Inside The Daily Life Of Young George Washington | Boring History

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Good evening, my tired dumplings
tonight. 

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Your stepping into the quiet 
rhythms of colonial Virginia in 

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the 1730s and 1740s when a tall 
red-haired boy, named George 

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Washington, learned the habits 
that would shape a nation. 

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This is not a story of battles 
or declarations. 

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This is the story of mournings 
at Ferry Farm lessons copied by 

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candlelight and the weight of a 
surveyor's chain across young 

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shoulders, the Rappahannock 
River moves, like liquid pewter 

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in the early light, you watch it
from the window of a modest 

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house perched above the water, 
where the air smells of wood 

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smoke and damp Earth. 
This is Ferry Farm in King 

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George County, Virginia. 
And you are 11 years old. 

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Your name is George Washington 
though. 

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Nobody calls you that yet with 
any particular reverence, your 

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simply the eldest surviving, son
of Augustine, Washington, a 

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tobacco planter who died when 
you were 11 leaving you with 

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more questions than inheritance.
The rooster does not wait for 

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your Readiness, his voice cracks
The Silence of first light and 

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you swing your legs out of bed 
before your mind fully registers

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the cold. 
Floorboards are winter hard 

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beneath your bare feet, February
in? 

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Virginia means frost on the 
inside of the window panes. 

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Little continents of ice that 
will melt by mid-morning but 

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reform each night like 
clockwork. 

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You dress in the dim light 
without wasting candle Tallow 

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breaches first. 
Then the linen shirt that your 

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mother washed and pressed three 
days ago. 

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The fabric still holds a faint 
scent of lye soap and the 

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Rosemary, she grows near the 
kitchen door. 

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Your stockings are wool darned 
at the heel by your own hand 

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because your mother believes 
Idol. 

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Fingers, are the Devil's 
Playground. 

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The stitching is crooked but 
functional, nobody will see it. 

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Inside your shoes. 
Anyway, the house is already 

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stirring. 
You hear your mother's footsteps

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on the floor below, the 
particular rhythm of her 

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morning. 
Routine Betty Washington is 

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awake before everyone else 
always She moves through the 

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house. 
Like a general inspecting 

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troupes though she would never 
use such language. she is a 

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widow now, managing, 400 acres 
and six children with the kind 

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of determination that does not 
announce itself in Grand 

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speeches, you descend the narrow
staircase, avoiding the third 

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step that creaks This is habit. 
Now, not stealth. 

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You simply know the house the 
way, you know, your own 

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breathing. 
The main room downstairs serves 

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as kitchen, dining, area, and 
evening Gathering space, all at 

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once. 
The fireplace dominates one wall

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already crackling with the fire,
your mother built while you were

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still Tangled in your quilt. 
She glances up, as you enter her

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face, is framed by a white cap 
and her expression is neither 

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warm nor cold. 
She simply sees, you registers 

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your presence and returns to 
slicing yesterday's bread. 

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This is how mornings work at 
Ferry Farm. 

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Affection is not performed it 
lives in the bread. 

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She baked the fire. 
She built the stocking. 

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She inspected for holes, you 
take your place at the long 

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table. 
Your younger brothers will 

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appear soon drawn by the smell 
of cornmeal. 

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Mush bubbling in the iron pot, 
your sister Betty will help 

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serve moving with the official 
mother as trained in all her 

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daughter's. 
But for now you have three 

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minutes of quiet and you use 
them to look out the window at 

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the river. 
The Rappahannock is 400 yards 

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wide here, too deep to forward. 
Except at specific Crossings 

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your father operated, the Fairy 
before he died. 

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And now your half-brother 
Lawrence manages the business 

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from his estate at little 
Hunting Creek. 

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Ferry itself is a flat-bottomed 
scale that holds tobacco barrels

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livestock and occasional 
Travelers across the current. 

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You know, every plank of that 
vessel you have corked. 

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It seems with open and pine tar.
You have pulled it across in 

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summer and watched ice floes 
scrape, its hell in Winter, the 

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river teachers patience. 
It moves at its own speed in 

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different to human schedules. 
You cannot hurry water. 

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You cannot negotiate with a 
current. these are facts you 

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absorb without anyone speaking 
them aloud your mother sets a 

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wooden Bowl before you cornmeal 
mush with a small, Pat of butter

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melting into a golden pool at 
the center. 

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You eat slowly making the warmth
last. 

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The mush is thick and slightly 
grainy flavored with salt and 

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the faint sweetness of molasses.
This is not a household that 

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wastes sugar or spices on 
breakfast. 

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Your brother Samuel. 
Appears rubbing sleep from his 

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eyes. 
He's nine years old and still 

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believes that mornings are 
negotiable your mother 

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disappears him of this notion 
with a single glance. 

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He takes his seat without 
complaint after breakfast. 

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You have chores this is not 
remarkable. 

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Every boy in Virginia has chores
but your chores are specific 

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tailored to teach you something 
beyond the immediate task your 

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mother. 
Does not explain this 

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philosophy, she simply assigns 
work and expects completion 

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today. 
You are splitting kindling. 

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The woodpile behind the house is
your responsibility and you 

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approach it with the hatchet, 
your father Left Behind the 

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handle is smooth from years of 
use darker, where hands gripped.

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It most often You set a link of 
pine on the chopping block and 

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study the grain Woods. 
Easiest along its natural lines 

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forces Against the Grain and you
will exhaust yourself for 

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nothing. 
You raise the hatchet and bring 

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it down in one clean motion. 
The woods separates with the 

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satisfying crack. 
You stack, the pieces in the 

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kindling basket working with 
steady Rhythm? 

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There is something calming about
repetitive work the way your 

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body Finds Its pattern and your 
mind drifts free. 

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You think about the mathematics 
lesson? 

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Your mother assigned yesterday. 
She's teaching you from a book 

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called the young man's 
companion, which contains 

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practical instruction in 
arithmetic, geometry and 

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measurement. 
The problems are not abstract, 

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they involve calculating acreage
converting currency and 

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determining the volume of grain 
storage. 

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Your mother believes education 
should be useful, not 

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ornamental. 
The kindling basket fills. 

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You carry it in side and stack, 
it neatly beside the half. 

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Your mother nods approval. 
Without pausing her work at the 

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spinning wheel. 
The wheels whom is another 

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constant sound at Ferry Farm, 
like the rivers movement and the

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Wind Through The Pines you 
return outside. 

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The morning is brightening now 
the frost beginning its slow 

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retreat. 
You can see your breath in the 

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air, small clouds that vanish as
quickly as they form. 

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The chickens need feeding so you
scattered dried corn from the 

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wooden bucket kept in the barn. 
The hens converge with their 

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bobbing mechanical gate pecking 
at the kernels with 

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single-minded Focus. 
One hen is Broody, sitting on 

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her nest with ruffled feathers 
and suspicious eyes. 

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You leave her alone. 
Your mother says, Broody. 

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Hens are like stubborn men. 
They cannot be reasoned with 

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only accommodated. 
The barn smells of hay and horse

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sweat and old leather. 
Your family owns three horses 

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which is modest for a planter 
household but sufficient for 

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necessary work. 
You check their water trough and

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find it crusted with ice, you 
break the surface with the 

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wooden handle of the grain 
scoop. 

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Then refill the trough from the 
well bucket. 

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The horses drink with long slow 
pulls their breaths steaming in 

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the cold, air your tool for your
age or already approaching six 

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feet and your hands, a large 
enough to handle adult tools. 

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This is both advantage and 
burden. 

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People expect more from you 
because your body suggests 

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capability. 
Your mother certainly does. 

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She assigns, you work. 
That would normally fall to a 

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grown man and you complete it 
without complaint because 

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complaining, achieves, nothing. 
By mid-morning, the sun has 

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burned away the frost, he 
returned to the house, to find 

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your mother laying out, your 
lesson materials. 

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She is not a formally educated 
woman, but she reads competently

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and calculates with precision. 
Teaches you the way she learned 

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through repetition and practical
application? 

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Today's lesson involves copying 
maxims from The Rules of 

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Civility and Decent Behavior in 
company and conversation. 

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This book contains 110 Rules for
proper conduct and your mother. 

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Believes memorizing. 
Them will shape your character, 

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your skeptical. 
Rules about where to place your 

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hands during conversation. 
Seemed irrelevant when you are 

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splitting kindling and feeding 
chickens, But you copy them 

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anyway. 
Forming each letter with careful

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Precision. 
Your handwriting is improving 

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it. 
No longer looks like a spider 

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fell in The Inkwell and 
staggered across the page. 

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Your mother says clear 
handwriting, reflects clear 

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thinking which may or may not be
true, but you have learned not 

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to argue with her maxims. 
Rule, number one, State's every 

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action done in company ought to 
be with some sign of respect to 

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those that are present. 
You copy this in your neatest 

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script, then pause to consider 
what it means. 

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Respecting company. 
You think about the adults you 

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encounter at church at the Ferry
Landing in the tobacco fields? 

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Respect seems to involve 
listening more than speaking and

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standing straight and not 
fidgeting with your hat. 

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You copy 10 rules before your 
hand cramps, your mother allows 

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a brief rest, which you spend 
staring out the window at the 

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river. 
Small boat is crossing, probably

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someone from Fredericksburg 
heading to the farms, on this 

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side, the ferryman polls with 
steady Strokes reading the 

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current, like you read 
handwriting understanding where 

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the water wants to go and 
working with it rather than 

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against it. 
This is February of 1743, you're

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11 years old. 
Your father has been dead less 

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than a year and the shape of 
your future is still uncertain. 

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Your half-brother Lawrence has 
suggested you might join the 

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Royal Navy, which sounds 
adventurous until you learn that

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Naval. 
Midshipmen sleep in hammocks and

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he Weaverville infested 
biscuits. 

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Your mother opposes. 
This plan with quiet ferocity. 

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For now, your life is this 
morning's at Ferry Farm lessons 

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in Practical subjects, chores 
that teach responsibility and 

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the constant presence of the 
Rappahannock River. 

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Moving with patient, 
inevitability toward the 

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Chesapeake Bay. 
The Parlor at Ferry Farm is not 

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Grand. 
It contains a table, several 

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chairs, a small writing desk, 
and a shelf of books that your 

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father accumulated over the 
years. 

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The books are mostly practical 
volumes about agriculture, 

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surveying and legal matters. 
There is one volume of plays by 

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Joseph Addison, which seems out 
of place among the utilitarian 

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texts for which your father 
apparently enjoyed you sit at 

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the righting desk, with the 
afternoon, light slanting, 

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through the window, your mother 
has a signed. 

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You mathematical problems from 
the young man's companion. 

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You work through them with 
methodical Focus. 

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The problems involve calculating
the area of irregular plots of 

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land which requires breaking 
complex shapes into triangles 

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and rectangles, then adding the 
components you draw. 

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Diagrams, in the margin of your 
paper, visualizing the plots as 

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geometric forms. 
This kind of thinking comes 

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naturally to you, you understand
spatial relationships 

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instinctively the way. 
Some people understand musical 

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language. 
When you look at a field, you 

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can estimate its acreage with 
reasonable accuracy. 

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When You observe a building, you
can guess its Dimensions. 

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This skill will prove useful in 
ways you cannot yet imagine. 

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But for now it is simply how 
your mind works. 

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Nothing remarkable, or special 
your younger brother. 

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John Augustine enters the 
Parlor. 

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Looking for something to do. 
He is seven years old and find 

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sitting still nearly impossible.
Your mother calls him jack to 

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distinguish him from the 
numerous other Johns in the 

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family Network. 
He hovers near your desk, 

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watching you draw triangles and 
right calculations. 

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You ignore him at first, hoping 
he will lose. 

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Interest he does not. 
He begins humming, a tuneless 

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Melody that makes concentration 
difficult. 

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You set down your quill and turn
to face him. 

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He grins knowing he has 
succeeded in gaining, your 

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attention. 
You consider several responses 

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then settle on the simplest. 
You hand them a spare piece of 

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paper and a pencil stub. 
You show him how to draw a 

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square, then a triangle, then a 
circle. 

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00:11:40,200 --> 00:11:44,700
He attempts each shape with 
varying degrees of success The 

233
00:11:44,700 --> 00:11:47,600
circle looks more like a potato 
but he seems pleased with it. 

234
00:11:47,600 --> 00:11:51,800
You return to your calculations 
Jack continues, drawing beside 

235
00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:55,600
you creating an entire landscape
of a regular geometric forms. 

236
00:11:55,600 --> 00:11:59,200
Your mother appears in the 
doorway observes the scene for a

237
00:11:59,200 --> 00:12:01,000
moment then Retreats without 
comment. 

238
00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:03,900
This is her way. 
She watches more than she 

239
00:12:03,900 --> 00:12:06,300
speaks. 
Correcting, only when absolutely

240
00:12:06,300 --> 00:12:09,500
necessary. 
The mathematics lesson occupies 

241
00:12:09,500 --> 00:12:12,600
two hours by the time you can 
complete the assigned problems. 

242
00:12:12,600 --> 00:12:16,200
Your fingers are stained within 
your neck, aches from bending 

243
00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:19,800
over the desk. 
You stand and stretch, hearing 

244
00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:23,700
your spine pop in three places. 
Growing tall has its 

245
00:12:23,700 --> 00:12:27,000
disadvantages your Forever. 
Bumping your head on low 

246
00:12:27,000 --> 00:12:29,100
doorways and feeling cramped in 
small spaces. 

247
00:12:29,100 --> 00:12:31,500
You walk out side to clear your 
mind. 

248
00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:35,500
After noon is bright and cold 
with high Cloud streaming 

249
00:12:35,500 --> 00:12:38,900
overhead like pulled cotton. 
The wind carries the center of 

250
00:12:38,908 --> 00:12:40,600
wood smoke from neighboring 
Farms. 

251
00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:44,600
You can identify at least three 
separate fires by smell each 

252
00:12:44,600 --> 00:12:48,500
burning different wood. 
Oak produces a clean sharp 

253
00:12:48,500 --> 00:12:50,600
scent. 
Pine is sweeter. 

254
00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:54,200
The Johnsons down the road burn 
mostly Cedar, which has a 

255
00:12:54,200 --> 00:12:57,600
distinct resinous quality. 
You walk down to the Ferry 

256
00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:00,100
Landing where the Rappahannock 
laps at the muddy Bank. 

257
00:13:00,100 --> 00:13:02,200
The water is chocolate brown 
today. 

258
00:13:02,200 --> 00:13:05,900
Thick with sediment from recent 
rains, Upstream you can see 

259
00:13:05,900 --> 00:13:08,900
Fredericksburg on the far side, 
it's buildings clustered along 

260
00:13:08,900 --> 00:13:12,300
the Waterfront. 
The town is growing, adding new 

261
00:13:12,300 --> 00:13:14,900
warehouses and shops to serve 
the tobacco trade. 

262
00:13:14,900 --> 00:13:18,500
Your father, had business 
interests and Fredericksburg, he

263
00:13:18,500 --> 00:13:21,700
owned shares in the printer Poe 
Ironworks which operated 

264
00:13:21,700 --> 00:13:25,200
furnaces in Maryland and 
Virginia. after his death, these

265
00:13:25,200 --> 00:13:28,000
shares passed to your older 
half-brothers, who manage the 

266
00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:31,600
family's larger Financial 
concerns You receive a smaller 

267
00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:35,400
allowance from the estate enough
for shoes and paper but nothing 

268
00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:39,200
that would be called wealth. 
This is fine, your learning that

269
00:13:39,200 --> 00:13:42,400
wealth matters. 
Less than skill, and skill comes

270
00:13:42,400 --> 00:13:45,400
from practice. 
You practice mathematics, we 

271
00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:48,000
practice handwriting. 
You practice splitting wood in 

272
00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:51,400
clean, efficient Strokes each 
skill, Builds on the previous 

273
00:13:51,400 --> 00:13:54,000
one, creating a foundation, you 
cannot yet see. 

274
00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:57,600
But which exists nonetheless. 
You return to the house as the 

275
00:13:57,600 --> 00:14:00,600
sun begins. 
Its descent evening comes early 

276
00:14:00,600 --> 00:14:03,200
in February and your mother 
likes the household settled 

277
00:14:03,200 --> 00:14:05,900
before full dark. 
Your sisters are preparing, 

278
00:14:05,900 --> 00:14:08,600
supper, cutting, vegetables, and
stirring the pot. 

279
00:14:08,600 --> 00:14:11,800
That hangs over the fire. 
The smell of cooking beans and 

280
00:14:11,800 --> 00:14:15,200
salted pork fills the room. you 
take your place at the table, 

281
00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:18,900
your siblings Gather in order of
the age, which places you at one

282
00:14:18,900 --> 00:14:21,900
end and baby, Charles at the 
other Your mother serves from 

283
00:14:21,900 --> 00:14:25,000
the iron pot ladling portions 
into wooden Bowls. 

284
00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:28,300
The food is simple but 
sufficient nobody goes hungry at

285
00:14:28,300 --> 00:14:29,800
Ferry Farm though. 
Nobody feasts. 

286
00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:34,600
See the after supper, There is a
brief period of leisure, your 

287
00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:36,800
mother reads aloud, from the 
Bible, choosing a passage from 

288
00:14:36,800 --> 00:14:40,600
proverbs Her voice is steady and
clear and you have listened 

289
00:14:40,600 --> 00:14:42,800
while whittling, a small piece 
of pine into a rough. 

290
00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:46,300
Whistle the wood curls away from
your knife in thin ribbons 

291
00:14:46,300 --> 00:14:48,800
gathering at your feet. 
Like, miniature Scrolls. 

292
00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:52,700
The passage is about diligence 
and sloth which seems to be your

293
00:14:52,700 --> 00:14:55,600
mother's favorite theme. 
She believes idleness breeds 

294
00:14:55,600 --> 00:14:58,600
Vice and she structures the 
household to prevent any Idol 

295
00:14:58,600 --> 00:15:01,000
moments. 
Even this evening reading 

296
00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:04,400
serves, a purpose, combining 
moral instruction with literacy 

297
00:15:04,400 --> 00:15:06,900
practice. 
You finish the whistle and test 

298
00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:09,300
it. 
The sound is shrill and off key,

299
00:15:09,300 --> 00:15:12,200
but it works Jack immediately 
wants one. 

300
00:15:12,200 --> 00:15:14,700
So you find another piece of 
Pine and begin carving. 

301
00:15:15,500 --> 00:15:18,500
Your hands know the work now and
you can shape the whistle while 

302
00:15:18,500 --> 00:15:20,100
your mind wanders to other 
thoughts. 

303
00:15:20,700 --> 00:15:22,200
You think about your 
half-brother Lawrence? 

304
00:15:22,200 --> 00:15:26,000
Who lives at his Plantation 
called Epsom later, renamed 

305
00:15:26,000 --> 00:15:28,800
Mount Vernon. 
Lawrence is 14 years older than 

306
00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:31,700
you educated in England and 
Carries himself with the 

307
00:15:31,700 --> 00:15:34,000
confidence of someone who knows 
his place in the world. 

308
00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:37,900
He served as a captain in the 
colonial forces during the war 

309
00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:40,600
of Jenkins ear, which sounds 
more dramatic than it. 

310
00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:43,800
Apparently was Laurence has 
suggested that you might pursue 

311
00:15:43,800 --> 00:15:46,700
surveying as a profession. 
He knows several professional 

312
00:15:46,700 --> 00:15:49,000
surveyors. 
Including William, Fairfax, 

313
00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:52,000
whose son, George William is, 
Lauren's close friend. 

314
00:15:52,900 --> 00:15:55,900
Surveying combines outdoor work 
with mathematical Precision, 

315
00:15:55,900 --> 00:15:58,700
which seems suited to your 
particular combination of 

316
00:15:58,700 --> 00:16:00,900
skills. 
You're intrigued by this 

317
00:16:00,900 --> 00:16:05,200
possibility, surveying means 
traveling to wildlands measuring

318
00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:08,700
boundaries and creating maps 
that bring order to Wilderness. 

319
00:16:08,700 --> 00:16:11,700
It also pays. 
Well, the good surveyor can earn

320
00:16:11,700 --> 00:16:14,600
enough to purchase land and land
is the foundation of wealth in 

321
00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:17,000
Virginia, but surveying requires
training. 

322
00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:20,000
You need to learn how to use, 
specialized instruments. 

323
00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:23,008
Like the circumference and the 
surveyor's chain, you need to 

324
00:16:23,016 --> 00:16:26,000
understand how to calculate 
angles and distances how to 

325
00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:29,100
account for terrain variations 
and how to keep accurate field 

326
00:16:29,100 --> 00:16:31,100
notes. 
These are not skills, you can 

327
00:16:31,100 --> 00:16:34,200
teach yourself from books. 
Lawrence has promised to arrange

328
00:16:34,200 --> 00:16:37,000
an apprenticeship when you are 
older for now you can continue 

329
00:16:37,000 --> 00:16:40,600
your general education, building
the mathematical Foundation that

330
00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:42,900
will make surveying instruction 
easier to absorb. 

331
00:16:42,900 --> 00:16:45,600
You finish Jack's whistle and 
hand it to him. 

332
00:16:45,600 --> 00:16:49,400
He blows it and enthusiastically
producing a sound that makes the

333
00:16:49,400 --> 00:16:52,600
dog's ears flat. 
And Your mother gives you a look

334
00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:54,700
that suggests. 
This gift was perhaps not your 

335
00:16:54,700 --> 00:16:58,900
wisest decision, you shrug with 
careful innocence, the evening 

336
00:16:58,900 --> 00:17:02,100
ends with more copying your 
mother assigned, another 10 

337
00:17:02,100 --> 00:17:05,099
maxims from The Rules of 
Civility and you transcribe 

338
00:17:05,099 --> 00:17:08,800
them, by candlelight, the 
candles flame wave is in drafts 

339
00:17:08,800 --> 00:17:12,400
that slip through cracks in the 
walls, you Shield the paper with

340
00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:15,599
one hand while riding with the 
other forming letters that grow 

341
00:17:15,599 --> 00:17:17,599
smaller and more cramped as your
eyes tire. 

342
00:17:18,599 --> 00:17:21,900
Rule 23 States. 
When you see a crime punished, 

343
00:17:21,900 --> 00:17:24,700
you may be inwardly pleased but 
always show. 

344
00:17:24,700 --> 00:17:28,800
Pity to the suffering offender. 
You copy this mechanically too 

345
00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:31,600
tired to analyze its meaning. 
You will think about it later 

346
00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:34,600
when your mind is fresher your 
mother, finally releases you to 

347
00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:36,900
bed. 
The climb the narrow stairs 

348
00:17:36,900 --> 00:17:38,400
grateful for the promise of 
sleep. 

349
00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:42,400
Your room is cold, but you have 
extra quilts and you burrow 

350
00:17:42,400 --> 00:17:45,700
beneath them, like an animal 
seeking hibernation, the last 

351
00:17:45,700 --> 00:17:48,300
thing you hear before sleep 
claims, you is the wind outside 

352
00:17:48,300 --> 00:17:51,500
and the distant sound of the 
river constant and indifferent. 

353
00:17:51,500 --> 00:17:54,200
Moving through the winter 
Darkness toward Mourning. 

354
00:17:55,100 --> 00:17:58,400
Spring arrives in increments. 
First comes the subtle warming 

355
00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:01,300
of the air, then The Greening of
grass along the riverbank. 

356
00:18:01,300 --> 00:18:04,600
Then the explosive blooming of 
dogwoods that turn the forest 

357
00:18:04,600 --> 00:18:08,500
into clouds of white. 
Your 13 now taller than most 

358
00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:11,300
grown men in your mother has 
stopped trying to find clothes 

359
00:18:11,300 --> 00:18:13,800
that fit properly. 
You are your shirts with the 

360
00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:16,000
sleeves rolled up and your 
breeches hemmed higher than 

361
00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:18,900
fashion would prefer. 
Laurence has made good on his 

362
00:18:18,900 --> 00:18:21,000
promise. 
He is a range for you to spend 

363
00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:24,400
time with a surveyor named James
Gan, who works in the Northern 

364
00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:26,800
neck of Virginia mapping 
property, boundaries for Lord. 

365
00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:28,900
Fairfax. 
This is not formal 

366
00:18:28,900 --> 00:18:32,500
apprenticeship yet, but it is 
observation which is the first 

367
00:18:32,500 --> 00:18:35,800
step toward learning. 
You meet missed again on a 

368
00:18:35,800 --> 00:18:38,900
bright April morning, he's a 
compact man with sun, weathered 

369
00:18:38,900 --> 00:18:41,800
skin and hands that are 
permanently stained with soil 

370
00:18:41,800 --> 00:18:44,400
and ink. 
He carries his instruments in a 

371
00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:47,100
wooden case strapped to his back
and walks with the ground 

372
00:18:47,100 --> 00:18:50,000
covering stride of someone who 
measures distance in miles 

373
00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:52,900
rather than yards. 
He looks you up and down with an

374
00:18:52,900 --> 00:18:55,400
appraising. 
I your conscious of your height 

375
00:18:55,400 --> 00:18:59,400
your overlarge hands, your 
general awkwardness but he 

376
00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:01,300
simply nods and gestures for you
to follow. 

377
00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:04,400
You walk together into the woods
Beyond Fairy Farm. 

378
00:19:04,400 --> 00:19:08,400
The forest here is mixed 
Hardwoods mostly open Hickory 

379
00:19:08,400 --> 00:19:12,300
with an understory of dogwood 
and Redbud, the ground is soft 

380
00:19:12,300 --> 00:19:14,900
with leaf mold and your boots. 
Sink slightly with each step 

381
00:19:14,900 --> 00:19:18,600
again, moves through the terrain
with practiced ease reading the 

382
00:19:18,600 --> 00:19:22,200
land, like you read books. 
He stops at a property corner 

383
00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:25,500
marked by a pile of stones. 
This is how boundaries are 

384
00:19:25,500 --> 00:19:29,000
designated in the wilderness 
with Cairns or Blaze trees or 

385
00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:31,100
iron Stakes driven deep into the
Earth. 

386
00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:34,300
Again kneels beside the marker 
and removes a notebook from his 

387
00:19:34,300 --> 00:19:36,900
coat pocket. 
He makes a quick sketch of the 

388
00:19:36,900 --> 00:19:40,900
location noting nearby landmarks
you watch and Silent. 

389
00:19:40,900 --> 00:19:43,600
He has not spoken beyond the 
initial greeting. 

390
00:19:43,600 --> 00:19:45,900
And you sent that questions 
would be unwelcome. 

391
00:19:45,900 --> 00:19:50,500
So you simply observe noting how
he orients himself how he counts

392
00:19:50,500 --> 00:19:53,800
places between markers, how he 
uses the sun's position to 

393
00:19:53,800 --> 00:19:57,100
determine Direction. 
After an hour of walking and 

394
00:19:57,100 --> 00:19:59,400
note-taking he finally addresses
you directly. 

395
00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:03,600
He asks if you can calculate 
distance by counting steps you 

396
00:20:03,600 --> 00:20:07,100
admit you have never tried. 
He tells you to walk 100 Paces, 

397
00:20:07,100 --> 00:20:09,600
keeping your stride natural, 
while he measures. 

398
00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:12,600
The actual distance with his 
chain, you walk counting 

399
00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:15,200
carefully. 
Your legs are long and your 

400
00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:17,100
natural stride covers more 
ground than average. 

401
00:20:17,900 --> 00:20:21,700
When you reach 100 Paces, again 
checks his measurement, your 100

402
00:20:21,700 --> 00:20:25,900
steps of covered approximately 
260 feet which means each pace 

403
00:20:25,900 --> 00:20:27,500
is roughly two feet, seven 
inches. 

404
00:20:27,500 --> 00:20:31,400
He tells you to remember this 
number, Once you know your pace 

405
00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:34,700
length you can estimate distance
is by walking and counting. 

406
00:20:34,700 --> 00:20:38,700
It is less precise than using a 
chain but useful for rough 

407
00:20:38,700 --> 00:20:41,300
calculations. 
You spend the rest of the 

408
00:20:41,300 --> 00:20:44,700
morning walking property lines 
and Counting Paces, get moves 

409
00:20:44,700 --> 00:20:48,300
with purpose, checking markers. 
And updating his notes, you 

410
00:20:48,300 --> 00:20:50,700
follow absorbing the rhythm of 
the work. 

411
00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:55,000
It is physically demanding, but 
not unpleasant, you're Outdoors.

412
00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:58,700
Moving through varied terrain. 
Using your mind to solve spatial

413
00:20:58,700 --> 00:21:02,500
Problems by midday your legs 
ache, and your throat is dry. 

414
00:21:03,500 --> 00:21:05,800
Again, leads you to a small 
Creek where you both drink from 

415
00:21:05,800 --> 00:21:08,700
cupped hands. 
The water is cold and taste of 

416
00:21:08,700 --> 00:21:11,500
minerals and leaf tannins. 
You flash someone on your face. 

417
00:21:11,500 --> 00:21:15,400
Washing away the dust and sweat.
Ganon wraps a packet of bread 

418
00:21:15,400 --> 00:21:19,200
and dried meat, which he shares 
without ceremony you eat, 

419
00:21:19,200 --> 00:21:22,400
sitting on a fallen log, 
listening to the creeks burble 

420
00:21:22,400 --> 00:21:25,900
and the distant call of a crow. 
This is companionable silence. 

421
00:21:25,900 --> 00:21:28,800
Not awkward, again seems 
comfortable without constant 

422
00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:32,700
conversation and so are you 
After lunch, he shows you his 

423
00:21:32,700 --> 00:21:35,500
circumference tour. 
This is a compass mounted on a 

424
00:21:35,500 --> 00:21:37,200
flat brass plate with sighting 
veins. 

425
00:21:37,200 --> 00:21:38,900
That allow precise angle 
measurement. 

426
00:21:39,800 --> 00:21:42,900
The device is beautiful in its 
Simplicity every component 

427
00:21:42,900 --> 00:21:46,200
serving a clear function. 
Again explains how it works. 

428
00:21:46,200 --> 00:21:49,200
Demonstrating the process of 
taking bearings between 

429
00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:51,400
landmarks. 
You hold the instrument 

430
00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:54,700
carefully feeling its weight and
balance the compass needle. 

431
00:21:54,700 --> 00:21:58,200
Quivers with each tiny movement.
Seeking magnetic north with 

432
00:21:58,200 --> 00:22:01,300
patient insistence. 
You cite along the veins to 

433
00:22:01,300 --> 00:22:03,400
order. 
Distinctive oak tree then read 

434
00:22:03,400 --> 00:22:06,400
the angle, on the brass scale. 
Again checks your reading and 

435
00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:08,600
nods approval. 
The afternoon proceeds, with 

436
00:22:08,600 --> 00:22:11,600
more practical demonstrations 
gun shows, you how to use the 

437
00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:14,700
surveyors chain. 
A 66 foot length of iron links 

438
00:22:14,700 --> 00:22:16,200
used for precise distance 
measurement. 

439
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:19,900
The chain is heavy and 
cumbersome, requiring two people

440
00:22:19,900 --> 00:22:23,300
for efficient use. 
One person holds the forward end

441
00:22:23,300 --> 00:22:25,000
while the other keeps it taught 
and Records. 

442
00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:27,400
The measurement you practice on 
level ground. 

443
00:22:27,400 --> 00:22:30,300
First learning how to keep the 
chain straight and avoid 

444
00:22:30,300 --> 00:22:33,700
snacking it on undergrowth. 
Gen is patient but exacting. 

445
00:22:33,700 --> 00:22:37,200
He corrects your Technique 
without criticism simply showing

446
00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:39,700
you the proper method and 
expecting you to replicate it. 

447
00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:43,200
By late afternoon, your 
shoulders ache from carrying the

448
00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:46,300
chain and your hands are marked 
with red Impressions from the 

449
00:22:46,300 --> 00:22:49,000
iron links. 
But you are learning, you can 

450
00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:52,600
feel knowledge accumulating like
sediment layer upon layer 

451
00:22:52,600 --> 00:22:56,400
building, a foundation for 
future understanding Again, 

452
00:22:56,400 --> 00:22:58,700
walks you back to Ferry Farm as 
the sun, descends. 

453
00:22:58,700 --> 00:23:02,200
He speaks little, but as you 
part, he tells you that you have

454
00:23:02,200 --> 00:23:06,200
aptitude This is High, Praise 
coming from a man who uses words

455
00:23:06,200 --> 00:23:09,600
sparingly. 
You thank him and watch as he 

456
00:23:09,600 --> 00:23:11,700
continues down the road toward 
his next assignment. 

457
00:23:11,700 --> 00:23:14,700
Your mother is waiting when you 
enter the house. 

458
00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:19,300
She does not ask about your day.
She simply observes your muddy 

459
00:23:19,300 --> 00:23:22,800
boots and scratched hands and 
nods satisfied that you have 

460
00:23:22,800 --> 00:23:26,100
worked rather than idled. 
That night you copy more 

461
00:23:26,100 --> 00:23:29,500
maximums from The Rules of 
Civility, but your mind keeps 

462
00:23:29,500 --> 00:23:32,500
returning to the forest, the 
weight of the circumferential, 

463
00:23:32,500 --> 00:23:36,700
the satisfying, Precision of the
surveyor's chain, you have found

464
00:23:36,708 --> 00:23:39,500
something that engages. 
Both your physical strength and 

465
00:23:39,500 --> 00:23:42,100
your mental capabilities. 
This is rare. 

466
00:23:42,100 --> 00:23:45,400
Most work requires one or the 
other but surveying demands. 

467
00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:49,200
Both you blow out your candle 
and lie in the darkness thinking

468
00:23:49,200 --> 00:23:52,100
about boundary lines running 
through Wilderness about the 

469
00:23:52,100 --> 00:23:55,200
mathematical beauty of right 
angles and precise measurements 

470
00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:58,500
about the satisfaction of 
bringing order to unmapped land.

471
00:23:58,500 --> 00:24:02,800
Sleep comes easily. 
Your body is tired from walking 

472
00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:05,900
miles through rough, terrain 
your mind is tired from 

473
00:24:05,900 --> 00:24:10,400
concentrating on new information
it is a good tired the kind that

474
00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:14,300
comes from purposeful work 
rather than mere exhaustion your

475
00:24:14,300 --> 00:24:17,000
15 now and surveying has 
progressed from observation to 

476
00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:20,400
participation, Lawrence has 
secured you more time with James

477
00:24:20,400 --> 00:24:23,800
genn and you have begun keeping 
your own field notes, your 

478
00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:26,300
handwriting has improved 
dramatically out of necessity 

479
00:24:26,300 --> 00:24:28,900
field notes. 
Must be legible and precise 

480
00:24:28,900 --> 00:24:32,900
since they form the legal record
of property boundaries you carry

481
00:24:32,900 --> 00:24:35,400
a leather bound notebook and a 
pencil in your coat pocket. 

482
00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:38,600
The Notebook is already filling 
with sketches and calculations 

483
00:24:38,600 --> 00:24:41,800
diagrams of property corners. 
And notes about terrain 

484
00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:45,100
features, you have developed 
your own short hand for common 

485
00:24:45,100 --> 00:24:48,200
observations abbreviation that 
let you record information 

486
00:24:48,200 --> 00:24:50,300
quickly while standing in muddy 
fields. 

487
00:24:51,100 --> 00:24:53,200
Today you are surveying a track 
of bottomland along. 

488
00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:56,400
A coating Creek, the property 
belongs to a planter who wants 

489
00:24:56,400 --> 00:24:58,900
his boundaries formally 
documented before selling a 

490
00:24:58,900 --> 00:25:01,700
portion to his neighbor. 
This is typical work for 

491
00:25:01,700 --> 00:25:04,600
surveyor in colonial. 
Virginia land is constantly 

492
00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:08,900
being bought sold divided and 
disputed clear boundaries 

493
00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:12,500
prevent conflicts brought you 
because the job requires two 

494
00:25:12,500 --> 00:25:16,500
people to handle the chain 
officially You are the chain 

495
00:25:16,500 --> 00:25:19,000
Bearer responsible for keeping 
the forward, end taught and 

496
00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:21,100
marking each chain length with a
wooden stake. 

497
00:25:21,100 --> 00:25:24,300
Jen handles the rear end and 
keeps the official notes. 

498
00:25:24,300 --> 00:25:27,600
The work is methodical. 
You started a known Corner 

499
00:25:27,600 --> 00:25:29,300
marker. 
Then run a line North according 

500
00:25:29,300 --> 00:25:32,300
to the property deed Again, 
takes a bearing with his 

501
00:25:32,300 --> 00:25:34,900
circumference tour sighting 
along the intended Direction, 

502
00:25:34,900 --> 00:25:38,900
You Walk forward pulling, the 
chain taught until you reach, 

503
00:25:38,900 --> 00:25:42,800
its full 66 foot length. 
You plant a stake again. 

504
00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:45,500
Record one chain in his notes 
and you repeat the process. 

505
00:25:46,400 --> 00:25:49,700
The ground is uneven, which 
complicates the measurement a 

506
00:25:49,700 --> 00:25:52,200
chain pulled over Rising terrain
will measure short since the 

507
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:54,900
actual ground distance is longer
than the straight line distance.

508
00:25:55,700 --> 00:25:59,100
Gets you to account for this by 
taking slope measurements and 

509
00:25:59,100 --> 00:26:03,300
applying correction factors you 
learn by doing, get demonstrate 

510
00:26:03,300 --> 00:26:05,500
to technique. 
Once then expects, you to 

511
00:26:05,500 --> 00:26:08,600
replicate it, there is no 
coddling, no, excessive 

512
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:11,400
explanation. 
If you make a mistake, he shows 

513
00:26:11,400 --> 00:26:14,400
you the correct method and you 
try again, this suits, your 

514
00:26:14,400 --> 00:26:17,600
temperament you prefer clear 
instruction over elaborate 

515
00:26:17,600 --> 00:26:20,300
Theory by midday. 
You have run three property 

516
00:26:20,300 --> 00:26:22,100
lines and planted dozens of 
stakes. 

517
00:26:22,100 --> 00:26:24,500
Your arms. 
Ache from repeatedly, pulling 

518
00:26:24,500 --> 00:26:27,600
the heavy chain taught, your 
legs are scratched from pushing 

519
00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:30,100
through brambles, but the work 
is satisfying. 

520
00:26:30,100 --> 00:26:32,300
You can see progress 
accumulating. 

521
00:26:32,300 --> 00:26:36,300
Each measured chain adding to 
the total Can allows a brief 

522
00:26:36,300 --> 00:26:38,800
rest for lunch. 
You sit beside the creek and eat

523
00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:42,000
bread and cheese while watching 
water striders skate across the 

524
00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:43,900
surface. 
The insects move with 

525
00:26:43,900 --> 00:26:46,200
impossible, delicacy their feet 
dimpling. 

526
00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:47,500
The water without breaking 
through. 

527
00:26:48,700 --> 00:26:52,200
You wonder about the physics of 
this, the balance of weight and 

528
00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:55,000
surface tension. 
Again, notices your attention 

529
00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:58,400
and mentions that he wants, 
surveyed a Mill, Pond, and had 

530
00:26:58,400 --> 00:27:00,500
to account for seasonal water 
level changes. 

531
00:27:00,500 --> 00:27:03,500
When mapping the shore. 
Boundaries that follow water 

532
00:27:03,500 --> 00:27:07,100
lines are particularly tricky 
since water moves the legal 

533
00:27:07,100 --> 00:27:10,400
boundary is typically the mean 
High Watermark but determining 

534
00:27:10,400 --> 00:27:13,300
that requires observation. 
Over time you file this 

535
00:27:13,300 --> 00:27:15,000
information away for future 
reference. 

536
00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:18,400
Every conversation with Ken 
contains some practical detail, 

537
00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:21,000
some piece of knowledge earned 
through experience. 

538
00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:24,200
He is teaching you by simply 
including you in his work, 

539
00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:27,300
letting you absorb the 
accumulated wisdom of years in 

540
00:27:27,300 --> 00:27:31,000
the field, the afternoon brings 
a complication, you reach a 

541
00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:32,800
property Corner. 
That should be marked by an iron

542
00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:36,700
stake but the stake is missing. 
Someone has removed it, either 

543
00:27:36,700 --> 00:27:40,600
deliberately or accidentally 
this creates a problem with the 

544
00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:42,700
corner marker. 
You cannot verify that previous 

545
00:27:42,700 --> 00:27:45,600
surveys were accurate. 
Gene, examined, the area 

546
00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:48,700
carefully, he looks for 
Disturbed, soil, nearby 

547
00:27:48,700 --> 00:27:52,000
reference trees, any evidence of
the original markers location. 

548
00:27:53,100 --> 00:27:56,000
He checks the old survey notes 
which describe the corner as 

549
00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:58,200
being seven. 
Chains from a particular white 

550
00:27:58,200 --> 00:28:01,300
oak tree. 
You locate the oak measure 7, 

551
00:28:01,300 --> 00:28:02,900
chains in the specified 
direction. 

552
00:28:02,900 --> 00:28:06,700
Again, confirms this matches the
property deed description, you 

553
00:28:06,700 --> 00:28:09,100
plant a new iron steak at what 
should be the correct location. 

554
00:28:09,100 --> 00:28:12,300
But again, notes in his record 
that the original marker was 

555
00:28:12,308 --> 00:28:15,100
missing and this is a 
replacement based on deed 

556
00:28:15,100 --> 00:28:17,500
measurements. 
This is important legal, 

557
00:28:17,500 --> 00:28:21,000
documentation. 
If a dispute arises later, the 

558
00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:23,100
notes will show that proper 
procedure was followed, 

559
00:28:23,100 --> 00:28:25,800
surveying is not just about 
measuring land. 

560
00:28:25,800 --> 00:28:29,100
It is about creating reliable 
records that will endure for 

561
00:28:29,100 --> 00:28:32,000
decades. 
By late after noon, the job is 

562
00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:34,200
complete. 
You have measured all four 

563
00:28:34,200 --> 00:28:38,000
boundaries marked corners and 
created a detailed patch showing

564
00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:41,900
the property shaping acreage Ken
calculates, the total area using

565
00:28:41,900 --> 00:28:45,300
geometric formulas, breaking the
irregular plot into triangles 

566
00:28:45,300 --> 00:28:48,000
and adding their areas, you 
watch him work following the 

567
00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:52,100
calculations. 
The property contains 173 Acres,

568
00:28:52,100 --> 00:28:55,800
give or take a few Square 
chains, this Precision matters. 

569
00:28:55,800 --> 00:29:00,100
The owner is selling 68 Acres so
knowing the exact total is 

570
00:29:00,100 --> 00:29:03,500
essential for a fair division, 
Ken pays you for the day's work.

571
00:29:03,500 --> 00:29:07,000
It is not much, but it is your 
own money earned through skill 

572
00:29:07,000 --> 00:29:09,600
and effort. 
You fold the coins. 

573
00:29:09,600 --> 00:29:12,300
Carefully into your pocket, 
feeling their weight against 

574
00:29:12,300 --> 00:29:15,500
your leg as you walk home that 
evening, you transcribe, the 

575
00:29:15,500 --> 00:29:19,000
days rough notes into clean 
format, creating a permanent 

576
00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:22,000
record of the survey. 
This is painstaking work, 

577
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:26,200
requiring absolute accuracy, you
check each number twice, 

578
00:29:26,200 --> 00:29:29,400
compare, your sketches to your 
measurements and write in your 

579
00:29:29,408 --> 00:29:32,400
neatest hand. 
Your mother observes this 

580
00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:36,000
process with silent approval, 
she values, precision, and 

581
00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:39,000
thorough record keeping. 
These are habits that extend 

582
00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:42,200
beyond surveying into all 
aspects of life. 

583
00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:45,900
A person who keeps accurate 
accounts, who documents 

584
00:29:45,900 --> 00:29:49,300
decisions who maintains clear 
records is a person who can be 

585
00:29:49,300 --> 00:29:52,200
trusted you finish the 
transcription and set your 

586
00:29:52,200 --> 00:29:54,700
notebook aside. 
Your hands are cramped from 

587
00:29:54,700 --> 00:29:56,700
writing but the work is done 
properly. 

588
00:29:56,700 --> 00:30:00,300
You have created something 
permanent a record that could be

589
00:30:00,300 --> 00:30:02,000
referenced years from now by 
people. 

590
00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:05,200
You will never meet this feels 
important though. 

591
00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:09,000
You cannot articulate. 
Exactly why Your 15 years old 

592
00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:12,500
measuring land in the Virginia 
Wilderness, but you're also 

593
00:30:12,500 --> 00:30:16,400
creating a foundation. 
Every Chain pulled taught every 

594
00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:18,900
angle. 
Measured every note transcribed 

595
00:30:18,900 --> 00:30:20,500
is adding to a structure, you 
cannot yet. 

596
00:30:20,500 --> 00:30:22,400
See, but which exists 
nonetheless. 

597
00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:25,300
Winter returns. 
As it always does. 

598
00:30:25,300 --> 00:30:27,700
Bringing shortened days and long
evenings. 

599
00:30:27,700 --> 00:30:29,500
The surveying. 
Work slows. 

600
00:30:29,500 --> 00:30:32,400
During the coldest months since 
frozen ground, makes it 

601
00:30:32,400 --> 00:30:36,100
difficult to plant stakes and 
snow obscures boundary markers. 

602
00:30:36,700 --> 00:30:39,500
You use this forced pause to 
deepen, your theoretical 

603
00:30:39,500 --> 00:30:42,500
knowledge, your mother has 
obtained, a copy of the complete

604
00:30:42,500 --> 00:30:45,600
surveyor by William leborgne. 
A comprehensive text on 

605
00:30:45,600 --> 00:30:48,900
surveying mathematics and 
techniques The book is dense and

606
00:30:48,900 --> 00:30:52,200
Technical filled with geometric,
proofs and trigonometric 

607
00:30:52,200 --> 00:30:54,100
calculations. 
You work through, its 

608
00:30:54,100 --> 00:30:56,000
systematically one chapter at a 
time. 

609
00:30:56,008 --> 00:30:58,400
Solving the practice problems 
and checking your answers 

610
00:30:58,400 --> 00:31:01,200
against the solutions. 
Provided you study by 

611
00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:04,700
candlelight in the parlor while 
your siblings play quiet games 

612
00:31:04,700 --> 00:31:07,600
near the fire. 
The house is never silent in the

613
00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:09,600
evening's. 
There is always the crackle of 

614
00:31:09,608 --> 00:31:11,800
burning wood, the murmur of 
conversation. 

615
00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:14,000
The occasional thump of a 
dropped toy. 

616
00:31:15,100 --> 00:31:17,300
But you have learned to 
concentrate despite background 

617
00:31:17,300 --> 00:31:19,600
noise. 
The mathematics in labor and 

618
00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:21,500
text is challenging but not 
impossible. 

619
00:31:21,500 --> 00:31:24,500
You already understand basic 
geometry from your early 

620
00:31:24,500 --> 00:31:27,900
studies, the surveying problems 
simply apply these principles to

621
00:31:27,900 --> 00:31:31,200
practical situations. 
How do you calculate the area of

622
00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:34,100
a pentagon-shaped field? 
Break it into triangles 

623
00:31:34,100 --> 00:31:37,100
calculate, each triangles area 
and some the results. 

624
00:31:37,800 --> 00:31:39,500
How do you determine the height 
of a tree? 

625
00:31:39,500 --> 00:31:42,600
Without climbing it, use similar
triangles and proportional. 

626
00:31:42,600 --> 00:31:44,400
Reasoning, you work through 
problem. 

627
00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:48,000
After problem, filling pages 
with calculations and diagrams, 

628
00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:51,500
your pencil, scratches across 
the paper and steady rhythm. 

629
00:31:52,100 --> 00:31:55,300
When you reach a particularly 
difficult problem, you pause and

630
00:31:55,300 --> 00:31:58,700
think it through sometimes for 
10 or 15 minutes before 

631
00:31:58,700 --> 00:32:01,800
attempting a solution. 
Your mother occasionally glances

632
00:32:01,800 --> 00:32:04,000
over your shoulder, though? 
She cannot follow the 

633
00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:06,600
mathematics. 
You simply checks that you are 

634
00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:09,500
working, not daydreaming. 
Satisfied. 

635
00:32:09,500 --> 00:32:13,300
She returns to her own tasks. 
Some evenings, you copy 

636
00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:15,400
passengers from surveying 
manuals, into your notebook. 

637
00:32:15,400 --> 00:32:17,500
Creating your own reference 
text. 

638
00:32:17,500 --> 00:32:21,300
This serves double purpose, it 
reinforces the information 

639
00:32:21,300 --> 00:32:24,300
through repetition and it gives 
you a personal resource to 

640
00:32:24,300 --> 00:32:27,100
consult in the field. 
Your copied notes eventually 

641
00:32:27,100 --> 00:32:30,100
fill an entire notebook 
organized by topic with a 

642
00:32:30,108 --> 00:32:33,700
careful index at the front. 
You also practice making Fair 

643
00:32:33,700 --> 00:32:36,500
copies of survey. 
Plats a platters are drawn map 

644
00:32:36,500 --> 00:32:39,600
of a surveyed property. 
Showing boundaries Corners, 

645
00:32:39,600 --> 00:32:44,200
acreage and important features. 
These must be clear and accurate

646
00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:47,500
since they become part of legal 
records, you practice drawing 

647
00:32:47,500 --> 00:32:50,100
straight lines. 
Perfect circles for compass, 

648
00:32:50,100 --> 00:32:52,200
roses and neat, lettering, for 
labels. 

649
00:32:53,100 --> 00:32:55,300
Your drafting skills improve 
through repetition. 

650
00:32:55,300 --> 00:32:59,300
You learn to use a straight edge
efficiently to keep ink lines, 

651
00:32:59,308 --> 00:33:02,200
consistent in width to space 
letters evenly. 

652
00:33:03,200 --> 00:33:06,500
These are small details but they
accumulate into professional 

653
00:33:06,500 --> 00:33:09,900
looking work. 
On some evenings Lawrence visits

654
00:33:09,900 --> 00:33:12,700
from Mount Vernon. 
He brings news from The Wider 

655
00:33:12,700 --> 00:33:14,900
world and discusses practical 
matters with your mother. 

656
00:33:15,700 --> 00:33:18,800
You listen while continuing your
work, absorbing information 

657
00:33:18,800 --> 00:33:22,300
about tobacco prices, political 
developments and social 

658
00:33:22,300 --> 00:33:25,100
connections. 
Lawrence has become a member of 

659
00:33:25,100 --> 00:33:27,900
the House of Burgesses 
representing Fairfax County. 

660
00:33:27,900 --> 00:33:32,100
He describes the legislative 
session with dry humor noting. 

661
00:33:32,100 --> 00:33:35,000
The endless debates over 
minutiae, and the theatrical 

662
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:38,000
posturing of certain delegates, 
but he also takes the work 

663
00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:41,200
seriously. 
The House of Burgesses makes 

664
00:33:41,200 --> 00:33:44,900
decisions that affect thousands 
of people that responsibility 

665
00:33:44,900 --> 00:33:47,700
deserves respect. 
You are struck by Lawrence's 

666
00:33:47,700 --> 00:33:49,200
balance of cynicism and 
commitment. 

667
00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:53,000
He sees the floors in political 
systems but participates any 

668
00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:55,200
way. 
Believe in the engaged citizens 

669
00:33:55,200 --> 00:33:57,200
can improve governance 
incrementally. 

670
00:33:57,200 --> 00:33:59,300
This seems like a reasonable 
philosophy. 

671
00:34:00,100 --> 00:34:03,400
Perfect systems do not exist but
functional ones can be built 

672
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:07,400
through patient effort. 
These evening conversations are 

673
00:34:07,400 --> 00:34:10,600
your window into adult concerns.
You learn about land 

674
00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:13,600
speculation, Colonial 
Administration, relations with 

675
00:34:13,600 --> 00:34:16,300
the mother country and the 
complex web of family, 

676
00:34:16,300 --> 00:34:18,600
connections that structures 
Virginia Society. 

677
00:34:19,300 --> 00:34:22,900
The Washingtons are minor Gentry
respectable but not wealthy. 

678
00:34:22,900 --> 00:34:26,100
Your advancement will depend on 
skill and connections rather 

679
00:34:26,100 --> 00:34:29,100
than inherited Fortune, This is 
fine. 

680
00:34:29,100 --> 00:34:31,000
You are learning skills that are
marketable. 

681
00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:34,600
Good surveyors are always in 
demand, especially a settlement 

682
00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:36,400
pushes Westward into unmapped 
territory. 

683
00:34:36,400 --> 00:34:40,800
The frontier needs boundaries 
property lines legal Clarity. 

684
00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:44,600
You can provide that Some nights
you practice with your 

685
00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:47,400
circumference, or taking 
bearings on various objects 

686
00:34:47,400 --> 00:34:51,400
around the house and calculating
angles, your mother tolerates 

687
00:34:51,400 --> 00:34:53,500
this activity. 
As long as you do not disturb 

688
00:34:53,500 --> 00:34:56,600
your siblings, sleep, you cite 
along the veins, toward the 

689
00:34:56,600 --> 00:34:59,700
fireplace, then toward the 
window, then toward the door 

690
00:34:59,700 --> 00:35:02,100
carefully, reading each bearing 
and recording it. 

691
00:35:02,100 --> 00:35:05,000
In your notebook you are 
teaching yourself to visualize, 

692
00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:08,100
angles instinctively. 
When you look at a room, you can

693
00:35:08,100 --> 00:35:10,400
estimate its dimensions and 
orientation. 

694
00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:13,900
When you walk through a field, 
you can guess the direction to 

695
00:35:13,900 --> 00:35:16,400
True North. 
Within a few degrees, these are 

696
00:35:16,408 --> 00:35:18,600
practical skills that will save 
time in the field. 

697
00:35:18,600 --> 00:35:21,900
You also study Lord, fairfax's 
land, grants and property 

698
00:35:21,900 --> 00:35:25,300
descriptions learning the legal 
language of deeds and surveys. 

699
00:35:25,300 --> 00:35:29,600
The language is formulaic but 
precise, a typical description 

700
00:35:29,600 --> 00:35:33,000
might read beginning at a white 
oak marked with three chops on 

701
00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:35,400
the North side. 
Then it's running North 45 

702
00:35:35,400 --> 00:35:39,700
degrees east, for 20 chains to 
an iron stake, then South 30 

703
00:35:39,700 --> 00:35:42,300
degrees east for 15 chains to a 
pile of stones. 

704
00:35:43,100 --> 00:35:46,900
Each element is specific and 
verifiable you practice writing,

705
00:35:46,900 --> 00:35:50,300
similar descriptions based on 
imaginary surveys, developing 

706
00:35:50,300 --> 00:35:52,100
fluency in the conventional 
language. 

707
00:35:52,100 --> 00:35:55,800
This feels tedious sometimes but
you understand its importance, 

708
00:35:55,800 --> 00:35:58,700
clear legal descriptions prevent
boundary disputes. 

709
00:35:58,700 --> 00:36:02,500
Ambiguous language, leads to 
conflict, the winter, evenings, 

710
00:36:02,500 --> 00:36:05,400
pass in this manner, study 
practice observation and 

711
00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:08,400
occasional conversation. 
Your mind is accumulating 

712
00:36:08,400 --> 00:36:11,300
knowledge, like a reservoir 
filling with runoff, not all of 

713
00:36:11,308 --> 00:36:14,000
it, seems immediately useful, 
but you trust that it will prove

714
00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:17,300
valuable eventually your mother.
Sometimes reads aloud while you 

715
00:36:17,300 --> 00:36:21,100
work, she favors passages from 
the Bible or from improving 

716
00:36:21,100 --> 00:36:23,200
literature that emphasizes moral
development. 

717
00:36:24,100 --> 00:36:26,900
You have listened while 
calculating, triangular areas, 

718
00:36:26,900 --> 00:36:29,900
your mind splitting attention 
between the text and your 

719
00:36:29,900 --> 00:36:31,800
problems. 
One evening. 

720
00:36:31,800 --> 00:36:36,100
She reads from Proverbs chapter 
22, verse 29 CS thou a man 

721
00:36:36,100 --> 00:36:39,100
diligent in his business. 
He shall stand before Kings. 

722
00:36:39,100 --> 00:36:41,300
He shall not stand before mean 
men. 

723
00:36:42,200 --> 00:36:45,200
She pauses after this passage 
letting it settle in the 

724
00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:47,200
silence. 
You look up from your 

725
00:36:47,200 --> 00:36:50,400
calculations, she's watching you
with an expression, you cannot 

726
00:36:50,400 --> 00:36:54,600
quite read, then she returns to 
her reading, without comment the

727
00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:58,500
messages, clear enough diligence
leads, to opportunity, skill, 

728
00:36:58,500 --> 00:37:01,500
earns recognition. 
These are not guarantees, but 

729
00:37:01,500 --> 00:37:03,800
they are better than relying on 
luck or Charm. 

730
00:37:03,800 --> 00:37:06,500
You return to your mathematics, 
working through. 

731
00:37:06,500 --> 00:37:09,300
Another problem about 
calculating, a regular acreage, 

732
00:37:09,300 --> 00:37:12,300
the candlelight flickers, as a 
draft moves, through the room 

733
00:37:12,300 --> 00:37:15,900
outside the Winter Wind rattles,
the shutters, but the house is 

734
00:37:15,900 --> 00:37:18,900
warm and your mind is engaged, 
and this is enough. 

735
00:37:19,900 --> 00:37:22,900
Chapter 6. 
The frost and the compass. 

736
00:37:23,800 --> 00:37:27,200
Your 16 now and Lord Fairfax has
commissioned a survey of his 

737
00:37:27,208 --> 00:37:30,500
land in the Shenandoah Valley. 
This is significant work. 

738
00:37:30,500 --> 00:37:33,600
Fairfax owns more than five 
million acres in the Northern 

739
00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:36,300
neck, stretching, from the 
Potomac to the Blue Ridge 

740
00:37:36,300 --> 00:37:39,100
Mountains. 
Much of the territory has never 

741
00:37:39,100 --> 00:37:42,500
been properly surveyed. 
squatters occupy, some tracks 

742
00:37:42,500 --> 00:37:46,100
boundaries are disputed and the 
accurate extent of fairfax's 

743
00:37:46,100 --> 00:37:49,700
holding is on certain George 
William, Fairfax, Lawrence's 

744
00:37:49,700 --> 00:37:52,900
friend and Lord, fairfax's 
cousin has invited you to join 

745
00:37:52,900 --> 00:37:56,300
the surveying party. 
This is partly courtesy to 

746
00:37:56,300 --> 00:37:58,800
Lawrence and partly recognition 
of your developing skills. 

747
00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:02,400
You will not lead the survey, 
but you will participate as an 

748
00:38:02,400 --> 00:38:05,100
assistant gaining invaluable 
experience and Wilderness 

749
00:38:05,100 --> 00:38:08,300
surveying You prepare for the 
Expedition with careful 

750
00:38:08,300 --> 00:38:11,800
attention you pack, spare 
clothing, a bedroll a notebook 

751
00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:15,500
and pencils, your circumference 
tour and basic Provisions, your 

752
00:38:15,500 --> 00:38:18,500
mother inspects, your gear, with
critical eye adding items. 

753
00:38:18,500 --> 00:38:22,800
You'd forgotten extra stockings,
a second shirt, a packet of 

754
00:38:22,800 --> 00:38:26,000
needles and thread for repairs, 
she does not express worry about

755
00:38:26,000 --> 00:38:28,900
your safety, at least not 
allowed but she packs your 

756
00:38:28,900 --> 00:38:32,400
things with particular care, 
folding each item precisely. 

757
00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:35,200
You understand what this means 
without discussion? 

758
00:38:35,200 --> 00:38:37,900
The surveying party assembles at
Belvoir. 

759
00:38:37,900 --> 00:38:41,300
The Fairfax estate on the 
Potomac beside yourself. 

760
00:38:41,300 --> 00:38:44,300
The group includes George, 
William, Fairfax, James, Jen, as

761
00:38:44,308 --> 00:38:47,200
Chief surveyor and several 
chain, bearers and Ax Men to 

762
00:38:47,200 --> 00:38:48,900
Clear Sight lines through dense 
forest. 

763
00:38:48,900 --> 00:38:52,700
You set out on a cold March 
morning, the journey West 

764
00:38:52,700 --> 00:38:54,500
crosses the Blue Ridge at 
Ashby's Gap. 

765
00:38:54,500 --> 00:38:57,700
Following Indian paths that wind
through mountain passes. 

766
00:38:57,700 --> 00:39:01,000
The train is dramatically 
different from the Tidewater 

767
00:39:01,000 --> 00:39:03,400
region. 
Here, the land heves itself into

768
00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:06,100
ridges, and valleys covered with
Oak and Hickory. 

769
00:39:06,200 --> 00:39:09,400
Forests so dense that sunlight. 
Barely reaches the ground. 

770
00:39:10,400 --> 00:39:13,000
You ride a borrowed horse, a 
sturdy mayor. 

771
00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:16,500
A custom to rough Trails. 
Your long legs mean, your feet, 

772
00:39:16,500 --> 00:39:19,700
nearly dragged the ground, but 
the horse is patient with your 

773
00:39:19,700 --> 00:39:22,200
inexpert. 
Riding you have ridden before 

774
00:39:22,200 --> 00:39:25,000
but not extensively. 
This journey will provide 

775
00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:29,200
practice First night you camp 
beside a Creek in a narrow 

776
00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:31,300
Valley. 
The surveying party sets up 

777
00:39:31,300 --> 00:39:33,600
tents and builds a large fire 
against the March. 

778
00:39:33,600 --> 00:39:37,600
Chill, you help gather firewood 
stacking logs near the Flames to

779
00:39:37,600 --> 00:39:41,300
dry before burning Greenwood 
produces more smoke than heat. 

780
00:39:41,300 --> 00:39:44,200
A fact you learned from 
experience at Ferry Farm. 

781
00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:48,100
George William, Fairfax, proves 
to be good company, he is 

782
00:39:48,100 --> 00:39:51,100
educated well-traveled and 
treats you as an equal. 

783
00:39:51,100 --> 00:39:54,300
Despite the age difference. 
He asked about your surveying 

784
00:39:54,300 --> 00:39:56,800
studies and listens to your 
responses with genuine 

785
00:39:56,800 --> 00:39:58,800
interests. 
This is different from the 

786
00:39:58,800 --> 00:40:00,700
condensation. 
You sometimes encounter from 

787
00:40:00,700 --> 00:40:03,500
gentleman, who view as a 
Backwoods Boy with delusions of 

788
00:40:03,500 --> 00:40:06,600
competence. 
The conversation around the fire

789
00:40:06,600 --> 00:40:10,400
ranges across various topics 
politics land speculation, 

790
00:40:10,400 --> 00:40:13,700
agricultural technique and The 
Chronic labor shortage. 

791
00:40:13,700 --> 00:40:17,000
That plagues Virginia Planters. 
You listen more than you speak 

792
00:40:17,000 --> 00:40:21,000
absorbing information and 
perspectives. one of the X-Men, 

793
00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:24,400
plays a fiddle poorly, but 
enthusiastically The Music is 

794
00:40:24,400 --> 00:40:27,400
More Rhythm than Melody but it 
provides cheerful background 

795
00:40:27,400 --> 00:40:30,000
noise. 
Someone produces a jug of rum, 

796
00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:32,700
which circulates among the 
adults you decline. 

797
00:40:32,700 --> 00:40:36,100
When it reaches, you alcohol 
impairs judgment and you prefer 

798
00:40:36,100 --> 00:40:39,000
to keep your witch sharp. 
The Knight is cold and clear, 

799
00:40:39,000 --> 00:40:42,100
Stars, Blaze overhead in 
patterns, you have learned from 

800
00:40:42,100 --> 00:40:45,300
navigational texts. 
Polaris, it's above the northern

801
00:40:45,300 --> 00:40:47,500
Horizon. 
Nearly motionless while other 

802
00:40:47,500 --> 00:40:50,600
stars wheel around it. 
You could find North by the 

803
00:40:50,600 --> 00:40:52,400
Stars. 
If necessary though, the compass

804
00:40:52,400 --> 00:40:55,800
is more reliable. 
You sleep fitfully unused to 

805
00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:58,800
sleeping on the ground. 
Despite your bedroll every small

806
00:40:58,800 --> 00:41:00,800
noise, jerks you toward 
wakefulness. 

807
00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:05,900
Forest at night is far from 
Silent owls hunt with Eerie 

808
00:41:05,900 --> 00:41:08,100
calls. 
Small animals, Russell through 

809
00:41:08,100 --> 00:41:11,400
underbrush, the creek, murmurs 
its constant song. 

810
00:41:12,400 --> 00:41:16,600
Morning comes cold and gray, 
Frost every surface, turning the

811
00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:18,200
landscape into a temporary 
Crystal. 

812
00:41:18,200 --> 00:41:20,700
Palace, your breath steams in 
the air. 

813
00:41:20,700 --> 00:41:23,500
As you help pack, the camp, your
muscles are stiff from 

814
00:41:23,500 --> 00:41:26,700
yesterday's riding and sleeping 
on hard ground, you move 

815
00:41:26,700 --> 00:41:29,900
carefully, working out the 
soreness, the surveying begins 

816
00:41:29,900 --> 00:41:32,600
in earnest. 
Again, leads the party to a 

817
00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:34,300
marked corner of fairfax's 
Holdings. 

818
00:41:34,300 --> 00:41:37,200
Checking it against the deed 
description from this known 

819
00:41:37,200 --> 00:41:39,600
point, you will run boundary 
lines according to the grant 

820
00:41:39,600 --> 00:41:42,900
specifications marking corners 
and noting terrain features. 

821
00:41:42,900 --> 00:41:46,600
The work is demanding the 
terrain is steep and Rocky 

822
00:41:46,600 --> 00:41:50,000
covered with dense vegetation 
sight lines. 

823
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:53,400
Must be cleared by Ax Men before
the chain can be run this slows 

824
00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:55,900
progress to perhaps three or 
four chains per hour. 

825
00:41:55,900 --> 00:41:59,100
When the land is particularly 
rough, you serve as forward 

826
00:41:59,100 --> 00:42:01,700
chain Bearer, which means 
pushing through undergrowth 

827
00:42:01,700 --> 00:42:05,800
climbing over Fallen, logs and 
wading through icy streams, 

828
00:42:05,800 --> 00:42:09,100
while keeping the chain taught 
your hands grown numb, despite 

829
00:42:09,100 --> 00:42:12,000
leather gloves, your legs are 
scratched by thorns and 

830
00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:14,900
brambles. 
But you persist understanding 

831
00:42:14,900 --> 00:42:16,800
that this is simply the nature 
of the work. 

832
00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:20,500
Again, takes regular compass 
bearings to maintain the correct

833
00:42:20,500 --> 00:42:24,100
direction in dense forest. 
It is easy to drift offline. 

834
00:42:24,100 --> 00:42:27,700
The compass provides constant, 
correction bringing the survey 

835
00:42:27,700 --> 00:42:32,300
back to true north At midday, 
you reach a Ridgecrest and pause

836
00:42:32,300 --> 00:42:35,200
for rest. 
The View Westwood is spectacular

837
00:42:35,200 --> 00:42:39,100
Valley after Valley receives 
into blue distance, each Ridge 

838
00:42:39,100 --> 00:42:40,600
slightly paler than the one 
before. 

839
00:42:40,600 --> 00:42:44,500
This is Wilderness, barely 
touched by European settlement. 

840
00:42:45,400 --> 00:42:48,400
Somewhere in those, valleys 
Indian hunting parties move 

841
00:42:48,400 --> 00:42:51,600
silently through the forest but 
you see no sign of human 

842
00:42:51,600 --> 00:42:55,500
presence beyond your own party. 
George William, Fairfax points 

843
00:42:55,500 --> 00:42:58,500
toward a distant Valley. 
That land is technically part of

844
00:42:58,508 --> 00:43:02,700
Lourdes, fairfax's Grant, but no
survey has ever mapped it, it 

845
00:43:02,700 --> 00:43:07,000
could contain 100,000 acres or 
twice that nobody knows until 

846
00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:09,900
someone measures it. 
This is why surveyors matter 

847
00:43:09,900 --> 00:43:13,500
until land is measured and 
mapped, it exists in legal 

848
00:43:13,500 --> 00:43:16,800
ambiguity. 
The survey transforms abstract 

849
00:43:16,800 --> 00:43:19,800
space into property Wilderness 
into commodity. 

850
00:43:19,800 --> 00:43:22,500
You are part of this 
transformation, though. 

851
00:43:22,500 --> 00:43:25,800
You do not think in such Grand 
terms, you simply measure and 

852
00:43:25,800 --> 00:43:29,600
record Chain by Chain, creating 
Clarity from confusion. 

853
00:43:30,400 --> 00:43:34,200
The afternoon, brings rain cold 
and penetrating, you work 

854
00:43:34,200 --> 00:43:36,400
through it. 
Since stopping means wasted 

855
00:43:36,400 --> 00:43:39,400
time, the rain makes the chain 
slippery and turns the ground 

856
00:43:39,400 --> 00:43:41,900
into mud. 
Your boots sink with each step 

857
00:43:41,900 --> 00:43:44,000
water. 
Runs down your neck, despite 

858
00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:47,200
your coat collar, but evening, 
you are thoroughly soaked and 

859
00:43:47,200 --> 00:43:49,700
deeply cold. 
The party makes Camp early 

860
00:43:49,700 --> 00:43:52,700
building, large fires to dry 
clothing and Warm Bodies. 

861
00:43:52,700 --> 00:43:56,600
You stand close to the Flames 
steam rising from your wet coat.

862
00:43:57,400 --> 00:44:00,100
Gradually feeling returns to 
your fingers and toes. 

863
00:44:00,900 --> 00:44:04,300
Someone produces a pot and makes
stew from dried meat and beans. 

864
00:44:04,300 --> 00:44:08,900
The food is simple but warming. 
You eat two bowls refueling 

865
00:44:08,900 --> 00:44:10,600
after a day of hard physical 
work. 

866
00:44:11,500 --> 00:44:15,600
That night exhaustion overrides 
discomfort, you sleep deeply, 

867
00:44:15,600 --> 00:44:18,400
despite the hard ground and the 
intermittent rain that, drips 

868
00:44:18,400 --> 00:44:21,500
through the tent, seams, the 
survey continues for 10 more 

869
00:44:21,500 --> 00:44:23,500
days. 
Each day follows the same 

870
00:44:23,500 --> 00:44:28,300
pattern, rise cold work, hard 
making criminal progress, Camp 

871
00:44:28,300 --> 00:44:30,800
exhausted. 
You learn to read terrain and 

872
00:44:30,800 --> 00:44:33,000
anticipate difficulties and work
efficiently. 

873
00:44:33,000 --> 00:44:36,400
Despite challenging conditions, 
you also learn to live in 

874
00:44:36,400 --> 00:44:39,800
Wilderness with our amenities. 
You wash in freezing streams. 

875
00:44:39,800 --> 00:44:43,500
You sleep in damp clothes. 
You accept discomfort as 

876
00:44:43,500 --> 00:44:46,200
temporary and manageable these 
are valuable lessons. 

877
00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:49,500
Physical, hardship is largely 
mental if you can tolerate 

878
00:44:49,500 --> 00:44:52,800
discomfort without complaint, 
you can accomplish tasks that 

879
00:44:52,800 --> 00:44:55,300
break people who expect Constant
Comfort. 

880
00:44:56,000 --> 00:44:58,700
By the time, the survey 
concludes, you have helped 

881
00:44:58,700 --> 00:45:02,300
measure several thousand, acres 
of Mountain Land, your field 

882
00:45:02,300 --> 00:45:05,200
notes document the work in 
detail, creating a record that 

883
00:45:05,200 --> 00:45:07,000
will guide future surveys of the
region. 

884
00:45:08,000 --> 00:45:10,800
The return journey to Belvoir 
feel shorter though. 

885
00:45:10,800 --> 00:45:14,900
The distance is identical. 
Familiarity makes any root seem 

886
00:45:14,900 --> 00:45:16,900
less. 
Daunting, you recognize 

887
00:45:16,900 --> 00:45:20,400
landmarks, remember campsites, 
and navigate with growing 

888
00:45:20,400 --> 00:45:23,500
confidence. 
When you finally reach very far 

889
00:45:23,500 --> 00:45:26,000
again your mother inspects you 
with clinical attention. 

890
00:45:26,700 --> 00:45:30,300
Your thinner scratched and bear 
the weathered, look of someone 

891
00:45:30,300 --> 00:45:34,400
who has spent weeks Outdoors, 
she nod satisfaction and directs

892
00:45:34,400 --> 00:45:38,100
you to wash and change clothes 
that night, you transcribe, your

893
00:45:38,100 --> 00:45:41,200
field notes into permanent 
records, working late by 

894
00:45:41,200 --> 00:45:44,200
candlelight. 
The survey is not complete until

895
00:45:44,200 --> 00:45:46,900
the notes are properly, 
documented, you write carefully,

896
00:45:46,900 --> 00:45:49,400
creating clear, plats and 
accurate descriptions. 

897
00:45:49,400 --> 00:45:52,600
When you finally close your 
notebook and extinguish the 

898
00:45:52,600 --> 00:45:55,900
candle, you feel acquired 
satisfaction, you have 

899
00:45:55,908 --> 00:45:58,000
completed. 
Significant work under difficult

900
00:45:58,000 --> 00:46:01,300
conditions, you have proven 
yourself capable in ways that 

901
00:46:01,300 --> 00:46:03,700
matter. 
This is progress. 

902
00:46:04,500 --> 00:46:08,600
Chapter 7, the young man's 
Ledger, your 17 years old and 

903
00:46:08,600 --> 00:46:11,600
something has shifted the 
awkward boy, who split kindling 

904
00:46:11,600 --> 00:46:14,300
at Ferry Farm has become a young
man who command surveying 

905
00:46:14,300 --> 00:46:16,400
parties and negotiates fees with
landowners. 

906
00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:20,700
Your voice is deepened, your 
height has stabilized at 6 feet 

907
00:46:20,700 --> 00:46:25,000
2 inches, your hands are large 
and capable marked with scars 

908
00:46:25,000 --> 00:46:27,000
from chains and axes and 
brambles. 

909
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:30,200
You've established yourself as a
professional surveyor. 

910
00:46:30,200 --> 00:46:33,600
Lord Fairfax has appointed, you 
official surveyor for Culpeper 

911
00:46:33,600 --> 00:46:37,100
County, a position that brings 
both steady work and social 

912
00:46:37,100 --> 00:46:39,700
standing. 
You earn fees for each survey. 

913
00:46:39,700 --> 00:46:42,600
Typically charging by the acre 
plus expenses. 

914
00:46:42,600 --> 00:46:46,000
The income is substantial 
especially for someone your age.

915
00:46:46,008 --> 00:46:49,300
You maintain careful Financial 
records in a leather bound 

916
00:46:49,300 --> 00:46:52,400
Ledger. 
Every fee received every expense

917
00:46:52,400 --> 00:46:54,800
paid. 
Every transaction is documented 

918
00:46:54,800 --> 00:46:58,600
in your precise handwriting. 
The Ledger is not just a record.

919
00:46:58,600 --> 00:47:02,000
It is a tool for understanding 
your business, tracking 

920
00:47:02,000 --> 00:47:04,500
profitability and planing future
investment. 

921
00:47:04,500 --> 00:47:07,000
Your entries are models of 
clarity. 

922
00:47:08,200 --> 00:47:13,400
March 12th 1749 surveyed, 400 
acres for Mr. John Patterson, 

923
00:47:13,400 --> 00:47:16,400
fear received two pounds, six 
shillings. 

924
00:47:17,300 --> 00:47:20,800
Nothing ambiguous or vague, just
facts dates and numbers. 

925
00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:24,300
This attention to financial 
detail is unusual for someone 

926
00:47:24,300 --> 00:47:27,600
your age but it comes naturally.
You understand that money 

927
00:47:27,600 --> 00:47:30,700
represents accumulated work. 
Every Schilling you earn 

928
00:47:30,700 --> 00:47:33,400
corresponds to our spent pulling
chain through rough country 

929
00:47:34,300 --> 00:47:36,900
Wasting money means wasting the 
work that produced it. 

930
00:47:36,900 --> 00:47:39,800
You have begun purchasing land 
with your surveying, income 

931
00:47:39,800 --> 00:47:44,100
small Parcels at first chosen 
for location and potential value

932
00:47:44,100 --> 00:47:45,500
rather than current 
productivity. 

933
00:47:46,300 --> 00:47:49,800
You're building an estate piece 
by piece, transforming surveying

934
00:47:49,800 --> 00:47:53,200
fees into permanent assets, your
mother approves of this strategy

935
00:47:53,200 --> 00:47:56,800
without saying, so explicitly. 
You simply observes your Ledger 

936
00:47:56,800 --> 00:47:59,800
entries and nods. 
Land is security land. 

937
00:47:59,800 --> 00:48:03,000
Is Legacy land cannot be easily 
stolen or lost. 

938
00:48:03,800 --> 00:48:06,300
You can continue living at Ferry
Farm, despite your professional 

939
00:48:06,300 --> 00:48:08,900
success. 
This is partly economy and 

940
00:48:08,900 --> 00:48:11,200
partly preference. 
You have no desire for 

941
00:48:11,208 --> 00:48:14,600
Independent Living yet. 
Ferry Farm provides structure, 

942
00:48:14,600 --> 00:48:17,700
family connection and a base for
your surveying work. 

943
00:48:18,800 --> 00:48:22,200
But your relationship with the 
household has changed, you're no

944
00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:24,100
longer simply one of Betty 
Washington's children. 

945
00:48:24,100 --> 00:48:27,200
You're a working professional 
who contributes financially and 

946
00:48:27,200 --> 00:48:30,800
make independent decisions, your
mother still manages, the 

947
00:48:30,800 --> 00:48:33,700
domestic sphere but she does not
presume to direct your 

948
00:48:33,700 --> 00:48:36,400
professional choices. 
Some evening's, you discuss 

949
00:48:36,400 --> 00:48:39,200
business matters with her. 
She has sharp in stinks about 

950
00:48:39,200 --> 00:48:40,900
property, values, and local 
politics. 

951
00:48:40,900 --> 00:48:43,300
Her advice is practical and 
unsentimental. 

952
00:48:43,300 --> 00:48:47,000
She tells you which land owners 
pay promptly and which require 

953
00:48:47,000 --> 00:48:51,300
repeated reminders she notes 
when tobacco prices rise or fall

954
00:48:51,300 --> 00:48:54,800
since this affects land values 
in agricultural regions you 

955
00:48:54,800 --> 00:48:58,600
listen and learn Your mother is 
teaching you to see beyond 

956
00:48:58,600 --> 00:49:00,700
immediate transactions to larger
patterns. 

957
00:49:00,700 --> 00:49:03,500
Economic activity moves in 
Cycles. 

958
00:49:03,500 --> 00:49:06,600
Understanding these Cycles 
allows better timing for 

959
00:49:06,600 --> 00:49:09,600
purchases and sales. 
Your surveying work takes you 

960
00:49:09,600 --> 00:49:12,700
throughout Northern Virginia and
into the Shenandoah Valley. 

961
00:49:13,600 --> 00:49:16,600
You've become familiar with 
Wilderness Travel capable of 

962
00:49:16,600 --> 00:49:20,100
navigating by compass and stars 
comfortable camping in all 

963
00:49:20,100 --> 00:49:22,700
weather. 
Your early discomfort with cold 

964
00:49:22,700 --> 00:49:25,700
nights, and rough, ground has 
been replaced by simple 

965
00:49:25,700 --> 00:49:28,300
acceptance. 
This is the nature of the work. 

