

6058
05:32:22,700 --> 05:32:26,700
generally positive, Pure Clean 
or spacious. 

6059
05:32:27,500 --> 05:32:30,800
Black smoke, suggested 
something, wrong, dangerous or 

6060
05:32:30,800 --> 05:32:33,700
malevolent gray, smoke was 
ambiguous. 

6061
05:32:33,700 --> 05:32:38,300
Neither clearly good nor bad. 
These color associations, 

6062
05:32:38,300 --> 05:32:41,400
weren't arbitrary. 
They related to what actually 

6063
05:32:41,400 --> 05:32:43,300
produces different colored 
smoke. 

6064
05:32:44,000 --> 05:32:47,500
White smoke comes from clean 
burning aromatics and black 

6065
05:32:47,500 --> 05:32:51,200
smoke from incomplete combustion
or impure materials. 

6066
05:32:52,300 --> 05:32:55,500
Humans turn these practical 
observations into symbolic 

6067
05:32:55,500 --> 05:32:57,600
systems, even the smell of 
smoke. 

6068
05:32:57,600 --> 05:33:01,200
Carried, some Bic weight. 
Sweet, Smoke suggested, divine 

6069
05:33:01,200 --> 05:33:05,000
presence, spiritual Purity or 
successful ritual. 

6070
05:33:05,900 --> 05:33:08,300
Acrid smoke indicated, something
gone wrong. 

6071
05:33:08,300 --> 05:33:11,400
Either in the physical 
preparation of materials, or 

6072
05:33:11,400 --> 05:33:15,100
metaphorically in the spiritual 
state of the people involved. 

6073
05:33:16,400 --> 05:33:20,100
Smell that most Primal and 
emotionally evocative of senses.

6074
05:33:20,900 --> 05:33:24,300
Became a way of evaluating the 
quality and success of smoke 

6075
05:33:24,300 --> 05:33:28,300
based practices while temples 
filled with incense smoke and 

6076
05:33:28,300 --> 05:33:30,200
Physicians. 
Prescribed therapeutic 

6077
05:33:30,200 --> 05:33:34,600
fumigation, another traditional 
was developing one more personal

6078
05:33:34,600 --> 05:33:39,000
more intimate and more focused 
on individual Consciousness than

6079
05:33:39,000 --> 05:33:41,800
Collective. 
Ritual, This was the tradition 

6080
05:33:41,800 --> 05:33:45,200
of smoking from pipes. 
A practice that would eventually

6081
05:33:45,200 --> 05:33:48,600
Circle the globe and become one 
of Humanity's most widespread 

6082
05:33:48,600 --> 05:33:51,600
ways of altering Consciousness. 
The earliest pipes. 

6083
05:33:51,600 --> 05:33:55,000
We know about come from various 
places and probably represent 

6084
05:33:55,000 --> 05:33:58,200
independent invention rather 
than diffusion from a single 

6085
05:33:58,200 --> 05:34:01,500
source. 
Ancient people in Africa Asia 

6086
05:34:01,500 --> 05:34:05,300
and the Americas all developed 
pipe Technologies though they 

6087
05:34:05,300 --> 05:34:07,800
used them for different 
substances and invested them 

6088
05:34:07,800 --> 05:34:10,600
with different meanings. 
Let's start in the Americas 

6089
05:34:10,600 --> 05:34:14,400
where tobacco was first, 
domesticated and smoking first 

6090
05:34:14,400 --> 05:34:16,200
became a complex cultural 
practice. 

6091
05:34:17,100 --> 05:34:20,900
Long before Europeans arrived 
indigenous, people's throughout 

6092
05:34:20,900 --> 05:34:24,700
North and South America were 
cultivating to backhoe and 

6093
05:34:24,700 --> 05:34:27,500
developing elaborate 
Technologies and rituals around 

6094
05:34:27,500 --> 05:34:29,900
smoking it. 
But here's something that often 

6095
05:34:29,900 --> 05:34:33,800
gets misunderstood these were 
casual recreational practices 

6096
05:34:33,800 --> 05:34:37,400
when amayan priest smoked 
tobacco through a long read tube

6097
05:34:37,400 --> 05:34:41,000
or when a Cherokee Elder filled 
a ceremonial pipe with sacred 

6098
05:34:41,000 --> 05:34:44,400
tobacco mixed with other herbs, 
they were engaging in religious 

6099
05:34:44,400 --> 05:34:46,800
practice as serious as any 
Temple ceremony. 

6100
05:34:47,700 --> 05:34:51,900
The smoke from these pipes was 
medicine, sacrum and diplomatic 

6101
05:34:51,900 --> 05:34:55,400
tool all rolled into one. 
The physical experience of 

6102
05:34:55,400 --> 05:34:58,000
smoking tobacco through a pipe 
would have been intense. 

6103
05:34:58,800 --> 05:35:00,700
Far more so than modern 
cigarettes. 

6104
05:35:01,400 --> 05:35:04,500
Ancient tobacco varieties were 
significantly stronger than 

6105
05:35:04,500 --> 05:35:08,100
modern breeds and pipe smoking 
delivers nicotine more 

6106
05:35:08,100 --> 05:35:09,900
efficiently than modern smoking 
methods. 

6107
05:35:10,700 --> 05:35:13,700
The immediate effects mild, 
Euphoria slight. 

6108
05:35:13,700 --> 05:35:16,200
Nausea, dizziness altered 
perception. 

6109
05:35:16,200 --> 05:35:19,300
Would have reinforced the sense 
that something spiritually 

6110
05:35:19,300 --> 05:35:23,000
significant was occurring. 
Native American Pipe Traditions 

6111
05:35:23,000 --> 05:35:25,200
often, treated the pipe itself 
as sacred. 

6112
05:35:25,900 --> 05:35:28,700
Materials were chosen, 
carefully, certain Woods 

6113
05:35:28,700 --> 05:35:32,300
specific stones and decorations 
that carried symbolic meaning. 

6114
05:35:33,200 --> 05:35:36,600
The process of filling lighting 
and smoking the pipe followed 

6115
05:35:36,600 --> 05:35:39,600
prescribed patterns. 
Smoke, might be offered to the 

6116
05:35:39,600 --> 05:35:43,700
Ford direction's to the Earth 
and Sky, or to ancestors or 

6117
05:35:43,700 --> 05:35:46,200
spirits. 
The entire practice was 

6118
05:35:46,200 --> 05:35:48,500
choreographed to create an 
experience that was 

6119
05:35:48,500 --> 05:35:51,400
simultaneously physically the 
nicotine effects. 

6120
05:35:52,200 --> 05:35:56,900
Social pipes were often smoked 
communally, and spiritual the 

6121
05:35:56,900 --> 05:36:00,500
ceremonial context, provided 
meaning in Asia different pipe 

6122
05:36:00,500 --> 05:36:02,500
Traditions developed around 
different substances. 

6123
05:36:03,500 --> 05:36:06,700
Chinese and Southeast Asian 
opium pipes represented a 

6124
05:36:06,700 --> 05:36:10,700
fascinating case study in how 
substance technology and culture

6125
05:36:10,700 --> 05:36:14,000
interact. 
Opium smoking, which became 

6126
05:36:14,000 --> 05:36:17,100
widespread in China during the 
17th and 18th. 

6127
05:36:17,100 --> 05:36:20,400
Centuries required, specialized 
equipment and technique. 

6128
05:36:21,300 --> 05:36:23,200
The pipes were often works of 
art. 

6129
05:36:23,900 --> 05:36:28,100
Bamboo stems with ceramic bowls.
Sometimes decorated with 

6130
05:36:28,100 --> 05:36:32,000
intricate carvings or inlays. 
The Opium smoking ritual was 

6131
05:36:32,000 --> 05:36:34,200
elaborate. 
The Opium had to be prepared. 

6132
05:36:34,200 --> 05:36:37,400
Cooked cleaned formed into 
pills. 

6133
05:36:37,400 --> 05:36:40,500
The pipe had to be held at the 
correct angle over a lamp. 

6134
05:36:40,508 --> 05:36:44,000
The smoker had to know exactly 
how to heat the Opium pill and 

6135
05:36:44,000 --> 05:36:47,300
when to inhale, Done correctly. 
The process. 

6136
05:36:47,300 --> 05:36:50,600
Produced a distinctive. 
Sweet smell and wave of 

6137
05:36:50,600 --> 05:36:53,100
relaxation. 
That opium uses described as 

6138
05:36:53,100 --> 05:36:56,600
like floating on a warm sea. 
He should note here, that opium 

6139
05:36:56,600 --> 05:36:59,600
addiction became a severe social
problem in 19th century. 

6140
05:36:59,600 --> 05:37:03,200
China with devastating 
consequences for individuals and

6141
05:37:03,200 --> 05:37:06,300
Society. 
But understanding the appeal 

6142
05:37:06,300 --> 05:37:09,200
requires acknowledging the 
sensory and psychological 

6143
05:37:09,200 --> 05:37:13,400
attractions of the practice the 
ritual, The Taste the immediate 

6144
05:37:13,400 --> 05:37:16,400
relief from pain or anxiety and 
cleaned. 

6145
05:37:16,400 --> 05:37:19,900
And the temporary escape from 
difficult lives in the Middle 

6146
05:37:19,900 --> 05:37:25,000
East and Central Asia waterpipes
who curse or narula's evolved as

6147
05:37:25,000 --> 05:37:27,700
a way to smoke tobacco, and 
other substances with some of 

6148
05:37:27,708 --> 05:37:31,000
the harshness filtered out. 
The hookah represents 

6149
05:37:31,000 --> 05:37:33,800
sophisticated. 
Engineering smoke is drawn 

6150
05:37:33,800 --> 05:37:36,800
through water which cools it and
removes some irritants. 

6151
05:37:36,800 --> 05:37:39,300
Then through a long tube to the 
smoker's mouth. 

6152
05:37:40,300 --> 05:37:43,700
Multiple people can smoke from 
the same, hookah simultaneously,

6153
05:37:43,700 --> 05:37:47,800
making it a social technology as
much as a drug delivery system. 

6154
05:37:47,800 --> 05:37:51,000
Hookah smoking in traditional 
Middle Eastern culture was 

6155
05:37:51,008 --> 05:37:53,700
allegedly practiced associated 
with coffee houses. 

6156
05:37:53,700 --> 05:37:58,400
Intellectual discussion and 
unhurried socializing You didn't

6157
05:37:58,400 --> 05:38:01,200
just smoke a hookah. 
You spent an evening at a hookah

6158
05:38:01,200 --> 05:38:04,600
lounge, talking philosophy or 
politics or everyday concerns 

6159
05:38:04,600 --> 05:38:07,500
with friends, while sharing 
flavored tobacco smoke, that 

6160
05:38:07,500 --> 05:38:11,100
tasted of Apple Rose or other 
aromatics? 

