When Early Modern Humans Encountered Neanderthals | Boring History For Sleep

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Welcome back. 
My tired dumplings tonight. 

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We're going back to a time when 
winter lasted longer than anyone

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alive could remember. 
The glaciers crept South year by

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year, grinding mountains into 
dust and pushing forests into 

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narrow bands of survival. 
Between the ice and the warmer 

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lands to the South layer of 
possibility. 

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This was where life happened. 
So, get cozy. 

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Feel free to let us know how 
you're doing down below in the 

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community Circle, comment 
section, and always know. 

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We curate these stories for you 
to learn something while you 

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snooze, you can look up 
anything. 

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If you're curious. 
Now, please dim your lights, 

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turn on a fan for some ambient 
noise, and let us Journey on 

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inwards. 40,000 years ago, 
Europe was a different world. 

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I shoot stretched across the 
northern lands and two kinds of 

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humans. 
Walk the same forests hunted, 

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the same valleys and shared the 
same cold Stars overhead, This 

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is the story of that meeting the
landscape would look strange to 

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you. 
Now imagine stepping out into a 

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world where the trees are 
scattered and stunted cold winds

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blow across, open grasslands 
that stretched to the horizon. 

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In summer wildflowers burst from
the tundra in waves of purple 

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and gold in Winter, the ground 
freezes. 

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So hard. 
That even the largest animals 

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leave barely a trace, the air 
smells different here. 

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It carries the sharp mineral 
Center of glacial melt and the 

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thick musk of animals. 
You have never seen except in 

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books, mammoths move across the 
plains in family groups, their 

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curved tusks sweep through the 
snow to reach the dried grasses 

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underneath. 
Woolly rhinoceros Lumber through

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river valleys they're thick 
coats matted with ice cave, 

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Lions watch from Rocky outcrops 
their muscles Rippling beneath 

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golden fur. 
Giant elk with antlers spanning 

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12, feet crossed the meadows of 
dawn. 

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You hear their calls echoing 
Through, The Valleys strange and

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Haunting in the pre-dawn light. 
The sky itself seems larger here

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at night the Stars Blaze with an
intensity that no modern city 

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dweller has ever witnessed. 
The Milky Way is not a faint 

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smudge, but a River of Light 
cutting across the darkness 

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Aurora Borealis dances green and
violet to cross the northern 

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Horizon. 
Casting strange Shadows on the 

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snow. 
The Moon Rises huge and orange 

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over the step. 
Illuminating, a world that feels

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both, beautiful and unforgiving.
Rivers run cold and clear from 

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the melting edges of distant 
glaciers in Spring these 

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waterways swell and carve new 
channels through the landscape. 

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Salmon, Run, Upstream in 
numbers, that seem impossible. 

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They're silver bodies flashing 
in the shallows. 

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Bears, wade into the current 
snatching. 

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Fish with practice deficiency, 
wolves. 

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Follow the herds of reindeer and
horse testing for weakness, 

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working in coordinated silence. 
This is the world where our 

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Story begins not in one place, 
but across a vast territory 

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spanning, from what we now, call
Spain to the caves of Southern 

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France from the river valleys of
Germany to the rocky coast of 

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Gibraltar. 
The climate shifts and changes 

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with the centuries. 
Sometimes the ice Retreats and 

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Forest creep North other times, 
the cold tightens its grip and 

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the glaciers advanced again. 
Forcing everything living to 

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adapt or move or disappear. 
In the middle of all this 

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change, human's, make their 
homes. 

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But not one kind of human. 
Two separate lineages each 

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shaped by hundreds of thousands 
of years of evolution in 

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different parts of the world. 
Now, share this challenging 

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landscape. 
They have different bodies 

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different phases, different ways
of thinking about the world 

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around them yet. 
They are both undeniably human. 

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The first group has been here 
for a very long time. 

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Their ancestors, walked these 
lands for over 200,000 years 

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before the second group arrived.
They know, every cave, every 

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seasonal migration route, every 
place, where Flint can be found 

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and shaped into tools, they have
weathered ice ages. 

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That would have destroyed less 
adaptable species. 

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They have learned to read the 
landscape, like a language to 

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predict where game will be and 
when plants will fruit, and how 

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to survive Winters that can kill
in a single night. 