966
00:49:28,300 --> 00:49:31,500
You have developed a reputation 
for accuracy and honesty. 

967
00:49:31,500 --> 00:49:34,800
Your surveys are trusted by land
courts and Property Owners 

968
00:49:34,800 --> 00:49:37,000
alike. 
This reputation is valuable 

969
00:49:37,000 --> 00:49:40,900
perhaps more valuable than your 
immediate income people hire 

970
00:49:40,900 --> 00:49:44,200
surveyors, they trust, and they 
recommend, trusted surveyors to 

971
00:49:44,200 --> 00:49:46,200
others. 
You maintain this reputation 

972
00:49:46,200 --> 00:49:48,300
through careful work and ethical
conduct. 

973
00:49:48,300 --> 00:49:52,400
You do not cut Corners to save 
time, you do not accept bribes 

974
00:49:52,400 --> 00:49:55,500
to adjust boundaries, you do not
claim, Precision beyond your 

975
00:49:55,500 --> 00:49:59,000
instruments capabilities. 
These choices, sometimes cost, 

976
00:49:59,000 --> 00:50:03,300
short term income, but build 
long-term credibility. some 

977
00:50:03,300 --> 00:50:05,900
surveyors fudge measurements or 
show favoritism, to whichever 

978
00:50:05,900 --> 00:50:09,700
party pays best You have seen 
the results, disputed 

979
00:50:09,700 --> 00:50:13,000
boundaries, legal conflicts, and
ruined, professional 

980
00:50:13,000 --> 00:50:16,000
reputations. 
The temporary gain is not worth 

981
00:50:16,000 --> 00:50:18,700
the permanent cost your field 
notebooks. 

982
00:50:18,700 --> 00:50:22,100
Now number in the dozens, filled
with surveys of properties, 

983
00:50:22,100 --> 00:50:25,000
across the region. 
Each notebook is dated and 

984
00:50:25,000 --> 00:50:27,700
indexed. 
You can locate any previous 

985
00:50:27,700 --> 00:50:31,000
survey within minutes, checking 
measurements, or verifying 

986
00:50:31,000 --> 00:50:33,800
descriptions. 
This systematic organization is 

987
00:50:33,800 --> 00:50:36,600
not natural Talent. 
It is learned discipline 

988
00:50:36,600 --> 00:50:40,100
developed through your mother's 
insistence on orderly record, 

989
00:50:40,100 --> 00:50:43,200
keeping and reinforced by 
professional necessity. 

990
00:50:44,000 --> 00:50:47,000
Surveyors who lose notes or 
cannot reproduce previous work. 

991
00:50:47,000 --> 00:50:50,400
Do not remain employed long. 
You have also developed physical

992
00:50:50,400 --> 00:50:52,300
capabilities that serve your 
work. 

993
00:50:52,300 --> 00:50:55,700
You can walk 20 miles through 
rough terrain without excessive 

994
00:50:55,700 --> 00:50:58,400
fatigue. 
You can sleep anywhere and wake 

995
00:50:58,400 --> 00:51:01,000
refreshed. 
You can endure weather extremes 

996
00:51:01,000 --> 00:51:05,200
with minimal complaint. 
These are practical skills and 

997
00:51:05,200 --> 00:51:07,700
glamorous but essential your 
younger brothers. 

998
00:51:07,700 --> 00:51:11,300
Sometimes, accompany you on 
surveys serving as chain bearers

999
00:51:11,300 --> 00:51:13,500
or Ax Men. 
You teach them the same way 

1000
00:51:13,500 --> 00:51:16,900
James genn taught you through 
demonstration and expectation 

1001
00:51:16,900 --> 00:51:19,000
rather than elaborate 
explanation. 

1002
00:51:19,000 --> 00:51:22,600
They learn or they do not either
outcome, is their 

1003
00:51:22,600 --> 00:51:25,800
responsibility. 
Jack shows particular, aptitude 

1004
00:51:25,800 --> 00:51:29,000
for the work, he is physically 
strong and mentally sharp 

1005
00:51:29,000 --> 00:51:32,000
capable of holding complex 
calculations in his head while 

1006
00:51:32,000 --> 00:51:34,600
pulling chain. 
You make note of this family 

1007
00:51:34,600 --> 00:51:37,200
businesses benefit from 
competent, relatives, who can be

1008
00:51:37,200 --> 00:51:39,500
trusted with significant 
responsibility? 

1009
00:51:40,200 --> 00:51:42,600
Your evenings at Ferry Farm. 
Now include correspondence, 

1010
00:51:42,600 --> 00:51:46,700
landowners, right, requesting 
surveys, official, send legal 

1011
00:51:46,700 --> 00:51:48,200
inquiries about boundary 
dispute. 

1012
00:51:48,200 --> 00:51:50,700
You respond to each letter 
promptly and professionally 

1013
00:51:50,700 --> 00:51:53,600
maintaining the written 
equivalent of your verbal 

1014
00:51:53,600 --> 00:51:56,400
reputation. 
Your handwriting has evolved 

1015
00:51:56,400 --> 00:51:58,000
into a clear professional 
script. 

1016
00:51:58,000 --> 00:52:01,600
The awkward copying exercises, 
your mother assigned years ago 

1017
00:52:01,600 --> 00:52:03,500
have transformed into fluent 
communication. 

1018
00:52:03,500 --> 00:52:07,400
You can draft a business letter 
quickly, expressing complex 

1019
00:52:07,400 --> 00:52:09,200
ideas with the appropriate 
formality. 

1020
00:52:09,200 --> 00:52:12,200
Your occasionally still copy 
maxims from The Rules of 

1021
00:52:12,200 --> 00:52:14,600
Civility, though. 
Now more from habit than 

1022
00:52:14,600 --> 00:52:18,200
assignment, Some of the rules 
have proven genuinely useful. 

1023
00:52:19,000 --> 00:52:22,200
Undertake not what you cannot 
perform but be careful to keep 

1024
00:52:22,200 --> 00:52:25,300
your promise. 
This is not abstract morality. 

1025
00:52:25,300 --> 00:52:29,000
It is practical business advice 
your reputation. 

1026
00:52:29,000 --> 00:52:31,400
Depends on delivering promised 
Services reliably. 

1027
00:52:31,400 --> 00:52:34,100
You think sometimes about your 
father dead. 

1028
00:52:34,100 --> 00:52:38,000
Now for six years you remember 
him, only dimly more as 

1029
00:52:38,000 --> 00:52:41,400
impression than details memory. 
But you understand that his 

1030
00:52:41,400 --> 00:52:44,100
property Investments and 
business connections created 

1031
00:52:44,100 --> 00:52:47,500
opportunities for you? 
Lawrence's position, the 

1032
00:52:47,500 --> 00:52:51,700
Fairfax, introductions your 
access to surveying work, all of

1033
00:52:51,700 --> 00:52:54,400
this traces back to Augustine, 
Washington's careful. 

1034
00:52:54,400 --> 00:52:56,400
Cultivation of useful, 
relationships. 

1035
00:52:56,400 --> 00:52:59,200
Your building similar 
Foundation, though. 

1036
00:52:59,200 --> 00:53:00,900
You cannot yet see what 
structure. 

1037
00:53:00,900 --> 00:53:04,100
They will support you, 
accumulate land, develop skills,

1038
00:53:04,100 --> 00:53:07,300
establish reputation, and 
maintain connections. 

1039
00:53:07,300 --> 00:53:10,900
These are investments in an 
uncertain future the 

1040
00:53:10,900 --> 00:53:13,500
Rappahannock River still flows 
past Fairy Farm with the same 

1041
00:53:13,500 --> 00:53:17,100
patient, inevitability. 
You have watched it for 17 years

1042
00:53:17,100 --> 00:53:19,500
now. 
Seen it freeze and thaw flood 

1043
00:53:19,500 --> 00:53:22,200
and reseed, carried debris, 
Downstream and deposit. 

1044
00:53:22,200 --> 00:53:24,900
Sediment on its banks. 
The rivet teaches through 

1045
00:53:24,900 --> 00:53:27,200
example, steady pressure over 
time. 

1046
00:53:27,200 --> 00:53:29,500
Accomplishes more than sporadic 
bursts of energy. 

1047
00:53:29,500 --> 00:53:33,000
You apply this principle to your
work consistent effort, 

1048
00:53:33,000 --> 00:53:36,900
methodical record-keeping, 
careful decision-making, not 

1049
00:53:36,900 --> 00:53:40,600
dramatic or exciting but 
effective over time some nights 

1050
00:53:40,600 --> 00:53:43,100
you stand at the window and 
watch Moonlight on the river's 

1051
00:53:43,100 --> 00:53:45,700
surface thinking about the 
distance between your current 

1052
00:53:45,700 --> 00:53:48,800
position and your imagined 
future you want significant 

1053
00:53:48,800 --> 00:53:51,600
achievement though you cannot 
Define what form that 

1054
00:53:51,600 --> 00:53:55,100
achievement should take wealth 
certainly and respect and 

1055
00:53:55,100 --> 00:53:56,700
perhaps some lasting 
contribution. 

1056
00:53:58,000 --> 00:54:01,700
But these are vague aspirations.
More concrete is tomorrow's 

1057
00:54:01,700 --> 00:54:04,400
survey of a 200 acre tract near 
Fredericksburg. 

1058
00:54:04,400 --> 00:54:07,300
The landowner wants clear 
documentation before 

1059
00:54:07,300 --> 00:54:10,600
subdividing, the property among 
his children, the work will take

1060
00:54:10,600 --> 00:54:13,100
three days accounting for 
terrain and necessary 

1061
00:54:13,100 --> 00:54:15,400
calculations. 
You have already reviewed the 

1062
00:54:15,400 --> 00:54:17,000
property deed and plan your 
approach. 

1063
00:54:17,000 --> 00:54:20,100
You will start at the South West
Corner run, the southern 

1064
00:54:20,100 --> 00:54:22,900
boundary East, then work 
counterclockwise around the 

1065
00:54:22,900 --> 00:54:25,200
perimeter. 
Whether permitting you should 

1066
00:54:25,200 --> 00:54:27,200
complete the work by Friday 
evening. 

1067
00:54:28,200 --> 00:54:30,600
This is the actual substance of 
your life. 

1068
00:54:31,400 --> 00:54:33,700
Not ground Visions, but specific
tasks. 

1069
00:54:34,500 --> 00:54:39,000
Executed competently documented.
Carefully compensated, fairly 

1070
00:54:39,000 --> 00:54:43,100
the accumulation of such tasks 
creates a career and a career 

1071
00:54:43,100 --> 00:54:46,400
creates opportunity and 
opportunity creates possibility.

1072
00:54:47,200 --> 00:54:49,800
you close your Ledger and 
prepare for bed, tomorrow 

1073
00:54:49,800 --> 00:54:53,500
requires an early start, the 
river continues, its patient 

1074
00:54:53,500 --> 00:54:56,400
flow through the darkness, 
indifferent to human ambition, 

1075
00:54:56,400 --> 00:55:00,900
but somehow comforting in its 
constancy Mourning will come the

1076
00:55:00,900 --> 00:55:05,200
work, will be there and you will
do it Chain by chain occur. 

1077
00:55:05,200 --> 00:55:08,200
By acre, building something you 
cannot yet, see, but which 

1078
00:55:08,200 --> 00:55:10,200
exists in the careful record of 
days. 

1079
00:55:10,200 --> 00:55:14,300
Well, spent sleep comes easily. 
You have worked hard. 

1080
00:55:14,300 --> 00:55:18,400
Your body is tired but 
satisfied, your mind is quiet 

1081
00:55:18,400 --> 00:55:21,900
settled on the foundation of 
clear purpose and methodical 

1082
00:55:21,900 --> 00:55:24,300
executioner. 
The last thing you hear is the 

1083
00:55:24,300 --> 00:55:27,200
wind in the Pines outside and 
the distant murmur of the 

1084
00:55:27,208 --> 00:55:30,700
Rappahannock and the settling of
the house preparing for night. 

1085
00:55:30,700 --> 00:55:34,400
This is enough. 
And that's where we'll leave 

1086
00:55:34,400 --> 00:55:36,900
young George Washington tonight.
My tired dumplings. 

1087
00:55:37,600 --> 00:55:40,900
Standing at the window of Ferry 
Farm at 17 survey as Ledger 

1088
00:55:40,900 --> 00:55:44,200
closed, tomorrow's work already 
planed in his methodical mind. 

1089
00:55:45,200 --> 00:55:47,800
If you found this gentle tore 
through his early years, worth 

1090
00:55:47,800 --> 00:55:51,100
your time, you might Wander Over
And subscribe to this humble 

1091
00:55:51,100 --> 00:55:54,900
Channel new historical escapes 
appear each week and they're all

1092
00:55:54,900 --> 00:55:58,800
for sleeping pleasant dreams and
may your morning come gently. 

1093
00:56:03,400 --> 00:56:06,800
now, if you will, Imagine that 
your great-great-great times. 

1094
00:56:06,800 --> 00:56:09,800
1,000 grandmother is sitting 
around a fire some 40,000 years 

1095
00:56:09,800 --> 00:56:13,400
ago and she has just created the
most groundbreaking technology 

1096
00:56:13,400 --> 00:56:16,600
of her era know. 
It won't be the wheel for 

1097
00:56:16,600 --> 00:56:20,000
another 35,000 years. 
She has discovered a way to 

1098
00:56:20,000 --> 00:56:24,000
leave meaningful marks on Cave. 
Walls prior to this point, human

1099
00:56:24,000 --> 00:56:26,100
knowledge was like water 
attempting to survive. 

1100
00:56:26,100 --> 00:56:29,900
In a sieve entire library of 
knowledge, just vanished into 

1101
00:56:29,900 --> 00:56:32,300
the Smoky. 
Prehistoric are whenever an 

1102
00:56:32,300 --> 00:56:35,100
elder passed away. 
Imagine having no other way to 

1103
00:56:35,100 --> 00:56:37,500
transmit that knowledge than 
through the delicate telephone 

1104
00:56:37,500 --> 00:56:40,700
game of human memory. 
Imagine being the one who knew, 

1105
00:56:40,700 --> 00:56:42,600
exactly, which berries wouldn't 
kill you. 

1106
00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:45,500
Which animal tracks meant dinner
vs. 

1107
00:56:45,500 --> 00:56:48,300
Which meant you were about to 
become dinner or how to track, 

1108
00:56:48,300 --> 00:56:50,300
Mammoth migration patterns 
across Seasons. 

1109
00:56:50,300 --> 00:56:54,900
Remember, your forefathers were 
sluggish, their brains were 

1110
00:56:54,900 --> 00:56:58,900
identical to ours in every way 
including their ability to think

1111
00:56:58,900 --> 00:57:01,500
abstractly and solve challenging
problems. 

1112
00:57:01,500 --> 00:57:05,100
They simply did not have the 
convenience of filing systems, 

1113
00:57:05,100 --> 00:57:08,100
Post-it notes or even the most 
basic written reminder. 

1114
00:57:09,000 --> 00:57:12,600
They created extremely complex, 
oral Traditions transforming 

1115
00:57:12,600 --> 00:57:16,200
vital survival. 
Knowledge into stories songs and

1116
00:57:16,200 --> 00:57:19,200
rituals that could be remembered
for weeks on end much like 

1117
00:57:19,200 --> 00:57:21,200
particularly memorable 
commercial Jingles. 

1118
00:57:21,200 --> 00:57:24,300
These oral Traditions were 
amazing examples of human 

1119
00:57:24,300 --> 00:57:28,400
creativity epic poetry that 
masqueraded as Heroes Journeys 

1120
00:57:28,400 --> 00:57:31,600
and included intricate 
Geographic details. there were 

1121
00:57:31,600 --> 00:57:34,500
songs that communicated water 
source locations over great 

1122
00:57:34,500 --> 00:57:38,100
distances children were taught 
which plants to stay away from 

1123
00:57:38,100 --> 00:57:40,300
through stories that 
incorporated the knowledge into 

1124
00:57:40,300 --> 00:57:43,800
enduring Tales of Fantastical 
animals, and perilous Adventures

1125
00:57:44,800 --> 00:57:47,500
Each person carried a wealth of 
knowledge, essential to the 

1126
00:57:47,500 --> 00:57:50,900
survival of their Community 
transforming the human mind in 

1127
00:57:50,900 --> 00:57:53,900
to a living Library. 
However, even the most talented 

1128
00:57:53,900 --> 00:57:57,100
Storyteller couldn't be 
everywhere at once and memories 

1129
00:57:57,100 --> 00:57:59,200
blessed them. 
Have a way of adding their own 

1130
00:57:59,200 --> 00:58:03,100
artistic flourishes over time. 
To understand the difficulty our

1131
00:58:03,100 --> 00:58:05,800
ancestors faced in preserving 
precise information across 

1132
00:58:05,800 --> 00:58:08,400
Generations. 
Try playing telephone at dinner 

1133
00:58:08,400 --> 00:58:09,900
party. 
Over time. 

1134
00:58:09,900 --> 00:58:12,800
The recipe for a life-saving 
medication could evolve into a 

1135
00:58:12,808 --> 00:58:16,200
tale of magical medicinal herbs.
That could only be grown during 

1136
00:58:16,200 --> 00:58:18,900
a full moon, the first 
breakthrough occurred when 

1137
00:58:18,900 --> 00:58:21,200
someone understood that a hand 
print on a cave, wall, could 

1138
00:58:21,208 --> 00:58:25,100
mean more than just una was 
here, it could mean una herself,

1139
00:58:25,100 --> 00:58:27,800
even when she wasn't there, 
let's call her owner. 

1140
00:58:27,800 --> 00:58:30,600
Because history forgot to record
her name which is deliciously. 

1141
00:58:30,600 --> 00:58:34,200
Ironic when you think about it, 
the ability to make the absent 

1142
00:58:34,200 --> 00:58:38,000
present in part permanent to the
transient and build a bridge 

1143
00:58:38,000 --> 00:58:39,900
across time. 
So that one moment could speak 

1144
00:58:39,900 --> 00:58:43,800
to another was the Pinnacle of 
magic, consider, the mental leap

1145
00:58:43,800 --> 00:58:47,600
that this signified una needed 
to realize that a static Mark 

1146
00:58:47,600 --> 00:58:50,600
could represent a moving person 
that a flat image could 

1147
00:58:50,600 --> 00:58:53,700
represent a three-dimensional 
person and that a permanent 

1148
00:58:53,700 --> 00:58:56,100
symbol could represent a 
transient human presence. 

1149
00:58:57,400 --> 00:59:00,600
Without any prior examples to 
guide her, she was effectively 

1150
00:59:00,600 --> 00:59:03,600
creating the idea of symbolic 
representation from the ground 

1151
00:59:03,600 --> 00:59:06,300
up cave walls. 
Quickly, evolved into the first 

1152
00:59:06,300 --> 00:59:10,000
social media site ever. 
Used by humans images of horses 

1153
00:59:10,000 --> 00:59:13,200
biceps, and the occasional 
self-portrait of a cave artists,

1154
00:59:13,200 --> 00:59:16,200
who was quite proud of their 
hunting skills were interspersed

1155
00:59:16,200 --> 00:59:19,000
with hands stencils. 
But these were just old 

1156
00:59:19,000 --> 00:59:21,600
Instagram posts. 
They were the first attempts by 

1157
00:59:21,608 --> 00:59:25,900
Humanity to say this happened, 
we were here, this matters. 

1158
00:59:25,900 --> 00:59:30,200
Remember us not only with the 
caves at lascaux Chauvet and 

1159
00:59:30,200 --> 00:59:33,100
Altamira galleries, but they 
also represented the first 

1160
00:59:33,100 --> 00:59:35,300
attempts by humans to 
communicate permanently. 

1161
00:59:36,200 --> 00:59:39,500
The paint is there, realize 
something profound pictures 

1162
00:59:39,500 --> 00:59:41,900
could have deeper meanings than 
just their visual impact. 

1163
00:59:42,800 --> 00:59:45,400
Information about hunting 
methods, seasonal, migration 

1164
00:59:45,400 --> 00:59:47,900
patterns, or the religious 
beliefs that governed. 

1165
00:59:47,900 --> 00:59:51,400
The relationship between humans 
and animals, may be included in 

1166
00:59:51,400 --> 00:59:53,200
a painting, depicting a bison 
hunt. 

1167
00:59:53,200 --> 00:59:55,600
This is where things start to 
get intriguing though. 

1168
00:59:55,600 --> 00:59:59,000
Simple representation wasn't 
enough for those early artists. 

1169
00:59:59,000 --> 01:00:03,200
They started to symbolize and 
Abstract, zigzag line could 

1170
01:00:03,200 --> 01:00:06,300
stand for lightning water or a 
River's course. 

1171
01:00:07,100 --> 01:00:11,100
The Sun, the moon, or the idea 
of completeness, could all be 

1172
01:00:11,100 --> 01:00:16,400
represented by a circle dots 
could stand for seeds stars or 

1173
01:00:16,400 --> 01:00:20,900
the concept of plurality. 
Before you knew it, people are 

1174
01:00:20,900 --> 01:00:23,400
discovered the groundbreaking 
notion that symbols could stand 

1175
01:00:23,400 --> 01:00:26,400
for Concepts ideas, and Abstract
relationships. 

1176
01:00:26,400 --> 01:00:29,500
In addition, to tangible 
objects, it's similar to when 

1177
01:00:29,500 --> 01:00:32,800
your dog discovers that the word
walk can actually call forth, 

1178
01:00:32,800 --> 01:00:36,400
leashes excitement and the 
prospect of Adventure in 

1179
01:00:36,400 --> 01:00:39,200
addition, to describing the 
activity of moving on four legs.

1180
01:00:40,000 --> 01:00:42,900
However, our ancestors received 
the foundation of civilization, 

1181
01:00:42,900 --> 01:00:46,500
in stead of tail, wagging. 
These early symbol systems were 

1182
01:00:46,500 --> 01:00:49,300
not writing as we know it today 
because they could not capture 

1183
01:00:49,300 --> 01:00:51,400
the full complexity of spoken 
language. 

1184
01:00:51,400 --> 01:00:55,500
However, this realization by 
humans was the pivotal First 

1185
01:00:55,500 --> 01:00:59,300
Step demonstrating, that could 
be permanently encoded and 

1186
01:00:59,300 --> 01:01:02,800
decoded by other Minds, even 
though separated by great time 

1187
01:01:02,800 --> 01:01:08,700
and space in ancient Mesopotamia
around 3,200 BCE the Sumerians 

1188
01:01:08,700 --> 01:01:11,000
attacking a problem that would 
make any contemporary 

1189
01:01:11,000 --> 01:01:13,400
accountant. 
Cry with recognition, how to 

1190
01:01:13,400 --> 01:01:16,900
keep track of, who owes what to 
whom when your economy is twice 

1191
01:01:16,900 --> 01:01:19,100
as dramatic and more complicated
than a soap. 

1192
01:01:19,100 --> 01:01:21,300
Opera family. 
Tree agriculture may seem 

1193
01:01:21,300 --> 01:01:24,100
straightforward but it's 
actually a highly intricate 

1194
01:01:24,100 --> 01:01:27,800
system of resource management, 
seasonal planning and economic 

1195
01:01:27,800 --> 01:01:30,200
coordination. 
That the Sumerians had perfected

1196
01:01:30,900 --> 01:01:35,000
Their temples collected offering
from worshipers provided daily 

1197
01:01:35,000 --> 01:01:38,400
rations to priests and workers 
organized labor, gangs for 

1198
01:01:38,400 --> 01:01:41,100
large-scale construction 
projects and oversaw 

1199
01:01:41,100 --> 01:01:44,200
cross-continental trade networks
that brought silver from 

1200
01:01:44,200 --> 01:01:48,400
Anatolia, lapis lazuli, from 
Afghanistan and cedar wood from 

1201
01:01:48,400 --> 01:01:50,900
Lebanon. 
Try using just your memory and a

1202
01:01:50,900 --> 01:01:52,600
few notes and string to keep 
track of all that. 

1203
01:01:53,400 --> 01:01:55,900
Something had to give because 
the Sumerian economy, had 

1204
01:01:55,900 --> 01:01:58,600
expanded Beyond human memories 
ability to control. 

1205
01:01:59,500 --> 01:02:02,300
They would have to discover a 
method to expand, human memory 

1206
01:02:02,300 --> 01:02:05,500
beyond the confines of the 
individual mind, while they 

1207
01:02:05,500 --> 01:02:07,900
would have to reduce their 
society to the level of a small 

1208
01:02:07,900 --> 01:02:10,300
village. 
The protagonist of our tale is 

1209
01:02:10,300 --> 01:02:12,300
an anonymous. 
Sumerian bureaucrat, who was 

1210
01:02:12,308 --> 01:02:15,000
most likely the archetypal 
counterpart of the person in 

1211
01:02:15,000 --> 01:02:18,800
your workplace remembers. 
Everyone's birthdays organizers.

1212
01:02:18,800 --> 01:02:21,900
The Supply Closet without being 
asked and actually reads the 

1213
01:02:21,900 --> 01:02:25,100
terms and conditions, This 
administrative was thought, 

1214
01:02:25,100 --> 01:02:28,400
there has to be a better way. 
After observing the disarray of 

1215
01:02:28,408 --> 01:02:31,900
record, keeping the initial 
attempts were exquisitely, basic

1216
01:02:32,700 --> 01:02:35,500
Tiny tokens made of clay each 
signifying. 

1217
01:02:35,500 --> 01:02:37,300
A certain amount of a particular
good. 

1218
01:02:38,100 --> 01:02:41,100
Sheep is worth one token. 
A bushel of barley is worth 

1219
01:02:41,100 --> 01:02:43,500
another and an oil jar is worth 
a third. 

1220
01:02:44,400 --> 01:02:47,100
To represent real transactions. 
These tokens could be 

1221
01:02:47,100 --> 01:02:49,800
transferred, counted. 
And stored you could give 

1222
01:02:49,800 --> 01:02:52,900
someone 10 sheep tokens. 
If you owed them 10 sheep and 

1223
01:02:52,900 --> 01:02:56,100
the debt was noted in a way that
was more flexible than engraving

1224
01:02:56,100 --> 01:02:59,200
marks on Stone but more 
permanent than memory tokens, 

1225
01:02:59,200 --> 01:03:02,900
however had their own issues. 
They were tiny challenging to 

1226
01:03:02,908 --> 01:03:05,300
store securely and prone to 
being misplaced. 

1227
01:03:05,300 --> 01:03:08,500
The discovery was made that it 
was possible to permanently 

1228
01:03:08,500 --> 01:03:10,600
record. 
The meaning of the tokens by 

1229
01:03:10,600 --> 01:03:13,900
pressing them into clay tablets 
rather than storing them loose. 

1230
01:03:13,900 --> 01:03:17,500
The tangible tokens turned into 
Clay impressions and writing 

1231
01:03:17,500 --> 01:03:20,400
appeared out of nowhere. 
They developed cuneiform which 

1232
01:03:20,400 --> 01:03:23,500
is a system of wedge-shaped 
marks that a pressed into clay 

1233
01:03:23,500 --> 01:03:27,600
tablets using a reed stylus. 
The literal meaning of cuneiform

1234
01:03:27,600 --> 01:03:31,400
is wedge-shaped which Reveals 
All About Sumerian priorities. 

1235
01:03:31,400 --> 01:03:34,900
They were pragmatic individuals 
who named their writing system 

1236
01:03:34,900 --> 01:03:38,400
after the marks shape rather 
than after Cosmic principles or 

1237
01:03:38,400 --> 01:03:41,600
Gods, the Sumerian soon realized
they were onto something more 

1238
01:03:41,600 --> 01:03:44,700
significant than livestock 
inventories even though it began

1239
01:03:44,700 --> 01:03:48,900
beautifully simple, one sheep 
equals one Mark 10, sheep equals

1240
01:03:48,900 --> 01:03:52,700
10 marks and 50, sheep equals a 
different Mark that meant many 

1241
01:03:52,700 --> 01:03:54,600
sheep. 
In the future. 

1242
01:03:54,600 --> 01:03:57,300
The system could represent the 
sounds of words that referred to

1243
01:03:57,308 --> 01:03:59,900
things in addition to quantities
of things. 

1244
01:03:59,900 --> 01:04:02,900
Imagine the moment when a 
scribe, like he working through 

1245
01:04:02,900 --> 01:04:05,700
the night with flickering 
Lamplight, discovered that the 

1246
01:04:05,700 --> 01:04:08,400
symbol for Bali could also stand
for the sound. 

1247
01:04:08,400 --> 01:04:12,700
She Because that was how Bali 
was pronounced in Sumerian. 

1248
01:04:12,700 --> 01:04:15,700
It was like learning that Lego 
blocks could create not just 

1249
01:04:15,700 --> 01:04:19,600
spaceships and castles but whole
worlds of emotion, abstract, 

1250
01:04:19,600 --> 01:04:23,500
thought and Imagination. 
All of a sudden you could write 

1251
01:04:23,500 --> 01:04:27,500
abstract Concepts like Shepherd 
by fusing the symbol for Bali 

1252
01:04:27,500 --> 01:04:30,500
for the sound. 
She with the symbol for man? 

1253
01:04:30,500 --> 01:04:34,300
After this phonetic Discovery 
cuneiform evolved from a basic 

1254
01:04:34,300 --> 01:04:37,200
accounting system to a complete 
writing system that could 

1255
01:04:37,208 --> 01:04:41,000
represent any spoken idea. 
The ramifications were 

1256
01:04:41,000 --> 01:04:44,700
astounding, you could write not 
just 10 sheep, but the shepherd,

1257
01:04:44,700 --> 01:04:46,700
who tends 10 sheep is my 
brother. 

1258
01:04:46,700 --> 01:04:50,300
And he lives beyond the hill 
where the barley grows tall in 

1259
01:04:50,300 --> 01:04:52,900
the spring rains for the first 
time in human history. 

1260
01:04:52,900 --> 01:04:56,200
At First Look, the clay tablets.
That emerged from this discovery

1261
01:04:56,200 --> 01:04:59,400
are delightfully ordinary. 
These old spreadsheets conceal, 

1262
01:04:59,400 --> 01:05:02,000
the seeds of literature, law and
human expression. 

1263
01:05:02,000 --> 01:05:05,300
But the majority of them read, 
like the most dull email, inbox 

1264
01:05:05,300 --> 01:05:08,900
in the world received three, 
bushels of Bali from Menlo 

1265
01:05:08,900 --> 01:05:13,400
Barney due to Sheep by the new 
moon witnessed by Ernesto. 

1266
01:05:13,400 --> 01:05:16,300
One of the most prestigious 
occupations in human history, 

1267
01:05:16,300 --> 01:05:18,600
was that of the scribes who 
produced these tablets. 

1268
01:05:19,500 --> 01:05:22,500
Acquiring knowledge of cuneiform
was akin to mastering an ancient

1269
01:05:22,500 --> 01:05:25,600
language, accounting software 
and artistic technique. 

1270
01:05:25,600 --> 01:05:28,900
All at once, there were 
intricate grammatical rules to 

1271
01:05:28,900 --> 01:05:32,400
learns of symbols to commit to 
memory and Professional 

1272
01:05:32,400 --> 01:05:36,000
Standards to uphold These 
individuals knew they were 

1273
01:05:36,008 --> 01:05:38,400
engaging in Magic because they 
were the first to actually 

1274
01:05:38,400 --> 01:05:41,900
solidify thoughts and turn 
spoken words into permanent 

1275
01:05:41,900 --> 01:05:44,200
objects. 
Is it understandable that they 

1276
01:05:44,200 --> 01:05:46,500
developed a sense of 
Professional Pride that bordered

1277
01:05:46,500 --> 01:05:49,200
on overconfidence? 
They were the Defenders of 

1278
01:05:49,200 --> 01:05:53,300
civilization itself contracts 
laws, literature and history 

1279
01:05:53,300 --> 01:05:55,300
would all be impossible without 
scribes. 

1280
01:05:55,300 --> 01:05:58,900
They served as a tangible link 
between their societies memory. 

1281
01:05:58,900 --> 01:06:02,200
And Eternity, young men spent 
years copying classical, texts 

1282
01:06:02,200 --> 01:06:05,400
honing their handwriting and 
acquiring the sophisticated 

1283
01:06:05,400 --> 01:06:06,700
legal and mathematical 
knowledge. 

1284
01:06:06,700 --> 01:06:09,400
Necessary for professional 
administration at Sumerian 

1285
01:06:09,400 --> 01:06:12,400
scribes schools which resembled 
medieval monasteries. 

1286
01:06:13,700 --> 01:06:16,400
They preserve this tale of 
friendship mortality, and the 

1287
01:06:16,400 --> 01:06:18,400
pursuit of meaning for future 
Generations. 

1288
01:06:18,400 --> 01:06:20,500
By copying the Epic of 
Gilgamesh. 

1289
01:06:20,500 --> 01:06:24,600
Humanity's first, Monumental 
literary Masterpiece, thousands 

1290
01:06:24,600 --> 01:06:27,900
of times the ancient Egyptians 
were creating their own method 

1291
01:06:27,900 --> 01:06:30,900
of permanent communication while
the Sumerians were busy 

1292
01:06:30,900 --> 01:06:34,400
refining, their wedge-shaped 
filing system, and because they 

1293
01:06:34,400 --> 01:06:37,100
were Egyptians, they decided to 
make it utterly beautiful. 

1294
01:06:37,900 --> 01:06:39,700
Wife settle for something that 
works. 

1295
01:06:39,700 --> 01:06:42,500
When you can make something that
will Amaze for 5,000 years. 

1296
01:06:42,500 --> 01:06:45,600
Around the same time as 
cuneiform hieroglyphics 

1297
01:06:45,600 --> 01:06:48,400
appeared, however Egyptian 
hieroglyphs. 

1298
01:06:48,400 --> 01:06:50,600
Resembled the most intricate 
picture book in the world 

1299
01:06:50,600 --> 01:06:53,600
whereas Sumerian writing 
appeared as though someone had 

1300
01:06:53,600 --> 01:06:55,900
been piercing clay with a very 
methodical Fork. 

1301
01:06:56,900 --> 01:07:00,500
Every symbol was a miniature 
artwork eyes that followed you 

1302
01:07:00,500 --> 01:07:03,900
with age-old wisdom, birds that 
appeared ready to take flight 

1303
01:07:03,900 --> 01:07:07,500
and human figures that posed 
with such dignity that even 

1304
01:07:07,500 --> 01:07:10,000
grocery lists appeared to be 
statements of cosmic 

1305
01:07:10,000 --> 01:07:12,700
significance. 
The definition of hieroglyph, 

1306
01:07:12,700 --> 01:07:14,700
which literally translates to 
Sacred. 

1307
01:07:14,700 --> 01:07:17,600
Carving provides all the 
information you require about 

1308
01:07:17,600 --> 01:07:19,800
the Egyptians perspective on 
their writing system. 

1309
01:07:20,600 --> 01:07:22,400
This was more than just useful 
communication. 

1310
01:07:22,400 --> 01:07:26,500
It was a gift from God, a 
conduit between the world of the

1311
01:07:26,500 --> 01:07:29,400
Gods and the mortal world, a 
means of engaging with the 

1312
01:07:29,400 --> 01:07:32,600
Eternal through writing, 
according to Egyptian creation 

1313
01:07:32,600 --> 01:07:34,400
myths. 
The Ibis headed god of wisdom, 

1314
01:07:34,400 --> 01:07:38,100
Thoth created hieroglyphs after 
noticing the footprints. 

1315
01:07:38,100 --> 01:07:40,000
That birds made in the mud along
the Nile. 

1316
01:07:40,800 --> 01:07:43,500
The idea that writing started 
because someone noticed that 

1317
01:07:43,500 --> 01:07:46,100
movement could leave permanent 
traces and that life could 

1318
01:07:46,100 --> 01:07:47,800
inscribe itself on the 
landscape. 

1319
01:07:47,800 --> 01:07:50,000
Is a lovely one. 
Regardless of whether you 

1320
01:07:50,000 --> 01:07:53,400
believe, in divine inspiration, 
Thoth who is said to have 

1321
01:07:53,400 --> 01:07:56,800
invented writing and functioned 
as the Scribe of the Gods was so

1322
01:07:56,800 --> 01:08:00,200
revered by Egyptian scribes that
they had their own Patron deity.

1323
01:08:01,000 --> 01:08:03,900
Imagine working in a profession.
So, esteemed that it was 

1324
01:08:03,900 --> 01:08:07,500
believed the gods themselves 
practiced it The instruction of 

1325
01:08:07,500 --> 01:08:10,500
dwarf from ancient Egypt to 
search that scribes of the best 

1326
01:08:10,500 --> 01:08:13,600
at what they do. 
There is no trade without a 

1327
01:08:13,600 --> 01:08:15,200
director except that Of The 
Scribe. 

1328
01:08:15,200 --> 01:08:18,500
He is the director. 
However, the intricacy of 

1329
01:08:18,508 --> 01:08:20,500
hieroglyphs would make 
contemporary computer, 

1330
01:08:20,500 --> 01:08:24,000
programmers cry. 
Depending on the situation, the 

1331
01:08:24,000 --> 01:08:27,300
same symbol May stand for a word
sound or concept. 

1332
01:08:28,100 --> 01:08:32,800
A picture of a house could stand
for house the sound PR or 

1333
01:08:32,800 --> 01:08:34,600
something related to domestic 
life in general. 

1334
01:08:36,000 --> 01:08:39,500
In addition to literacy reading 
hieroglyphs required, a sort of 

1335
01:08:39,508 --> 01:08:42,899
visual puzzle solving that 
required years of practice and a

1336
01:08:42,899 --> 01:08:45,800
mine that could suspend several 
possible meanings until the 

1337
01:08:45,800 --> 01:08:49,399
context clarified, the intended.
Meaning with typical Egyptian 

1338
01:08:49,399 --> 01:08:51,600
Flair. 
The Egyptians came up with three

1339
01:08:51,600 --> 01:08:55,399
distinct writing systems each 
tailored to a particular set of 

1340
01:08:55,399 --> 01:08:59,500
social context and purposes. 
In order to impress the gods and

1341
01:08:59,500 --> 01:09:03,000
future Generations, Egyptians 
used hieroglyphs for important 

1342
01:09:03,000 --> 01:09:07,399
religious or Monumental texts. 
The common religious and 

1343
01:09:07,399 --> 01:09:10,700
administrative documents higher 
attic, which means Priestly 

1344
01:09:10,700 --> 01:09:14,399
refers to hire a glyphs written 
in cursive, which are quicker to

1345
01:09:14,399 --> 01:09:17,200
write while still retaining the 
dignity required for official 

1346
01:09:17,200 --> 01:09:20,600
business. 
Later Egyptian writing adopted 

1347
01:09:20,600 --> 01:09:24,300
demotic, which means of the 
people for both personal and 

1348
01:09:24,300 --> 01:09:27,200
professional correspondence, 
it's similar to using different 

1349
01:09:27,200 --> 01:09:30,399
writing systems for grocery 
lists office memos and wedding 

1350
01:09:30,399 --> 01:09:34,100
invitations realistic maybe not 
in terms of Effectiveness 

1351
01:09:34,100 --> 01:09:38,000
classy. 
Of course the Egyptians realized

1352
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:39,800
that different forms of 
communication required. 

1353
01:09:39,800 --> 01:09:42,500
Varying degrees of aesthetic 
appeal that the medium was an 

1354
01:09:42,500 --> 01:09:45,300
integral part of the message 
that writing was about honoring 

1355
01:09:45,300 --> 01:09:48,600
information rather than merely 
preserving it in ancient Egypt, 

1356
01:09:48,600 --> 01:09:51,100
becoming a scribe was akin to 
joining a sacred order. 

1357
01:09:51,100 --> 01:09:53,899
In addition to learning how to 
write young boys. 

1358
01:09:53,899 --> 01:09:57,100
And sometimes girls, though, 
this was uncommon would spend 

1359
01:09:57,100 --> 01:09:59,800
years in scribble schools, 
learning how to mix inks, 

1360
01:09:59,800 --> 01:10:03,700
prepare Papyrus and make the 
Exquisite Reed pens that enabled

1361
01:10:03,700 --> 01:10:06,600
hieroglyphic writing. 
They practiced by learning 

1362
01:10:06,600 --> 01:10:10,700
grammar and Mathematics copying 
classical texts and honing, the 

1363
01:10:10,700 --> 01:10:13,800
exact hand eye, coordination 
needed to produce beautiful and 

1364
01:10:13,800 --> 01:10:17,900
readable symbols, in addition to
writing, Egyptian scribes served

1365
01:10:17,900 --> 01:10:21,600
as the pharaoh's confidants and 
Ministers of the Empire Lauren 

1366
01:10:21,600 --> 01:10:24,900
forces and historians. 
They oversaw the intricate 

1367
01:10:24,900 --> 01:10:28,600
irrigation systems that enabled,
Egyptian, agriculture plan, the 

1368
01:10:28,600 --> 01:10:31,100
enormous building projects that 
produced the temples and 

1369
01:10:31,100 --> 01:10:34,200
pyramids and kept up the 
Diplomatic correspondence that 

1370
01:10:34,200 --> 01:10:37,500
allowed Egypt to remain in touch
with the outside world Egyptian 

1371
01:10:37,500 --> 01:10:40,000
writing was as beautiful as its 
instruments. 

1372
01:10:40,900 --> 01:10:44,300
Pyrus was a smooth flexible 
writing surface that could be 

1373
01:10:44,308 --> 01:10:46,700
rolled into Scrolls for 
convenient storage and 

1374
01:10:46,700 --> 01:10:49,400
transportation. 
It was made from the pith of 

1375
01:10:49,408 --> 01:10:53,600
Papyrus plants which grew along 
the Nile, the delicate curves 

1376
01:10:53,600 --> 01:10:56,000
and fine lines. 
That characterized hieroglyphic 

1377
01:10:56,000 --> 01:10:59,700
writing were made possible by 
Reed pens which were carved from

1378
01:10:59,700 --> 01:11:02,700
Marsh plants and precisely 
shaped to hold ink. 

1379
01:11:03,500 --> 01:11:06,300
Rich blacks and Vivid. 
Reds could be produced with ink 

1380
01:11:06,300 --> 01:11:09,500
made from soot and plant gums, 
which would stay readable and 

1381
01:11:09,500 --> 01:11:11,000
clear. 
For Millennia, most 

1382
01:11:11,000 --> 01:11:13,800
significantly, though Egyptian 
writing was intended to be 

1383
01:11:13,800 --> 01:11:16,600
permanent. 
Egyptian hieroglyphs were carved

1384
01:11:16,600 --> 01:11:20,000
into stone temples and tombs 
with the express purpose of 

1385
01:11:20,000 --> 01:11:22,800
remaining forever. 
Whereas Sumerian cuneiform 

1386
01:11:22,800 --> 01:11:25,800
tablets were prone to Breaking 
or crumbling and many other 

1387
01:11:25,800 --> 01:11:28,200
ancient writing systems have 
completely vanished. 

1388
01:11:29,000 --> 01:11:31,500
The Egyptians held that writing 
could granted mortality. 

1389
01:11:31,500 --> 01:11:34,300
And that a part of oneself 
persisted in the world. 

1390
01:11:34,300 --> 01:11:36,900
As long as one's name could be, 
read our story. 

1391
01:11:36,900 --> 01:11:39,900
Now, takes a turn, that would be
proudly featured in any Underdog

1392
01:11:39,900 --> 01:11:42,500
Sports film. 
A small group of people in the 

1393
01:11:42,500 --> 01:11:45,100
Eastern Mediterranean, were on 
the verge of unintentionally 

1394
01:11:45,100 --> 01:11:47,300
revolutionizing human 
communication forever. 

1395
01:11:47,300 --> 01:11:50,000
While the Egyptians were 
perfecting, their beautiful 

1396
01:11:50,000 --> 01:11:53,700
complexity and the Mesopotamians
were growing their empire based 

1397
01:11:53,700 --> 01:11:56,300
on wedges. 
The Phoenicians were academics. 

1398
01:11:56,300 --> 01:11:59,200
They were Traders. 
They were the equivalent of that

1399
01:11:59,200 --> 01:12:01,800
friend who always knows where to
get the best bargains in the 

1400
01:12:01,800 --> 01:12:04,700
ancient world. 
Except instead of selling cheap 

1401
01:12:04,700 --> 01:12:07,700
electronics, they dealt in 
purple dye that was worth more 

1402
01:12:07,700 --> 01:12:11,100
than gold Cedar would so fine 
that it was used in King's 

1403
01:12:11,100 --> 01:12:14,400
temples and silver, so pure that
it became the Benchmark for 

1404
01:12:14,400 --> 01:12:15,900
Value throughout the 
Mediterranean. 

1405
01:12:16,900 --> 01:12:20,500
They required a portable easily 
learned and effective writing 

1406
01:12:20,500 --> 01:12:22,500
system. 
Cuneiform required too much. 

1407
01:12:22,508 --> 01:12:25,500
Specialized equipment 
hieroglyphs were too complicated

1408
01:12:25,500 --> 01:12:29,200
for Fast, Business records. 
And to be honest, they had no 

1409
01:12:29,200 --> 01:12:31,200
time for either. 
When there were fortunes to be 

1410
01:12:31,200 --> 01:12:34,800
made in every port from Spain, 
to the Black Sea living in a 

1411
01:12:34,800 --> 01:12:37,800
practical era, the Phoenicians 
were pragmatic individuals, 

1412
01:12:37,800 --> 01:12:42,700
their cities tire side and 
byblos were erected on Slender, 

1413
01:12:42,700 --> 01:12:45,700
coastal plains, with their 
faces, toward the sea, and their

1414
01:12:45,700 --> 01:12:48,900
backs to the mountains. 
They had to trade in order to 

1415
01:12:48,908 --> 01:12:51,400
survive because they couldn't 
produce enough food to sustain 

1416
01:12:51,400 --> 01:12:54,300
large populations. 
Additionally, contracts 

1417
01:12:54,300 --> 01:12:56,800
correspondence and 
record-keeping that were 

1418
01:12:56,800 --> 01:12:59,500
comprehensible despite 
linguistic and cultural barriers

1419
01:12:59,500 --> 01:13:01,900
were necessary for successful 
trade. 

1420
01:13:01,900 --> 01:13:04,900
Therefore, the most elegant Act 
of simplification in human 

1421
01:13:04,900 --> 01:13:07,500
history was carried out by a 
brilliant Phoenician, Merchants 

1422
01:13:07,500 --> 01:13:12,100
around 1200 BCE, let's imagine 
him as the ancient equivalent of

1423
01:13:12,100 --> 01:13:15,100
someone who unintentionally 
revolutionizes storage 

1424
01:13:15,100 --> 01:13:18,200
technology and finds a better 
way to organize their garage, 

1425
01:13:18,200 --> 01:13:21,900
the Phoenicians produced only 22
symbols Each of which 

1426
01:13:21,900 --> 01:13:25,900
represented a single continent 
sound as opposed to symbols that

1427
01:13:25,900 --> 01:13:28,800
represented words sounds and 
Concepts. 

1428
01:13:28,800 --> 01:13:32,900
That's all No, images of birds 
that depending on the context 

1429
01:13:32,900 --> 01:13:37,300
could mean bird fly or Freedom. 
There are no abstract ideas that

1430
01:13:37,300 --> 01:13:40,500
take years of study to grasp. 
There was no Divine symbolism, 

1431
01:13:40,500 --> 01:13:43,800
that linked writing to Cosmic 
laws any word in their language 

1432
01:13:43,800 --> 01:13:47,200
could be represented by 
combining just 22 basic marks. 

1433
01:13:47,200 --> 01:13:51,000
It was incredibly useful. 
Instead of the years needed to 

1434
01:13:51,000 --> 01:13:54,600
learn Kenai form or hieroglyphs 
a Merchants child, could learn 

1435
01:13:54,600 --> 01:13:58,200
the entire system in months. 
The symbols were easy enough to 

1436
01:13:58,200 --> 01:14:01,800
paint onto wooden boards, 
scratch into Pottery, or swiftly

1437
01:14:01,800 --> 01:14:05,000
carve into stone. 
The most revolutionary aspect of

1438
01:14:05,000 --> 01:14:08,500
the system was its adaptability 
and logic, which allowed it to 

1439
01:14:08,500 --> 01:14:10,700
be, used to write entirely 
different languages. 

1440
01:14:10,700 --> 01:14:14,500
The Phoenician alphabet was 
straightforward effective and 

1441
01:14:14,500 --> 01:14:17,100
highly adaptable. 
Making it comparable to the 

1442
01:14:17,100 --> 01:14:19,100
Swiss army knife of writing 
systems. 

1443
01:14:19,100 --> 01:14:21,700
Once you mastered, the 22 
letters. 

1444
01:14:21,700 --> 01:14:24,800
You could write any word you 
could pronounce because each 

1445
01:14:24,800 --> 01:14:28,000
letter stood for a distinct 
sound, there was no need for 

1446
01:14:28,000 --> 01:14:30,000
costly materials, or specialized
training. 

1447
01:14:30,000 --> 01:14:33,500
No, need to memorize hundreds of
symbols and no need for 

1448
01:14:33,500 --> 01:14:36,600
complicated grammar rules. 
Encoded in the writing system 

1449
01:14:36,600 --> 01:14:39,700
itself, it's likely that the 
Phoenicians were unaware that 

1450
01:14:39,700 --> 01:14:42,400
they had just given Humanity, 
the secret to widespread 

1451
01:14:42,400 --> 01:14:44,500
literacy. 
There are only goals were to 

1452
01:14:44,508 --> 01:14:48,100
improve business records, 
expedite correspondence, and 

1453
01:14:48,100 --> 01:14:52,200
shorten the time needed to train
new scribes, however, Venetian 

1454
01:14:52,200 --> 01:14:54,700
Traders brought their alphabet 
to every port where they 

1455
01:14:54,700 --> 01:14:57,300
conducted business. 
And it quickly spread like, the 

1456
01:14:57,300 --> 01:15:00,700
most popular viral video in the 
ancient world, the Phoenicians 

1457
01:15:00,700 --> 01:15:04,300
system only marked consonant 
sound leaving Readers to infer 

1458
01:15:04,300 --> 01:15:06,900
vowels from Context. 
It would be like reading 

1459
01:15:06,900 --> 01:15:12,400
beateats s and knowing it means 
by the house. this worked well 

1460
01:15:12,400 --> 01:15:15,200
in some article languages, like 
Phoenicians and Hebrew, where 

1461
01:15:15,200 --> 01:15:17,500
the consonants carry, the 
majority of the meaning but it 

1462
01:15:17,508 --> 01:15:21,400
was problematic for Greek Where 
vowel sounds were essential for 

1463
01:15:21,408 --> 01:15:24,100
comprehension. 
Greek Traders commented. 

1464
01:15:24,100 --> 01:15:27,700
This is brilliant, but it could 
use some improvements, thus the 

1465
01:15:27,700 --> 01:15:30,700
Greeks added vowels to The 
Phoenician alphabet, which may 

1466
01:15:30,700 --> 01:15:32,700
be the most significant change 
in writing history. 

1467
01:15:33,700 --> 01:15:36,600
The Greeks used those letters to
stand in for vowel, sounds 

1468
01:15:36,600 --> 01:15:39,200
because some Phoenician 
consonants were not present in 

1469
01:15:39,200 --> 01:15:41,800
Greek, the Greek Alpha and our 
letter. 

1470
01:15:41,808 --> 01:15:45,300
A was derived from The 
Phoenician alif, the Greek beta 

1471
01:15:45,300 --> 01:15:48,800
and our letter b and so forth. 
Vowels were added to the 

1472
01:15:48,800 --> 01:15:52,200
alphabet, making it much more 
accurate and simpler to learn 

1473
01:15:52,200 --> 01:15:54,300
readers. 
Could see the precise 

1474
01:15:54,300 --> 01:15:57,900
pronunciation of words rather 
than having to guess the missing

1475
01:15:57,900 --> 01:16:00,800
vowel sounds Because of its 
accuracy. 

1476
01:16:00,800 --> 01:16:03,900
The Greek alphabet was ideal for
recording, not only business 

1477
01:16:03,900 --> 01:16:07,300
transactions, but also intricate
literary works, like poetry and 

1478
01:16:07,300 --> 01:16:10,500
philosophy were precise. 
Wording was crucial through 

1479
01:16:10,500 --> 01:16:13,200
their interactions with Greek 
colonies in southern Italy. 

1480
01:16:13,200 --> 01:16:16,600
The Romans came into contact 
with the Greek, alphabet and 

1481
01:16:16,600 --> 01:16:20,300
recognized its potential for use
in law and administration right 

1482
01:16:20,300 --> 01:16:22,800
away. 
By standardizing the alphabet 

1483
01:16:22,800 --> 01:16:25,200
throughout their empire and 
using it to produce the 

1484
01:16:25,200 --> 01:16:27,500
administrative and legal 
documents that bound their 

1485
01:16:27,500 --> 01:16:30,800
enormous territories together. 
Roman efficiency, transformed 

1486
01:16:30,800 --> 01:16:34,600
the alphabet into an instrument 
of Empire and that Latin script 

1487
01:16:34,600 --> 01:16:37,500
perfected and refined by Roman 
scribes. 

1488
01:16:37,500 --> 01:16:40,500
And bureaucrats it is currently 
being read by you. 

1489
01:16:41,400 --> 01:16:44,700
The 26 letters that you see on 
your keyboard, a direct 

1490
01:16:44,700 --> 01:16:48,000
descendants of those 22, 
Phoenician consonants, they were

1491
01:16:48,000 --> 01:16:51,500
altered by Greek creativity, and
Roman pragmatism and were passed

1492
01:16:51,500 --> 01:16:54,300
down through centuries and 
continents to reach the page or 

1493
01:16:54,300 --> 01:16:57,000
screen in front of you. 
The success of the alphabet was 

1494
01:16:57,000 --> 01:17:00,600
neither inevitable, nor 
instantaneous, Co-existed with 

1495
01:17:00,600 --> 01:17:03,700
various writing systems for 
centuries, each with unique 

1496
01:17:03,700 --> 01:17:06,200
benefits. 
For more than a millennium 

1497
01:17:06,200 --> 01:17:09,700
following, the invention of the 
alphabet California to be the 

1498
01:17:09,700 --> 01:17:12,300
language of scholarship and 
diplomacy in Mesopotamia. 

1499
01:17:13,000 --> 01:17:16,200
Up until the Roman era 
hieroglyphs were still utilized 

1500
01:17:16,200 --> 01:17:18,400
in the Egypt for religious and 
ceremonial purposes. 

1501
01:17:18,400 --> 01:17:22,300
The fact that Chinese characters
on their own and are still in 

1502
01:17:22,308 --> 01:17:23,800
use today. 
Shows that there are other 

1503
01:17:23,800 --> 01:17:26,400
options for solving the writing 
problem, besides the alphabet, 

1504
01:17:26,400 --> 01:17:29,800
once significant benefit of the 
alphabet, however, was that it 

1505
01:17:29,800 --> 01:17:32,000
significantly reduced the 
barrier to literacy. 

1506
01:17:33,100 --> 01:17:35,800
A person could become 
functionally literate in months 

1507
01:17:35,800 --> 01:17:38,700
as a supposed to years of 
learning, hundreds, or thousands

1508
01:17:38,700 --> 01:17:42,400
of symbols. 
As a result writing, was no 

1509
01:17:42,400 --> 01:17:45,200
longer the sole domain of 
affluent Elites and professional

1510
01:17:45,200 --> 01:17:49,100
scribes. 
Soldiers Artisans merchants and 

1511
01:17:49,100 --> 01:17:51,200
eventually common. 
People could all learn to read 

1512
01:17:51,200 --> 01:17:53,900
and write writing remained the 
domain of specialist. 

1513
01:17:53,900 --> 01:17:56,400
For approximately a millennium, 
following the adoption of the 

1514
01:17:56,400 --> 01:17:59,000
alphabet. 
But these Specialists were far 

1515
01:17:59,000 --> 01:18:01,400
more numerous than in the past 
books. 

1516
01:18:01,400 --> 01:18:04,000
Were rare expensive and 
handwritten. 

1517
01:18:04,000 --> 01:18:07,400
They were like owning an 
original Picasso except that the

1518
01:18:07,400 --> 01:18:10,700
Picasso was a copy of 
Aristotle's, ethical ideas and 

1519
01:18:10,700 --> 01:18:13,800
it took a monk three years to 
make while surviving in a Cold 

1520
01:18:13,800 --> 01:18:16,900
Stone Monastery on bread. 
And we kale based on the Latin 

1521
01:18:16,900 --> 01:18:20,800
words, Maris which means hand 
and scriptus which means written

1522
01:18:20,800 --> 01:18:22,900
this was the era of the 
manuscript. 

1523
01:18:23,700 --> 01:18:27,300
Letter by letter word by word 
Page by Page each book was 

1524
01:18:27,300 --> 01:18:30,900
literally written by hand. 
A single book was worth months 

1525
01:18:30,900 --> 01:18:33,800
or years of human labor due to 
the labor intensive nature of 

1526
01:18:33,800 --> 01:18:37,800
the process, making each volume 
extremely valuable the 

1527
01:18:37,800 --> 01:18:40,200
improbable stewards of human 
knowledge turned out to be 

1528
01:18:40,200 --> 01:18:43,900
medieval monasteries. 
Imagine brother Benedict bent 

1529
01:18:43,900 --> 01:18:47,400
over his writing desk in a 
scriptorium, a special room used

1530
01:18:47,400 --> 01:18:50,500
for copying manuscripts 
carefully, copying the writings 

1531
01:18:50,500 --> 01:18:53,700
of ancient philosophers as his 
back ached from hours of 

1532
01:18:53,700 --> 01:18:57,200
painstaking exacting work and 
his fingers gradually turned 

1533
01:18:57,200 --> 01:19:00,600
blue from the cold. 
In their meticulously copied 

1534
01:19:00,600 --> 01:19:02,900
books. 
These monks preserved everything

1535
01:19:02,900 --> 01:19:06,300
from agricultural methods to 
mathematical theorems to 

1536
01:19:06,300 --> 01:19:09,600
theological arguments making 
them more than just scribes. 

1537
01:19:09,600 --> 01:19:13,000
They were the first backup hard 
drives of human civilization. 

1538
01:19:13,000 --> 01:19:15,800
It was almost Supernatural. 
How much work it took to create 

1539
01:19:15,800 --> 01:19:19,200
a medieval manuscript. 
Initially you needed parchment 

1540
01:19:19,200 --> 01:19:22,500
or Vellum, which required weeks 
of meticulous, preparation, 

1541
01:19:22,500 --> 01:19:26,600
using the skins of dozens of 
animals such as goats sheep or 

1542
01:19:26,600 --> 01:19:29,200
carbs. 
To produce a smooth, 

1543
01:19:29,200 --> 01:19:32,700
long-lasting writing surface, 
the Skins needed to be soaked 

1544
01:19:32,700 --> 01:19:37,800
scraped stretched and lime 
treated. 300 sheep skins could 

1545
01:19:37,800 --> 01:19:40,800
be needed for one Bible. 
The creation of inks followed 

1546
01:19:40,800 --> 01:19:43,700
some of which called for 
substance is more unusual than 

1547
01:19:43,700 --> 01:19:45,900
anything found in a contemporary
chemistry set. 

1548
01:19:46,700 --> 01:19:50,800
Gum arabic, iron, sulfate, and 
Oak Galls growth produced by 

1549
01:19:50,800 --> 01:19:52,600
wasp. 
Larvae were used to make 

1550
01:19:52,600 --> 01:19:56,400
blacking, Cinnabar, or red Oaker
were used to make the red ink 

1551
01:19:56,400 --> 01:19:58,400
that was used for chapter 
headings and significant 

1552
01:19:58,400 --> 01:20:01,300
passages. 
Real gold, leaf was grounded 

1553
01:20:01,300 --> 01:20:04,500
with gum and honey to create 
Goulding, which was saved for 

1554
01:20:04,500 --> 01:20:07,200
the most valuable writing the 
writing itself. 

1555
01:20:07,200 --> 01:20:10,600
Necessitated specific 
instruments and methods to hold 

1556
01:20:10,600 --> 01:20:14,300
ink and create accurate marks 
quill pens, which were fashioned

1557
01:20:14,300 --> 01:20:16,000
from the flight feathers of 
geese or swans. 

1558
01:20:16,000 --> 01:20:18,400
Had to be precisely cut and 
shape. 

1559
01:20:19,200 --> 01:20:22,800
Sand was used to block excess 
income, speed drying and the 

1560
01:20:22,808 --> 01:20:25,300
scribes desk was angled to 
avoiding pooling. 

1561
01:20:25,300 --> 01:20:28,800
However, the illumination. 
The addition of ornamental 

1562
01:20:28,800 --> 01:20:32,000
elements that transformed every 
page into a work of art was 

1563
01:20:32,000 --> 01:20:33,600
where the true Artistry was 
found. 

1564
01:20:34,500 --> 01:20:37,400
Detailed initial letters, that 
could include whole Mitchell 

1565
01:20:37,400 --> 01:20:41,000
Landscapes marginal decorations 
that told visual stories and 

1566
01:20:41,000 --> 01:20:44,300
full page illustrations, that 
Infuse text with Rich details. 

1567
01:20:44,300 --> 01:20:47,600
And vibrant colors were all 
characteristics of illuminated 

1568
01:20:47,600 --> 01:20:51,000
manuscripts among the most 
Exquisite items ever made by 

1569
01:20:51,000 --> 01:20:52,700
human hands. 
Are the most well, known 

1570
01:20:52,700 --> 01:20:56,300
illuminated manuscripts such as 
the Book of Kells or the trail 

1571
01:20:56,300 --> 01:21:01,100
to bury hundreds of hours of 
Labor by talented artists 

1572
01:21:01,100 --> 01:21:04,000
employing methods that took 
decades to perfect a represented

1573
01:21:04,000 --> 01:21:06,300
on each page. 
The pigments were made from 

1574
01:21:06,300 --> 01:21:07,600
Vellum. 
So fine, it was almost 

1575
01:21:07,600 --> 01:21:11,100
translucent Gold Leaf applied 
with brushes made from single 

1576
01:21:11,100 --> 01:21:14,100
hairs and Lapis Lazuli imported 
from Afghanistan. 

1577
01:21:14,100 --> 01:21:17,800
It sounds romantic to say that 
each book was unique, but it 

1578
01:21:17,800 --> 01:21:20,400
also means that each one cost 
enough to wipe out a small 

1579
01:21:20,400 --> 01:21:23,900
Kingdom, a complete collection 
of Aristotle's writings could 

1580
01:21:23,900 --> 01:21:27,000
cost more than a small farm. 
A single Bible could cost as 

1581
01:21:27,000 --> 01:21:30,300
much as a house and even basic 
prayer books were luxury items. 

1582
01:21:30,300 --> 01:21:33,800
Only the wealthy could afford 
because of this scarcity, the 

1583
01:21:33,800 --> 01:21:37,200
majority of People continue to 
rely on memory oral tradition 

1584
01:21:37,200 --> 01:21:40,500
and the occasional helpful 
neighbor who could read while 

1585
01:21:40,500 --> 01:21:43,100
the wealthy and the clergy 
continued to enjoy the privilege

1586
01:21:43,100 --> 01:21:46,200
of literacy. 
However, something significant 

1587
01:21:46,200 --> 01:21:49,200
was taking place, even in this, 
secluded realm of handwritten 

1588
01:21:49,200 --> 01:21:52,400
books, In a way. 
Never seen before, knowledge was

1589
01:21:52,400 --> 01:21:56,100
becoming portable from Monastery
to Monastery, a manuscript could

1590
01:21:56,100 --> 01:21:58,400
spread Concepts across centuries
and continents. 

1591
01:21:58,400 --> 01:22:01,900
These meticulously reproduced 
books brought the writings of 

1592
01:22:01,908 --> 01:22:05,300
Greek philosophers who had been 
preserved by Islamic scholars 

1593
01:22:05,300 --> 01:22:08,300
during the Dark Ages in Europe, 
back to Christian Europe. 

1594
01:22:09,300 --> 01:22:13,100
through Thomas aquinas's work, 
Aristotle's physics, which was 

1595
01:22:13,100 --> 01:22:16,700
translated from Greek to Arabic,
to Latin, had an impact on 

1596
01:22:16,700 --> 01:22:20,000
Christian theology, during the 
Middle Ages, Ptolemy's 

1597
01:22:20,000 --> 01:22:22,800
geography, which has been 
reproduced and Rocky for 

1598
01:22:22,800 --> 01:22:26,300
centuries served, as a guide for
the exploration Expeditions that

1599
01:22:26,300 --> 01:22:27,900
brought Europeans to the new 
world. 

1600
01:22:27,900 --> 01:22:30,800
The scribes and monks who 
produced these manuscripts 

1601
01:22:30,800 --> 01:22:33,100
established a culture of 
knowledge preservation of their 

1602
01:22:33,100 --> 01:22:35,300
own. 
Each book became a dialogue 

1603
01:22:35,300 --> 01:22:38,500
across time as a result of the 
marginalia comments and 

1604
01:22:38,500 --> 01:22:40,400
observations in the margins that
they added. 

1605
01:22:41,200 --> 01:22:43,900
Reading a medieval manuscript 
today is similar to listening to

1606
01:22:43,900 --> 01:22:46,600
a group of academics who are 
centuries apart debate the same 

1607
01:22:46,600 --> 01:22:49,700
text adding their own 
interpretations and insights 

1608
01:22:49,700 --> 01:22:51,200
while also agreeing and 
disagreeing. 

1609
01:22:51,200 --> 01:22:54,400
While some of these side remarks
are academic and somber. 

1610
01:22:54,400 --> 01:22:56,900
Others are surprisingly, 
relatable and human. 

1611
01:22:57,800 --> 01:22:59,700
The whether it's raining heavily
outside. 

1612
01:22:59,700 --> 01:23:03,900
The scriptorium complaints about
the cold, my hand is numb from 

1613
01:23:03,900 --> 01:23:07,600
writing and even drawings of 
cats which it seems medieval 

1614
01:23:07,600 --> 01:23:09,800
monks found just as adorable as 
we do today. 

1615
01:23:09,800 --> 01:23:13,500
Can all be found in medieval 
manuscripts new types of books 

1616
01:23:13,500 --> 01:23:16,300
with distinct functions also 
emerge during the manuscript 

1617
01:23:16,300 --> 01:23:20,400
era. both clergy and lay people 
adopted the psalter as their 

1618
01:23:20,400 --> 01:23:23,800
go-to prayer book because it 
contained the 150 biblical 

1619
01:23:23,800 --> 01:23:27,400
Psalms Among the most popular 
manuscripts for affluent, people

1620
01:23:27,400 --> 01:23:30,400
were books of hours which 
contained prayers for various 

1621
01:23:30,400 --> 01:23:33,700
times of the day. 
Through their descriptions of 

1622
01:23:33,700 --> 01:23:37,200
mythical and real animals. 
Best juries Blended natural 

1623
01:23:37,200 --> 01:23:39,600
history with moral teaching in 
ways that were both. 

1624
01:23:40,400 --> 01:23:43,600
Entertaining and instructive 
when University is first 

1625
01:23:43,600 --> 01:23:46,300
appeared in the 12th century, 
they brought with them new 

1626
01:23:46,300 --> 01:23:48,400
production, techniques and 
demands for books. 

1627
01:23:49,100 --> 01:23:52,100
Multiple copies of the same text
could be produced more quickly. 

1628
01:23:52,100 --> 01:23:56,500
Thanks to the PCS system, which 
divided text into sections. 

1629
01:23:56,500 --> 01:23:58,700
That could be copied by multiple
scribes at once. 

1630
01:23:59,500 --> 01:24:01,900
All though it's still took 
months to produce a single book,

1631
01:24:01,900 --> 01:24:04,800
this was the Medieval equivalent
of mass production. 

1632
01:24:04,800 --> 01:24:08,100
China had been subtly 
transforming, the very medium of

1633
01:24:08,100 --> 01:24:11,500
writing while Europe continued 
to treat books as Priceless 

1634
01:24:11,500 --> 01:24:14,200
artifacts that needed the 
sacrifice of whole herds of 

1635
01:24:14,208 --> 01:24:16,800
sheep. 
Making paper from plant. 

1636
01:24:16,800 --> 01:24:19,200
Fibers was a technique that 
would eventually change the 

1637
01:24:19,200 --> 01:24:21,500
world. 
And it was perfected by a court 

1638
01:24:21,500 --> 01:24:26,200
official named kylan around, 105
CE during the hand Dynasty, when

1639
01:24:26,200 --> 01:24:28,500
you take into account the 
Alternatives that dominated 

1640
01:24:28,500 --> 01:24:32,100
writing services for centuries. 
This invention may not seem like

1641
01:24:32,100 --> 01:24:35,100
a game changer. 
Imagine attempting to transport 

1642
01:24:35,100 --> 01:24:38,500
a library of clay tablets on a 
journey, they were both heavy 

1643
01:24:38,500 --> 01:24:40,800
and brittle, although Stone was 
permanent. 

1644
01:24:40,800 --> 01:24:43,200
It was not practical for 
inscriptions other than the most

1645
01:24:43,200 --> 01:24:46,500
significant ones. 
The pyrus was costly to make and

1646
01:24:46,500 --> 01:24:49,700
transport and it required 
particular plants that only 

1647
01:24:49,700 --> 01:24:53,600
thrived in particular climates 
parchment was extremely costly 

1648
01:24:53,600 --> 01:24:56,600
and required animal skins. 
A single book could require 

1649
01:24:56,600 --> 01:25:00,900
hundreds of animal skins Rags 
bark, bamboo mulberry, trees, 

1650
01:25:00,900 --> 01:25:03,300
and pretty much. 
Any other plant fiber could be 

1651
01:25:03,300 --> 01:25:06,500
used to make paper. 
This made it possible to produce

1652
01:25:06,500 --> 01:25:10,500
writing materials in large 
quantities locally and at a low 

1653
01:25:10,500 --> 01:25:12,600
cost. 
The cost of the information 

1654
01:25:12,600 --> 01:25:15,600
written on the writing. 
Surface became insignificant for

1655
01:25:15,600 --> 01:25:19,700
the first time in human history.
Plant fibers were soaked beaten 

1656
01:25:19,700 --> 01:25:23,100
into pulp combined with water 
and then lifted out on screens 

1657
01:25:23,100 --> 01:25:25,700
to form, thin sheets that 
eventually dried into paper. 

1658
01:25:26,700 --> 01:25:30,200
Kylo's method was elegantly 
straightforward, the method 

1659
01:25:30,200 --> 01:25:33,000
became so widespread in China. 
That paper was used for more 

1660
01:25:33,000 --> 01:25:35,500
than just writing. 
It was used for packaging 

1661
01:25:35,500 --> 01:25:39,100
decoration and even clothing 
paper served as a medium for art

1662
01:25:39,100 --> 01:25:42,600
decoration and even money for 
the Chinese who used it for more

1663
01:25:42,600 --> 01:25:45,600
than just writing. 
Centuries before the rest of the

1664
01:25:45,600 --> 01:25:48,000
world realized that you could 
use something other than pieces 

1665
01:25:48,000 --> 01:25:50,900
of metal to represent value, 
they created paper money. 

1666
01:25:51,700 --> 01:25:54,900
Chinese Traders were using 
exquisitely designed paper notes

1667
01:25:54,900 --> 01:25:58,200
backed by Imperial authority to 
pay for goods while European 

1668
01:25:58,200 --> 01:26:01,400
Merchants continued to carry 
bags of gold and silver coins. 

1669
01:26:01,400 --> 01:26:04,600
Additionally, new forms of 
artistic expression were made 

1670
01:26:04,600 --> 01:26:08,000
possible by Chinese. 
Papermaking Writing itself was 

1671
01:26:08,000 --> 01:26:11,200
regarded as a visual art form 
when calligraphy the art of 

1672
01:26:11,208 --> 01:26:13,600
beautiful writing advance to new
heights. 

1673
01:26:14,500 --> 01:26:17,500
Chinese poets produced verses 
that were as Exquisite to look 

1674
01:26:17,500 --> 01:26:20,900
at as they were to read with the
ink flow and brushwork adding to

1675
01:26:20,900 --> 01:26:23,500
the poems meaning This type of 
creative. 

1676
01:26:23,500 --> 01:26:26,600
Experimentation was made 
feasible and affordable by paper

1677
01:26:26,600 --> 01:26:29,600
along trade routes the 
technology gradually spread. 

1678
01:26:29,600 --> 01:26:33,600
Thanks to Traders diplomats and 
tourists who saw its potential 

1679
01:26:34,800 --> 01:26:38,900
Around 750 CE it made its way to
the Islamic world. 

1680
01:26:38,900 --> 01:26:43,000
Most likely via Chinese pose 
taken during the battle of 

1681
01:26:43,000 --> 01:26:45,800
talas. 
With the same further as those 

1682
01:26:45,800 --> 01:26:48,400
who had been attempting to 
preserve libraries on pricey, 

1683
01:26:48,400 --> 01:26:51,800
animal hides, Islamic scholars 
and administrators embraced. 

1684
01:26:51,800 --> 01:26:54,400
Paper paper books. 
Flooded The Great Library of 

1685
01:26:54,400 --> 01:26:58,100
Baghdad Cairo and Cordoba 
establishing educational hubs 

1686
01:26:58,100 --> 01:27:00,100
that preserved in advanced 
ancient knowledge. 

1687
01:27:00,900 --> 01:27:04,800
Greek Persian Sanskrit and other
works were translated into 

1688
01:27:04,800 --> 01:27:07,800
Arabic and printed as paper 
books at the house of wisdom in 

1689
01:27:07,800 --> 01:27:10,500
Baghdad, which developed into a 
translation hub. 

1690
01:27:11,300 --> 01:27:14,300
Cheap paper made this enormous 
translation project possible 

1691
01:27:14,300 --> 01:27:17,500
saving classical education that 
might have been lost forever 

1692
01:27:17,500 --> 01:27:21,200
otherwise Islamic papermakers 
improved upon Chinese processes 

1693
01:27:21,200 --> 01:27:24,600
and created new ones that were 
appropriate for various climates

1694
01:27:24,600 --> 01:27:28,700
and the materials at hand from 
Spain to Central Asia they set 

1695
01:27:28,700 --> 01:27:31,900
up paper mills across their 
lands establishing a production 

1696
01:27:31,900 --> 01:27:34,300
Network that made books more 
widely available and more 

1697
01:27:34,300 --> 01:27:37,400
reasonably priced than ever. 
Before in the 12th century 

1698
01:27:37,400 --> 01:27:39,300
paper. 
Finally made its way to Europe 

1699
01:27:39,300 --> 01:27:42,300
where it encountered, the kind 
of opposition usually reserved 

1700
01:27:42,300 --> 01:27:45,700
for National Security threats. 
A safeguard their business 

1701
01:27:45,700 --> 01:27:49,000
parchment manufacturers 
organized, strong guilds, and 

1702
01:27:49,000 --> 01:27:51,400
pushed policy makers to limit 
the use of paper. 

1703
01:27:51,400 --> 01:27:54,700
Despite the fact that many paper
manuscripts have fared better 

1704
01:27:54,700 --> 01:27:57,600
than parchment ones. 
In terms of survival religious, 

1705
01:27:57,600 --> 01:28:00,900
authorities were concerned that 
paper books might not be robust 

1706
01:28:00,900 --> 01:28:04,000
enough to preserve sacred texts 
in certain locations. 

1707
01:28:04,000 --> 01:28:06,500
Using paper for official 
documents is outright 

1708
01:28:06,500 --> 01:28:08,900
prohibited, the Holy Roman 
Emperor. 

1709
01:28:08,900 --> 01:28:11,500
Frederick the second insisted 
that only parchment was 

1710
01:28:11,500 --> 01:28:14,800
appropriate for significant 
legal records, declaring, in 

1711
01:28:14,800 --> 01:28:18,200
1231 That official documents 
written on paper would be deemed

1712
01:28:18,200 --> 01:28:20,900
invalid. 
This opposition to paper was 

1713
01:28:20,900 --> 01:28:24,100
partially cultural reflecting 
long held ideas about the 

1714
01:28:24,100 --> 01:28:26,800
appropriate materials for 
significant writing and 

1715
01:28:26,800 --> 01:28:30,200
partially economic as the 
production of parchment was a 

1716
01:28:30,200 --> 01:28:32,400
significant industry. 
That employed, thousands of 

1717
01:28:32,400 --> 01:28:36,200
people, however paper had a 
compelling Advantage, it was 

1718
01:28:36,200 --> 01:28:39,200
inexpensive. 
Parchment was unable to keep up 

1719
01:28:39,200 --> 01:28:41,900
with the growing number of 
universities in Europe and the 

1720
01:28:41,908 --> 01:28:44,900
resulting demand for books. 
Throughout their studies. 

1721
01:28:44,900 --> 01:28:48,100
The University student may 
require access to dozens of 

1722
01:28:48,100 --> 01:28:50,900
different texts. 
More animal, skins were needed 

1723
01:28:50,900 --> 01:28:54,200
for even a small Library than 
most areas could provide in the 

1724
01:28:54,200 --> 01:28:57,700
13th and 14th centuries. 
Paper mill started to appear all

1725
01:28:57,700 --> 01:29:00,100
over Europe. 
They were frequently constructed

1726
01:29:00,100 --> 01:29:02,600
next to rivers, that could 
Supply electricity for the 

1727
01:29:02,600 --> 01:29:05,800
equipment that was used to 
grind, plant fibers into pulp. 

1728
01:29:06,400 --> 01:29:09,200
These Mills evolved into hubs of
technological advancement 

1729
01:29:09,200 --> 01:29:12,600
creating novel methods for 
creating various kinds of paper 

1730
01:29:12,600 --> 01:29:15,500
with various uses. 
It would take centuries to fully

1731
01:29:15,500 --> 01:29:18,500
comprehend how the economics of 
knowledge changed as a result of

1732
01:29:18,500 --> 01:29:22,200
the cheap papers availability. 
For the first time writing 

1733
01:29:22,200 --> 01:29:26,000
supplies were reasonably priced 
allowing people to try out novel

1734
01:29:26,000 --> 01:29:29,000
written Expressions because 
paper made writing more 

1735
01:29:29,000 --> 01:29:31,300
affordable. 
Personal letters increased in 

1736
01:29:31,300 --> 01:29:34,500
frequency business, records 
became more detailed and 

1737
01:29:34,500 --> 01:29:37,100
governments became more 
bureaucratic Johannes. 

1738
01:29:37,100 --> 01:29:40,400
Gutenberg was arguably the most 
irritated metal work in mites, 

1739
01:29:40,400 --> 01:29:42,600
Germany. 
And perhaps all of Europe by the

1740
01:29:42,600 --> 01:29:45,800
1440s. 
He had invested years and a lot 

1741
01:29:45,808 --> 01:29:49,500
of money into creating a system 
of movable type, which consisted

1742
01:29:49,500 --> 01:29:52,200
of separate metal letters that 
could be rearranged to print 

1743
01:29:52,200 --> 01:29:55,500
various texts. 
However, each prototype, he 

1744
01:29:55,500 --> 01:29:58,500
created brought with it. 
New problems that seemed to rise

1745
01:29:58,500 --> 01:30:00,000
more quickly than he could 
resolve them. 