6161
05:38:12,200 --> 05:38:16,900
Practice created a specific kind
of social space slightly removed

6162
05:38:16,900 --> 05:38:19,000
from ordinary. 
Time were conversation could 

6163
05:38:19,000 --> 05:38:22,600
wander and people could relax 
European and American pipes 

6164
05:38:22,600 --> 05:38:25,700
smoking Traditions, which 
developed primarily in the 16th 

6165
05:38:25,700 --> 05:38:29,600
through 19th centuries, created 
their own cultures around the 

6166
05:38:29,600 --> 05:38:33,000
practice. 
Clay pipes, then Briar pipes 

6167
05:38:33,000 --> 05:38:35,400
became Technologies of 
contemplation. 

6168
05:38:36,200 --> 05:38:39,500
The ritual of choosing a tobacco
blend, feeling the pipe 

6169
05:38:39,500 --> 05:38:43,100
properly, lighting it with care,
and maintaining the burn through

6170
05:38:43,100 --> 05:38:46,600
strategic puffing. 
These actions required attention

6171
05:38:46,600 --> 05:38:50,900
and provided structure for 
thinking many scholars, writers 

6172
05:38:50,900 --> 05:38:54,400
and artists described pipe 
smoking as an aid to 

6173
05:38:54,400 --> 05:38:58,200
concentration and creativity. 
The gentle stimulation from 

6174
05:38:58,200 --> 05:39:01,900
nicotine combined with the 
meditative quality of the ritual

6175
05:39:01,900 --> 05:39:05,900
and the pleasant Taste of good 
tobacco created conditions that 

6176
05:39:05,900 --> 05:39:08,400
many found conducive to 
intellectual work. 

6177
05:39:09,100 --> 05:39:11,500
This wasn't just justification 
for a habit. 

6178
05:39:12,100 --> 05:39:15,000
There's evidence that moderate 
nicotine intake, can enhance, 

6179
05:39:15,000 --> 05:39:18,200
certain cognitive functions, 
particularly sustained, 

6180
05:39:18,200 --> 05:39:22,300
attention a pipe itself became a
symbol in European and American 

6181
05:39:22,300 --> 05:39:26,300
culture of masculinity 
intellectuality Leisure or 

6182
05:39:26,300 --> 05:39:28,700
contemplation depending on 
context. 

6183
05:39:29,800 --> 05:39:32,700
Sherlock Holmes is Pike. 
Suggested his analytical mind. 

6184
05:39:33,700 --> 05:39:36,500
Father Christmas is pipe 
represented Jolly contentment. 

6185
05:39:37,400 --> 05:39:40,600
The pipe smoking Professor 
became such a cultural archetype

6186
05:39:40,600 --> 05:39:43,700
that even people who never 
smoked recognized The 

6187
05:39:43,700 --> 05:39:46,700
Stereotype, what United? 
All these different pipe 

6188
05:39:46,700 --> 05:39:50,100
Traditions from Amazonian 
tobacco to Asian opium to 

6189
05:39:50,100 --> 05:39:52,800
European. 
Briar pipes was the intimate 

6190
05:39:52,800 --> 05:39:54,700
personal quality of the 
experience. 

6191
05:39:55,600 --> 05:39:58,100
Unlike Temple incense. 
That filled a large space. 

6192
05:39:58,100 --> 05:40:01,100
For many people unlike 
Physicians fumigations 

6193
05:40:01,100 --> 05:40:04,900
administered as treatment Pipe 
smoking was about individual 

6194
05:40:04,900 --> 05:40:09,100
Consciousness, personal ritual 
and chosen moments of altered 

6195
05:40:09,100 --> 05:40:11,300
awareness. 
The pipe created a small 

6196
05:40:11,300 --> 05:40:13,900
immediate relationship between a
person and smoke. 

6197
05:40:13,900 --> 05:40:18,700
You can control every aspect 
what you smoked when you smoke 

6198
05:40:18,700 --> 05:40:23,400
and how much you smoke The Smoke
Filled your mouth touched your 

6199
05:40:23,400 --> 05:40:27,200
tongue and entered your lungs or
in some traditions was only 

6200
05:40:27,200 --> 05:40:29,700
taken into the mouth. 
It was yours in a way that 

6201
05:40:29,700 --> 05:40:33,400
communal smoke wasn't this 
personal quality, made pipes 

6202
05:40:33,400 --> 05:40:36,900
attractive for contemplation for
marking transitions between 

6203
05:40:36,900 --> 05:40:40,600
activities and for creating 
small islands of ritual in 

6204
05:40:40,600 --> 05:40:44,400
otherwise unstructured time. you
could smoke a pipe while 

6205
05:40:44,400 --> 05:40:47,800
thinking through a problem, 
while grieving a loss while 

6206
05:40:47,800 --> 05:40:52,600
celebrating a success, while 
simply watching the sun set, The

6207
05:40:52,600 --> 05:40:55,900
smoke became a companion to your
thoughts. a physical 

6208
05:40:55,900 --> 05:40:59,000
manifestation of the moment you 
were inhabiting different, 

6209
05:40:59,000 --> 05:41:02,000
cultures, develop different 
etiquette around pipe, smoking 

6210
05:41:03,000 --> 05:41:04,800
In some native American 
traditions. 

6211
05:41:04,800 --> 05:41:07,500
Interrupting someone who was 
smoking, would be deeply 

6212
05:41:07,500 --> 05:41:11,000
disrespectful. 
The ACT demanded its own time 

6213
05:41:11,000 --> 05:41:14,300
and space in. 
Victorian England, pipe smoking 

6214
05:41:14,300 --> 05:41:17,800
was gendered male and confined 
to specific rooms or times, 

6215
05:41:17,800 --> 05:41:21,300
creating a whole architecture of
social rules about where. 

6216
05:41:21,300 --> 05:41:25,600
And when smoke was appropriate, 
In Middle Eastern coffee houses,

6217
05:41:25,600 --> 05:41:30,000
who are smoking was communal and
conversational the pipe passed 

6218
05:41:30,000 --> 05:41:32,800
between friends. 
As freely as words, the sensory 

6219
05:41:32,800 --> 05:41:37,000
experience of pipe smoking 
varied enormously depending on 

6220
05:41:37,000 --> 05:41:40,800
what was being smoked and how 
Tobacco, could be sweet or 

6221
05:41:40,800 --> 05:41:45,100
harsh, smooth or biting aromatic
or plain. 

6222
05:41:46,100 --> 05:41:49,500
Opium produced, a distinctive 
smell that became associated 

6223
05:41:49,500 --> 05:41:53,500
with relaxation and Escape. 
Cannabis, which has been smoked 

6224
05:41:53,500 --> 05:41:56,800
in, various forms for thousands 
of years offered yet. 

6225
05:41:56,800 --> 05:42:00,900
Another sensory, profile, 
earthier and more pungent than 

6226
05:42:00,900 --> 05:42:04,000
tobacco with quite different 
effect on Consciousness. 

6227
05:42:04,000 --> 05:42:08,000
What's interesting is how 
quickly pipe smoking, once 

6228
05:42:08,000 --> 05:42:12,000
global trade, networks emerged 
in the 16th and 17th centuries. 

6229
05:42:12,800 --> 05:42:16,000
Tobacco, which was completely 
unknown outside the Americas. 

6230
05:42:16,000 --> 05:42:20,600
Before 1492 had reached every 
inhabited continent within a 

6231
05:42:20,608 --> 05:42:23,200
century of European contact with
the new world. 

6232
05:42:24,100 --> 05:42:27,500
Pipes appeared in Africa, Asia 
Europe and Oceania with 

6233
05:42:27,500 --> 05:42:31,500
remarkable speed suggesting that
the practice answered some 

6234
05:42:31,500 --> 05:42:35,700
widespread human need or desire.
This rapid spread wasn't just 

6235
05:42:35,700 --> 05:42:37,300
about nicotine addiction, 
though. 

6236
05:42:37,300 --> 05:42:40,300
That certainly played a role. 
There was also about the appeal 

6237
05:42:40,300 --> 05:42:43,700
of a personal ritual that could 
create moments of calm, in 

6238
05:42:43,700 --> 05:42:46,300
increasingly, complex, 
connected, and demanding 

6239
05:42:46,300 --> 05:42:50,400
societies. 
As the world modernized as 

6240
05:42:50,400 --> 05:42:52,200
traditional rhythms of 
agricultural. 

6241
05:42:52,200 --> 05:42:56,000
Life gave way to Urban. 
Industrial time the pipe offered

6242
05:42:56,000 --> 05:43:00,200
a portable personal technology 
for creating small moments of 

6243
05:43:00,200 --> 05:43:02,300
peace. 
Now, we approach more recent 

6244
05:43:02,300 --> 05:43:05,800
history that period from roughly
1700 to 1900. 

6245
05:43:05,800 --> 05:43:08,800
When the practices we've been 
discussing, underwent 

6246
05:43:08,800 --> 05:43:12,500
significant transformational The
Scientific Revolution was 

6247
05:43:12,500 --> 05:43:15,900
changing how educated people 
understood smoke and its effects

6248
05:43:15,900 --> 05:43:20,300
industrialization was changing 
how aromatic substances were 

6249
05:43:20,300 --> 05:43:24,100
produced and distributed. 
Colonialism was disrupting 

6250
05:43:24,100 --> 05:43:27,100
traditional practices while 
spreading them to new contexts. 

6251
05:43:27,100 --> 05:43:30,900
Let's consider how European 
expansion affected incense 

6252
05:43:30,900 --> 05:43:34,500
Traditions worldwide. 
When Portuguese traders reached 

6253
05:43:34,500 --> 05:43:37,600
India and Southeast Asia, when 
Spanish conquistadors, 

6254
05:43:37,600 --> 05:43:41,000
encountered American 
civilizations, and when Dutch 

6255
05:43:41,000 --> 05:43:44,800
Merchants established themselves
in Indonesia, they found a Lab 

6256
05:43:44,800 --> 05:43:49,000
Rats, sophisticated Traditions 
around aromatic smoke, some of 

6257
05:43:49,008 --> 05:43:52,900
these Traditions, they adopted 
others, they disrupted and still

6258
05:43:52,900 --> 05:43:55,300
others. 
They try to suppress Christian 

6259
05:43:55,300 --> 05:43:58,500
missionaries for instance often 
viewed indigenous smoking 

6260
05:43:58,500 --> 05:44:03,100
practices with deep suspicion. 
Shamanic tobacco, use in the 

6261
05:44:03,108 --> 05:44:06,600
Americas look disturbingly like 
religious ritual, which of 

6262
05:44:06,600 --> 05:44:10,600
course, it was, and missionaries
work to suppress it as paganism.