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These are the Neanderthals. 
The name comes from a valley in 

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Germany, where their bones were 
first recognized as belonging to

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an ancient human relative. 
But that Valley was just one 

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small place in a vast territory.
Neanderthals lived across Europe

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and Western Asia for Millennia 
adapting to climate both harsh 

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and Mild developing technologies
that worked raising children who

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learned to survive in a world 
that demanded constant vigilance

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and skill picture in the hall, 
standing on a cliff overlooking,

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a river valley at sunset The 
figure is stockier than a modern

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human built for power and 
endurance rather than the 

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long-distance efficiency that 
would come to characterize later

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populations. 
The body is Barrel, chested with

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thick bones and Powerful muscles
designed to generate and 

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conserve Heat. 
The face is distinctive with a 

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prominent brow Ridge, a large 
nose adapted for warming 

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Frigidaire. 
Before it reaches, the lungs, 

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and a jaw that projects slightly
forward. 

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The hair is thick and probably 
reddish brown based on genetic 

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evidence, we would not discover 
for thousands of years. 

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This person is not a brute or a 
primitive caricature. 

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The eyes are intelligent 
observant, taking in details of 

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the landscape that you might 
miss the group of reindeer moves

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across the opposite Hillside. 
The wind direction is noted the 

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season. 
The condition of the animals, 

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the best approach for tomorrow's
hunt, all of this information 

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processes quickly filed away in 
a brain that is actually 

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slightly larger on average than 
those of modern humans. 

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Behind this solitary Watcher 
deeper in the valley, others are

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making camp for the night. fire 
has been started using methods 

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passed down through, countless, 
generation's Sparks from 

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striking Flint against iron, 
pyrite of court in a bundle of 

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dried fungus and grass Fire is 
fed carefully efficiently. 

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Nothing is wasted in this world.
Flames push back the darkness 

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and the cold. 
They make this one small space 

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feel like home. 
Someone is working on a hide 

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scraping away fat and tissue 
with a stone tool shaped 

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precisely for this purpose. 
Another person naps fresh Flint 

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Sharp crack of stone on Stone, 
ringing out in the evening air. 

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Third tends, the fire and 
prepares food. 

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There is a rhythm to this work, 
a practice ease. 

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That speaks to thousands of 
years of accumulated, knowledge 

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children play near the fire but 
not too close. 

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They learn by watching by doing 
by the gentle. 

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Corrections of those older and 
more experienced. 

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There is no written language, no
recorded history in the way you 

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would recognize it, but there is
teaching nonetheless how to read

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tracks in the snow, which plants
are safe to eat and which will 

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make you sick. 
How to approach dangerous game 

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without getting killed, where to
find the best stone for 

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toolmaking, how to cure high. 
So they stay Supple through the 

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winter. 
The knowledge is vast and vital 

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and passed on through 
observation and practice. 

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This is a sophisticated culture 
though. 

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It leaves fewer traces than the 
civilizations that would come 

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later. 
Neanderthals made complex tools 

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that required careful planning 
and significant skill. 

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The controlled fire built 
shelters created compounded, 

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adhesives by heating birch bark,
at precise temperatures. 

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They cared for their injured and
sick as evidence by individuals 

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who survived wounds and 
disabilities. 

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That would have been fatal 
without help from others. 

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They buried their dead with what
appears to be ceremony and Care.

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Recent evidence suggests, they 
created art, though. 

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The record is frustratingly. 
Sparse shells with traces of 

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pigment carved bones cave, 
paintings and Spain that may 

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predate the arrival of modern 
humans. 

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The picture is incomplete. 
But it hints at in her lives 

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richer than the old stereotypes 
suggested they spoke We cannot 

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know exactly what their language
sounded like. 

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But anatomical evidence 
suggests, they had the physical 

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capacity for complex speech. 
The Highwood bone which supports

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the tongue and larynx is present
in shape much like that of 

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modern humans. 
Their ear anatomy was suited for

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hearing the range of sounds used
in human language. 

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They communicated told stories, 
shared knowledge, warned of 

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danger, probably laughed and 
argued and comforted one. 

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Another in words, we will never 
hear For 200,000 years. 

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Neanderthals were the humans of 
Europe. 

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They saw climate swing wildly 
from warm to cold and back. 

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Again, they watch species go 
extinct and new ones arrive. 

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They adapted survived. 
Endured Their population, 

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probably never grew very large 
by modern standards. 