1746
01:30:00,000 --> 01:30:03,800
The intricacy of the technical 
issues was astounding, the 

1747
01:30:03,800 --> 01:30:06,600
printing would be uneven with 
some letters, pressing harder 

1748
01:30:06,600 --> 01:30:09,000
into the paper than others. 
If the letters were not all 

1749
01:30:09,000 --> 01:30:12,500
precisely the same height, to 
account for the inherent 

1750
01:30:12,500 --> 01:30:15,800
proportions of various letters, 
the needed to have slightly 

1751
01:30:15,800 --> 01:30:20,400
different widths for example, I 
should be narrower than a w, but

1752
01:30:20,400 --> 01:30:23,000
both had to line up precisely 
with every other letter in the 

1753
01:30:23,008 --> 01:30:26,500
alphabet, the type required, a 
carefully, formulated metal 

1754
01:30:26,500 --> 01:30:29,800
alloy, If it were too soft 
pressure would cause the letters

1755
01:30:29,800 --> 01:30:33,000
to distort, they would chip or 
shatter, if they were too hard. 

1756
01:30:33,800 --> 01:30:37,400
The alloy needed to be able to 
capture fine details, be robust 

1757
01:30:37,400 --> 01:30:40,300
enough to print thousands of 
copies and be affordable enough 

1758
01:30:40,300 --> 01:30:43,300
to make the system as a whole 
profitable to transfer from 

1759
01:30:43,300 --> 01:30:46,800
metal to paper without smearing 
or fading, the ink needed to be 

1760
01:30:46,800 --> 01:30:48,400
precisely the correct 
consistency. 

1761
01:30:49,400 --> 01:30:51,500
Metal type on paper. 
Just didn't work with 

1762
01:30:51,500 --> 01:30:54,700
traditional manuscript ink, 
which was made for quill pens on

1763
01:30:54,700 --> 01:30:58,200
parchment in order to stick to 
metal and transfer smoothly to 

1764
01:30:58,200 --> 01:31:01,700
paper Gutenberg had to create a 
completely new kind of ink that 

1765
01:31:01,700 --> 01:31:05,100
was oil-based rather than 
water-based a Pages whole 

1766
01:31:05,100 --> 01:31:08,000
surface required, precisely the 
correct amount of pressure from 

1767
01:31:08,000 --> 01:31:10,800
the Press itself. 
Some letters would print lightly

1768
01:31:10,800 --> 01:31:12,800
or not at all if there was 
insufficient pressure. 

1769
01:31:13,700 --> 01:31:16,900
Successive pressure could cause 
the paper to tear all the type 

1770
01:31:16,900 --> 01:31:18,800
to be pushed. 
So deeply into the paper that 

1771
01:31:18,800 --> 01:31:21,800
holds would form. 
However, the economic issue was 

1772
01:31:21,800 --> 01:31:25,700
arguably the most difficult. 
With no Assurance of return. 

1773
01:31:25,700 --> 01:31:29,200
Starting a printing business, 
required, a significant up front

1774
01:31:29,200 --> 01:31:32,700
investment in supplies, 
machinery and trained labor. 

1775
01:31:33,500 --> 01:31:37,900
A single misaligned letter, a 
batch of 40 ink or a paper issue

1776
01:31:37,900 --> 01:31:40,200
could destroy hundreds of copies
and cause the business to go 

1777
01:31:40,208 --> 01:31:42,800
bankrupt. 
Gutenberg's Brilliance lay not 

1778
01:31:42,800 --> 01:31:44,900
only in his individual solutions
to these issues. 

1779
01:31:44,900 --> 01:31:48,400
But also in his realization, 
that printing was an entirely 

1780
01:31:48,400 --> 01:31:52,400
new method of book production. 
Manuscripts were copied one at a

1781
01:31:52,400 --> 01:31:55,600
time, by medieval scribes who 
worked for months on each copy, 

1782
01:31:56,300 --> 01:31:59,600
After the initial setup was 
finished printing produced a 

1783
01:31:59,600 --> 01:32:02,000
template that could create 
hundreds of identical copies. 

1784
01:32:02,000 --> 01:32:05,000
There were significant 
ramifications of this transition

1785
01:32:05,000 --> 01:32:08,500
from artisanal to industrial 
production that went well beyond

1786
01:32:08,500 --> 01:32:11,700
the printing shop. 
Printed books were identical 

1787
01:32:11,700 --> 01:32:14,900
rather than distinct each with 
its own unique qualities and 

1788
01:32:14,900 --> 01:32:18,100
possible mistakes because 
everyone else reading the same 

1789
01:32:18,100 --> 01:32:21,300
book would find the same text in
the same place scholars in 

1790
01:32:21,300 --> 01:32:23,200
different cities. 
Could now, refer to particular 

1791
01:32:23,200 --> 01:32:26,600
pages and lines naturally, the 
Bible was the first book that 

1792
01:32:26,600 --> 01:32:30,400
didn't work decided to print. 
However this was a wise business

1793
01:32:30,400 --> 01:32:31,900
move, as well as a religious 
one. 

1794
01:32:31,900 --> 01:32:35,100
The one book that was sure to 
have a sizable and steady Market

1795
01:32:35,100 --> 01:32:39,100
was the Bible, every Church 
required copies affluent, people

1796
01:32:39,100 --> 01:32:42,800
desired their own copies and the
text was sufficiently uniformed 

1797
01:32:42,800 --> 01:32:45,500
to eliminate any doubts 
regarding its veracity or 

1798
01:32:45,500 --> 01:32:47,800
correctness. 
The Gutenberg Bible, which was 

1799
01:32:47,800 --> 01:32:50,800
finished around 1455 and is 
still regarded as one of the 

1800
01:32:50,800 --> 01:32:53,000
most Exquisite books ever 
created. 

1801
01:32:53,000 --> 01:32:56,200
Demonstrated that hand 
illumination could compete with 

1802
01:32:56,200 --> 01:33:00,700
mechanical reproduction in terms
of artistic quality Gutenberg 

1803
01:33:00,700 --> 01:33:03,100
created books, that fuse, the 
Elegance of traditional 

1804
01:33:03,100 --> 01:33:06,500
manuscript art with the accuracy
of printing by hiring. 

1805
01:33:06,500 --> 01:33:09,200
Talented artists to add 
decorative elements to each copy

1806
01:33:09,200 --> 01:33:12,100
more significantly, though. 
The Gutenberg Bible. 

1807
01:33:12,100 --> 01:33:14,700
Proved that books could be 
produced in large quantities 

1808
01:33:14,700 --> 01:33:16,300
without compromising their 
quality. 

1809
01:33:17,600 --> 01:33:21,300
Handed decorations. 
Each of the 180 copies was 

1810
01:33:21,300 --> 01:33:25,900
unique despite having the same 
text and layout resulting in a 

1811
01:33:25,900 --> 01:33:28,400
hybrid form that connected, 
medieval craftsmanship and 

1812
01:33:28,400 --> 01:33:31,400
contemporary industry with the 
rapidity of a particularly 

1813
01:33:31,400 --> 01:33:34,200
potent play. 
But with far greater advantages,

1814
01:33:34,200 --> 01:33:38,800
the printing, press spread 
throughout Europe by 1500 more 

1815
01:33:38,800 --> 01:33:42,600
than 2005 cities. 
Ranging from Stockholm to Naples

1816
01:33:42,600 --> 01:33:45,200
and Lisbon to Moscow had 
printing presses. 

1817
01:33:46,100 --> 01:33:48,800
Millions of books were being 
produced by these presses every 

1818
01:33:48,800 --> 01:33:52,100
year changing, Europe from a 
place where books were rare and 

1819
01:33:52,100 --> 01:33:55,300
valuable to one, where printed 
materials were becoming widely 

1820
01:33:55,300 --> 01:33:57,800
available. 
The ramifications for society, 

1821
01:33:57,800 --> 01:34:01,700
were profound, the simultaneous 
existence of identical copies of

1822
01:34:01,700 --> 01:34:04,900
the same text in several 
locations was unprecedented in 

1823
01:34:04,900 --> 01:34:07,700
human history. 
With the assurance that their 

1824
01:34:07,700 --> 01:34:10,800
peers would be reading the same 
words academics. 

1825
01:34:10,800 --> 01:34:12,700
Could now participate in 
authentic, intellectual 

1826
01:34:12,700 --> 01:34:15,700
discourse by citing particular 
passages and page numbers, 

1827
01:34:15,700 --> 01:34:19,900
scholarly discourse became more 
cumulative, more collaborative 

1828
01:34:19,900 --> 01:34:23,400
and more precise after being 
nailed to a Wittenberg Church 

1829
01:34:23,400 --> 01:34:27,400
door in 1517. 
Martin, Luther's 95 Theses were 

1830
01:34:27,400 --> 01:34:29,600
reprinted and disseminated 
throughout Germany. 

1831
01:34:29,600 --> 01:34:33,200
In a matter of weeks translated 
into several languages in a 

1832
01:34:33,200 --> 01:34:36,100
matter of months, and then 
dispersed throughout Europe in a

1833
01:34:36,100 --> 01:34:38,400
year. 
Luther's accusations of church. 

1834
01:34:38,400 --> 01:34:41,500
Corruption might have remained a
local theological dispute in the

1835
01:34:41,508 --> 01:34:44,300
absence of printing. 
Their invention of printing 

1836
01:34:44,300 --> 01:34:47,300
served as the Catalyst for the 
Protestant Reformation, which 

1837
01:34:47,300 --> 01:34:49,400
fundamentally altered 
Christianity in Europe. 

1838
01:34:49,400 --> 01:34:52,400
Researchers on different 
continents could now instantly 

1839
01:34:52,400 --> 01:34:55,800
share, scientific discoveries, 
Within months of its 

1840
01:34:55,800 --> 01:34:58,600
publication, in the revolution 
e-bus in 1543. 

1841
01:34:58,600 --> 01:35:02,600
Copernicus is groundbreaking 
theory that the Earth revolved 

1842
01:35:02,600 --> 01:35:05,600
around the Sun was known to 
astronomers all over Europe. 

1843
01:35:06,400 --> 01:35:09,500
Published in the humani corporis
Fabrica that same year. 

1844
01:35:09,500 --> 01:35:12,100
The salius is precise 
anatomical. 

1845
01:35:12,100 --> 01:35:15,700
Illustrations provided medical 
students worldwide with access 

1846
01:35:15,700 --> 01:35:18,700
to intricate illustrations that 
were previously limited to a 

1847
01:35:18,700 --> 01:35:21,700
small number of hand-drawn 
manuscripts in both subtle and 

1848
01:35:21,708 --> 01:35:24,600
Revolutionary Ways, the printing
press democratized knowledge 

1849
01:35:24,600 --> 01:35:28,000
with less expensive bindings, a 
farmer's son. 

1850
01:35:28,000 --> 01:35:31,400
Could now own the same books as 
a nobleman instead of competing 

1851
01:35:31,400 --> 01:35:34,600
based on the wealth of their 
Patron ideas could do so on 

1852
01:35:34,600 --> 01:35:37,500
their own Merit. 
Simply being able to reproduce 

1853
01:35:37,500 --> 01:35:41,200
text at low cost and disseminate
it, widely enabled, the 

1854
01:35:41,200 --> 01:35:44,300
Protestant Reformation, the 
Scientific Revolution and the 

1855
01:35:44,308 --> 01:35:48,200
enlightenment, however, printing
also gave rise to new kinds of 

1856
01:35:48,208 --> 01:35:51,300
control and inequality, even 
though the cost of books 

1857
01:35:51,300 --> 01:35:54,400
decreased their production still
required a large investment. 

1858
01:35:55,400 --> 01:35:58,500
By determining which texts were 
worthy of being printed and 

1859
01:35:58,500 --> 01:36:00,900
which Concepts merited. 
Widespread dissemination 

1860
01:36:00,900 --> 01:36:03,600
Publishers took on the role of 
new information. 

1861
01:36:03,600 --> 01:36:06,800
Gatekeepers Governments 
implemented, license in 

1862
01:36:06,800 --> 01:36:09,600
programs, censorship and 
printing, press control. 

1863
01:36:09,600 --> 01:36:12,800
After realizing the power of 
printing, the spread of 

1864
01:36:12,800 --> 01:36:15,200
protestant texts through 
printing prompted, the Catholic 

1865
01:36:15,200 --> 01:36:19,200
Church to create the index Libra
and prohibitorum a list of books

1866
01:36:19,200 --> 01:36:22,800
that Catholics were prohibited 
from reading Realizing that 

1867
01:36:22,800 --> 01:36:26,300
presses, meant controlling the 
information flow governments 

1868
01:36:26,300 --> 01:36:29,200
across Europe, set up official, 
printers and mandated, licenses 

1869
01:36:29,200 --> 01:36:31,800
for printing businesses. 
It was impossible to fully 

1870
01:36:31,800 --> 01:36:34,400
regulate printing in spite of 
these control attempts, 

1871
01:36:35,200 --> 01:36:37,900
Smugglers transported, banned 
text across borders, 

1872
01:36:37,900 --> 01:36:41,300
underground, presses produced 
books that were prohibited and 

1873
01:36:41,300 --> 01:36:43,000
the sheer volume of printed 
material. 

1874
01:36:43,000 --> 01:36:45,000
Made complete censorship in 
practical. 

1875
01:36:45,800 --> 01:36:48,700
Since mass communication had 
escaped, it would never be able 

1876
01:36:48,700 --> 01:36:51,300
to be reined in in the 17th and 
18th. 

1877
01:36:51,300 --> 01:36:53,800
Centuries, something 
extraordinary occurred. 

1878
01:36:53,800 --> 01:36:56,300
Common people started reading 
for enjoyment. 

1879
01:36:57,100 --> 01:37:01,000
Not for Religious Education, not
for work-related reasons, but 

1880
01:37:01,000 --> 01:37:05,200
just because reading was now a 
fun inexpensive and socially 

1881
01:37:05,200 --> 01:37:07,800
acceptable Pastime. 
In addition to reflecting 

1882
01:37:07,800 --> 01:37:09,500
broader shifts in European 
Society. 

1883
01:37:09,500 --> 01:37:12,600
This change was partially 
brought about by the printing 

1884
01:37:12,600 --> 01:37:16,300
press, which made books more 
affordable and accessible more 

1885
01:37:16,300 --> 01:37:19,500
people had free time and 
disposable income as a result of

1886
01:37:19,500 --> 01:37:23,100
growing prosperity. 
A cities, grew more populated, 

1887
01:37:23,100 --> 01:37:26,100
bookshops lending, libraries and
literary discussions became 

1888
01:37:26,100 --> 01:37:29,700
commonplace. 
As literacy rates increased more

1889
01:37:29,700 --> 01:37:32,500
people were able to read the 
increasingly accessible books. 

1890
01:37:32,500 --> 01:37:35,700
Most significantly, though 
author started producing content

1891
01:37:35,700 --> 01:37:37,400
specially for this new 
readership. 

1892
01:37:38,200 --> 01:37:41,100
Published in 1719, Daniel 
defoe's Robinson. 

1893
01:37:41,100 --> 01:37:45,400
Crusoe was Adventure fiction for
merchants shopkeepers Artisans 

1894
01:37:45,400 --> 01:37:50,200
and anybody else with a few free
hours and the cost of a book It 

1895
01:37:50,200 --> 01:37:53,700
was not written for academics or
Aristocrats written in simple 

1896
01:37:53,700 --> 01:37:55,100
terms that anyone could 
understand. 

1897
01:37:55,100 --> 01:37:58,500
And appreciate the book told the
tale of an average man, dealing 

1898
01:37:58,500 --> 01:38:01,300
with extraordinary 
circumstances, the 18th century.

1899
01:38:01,300 --> 01:38:05,500
Social media platforms, were 
coffee shops, more than 3,000 

1900
01:38:05,500 --> 01:38:07,900
coffee shops in London, 
functioned as Gathering spots, 

1901
01:38:07,900 --> 01:38:11,600
where people congregated to read
newspapers, talk about pamphlets

1902
01:38:11,600 --> 01:38:14,300
and debate, the concepts that 
were being discussed in print, 

1903
01:38:14,300 --> 01:38:17,200
these were places where common 
people could engage in the 

1904
01:38:17,208 --> 01:38:20,600
intellectual life of their hero.
Debating politics science, 

1905
01:38:20,600 --> 01:38:24,000
literature and philosophy, over 
coffee cups, and Clay tobacco 

1906
01:38:24,000 --> 01:38:25,900
pipes. 
They were not official 

1907
01:38:25,900 --> 01:38:28,500
educational institutions, every 
coffee shop. 

1908
01:38:28,500 --> 01:38:32,000
Had its own personality and 
customer base after becoming the

1909
01:38:32,000 --> 01:38:35,500
epicenter of Maritime Insurance,
Lloyd's Coffee House changed, 

1910
01:38:35,500 --> 01:38:39,300
its name to Lloyds of London 
Publishers and booksellers came 

1911
01:38:39,300 --> 01:38:42,300
to the chapter Coffee House. 
Jonathan's Coffee House 

1912
01:38:42,300 --> 01:38:44,200
developed into a hub for stock 
trading. 

1913
01:38:44,200 --> 01:38:47,100
While Wills was well known for 
its literary discussions. 

1914
01:38:47,100 --> 01:38:50,900
The coffee shop served as a hub 
for social networks business 

1915
01:38:50,900 --> 01:38:54,800
transactions, and the formation 
of public opinion, a literary 

1916
01:38:54,800 --> 01:38:57,200
genre that was ideal for this. 
New reading culture, was the 

1917
01:38:57,200 --> 01:39:00,400
novel novels told stories about 
people like the readers 

1918
01:39:00,400 --> 01:39:03,900
themselves in contrast to 
philosophical treatises or epic 

1919
01:39:03,900 --> 01:39:07,000
poems, which required 
specialized knowledge or 

1920
01:39:07,000 --> 01:39:10,500
classical education to fully 
appreciate They looked at the 

1921
01:39:10,500 --> 01:39:13,800
moral dilemmas of daily life, 
the social dynamics of modern 

1922
01:39:13,800 --> 01:39:17,700
society and the inner lives of 
Regular People, the popularity 

1923
01:39:17,700 --> 01:39:21,800
of Samuel, Richardson's 1740 
novel, Pamela was so great that 

1924
01:39:21,800 --> 01:39:24,900
readers wrote fan letters to the
fictional heroine sent the 

1925
01:39:24,908 --> 01:39:28,300
author ideas for new plot points
and convened in groups to debate

1926
01:39:28,300 --> 01:39:30,700
the moral decisions and 
motivations of the characters. 

1927
01:39:30,700 --> 01:39:34,100
Individuals were developing 
emotional bonds with fictional 

1928
01:39:34,100 --> 01:39:36,500
characters in ways that any 
contemporary fiction. 

1929
01:39:36,500 --> 01:39:40,000
Reader would recognize Pamela 
became a literary phenomenon as 

1930
01:39:40,000 --> 01:39:44,100
a result of its success. 
The 18th century equivalent of 

1931
01:39:44,100 --> 01:39:47,400
appointment, television was 
created by Richardson subsequent

1932
01:39:47,400 --> 01:39:51,000
publication of Clarissa and even
longer novel that was released 

1933
01:39:51,000 --> 01:39:54,300
in installments over a year. 
Because each new book came out 

1934
01:39:54,300 --> 01:39:57,700
reader's scheduled their months 
in advance congregating, in 

1935
01:39:57,700 --> 01:39:59,900
coffee shops. 
And private residences, to talk 

1936
01:39:59,900 --> 01:40:03,000
about the most recent events, in
Clarissa's heartbreaking, Tale 

1937
01:40:03,000 --> 01:40:06,500
in previously, unheard of 
numbers, women began to produce 

1938
01:40:06,500 --> 01:40:08,400
and consume this new literary 
culture. 

1939
01:40:09,600 --> 01:40:12,800
Because the novel was regarded. 
As a new literary form, devoid 

1940
01:40:12,800 --> 01:40:16,200
of long-standing masculine 
traditions and because women 

1941
01:40:16,200 --> 01:40:18,500
were acknowledged for their 
unique understanding of the 

1942
01:40:18,500 --> 01:40:21,000
emotional and domestic themes 
that novels addressed. 

1943
01:40:21,000 --> 01:40:24,500
It was one of the few literary 
genres in which female authors 

1944
01:40:24,500 --> 01:40:27,400
could compete on an equal 
footing with men in the late. 

1945
01:40:27,400 --> 01:40:31,400
17th century afraid and offered 
as the first professional 

1946
01:40:31,400 --> 01:40:35,000
English woman writer proved that
women could produce fiction that

1947
01:40:35,000 --> 01:40:38,800
was profitable. 
Eliza Haywood Fanny, Bernie Ann 

1948
01:40:38,800 --> 01:40:42,400
Radcliffe and Jane Austen who 
mastered the craft of social 

1949
01:40:42,400 --> 01:40:45,500
comedy and produced some of the 
most enduring characters in 

1950
01:40:45,500 --> 01:40:47,600
English. 
Literature were among the many 

1951
01:40:47,600 --> 01:40:50,200
female novelists who flourished 
in the 18th century. 

1952
01:40:50,200 --> 01:40:54,300
These female writers acknowledge
the Social Challenges, emotional

1953
01:40:54,300 --> 01:40:57,300
complexity and intelligence of 
women while riding for female 

1954
01:40:57,300 --> 01:40:59,800
readers. 
Their novels directly addressed.

1955
01:40:59,800 --> 01:41:01,900
The issues of their female 
readership by examining 

1956
01:41:01,900 --> 01:41:05,800
marriage, finance's, family, 
Dynamics and social 

1957
01:41:05,800 --> 01:41:09,400
expectations. 
Instead of being passive objects

1958
01:41:09,400 --> 01:41:13,000
of male attention, they crafted 
heroines who were active agents 

1959
01:41:13,000 --> 01:41:15,900
in their own stories, knowledge 
and entertainment spread more 

1960
01:41:15,908 --> 01:41:18,800
quickly, as a result of feedback
loops produced by the growth of 

1961
01:41:18,800 --> 01:41:22,200
literacy and reading culture. 
Larger, bookmarks. 

1962
01:41:22,200 --> 01:41:23,900
Resulted from an increase in 
readers. 

1963
01:41:23,900 --> 01:41:27,100
There were more specialized 
Publications in larger markets 

1964
01:41:27,100 --> 01:41:30,200
more specialized Publications, 
allowed for more accurate 

1965
01:41:30,200 --> 01:41:32,600
targeting of particular, 
communities and interests 

1966
01:41:32,600 --> 01:41:36,100
magazines started to appear with
the purpose of providing 

1967
01:41:36,100 --> 01:41:39,000
specific audiences, with 
frequent doses, of opinion, 

1968
01:41:39,000 --> 01:41:43,500
information and entertainment. 
One of the first popular 

1969
01:41:43,500 --> 01:41:47,200
general, interest magazines. 
The gentleman's magazine was 

1970
01:41:47,200 --> 01:41:51,500
established in 1731 and combined
news literature science and 

1971
01:41:51,500 --> 01:41:55,500
commentary in a monthly format. 
Soon after came Magazine's for 

1972
01:41:55,500 --> 01:41:58,600
women kids and people with 
particular interests or 

1973
01:41:58,600 --> 01:42:01,900
occupations, reading became even
more accessible and communal 

1974
01:42:01,900 --> 01:42:04,800
with the circulation of 
library's readers, could check 

1975
01:42:04,800 --> 01:42:07,400
out books from the library. 
Return them when they were done 

1976
01:42:07,400 --> 01:42:10,100
and choose new ones from the 
collection for a subscription 

1977
01:42:10,100 --> 01:42:14,200
fee, Through the creation of 
reader communities, that 

1978
01:42:14,200 --> 01:42:17,100
exchange recommendations and 
discussed what they had read. 

1979
01:42:17,100 --> 01:42:20,800
This system made pricey novels 
accessible to those who couldn't

1980
01:42:20,800 --> 01:42:23,400
afford to buy them, Reading had 
become so wide. 

1981
01:42:23,400 --> 01:42:26,600
Spread by the end of the 18th 
century that social critics 

1982
01:42:26,600 --> 01:42:29,600
began to worry that it might 
jeopardize moral order and 

1983
01:42:29,600 --> 01:42:32,800
social stability. 
Young people were accused of 

1984
01:42:32,800 --> 01:42:35,500
reading too much fiction and 
ignoring their practical 

1985
01:42:35,500 --> 01:42:37,600
obligations especially young 
women. 

1986
01:42:38,400 --> 01:42:41,200
Novels were accused of fostering
dangerous, Notions of social 

1987
01:42:41,200 --> 01:42:45,500
equality fostering, female 
Independence, and generating a 

1988
01:42:45,500 --> 01:42:48,600
rational expectations about 
romance later, panics about 

1989
01:42:48,600 --> 01:42:52,500
radio television video games and
social media, or striking 

1990
01:42:52,500 --> 01:42:55,100
similarities to these fears 
about the consequences of 

1991
01:42:55,100 --> 01:42:58,500
reading fiction. 
Every new Mass entertainment 

1992
01:42:58,500 --> 01:43:01,100
medium has been charged with 
destroying Traditional Values. 

1993
01:43:01,100 --> 01:43:04,200
Corrupting young people and 
eroding social ties. 

1994
01:43:05,500 --> 01:43:08,100
The first instance of moral 
panic over mass media was the 

1995
01:43:08,100 --> 01:43:11,500
reading of the 18th century, 
which established trends that 

1996
01:43:11,500 --> 01:43:14,400
would be replicated with every 
new communication technology 

1997
01:43:14,400 --> 01:43:17,900
writing and reading became 
industrial processes in the 19th

1998
01:43:17,900 --> 01:43:20,400
century. 
An information once a limited 

1999
01:43:20,400 --> 01:43:24,000
resource accessible, only to the
elite became a mass produced 

2000
01:43:24,000 --> 01:43:26,800
good that was accessible to all 
societal levels. 

2001
01:43:28,200 --> 01:43:31,100
The same steam engines and 
mechanical advancements, that 

2002
01:43:31,100 --> 01:43:34,800
were transforming Transportation
manufacturing and every other 

2003
01:43:34,800 --> 01:43:38,100
facet of economic life. 
Also drove, this change books 

2004
01:43:38,100 --> 01:43:41,100
and newspapers could be produced
more quickly than anyone had 

2005
01:43:41,100 --> 01:43:42,700
thought possible. 
Thanks to steam powered 

2006
01:43:42,700 --> 01:43:46,200
printing, presses with skilled 
operators putting in long hours,

2007
01:43:46,200 --> 01:43:49,800
the old-fashioned hand operated 
printing press which had hardly 

2008
01:43:49,800 --> 01:43:53,700
changed since gutenberg's day, 
could possibly produce 300 pages

2009
01:43:53,700 --> 01:43:56,100
every day. 
With little assistance, from 

2010
01:43:56,100 --> 01:44:00,000
humans steam, powered presses 
could generate 3,000 pages per 

2011
01:44:00,000 --> 01:44:02,200
hour. 
The same need for an expensive 

2012
01:44:02,200 --> 01:44:03,900
materials that was 
revolutionizing. 

2013
01:44:03,900 --> 01:44:07,700
Textile production also drove 
the mechanization and efficiency

2014
01:44:07,700 --> 01:44:11,700
of paper making The handmade 
sheets that had restricted paper

2015
01:44:11,700 --> 01:44:14,900
production for centuries. 
Could be replaced by continuous 

2016
01:44:14,900 --> 01:44:17,300
roles of paper of consistent, 
quality and thickness. 

2017
01:44:17,300 --> 01:44:21,000
Thanks to the Foreigner machine,
which was created in the early 

2018
01:44:21,000 --> 01:44:24,300
1800s. 
Rag started to give away to wood

2019
01:44:24,300 --> 01:44:27,300
pole as the main raw material 
for paper, which increased its 

2020
01:44:27,300 --> 01:44:30,400
affordability and availability 
for the first time in human 

2021
01:44:30,400 --> 01:44:33,600
history, the dissemination of 
knowledge was not hampered by 

2022
01:44:33,600 --> 01:44:35,500
the physical creation of reading
materials. 

2023
01:44:35,500 --> 01:44:38,800
At prices, lower enough for 
working class families, to 

2024
01:44:38,800 --> 01:44:42,000
afford, books, and newspapers 
Publishers could print as many 

2025
01:44:42,000 --> 01:44:43,600
copies as the market would 
demand. 

2026
01:44:43,600 --> 01:44:46,200
The first real mass media was 
thus produced. 

2027
01:44:47,100 --> 01:44:50,100
Newspapers evolved from pricey 
weekly indulgences that were 

2028
01:44:50,100 --> 01:44:53,400
mostly read by professionals and
Merchants to inexpensive 

2029
01:44:53,400 --> 01:44:56,100
everyday essentials that were 
accessible to all societal 

2030
01:44:56,100 --> 01:44:58,900
classes. 
By the 1830s. 

2031
01:44:58,900 --> 01:45:02,500
America's Penny press was 
printing, one cent newspapers 

2032
01:45:02,500 --> 01:45:06,800
that were jam-packed with local 
news, Sensational stories, and 

2033
01:45:06,800 --> 01:45:09,200
advertisements, meant to reach 
as many people as possible, 

2034
01:45:09,200 --> 01:45:12,100
compared to the commercial and 
political newspapers of the 

2035
01:45:12,100 --> 01:45:14,700
previous Century. 
The content of these Penny 

2036
01:45:14,700 --> 01:45:18,300
papers was very different, the 
penny press reported on crime 

2037
01:45:18,300 --> 01:45:22,100
accidents, human interest, 
stories, and entertainment, 

2038
01:45:22,100 --> 01:45:25,500
rather than politics 
international trade, and topics 

2039
01:45:25,500 --> 01:45:29,100
of interest to affluent readers.
They were the forerunners of 

2040
01:45:29,100 --> 01:45:32,200
contemporary tabloid journalism 
which was created to be 

2041
01:45:32,200 --> 01:45:35,200
interesting readable and 
accessible to those with little 

2042
01:45:35,200 --> 01:45:38,100
free time or education. 
When ships arrived with the 

2043
01:45:38,100 --> 01:45:40,900
newest edition of the old 
curiosity shop or Great 

2044
01:45:40,900 --> 01:45:44,600
Expectations readers on both 
sides of the Atlantic line up at

2045
01:45:44,600 --> 01:45:48,300
docks, making Charles Dickens, 
possibly, the first True Media 

2046
01:45:48,300 --> 01:45:50,900
celebrity. 
His novels was serialized in 

2047
01:45:50,908 --> 01:45:54,000
magazines, which created the 
19th century equivalent of 

2048
01:45:54,000 --> 01:45:56,900
appointment television. 
People devoted their entire 

2049
01:45:56,900 --> 01:45:59,300
month to learning the fate of 
their favorite fictional 

2050
01:45:59,300 --> 01:46:01,300
characters. 
And Dickens earnings from 

2051
01:46:01,300 --> 01:46:04,400
writing allowed him to live like
a King novels published in 

2052
01:46:04,400 --> 01:46:07,700
serial form, gave rise to new 
kinds of authorial response and 

2053
01:46:07,708 --> 01:46:11,000
redirect interaction. 
Dickens is renowned for 

2054
01:46:11,000 --> 01:46:13,500
altering, plot points in 
response to read a responses to 

2055
01:46:13,500 --> 01:46:17,100
previous chapters. 
Pickens changed his plans for 

2056
01:46:17,100 --> 01:46:18,800
other characters in the old 
curiosity. 

2057
01:46:18,800 --> 01:46:22,000
Shop after readers, expressed 
dissatisfaction with little 

2058
01:46:22,000 --> 01:46:24,700
nails fate. 
The more responsive and 

2059
01:46:24,700 --> 01:46:27,800
Democratic form of literature 
was produced by this direct 

2060
01:46:27,800 --> 01:46:30,900
feedback, loop between writers 
and readers as education. 

2061
01:46:30,900 --> 01:46:34,000
Grew basically literacy ceased 
to be an elite achievement. 

2062
01:46:34,000 --> 01:46:36,500
And in Stead, became a practical
necessity. 

2063
01:46:37,300 --> 01:46:40,300
Workers who could follow written
instructions, read, simple 

2064
01:46:40,300 --> 01:46:43,300
instructions and comprehend, 
basic contracts and legal 

2065
01:46:43,300 --> 01:46:46,200
documents were needed during the
Industrial Revolution. 

2066
01:46:46,200 --> 01:46:51,100
Commercial activities, railroad 
operations and factory work all 

2067
01:46:51,100 --> 01:46:54,100
required literacy skills that 
were previously optional for the

2068
01:46:54,108 --> 01:46:57,200
majority of people the majority 
of industrialized nations 

2069
01:46:57,200 --> 01:47:00,200
implemented, public education 
systems in the 19th century, 

2070
01:47:00,200 --> 01:47:03,100
with the goal of creating 
literate workers who could 

2071
01:47:03,100 --> 01:47:05,500
navigate an increase in complex 
economy? 

2072
01:47:06,300 --> 01:47:08,900
Using standardized technique 
that could be used on a large 

2073
01:47:08,900 --> 01:47:11,200
scale, children learn to read, 
and write quickly. 

2074
01:47:11,200 --> 01:47:13,800
And effectively, most 
significantly, though writing 

2075
01:47:13,800 --> 01:47:16,500
started to accelerate in ways 
that radically altered, the 

2076
01:47:16,500 --> 01:47:20,100
nature of communication, Written
messages could be sent across 

2077
01:47:20,100 --> 01:47:22,700
continents in a matter of 
minutes, thanks to the telegraph

2078
01:47:22,700 --> 01:47:26,900
which was created in the 1840s 
informational was able to spread

2079
01:47:26,900 --> 01:47:29,000
more quickly than its creators 
for the first time. 

2080
01:47:29,000 --> 01:47:32,900
Since humans invented writing 
government journalism and 

2081
01:47:32,900 --> 01:47:36,100
business, were all significantly
impacted by this acceleration. 

2082
01:47:36,900 --> 01:47:39,900
Markets, thousands of miles 
apart, could coordinate their 

2083
01:47:39,900 --> 01:47:42,900
stock prices, nearly 
instantaneous, news reporting 

2084
01:47:42,900 --> 01:47:44,700
was possible from remote 
locations. 

2085
01:47:44,700 --> 01:47:48,600
In real time military leaders 
could coordinate operations over

2086
01:47:48,600 --> 01:47:51,800
large areas. 
By uniting previously, disparate

2087
01:47:51,800 --> 01:47:54,800
areas into a cohesive 
Communication System, the 

2088
01:47:54,800 --> 01:47:57,800
telegraph produced the first 
genuinely worldwide Information.

2089
01:47:57,800 --> 01:48:01,200
Network new writing styles that 
were geared toward economy and 

2090
01:48:01,200 --> 01:48:03,600
speed when necessary for 
telegraph communication 

2091
01:48:03,600 --> 01:48:07,500
messages, had to be clear and 
succinct because every word cost

2092
01:48:07,500 --> 01:48:09,600
money. 
Other writing styles were 

2093
01:48:09,600 --> 01:48:12,800
impacted by the telegram style 
which pushed for directness and 

2094
01:48:12,800 --> 01:48:16,100
efficiency The headlines of 
newspapers became more witty 

2095
01:48:16,100 --> 01:48:19,600
business letters, became more 
targeted, the clipped 

2096
01:48:19,600 --> 01:48:22,300
cost-effective style, originally
created for telegraph, 

2097
01:48:22,300 --> 01:48:25,300
communication started to be 
adopted, even in private 

2098
01:48:25,300 --> 01:48:28,000
correspondence. 
The act of writing itself was 

2099
01:48:28,000 --> 01:48:31,400
mechanized with the invention of
the typewriter in the 1870s 

2100
01:48:31,400 --> 01:48:36,000
expert type is could create more
readable text used, less space 

2101
01:48:36,000 --> 01:48:39,900
and produce clean, identical 
copies of documents more quickly

2102
01:48:39,900 --> 01:48:43,200
than any handwriter. 
The typewriter gave women their 

2103
01:48:43,200 --> 01:48:46,600
first widespread office job 
opportunity and the sound of 

2104
01:48:46,600 --> 01:48:49,300
typing became the background 
music of contemporary office 

2105
01:48:49,300 --> 01:48:51,200
work. 
Additionally, typewriting 

2106
01:48:51,200 --> 01:48:54,000
standardized written documents 
appearance in ways that had 

2107
01:48:54,000 --> 01:48:58,000
unanticipated repercussions, The
handwriting on handwritten 

2108
01:48:58,000 --> 01:49:00,300
documents provided insight into 
the author's. 

2109
01:49:00,300 --> 01:49:04,000
Social class, educational 
attainment, emotional state, and

2110
01:49:04,000 --> 01:49:07,800
personal traits. 
Due to the anonymity and 

2111
01:49:07,800 --> 01:49:11,200
consistency of type documents. 
Written communication became 

2112
01:49:11,200 --> 01:49:14,700
more democratic, an ideas could 
be evaluated without regard to 

2113
01:49:14,700 --> 01:49:17,600
the personal traits of their 
authors writing, was not only 

2114
01:49:17,600 --> 01:49:20,700
altered by the 20th century, but
it was also multiplied, 

2115
01:49:20,700 --> 01:49:23,900
exponentially resulting, in an 
information environment, so 

2116
01:49:23,900 --> 01:49:26,600
complex and Rich, but it would 
have been overwhelming to 

2117
01:49:26,600 --> 01:49:30,200
earlier, centuries. 
However, each new technology 

2118
01:49:30,200 --> 01:49:32,900
seemed to increase the desire 
for more written content, rather

2119
01:49:32,900 --> 01:49:35,600
than replace written 
communication despite their 

2120
01:49:35,600 --> 01:49:38,500
apparent threats to written 
communication radio and 

2121
01:49:38,500 --> 01:49:40,900
television, actually increased 
the demand for written 

2122
01:49:40,900 --> 01:49:44,200
materials, people wanted to read
more in-depth articles in 

2123
01:49:44,200 --> 01:49:47,300
newspapers and magazines after 
hearing fascinating news on the 

2124
01:49:47,300 --> 01:49:50,100
radio. 
Watches of Television looked for

2125
01:49:50,100 --> 01:49:52,600
books written by authors they 
had heard on talk shows. 

2126
01:49:53,400 --> 01:49:56,700
Instead of taking the place of 
the others, each new medium seem

2127
01:49:56,700 --> 01:49:59,800
to enhance them the development 
of offset printing in the early 

2128
01:49:59,800 --> 01:50:03,500
1900s greatly reduced, the cost,
and increase the versatility of 

2129
01:50:03,500 --> 01:50:07,000
high-quality reproduction. 
Any image or text that could be 

2130
01:50:07,008 --> 01:50:09,700
photographed, could be 
reproduced using offset printing

2131
01:50:09,700 --> 01:50:13,200
as a traditional Letterpress 
printing, which required the 

2132
01:50:13,200 --> 01:50:15,700
manual setting of individual 
pieces of metal type. 

2133
01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:19,300
This allowed Publishers to 
experiment with new layouts and 

2134
01:50:19,300 --> 01:50:23,000
visual designs magazines to 
include photographs, alongside 

2135
01:50:23,000 --> 01:50:25,900
texts and books to include 
diagrams and illustrations. 

2136
01:50:25,900 --> 01:50:29,900
With magazines, catering to 
every imaginable interest and 

2137
01:50:29,900 --> 01:50:33,200
demographic, their variety and 
circulation skyrocketed. 

2138
01:50:34,000 --> 01:50:37,200
Through breathtaking photography
and readable Pros, about far-off

2139
01:50:37,200 --> 01:50:40,500
locales and fascinating 
cultures, National Geographic 

2140
01:50:40,500 --> 01:50:42,500
brought the world into American 
homes. 

2141
01:50:43,200 --> 01:50:46,400
Photojournalism was invented by 
Life Magazine which used 

2142
01:50:46,400 --> 01:50:48,900
pictures and thoughtfully chosen
text to tell stories. 

2143
01:50:49,900 --> 01:50:52,400
While Ladies Home Journal 
sparked a national dialogue, 

2144
01:50:52,400 --> 01:50:55,500
among women about fashion social
issues and domestic life, 

2145
01:50:55,500 --> 01:50:58,600
Popular Science helped, make 
technical advancements 

2146
01:50:58,600 --> 01:51:01,300
understandable to a wide 
audience, Publishers like 

2147
01:51:01,300 --> 01:51:03,600
penguin in Britain and 
pocketbooks in America. 

2148
01:51:03,600 --> 01:51:06,800
Led the paperback Revolution, 
which made books more accessible

2149
01:51:06,800 --> 01:51:10,700
and portable than ever before. 
Complete novels collections of 

2150
01:51:10,708 --> 01:51:13,700
poetry or non-fiction could be 
published in paperback books, 

2151
01:51:13,700 --> 01:51:15,500
that cost, no more than a 
magazine. 

2152
01:51:15,500 --> 01:51:19,200
All of a sudden, serious 
literature was as disposable as 

2153
01:51:19,200 --> 01:51:22,800
magazines and as easily 
accessible as newspapers, new 

2154
01:51:22,800 --> 01:51:25,200
literary communities. 
And reading habits were spawned 

2155
01:51:25,200 --> 01:51:28,200
by this accessibility 
individuals could afford to 

2156
01:51:28,208 --> 01:51:30,900
gamble on on proven writers or 
Uncharted Territory. 

2157
01:51:32,000 --> 01:51:35,300
Book stopped being significant 
Investments and instead became 

2158
01:51:35,300 --> 01:51:39,200
impulsive purchases, millions of
people were exposed to authors 

2159
01:51:39,200 --> 01:51:40,700
and genres. 
They might not have otherwise 

2160
01:51:40,700 --> 01:51:42,500
come across in traditional 
bookstores. 

2161
01:51:42,500 --> 01:51:46,200
Thanks to the paperback Rack in 
pharmacies and airports over the

2162
01:51:46,200 --> 01:51:48,900
course of the industrialized 
World typewriters went from 

2163
01:51:48,900 --> 01:51:51,900
being a luxury piece of office 
equipment to become everyday 

2164
01:51:51,900 --> 01:51:55,700
household objects, that were 
used in homes schools and small 

2165
01:51:55,700 --> 01:51:58,200
businesses. 
Ordinary people were able to 

2166
01:51:58,200 --> 01:52:00,700
create documents that looked 
professional in their homes. 

2167
01:52:00,700 --> 01:52:03,900
For the first time in ways that 
would have astounded medieval 

2168
01:52:03,900 --> 01:52:05,800
scribes. 
Who spent years honing, their 

2169
01:52:05,800 --> 01:52:10,000
handwriting, the typewriter 
democratized neat readable 

2170
01:52:10,000 --> 01:52:12,200
writing the nature of private 
correspondence. 

2171
01:52:12,200 --> 01:52:14,900
Was also altered by the 
widespread of availability of 

2172
01:52:14,900 --> 01:52:17,400
typewriters for Speed and 
Clarity. 

2173
01:52:17,400 --> 01:52:20,400
Letters could be typed while 
retaining the unique writing 

2174
01:52:20,400 --> 01:52:23,800
style of each individual. 
Standardized format and 

2175
01:52:23,800 --> 01:52:26,200
appearance for business letters,
led to the development of 

2176
01:52:26,200 --> 01:52:29,400
templates and conventions, that 
continue to shape formal 

2177
01:52:29,400 --> 01:52:32,200
correspondence today, the speed 
and reach of written 

2178
01:52:32,200 --> 01:52:34,400
communication. 
However, were undergoing a true 

2179
01:52:34,400 --> 01:52:37,100
Revolution. 
With the Advent of the airmail, 

2180
01:52:37,100 --> 01:52:41,400
service in the 1920s, and 1930s 
letters could now be sent across

2181
01:52:41,400 --> 01:52:44,000
ocean in a matter of days as a 
post to weeks. 

2182
01:52:45,000 --> 01:52:47,500
International trade and 
cooperation were made possible 

2183
01:52:47,500 --> 01:52:50,300
at a speed that would have seen 
miraculous to earlier 

2184
01:52:50,300 --> 01:52:52,800
Generations. 
A business letter sent from New 

2185
01:52:52,800 --> 01:52:56,200
York on Monday could arrive in 
London, by Thursday newspapers 

2186
01:52:56,200 --> 01:52:58,800
were able to instantly share 
stories across continents. 

2187
01:52:58,800 --> 01:53:03,300
Thanks to telepreneur services. 
A more integrated Global 

2188
01:53:03,300 --> 01:53:05,600
awareness of current events 
could result from the 

2189
01:53:05,608 --> 01:53:09,300
simultaneous, publication of the
same news story in newspapers 

2190
01:53:09,300 --> 01:53:12,600
from Tokyo to New York. 
Reports from the front lines, 

2191
01:53:12,600 --> 01:53:14,900
could be filed by War 
correspondents and published the

2192
01:53:14,900 --> 01:53:17,400
following day. 
In local newspapers, due to the 

2193
01:53:17,400 --> 01:53:19,900
extraordinary demand for 
communication and information 

2194
01:53:19,900 --> 01:53:23,000
brought about by World War Two. 
Many of these Trends were 

2195
01:53:23,000 --> 01:53:26,200
accelerated improvements. 
In information processing, 

2196
01:53:26,200 --> 01:53:29,600
Printing and Telecommunications 
were driven by military 

2197
01:53:29,600 --> 01:53:32,200
requirements. 
Markets for new kinds of 

2198
01:53:32,208 --> 01:53:34,900
Publications and Reporting 
techniques were opened by the 

2199
01:53:34,900 --> 01:53:38,100
demand for news. 
Millions of people were exposed 

2200
01:53:38,100 --> 01:53:40,800
to writers and Concepts that 
they might not have otherwise 

2201
01:53:40,800 --> 01:53:43,100
come across. 
Thanks to the pocket sized books

2202
01:53:43,100 --> 01:53:46,500
that soldiers carried perhaps no
single publishing initiative in 

2203
01:53:46,500 --> 01:53:49,200
history has contributed more to 
the democratization of 

2204
01:53:49,200 --> 01:53:52,400
literature than the armed 
services editions which were 

2205
01:53:52,400 --> 01:53:54,900
small paperback books, sent to 
American soldiers during World 

2206
01:53:54,900 --> 01:53:57,300
War 2. 
These books were printed on 

2207
01:53:57,300 --> 01:54:01,500
inexpensive paper made to fit in
uniform pockets, and given away 

2208
01:54:01,508 --> 01:54:03,800
for free to all active military 
personnel. 

2209
01:54:04,400 --> 01:54:07,700
They created a reading program 
that transcended all social and 

2210
01:54:07,700 --> 01:54:10,200
educational boundaries by 
including everything from 

2211
01:54:10,200 --> 01:54:13,200
technical manuals to popular 
novels to classical literature 

2212
01:54:13,200 --> 01:54:15,700
expanded. 
Expectations and tastes in 

2213
01:54:15,708 --> 01:54:18,800
literature were brought back by 
veterans from the war. the 

2214
01:54:18,800 --> 01:54:21,700
greatest expansion of higher 
education in American history 

2215
01:54:21,700 --> 01:54:25,200
was made possible by the g bill 
which offered educational 

2216
01:54:25,200 --> 01:54:28,600
benefits to returning veterans, 
The explosion of college 

2217
01:54:28,600 --> 01:54:31,300
enrollment opened up enormous 
new markets for serious 

2218
01:54:31,300 --> 01:54:34,500
non-fiction academic 
Publications and textbooks. 

2219
01:54:34,500 --> 01:54:38,200
The first truly Mass literate 
Society in human history was 

2220
01:54:38,200 --> 01:54:40,400
brought about by the post-war 
economic boom. 

2221
01:54:41,400 --> 01:54:44,400
Instead of being exceptional, 
college education, became the 

2222
01:54:44,400 --> 01:54:46,900
norm, everyone could now afford 
literature. 

2223
01:54:46,900 --> 01:54:50,200
Thanks to paperback, books 
public, libraries developed into

2224
01:54:50,200 --> 01:54:53,100
Community, hubs where anyone 
seeking information from any 

2225
01:54:53,100 --> 01:54:56,400
social or economic background. 
Could obtain it for free, new 

2226
01:54:56,400 --> 01:54:58,900
reading and writing habits were 
brought about by Suburban 

2227
01:54:58,900 --> 01:55:01,200
development. 
On their daily commute. 

2228
01:55:01,200 --> 01:55:05,100
Commuters used busses and trains
as makeshift reading rooms where

2229
01:55:05,100 --> 01:55:07,500
they read paperback novels, 
periodicals and newspapers. 

2230
01:55:08,800 --> 01:55:11,600
Because most suburban homes had 
a den or family room with 

2231
01:55:11,600 --> 01:55:15,100
built-in bookcases middle-class,
people were accustomed to owning

2232
01:55:15,100 --> 01:55:18,200
and displaying books, social 
critics started to worry about 

2233
01:55:18,200 --> 01:55:21,100
information overload, by the 
1960s because written 

2234
01:55:21,100 --> 01:55:25,000
communication had become so 
commonplace books, magazines and

2235
01:55:25,000 --> 01:55:27,800
newspapers were all over the 
place with all the written 

2236
01:55:27,800 --> 01:55:31,600
material being produced daily, 
how could anyone keep up in his 

2237
01:55:31,600 --> 01:55:35,600
1970 book, Future Shock? 
Alvin Toffler made the case that

2238
01:55:35,600 --> 01:55:38,600
the amount of information and 
the rate of change were becoming

2239
01:55:38,600 --> 01:55:41,800
too much for the average person 
to handle psychologically, the 

2240
01:55:41,800 --> 01:55:45,100
explosion of information in the 
1960s was a gentle Prelude to 

2241
01:55:45,100 --> 01:55:47,300
what was to come. 
But no one could have predicted 

2242
01:55:47,300 --> 01:55:49,100
that. 
It was only the beginning in the

2243
01:55:49,108 --> 01:55:53,700
1940s and 1950s computers looked
like a normal calculators with 

2244
01:55:53,700 --> 01:55:55,300
text processing as an 
afterthought. 

2245
01:55:56,300 --> 01:56:00,000
These compact devices which were
packed with Magnetic drums and 

2246
01:56:00,000 --> 01:56:03,700
vacuum tubes were made mainly 
for mathematical computations 

2247
01:56:03,700 --> 01:56:07,200
used in large-scale data 
processing military applications

2248
01:56:07,200 --> 01:56:10,400
and scientific research. 
The notion that they could 

2249
01:56:10,400 --> 01:56:14,000
transform human communication 
seemed as unrealistic as the 

2250
01:56:14,000 --> 01:56:16,700
notion that locomotive might one
day be employed for space 

2251
01:56:16,700 --> 01:56:18,900
travel. 
Punched cards were fed into 

2252
01:56:18,900 --> 01:56:22,200
these devices by early computer 
operators who then had to wait 

2253
01:56:22,200 --> 01:56:24,600
hours or even days for the 
results to print. 

2254
01:56:25,400 --> 01:56:29,100
Compared to typewriters writing 
on computers was slower and more

2255
01:56:29,100 --> 01:56:32,300
difficult and it took months to 
acquire the specialized 

2256
01:56:32,300 --> 01:56:34,700
knowledge of operating systems 
and programming languages 

2257
01:56:34,700 --> 01:56:37,900
needed. 
Text processing, was viewed as a

2258
01:56:37,900 --> 01:56:40,400
trivial use of computing, power 
by the few individuals who 

2259
01:56:40,400 --> 01:56:43,300
worked with computers, who are 
highly skilled technicians and 

2260
01:56:43,300 --> 01:56:46,800
scientists, however, computers 
had a huge advantage over all 

2261
01:56:46,800 --> 01:56:50,000
earlier writing Technologies. 
They could transmit edit and 

2262
01:56:50,000 --> 01:56:52,300
copy text without any physical 
restrictions. 

2263
01:56:53,200 --> 01:56:56,400
A computer-generated document 
was made up of electrical or 

2264
01:56:56,400 --> 01:56:58,900
magnetic signal patterns. 
That could be precisely 

2265
01:56:58,900 --> 01:57:01,500
duplicated as many times as 
necessary without losing 

2266
01:57:01,500 --> 01:57:04,600
quality. 
It was possible to make changes 

2267
01:57:04,600 --> 01:57:06,300
without having to retype whole 
pages. 

2268
01:57:07,200 --> 01:57:10,900
Electronically, stored searched 
and retrieved text could be done

2269
01:57:10,900 --> 01:57:13,500
with speed and accuracy, that 
physical documents could not 

2270
01:57:13,500 --> 01:57:16,400
match the Revolutionary. 
Potential of computerized 

2271
01:57:16,400 --> 01:57:20,300
writing became apparent in the 
1960s and 1970s with the 

2272
01:57:20,300 --> 01:57:22,200
development of word processing 
software. 

2273
01:57:23,300 --> 01:57:26,700
With previously unheard of ease 
and efficiency, authors could 

2274
01:57:26,700 --> 01:57:31,800
alter text on screen rearranging
paragraphs, fixing mistakes, and

2275
01:57:31,800 --> 01:57:35,000
updating content, without having
to retype entire documents. 

2276
01:57:36,200 --> 01:57:39,100
By doing away with the tiresome 
mechanical parts of writing, 

2277
01:57:39,100 --> 01:57:43,000
such as retyping rearranging and
proofreading, several drafts. 

2278
01:57:43,600 --> 01:57:46,600
Authors were free to concentrate
on ideas and content rather than

2279
01:57:46,600 --> 01:57:49,600
the actual Act of writing this 
power was brought to Common 

2280
01:57:49,600 --> 01:57:52,500
desks in homes and offices 
across the developed world in 

2281
01:57:52,500 --> 01:57:56,600
the 1980s with the Advent of 
personal computers, in addition 

2282
01:57:56,600 --> 01:57:59,200
to being sufficiently powerful, 
to manage complex, word 

2283
01:57:59,200 --> 01:58:03,400
processing data management, and 
communication tasks computers, 

2284
01:58:03,400 --> 01:58:07,300
such as the Apple 2, Commodore 
64, and IBM PC were reasonably 

2285
01:58:07,300 --> 01:58:09,100
priced for individual homes and 
small. 

2286
01:58:09,100 --> 01:58:12,200
Enterprises in addition to 
making editing as simple as 

2287
01:58:12,200 --> 01:58:16,200
typing word processing programs.
Like wordstar wordperfect and 

2288
01:58:16,200 --> 01:58:19,300
eventually Microsoft Word added 
capabilities that were 

2289
01:58:19,300 --> 01:58:22,400
previously unattainable with 
mechanical writing instruments. 

2290
01:58:23,500 --> 01:58:25,900
Spell checking automatically 
detected typos. 

2291
01:58:26,800 --> 01:58:29,700
Find and replace features could 
instantly make Global changes to

2292
01:58:29,700 --> 01:58:33,100
lengthy documents. 
With the help of numerous fonts 

2293
01:58:33,100 --> 01:58:36,200
and formatting choices, authors 
were able to manipulate the text

2294
01:58:36,200 --> 01:58:38,500
appearance in ways that were 
previously exclusive to 

2295
01:58:38,500 --> 01:58:40,900
professional Publishers, 
professional quality. 

2296
01:58:40,900 --> 01:58:42,900
Documents could now be produced 
at home. 

2297
01:58:42,900 --> 01:58:46,200
Thanks to personal printers. 
Anyone with a computer could now

2298
01:58:46,200 --> 01:58:48,600
create documents that looked as 
professional as those from 

2299
01:58:48,600 --> 01:58:51,700
specialized print shops. 
Thanks to dot matrix printers, 

2300
01:58:51,700 --> 01:58:54,400
which were followed by inkjet 
and Laser Printers. 

2301
01:58:55,200 --> 01:58:58,100
As revolutionary as the original
printing invention, the 

2302
01:58:58,100 --> 01:59:00,700
democratization of document 
production made publishing 

2303
01:59:00,700 --> 01:59:04,300
accessible to anyone with a 
computer however, networking 

2304
01:59:04,300 --> 01:59:07,700
which linked individual PCS into
Global Communication networks 

2305
01:59:07,700 --> 01:59:12,000
was the true Revolution. 
Originally restricted to users 

2306
01:59:12,000 --> 01:59:15,500
of the same computer system. 
Electronic mail developed into a

2307
01:59:15,500 --> 01:59:18,500
Global Communication tool that 
could link anyone with computer 

2308
01:59:18,500 --> 01:59:21,400
access to anybody else. 
Anywhere in the world, written 

2309
01:59:21,400 --> 01:59:24,200
communication became 
instantaneous and interactive 

2310
01:59:24,200 --> 01:59:28,000
with the email instead of days 
or weeks, you could compose a 

2311
01:59:28,008 --> 01:59:31,300
message, send it to someone on 
the other side of the globe and 

2312
01:59:31,300 --> 01:59:33,400
get a response in a matter of 
minutes or hours. 

2313
01:59:34,500 --> 01:59:37,200
While maintaining the accuracy 
and permanent that set writing 

2314
01:59:37,200 --> 01:59:40,400
apart from speech, written 
Communications started to catch 

2315
01:59:40,400 --> 01:59:43,500
up to conversational speed, more
sophisticated forms of 

2316
01:59:43,508 --> 01:59:46,700
computer-mediated communication,
were made possible by the 

2317
01:59:46,700 --> 01:59:49,200
protocols and standards that 
made e-mail possible. 

2318
01:59:49,900 --> 01:59:52,700
Anyone with system access could 
read the messages, that users 

2319
01:59:52,700 --> 01:59:57,200
posted on bulletin board systems
BBS, Global discussion forum 

2320
01:59:57,200 --> 01:59:59,400
centered on particular. 
Topics of Interest were 

2321
01:59:59,400 --> 02:00:02,900
established by Usenet newsgroups
these early online communities 

2322
02:00:02,900 --> 02:00:06,200
showed that new kinds of social 
interaction that relied solely 

2323
02:00:06,200 --> 02:00:09,100
on written communication could 
be supported by computer 

2324
02:00:09,100 --> 02:00:11,400
networks. 
The largest library in human 

2325
02:00:11,400 --> 02:00:15,200
history was created almost 
instantly after the worldwide. 

2326
02:00:15,200 --> 02:00:17,600
Web was made available to the 
general public in the early 

2327
02:00:17,600 --> 02:00:20,400
1990s. 
You could access millions of 

2328
02:00:20,400 --> 02:00:23,500
documents from any computer with
an internet connection. 

2329
02:00:23,500 --> 02:00:26,700
Eliminating, the need to 
physically visit places to find 

2330
02:00:26,700 --> 02:00:29,800
information. 
Most of the obstacles that had 

2331
02:00:29,800 --> 02:00:33,100
previously restricted access to 
information and publication were

2332
02:00:33,100 --> 02:00:36,400
removed by the internet, which 
turned every computer into a 

2333
02:00:36,400 --> 02:00:38,400
printing press. 
And every person into a 

2334
02:00:38,400 --> 02:00:41,400
potential publisher, the markup 
language used to create web 

2335
02:00:41,400 --> 02:00:45,900
pages, HTML, was flexible enough
to support complex multimedia, 

2336
02:00:45,900 --> 02:00:48,900
presentation while still being 
easier enough for anyone to 

2337
02:00:48,900 --> 02:00:52,100
learn and publish online. 
Since the majority of early 

2338
02:00:52,100 --> 02:00:55,600
websites were text-based, the 
internet was essentially a huge 

2339
02:00:55,600 --> 02:00:59,000
collection of links documents 
that could be read searched and 

2340
02:00:59,000 --> 02:01:01,300
linked to one another in ways 
that were not possible with 

2341
02:01:01,300 --> 02:01:04,600
traditional books and papers. 
No one completely foresaw the 

2342
02:01:04,600 --> 02:01:07,000
consequences of this 
democratization of publishing 

2343
02:01:07,000 --> 02:01:11,800
Publishers editors Librarians, 
journalists and other 

2344
02:01:11,800 --> 02:01:14,000
traditional information, 
Gatekeepers, suddenly found 

2345
02:01:14,000 --> 02:01:17,000
themselves in competition with 
anyone with an internet 

2346
02:01:17,000 --> 02:01:21,000
connection and something to say.
Information grew exponentially 

2347
02:01:21,000 --> 02:01:24,500
in quantity and accessibility 
but its quality and 

2348
02:01:24,500 --> 02:01:26,400
dependability became 
increasingly erratic. 

2349
02:01:26,400 --> 02:01:28,400
The challenge of locating 
information. 

2350
02:01:28,400 --> 02:01:31,600
In this enormous Digital 
Library, was resolved by search 

2351
02:01:31,600 --> 02:01:34,900
engines, web specific search 
engines like Alta Vista, and 

2352
02:01:34,908 --> 02:01:38,600
Yahoo replaced early, search 
tools, like Archie, and gopher. 

2353
02:01:38,600 --> 02:01:42,300
And finally, Google The entire 
Corpus of human written 

2354
02:01:42,300 --> 02:01:43,900
knowledge. 
Could be searched in a matter of

2355
02:01:43,908 --> 02:01:45,800
seconds from any location in the
world. 

2356
02:01:45,800 --> 02:01:49,400
Thanks to Google's page rank 
algorithm, which could sift 

2357
02:01:49,400 --> 02:01:52,400
through billions of web pages to
find the most pertinent results 

2358
02:01:52,400 --> 02:01:55,700
for any query Universal. 
Search ability had significant 

2359
02:01:55,700 --> 02:01:59,300
ramifications researchers, could
locate pertinent information, 

2360
02:01:59,300 --> 02:02:02,600
nearly instantly rather than 
spending hours in libraries 

2361
02:02:02,600 --> 02:02:04,500
searching through card catalogs 
and indexes. 

2362
02:02:05,600 --> 02:02:08,200
Writers had access to more 
sources than the greatest 

2363
02:02:08,200 --> 02:02:11,300
Scholars of early centuries. 
Could have hoped for rather than

2364
02:02:11,300 --> 02:02:13,800
depending on their own 
collections or institutional 

2365
02:02:13,800 --> 02:02:16,300
Holdings. 
Any writing projects, research 

2366
02:02:16,300 --> 02:02:19,300
phase was shortened from weeks 
or months to a few hours or 

2367
02:02:19,300 --> 02:02:21,600
days. 
Additionally, digital text 

2368
02:02:21,600 --> 02:02:24,400
opened up new Avenue for 
multimedia and interactive 

2369
02:02:24,400 --> 02:02:26,900
writing. 
Authors were able to produce 

2370
02:02:26,900 --> 02:02:29,600
non-linear documents, with 
hypertext links that readers 

2371
02:02:29,600 --> 02:02:32,400
could navigate based on their 
own needs and interests. 

2372
02:02:33,200 --> 02:02:36,100
Compared to traditional print 
media websites. 

2373
02:02:36,100 --> 02:02:38,900
Could create richer and more 
captivating reading experiences 

2374
02:02:38,900 --> 02:02:44,000
by fusing text with images audio
and video websites email, and 

2375
02:02:44,000 --> 02:02:46,900
forums that mirrored traditional
publishing models were 

2376
02:02:46,900 --> 02:02:48,500
transplanted to digital 
platforms. 

2377
02:02:48,500 --> 02:02:51,300
And the early internet was 
largely used for publishing and 

2378
02:02:51,300 --> 02:02:53,500
consuming relatively formal 
written content. 

2379
02:02:53,500 --> 02:02:57,000
However, the emergence of a new 
generation of online platforms, 

2380
02:02:57,000 --> 02:03:00,500
at the turn of the 21st century,
drastically altered, the nature 

2381
02:03:00,500 --> 02:03:03,900
of digital communication 
unexpectedly, social media 

2382
02:03:03,900 --> 02:03:07,900
sites, like Friendster Myspace, 
and eventually Facebook restored

2383
02:03:07,900 --> 02:03:09,500
writing as a means of 
communication. 

2384
02:03:10,300 --> 02:03:13,000
People started writing, quick 
concise answers to each other's 

2385
02:03:13,000 --> 02:03:17,200
posts comments and updates in 
place of formal documents or 

2386
02:03:17,200 --> 02:03:19,600
well-written letters. 
Instead of publishing 

2387
02:03:19,600 --> 02:03:22,600
information, these platforms 
were made to promote social 

2388
02:03:22,600 --> 02:03:25,400
interaction and they were 
successful in developing new 

2389
02:03:25,400 --> 02:03:28,500
written communication formats 
that resembled speech more than 

2390
02:03:28,500 --> 02:03:31,300
conventional writing. 
People's use of written language

2391
02:03:31,300 --> 02:03:34,400
was significantly impacted by 
this return to conversational 

2392
02:03:34,400 --> 02:03:38,500
writing emotional connection. 
An instantaneous expression, 

2393
02:03:38,500 --> 02:03:41,700
took precedence over formal 
grammar, In ways that 

2394
02:03:41,700 --> 02:03:45,500
traditional texts could not 
emoticons and acronyms evolved 

2395
02:03:45,500 --> 02:03:47,900
into a new type of written 
shorthand that could express 

2396
02:03:47,900 --> 02:03:51,400
emotion and tone as people 
started writing as they spoke 

2397
02:03:51,400 --> 02:03:55,600
using slang informal 
constructions and interruptions.

2398
02:03:55,600 --> 02:03:57,700
That would not have been 
appropriate in more formal, 

2399
02:03:57,700 --> 02:04:00,200
written settings, the line 
between spoken and written 

2400
02:04:00,200 --> 02:04:03,500
language started to blur. 
When Facebook's timeline feature

2401
02:04:03,500 --> 02:04:07,200
was launched in 2011, it gave 
rise to a new genre of 

2402
02:04:07,200 --> 02:04:10,700
autobiographical writing in 
which uses shared brief posts 

2403
02:04:10,700 --> 02:04:12,400
with photos of their everyday 
activities. 

2404
02:04:13,500 --> 02:04:15,700
This was a more immediate and 
impromptu form of 

2405
02:04:15,708 --> 02:04:19,100
self-documentation that captured
every day moments and cash will 

2406
02:04:19,100 --> 02:04:22,400
thoughts in ways that earlier 
Generations would have deemed to

2407
02:04:22,400 --> 02:04:26,300
insignificant record rather than
the meticulously planned 

2408
02:04:26,300 --> 02:04:30,100
self-presentation of traditional
autobiography by restricting 

2409
02:04:30,100 --> 02:04:35,300
post to 140 characters later 
increased to 280 Twitter, which 

2410
02:04:35,300 --> 02:04:38,500
was launched in 2006 took 
conversational writing to the 

2411
02:04:38,500 --> 02:04:41,600
next level. 
Stream concision was required by

2412
02:04:41,600 --> 02:04:45,300
this restriction, which prompted
the creation of new brevity 

2413
02:04:45,300 --> 02:04:49,100
optimized, forms of writing. 
Twitter users developed a poetic

2414
02:04:49,100 --> 02:04:53,100
form that prioritized wit 
insight and emotional impact 

2415
02:04:53,100 --> 02:04:56,100
over conventional literary 
elaboration by learning to 

2416
02:04:56,100 --> 02:04:58,500
convey the most meaning in the 
least amount of space. 

2417
02:04:58,500 --> 02:05:01,500
Additionally, the character 
limit altered the Cadence of 

2418
02:05:01,500 --> 02:05:04,700
written correspondence. 
Twitter users posted short 

2419
02:05:04,700 --> 02:05:07,000
updates throughout the day 
rather than writing long 

2420
02:05:07,000 --> 02:05:09,800
messages that were sent 
occasionally resulting, in a 

2421
02:05:09,800 --> 02:05:13,000
constant flow of written content
that was more akin to ongoing 

2422
02:05:13,000 --> 02:05:15,300
conversation than traditional 
correspondence. 

2423
02:05:16,100 --> 02:05:18,600
Millions of users were able to 
engage in simultaneous 

2424
02:05:18,600 --> 02:05:22,100
conversations about current 
affairs, individual experiences 

2425
02:05:22,100 --> 02:05:25,500
and cultural phenomena on the 
platform which evolved into a 

2426
02:05:25,500 --> 02:05:27,900
global chat room. 
Beginning as a straightforward 

2427
02:05:27,900 --> 02:05:30,400
method of sending quick 
messages, between mobile phones 

2428
02:05:30,400 --> 02:05:34,200
in the 1990s, text messaging, 
Rose to prominence as a written 

2429
02:05:34,200 --> 02:05:36,100
communication method in the 
early 2000s. 

2430
02:05:37,100 --> 02:05:40,900
Similar to Twitter SMS. Messages
were restricted to 160 

2431
02:05:40,900 --> 02:05:43,700
characters and emphasized, 
private communication over 

2432
02:05:43,700 --> 02:05:46,700
public broadcasting. 
There are linguistic conventions

2433
02:05:46,700 --> 02:05:49,800
and abbreviations and cultural 
norms specific to texting. 

2434
02:05:49,800 --> 02:05:57,000
The terms loaf allowed BRB be 
right back and TTYL talk to you 

2435
02:05:57,000 --> 02:06:00,900
later became wide widely used. 
The way people formed written 

2436
02:06:00,900 --> 02:06:03,800
thoughts was altered by 
predictive text and autocorrect 

2437
02:06:03,800 --> 02:06:06,500
features which occasionally 
resulted in misunderstandings 

2438
02:06:06,500 --> 02:06:09,800
but also made composition 
faster, mobile technology. 

2439
02:06:09,800 --> 02:06:13,100
Also changed the physical act of
writing texting could be done 

2440
02:06:13,100 --> 02:06:16,300
with thumbs on small screens 
while walking taking public 

2441
02:06:16,300 --> 02:06:19,100
transit or doing other 
activities, whereas traditional 

2442
02:06:19,100 --> 02:06:22,100
writing had been done with pens 
on PayPal, fingers, on keyboards

2443
02:06:22,100 --> 02:06:26,000
writing, was genuinely portable 
and incorporated into everyday 

2444
02:06:26,000 --> 02:06:30,000
life in previously, Unthinkable 
ways with the 2007 release of 

2445
02:06:30,008 --> 02:06:33,500
the iPhone smartphones further 
expanded the accessibility and 

2446
02:06:33,500 --> 02:06:37,300
versatility of mobile writing. 
Every phone became a portable 

2447
02:06:37,300 --> 02:06:40,100
writing and Publishing tool. 
Thanks to touchscreen, keyboards

2448
02:06:40,100 --> 02:06:44,100
voice to text capabilities and 
constant internet connectivity. 

2449
02:06:45,000 --> 02:06:47,700
The amount and speed of written 
communication increased 

2450
02:06:47,700 --> 02:06:50,800
dramatically, as a result of 
people being able to create and 

2451
02:06:50,800 --> 02:06:52,600
share written content at any 
time. 

2452
02:06:52,600 --> 02:06:55,700
And from any location in 
Instagram, which debuted in 

2453
02:06:55,700 --> 02:06:59,700
2010, created new storytelling 
formats by fusing textual and 

2454
02:06:59,700 --> 02:07:02,900
visual communication. 
Users posted pictures with 

2455
02:07:02,900 --> 02:07:06,100
captions, that varied from brief
summaries to in-depth stories. 

2456
02:07:06,900 --> 02:07:09,900
People's writing about their 
experiences was impacted by a 

2457
02:07:09,900 --> 02:07:13,200
new kind of categorization and 
search ability brought about by 

2458
02:07:13,200 --> 02:07:16,400
the platform's hashtag system. 
Perhaps most significantly. 

2459
02:07:16,400 --> 02:07:19,900
However, social media brought 
writing back into the mainstream

2460
02:07:19,900 --> 02:07:21,600
in ways not seen since 
prehistoric. 

2461
02:07:21,600 --> 02:07:26,000
Cultures, oral traditions 
Writing had been a solitary act 

2462
02:07:26,000 --> 02:07:28,800
for the majority of human 
history producing a document 

2463
02:07:28,800 --> 02:07:31,800
that would later be read by 
others, writing became 

2464
02:07:31,800 --> 02:07:35,500
instantaneous interactive and 
collaborative with social media.

2465
02:07:36,300 --> 02:07:39,000
Responding to each other's post 
within minutes or seconds of 

2466
02:07:39,000 --> 02:07:41,700
their publication. 
People could collaborate in real

2467
02:07:41,700 --> 02:07:44,600
time, fostering conversations 
across various platforms and 

2468
02:07:44,600 --> 02:07:48,000
time zones, new kinds of group 
meaning making were spawned by 

2469
02:07:48,000 --> 02:07:50,900
the comment sections that sprang
up beneath news articles, blog 

2470
02:07:50,900 --> 02:07:55,200
entries and social media posts 
of responses to a single post 

2471
02:07:55,200 --> 02:07:59,100
could challenge expand or 
totally recontextualize. 

2472
02:07:59,100 --> 02:08:02,400
The original message as readers 
began to co-create, meaning 

2473
02:08:02,400 --> 02:08:04,200
through their responses and 
interactions. 

2474
02:08:04,200 --> 02:08:06,700
The line between author and 
reader became less. 

2475
02:08:06,700 --> 02:08:09,900
Clear, new types of collective 
authorship were also spawned by 

2476
02:08:09,900 --> 02:08:11,800
the collaborative nature of 
digital writing. 

2477
02:08:12,500 --> 02:08:16,200
When Wikipedia was first 
launched in 2001, it showed that

2478
02:08:16,200 --> 02:08:19,700
volunteer contributors could 
collaborate online to create and

2479
02:08:19,700 --> 02:08:21,400
maintain extensive reference 
works. 

2480
02:08:22,200 --> 02:08:24,900
Through a collaborative writing 
and editing process, that would 

2481
02:08:24,900 --> 02:08:27,300
not have been feasible without 
digital technology. 

2482
02:08:28,100 --> 02:08:31,500
The encyclopedia expanded to 
include millions of articles in 

2483
02:08:31,500 --> 02:08:34,400
hundreds of languages, 
traditional beliefs regarding 

2484
02:08:34,400 --> 02:08:37,500
authorship Authority and quality
control in written work were 

2485
02:08:37,500 --> 02:08:39,800
called into question by wicker, 
pedias success. 

2486
02:08:40,600 --> 02:08:44,100
Wikipedia used peer review and 
crowdsourcing to produce content

2487
02:08:44,100 --> 02:08:46,700
that was frequently more up to 
date and thorough than 

2488
02:08:46,700 --> 02:08:49,500
traditional reference works. 
Despite occasionally, being less

2489
02:08:49,500 --> 02:08:52,300
trustworthy than professional 
editors and expert, authors, 

2490
02:08:52,300 --> 02:08:55,600
social media and digital 
communication have produced an 

2491
02:08:55,600 --> 02:08:58,700
unprecedented amount of writing.
Humans were creating more 

2492
02:08:58,700 --> 02:09:01,600
written material every day by 
the 2010s, that had been 

2493
02:09:01,600 --> 02:09:04,300
contained in all of the ancient 
world's libraries put together. 

2494
02:09:05,400 --> 02:09:07,800
Although, the majority of this 
writing was conversational 

2495
02:09:07,800 --> 02:09:12,100
transient and informal. 
Status updates comments, text 

2496
02:09:12,100 --> 02:09:15,100
messages, tweets, it marked a 
significant change. 

2497
02:09:15,100 --> 02:09:16,700
In the way people use written 
language. 

2498
02:09:16,700 --> 02:09:20,000
You are living through the most 
significant change in writing 

2499
02:09:20,000 --> 02:09:21,400
since the creation of the 
alphabet. 

2500
02:09:21,400 --> 02:09:25,400
So keep this in mind as you curl
up with your blankets and feel 

2501
02:09:25,400 --> 02:09:29,100
your eyelids getting heavier. 
What is taking place in your 

2502
02:09:29,100 --> 02:09:31,900
immediate surroundings is as 
revolutionary as anything that 

2503
02:09:31,900 --> 02:09:34,400
took place in gutenberg's 
printing shop, medieval 

2504
02:09:34,400 --> 02:09:37,600
monasteries or ancient 
Phoenicia, these days are 

2505
02:09:37,600 --> 02:09:40,200
official, intelligent can 
produce text, that looks human 

2506
02:09:40,200 --> 02:09:43,300
and his frequently identical to 
content written by humans. 

2507
02:09:44,100 --> 02:09:48,100
Poetry business letters, 
technical documentation and even

2508
02:09:48,100 --> 02:09:51,000
intricate conversations are all 
possible with large language 

2509
02:09:51,000 --> 02:09:52,800
models like GPT and its 
Offspring. 

2510
02:09:52,800 --> 02:09:56,000
Which showing awareness of 
context subtlety and emotional 

2511
02:09:56,000 --> 02:09:59,800
nuances, The distinction between
machine and human writing is 

2512
02:09:59,808 --> 02:10:02,800
becoming more and more hazy. 
People can now write by 

2513
02:10:02,800 --> 02:10:04,800
speaking. 
Instead of typing thanks to 

2514
02:10:04,800 --> 02:10:07,700
advancements in voice, 
recognition, software, that can 

2515
02:10:07,700 --> 02:10:10,400
now convert speech to text with 
astounding accuracy. 

2516
02:10:11,400 --> 02:10:15,600
While walking driving or doing 
other tasks writers can compose 

2517
02:10:15,600 --> 02:10:19,100
text at the speed of speech with
Dragon NaturallySpeaking, Siri 

2518
02:10:19,100 --> 02:10:21,000
dictation and Google Voice 
typing. 

2519
02:10:21,800 --> 02:10:25,100
Writing which involves moving a 
pair of paper or fingers across 

2520
02:10:25,100 --> 02:10:29,100
a keyboard is becoming a less 
necessary, activity text can be 

2521
02:10:29,108 --> 02:10:32,000
instantly translated between 
languages using real-time 

2522
02:10:32,000 --> 02:10:34,100
translation. 
Algorithms, removing the 

2523
02:10:34,108 --> 02:10:38,200
barriers that have divided human
communities for millennia One 

2524
02:10:38,200 --> 02:10:41,100
can write in their native tongue
and have it instantly understood

2525
02:10:41,100 --> 02:10:42,500
by readers anywhere in the 
world. 

2526
02:10:42,500 --> 02:10:45,500
Thanks to Google Translate and 
similar Services which can 

2527
02:10:45,500 --> 02:10:49,000
handle dozens of languages with 
increasing sophistication new 

2528
02:10:49,000 --> 02:10:51,700
types of spatial writing in 
which text is embedded in 

2529
02:10:51,700 --> 02:10:54,100
three-dimensional. 
Environments, a starting to be 

2530
02:10:54,108 --> 02:10:57,300
made possible by augmented 
reality and virtual reality 

2531
02:10:57,300 --> 02:11:01,000
Technologies. 
Future authors May create text 

2532
02:11:01,000 --> 02:11:04,800
that floats and space reacts to 
movement and changes depending 

2533
02:11:04,800 --> 02:11:07,900
on the reader's perspective and 
interaction as an alternative to

2534
02:11:07,900 --> 02:11:10,700
write on flat surfaces. 
Although they are still in the 

2535
02:11:10,700 --> 02:11:13,800
experimental stage brain 
computer interfaces, raise the 

2536
02:11:13,808 --> 02:11:16,600
prospect of direct neural 
control over text composition. 

2537
02:11:17,600 --> 02:11:20,100
people may eventually be able to
think words that are 

2538
02:11:20,100 --> 02:11:23,100
automatically translated into 
written communication rather 

2539
02:11:23,100 --> 02:11:27,000
than speaking typing or writing 
by hand, the permanence and 

2540
02:11:27,008 --> 02:11:29,500
accuracy of writing could be 
paired with the quickness and 

2541
02:11:29,500 --> 02:11:32,700
closeness of thought, despite 
all of these technological 

2542
02:11:32,700 --> 02:11:36,000
advancements, writings primary 
function hasn't changed since 

2543
02:11:36,000 --> 02:11:40,400
the first cave paintings were 
created 40,000 years ago, We 

2544
02:11:40,400 --> 02:11:43,700
continue to use writing to leave
behind traces of our existence 

2545
02:11:43,700 --> 02:11:46,500
that will outlive our actual 
physical presence in the world. 