6263
05:44:11,600 --> 05:44:13,900
But they had no problem with 
incense in their own churches, 

6264
05:44:13,900 --> 05:44:17,600
which was a religious smoke 
ritual but probably Christian 

6265
05:44:17,600 --> 05:44:20,900
and therefore acceptable this 
selective acceptance and 

6266
05:44:20,900 --> 05:44:22,600
rejection and created. 
Interesting. 

6267
05:44:22,600 --> 05:44:26,900
Hybrid practices in Latin 
America indigenous smoking 

6268
05:44:26,900 --> 05:44:29,900
Traditions mixed with Catholic 
incense used to create something

6269
05:44:29,900 --> 05:44:35,100
new In India Hindu incense, 
practices continued but also 

6270
05:44:35,100 --> 05:44:36,800
influence British colonial 
culture. 

6271
05:44:37,800 --> 05:44:41,800
By the Victorian era, wealthy 
British homes routinely burned 

6272
05:44:41,800 --> 05:44:44,600
in Indian incense, though, 
usually stripped of their 

6273
05:44:44,600 --> 05:44:48,200
original religious meanings and 
appreciated primarily for their 

6274
05:44:48,200 --> 05:44:51,600
exotic fragrance. 
The scientific study of smoke 

6275
05:44:51,600 --> 05:44:54,300
and its effects began in Earnest
during this period. 

6276
05:44:55,100 --> 05:44:58,500
Chemists started analyzing the 
compounds in various aromatic, 

6277
05:44:58,500 --> 05:45:02,900
substances identifying specific 
molecules responsible for 

6278
05:45:02,900 --> 05:45:07,000
particular, smells or effects. 
Physicians began conducting 

6279
05:45:07,000 --> 05:45:10,900
something resembling clinical 
trials testing, whether the 

6280
05:45:10,900 --> 05:45:13,600
therapeutic smoking actually 
worked for the conditions. 

6281
05:45:13,600 --> 05:45:17,300
It was prescribed to treat some 
traditional smoke remedies held 

6282
05:45:17,300 --> 05:45:19,500
up reasonably well under 
scientific scrutiny. 

6283
05:45:19,500 --> 05:45:23,300
Yes, eucalyptus smoke does help 
respiratory problems. 

6284
05:45:23,300 --> 05:45:26,600
We can now explain exactly why 
in terms of chemical 

6285
05:45:26,600 --> 05:45:29,500
constituents and their 
interactions with human 

6286
05:45:29,500 --> 05:45:32,900
respiratory tissues other 
traditional practices didn't 

6287
05:45:32,900 --> 05:45:36,200
fare as well. 
No smoke from burnt goat hair 

6288
05:45:36,200 --> 05:45:39,400
will not cure epilepsy 
regardless of what ancient 

6289
05:45:39,400 --> 05:45:42,700
Physicians believed, but this 
scientific understanding also 

6290
05:45:42,700 --> 05:45:45,400
strips of much of its mystery 
and symbolic power. 

6291
05:45:46,400 --> 05:45:49,600
When aromatic smoke become 
merely a delivery mechanism for 

6292
05:45:49,600 --> 05:45:53,300
specific chemical compounds. 
It loses something of its 

6293
05:45:53,300 --> 05:45:55,700
capacity to carry, meaning 
beyond the physical. 

6294
05:45:56,700 --> 05:45:58,600
The rationalization of smoke 
knowledge. 

6295
05:45:58,600 --> 05:46:02,200
Made practices more effective in
some ways while making them less

6296
05:46:02,200 --> 05:46:05,700
meaningful in others. 
Industrialization changed the 

6297
05:46:05,700 --> 05:46:09,800
incense trade dramatically. 
Instead of rare resins carried 

6298
05:46:09,800 --> 05:46:13,700
across continents by Caravan 
aromatic substances could be 

6299
05:46:13,700 --> 05:46:17,200
synthesized in factories or at 
least mass produced from 

6300
05:46:17,200 --> 05:46:21,200
Plantation grown materials. 
This made in sense, much cheaper

6301
05:46:21,200 --> 05:46:25,100
and more widely available which 
was good for Access but not so 

6302
05:46:25,100 --> 05:46:28,800
good for the sense of precious 
Rarity that had surrounded 

6303
05:46:28,800 --> 05:46:30,800
aromatics for thousands of 
years. 

6304
05:46:30,800 --> 05:46:34,700
The 19th century also saw 
increasing concerns about 

6305
05:46:34,700 --> 05:46:38,200
smoking health effects 
Physicians, who had once 

6306
05:46:38,200 --> 05:46:41,000
prescribed therapeutic smoking 
began. 

6307
05:46:41,000 --> 05:46:43,800
Noticing that heavy smokers 
seemed to develop distinctive 

6308
05:46:43,800 --> 05:46:47,000
health problems. 
The connection between tobacco 

6309
05:46:47,000 --> 05:46:49,600
and very diseases was beginning 
to be recognized. 

6310
05:46:49,600 --> 05:46:53,400
Though, it would take until the 
mid-20th century before the full

6311
05:46:53,400 --> 05:46:56,600
scope of smoking. 
Health impacts became clear this

6312
05:46:56,600 --> 05:47:00,100
created an interesting 
Divergence Temple incense and 

6313
05:47:00,100 --> 05:47:02,600
aromatic smoke for atmosphere 
remained relatively 

6314
05:47:02,600 --> 05:47:06,200
uncontroversial. 
People recognized inhaling 

6315
05:47:06,200 --> 05:47:08,600
enough smoke in these context to
cause health problems. 

6316
05:47:09,500 --> 05:47:12,700
But Pike, smoking and specially 
cigarette smoking came under 

6317
05:47:12,700 --> 05:47:15,400
increasing scrutiny as evidence 
mounted. 

6318
05:47:15,400 --> 05:47:19,400
That regular smoke, inhalation, 
damaged lungs, and contributed 

6319
05:47:19,400 --> 05:47:22,900
to various diseases, the 
cigarette which became dominant 

6320
05:47:22,900 --> 05:47:25,900
in the 20th. 
Century represented a departure 

6321
05:47:25,900 --> 05:47:28,300
from older smoking traditions in
important ways. 

6322
05:47:29,400 --> 05:47:33,500
Cigarettes were Industrial 
Products, uniform mass produced 

6323
05:47:33,500 --> 05:47:36,400
and designed for quick 
consumption rather than 

6324
05:47:36,400 --> 05:47:41,300
contemplative ritual. 
The cigarette breaks, the pipe 

6325
05:47:41,300 --> 05:47:45,200
smoking session, same basic 
activity but compressed hurried 

6326
05:47:45,200 --> 05:47:49,300
and stripped of most ceremonial 
elements where pipe smoking had 

6327
05:47:49,300 --> 05:47:50,800
required. 
Some skill and tension. 

6328
05:47:50,800 --> 05:47:52,300
You had to pack the pipe 
properly. 

6329
05:47:52,300 --> 05:47:55,400
Keep it lit and manage. 
The ash cigarette. 

6330
05:47:55,400 --> 05:47:58,200
Smoking was nearly effortless. 
Striker match. 

6331
05:47:58,200 --> 05:48:03,700
Inhale, exhale, repeat. 
This ease of use contributed to 

6332
05:48:03,700 --> 05:48:06,600
much higher consumption rates 
and consequently much worse, 

6333
05:48:06,600 --> 05:48:10,200
Health outcomes. 
Cigarette was Smoke, practice 

6334
05:48:10,200 --> 05:48:13,900
optimized for nicotine delivery 
rather than for ritual, 

6335
05:48:13,900 --> 05:48:18,500
contemplation or social bonding 
yet even cigarettes acquired 

6336
05:48:18,500 --> 05:48:21,900
their own rituals and meanings. 
The sharing of cigarettes 

6337
05:48:21,900 --> 05:48:25,700
between soldiers created bonds, 
the offered cigarette, became a 

6338
05:48:25,700 --> 05:48:29,400
social gesture, the lighting of 
someone else's cigarette had its

6339
05:48:29,400 --> 05:48:32,300
own etiquette and even romantic 
connotations. 

6340
05:48:33,100 --> 05:48:36,000
Humans, it seems will create 
ritual around any repeated 

6341
05:48:36,000 --> 05:48:38,400
practice, even in industrial 
ones. 

6342
05:48:38,400 --> 05:48:42,200
Meanwhile, incense Traditions 
continue to evolve in various 

6343
05:48:42,200 --> 05:48:46,900
directions in Japan codo. 
The way of incense became 

6344
05:48:46,900 --> 05:48:50,700
increasingly refined as an 
aesthetic practice separate from

6345
05:48:50,700 --> 05:48:53,800
religious contexts. 
Practitioners learn to 

6346
05:48:53,800 --> 05:48:56,000
distinguish. 
Hundreds of different aromatic 

6347
05:48:56,000 --> 05:49:00,200
Woods to appreciate subtle 
differences in fragrance and to 

6348
05:49:00,200 --> 05:49:04,600
use incense as a focus for 
meditation and mindfulness. it 

6349
05:49:04,608 --> 05:49:08,000
was like wine tasting but for 
smoke and equally sophisticated 

6350
05:49:08,000 --> 05:49:12,200
in India, the ancient traditions
of incense making continued but 

6351
05:49:12,200 --> 05:49:15,800
also adapted to Modern Commerce 
Factories and cities like 

6352
05:49:15,800 --> 05:49:18,900
Bangalore produced incense 
sticks in enormous quantities, 

6353
05:49:18,900 --> 05:49:22,300
maintaining traditional 
formulations while using modern 

6354
05:49:22,300 --> 05:49:25,800
manufacturing techniques. 
The smell of Jasmine or 

6355
05:49:25,800 --> 05:49:28,800
Sandalwood, incense became 
associated with Indian culture. 

6356
05:49:28,800 --> 05:49:33,400
Generally carried worldwide by 
the Indian diaspora Western 

6357
05:49:33,400 --> 05:49:37,400
counterculture movements in the 
1960s and seventies rediscovered

6358
05:49:37,400 --> 05:49:40,700
incense and brought it into 
mainstream Euro American 

6359
05:49:40,700 --> 05:49:44,000
culture. 
Young people burning nag Champa 

6360
05:49:44,000 --> 05:49:45,700
in their apartment were 
participating. 

6361
05:49:45,700 --> 05:49:50,000
Often unknowingly in Smoke 
Traditions that stretched back, 

6362
05:49:50,000 --> 05:49:54,500
thousands of years. 
The contexts have changed the 

6363
05:49:54,500 --> 05:49:58,700
Hemi and flats rather ancient 
temples, but the basic practice 

6364
05:49:58,700 --> 05:50:01,600
of filling a space with aromatic
smoke remained. 

6365
05:50:01,600 --> 05:50:04,900
The same. 
This period interest in 

6366
05:50:04,900 --> 05:50:09,500
indigenous smoking practices, 
particularly Iowa's in similar 

6367
05:50:09,500 --> 05:50:13,100
traditions, Some of this 
interest was respectful and 

6368
05:50:13,100 --> 05:50:16,900
carefully conducted. 
Some of it amounted to cultural 

6369
05:50:16,900 --> 05:50:20,400
appropriation with sacred 
practices stripped from their 

6370
05:50:20,400 --> 05:50:23,900
original context and treated as 
recreational drug use. 

6371
05:50:24,600 --> 05:50:27,400
The distinction matters. 
There's a difference between 

6372
05:50:27,400 --> 05:50:31,400
participating meaningfully in a 
tradition and simply consuming 

6373
05:50:31,400 --> 05:50:35,200
exotic experiences, as you 
Nestle deeper into your blankets

6374
05:50:35,200 --> 05:50:37,700
and notice how your own 
breathing is slowed while 

6375
05:50:37,708 --> 05:50:41,100
reading this story, let's turn 
to what modern science has 

6376
05:50:41,100 --> 05:50:44,700
discovered about why smoke based
practices affect the way they 

6377
05:50:44,700 --> 05:50:47,300
do. 
Understanding the mechanisms, 

6378
05:50:47,300 --> 05:50:51,300
doesn't diminish The Experience,
if anything it reveals, how 

6379
05:50:51,300 --> 05:50:55,200
intuitive our ancestors were in 
their observations, the human 

6380
05:50:55,200 --> 05:50:58,700
olfactory system. 
Your sense of smell is directly 

6381
05:50:58,700 --> 05:51:02,600
connected to the limbic system. 
Those ancient structures deep in

6382
05:51:02,600 --> 05:51:06,700
your brain that process emotion 
and memory This is why certain 

6383
05:51:06,700 --> 05:51:10,600
smells can instantly transport 
you to Childhood, the VOC 

6384
05:51:10,600 --> 05:51:14,400
powerful emotional responses or 
create immediate feelings of 

6385
05:51:14,400 --> 05:51:18,200
calm or anxiety. 
When you smell incense or 

6386
05:51:18,200 --> 05:51:21,900
aromatic smoke the molecules 
trigger, not just sensory 

6387
05:51:21,900 --> 05:51:25,900
perception, but emotional and 
memory responses that bypass 

6388
05:51:25,900 --> 05:51:28,900
conscious reasoning. 
Ancient people didn't know about

6389
05:51:28,900 --> 05:51:31,700
the limbic system but they 
certainly knew that certain 

6390
05:51:31,700 --> 05:51:33,200
smells made them feel certain 
ways. 

6391
05:51:34,300 --> 05:51:36,700
They were working with the same 
neurological architecture. 

6392
05:51:36,700 --> 05:51:40,100
We have today conducting 
empirical experiments and 

6393
05:51:40,100 --> 05:51:42,800
altering their own Consciousness
and carefully noting which 

6394
05:51:42,800 --> 05:51:45,200
plants produced which affects 
modern. 

6395
05:51:45,200 --> 05:51:48,400
Chemistry is identified the 
specific compounds responsible 

6396
05:51:48,400 --> 05:51:50,600
for many traditional incense 
effects. 

6397
05:51:51,500 --> 05:51:55,200
Frankincense contains boswellic 
acids and other molecules that 

6398
05:51:55,200 --> 05:51:59,000
have genuine anti-inflammatory 
and anxiolytic anxiety. 

6399
05:51:59,000 --> 05:52:03,100
Reducing properties. 
When burned frankincense 

6400
05:52:03,100 --> 05:52:06,000
releases these compounds in a 
form that can be absorbed 

6401
05:52:06,000 --> 05:52:09,500
through the respiratory system, 
producing measurable effects on 

6402
05:52:09,508 --> 05:52:13,700
brain, chemistry and emotional 
state, lavender, smoke contains 

6403
05:52:13,700 --> 05:52:18,100
lanole, and Lionel acetate 
compounds that have been shown 

6404
05:52:18,100 --> 05:52:20,700
in laboratory studies, to 
reduce, stress hormones, and 

6405
05:52:20,700 --> 05:52:24,500
promote relaxation. 
The Greeks and Romans who burned

6406
05:52:24,500 --> 05:52:27,800
lavender to promote, calmness 
weren't just engaging in 

6407
05:52:27,800 --> 05:52:32,000
Superstition, they were using a 
substance that genuinely affects

6408
05:52:32,000 --> 05:52:34,600
human neurobiology and ways that
reduce anxiety. 

6409
05:52:34,600 --> 05:52:38,800
Similarly, the therapeutic 
smoking practices of ancient 

6410
05:52:38,800 --> 05:52:43,000
Physicians often prescribed 
genuinely effective substances. 

6411
05:52:44,300 --> 05:52:47,800
When Chinese doctors recommended
smoking Moen for respiratory 

6412
05:52:47,800 --> 05:52:49,800
problems. 
They were unknowingly. 

6413
05:52:49,800 --> 05:52:53,100
Prescribing a sea dream. 
A powerful Broncho, dilator. 

6414
05:52:54,300 --> 05:52:57,900
When Indian ayurvedic Physicians
prescribed, cannabis smoke, for 

6415
05:52:57,900 --> 05:53:00,700
various conditions, they were 
using a substance with 

6416
05:53:00,700 --> 05:53:04,800
documented effects on pain. 
Nausea, and several other 

6417
05:53:04,800 --> 05:53:07,400
symptoms. 
Modern Neuroscience has also 

6418
05:53:07,400 --> 05:53:10,600
helped explain why ritual and 
setting matters so much for 

6419
05:53:10,600 --> 05:53:14,200
smoked based practices. 
The brain doesn't just respond 

6420
05:53:14,200 --> 05:53:17,500
to chemical compounds. 
It responds to expectations 

6421
05:53:17,500 --> 05:53:21,200
context and meaning. 
When you burn incense in a 

6422
05:53:21,200 --> 05:53:23,800
context, you've learned to 
associate with relaxation or 

6423
05:53:23,800 --> 05:53:27,300
spiritual experience. 
Your brain begins producing the 

6424
05:53:27,300 --> 05:53:30,400
associated response before. 
You've even inhaled any smoke, 

6425
05:53:30,400 --> 05:53:34,600
this isn't just cycle. 
By the way, the expectation of 

6426
05:53:34,600 --> 05:53:37,600
relaxation triggers real. 
Measurable changes in brain 

6427
05:53:37,600 --> 05:53:41,900
chemistry, increase serotonin, 
and dopamine, and decreased 

6428
05:53:41,900 --> 05:53:45,100
quarters and adrenaline. 
The chemical compounds in the 

6429
05:53:45,108 --> 05:53:48,800
smoke then enhance and extend 
these changes creating a 

6430
05:53:48,800 --> 05:53:51,200
synergistic effect. 
That's more powerful than either

6431
05:53:51,200 --> 05:53:54,800
context or chemistry alone 
breathing patterns matter too 

6432
05:53:54,800 --> 05:53:58,000
and this is something ancient 
practitioners understood 

6433
05:53:58,000 --> 05:54:01,400
intuitively. 
When you deliberately slow and 

6434
05:54:01,400 --> 05:54:05,500
deepen, your breathing to inhale
aromatic smoke, your activating,

6435
05:54:05,500 --> 05:54:10,000
your parasympathetic nervous 
system, the rest and digest mode

6436
05:54:10,000 --> 05:54:13,200
that counteract stress 
responses, the compounds in the 

6437
05:54:13,200 --> 05:54:16,600
Smoke, enhance this effect. 
But the breathing pattern itself

6438
05:54:16,600 --> 05:54:20,200
is doing significant work. 
This explains why similar 

6439
05:54:20,200 --> 05:54:24,300
practices emerged in different 
cultures humans everywhere have 

6440
05:54:24,300 --> 05:54:28,600
the same basic neurobiology, the
same limbic system responses to 

6441
05:54:28,600 --> 05:54:32,900
aromatic compounds and the same 
parasympathetic relaxation 

6442
05:54:32,900 --> 05:54:37,500
response to slow breathing 
Ancient people's in China, India

6443
05:54:37,500 --> 05:54:41,800
Rome and the Americas 
independently discovered that 

6444
05:54:41,800 --> 05:54:44,700
burning certain plants and 
breathing the smoke deeply 

6445
05:54:44,700 --> 05:54:48,900
produced specific desirable 
effects because they were all 

6446
05:54:48,900 --> 05:54:50,800
working with the same human 
Hardware. 

6447
05:54:50,800 --> 05:54:54,000
Modern research has also 
revealed some unexpected 

6448
05:54:54,000 --> 05:54:56,300
benefits of certain aromatic 
compounds. 

6449
05:54:57,100 --> 05:55:00,600
Rose Marie smoke for instance, 
contains molecules that appear 

6450
05:55:00,600 --> 05:55:02,800
to enhance memory and cognitive 
function. 

6451
05:55:03,800 --> 05:55:07,100
Studies of shown that people 
performing memory tasks in rooms

6452
05:55:07,100 --> 05:55:09,100
centered with Rose. 
Marie performed better than 

6453
05:55:09,100 --> 05:55:12,300
control groups. 
Ancient peoples who burned 

6454
05:55:12,300 --> 05:55:15,500
Rosemary while studying or 
before important meetings may 

6455
05:55:15,500 --> 05:55:18,700
have been unwittingly using a 
genuine cognitive enhancer 

6456
05:55:18,700 --> 05:55:22,400
interestingly, the communal 
aspects of smoke practices. 

6457
05:55:22,400 --> 05:55:26,200
Also have measurable effects. 
when people participate in 

6458
05:55:26,200 --> 05:55:29,700
shared rituals, whether 
religious incense ceremonies or 

6459
05:55:29,708 --> 05:55:33,800
communal pipes, smoking their 
stress hormones, decrease their 

6460
05:55:33,800 --> 05:55:36,700
sense of social connection 
increases in various measures of

6461
05:55:36,700 --> 05:55:40,000
well-being, improve The smoke is
part of this. 

6462
05:55:40,000 --> 05:55:44,600
But so is the ritual itself, the
shared experience and the sense 

6463
05:55:44,600 --> 05:55:48,500
of participating in something 
larger than yourself, Placebo 

6464
05:55:48,500 --> 05:55:49,700
effects. 
We mentioned earlier. 