2546
02:11:46,500 --> 02:11:50,900
Preserve thoughts, exchange 
ideas and connect with other 

2547
02:11:50,900 --> 02:11:54,800
Minds across time and space. 
The essential human activity of 

2548
02:11:54,808 --> 02:11:58,800
making the absent present, 
giving thoughts, permanence and 

2549
02:11:58,800 --> 02:12:00,600
connecting with other people 
through symbols. 

2550
02:12:00,600 --> 02:12:03,600
And meaning, as shared by the 
cave painter, who left a hand 

2551
02:12:03,600 --> 02:12:07,700
print in showcase and the social
media user, who posts a status 

2552
02:12:07,700 --> 02:12:11,300
update today in reality, the 
story of writing is the story of

2553
02:12:11,308 --> 02:12:14,900
human connection and the 
tenacious will to transcend the 

2554
02:12:14,908 --> 02:12:16,200
boundaries of personal 
awareness. 

2555
02:12:17,200 --> 02:12:20,900
From Sumerian cuneiform to 
contemporary digital text, every

2556
02:12:20,900 --> 02:12:24,300
writing system aims to address 
the same fundamental issue. 

2557
02:12:24,300 --> 02:12:27,100
How can we communicate our 
thoughts to those who aren't 

2558
02:12:27,100 --> 02:12:29,800
there in person? 
How can we ensure that our 

2559
02:12:29,800 --> 02:12:31,400
thoughts endure beyond our own 
death? 

2560
02:12:31,400 --> 02:12:34,700
From those initial symbolic 
inscriptions on Cave walls? 

2561
02:12:34,700 --> 02:12:37,800
We have come a long way. 
The greatest Scholars of 

2562
02:12:37,808 --> 02:12:40,400
antiquity could not have 
predicted, the amount of written

2563
02:12:40,400 --> 02:12:42,700
knowledge available to a child 
learning to read today. 

2564
02:12:43,400 --> 02:12:46,000
Professional scribes in 
medieval, monasteries are not as

2565
02:12:46,000 --> 02:12:49,300
quick at writing as the teen 
texting friends compared to the 

2566
02:12:49,300 --> 02:12:51,400
most powerful rulers of previous
centuries. 

2567
02:12:51,400 --> 02:12:54,300
The office worker writing an 
email has greater access to 

2568
02:12:54,300 --> 02:12:55,900
information and communication 
tools. 

2569
02:12:55,900 --> 02:13:00,100
However, the magic is 
essentially unchanged the same 

2570
02:13:00,100 --> 02:13:03,300
miracle that astounded our 
ancestors and still astounds us 

2571
02:13:03,300 --> 02:13:06,400
when we pause to consider. 
It is happening to you as you 

2572
02:13:06,400 --> 02:13:10,000
read these words right now, 
ideas generated in one mind 

2573
02:13:10,000 --> 02:13:14,200
being replicated in another mind
across time and space using only

2574
02:13:14,200 --> 02:13:17,900
marks on a Surface, he had a 
printed page, a digital screen, 

2575
02:13:17,900 --> 02:13:21,500
a Papyrus scroll, a cave wall or
a clay tablet. 

2576
02:13:21,500 --> 02:13:24,600
The Wander endures. 
Despite changes in technology. 

2577
02:13:25,300 --> 02:13:28,600
Although the particular tools 
change over time the basic human

2578
02:13:28,600 --> 02:13:32,300
desire to connect communicate 
and share Consciousness, never 

2579
02:13:32,300 --> 02:13:35,600
changes. 
From ancient pictographs to 

2580
02:13:35,600 --> 02:13:39,100
contemporary Emoji writing in 
all its forms symbolizes 

2581
02:13:39,100 --> 02:13:42,100
Humanity's, continuous effort to
go beyond the confines of 

2582
02:13:42,100 --> 02:13:45,100
personal experience and 
establish a common meaning 

2583
02:13:45,100 --> 02:13:48,700
across the enormous gaps that 
divide different Minds every 

2584
02:13:48,700 --> 02:13:51,700
text message, email and comment 
you send contributes to the 

2585
02:13:51,700 --> 02:13:54,100
extensive dialogue. 
That people have been having via

2586
02:13:54,100 --> 02:13:55,900
writing for more than 5,000 
years. 

2587
02:13:56,900 --> 02:13:59,900
Not only are you utilizing 
technology but you are also 

2588
02:13:59,900 --> 02:14:02,800
engaging in one of the oldest 
and most fundamental human 

2589
02:14:02,800 --> 02:14:06,100
Endeavors which has been updated
with contemporary instruments 

2590
02:14:06,100 --> 02:14:08,200
while maintaining its Timeless 
objectives. 

2591
02:14:08,200 --> 02:14:11,200
Today's kids will grow up in a 
world where voice recognition 

2592
02:14:11,200 --> 02:14:14,200
replaces typing. 
Artificial intelligence helps 

2593
02:14:14,200 --> 02:14:17,300
with writing real-time 
translation eliminates language 

2594
02:14:17,300 --> 02:14:20,500
barriers and new technologies 
that we can hardly fathom will 

2595
02:14:20,500 --> 02:14:23,100
continue to revolutionize the 
way people write and 

2596
02:14:23,100 --> 02:14:26,600
communicate, however, they will 
continue to use writing for the 

2597
02:14:26,600 --> 02:14:28,900
same purposes. 
That humans have always used it 

2598
02:14:28,900 --> 02:14:33,400
for memory preservation, 
knowledge, exchange creative, 

2599
02:14:33,400 --> 02:14:36,600
expression, relationship, 
building and Bridging the Gap 

2600
02:14:36,600 --> 02:14:39,600
between two, different 
consciousnesses one, word at a 

2601
02:14:39,600 --> 02:14:41,700
time. 
Billions of people worldwide are

2602
02:14:41,700 --> 02:14:43,000
writing the future of writing 
today. 

2603
02:14:43,000 --> 02:14:46,600
The great human endeavor of 
making thoughts, permanent and 

2604
02:14:46,600 --> 02:14:49,600
shareable involves, everyone 
scientist recording. 

2605
02:14:49,600 --> 02:14:53,600
New discoveries students taking 
notes in class poets, writing 

2606
02:14:53,600 --> 02:14:56,200
verses journalist covering 
current affairs. 

2607
02:14:56,900 --> 02:14:59,700
Friends communicating over 
great, distances lovers, 

2608
02:14:59,700 --> 02:15:02,600
expressing their feelings, 
children learning their first 

2609
02:15:02,600 --> 02:15:05,400
letters and the elderly 
preserving family stories. 

2610
02:15:05,400 --> 02:15:07,700
Remember that you are a part of 
this amazing. 

2611
02:15:07,700 --> 02:15:10,900
Continuous story as you close 
your eyes to night, and allow 

2612
02:15:10,900 --> 02:15:13,900
these thoughts to find a home. 
In the Cozy space is between 

2613
02:15:13,900 --> 02:15:17,700
waking and sleeping. 
You're connected to every human 

2614
02:15:17,700 --> 02:15:21,500
being who has ever struggled to 
share an idea, preserve a 

2615
02:15:21,500 --> 02:15:24,600
thought or reach across time to 
touch another Mind through the 

2616
02:15:24,600 --> 02:15:28,100
book, you're reading the device 
you're using and the act of 

2617
02:15:28,108 --> 02:15:31,600
absorbing these ideas through 
written symbols, the same, or 

2618
02:15:31,600 --> 02:15:33,800
that has enthralled people. 
Since we first realized that 

2619
02:15:33,800 --> 02:15:36,900
marks could have meaning is 
being felt by a child learning 

2620
02:15:36,900 --> 02:15:39,300
to recognize their first letters
somewhere tonight. 

2621
02:15:40,400 --> 02:15:42,600
When they learn that, the 
squiggles on the page can tell 

2622
02:15:42,600 --> 02:15:45,400
them stories about Faraway 
places and made up friends. 

2623
02:15:45,400 --> 02:15:48,800
Their eyes enlarged from 
medieval apprentices learning to

2624
02:15:48,800 --> 02:15:51,500
form letters with quill pens to 
children in one room School 

2625
02:15:51,500 --> 02:15:54,900
houses laboriously copying 
letters on slate boards. 

2626
02:15:54,900 --> 02:15:57,900
They are continuing a tradition 
that dates back to ancient. 

2627
02:15:57,900 --> 02:16:00,500
Samaritan school children 
practicing their cuneiform on 

2628
02:16:00,500 --> 02:16:03,200
clay tablets. 
A writer is working on a story 

2629
02:16:03,200 --> 02:16:05,400
that could be read for centuries
to come somewhere tonight. 

2630
02:16:06,300 --> 02:16:09,000
Picking every word with the same
care that unites all 

2631
02:16:09,000 --> 02:16:12,200
storytellers who have ever 
attempted to permanently depict 

2632
02:16:12,200 --> 02:16:15,200
Human Experience. 
Even though they are writing on 

2633
02:16:15,200 --> 02:16:18,400
a computer, they are performing 
the same, fundamental tasks, as 

2634
02:16:18,400 --> 02:16:21,900
the unnamed author of Gilgamesh.
The scribes who documented King,

2635
02:16:21,900 --> 02:16:25,200
Arthur stories, all the 
numerable bars who turned oral 

2636
02:16:25,200 --> 02:16:29,100
Traditions into written works to
night ass scientist is adding 

2637
02:16:29,100 --> 02:16:31,400
their observations to the 
extensive body of human 

2638
02:16:31,400 --> 02:16:33,299
knowledge that started with 
Mesopotamian. 

2639
02:16:33,299 --> 02:16:36,299
Astronomers recording the 
Motions of planets and stars 

2640
02:16:36,299 --> 02:16:38,500
documenting. 
A discovery that has the 

2641
02:16:38,500 --> 02:16:41,600
potential to fundamentally alter
our understanding of the world. 

2642
02:16:42,400 --> 02:16:46,000
The lab notebook or digital file
will become part of the Legacy 

2643
02:16:46,000 --> 02:16:48,400
that includes the research notes
of Marie Curie. 

2644
02:16:48,400 --> 02:16:51,600
The sketches of Leonardo da 
Vinci and the Journal of 

2645
02:16:51,608 --> 02:16:54,700
Charles, Darwin from the beagle,
in a tradition that includes. 

2646
02:16:54,700 --> 02:16:57,900
Victorian love letters. 
Sent across continents, medieval

2647
02:16:57,900 --> 02:17:00,799
courtly letters and wartime 
correspondence that kept 

2648
02:17:00,799 --> 02:17:04,100
relationships, strong over years
of separation, lovers who are 

2649
02:17:04,100 --> 02:17:07,200
separated by distance, ascending
each other messages, that 

2650
02:17:07,200 --> 02:17:09,400
bridge, the gap between their 
hearts somewhere tonight. 

2651
02:17:10,700 --> 02:17:14,000
Whether the medium is video 
calls or text messages, the 

2652
02:17:14,000 --> 02:17:15,799
impulse is the same for all 
people. 

2653
02:17:15,799 --> 02:17:18,500
Who have ever attempted to stay 
in touch via a written 

2654
02:17:18,508 --> 02:17:21,200
communication. 
In the same spirit that inspired

2655
02:17:21,200 --> 02:17:23,900
ancient Chronicles to document, 
the exploits of kings and 

2656
02:17:23,900 --> 02:17:26,200
heroes. 
A grandparent is somewhere 

2657
02:17:26,200 --> 02:17:29,000
tonight recording family. 
Tales for grandchildren who have

2658
02:17:29,000 --> 02:17:34,000
not yet been born conserving, 
memories and wisdom Fundamental 

2659
02:17:34,000 --> 02:17:37,100
purpose of these family history 
is the same as that of the great

2660
02:17:37,100 --> 02:17:41,100
historical works of Gibbon 
Herodotus or any other Chronicle

2661
02:17:41,100 --> 02:17:44,500
of Human Experience even though 
they may never be published or 

2662
02:17:44,500 --> 02:17:48,500
readily somewhere tonight, a 
student is engaged in the same 

2663
02:17:48,500 --> 02:17:50,600
process of acquiring and 
preserving knowledge. 

2664
02:17:50,600 --> 02:17:53,299
That has propelled human 
learning since the founding of 

2665
02:17:53,299 --> 02:17:56,700
the first schools in ancient 
Mesopotamia, taking notes that 

2666
02:17:56,700 --> 02:17:58,799
will Aid them in developing 
their understanding of the 

2667
02:17:58,799 --> 02:18:01,299
world. 
The computer files and notebooks

2668
02:18:01,299 --> 02:18:03,700
represent the most recent 
development in Humanities 

2669
02:18:03,700 --> 02:18:07,500
continuous Endeavor to transmit 
Knowledge from one generation to

2670
02:18:07,500 --> 02:18:09,700
the next. 
Someone is writing in a diary 

2671
02:18:09,700 --> 02:18:12,600
somewhere tonight, documenting, 
the minutiae of everyday 

2672
02:18:12,600 --> 02:18:15,200
existence that will eventually 
give historians a better 

2673
02:18:15,200 --> 02:18:18,900
understanding of how we lived 
what we valued and what we were 

2674
02:18:18,900 --> 02:18:21,200
concerned about. 
They are carrying on the 

2675
02:18:21,200 --> 02:18:24,799
tradition of Samuel peeps, who 
chronicled life in London in the

2676
02:18:24,799 --> 02:18:28,700
17th century and Frank, who 
chronicled her experiences 

2677
02:18:28,700 --> 02:18:32,400
during World War 2 and in 
numerable others, who recognized

2678
02:18:32,400 --> 02:18:35,000
that ordinary life. 
When Faithfully documented 

2679
02:18:35,000 --> 02:18:38,700
gradually transforms into the 
extraordinary somewhere tonight,

2680
02:18:38,700 --> 02:18:42,900
a poet is carrying on Humanity's
oldest literary tradition by 

2681
02:18:42,900 --> 02:18:46,100
trying to find the perfect words
to convey an emotion or 

2682
02:18:46,100 --> 02:18:48,900
experience that has never been 
sufficiently conveyed before. 

2683
02:18:49,900 --> 02:18:53,600
They are part of the same 
tradition as Homer sappho Lie by

2684
02:18:53,600 --> 02:18:57,400
Rumi Shakespeare and all other 
poets who have attempted to use 

2685
02:18:57,400 --> 02:18:59,900
language to create Beauty. 
And meaning, even though they 

2686
02:18:59,900 --> 02:19:03,200
may share their work on social 
media, instead of performing it 

2687
02:19:03,200 --> 02:19:06,700
in Royal courts, all of these 
individuals along with Millions,

2688
02:19:06,700 --> 02:19:10,299
more a contributing, their words
to the extensive dialogue that 

2689
02:19:10,299 --> 02:19:12,200
started. 
When the first human decided 

2690
02:19:12,200 --> 02:19:16,000
that thoughts were too valuable 
to rely solely on memory. 

2691
02:19:17,100 --> 02:19:20,100
This means that the story of 
writing is not yet complete 

2692
02:19:20,100 --> 02:19:23,500
every research paper, Love 
Letter grocery list. 

2693
02:19:23,500 --> 02:19:27,200
And status update adds to The 
Continuous, human endeavor of 

2694
02:19:27,200 --> 02:19:30,100
making the transient permanent 
and the invisible visible. 

2695
02:19:30,100 --> 02:19:33,500
Not only you reading this story,
dear reader, but you are also 

2696
02:19:33,500 --> 02:19:36,600
contributing to its creation. 
Each time you send a message, 

2697
02:19:36,600 --> 02:19:40,200
write an email, write a note or 
Express an idea in writing 

2698
02:19:40,200 --> 02:19:43,500
you're taking part in one of the
greatest Cooperative Endeavors 

2699
02:19:43,500 --> 02:19:46,500
in human history. 
You are contributing your voice 

2700
02:19:46,500 --> 02:19:49,100
to a dialogue that has been 
going on for thousands of years 

2701
02:19:49,100 --> 02:19:52,900
and will continue for thousands 
more just as we can hardly 

2702
02:19:52,900 --> 02:19:54,700
imagine what writing 
Technologies are. 

2703
02:19:54,700 --> 02:19:58,000
Great grandchildren will take 
for granted the Lasko cave 

2704
02:19:58,000 --> 02:19:59,700
painters. 
Could never have imagined 

2705
02:19:59,700 --> 02:20:03,300
smartphones and so, social media
However, despite all 

2706
02:20:03,300 --> 02:20:06,900
technological advancements, the 
basic human urges that drive 

2707
02:20:06,900 --> 02:20:10,700
writing the need to remember. 
Communicate, share preserve and 

2708
02:20:10,700 --> 02:20:14,300
create remain constant. 
Allow yourself to feel a part of

2709
02:20:14,300 --> 02:20:17,700
this enormous human endeavor as 
you go to sleep tonight, you 

2710
02:20:17,700 --> 02:20:20,400
might dream of future 
Technologies and ancient scribes

2711
02:20:20,400 --> 02:20:23,800
of writers at glowing screens 
and storytellers around 

2712
02:20:23,800 --> 02:20:27,000
campfires of children, learning 
their letters and Elders. 

2713
02:20:27,000 --> 02:20:30,200
Keeping their memories alive. 
They are a part of your story 

2714
02:20:30,200 --> 02:20:32,600
and you are part of theirs. 
Rest. 

2715
02:20:32,600 --> 02:20:34,800
Well, and dream of all the 
stories that have not. 

2716
02:20:34,800 --> 02:20:37,400
Yet been told all the 
discoveries that have not yet 

2717
02:20:37,400 --> 02:20:40,200
been documented, all the 
connections that have not yet 

2718
02:20:40,200 --> 02:20:43,600
been made and all the ideas that
have not yet been able to move 

2719
02:20:43,600 --> 02:20:48,400
from page to page in your mind. 
You dear reader, dear writer, 

2720
02:20:48,400 --> 02:20:51,700
dear participant in the ancient 
and continuing Human Adventure 

2721
02:20:51,700 --> 02:20:54,800
will contribute to the writing 
of the greatest chapters of the 

2722
02:20:54,808 --> 02:20:56,500
writing story. 
Good night. 

2723
02:20:56,500 --> 02:20:58,100
And I hope your words are heard 
tomorrow. 

2724
02:21:05,500 --> 02:21:09,200
Now close your eyes for a moment
and imagine stepping through a 

2725
02:21:09,200 --> 02:21:13,200
low doorway into another world. 
The year doesn't matter much, it

2726
02:21:13,200 --> 02:21:18,000
could be 1650 or 1850 because 
some things about English pubs 

2727
02:21:18,000 --> 02:21:20,400
remain beautifully consistent to
cross the centuries. 

2728
02:21:20,400 --> 02:21:23,300
The first thing that would 
strike you as the light or 

2729
02:21:23,300 --> 02:21:26,600
rather the particular quality of
dimness punctuated by warm spots

2730
02:21:26,600 --> 02:21:30,000
of Illumination. 
Four electricity transformed, 

2731
02:21:30,000 --> 02:21:33,100
our Knights into Perpetual Day 
pub lighting came from 

2732
02:21:33,100 --> 02:21:37,200
fireplaces, candles and later 
oil lamps. 

2733
02:21:37,200 --> 02:21:41,300
This wasn't the harsh Revealing 
Light Of Modern Life, that shows

2734
02:21:41,300 --> 02:21:45,100
every imperfection, this was 
light that softened edges 

2735
02:21:45,100 --> 02:21:49,600
created pools of Shadow and made
faces glow Amber in the 

2736
02:21:49,600 --> 02:21:52,300
firelight. 
The dancing Flames cast moving 

2737
02:21:52,300 --> 02:21:56,500
Shadows on walls, darkened by 
centuries of smoke, creating an 

2738
02:21:56,500 --> 02:21:59,200
atmosphere that was less about 
seeing clearly and more about 

2739
02:21:59,200 --> 02:22:01,900
feeling safe. 
The ceiling would be lower than 

2740
02:22:01,900 --> 02:22:05,600
your accustomed to low enough. 
That tall visitors sometimes 

2741
02:22:05,600 --> 02:22:07,800
needed to duck. 
Beneath the heavy Oak beams. 

2742
02:22:07,800 --> 02:22:11,500
These beams blackened with age 
and smoke had often been 

2743
02:22:11,500 --> 02:22:14,100
salvaged from old ships or hewn 
from ancient forests. 

2744
02:22:14,100 --> 02:22:17,200
Running your hand along them, 
you'd feel the rough texture of 

2745
02:22:17,200 --> 02:22:19,600
wood that had witnessed 
generations of stories, 

2746
02:22:19,600 --> 02:22:22,500
arguments, celebrations and 
quiet. 

2747
02:22:22,500 --> 02:22:25,700
Contemplation the air itself 
would tell you stories. 

2748
02:22:25,700 --> 02:22:28,300
If you paid attention, there was
always the foundational. 

2749
02:22:28,500 --> 02:22:31,500
Center of Woodsmoke. 
Not the clean outdoorsy smell of

2750
02:22:31,500 --> 02:22:35,500
a campfire, but something richer
mixed with centuries of tobacco 

2751
02:22:35,500 --> 02:22:38,900
spilled, ale, damp wall. 
And the accumulated essence of 

2752
02:22:38,900 --> 02:22:42,300
human presence on cold days. 
You'd smell wet dog as well. 

2753
02:22:42,300 --> 02:22:45,800
Because dogs were welcome 
companions in most pubs lying 

2754
02:22:45,800 --> 02:22:48,400
contentedly by the fire, while 
their owners conducted business 

2755
02:22:48,400 --> 02:22:52,300
or simply passed time. 
The furniture bore, the marks of

2756
02:22:52,300 --> 02:22:57,200
hard use and genuine age tables,
with thick slabs of wood, their 

2757
02:22:57,200 --> 02:23:00,200
surfaces worn Smooth by 
countless elbows and scarred 

2758
02:23:00,200 --> 02:23:03,500
with the initials of patrons, 
long dead benches, and settles 

2759
02:23:03,500 --> 02:23:06,100
lined the walls. 
Their backs high enough to block

2760
02:23:06,100 --> 02:23:09,400
drafts and create semi-private 
spaces where conversations could

2761
02:23:09,400 --> 02:23:12,600
unfold without the whole room. 
Listening the wealthiest 

2762
02:23:12,600 --> 02:23:15,100
establishments might have a few 
chairs but benches were 

2763
02:23:15,100 --> 02:23:17,600
Democratic. 
They accommodated however, many 

2764
02:23:17,600 --> 02:23:20,600
people, squeezed together, 
regardless of social standing 

2765
02:23:20,600 --> 02:23:23,100
sound would envelop, you 
differently than in modern 

2766
02:23:23,100 --> 02:23:26,800
spaces without the constant hum 
of refrigeration air 

2767
02:23:26,800 --> 02:23:28,600
conditioning or electronic 
devices. 

2768
02:23:28,600 --> 02:23:32,500
The acoustic texture of a pub 
was entirely human and organic. 

2769
02:23:32,500 --> 02:23:35,600
There was the crackle of the 
fire, the clink of pewter 

2770
02:23:35,600 --> 02:23:39,200
tankards, the scrape of benches 
on Warren floorboards and the 

2771
02:23:39,208 --> 02:23:42,300
murmur of conversation that Rose
and fell like a tide. 

2772
02:23:43,200 --> 02:23:46,800
Laughter would burst forth 
suddenly then fade back into the

2773
02:23:46,800 --> 02:23:49,500
general whom someone might be 
singing in the corner. 

2774
02:23:49,500 --> 02:23:52,300
Not performing, but simply 
singing because that's what 

2775
02:23:52,300 --> 02:23:55,000
people did when they felt 
content and slightly warm from 

2776
02:23:55,000 --> 02:23:58,400
ale. 
The fireplace dominated most Pub

2777
02:23:58,400 --> 02:24:01,000
rooms and it was genuinely 
necessary rather than 

2778
02:24:01,000 --> 02:24:03,300
decorative. 
English weather has never been 

2779
02:24:03,300 --> 02:24:06,700
known for warmth and buildings 
before modern insulation, were 

2780
02:24:06,700 --> 02:24:08,700
only marginally better than 
being outside. 

2781
02:24:08,700 --> 02:24:11,500
The fire was where new arrivals 
gravitated. 

2782
02:24:11,500 --> 02:24:15,200
First holding cold hands toward 
the flames and stamping feeling 

2783
02:24:15,200 --> 02:24:17,400
back into feet that had walked 
muddy roads. 

2784
02:24:17,400 --> 02:24:19,600
The Hearth was also where food 
was cooked. 

2785
02:24:19,600 --> 02:24:22,200
Filling the room with smells 
that made your stomach. 

2786
02:24:22,200 --> 02:24:25,500
Remember how hungry you were? 
You'd notice that everyone 

2787
02:24:25,500 --> 02:24:28,900
seemed to know everyone else or 
at least everyone knew the 

2788
02:24:28,900 --> 02:24:30,800
Publican. 
The Keeper of the establishment,

2789
02:24:30,800 --> 02:24:33,800
wasn't just a bartender. 
In the modern sense they were a 

2790
02:24:33,800 --> 02:24:37,200
community Banker information 
Hub, amateur councilor and 

2791
02:24:37,200 --> 02:24:40,400
sometimes Peacekeeper, they knew
who could be trusted for a loan,

2792
02:24:40,400 --> 02:24:43,900
whose crops had failed which 
families were feuding, and were 

2793
02:24:43,900 --> 02:24:45,800
a traveler might find work or 
lodging. 

2794
02:24:46,600 --> 02:24:49,000
The public existed in a 
particular relationship with 

2795
02:24:49,000 --> 02:24:52,200
time that we've largely lost. 
It wasn't a place you visited 

2796
02:24:52,200 --> 02:24:55,000
for exactly one hour for a 
scheduled meeting before rushing

2797
02:24:55,000 --> 02:24:58,300
to the next appointment. 
Time in a pub was elastic 

2798
02:24:58,300 --> 02:25:01,200
expandable. 
You might stop in for a quick 

2799
02:25:01,208 --> 02:25:03,900
ale and find yourself there. 
Three hours later, not because 

2800
02:25:03,900 --> 02:25:06,600
anything particular happened, 
but, because the warmth and 

2801
02:25:06,600 --> 02:25:10,300
companionship made leaving Sea 
unnecessary, this wasn't wasted 

2802
02:25:10,300 --> 02:25:12,300
time. 
It was time spent maintaining 

2803
02:25:12,300 --> 02:25:14,700
the social bonds that held 
communities together. 

2804
02:25:15,900 --> 02:25:19,100
To understand the English pub. 
We need to go back to its roots 

2805
02:25:19,100 --> 02:25:22,000
which stretch deeper into 
history than you might imagine 

2806
02:25:22,000 --> 02:25:25,500
the tradition of public drinking
houses in England predate. 

2807
02:25:25,500 --> 02:25:28,600
Even the Norman Conquest 
reaching back to Anglo-Saxon 

2808
02:25:28,600 --> 02:25:32,600
times when ale was safer, to 
drink than water and every 

2809
02:25:32,600 --> 02:25:34,500
village needed someone who could
Brew it properly. 

2810
02:25:34,500 --> 02:25:38,700
The word Pub itself is simply a 
shortened form of Public House. 

2811
02:25:39,600 --> 02:25:42,900
This doesn't fully capture what 
these places meant in medieval 

2812
02:25:42,900 --> 02:25:44,600
England. 
There were actually three types 

2813
02:25:44,600 --> 02:25:48,800
of drinking establishments and 
the distinctions mattered ale 

2814
02:25:48,800 --> 02:25:51,900
House's were basic often just 
someone's front room where they 

2815
02:25:51,900 --> 02:25:54,500
sold the allay. 
They'd Broods were slightly more

2816
02:25:54,500 --> 02:25:57,900
upscale and served wine as well 
as ale ins with the most 

2817
02:25:57,900 --> 02:26:01,300
substantial, offering food, 
drink and accommodation for 

2818
02:26:01,300 --> 02:26:04,200
travelers. 
The early stale House's were 

2819
02:26:04,200 --> 02:26:06,200
marked by a simple. 
But effective advertising 

2820
02:26:06,200 --> 02:26:09,100
method, a pole, or bush stuck 
out from the building. 

2821
02:26:09,100 --> 02:26:12,900
This ale Pole or ale stake, 
tradition dates, back to Roman 

2822
02:26:12,900 --> 02:26:14,800
times. 
And it served, the Practical 

2823
02:26:14,800 --> 02:26:17,800
purpose of alerting people who 
couldn't read, which was most 

2824
02:26:17,800 --> 02:26:19,500
people, the Dale was available 
here. 

2825
02:26:19,500 --> 02:26:22,100
The saying good wine needs, no 
Bush. 

2826
02:26:22,100 --> 02:26:25,300
Comes from this tradition, 
suggesting that quality products

2827
02:26:25,300 --> 02:26:29,400
advertised themselves. 
In these earlier establishments,

2828
02:26:29,400 --> 02:26:32,700
the person brewing and selling 
ale was often a woman an 

2829
02:26:32,700 --> 02:26:35,500
Alewife. 
Brewing was considered domestic 

2830
02:26:35,500 --> 02:26:38,400
work, like baking bread and 
women. 

2831
02:26:38,400 --> 02:26:40,200
Dominated the trade for 
centuries. 

2832
02:26:40,200 --> 02:26:43,000
The image of a witch with a 
pointed hat and broomstick 

2833
02:26:43,000 --> 02:26:46,400
actually evolved partly from the
traditional costume of alewives 

2834
02:26:46,400 --> 02:26:49,500
who wore tall hats. 
So customers could spot them in 

2835
02:26:49,500 --> 02:26:52,800
crowds and used broomsticks to 
Signal when a new batch of Ale 

2836
02:26:52,800 --> 02:26:55,800
was ready. 
The hell itself would be quite 

2837
02:26:55,800 --> 02:26:57,300
different from anything you 
drink today. 

2838
02:26:57,300 --> 02:27:01,000
It was thick nutritious and 
relatively low in alcohol, more 

2839
02:27:01,000 --> 02:27:02,600
like liquid bread than modern 
beer. 

2840
02:27:03,400 --> 02:27:05,700
People drank it because the 
Brewing process killed the 

2841
02:27:05,700 --> 02:27:07,200
bacteria that made water 
dangerous. 

2842
02:27:07,200 --> 02:27:11,100
And it provided calories that 
supplemented often meager diets 

2843
02:27:11,100 --> 02:27:15,200
children drank it, pregnant 
women drank it and monks drank 

2844
02:27:15,200 --> 02:27:18,200
it with every meal, It wasn't 
about getting drunk. 

2845
02:27:18,200 --> 02:27:23,200
It was about staying alive. 
Medieval ale houses were 

2846
02:27:23,200 --> 02:27:25,300
governed by laws. 
That seemed charmingly specific 

2847
02:27:25,300 --> 02:27:29,800
to modernize the size of Ale 
established in 1267, regulated 

2848
02:27:29,800 --> 02:27:33,000
prices and quality. 
With inspectors called ale 

2849
02:27:33,000 --> 02:27:35,700
tasters, who had the official 
duty of testing each batch? 

2850
02:27:35,700 --> 02:27:38,700
These were not wine snob types, 
swirling and sniffing. 

2851
02:27:38,700 --> 02:27:41,400
They were local officials. 
Who would literally sit in a 

2852
02:27:41,408 --> 02:27:43,100
puddle of Ale poured on a wooden
bench. 

2853
02:27:43,100 --> 02:27:46,200
If their leather, breeches stuck
to the bench when they tried to 

2854
02:27:46,200 --> 02:27:49,500
stand the allay contain too much
sugar, and the Brewer would be 

2855
02:27:49,508 --> 02:27:53,200
fine. 
By the 14th and 15th centuries 

2856
02:27:53,200 --> 02:27:56,200
in the devolved into 
sophisticated operations that 

2857
02:27:56,200 --> 02:27:59,100
serve the emerging networks of 
Commerce and travel. 

2858
02:27:59,100 --> 02:28:02,400
These weren't romantic Highway 
stops with roaring fires and 

2859
02:28:02,408 --> 02:28:06,600
jovial innkeepers. 
Well, some were, but most were 

2860
02:28:06,600 --> 02:28:08,700
practical businesses. 
That filled a crucial economic 

2861
02:28:08,700 --> 02:28:10,900
function. 
An inn was where a merchant 

2862
02:28:10,900 --> 02:28:14,800
could Stable horses store Goods 
overnight conduct business over 

2863
02:28:14,800 --> 02:28:17,200
dinner and sleep without fear of
being robbed. 

2864
02:28:18,000 --> 02:28:20,500
The sins essentially functioned 
as medieval hotels and 

2865
02:28:20,500 --> 02:28:23,700
restaurants combined. 
The food served in these early 

2866
02:28:23,700 --> 02:28:26,200
establishments reflected, both 
the limitations and the 

2867
02:28:26,208 --> 02:28:28,400
surprising sophistication of 
medieval Cuisine. 

2868
02:28:28,400 --> 02:28:31,500
Forget the image of peasants 
knowing on turkey legs at the 

2869
02:28:31,508 --> 02:28:34,800
Renaissance fair. 
Real medieval in food was often 

2870
02:28:34,800 --> 02:28:37,700
remarkably well prepared, 
because in Keepers knew their 

2871
02:28:37,700 --> 02:28:40,700
reputation depended on it, 
Travelers would specifically 

2872
02:28:40,700 --> 02:28:44,000
seek out ins known for good food
and that reputation could make 

2873
02:28:44,000 --> 02:28:47,000
or break a business. 
A typical meal at a decent 

2874
02:28:47,000 --> 02:28:49,700
medieval in. 
Might include pottage a thick 

2875
02:28:49,708 --> 02:28:52,600
stew that was the foundation of 
English Cuisine for centuries. 

2876
02:28:52,600 --> 02:28:55,600
This wasn't the watery 
flavorless gruel of popular 

2877
02:28:55,600 --> 02:28:56,900
imagination. 
Good. 

2878
02:28:56,900 --> 02:29:00,400
Portage was complex made with 
whatever meets vegetables and 

2879
02:29:00,400 --> 02:29:03,200
Grains were available and 
simmered for hours until 

2880
02:29:03,200 --> 02:29:06,600
everything melded into something
that was simultaneously simple 

2881
02:29:06,600 --> 02:29:09,300
and sophisticated the pot was 
rarely empty. 

2882
02:29:09,300 --> 02:29:13,100
Completely new ingredients were 
added each day creating a 

2883
02:29:13,100 --> 02:29:15,900
continuously evolving dish. 
That might technically have been

2884
02:29:15,900 --> 02:29:19,400
cooking for months. 
Brett accompanied everything and

2885
02:29:19,400 --> 02:29:23,000
its quality indicated, the 
establishments standards the 

2886
02:29:23,000 --> 02:29:26,100
finest white bread made from 
wheat was for the wealthy. 

2887
02:29:26,800 --> 02:29:30,100
Most people ate darker breads 
made from Rye barley or mixed 

2888
02:29:30,100 --> 02:29:32,100
grains. 
The very poorest ate bread. 

2889
02:29:32,100 --> 02:29:35,500
So course it was barely 
palatable innkeepers learned to 

2890
02:29:35,500 --> 02:29:38,400
judge their customers quickly 
and serve accordingly, there was

2891
02:29:38,400 --> 02:29:41,400
no point in wasting expensive, 
white bread on someone who'd be 

2892
02:29:41,400 --> 02:29:44,400
satisfied with Rye. 
The serving vessels, tell their 

2893
02:29:44,400 --> 02:29:47,600
own story about these earlier 
establishments, before mass 

2894
02:29:47,600 --> 02:29:51,000
production, every cup plate, and
Bowl was individually made, and 

2895
02:29:51,000 --> 02:29:55,400
relatively valuable Wooden, 
trenches thick slices of stale 

2896
02:29:55,400 --> 02:29:57,100
bread that served as edible 
plates. 

2897
02:29:57,100 --> 02:29:59,000
Were common for ordinary 
customers. 

2898
02:29:59,000 --> 02:30:01,100
Better establishments. 
Used wooden. 

2899
02:30:01,100 --> 02:30:04,000
Oar pewter dishes. 
Only the finest ins could afford

2900
02:30:04,000 --> 02:30:08,000
Pottery or rarely glass. 
Let's step away from the ends 

2901
02:30:08,000 --> 02:30:10,300
and Ale, House's for a moment, 
to understand what ordinary 

2902
02:30:10,300 --> 02:30:11,600
English. 
People were eating at home 

2903
02:30:11,600 --> 02:30:14,600
because this context makes pub 
food more meaningful. 

2904
02:30:14,600 --> 02:30:17,700
The diet of common folk was 
dictated by the seasons. 

2905
02:30:17,700 --> 02:30:20,300
In ways we can barely comprehend
in our era of year. 

2906
02:30:20,300 --> 02:30:22,300
Round strawberries and imported 
asparagus. 

2907
02:30:23,200 --> 02:30:27,500
Winter was the hardest time 
fresh food was scarce and people

2908
02:30:27,500 --> 02:30:31,300
relied on what could be stored 
preserved or kept alive until 

2909
02:30:31,300 --> 02:30:34,400
needed. 
Root vegetables, turnips 

2910
02:30:34,400 --> 02:30:37,800
parsnips and carrots kept 
relatively well in Cold Storage.

2911
02:30:38,500 --> 02:30:41,800
Cabbage could be harvested late 
into the season, onions and 

2912
02:30:41,800 --> 02:30:45,100
garlic hung in bundles from 
Rafters dried peas and beans 

2913
02:30:45,100 --> 02:30:47,700
provided protein. 
When fresh meat was beyond reach

2914
02:30:47,700 --> 02:30:51,600
or forbidden by religious 
dietary laws, salted smoked, and

2915
02:30:51,600 --> 02:30:54,700
dried meat sustained families 
through cold months, when fresh 

2916
02:30:54,700 --> 02:30:57,600
Slaughter was impossible. 
The Autumn Pig killing was a 

2917
02:30:57,600 --> 02:31:00,900
crucial event in every rural 
household and every part of the 

2918
02:31:00,900 --> 02:31:03,600
animal was used with a 
practicality born of necessity. 

2919
02:31:04,500 --> 02:31:08,400
Hams and bacon were salted and 
smoked sausages were made from 

2920
02:31:08,400 --> 02:31:11,200
scraps in organs, blood became 
black pudding. 

2921
02:31:11,900 --> 02:31:14,000
Even the bladder was useful as a
storage container. 

2922
02:31:15,000 --> 02:31:18,300
Spring brought what was called 
The Hungry Gap that period when 

2923
02:31:18,300 --> 02:31:20,600
winter storms were depleted. 
But new crops hadn't yet 

2924
02:31:20,600 --> 02:31:23,100
matured. 
This was when people relied most

2925
02:31:23,100 --> 02:31:27,300
heavily on wild Foods, Nettles 
dandelion, greens wild garlic 

2926
02:31:27,300 --> 02:31:30,400
and whatever could be foraged 
from hedgerows and Fields the 

2927
02:31:30,400 --> 02:31:32,600
arrival of the first fresh. 
Vegetables and herbs was 

2928
02:31:32,600 --> 02:31:36,400
celebrated with genuine relief. 
Summer and Autumn were times of 

2929
02:31:36,400 --> 02:31:39,900
relative, abundance, when fresh 
vegetables, fruits and berries, 

2930
02:31:39,900 --> 02:31:42,900
were available to supplement the
basic diet of bread and pottage 

2931
02:31:42,900 --> 02:31:46,900
people preserved everything, 
they could making Jam pickling 

2932
02:31:46,900 --> 02:31:50,100
vegetables, drying fruit because
they knew winter would come. 

2933
02:31:50,100 --> 02:31:53,200
Again with its limitations 
cheese was more important in the

2934
02:31:53,208 --> 02:31:54,800
English diet than we often 
realize. 

2935
02:31:54,800 --> 02:31:58,600
It was protein that could be 
stored for months improving with

2936
02:31:58,600 --> 02:32:02,300
age rather than spoiling Every 
region had its traditional 

2937
02:32:02,300 --> 02:32:04,800
cheese. 
And people took Fierce pride in 

2938
02:32:04,800 --> 02:32:08,200
local varieties, a piece of 
cheese and bread and an onion 

2939
02:32:08,200 --> 02:32:11,200
constituted a meal that 
satisfied both stomach and soul.

2940
02:32:11,800 --> 02:32:13,900
Dairy products in general played
a crucial role. 

2941
02:32:13,900 --> 02:32:18,700
Butter cream milk and cheese 
weren't luxuries but Staples 

2942
02:32:18,700 --> 02:32:21,400
that made the difference between
adequate nutrition and hunger, 

2943
02:32:21,400 --> 02:32:25,000
the phrase bread and butter 
wasn't just an idiom, it 

2944
02:32:25,000 --> 02:32:27,100
literally described. 
What many people ate for 

2945
02:32:27,100 --> 02:32:30,900
breakfast, every single day? 
Meat consumption varied 

2946
02:32:30,900 --> 02:32:34,500
enormously by class and season. 
Well, filthy people ate meat 

2947
02:32:34,500 --> 02:32:36,900
regularly sometimes multiple 
times a day. 

2948
02:32:36,908 --> 02:32:40,200
Paul laborers, might taste fresh
meat, only a few times a year, 

2949
02:32:40,208 --> 02:32:42,400
usually at festivals or 
celebrations. 

2950
02:32:42,400 --> 02:32:47,500
Game Rapids birds and deer was 
theoretically reserved for 

2951
02:32:47,500 --> 02:32:49,800
landowner's. 
But poaching was common enough 

2952
02:32:49,800 --> 02:32:53,300
that many families, supplemented
their diet with accidentally 

2953
02:32:53,300 --> 02:32:58,900
acquired protein The spice trade
had profound effects on English 

2954
02:32:58,900 --> 02:33:00,900
Cuisine though, not always in 
the ways. 

2955
02:33:00,900 --> 02:33:03,400
You might imagine contrary to 
popular beliefs. 

2956
02:33:03,400 --> 02:33:06,400
His weren't primarily used to 
mask the taste of rotten meat. 

2957
02:33:07,400 --> 02:33:09,700
Food preservation was too 
important for people to 

2958
02:33:09,700 --> 02:33:13,400
deliberately eat spoiled food 
instead, spices were status 

2959
02:33:13,400 --> 02:33:16,100
symbols and flavor enhancers 
that wealthy people used to 

2960
02:33:16,100 --> 02:33:18,100
demonstrate sophistication and 
worldliness. 

2961
02:33:19,300 --> 02:33:22,600
Common folk had their own 
flavoring Arsenal herbs from the

2962
02:33:22,608 --> 02:33:26,800
garden, or Hedgerow, Parsley, 
Sage Thyme, and rosemary weren't

2963
02:33:26,800 --> 02:33:29,100
just a pretty song. 
They were the foundation of 

2964
02:33:29,100 --> 02:33:31,800
English seasoning. 
These herbs grew readily in the 

2965
02:33:31,800 --> 02:33:34,600
English climate and transformed 
simple dishes into something 

2966
02:33:34,600 --> 02:33:37,400
more interesting. 
A pot of beans cooked with an 

2967
02:33:37,400 --> 02:33:40,300
onion and some time became a 
meal worth anticipating rather 

2968
02:33:40,300 --> 02:33:43,600
than just enduring. 
Cooking methods reflected both 

2969
02:33:43,600 --> 02:33:45,100
technology and fuel 
availability. 

2970
02:33:45,100 --> 02:33:48,900
Open half fires were standard 
until remarkably recently. 

2971
02:33:48,900 --> 02:33:51,900
Even in the late 18th century, 
many homes, still cooked 

2972
02:33:51,900 --> 02:33:54,700
everything over an open flame, 
this required. 

2973
02:33:54,700 --> 02:33:57,700
Genuine skill, you couldn't just
turn a dial to adjust 

2974
02:33:57,700 --> 02:33:59,900
temperature. 
You learned to judge Heat by 

2975
02:33:59,900 --> 02:34:03,100
holding your hand above the fire
to arrange, coals for different 

2976
02:34:03,100 --> 02:34:06,100
cooking temperatures and to use 
the ambient heat of the hearth 

2977
02:34:06,100 --> 02:34:09,800
for slow cooking, while using 
direct Flames for faster work. 

2978
02:34:10,500 --> 02:34:13,200
Baking was often done communally
because few households have 

2979
02:34:13,208 --> 02:34:16,000
their own ovens Village. 
Bakery would bake bread for 

2980
02:34:16,000 --> 02:34:18,800
families who brought their own 
dough or families would bring 

2981
02:34:18,800 --> 02:34:21,300
prepared dishes to be cooked in 
the Bakers of NAFTA. 

2982
02:34:21,300 --> 02:34:24,600
The day's bread was done this 
created a community Rhythm where

2983
02:34:24,600 --> 02:34:27,800
certain days were baking days 
and the smell of fresh bread, 

2984
02:34:27,800 --> 02:34:31,600
would fill the village. 
Fast forward to the 18th and 

2985
02:34:31,600 --> 02:34:34,500
19th centuries. 
An English pubs had evolved into

2986
02:34:34,500 --> 02:34:37,800
something, we'd recognize more 
readily today while still 

2987
02:34:37,800 --> 02:34:41,400
maintaining connections to their
medieval Roots, the Georgian and

2988
02:34:41,400 --> 02:34:43,900
Victorian era saw pubs become 
increasingly sophisticated 

2989
02:34:43,900 --> 02:34:47,800
differentiated and Central to 
social life across all classes. 

2990
02:34:48,900 --> 02:34:52,200
George and pubs those operating 
during the Reigns of the forking

2991
02:34:52,200 --> 02:34:56,400
George from 1714 to 1830 
developed distinct 

2992
02:34:56,400 --> 02:34:59,900
personalities, based on their 
clientele in London and other 

2993
02:34:59,900 --> 02:35:01,900
cities. 
You'd find pubs that catered 

2994
02:35:01,900 --> 02:35:05,900
specifically to Merchants others
to laborers and still others to 

2995
02:35:05,900 --> 02:35:08,800
the growing middle class. 
This wasn't enforced 

2996
02:35:08,800 --> 02:35:13,000
segregation, but organic, social
sorting people gravitated toward

2997
02:35:13,000 --> 02:35:15,400
establishments, where they felt 
comfortable, where their 

2998
02:35:15,400 --> 02:35:18,400
occupation and social standing 
aligned with other patreons. 

2999
02:35:19,300 --> 02:35:22,500
The food served in Georgian pubs
reflected England's, growing 

3000
02:35:22,500 --> 02:35:27,000
prosperity and expanding global 
trade coffee House's had emerged

3001
02:35:27,000 --> 02:35:30,600
as competitors to traditional 
alehouses and pubs responded by 

3002
02:35:30,600 --> 02:35:34,300
improving their food offering. 
Respectable Georgian Pub might 

3003
02:35:34,300 --> 02:35:37,500
serve meat pies, that were 
genuinely worth ordering not 

3004
02:35:37,500 --> 02:35:40,800
just fuel to soak up alcohol, 
roast beef was becoming the dish

3005
02:35:40,800 --> 02:35:44,300
that defined English identity 
served in thick slices with 

3006
02:35:44,300 --> 02:35:47,600
Yorkshire pudding and gravy. 
Victorian pubs took this 

3007
02:35:47,600 --> 02:35:51,100
Evolution further often becoming
quite Grand establishments with 

3008
02:35:51,100 --> 02:35:55,700
etched glass polished brass and 
multiple rooms serving different

3009
02:35:55,700 --> 02:35:58,200
purposes. 
The Snug was a small private 

3010
02:35:58,200 --> 02:36:00,100
room. 
Often used by women who are 

3011
02:36:00,100 --> 02:36:03,300
increasingly accepted as Pub. 
Patrons though, still somewhat 

3012
02:36:03,300 --> 02:36:05,000
segregated from the main 
drinking area. 

3013
02:36:05,000 --> 02:36:08,500
The Saloon bar was slightly more
upscaled than the public Bar 

3014
02:36:08,500 --> 02:36:11,500
charging a penny or two more per
drink in exchange for better, 

3015
02:36:11,500 --> 02:36:13,800
seating and more refined 
surroundings. 

3016
02:36:14,700 --> 02:36:17,700
Food in Victorian pubs range, 
from basic to surprisingly, 

3017
02:36:17,700 --> 02:36:20,700
sophisticated the humblest, 
offerings included, bread and 

3018
02:36:20,700 --> 02:36:22,500
cheese. 
Perhaps with pickled onions or 

3019
02:36:22,500 --> 02:36:24,900
chutney. 
Many pubs served, a simple 

3020
02:36:24,900 --> 02:36:27,800
ordinary a set meal at a fixed 
price. 

3021
02:36:27,800 --> 02:36:30,800
Usually featuring, whatever the 
kitchen had made that day. 

3022
02:36:30,800 --> 02:36:35,900
This might be stew, pie sausages
with mashed potatoes, all the 

3023
02:36:35,908 --> 02:36:40,400
Eternal favorite fish and chips.
Actually, let's pause on fish 

3024
02:36:40,400 --> 02:36:43,200
and chips from a moment because 
this dish tells us something 

3025
02:36:43,200 --> 02:36:45,700
important about Victorian 
England and Pub culture. 

3026
02:36:45,700 --> 02:36:48,900
Fried fish had been sold by 
Street vendors for decades. 

3027
02:36:48,900 --> 02:36:52,000
While chips thick cut fried 
potatoes were a separate, 

3028
02:36:52,000 --> 02:36:54,800
traditional, The Genius of 
combining them emerged in the 

3029
02:36:54,808 --> 02:36:58,700
1860s, creating a meal that was 
hot filling, cheap and could be 

3030
02:36:58,700 --> 02:37:02,000
eaten without utensils while 
wrapped in newspaper pubs. 

3031
02:37:02,000 --> 02:37:05,400
Quickly adopted this combination
and it became as fundamental to 

3032
02:37:05,400 --> 02:37:07,500
English identity as tea, or the 
monarchy. 

3033
02:37:08,400 --> 02:37:12,000
Quality of pub food, varied 
wildly and victorians developed 

3034
02:37:12,000 --> 02:37:14,900
codes for evaluating 
establishments a pub. 

3035
02:37:14,900 --> 02:37:16,700
With sawdust. 
On the floor was marking itself 

3036
02:37:16,700 --> 02:37:20,600
as basic, the sawdust soaked up 
spills, and swept out daily. 

3037
02:37:21,700 --> 02:37:24,600
Bare floorboards, suggested 
slightly, higher, aspirations 

3038
02:37:24,600 --> 02:37:28,100
carpet, indicated, genuine 
pretensions to gentility. 

3039
02:37:28,100 --> 02:37:31,200
These were not arbitrary 
markers, but practical signals 

3040
02:37:31,200 --> 02:37:33,800
about what kind of experience 
and what kind of food quality 

3041
02:37:33,800 --> 02:37:37,300
you could expect. 
Pub kitchens in the Victorian 

3042
02:37:37,300 --> 02:37:40,600
era, were gradually modernizing 
though, they remained far from 

3043
02:37:40,600 --> 02:37:43,700
today's standards. 
Coal-fired ranges were replacing

3044
02:37:43,700 --> 02:37:45,800
open. 
Halves allowing more precise, 

3045
02:37:45,800 --> 02:37:48,000
temperature control, and 
multiple dishes to be cooked 

3046
02:37:48,000 --> 02:37:50,300
simultaneously. 
Refrigeration was still 

3047
02:37:50,300 --> 02:37:53,400
primitive or non-existent. 
So pubs relied on cool sellers 

3048
02:37:53,400 --> 02:37:57,100
daily deliveries of fresh 
ingredients and cooking methods,

3049
02:37:57,100 --> 02:37:59,200
that preserved food through heat
or preservation. 

3050
02:38:00,300 --> 02:38:02,500
The pub lunch became an 
institution in Victorian 

3051
02:38:02,500 --> 02:38:05,100
England. 
Particularly in cities, office 

3052
02:38:05,100 --> 02:38:09,000
workers, shop, assistants and 
laborers would stream into pubs 

3053
02:38:09,000 --> 02:38:12,100
at midday for a quick meal and 
perhaps a pint before returning 

3054
02:38:12,100 --> 02:38:14,800
to work. 
This wasn't the leisurely public

3055
02:38:14,800 --> 02:38:18,100
experience of an evening. 
It was efficient practical, 

3056
02:38:18,100 --> 02:38:21,300
eating the Publican who could 
serve decent food, quickly 

3057
02:38:21,300 --> 02:38:24,100
earned steady daytime business 
that supplemented evening, 

3058
02:38:24,100 --> 02:38:27,400
drinking trade, certain dishes 
became Pub Classics during this 

3059
02:38:27,400 --> 02:38:31,300
period and many remained. 
So today plowman's lunch though,

3060
02:38:31,300 --> 02:38:34,500
it wasn't called that until the 
20th century was essentially the

3061
02:38:34,500 --> 02:38:37,000
portable field meal of 
agricultural workers brought 

3062
02:38:37,000 --> 02:38:42,400
indoors, bread cheese, pickles, 
and perhaps cold meat Scotch 

3063
02:38:42,400 --> 02:38:45,000
eggs, which despite the name are
probably English in origin, 

3064
02:38:45,000 --> 02:38:49,900
became Pub Staples, Pork Pies, 
sausage rolls and various Savory

3065
02:38:49,900 --> 02:38:54,000
pastries, filled the role that 
sandwiches filtered today The 

3066
02:38:54,000 --> 02:38:56,600
Victorian Pub also became the 
center of an emerging tradition 

3067
02:38:56,600 --> 02:38:59,900
the pie and mash shop culture 
that paralleled dining. 

3068
02:38:59,900 --> 02:39:03,500
The specialized establishments 
served meat pies with mashed 

3069
02:39:03,500 --> 02:39:06,900
potatoes and a parsley sauce 
that locals called liquor. 

3070
02:39:07,800 --> 02:39:11,300
While technically not pubs they 
served similar functions and 

3071
02:39:11,300 --> 02:39:14,900
often shared customers with 
nearby public houses drinks had 

3072
02:39:14,900 --> 02:39:18,300
evolved Beyond Simple ale 
Porter, a dark beer that was 

3073
02:39:18,300 --> 02:39:20,900
easier to store and transport 
than traditional ale. 

3074
02:39:21,500 --> 02:39:24,800
Became hugely popular in the 
18th century and its stronger. 

3075
02:39:24,800 --> 02:39:28,500
Cousin Stout followed kin had 
gone from cheap destructive 

3076
02:39:28,500 --> 02:39:32,000
mother's ruin to a more 
respectable Spirit often mixed 

3077
02:39:32,000 --> 02:39:34,500
with tonic water. 
Wine was available in better 

3078
02:39:34,500 --> 02:39:37,400
establishments though beer 
remained the Democratic drink of

3079
02:39:37,400 --> 02:39:42,000
choice across all classes, To 
truly understand Pub dining. 

3080
02:39:42,000 --> 02:39:44,900
We need to see it in context 
with how people ate at home 

3081
02:39:44,900 --> 02:39:48,400
because the pub was never 
separate from me domestic life. 

3082
02:39:48,400 --> 02:39:51,700
But rather an extension of it, 
the rhythm of daily, meals at 

3083
02:39:51,700 --> 02:39:54,800
home, created the framework that
made Pub culture meaningful for 

3084
02:39:54,800 --> 02:39:57,200
most of English History. 
The majority of people ate two 

3085
02:39:57,200 --> 02:40:00,100
main meals a day, rather than 
three breakfast was often, 

3086
02:40:00,100 --> 02:40:03,000
simple red with butter or 
dripping, perhaps some cheese 

3087
02:40:03,000 --> 02:40:04,600
washed down with small beer or 
milk. 

3088
02:40:04,600 --> 02:40:08,200
This was fuel for the days work 
consumed quickly before heading 

3089
02:40:08,200 --> 02:40:11,800
to Fields, shops or factories. 
The main meal of the day was 

3090
02:40:11,800 --> 02:40:14,800
traditionally called dinner and 
eaten anywhere from noon to 

3091
02:40:14,800 --> 02:40:17,500
early afternoon. 
This was the substantial meal. 

3092
02:40:17,500 --> 02:40:21,000
The one where families gathered 
if work allowed for Rural 

3093
02:40:21,000 --> 02:40:25,000
laborers, Diner might be brought
to the fields, bread cheese, 

3094
02:40:25,000 --> 02:40:29,300
cold meter for available and a 
drink to wash it down for those 

3095
02:40:29,300 --> 02:40:31,700
who work near home. 
Dina meant returning to a hot 

3096
02:40:31,700 --> 02:40:33,700
meal prepared by whoever managed
the household. 

3097
02:40:34,900 --> 02:40:37,700
These home dinners centered 
around the same potages stews, 

3098
02:40:37,700 --> 02:40:40,300
and pies that we've mentioned 
because these dishes made 

3099
02:40:40,300 --> 02:40:43,000
economic sense. 
You could cook them in one pot, 

3100
02:40:43,000 --> 02:40:46,200
they improved with time. 
And they stretched expensive 

3101
02:40:46,200 --> 02:40:48,700
ingredients like meat by 
combining them with cheaper 

3102
02:40:48,700 --> 02:40:52,000
vegetables and Grains a skilled 
cook could make a small amount 

3103
02:40:52,000 --> 02:40:54,000
of meat flavor. 
An entire pot of stew. 

3104
02:40:54,000 --> 02:40:55,400
That would feed a family for 
days. 

3105
02:40:55,400 --> 02:40:58,700
Supper was lighter often, just 
bred and cheese. 

3106
02:40:58,700 --> 02:41:02,500
Perhaps with ale, or tea as tea 
became more affordable in the 

3107
02:41:02,500 --> 02:41:05,500
18th and 19th. 
Centuries it transformed English

3108
02:41:05,500 --> 02:41:10,200
eating habits. tea time emerged 
as a distinct meal, particularly

3109
02:41:10,200 --> 02:41:13,900
among the middle and upper 
classes but for working people T

3110
02:41:13,900 --> 02:41:16,900
was often supper bread and 
butter with a cup of tea, maybe 

3111
02:41:16,900 --> 02:41:20,800
with an egg, if times were good,
The kitchen half was the literal

3112
02:41:20,800 --> 02:41:24,400
and metaphorical Center of home 
life even as cold stoves became 

3113
02:41:24,400 --> 02:41:27,300
more common, many homes kept 
their open hearths because they 

3114
02:41:27,300 --> 02:41:29,800
provided heat as well as cooking
capability. 

3115
02:41:29,800 --> 02:41:32,600
The fire was never allowed to go
completely out if it could be 

3116
02:41:32,608 --> 02:41:35,800
helped because restarting it 
from scratch was laborious. 

3117
02:41:35,800 --> 02:41:40,000
Instead it was banked at night, 
covered with Ash to preserve 

3118
02:41:40,000 --> 02:41:42,400
coals, that could be coaxed back
to flame in the morning. 

3119
02:41:42,400 --> 02:41:47,400
Cooking equipment was minimal by
modern standards, a pot a pan, 

3120
02:41:47,400 --> 02:41:51,100
perhaps a griddle, some Wooden 
Spoons and a knife or two. 

3121
02:41:51,100 --> 02:41:53,900
Wealthy households might have 
specialized equipment for 

3122
02:41:53,900 --> 02:41:57,200
specific dishes but ordinary 
family is made with Basics. 

3123
02:41:57,200 --> 02:41:59,900
This limitation actually 
produced creativity. 

3124
02:42:00,800 --> 02:42:03,400
Cooks learned to make diverse 
dishes using the same simple 

3125
02:42:03,400 --> 02:42:07,100
tools bearing ingredients and 
techniques rather than relying 

3126
02:42:07,100 --> 02:42:10,100
on different equipment. 
Food storage was its own 

3127
02:42:10,100 --> 02:42:13,600
challenge without Refrigeration.
Fresh food needed to be used, 

3128
02:42:13,600 --> 02:42:15,100
quickly or preserved 
immediately. 

3129
02:42:15,800 --> 02:42:19,000
The Larder a cool room or 
cabinet often on a north-facing 

3130
02:42:19,000 --> 02:42:22,300
wall kept dairy in meat from 
spoiling for a few days. 

3131
02:42:23,200 --> 02:42:27,400
Mesh safes protected food from 
flies and mice salting smoking, 

3132
02:42:27,400 --> 02:42:29,700
pickling and drying remained 
essential skills. 

3133
02:42:29,700 --> 02:42:33,200
Well into the 20th century. 
The weekly shopping Rhythm 

3134
02:42:33,200 --> 02:42:36,800
structured home cooking Market 
Days brought fresh produce Meat 

3135
02:42:36,800 --> 02:42:40,200
and Fish to towns and Villages 
Savvy Shoppers learn to time 

3136
02:42:40,200 --> 02:42:43,400
their purchases arrive, too 
early and prices were high 

3137
02:42:43,400 --> 02:42:45,900
arrived near closing and 
selection was poor. 

3138
02:42:45,900 --> 02:42:48,800
But Bargains could be found 
whatever you bought on Market 

3139
02:42:48,800 --> 02:42:50,400
Day. 
Determined what you eat for the 

3140
02:42:50,400 --> 02:42:53,200
next week. 
Seasonally eating wasn't a 

3141
02:42:53,200 --> 02:42:56,700
lifestyle choice, but to none 
avoidable reality spring lamb. 

3142
02:42:56,700 --> 02:43:00,300
Summer berries, automatable. 
Winter root vegetables. 

3143
02:43:00,300 --> 02:43:03,700
The year rotated through its 
ingredients with rigid 

3144
02:43:03,700 --> 02:43:06,800
predictability. 
This created anticipation that 

3145
02:43:06,800 --> 02:43:09,500
we've largely lost the first 
strawberries of Summer, 

3146
02:43:09,500 --> 02:43:11,900
genuinely meant something when 
you hadn't eaten, anything, 

3147
02:43:11,900 --> 02:43:15,100
fresh and sweet for months. 
The first order Maples were 

3148
02:43:15,100 --> 02:43:17,700
celebrated because they 
represented abundance after the 

3149
02:43:17,700 --> 02:43:21,300
hungry gap of late summer. 
Baking day was a weekly ritual 

3150
02:43:21,300 --> 02:43:24,500
in homes that had ovens. 
Bread, was baked and quantity. 

3151
02:43:24,500 --> 02:43:27,700
Nuff lives to last the week, 
growing increasingly stale, but 

3152
02:43:27,700 --> 02:43:31,400
remaining edible, Pie is both 
sweet and savory were baked for 

3153
02:43:31,400 --> 02:43:34,400
eating throughout the week. 
Cakes and biscuits were luxuries

3154
02:43:34,400 --> 02:43:37,600
for special occasions. 
But when they appeared they 

3155
02:43:37,600 --> 02:43:39,200
marked celebrations worth 
remembering. 

3156
02:43:40,300 --> 02:43:43,100
The communal nature of food 
extended Beyond individual 

3157
02:43:43,100 --> 02:43:47,400
households neighbors, shared, 
surpluses too many eggs, extra 

3158
02:43:47,400 --> 02:43:49,000
milk, a glut of garden 
vegetables. 

3159
02:43:49,000 --> 02:43:52,800
This wasn't charity but 
practical Mutual support you 

3160
02:43:52,800 --> 02:43:54,600
shared. 
When you had extra knowing 

3161
02:43:54,600 --> 02:43:57,300
others would share with you when
your circumstances reversed 

3162
02:43:57,300 --> 02:44:00,400
these informal networks of food,
sharing built and maintained 

3163
02:44:00,400 --> 02:44:03,200
Community bonds that were, as 
important as the food itself. 

3164
02:44:04,500 --> 02:44:06,500
The standing. 
These home rhythms helps explain

3165
02:44:06,500 --> 02:44:09,800
why people went to pubs, it 
wasn't primarily about the food.

3166
02:44:09,800 --> 02:44:12,500
Most people could feed 
themselves more cheaply at home.

3167
02:44:12,500 --> 02:44:16,000
Hubs offered something else 
warmth without using your own 

3168
02:44:16,000 --> 02:44:20,000
fuel light with without burning 
your own candles companionship, 

3169
02:44:20,000 --> 02:44:23,000
beyond your immediate family 
news from The Wider World 

3170
02:44:23,000 --> 02:44:26,500
entertainment and a break from 
the domestic routine, that 

3171
02:44:26,500 --> 02:44:31,600
structured so much of life. 
The way people ate the Customs 

3172
02:44:31,600 --> 02:44:35,000
traditions and unspoken rules 
that governed meals, tells us as

3173
02:44:35,000 --> 02:44:38,200
much about English life as what 
they ate these Traditions 

3174
02:44:38,200 --> 02:44:41,600
evolved over centuries mixing 
practical necessity with social 

3175
02:44:41,600 --> 02:44:44,500
meaning, to create eating 
customs that shape how people 

3176
02:44:44,500 --> 02:44:45,700
understood their place in the 
world. 

3177
02:44:46,900 --> 02:44:49,100
Table manners in England 
developed gradually from 

3178
02:44:49,100 --> 02:44:52,200
medieval times onward. 
But they weren't the rigid 

3179
02:44:52,200 --> 02:44:55,100
anxious Affairs that Victorian 
etiquette books might suggest 

3180
02:44:55,100 --> 02:44:58,500
most people's table manners. 
Were simply habitual practices 

3181
02:44:58,500 --> 02:45:01,600
passed down through families 
designed to make communally 

3182
02:45:01,600 --> 02:45:04,700
eating work smoothly rather than
to exclude anyone. 

3183
02:45:05,800 --> 02:45:09,900
The concept of courses separate 
dishes, served in sequence was 

3184
02:45:09,900 --> 02:45:12,800
initially an upper-class 
practice that slowly filtered 

3185
02:45:12,800 --> 02:45:16,200
down through Society in ordinary
homes, everything appeared on 

3186
02:45:16,208 --> 02:45:19,200
the table at once. 
The stew will joint of meat the 

3187
02:45:19,200 --> 02:45:22,300
vegetables, the bread and the 
cheese, you helped yourself to 

3188
02:45:22,300 --> 02:45:24,600
whatever you wanted in. 
Whatever order made sense. 

3189
02:45:24,600 --> 02:45:27,600
This wasn't chaos. 
But a different organizational 

3190
02:45:27,600 --> 02:45:31,200
principle abundance. 
Displayed simultaneously rather 

3191
02:45:31,200 --> 02:45:35,100
than rationed sequentially. 
Eating utensils evolved more 

3192
02:45:35,100 --> 02:45:37,600
slowly than you might. 
Imagine Forks, didn't become 

3193
02:45:37,600 --> 02:45:39,700
common in England, until the 
17th century. 

3194
02:45:39,700 --> 02:45:42,900
And even then many people 
continued eating with a knife 

3195
02:45:42,900 --> 02:45:45,900
and spoon using bread to push 
food onto the spoon. 

3196
02:45:45,900 --> 02:45:49,800
The fork was initially seen as 
affected, even a feminine 

3197
02:45:49,800 --> 02:45:53,400
English, people didn't need 
fancy, Italian implements to eat

3198
02:45:53,400 --> 02:45:56,000
their dinner. 
But gradually Forks proved their

3199
02:45:56,000 --> 02:45:58,100
utility and by the Victorian 
era. 

3200
02:45:58,100 --> 02:46:01,400
Elaborate place setting with 
multiple specialized Forks, had 

3201
02:46:01,400 --> 02:46:04,300
become status symbols, the 
proper way to hold utensils 

3202
02:46:04,300 --> 02:46:07,600
varied by class. 
And period, Continental style. 

3203
02:46:07,600 --> 02:46:12,100
Forking left hand knife in, 
right tines down was considered 

3204
02:46:12,100 --> 02:46:14,700
more sophisticated than 
switching hands after cutting. 

3205
02:46:15,600 --> 02:46:18,300
But in pubs and ordinary homes 
people ate, however, was 

3206
02:46:18,300 --> 02:46:21,300
comfortable and effective. 
The anxiety about correct 

3207
02:46:21,300 --> 02:46:24,900
utensil use was largely a 
middle-class preoccupation as 

3208
02:46:24,900 --> 02:46:27,300
the aspiring. 
Middle-class is used etiquette, 

3209
02:46:27,300 --> 02:46:30,300
as a way, to distinguish 
themselves, from working classes

3210
02:46:30,300 --> 02:46:33,400
below and demonstrate their 
Fitness for higher Social 

3211
02:46:33,400 --> 02:46:36,700
Status. 
Grace, before meals was 

3212
02:46:36,700 --> 02:46:39,800
standard, practice across most 
of English society though, the 

3213
02:46:39,800 --> 02:46:42,700
elaborate, as varied in 
religious households, Grace 

3214
02:46:42,700 --> 02:46:45,000
might be a formal prayer 
thanking God for providing 

3215
02:46:45,000 --> 02:46:49,400
sustenance in less devout homes.
It might be a quick mumbled 

3216
02:46:49,400 --> 02:46:53,000
formula, more habit than 
heartfelt devotion, but the 

3217
02:46:53,000 --> 02:46:56,000
pause before eating the 
acknowledgment that food was not

3218
02:46:56,000 --> 02:47:00,500
to be taken for granted nearly 
Universal Toasting traditions in

3219
02:47:00,500 --> 02:47:02,700
pubs develop their own complex 
Customs. 

3220
02:47:02,700 --> 02:47:06,000
The simple Act of raising 
glasses before drinking became 

3221
02:47:06,000 --> 02:47:09,000
layered with meaning. 
And ritual you made eye contact 

3222
02:47:09,000 --> 02:47:12,100
while toasting to skip. 
This was considered bad luck or 

3223
02:47:12,100 --> 02:47:15,700
even an insult, you never 
toasted with an empty glass and 

3224
02:47:15,700 --> 02:47:18,800
you never toasted with water. 
This Superstition came from the 

3225
02:47:18,800 --> 02:47:21,700
belief that toasting with water,
condemned the recipient to a 

3226
02:47:21,700 --> 02:47:25,300
watery death The round system 
where each person in a group, 

3227
02:47:25,308 --> 02:47:29,500
takes turns, buying drinks for 
everyone became fundamental to 

3228
02:47:29,500 --> 02:47:32,200
English pub culture. 
This wasn't just about fairly 

3229
02:47:32,200 --> 02:47:35,200
Distributing costs. 
It was a social bonding 

3230
02:47:35,200 --> 02:47:38,000
mechanism that kept groups 
together and created obligations

3231
02:47:38,000 --> 02:47:41,300
of reciprocity leaving before 
you'd bought your round was a 

3232
02:47:41,300 --> 02:47:44,100
serious breach of Pub, etiquette
that marked you as 

3233
02:47:44,100 --> 02:47:47,700
untrustworthy. 
Seasonal Foods came with their 

3234
02:47:47,700 --> 02:47:51,300
own traditions and meanings 
Goose at michaelmas, September 

3235
02:47:51,300 --> 02:47:54,300
29th, oysters in months with an 
R. 

3236
02:47:54,300 --> 02:47:58,000
Hot Cross Buns on. 
Good Friday, Pancakes on Shroff 

3237
02:47:58,000 --> 02:48:01,100
Tuesday, these were just 
culinary customs, but ways of 

3238
02:48:01,100 --> 02:48:04,800
marking time, connecting to the 
agricultural, calendar and 

3239
02:48:04,800 --> 02:48:08,000
participating in communal 
rituals that transcended 

3240
02:48:08,000 --> 02:48:11,200
individual households. 
Christmas dinner, traditions of 

3241
02:48:11,200 --> 02:48:13,200
old over centuries into the 
elaborate meal. 

3242
02:48:13,200 --> 02:48:16,400
We recognize today, the 
centerpiece shifted from peacock

3243
02:48:16,400 --> 02:48:20,000
to Swan to Goose and finally, to
Turkey as these birds became 

3244
02:48:20,000 --> 02:48:23,100
available in affordable but the 
principal remained constant 

3245
02:48:23,900 --> 02:48:26,600
Christmas was when you ate 
better than any other day of the

3246
02:48:26,600 --> 02:48:29,500
year, when even poor families, 
tried to provide something 

3247
02:48:29,500 --> 02:48:31,900
special. 
And when the usual scarcity was 

3248
02:48:31,900 --> 02:48:36,600
temporarily suspended in favor 
of deliberate, abundance, The 

3249
02:48:36,600 --> 02:48:39,700
tradition of cold collation for 
Sunday supper reflected 

3250
02:48:39,700 --> 02:48:42,200
religious prohibitions against 
working on the Sabbath. 

3251
02:48:42,200 --> 02:48:45,900
Since cooking counted as work, 
Saturdays, cooking provided cold

3252
02:48:45,900 --> 02:48:49,800
meats pies and other dishes that
could be eaten Sunday without 

3253
02:48:49,800 --> 02:48:53,000
further preparation, this 
practical religious, observance 

3254
02:48:53,000 --> 02:48:55,700
created its own distinct Cuisine
of cold dishes that were meant 

3255
02:48:55,700 --> 02:48:57,100
to be delicious at room 
temperature. 

3256
02:48:58,400 --> 02:49:01,200
Funeral Foods the meal served 
after bearing, the dead 

3257
02:49:01,200 --> 02:49:04,800
followed, their own traditions 
and was common and practical 

3258
02:49:04,800 --> 02:49:07,700
because it could be prepared 
ahead and served cold to any 

3259
02:49:07,700 --> 02:49:10,700
number of mourners the funeral 
meal wasn't about elaborate 

3260
02:49:10,700 --> 02:49:14,300
cooking but about Gathering 
Community sharing grief, and 

3261
02:49:14,300 --> 02:49:17,500
acknowledging that life 
continued, despite death food at

3262
02:49:17,500 --> 02:49:20,400
these occasions, served social 
purposes Beyond near nutrition. 

3263
02:49:21,300 --> 02:49:23,600
Harvest Traditions brought 
communities together around 

3264
02:49:23,600 --> 02:49:26,800
shared meals, that celebrated 
successful Gathering of crops 

3265
02:49:26,800 --> 02:49:29,800
Harvest suppers though declining
by the Victorian era. 

3266
02:49:29,800 --> 02:49:32,600
Had been Central to Rural Life 
for centuries. 

3267
02:49:33,600 --> 02:49:36,300
The farmer who employed Harvest 
workers was expected to provide 

3268
02:49:36,300 --> 02:49:39,100
a feast at Harvest end, not from
generosity. 

3269
02:49:39,100 --> 02:49:41,900
But from obligation, these 
meals, acknowledge the 

3270
02:49:41,900 --> 02:49:45,100
interdependence of farmer and 
laborer, land and community. 

3271
02:49:46,100 --> 02:49:49,100
The pub fit into all these 
Traditions as a space where 

3272
02:49:49,100 --> 02:49:52,100
communal eating and drinking 
could occur outside the home. 

3273
02:49:52,100 --> 02:49:54,200
It was where Harvest suppers, 
might be held. 

3274
02:49:54,200 --> 02:49:57,100
If the farmers Barn was 
inadequate where workers could 

3275
02:49:57,100 --> 02:49:59,900
celebrate. 
Completion of a project, where 

3276
02:49:59,900 --> 02:50:03,300
Community organizations met over
meals, and where Travelers could

3277
02:50:03,300 --> 02:50:07,100
participate in local food 
Customs, even though they were 

3278
02:50:07,100 --> 02:50:10,500
strangers, As you finish your 
tea and prepare to drift into 

3279
02:50:10,500 --> 02:50:12,900
sleep. 
Let's Trace how these old 

3280
02:50:12,900 --> 02:50:15,400
traditions Echo into our present
shaping. 

3281
02:50:15,400 --> 02:50:19,200
How we eat and drink in ways. 
We rarely recognized the pub and

3282
02:50:19,200 --> 02:50:21,300
its Associated food culture 
aren't just historical 

3283
02:50:21,300 --> 02:50:24,300
Curiosities, their Living 
Traditions, that continue 

3284
02:50:24,300 --> 02:50:27,200
evolving while maintaining 
connections to centuries passed.

3285
02:50:28,200 --> 02:50:31,000
The modern Pub meals. 
Obvious debts to its ancestors 

3286
02:50:31,000 --> 02:50:34,500
fishing ships, meet pies, 
plowman's lunch and Sunday 

3287
02:50:34,500 --> 02:50:37,000
roast. 
These dishes survived because 

3288
02:50:37,000 --> 02:50:40,400
they genuinely work. 
They're satisfying relatively 

3289
02:50:40,400 --> 02:50:43,300
economical and compatible with 
the social atmosphere that 

3290
02:50:43,300 --> 02:50:47,000
defines Pub dining. 
They've also evolved modern pub 

3291
02:50:47,000 --> 02:50:49,400
food, often includes 
International influences, that 

3292
02:50:49,400 --> 02:50:53,500
would have been wielded, 18th 
century publicans Curry, pasta 

3293
02:50:53,500 --> 02:50:56,700
and burgers. 
These additions exist alongside 

3294
02:50:56,700 --> 02:51:00,100
traditional dishes, creating a 
menu that honors history while 

3295
02:51:00,100 --> 02:51:04,100
acknowledging contemporary 
tastes The gastro pub movement 

3296
02:51:04,100 --> 02:51:07,200
of recent decades represents 
both change and continuity. 

3297
02:51:07,200 --> 02:51:10,700
These establishments Elevate, 
traditional, pub, food, using 

3298
02:51:10,700 --> 02:51:13,000
refined techniques and quality 
ingredients. 

3299
02:51:13,800 --> 02:51:17,100
But the underlying concept 
gathering in a public house to 

3300
02:51:17,100 --> 02:51:19,600
eat well prepared food while 
enjoying drinks and 

3301
02:51:19,600 --> 02:51:25,000
companionship remains unchanged 
from medieval ale houses, your 

3302
02:51:25,000 --> 02:51:27,800
great-great-great-grandparents 
would understand the appeal even

3303
02:51:27,800 --> 02:51:29,900
if they'd be confused by the 
foam garnishes. 

3304
02:51:30,700 --> 02:51:34,400
Certain eating rhythms persist 
despite massive social changes. 

3305
02:51:34,400 --> 02:51:37,800
The Sunday roast though, 
threatened by modern Lifestyles 

3306
02:51:37,800 --> 02:51:41,800
remains in institution, in many 
families and pubs it connects 

3307
02:51:41,800 --> 02:51:45,300
contemporary English people to 
centuries of tradition that same

3308
02:51:45,300 --> 02:51:47,400
desire for a substantial 
communal meal. 

3309
02:51:47,400 --> 02:51:50,000
That marks the week's transition
from work to rest. 

3310
02:51:50,000 --> 02:51:54,200
The specific dishes may vary but
the underlying pattern endures, 

3311
02:51:54,200 --> 02:51:57,800
the round system in pubs 
continues though, younger 

3312
02:51:57,800 --> 02:52:00,100
Generations. 
Sometimes resist its obligations

3313
02:52:01,000 --> 02:52:03,900
This tradition survives because 
it serves social functions 

3314
02:52:03,900 --> 02:52:07,000
Beyond economic fairness. 
It creates structure for group 

3315
02:52:07,000 --> 02:52:10,800
drinking establishes, trust 
through reciprocity and turns 

3316
02:52:10,800 --> 02:52:14,200
casual Pub, visits into small, 
ceremonies of friendship, the 

3317
02:52:14,200 --> 02:52:16,200
anxiety. 
Some people feel about keeping 

3318
02:52:16,200 --> 02:52:18,600
up with the Realms, reflects the
serious social weight. 