6465
05:55:49,700 --> 05:55:52,700
Turn out to be far more complex 
and interesting than once 

6466
05:55:52,700 --> 05:55:55,300
thought. 
Modern research shows that 

6467
05:55:55,300 --> 05:55:58,100
Placebo responses involve 
genuine changes in 

6468
05:55:58,100 --> 05:56:01,700
neurotransmitter levels immune 
function and even gene 

6469
05:56:01,700 --> 05:56:05,000
expression. 
When ancient healers conducted 

6470
05:56:05,000 --> 05:56:08,400
elaborate smoke rituals for sick
patients, they were triggering 

6471
05:56:08,400 --> 05:56:11,800
healing responses that were as 
real as any pharmaceutical 

6472
05:56:11,800 --> 05:56:14,400
effect. 
Even if the mechanisms were 

6473
05:56:14,400 --> 05:56:17,500
completely different from what 
the healers believed there are 

6474
05:56:17,500 --> 05:56:19,600
also risks. 
And modern science has made 

6475
05:56:19,608 --> 05:56:23,000
these clearer than ever. 
Regular smoke, inhalation, 

6476
05:56:23,000 --> 05:56:26,900
regardless of the substance 
damages respiratory tissues and 

6477
05:56:26,900 --> 05:56:29,600
increases risks of various 
cancers and lung diseases. 

6478
05:56:30,400 --> 05:56:33,400
The difference between 
occasional ceremonial incense, 

6479
05:56:33,400 --> 05:56:36,400
exposure and daily tobacco 
smoking is enormous in terms of 

6480
05:56:36,400 --> 05:56:39,900
health outcomes. 
But even aromatic smoke in high 

6481
05:56:39,900 --> 05:56:42,100
concentrations can be 
problematic for people with 

6482
05:56:42,100 --> 05:56:45,000
respiratory conditions. 
This creates an interesting 

6483
05:56:45,000 --> 05:56:49,300
tension. the practices we've 
been discussing do have genuine 

6484
05:56:49,300 --> 05:56:55,200
effects cycle neurological and 
social But they also carry risks

6485
05:56:55,200 --> 05:56:58,000
that increase with frequency and
intensity of use. 

6486
05:56:58,800 --> 05:57:01,000
Ancient peoples. 
Generally use these practices 

6487
05:57:01,000 --> 05:57:04,400
more sparingly than modern 
recreational smokers, which 

6488
05:57:04,400 --> 05:57:07,500
likely limited health impacts 
while preserving the ritual and 

6489
05:57:07,500 --> 05:57:10,100
psychological benefits. 
The modern scientific 

6490
05:57:10,100 --> 05:57:12,900
understanding of smoke, and its 
effects suggests that our 

6491
05:57:12,900 --> 05:57:16,300
ancestors were remarkably 
sophisticated observers of human

6492
05:57:16,300 --> 05:57:19,100
consciousness, and the substance
is the altar. 

6493
05:57:19,100 --> 05:57:22,500
It they couldn't explain the 
mechanisms in terms of 

6494
05:57:22,500 --> 05:57:26,000
neurotransmitters and receptor 
sites but they could reliably 

6495
05:57:26,000 --> 05:57:29,400
predict that burning substance 
in context why would produce 

6496
05:57:29,400 --> 05:57:32,000
affect zeed. 
That is empirical science. 

6497
05:57:32,000 --> 05:57:36,000
Even without the theoretical 
Frameworks, we've added now, as 

6498
05:57:36,000 --> 05:57:39,500
we move into the present day, 
the story of smoke becomes more 

6499
05:57:39,500 --> 05:57:43,300
personal and immediate You might
have your own experience as with

6500
05:57:43,300 --> 05:57:47,400
incense with the smell of wood 
smoke from a fireplace with the 

6501
05:57:47,400 --> 05:57:51,900
lingering Aroma of sage or sweet
grass or with memories attached 

6502
05:57:51,900 --> 05:57:54,700
to particular sense that rise 
and curling wisps. 

6503
05:57:54,700 --> 05:57:58,000
The relationship between modern 
people and aromatic smokers. 

6504
05:57:58,000 --> 05:58:00,900
Complicated, full of 
contradictions that would have 

6505
05:58:00,900 --> 05:58:04,300
baffled our ancestors. 
We know more about the chemistry

6506
05:58:04,300 --> 05:58:07,500
and health effects than any 
previous generation yet, we 

6507
05:58:07,500 --> 05:58:11,400
often use this knowledge poorly.
We have access to aromatics from

6508
05:58:11,400 --> 05:58:14,600
around the world at prices, that
would Astound ancient Merchants.

6509
05:58:14,600 --> 05:58:18,500
Yet, we often fail to appreciate
the depth of traditions behind 

6510
05:58:18,500 --> 05:58:20,600
them. 
Walk into most metaphysical 

6511
05:58:20,600 --> 05:58:24,400
bookstores, yoga studios, or 
wellness centers in the western 

6512
05:58:24,400 --> 05:58:28,000
world, and you'll find incense 
for sale often. 

6513
05:58:28,000 --> 05:58:32,700
Nag Champa from India, but also 
white sage bundles Palo Santos, 

6514
05:58:32,700 --> 05:58:35,600
sticks. 
Copeland and various other 

6515
05:58:35,600 --> 05:58:37,700
aromatics from Traditions 
worldwide. 

6516
05:58:38,800 --> 05:58:41,900
This represents unprecedented 
access to global smoke 

6517
05:58:41,900 --> 05:58:45,400
Traditions, but also races 
questions about cultural 

6518
05:58:45,400 --> 05:58:49,200
appropriation sustainable 
harvesting and where the 

6519
05:58:49,200 --> 05:58:52,600
transplanted practice is retain 
their meaning, outside their 

6520
05:58:52,600 --> 05:58:56,000
original contexts. 
The white sage situation is 

6521
05:58:56,000 --> 05:59:00,200
particularly instructive. 
White sages sacred to various 

6522
05:59:00,200 --> 05:59:03,400
Native, American peoples, 
particularly in California, and 

6523
05:59:03,400 --> 05:59:07,300
the Southwest. 
Smudging with white sage burning

6524
05:59:07,300 --> 05:59:11,000
bundles of the dried herb to 
purify spaces is an important 

6525
05:59:11,000 --> 05:59:15,000
practice in these traditions. 
But commercial harvesting has 

6526
05:59:15,000 --> 05:59:18,900
put white sage populations under
pressure and seeing their sacred

6527
05:59:18,900 --> 05:59:22,700
plants sold in every new age 
shop, understandably, bothers, 

6528
05:59:22,700 --> 05:59:26,100
many Native Americans. 
This is the smoke traditional 

6529
05:59:26,100 --> 05:59:29,300
encountering, globalization and 
its complicated. 

6530
05:59:29,300 --> 05:59:33,700
On one hand, people worldwide 
seeking calm and purification 

6531
05:59:33,700 --> 05:59:37,600
through aromatic smoke, up 
participating in fundamentally 

6532
05:59:37,600 --> 05:59:40,000
human practices that transcend 
culture. 

6533
05:59:40,000 --> 05:59:43,000
On the other hand. 
There's something troubling 

6534
05:59:43,000 --> 05:59:46,500
about sacred Traditions being 
commodified and stripped of 

6535
05:59:46,500 --> 05:59:49,900
their contexts. 
The smoke Remains the Same but 

6536
05:59:49,900 --> 05:59:51,700
the meaning has changed in 
Translation. 

6537
05:59:51,700 --> 05:59:55,800
Meanwhile, incense traditions in
their homelands continue to 

6538
05:59:55,800 --> 06:00:00,100
evolve Visitor Buddhist temple, 
in Taiwan Thailand or Japan. 

6539
06:00:00,100 --> 06:00:03,800
And you'll find practices that 
combine ancient formulations 

6540
06:00:03,800 --> 06:00:07,600
with modern sensibilities. 
The incense might be made using 

6541
06:00:07,600 --> 06:00:10,300
traditional recipes but 
manufactured and 

6542
06:00:10,300 --> 06:00:13,700
climate-controlled Facilities 
with quality testing, that 

6543
06:00:13,700 --> 06:00:17,300
ensures consistent products. 
The rituals continue. 

6544
06:00:17,300 --> 06:00:20,200
But in buildings that have 
electric lights, air 

6545
06:00:20,200 --> 06:00:24,000
conditioning, and live stream 
services for distant devotees in

6546
06:00:24,000 --> 06:00:26,300
India. 
The incense industry has become 

6547
06:00:26,308 --> 06:00:30,200
a significant economic sector 
employing, thousands of people 

6548
06:00:30,200 --> 06:00:31,900
in traditional craft 
manufacturing. 

6549
06:00:31,900 --> 06:00:36,200
That's been modernized without 
being completely industrialized.

6550
06:00:37,000 --> 06:00:39,200
Families that have made incense 
for Generations. 

6551
06:00:39,200 --> 06:00:42,400
Now export their products 
globally while maintaining 

6552
06:00:42,400 --> 06:00:45,200
recipes and techniques passed 
down through the centuries. 

6553
06:00:45,200 --> 06:00:49,600
Its traditional adapting to 
modernity finding ways to 

6554
06:00:49,600 --> 06:00:52,300
continue that. 
Don't require rejecting change 

6555
06:00:52,300 --> 06:00:54,700
in entirely the medical use of 
aromatic. 

6556
06:00:54,700 --> 06:00:58,100
Smoke has largely disappeared in
developed countries, replaced by

6557
06:00:58,108 --> 06:01:01,700
more reliable pharmaceutical. 
Approaches the doctrine isn't 

6558
06:01:01,700 --> 06:01:04,600
going to prescribe therapeutic 
fumigation for your respiratory 

6559
06:01:04,600 --> 06:01:06,900
infection. 
They'll give you antibiotics or 

6560
06:01:06,900 --> 06:01:10,700
antivirals. 
The aromatherapy, the use of 

6561
06:01:10,700 --> 06:01:13,900
essential oils and aromatic 
compounds for psychological and 

6562
06:01:13,900 --> 06:01:16,800
Mild. 
Physical benefits has found a 

6563
06:01:16,800 --> 06:01:20,200
niche as complementary medicine,
essential oil, diffusers 

6564
06:01:20,200 --> 06:01:22,800
represent an interesting 
evolution of smoke practice, 

6565
06:01:22,800 --> 06:01:25,400
instead of burning aromatic 
substances. 

6566
06:01:25,400 --> 06:01:28,300
These devices vaporize essential
oils and water. 

6567
06:01:28,300 --> 06:01:31,700
Creating a fragrant Mist that 
disperses through a room. 

6568
06:01:31,700 --> 06:01:36,100
It smoke without combustion 
aromatics without Ash. 

6569
06:01:36,800 --> 06:01:39,800
And a sanitized version of 
ancient practices adapted for 

6570
06:01:39,800 --> 06:01:42,800
modern homes that have smoked 
detectors and fire codes. 

6571
06:01:42,800 --> 06:01:46,200
Does it work? 
Yes, and no. 

6572
06:01:47,400 --> 06:01:50,100
The aromatic compound, still 
affect the limbic system. 

6573
06:01:50,100 --> 06:01:53,900
Still produce psychological 
responses and still create 

6574
06:01:53,900 --> 06:01:57,300
Pleasant environments. 
But something is lost when you 

6575
06:01:57,300 --> 06:01:59,400
remove the visual element of 
smoke Rising. 

6576
06:01:59,400 --> 06:02:04,200
The slight edge of danger from 
working with fire and the 

6577
06:02:04,200 --> 06:02:07,400
ritualized aspects of preparing 
and lighting incense. 

6578
06:02:08,300 --> 06:02:11,600
The diffuser is more convenient 
and probably safer but 

6579
06:02:11,600 --> 06:02:15,100
convenience and safety at the 
only values that matter, the 

6580
06:02:15,100 --> 06:02:18,200
cigarette culture that dominated
much of the 20th century as 

6581
06:02:18,200 --> 06:02:21,400
finally, declining as health 
consequences, become undeniable 

6582
06:02:21,400 --> 06:02:24,100
and social acceptance of 
evaporate. 

6583
06:02:25,200 --> 06:02:27,500
Fewer people. 
Smoke cigarettes now than at any

6584
06:02:27,500 --> 06:02:29,400
time. 
Since the 1920s in most 

6585
06:02:29,400 --> 06:02:33,000
developed countries. 
This is undoubtedly good for 

6586
06:02:33,000 --> 06:02:36,300
public health but it's also 
removed one of the few remaining

6587
06:02:36,300 --> 06:02:38,800
widespread smoke practices from 
everyday life. 

6588
06:02:38,800 --> 06:02:42,300
Some of this void is being 
filled by cannabis legalization 

6589
06:02:42,300 --> 06:02:46,400
in various jurisdictions. 
As cannabis becomes legal for 

6590
06:02:46,400 --> 06:02:50,200
recreational, use New Traditions
and practices are emerging 

6591
06:02:50,200 --> 06:02:54,700
around its consumption. some of 
these Echo older Traditions, the

6592
06:02:54,700 --> 06:02:58,500
past joint as a social bonding 
ritual has parallels to passed 

6593
06:02:58,500 --> 06:03:03,600
pipes in various cultures Others
are distinctly, modern vaporizes

6594
06:03:03,600 --> 06:03:06,200
and Edibles representing, 
approaches to cannabis 

6595
06:03:06,200 --> 06:03:09,500
consumption, that minimize or 
eliminate smoke entirely. 

6596
06:03:09,500 --> 06:03:13,400
The use of incense and religious
and spiritual context continues 

6597
06:03:13,400 --> 06:03:17,500
worldwide relatively unchanged 
by modernity's other 

6598
06:03:17,500 --> 06:03:20,600
transformations. 
Walk in to a Catholic Church 

6599
06:03:20,600 --> 06:03:25,300
during high mass visit a Hindu 
temple during Puja or attend. 

6600
06:03:25,300 --> 06:03:29,000
A Buddhist Meditation session. 
You'll encounter aromatic smoke 

6601
06:03:29,000 --> 06:03:32,000
being used for purposes, that 
would be instantly recognizable 

6602
06:03:32,000 --> 06:03:34,000
to practitioners from centuries 
ago. 

6603
06:03:34,700 --> 06:03:38,000
This continuity is remarkable 
given how much else has changed?

6604
06:03:38,000 --> 06:03:41,700
Interestingly, there's been a 
modern Revival of interest in 

6605
06:03:41,700 --> 06:03:45,100
contemplative practices 
generally and incense as 

6606
06:03:45,100 --> 06:03:48,900
followed along. 
Mindfulness meditation, which 

6607
06:03:48,900 --> 06:03:51,900
has become surprisingly 
mainstream in secular Western 

6608
06:03:51,900 --> 06:03:55,900
culture, often incorporates 
incense as a focus for attention

6609
06:03:55,900 --> 06:04:00,600
or simply as atmosphere. 
The practice has been stripped 

6610
06:04:00,600 --> 06:04:04,800
of religious associations but 
retains the basic Insight that 

6611
06:04:04,800 --> 06:04:09,600
aromatic smoke can help create 
mental States conducive to calm 

6612
06:04:09,600 --> 06:04:12,000
awareness. 
The Japanese incense ceremony 

6613
06:04:12,000 --> 06:04:16,200
codo has even founded inherence 
outside Japan though, whether 

6614
06:04:16,200 --> 06:04:18,900
these practitioners fully, 
appreciate the aesthetic and 

6615
06:04:18,908 --> 06:04:21,400
philosophical depth of the 
tradition is debatable. 

6616
06:04:22,400 --> 06:04:25,500
Still, the fact that people are 
willing to spend hours learning 

6617
06:04:25,500 --> 06:04:28,700
to distinguish subtle 
differences in aromatic Woods 

6618
06:04:28,700 --> 06:04:33,200
suggest that ancient approaches 
to smoke, appreciation can still

6619
06:04:33,200 --> 06:04:35,300
resonate with modern sense, 
abilities. 

6620
06:04:35,300 --> 06:04:38,900
Environmental concerns are 
adding New Dimensions to how we 

6621
06:04:38,908 --> 06:04:42,200
think about smoke. 
Burning incense or anything else

6622
06:04:42,200 --> 06:04:45,900
releases particular matter and 
various chemicals into the air. 

6623
06:04:46,800 --> 06:04:50,100
In indoor air quality has become
a recognized Health concern. 

6624
06:04:50,900 --> 06:04:53,400
And burning substance is 
indoors, regularly isn't great 

6625
06:04:53,400 --> 06:04:55,900
for it. 
This creates another tension. 

6626
06:04:56,800 --> 06:04:59,100
Practices that brought calm to 
countless Generations. 

6627
06:04:59,100 --> 06:05:02,300
Now, faced questions about 
whether they're worth the 

6628
06:05:02,300 --> 06:05:05,700
environmental and health costs. 
There's also the simple fact 

6629
06:05:05,700 --> 06:05:08,400
that many modern people don't 
know how to safely work with 

6630
06:05:08,400 --> 06:05:11,300
fire. 
We've outsourced flame to gas. 

6631
06:05:11,300 --> 06:05:15,200
Stoves furnaces and pilot lights
controlled automatic. 

6632
06:05:15,200 --> 06:05:19,300
Requiring no attention. 
The idea of deliberately 

6633
06:05:19,300 --> 06:05:21,600
lighting something on fire and 
managing it while. 

6634
06:05:21,600 --> 06:05:24,400
It burns is foreign to people 
who've grown up with smoke 

6635
06:05:24,400 --> 06:05:27,600
detectors, that sound at the 
first hint of combustion. 

6636
06:05:29,000 --> 06:05:31,900
Ancient practices assume a 
comfort level with fire. 

6637
06:05:31,900 --> 06:05:34,700
That many modern people simply 
lack. 

6638
06:05:34,700 --> 06:05:38,300
Get the fundamental human 
responses to aromatic smoke 

6639
06:05:38,300 --> 06:05:41,400
haven't changed. 
When you smell Sandalwood or 

6640
06:05:41,400 --> 06:05:44,900
frankincense, your brain, 
processes it using the same 

6641
06:05:44,900 --> 06:05:48,300
neural Pathways that lit up in 
ancient Egyptians brain. 

6642
06:05:49,300 --> 06:05:52,800
When you watch smoke curl and 
Rise, you're seeing the same 

6643
06:05:52,800 --> 06:05:55,800
patterns that fascinated 
Mesopotamian diviners. 

6644
06:05:57,100 --> 06:05:59,900
When you associate certain 
smells with calm or 

6645
06:05:59,900 --> 06:06:02,900
contemplation, you are 
participating in conditioning 

6646
06:06:02,900 --> 06:06:05,300
processes. 
That humans have been using for 

6647
06:06:05,300 --> 06:06:08,500
Millennia as we approach the end
of our journey through smokes 

6648
06:06:08,500 --> 06:06:11,100
history. 
It's worth pausing to reflect on

6649
06:06:11,100 --> 06:06:15,000
why this matters, why the story 
of Humanity's relationship with 

6650
06:06:15,000 --> 06:06:18,400
aromatic smoke, deserves 
telling, and what it reveals 

6651
06:06:18,400 --> 06:06:21,800
about, who we are as a species 
had the most basic level. 

6652
06:06:21,800 --> 06:06:25,100
The story of smoke is a story 
about human curiosity and 

6653
06:06:25,100 --> 06:06:28,800
experimentation Our ancestors 
didn't have to figure out that 

6654
06:06:28,800 --> 06:06:32,100
burning certain plants produced 
Pleasant or interesting effects.

6655
06:06:32,700 --> 06:06:35,300
They could have just burned. 
What ever would was convenient 

6656
06:06:35,300 --> 06:06:37,100
and being content with warmth 
and Light? 

6657
06:06:38,500 --> 06:06:43,500
Humans, don't work that way. 
We experiment, observe remember 

6658
06:06:43,500 --> 06:06:47,600
and refine. 
We notice patterns and explore 

6659
06:06:47,600 --> 06:06:51,000
possibilities. 
We turn accidental discoveries 

6660
06:06:51,000 --> 06:06:54,600
into deliberate practices. 
The fact that humans in wildly 

6661
06:06:54,600 --> 06:06:56,700
different cultures, 
independently, discovered, 

6662
06:06:56,700 --> 06:07:00,000
similarly uses for aromatic, 
smoke tells us something about 

6663
06:07:00,000 --> 06:07:05,300
Universal human needs, Across 
every continent in climate from 

6664
06:07:05,300 --> 06:07:08,500
article to Tropical people 
sought ways to alter 

6665
06:07:08,500 --> 06:07:11,100
Consciousness, create Sacred 
Space. 

6666
06:07:11,100 --> 06:07:16,500
Mark, important moments, find 
relief from pain or anxiety, and

6667
06:07:16,500 --> 06:07:19,100
connect with something Beyond 
every day reality. 

6668
06:07:20,200 --> 06:07:22,700
Smoke became one tool among many
for meeting. 

6669
06:07:22,700 --> 06:07:26,000
These needs, this suggests that 
the desire for altered. 

6670
06:07:26,000 --> 06:07:28,800
Consciousness isn't a pathology 
or a weakness. 