3319
02:52:18,600 --> 02:52:23,200
This seemingly simple custom 
carriers, Seasonal eating, which

3320
02:52:23,200 --> 02:52:24,900
for our ancestors was, an 
unavoidable. 

3321
02:52:24,900 --> 02:52:29,200
Necessity has become a conscious
choice for some Modern heaters 

3322
02:52:29,200 --> 02:52:31,900
seeking connection to 
agricultural reality, farmers 

3323
02:52:31,900 --> 02:52:35,200
markets, seasonal menus and 
local food movements all 

3324
02:52:35,200 --> 02:52:37,600
represent attempts to recreate 
the seasonal Rhythm. 

3325
02:52:37,600 --> 02:52:40,800
That once governed all eating, 
we've chosen to recreate 

3326
02:52:40,800 --> 02:52:42,800
constraints. 
Our ancestors would have gladly 

3327
02:52:42,800 --> 02:52:45,000
escaped. 
Because we've learned that those

3328
02:52:45,000 --> 02:52:47,900
constraints created a 
relationship with food that felt

3329
02:52:47,900 --> 02:52:51,800
more meaningful than our current
abundance sometimes provides The

3330
02:52:51,800 --> 02:52:53,900
physical spaces of pubs 
continue. 

3331
02:52:53,900 --> 02:52:56,500
Evolving while maintaining 
recognizable connections to 

3332
02:52:56,500 --> 02:53:00,200
their past many old pubs 
genuinely are old buildings that

3333
02:53:00,200 --> 02:53:03,700
have served drinks for two three
or even five centuries their 

3334
02:53:03,700 --> 02:53:05,500
floorboards worn by countless 
feet. 

3335
02:53:05,500 --> 02:53:09,100
Their walls soaked with 
accumulated atmosphere others 

3336
02:53:09,100 --> 02:53:11,600
are modern constructions 
designed to evoke historical 

3337
02:53:11,600 --> 02:53:15,600
Ambience through exposed beams 
fireplaces and Architectural 

3338
02:53:15,600 --> 02:53:17,900
details that reference 
traditional Pub design. 

3339
02:53:19,000 --> 02:53:21,900
What's remarkable is, how people
still use these spaces for 

3340
02:53:21,900 --> 02:53:26,100
fundamentally similar purposes? 
You go to a pub to escape home 

3341
02:53:26,100 --> 02:53:30,300
temporarily Friends to Mark, 
occasions, both significant and 

3342
02:53:30,300 --> 02:53:32,500
trivial and to participate in 
community. 

3343
02:53:32,500 --> 02:53:35,700
Life beyond your immediate 
family, the medieval Alewife 

3344
02:53:35,700 --> 02:53:38,600
would recognize these 
motivations instantly even if 

3345
02:53:38,600 --> 02:53:42,300
the specific manifestations of 
changed the language of food, 

3346
02:53:42,300 --> 02:53:45,900
and drink preserves historical, 
Echoes pub-grub acknowledges 

3347
02:53:45,900 --> 02:53:48,900
that pub food isn't oat Cuisine 
but something more basic and 

3348
02:53:48,900 --> 02:53:52,100
satisfying last orders. 
References Licensing Laws, that 

3349
02:53:52,100 --> 02:53:55,400
once strictly regulated Pub 
hours lock-in refers to the 

3350
02:53:55,400 --> 02:53:58,300
technically illegal, but widely 
practiced custom of pubs 

3351
02:53:58,300 --> 02:54:01,500
continuing to serve drinks. 
After official closing time with

3352
02:54:01,500 --> 02:54:03,400
doors locked against outside 
observation. 

3353
02:54:03,400 --> 02:54:06,700
These linguistic fossils carry 
historical meaning into present 

3354
02:54:06,700 --> 02:54:09,000
usage. 
British Foods International 

3355
02:54:09,000 --> 02:54:13,100
reputation For Better or Worse, 
stems partly from this Pub and 

3356
02:54:13,100 --> 02:54:15,000
home. 
Traditional, we've explored the 

3357
02:54:15,000 --> 02:54:17,400
emphasis on heartiness over a 
fine moment on. 

3358
02:54:17,400 --> 02:54:20,800
Substance over presentation, an 
unfamiliar Comfort over 

3359
02:54:20,800 --> 02:54:23,900
adventurous novelty, reflects 
centuries of English heating 

3360
02:54:23,900 --> 02:54:27,600
patterns, British food isn't 
bad, it's designed for different

3361
02:54:27,600 --> 02:54:30,600
priorities than say French 
cuisine with its emphasis on 

3362
02:54:30,600 --> 02:54:34,100
technical Perfection or Italian 
cuisine with its focus on 

3363
02:54:34,100 --> 02:54:38,100
priming ingredients simply 
prepared. the working class food

3364
02:54:38,100 --> 02:54:42,000
traditions, we've discussed The 
meat pie is the fish and chips, 

3365
02:54:42,000 --> 02:54:45,800
the hearty stews have achieved a
cultural status that transcends 

3366
02:54:45,800 --> 02:54:48,700
class, boundaries, wealthy 
people, eat these dishes, not 

3367
02:54:48,700 --> 02:54:52,200
from necessity, but from Choice,
finding in them connections to 

3368
02:54:52,200 --> 02:54:55,400
broader English identity, this 
democratization of once. 

3369
02:54:55,400 --> 02:54:58,700
Slowly Foods mirrors larger, 
social changes while also 

3370
02:54:58,700 --> 02:55:01,200
honoring Traditions that 
sustained Generations, 

3371
02:55:01,200 --> 02:55:04,900
immigration and globalization 
have transformed English eating 

3372
02:55:04,900 --> 02:55:07,600
while often working through 
existing Pub structures. 

3373
02:55:07,600 --> 02:55:10,800
Indian and Chinese restaurants 
are now as fundamental to 

3374
02:55:10,800 --> 02:55:14,100
British food culture as pubs 
themselves but many pubs have 

3375
02:55:14,108 --> 02:55:16,600
Incorporated these influences 
into their menus. 

3376
02:55:16,600 --> 02:55:19,100
Curry Knight at the pub 
represents a fusion of 

3377
02:55:19,108 --> 02:55:22,100
traditional English. 
Social space with adopted 

3378
02:55:22,100 --> 02:55:25,600
culinary Traditions, creating 
something new while maintaining 

3379
02:55:25,600 --> 02:55:28,600
continuity. 
The decline of cooking skills, 

3380
02:55:28,600 --> 02:55:32,200
that characterized much of the 
20th century, when convenience 

3381
02:55:32,200 --> 02:55:35,600
Foods, replaced home, cooking, 
as partly, reversed as younger 

3382
02:55:35,600 --> 02:55:37,800
Generations, ReDiscover 
traditional dishes and 

3383
02:55:37,800 --> 02:55:40,500
technique's. 
This isn't simple Nostalgia, but

3384
02:55:40,500 --> 02:55:43,500
a recognition that the old ways 
of preparing food often produced

3385
02:55:43,500 --> 02:55:46,900
results that mass produced 
Alternatives can't match your 

3386
02:55:46,900 --> 02:55:49,200
grandmother's stew. 
Recipe passed down through 

3387
02:55:49,200 --> 02:55:51,900
generations. 
Connects you to centuries of 

3388
02:55:51,900 --> 02:55:54,600
English Cooks solving the same 
problems of making modest 

3389
02:55:54,600 --> 02:55:58,100
ingredients delicious. 
Even the aesthetic of pub food, 

3390
02:55:58,100 --> 02:56:02,100
persists that brown, hearty 
slightly monochrome appearance 

3391
02:56:02,100 --> 02:56:04,800
that critics. 
Sometimes mock actually reflects

3392
02:56:04,800 --> 02:56:08,600
authentic food, traditions Foods
designed to sustain work, 

3393
02:56:08,600 --> 02:56:12,800
provide warmth and satisfy 
hunger rather than photograph 

3394
02:56:12,800 --> 02:56:15,700
well for social media. 
There's honesty and a properly 

3395
02:56:15,700 --> 02:56:18,200
made steak and kidney pudding 
that transcends visual appeal. 

3396
02:56:19,000 --> 02:56:21,800
The communal aspects of Pub. 
Dining have become more precious

3397
02:56:21,800 --> 02:56:25,400
as Modern Life increasingly 
isolates as in private spaces. 

3398
02:56:25,400 --> 02:56:28,900
The pub remains one of the few 
truly public spaces in English 

3399
02:56:28,900 --> 02:56:31,900
life, where strangers can easily
interact where chance 

3400
02:56:31,900 --> 02:56:34,900
conversations happen naturally 
and where you're expected to 

3401
02:56:34,900 --> 02:56:38,700
share space and sometimes tables
with people, you don't know this

3402
02:56:38,700 --> 02:56:41,500
function creating Community 
across social boundaries 

3403
02:56:41,500 --> 02:56:44,300
matters, more as other such 
spaces, disappear. 

3404
02:56:45,400 --> 02:56:48,500
Looking forward pubs face 
challenges that would have been 

3405
02:56:48,500 --> 02:56:50,500
incomprehensible to earlier 
Generations. 

3406
02:56:50,500 --> 02:56:54,400
Smoking bans, drink driving 
laws, changing social habits, 

3407
02:56:54,400 --> 02:56:56,300
economic pressures, and 
competition from home 

3408
02:56:56,300 --> 02:56:59,300
entertainment, all threatened, 
the traditional Pub model. 

3409
02:56:59,300 --> 02:57:01,100
Yep. 
Pubs persist because they 

3410
02:57:01,100 --> 02:57:03,700
provide something that Holmes 
restaurants and bars, don't 

3411
02:57:03,700 --> 02:57:06,700
quite replicate. 
That particular combination of 

3412
02:57:06,700 --> 02:57:09,000
informality tradition, 
community, and comfort. 

3413
02:57:09,000 --> 02:57:11,700
That makes them distinctly and 
enduringly English. 

3414
02:57:12,700 --> 02:57:16,300
As you drift towards sleep 
tonight, perhaps your dream of 

3415
02:57:16,300 --> 02:57:19,300
stepping into that warm dim Pub.
We visited at the beginning. 

3416
02:57:20,100 --> 02:57:23,300
Finding yourself welcomed by 
firelight and the smell of 

3417
02:57:23,308 --> 02:57:25,700
something Savory cooking 
joining. 

3418
02:57:25,700 --> 02:57:29,300
The centuries of people who've 
sought the same simple Comforts 

3419
02:57:29,300 --> 02:57:33,300
of good food, decent, drink and 
companionship, that made the 

3420
02:57:33,300 --> 02:57:36,000
cold world, feel a little warmer
and a little more manageable. 

3421
02:57:37,000 --> 02:57:39,300
The old English pub and its food
traditions matter. 

3422
02:57:39,300 --> 02:57:42,100
Not because their quaint 
historical Curiosities, but 

3423
02:57:42,100 --> 02:57:45,700
because they represent an 
enduring human need for spaces 

3424
02:57:45,700 --> 02:57:47,900
that are neither purely private 
nor purely public. 

3425
02:57:48,600 --> 02:57:51,800
For food that satisfies without 
pretension and for traditions 

3426
02:57:51,800 --> 02:57:54,500
that connect us to the past 
while remaining relevant to the 

3427
02:57:54,500 --> 02:57:57,800
present, your 
great-great-grandparents knew 

3428
02:57:57,800 --> 02:58:00,900
this and so do you even if 
you've never consciously thought

3429
02:58:00,900 --> 02:58:03,400
about it? 
When you seek out a cosy Pub On 

3430
02:58:03,400 --> 02:58:06,300
A Rainy afternoon, when you 
order fish and chips because it 

3431
02:58:06,308 --> 02:58:09,600
feels right when you linger over
a pint longer than you plan 

3432
02:58:09,600 --> 02:58:12,700
because the conversation is good
and the fire is warm, your 

3433
02:58:12,700 --> 02:58:15,600
participating in Traditions that
stretch back through the 

3434
02:58:15,600 --> 02:58:19,100
centuries, connecting you to 
generations of English people 

3435
02:58:19,100 --> 02:58:21,300
who found the same comfort in 
the same. 

3436
02:58:21,300 --> 02:58:25,100
Simple Pleasures. 
In our journey through English 

3437
02:58:25,100 --> 02:58:28,300
pub history, and the meals that 
Define daily life. 

3438
02:58:28,300 --> 02:58:31,900
We've traveled from medieval our
houses, to Victorian 

3439
02:58:31,900 --> 02:58:34,700
establishments from Humble 
potages to elaborate Sunday 

3440
02:58:34,700 --> 02:58:37,100
roasts. 
We've seen how people adapted to

3441
02:58:37,108 --> 02:58:41,100
scarcity, celebrated, abundance 
and created Traditions, that 

3442
02:58:41,100 --> 02:58:43,200
gave meaning to the simple Act 
of eating together. 

3443
02:58:44,500 --> 02:58:47,300
The story of English pub food is
ultimately a story about 

3444
02:58:47,300 --> 02:58:50,400
community and resilience in a 
world where life was often 

3445
02:58:50,400 --> 02:58:53,900
harsh, where Winters were long 
and work was hard and where most

3446
02:58:53,900 --> 02:58:55,900
people had limited control over 
their circumstances. 

3447
02:58:55,900 --> 02:58:59,900
The pub offered a democratic 
space where everyone could find 

3448
02:58:59,900 --> 02:59:02,300
warmth sustenance and 
connection. 

3449
02:59:02,300 --> 02:59:05,400
The food served, there wasn't 
about culinary Innovation or 

3450
02:59:05,400 --> 02:59:08,600
gastronomic Excellence. 
It was about providing reliable 

3451
02:59:08,600 --> 02:59:13,000
comfort in uncertain times. 
Think about the continuity 

3452
02:59:13,000 --> 02:59:16,000
represented by a pub that has 
been operating for 300 years. 

3453
02:59:16,000 --> 02:59:19,000
The building itself has 
sheltered countless thousands of

3454
02:59:19,000 --> 02:59:22,600
people each with their own 
worries celebrations and daily 

3455
02:59:22,600 --> 02:59:25,300
concerns. 
The same half has warmed 

3456
02:59:25,300 --> 02:59:29,200
multiple Generations. 
The same basic dishes refined 

3457
02:59:29,200 --> 02:59:31,900
and adapted. 
But recognizably continuous of 

3458
02:59:31,900 --> 02:59:34,500
satisfied hunger across 
centuries, that kind of 

3459
02:59:34,500 --> 02:59:37,900
institutional memory embedded in
physical space, and culinary 

3460
02:59:37,900 --> 02:59:40,700
tradition creates a sense of 
permanence, that our modern 

3461
02:59:40,700 --> 02:59:44,200
world really provides. 
The meals we've discussed. 

3462
02:59:45,100 --> 02:59:48,200
Stews and pies, the roasts and 
puddings, the bread and cheese. 

3463
02:59:48,200 --> 02:59:53,000
And I won't just fuel, they were
expressions of Ingenuity making 

3464
02:59:53,000 --> 02:59:56,100
the most of limited ingredients 
through skill and patience. 

3465
02:59:56,100 --> 02:59:58,300
They were demonstrations of 
care. 

3466
02:59:58,300 --> 03:00:02,000
Whether in the Alewife brewing, 
a wholesome batch of ale, or the

3467
03:00:02,000 --> 03:00:03,500
pub. 
Cook preparing, a proper meat 

3468
03:00:03,500 --> 03:00:04,900
pie. 
They were vehicles for 

3469
03:00:04,900 --> 03:00:08,100
tradition, connecting people to 
their parents and grandparents. 

3470
03:00:08,100 --> 03:00:11,200
And the long chain of ordinary 
folk stretching back into 

3471
03:00:11,200 --> 03:00:14,200
history. 
What's beautiful about pub food,

3472
03:00:14,208 --> 03:00:17,600
traditions is their essential 
democracy, unlike Haute Cuisine,

3473
03:00:17,600 --> 03:00:20,800
which is always been the 
province of the wealthy pub food

3474
03:00:20,800 --> 03:00:23,900
was available to anyone who 
could afford a few pennies, the 

3475
03:00:23,900 --> 03:00:26,800
labourer and the merchants might
sit at different tables, but 

3476
03:00:26,800 --> 03:00:29,700
they were eating in the same 
room drinking from similar 

3477
03:00:29,700 --> 03:00:33,900
tankards and sharing the same 
basic experience food in the pub

3478
03:00:33,900 --> 03:00:36,600
was a leveling Force reminding. 
Everyone of their shared 

3479
03:00:36,600 --> 03:00:39,000
Humanity. 
The seasonal rhythms we've 

3480
03:00:39,000 --> 03:00:41,200
explored created a relationship 
with time. 

3481
03:00:41,200 --> 03:00:43,100
That Modern Life has largely 
erased. 

3482
03:00:43,100 --> 03:00:46,400
Our ancestors lived, intimate 
connection with the agricultural

3483
03:00:46,400 --> 03:00:48,900
year. 
Experiencing real hunger in late

3484
03:00:48,900 --> 03:00:52,200
winter and genuine relief. 
When spring vegetables appeared 

3485
03:00:52,200 --> 03:00:54,700
the understood in their bodies. 
What we mostly know 

3486
03:00:54,700 --> 03:00:58,600
intellectually that food comes 
from the earth requires labor 

3487
03:00:58,600 --> 03:01:00,800
and time. 
And the abundance is never 

3488
03:01:00,800 --> 03:01:03,400
guaranteed. 
This knowledge shaped, not just 

3489
03:01:03,400 --> 03:01:07,200
what they ate, but how they 
thought about life itself, The 

3490
03:01:07,200 --> 03:01:09,800
domestic cooking. 
We've discussed the careful 

3491
03:01:09,800 --> 03:01:13,500
management of limited resources.
The skill required to feed a 

3492
03:01:13,500 --> 03:01:15,100
family from a single pot over an
open. 

3493
03:01:15,100 --> 03:01:18,800
Fire the preservation techniques
that made summer abundance last 

3494
03:01:18,800 --> 03:01:22,000
through, winter, scarcity, 
represents a form of expertise 

3495
03:01:22,000 --> 03:01:24,900
that is rapidly disappearing. 
These weren't simple people, 

3496
03:01:24,900 --> 03:01:28,100
making simple food, they were 
highly skilled practitioners 

3497
03:01:28,100 --> 03:01:30,600
managing complex challenges with
limited tools. 

3498
03:01:30,600 --> 03:01:33,900
The dismissal of traditional 
English cooking as boring or 

3499
03:01:33,900 --> 03:01:36,900
unrefined often reflects 
ignorance about what those Cooks

3500
03:01:36,900 --> 03:01:38,800
were accomplishing under 
difficult circumstances. 

3501
03:01:40,200 --> 03:01:43,600
The customs and traditions 
surrounding meals, The Graces 

3502
03:01:43,600 --> 03:01:47,000
and toasts the seasonal dishes 
and communal feasts. 

3503
03:01:47,000 --> 03:01:50,300
The elaborate etiquette and 
simple Curtis's created 

3504
03:01:50,300 --> 03:01:51,900
structure and meaning around 
eating. 

3505
03:01:51,900 --> 03:01:54,500
They transformed mere 
consumption into something 

3506
03:01:54,500 --> 03:01:58,500
richer. 
Ritual celebration community, 

3507
03:01:58,500 --> 03:02:00,100
building and cultural 
transmission. 

3508
03:02:00,100 --> 03:02:03,100
When you raise a glass in a 
toast or share a Sunday, roast 

3509
03:02:03,100 --> 03:02:06,100
with family, you're not just 
eating and drinking your 

3510
03:02:06,100 --> 03:02:09,000
participating in practices that 
connect you to centuries of 

3511
03:02:09,000 --> 03:02:11,900
human culture. 
As you prepare for Sleep, 

3512
03:02:11,900 --> 03:02:15,500
consider what a privilege it is 
to have these stories to 

3513
03:02:15,500 --> 03:02:18,100
understand, even a little of how
your ancestors lived in eight, 

3514
03:02:18,108 --> 03:02:21,700
the medieval ale wife, the 
Georgian Publican, the Victorian

3515
03:02:21,700 --> 03:02:25,200
cook, and the countless Ordinary
People Who brewed ale baked 

3516
03:02:25,200 --> 03:02:28,500
breaded fires and created meals 
under circumstances. 

3517
03:02:28,500 --> 03:02:31,600
We can barely imagine they 
weren't so different from us. 

3518
03:02:31,600 --> 03:02:36,600
They wanted warmth security, 
good food, companionship, and a 

3519
03:02:36,600 --> 03:02:39,100
sense that their lives mattered,
they found these things. 

3520
03:02:39,100 --> 03:02:43,000
In many of the same ways we do, 
By gathering together, sharing 

3521
03:02:43,000 --> 03:02:46,600
meals, maintaining traditions 
and creating spaces where 

3522
03:02:46,600 --> 03:02:50,100
Community could flourish. 
The English pub with his worn 

3523
03:02:50,100 --> 03:02:54,100
floors and scarred tables, its 
traditional dishes and Timeless 

3524
03:02:54,100 --> 03:02:56,900
atmosphere represents continuity
in a changing world. 

3525
03:02:56,900 --> 03:03:00,500
It's a reminder that some human 
needs remain constant across 

3526
03:03:00,500 --> 03:03:02,700
centuries. 
The Need to Escape home 

3527
03:03:02,700 --> 03:03:06,400
occasionally to see friends, to 
Mark the passage of time with 

3528
03:03:06,400 --> 03:03:09,300
small ceremonies and to 
experience the particular 

3529
03:03:09,300 --> 03:03:12,900
comfort that comes from familiar
food, in familiar place around 

3530
03:03:12,900 --> 03:03:15,200
by people who share your 
understanding of how things 

3531
03:03:15,200 --> 03:03:18,400
should be. 
Modern threats to pubs economic 

3532
03:03:18,400 --> 03:03:21,700
pressures, changing habits 
generational, shifts matter 

3533
03:03:21,700 --> 03:03:24,900
because they threaten not just 
businesses, but living links to 

3534
03:03:24,900 --> 03:03:28,000
the past when an Old Pub 
closest, it's not just a 

3535
03:03:28,000 --> 03:03:30,700
commercial Failure, Its the 
severing of connections that 

3536
03:03:30,700 --> 03:03:32,200
have been maintained for 
Generations. 

3537
03:03:32,200 --> 03:03:35,600
The silencing of stories that 
those walls have held and the 

3538
03:03:35,600 --> 03:03:38,200
ending of traditions that have 
sustained communities through 

3539
03:03:38,200 --> 03:03:42,500
Wars plagues and countless, 
personal tragedies and triumphs,

3540
03:03:42,500 --> 03:03:46,100
but Pub survive adapting as they
always have the gastropubs the 

3541
03:03:46,100 --> 03:03:48,500
renovated, traditional pubs. 
And even the modern 

3542
03:03:48,500 --> 03:03:51,700
establishments, that reference 
pub, traditions, all represent 

3543
03:03:51,700 --> 03:03:54,600
the continuing evolution of an 
institution that has proven 

3544
03:03:54,600 --> 03:03:58,100
remarkably resilient as long as 
people want to gather in public 

3545
03:03:58,100 --> 03:04:01,600
spaces to share food and drink 
and to participate in 

3546
03:04:01,600 --> 03:04:03,700
Traditions, that connect them to
something larger than 

3547
03:04:03,700 --> 03:04:06,000
themselves. 
The pub in some form, will 

3548
03:04:06,000 --> 03:04:10,400
endure The legacy of Old English
eating extends Beyond specific 

3549
03:04:10,400 --> 03:04:12,900
dishes or establishments. 
It's embedded. 

3550
03:04:12,900 --> 03:04:16,500
In language, social Customs 
cultural identity and Collective

3551
03:04:16,500 --> 03:04:20,100
memory, It shapes how English 
people think about Hospitality 

3552
03:04:20,100 --> 03:04:23,700
community and the proper 
relationship between public and 

3553
03:04:23,700 --> 03:04:26,200
private life. 
It influences what feels like 

3554
03:04:26,200 --> 03:04:29,500
Comfort, what tastes like home 
and what seems like an 

3555
03:04:29,500 --> 03:04:32,100
appropriate way to Mark 
occasions both momentous and 

3556
03:04:32,100 --> 03:04:35,900
mundane. 
Understanding this history, 

3557
03:04:35,900 --> 03:04:39,800
enriches your own eating 
experiences that Pub meal, you 

3558
03:04:39,800 --> 03:04:42,100
enjoyed last month connects to 
centuries of tradition. 

3559
03:04:42,900 --> 03:04:45,800
This Sunday, roast, you make for
family participates in rituals 

3560
03:04:45,800 --> 03:04:48,000
that have defined English 
weekends for Generations. 

3561
03:04:48,000 --> 03:04:51,000
The cup of tea or perhaps 
holding right now links you to 

3562
03:04:51,008 --> 03:04:54,100
the transformation of English. 
Drinking habits that occurred in

3563
03:04:54,108 --> 03:04:57,300
the 18th and 19th. 
Centuries, nothing you, eat 

3564
03:04:57,300 --> 03:05:01,300
exists in isolation, every dish,
every meal, every food, 

3565
03:05:01,300 --> 03:05:05,200
tradition carries history within
it, As you sink deeper into your

3566
03:05:05,200 --> 03:05:07,700
pillow, let your mind drift 
through the scenes. 

3567
03:05:07,700 --> 03:05:11,300
We've visited the medieval Ale 
House with its Earthen floor and

3568
03:05:11,300 --> 03:05:14,000
simple ale. 
The Georgian inn with its 

3569
03:05:14,000 --> 03:05:18,400
roaring fire and savory pies the
Victorian Pub with its etched 

3570
03:05:18,400 --> 03:05:21,500
glass and elaborate dishes and 
the countless homes where 

3571
03:05:21,500 --> 03:05:25,300
Ordinary People performed daily 
miracles of transforming modest 

3572
03:05:25,300 --> 03:05:27,700
ingredients into satisfying 
meals. 

3573
03:05:27,700 --> 03:05:31,000
Imagine the hands that needed 
bread, stirred pottage poor Dale

3574
03:05:31,000 --> 03:05:34,400
and tended fires, imagine the 
conversations, the laughter, the

3575
03:05:34,400 --> 03:05:37,600
tears, and the countless moments
of human connection, that 

3576
03:05:37,600 --> 03:05:41,000
occurred around food and drink. 
These people are your ancestors 

3577
03:05:41,000 --> 03:05:45,600
if not by Blood, then by 
culture, their Ingenuity shape 

3578
03:05:45,600 --> 03:05:48,900
the world, you inherited their 
Traditions, informed practices. 

3579
03:05:48,900 --> 03:05:52,000
You follow without thinking 
their struggles and solutions 

3580
03:05:52,000 --> 03:05:55,600
created foodways that still 
sustain both body and spirit in 

3581
03:05:55,600 --> 03:05:57,700
understanding their lives. 
You understand something 

3582
03:05:57,700 --> 03:06:01,600
essential about human resilience
creativity and the Eternal 

3583
03:06:01,600 --> 03:06:03,700
importance of gathering together
to share. 

3584
03:06:03,900 --> 03:06:07,100
Sustenance. 
Sleep well and may you dream of 

3585
03:06:07,108 --> 03:06:11,200
warm fires hearty meals and the 
comforting certainty that some 

3586
03:06:11,200 --> 03:06:15,100
things Hospitality the simple, 
pleasure of good food shared 

3587
03:06:15,100 --> 03:06:18,500
with others, remain constant 
even as everything else changes 

3588
03:06:18,500 --> 03:06:21,200
tomorrow. 
When you eat breakfast, when you

3589
03:06:21,200 --> 03:06:23,900
prepare lunch, when you perhaps 
stopped at a pub for dinner, 

3590
03:06:23,900 --> 03:06:27,600
you'll carry these stories with 
you seeing in your own meals, 

3591
03:06:27,600 --> 03:06:32,000
Echoes of centuries of English 
eating The Warm Glow of the Old 

3592
03:06:32,000 --> 03:06:35,200
English pub, whether you find it
in an actual historical 

3593
03:06:35,200 --> 03:06:38,000
establishment or simply in the 
traditions and dishes that have 

3594
03:06:38,000 --> 03:06:41,700
survived into the present. 
Remains a beacon of human warmth

3595
03:06:41,700 --> 03:06:44,700
in a sometimes cold world. 
It reminds us that we're not 

3596
03:06:44,708 --> 03:06:47,700
alone that others have faced the
same challenges we face. 

3597
03:06:47,700 --> 03:06:50,900
And that the simple acts of 
eating drinking and Gathering 

3598
03:06:50,900 --> 03:06:53,700
Together, have sustained 
Humanity through, everything 

3599
03:06:53,700 --> 03:06:58,800
history has thrown at us. 
And so, we raise a final toast 

3600
03:06:58,800 --> 03:07:02,200
to the alwives in innkeepers, 
the cooks and publicans, the 

3601
03:07:02,200 --> 03:07:05,000
farmers and Bakers, and the 
countless Ordinary People Who 

3602
03:07:05,000 --> 03:07:06,900
skill and Care gave us the 
traditions. 

3603
03:07:06,900 --> 03:07:10,700
We cherish to the pubs that have
sheltered us across centuries to

3604
03:07:10,700 --> 03:07:14,100
the meals that have sustained us
to the Customs that connect us 

3605
03:07:14,100 --> 03:07:17,000
to the past that lives on in 
every familiar dish. 

3606
03:07:17,000 --> 03:07:20,200
Every raised glass and every 
Gathering of friends and 

3607
03:07:20,200 --> 03:07:23,200
strangers in that peculiarly 
English space, where everyone is

3608
03:07:23,200 --> 03:07:27,000
welcome, May those Traditions 
continue evolving but never 

3609
03:07:27,000 --> 03:07:30,100
entirely disappearing. 
Connecting future generations to

3610
03:07:30,100 --> 03:07:32,800
the wisdom and warmth of the 
passed and may, you find 

3611
03:07:32,800 --> 03:07:37,300
whenever you need it, a cosy pub
with a warm fire, good food and 

3612
03:07:37,300 --> 03:07:40,000
the kind of companionship that 
reminds you what really matters 

3613
03:07:40,000 --> 03:07:43,100
in this brief precious life. 
Rest. 

3614
03:07:43,100 --> 03:07:46,500
Well the fire is banked, the 
doors are locked and tomorrow is

3615
03:07:46,500 --> 03:07:48,700
another day. 
But tonight you've traveled 

3616
03:07:48,700 --> 03:07:51,800
through time and returned safely
home carrying with you, the 

3617
03:07:51,808 --> 03:07:55,600
stories of how your ancestors, 
lived, eight and found comfort 

3618
03:07:55,600 --> 03:07:59,300
in a world very different from 
ours, yet fundamentally the same

3619
03:07:59,300 --> 03:08:03,800
sweet dreams and may you always 
find a warm, welcome in any Pub,

3620
03:08:03,800 --> 03:08:13,600
you enter Welcome my potatoes to
the Eastern Mediterranean during

3621
03:08:13,600 --> 03:08:16,500
the late Bronze Age more than 
3,000 years ago. 

3622
03:08:17,300 --> 03:08:20,400
Before stories became Legends 
and legends became myths. 

3623
03:08:21,000 --> 03:08:24,800
This region thrived with 
interconnected cities regular 

3624
03:08:24,800 --> 03:08:29,200
trade and relationships built 
over Generations. tonight, 

3625
03:08:29,200 --> 03:08:32,600
you'll rest beside the slow 
accumulation of decisions 

3626
03:08:32,600 --> 03:08:36,100
obligations and ordinary 
pressures that shape, one of 

3627
03:08:36,100 --> 03:08:40,200
history's, most enduring 
stories, You wake in a coastal 

3628
03:08:40,200 --> 03:08:43,400
city where morning routines have
repeated for Generations. 

3629
03:08:44,300 --> 03:08:47,800
The room around, you still holds
the coolness of night though the

3630
03:08:47,800 --> 03:08:51,600
first hint of warmth touches the
eastern wall where sunlight will

3631
03:08:51,600 --> 03:08:55,200
soon reach. 
You're sleeping mat rests on a 

3632
03:08:55,200 --> 03:08:58,500
wooden platform race slightly 
off the stone floor enough to 

3633
03:08:58,500 --> 03:09:01,600
keep dampness away but not so 
high that getting up requires 

3634
03:09:01,600 --> 03:09:04,300
effort. 
The woven blanket, you push 

3635
03:09:04,300 --> 03:09:06,600
aside was made by your 
grandmother's hands. 

3636
03:09:07,300 --> 03:09:09,200
His pattern of interlocking 
diamonds. 

3637
03:09:09,200 --> 03:09:13,100
Now softened by years of use and
washing the household stirs 

3638
03:09:13,100 --> 03:09:14,800
around you in predictable 
sequence. 

3639
03:09:14,800 --> 03:09:18,000
You hear your uncle already 
moving in the courtyard, his 

3640
03:09:18,000 --> 03:09:21,100
sandals making their familiar 
scuffing sound against the 

3641
03:09:21,100 --> 03:09:23,500
paving stones as he checks the 
water jars. 

3642
03:09:24,200 --> 03:09:27,000
The morning birds have been 
calling for some time now their 

3643
03:09:27,000 --> 03:09:30,400
songs marking the transition 
from dark to light with more 

3644
03:09:30,400 --> 03:09:33,600
reliability than any human time 
keeping device. 

3645
03:09:34,400 --> 03:09:36,700
Somewhere in the Next Room. 
Your youngest cousin. 

3646
03:09:36,700 --> 03:09:39,800
Coughs twice. 
Then settles back into sleep for

3647
03:09:39,800 --> 03:09:43,000
another brief. 
While you rise and rapper, light

3648
03:09:43,000 --> 03:09:46,400
tunic around yourself, feeling 
the Linens, settle against your 

3649
03:09:46,400 --> 03:09:49,500
skin, Cloth was woven last 
winter. 

3650
03:09:49,500 --> 03:09:52,400
During the long evening's when 
outdoor work became impossible. 

3651
03:09:53,200 --> 03:09:56,000
You can still identify the 
section where your sister was 

3652
03:09:56,000 --> 03:09:59,200
learning the loom. 
Attention slightly uneven 

3653
03:09:59,200 --> 03:10:01,300
compared to your mother's 
practice steadiness. 

3654
03:10:02,400 --> 03:10:05,400
The smaller regularities. 
Make the Garment yours in a way 

3655
03:10:05,400 --> 03:10:07,600
that perfect uniformity never 
could. 

3656
03:10:08,400 --> 03:10:12,200
The courtyard receives you with 
its morning, Stillness due as 

3657
03:10:12,200 --> 03:10:15,000
settled on the stone rim of the 
central, well, and you wipe it 

3658
03:10:15,000 --> 03:10:16,800
away with your palm before 
drawing water. 

3659
03:10:17,600 --> 03:10:19,700
The Rope feels rough against 
your hands. 

3660
03:10:19,700 --> 03:10:23,100
It's fiber stiff from repeated 
soaking and drying. 

3661
03:10:23,100 --> 03:10:27,600
You've pulled this same rope 
hundreds of times and your hands

3662
03:10:27,600 --> 03:10:31,000
know exactly where the warm 
spots sit where you need to grip

3663
03:10:31,000 --> 03:10:32,800
more carefully to avoid 
splinters. 

3664
03:10:33,600 --> 03:10:35,600
The water comes up cold and 
clear. 

3665
03:10:36,400 --> 03:10:39,400
You pour some into a wide clay 
Bowl watching. 

3666
03:10:39,400 --> 03:10:41,100
How it catches the growing 
light. 

3667
03:10:41,800 --> 03:10:44,900
This bowl was made by the same 
Potter who supplies half the 

3668
03:10:44,900 --> 03:10:47,800
neighborhood and you can 
identify his work by the 

3669
03:10:47,808 --> 03:10:50,100
particular shade of clay. 
He prefers. 

3670
03:10:50,100 --> 03:10:54,300
And the way he shapes the rim 
with his thumb, leaving a slight

3671
03:10:54,300 --> 03:10:56,400
wave pattern, all around the 
edge. 

3672
03:10:57,500 --> 03:11:00,600
When you wash your face, the 
cold water shocks, you fully 

3673
03:11:00,600 --> 03:11:04,700
awake and you feel the last fog 
of sleep wash away with the 

3674
03:11:04,700 --> 03:11:08,500
droplets running down your neck.
Your mother emerges from the 

3675
03:11:08,500 --> 03:11:10,600
storage room. 
Carrying the grain for more 

3676
03:11:10,600 --> 03:11:18,700
morning bread, the unforested 
depending on when it was 

3677
03:11:18,700 --> 03:11:22,000
harvested and from which field. 
She tips. 

3678
03:11:22,000 --> 03:11:24,500
It carefully. 
Letting the grain, pour into her

3679
03:11:24,500 --> 03:11:26,300
grinding Bowl in a steady 
stream. 

3680
03:11:26,300 --> 03:11:28,300
That makes a sound like, gentle 
rain. 

3681
03:11:29,300 --> 03:11:32,800
You've heard this sound every 
morning of your life and it 

3682
03:11:32,800 --> 03:11:35,900
signals the day's true beginning
more clearly than the sunrise 

3683
03:11:35,900 --> 03:11:39,200
itself. 
She settles onto her low stool 

3684
03:11:39,200 --> 03:11:41,400
by the grinding stone and you 
watch her. 

3685
03:11:41,400 --> 03:11:45,300
Begin the work. 
Her hands move with absolute 

3686
03:11:45,300 --> 03:11:48,600
confidence, pushing the upper 
Stone forward, and pulling it 

3687
03:11:48,600 --> 03:11:52,600
back forward and back in a 
rhythm she could probably 

3688
03:11:52,600 --> 03:11:57,100
maintained while sleeping. 
The grain cracks and powders 

3689
03:11:57,100 --> 03:12:01,000
beneath the stones weight 
gradually transforming from hard

3690
03:12:01,000 --> 03:12:03,700
Colonel's into flour. 
Finally enough for bread. 

3691
03:12:04,600 --> 03:12:08,000
This task takes time and she'll 
continue it while you and others

3692
03:12:08,000 --> 03:12:11,000
move through the mornings. 
Other necessities, you take a 

3693
03:12:11,000 --> 03:12:14,300
smaller jar and head toward the 
storage area where oil and dried

3694
03:12:14,300 --> 03:12:17,200
Fisher kept. 
The room smells of salt and 

3695
03:12:17,200 --> 03:12:20,200
preserved food. 
A sense so familiar you barely 

3696
03:12:20,200 --> 03:12:22,300
notice it. 
Except when you've been away for

3697
03:12:22,300 --> 03:12:24,400
a few days and returned to find 
it fresh again. 

3698
03:12:25,400 --> 03:12:28,600
Fish hang from wooden pegs 
driven into the wall, their 

3699
03:12:28,600 --> 03:12:31,400
scales catching, whatever light 
filter through the small window.

3700
03:12:32,300 --> 03:12:36,300
You select three medium sized 
fish feeling their stiffness 

3701
03:12:36,300 --> 03:12:38,900
testing, their Cure. 
By the way, they resist your 

3702
03:12:38,900 --> 03:12:41,700
touch. 
Outside the neighborhood wakes 

3703
03:12:41,700 --> 03:12:44,400
in stages. 
You hear theano next door? 

3704
03:12:44,400 --> 03:12:47,408
Scolding her son for leaving the
goat pen unlatched during the 

3705
03:12:47,416 --> 03:12:49,800
night though. 
No harm seems to have come from 

3706
03:12:49,808 --> 03:12:52,200
it. 
Her voice carries the particular

3707
03:12:52,200 --> 03:12:55,400
tone of someone going through 
familiar motions annoyed, but 

3708
03:12:55,400 --> 03:12:58,400
not angry. 
Knowing this same conversation 

3709
03:12:58,400 --> 03:13:02,700
will likely repeat tomorrow in 
the day after The boy mumbles 

3710
03:13:02,700 --> 03:13:06,100
something, you can't quite hear,
probably the same excuse, you 

3711
03:13:06,100 --> 03:13:09,100
offered last time. 
The street begins to receive its

3712
03:13:09,100 --> 03:13:13,400
morning traffic, you recognize 
culture, the metal worker by his

3713
03:13:13,400 --> 03:13:17,700
tread heavier on the left foot 
where he in years ago and it 

3714
03:13:17,708 --> 03:13:21,500
never quite healed straight. 
He is heading toward his 

3715
03:13:21,500 --> 03:13:23,600
Workshop. 
Probably to start the fire. 

3716
03:13:23,600 --> 03:13:26,600
That needs to reach proper heat 
before we can begin actual work.

3717
03:13:27,700 --> 03:13:30,700
The fire starting alone will 
take him until the sun clears, 

3718
03:13:30,700 --> 03:13:33,200
the Eastern rooftops. 
And by then his Apprentice 

3719
03:13:33,200 --> 03:13:34,900
should arrive to help with the 
bellows. 

3720
03:13:35,900 --> 03:13:37,500
Walking toward the Market 
District. 

3721
03:13:37,500 --> 03:13:40,100
You pass houses. 
You could navigate blindfolded. 

3722
03:13:40,100 --> 03:13:43,800
Here is the door with the crack 
running diagonally across his 

3723
03:13:43,800 --> 03:13:46,100
upper plank. 
The result of a harsh winter, 

3724
03:13:46,100 --> 03:13:48,900
five years back when the wood 
contracted to quickly. 

3725
03:13:49,700 --> 03:13:52,500
There is the courtyard where the
Fig Tree Grows at an angle 

3726
03:13:52,500 --> 03:13:55,700
leaning toward the South to 
catch maximum Sun. 

3727
03:13:55,700 --> 03:13:59,800
Its roots, have long ago, 
shifted the paving stones into a

3728
03:13:59,800 --> 03:14:02,600
gentle wave pattern, that makes 
a distinctive sound. 

3729
03:14:02,600 --> 03:14:06,300
When cartwheels pass over the 
baker's oven already breathes, 

3730
03:14:06,300 --> 03:14:09,400
heat into the morning are You 
can feel it from Three Doors 

3731
03:14:09,400 --> 03:14:12,300
away, a warmth that reaches out 
like an invitation. 

3732
03:14:13,500 --> 03:14:17,000
The baker himself old mad on 
sits on his stool, just inside 

3733
03:14:17,000 --> 03:14:20,300
the doorway, watching the street
while his ovens, do their work. 

3734
03:14:21,200 --> 03:14:24,800
He nods, as you pass a minimal 
greeting, that acknowledges your

3735
03:14:24,800 --> 03:14:26,800
presence without requiring 
conversation. 

3736
03:14:27,700 --> 03:14:30,900
You've known him your entire 
life and he's never been one for

3737
03:14:30,900 --> 03:14:34,500
morning words. 
His breads speaks for him and 

3738
03:14:34,500 --> 03:14:37,300
everyone in this District buys 
from him because his hands know 

3739
03:14:37,300 --> 03:14:41,200
exactly how long to need and 
when to add water and which 

3740
03:14:41,200 --> 03:14:43,800
would burn at the temperature 
that produces the perfect 

3741
03:14:43,800 --> 03:14:48,000
crossed, The main Market Square 
opens before you as you round 

3742
03:14:48,000 --> 03:14:51,200
the last corner. 
The space fills gradually at 

3743
03:14:51,208 --> 03:14:54,300
this hour with the earliest 
Merchants already arranging 

3744
03:14:54,300 --> 03:14:56,800
their goods While others are 
still making their way from 

3745
03:14:56,800 --> 03:14:59,600
home, or from the docks were 
ships, arrived. 

3746
03:14:59,600 --> 03:15:02,600
During the night, the square 
itself is paved with flat 

3747
03:15:02,600 --> 03:15:04,600
stones. 
That have been worn, Smooth by 

3748
03:15:04,600 --> 03:15:07,800
generations of feet. 
So you can still see chisel 

3749
03:15:07,800 --> 03:15:10,500
marks on some of the older ones 
where workers shaped them to fit

3750
03:15:10,500 --> 03:15:12,300
together decades before you were
born. 

3751
03:15:13,100 --> 03:15:16,600
You notice Philo, the pottery 
Merchant unrolling. 

3752
03:15:16,600 --> 03:15:19,500
Her woven mat in her customary 
spot near the fountain. 

3753
03:15:20,100 --> 03:15:22,600
She's been claiming this 
location for longer than you've 

3754
03:15:22,600 --> 03:15:25,700
been alive and everyone respects
her right to it. 

3755
03:15:26,400 --> 03:15:30,800
Her wears sit in woven baskets, 
each piece wrapped in scraps of 

3756
03:15:30,800 --> 03:15:33,200
old cloth to prevent chipping 
during transport. 

3757
03:15:34,000 --> 03:15:37,600
She unwraps them one at a time, 
checking each vessel with a 

3758
03:15:37,600 --> 03:15:41,900
fingertips, run them around rims
and along handles testing for 

3759
03:15:41,900 --> 03:15:44,400
any damage that might have 
occurred, despite her careful 

3760
03:15:44,400 --> 03:15:47,000
packing. 
The pottery, she offers comes 

3761
03:15:47,000 --> 03:15:50,400
from several different workshops
and you've learned over time to 

3762
03:15:50,400 --> 03:15:54,000
identify, which piece came from,
where the reddish clay with 

3763
03:15:54,000 --> 03:15:56,900
black geometric patterns comes 
from a workshop two. 

3764
03:15:56,900 --> 03:16:00,300
Valleys Inland where they've 
perfected that particular firing

3765
03:16:00,300 --> 03:16:04,300
technique the simple of vessels 
with the warm brown, glaze a 

3766
03:16:04,300 --> 03:16:07,700
local made by the same Potter 
who created your washing goal. 

3767
03:16:09,000 --> 03:16:13,100
truly fine piece is decorated 
with scene of ships, and sea 

3768
03:16:13,100 --> 03:16:16,700
creatures travel from across the
water arriving, on the same, 

3769
03:16:16,700 --> 03:16:21,100
Merchant vessels that bring 
copper and Tin A fishing boat 

3770
03:16:21,100 --> 03:16:25,000
has clearly arrived recently 
because Cleon already has Fresh 

3771
03:16:25,000 --> 03:16:27,300
Catch laid out on his wide 
wooden board. 

3772
03:16:28,100 --> 03:16:31,100
The fish glistened in the 
strengthening light, their 

3773
03:16:31,100 --> 03:16:33,800
scales showing that rainbow 
Shimmer, that only the very 

3774
03:16:33,800 --> 03:16:38,200
freshest fish display. 
Kleon stands behind his display 

3775
03:16:38,200 --> 03:16:42,100
arms crossed watching people 
examine his Goods without 

3776
03:16:42,100 --> 03:16:43,600
offering any sales 
encouragement. 

3777
03:16:44,400 --> 03:16:48,300
His fish sell themselves through
their quality and he knows it, 

3778
03:16:48,300 --> 03:16:51,000
his younger brother sits nearby 
mending. 

3779
03:16:51,000 --> 03:16:54,000
A net with steady fingers, 
pulling the cord through and 

3780
03:16:54,000 --> 03:16:56,700
knotting it with movement. 
So practice, they seem almost 

3781
03:16:56,700 --> 03:17:00,500
mechanical the grain seller set 
up near the western edge of the 

3782
03:17:00,500 --> 03:17:03,700
square where his cart can rest 
in shade for most of the 

3783
03:17:03,708 --> 03:17:06,000
morning. 
He's already measured out. 

3784
03:17:06,000 --> 03:17:08,200
Several piles. 
Each representing a different 

3785
03:17:08,200 --> 03:17:12,200
grade and price. 
People approach pinch samples 

3786
03:17:12,200 --> 03:17:15,400
between their fingers and 
sometimes lift a few kernels to 

3787
03:17:15,400 --> 03:17:17,900
their mouths to test for 
moisture, content and taste. 

3788
03:17:17,900 --> 03:17:21,900
He answers questions about which
Fields produced, which grain, 

3789
03:17:21,900 --> 03:17:25,100
which Harvest was this pile 
versus that one? 

3790
03:17:25,100 --> 03:17:29,500
And whether he expects prices to
shift in coming weeks, based on 

3791
03:17:29,500 --> 03:17:33,200
what he's hearing from Inland 
Farmers, you watch a woman. 

3792
03:17:33,200 --> 03:17:36,300
You don't recognize Examining 
The Grain sellers mid-grade 

3793
03:17:36,300 --> 03:17:40,300
offering She's clearly from out 
of town, probably from one of 

3794
03:17:40,300 --> 03:17:43,700
the smallest settlements Inland 
based on the style of her shawl 

3795
03:17:43,700 --> 03:17:45,900
and the particular way she's 
tied her hair. 

3796
03:17:45,908 --> 03:17:49,900
She asked careful questions 
about storage about whether this

3797
03:17:49,900 --> 03:17:52,600
grain will keep through winter, 
if she's buying for several 

3798
03:17:52,600 --> 03:17:56,200
months ahead, The seller 
answers, honestly, explaining 

3799
03:17:56,200 --> 03:17:59,400
that this particular batch came 
from the early Harvest and has 

3800
03:17:59,400 --> 03:18:01,800
already been stored for two 
months without problems. 

3801
03:18:01,800 --> 03:18:07,300
Suggesting it will hold well if 
kept dry Too much and Stan near 

3802
03:18:07,300 --> 03:18:10,400
the fountain engaged in 
conversation about shipping 

3803
03:18:10,400 --> 03:18:13,100
routes. 
You overhear fragments as you 

3804
03:18:13,100 --> 03:18:18,000
pass concerns about wins this 
season, discussion of which 

3805
03:18:18,000 --> 03:18:20,700
islands are currently offering 
the best prices for oil. 

3806
03:18:20,700 --> 03:18:24,000
Speculation about whether the 
large Merchants from the 

3807
03:18:24,000 --> 03:18:26,900
Northern Ireland will make his 
usual Autumn appearance. 

3808
03:18:27,800 --> 03:18:31,700
Neither man seems particularly 
worried just engaged in the 

3809
03:18:31,700 --> 03:18:34,800
ongoing information exchange 
that allows Merchants to make 

3810
03:18:34,800 --> 03:18:38,900
informed decisions about where 
to send their goods and what to 

3811
03:18:38,900 --> 03:18:42,800
acquire for resale. 
A woman sells honey from clay 

3812
03:18:42,800 --> 03:18:45,800
jars sealed with wax. 
The honey itself comes from 

3813
03:18:45,800 --> 03:18:49,800
hives kept in the hills of the 
city where wild thyme grows 

3814
03:18:49,800 --> 03:18:52,300
among the rocks and gives the 
honey its particular flavor. 

3815
03:18:53,200 --> 03:18:56,900
She offers tiny tastes on the 
tip of a wooden stick letting 

3816
03:18:56,900 --> 03:19:00,100
potential buyers sample before 
committing to purchase. 

3817
03:19:00,900 --> 03:19:03,900
The honey has that golden 
thickness that indicates good 

3818
03:19:03,900 --> 03:19:06,900
weather during the collection 
season and you watch it drips 

3819
03:19:06,900 --> 03:19:10,700
slowly from the stick, when she 
demonstrates its quality to an 

3820
03:19:10,700 --> 03:19:14,400
interested. 
Customer The metal workers wife 

3821
03:19:14,400 --> 03:19:16,800
has brought her husband's recent
production to sell. 

3822
03:19:17,600 --> 03:19:21,700
Bronze pins for clothing. 
Simple rings and a few small 

3823
03:19:21,700 --> 03:19:24,600
tools. 
Each piece rests on a square of 

3824
03:19:24,600 --> 03:19:28,800
leather arranged by size and 
type. the bronze shows, the 

3825
03:19:28,800 --> 03:19:32,200
characteristic greenish tint 
where it starting to develop 

3826
03:19:32,200 --> 03:19:36,500
patina, Though the working edges
remain bright from her recent 

3827
03:19:36,500 --> 03:19:38,800
polishing. 
She handles each piece 

3828
03:19:38,800 --> 03:19:43,100
confidently, knowing exactly 
which tool serves which purpose 

3829
03:19:43,100 --> 03:19:47,100
and which customer might need. 
What she's offering baskets of 

3830
03:19:47,100 --> 03:19:50,500
varying sizes and purposes. 
Hang from a framework of polls 

3831
03:19:50,500 --> 03:19:53,700
near the corner. 
The basket weaver himself sits 

3832
03:19:53,700 --> 03:19:57,800
beside his display working on a 
new piece, even as he Minds his 

3833
03:19:57,800 --> 03:20:01,000
shop. 
His fingers move continuously so

3834
03:20:01,000 --> 03:20:04,100
selecting reads from a pile 
beside him, working them in to 

3835
03:20:04,100 --> 03:20:07,100
the growing pattern with 
movements too fast for your eye 

3836
03:20:07,100 --> 03:20:11,200
to follow clearly. 
The rhythm of his work, creates 

3837
03:20:11,200 --> 03:20:15,600
a soft clicking sound as reads, 
slide past each other and lock 

3838
03:20:15,600 --> 03:20:18,300
into position. 
A Trader from across. 

3839
03:20:18,300 --> 03:20:21,200
The water has, spread a cloth. 
Displaying items you don't see 

3840
03:20:21,200 --> 03:20:24,700
every day. 
Obsidian blades sharper than any

3841
03:20:24,700 --> 03:20:29,200
bronze amber beads from Far, 
Northern sources and small 

3842
03:20:29,200 --> 03:20:32,000
copper ingots, stamped with 
marks you don't recognize. 

3843
03:20:33,400 --> 03:20:37,300
He watches people's faces as 
they examine his Goods, gauging 

3844
03:20:37,300 --> 03:20:40,800
interest, occasionally offering 
information about an items 

3845
03:20:40,800 --> 03:20:45,100
origin or particular qualities. 
His accent marks him as foreign 

3846
03:20:45,100 --> 03:20:48,700
though, his Greek is perfectly 
functional and he's clearly been

3847
03:20:48,700 --> 03:20:51,600
trading in this region long 
enough to know local customs and

3848
03:20:51,600 --> 03:20:55,700
expectations. 
The cloth Merchant operates from

3849
03:20:55,700 --> 03:20:59,000
a more permanent structure. 
A small building that opened 

3850
03:20:59,000 --> 03:21:02,900
onto the square through a wide 
doorway bolts, a fabric rest on 

3851
03:21:02,900 --> 03:21:05,800
shells inside arranged by weight
and fiber type. 

3852
03:21:06,500 --> 03:21:09,200
Linen occupies. 
The highest shells being most 

3853
03:21:09,200 --> 03:21:13,200
valuable wool sits at arm level 
where it's most accessible for 

3854
03:21:13,200 --> 03:21:16,800
everyday purchases. 
Hemp and other rough materials 

3855
03:21:16,800 --> 03:21:21,000
rest, lower suitable for working
garments and utility purposes. 

3856
03:21:22,400 --> 03:21:25,700
The Merchant's daughter stands 
in the doorway ready to pull 

3857
03:21:25,700 --> 03:21:28,100
down any bolt. 
A customer wishes to examine 

3858
03:21:28,100 --> 03:21:31,000
more closely. 
You notice how people move 

3859
03:21:31,000 --> 03:21:34,700
through the market with varying 
levels of purpose, some arrived 

3860
03:21:34,700 --> 03:21:37,700
with specific needs, moving 
directly to the relevant, 

3861
03:21:37,700 --> 03:21:41,900
Merchant conducting their 
business and departing others 

3862
03:21:41,900 --> 03:21:43,900
drift. 
More slowly, checking multiple 

3863
03:21:43,900 --> 03:21:47,500
options, comparing offerings and
engaging in the extended 

3864
03:21:47,500 --> 03:21:50,200
conversations that might or 
might not lead to purchases. 

3865
03:21:52,000 --> 03:21:54,900
Few seem to be here, more for 
social contact than Commerce, 

3866
03:21:54,900 --> 03:21:59,100
stopping to greet friends, and 
acquaintances is sharing news 

3867
03:21:59,100 --> 03:22:01,600
and gossip while maintaining the
pretense of shopping. 

3868
03:22:02,500 --> 03:22:05,800
An old man sits at the edge of 
the square working leather with 

3869
03:22:05,800 --> 03:22:09,200
patient hands. 
He's making sandals, cutting the

3870
03:22:09,200 --> 03:22:12,000
soul pieces from a larger hide 
spread across his lap. 

3871
03:22:12,700 --> 03:22:16,900
His knife moves with absolute 
Precision following patterns, 

3872
03:22:16,900 --> 03:22:19,400
he's internalized across Decades
of work. 

3873
03:22:20,300 --> 03:22:23,500
Beside him rest, several 
completed pairs waiting for 

3874
03:22:23,508 --> 03:22:26,300
customers. 
Each one slightly different 

3875
03:22:26,300 --> 03:22:30,200
based on foot measurements, he 
took her early He glances up 

3876
03:22:30,200 --> 03:22:32,300
occasionally to watch the 
markets activity. 

3877
03:22:33,200 --> 03:22:35,600
But his hands never stopped 
their steady work. 

3878
03:22:36,600 --> 03:22:39,300
The tool seller has arrived with
his cart though. 

3879
03:22:39,300 --> 03:22:41,000
He's still arranging his 
display. 

3880
03:22:41,900 --> 03:22:45,200
Wooden handles for various 
implements occupy, one section, 

3881
03:22:45,200 --> 03:22:47,500
bronze Axe Heads and knife, 
blades. 

3882
03:22:47,500 --> 03:22:50,200
Fill another. 
Agricultural tools. 

3883
03:22:50,200 --> 03:22:55,100
Sickles hose and smaller digging
implements rest along the carts 

3884
03:22:55,100 --> 03:22:57,000
Edge. 
He's clearly just come from 

3885
03:22:57,008 --> 03:22:59,900
Inland because dust still coats 
his car wheels. 

3886
03:22:59,900 --> 03:23:03,000
And his sandals show, the pale 
dirt characteristic of the 

3887
03:23:03,000 --> 03:23:05,800
Valley Road rather than the 
darker soil around the city. 

3888
03:23:07,000 --> 03:23:10,500
Two women negotiate over a 
length of red dyed wool, their 

3889
03:23:10,500 --> 03:23:12,800
conversation, following the 
established patterns of 

3890
03:23:12,800 --> 03:23:16,000
marketing, the seller named her 
price. 

3891
03:23:16,000 --> 03:23:20,100
The buyer counters with the 
lower offer, neither woman shows

3892
03:23:20,100 --> 03:23:23,600
a fence at the others position. 
This simply how transactions 

3893
03:23:23,600 --> 03:23:26,100
proceed, they'll meet somewhere 
in the middle. 

3894
03:23:26,100 --> 03:23:28,900
Both walking away. 
Satisfied, that they've 

3895
03:23:28,900 --> 03:23:33,300
conducted business fairly The 
ritual of negotiation matters. 

3896
03:23:33,300 --> 03:23:37,400
Almost as much as the final 
price affirming, mutual respect 

3897
03:23:37,400 --> 03:23:40,000
and social relationship 
alongside the commercial 

3898
03:23:40,000 --> 03:23:43,000
Exchange. 
You watch a mother teaching her 

3899
03:23:43,000 --> 03:23:44,700
daughter, the art of Market 
shopping. 

3900
03:23:44,700 --> 03:23:48,700
The girl must be around 10 years
old old enough to learn but 

3901
03:23:48,700 --> 03:23:52,000
still young enough that mistakes
carry no serious consequences. 

3902
03:23:53,000 --> 03:23:55,200
Her mother sent her to negotiate
for apples. 

3903
03:23:55,200 --> 03:23:58,700
While remaining nearby to 
observe the girl approaches the 

3904
03:23:58,700 --> 03:24:01,700
fruit seller with visible 
nervousness, trying to remember 

3905
03:24:01,700 --> 03:24:04,000
the phrases. 
Her mother, surely taught her, 

3906
03:24:04,000 --> 03:24:08,100
the seller recognizing the 
situation treats her with 

3907
03:24:08,100 --> 03:24:12,400
patient seriousness, quoting a 
fair price without taking 

3908
03:24:12,400 --> 03:24:16,500
advantage of her inexperience. 
The girls successfully completes

3909
03:24:16,500 --> 03:24:19,400
her purchase and returns to her 
mother with obvious pride in her

3910
03:24:19,400 --> 03:24:23,200
accomplishment. 
Near the fountain people gather 

3911
03:24:23,200 --> 03:24:27,500
for water and conversation. 
The fountain itself flows from a

3912
03:24:27,500 --> 03:24:31,500
carved lion's, head, water 
pouring steadily into a stone 

3913
03:24:31,500 --> 03:24:34,600
Basin below. 
Women fill their jars. 

3914
03:24:34,600 --> 03:24:37,600
While discussing household 
matters, whose daughter as a 

3915
03:24:37,608 --> 03:24:41,600
coaching marriage age, which 
family is expecting a child and 

3916
03:24:41,600 --> 03:24:44,800
where the best war appeared at 
Market this week, their 

3917
03:24:44,800 --> 03:24:47,400
conversations weave together 
that practical in the personal, 

3918
03:24:47,400 --> 03:24:51,400
creating the social fabric, that
binds the community together as 

3919
03:24:51,400 --> 03:24:53,200
surely, as any political 
structure. 

3920
03:24:54,600 --> 03:24:57,700
The sun is climbed higher and 
now, and the market reaches, its

3921
03:24:57,700 --> 03:24:59,800
peak activity. 
The noise. 

3922
03:24:59,800 --> 03:25:03,200
Level rise is, as more people 
arrived and more transactions. 

3923
03:25:03,200 --> 03:25:06,900
Take place simultaneously, you 
hear the distinctive sounds of 

3924
03:25:06,900 --> 03:25:09,800
Commerce? 
Clink of metal weights on 

3925
03:25:09,808 --> 03:25:14,500
scales, the rustle of grain 
pouring into containers, the 

3926
03:25:14,500 --> 03:25:18,400
soft thud of cloth, bolts being 
laid out for examination and the

3927
03:25:18,408 --> 03:25:21,700
splash of water as someone 
accidentally tips a jar, too. 

3928
03:25:21,700 --> 03:25:24,500
Quickly at the fountain, you can
complete your own errands. 

3929
03:25:24,500 --> 03:25:28,700
Selecting the items your 
household needs Merchant wraps 

3930
03:25:28,700 --> 03:25:31,600
your purchase in large leaves to
keep it fresh during your walk 

3931
03:25:31,600 --> 03:25:35,400
home, the grain seller measures 
your purchase carefully using a 

3932
03:25:35,408 --> 03:25:37,700
bronze cup. 
That holds exactly the amount 

3933
03:25:37,700 --> 03:25:40,800
you've paid for leveling it with
a wooden scraper to ensure 

3934
03:25:40,800 --> 03:25:44,700
accuracy these small acts of 
commercial honesty, maintain 

3935
03:25:44,700 --> 03:25:48,100
trust across thousands of 
transactions, allowing the 

3936
03:25:48,100 --> 03:25:51,400
market system to function 
smoothly without requiring 

3937
03:25:51,400 --> 03:25:56,300
constant oversight or dispute 
resolution the palace sits on 

3938
03:25:56,300 --> 03:25:58,500
raise at the city's Eastern 
Edge. 

3939
03:25:58,500 --> 03:26:02,300
Its stone walls catching the 
morning sun before it reaches 

3940
03:26:02,300 --> 03:26:03,500
the lowest streets where you 
live. 

3941
03:26:04,400 --> 03:26:07,900
You've never been inside those 
walls but you understand how 

3942
03:26:07,900 --> 03:26:11,800
they represent a cumulated 
Authority, built up over many 

3943
03:26:11,800 --> 03:26:14,200
generations. 
The current King's 

3944
03:26:14,200 --> 03:26:17,800
grandfather's, grandfather built
the oldest sections and each 

3945
03:26:17,800 --> 03:26:21,900
ruler since has added to the 
structure expanding its slowly, 

3946
03:26:21,900 --> 03:26:26,000
according to available resources
and current needs. the king 

3947
03:26:26,000 --> 03:26:29,800
himself appears occasionally in 
public contexts during major 

3948
03:26:29,800 --> 03:26:32,700
religious festivals or when 
receiving important foreign 

3949
03:26:32,700 --> 03:26:35,900
visitors, You saw him three 
months ago during the Spring 

3950
03:26:35,900 --> 03:26:38,700
planting Festival standing on 
the raised platform. 

3951
03:26:38,700 --> 03:26:41,000
While priests performed. 
The traditional offerings. 

3952
03:26:41,000 --> 03:26:43,000
He looked older than you 
expected. 

3953
03:26:43,000 --> 03:26:47,100
His beard showing more gray than
the stories about him suggested.

3954
03:26:47,900 --> 03:26:50,600
He wore a purple bordered robe 
that must have cost more than 

3955
03:26:50,600 --> 03:26:52,200
your household earns in several 
years. 

3956
03:26:52,200 --> 03:26:56,200
The dire alone representing 
tremendous expense given how 

3957
03:26:56,200 --> 03:26:59,000
many sea snails must be 
processed to produce, even a 

3958
03:26:59,000 --> 03:27:00,800
small amount of that particular 
shade. 

3959
03:27:01,600 --> 03:27:04,400
You know his name, of course, 
everyone knows the name of the 

3960
03:27:04,400 --> 03:27:07,800
king who rules their city, but 
you all know the name of the 

3961
03:27:07,808 --> 03:27:11,200
family who support his rule. 
The network of relationships 

3962
03:27:11,200 --> 03:27:14,500
that allows a single man to 
claim authority over thousands. 

3963
03:27:15,300 --> 03:27:18,200
The old families, the ones who 
can trace their lineage back 

3964
03:27:18,200 --> 03:27:21,100
through many generations. 
In this place, provide the 

3965
03:27:21,100 --> 03:27:24,400
foundation for royal power. 
They control the best 

3966
03:27:24,400 --> 03:27:27,300
agricultural land. 
The most productive Olive 

3967
03:27:27,300 --> 03:27:30,200
Grove's and the most reliable 
sources of water. 

3968
03:27:30,200 --> 03:27:34,000
Their support makes kingship 
possible and their potential 

3969
03:27:34,000 --> 03:27:37,100
opposition, makes King's 
cautious power here. 

3970
03:27:37,100 --> 03:27:40,500
Does not flow from a single 
Source but rather emerges from 

3971
03:27:40,500 --> 03:27:43,000
the intersection of multiple 
relationships. 

3972
03:27:43,800 --> 03:27:46,800
The king maintains his position 
partly through military 

3973
03:27:46,800 --> 03:27:50,100
capability. 
He commands loyalty from men who

3974
03:27:50,100 --> 03:27:52,000
carry weapons and know how to 
use them. 

3975
03:27:52,900 --> 03:27:55,000
But he also maintains power 
through more. 

3976
03:27:55,000 --> 03:27:58,800
Subtle means through marriages 
arranged between his family and 

3977
03:27:58,800 --> 03:28:02,000
other prominent households 
through gift-giving, that 

3978
03:28:02,000 --> 03:28:05,300
creates ongoing obligations 
through religious roles that 

3979
03:28:05,300 --> 03:28:08,800
connect Royal authority to 
Divine favor, and through the 

3980
03:28:08,800 --> 03:28:11,200
management of trade 
relationships, that keep Goods 

3981
03:28:11,200 --> 03:28:14,700
flowing into the City, and 
wealth accumulating in ways that

3982
03:28:14,700 --> 03:28:18,100
benefit his supporters. 
You understand this because you 

3983
03:28:18,100 --> 03:28:21,800
hear the palace discussed 
frequently, your uncle wants 

3984
03:28:21,800 --> 03:28:25,000
worked on a building project, 
their reinforcing a section of 

3985
03:28:25,000 --> 03:28:28,500
wall that had begun to crack. 
He came home each evening with 

3986
03:28:28,500 --> 03:28:31,700
observations about how the 
household functioned what he'd 

3987
03:28:31,700 --> 03:28:35,100
overheard and who seemed to hold
actual influence forces who 

3988
03:28:35,100 --> 03:28:39,800
merely held impressive titles. 
According to him, the king's 

3989
03:28:39,800 --> 03:28:42,400
cousin actually manages most 
daily decisions. 

3990
03:28:42,400 --> 03:28:46,300
While the king himself focuses 
on diplomatic relationships and 

3991
03:28:46,300 --> 03:28:49,900
religious obligations, the 
cousin has a reputation for 

3992
03:28:49,900 --> 03:28:52,400
efficiency and ruthlessness in 
equal measure. 

3993
03:28:53,100 --> 03:28:55,600
Qualities that make him 
affective but not particularly 

3994
03:28:55,600 --> 03:28:58,900
loved. 
The system of marriage Alliance 

3995
03:28:58,900 --> 03:29:02,700
is that connects ruling families
across the region represents a 

3996
03:29:02,700 --> 03:29:06,200
form of diplomacy. 
So fundamental that people 

3997
03:29:06,200 --> 03:29:08,100
rarely think about it 
explicitly. 

3998
03:29:09,500 --> 03:29:12,200
When a King's Daughter, marries 
a prince from another city. 

3999
03:29:12,200 --> 03:29:15,800
She carries with her, not just 
personal identity but a whole 

4000
03:29:15,800 --> 03:29:19,300
set of obligations and 
expectations. her children will 

4001
03:29:19,300 --> 03:29:22,900
have Blood Ties to both cities, 
creating family relationships, 

4002
03:29:22,900 --> 03:29:25,600
that make certain types of 
conflict, more complicated and 

4003
03:29:25,600 --> 03:29:28,900
other types of cooperation more 
natural, you know, about this 

4004
03:29:28,900 --> 03:29:31,600
because your neighbors cousins 
serves in the household of a 

4005
03:29:31,600 --> 03:29:34,700
foreign princess who married 
into your city's royal family 15

4006
03:29:34,700 --> 03:29:38,600
years ago, The princess brought 
with her a small staff of people

4007
03:29:38,600 --> 03:29:42,000
from her Homeland, and these 
individuals maintain connections

4008
03:29:42,000 --> 03:29:45,400
back to their city of origin 
while slowly integrating into 

4009
03:29:45,400 --> 03:29:48,400
their new home. 
They represent informal 

4010
03:29:48,400 --> 03:29:52,400
communication channels between 
the two cities carrying news and

4011
03:29:52,400 --> 03:29:55,800
messages that supplement more 
official diplomatic contacts. 

4012
03:29:56,500 --> 03:29:59,500
treaties between cities, get 
formalized in documents that 

4013
03:29:59,500 --> 03:30:03,000
scribes maintained in Palace 
archives, but you've never seen 

4014
03:30:03,000 --> 03:30:07,500
these documents and probably 
never will What you know about 

4015
03:30:07,500 --> 03:30:09,800
treaties comes from their 
practical effects? 

4016
03:30:10,500 --> 03:30:13,500
Certain Goods flow more freely. 
When trade agreements are 

4017
03:30:13,500 --> 03:30:15,800
active. 
Certain Merchants receive 

4018
03:30:15,800 --> 03:30:19,600
preferential treatment based on 
treaty terms and certain cities 

4019
03:30:19,600 --> 03:30:23,800
remain at peace year, after year
because treaty obligations, make

4020
03:30:23,800 --> 03:30:25,700
conflict too costly to 
contemplate. 

4021
03:30:25,700 --> 03:30:28,500
You heard about one treaty 
renewal that occurred. 

4022
03:30:28,500 --> 03:30:30,300
When you were younger 
representatives. 

4023
03:30:30,300 --> 03:30:33,400
From another coastal city, 
arrived with considerable 

4024
03:30:33,400 --> 03:30:36,900
ceremony their ships, specially 
decorated for the occasion. 

4025
03:30:36,900 --> 03:30:40,800
They brought gifts for your 
cities, King, bronze work, 

4026
03:30:40,800 --> 03:30:45,200
decorated pottery slaves, and a 
particularly fine horse that 

4027
03:30:45,200 --> 03:30:47,300
people talked about for months 
afterward. 

4028
03:30:48,200 --> 03:30:52,500
Your king responded with gifts 
of equal value, crafted gold, 

4029
03:30:52,500 --> 03:30:57,100
jewelry, high quality weapons, 
painted vessels, and several 

4030
03:30:57,100 --> 03:31:00,100
young women from noble families 
who had serve in the foreign 

4031
03:31:00,100 --> 03:31:03,400
Kings household and possibly 
become minor wives or 

4032
03:31:03,400 --> 03:31:07,000
concubines. 
The exchange of gifts satisfied,

4033
03:31:07,000 --> 03:31:10,000
treaty requirements, but it also
accomplished. 

4034
03:31:10,000 --> 03:31:13,000
Something more subtle. 
Each side, demonstrated their 

4035
03:31:13,000 --> 03:31:17,000
wealth and capability sending 
messages about their status and 

4036
03:31:17,000 --> 03:31:20,300
strength. 
The specific items, chosen 

4037
03:31:20,300 --> 03:31:23,200
communicated information beyond 
their material value. 

4038
03:31:24,000 --> 03:31:26,600
Find weapons suggested military 
capacity. 

4039
03:31:27,400 --> 03:31:30,400
Skilled craft, work, indicated, 
economic sophistication, 

4040
03:31:30,400 --> 03:31:33,300
beautiful slaves or servants 
implied. 

4041
03:31:33,300 --> 03:31:37,000
Deep enough resources to give 
away valuable people Reading 

4042
03:31:37,000 --> 03:31:39,900
these gift exchanges, required 
cultural knowledge, that 

4043
03:31:39,900 --> 03:31:42,600
everyone in your Society, 
learned gradually through 

4044
03:31:42,600 --> 03:31:46,900
observation and participation. 
Tribute relationships, add 

4045
03:31:46,900 --> 03:31:49,100
another layer to the Region's 
political structure. 

4046
03:31:50,100 --> 03:31:53,100
Several smaller settlements in 
the Hills about your city, send 

4047
03:31:53,100 --> 03:31:56,400
regular tribute. 
Usually, agricultural products 

4048
03:31:56,400 --> 03:31:58,900
sometimes labor for specific 
projects. 

4049
03:31:59,900 --> 03:32:03,000
This tribute to acknowledges 
their subordinate, status, and 

4050
03:32:03,000 --> 03:32:07,800
your cities protective role. in 
return, your City refrains from 

4051
03:32:07,800 --> 03:32:10,800
raiding, their territory and 
provides assistance, if they 

4052
03:32:10,800 --> 03:32:14,800
face external threats, The 
tribute arrives on a predictable

4053
03:32:14,800 --> 03:32:18,600
schedule transported by 
Representatives who stay just 

4054
03:32:18,600 --> 03:32:21,100
long enough to deliver their 
goods and receive 

4055
03:32:21,100 --> 03:32:23,800
acknowledgment. 
Before returning home, you've 

4056
03:32:23,800 --> 03:32:27,600
seen these delegations arrive in
the lower Market Square, their 

4057
03:32:27,600 --> 03:32:31,600
carts, loaded with sealed 
containers of olive oil, sacks 

4058
03:32:31,600 --> 03:32:36,200
of grain or bundles of wool. 
They seem neither resentful nor 

4059
03:32:36,200 --> 03:32:37,900
particularly enthusiastic about 
the arrangement. 

4060
03:32:37,900 --> 03:32:42,100
It simply how their relationship
with your city functions, a 

4061
03:32:42,100 --> 03:32:44,700
pattern established so long ago 
that no one questioned it 

4062
03:32:44,700 --> 03:32:46,900
anymore. 
Sometimes you wonder whether 

4063
03:32:46,900 --> 03:32:49,500
tribute represents oppression or
Mutual benefit. 

4064
03:32:50,500 --> 03:32:53,100
The hill settlement certainly 
lose some of their production to

4065
03:32:53,100 --> 03:32:56,200
your city but they also gain 
protection from Pirates and 

4066
03:32:56,208 --> 03:33:00,100
Raiders who might otherwise find
them easy targets, they receive 

4067
03:33:00,100 --> 03:33:03,100
access to your city's markets 
and the specialized Goods that 

4068
03:33:03,100 --> 03:33:06,300
flow through it. 
Their sons sometimes find 

4069
03:33:06,300 --> 03:33:09,300
opportunities in your city that 
wouldn't exist in their smaller 

4070
03:33:09,300 --> 03:33:11,900
communities. 
The relationship contains 

4071
03:33:11,900 --> 03:33:16,300
elements of both exploitation 
and genuine Mutual advantage and

4072
03:33:16,300 --> 03:33:19,100
which aspect dominates probably,
depends on who you are. 

4073
03:33:19,100 --> 03:33:24,100
And under, what circumstances? 
The king's Council meets 

4074
03:33:24,100 --> 03:33:27,300
regularly to make decisions 
about matters to significant for

4075
03:33:27,300 --> 03:33:31,200
any individual to handle alone. 
You don't know exactly who sits 

4076
03:33:31,200 --> 03:33:33,900
on this counter. 
But you can guess based on who 

4077
03:33:33,900 --> 03:33:37,400
appears publicly alongside the 
king during important events, 

4078
03:33:38,500 --> 03:33:41,000
The heads of the oldest family. 
Certainly participate. 

4079
03:33:41,000 --> 03:33:44,100
The commander of the city's 
military forces, probably 

4080
03:33:44,100 --> 03:33:46,900
attends. 
Senior priest might have seen 

4081
03:33:46,900 --> 03:33:50,300
the connection between religious
Authority and political 

4082
03:33:50,300 --> 03:33:54,100
legitimacy. 
Merchants to control significant

4083
03:33:54,100 --> 03:33:57,800
trade relationships, like, 
likely receive consultation the 

4084
03:33:57,800 --> 03:34:01,000
weather they hold formal council
positions or simply get invited 

4085
03:34:01,000 --> 03:34:02,600
for discussion about commercial 
matters. 

4086
03:34:02,600 --> 03:34:07,000
Remains unclear Decisions that 
emerge from these Council 

4087
03:34:07,000 --> 03:34:10,400
meetings, affects daily life in 
ways, both obvious and subtle. 

4088
03:34:11,400 --> 03:34:15,100
When new construction projects 
begin they reflect Council 

4089
03:34:15,100 --> 03:34:17,100
decisions about resource 
allocation. 

4090
03:34:17,900 --> 03:34:21,100
When certain Merchants receive 
exclusive rights to trade 

4091
03:34:21,100 --> 03:34:24,900
specific Goods Council, 
negotiations, stand behind those

4092
03:34:24,900 --> 03:34:28,000
arrangements. 
When the city enters, new treaty

4093
03:34:28,000 --> 03:34:31,500
relationships, or modifies 
existing ones Council 

4094
03:34:31,500 --> 03:34:35,000
deliberations, produce those 
outcomes, You've learned that 

4095
03:34:35,000 --> 03:34:38,100
effective rule requires 
balancing competing interests. 

4096
03:34:38,100 --> 03:34:40,800
Skillfully, the king must keep 
powerful. 

4097
03:34:40,800 --> 03:34:43,500
Family satisfied, enough. 
That they don't unite against 

4098
03:34:43,500 --> 03:34:47,000
him but not so powerful 
individually that anyone family 

4099
03:34:47,000 --> 03:34:50,700
can challenge his authority, he 
must maintain military strength,

4100
03:34:50,700 --> 03:34:53,800
sufficient to defend the city 
and project power when necessary

4101
03:34:53,800 --> 03:34:57,000
but not so large a military 
establishment that it drains 

4102
03:34:57,000 --> 03:34:59,400
resources needed for economic 
vitality. 

4103
03:35:00,500 --> 03:35:03,800
He must honor religious 
Traditions that legitimizes rule

4104
03:35:03,800 --> 03:35:07,500
while also managing practical 
governance, that sometimes 

4105
03:35:07,500 --> 03:35:11,000
requires flexibility beyond what
traditionally permits. 