6671
06:07:28,800 --> 06:07:32,200
But a fundamental aspect of 
human psychology. 

6672
06:07:33,100 --> 06:07:35,900
We're not meant to exist in one 
constant state. 

6673
06:07:36,600 --> 06:07:40,300
We need Variety in our 
experiences access to different 

6674
06:07:40,300 --> 06:07:43,600
modes of Consciousness and ways 
to step outside ordinary 

6675
06:07:43,600 --> 06:07:46,000
perception and see from 
different angles. 

6676
06:07:47,200 --> 06:07:51,500
Aromatic smoke provided this for
most of human history which is 

6677
06:07:51,500 --> 06:07:55,200
why its practices spread so 
widely and persisted so long, 

6678
06:07:55,200 --> 06:07:58,800
the story of smoke is also a 
story about the tension between 

6679
06:07:58,800 --> 06:08:02,100
material and meaning. 
Is a physical phenomenon, 

6680
06:08:02,100 --> 06:08:06,500
combustion producing particulate
matter, suspended in air. 

6681
06:08:07,300 --> 06:08:10,200
But humans have never been 
content to treat it as merely 

6682
06:08:10,200 --> 06:08:12,900
physical. 
We've invested smoke with 

6683
06:08:12,900 --> 06:08:16,300
meaningless used as a language 
for Concepts. 

6684
06:08:16,300 --> 06:08:18,100
That can't be expressed in words
alone. 

6685
06:08:18,900 --> 06:08:22,300
And made it carry our hopes and 
prayers to rails, we can't 

6686
06:08:22,300 --> 06:08:26,100
directly perceive this capacity 
to see beyond the purely 

6687
06:08:26,100 --> 06:08:29,600
physical to find meaning in 
natural phenomena to create 

6688
06:08:29,600 --> 06:08:32,000
symbol systems. 
That let us think about abstract

6689
06:08:32,000 --> 06:08:34,800
Concepts. 
This is distinctly human. 

6690
06:08:35,900 --> 06:08:39,600
Other animals might enjoy 
Pleasant smells, but only humans

6691
06:08:39,600 --> 06:08:43,100
burn aromatics in specific 
contexts to deliberately alter 

6692
06:08:43,100 --> 06:08:45,900
their mental States. 
While simultaneously, expressing

6693
06:08:45,900 --> 06:08:49,300
spiritual beliefs through the 
act itself, the global spread of

6694
06:08:49,308 --> 06:08:52,100
smoke Traditions, through trade 
routes tells us something about 

6695
06:08:52,100 --> 06:08:56,100
human connectivity, We tend to 
think of ancient people as 

6696
06:08:56,100 --> 06:08:59,900
isolated in their own cultures 
but the fact that frankincense 

6697
06:08:59,900 --> 06:09:03,900
from Southern Arabia ended up in
Chinese temples that tobacco 

6698
06:09:03,900 --> 06:09:08,000
from the Americas reached Asia 
within decades and that incense 

6699
06:09:08,000 --> 06:09:11,600
formula spread across 
continents, all this reveals 

6700
06:09:11,600 --> 06:09:15,300
networks of human connection 
that were surprisingly robust 

6701
06:09:15,300 --> 06:09:18,300
and far-reaching. 
These trade networks weren't 

6702
06:09:18,300 --> 06:09:21,300
just about economics. 
They were about shared Human. 

6703
06:09:21,300 --> 06:09:24,500
Experience is about the 
recognition that people in 

6704
06:09:24,500 --> 06:09:27,800
distant lands, were seeking 
similar things, calm 

6705
06:09:27,800 --> 06:09:33,300
transcendents healing and 
connection to the divine The 

6706
06:09:33,300 --> 06:09:36,100
merchant who carried 
frankincense from Arabia to Rome

6707
06:09:36,100 --> 06:09:37,700
was carrying more than a 
commodity. 

6708
06:09:38,700 --> 06:09:41,700
They were carrying one cultures 
approached to these Universal 

6709
06:09:41,700 --> 06:09:45,000
needs and introducing it to 
people who would adapt it to 

6710
06:09:45,000 --> 06:09:48,300
their own purposes. 
The evolution of smoke practices

6711
06:09:48,300 --> 06:09:53,100
over time shows, human 
creativity and adaptability Same

6712
06:09:53,100 --> 06:09:56,500
basic principle. 
Burning aromatic substances and 

6713
06:09:56,500 --> 06:10:00,100
breathing or being present with 
the smoke has been endlessly 

6714
06:10:00,100 --> 06:10:04,000
varied and refined. 
From cave, fires to Temple 

6715
06:10:04,000 --> 06:10:08,200
sensors, to ceremonial pipes, to
Modern, incense sticks. 

6716
06:10:08,900 --> 06:10:11,800
Humans have found countless ways
to engage with this simple 

6717
06:10:11,800 --> 06:10:14,400
practice. 
Each variation reflecting 

6718
06:10:14,400 --> 06:10:17,900
different values Technologies 
and cultural contexts. 

6719
06:10:17,900 --> 06:10:20,700
There's something deeply 
Democratic about smoke 

6720
06:10:20,700 --> 06:10:24,500
practices, unlike some 
technologies that require rare 

6721
06:10:24,500 --> 06:10:28,400
materials or expert knowledge. 
Almost anyone can burn our 

6722
06:10:28,400 --> 06:10:31,200
aromatic substances and benefit 
from the experience. 

6723
06:10:32,100 --> 06:10:35,200
Yes, there are a laboratory 
Traditions that require years to

6724
06:10:35,200 --> 06:10:38,700
master, but the basic practice 
is accessible to everyone. 

6725
06:10:39,500 --> 06:10:43,100
This accessibility helps explain
why smoke practice is spread. 

6726
06:10:43,100 --> 06:10:46,500
So wide, widely and persisted 
across huge differences in 

6727
06:10:46,500 --> 06:10:49,700
wealth, power and social 
organization. 

6728
06:10:49,700 --> 06:10:53,300
The modern decline of some smoke
Traditions, raises questions 

6729
06:10:53,300 --> 06:10:57,500
about what we're losing. 
Not just specific practices, but

6730
06:10:57,500 --> 06:11:00,800
a whole way of engaging with 
Consciousness ritual and the 

6731
06:11:00,800 --> 06:11:04,400
Mysterious World. 
When we replace incense with 

6732
06:11:04,408 --> 06:11:08,100
room deodorizers, when we 
substitute essential old, 

6733
06:11:08,100 --> 06:11:11,500
diffusers for sensors, when we 
eliminate smoke practices 

6734
06:11:11,500 --> 06:11:15,600
entirely due to health concerns,
what are we giving up along with

6735
06:11:15,600 --> 06:11:18,300
what we gain? 
This isn't a call to reject 

6736
06:11:18,300 --> 06:11:22,700
modernity or ignore legitimate 
health concerns But it is worth 

6737
06:11:22,700 --> 06:11:26,700
recognizing that our ancestors 
smoke practices emerged from and

6738
06:11:26,700 --> 06:11:30,000
spoke to genuine human needs 
that don't disappear. 

6739
06:11:30,000 --> 06:11:33,300
Just because we've developed new
technologies, The need for 

6740
06:11:33,300 --> 06:11:35,700
ritual for moments of 
deliberate. 

6741
06:11:35,700 --> 06:11:38,900
Calm, the sensory experience? 
Is that anchor Us in the 

6742
06:11:38,900 --> 06:11:41,000
present? 
These persist, whether we 

6743
06:11:41,000 --> 06:11:43,900
acknowledge them or not. 
Perhaps, what's most remarkable 

6744
06:11:43,900 --> 06:11:45,600
is? 
How such a simple thing. 

6745
06:11:45,600 --> 06:11:49,800
Aromatic smoke could carry so 
much weight across so many 

6746
06:11:49,800 --> 06:11:54,000
cultures and so many centuries. 
We've developed incredibly 

6747
06:11:54,000 --> 06:11:58,300
sophisticated Technologies 
mapped the human genome and sent

6748
06:11:58,300 --> 06:12:00,000
probes to the edge of the solar 
system. 

6749
06:12:00,900 --> 06:12:04,200
Yet something as basic as 
burning aromatic resins and 

6750
06:12:04,200 --> 06:12:07,300
breathing the smoke can still 
produce experience's that modern

6751
06:12:07,300 --> 06:12:11,100
science fully explains McCartney
replicate through. 

6752
06:12:11,100 --> 06:12:15,800
Any other means the smell of 
Frankincense or Sandalwood the 

6753
06:12:15,800 --> 06:12:20,100
site of smoke curling upward, 
the taste of aromatic Vapor on 

6754
06:12:20,100 --> 06:12:23,300
your tongue. 
These experiences connect you 

6755
06:12:23,300 --> 06:12:26,300
directly to humans who lived 
thousands of years ago. 

6756
06:12:27,200 --> 06:12:30,700
Who found in the same smells and
sights access to States Of 

6757
06:12:30,708 --> 06:12:33,700
Consciousness. 
They valued It's a form of time 

6758
06:12:33,700 --> 06:12:37,500
travel, not through technology 
but through shared experience 

6759
06:12:37,500 --> 06:12:40,500
across the centuries. 
As you finish this story and 

6760
06:12:40,500 --> 06:12:43,100
prepare for sleep, you might be 
more aware of the air. 

6761
06:12:43,100 --> 06:12:46,300
You're breathing the way sense. 
Linger, in your room, and the 

6762
06:12:46,308 --> 06:12:49,000
quality of Stillness that can 
settle over a space in the 

6763
06:12:49,008 --> 06:12:52,300
evening. 
These awarenesses are part of 

6764
06:12:52,300 --> 06:12:56,300
what smoke practices cultivated.
Tension to subtle. 

6765
06:12:56,300 --> 06:12:59,900
Sensory experience is 
recognition that the invisible 

6766
06:12:59,900 --> 06:13:03,200
can be as important as the 
visible and understanding that 

6767
06:13:03,200 --> 06:13:08,200
Consciousness is not fixed, but 
fluid the story of smoke is in 

6768
06:13:08,200 --> 06:13:10,100
the end. 
Your story too. 

6769
06:13:11,200 --> 06:13:14,100
Whether you've ever burned 
incense or not, whether you have

6770
06:13:14,100 --> 06:13:18,400
any personal smoke practices or 
not, your part of a species that

6771
06:13:18,400 --> 06:13:22,900
has been exploring Consciousness
seeking calm and finding meaning

6772
06:13:22,900 --> 06:13:27,100
in Rising wisps for hundreds of 
thousands of years that's worth 

6773
06:13:27,100 --> 06:13:29,200
remembering as you drift towards
sleep. 