4106
03:35:12,000 --> 03:35:15,200
This Balancing Act plays out 
through daily decisions that 

4107
03:35:15,200 --> 03:35:19,100
rarely attract public attention.
When the king mediates, a 

4108
03:35:19,100 --> 03:35:20,600
dispute between two prominent 
families. 

4109
03:35:20,600 --> 03:35:23,900
He carefully calibrate his 
response to maintain both his 

4110
03:35:23,900 --> 03:35:28,400
authority and his relationships 
with both parties. when he 

4111
03:35:28,400 --> 03:35:31,700
decides which religious Festival
receives the most elaborate 

4112
03:35:31,700 --> 03:35:35,900
celebration, he considers both 
genuine piety and the political 

4113
03:35:35,900 --> 03:35:40,000
implications of favoring one 
deity over another When he 

4114
03:35:40,000 --> 03:35:42,900
chooses, which Merchants to 
Grant special trading 

4115
03:35:42,900 --> 03:35:45,400
privileges. 
He weighs their commercial 

4116
03:35:45,400 --> 03:35:48,400
capability against their 
political reliability and 

4117
03:35:48,400 --> 03:35:51,600
personal loyalty. 
Succession represents, perhaps 

4118
03:35:51,600 --> 03:35:53,900
the most delicate aspect of 
royal power. 

4119
03:35:54,700 --> 03:35:58,400
Your current King has several 
sons and speculation about, 

4120
03:35:58,400 --> 03:36:01,600
which one will eventually 
inherit his position runs, 

4121
03:36:01,600 --> 03:36:05,800
through every level of society. 
The oldest son, seems the 

4122
03:36:05,800 --> 03:36:09,400
obvious choice by tradition but 
he is reportedly gentle and 

4123
03:36:09,400 --> 03:36:12,700
scholarly more interested in 
poetry than Politics. 

4124
03:36:12,700 --> 03:36:16,100
The Second Son commands, part of
the military and has a 

4125
03:36:16,100 --> 03:36:18,800
reputation for capability, but 
also for arrogance, that 

4126
03:36:18,800 --> 03:36:23,400
alienates potential supporters, 
The third son remains young 

4127
03:36:23,400 --> 03:36:25,000
enough. 
That is character hasn't fully 

4128
03:36:25,000 --> 03:36:27,900
revealed itself. 
Making him an uncertain 

4129
03:36:27,900 --> 03:36:30,600
Prospect. 
But also potentially appealing 

4130
03:36:30,600 --> 03:36:34,100
to those who want to shape the 
next rain, according to their 

4131
03:36:34,100 --> 03:36:38,800
own interests You understand 
that this uncertainty creates 

4132
03:36:38,800 --> 03:36:41,600
opportunity for political 
maneuvering among the powerful 

4133
03:36:41,600 --> 03:36:45,500
families. 
Each potential are represents a 

4134
03:36:45,500 --> 03:36:47,900
different possible future and 
families. 

4135
03:36:47,900 --> 03:36:51,000
Position themselves to benefit 
regardless of, which son 

4136
03:36:51,000 --> 03:36:54,900
ultimately takes power. 
Some cultivate relationships 

4137
03:36:54,900 --> 03:36:58,300
with all three hedging, their 
positions, others. 

4138
03:36:58,300 --> 03:37:01,200
Commit firmly to supporting one 
particular prints. 

4139
03:37:01,900 --> 03:37:04,300
Gambling that backing a winner 
will bring rewards. 

4140
03:37:04,300 --> 03:37:06,900
While recognizing that backing, 
a loser could prove costly. 

4141
03:37:06,900 --> 03:37:10,000
The king himself must manage 
this situation. 

4142
03:37:10,000 --> 03:37:13,700
Carefully maintaining his own 
authority while the question of 

4143
03:37:13,700 --> 03:37:17,600
succession creates implicit 
competition beneath the surface.

4144
03:37:17,600 --> 03:37:21,200
He can't wait too long to 
clarify his choice without 

4145
03:37:21,200 --> 03:37:24,700
risking instability. 
But he also can't decide to 

4146
03:37:24,700 --> 03:37:28,400
early without empowering, his 
chosen are so much that the air 

4147
03:37:28,400 --> 03:37:31,700
becomes impatient or creates a 
competing Center of authority. 

4148
03:37:32,800 --> 03:37:37,000
This dilemma has faced every 
King and solutions vary based on

4149
03:37:37,000 --> 03:37:39,700
personalities circumstances and 
luck. 

4150
03:37:40,400 --> 03:37:43,100
Honor in your world functions as
an invisible. 

4151
03:37:43,100 --> 03:37:47,100
But powerful force shaping 
decisions in ways that outside 

4152
03:37:47,100 --> 03:37:48,500
as might find difficult to 
understand. 

4153
03:37:49,800 --> 03:37:51,700
You carry on a like, you carry 
your name? 

4154
03:37:51,700 --> 03:37:54,400
There's something 
simultaneously, personal and 

4155
03:37:54,400 --> 03:37:57,000
inherited an individual and 
Collective. 

4156
03:37:57,700 --> 03:38:01,000
What you do reflects on your 
family and what your family has 

4157
03:38:01,000 --> 03:38:04,000
done across Generations shapes 
how others view you. 

4158
03:38:04,700 --> 03:38:06,800
Before you've had the 
opportunity to demonstrate your 

4159
03:38:06,800 --> 03:38:10,600
own character, you learned about
honor gradually through 

4160
03:38:10,600 --> 03:38:14,000
countless small moments rather 
than explicit instruction. 

4161
03:38:14,000 --> 03:38:17,600
When you were seven years old, 
you saw your father refused to 

4162
03:38:17,600 --> 03:38:20,400
conduct business with a merchant
who are cheated, your neighbor, 

4163
03:38:20,400 --> 03:38:25,100
the merchant offered favorable 
terms, trying to make amends but

4164
03:38:25,100 --> 03:38:29,000
your father declined, firmly and
politely He explained to you 

4165
03:38:29,000 --> 03:38:32,000
later that evening, that 
maintaining a reputation for 

4166
03:38:32,000 --> 03:38:35,500
honesty mattered more than any 
single transactions profit. 

4167
03:38:36,500 --> 03:38:39,300
If he had accepted the merchants
offer, people would wonder 

4168
03:38:39,300 --> 03:38:42,200
whether your father could be 
bought whether his principal 

4169
03:38:42,200 --> 03:38:44,200
shifted based on personal 
advantage. 

4170
03:38:45,000 --> 03:38:47,900
That lesson embedded itself in 
how you understand the world. 

4171
03:38:48,900 --> 03:38:53,000
Honors and about grand gestures 
or heroic moments, but about 

4172
03:38:53,000 --> 03:38:55,900
consistent Behavior across 
ordinary situations. 

4173
03:38:55,900 --> 03:39:00,000
It means keeping your word. 
Even when circumstances change 

4174
03:39:00,000 --> 03:39:03,400
and breaking it would be 
convenient, it means treating 

4175
03:39:03,400 --> 03:39:05,900
others according to their 
status, and the relationships 

4176
03:39:05,900 --> 03:39:09,400
between you neither offering 
insult through insufficient 

4177
03:39:09,400 --> 03:39:13,000
respect nor claiming false a 
quality with those who rank 

4178
03:39:13,000 --> 03:39:16,200
above you. 
The concept of hospitality 

4179
03:39:16,200 --> 03:39:18,400
carries particular weight in 
your culture. 

4180
03:39:19,500 --> 03:39:22,700
When strangers arrive at your 
door custom requires that, you 

4181
03:39:22,700 --> 03:39:25,900
welcome them. 
Offer food and drink and provide

4182
03:39:25,900 --> 03:39:28,800
shelter if needed. 
You don't immediately asked 

4183
03:39:28,800 --> 03:39:31,000
their business or demand to know
their names. 

4184
03:39:31,900 --> 03:39:35,300
First, you show Hospitality 
demonstrating both your 

4185
03:39:35,300 --> 03:39:38,000
households abundance and your 
understanding of proper 

4186
03:39:38,000 --> 03:39:41,500
behavior. 
Only after guests of eaten and 

4187
03:39:41,500 --> 03:39:44,400
rested as the conversation turn 
to who they are and what brings 

4188
03:39:44,400 --> 03:39:48,000
them to your door. 
This custom serves practical 

4189
03:39:48,000 --> 03:39:50,300
purposes. 
In a world where travel requires

4190
03:39:50,300 --> 03:39:54,000
depending on others. 
Generosity, anyone might someday

4191
03:39:54,000 --> 03:39:57,300
find themselves far from home 
needing assistance from 

4192
03:39:57,300 --> 03:40:00,300
strangers. 
The hospitality obligation 

4193
03:40:00,300 --> 03:40:03,800
ensures that such assistance 
will be available, but it also 

4194
03:40:03,800 --> 03:40:06,500
serves deeper social functions, 
creating bonds between 

4195
03:40:06,500 --> 03:40:09,900
households and demonstrating the
host status and character. 

4196
03:40:09,900 --> 03:40:13,700
A household that can afford 
generous Hospitality proves its 

4197
03:40:13,700 --> 03:40:16,500
prosperity. 
A householder offers such 

4198
03:40:16,500 --> 03:40:20,100
Hospitality, reliably builds a 
reputation that extends far 

4199
03:40:20,100 --> 03:40:21,500
beyond its immediate 
neighborhood. 

4200
03:40:22,500 --> 03:40:25,300
You remember, when a traveler 
From A Distant Island stayed 

4201
03:40:25,300 --> 03:40:28,600
with your family for three days?
He arrived in the evening. 

4202
03:40:28,600 --> 03:40:32,400
Clearly exhausted from his 
journey and your father welcomed

4203
03:40:32,400 --> 03:40:35,600
him without hesitation Your 
mother prepared, the best food 

4204
03:40:35,600 --> 03:40:38,800
available brought out bedding. 
That normally stayed stored for 

4205
03:40:38,800 --> 03:40:43,400
special occasions and made sure 
the visitor felt comfortable The

4206
03:40:43,400 --> 03:40:46,700
Traveler shared news from his 
homeland told stories that 

4207
03:40:46,700 --> 03:40:50,300
entertain the entire household 
and left small gifts when he 

4208
03:40:50,300 --> 03:40:54,400
departed nothing valuable the 
tokens that acknowledged, the 

4209
03:40:54,400 --> 03:40:58,200
hospitality he'd received months
later when your brother needed 

4210
03:40:58,200 --> 03:41:01,600
to travel to that same distant 
Island for trading purposes. 

4211
03:41:01,600 --> 03:41:05,300
The Travelers family welcomed 
him with equal generosity. 

4212
03:41:06,300 --> 03:41:09,300
They connected him with local 
Merchants provided 

4213
03:41:09,300 --> 03:41:11,600
introductions. 
That would have taken weeks to 

4214
03:41:11,600 --> 03:41:15,200
establish independently and 
treated him as an honored guest 

4215
03:41:15,200 --> 03:41:19,700
rather than a foreign stranger. 
This recipe showed how 

4216
03:41:19,700 --> 03:41:24,300
Hospitality creates networks of 
obligation and support that span

4217
03:41:24,300 --> 03:41:28,500
the entire region. 
Oath taking represents the most 

4218
03:41:28,500 --> 03:41:31,200
serious form of commitment your 
culture recognizes. 

4219
03:41:31,200 --> 03:41:35,800
When you swear an oath, you 
invoke, Divine witnesses to your

4220
03:41:35,800 --> 03:41:38,400
promise. 
Accepting that breaking, your 

4221
03:41:38,400 --> 03:41:42,000
word will bring not just social 
consequences, but potentially 

4222
03:41:42,000 --> 03:41:46,400
Supernatural punishment. 
This belief, makes Oaths 

4223
03:41:46,400 --> 03:41:49,000
powerful tools for creating 
binding agreements. 

4224
03:41:49,000 --> 03:41:52,100
But it also means people 
approach oath-taking with 

4225
03:41:52,100 --> 03:41:56,000
appropriate, seriousness. 
You've participated in oath 

4226
03:41:56,000 --> 03:41:59,100
ceremonies several times, the 
most memorable occurred when 

4227
03:41:59,100 --> 03:42:01,300
your family entered a business 
partnership with another 

4228
03:42:01,300 --> 03:42:05,000
household. both family heads 
stood before the household 

4229
03:42:05,000 --> 03:42:09,300
Shrine each holding a portion of
the sacrifice animal and spoke 

4230
03:42:09,300 --> 03:42:12,700
the words that bound them to 
their agreement, You watched 

4231
03:42:12,700 --> 03:42:16,300
your father's face during the 
ceremony seeing the gravity with

4232
03:42:16,300 --> 03:42:19,900
which he treated the moment. 
The oath didn't just commit him 

4233
03:42:19,900 --> 03:42:23,800
to the partnership terms, but 
placed his honor, his family's 

4234
03:42:23,800 --> 03:42:26,700
reputation and his relationship 
with the gods. 

4235
03:42:26,700 --> 03:42:30,500
All behind that commitment. 
The weight of such oath shapes 

4236
03:42:30,500 --> 03:42:33,000
behavior, in ways, both obvious,
and subtle. 

4237
03:42:33,900 --> 03:42:36,400
When people know that breaking 
an oath, brings severe 

4238
03:42:36,400 --> 03:42:39,500
consequences, they become very 
careful about what Oaths, they 

4239
03:42:39,500 --> 03:42:42,100
swear. 
They negotiate terms precisely 

4240
03:42:42,100 --> 03:42:45,000
ensuring that what their 
promising remains within their 

4241
03:42:45,000 --> 03:42:48,700
capability to deliver. 
They also honor their Oaths even

4242
03:42:48,700 --> 03:42:51,900
when doing so becomes 
inconvenient or costly because 

4243
03:42:51,900 --> 03:42:56,100
the alternative becoming known 
as an oath breaker carries costs

4244
03:42:56,100 --> 03:42:59,100
that extend far beyond any 
individual transaction. 

4245
03:42:59,900 --> 03:43:04,400
Insults require a response but 
the required response varies 

4246
03:43:04,400 --> 03:43:07,200
enormously based on context and 
status. 

4247
03:43:08,000 --> 03:43:11,500
A minor slight between equals 
might be settled with an apology

4248
03:43:11,500 --> 03:43:15,800
and small compensation. 
The same slight directed at 

4249
03:43:15,800 --> 03:43:19,100
someone of significantly higher 
status, demands more. 

4250
03:43:19,100 --> 03:43:23,300
Elaborate satisfaction, And 
certain provocations, 

4251
03:43:23,300 --> 03:43:26,600
questioning someone's, courage, 
implementing, their families 

4252
03:43:26,600 --> 03:43:31,700
honor or violating Hospitality 
create obligations for dramatic,

4253
03:43:31,700 --> 03:43:35,200
responses that can escalate into
serious conflict. 

4254
03:43:36,200 --> 03:43:39,200
You learned these distinctions 
through observation and 

4255
03:43:39,200 --> 03:43:43,700
occasional mistakes. 
Once as a child, you spoke to 

4256
03:43:43,700 --> 03:43:46,900
dismissively about a neighbor's 
daughter in a way that reached 

4257
03:43:46,900 --> 03:43:50,100
her family's ears. 
Your father made, you apologize 

4258
03:43:50,100 --> 03:43:53,300
formally bringing a gift to 
their household and speaking 

4259
03:43:53,300 --> 03:43:55,700
words of respect about the girl 
and her family. 

4260
03:43:56,800 --> 03:43:59,900
The apology ritual felt 
excessive for what seemed to you

4261
03:43:59,900 --> 03:44:03,500
like a minor offense, but your 
father explained that allowing 

4262
03:44:03,500 --> 03:44:06,600
the insult to stand on addressed
would damage both families 

4263
03:44:06,600 --> 03:44:10,900
reputations and create lingering
resentment that could poison the

4264
03:44:10,900 --> 03:44:14,800
neighborhood social atmosphere. 
Guest friendship represents a 

4265
03:44:14,800 --> 03:44:17,100
particular value relationship in
your Society. 

4266
03:44:18,400 --> 03:44:21,100
When two people or families 
established guest friendship, 

4267
03:44:21,100 --> 03:44:25,000
they create bonds of mutual, 
obligation that persists across 

4268
03:44:25,000 --> 03:44:28,200
Generations. 
If your grandfather hosted 

4269
03:44:28,200 --> 03:44:30,800
someone who later became 
prominent in a distant City, 

4270
03:44:30,800 --> 03:44:32,800
your family can call upon that 
relationship. 

4271
03:44:32,800 --> 03:44:36,600
Even now decades later, The 
original guests. 

4272
03:44:36,600 --> 03:44:40,200
Descendants will honor their 
ancestors dead by offering 

4273
03:44:40,200 --> 03:44:44,100
hospitality and assistance to. 
You these relationships create 

4274
03:44:44,100 --> 03:44:47,100
informal networks, that 
supplement official diplomatic 

4275
03:44:47,100 --> 03:44:49,900
and trade channels. 
When your cities Merchants 

4276
03:44:49,900 --> 03:44:53,700
travel to distant ports, they 
often carry tokens from families

4277
03:44:53,700 --> 03:44:57,500
here to families, their invoking
guest friendships established 

4278
03:44:57,500 --> 03:45:01,400
years or Generations early. 
These connections smooth 

4279
03:45:01,400 --> 03:45:04,900
commercial relationships, 
provide security, and 

4280
03:45:04,900 --> 03:45:07,900
potentially dangerous 
situations, and create trust 

4281
03:45:07,900 --> 03:45:10,200
that purely commercial 
relationships, might lack. 

4282
03:45:11,100 --> 03:45:14,200
You understand Revenge. 
As a concept that extends Beyond

4283
03:45:14,200 --> 03:45:18,100
immediate retaliation revenge in
your world means restoring 

4284
03:45:18,100 --> 03:45:21,400
balance after injury. 
Ensuring that those who cause 

4285
03:45:21,400 --> 03:45:24,100
harm face consequences 
proportional to what they've 

4286
03:45:24,100 --> 03:45:26,700
done. 
This might involve demanding 

4287
03:45:26,700 --> 03:45:30,400
material compensation pursuing 
social consequences through 

4288
03:45:30,400 --> 03:45:34,000
reputation damage or seeking 
third-party arbitration that 

4289
03:45:34,000 --> 03:45:37,600
publicly acknowledges the wrong 
and requires satisfaction. 

4290
03:45:38,700 --> 03:45:42,000
The expectation of eventual 
consequences, creates caution 

4291
03:45:42,000 --> 03:45:45,600
about initial actions. 
People hesitate to cheat or 

4292
03:45:45,600 --> 03:45:48,700
insult others, partly? 
Because they know that doing so 

4293
03:45:48,700 --> 03:45:50,600
creates obligations for 
response. 

4294
03:45:50,600 --> 03:45:54,400
Even if immediate retaliation 
doesn't occur the injured 

4295
03:45:54,400 --> 03:45:58,000
parties resentment persists 
Potentially manifesting in 

4296
03:45:58,000 --> 03:46:02,500
unexpected ways at later times. 
This knowledge encourages people

4297
03:46:02,500 --> 03:46:05,900
to maintain basically Fair 
behavior in their dealings, not 

4298
03:46:05,900 --> 03:46:09,700
from Pure altruism, but from 
calculated understanding that 

4299
03:46:09,700 --> 03:46:12,100
mistreating others. 
Generates costs that eventually 

4300
03:46:12,100 --> 03:46:15,900
come due Shame functions as a 
powerful social control 

4301
03:46:15,900 --> 03:46:19,700
mechanism in your community 
being identified publicly as 

4302
03:46:19,700 --> 03:46:23,800
having failed in obligation 
shown cowardice or violated 

4303
03:46:23,800 --> 03:46:25,900
custom effects. 
Your standing in ways that 

4304
03:46:25,900 --> 03:46:29,300
reduce opportunities and 
influence People become 

4305
03:46:29,300 --> 03:46:31,200
reluctant to conduct business 
with you. 

4306
03:46:31,900 --> 03:46:34,800
Families become unwilling to 
arranged marriages between their

4307
03:46:34,800 --> 03:46:38,100
children and yours. 
Your voice carries less weight 

4308
03:46:38,100 --> 03:46:42,100
in community discussions these 
consequences arise not from 

4309
03:46:42,100 --> 03:46:44,900
formal punishment. 
But from Collective judgment 

4310
03:46:44,900 --> 03:46:48,700
about your character and 
reliability, you've seen shames 

4311
03:46:48,700 --> 03:46:52,100
effects on others, a merchant 
who cheated several customers 

4312
03:46:52,100 --> 03:46:56,400
eventually found himself unable 
to attract new business as word 

4313
03:46:56,400 --> 03:47:00,200
spread about his dishonesty. 
A young man who fled during a 

4314
03:47:00,200 --> 03:47:03,900
minor conflict with Raiders from
the hills, acquired a reputation

4315
03:47:03,900 --> 03:47:07,700
for cowardice that haunted him 
for years, regardless of his 

4316
03:47:07,700 --> 03:47:11,200
later actions. 
An older woman who violated 

4317
03:47:11,200 --> 03:47:15,100
Hospitality toward a guest ended
up Social isolated with 

4318
03:47:15,100 --> 03:47:18,900
neighbors refusing, even 
ordinary Curtis's, glory and 

4319
03:47:18,900 --> 03:47:20,500
fame. 
Represent the positive 

4320
03:47:20,500 --> 03:47:24,000
counterpart to shame. when 
someone achieves something 

4321
03:47:24,000 --> 03:47:29,000
notable, exceptional bravery 
remarkable skill, extraordinary 

4322
03:47:29,000 --> 03:47:32,400
generosity. 
Achievement becomes part of how 

4323
03:47:32,400 --> 03:47:35,000
others know them. 
Stories about their 

4324
03:47:35,000 --> 03:47:38,900
accomplishments circulate 
shaping reputation and creating 

4325
03:47:38,900 --> 03:47:42,600
social standing that opens 
opportunities unavailable to 

4326
03:47:42,600 --> 03:47:46,700
those without such recognition. 
You've observed how glorious 

4327
03:47:46,700 --> 03:47:48,600
accumulates gradually for most 
people. 

4328
03:47:49,500 --> 03:47:52,000
A crafts person. 
Develops a reputation through 

4329
03:47:52,000 --> 03:47:54,300
consistent. 
Excellent work over years. 

4330
03:47:54,300 --> 03:47:58,200
A merchant builds Fame through 
reliable honesty, and favorable 

4331
03:47:58,200 --> 03:48:02,700
terms across of transactions. 
A warrior gains recognition 

4332
03:48:02,700 --> 03:48:06,900
through steady competence rather
than single spectacular action. 

4333
03:48:07,800 --> 03:48:10,700
These accumulated small 
demonstrations of virtue, 

4334
03:48:10,700 --> 03:48:13,800
eventually creates substantial 
reputations, that influence, how

4335
03:48:13,800 --> 03:48:17,100
others treat you and what 
possibilities open before you. 

4336
03:48:18,300 --> 03:48:21,200
The role of Witnesses in your 
culture makes public knowledge. 

4337
03:48:21,200 --> 03:48:25,100
Crucial Events that occur 
privately, remain uncertain and 

4338
03:48:25,100 --> 03:48:28,000
disputed. 
Events that unfold before many 

4339
03:48:28,000 --> 03:48:30,800
observers become established 
facts that everyone must 

4340
03:48:30,800 --> 03:48:33,500
acknowledge. 
This emphasis on witness 

4341
03:48:33,500 --> 03:48:37,000
encourages transparency and 
important matters and make 

4342
03:48:37,000 --> 03:48:40,200
secret resolution of disputes 
less viable than public 

4343
03:48:40,200 --> 03:48:44,100
acknowledgment and satisfaction.
You remember a dispute between 

4344
03:48:44,100 --> 03:48:47,600
two farmers about boundary 
markers that had shifted during 

4345
03:48:47,600 --> 03:48:51,100
heavy rains, each claim the 
other had moved the markers to 

4346
03:48:51,100 --> 03:48:54,100
expand their own field. 
The disagreement threatened to 

4347
03:48:54,100 --> 03:48:57,300
escalate until they agree to 
settle a matter before Witnesses

4348
03:48:57,300 --> 03:49:00,800
with representatives from 
several respected families 

4349
03:49:00,800 --> 03:49:05,100
examining the land, considering 
each Farmers claims and 

4350
03:49:05,100 --> 03:49:08,600
rendering judgment. 
Their public decision became 

4351
03:49:08,600 --> 03:49:12,000
accepted fact. 
Regardless of what either farmer

4352
03:49:12,000 --> 03:49:14,800
privately believed because the 
weight of collective witness 

4353
03:49:14,800 --> 03:49:19,200
made further dispute, pointless,
women's honor follows patterns 

4354
03:49:19,200 --> 03:49:23,200
parallel to, but distinct from 
Men's honor, a woman's 

4355
03:49:23,200 --> 03:49:26,800
reputation rests partly on 
maintaining household, Integrity

4356
03:49:26,800 --> 03:49:31,000
managing resources skillfully 
maintaining appropriate 

4357
03:49:31,000 --> 03:49:34,700
relationships and raising 
children who reflect well on the

4358
03:49:34,700 --> 03:49:37,500
Family. 
Your mother gained respect in 

4359
03:49:37,500 --> 03:49:39,400
the neighborhood through her. 
Skillful weaving. 

4360
03:49:39,400 --> 03:49:44,000
A generous hospitality and her 
wise counsel that neighbors 

4361
03:49:44,000 --> 03:49:46,100
often sought when facing 
difficult decisions. 

4362
03:49:47,300 --> 03:49:50,300
Insults to women in Elite 
families, carry particular 

4363
03:49:50,300 --> 03:49:52,700
weight. 
Because they reflect on family 

4364
03:49:52,700 --> 03:49:57,400
on a broadly, when a prominent 
woman faces, disrespect her male

4365
03:49:57,400 --> 03:50:00,100
relatives must respond to 
demonstrate that, their family 

4366
03:50:00,100 --> 03:50:04,300
cannot be insulted with 
impunity. this Dynamic creates 

4367
03:50:04,300 --> 03:50:07,500
situations where relatively 
minor initial provocations 

4368
03:50:07,500 --> 03:50:11,300
generates serious conflicts 
because the social logic of 

4369
03:50:11,300 --> 03:50:16,000
Honor requires response, you 
understand that Divine favor and

4370
03:50:16,000 --> 03:50:19,700
honor connect in cultural 
belief, The gods are thought to 

4371
03:50:19,708 --> 03:50:22,900
support those who maintain 
proper behavior, fulfill 

4372
03:50:22,900 --> 03:50:25,900
obligations and demonstrate 
appropriate virtues. 

4373
03:50:26,700 --> 03:50:29,500
This connection doesn't mean 
divine intervention occurs 

4374
03:50:29,500 --> 03:50:32,200
constantly. 
But rather that maintaining 

4375
03:50:32,200 --> 03:50:35,600
honor aligns, you with forces 
considered larger than human 

4376
03:50:35,600 --> 03:50:38,500
society. 
Living honorably feels like 

4377
03:50:38,500 --> 03:50:42,000
cooperation with how the world 
should function while shameful 

4378
03:50:42,000 --> 03:50:45,900
Behavior risks, Divine disfavour
alongside social consequences. 

4379
03:50:46,700 --> 03:50:50,500
Pride in lineage shapes identity
and creates obligations that 

4380
03:50:50,500 --> 03:50:54,300
extend across Generations. 
You carry, not just your own 

4381
03:50:54,300 --> 03:50:58,200
reputation but the accumulated 
honor or shame of your family 

4382
03:50:58,200 --> 03:51:00,500
line. 
This inheritance means that 

4383
03:51:00,500 --> 03:51:03,600
maintaining family standing 
requires upholding standards set

4384
03:51:03,600 --> 03:51:07,200
by previous generations. 
It also means that your actions 

4385
03:51:07,200 --> 03:51:10,300
affect descendants, not yet 
born, creating a long-term 

4386
03:51:10,300 --> 03:51:12,000
perspective on behavior and 
choice. 

4387
03:51:12,000 --> 03:51:15,800
That discourages short-term 
thinking focused only on a media

4388
03:51:15,800 --> 03:51:19,800
to advance evening, settles over
your household with the gentle 

4389
03:51:19,800 --> 03:51:23,400
weight of familiar routine. 
The sun has dropped below the 

4390
03:51:23,400 --> 03:51:27,100
west and hills and the sky, 
holds that particular blues that

4391
03:51:27,100 --> 03:51:31,700
comes just before full Darkness.
You finish the day's work and 

4392
03:51:31,700 --> 03:51:34,500
your body carries the pleasant 
fatigue that comes from physical

4393
03:51:34,500 --> 03:51:38,400
labor rather than the anxious 
exhaustion of worry or stress. 

4394
03:51:39,300 --> 03:51:41,200
Your mother has already let the 
oil lamps. 

4395
03:51:41,200 --> 03:51:43,900
Placing one in each room 
according to need. 

4396
03:51:44,800 --> 03:51:47,900
The lamps cast, warm slightly, 
flickering light, that makes 

4397
03:51:47,900 --> 03:51:51,100
Shadows danced, gently against 
the walls, the oil. 

4398
03:51:51,100 --> 03:51:54,500
She uses comes from your own 
Olive press and it's burning 

4399
03:51:54,500 --> 03:51:58,400
carries a faint almost 
imperceptible scent that you 

4400
03:51:58,400 --> 03:52:02,800
associate with home and safety. 
The lamps will burn for several 

4401
03:52:02,800 --> 03:52:06,100
hours before needing attention. 
Though, someone will eventually 

4402
03:52:06,100 --> 03:52:09,300
need to add more oil or trim the
Wicks if they begin smoking. 

4403
03:52:10,600 --> 03:52:12,800
The evening meal brings the 
household together in the main 

4404
03:52:12,800 --> 03:52:15,100
room. 
Your family, reclines on, 

4405
03:52:15,100 --> 03:52:18,300
cushions arranged around the low
table and your mother brings out

4406
03:52:18,300 --> 03:52:19,900
the food. 
She's prepared during the late 

4407
03:52:19,900 --> 03:52:22,600
afternoon. 
There's bread, of course, still 

4408
03:52:22,600 --> 03:52:26,600
warm from the final baking of 
the day of stewed lentils 

4409
03:52:26,600 --> 03:52:29,900
flavored with herbs from the 
kitchen Garden, sits steaming 

4410
03:52:29,900 --> 03:52:31,800
beside a plate of cheese and 
Olive. 

4411
03:52:31,800 --> 03:52:35,600
The meal isn't elaborate, but 
it's sufficient and satisfying, 

4412
03:52:35,600 --> 03:52:38,600
the kind of food that nourishes 
without overwhelming. 

4413
03:52:39,600 --> 03:52:41,800
Conversation flows easily around
the table. 

4414
03:52:41,800 --> 03:52:45,100
Your father mentioned that he 
saw ships arriving in the harbor

4415
03:52:45,100 --> 03:52:47,300
late. 
This afternoon their sales 

4416
03:52:47,300 --> 03:52:50,700
visible from The Olive Grove 
where he was working Your 

4417
03:52:50,700 --> 03:52:53,300
brother wanders aloud whether 
the ship's carried anything 

4418
03:52:53,300 --> 03:52:56,100
interesting, though. 
He knows he won't learn details 

4419
03:52:56,100 --> 03:53:00,600
until tomorrow when their cargo 
reaches the market. your younger

4420
03:53:00,600 --> 03:53:03,700
sister describes a minor drama 
between neighborhood children, 

4421
03:53:03,700 --> 03:53:07,700
her story including far more 
detail about who said what to 

4422
03:53:07,700 --> 03:53:12,000
whom then anyone particularly 
needs but telling it anyway with

4423
03:53:12,000 --> 03:53:15,700
the enthusiasm of Someone For 
Whom the social dynamics matter,

4424
03:53:15,700 --> 03:53:20,800
enormously You find yourself 
only half-listening content to 

4425
03:53:20,800 --> 03:53:23,700
let the voices, wash overview 
without needing to contribute 

4426
03:53:23,700 --> 03:53:25,600
much. 
This is your family. 

4427
03:53:25,600 --> 03:53:29,200
These are your people and simply
being here. 

4428
03:53:29,200 --> 03:53:32,300
Among them satisfies, something 
deep and essential. 

4429
03:53:33,500 --> 03:53:37,600
The food tastes good, the 
Lamplight feels warm and the 

4430
03:53:37,600 --> 03:53:40,600
conversation creates a pleasant 
background to your own thoughts.

4431
03:53:40,600 --> 03:53:43,800
After the meal, your mother 
clears, the dishes, while your 

4432
03:53:43,800 --> 03:53:47,600
sister helps though, her helping
consists mostly of carrying 

4433
03:53:47,600 --> 03:53:52,600
items back and forth while your 
mother does the actual work Your

4434
03:53:52,600 --> 03:53:55,600
father sits Back Against The 
Wall, pulling a knife from his 

4435
03:53:55,600 --> 03:53:57,700
belt and a piece of wood from 
beside him. 

4436
03:53:58,500 --> 03:54:01,800
He's been working on carving a 
new tool handle and he uses 

4437
03:54:01,800 --> 03:54:04,500
these evening hours to make slow
progress on the project. 

4438
03:54:05,400 --> 03:54:09,600
His knife moves carefully. 
Shaving away thin curls of wood 

4439
03:54:09,600 --> 03:54:11,900
that fall into a growing pilot 
his feet. 

4440
03:54:12,600 --> 03:54:15,900
You watch his hands work noting 
how his fingers are. 

4441
03:54:15,900 --> 03:54:18,900
Just their grip automatically, 
how he tests the developing 

4442
03:54:18,900 --> 03:54:22,700
shape with his thumb and how he 
occasionally pauses to examine 

4443
03:54:22,700 --> 03:54:25,400
the wood from different angles 
before deciding where to cut 

4444
03:54:25,400 --> 03:54:28,700
next. 
This is skilled work though. 

4445
03:54:28,700 --> 03:54:30,600
He'd never claimed to be a fine 
Craftsmen. 

4446
03:54:30,600 --> 03:54:35,200
He simply knows wooden tools 
from Decades of use and that 

4447
03:54:35,200 --> 03:54:37,500
knowledge guides his hands 
without requiring much 

4448
03:54:37,500 --> 03:54:39,800
conscious. 
Thought your brother has brought

4449
03:54:39,800 --> 03:54:42,700
out his fishing net, spreading 
it across the floor to check for

4450
03:54:42,700 --> 03:54:45,200
damage. 
He runs his hands along its 

4451
03:54:45,200 --> 03:54:48,000
length. 
Feeling for weak spots or broken

4452
03:54:48,000 --> 03:54:52,000
strands that need repair. 
When he finds a damaged section,

4453
03:54:52,000 --> 03:54:55,300
he fetches cord from the 
household supplies and Begins 

4454
03:54:55,300 --> 03:54:59,000
the patient work of mending. 
His fingers move through the 

4455
03:54:59,000 --> 03:55:02,500
familiar, motions of Nottingham 
creating a rhythm that's almost 

4456
03:55:02,500 --> 03:55:05,700
meditative. 
The repetitive Works suits the 

4457
03:55:05,700 --> 03:55:09,400
evening, mood occupying hands 
and a portion of the mine and 

4458
03:55:09,400 --> 03:55:11,600
while leaving space for thought 
and relaxation. 

4459
03:55:12,600 --> 03:55:15,000
The household Shrine sits in his
usual Corner. 

4460
03:55:15,000 --> 03:55:18,200
Barely visible in the Lamplight,
but present in everyone's 

4461
03:55:18,200 --> 03:55:20,700
awareness. 
Your mother had placed fresh 

4462
03:55:20,700 --> 03:55:24,200
herbs there early in the day and
they are sent mingles with the 

4463
03:55:24,200 --> 03:55:27,500
oil lamp smell and the general 
atmosphere of occupied domestic 

4464
03:55:27,500 --> 03:55:29,500
space. 
No. 

4465
03:55:29,500 --> 03:55:30,900
Formal prayers occur this 
evening? 

4466
03:55:32,000 --> 03:55:34,100
Shrines presence. 
Remind everyone that the 

4467
03:55:34,100 --> 03:55:37,300
household exists within larger 
Frameworks of meaning and 

4468
03:55:37,300 --> 03:55:41,200
obligation as full Darkness, 
settles outside the sounds from 

4469
03:55:41,200 --> 03:55:43,000
neighboring houses, gradually 
quiet. 

4470
03:55:43,700 --> 03:55:45,800
You hear theano? 
Next door, calling her children,

4471
03:55:45,800 --> 03:55:49,300
inside her voice carrying that 
particular tone of tired 

4472
03:55:49,300 --> 03:55:51,400
patients. 
That mothers everywhere seem to 

4473
03:55:51,400 --> 03:55:55,100
develop, Someone several house 
is down his singing, softly 

4474
03:55:55,100 --> 03:55:58,700
probably to a baby or young 
child, who's resisting sleep. 

4475
03:55:59,600 --> 03:56:01,400
A dog barks twice in the 
distance. 

4476
03:56:01,400 --> 03:56:06,100
Then Falls silent. 
Your sister yawns dramatically. 

4477
03:56:06,100 --> 03:56:09,100
Making sure of how tired she is 
though. 

4478
03:56:09,100 --> 03:56:11,200
You suspect? 
She's more than sleepy. 

4479
03:56:12,100 --> 03:56:15,100
Still a yawn triggers. 
Sympathetic responses, from 

4480
03:56:15,100 --> 03:56:18,400
others, you feel your own jaw, 
stretching, and response. 

4481
03:56:19,200 --> 03:56:22,300
Your mother notices and begins 
the process of organizing the 

4482
03:56:22,300 --> 03:56:25,600
household for night a sequence 
of actions, she performed. 

4483
03:56:25,600 --> 03:56:30,300
So regularly that they've become
almost ritualistic First, she 

4484
03:56:30,300 --> 03:56:32,800
checks that the fire in the half
is properly banked. 

4485
03:56:32,800 --> 03:56:36,000
Reducing it to Khols, that will 
keep some warmth through the 

4486
03:56:36,000 --> 03:56:39,400
night without risk of spreading.
She sets, aside kindling for 

4487
03:56:39,400 --> 03:56:42,300
more morning positioning it, 
where it will stay dry and be 

4488
03:56:42,300 --> 03:56:46,300
easily accessible to whoever 
Rises first she ensures that 

4489
03:56:46,308 --> 03:56:50,000
water jars are filled so that 
morning tasks won't require an 

4490
03:56:50,000 --> 03:56:53,400
immediate trip to the well These
preparations take only minutes 

4491
03:56:53,400 --> 03:56:56,700
but make the next morning's 
routine smoother, your father 

4492
03:56:56,700 --> 03:56:59,600
secures the outer door dropping 
the heavy, wooden bar into its 

4493
03:56:59,600 --> 03:57:02,500
brackets. 
The bar settles into place with 

4494
03:57:02,500 --> 03:57:06,100
a solid thunk, that signals the 
household separation from the 

4495
03:57:06,100 --> 03:57:09,800
outside world for the night. 
The door won't open again until 

4496
03:57:09,800 --> 03:57:13,600
dawn, unless some emergency 
requires it, and that's solidity

4497
03:57:13,600 --> 03:57:16,800
provides psychological Comfort 
regardless of whether any actual

4498
03:57:16,800 --> 03:57:19,900
threat exists. 
Sleeping Arrangements in your 

4499
03:57:19,900 --> 03:57:23,000
household, follow long, 
established patterns your 

4500
03:57:23,000 --> 03:57:26,600
parents retire to their room. 
The one space that offers real 

4501
03:57:26,600 --> 03:57:30,000
privacy. 
Your youngest sister sleeps in 

4502
03:57:30,008 --> 03:57:33,800
an Alcove off the main room, her
sleeping mat and blankets, 

4503
03:57:33,800 --> 03:57:37,800
creating a small Nest that she's
arranged exactly how she prefers

4504
03:57:37,800 --> 03:57:39,700
it. 
You and your brother share the 

4505
03:57:39,700 --> 03:57:40,900
room. 
That was once filled with 

4506
03:57:40,900 --> 03:57:45,400
children but now holds just the 
two of you, your mats positioned

4507
03:57:45,400 --> 03:57:48,900
on opposite side with space 
between for your possession and 

4508
03:57:48,900 --> 03:57:51,000
to allow movement without 
disturbing each other. 

4509
03:57:51,800 --> 03:57:54,300
You spread your sleeping mat in 
its customary spot. 

4510
03:57:54,300 --> 03:57:59,400
The section of floor you've 
slept on for years The stones 

4511
03:57:59,400 --> 03:58:01,900
beneath show slight wear 
patterns, from your weight 

4512
03:58:01,900 --> 03:58:03,700
distributed across countless 
nights. 

4513
03:58:04,700 --> 03:58:07,100
A permanent record of your 
presence that will probably 

4514
03:58:07,100 --> 03:58:10,300
Outlast you. 
Your range, your blanket and the

4515
03:58:10,308 --> 03:58:13,600
small cushion that serves as 
your pillow, creating the bed 

4516
03:58:13,600 --> 03:58:14,800
that will hold you until 
morning. 

4517
03:58:16,000 --> 03:58:18,400
Before lying down. 
You, visit the small courtyard 

4518
03:58:18,400 --> 03:58:22,100
one final time following the 
body's requirements before 

4519
03:58:22,100 --> 03:58:23,800
sleep. 
The night. 

4520
03:58:23,800 --> 03:58:26,800
Air feels cool against your skin
after the warmth of the indoor 

4521
03:58:26,800 --> 03:58:29,600
lamps. 
Stars fill the sky of the 

4522
03:58:29,600 --> 03:58:32,800
courtyard so many that they seem
to crowd each other. 

4523
03:58:32,800 --> 03:58:34,700
They're like, steady and 
ancient. 

4524
03:58:34,700 --> 03:58:38,800
You recognize familiar 
constellations the patterns. 

4525
03:58:38,800 --> 03:58:42,600
You were taught to identify as a
child, their positions tell you 

4526
03:58:42,600 --> 03:58:45,600
roughly what hour it is though. 
You don't need precise 

4527
03:58:45,600 --> 03:58:50,000
timekeeping at this point, it's 
night time for sleep and that 

4528
03:58:50,008 --> 03:58:53,800
specific enough. 
Returning inside you find your 

4529
03:58:53,800 --> 03:58:57,200
brother already settled on his 
mat lying, on his back with his 

4530
03:58:57,200 --> 03:58:59,900
hands behind his head. 
Staring at the ceiling. 

4531
03:58:59,900 --> 03:59:05,200
You exchange minimal words a 
brief acknowledgment that you're

4532
03:59:05,200 --> 03:59:07,000
both present and settling for 
the night. 

4533
03:59:07,000 --> 03:59:09,700
No, elaborate conversation 
needed. 

4534
03:59:09,700 --> 03:59:13,400
You've been together all day and
will be together again tomorrow.

4535
03:59:14,600 --> 03:59:17,700
You lie down on your mat, 
feeling your muscles, begin to 

4536
03:59:17,700 --> 03:59:19,900
release the tension they've held
all day. 

4537
03:59:20,600 --> 03:59:24,000
Your back settles against the 
relatively hard surface and you 

4538
03:59:24,008 --> 03:59:26,200
shift slightly to find the most 
comfortable position. 

4539
03:59:26,200 --> 03:59:30,700
The blanket pulls up, easily. 
It's familiar weight settling 

4540
03:59:30,700 --> 03:59:34,500
over you like an old friend? 
The small pillow supports your 

4541
03:59:34,500 --> 03:59:37,300
head at the angle. 
You prefer neither too high. 

4542
03:59:37,308 --> 03:59:39,900
Nor too flat. 
The lamp in your room. 

4543
03:59:39,900 --> 03:59:43,500
Has already been extinguished. 
Leaving only Darkness broken by 

4544
03:59:43,500 --> 03:59:45,300
faint. 
Light filtering from the main 

4545
03:59:45,300 --> 03:59:46,700
room, where your mother hasn't 
yet. 

4546
03:59:46,700 --> 03:59:50,200
Put out all the lamps. 
You can hear small sounds from 

4547
03:59:50,200 --> 03:59:53,300
throughout the house, your 
father's distinctive, cough, 

4548
03:59:53,300 --> 03:59:57,200
your sister turning over on her 
mat and your mother moving 

4549
03:59:57,200 --> 04:00:00,400
quietly, as she finishes, her 
final checks before her own 

4550
04:00:00,400 --> 04:00:03,100
sleep. 
Your mind drifts without 

4551
04:00:03,100 --> 04:00:06,500
particular direction, touching 
on the days of events without 

4552
04:00:06,500 --> 04:00:09,600
dwelling on anything. you 
remember the market this 

4553
04:00:09,600 --> 04:00:13,300
morning, the quality of fish of 
available and the conversation 

4554
04:00:13,300 --> 04:00:16,800
you overheard about shipping 
routes You think briefly about 

4555
04:00:16,800 --> 04:00:19,600
tomorrow's plan work? 
Mentally reviewing. 

4556
04:00:19,600 --> 04:00:22,200
What needs doing without any 
anxiety about it. 

4557
04:00:23,000 --> 04:00:26,600
These thoughts float past like 
clouds present, but not 

4558
04:00:26,600 --> 04:00:29,700
demanding. 
Your breathing begins to slow 

4559
04:00:29,700 --> 04:00:33,200
and deepen naturally. 
Your body knows this transition.

4560
04:00:33,200 --> 04:00:36,200
Well, having made it thousands 
of times. 

4561
04:00:36,200 --> 04:00:40,300
Muscles continue to relax, 
starting from your feet and 

4562
04:00:40,300 --> 04:00:44,900
moving upward, each part of you 
finding its resting state your 

4563
04:00:44,900 --> 04:00:47,100
jaw, loosens your shoulders 
drop. 

4564
04:00:47,100 --> 04:00:50,800
Your hands uncurl from whatever 
unconscious tension, they'd 

4565
04:00:50,800 --> 04:00:53,700
held. 
The last lamp in the main room 

4566
04:00:53,700 --> 04:00:56,900
goes out and complete darkness. 
Settles over the household. 

4567
04:00:57,900 --> 04:01:01,500
The darkness feels comfortable 
rather than threatening a 

4568
04:01:01,500 --> 04:01:05,800
natural state that allows rest. 
your eyes closed though, whether

4569
04:01:05,800 --> 04:01:09,000
they close before the lamp went 
out, or after you couldn't say 

4570
04:01:09,000 --> 04:01:12,500
with certainty, Sound Fades to 
the background. 

4571
04:01:13,600 --> 04:01:16,400
Your brothers breathing already 
settling into the slower rhythm 

4572
04:01:16,400 --> 04:01:19,900
of sleep. 
Distant night, birds calling and

4573
04:01:19,900 --> 04:01:23,700
the fainting that every house 
makes as it cools and its 

4574
04:01:23,700 --> 04:01:27,900
materials shift manually. 
These sounds don't disturb you 

4575
04:01:27,900 --> 04:01:31,100
but rather confirm that the 
world continues, its familiar 

4576
04:01:31,100 --> 04:01:34,500
patterns. 
Sleep arrives, not as a sudden 

4577
04:01:34,500 --> 04:01:38,400
loss of consciousness, but as a 
gradual transition from waking 

4578
04:01:38,400 --> 04:01:42,700
thought to the different 
consciousness of dreams, you're 

4579
04:01:42,700 --> 04:01:44,300
aware of the transition while 
it's happening. 

4580
04:01:44,300 --> 04:01:47,700
Noticing, how your thoughts 
become less linear, how 

4581
04:01:47,700 --> 04:01:50,900
impossible connection start to 
seem reasonable and how the 

4582
04:01:50,900 --> 04:01:54,200
boundary between self and 
experience becomes permeable? 

4583
04:01:54,900 --> 04:01:58,000
Your last clear thought might be
about tomorrow or about nothing 

4584
04:01:58,000 --> 04:02:01,600
in particular or might not be 
clear enough to identify as a 

4585
04:02:01,600 --> 04:02:04,800
thought at all. 
Then Consciousness, shifts fully

4586
04:02:04,800 --> 04:02:08,600
into sleep and the hours passed 
without your awareness, your 

4587
04:02:08,600 --> 04:02:11,600
body and mind taking the rest. 
They require to meet another 

4588
04:02:11,600 --> 04:02:14,800
day. 
The harbor sits in a natural 

4589
04:02:14,800 --> 04:02:17,600
curve of Coastline where ships 
can Shelter From the worst 

4590
04:02:17,600 --> 04:02:20,700
weather, while remaining 
accessible for loading and 

4591
04:02:20,700 --> 04:02:25,100
unloading You stand on the Stone
Key watching activities that 

4592
04:02:25,100 --> 04:02:27,500
represent the foundation of your
city's prosperity. 

4593
04:02:28,700 --> 04:02:32,500
The key itself represents 
generations of Labor, stone 

4594
04:02:32,500 --> 04:02:36,400
blocks fitted together. 
So precisely that water barely 

4595
04:02:36,400 --> 04:02:40,700
seeks between them creating a 
solid platform that extends into

4596
04:02:40,700 --> 04:02:44,600
water, deep enough for Laden, 
Merchant vessels, three ships, 

4597
04:02:44,600 --> 04:02:46,600
rested. 
At the key this morning and 

4598
04:02:46,600 --> 04:02:48,900
another two are anchored 
slightly offshore waiting. 

4599
04:02:48,900 --> 04:02:52,900
Their turn to Dock and unload 
the nearest ship, a sturdy 

4600
04:02:52,900 --> 04:02:56,200
merchantman with a broad beam 
designed for cargo capacity 

4601
04:02:56,200 --> 04:02:59,800
rather than speed rocks gently, 
in the slight swell. 

4602
04:03:00,700 --> 04:03:05,400
It's masked, stands bear. 
Now, the sale have been as the 

4603
04:03:05,400 --> 04:03:08,800
ship into the harbor. 
Crew members move across the 

4604
04:03:08,800 --> 04:03:12,600
deck organizing cargo for 
removal their movements 

4605
04:03:12,600 --> 04:03:16,700
practiced and efficient. 
The ships owner stands near the 

4606
04:03:16,708 --> 04:03:20,000
Gangplank, speaking with the 
Harbor Master about docking fees

4607
04:03:20,000 --> 04:03:23,600
and cargo inspection. 
You can't hear their specific 

4608
04:03:23,600 --> 04:03:27,700
words from where you stand but 
their body language suggests 

4609
04:03:27,700 --> 04:03:32,500
negotiation rather than dispute.
The owner gestures toward his 

4610
04:03:32,500 --> 04:03:35,700
ship, perhaps explaining the 
nature of his cargo or arguing 

4611
04:03:35,700 --> 04:03:38,700
that certain items should be 
exempt from particular fees. 

4612
04:03:40,000 --> 04:03:43,000
The Harbor Master listens 
patiently, occasionally 

4613
04:03:43,000 --> 04:03:45,900
Consulting, the wax tablet, 
where he records transactions 

4614
04:03:45,900 --> 04:03:48,500
and agreements. 
Steve doors gather near the 

4615
04:03:48,500 --> 04:03:50,500
Gangplank waiting for permission
to begin. 

4616
04:03:50,500 --> 04:03:54,200
Unloading These men do physical 
labor, that requires both 

4617
04:03:54,200 --> 04:03:58,300
strength and skill, moving heavy
or fragile cargo from ship to 

4618
04:03:58,300 --> 04:04:01,300
shore without damaged takes 
experience and coordination. 

4619
04:04:02,100 --> 04:04:05,100
They work in teams with 
established hierarchies, 

4620
04:04:05,100 --> 04:04:09,600
determining who handles which 
tasks The oldest Steve adores 

4621
04:04:09,600 --> 04:04:13,500
supervised, rather than Lyft. 
Their expertise for preventing 

4622
04:04:13,500 --> 04:04:16,900
the kind of mistakes that could 
destroy valuable Goods or injure

4623
04:04:16,900 --> 04:04:20,400
workers. 
The first items off the ship are

4624
04:04:20,400 --> 04:04:24,000
Emperor is filled with wine. 
The Steve adores work in pairs. 

4625
04:04:24,000 --> 04:04:27,700
Each amphora, requiring two men,
to lift and carry safely. 

4626
04:04:28,500 --> 04:04:31,900
The vessels are heavy, even 
empty and filled with wine. 

4627
04:04:31,900 --> 04:04:33,700
They weigh enough. 
That dropping one would not only

4628
04:04:33,700 --> 04:04:37,300
waste the wine but likely 
shatter the amphora and possibly

4629
04:04:37,300 --> 04:04:39,400
injure whoever fail to maintain 
their grip. 

4630
04:04:40,500 --> 04:04:43,400
You watch one pair navigate the 
Gangplank, their steps 

4631
04:04:43,400 --> 04:04:46,500
synchronized. 
Each man aware of his partner's 

4632
04:04:46,500 --> 04:04:49,900
position and balance. 
The M4 is get stacked carefully 

4633
04:04:49,900 --> 04:04:51,800
in the warehouse area adjacent 
to the key. 

4634
04:04:52,800 --> 04:04:54,700
A Merchant's representative 
checks. 

4635
04:04:54,700 --> 04:04:58,100
Each one as it arrives looking 
for the seal that confirms 

4636
04:04:58,100 --> 04:05:01,400
origin and contents. 
He makes marks on his own 

4637
04:05:01,400 --> 04:05:04,300
tablet, recording each and four 
as arrival. 

4638
04:05:05,200 --> 04:05:08,400
Later, these records will allow 
accurate accounting and 

4639
04:05:08,400 --> 04:05:11,500
distribution to buyers who've 
contracted for portions of this 

4640
04:05:11,500 --> 04:05:14,700
shipment. 
Behind the wine can bundles of 

4641
04:05:14,700 --> 04:05:17,500
raw wool. 
Compressed and wrapped in 

4642
04:05:17,500 --> 04:05:20,800
protective coverings. 
The wool comes from Inland 

4643
04:05:20,800 --> 04:05:24,300
regions where sheep flourish and
climates less suited to grain 

4644
04:05:24,300 --> 04:05:27,700
cultivation. 
Its quality varies based on 

4645
04:05:27,700 --> 04:05:31,300
source with some regions 
producing particularly fine 

4646
04:05:31,300 --> 04:05:34,700
wool, that commands premium 
prices, the merchant 

4647
04:05:34,700 --> 04:05:38,300
representative examined samples 
from several bundles pulling 

4648
04:05:38,300 --> 04:05:41,000
out, small Tufts and testing 
them between his fingers, 

4649
04:05:41,000 --> 04:05:45,100
checking for fineness strength 
and cleanliness. 

4650
04:05:45,100 --> 04:05:48,700
You notice a woman approaching 
the merchant representative 

4651
04:05:49,500 --> 04:05:52,800
Clearly, someone of means based 
on her clothing and the silver 

4652
04:05:52,800 --> 04:05:56,400
pins holding her shawl. 
She is a company by a servant 

4653
04:05:56,400 --> 04:05:59,200
carrying her purchases from 
earlier Market activities. 

4654
04:06:00,100 --> 04:06:03,400
The woman asks about the wool 
quality and the representative 

4655
04:06:03,400 --> 04:06:07,700
offers are a sample to examine 
personally. she tested as he did

4656
04:06:07,700 --> 04:06:11,500
running it between her fingers, 
holding it up to the light to 

4657
04:06:11,500 --> 04:06:16,000
judge its color and consistently
They discuss price with the 

4658
04:06:16,000 --> 04:06:18,500
woman eventually purchasing 
enough wall to keep her 

4659
04:06:18,500 --> 04:06:20,300
households Weaver's busy for 
several months. 

4660
04:06:21,200 --> 04:06:24,700
The unloading continues through 
the morning. copper ingots 

4661
04:06:24,700 --> 04:06:28,200
emerge from the ship's, hold 
each one marked with symbols 

4662
04:06:28,200 --> 04:06:32,900
indicating its source mine These
ingots will go to metal workers,

4663
04:06:32,900 --> 04:06:37,200
who combined the copper with tin
to create bronze, the material 

4664
04:06:37,200 --> 04:06:40,800
that dominates tool and weapon 
production, the copper itself, 

4665
04:06:40,800 --> 04:06:43,700
traveled long distances to reach
this ship passing through 

4666
04:06:43,700 --> 04:06:46,500
multiple trading networks before
ending up in this Harbor. 

4667
04:06:47,900 --> 04:06:50,700
You find yourself pondering, the
web of relationships required to

4668
04:06:50,708 --> 04:06:54,500
bring these Goods here. 
Somewhere, miners, extracted, 

4669
04:06:54,500 --> 04:06:57,800
copper ore from the earth 
processing, it to produce these 

4670
04:06:57,800 --> 04:07:00,700
ingots. 
Merchants purchase the ingots, 

4671
04:07:00,700 --> 04:07:05,600
arranging transport to Coastal 
ports ship, owners, contracted 

4672
04:07:05,600 --> 04:07:09,300
to carry the copper across 
water, accepting risk of loss, 

4673
04:07:09,300 --> 04:07:11,400
in exchange for transportation 
fees. 

4674
04:07:12,600 --> 04:07:15,300
Local Merchants here, have 
already arranged to purchase the

4675
04:07:15,300 --> 04:07:18,700
copper having received word 
weeks ago that the shipment was 

4676
04:07:18,700 --> 04:07:21,300
coming. 
Each of these transactions 

4677
04:07:21,300 --> 04:07:26,200
involves trust contracts payment
and the coordination of timing 

4678
04:07:26,200 --> 04:07:28,400
and Logistics across significant
distances. 

4679
04:07:30,100 --> 04:07:33,300
The second ship at the key 
carries grain from the fertile 

4680
04:07:33,300 --> 04:07:37,100
Plains, two days, sailed to the 
South those planes produce, a 

4681
04:07:37,100 --> 04:07:40,700
consistent Surplus, more than 
their local population requires 

4682
04:07:40,700 --> 04:07:44,800
making grain export profitable 
for their farmers and essential 

4683
04:07:44,800 --> 04:07:47,900
for cities like yours that 
occupy, less agriculturally 

4684
04:07:47,900 --> 04:07:51,200
generous territory. 
The grain arrives in large 

4685
04:07:51,200 --> 04:07:54,800
sacks, each containing enough to
feed a family for weeks. 

4686
04:07:55,600 --> 04:07:58,100
Steve doors, stack them in a 
different Warehouse section 

4687
04:07:58,100 --> 04:08:02,100
separate from other Goods to 
prevent contamination and allow 

4688
04:08:02,100 --> 04:08:04,700
easier access for the city's 
grain distributors. 

4689
04:08:05,800 --> 04:08:09,000
A representative from the king's
household observes the grain, 

4690
04:08:09,000 --> 04:08:13,800
unloading recording quantities 
for tax purposes, a portion of 

4691
04:08:13,800 --> 04:08:17,200
All Grain entering the city, 
goes to the Palace supporting 

4692
04:08:17,200 --> 04:08:19,900
the Royal household in the 
various people who serve it. 

4693
04:08:20,700 --> 04:08:22,400
The taxes isn't popular. 
Exactly. 

4694
04:08:22,400 --> 04:08:25,300
But it's accepted as necessary 
for maintaining the 

4695
04:08:25,300 --> 04:08:27,900
administrative and Military 
functions that the palace 

4696
04:08:27,900 --> 04:08:30,600
provides. 
The Representative makes careful

4697
04:08:30,600 --> 04:08:34,500
notes and guards stand nearby to
ensure that no grain disappears 

4698
04:08:34,500 --> 04:08:36,600
unofficially during the counting
process. 

4699
04:08:37,700 --> 04:08:40,800
Beyond the active key, you can 
see shipbuilders at work in 

4700
04:08:40,800 --> 04:08:44,100
their yard. 
A new vessel slowly take shape 

4701
04:08:44,100 --> 04:08:48,100
its wooden ribs rising from the 
Keel like the skeleton of some 

4702
04:08:48,100 --> 04:08:52,000
great sea creature. the master 
builder moves around the 

4703
04:08:52,000 --> 04:08:56,400
structure examining joints and 
measuring Timbers ensuring that 

4704
04:08:56,400 --> 04:09:01,000
everything aligns according to 
his design, Apprentices work 

4705
04:09:01,000 --> 04:09:04,800
under his Direction, shaping 
wood with ads, and August, 

4706
04:09:04,800 --> 04:09:08,200
learning through practice, how 
to create vessels, that will 

4707
04:09:08,200 --> 04:09:11,100
survive years of rough. 
Use in challenging conditions, 

4708
04:09:12,300 --> 04:09:15,100
Building a ship represents an 
enormous investment. 

4709
04:09:16,400 --> 04:09:20,300
Timber alone costs significantly
with particular types of wood 

4710
04:09:20,300 --> 04:09:22,300
required for different parts of 
the vessel. 

4711
04:09:23,000 --> 04:09:26,500
The specialized labor of skill 
ship rights doesn't come cheap. 

4712
04:09:27,400 --> 04:09:30,400
The time required to complete. 
A ship means, tying up resources

4713
04:09:30,400 --> 04:09:34,200
for months before seeing any 
return, only families or 

4714
04:09:34,200 --> 04:09:37,700
Partnerships with substantial 
existing wealth, can afford to 

4715
04:09:37,708 --> 04:09:41,300
commission new ships, which 
partly explains why Maritime 

4716
04:09:41,300 --> 04:09:43,900
trade concentrates among a 
relatively small. 

4717
04:09:43,900 --> 04:09:48,200
Number of merchant families. 
You walk along the key to the 

4718
04:09:48,200 --> 04:09:51,300
fish market, where the mornings 
catch as already been laid out 

4719
04:09:51,300 --> 04:09:53,900
for sale. 
The fisherman departed Before 

4720
04:09:53,900 --> 04:09:57,600
Dawn, working their Nets and 
darkness and returning as the 

4721
04:09:57,600 --> 04:09:59,500
son climbed above the Eastern 
Horizon. 

4722
04:10:00,700 --> 04:10:03,200
Their catch Glitters on wide 
wooden boards. 

4723
04:10:03,200 --> 04:10:06,700
Several kinds of fish. 
Ranging from small silver ones 

4724
04:10:06,700 --> 04:10:09,100
suitable for preserving to 
larger specimens. 

4725
04:10:09,100 --> 04:10:12,000
That will be sold fresh for 
immediate consumption. 

4726
04:10:13,700 --> 04:10:16,600
The fishermen themselves are 
already home sleeping off to 

4727
04:10:16,600 --> 04:10:19,400
their nights work. 
Their wives and older children 

4728
04:10:19,400 --> 04:10:23,100
manage, the selling with prices 
set according to catch size and 

4729
04:10:23,100 --> 04:10:26,500
current demand. 
You watch a cook from a wealthy 

4730
04:10:26,500 --> 04:10:29,000
household negotiate for an 
especially fine fish. 

4731
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:32,100
It scales still showing the 
iridescent Sheen. 

4732
04:10:32,100 --> 04:10:33,900
That indicates absolute 
freshness. 

4733
04:10:33,900 --> 04:10:38,400
The negotiation is brief. 
The fish is quality makes its 

4734
04:10:38,400 --> 04:10:41,200
value obvious and the cook has 
authority to pay what such 

4735
04:10:41,200 --> 04:10:43,800
quality requires. 
Smaller fish. 

4736
04:10:43,800 --> 04:10:45,700
Get purchased in bulk by 
families. 

4737
04:10:45,700 --> 04:10:47,900
Who preserve them through 
salting or drying? 

4738
04:10:48,900 --> 04:10:51,000
A woman fills a large basket 
with fish. 

4739
04:10:51,000 --> 04:10:54,100
That will feed her household for
a week once properly preserved. 

4740
04:10:54,800 --> 04:10:58,300
She pays with small copper 
pieces carefully, counted out, 

4741
04:10:58,300 --> 04:11:02,100
and the fisherman's wife, accept
the payment while simultaneously

4742
04:11:02,100 --> 04:11:05,900
calling out to other potential 
customers advertising the 

4743
04:11:05,900 --> 04:11:08,000
quality and price of her 
remaining stock. 

4744
04:11:09,300 --> 04:11:12,500
Markets, smell dominate. 
This section of the harbor. 

4745
04:11:13,200 --> 04:11:18,300
Salt seaweed, the distinctive 
Center of fresh fish and 

4746
04:11:18,300 --> 04:11:21,200
underlying, all of it, the 
constant presence of the sea 

4747
04:11:21,200 --> 04:11:25,400
itself is a smelly notice 
anymore having grown up with it.

4748
04:11:25,400 --> 04:11:29,000
But you observe visitors from 
Inland regions reacting to its 

4749
04:11:29,000 --> 04:11:32,600
intensity, their faces showing 
that they find it overwhelming. 

4750
04:11:33,600 --> 04:11:36,300
Beyond The Fish Market. 
You notice a ship being loaded 

4751
04:11:36,300 --> 04:11:38,900
for departure? 
This vessel will carry Oliver 

4752
04:11:38,900 --> 04:11:42,700
oil produced in the Groves that 
surround your City to Ports were

4753
04:11:42,700 --> 04:11:45,000
olives grow less accessibly or 
not at all. 

4754
04:11:45,800 --> 04:11:48,200
The oil travels in sealed amp 
for us. 

4755
04:11:48,208 --> 04:11:51,200
Specially designed for this 
purpose, their shape 

4756
04:11:51,200 --> 04:11:54,000
standardized. 
So they stack efficiently in a 

4757
04:11:54,008 --> 04:11:57,100
ship's, hold. 
Each amphora gets sealed with 

4758
04:11:57,100 --> 04:12:00,600
wax and marked with symbols 
indicating, its producer, and 

4759
04:12:00,600 --> 04:12:04,100
quality grade. 
Loading oil requires care 

4760
04:12:04,100 --> 04:12:06,900
because any spillage represents 
a direct loss of valuable 

4761
04:12:06,900 --> 04:12:10,400
product. 
Workers handle each and for a 

4762
04:12:10,400 --> 04:12:14,400
gently using rope cradles to 
lower them into the hold where 

4763
04:12:14,400 --> 04:12:16,300
other workers position them 
securely. 

4764
04:12:17,300 --> 04:12:21,100
The loading process moves slowly
with the captain personally 

4765
04:12:21,100 --> 04:12:24,300
supervising to ensure nothing 
gets damaged or improperly 

4766
04:12:24,300 --> 04:12:27,100
stowed. 
A ship that sets sail with 

4767
04:12:27,100 --> 04:12:31,100
poorly secure cargo risks that 
cargo shifting during rough Seas

4768
04:12:31,100 --> 04:12:34,600
which can make the vessel on 
stable or even cause it to 

4769
04:12:34,600 --> 04:12:37,700
capsize. 
You overhear two Merchants 

4770
04:12:37,700 --> 04:12:41,300
discussing Shipping schedule and
Route conditions one mentioned 

4771
04:12:41,300 --> 04:12:43,000
that wins have been favorable 
lately. 

4772
04:12:43,000 --> 04:12:46,100
Suggesting it might be a good 
time to send Goods toward the 

4773
04:12:46,100 --> 04:12:49,000
Eastern Islands. 
The other expresses concern 

4774
04:12:49,000 --> 04:12:52,900
about reports of pirate activity
near a particular island chain 

4775
04:12:52,900 --> 04:12:55,900
wondering, whether rerouting 
would be wiser despite the 

4776
04:12:55,900 --> 04:12:59,600
additional travel time involved.
Their conversation, 

4777
04:12:59,600 --> 04:13:01,800
demonstrates. 
How much knowledge successful 

4778
04:13:01,800 --> 04:13:05,100
trading requires? 
Understanding whether patterns 

4779
04:13:05,100 --> 04:13:09,600
tracking reports about security 
conditions, knowing which ports 

4780
04:13:09,600 --> 04:13:12,700
offer, the best prices for 
particular, goods, and 

4781
04:13:12,700 --> 04:13:15,800
maintaining relationships with 
reliable ship, captains and 

4782
04:13:15,800 --> 04:13:19,200
foreign merchants. 
The economic complexity of this 

4783
04:13:19,200 --> 04:13:22,500
Harbor seen strikes you when you
pause to really observe it. 

4784
04:13:23,500 --> 04:13:26,900
Every transaction represents 
multiple layers of relationship,

4785
04:13:26,900 --> 04:13:29,900
and calculation. 
The fisherman's wife selling, 

4786
04:13:29,900 --> 04:13:33,000
small fish has calculated. 
What price allows her to sell 

4787
04:13:33,000 --> 04:13:36,500
her entire catch before it 
spoils while making enough 

4788
04:13:36,500 --> 04:13:39,000
profit to justify her, husband's
labor and risk. 

4789
04:13:39,000 --> 04:13:42,500
The merchant buying wool has 
estimated demand and Supply 

4790
04:13:42,500 --> 04:13:46,200
months in advance, committed 
Capital to purchase before 

4791
04:13:46,200 --> 04:13:49,700
knowing the final selling price 
and accepted the risk that 

4792
04:13:49,700 --> 04:13:52,200
market conditions might shift 
unfavorably. 

4793
04:13:53,800 --> 04:13:58,000
Ship owner has invested enormous
resources in his vessel and now 

4794
04:13:58,000 --> 04:14:01,800
must keep it employed profitably
while managing constant risks of

4795
04:14:01,800 --> 04:14:05,400
storm piracy and Commercial 
failure. 

4796
04:14:06,700 --> 04:14:09,500
Wealth in this economy 
accumulates through skillful 

4797
04:14:09,500 --> 04:14:11,800
navigation of these 
relationships and risks. 

4798
04:14:12,700 --> 04:14:14,600
Families. 
That consistently make good 

4799
04:14:14,600 --> 04:14:18,800
trading decisions, maintain 
reliable reputations, and 

4800
04:14:18,800 --> 04:14:21,900
whether occasional losses, 
gradually, build Prosperity that

4801
04:14:21,900 --> 04:14:24,900
translates into political 
influence and social standing. 

4802
04:14:25,900 --> 04:14:29,400
Conversely families that make 
poor decisions or suffer 

4803
04:14:29,400 --> 04:14:31,700
unlucky. 
Circumstances can lose 

4804
04:14:31,700 --> 04:14:35,200
generations of accumulated, 
wealth frighteningly quickly. 

4805
04:14:35,200 --> 04:14:39,800
You observe a young man probably
in his early twenties, watching 

4806
04:14:39,800 --> 04:14:42,000
The Harbor activities with 
intense Focus. 

4807
04:14:42,000 --> 04:14:45,900
He's likely Apprentice to one of
the merchant families, learning 

4808
04:14:45,900 --> 04:14:48,700
trades, through observation and 
gradually, increasing 

4809
04:14:48,700 --> 04:14:52,000
responsibility. 
You'll spend years mastering all

4810
04:14:52,000 --> 04:14:55,600
the knowledge required for 
Success, how to judge commodity 

4811
04:14:55,600 --> 04:14:58,500
quality. 
How to calculate fare prices, 

4812
04:14:58,500 --> 04:15:02,700
how to assess ship and cargo 
Insurance values, and how to 

4813
04:15:02,700 --> 04:15:05,500
navigate relationships with 
foreign Merchants, who speak 

4814
04:15:05,500 --> 04:15:07,900
different languages and follow 
different customs. 

4815
04:15:08,800 --> 04:15:12,500
The sun has climbed higher now. 
And the harbors pace is settled 

4816
04:15:12,500 --> 04:15:15,600
into steady activity rather than
the mornings initial Rush. 

4817
04:15:16,600 --> 04:15:18,300
Ships. 
Continue loading, and unloading,

4818
04:15:18,300 --> 04:15:22,000
Merchants continue negotiating 
and recording transactions. 

4819
04:15:23,300 --> 04:15:26,900
Steve doors, continue their 
heavy labor, the whole system 

4820
04:15:26,900 --> 04:15:30,500
functions with the smoothness 
that comes from long practice 

4821
04:15:30,500 --> 04:15:35,100
and well established routines. 
Watching it. you see both the 

4822
04:15:35,100 --> 04:15:38,900
complexity of interconnected 
economic relationships and the 

4823
04:15:38,908 --> 04:15:42,500
reliable patterns that make 
Prosperity possible, The sun 

4824
04:15:42,500 --> 04:15:46,800
drops toward the Western Horizon
painting, the sky in shades of 

4825
04:15:46,800 --> 04:15:50,100
orange and pink that reflect off
the water in the harbor below. 

4826
04:15:51,300 --> 04:15:54,800
You sit on a low wall near your 
home, positioned where you can 

4827
04:15:54,808 --> 04:15:58,000
see both the street life of your
neighborhood and the distant, 

4828
04:15:58,000 --> 04:16:00,000
Harbour where ships rested 
anchor. 

4829
04:16:01,000 --> 04:16:05,200
The days heated by the pleasant,
coolness that evening brings 

4830
04:16:05,200 --> 04:16:08,800
during the season. 
Your neighbor, Alexa yours 

4831
04:16:08,800 --> 04:16:11,400
passes by returning from his 
Workshop. 

4832
04:16:11,400 --> 04:16:15,700
He carries his leather working 
tools in a cloth bag, his hands 

4833
04:16:15,700 --> 04:16:17,500
showing the stains from the 
tannins. 

4834
04:16:17,500 --> 04:16:21,800
He works with daily he nods in 
greeting and you exchanged a few

4835
04:16:21,808 --> 04:16:25,000
words about the day, he 
mentioned that orders have been 

4836
04:16:25,008 --> 04:16:30,400
slowly not dramatically so, but 
enough to notice Some of his 

4837
04:16:30,400 --> 04:16:33,900
regular customers have delayed 
purchases, perhaps, waiting to 

4838
04:16:33,900 --> 04:16:36,800
see how certain situations 
develop before committing 

4839
04:16:36,800 --> 04:16:41,300
resources to new Goods. 
He shrugs when he says this, not

4840
04:16:41,300 --> 04:16:43,700
particularly worried, but 
acknowledging the shift in 

4841
04:16:43,700 --> 04:16:47,200
patterns, you notice similar 
small changes in the rhythm of 

4842
04:16:47,200 --> 04:16:50,200
neighborhood life. 
The evening marketplace where 

4843
04:16:50,200 --> 04:16:53,100
people gather, after the main 
days, work to socialize and 

4844
04:16:53,100 --> 04:16:56,900
conduct minor transactions seem 
slightly less crowded than 

4845
04:16:56,900 --> 04:17:00,800
usual, not empty, certainly but 
missing some of the Casual 

4846
04:17:00,800 --> 04:17:03,300
abundance that characterize 
busier times. 

4847
04:17:04,300 --> 04:17:07,700
Merchant still display their 
remaining Goods, but they seem 

4848
04:17:07,700 --> 04:17:09,500
more intent on selling what they
have. 

4849
04:17:09,500 --> 04:17:12,700
Rather than simply waiting for 
buyers to approach at their 

4850
04:17:12,708 --> 04:17:15,600
leisure. 
A group of older men sit on 

4851
04:17:15,608 --> 04:17:18,600
benches near the fountain 
engaged in the kind of 

4852
04:17:18,600 --> 04:17:20,300
conversation that fills evening 
hours. 

4853
04:17:20,300 --> 04:17:23,400
You're too far away to hear 
their specific words. 

4854
04:17:24,200 --> 04:17:26,800
But their tone and gestures 
suggests their discussing 

4855
04:17:26,800 --> 04:17:29,100
matters of broader concern than 
pure gossip. 

4856
04:17:30,100 --> 04:17:33,300
One man makes a sweeping gesture
that might indicate distance or 

4857
04:17:33,300 --> 04:17:36,200
scope. 
Another shake his head slowly. 

4858
04:17:37,200 --> 04:17:40,100
Disagreeing, with something 
that's been proposed a third 

4859
04:17:40,100 --> 04:17:42,200
listens with his chin. 
Resting on his hand. 

4860
04:17:42,200 --> 04:17:45,400
His expression suggesting, he's 
considering multiple 

4861
04:17:45,400 --> 04:17:47,600
perspectives before forming his 
own opinion. 

4862
04:17:49,000 --> 04:17:52,800
Children play in the street, but
their games seemed somehow more 

4863
04:17:52,800 --> 04:17:55,600
contained. 
The unusual parents call them 

4864
04:17:55,600 --> 04:17:58,000
inside early. 
Perhaps all the children 

4865
04:17:58,000 --> 04:18:01,100
themselves sense that adults 
attention is partly focused, 

4866
04:18:01,100 --> 04:18:04,700
elsewhere. 
A group of boys runs past 

4867
04:18:04,700 --> 04:18:07,000
chasing each other, with the 
wooden swords that boys 

4868
04:18:07,000 --> 04:18:11,000
everywhere seem to favor. 
Their shouts and laughter sound 

4869
04:18:11,000 --> 04:18:13,600
normal enough. 
Yet, you noticed that a mother 

4870
04:18:13,608 --> 04:18:16,600
watching from her doorway calls 
them back before they've ranged 

4871
04:18:16,600 --> 04:18:20,400
quite as far as they might 
normally wander, The evening 

4872
04:18:20,400 --> 04:18:23,300
bread, delivery arrives at the 
neighborhood Mill where many 

4873
04:18:23,300 --> 04:18:26,500
families send their grain to be 
ground and their dough to be 

4874
04:18:26,500 --> 04:18:30,300
baked in the communal ovens. 
The Millers Apprentice pushes a 

4875
04:18:30,308 --> 04:18:34,700
cart loaded with finished loaves
calling out family names as he 

4876
04:18:34,700 --> 04:18:37,400
distributes bread. 
According to his records of who 

4877
04:18:37,400 --> 04:18:41,200
brought what do this daily 
ritual, continues without change

4878
04:18:41,200 --> 04:18:44,800
a reassuring constant amid 
subtle shifts in atmosphere. 

4879
04:18:45,900 --> 04:18:48,700
You watch your sister returned 
from the well, carrying a water 

4880
04:18:48,700 --> 04:18:51,400
jar, balanced on her shoulder 
with the unconscious. 

4881
04:18:51,400 --> 04:18:53,200
Skill of someone who's performed
this task. 

4882
04:18:53,200 --> 04:18:56,200
Thousands of time. 
She stopped to speak with 

4883
04:18:56,200 --> 04:18:59,300
another young woman and their 
conversation includes laughed 

4884
04:18:59,300 --> 04:19:02,500
after suggesting that whatever 
concerns might occupy their 

4885
04:19:02,500 --> 04:19:05,800
parents thoughts the younger 
generation maintains its focus 

4886
04:19:05,800 --> 04:19:08,800
on more immediate social 
matters, their discussing 

4887
04:19:08,800 --> 04:19:11,500
someone probably a mutual 
acquaintance and finding 

4888
04:19:11,500 --> 04:19:14,100
whatever their saying about this
person quite amusing. 

4889
04:19:15,600 --> 04:19:18,100
The household Shrine receives 
attention from your mother as 

4890
04:19:18,100 --> 04:19:20,500
evening. 
Settles You see her through the 

4891
04:19:20,500 --> 04:19:23,700
doorway, placing fresh herbs, in
a small portion of bread on the 

4892
04:19:23,700 --> 04:19:26,100
shrine. 
Her lips moving in the brief 

4893
04:19:26,100 --> 04:19:28,000
prayer that accompany such 
offerings. 

4894
04:19:28,800 --> 04:19:31,100
She's making these offerings 
more frequently lately. 

4895
04:19:31,100 --> 04:19:34,400
You've noticed though, she 
hasn't explicitly discussed why 

4896
04:19:34,400 --> 04:19:37,500
the increased attention to 
religious, observance could mean

4897
04:19:37,500 --> 04:19:40,500
many things but it suggests. 
She feels the value of 

4898
04:19:40,500 --> 04:19:42,900
maintaining good standing with 
Divine forces. 

4899
04:19:43,800 --> 04:19:46,600
Cooking smells Drift from 
various houses, as families, 

4900
04:19:46,600 --> 04:19:49,800
prepare evening meals. 
You identify the center of 

4901
04:19:49,808 --> 04:19:53,400
onions, being freed. 
The distinctive Aroma of fish 

4902
04:19:53,400 --> 04:19:56,600
stewing with herbs, and the 
yeasty smell of bread, being 

4903
04:19:56,600 --> 04:20:00,100
broken and shared. 
These familiar scents, provide 

4904
04:20:00,100 --> 04:20:04,200
Comfort evidence that daily life
continues in its essential 

4905
04:20:04,200 --> 04:20:07,400
patterns, regardless of whatever
complexity might occupy the 

4906
04:20:07,400 --> 04:20:11,500
Realms of kings and Merchants. 
A merchant you recognize walks 

4907
04:20:11,500 --> 04:20:15,100
passed heading toward the better
section of town where wealthier 

4908
04:20:15,100 --> 04:20:18,500
families maintain their homes. 
He carries a role of Papyrus 

4909
04:20:18,500 --> 04:20:22,600
sealed and tied like a message 
or contract requiring personal 

4910
04:20:22,600 --> 04:20:25,600
delivery. 
His expression seems neutral 

4911
04:20:25,600 --> 04:20:28,900
giving nothing away about the 
documents contents or his 

4912
04:20:28,900 --> 04:20:31,900
thoughts about it, Merchants 
learned to keep their faces on 

4913
04:20:31,900 --> 04:20:35,500
revealing preventing observers 
from Reading their concerns or 

4914
04:20:35,500 --> 04:20:39,600
calculating their positions. 
You noticed that the city's even

4915
04:20:39,600 --> 04:20:43,600
Patrol has already begun their 
rounds earlier than usual by a 

4916
04:20:43,600 --> 04:20:45,100
small. 
But noticeable margin. 

4917
04:20:45,100 --> 04:20:48,500
The guards move through the 
streets in their standard pairs.

4918
04:20:48,500 --> 04:20:51,900
Their presence meant to 
discourage petty crime, and 

4919
04:20:51,900 --> 04:20:55,400
provide visible security. 
They nod to people, they 

4920
04:20:55,400 --> 04:20:59,200
recognize stop occasionally to 
exchange words with Merchants 

4921
04:20:59,200 --> 04:21:02,200
closing their shops and 
generally maintain the relaxed 

4922
04:21:02,200 --> 04:21:05,200
alertness that characterizes 
routine Patrol rather than 

4923
04:21:05,200 --> 04:21:08,400
heightened security. 
The wine shop at the corner. 

4924
04:21:08,400 --> 04:21:11,600
Has several customers men 
stopping for a cup before 

4925
04:21:11,600 --> 04:21:14,800
heading home. 
The conversation, flows easily 

4926
04:21:14,800 --> 04:21:18,500
punctuated by laughter and the 
sound of Cups being refilled. 

4927
04:21:19,500 --> 04:21:22,700
Whatever tensions might exist at
higher levels of politics and 

4928
04:21:22,700 --> 04:21:26,400
commerce ordinary, social life 
continues, largely undisturbed 

4929
04:21:26,400 --> 04:21:28,600
people still want their evening 
wine. 

4930
04:21:28,600 --> 04:21:32,200
Still enjoy companionship and 
still need the relaxation that 

4931
04:21:32,200 --> 04:21:35,400
comes from setting aside work 
and concerns for a brief period.

4932
04:21:36,400 --> 04:21:39,700
a wedding procession passes 
along the Main Street visible 

4933
04:21:39,700 --> 04:21:43,900
from where you sit, the bride 
wears traditional garments her 

4934
04:21:43,900 --> 04:21:47,500
face covered by a veil as she 
walks between her family's home 

4935
04:21:47,500 --> 04:21:51,700
and her new husband's household.
Musicians, play flutes and 

4936
04:21:51,700 --> 04:21:54,000
drums. 
And people from both families, 

4937
04:21:54,000 --> 04:21:58,300
sing traditional songs Neighbors
stopped to watch and offer good 

4938
04:21:58,300 --> 04:22:00,400
wishes. 
Children run alongside the 

4939
04:22:00,400 --> 04:22:02,500
procession for a while before 
losing interest. 

4940
04:22:02,500 --> 04:22:05,700
The whole event unfolds 
according to patterns. 

4941
04:22:05,700 --> 04:22:10,600
So ancient that no one knows 
their origin. weddings continue 

4942
04:22:10,600 --> 04:22:14,100
regardless of political 
circumstances because life 

4943
04:22:14,100 --> 04:22:18,200
continues young, people form new
households regardless of what 

4944
04:22:18,200 --> 04:22:22,200
uncertainties might Cloud, their
Elders thoughts, You see your 

4945
04:22:22,200 --> 04:22:25,400
father approaching along the 
street returning from The Olive 

4946
04:22:25,400 --> 04:22:28,700
Grove where he has been working.
His gate shows the fatigue of a 

4947
04:22:28,700 --> 04:22:33,300
full day's physical labor. 
He walks deadly his tools over 

4948
04:22:33,300 --> 04:22:35,900
his shoulder. 
He stops to greet several 

4949
04:22:35,900 --> 04:22:39,100
neighbors along the way. 
These brief exchanges of news 

4950
04:22:39,100 --> 04:22:42,900
and pleasantries that maintain 
social bonds, When he reaches 

4951
04:22:42,900 --> 04:22:47,200
home, he pauses beside where you
sit settling onto the wall with 

4952
04:22:47,200 --> 04:22:49,000
a sigh of relief at being off 
his feet. 

4953
04:22:50,200 --> 04:22:52,300
Together. 
You watch the sun complete its 

4954
04:22:52,300 --> 04:22:55,200
descent. 
The skies colors shifting from 

4955
04:22:55,200 --> 04:22:59,900
bright orange to deeper red. 
Then to purple as true dusk 

4956
04:22:59,900 --> 04:23:04,500
arrived, neither of you speaks 
much content to share the moment

4957
04:23:04,500 --> 04:23:09,000
without needing conversation. 
The street gradually empties, as

4958
04:23:09,000 --> 04:23:11,600
people Retreat to their homes 
for evening meals. 

4959
04:23:12,300 --> 04:23:14,300
Lamps. 
Begin to Glow in Windows, 

4960
04:23:14,300 --> 04:23:18,600
creating spots, of warm light 
against the darkening evening. 

4961
04:23:19,300 --> 04:23:22,800
A cat patrols, the street with 
the confident, walk of an animal

4962
04:23:22,800 --> 04:23:27,100
familiar with its territory. 
It pauses to investigate 

4963
04:23:27,100 --> 04:23:28,700
something near the drainage 
Channel. 

4964
04:23:28,700 --> 04:23:32,400
Then continues on its way. 
Uninterested in human 

4965
04:23:32,400 --> 04:23:34,900
activities. 
A dog barks from somewhere 

4966
04:23:34,900 --> 04:23:38,100
nearby, though, whether it is 
alerting to something, or simply

4967
04:23:38,100 --> 04:23:40,900
expressing General Dog opinions 
remains unclear. 

4968
04:23:42,100 --> 04:23:45,500
Your father of eventually Rises,
indicating its time to go 

4969
04:23:45,500 --> 04:23:47,900
inside. 
You follow him through the 

4970
04:23:47,900 --> 04:23:50,700
doorway into your home, where 
your mother is already laid out 

4971
04:23:50,700 --> 04:23:53,400
the evening meal. 
The household gathers in its 

4972
04:23:53,400 --> 04:23:56,800
customary way and the evening 
proceeds according to familiar 

4973
04:23:56,800 --> 04:24:01,800
patterns, Yet, beneath the 
normality you sent a quality of 

4974
04:24:01,800 --> 04:24:04,900
attention. 
Slight increase in how carefully

4975
04:24:04,900 --> 04:24:08,100
people listen to news, how 
thoroughly they consider 

4976
04:24:08,100 --> 04:24:11,700
implications, and how they make 
quiet preparations against 

4977
04:24:11,700 --> 04:24:15,100
possible. 
Future need The evening ends as 

4978
04:24:15,108 --> 04:24:18,300
evening's do with gradual 
preparation for sleep. 

4979
04:24:19,200 --> 04:24:23,400
But tonight, as you settle onto 
your sleeping mat, you find your

4980
04:24:23,400 --> 04:24:26,100
mind, less quick to release the 
days observations. 

4981
04:24:26,900 --> 04:24:29,900
You think about the small 
changes, you've noticed the 

4982
04:24:29,900 --> 04:24:32,800
subtle adjustments in how people
behave and what they prioritize.

4983
04:24:32,800 --> 04:24:36,400
These changes don't indicate 
crisis, exactly. 

4984
04:24:36,400 --> 04:24:39,800
But they suggest awareness that 
established patterns, might 

4985
04:24:39,800 --> 04:24:43,400
shift that relationships between
Powers might be evolving in 

4986
04:24:43,400 --> 04:24:46,200
ways, that could eventually 
affect even ordinary households,

4987
04:24:46,200 --> 04:24:49,100
like yours sleep, eventually 
arrives. 

4988
04:24:49,100 --> 04:24:52,100
But the days observations linger
at the edge of your 

4989
04:24:52,100 --> 04:24:54,600
Consciousness, informing your 
rest. 

4990
04:24:54,600 --> 04:24:58,600
With a quality of watchfulness 
that wasn't present before the 

4991
04:24:58,600 --> 04:25:02,000
guard Tower stands, where it 
stood for Generations, it 

4992
04:25:02,000 --> 04:25:05,500
stonewalls thick enough to shrug
off weather and time with 

4993
04:25:05,500 --> 04:25:09,400
minimal decoration. 
You climb the narrow stairs to 

4994
04:25:09,400 --> 04:25:11,900
relieve the previous. 
Watch your footsteps. 

4995
04:25:11,900 --> 04:25:13,800
Echoing slightly in the enclosed
space. 

4996
04:25:13,800 --> 04:25:18,600
The stairs show where in their 
centers polished Smooth by 

4997
04:25:18,600 --> 04:25:22,600
countless feet making the same 
climb over decades. 

4998
04:25:23,800 --> 04:25:26,300
Your hand trails along the wall 
for balance. 

4999
04:25:27,200 --> 04:25:29,900
Feeling the cool stone that 
still holds some of the days 

5000
04:25:29,900 --> 04:25:33,800
accumulated warmth, you emerge 
onto the towers platform as the 

5001
04:25:33,800 --> 04:25:36,900
previous guard Clayton's 
gathers, his things to send. 

5002
04:25:37,700 --> 04:25:40,200
He's an older man, steady an 
experienced. 

5003
04:25:40,200 --> 04:25:42,500
Someone you've known your entire
life. 

5004
04:25:43,400 --> 04:25:46,900
Gives you a brief report. 
Nothing unusual, observed, 

5005
04:25:46,900 --> 04:25:49,900
during his watch. 
Normal Harbor activity visible 

5006
04:25:49,900 --> 04:25:52,300
earlier. 
That ceased with Darkness and 

5007
04:25:52,300 --> 04:25:55,300
Light showing an expected places
throughout the city below. 

5008
04:25:56,500 --> 04:26:01,100
His tone conveys routine rather 
than concern and his relaxed 

5009
04:26:01,100 --> 04:26:04,100
posture confirms that the 
evening has been uneventful. 

5010
04:26:04,100 --> 04:26:07,900
The platform provides a view 
across substantial portions of 

5011
04:26:07,900 --> 04:26:11,300
the city and harbor. 
The darkness isn't complete 

5012
04:26:11,300 --> 04:26:15,900
Stars, provide enough light to 
distinguish major features and 

5013
04:26:15,900 --> 04:26:18,200
various fires and lamps 
throughout the city. 

5014
04:26:18,200 --> 04:26:20,900
Create points of reference, the 
harbor. 

5015
04:26:20,900 --> 04:26:23,600
Water's reflect Starlight, in 
gentle movements. 

5016
04:26:23,600 --> 04:26:26,900
The anchored ship showing as 
darker shapes against the 

5017
04:26:26,900 --> 04:26:29,600
slightly lighter water. 
You can make out the main 

5018
04:26:29,600 --> 04:26:32,300
streets below by the occasional 
lamps that people of hung 

5019
04:26:32,300 --> 04:26:35,500
outside their doors or by the 
glow from Windows, that haven't 

5020
04:26:35,500 --> 04:26:38,600
yet, been shuttered for the 
night The night air feels 

5021
04:26:38,600 --> 04:26:40,600
Pleasant against your skin. 
Cool. 

5022
04:26:40,600 --> 04:26:44,400
But not cold. 
A light Breeze moves across the 

5023
04:26:44,400 --> 04:26:48,300
platform carrying sense from the
city would smoke from cooking 

5024
04:26:48,300 --> 04:26:51,900
fires and halves the 
ever-present salt smell from the

5025
04:26:51,900 --> 04:26:55,400
harbor and occasionally adrift 
of something more specific like 

5026
04:26:55,400 --> 04:26:58,400
baking bread from a household 
where someone is preparing for 

5027
04:26:58,400 --> 04:27:00,100
an early morning departure or 
festive. 

5028
04:27:01,100 --> 04:27:03,900
These scents, create an 
olfactory map of the Cities, 

5029
04:27:03,900 --> 04:27:06,800
nocturnal activities. 
You settle into position, 

5030
04:27:06,800 --> 04:27:10,200
finding the spot where you 
prefer to stand for the long 

5031
04:27:10,200 --> 04:27:13,100
hours ahead. 
The platform has several such 

5032
04:27:13,100 --> 04:27:16,300
positions each offering slightly
different perspectives. 

5033
04:27:16,300 --> 04:27:19,400
You choose one that allows you 
to watch both the harbor 

5034
04:27:19,400 --> 04:27:22,500
approach and a good portion of 
the city's Northern quarter. 

5035
04:27:22,500 --> 04:27:25,200
Your eyes are just gradually to 
the darkness. 

5036
04:27:25,200 --> 04:27:29,000
Your night vision, strengthening
as minutes pass and your pupils 

5037
04:27:29,000 --> 04:27:33,200
dilate fully The Stars overhead 
show, their familiar patterns. 

5038
04:27:33,200 --> 04:27:37,000
You identify constellations that
your father taught you when you 

5039
04:27:37,000 --> 04:27:39,200
were young. 
The same patterns is father 

5040
04:27:39,200 --> 04:27:41,500
taught him. 
Knowing these Stellar 

5041
04:27:41,500 --> 04:27:43,500
Arrangements serves practical 
purposes. 

5042
04:27:43,500 --> 04:27:47,400
They Mark times passage through 
the night, the indicates 

5043
04:27:47,400 --> 04:27:50,900
seasonal changes and they 
provide navigation references 

5044
04:27:50,900 --> 04:27:53,500
for ships. 
But they also connect you to 

5045
04:27:53,500 --> 04:27:56,700
countless previous generations, 
who watch the same stars and 

5046
04:27:56,700 --> 04:27:58,400
found meaning in their 
configurations. 

5047
04:27:59,400 --> 04:28:01,000
Sound carries differently at 
night. 

5048
04:28:01,800 --> 04:28:05,200
Without the days usual noise. 
Quieter sound become audible. 

5049
04:28:05,200 --> 04:28:07,700
He hear a dog barking in the 
distance. 

5050
04:28:07,700 --> 04:28:10,300
The sound reaching. 
He clearly across the 

5051
04:28:10,300 --> 04:28:12,800
intervening space. 
Somewhere closer. 

5052
04:28:12,800 --> 04:28:16,000
A baby cries briefly before 
being soothed back to sleep. 

5053
04:28:16,000 --> 04:28:19,400
The Harper water makes small 
lapping sounds against the key. 

5054
04:28:19,400 --> 04:28:22,200
A gentle Rhythm. 
That provides background to 

5055
04:28:22,200 --> 04:28:25,700
other sounds. 
Occasionally a night bird calls 

5056
04:28:25,700 --> 04:28:28,800
their sounds unfamiliar to you, 
because you spend most nights 

5057
04:28:28,800 --> 04:28:31,200
sleeping rather than listening 
to their activities. 

5058
04:28:32,100 --> 04:28:34,900
Your watch proceeds in that 
particular state of relaxed 

5059
04:28:34,900 --> 04:28:37,000
alertness that experienced 
guards. 

5060
04:28:37,000 --> 04:28:40,900
Develop you're not tense or 
anxious but neither are you 

5061
04:28:40,900 --> 04:28:44,300
inattentive your eyes scan 
methodically across your area of

5062
04:28:44,308 --> 04:28:47,800
responsibility, not searching 
frantically for problems. 

5063
04:28:47,800 --> 04:28:51,000
But maintaining awareness of 
what exists in your field of 

5064
04:28:51,000 --> 04:28:53,900
vision. 
This state can be maintained for

5065
04:28:53,900 --> 04:28:56,500
extended periods without causing
exhaustion. 

5066
04:28:57,300 --> 04:29:01,600
Skill learned through practice. 
time passes and segments, marked

5067
04:29:01,600 --> 04:29:05,200
by the Stars movement, You judge
that, perhaps an hour has 

5068
04:29:05,200 --> 04:29:08,400
elapsed, since you took position
though, you couldn't specify 

5069
04:29:08,400 --> 04:29:11,500
exactly without checking the 
Stars positions against your 

5070
04:29:11,500 --> 04:29:15,000
mental reference points. 
The city below as grown quieter 

5071
04:29:15,000 --> 04:29:17,600
with fewer lick Windows. 
Visible as families. 

5072
04:29:17,600 --> 04:29:20,100
Extinguish their lamps and 
settle in to sleep. 

5073
04:29:20,900 --> 04:29:24,500
The darkness deepens in quality 
taking on that particular 

5074
04:29:24,500 --> 04:29:27,200
density that comes in the hours.
Well, after Sunset. 

5075
04:29:27,200 --> 04:29:31,300
But before any hint of dawn, 
Another guard appears on a 

5076
04:29:31,300 --> 04:29:34,100
nearby Tower. 
His silhouette briefly visible 

5077
04:29:34,100 --> 04:29:36,200
against the stars as he takes 
his own position. 

5078
04:29:37,200 --> 04:29:41,200
You exchange a low whistle the 
signal indicating that all is. 

5079
04:29:41,200 --> 04:29:44,900
Well, he returns the whistle 
confirming, the same from his 

5080
04:29:44,900 --> 04:29:48,500
sector, this communication 
happens, routinely throughout 

5081
04:29:48,500 --> 04:29:51,400
the night, with guards, 
confirming to each other that 

5082
04:29:51,400 --> 04:29:54,500
the watch continues normally. 
You think about the city 

5083
04:29:54,500 --> 04:29:58,100
sleeping below you, thousands of
people resting their homes, 

5084
04:29:58,100 --> 04:30:01,000
trusting that guards, like you 
maintain Awareness on their 

5085
04:30:01,000 --> 04:30:03,200
behalf. 
Children sleep. 

5086
04:30:03,200 --> 04:30:07,300
Without any understanding that 
such protection exists, their 

5087
04:30:07,300 --> 04:30:10,400
Consciousness entirely focused 
on their immediate experience is

5088
04:30:10,400 --> 04:30:13,700
adults, sleep with varying 
degrees of awareness that the 

5089
04:30:13,700 --> 04:30:16,400
city maintains defensive systems
though. 

5090
04:30:16,400 --> 04:30:18,700
Most don't think about it. 
Explicitly unless something 

5091
04:30:18,700 --> 04:30:22,000
disrupts, the normal pattern, 
the weight of this 

5092
04:30:22,000 --> 04:30:25,200
responsibility feels neither 
heavy nor light, but simply 

5093
04:30:25,200 --> 04:30:29,000
present, You're doing what 
you've been trained to do, what 

5094
04:30:29,000 --> 04:30:31,900
your position requires and what 
the city needs. 

5095
04:30:33,100 --> 04:30:36,800
The task doesn't demand heroism 
or exceptional effort, just 

5096
04:30:36,800 --> 04:30:41,100
consistency and attention. 
This ordinary make it 

5097
04:30:41,100 --> 04:30:44,300
sustainable across long hours 
and repeated nights. 

5098
04:30:45,100 --> 04:30:48,000
Your mind drifts occasionally to
other thoughts while maintaining

5099
04:30:48,000 --> 04:30:50,800
its watch function. 
You think about the work waiting

5100
04:30:50,800 --> 04:30:54,000
tomorrow about a conversation 
you had earlier and about 

5101
04:30:54,000 --> 04:30:57,700
nothing in particular. 
These thoughts don't interfere 

5102
04:30:57,700 --> 04:31:02,000
with your ability to notice if 
something unusual occurs Human 

5103
04:31:02,000 --> 04:31:05,000
Minds seems capable of 
maintaining multiple streams of 

5104
04:31:05,008 --> 04:31:09,000
awareness simultaneously at 
least when well, practiced in a 

5105
04:31:09,000 --> 04:31:11,800
task movement catches your eye 
in the harbor area. 

5106
04:31:11,800 --> 04:31:15,800
You focus attention there 
watching and you identify the 

5107
04:31:15,800 --> 04:31:19,500
movement as a ship adjusting its
position slightly on its anchor 

5108
04:31:19,500 --> 04:31:22,100
line. 
The wind has shifted marginally 

5109
04:31:22,100 --> 04:31:25,600
the vessel is swinging to align 
with the new wind direction. 

5110
04:31:25,600 --> 04:31:29,700
This happens regularly and 
requires no action from you. 

5111
04:31:30,400 --> 04:31:32,800
You can continue watching until 
you're satisfied. 

5112
04:31:32,800 --> 04:31:36,600
That nothing else is occurring. 
Then return to your broader 

5113
04:31:36,600 --> 04:31:39,900
scanning pattern. 
The Moon Rises late tonight, 

5114
04:31:39,900 --> 04:31:43,100
appearing above the Eastern 
Hills, as a waning crescent, 

5115
04:31:44,000 --> 04:31:46,300
It's light though much reduced 
from Full Moon. 

5116
04:31:46,300 --> 04:31:49,000
Brighteners still provides 
additional visibility. 

5117
04:31:50,300 --> 04:31:52,700
Features that were barely 
distinguishable before become 

5118
04:31:52,700 --> 04:31:56,100
clearer in the combined 
Starlight, and Moonlight, you 

5119
04:31:56,100 --> 04:31:59,500
can now see farther along the 
coast, make out details in the 

5120
04:31:59,500 --> 04:32:02,500
harbor that were previously 
obscured, and generally have 

5121
04:32:02,500 --> 04:32:04,100
better Vision across your watch 
area. 

5122
04:32:05,200 --> 04:32:08,900
Cat moves through the street 
below its path, taking it from 

5123
04:32:08,900 --> 04:32:11,300
one Shadow to another as it 
pursues. 

5124
04:32:11,300 --> 04:32:15,100
Whatever business cats conduct 
at night you watch its progress 

5125
04:32:15,100 --> 04:32:18,400
with idle interest noting. 
How confidently it moves through

5126
04:32:18,408 --> 04:32:22,700
territory, obviously knows. 
Well The cat pauses to 

5127
04:32:22,700 --> 04:32:26,200
investigate something near a 
wall, then continues on its way,

5128
04:32:26,200 --> 04:32:31,200
indifferent to your observation.
The city's night sounds created,

5129
04:32:31,200 --> 04:32:34,000
gentle background that your so 
accustomed to that you'd 

5130
04:32:34,000 --> 04:32:36,200
probably notice more. 
If they stopped, then you notice

5131
04:32:36,200 --> 04:32:39,700
their continuation. 
Somewhere a shutter creeks in 

5132
04:32:39,700 --> 04:32:44,600
the breeze, a door closes softly
probably someone making a latte 

5133
04:32:44,600 --> 04:32:46,400
trip to their Courtyard 
facilities. 

5134
04:32:47,300 --> 04:32:50,000
The harbor water maintains its 
quiet Rhythm. 

5135
04:32:50,000 --> 04:32:53,800
The Sounds form, the normal 
acoustic landscape of night. 

5136
04:32:54,600 --> 04:32:57,600
Sounds that indicate routine 
rather than disturbance. 

5137
04:32:58,600 --> 04:33:01,500
Your watch will continue for 
several more hours before the 

5138
04:33:01,500 --> 04:33:04,800
next guard arrives to relieve. 
You the time doesn't weigh on 

5139
04:33:04,800 --> 04:33:07,800
you particularly. 
You've stood many such watches 

5140
04:33:07,800 --> 04:33:13,800
and this one proceeds like most 
others uneventfully quietly, a 

5141
04:33:13,800 --> 04:33:16,300
period of sustained attention 
that serves its purpose by 

5142
04:33:16,300 --> 04:33:19,400
remaining unremarkable. 
The absence of drama is 

5143
04:33:19,400 --> 04:33:21,900
precisely what successful guard 
Duty looks like. 

5144
04:33:22,800 --> 04:33:26,000
If nothing requires your 
intervention, your watch has 

5145
04:33:26,000 --> 04:33:28,900
succeeded. 
You notice the stars of shifted 

5146
04:33:28,900 --> 04:33:32,200
position marking the passage of 
perhaps another hour. 

5147
04:33:33,000 --> 04:33:36,200
The night deepens further. 
That period when most people are

5148
04:33:36,200 --> 04:33:39,099
in their deepest sleep. 
When the city reaches its 

5149
04:33:39,099 --> 04:33:42,400
quietest point before beginning,
the gradual transition toward 

5150
04:33:42,400 --> 04:33:48,300
Dawn, your own alertness remains
steady supported by practice and

5151
04:33:48,300 --> 04:33:51,700
the slight Edge that comes from 
being the only waking awareness 

5152
04:33:51,700 --> 04:33:56,599
in your immediate area. 
The story of Troy's fall exists.

5153
04:33:56,599 --> 04:34:00,800
Now, in layers of poetry and 
Legend events transformed by 

5154
04:34:00,800 --> 04:34:04,500
repeated telling, and they carry
meaning far beyond what 

5155
04:34:04,500 --> 04:34:07,599
happened. 
But beneath the Epic narrative 

5156
04:34:07,599 --> 04:34:10,300
lies, something more ordinary 
and perhaps more instructive. 

5157
04:34:11,099 --> 04:34:13,700
The way complex human systems 
sometimes fail. 

5158
04:34:13,700 --> 04:34:17,200
Despite everyone involved making
decisions that seem reasonable. 

5159
04:34:17,200 --> 04:34:21,300
Give them their circumstances 
and understanding, you can trace

5160
04:34:21,300 --> 04:34:25,000
the accumulated pressures that 
led to that failure, economic 

5161
04:34:25,000 --> 04:34:28,300
competition between cities, 
controling valuable trade routes

5162
04:34:28,300 --> 04:34:32,000
on her obligations, that 
required responses which 

5163
04:34:32,000 --> 04:34:34,200
themselves created new 
obligations. 

5164
04:34:35,099 --> 04:34:38,400
Political alliances that bound 
parties into positions. 

5165
04:34:38,400 --> 04:34:39,900
They might not have chosen 
freely. 

5166
04:34:40,700 --> 04:34:44,000
Religious beliefs that frame 
decisions as having Divine 

5167
04:34:44,000 --> 04:34:46,800
significance. 
Personal relationships that 

5168
04:34:46,800 --> 04:34:50,000
intersected with political 
calculations in ways that made 

5169
04:34:50,000 --> 04:34:53,000
purely rational Choice 
impossible, each of these 

5170
04:34:53,000 --> 04:34:55,200
factors operated according to 
its own logic. 

5171
04:34:56,400 --> 04:34:59,300
Economic pressure to maintain 
control of profitable, routes 

5172
04:34:59,300 --> 04:35:01,800
made sense for cities depending 
on trade revenues. 

5173
04:35:02,500 --> 04:35:05,500
The honor System that required 
responding to insults maintain 

5174
04:35:05,500 --> 04:35:08,200
social order, most of the time 
by establishing clear 

5175
04:35:08,200 --> 04:35:11,900
expectations. 
Alliance obligations created 

5176
04:35:11,900 --> 04:35:16,200
stability by making aggression, 
predictably costly religious 

5177
04:35:16,200 --> 04:35:20,000
Frameworks provided meaning, and
Community, cohesion, personal 

5178
04:35:20,000 --> 04:35:23,599
bonds between Elite individuals 
could defuse tensions that might

5179
04:35:23,599 --> 04:35:28,400
otherwise escalate But these 
systems which usually stabilized

5180
04:35:28,400 --> 04:35:31,800
relationships and prevented 
conflict could under particular 

5181
04:35:31,800 --> 04:35:35,800
circumstances work differently. 
Economic pressure could make 

5182
04:35:35,800 --> 04:35:39,200
yielding control. 
Unthinkable, honor requirements 

5183
04:35:39,200 --> 04:35:41,800
could generate escalating cycles
of response. 

5184
04:35:41,800 --> 04:35:46,200
Alliance obligations could pull 
reluctant parties into dispute, 

5185
04:35:46,200 --> 04:35:49,400
not of their making. 
Religious certainty could 

5186
04:35:49,400 --> 04:35:52,599
prevent compromise. 
Personal relationships could 

5187
04:35:52,599 --> 04:35:55,700
introduce emotional elements but
complicated. 

5188
04:35:55,700 --> 04:36:00,900
Calculated decision making. 
Troy existed within this web of 

5189
04:36:00,900 --> 04:36:05,300
relationships and systems. 
Neither unique nor exempt from 

5190
04:36:05,300 --> 04:36:08,000
the patterns that shape all 
cities in the region. 

5191
04:36:08,800 --> 04:36:12,300
Its Prosperity came from the 
same sources as its eventual. 

5192
04:36:12,300 --> 04:36:16,000
Vulnerability. 
The valuable trade position that

5193
04:36:16,000 --> 04:36:19,700
made it economically important 
also made it a focus of 

5194
04:36:19,700 --> 04:36:22,300
competition. 
The honor and reputation is 

5195
04:36:22,300 --> 04:36:24,800
ruling families. 
Had built made backing down from

5196
04:36:24,800 --> 04:36:28,900
challenges politically costly. 
The alliance is it cultivated 

5197
04:36:28,900 --> 04:36:31,200
brought support, but also 
obligations. 

5198
04:36:31,900 --> 04:36:35,500
The actual events that led to 
Troy's fall unfolded gradually, 

5199
04:36:35,500 --> 04:36:39,599
rather than dramatically. 
Small decisions accumulated into

5200
04:36:39,599 --> 04:36:43,300
larger commitments positions, 
hardened as Investments of 

5201
04:36:43,300 --> 04:36:46,800
resources and reputation, made 
retreating increasingly 

5202
04:36:46,800 --> 04:36:50,700
difficult. what might have been 
resolved through negotiation or 

5203
04:36:50,700 --> 04:36:53,400
compromise, early became 
impossible to resolve peacefully

5204
04:36:53,400 --> 04:36:57,500
later, not because anyone 
necessarily wanted that outcome,

5205
04:36:57,500 --> 04:37:00,900
but because the logic of the 
systems involved pushed toward 

5206
04:37:00,900 --> 04:37:05,000
it, You might consider how this 
pattern appears throughout human

5207
04:37:05,000 --> 04:37:07,800
history. 
Conflicts that later seemed 

5208
04:37:07,800 --> 04:37:10,400
inevitable often weren't 
perceived that way by people 

5209
04:37:10,400 --> 04:37:13,200
living through them until quite 
late in the process. 

5210
04:37:14,200 --> 04:37:18,500
Each step along the way seems 
manageable each decision, seems 

5211
04:37:18,500 --> 04:37:21,500
reasonable given available 
information and cultural 

5212
04:37:21,500 --> 04:37:24,700
Frameworks only in retrospect. 
As the progression toward 

5213
04:37:24,700 --> 04:37:28,099
disaster become visible. 
The people living in Troy before

5214
04:37:28,099 --> 04:37:30,900
its fall experienced daily life.
Much like yours. 

5215
04:37:30,900 --> 04:37:33,700
They woke and performed morning 
routines. 

5216
04:37:33,700 --> 04:37:37,500
They worked at their trades and 
crafts, they raced children and 

5217
04:37:37,500 --> 04:37:40,700
maintained households. 
They participated in markets and

5218
04:37:40,707 --> 04:37:43,800
religious festivals, they 
gossiped with neighbors and 

5219
04:37:43,800 --> 04:37:48,300
worried about ordinary concerns.
The grand historical narrative 

5220
04:37:48,300 --> 04:37:51,599
that would eventually Define 
their City held less immediate 

5221
04:37:51,599 --> 04:37:53,500
presence than the Practical 
matters of daily. 

5222
04:37:53,500 --> 04:37:56,800
Existence, this ordinary nurse 
matters when trying to 

5223
04:37:56,808 --> 04:38:00,599
understand what happened. 
The Trojan War wasn't a clash 

5224
04:38:00,599 --> 04:38:04,000
between heroes and villains 
though, later stories frame it. 

5225
04:38:04,000 --> 04:38:06,099
That way. 
It was a collision between 

5226
04:38:06,099 --> 04:38:09,900
competing interests and 
incompatible obligations, played

5227
04:38:09,900 --> 04:38:12,300
out by ordinary people who found
themselves, caught in 

5228
04:38:12,300 --> 04:38:15,700
circumstances, larger than any 
individual could control or 

5229
04:38:15,700 --> 04:38:19,099
resolve the siege itself. 
If it occurred, as traditionally

5230
04:38:19,099 --> 04:38:23,000
described represented an 
enormous logistical challenge 

5231
04:38:23,000 --> 04:38:26,599
for the attacking forces. 
Maintaining an army away from 

5232
04:38:26,599 --> 04:38:29,700
home for extended periods, 
required solving Supply 

5233
04:38:29,700 --> 04:38:33,200
problems, managing internal 
conflicts among allies with 

5234
04:38:33,200 --> 04:38:37,300
varying interests and sustaining
motivation when quick Victory 

5235
04:38:37,300 --> 04:38:40,599
didn't materialize. 
These practical, challenges 

5236
04:38:40,599 --> 04:38:44,200
matter, as much as strategic or 
tactical, considerations in 

5237
04:38:44,200 --> 04:38:48,200
determining outcomes. 
For those inside the city, The 

5238
04:38:48,200 --> 04:38:51,300
Experience would have involved, 
gradual adaptation to reduce 

5239
04:38:51,300 --> 04:38:55,400
circumstances. 
Trade was disrupted by the 

5240
04:38:55,400 --> 04:38:57,599
blockade. 
Stalled supplies. 

5241
04:38:57,599 --> 04:39:01,000
A slowly depleting. 
Normal activities can continue 

5242
04:39:01,000 --> 04:39:05,700
in modified form, social 
tensions, emerged as extended 

5243
04:39:05,700 --> 04:39:08,000
pressure, tested relationships 
and resources. 

5244
04:39:09,200 --> 04:39:13,000
None of this is necessarily 
dramatic on any given day, but 

5245
04:39:13,000 --> 04:39:16,000
it accumulates toward a crisis 
across months or years. 

5246
04:39:17,099 --> 04:39:21,099
Full, when it came marked 
transition rather than ending. 

5247
04:39:21,900 --> 04:39:25,400
People survived and Scattered to
other places some aspects of 

5248
04:39:25,400 --> 04:39:28,000
Troy's culture persisted through
the survivors. 

5249
04:39:29,000 --> 04:39:31,500
Trade routes are just dusted to 
the city's diminished State 

5250
04:39:31,500 --> 04:39:34,099
status, or eventually bypassed 
it entirely. 

5251
04:39:35,000 --> 04:39:37,900
Other cities Rose to fill 
whatever role Troy had played. 

5252
04:39:38,700 --> 04:39:43,000
Life continued, as it always 
does adapting to new realities. 

5253
04:39:44,200 --> 04:39:46,600
The memory of Troy persisted and
grew. 

5254
04:39:46,600 --> 04:39:50,800
Because the story resonated with
recurring human experiences, the

5255
04:39:50,800 --> 04:39:55,300
tension between honor and 
practical interest challenge of 

5256
04:39:55,300 --> 04:39:57,700
maintaining peace among 
competing powers. 

5257
04:39:58,500 --> 04:40:01,400
The way personal relationships 
intersect with political 

5258
04:40:01,400 --> 04:40:05,400
calculations. the difficulty of 
knowing when to hold firm and 

5259
04:40:05,408 --> 04:40:08,800
when to compromise these themes 
remain relevant because they 

5260
04:40:08,800 --> 04:40:13,700
reflect persistent aspects of 
social existence, Tonight, as 

5261
04:40:13,700 --> 04:40:17,500
you rest, you might find Value 
in considering Troy, as an 

5262
04:40:17,500 --> 04:40:21,800
example of human complexity, 
rather than as a moral tale with

5263
04:40:21,800 --> 04:40:24,900
clear lessons. 
People involved weren't 

5264
04:40:24,900 --> 04:40:28,000
particularly evil or good wise 
or foolish. 

5265
04:40:28,000 --> 04:40:31,800
They were people navigating 
difficult circumstances using 

5266
04:40:31,800 --> 04:40:35,500
the Frameworks their culture 
provided making choices that 

5267
04:40:35,500 --> 04:40:39,500
seemed reasonable, give their 
understanding an obligation The 

5268
04:40:39,500 --> 04:40:42,100
same systems that usually 
maintain order and prosperity 

5269
04:40:42,100 --> 04:40:46,400
can under particular conditions,
generate conflict and 

5270
04:40:46,400 --> 04:40:49,800
destruction. 
Economic competition, usually 

5271
04:40:49,800 --> 04:40:53,800
drives beneficial trade, but can
create unsustainable rivalry? 

5272
04:40:54,600 --> 04:40:58,900
Honor systems usually maintain, 
social expectations, but can 

5273
04:40:58,900 --> 04:41:03,100
generate escalating demands for 
response. religious Frameworks, 

5274
04:41:03,100 --> 04:41:06,100
usually provide meaning, but can
make compromise feel like 

5275
04:41:06,100 --> 04:41:10,200
betrayal of divine will 
Recognizing this complexity 

5276
04:41:10,200 --> 04:41:13,800
doesn't provide simple answers 
but it does suggest humility 

5277
04:41:13,800 --> 04:41:16,600
about our ability to prevent 
similar patterns in our own 

5278
04:41:16,600 --> 04:41:19,500
time. 
We operate within systems, we 

5279
04:41:19,500 --> 04:41:23,400
don't fully control making 
decisions based on incomplete 

5280
04:41:23,400 --> 04:41:26,900
information influenced by 
cultural Frameworks that seem 

5281
04:41:26,900 --> 04:41:30,800
natural but are actually 
constructed pursuing goals that 

5282
04:41:30,800 --> 04:41:34,200
sometimes proving compatible. 
The archaeological remains of 

5283
04:41:34,200 --> 04:41:36,800
Troy show. 
Layers of habitation, each 

5284
04:41:36,800 --> 04:41:40,100
representing periods of building
living and sometimes 

5285
04:41:40,100 --> 04:41:43,600
destruction. 
The city existed successfully 

5286
04:41:43,600 --> 04:41:45,400
for many more years than it 
struggles. 

5287
04:41:46,200 --> 04:41:49,100
Those generations of ordinary 
Prosperity deserve recognition 

5288
04:41:49,100 --> 04:41:53,700
equal to the famous conflict. 
Building Systems that provide 

5289
04:41:53,700 --> 04:41:57,900
security and enable cooperation 
across decades represents an 

5290
04:41:57,900 --> 04:42:00,900
achievement a significant as any
military campaign. 

5291
04:42:01,900 --> 04:42:05,300
The people who lived in Troy 
before its fall created their 

5292
04:42:05,300 --> 04:42:07,600
City through accumulated daily 
effort. 

5293
04:42:08,200 --> 04:42:12,400
They built houses and ships, 
they cultivated fields and 

5294
04:42:12,400 --> 04:42:15,600
tended animals. 
They wove cloth and shaped 

5295
04:42:15,600 --> 04:42:17,800
bronze. 
They raised children and taught 

5296
04:42:17,800 --> 04:42:20,400
them skills. 
They maintained relationships 

5297
04:42:20,400 --> 04:42:24,600
and honored obligations. 
This ordinary Works sustain the 

5298
04:42:24,600 --> 04:42:26,900
city far more than any dramatic 
events. 

5299
04:42:27,600 --> 04:42:30,300
When you think about Troy. 
Now, you might see it less as a 

5300
04:42:30,300 --> 04:42:33,800
distant myth and more. 
As an example of human society 

5301
04:42:33,800 --> 04:42:36,900
is everywhere. 
We build complex systems through

5302
04:42:36,900 --> 04:42:38,900
cooperation and sustained 
effort. 

5303
04:42:38,900 --> 04:42:42,300
We navigate relationships that 
create both support and 

5304
04:42:42,300 --> 04:42:45,300
obligation. 
We operate within cultural 

5305
04:42:45,300 --> 04:42:49,300
Frameworks that shape, our 
understanding of Honor Duty and 

5306
04:42:49,300 --> 04:42:52,800
appropriate behavior. 
We make decisions with imperfect

5307
04:42:52,800 --> 04:42:55,200
information and hope for 
favorable outcomes. 

5308
04:42:56,400 --> 04:42:58,000
The stories endurance. 
Suggest. 

5309
04:42:58,000 --> 04:43:02,100
Something important about human 
nature and Society, we're drawn 

5310
04:43:02,100 --> 04:43:04,900
to narratives that help us 
understand our own experience, 

5311
04:43:04,900 --> 04:43:08,700
is Choice story, resonates 
because it reflects challenges. 

5312
04:43:08,700 --> 04:43:11,900
We still face managing 
competition for resources. 

5313
04:43:11,900 --> 04:43:15,800
Maintaining peace among 
different interests, balancing 

5314
04:43:15,800 --> 04:43:19,100
personal relationships with 
broader obligations and 

5315
04:43:19,100 --> 04:43:21,700
navigating the tension between 
principle and pragmatism. 

5316
04:43:23,100 --> 04:43:24,800
Rest. 
Now, with the understanding that

5317
04:43:24,800 --> 04:43:28,500
human communities have always 
faced such challenges, the 

5318
04:43:28,500 --> 04:43:32,000
specifics change, but the 
underlying patterns persist 

5319
04:43:32,800 --> 04:43:35,300
Troy's people did their best 
with the understanding of 

5320
04:43:35,300 --> 04:43:38,600
available to them. 
We do the same, hoping our 

5321
04:43:38,600 --> 04:43:41,300
systems, proved adequate to our 
challenges, but knowing that 

5322
04:43:41,300 --> 04:43:46,000
success is never guaranteed. the
night that falls over the Aegean

5323
04:43:46,000 --> 04:43:49,600
now, is the same night that fell
when Troy stood vital and busy 

5324
04:43:49,600 --> 04:43:53,800
with trade, The Stars maintain 
their ancient patterns in 

5325
04:43:53,800 --> 04:43:56,700
different human cities, rising 
and falling below. 

5326
04:43:57,900 --> 04:44:01,500
Within that vast continuity. 
Human efforts represent 

5327
04:44:01,500 --> 04:44:06,400
meaningful episodes of order, 
cooperation and shared purpose, 

5328
04:44:06,400 --> 04:44:09,200
even when those efforts 
eventually fail. 

5329
04:44:10,300 --> 04:44:13,300
Let this perspective bring rest 
rather than anxiety. 

5330
04:44:13,300 --> 04:44:17,900
Your part of an ongoing human 
story connected backward to 

5331
04:44:17,900 --> 04:44:21,000
people in Troy and forward to 
people who live long. 

5332
04:44:21,000 --> 04:44:25,700
After you, each generation faces
its challenges builds, what it 

5333
04:44:25,700 --> 04:44:28,700
can and passes. 
Whatever, knowledge is gained to

5334
04:44:28,708 --> 04:44:32,500
those who follow, Sleep arrives 
more easily when you recognize 

5335
04:44:32,500 --> 04:44:36,500
that, you're not alone in facing
uncertainty every generation 

5336
04:44:36,500 --> 04:44:40,300
before you navigated similar 
challenges, every generation 

5337
04:44:40,300 --> 04:44:44,800
ahead will do the same, the work
continues building, maintaining 

5338
04:44:44,800 --> 04:44:49,400
adapting hoping that continuity 
matters more than any individual

5339
04:44:49,400 --> 04:44:52,300
outcome. 
The lessons from Troy aren't 

5340
04:44:52,300 --> 04:44:56,300
dramatic warnings but quiet 
recognitions Systems, require 

5341
04:44:56,300 --> 04:45:00,300
maintenance relationships, need 
attention challenges. 

5342
04:45:00,300 --> 04:45:02,700
Emerge gradually before becoming
critical. 

5343
04:45:03,400 --> 04:45:06,600
Cooperation achieves more than 
any individual effort. 

5344
04:45:06,600 --> 04:45:09,200
Ordinariness deserves 
appreciation. 

5345
04:45:09,200 --> 04:45:13,600
The simple truths persist across
all the years since choice, 

5346
04:45:13,600 --> 04:45:17,900
stood, and all the years since 
it fell. rest beside these 

5347
04:45:17,900 --> 04:45:21,000
ancient patterns tonight, 
finding comfort in their 

5348
04:45:21,000 --> 04:45:24,500
familiarity, and their 
persistence, Challenges of 

5349
04:45:24,500 --> 04:45:28,600
building and maintaining human 
communities remain but so does 

5350
04:45:28,600 --> 04:45:31,500
the capacity to meet those 
challenges through sustained. 

5351
04:45:31,500 --> 04:45:34,600
Cooperation and thoughtful, 
navigation of competing 

5352
04:45:34,600 --> 04:45:37,300
interests. 
Thats, what the people of Troy 

5353
04:45:37,300 --> 04:45:39,500
attempted, and that's what we 
attempt, still. 

5354
04:45:39,500 --> 04:45:44,100
The story continues in cities, 
everywhere, in markets, and 

5355
04:45:44,108 --> 04:45:48,200
harbors in households and 
workshops and in the daily work 

5356
04:45:48,200 --> 04:45:51,400
of ordinary people building the 
systems that sustain life and 

5357
04:45:51,400 --> 04:45:55,800
create possibility. 
This ongoing effort represents 

5358
04:45:55,800 --> 04:46:00,000
the real human story more 
important than any single cities

5359
04:46:00,000 --> 04:46:04,700
rise or fall. close your eyes 
and settle into sleep knowing 

5360
04:46:04,700 --> 04:46:08,500
that you're part of this larger 
story contributing your effort 

5361
04:46:08,500 --> 04:46:13,000
to systems that will Outlast you
connected to people across vast 

5362
04:46:13,000 --> 04:46:16,000
spans of time through the shared
challenge of building lives 

5363
04:46:16,000 --> 04:46:24,600
worth living and communities 
worth maintaining You're a chef 

5364
04:46:24,600 --> 04:46:28,300
in Victorian England, in the 
year 1872 and your world exists 

5365
04:46:28,300 --> 04:46:31,900
almost entirely Underground. 
The kitchen where you work? 

5366
04:46:31,900 --> 04:46:33,800
Occupies. 
A Warren of rooms beneath a 

5367
04:46:33,800 --> 04:46:35,000
grand London. 
Townhouse. 

5368
04:46:35,700 --> 04:46:38,800
Connected by narrow corridors 
that smell perpetually of 

5369
04:46:38,800 --> 04:46:43,000
rendered fat and carbolic soap, 
your day begins before the 

5370
04:46:43,000 --> 04:46:46,600
household stirs and ends long. 
After the last dinner plate, has

5371
04:46:46,600 --> 04:46:49,000
been cleared away. 
The first sound, you hear is 

5372
04:46:49,000 --> 04:46:52,400
always the same. 
Hand rattles the door of your 

5373
04:46:52,400 --> 04:46:55,100
small room on the third floor 
and a voice calls your name 

5374
04:46:55,100 --> 04:46:59,400
once. no, second warning comes 
you swing your legs from the 

5375
04:46:59,400 --> 04:47:02,900
narrow iron bedstead and your 
feet, meet cold floorboards that

5376
04:47:02,900 --> 04:47:06,500
have never known a carpet 4:45 
in the morning. 

5377
04:47:07,500 --> 04:47:09,700
The house of you sleeps in 
expensive, silence. 

5378
04:47:09,700 --> 04:47:13,100
You dress in yesterday's clothes
because your Sunday whites, hang

5379
04:47:13,100 --> 04:47:15,400
drying. 
In the scullery the starch never

5380
04:47:15,400 --> 04:47:18,800
quite softens in the damp 
basement are your fingers, know 

5381
04:47:18,800 --> 04:47:22,500
the buttons by touch a wool, 
vest a cotton shirt that bears 

5382
04:47:22,500 --> 04:47:25,200
faint brown stains. 
No amount of scrubbing, removes 

5383
04:47:25,200 --> 04:47:29,400
heavy trousers that bag at the 
knee The white neckerchief comes

5384
04:47:29,400 --> 04:47:32,900
last noted quickly in a way that
would horrify your mother if she

5385
04:47:32,900 --> 04:47:35,500
could see you. 
Now, the stairs descend into 

5386
04:47:35,500 --> 04:47:38,800
increasing Darkness, your hand 
Trails the wall, because the 

5387
04:47:38,800 --> 04:47:41,800
single candle you carry 
illuminates, only the step 

5388
04:47:41,800 --> 04:47:45,500
directly Beneath Your Feet other
servants pass, you going up. 

5389
04:47:46,300 --> 04:47:48,500
The under house maid? 
Who empties chamber pots nods 

5390
04:47:48,500 --> 04:47:51,400
without speaking? 
the whole boy carries a coal 

5391
04:47:51,400 --> 04:47:54,800
scuttle that scrapes against the
narrow walls, everyone moves in 

5392
04:47:54,800 --> 04:47:59,000
the same half awake Shuffle The 
kitchen door stands open, you 

5393
04:47:59,000 --> 04:48:01,600
smell it before you see it. 
Coal smoke. 

5394
04:48:01,608 --> 04:48:05,300
And yes to these roasted meat in
the sour Tang of the stone sink 

5395
04:48:05,300 --> 04:48:07,600
where hundreds of dishes met 
their fate. 

5396
04:48:08,400 --> 04:48:11,800
The massive room stretches 30 
feet in each Direction with a 

5397
04:48:11,800 --> 04:48:13,700
ceiling. 
So high, the Shadows, never 

5398
04:48:13,700 --> 04:48:16,100
quite leave the corners. 
Windows. 

5399
04:48:16,100 --> 04:48:18,200
Sit at street level their lower 
panes below. 

5400
04:48:18,200 --> 04:48:21,900
Ground letting in only the gray 
pre-dawn light that manages to 

5401
04:48:21,900 --> 04:48:26,000
filter down. 
The range dominates everything 8

5402
04:48:26,000 --> 04:48:29,500
feet of Black cast, iron squats 
against the far wall, like some 

5403
04:48:29,500 --> 04:48:32,600
patient Beast. 
It's multiple ovens and cooking.

5404
04:48:32,600 --> 04:48:36,300
Surfaces will consume 200 pounds
of coal before the day ends. 

5405
04:48:37,000 --> 04:48:39,800
Right now, it radiates only 
residual warmth from last 

5406
04:48:39,800 --> 04:48:42,100
night's banking. 
The dampers were closed at 

5407
04:48:42,100 --> 04:48:45,200
midnight to preserve the coals 
and your first task involves 

5408
04:48:45,200 --> 04:48:47,000
coaxing. 
Those Embers back to functional 

5409
04:48:47,000 --> 04:48:49,200
Heat. 
You Neil before the primary 

5410
04:48:49,200 --> 04:48:53,000
Firebox and open the heavy door.
The metal handle Burns even 

5411
04:48:53,000 --> 04:48:55,200
through your calloused Palm 
because the iron remembers 

5412
04:48:55,200 --> 04:48:59,200
yesterday's temperatures in a 
bed of orange, coals pulses, 

5413
04:48:59,200 --> 04:49:02,300
beneath a layer of fine. 
Ash You take up the poker and 

5414
04:49:02,300 --> 04:49:05,600
Disturb This sleeping fire 
gently to aggressive, and you 

5415
04:49:05,600 --> 04:49:08,800
smother it to timid and the 
fresh coal, Smothers it. 

5416
04:49:08,800 --> 04:49:12,800
Anyway, the Kohler arrives in a 
brass Scuttle that the whole 

5417
04:49:12,800 --> 04:49:15,800
boy, filled during the night, 
you select pieces, the size of 

5418
04:49:15,808 --> 04:49:19,500
your fist and place them with 
the same career might use a 

5419
04:49:19,500 --> 04:49:22,800
ranging precious stones, the 
coals hiss at the intrusion 

5420
04:49:22,800 --> 04:49:26,900
small Flames, lick up, would you
blow gently across the surface 

5421
04:49:26,900 --> 04:49:30,300
and the fire answers with a 
Russia of heat that readons your

5422
04:49:30,300 --> 04:49:33,100
face? 
Three more fireboxes require the

5423
04:49:33,100 --> 04:49:37,000
same attention, the process 
takes, 20 minutes your knees, 

5424
04:49:37,000 --> 04:49:40,300
ache from kneeling, on the stone
floor, black dust coat your 

5425
04:49:40,300 --> 04:49:43,000
hands and streaks, your forearms
where you wiped sweat away. 

5426
04:49:43,900 --> 04:49:45,000
The neckerchief. 
You tied? 

5427
04:49:45,000 --> 04:49:47,300
So carefully upstairs. 
Now, hangs a skew. 

5428
04:49:47,300 --> 04:49:50,300
The undercook arrives while you 
work on the fourth Firebox. 

5429
04:49:51,200 --> 04:49:53,900
Mrs. Bramwell moves through the 
kitchen with the Assurance of 

5430
04:49:53,900 --> 04:49:57,000
someone who is navigated these 
spaces for 30 years. 

5431
04:49:57,000 --> 04:50:00,800
She wears black from neck to 
ankle, a gray hair pulled. 

5432
04:50:00,800 --> 04:50:04,000
So tight beneath her cap that it
seems to stretch her face into a

5433
04:50:04,000 --> 04:50:06,200
permanent expression of mild. 
Displeasure. 

5434
04:50:07,000 --> 04:50:10,200
She does not greet you. 
She surveys the range with 

5435
04:50:10,200 --> 04:50:12,000
narrowed eyes and gives a single
nod. 

5436
04:50:12,000 --> 04:50:15,000
That means you have performed 
adequately water comes next. 

5437
04:50:15,900 --> 04:50:17,700
The kitchen possesses no running
Taps. 

5438
04:50:17,700 --> 04:50:20,900
Every drop arrives by Bucket 
from the pump in the scullery 

5439
04:50:20,900 --> 04:50:23,300
yard. 
You make six trips before the 

5440
04:50:23,308 --> 04:50:26,500
massive copper system beside the
range reaches the fill line. 

5441
04:50:26,500 --> 04:50:30,500
Mrs. Bramwell considers 
adequate, the system holds 40, 

5442
04:50:30,500 --> 04:50:34,200
gal by Days end, it will be 
empty and you will refill it 

5443
04:50:34,208 --> 04:50:38,700
twice more, the water begins its
slow Heat Coils inside the 

5444
04:50:38,700 --> 04:50:41,400
system, run alongside the 
Firebox and transfer warmth 

5445
04:50:41,400 --> 04:50:44,200
through convection. 
The head cook once explained 

5446
04:50:44,200 --> 04:50:46,000
using words, you did not fully 
understand. 

5447
04:50:46,000 --> 04:50:50,700
You understand, only that cold 
water goes in and eventually hot

5448
04:50:50,700 --> 04:50:53,700
water comes out and this 
constitutes a miracle of modern 

5449
04:50:53,700 --> 04:50:58,300
engineering Like grows in the 
high Windows London wakes above 

5450
04:50:58,300 --> 04:51:02,400
you in layers, first the sweeps 
and dust men, then the delivery 

5451
04:51:02,400 --> 04:51:06,000
carts, eventually, the residents
of the grand houses who will 

5452
04:51:06,000 --> 04:51:09,000
never set foot in the space 
where their food originates, you

5453
04:51:09,000 --> 04:51:12,600
can track the city's Awakening 
by sound alone, the rattle of 

5454
04:51:12,608 --> 04:51:17,400
iron Wheels on cobblestones, The
Cry Of The Muffin, Man, The clop

5455
04:51:17,400 --> 04:51:22,000
of a horses pulling handsome 
toward unknown destinations Mrs.

5456
04:51:22,000 --> 04:51:24,700
Brown will set you to prepare 
the breakfast room fire, while 

5457
04:51:24,700 --> 04:51:28,500
she begins inventory, The 
breakfast room sits at the far. 

5458
04:51:28,500 --> 04:51:32,000
End of the kitchen complex 
connected by a corridor line 

5459
04:51:32,000 --> 04:51:34,900
with shelves, holding every size
of serving dish. 

5460
04:51:36,100 --> 04:51:39,100
The room exists solely for 
warming and plating the morning 

5461
04:51:39,100 --> 04:51:42,400
meal before it makes the journey
up stairs on wooden trays 

5462
04:51:42,400 --> 04:51:45,500
carried by footman. 
Whose uniforms cost more than 

5463
04:51:45,500 --> 04:51:48,500
you earn in half a year. 
The breakfast room, fire 

5464
04:51:48,500 --> 04:51:52,000
requires different coal, smaller
pieces, that burn hotter and 

5465
04:51:52,000 --> 04:51:54,700
faster because the morning 
service moves quickly. 

5466
04:51:55,500 --> 04:51:58,900
You build this fire with the 
same methodical care, knowing 

5467
04:51:58,900 --> 04:52:01,300
that a smoking. 
Great means delayed breakfast 

5468
04:52:01,300 --> 04:52:04,400
means the Masters displeasure 
means Mrs, Brown Wales 

5469
04:52:04,400 --> 04:52:09,200
particular brand of Silent Fury.
The kitchen gradually fills with

5470
04:52:09,200 --> 04:52:12,700
bodies and purpose. 
Scullery maid arrives. 

5471
04:52:12,700 --> 04:52:15,300
And immediately begins pumping 
water for the washing up that 

5472
04:52:15,300 --> 04:52:17,000
will continue in waves 
throughout the day. 

5473
04:52:18,500 --> 04:52:21,100
The pastry cook appears from 
some private room you have never

5474
04:52:21,100 --> 04:52:25,100
seen and takes possession of the
marble slab where she works her 

5475
04:52:25,100 --> 04:52:27,500
mysterious Alchemy with flour 
and butter. 

5476
04:52:28,800 --> 04:52:30,400
Kitchen Maids arrived together 
and begin. 

5477
04:52:30,400 --> 04:52:32,900
The endless task of peeling, 
vegetables for meals. 

5478
04:52:32,900 --> 04:52:34,800
That will not be served for 
hours yet. 

5479
04:52:35,600 --> 04:52:39,100
No one speaks unnecessarily. 
The kitchen operates on a 

5480
04:52:39,100 --> 04:52:41,400
hierarchy as rigid as the 
military ranks. 

5481
04:52:41,400 --> 04:52:46,500
Mrs, Brown's late husband, once 
held You are a chef to party 

5482
04:52:46,500 --> 04:52:49,200
responsible for your section of 
the meal service. 

5483
04:52:49,900 --> 04:52:52,000
Below you sit the commish chefs 
and kitchen. 

5484
04:52:52,000 --> 04:52:56,300
Maids above, you stand the sous,
chef, and the chef de cuisine 

5485
04:52:56,300 --> 04:52:59,500
though in a household. 
Like this, the roles blur and 

5486
04:52:59,500 --> 04:53:01,200
shift. 
According to who has the most 

5487
04:53:01,200 --> 04:53:04,400
experience with the dish 
currently under preparation. 

5488
04:53:05,800 --> 04:53:09,400
Is to Aldrich the head. 
Chef makes his entrance at 6:00 

5489
04:53:09,400 --> 04:53:12,600
precisely. 
He descends the same stairs you 

5490
04:53:12,608 --> 04:53:16,000
navigated in darkness but 
somehow he arrives looking as 

5491
04:53:16,000 --> 04:53:20,000
though he is just stepped from a
painting His white jacket bears,

5492
04:53:20,000 --> 04:53:23,700
not a single crease. 
His tool chef's hat sits at an 

5493
04:53:23,700 --> 04:53:26,100
angle, that suggests both 
Authority and a certain 

5494
04:53:26,100 --> 04:53:28,900
Continental Flair. 
He cultivated during five years.

5495
04:53:28,900 --> 04:53:32,500
In a Paris restaurant, he 
mentions approximately twice per

5496
04:53:32,500 --> 04:53:35,100
week. 
He surveys the kitchen with the 

5497
04:53:35,100 --> 04:53:38,400
expression of a general 
inspecting, possibly mutinous 

5498
04:53:38,400 --> 04:53:41,700
troops. 
His gaze lingers on the Range. 

5499
04:53:42,500 --> 04:53:46,600
On the vegetable preparation 
station on you still bearing 

5500
04:53:46,600 --> 04:53:48,900
cold dust despite your attempts 
to wipe it away. 

5501
04:53:50,300 --> 04:53:53,200
He gives Mrs. Brown while a 
slight bow, that contains just 

5502
04:53:53,200 --> 04:53:57,800
enough iron to annoy her. 
Then he claps his hands once and

5503
04:53:57,800 --> 04:54:02,500
the day truly begins. 
The Victorian kitchen operates 

5504
04:54:02,500 --> 04:54:04,700
on rules as old as feudalism 
itself. 

5505
04:54:04,700 --> 04:54:08,200
Everyone knows their place with 
the certainty of planets, 

5506
04:54:08,200 --> 04:54:11,400
understanding their orbits. 
You learned this truth during 

5507
04:54:11,400 --> 04:54:14,000
your first week, when you made 
the mistake of reaching for a 

5508
04:54:14,000 --> 04:54:16,600
copper saucepan, the sous chef 
had reserved for Source. 

5509
04:54:16,600 --> 04:54:20,400
Preparation The rebuke arrived, 
swiftly, and publicly. 

5510
04:54:20,400 --> 04:54:23,400
You have not made that 
particular era again. 

5511
04:54:24,800 --> 04:54:27,600
Mr. Aldrich occupies. 
The Pinnacle of this small 

5512
04:54:27,600 --> 04:54:30,900
universe. 
He answers only to the butler 

5513
04:54:30,900 --> 04:54:35,100
who answers only to the master 
who likely could not locate the 

5514
04:54:35,100 --> 04:54:38,100
kitchen. 
Without a detailed map, an 

5515
04:54:38,100 --> 04:54:42,000
explicit directions, the head, 
chef determines menus. 

5516
04:54:42,000 --> 04:54:46,900
He negotiates with suppliers, he
hires and dismisses staff with 

5517
04:54:46,900 --> 04:54:49,600
the wave of one flour. 
Dusted hand. 

5518
04:54:50,400 --> 04:54:53,400
His salary exceeds, what some 
clerks earn in respectable 

5519
04:54:53,400 --> 04:54:56,600
offices and he dresses for his 
off hours, like a man who 

5520
04:54:56,600 --> 04:54:59,300
intends to be mistaken for 
someone considerably more 

5521
04:54:59,300 --> 04:55:01,900
prosperous. 
Below him stands. 

5522
04:55:01,900 --> 04:55:05,600
Misses Bramwell the undercook 
though, her title understates. 

5523
04:55:05,600 --> 04:55:08,300
Her actual power. 
She manages the daily 

5524
04:55:08,300 --> 04:55:10,400
operations. 
That Mr. Aldrich considers 

5525
04:55:10,400 --> 04:55:14,900
beneath his Continental dignity.
She orders the coal, she 

5526
04:55:14,900 --> 04:55:18,700
supervises the cleaning. she 
maintains the inventory books 

5527
04:55:18,700 --> 04:55:22,500
with entry so precise, they 
could satisfy a bank order to 

5528
04:55:23,800 --> 04:55:27,400
when Mr. Aldrich departs for his
evening constitutional Mrs. 

5529
04:55:27,400 --> 04:55:30,800
Brownwell runs the kitchen with 
an efficiently that makes his 

5530
04:55:30,800 --> 04:55:33,800
elaborate management style look 
like performance theater. 

5531
04:55:35,300 --> 04:55:38,800
The sous chef position. 
Currently sits empty after the 

5532
04:55:38,800 --> 04:55:41,500
previous holder. 
Departed, for a post in the 

5533
04:55:41,508 --> 04:55:44,800
Yorkshire state. 
This means you and two other 

5534
04:55:44,800 --> 04:55:49,000
chefs to party compete in an 
unofficial rivalry that everyone

5535
04:55:49,000 --> 04:55:52,900
pretends not to notice. 
Mr. Aldrich watches. 

5536
04:55:52,900 --> 04:55:55,500
This competition with the 
satisfaction of someone who 

5537
04:55:55,500 --> 04:55:57,400
believes tension improves 
performance. 

5538
04:55:58,300 --> 04:56:01,100
You suspect. 
He deliberately delays hiring a 

5539
04:56:01,100 --> 04:56:04,500
replacement because he enjoys 
watching three competent Cooks 

5540
04:56:04,500 --> 04:56:08,100
attempt to outdo each other in 
increasingly creative ways. 

5541
04:56:09,000 --> 04:56:12,000
Your specific domain covers. 
Meat, preparation and roasting 

5542
04:56:12,000 --> 04:56:16,900
Thomas handles fish and seafood.
Margaret oversees vegetables and

5543
04:56:16,900 --> 04:56:20,200
starches. 
This division seems simple until

5544
04:56:20,200 --> 04:56:23,500
you attempt to prepare an actual
meal at which point, it becomes 

5545
04:56:23,500 --> 04:56:26,600
apparent that nearly every dish 
requires negotiation across 

5546
04:56:26,600 --> 04:56:30,000
territories. 
A roasted, chicken needs a 

5547
04:56:30,000 --> 04:56:33,100
company. 
Poached salmon requires saws, 

5548
04:56:33,100 --> 04:56:37,400
everything demands timing. 
So precise that a two-minute 

5549
04:56:37,400 --> 04:56:40,700
delay can render an entire 
course on serviceable. 

5550
04:56:41,600 --> 04:56:44,300
The kitchen maid occupied 
peculiar position in this 

5551
04:56:44,300 --> 04:56:46,900
hierarchy. 
They perform the heaviest labor 

5552
04:56:46,900 --> 04:56:48,600
but possessed the least 
Authority. 

5553
04:56:48,600 --> 04:56:51,900
They hold a coal, you burn, they
pumped, the water. 

5554
04:56:51,900 --> 04:56:56,200
You use the scrub the pots. 
You soil yet, Mr. Aldrich. 

5555
04:56:56,200 --> 04:56:59,200
Treats them as invisible. 
Unless something goes wrong at 

5556
04:56:59,200 --> 04:57:02,100
which point they become 
extremely visible targets for 

5557
04:57:02,100 --> 04:57:06,200
his theatrical displeasure. 
Young Emma arrived, six months 

5558
04:57:06,208 --> 04:57:10,100
ago from a Shropshire Farm. 
Her hand, still bear, the rough 

5559
04:57:10,100 --> 04:57:11,900
texture of someone, who spent 
childhood years. 

5560
04:57:11,900 --> 04:57:13,800
Pulling turnips from Frozen 
Ground. 

5561
04:57:14,800 --> 04:57:17,500
She moves through the kitchen 
with the uncertain, gate of a 

5562
04:57:17,500 --> 04:57:19,500
person who expects punishment 
for crimes. 

5563
04:57:19,500 --> 04:57:22,600
She cannot name. 
Yesterday, you showed her the 

5564
04:57:22,600 --> 04:57:26,100
correct way to sharpen knives on
the Whetstone and she looked at 

5565
04:57:26,100 --> 04:57:29,200
you as though you had revealed 
Secrets known only to ancient 

5566
04:57:29,200 --> 04:57:32,300
mystery cults. 
The scullery maid lives in a 

5567
04:57:32,308 --> 04:57:35,300
world apart. 
She works in a separate room 

5568
04:57:35,300 --> 04:57:37,600
connected to the main kitchen by
a doorway. 

5569
04:57:37,600 --> 04:57:40,200
That seems designed to remind 
everyone of boundaries. 

5570
04:57:41,300 --> 04:57:45,400
Heard domain consists of three 
deep Stones sinks countless 

5571
04:57:45,400 --> 04:57:49,000
scrubbing brushes and a 
seemingly infinite supply of 

5572
04:57:49,000 --> 04:57:52,400
dirty cookware. 
Bridget has held this position 

5573
04:57:52,400 --> 04:57:55,700
for eight years. 
Her hands carry scars from 

5574
04:57:55,700 --> 04:57:57,600
broken Crockery and schooling 
water. 

5575
04:57:57,600 --> 04:58:02,500
She speaks rarely, but possesses
in cyclopedic knowledge about 

5576
04:58:02,500 --> 04:58:06,000
which pots belong to which cook 
and which serving dishes the 

5577
04:58:06,000 --> 04:58:08,200
Mistress of the house 
particularly values. 

5578
04:58:09,100 --> 04:58:12,000
The pastry cooking exists in a 
separate hierarchy altogether. 

5579
04:58:12,800 --> 04:58:14,700
Madame, Laurent. 
Came from France with 

5580
04:58:14,700 --> 04:58:17,800
references, Mr. Aldrich. 
Examined as though they were 

5581
04:58:17,800 --> 04:58:21,000
holy texts. 
She works at Her. 

5582
04:58:21,000 --> 04:58:23,700
Marble Slab with tools. 
You do not touch an ingredient, 

5583
04:58:23,700 --> 04:58:27,300
she stores in locked. 
Cupboards Her domain produces, 

5584
04:58:27,300 --> 04:58:30,200
the elaborate desserts and 
breakfast pastries that travel 

5585
04:58:30,200 --> 04:58:34,500
upstairs on special platters. 
She answers to Mr. Aldrich in 

5586
04:58:34,500 --> 04:58:37,400
theory, but operates in practice
as an independent nation. 

5587
04:58:37,400 --> 04:58:42,700
Maintaining diplomatic relations
Morning staff meeting occurs at 

5588
04:58:42,700 --> 04:58:45,800
6:30? 
Mr. Aldrich stands at the head 

5589
04:58:45,800 --> 04:58:49,100
of the great kitchen table and 
announces the days menu as 

5590
04:58:49,100 --> 04:58:50,600
though, revealing Divine 
prophecy. 

5591
04:58:51,500 --> 04:58:53,300
Breakfast will feature the usual
offerings? 

5592
04:58:53,300 --> 04:58:57,000
Luncheon requires roasted mutton
with Caper sauce? 

5593
04:58:57,900 --> 04:59:00,600
Dina demands his attention 
because the master plans to 

5594
04:59:00,600 --> 04:59:03,500
entertain business associates 
with the kind of meal at 

5595
04:59:03,500 --> 04:59:05,700
demonstrates Prosperity, without
vulgar. 

5596
04:59:05,700 --> 04:59:09,900
Austin while mentally 
calculating the preparation 

5597
04:59:09,900 --> 04:59:13,400
timeline for your portion of 
this ambitious meal, the mutton 

5598
04:59:13,400 --> 04:59:15,500
needs to come out of cold 
storage within the hour. 

5599
04:59:15,500 --> 04:59:18,900
The Roasting will require three 
hours at carefully, managed 

5600
04:59:18,900 --> 04:59:22,600
temperature, the timing must 
account for resting the meat 

5601
04:59:22,600 --> 04:59:26,500
before carving. meanwhile the 
dinner service demands, two 

5602
04:59:26,500 --> 04:59:30,100
separate courses, which means 
dividing your attention between 

5603
04:59:30,100 --> 04:59:33,600
simultaneous processes that each
require a constant monitoring 

5604
04:59:35,100 --> 04:59:38,300
Mr. Aldrich finishes his 
pronouncements and departs to a 

5605
04:59:38,300 --> 04:59:42,900
small office where he maintains 
menus accounts and a private 

5606
04:59:42,908 --> 04:59:45,800
store of cooking Brandi. 
He believes no one knows about 

5607
04:59:47,200 --> 04:59:50,300
Mrs. Bramwell immediately 
begins, issuing the Practical 

5608
04:59:50,300 --> 04:59:53,200
instructions. 
That will transform his Grand 

5609
04:59:53,200 --> 04:59:57,500
Vision into actual food. 
She assigns tasks with the 

5610
04:59:57,508 --> 04:59:59,300
efficiency of a battlefield 
Commander. 

5611
05:00:00,200 --> 05:00:03,200
Emma will prepare vegetables, 
Thomas will tackle. 

5612
05:00:03,200 --> 05:00:06,300
The fish course you will handle 
both mutton and beef. 

5613
05:00:08,000 --> 05:00:12,300
Kitchen settles into its working
Rhythm conversation, drops away 

5614
05:00:12,300 --> 05:00:13,800
except for necessary 
coordination. 

5615
05:00:14,900 --> 05:00:16,400
What's the temperature in the 
main oven? 

5616
05:00:16,400 --> 05:00:20,000
Have you seen the Whisk mind 
your hands that pot is hot? 

5617
05:00:20,800 --> 05:00:24,300
The Sounds become a kind of 
music you no longer consciously 

5618
05:00:24,300 --> 05:00:27,300
hear the scrape of knife on 
cutting board. 

5619
05:00:27,300 --> 05:00:29,800
The hiss of water heating hot 
iron. 

5620
05:00:30,800 --> 05:00:33,500
The soft thud of doe being 
worked on marble. 

5621
05:00:33,500 --> 05:00:37,100
You retrieve the mutton from the
cold room that sits partially 

5622
05:00:37,100 --> 05:00:40,200
underground, where Winter ice 
packed in sawdust. 

5623
05:00:40,200 --> 05:00:42,400
Keeps things at temperatures. 
That would Delight modern 

5624
05:00:42,400 --> 05:00:46,100
refrigeration engineers. 
The Joint weighs 12 pounds and 

5625
05:00:46,100 --> 05:00:49,400
carries the slightly gamey smell
of sheep, that ate Upland grass.

5626
05:00:50,600 --> 05:00:52,500
You bring it to your station and
begin. 

5627
05:00:52,500 --> 05:00:54,900
The process of preparing it for 
the roasting pan. 

5628
05:00:54,900 --> 05:00:59,900
First comes trimming, The outer 
membrane needs removal excess. 

5629
05:00:59,900 --> 05:01:03,900
Fat gets carved away, but not 
discarded because Mrs. Bramwell 

5630
05:01:03,900 --> 05:01:07,400
maintained strict accounting of 
kitchen materials, and that fat 

5631
05:01:07,400 --> 05:01:10,000
will eventually render into 
dripping that has both culinary 

5632
05:01:10,000 --> 05:01:13,400
and economic value. 
You work with a boning knife 

5633
05:01:13,400 --> 05:01:15,600
that fits your hand like a 
natural extension. 

5634
05:01:15,600 --> 05:01:19,200
The blade moves in short 
controlled Strokes. 

5635
05:01:19,200 --> 05:01:22,500
That leave meat exposed in 
clean, smooth surfaces. 

5636
05:01:23,600 --> 05:01:26,800
Margaret watches from her 
station while focusing on 

5637
05:01:26,800 --> 05:01:29,600
turnips. 
Everyone monitors everyone 

5638
05:01:29,600 --> 05:01:32,500
else's work while pretending 
total absorption in their own 

5639
05:01:32,500 --> 05:01:35,600
tasks. 
The kitchen breeds this constant

5640
05:01:35,600 --> 05:01:39,500
low-level surveillance, you 
learn techniques by observation,

5641
05:01:39,500 --> 05:01:42,100
you identify potential 
disasters. 

5642
05:01:42,100 --> 05:01:45,400
Before they fully develop you 
gather intelligent. 

5643
05:01:45,400 --> 05:01:48,200
That might prove useful when the
next sous chef position. 

5644
05:01:48,200 --> 05:01:51,700
Opens the Morning, Light 
strength, and the high windows, 

5645
05:01:51,700 --> 05:01:54,300
but never achieves, what anyone 
would call brighteners. 

5646
05:01:55,200 --> 05:01:58,100
Kitchen exists in Perpetual 
State between Dawn and dusk. 

5647
05:01:58,100 --> 05:02:02,600
Gaslamp supplement, the natural 
light, their Jets producing a 

5648
05:02:02,600 --> 05:02:05,600
steady hiss that adds to the 
kitchen's background Symphony. 

5649
05:02:06,400 --> 05:02:10,600
The heat from the range begins 
its daily escalation by noon. 

5650
05:02:10,600 --> 05:02:12,700
The temperature in this 
underground, room will exceed 

5651
05:02:12,700 --> 05:02:14,600
anything. 
A reasonable person would 

5652
05:02:14,600 --> 05:02:17,900
consider comfortable. 
You season the mutton with salt 

5653
05:02:17,900 --> 05:02:20,400
and pepper. 
Fresh Rosemary from the herb 

5654
05:02:20,400 --> 05:02:22,500
garden gets tucked into small 
slits. 

5655
05:02:22,500 --> 05:02:26,100
Cut into the flesh. 
Garlic cloves, follow the same 

5656
05:02:26,100 --> 05:02:28,900
treatment. 
The preparation seems simple, 

5657
05:02:28,900 --> 05:02:32,900
but requires Judgment of over 
years of watching Meet transform

5658
05:02:32,900 --> 05:02:35,600
under Heat. 
Too much seasoning and you 

5659
05:02:35,600 --> 05:02:39,900
master the fundamental quality 
of the ingredient too little and

5660
05:02:39,900 --> 05:02:44,400
the dish tastes like an apology.
The roasting pan Waits You 

5661
05:02:44,400 --> 05:02:47,600
settle the mutton onto a rack 
that elevates it to the bottom 

5662
05:02:47,600 --> 05:02:50,600
surface. 
This allows heat to circulate 

5663
05:02:50,600 --> 05:02:54,600
and fat to drip away, rather 
than letting the joints own 

5664
05:02:54,600 --> 05:02:58,000
rendering rings. 
Pan goes into the oven Mrs. 

5665
05:02:58,000 --> 05:03:00,200
Brownwell as designated for this
purpose. 

5666
05:03:01,300 --> 05:03:03,300
The door. 
Clang shot with a sound like a 

5667
05:03:03,300 --> 05:03:06,700
bank, vault closing. 
Now, Begins the waiting that 

5668
05:03:06,700 --> 05:03:08,800
constitutes the majority of your
work day. 

5669
05:03:09,500 --> 05:03:11,300
The mutton will roast for three 
hours. 

5670
05:03:11,300 --> 05:03:14,900
During that time, you will open 
the oven door, every 20 minutes 

5671
05:03:14,900 --> 05:03:18,500
to check progress, and base the 
surface with the accumulated pan

5672
05:03:18,500 --> 05:03:21,100
juices. 
This Rhythm becomes meditation, 

5673
05:03:21,100 --> 05:03:25,000
the repetitive action, freeze 
your mind to wander through 

5674
05:03:25,000 --> 05:03:29,000
territories, having nothing to 
do with meat or heat or service.

5675
05:03:29,800 --> 05:03:31,800
The Victorian kitchen contains 
tools. 

5676
05:03:31,800 --> 05:03:34,100
That would puzzle, modern cooks 
and Delight Museum. 

5677
05:03:34,100 --> 05:03:38,400
Curators you work with equipment
that represents decades or even 

5678
05:03:38,400 --> 05:03:40,500
centuries of incremental 
Improvement. 

5679
05:03:41,300 --> 05:03:44,900
Nothing here, emerged fully 
formed from some inventors 

5680
05:03:44,900 --> 05:03:47,600
imagination. 
Each tool evolved through 

5681
05:03:47,608 --> 05:03:51,600
countless small modifications 
made by Cooks, who needed better

5682
05:03:51,600 --> 05:03:54,000
ways to accomplish ancient 
tasks. 