6774
06:13:29,900 --> 06:13:31,500
You're not separate from this 
history. 

6775
06:13:31,500 --> 06:13:35,300
You're its latest chapter 
carrying forward, patterns of 

6776
06:13:35,300 --> 06:13:38,400
human experience that stretch 
back to those first cave 

6777
06:13:38,400 --> 06:13:42,200
dwellers who threw aromatic 
branches on their fires and 

6778
06:13:42,200 --> 06:13:45,700
discovered that the world could 
suddenly seemed different more 

6779
06:13:45,700 --> 06:13:49,400
spacious and more full of 
possibility, the practices 

6780
06:13:49,400 --> 06:13:54,200
change, the substances vary, and
the cultural context shift, but 

6781
06:13:54,200 --> 06:13:56,800
the underlying human, impulses 
remain constant. 

6782
06:13:57,600 --> 06:13:59,900
We seek moments of Peace in 
difficult times. 

6783
06:13:59,900 --> 06:14:03,800
We create rituals to Mark the 
sacred and separate it from the 

6784
06:14:03,800 --> 06:14:06,800
mundane. 
We use our senses to Anchor 

6785
06:14:06,800 --> 06:14:11,000
ourselves in the present moment.
We explore Altered States Of 

6786
06:14:11,000 --> 06:14:12,900
Consciousness because ordinary 
Consciousness. 

6787
06:14:12,900 --> 06:14:17,000
While necessary is not 
sufficient for a fully human 

6788
06:14:17,000 --> 06:14:19,200
life. 
Smoke visible. 

6789
06:14:19,200 --> 06:14:23,200
Breath transformation made 
tangible, the boundary between 

6790
06:14:23,200 --> 06:14:26,400
solid and are serves all these 
purposes and more. 

6791
06:14:26,400 --> 06:14:30,900
It's been medicine and Sacrament
Recreation and therapy art form 

6792
06:14:30,900 --> 06:14:34,100
and spiritual practice. 
It's linked distant cultures, 

6793
06:14:34,100 --> 06:14:38,300
and revealed, common Humanity. 
It's been studied by scientists 

6794
06:14:38,300 --> 06:14:42,200
and Mystics sought by Kings and 
available to peasants tomorrow. 

6795
06:14:42,200 --> 06:14:45,300
You might smell wood smoke from 
a neighbor's fireplace or 

6796
06:14:45,300 --> 06:14:49,300
incense from a nearby Temple or 
simply the lingering Aroma of 

6797
06:14:49,300 --> 06:14:52,600
your evening tea. 
When you do, you might remember 

6798
06:14:52,600 --> 06:14:55,500
this story and recognize that 
you're experiencing something 

6799
06:14:55,500 --> 06:14:58,300
humans have found meaningful for
longer than we've had written 

6800
06:14:58,300 --> 06:15:01,100
language. 
You might notice how the smell 

6801
06:15:01,100 --> 06:15:04,600
effects your mood, how you're 
breathing changes and how the 

6802
06:15:04,600 --> 06:15:07,100
moment feels slightly different 
from moments without that 

6803
06:15:07,100 --> 06:15:11,300
aromatic presence, or you might 
not, you might simply go about 

6804
06:15:11,300 --> 06:15:14,600
your day unaware of the ancient 
Traditions playing out in the 

6805
06:15:14,600 --> 06:15:17,900
background of Modern Life. 
Either way, the smoke will 

6806
06:15:17,900 --> 06:15:21,400
continue to rise carrying with 
it meaning and memories 

6807
06:15:21,400 --> 06:15:25,000
accumulated across Millennia. 
The practice is we've discussed 

6808
06:15:25,000 --> 06:15:29,100
face and uncertain future. 
Climate change, urbanization, 

6809
06:15:29,100 --> 06:15:32,000
health, concerns, and cultural 
shifts. 

6810
06:15:32,000 --> 06:15:34,800
All challenged traditional smoke
practices. 

6811
06:15:35,600 --> 06:15:39,600
Some will adapt and continue. 
Others will fade a new forms. 

6812
06:15:39,600 --> 06:15:43,200
Will emerge that we can't yet 
predict But the human needs 

6813
06:15:43,200 --> 06:15:45,400
these practices. 
Address aren't going anywhere, 

6814
06:15:45,400 --> 06:15:49,200
which suggests that some form of
smoke, traditional will persist.

6815
06:15:49,200 --> 06:15:51,800
As long as humans do perhaps 
future. 

6816
06:15:51,800 --> 06:15:54,900
Historians will look back at our
area, as the moment when 

6817
06:15:54,900 --> 06:15:58,700
Humanity's ancient relationship 
with aromatic, smoke underwent, 

6818
06:15:58,700 --> 06:16:03,000
its most dramatic 
transformation, Or perhaps, 

6819
06:16:03,000 --> 06:16:06,900
they'll see our time as just 
another adaptation in an ongoing

6820
06:16:06,900 --> 06:16:10,400
story that continues to unfold 
in ways, both familiar and 

6821
06:16:10,400 --> 06:16:12,900
surprising. 
What we can say with certainty, 

6822
06:16:12,900 --> 06:16:15,400
is that smoke has been a 
faithful companion to human 

6823
06:16:15,400 --> 06:16:18,600
consciousness for longer than 
any other deliberately sought 

6824
06:16:18,600 --> 06:16:22,000
altered state. 
Before alcohol, fermentation 

6825
06:16:22,000 --> 06:16:26,200
before Plant cultivation before 
writing or wheels or cities. 

6826
06:16:26,200 --> 06:16:29,900
Humans were burning aromatic 
substances and discovering that 

6827
06:16:29,900 --> 06:16:32,800
the right smoke at the right 
time could open doors to 

6828
06:16:32,800 --> 06:16:35,400
experience. 
That made life more bearable and

6829
06:16:35,400 --> 06:16:39,100
sometimes Transcendent. 
That's not a small thing that's 

6830
06:16:39,100 --> 06:16:42,000
evidence that humans have always
been more than just survival 

6831
06:16:42,000 --> 06:16:46,900
machines focused on food shelter
and reproduction Where 

6832
06:16:46,900 --> 06:16:50,300
meaning-making creatures 
Consciousness exploring animals?

6833
06:16:50,300 --> 06:16:53,000
Being who seek? 
Not just to live but to 

6834
06:16:53,000 --> 06:16:56,900
experience living fully in all 
its varieties and depths as you 

6835
06:16:56,900 --> 06:16:59,600
close your eyes and feel 
yourself beginning to drift into

6836
06:16:59,600 --> 06:17:02,100
sleep. 
Imagine for a moment, all the 

6837
06:17:02,100 --> 06:17:04,900
people across all the centuries 
who have Lain down at Days, end 

6838
06:17:04,900 --> 06:17:08,500
with the smell of aromatic 
smoke, still lingering in their 

6839
06:17:08,500 --> 06:17:11,500
awareness. 
Roman priestesses are after a 

6840
06:17:11,500 --> 06:17:14,500
day of Temple service, Chinese 
Scholars. 

6841
06:17:14,500 --> 06:17:18,800
After evening study sessions. 
Native American Elders after 

6842
06:17:18,800 --> 06:17:23,100
ceremonial pipe sharing. 
Medieval monks after even song. 

6843
06:17:23,900 --> 06:17:28,000
Victorian gentlemen after 
contemplative pipe smoking your 

6844
06:17:28,000 --> 06:17:30,100
part of that vast invisible 
Community. 

6845
06:17:30,100 --> 06:17:33,600
All the humans who have sought 
and found moments of Peace 

6846
06:17:33,600 --> 06:17:38,700
Insight or Transcendence through
the simple Act of being present 

6847
06:17:38,700 --> 06:17:42,800
with aromatic smoke. 
The specific practices differ, 

6848
06:17:42,800 --> 06:17:46,800
the beliefs vary, and the 
cultural context shift. 

6849
06:17:47,900 --> 06:17:51,700
But the experience connects your
time to countless others, who 

6850
06:17:51,700 --> 06:17:55,400
breathe. 
Deeply, watch, Smoke Rise and 

6851
06:17:55,400 --> 06:17:58,300
felt something shift in their 
awareness sleep. 

6852
06:17:58,300 --> 06:18:01,100
Well, knowing that the air you 
breathe has carried, not just 

6853
06:18:01,100 --> 06:18:03,900
oxygen, but meaning for, as long
as humans have existed. 

6854
06:18:05,000 --> 06:18:08,200
The darkness that gathers around
you as you sleep once glowed 

6855
06:18:08,200 --> 06:18:11,400
with firelight and the 
Stillness, you enter was filled 

6856
06:18:11,400 --> 06:18:15,500
with the scent of sacred smoke. 
You're not alone in this moment,

6857
06:18:15,500 --> 06:18:19,200
you're accompanied by ancestors 
Beyond counting, who found in 

6858
06:18:19,200 --> 06:18:21,800
Smoke something worth 
preserving, and passing down 

6859
06:18:21,800 --> 06:18:25,100
tomorrow will bring its own 
challenges and joys, its own 

6860
06:18:25,108 --> 06:18:28,600
moments of stress and peace. 
But you'll carry with you. 

6861
06:18:28,600 --> 06:18:32,100
Now, this story, this awareness 
that Karma has always been 

6862
06:18:32,100 --> 06:18:34,700
available. 
That humans have always found 

6863
06:18:34,700 --> 06:18:38,700
ways to create space for 
reflection and renewal and that 

6864
06:18:38,700 --> 06:18:42,100
something as simple as aromatic.
Smoke, has served as a bridge to

6865
06:18:42,100 --> 06:18:45,400
better states of mind for longer
than we can fully comprehend. 

6866
06:18:45,400 --> 06:18:48,700
And if you choose to light 
incense, or simply notice the 

6867
06:18:48,700 --> 06:18:50,900
center of wood, smoke drifting 
past your window. 

6868
06:18:50,900 --> 06:18:53,600
You'll do so, with deeper, 
understanding of what you're 

6869
06:18:53,600 --> 06:18:56,900
participating in. 
Not just a personal preference 

6870
06:18:56,900 --> 06:19:00,100
or a pleasant smell, but a 
practice that connects you to 

6871
06:19:00,100 --> 06:19:02,700
the oldest most persistent human
Traditions. 

6872
06:19:02,700 --> 06:19:07,000
The last Ember glows Fades and 
finally goes dark. 

6873
06:19:08,000 --> 06:19:12,300
The smoke Rises One Last Time, 
thinning, as it climbs becoming 

6874
06:19:12,300 --> 06:19:17,400
invisible, as it joins the air. 
the story continues even as this

6875
06:19:17,400 --> 06:19:19,300
telling ends rest now,