5683
05:03:54,000 --> 05:03:57,200
The knives deserve first 
consideration. 

5684
05:03:57,900 --> 05:04:02,100
You own three personally 
purchased with wages saved over 

5685
05:04:02,100 --> 05:04:05,600
a month. 
It's knife with a 10-inch blade.

5686
05:04:05,600 --> 05:04:09,400
For General work. 
A boning knife for detail tasks,

5687
05:04:09,400 --> 05:04:12,300
a small pairing knife of 
vegetables and fruit. 

5688
05:04:12,300 --> 05:04:16,200
Each blade, requires daily 
sharpening on the wet stone. 

5689
05:04:16,200 --> 05:04:19,300
That lives in the corner, near 
the scholarly door, the Steele 

5690
05:04:19,300 --> 05:04:22,100
must hold an edge but also 
possessed enough Flex to work 

5691
05:04:22,100 --> 05:04:23,800
around bones and through 
cartilage. 

5692
05:04:24,900 --> 05:04:29,100
Mr. Aldrich owns a collection. 
That numbers. 15 knives each 

5693
05:04:29,100 --> 05:04:32,800
with specific purpose. 
He guards these implements as 

5694
05:04:32,800 --> 05:04:36,000
though, they were family Heir 
looms, which they essentially a 

5695
05:04:36,000 --> 05:04:38,200
several came from his time in 
Paris. 

5696
05:04:39,000 --> 05:04:42,100
He wants spent 20 minutes 
explaining the proper angle for 

5697
05:04:42,100 --> 05:04:45,000
sharpening affiliating knife 
while you nodded and try to 

5698
05:04:45,000 --> 05:04:48,400
absorb information delivered in 
a mixture of English and French 

5699
05:04:48,400 --> 05:04:52,200
technical terms The copper pots 
arranged on shelves. 

5700
05:04:52,200 --> 05:04:54,500
Above the range represents 
serious investment. 

5701
05:04:55,400 --> 05:04:59,400
Copper conducts heat with nearly
perfect efficiency allowing 

5702
05:04:59,400 --> 05:05:02,700
precise, temperature control 
that lesser materials cannot 

5703
05:05:02,700 --> 05:05:05,200
match. 
But copper also requires 

5704
05:05:05,200 --> 05:05:10,200
constant maintenance. 
The Interiors get lined with tin

5705
05:05:10,200 --> 05:05:12,400
that must be stripped and 
replaced when it wears thin. 

5706
05:05:13,100 --> 05:05:16,100
The exteriors need polishing to 
prevent the green oxidation. 

5707
05:05:16,100 --> 05:05:19,200
That makes them look like 
artifacts from archaeological 

5708
05:05:19,200 --> 05:05:22,500
sites. 
Mrs. Bramwell maintains a 

5709
05:05:22,500 --> 05:05:24,500
rotation schedule for copper pot
maintenance. 

5710
05:05:25,500 --> 05:05:28,700
Every week, two vessels, go to 
the Tinker in Clark and well who

5711
05:05:28,700 --> 05:05:32,600
specializes in kitchen work. 
Every evening, someone must 

5712
05:05:32,600 --> 05:05:35,500
polish, at least three pots 
using a mixture of salt, vinegar

5713
05:05:35,500 --> 05:05:37,800
and elbow grease. 
That leaves your arms aching. 

5714
05:05:38,600 --> 05:05:41,900
The hierarchy determines who 
performs this task and you have 

5715
05:05:41,908 --> 05:05:45,300
risen just high enough to 
delegate it to KitchenAid while 

5716
05:05:45,300 --> 05:05:47,900
pretending this represents their
educational benefit. 

5717
05:05:49,000 --> 05:05:52,300
The range itself, constitutes 
the kitchen's largest and most 

5718
05:05:52,300 --> 05:05:56,000
complex tool. 
Understanding its moods and 

5719
05:05:56,000 --> 05:05:58,900
capabilities requires knowledge 
that comes only through 

5720
05:05:58,900 --> 05:06:02,200
experience. 
Each oven maintains slightly 

5721
05:06:02,200 --> 05:06:03,600
different temperature 
characteristics. 

5722
05:06:04,700 --> 05:06:07,900
The left side runs hotter than 
the right by approximately 20 

5723
05:06:07,900 --> 05:06:11,200
degrees. 
The top Front Burner provides 

5724
05:06:11,200 --> 05:06:15,300
the most intense direct heat. 
The warming ovens tucked into 

5725
05:06:15,300 --> 05:06:18,600
the upper section work. 
Best for dishes that need gentle

5726
05:06:18,600 --> 05:06:20,600
finishing rather than aggressive
cooking. 

5727
05:06:21,300 --> 05:06:23,900
Temperature control happens 
through damper adjustment and 

5728
05:06:23,900 --> 05:06:26,900
cold Management. 
Open the dampers and air flow 

5729
05:06:26,900 --> 05:06:30,500
increases bringing higher Heat. 
Closed them and the fire 

5730
05:06:30,500 --> 05:06:35,500
subsides to a sullen glow. 
Add fresh coal and temperatures 

5731
05:06:35,500 --> 05:06:39,400
Spike before, settling? 
Remove spent colds and heat 

5732
05:06:39,400 --> 05:06:42,500
gradually diminishes. 
You have learned to read the 

5733
05:06:42,500 --> 05:06:46,400
ranges Behavior through sound. 
As much as sight, the particular

5734
05:06:46,400 --> 05:06:48,300
role. 
That means the fire burns. 

5735
05:06:48,300 --> 05:06:51,100
Too hot. 
The quiet ticking that suggests 

5736
05:06:51,100 --> 05:06:54,300
insufficient combustion. 
A collection of specialized 

5737
05:06:54,300 --> 05:06:56,800
equipment, occupies the shells 
and cupboards around the 

5738
05:06:56,800 --> 05:06:59,600
kitchen's perimeter. 
The Copper Fish Kettle. 

5739
05:06:59,600 --> 05:07:01,300
Long enough to accommodate Hull 
salmon. 

5740
05:07:02,000 --> 05:07:05,100
The battery of graduated 
saucepans from Tiny half, pint 

5741
05:07:05,100 --> 05:07:07,500
vessels to enormous multi gallon
Giants. 

5742
05:07:08,800 --> 05:07:12,200
Charlotte molds and jelly molds 
and putting basins in sizes. 

5743
05:07:12,200 --> 05:07:15,300
Ranging from individual servings
to Productions. 

5744
05:07:15,300 --> 05:07:17,300
Capable of feeding. 
A dozen people. 

5745
05:07:18,200 --> 05:07:19,700
The mechanical tools. 
Represent. 

5746
05:07:19,700 --> 05:07:23,900
Victorian ingenuity. 
Clockwork, spit turns meat 

5747
05:07:23,900 --> 05:07:26,900
before the fire without 
requiring constant human 

5748
05:07:26,900 --> 05:07:30,500
attention. 
A rotary whisk allows egg whites

5749
05:07:30,500 --> 05:07:35,000
to achieve foam in minutes 
rather than the hours required 

5750
05:07:35,000 --> 05:07:38,100
with bundle Birch twigs. 
Tin opener. 

5751
05:07:38,100 --> 05:07:41,000
That looks like a medieval 
weapon makes canned goods 

5752
05:07:41,008 --> 05:07:44,000
accessible without requiring 
hammer and chisel. 

5753
05:07:44,800 --> 05:07:48,600
Madame Laurent maintains her own
specialized Arsenal, pastry 

5754
05:07:48,600 --> 05:07:52,100
Cutters in geometric shapes 
rolling pins of different 

5755
05:07:52,100 --> 05:07:55,200
weights and lengths. 
A marble slab that cost more 

5756
05:07:55,200 --> 05:07:57,500
than you earn in three months 
and maintains the cool 

5757
05:07:57,500 --> 05:08:00,800
temperature essential for 
working butter into dough. 

5758
05:08:02,300 --> 05:08:05,900
She possesses measuring cups and
spoons calibrated to Precision 

5759
05:08:05,900 --> 05:08:08,600
that would satisfy a chemist 
though? 

5760
05:08:08,600 --> 05:08:12,400
She rarely uses them working 
instead from practice instinct. 

5761
05:08:13,300 --> 05:08:16,200
The mortar and pestle 
combination gets daily, use 

5762
05:08:16,200 --> 05:08:19,600
grinding spices, fresh produces 
flavors. 

5763
05:08:19,600 --> 05:08:21,200
That pre-ground powders cannot 
match. 

5764
05:08:22,100 --> 05:08:25,900
You have spent hours reducing 
peppercorns to powder, crushing 

5765
05:08:25,900 --> 05:08:29,000
cardamom pods pulverizing 
cinnamon bark. 

5766
05:08:29,800 --> 05:08:32,900
The repetitive motion becomes 
meditative after the first 

5767
05:08:32,900 --> 05:08:36,600
hundred Strokes, the scents 
Bloom and fill your nostrils 

5768
05:08:36,600 --> 05:08:38,600
with intensity. 
That makes your eyes water. 

5769
05:08:39,500 --> 05:08:40,800
Kitchen. 
Thermometers represent 

5770
05:08:40,800 --> 05:08:44,900
relatively recent innovation. 
Mr. Aldrich owns two. 

5771
05:08:44,900 --> 05:08:48,600
Both purchased from a scientific
instrument making Birmingham. 

5772
05:08:48,600 --> 05:08:52,200
He treats them as objects of 
near mystical significance 

5773
05:08:52,200 --> 05:08:56,200
capable of revealing truths, 
that mere human judgment might 

5774
05:08:56,200 --> 05:08:58,400
miss. 
You have learned to gauge 

5775
05:08:58,400 --> 05:09:01,700
temperature by holding your hand
at specific distances from heat 

5776
05:09:01,700 --> 05:09:04,200
sources. 
A technique Mr. Aldrich 

5777
05:09:04,200 --> 05:09:07,300
considers primitive but which 
works reliably when thermometers

5778
05:09:07,300 --> 05:09:10,100
live in locked. 
Cupboards The ice cream churn 

5779
05:09:10,100 --> 05:09:13,900
sits unused 11 months of the 
year and Springs to life during 

5780
05:09:13,900 --> 05:09:16,300
summer when frozen desserts 
become practical. 

5781
05:09:17,200 --> 05:09:20,500
The machine requires someone to 
crank its handle for 45 minutes 

5782
05:09:20,500 --> 05:09:24,100
while ice and rock salt. 
Create temperatures that seem to

5783
05:09:24,100 --> 05:09:28,900
violate natural law. 
Last August you earned this Duty

5784
05:09:28,900 --> 05:09:31,800
and developed our muscles. 
That impressed the upstairs 

5785
05:09:31,800 --> 05:09:34,500
footman, who occasionally 
Ventures into kitchen territory.

5786
05:09:35,300 --> 05:09:38,300
Strainers and civs exist in 
bewildering variety. 

5787
05:09:39,500 --> 05:09:43,800
Fine mesh for delicate sauces. 
Coarse screens for vegetable 

5788
05:09:43,800 --> 05:09:47,900
stocks the shein wall with its 
conical shape and super fine 

5789
05:09:47,900 --> 05:09:51,700
weave that produces clarified 
consume of Christ in purity. 

5790
05:09:52,600 --> 05:09:56,700
Each strainer has its designated
storage location and using the 

5791
05:09:56,700 --> 05:10:00,800
wrong one for oh particular task
invites correction from Mrs. 

5792
05:10:00,800 --> 05:10:03,800
Bramble or outright scorn from 
Mr. Aldrich. 

5793
05:10:04,600 --> 05:10:08,000
The Roasting racks and trivets 
allow meet to cook suspended 

5794
05:10:08,000 --> 05:10:12,200
above pan, bottoms ensuring even
heat distribution and preventing

5795
05:10:12,200 --> 05:10:16,500
bottom surfaces from steaming 
rather than roasting You own 

5796
05:10:16,500 --> 05:10:19,500
intimate, knowledge of which 
racks fit which pans, and which 

5797
05:10:19,500 --> 05:10:21,900
trivets stand stable under 
various weights. 

5798
05:10:22,700 --> 05:10:25,800
This seems like trivial 
information until your juggling 

5799
05:10:25,800 --> 05:10:28,200
three different roasts for a 
dinner service and need to make 

5800
05:10:28,200 --> 05:10:31,800
Split Second equipment, 
decisions, basting spoons and 

5801
05:10:31,800 --> 05:10:35,100
ladles coming. 
Graduated sizes, the massive 

5802
05:10:35,100 --> 05:10:38,700
Ladle that holds a full Pint for
serving soups, the delicate 

5803
05:10:38,700 --> 05:10:40,800
version. 
Barely large than a tablespoon 

5804
05:10:40,800 --> 05:10:43,500
Force work. 
The basting spoon with their 

5805
05:10:43,500 --> 05:10:47,000
long handles that protect your 
hands from oven heat while 

5806
05:10:47,000 --> 05:10:50,200
allowing precise, application of
pan drippings to roasting meat 

5807
05:10:51,200 --> 05:10:53,500
The carving knives represent 
their own category. 

5808
05:10:53,500 --> 05:10:56,300
Long, flexible blades for 
slicing beef. 

5809
05:10:57,100 --> 05:11:01,500
Shorter stiffer version for pork
and lamb the wickedly curved 

5810
05:11:01,500 --> 05:11:05,500
blade specifically designed for 
separating poultry from Bones. 

5811
05:11:06,500 --> 05:11:10,400
Mr. Aldrich performs most 
carving, personally treating it 

5812
05:11:10,400 --> 05:11:12,500
as performance art. 
That demonstrates, his Superior 

5813
05:11:12,500 --> 05:11:15,300
technique. 
You have observed enough to 

5814
05:11:15,300 --> 05:11:19,100
develop your own skill practice 
during family meal when no one 

5815
05:11:19,100 --> 05:11:23,100
cares about presentation. 
Kitchen, scales range from 

5816
05:11:23,100 --> 05:11:25,000
delicate. 
Balance beam devices, for 

5817
05:11:25,000 --> 05:11:28,300
measuring oz to massive 
platform, scales capable of 

5818
05:11:28,300 --> 05:11:33,700
weighing 50 pounds of flour. 
Accuracy matters more in pastry 

5819
05:11:33,700 --> 05:11:37,500
work than in cooking but Mrs. 
Brownwell insists on weighing 

5820
05:11:37,500 --> 05:11:39,600
everything that enters or leaves
inventory. 

5821
05:11:40,400 --> 05:11:43,500
Her record books. 
Contain precise figures, that 

5822
05:11:43,500 --> 05:11:45,900
would allow her to calculate 
food costs to the penny. 

5823
05:11:45,900 --> 05:11:49,300
If anyone asked the pot, crane 
swing swings out from the 

5824
05:11:49,308 --> 05:11:52,300
fireplace that once served as 
the kitchen's main heat Source 

5825
05:11:52,300 --> 05:11:56,100
before the range arrived. 
Now it functions primarily as 

5826
05:11:56,100 --> 05:11:59,700
backup during periods when the 
range undergoes maintenance or 

5827
05:11:59,700 --> 05:12:01,900
during particularly ambitious, 
meal services. 

5828
05:12:01,900 --> 05:12:05,200
That require more cooking 
surfaces than 8, burners can 

5829
05:12:05,200 --> 05:12:10,300
provide The crane allows pots to
hang over, open fire at a just 

5830
05:12:10,300 --> 05:12:13,100
adjustable Heights, A system 
that predates your grandmother 

5831
05:12:13,100 --> 05:12:15,800
and will likely persist long 
after your gone. 

5832
05:12:16,600 --> 05:12:20,200
You check the mutton again? 
The surface has begun to Brown 

5833
05:12:20,200 --> 05:12:24,200
fat renders from the outer layer
and pools in the roasting pan 

5834
05:12:24,200 --> 05:12:27,800
below. 
The smell combines rendered lamb

5835
05:12:27,800 --> 05:12:31,700
fat with rosemary and garlic in 
proportions that make your 

5836
05:12:31,700 --> 05:12:33,100
stomach. 
Remind you that breakfast 

5837
05:12:33,100 --> 05:12:37,000
remains hours away. 
You baste the joint with 

5838
05:12:37,000 --> 05:12:39,600
accumulated drippings and close 
the oven door. 

5839
05:12:40,600 --> 05:12:44,400
Breakfast in a household of this
size and Status follows patterns

5840
05:12:44,400 --> 05:12:47,700
as reliable as tides. 
The family does not eat 

5841
05:12:47,700 --> 05:12:50,100
together. 
The master takes his meal in the

5842
05:12:50,100 --> 05:12:53,600
study at 7:30, the mistress 
prefers, her roommate. 

5843
05:12:54,700 --> 05:12:57,300
The adult children maintain 
schedules, that place them at 

5844
05:12:57,300 --> 05:13:01,000
The Breakfast Table, anywhere 
between 7 and 9 depending on 

5845
05:13:01,000 --> 05:13:03,000
social engagements from the 
previous evening. 

5846
05:13:04,200 --> 05:13:07,300
Breakfast menu never varies 
except on Sundays when kippers 

5847
05:13:07,300 --> 05:13:09,800
make an appearance every morning
requires. 

5848
05:13:09,800 --> 05:13:14,700
Aegs bacon sausages toast in 
sufficient quantity to build 

5849
05:13:14,700 --> 05:13:17,300
small. 
Fortifications porridge during 

5850
05:13:17,300 --> 05:13:20,800
cold months, fresh fruit 
arranged art on the sideboard 

5851
05:13:20,800 --> 05:13:23,100
coffee. 
In the silver pot, that requires

5852
05:13:23,100 --> 05:13:26,200
polishing twice. 
Weakly Tien the second best 

5853
05:13:26,200 --> 05:13:29,100
service because the best remains
locked in the butler's Pantry 

5854
05:13:29,100 --> 05:13:31,600
for occasions when its 
appearance matters. 

5855
05:13:32,500 --> 05:13:35,800
Take preparation Falls to you 
this morning because Thomas has 

5856
05:13:35,800 --> 05:13:38,300
devoted himself entirely to 
Preparing the fish course for 

5857
05:13:38,308 --> 05:13:41,400
luncheon. 
You crack two, dozen eggs into a

5858
05:13:41,400 --> 05:13:44,300
massive bowl and whisk them into
the scramble consistency. 

5859
05:13:44,300 --> 05:13:47,800
The family. 
Prefers The technique requires 

5860
05:13:47,800 --> 05:13:49,800
constant motion over moderate 
Heat. 

5861
05:13:50,400 --> 05:13:53,300
Too hot and the eggs turn 
rubbery too cool. 

5862
05:13:53,300 --> 05:13:56,400
And they remain snotty, which 
provokes complaints from 

5863
05:13:56,400 --> 05:13:59,000
upstairs, that filtered down 
through the butler to Mr. 

5864
05:13:59,000 --> 05:14:03,700
Aldrich to, you increasingly 
pointed language The eggs cook 

5865
05:14:03,700 --> 05:14:06,300
in a copper pan, that responds 
instantly to temperature 

5866
05:14:06,300 --> 05:14:08,800
changes. 
You keep them moving with a 

5867
05:14:08,808 --> 05:14:12,100
wooden spatula. 
Scraping bottom and sides in 

5868
05:14:12,100 --> 05:14:15,200
continuous motion. 
That prevent any portion from 

5869
05:14:15,200 --> 05:14:17,600
setting for the rest reaches 
appropriate. 

5870
05:14:17,600 --> 05:14:22,300
Dundas The mixture transforms 
from liquid to soft curds in 

5871
05:14:22,300 --> 05:14:25,700
approximately 4 minutes. 
You remove the pan from heat. 

5872
05:14:25,700 --> 05:14:28,500
While the eggs retained slight 
wetness because they will 

5873
05:14:28,500 --> 05:14:31,000
continue cooking in their own 
residual warmth. 

5874
05:14:32,000 --> 05:14:35,500
Bacon comes from a side hanging 
in the cold room, you slice it 

5875
05:14:35,500 --> 05:14:38,600
yourself because the previous 
Chef who left these preparations

5876
05:14:38,600 --> 05:14:42,000
to KitchenAid, learn that 
varying thickness, produces 

5877
05:14:42,000 --> 05:14:45,500
varying cooking times, which 
creates chaos during service, 

5878
05:14:45,500 --> 05:14:48,900
each rasher measures, 
approximately, 18 inch thick. 

5879
05:14:48,900 --> 05:14:52,500
You lay them in a cast iron 
skillet that covers two burners 

5880
05:14:52,500 --> 05:14:55,600
and allows cooking the entire 
batch simultaneously. 

5881
05:14:56,500 --> 05:15:00,300
The Bacon Fat renders and 
Bubbles the meat sizzles and 

5882
05:15:00,300 --> 05:15:03,700
begins its transformation from 
flabby white to Chris Brown. 

5883
05:15:04,500 --> 05:15:08,300
You flip each piece individually
using tongs searching for the 

5884
05:15:08,300 --> 05:15:11,400
perfect moment when both sides 
achieve crispness without 

5885
05:15:11,400 --> 05:15:15,200
burning. 
The smell fills the kitchen and 

5886
05:15:15,200 --> 05:15:19,100
makes everyone's mouth water. 
Despite the fact that servants 

5887
05:15:19,100 --> 05:15:22,900
breakfast occurred an hour ago 
and consisted of leftover, bread

5888
05:15:22,900 --> 05:15:24,800
and tea. 
Sausages. 

5889
05:15:24,800 --> 05:15:29,300
Rotate slowly in a separate pan.
These are arrived yesterday from

5890
05:15:29,300 --> 05:15:32,400
supplier in Smithfield, who 
makes them according to Mr. 

5891
05:15:32,400 --> 05:15:36,300
Aldrich's private recipe, 
involving pork sage and 

5892
05:15:36,300 --> 05:15:40,000
proportions. 
He refuses to divulge. they need

5893
05:15:40,000 --> 05:15:43,400
careful attention because the 
case in heat comes to 

5894
05:15:43,400 --> 05:15:47,400
aggressively You turn them at 
intervals, coaxing them toward 

5895
05:15:47,400 --> 05:15:50,900
even Browning while preventing 
the catastrophic rupture that 

5896
05:15:50,900 --> 05:15:55,100
would drain flavorful fat into 
the pan bottom where it serves? 

5897
05:15:55,100 --> 05:15:58,800
No purpose. 
Toast production represents a 

5898
05:15:58,800 --> 05:16:02,100
separate operation. 
Entirely Margaret has taken 

5899
05:16:02,100 --> 05:16:05,300
charge of this element standing 
at the toasting fork and 

5900
05:16:05,308 --> 05:16:08,400
watching bread brown over the 
Ranger's open burner. 

5901
05:16:09,100 --> 05:16:12,300
The bread comes sliced yesterday
evening because fresh bread 

5902
05:16:12,300 --> 05:16:15,000
tears. 
When cut and produces ragged 

5903
05:16:15,000 --> 05:16:17,100
pieces unsuitable for 
presentation. 

5904
05:16:17,100 --> 05:16:21,600
Each slice requires careful 
monitoring too light and the 

5905
05:16:21,608 --> 05:16:25,700
bread remains floppy too dark 
and the family complains about 

5906
05:16:25,700 --> 05:16:28,400
bitterness. 
Butter weights at room 

5907
05:16:28,400 --> 05:16:32,000
temperature in a covered dish. 
Marmalades sits in a crystal 

5908
05:16:32,000 --> 05:16:35,000
bowl that traveled upstairs 
yesterday and returns this 

5909
05:16:35,000 --> 05:16:37,100
morning. 
Bearing the sticky residue of 

5910
05:16:37,108 --> 05:16:40,100
previous use Bridget will wash 
it later. 

5911
05:16:40,100 --> 05:16:42,900
Adding one more item to Our 
Endless queue of things. 

5912
05:16:42,900 --> 05:16:44,900
Requiring hot water and 
scrubbing. 

5913
05:16:45,900 --> 05:16:48,500
The porridge has been bubbling 
on the back of the range since 

5914
05:16:48,500 --> 05:16:50,800
5:00. 
Tended by the kitchen. 

5915
05:16:50,800 --> 05:16:54,900
Maid, who drew early Duty, the 
mixture requires only occasional

5916
05:16:54,900 --> 05:16:57,000
stirring to prevent Autumn 
scorching. 

5917
05:16:58,000 --> 05:17:02,100
Mrs, Bramwell judges done by 
consistency, rather than time 

5918
05:17:02,100 --> 05:17:05,700
looking for the thick texture 
that she describes as resembling

5919
05:17:05,700 --> 05:17:08,500
wet plaster. 
Somehow making this sound 

5920
05:17:08,500 --> 05:17:12,700
appetizing. 715. 
You begin plating. 

5921
05:17:13,500 --> 05:17:16,600
The breakfast room contains 
chafing dishes heated by Spirit 

5922
05:17:16,600 --> 05:17:19,800
lamps, that keep food warm 
without continuing to cook it. 

5923
05:17:20,600 --> 05:17:23,400
You transfer the scrambled eggs 
into the largest vessel. 

5924
05:17:23,400 --> 05:17:26,700
The bacon gets arranged on a 
platter in overlapping rows 

5925
05:17:26,700 --> 05:17:30,500
sausages occupy their own dish 
because the master dislikes when

5926
05:17:30,500 --> 05:17:34,000
breakfast items touch each 
other, The toast travels 

5927
05:17:34,000 --> 05:17:36,600
upstairs in a covered basket 
lined with linen. 

5928
05:17:36,600 --> 05:17:40,200
That will theoretically retain 
heat but primarily serves 

5929
05:17:40,200 --> 05:17:44,300
aesthetic function. 
The porridge fills a tureen that

5930
05:17:44,308 --> 05:17:47,000
looks capable of serving soup to
a small army. 

5931
05:17:47,800 --> 05:17:50,300
Everything must reach the 
breakfast room before the 

5932
05:17:50,300 --> 05:17:52,800
footman arrives to carry it up 
stairs, on trays. 

5933
05:17:52,800 --> 05:17:56,100
Who silver surfaces required 
daily polishing by staff. 

5934
05:17:56,100 --> 05:18:00,100
You never see. 
Mr. Aldrich inspects each dish 

5935
05:18:00,100 --> 05:18:03,800
before a departure. 
He lifts covers and peers, 

5936
05:18:03,800 --> 05:18:07,400
critically at contents. 
His expression suggests, someone

5937
05:18:07,400 --> 05:18:10,300
detecting subtle floors 
invisible to lesser Mortals. 

5938
05:18:10,300 --> 05:18:14,400
He samples nothing working 
instead from visual assessment. 

5939
05:18:15,300 --> 05:18:18,500
He once sent back an entire 
batch of eggs because their 

5940
05:18:18,500 --> 05:18:20,700
color struck him as 
insufficiently yellow. 

5941
05:18:20,700 --> 05:18:23,700
A critique, you could not 
address because chickens produce

5942
05:18:23,700 --> 05:18:26,300
eggs in whatever shade their 
biology. 

5943
05:18:26,300 --> 05:18:29,400
Dictates This morning, he nods 
acceptance. 

5944
05:18:30,400 --> 05:18:33,300
The footman appears precisely on
time because the butler 

5945
05:18:33,300 --> 05:18:35,800
maintains standards that would 
shame Military Academy. 

5946
05:18:35,800 --> 05:18:39,700
The trees depart upward through 
the servants stare Network that 

5947
05:18:39,700 --> 05:18:43,100
connects basement to ground 
floor to Upper stories without 

5948
05:18:43,100 --> 05:18:46,700
requiring servants to Traverse 
spaces occupied by family. 

5949
05:18:47,500 --> 05:18:51,000
You never see the family eat. 
You never know if they enjoyed 

5950
05:18:51,000 --> 05:18:55,400
the meal or merely tolerated it 
Information travels downward 

5951
05:18:55,400 --> 05:18:59,500
only, when something goes wrong.
Silence equals success. 

5952
05:19:00,500 --> 05:19:04,100
Praise never reaches kitchen 
staff because recognizing good 

5953
05:19:04,100 --> 05:19:06,900
work might encourage dangerous 
ideas about worth. 

5954
05:19:08,100 --> 05:19:10,000
The breakfast dishes return 
within the hour. 

5955
05:19:10,700 --> 05:19:13,800
You can read the meals story in 
the remnants, the eggs were 

5956
05:19:13,800 --> 05:19:16,800
consumed completely, which 
indicates proper seasoning. 

5957
05:19:17,900 --> 05:19:20,500
Most bacon disappeared, but 
three piece is romaine. 

5958
05:19:20,500 --> 05:19:23,000
Suggesting someone with 
diminished appetite or 

5959
05:19:23,000 --> 05:19:26,800
vegetarian leanings. 
The sausages show tooth marks 

5960
05:19:26,800 --> 05:19:30,300
that stopped mid by implying 
adequate flavor. 

5961
05:19:30,300 --> 05:19:33,200
But possibly excessive richness 
from morning consumption. 

5962
05:19:34,000 --> 05:19:36,600
Bridget receives the dirty 
dishes with the resigned 

5963
05:19:36,600 --> 05:19:39,100
expression of someone who was 
accepted that washing up 

5964
05:19:39,108 --> 05:19:44,100
constitutes her entire career, 
trajectory She scrapes plate 

5965
05:19:44,100 --> 05:19:46,600
into a slop bucket. 
That will eventually feed pigs 

5966
05:19:46,600 --> 05:19:50,400
at a farm outside the city. 
Nothing goes to waste in a 

5967
05:19:50,400 --> 05:19:54,300
properly run kitchen, even 
vegetable peeling's find used as

5968
05:19:54,300 --> 05:19:58,000
animal feed or garden compost. 
He clean your station. 

5969
05:19:58,000 --> 05:20:00,700
While the breakfast dishes 
circulates through Bridget's 

5970
05:20:00,700 --> 05:20:05,100
three sinks system, First thing 
for scraping and initial soak. 

5971
05:20:05,100 --> 05:20:10,400
Second sink for hot water and 
soap, third sink for rinsing 

5972
05:20:11,500 --> 05:20:15,400
Everything emerges clean, but 
barring the microscopic scars of

5973
05:20:15,400 --> 05:20:20,800
thousands of previous Washings. 
The copper develops patina, the 

5974
05:20:20,800 --> 05:20:24,900
China acquires crazing, the 
Silver Plate reveals brass 

5975
05:20:24,900 --> 05:20:28,500
beneath in spots where use is 
worn through the morning 

5976
05:20:28,500 --> 05:20:32,700
stretches toward midday. 
The light in the high Windows 

5977
05:20:32,700 --> 05:20:35,900
achieves, its maximum 
brightness, which still leaves 

5978
05:20:35,900 --> 05:20:38,000
the kitchen dimmer than any 
Street at noon. 

5979
05:20:39,000 --> 05:20:42,300
You check the button again and 
judge it, approximately halfway 

5980
05:20:42,300 --> 05:20:45,600
to completion. 
The surface is developed deep 

5981
05:20:45,600 --> 05:20:50,400
brown color. 
The meat has begun to shrink as 

5982
05:20:50,400 --> 05:20:53,600
moisture, evaporates and 
proteins contract. 

5983
05:20:54,600 --> 05:20:57,300
Another 90 minutes should bring 
it to the perfect state of 

5984
05:20:57,308 --> 05:20:59,300
doneness that Mr. Aldrich 
demands. 

5985
05:21:00,100 --> 05:21:04,400
Family, meal, occurs to Levin. 
This represents the staff's main

5986
05:21:04,400 --> 05:21:08,300
eating opportunity and follows 
protocols as rigid as any 

5987
05:21:08,300 --> 05:21:11,800
upstairs service. 
Everyone sits at the long 

5988
05:21:11,800 --> 05:21:15,800
kitchen table in order of rank. 
Mr. Aldrich takes the head 

5989
05:21:15,800 --> 05:21:18,800
position. 
Mrs. Bramwell sits at the foot. 

5990
05:21:19,600 --> 05:21:22,300
You occupy middle seat that 
reflects your intermediate 

5991
05:21:22,300 --> 05:21:25,600
status? 
Food comes from Kitchen, Surplus

5992
05:21:25,600 --> 05:21:28,700
and yesterday's, leftovers 
transformed through creative 

5993
05:21:28,700 --> 05:21:32,100
preparation. 
Today offers a mutton stew 

5994
05:21:32,100 --> 05:21:34,400
created from trim pieces. 
You remove this morning. 

5995
05:21:35,500 --> 05:21:38,600
Bread that fail to meet 
presentation standards, but 

5996
05:21:38,600 --> 05:21:42,200
tastes identical to the perfect 
loaves that traveled up stairs. 

5997
05:21:42,900 --> 05:21:46,200
Cheese purchased in quantities. 
That make individual portions 

5998
05:21:46,200 --> 05:21:49,700
nearly free. 
Tea served in thick Earth and 

5999
05:21:49,700 --> 05:21:52,400
where mugs rather than the 
Delicate China used above. 

6000
05:21:53,400 --> 05:21:56,800
Conversation, flows more freely 
during family meal, and any 

6001
05:21:56,800 --> 05:21:59,400
other time? 
People discuss the mornings 

6002
05:21:59,400 --> 05:22:01,900
events. 
Margaret mentioned that she 

6003
05:22:01,900 --> 05:22:03,900
heard the mistress might be 
planning, a dinner party. 

6004
05:22:03,900 --> 05:22:07,000
Next week, Thomas describes a 
new fish supply. 

6005
05:22:07,000 --> 05:22:10,100
Who claims to receive deliveries
direct from billingsgate each 

6006
05:22:10,100 --> 05:22:13,200
morning? 
Emma asks a question about yeast

6007
05:22:13,200 --> 05:22:15,100
behavior. 
That reveals she has been paying

6008
05:22:15,100 --> 05:22:19,300
more attention than anyone 
realized you eat quickly but not

6009
05:22:19,300 --> 05:22:24,800
hastily The stew provides solid 
nourishment, your body requires 

6010
05:22:24,800 --> 05:22:28,100
fuel to maintain energy through 
the afternoon service and 

6011
05:22:28,100 --> 05:22:31,700
evening preparation. 
You consume enough to satisfy 

6012
05:22:31,700 --> 05:22:34,900
hunger without filling yourself 
to the point where working 

6013
05:22:34,900 --> 05:22:38,400
becomes uncomfortable. 
This calculation has become 

6014
05:22:38,400 --> 05:22:41,000
automatic. 
After years of navigating, the 

6015
05:22:41,000 --> 05:22:44,900
balance between adequate 
nutrition, Functional capacity. 

6016
05:22:46,200 --> 05:22:50,100
The meal concludes after 20 
minutes, everyone returns to 

6017
05:22:50,100 --> 05:22:53,900
their stations without requiring
instruction. the kitchen moves 

6018
05:22:53,900 --> 05:22:56,600
into its afternoon rhythm with 
the smooth transition of 

6019
05:22:56,600 --> 05:23:00,300
musicians, changing tempo, 
Preparations for lunch and 

6020
05:23:00,300 --> 05:23:04,800
intensify plans for dinner, 
begin taking concrete form, the 

6021
05:23:04,800 --> 05:23:08,000
daily cycle, continues lunch, 
and represents. 

6022
05:23:08,000 --> 05:23:11,300
The midday meal though, in a 
household of this type, the term

6023
05:23:11,300 --> 05:23:14,600
suggests formality. 
That breakfast Lacks The family 

6024
05:23:14,600 --> 05:23:18,100
gathers at the dining table, 
horses arrive in sequence, 

6025
05:23:18,100 --> 05:23:21,800
standards must be maintained 
even if the menu seems simple 

6026
05:23:21,800 --> 05:23:25,800
compared to evening service. 
Today's mutton with Caper Source

6027
05:23:25,800 --> 05:23:29,700
demands coordination between 
your meat preparation and the 

6028
05:23:29,708 --> 05:23:33,300
source that Thomas produces the 
collaboration requires 

6029
05:23:33,300 --> 05:23:36,100
communication, despite the 
unofficial competition between 

6030
05:23:36,100 --> 05:23:39,900
you Professional Standards 
override personal rivalry. 

6031
05:23:39,900 --> 05:23:44,200
When service quality hangs in 
the balance, The mutton emerges 

6032
05:23:44,200 --> 05:23:48,800
from the oven at noon, precisely
the surface gleams with rendered

6033
05:23:48,800 --> 05:23:51,800
fat. 
The internal temperature, has 

6034
05:23:51,800 --> 05:23:54,400
reached the point where pink 
juice runs from the flesh when 

6035
05:23:54,400 --> 05:23:58,000
you test with a skewer. 
You transfer the joint to a 

6036
05:23:58,000 --> 05:24:01,300
resting rack and cover it with 
foil that will retain heat while

6037
05:24:01,300 --> 05:24:04,800
allowing steam to escape rather 
than making the crust soggy. 

6038
05:24:05,700 --> 05:24:08,600
Resting meat represents one of 
those techniques that seems 

6039
05:24:08,600 --> 05:24:12,200
unnecessary Until You observe 
the consequences of skipping the

6040
05:24:12,200 --> 05:24:14,800
step. 
Cut into meat straight from the 

6041
05:24:14,800 --> 05:24:17,600
oven and juices, flood out onto 
the cutting board. 

6042
05:24:18,400 --> 05:24:21,700
Wait, 15 minutes and those same 
juices redistribute through the 

6043
05:24:21,700 --> 05:24:25,000
muscle fibers staying in the 
meat where they belong. 

6044
05:24:26,000 --> 05:24:28,900
The science involves protein 
behavior and moisture tension, 

6045
05:24:28,900 --> 05:24:32,300
but the Practical result matters
more than theoretical 

6046
05:24:32,300 --> 05:24:35,100
understanding. 
Thomas works at his station, 

6047
05:24:35,100 --> 05:24:37,700
preparing Paper Source. 
That will accompany the mutton, 

6048
05:24:37,700 --> 05:24:41,700
his technique involves creating 
a roof from butter and flour, 

6049
05:24:41,700 --> 05:24:45,400
then gradually incorporating 
stock while whisking constantly 

6050
05:24:45,400 --> 05:24:51,000
to prevent lumps, The Capers get
added last providing sharp Briny

6051
05:24:51,000 --> 05:24:56,000
Counterpoint to Richland flavor.
He tastes repeatedly adjusting 

6052
05:24:56,000 --> 05:24:58,600
seasoning with the confidence. 
Of someone who has made this 

6053
05:24:58,600 --> 05:25:02,900
sauce 100s of times. 
You carve the mutton Into Thin 

6054
05:25:02,900 --> 05:25:05,000
slices, that curl slightly at 
the edges. 

6055
05:25:05,000 --> 05:25:09,200
The knife must be sharp enough 
to cut cleanly without tearing 

6056
05:25:09,200 --> 05:25:12,000
meat fibers. 
Each slice should maintain 

6057
05:25:12,000 --> 05:25:15,200
uniform thickness because 
variations create uneven 

6058
05:25:15,200 --> 05:25:18,600
portions that offend Mr. 
Aldrich's sense of order. 

6059
05:25:19,400 --> 05:25:22,500
The slices, get arranged on a 
serving platter in overlapping 

6060
05:25:22,500 --> 05:25:25,100
rows, that demonstrate 
technique, while maximizing 

6061
05:25:25,100 --> 05:25:27,600
visual appeal. 
The vegetables that will 

6062
05:25:27,600 --> 05:25:30,300
accompany this course of 
occupied Margaret for the past 

6063
05:25:30,300 --> 05:25:33,400
hour. 
Potatoes boiled until tender, 

6064
05:25:33,400 --> 05:25:35,900
then tossed with butter and 
parsley. 

6065
05:25:36,700 --> 05:25:40,000
Carrots, cut into uniform batons
and glazed with a mixed of 

6066
05:25:40,000 --> 05:25:42,800
butter and sugar that 
caramelizes slightly during 

6067
05:25:42,800 --> 05:25:45,800
cooking. 
Green beans, that she blanched 

6068
05:25:45,800 --> 05:25:48,900
in boiling water. 
Shocked in ice water to preserve

6069
05:25:48,900 --> 05:25:52,000
color and will reheat in butter 
at the last moment before 

6070
05:25:52,000 --> 05:25:54,000
service. 
Timing. 

6071
05:25:54,000 --> 05:25:56,500
All these elements to arrive at 
Readiness simultaneously 

6072
05:25:56,500 --> 05:25:59,400
requires coordination. 
That happens partly through 

6073
05:25:59,400 --> 05:26:03,300
explicit communication and 
partly through the shared 

6074
05:26:03,300 --> 05:26:06,500
awareness, that developed among 
people who work side by side 

6075
05:26:06,500 --> 05:26:09,200
daily. 
You know, without asking when 

6076
05:26:09,200 --> 05:26:13,100
Margaret needs the range of 
being occupying, she understands

6077
05:26:13,100 --> 05:26:16,000
without discussion that your 
carving will take exactly seven 

6078
05:26:16,000 --> 05:26:19,200
minutes. 
Thomas recognizes that his 

6079
05:26:19,200 --> 05:26:21,500
Source must hold at warm 
temperature for the precise 

6080
05:26:21,500 --> 05:26:23,600
interval between completion and 
service. 

6081
05:26:24,900 --> 05:26:27,300
Mr. Aldrich orchestrates. 
The final plating. 

6082
05:26:28,100 --> 05:26:31,600
He positions himself at the 
central work table, and directs 

6083
05:26:31,600 --> 05:26:34,100
placement with the air of a 
conductor leading musicians 

6084
05:26:34,100 --> 05:26:37,400
through a complex Symphony. 
The mutton slices. 

6085
05:26:37,400 --> 05:26:40,600
Go here. 
The vegetables arrange their The

6086
05:26:40,600 --> 05:26:42,500
Source gets spooned along this 
Edge. 

6087
05:26:43,400 --> 05:26:46,700
Every element receives his 
Critical examination before, he 

6088
05:26:46,700 --> 05:26:50,400
allows the plate to proceed. 
The footman appears and Begins. 

6089
05:26:50,400 --> 05:26:52,500
The systematic transport up 
stairs. 

6090
05:26:53,300 --> 05:26:57,200
Three courses travel on 
individual trays, the soup that 

6091
05:26:57,200 --> 05:26:59,800
open the meal has already been 
served and consumed. 

6092
05:27:00,600 --> 05:27:04,400
Now, comes the main course. 
dessert weights in the cold 

6093
05:27:04,400 --> 05:27:06,900
room, where Madame Laura's 
created something involving 

6094
05:27:06,900 --> 05:27:10,600
morang and raspberry Cooley You 
observe the plate, your work 

6095
05:27:10,600 --> 05:27:13,500
created departing through. 
The doorway, that separates 

6096
05:27:13,500 --> 05:27:16,600
kitchen from the realm Beyond 
for a moment. 

6097
05:27:16,600 --> 05:27:20,000
You imagine the family seeing 
this food, cutting into the 

6098
05:27:20,000 --> 05:27:22,200
meat, you prepared. 
Tasting. 

6099
05:27:22,200 --> 05:27:24,300
The flavors. 
You developed through seasoning 

6100
05:27:24,300 --> 05:27:28,900
choices. then the moment passes 
and you return to reality where 

6101
05:27:28,900 --> 05:27:34,200
servants remain invisible 
regardless of skill, The 

6102
05:27:34,200 --> 05:27:37,400
afternoon, settles into 
preparation mode, dinner service

6103
05:27:37,400 --> 05:27:42,000
begins at 7:30 and requires. 
Dishes of complexity that make 

6104
05:27:42,000 --> 05:27:44,000
luncheon look like casual 
practice. 

6105
05:27:44,900 --> 05:27:48,500
Mr. Aldrich's planned a 
six-course meal designed to 

6106
05:27:48,500 --> 05:27:51,800
impress the Masters business 
associates while demonstrating 

6107
05:27:51,800 --> 05:27:56,700
the households refined taste. 
The menu, he posted this morning

6108
05:27:56,700 --> 05:28:02,300
list soup, fish meat course 
poultry, desert and savory. 

6109
05:28:03,300 --> 05:28:05,500
Each course, demands separate 
preparation. 

6110
05:28:05,500 --> 05:28:08,200
Many elements require advanced 
work. 

6111
05:28:08,200 --> 05:28:10,800
That must be completed hours 
before service. 

6112
05:28:10,800 --> 05:28:13,900
You begin, the mental 
organization that transforms 

6113
05:28:13,900 --> 05:28:17,600
written menu into practical 
action plan. the beef for 

6114
05:28:17,600 --> 05:28:20,800
tonight's main course, weighs 18
pounds and requires room 

6115
05:28:20,800 --> 05:28:24,500
temperature at claymation before
roasting You retrieve it from 

6116
05:28:24,500 --> 05:28:28,000
cold storage and place it on a 
marble slab near the range where

6117
05:28:28,000 --> 05:28:30,200
passive warmth will gradually 
raise its temperature. 

6118
05:28:31,100 --> 05:28:34,800
Cooking, cold meat produces 
unevenness because the center 

6119
05:28:34,800 --> 05:28:37,100
remains cool while exterior 
overcooked. 

6120
05:28:38,100 --> 05:28:41,400
Mrs. Brownwell, assigns tusks 
based on her assessment of 

6121
05:28:41,400 --> 05:28:43,900
everyone's current workload and 
capability. 

6122
05:28:44,900 --> 05:28:47,800
Emma gets directed toward 
vegetable preparation for the 

6123
05:28:47,800 --> 05:28:51,600
multiple courses that require 
Garden produce one of the 

6124
05:28:51,600 --> 05:28:53,500
kitchen. 
Maids Begins the stocks that 

6125
05:28:53,500 --> 05:28:55,200
will become foundation for 
sources. 

6126
05:28:55,200 --> 05:28:58,700
The other starts the laborious 
process of clarifying. 

6127
05:28:58,700 --> 05:29:02,500
Consummate through repeated 
straining and egg white binding.

6128
05:29:03,300 --> 05:29:06,500
The kitchen fills with 
purposeful activity that looks 

6129
05:29:06,500 --> 05:29:09,700
chaotic to untrained eyes, but 
follows patterns. 

6130
05:29:09,700 --> 05:29:13,900
As regular as textile weaving 
every cook knows their 

6131
05:29:13,900 --> 05:29:17,800
responsibilities. 
Every hand, reaches for familiar

6132
05:29:17,800 --> 05:29:20,400
tools. 
The workspace has been navigated

6133
05:29:20,400 --> 05:29:24,100
so many times that people avoid 
collisions through unconscious 

6134
05:29:24,100 --> 05:29:27,100
awareness, rather than explicit 
negotiation. 

6135
05:29:28,500 --> 05:29:31,600
You begin preparing the beef 
with the same careful attention.

6136
05:29:31,600 --> 05:29:35,100
You gave the mutton This cut 
comes from the rib section and 

6137
05:29:35,100 --> 05:29:38,400
features marbling, that will 
render during cooking, creating 

6138
05:29:38,400 --> 05:29:41,700
the rich flavor and tender 
texture that justify its premium

6139
05:29:41,700 --> 05:29:44,800
costs. 
The preparation involves minimal

6140
05:29:44,800 --> 05:29:47,700
intervention because quality 
beef requires little Beyond 

6141
05:29:47,700 --> 05:29:50,400
salt, pepper and appropriate 
heat application. 

6142
05:29:51,100 --> 05:29:54,400
The herb crust gets prepared 
separately, fresh breadcrumbs 

6143
05:29:54,400 --> 05:29:58,200
mixed with chopped parsley, 
Thyme and rosemary, butter 

6144
05:29:58,200 --> 05:30:01,600
worked into the mixture until it
achieves, Pace to consistently. 

6145
05:30:02,400 --> 05:30:05,800
This coating will be applied to 
the beef during the final 30 

6146
05:30:05,800 --> 05:30:09,900
minutes of roasting, creating a 
Savory crust that contrasts with

6147
05:30:09,900 --> 05:30:13,600
the tender interior. 
Thomas works on the fish course 

6148
05:30:13,600 --> 05:30:17,100
which tonight features dover 
sole prepared with brown butter 

6149
05:30:17,100 --> 05:30:19,800
and lemon. 
The fish arrived this morning 

6150
05:30:19,800 --> 05:30:23,300
packed in ice that has mostly 
melted into water requiring 

6151
05:30:23,300 --> 05:30:26,600
periodic draining. 
He fills them with Precision 

6152
05:30:26,600 --> 05:30:29,800
that removes every bone while 
preserving maximum flesh. 

6153
05:30:30,500 --> 05:30:33,700
The technique requires knife, 
skills developed over years and 

6154
05:30:33,700 --> 05:30:35,500
maintained through constant 
practice. 

6155
05:30:36,300 --> 05:30:39,600
Margaret assembles components 
for the vegetable corses, a 

6156
05:30:39,600 --> 05:30:42,300
sparrows that will be briefly 
boiled and served with 

6157
05:30:42,300 --> 05:30:45,000
hollandaise. 
Potatoes, that will be formed 

6158
05:30:45,000 --> 05:30:48,700
into Croquettes breaded and 
fried to Golden perfection. 

6159
05:30:49,800 --> 05:30:53,300
A salad of force, cucumbers, and
hot house to Mateos dressed with

6160
05:30:53,300 --> 05:30:57,400
vinegar and oil in proportions 
Mr. Aldrich considers optimal. 

6161
05:30:58,200 --> 05:31:01,600
Madame Works in her separate 
sphere creating the desert that 

6162
05:31:01,600 --> 05:31:04,500
will conclude the meal. 
You Glimpse are occasionally 

6163
05:31:04,500 --> 05:31:06,900
through the doorway that 
separates her pastry kitchen 

6164
05:31:06,900 --> 05:31:10,600
from the main cooking area. 
She moves with the fluid certain

6165
05:31:10,600 --> 05:31:13,300
of someone engaged in work. 
They've perfected through 

6166
05:31:13,300 --> 05:31:17,400
obsessive repetition. 
The desert involves layers of 

6167
05:31:17,400 --> 05:31:22,500
genoese pastry cream, and 
candied fruit assembled into an 

6168
05:31:22,500 --> 05:31:26,800
architectural creation, that 
seems too elaborate to eat. the 

6169
05:31:26,800 --> 05:31:30,100
heat in the kitchen climbs 
toward a repressive, the range, 

6170
05:31:30,100 --> 05:31:33,700
radiates warmth that combines 
with steam, from multiple pots 

6171
05:31:33,700 --> 05:31:37,400
to create atmosphere, resembling
a tropical Conservatory 

6172
05:31:38,400 --> 05:31:42,500
Everyone's face shines with 
sweat the white jackets and 

6173
05:31:42,500 --> 05:31:45,500
aprons showed dark patches where
moisture is soaked through. 

6174
05:31:46,300 --> 05:31:49,400
You drink water from the cup you
refill, periodically at the 

6175
05:31:49,400 --> 05:31:52,800
system knowing that dehydration 
leads to mistake. 

6176
05:31:53,800 --> 05:31:56,600
Time moves and strangeways 
during afternoon preparation 

6177
05:31:56,600 --> 05:31:59,100
minutes. 
Crawl when you're waiting for 

6178
05:31:59,100 --> 05:32:03,400
water to boil or ovens to reach 
temperature hours vanish. 

6179
05:32:03,400 --> 05:32:06,100
When you become absorbed in 
detail, work, that demands 

6180
05:32:06,100 --> 05:32:09,500
complete attention. 
You glance at the clock and 

6181
05:32:09,500 --> 05:32:12,800
discover that three hours of 
passed while you were focused on

6182
05:32:12,800 --> 05:32:16,600
tasks that felt like they 
required the 30 minutes. 

6183
05:32:17,800 --> 05:32:21,700
The beef goes into the oven at 
5:00, The Roasting will take two

6184
05:32:21,700 --> 05:32:24,800
hours, plus resting time, 
bringing it to redness, 

6185
05:32:24,800 --> 05:32:28,800
precisely when service begins, 
you set a mental time up by 

6186
05:32:28,800 --> 05:32:31,600
experience rather than 
Mechanical Devices. 

6187
05:32:31,600 --> 05:32:35,500
Your internal clock has learned 
to track cooking intervals with 

6188
05:32:35,500 --> 05:32:37,700
accuracy that occasionally 
surprises. 

6189
05:32:37,700 --> 05:32:41,500
Even you Evening service 
transforms, the kitchen from 

6190
05:32:41,500 --> 05:32:45,700
workspace into theater. 
Casual efficiency of daytime 

6191
05:32:45,700 --> 05:32:49,100
operations, gives way to 
heightened tension where every 

6192
05:32:49,100 --> 05:32:53,000
action carries weight. 
Stakes during breakfast might 

6193
05:32:53,000 --> 05:32:56,700
provoke mild irritation. 
Errors during dinner service 

6194
05:32:56,700 --> 05:33:00,000
before important guests, create 
consequences that Ripple through

6195
05:33:00,000 --> 05:33:04,500
the entire household hierarchy. 
Mr. Aldrich changes into his 

6196
05:33:04,500 --> 05:33:06,800
finest chefs whites for evening 
service. 

6197
05:33:07,600 --> 05:33:09,500
The jacket appears freshly 
laundered. 

6198
05:33:09,500 --> 05:33:13,500
Despite having seen use earlier 
in the day, his tall chef's hat,

6199
05:33:13,500 --> 05:33:17,000
sits, perfectly centered. 
He is transformed from morning 

6200
05:33:17,000 --> 05:33:21,200
manager, into evening performer,
and everyone feels the shift in 

6201
05:33:21,200 --> 05:33:25,800
atmosphere, The first course, 
begins preparation at 6:00. 

6202
05:33:26,700 --> 05:33:29,800
Clear consume that Emma has been
working on all afternoon. 

6203
05:33:29,800 --> 05:33:33,900
Finally achieves the crystalline
Clarity that Mr. Aldrich 

6204
05:33:33,900 --> 05:33:36,600
demands. 
The soup gets poured into a 

6205
05:33:36,600 --> 05:33:39,600
heated tureen that will maintain
temperature during its Journey 

6206
05:33:39,600 --> 05:33:43,300
upstairs. 
Thin slices of lemon float on 

6207
05:33:43,300 --> 05:33:46,100
the surface. 
Fresh chervil provides the 

6208
05:33:46,100 --> 05:33:48,800
single garnish that Mr. Aldrich 
considers appropriate. 

6209
05:33:49,900 --> 05:33:52,600
You monitor the beef while 
simultaneously preparing the 

6210
05:33:52,600 --> 05:33:54,200
vegetables that will accompany 
it. 

6211
05:33:54,900 --> 05:33:58,000
The roasting pan contains 
accumulated drippings that will 

6212
05:33:58,000 --> 05:34:02,300
become the base for source. 
You skim fat from the surface 

6213
05:34:02,300 --> 05:34:06,500
and adds to the remaining fond, 
scraping bottom to incorporate 

6214
05:34:06,500 --> 05:34:09,000
Brown bits. 
That carry concentrated flavor. 

6215
05:34:09,800 --> 05:34:13,600
The liquid reduces while you 
work on other tusks transforming

6216
05:34:13,600 --> 05:34:16,100
into the glossy source that will
coat serving pieces. 

6217
05:34:17,000 --> 05:34:19,600
Thomas plates, the Dover sole 
with movements that look 

6218
05:34:19,600 --> 05:34:23,800
effortless, but reflect years of
practice, the Philips, get a 

6219
05:34:23,800 --> 05:34:27,200
range on warm plates, brown 
butter drizzle, cross the 

6220
05:34:27,200 --> 05:34:31,900
surface in patterns that suggest
careful attention without fussy 

6221
05:34:31,900 --> 05:34:36,100
over elaboration. 
Lemon segments provide acid, 

6222
05:34:36,100 --> 05:34:40,900
Counterpoint a scatter of fresh 
herbs, adds color, contrast the 

6223
05:34:40,900 --> 05:34:44,500
footman appears every 15 minutes
to transport, completed courses 

6224
05:34:44,500 --> 05:34:47,100
up stairs. 
He moves with the smooth 

6225
05:34:47,100 --> 05:34:49,900
efficiently of someone who has 
perfected the choreography of 

6226
05:34:49,900 --> 05:34:54,000
formal service. the trees, he 
carries contained food that 

6227
05:34:54,000 --> 05:34:58,000
represent hours of preparation 
but will be consumed in minutes 

6228
05:34:58,000 --> 05:35:00,400
by people who like likely take 
its presence for granted 

6229
05:35:01,700 --> 05:35:04,900
Margaret's vegetables, reach 
completion and carefully timed 

6230
05:35:04,900 --> 05:35:07,800
sequence. 
Asparagus gets blanched until 

6231
05:35:07,800 --> 05:35:11,700
Tender Crisp then shocked in ice
water before final. 

6232
05:35:11,700 --> 05:35:16,100
Reheating and butter. 
The potato Croquettes emerge 

6233
05:35:16,100 --> 05:35:19,800
from Hot Oil golden and crisp 
their exteriors providing 

6234
05:35:19,800 --> 05:35:22,500
textural contrast to creamy 
Interiors. 

6235
05:35:23,200 --> 05:35:26,100
Everything receives final 
seasoning adjustments before 

6236
05:35:26,100 --> 05:35:30,700
plating the beef reaches optimal
internal temperature at 720. 

6237
05:35:31,500 --> 05:35:34,300
You remove it from the oven and 
transfer it to the resting rack.

6238
05:35:35,000 --> 05:35:37,800
The herb crust is formed a 
Savory coating that crackles 

6239
05:35:37,800 --> 05:35:41,500
slightly when you test it with 
your finger, Fat pools in the 

6240
05:35:41,500 --> 05:35:45,400
roasting pan below evidence of 
the extensive marbling that made

6241
05:35:45,400 --> 05:35:49,500
this cut expensive. 
Carving begins after 15 minutes 

6242
05:35:49,500 --> 05:35:52,200
of rest. 
The knife slides through meet 

6243
05:35:52,200 --> 05:35:55,100
that offers, just enough 
resistance to confirm proper 

6244
05:35:55,100 --> 05:35:58,100
doneness while yielding easily 
enough to prove tenderness. 

6245
05:35:58,900 --> 05:36:02,400
Each slice reveals the pink 
interior that indicates medium 

6246
05:36:02,400 --> 05:36:07,600
rare preparation, the pieces on 
a heated serving platter each 

6247
05:36:07,600 --> 05:36:10,700
portion calculated to provide 
exactly the amount. 

6248
05:36:10,700 --> 05:36:14,300
One gestured receive The Source 
gets strained through 

6249
05:36:14,300 --> 05:36:17,400
cheesecloth to remove any 
particles that might Mar its 

6250
05:36:17,400 --> 05:36:21,200
smooth consistency. 
Mrs. Bramwell taste it and nods 

6251
05:36:21,200 --> 05:36:24,100
approval which represents the 
highest compliment she offers 

6252
05:36:24,100 --> 05:36:27,200
regarding anything. 
The Source goes into a silver 

6253
05:36:27,200 --> 05:36:29,600
boat that will travel upstairs 
alongside the beef. 

6254
05:36:30,500 --> 05:36:33,700
Mr. Aldrich inspects, the 
complete presentation before 

6255
05:36:33,700 --> 05:36:37,100
allowing service. 
He examines the meat slicing for

6256
05:36:37,100 --> 05:36:40,300
uniformity stutt is the 
vegetable arrangement for 

6257
05:36:40,300 --> 05:36:43,800
aesthetic balance. 
The source and makes a minor 

6258
05:36:43,800 --> 05:36:47,000
adjustment by adding three 
grains of salt, that you doubt 

6259
05:36:47,000 --> 05:36:50,000
actually change anything but 
which satisfy his need to 

6260
05:36:50,000 --> 05:36:53,600
demonstrate Authority. 
He signals approval with a 

6261
05:36:53,608 --> 05:36:57,200
slight bow towards you, that 
acknowledges competent work with

6262
05:36:57,200 --> 05:37:01,000
without excessive praise. 
Paltry course, follows 20 

6263
05:37:01,000 --> 05:37:04,700
minutes later roasted duck that 
you prepared while managing the 

6264
05:37:04,700 --> 05:37:08,000
beef because apparently you 
possess unlimited capacity for 

6265
05:37:08,000 --> 05:37:12,000
simultaneous tasks. 
The duck required different 

6266
05:37:12,000 --> 05:37:17,500
treatment than beef or lamb. 
The fat layer needed scoring to 

6267
05:37:17,500 --> 05:37:20,500
help it render. 
The cavity got stuffed with 

6268
05:37:20,500 --> 05:37:24,800
aromatic that perfume the meat 
from within The Roasting 

6269
05:37:24,800 --> 05:37:27,600
happened at higher temperature 
to crisp the skin while cooking,

6270
05:37:27,600 --> 05:37:31,100
the flesh to doneness that Mr. 
Aldrich describes as precisely 

6271
05:37:31,100 --> 05:37:32,900
between underdone and 
overcooked. 

6272
05:37:33,600 --> 05:37:35,800
Targets. 
So specific it borders on 

6273
05:37:35,808 --> 05:37:38,400
mythical? 
You carve the duck with 

6274
05:37:38,400 --> 05:37:42,200
different technique than beef. 
The legs separate at the joints.

6275
05:37:42,200 --> 05:37:45,500
The breast meat gets sliced thin
on the bias. 

6276
05:37:45,500 --> 05:37:48,700
The wings remain attached to the
carcass because they contain 

6277
05:37:48,700 --> 05:37:52,700
minimal meet worth serving. 
Each element gets plated with 

6278
05:37:52,700 --> 05:37:55,000
the same attention to 
presentation that govern the 

6279
05:37:55,008 --> 05:37:58,000
earlier courses. 
Orange sauce are companies. 

6280
05:37:58,000 --> 05:38:01,500
The duck created by Thomas using
techniques, he learned from a 

6281
05:38:01,500 --> 05:38:03,100
chef who once worked at the 
Savoy. 

6282
05:38:03,900 --> 05:38:07,500
The Source involves reduced. 
Orange juice, stock vinegar, and

6283
05:38:07,500 --> 05:38:11,900
sugar balanced to create sweet 
acid, Counterpoint to Rich, duck

6284
05:38:11,900 --> 05:38:16,600
meat, He has been tending, this 
source for 90 minutes, adjusting

6285
05:38:16,600 --> 05:38:20,300
and tasting, until it achieves, 
the precise flavor profile. 

6286
05:38:20,300 --> 05:38:23,300
He envisioned The kitchen 
operates now. 

6287
05:38:23,300 --> 05:38:27,700
Maximum intensity. 
Every surface holds something in

6288
05:38:27,700 --> 05:38:31,700
various stages of preparation or
cooking, every cook moves with 

6289
05:38:31,700 --> 05:38:34,500
purposeful haste that stops just
short of panic. 

6290
05:38:35,400 --> 05:38:40,300
The Sounds reach a crescendo of 
sizzling bubbling, clanging that

6291
05:38:40,300 --> 05:38:43,700
somehow remains organized rather
than descending into chaos. 

6292
05:38:45,100 --> 05:38:47,900
Madame, Laurence desert makes 
its appearance during a brief 

6293
05:38:47,900 --> 05:38:51,600
lull between courses, the 
construction, Towers 8, inches 

6294
05:38:51,600 --> 05:38:55,200
high and features architectural 
complexity that seems to defy 

6295
05:38:55,200 --> 05:38:58,200
gravity. 
Layers of sponge cake alternate 

6296
05:38:58,200 --> 05:39:01,600
with pastry cream. 
Candied violets provide purple 

6297
05:39:01,600 --> 05:39:06,000
accents, the whole creation gets
dusted, with powdered sugar that

6298
05:39:06,000 --> 05:39:08,600
drifts onto the plate surface, 
like fresh snow. 

6299
05:39:09,700 --> 05:39:13,500
The Savory course, arrives last 
before, dessert following 

6300
05:39:13,500 --> 05:39:16,300
traditional meal structure, that
modern diners might find 

6301
05:39:16,300 --> 05:39:19,300
peculiar. 
Welsh rare bit prepared by 

6302
05:39:19,300 --> 05:39:24,600
Margaret using cheese, Beer, 
mustard and bread toasted to 

6303
05:39:24,600 --> 05:39:29,300
precise brownness This course, 
serves as palate, cleanser and 

6304
05:39:29,300 --> 05:39:32,100
bridge between Rich, meat 
courses and sweet dessert. 

6305
05:39:33,000 --> 05:39:35,600
Portion is a small because 
guests have already consumed 

6306
05:39:35,600 --> 05:39:40,300
substantial quantities of food. 
Service concludes at 9:30. 

6307
05:39:41,400 --> 05:39:44,500
The footman makes his final trip
up stairs, carrying the coffee 

6308
05:39:44,500 --> 05:39:47,600
service, that marks official 
meal completion. 

6309
05:39:48,800 --> 05:39:51,500
The kitchen exhales, 
collectively, as tension, 

6310
05:39:51,500 --> 05:39:55,300
releases, and everyone realizes 
they survived another dinner 

6311
05:39:55,300 --> 05:39:57,400
service without catastrophic 
failure. 

6312
05:39:58,600 --> 05:40:02,200
The dirty dishes, begin their 
return Journey, Bridget receives

6313
05:40:02,200 --> 05:40:05,500
them with the stoic acceptance 
that characterizes her entire 

6314
05:40:05,500 --> 05:40:08,800
approach to work. 
The washing up will continue for

6315
05:40:08,800 --> 05:40:11,900
hours, extending her day. 
Well, beyond when everyone else 

6316
05:40:11,900 --> 05:40:15,700
is escape to Rooms upstairs. 
You have offered to help in the 

6317
05:40:15,700 --> 05:40:19,300
past but she refuses to 
assistance with a pride that 

6318
05:40:19,300 --> 05:40:21,100
suggests. 
She considers the work her 

6319
05:40:21,100 --> 05:40:24,200
domain and outside in to fear 
and welcome. 

6320
05:40:25,300 --> 05:40:27,800
The kitchen after service feels 
like a battlefield. 

6321
05:40:27,800 --> 05:40:31,800
After combat evidence of the 
evening's work, covers every 

6322
05:40:31,800 --> 05:40:35,500
surface pots. 
Awake cleaning, cutting boards, 

6323
05:40:35,500 --> 05:40:38,300
need scrubbing. 
The range must be banked for the

6324
05:40:38,300 --> 05:40:40,800
night. 
The floor requires sweeping and 

6325
05:40:40,800 --> 05:40:44,000
mopping. 
The list of closing tasks, seems

6326
05:40:44,000 --> 05:40:46,800
endless. 
Yet everyone moves through it 

6327
05:40:46,800 --> 05:40:49,400
with the mechanical efficiency 
of people who have performed 

6328
05:40:49,400 --> 05:40:53,700
these actions countless times. 
You clean your station first. 

6329
05:40:54,800 --> 05:40:57,700
The Cutting Board gets scraped 
and washed with hot water and 

6330
05:40:57,700 --> 05:41:00,400
soap. 
The knives receive individual 

6331
05:41:00,400 --> 05:41:03,700
attention washed and dryed 
before returning to their 

6332
05:41:03,700 --> 05:41:06,900
storage block. 
The counter surfaces get wiped 

6333
05:41:06,900 --> 05:41:10,300
down with a cloth dampened in 
vinegar water that cuts through 

6334
05:41:10,300 --> 05:41:14,400
accumulated Greece. 
Mr. Aldrich disappears shortly. 

6335
05:41:14,400 --> 05:41:18,400
After service, concludes his 
presence is required for cooking

6336
05:41:18,400 --> 05:41:22,700
and plating but clean up exists.
Beneath his dignity, he departs 

6337
05:41:22,700 --> 05:41:25,700
to his private quarters carrying
the satisfaction of another 

6338
05:41:25,700 --> 05:41:29,400
successful service and leaving 
the Practical work to those. 

6339
05:41:29,400 --> 05:41:32,100
He considers hired for exactly 
this purpose. 

6340
05:41:33,000 --> 05:41:36,300
Mrs. Bramwell supervises, the 
closing routine with the same 

6341
05:41:36,300 --> 05:41:39,100
attention, she applies to every 
other aspect of kitchen 

6342
05:41:39,100 --> 05:41:42,000
operation. 
She checks that fires, get 

6343
05:41:42,000 --> 05:41:45,900
properly banked verifies that 
cold storage items returned to 

6344
05:41:45,900 --> 05:41:49,600
appropriate locations. 
Ensures that the flour bins gets

6345
05:41:49,600 --> 05:41:52,800
sealed against mice. 
That constantly seek entry 

6346
05:41:52,800 --> 05:41:55,300
despite the kitchen cats best 
efforts. 

6347
05:41:56,300 --> 05:41:59,000
The range requires special 
attention before Days end. 

6348
05:42:00,000 --> 05:42:03,600
Fires must be damped but not 
extinguished because rebuilding 

6349
05:42:03,600 --> 05:42:06,600
them tomorrow morning would add 
30 minutes to start up time. 

6350
05:42:06,600 --> 05:42:10,500
You shovel out the spent coals 
from each Firebox and replace 

6351
05:42:10,500 --> 05:42:13,600
them with fresh fuel. 
The dampers get adjusted to 

6352
05:42:13,600 --> 05:42:17,200
maintain minimal airflow by 
morning, the coals will have 

6353
05:42:17,200 --> 05:42:19,300
reduced to beds of Embers ready 
to accept. 

6354
05:42:19,300 --> 05:42:23,200
Fresh fuel, the kitchen staff 
gradually departs, as individual

6355
05:42:23,200 --> 05:42:27,200
tasks, reach, completion, 
Margaret finishes first because 

6356
05:42:27,200 --> 05:42:30,300
our vegetables required less 
intensive cleanup than meat or 

6357
05:42:30,300 --> 05:42:33,000
fish. 
Emma follows after completing 

6358
05:42:33,000 --> 05:42:34,800
the vegetable prep for 
tomorrow's breakfast. 

6359
05:42:34,800 --> 05:42:38,900
Thomas lingers longest because 
fish work creates particularly 

6360
05:42:38,900 --> 05:42:42,100
cleaning challenges involving 
smell removal and thorough 

6361
05:42:42,100 --> 05:42:46,500
sanitization you remain after 
most others of gone partly from 

6362
05:42:46,500 --> 05:42:50,100
dedication and partly from 
reluctance to, immediately climb

6363
05:42:50,100 --> 05:42:53,700
the stairs to your small room 
where nothing awaits, except a 

6364
05:42:53,700 --> 05:42:57,800
narrow bed and the prospect of 
six hours sleep before the cycle

6365
05:42:57,800 --> 05:43:01,100
begins again. 
The kitchen holds a different 

6366
05:43:01,100 --> 05:43:02,600
character in These Quiet 
Moments. 

6367
05:43:02,600 --> 05:43:07,100
The cooking sounds of ceased. 
The heat has begun its slow 

6368
05:43:07,100 --> 05:43:09,900
dissipation. 
The space feels almost peaceful.

6369
05:43:11,700 --> 05:43:14,700
Bridget works at her sinks in 
the scholarly visible. 

6370
05:43:14,700 --> 05:43:18,000
Through the connecting doorway 
her hands move through water. 

6371
05:43:18,000 --> 05:43:21,900
That must be painfully hot. 
Scrubbing at pots that resisted 

6372
05:43:21,900 --> 05:43:25,900
earlier cleaning attempts. 
She shows no indication of hurry

6373
05:43:25,900 --> 05:43:29,100
or frustration. 
The work proceeds at steady 

6374
05:43:29,100 --> 05:43:33,200
Pace, that will continue until 
every item achieves cleanliness 

6375
05:43:33,200 --> 05:43:38,200
that satisfies her standards. 
You join her eventually taking 

6376
05:43:38,200 --> 05:43:41,600
up a scrubbing, brush and 
attacking a roasting pan. 

6377
05:43:41,600 --> 05:43:44,700
That bears, the carbonized 
remains of rendered fat. 

6378
05:43:45,800 --> 05:43:49,000
She glances up briefly nods 
acknowledgment and returns to 

6379
05:43:49,000 --> 05:43:52,600
her own work. 
No conversation passes between 

6380
05:43:52,600 --> 05:43:56,800
you because none is needed. 
The shared labor creates its own

6381
05:43:56,800 --> 05:44:00,200
communication. 
The pain yields to persistent 

6382
05:44:00,200 --> 05:44:04,100
scrubbing. the burned material, 
gradually loosens and washes 

6383
05:44:04,100 --> 05:44:08,200
away, revealing the copper 
beneath Your arms ache from the 

6384
05:44:08,200 --> 05:44:11,400
repetitive motion but you can 
continue until the surface 

6385
05:44:11,400 --> 05:44:16,200
gleams satisfaction comes from 
completing tasks thoroughly, 

6386
05:44:16,200 --> 05:44:20,600
rather than quickly. 
The kitchen clock shows, 11:30. 

6387
05:44:21,400 --> 05:44:26,300
The workday has extended Beyond 
15 hours your feet, hurt your 

6388
05:44:26,300 --> 05:44:30,000
back, carries the accumulated 
strain of constant standing and 

6389
05:44:30,000 --> 05:44:34,400
bending tomorrow will bring 
identical demands the day after 

6390
05:44:34,408 --> 05:44:37,700
that will match tomorrow. 
This represents the reality of 

6391
05:44:37,700 --> 05:44:41,000
kitchen work in a Victorian 
household, where mechanization 

6392
05:44:41,000 --> 05:44:43,700
remains limited and labor 
remains cheap. 

6393
05:44:44,900 --> 05:44:47,800
Bridget finishes the last pot 
and pulls the plug that drains 

6394
05:44:47,800 --> 05:44:51,000
the final sink. 
Water swirls away. 

6395
05:44:51,000 --> 05:44:54,700
Carrying soap suds and food 
particles toward pipes that 

6396
05:44:54,700 --> 05:44:58,200
eventually empty into the Thames
adding kitchen waste to the 

6397
05:44:58,208 --> 05:45:01,000
countless other contributions 
from London's millions of 

6398
05:45:01,008 --> 05:45:04,300
residents. 
She dries her hands on a towel. 

6399
05:45:04,300 --> 05:45:06,400
That looks like it might have 
been white several years ago. 

6400
05:45:07,400 --> 05:45:09,300
Climb the stairs together in 
silence. 

6401
05:45:10,300 --> 05:45:13,700
The house of settled into sleep,
the gas lamps have been 

6402
05:45:13,708 --> 05:45:16,900
extinguished except for a single
light left burning in the main 

6403
05:45:16,900 --> 05:45:20,300
hall for later. 
Arrivals your paths diverge at 

6404
05:45:20,300 --> 05:45:23,900
the third floor, Landing She 
continues upward to the attic 

6405
05:45:23,900 --> 05:45:26,700
rooms where female servants 
sleeping dormitory style 

6406
05:45:26,700 --> 05:45:29,900
Arrangements. 
You turn to the narrow Corridor 

6407
05:45:29,900 --> 05:45:31,600
leading to your small private 
room. 

6408
05:45:32,600 --> 05:45:36,900
The room contains a bed, a 
chair, a small table and hooks 

6409
05:45:36,900 --> 05:45:40,700
on the wall for hanging clothes.
A window looks out on the Alley 

6410
05:45:40,700 --> 05:45:43,200
behind the house. 
Where dust bins, wait for 

6411
05:45:43,200 --> 05:45:46,700
tomorrow's collection. 
The space measures, perhaps 

6412
05:45:46,700 --> 05:45:52,000
eight feet by 10 feet. 
It constitutes luxury compared 

6413
05:45:52,000 --> 05:45:54,300
to the shared rooms occupied by 
junior staff. 

6414
05:45:55,200 --> 05:45:57,600
You remove your kitchen clothes,
and hang them on hooks where 

6415
05:45:57,600 --> 05:46:01,500
they will are out overnight. 
The white jacket shows stains 

6416
05:46:01,500 --> 05:46:05,300
that no amount of washing will 
remove the trousers carry 

6417
05:46:05,300 --> 05:46:07,500
similar marks of service 
tomorrow. 

6418
05:46:07,500 --> 05:46:10,900
You will wear them again and add
new stains to the existing 

6419
05:46:10,900 --> 05:46:13,900
collection. 
Sleep comes quickly, despite 

6420
05:46:13,900 --> 05:46:17,300
physical discomfort. 
Your body has learned to 

6421
05:46:17,300 --> 05:46:21,400
transition rapidly from activity
to rest because the opportunity 

6422
05:46:21,400 --> 05:46:24,900
for Sleep remains too precious 
to waste on gradual settling. 

6423
05:46:25,500 --> 05:46:28,100
Dreams arrived but you will not 
remember them. 

6424
05:46:29,500 --> 05:46:33,000
The unconscious hours and 
morning comes with its rattling 

6425
05:46:33,000 --> 05:46:35,100
door and single call of your 
name. 

6426
05:46:35,800 --> 05:46:39,700
The cycle begins again tomorrow.
You will wait before Dawn and 

6427
05:46:39,708 --> 05:46:43,200
descend into the kitchen 
Darkness, you will like fires 

6428
05:46:43,200 --> 05:46:46,100
and whole water and prepare food
for people who will never know 

6429
05:46:46,100 --> 05:46:48,600
your name. 
This represents the hidden 

6430
05:46:48,600 --> 05:46:51,500
Machinery, that makes Victorian 
Elegance possible. 

6431
05:46:51,500 --> 05:46:55,600
The invisible work, that 
transforms raw ingredients into 

6432
05:46:55,600 --> 05:47:00,200
refined meals, the daily labor 
that supports a system built on 

6433
05:47:00,200 --> 05:47:03,300
Rigid hierarchy and unequal 
distribution of comfort. 

6434
05:47:04,300 --> 05:47:07,200
Your hands have learned skills 
that will sustain you through 

6435
05:47:07,200 --> 05:47:10,300
Decades of service. 
Your mind has absorbed 

6436
05:47:10,300 --> 05:47:12,600
knowledge. 
That separates competent Cooks 

6437
05:47:12,600 --> 05:47:16,800
from exceptional ones, you exist
in a world that values you for 

6438
05:47:16,800 --> 05:47:18,500
production rather than 
personhood. 

6439
05:47:19,200 --> 05:47:21,600
Yet you find satisfaction in 
work done. 

6440
05:47:21,600 --> 05:47:25,500
Well, regardless of recognition.
The kitchen below stairs, 

6441
05:47:25,500 --> 05:47:29,100
represents its own small 
Universe with rules and 

6442
05:47:29,100 --> 05:47:32,700
relationships that mirror the 
larger society while maintaining

6443
05:47:32,700 --> 05:47:36,400
distinct character. 
Here competence matters, more 

6444
05:47:36,400 --> 05:47:39,400
than birth. 
Skill creates advancement 

6445
05:47:39,400 --> 05:47:41,600
opportunities that bloodline 
cannot match. 

6446
05:47:42,400 --> 05:47:45,600
The hierarchy remains strict, 
but allows movement for those 

6447
05:47:45,600 --> 05:47:49,400
willing to work as you settle 
into sleep, my tired potatoes, 

6448
05:47:49,400 --> 05:47:52,800
remember that history, consists 
largely of ordinary people 

6449
05:47:52,800 --> 05:47:56,100
performing daily work, that 
makes civilization possible. 

6450
05:47:57,400 --> 05:47:59,600
The Victorian Chef exists as 
one. 

6451
05:47:59,600 --> 05:48:04,100
Small example among Millions, 
the work continues, the cycle 

6452
05:48:04,100 --> 05:48:07,500
persists, And somewhere in 
London tonight. 

6453
05:48:07,500 --> 05:48:11,100
Another cook climb stairs toward
a few hours of rest before 

6454
05:48:11,100 --> 05:48:12,100
morning calls again.