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Estimates suggest, perhaps tens 
of thousands at any given time 

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spread across a huge territory. 
Small bands, moving with the 

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seasons occasionally meeting 
other groups for trade or to 

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find mates or simply for the 
comfort of seeing other human 

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faces. 
And then around 50,000 years 

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ago, something changed new 
people began arriving from the 

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east and south. 
These newcomers looked different

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moved differently. 
A different kinds of tools. 

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They came in small groups at 
first testing the territory 

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learning its rhythms, they were 
not Invaders In the way later. 

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Migration would be, there were 
no armies, no, organized 

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Conquest. 
Just people moving into new 

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lands, following game and 
opportunity settling in places 

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that seemed promising. 
These were the early modern 

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humans, Homo sapiens our direct 
ancestors they had evolved in 

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Africa over the previous 200,000
years, developing their own 

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distinctive anatomy and culture.
Now they were expanding out of 

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their ancestral Homeland moving 
into the Middle, East, Asia, and

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eventually Europe. 
They were taller and more likely

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the Neanderthals with higher 
foreheads and more prominent 

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chins. 
Their bodies were designed for 

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endurance and efficiency in 
warmer climates though. 

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They proved remarkably adaptable
to the cold The stage was set 

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for an encounter, unlike any 
other in human history. 

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Two human lineages separated for
over half a million years were 

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about to share the same 
Landscapes, the same resources 

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that even the same campsites and
caves what happened next with 

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shape. 
The future of our species in 

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ways that are still being 
discovered and debated today. 

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The Ice Age world was vast and 
often named empty, resources 

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were scattered and seasonal. 
There was room in theory for 

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both groups but territory that 
could support human. 

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Life was limited constrained by 
climate and the distribution of 

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game and freshwater. 
Inevitably these two people's 

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would cross paths, they would 
see each other across valleys 

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and counter each other at 
waterholes and Crossing points. 

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Perhaps compete for the same 
caves and the same hunting 

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grounds. 
How did they react did? 

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They fight trade? 
Ignore each other something 

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more. 
The archaeological record is 

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tantalizingly incomplete, but 
the evidence we do have suggests

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are more complex story than 
simple, conflict, or simple 

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coexistence. 
It hints at interaction, that 

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choices made and relationships 
formed in ways, both expected 

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and surprising. 
But before we explore, what 

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happened, when these two groups 
met, we should understand who 

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the Neanderthals really were, 
not the crude stereotypes of old

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textbooks. 
But the people themselves what 

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their lives were actually like 
day by day season by season, in 

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a world of ice and stone and 
survival. 

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Morning in a neanderthal Camp 
begins before the sun clears. 

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The Horizon. 
The fire from the night before 

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is burned down to Embers but 
someone has been tending. 

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It through the darkness adding 
fuel at intervals to keep the 

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coals alive. 
Fire is too valuable to Let Die 

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creating it from scratch takes 
time and effort and in wet 

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weather it can be nearly 
impossible to maintain what you 

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have. 
The first person to rise 

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rebuilds, the Flames coaxing 
them back to life with dry grass

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and small sticks. 
Smoke Rises straight up in the 

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still mourning. 
Are the temperature hovers, just

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above freezing, your breath 
forms clouds that hang in the 

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air for a moment before 
dissipating around the fire 

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others, begin to stir, pulling 
close to the warmth, blinking 

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away. 
Sleep breakfast, is simple. 

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Dried meat from yesterday's 
kill, perhaps, some early 

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berries. 
If the season is Right water 

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from nearby stream, the food is 
eaten without ceremony, but with

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complete attention, nothing is 
taking for granted here. 

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Full Belly as a gift and you 
have learned to appreciate it. 

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When it comes, the camp is 
located in a rock shelter. 

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A natural overhang that provides
protection from Wind and Rain. 

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00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:34,300
The back wall is blackened from 
countless fires. 

232
00:12:34,300 --> 00:12:38,000
The floor is littered with the 
debris of daily life though. 

233
00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:42,100
Not randomly Stone flakes from 
tool-making, are concentrated in

234
00:12:42,100 --> 00:12:46,000
one area, animal bones in 
another There is organization 

235
00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:48,800
here, patterns, that repeat 
across Neanderthal, sites, 

236
00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:51,400
throughout Europe. 
Today, there will be a hunt 

237
00:12:52,100 --> 00:12:54,300
Several adults have been 
tracking a small herd of Red 

238
00:12:54,300 --> 00:12:57,400
Deer for the past two days, the 
animals are moving toward a 

239
00:12:57,400 --> 00:12:58,900
valley that narrows between two 
Rocky. 

240
00:12:58,900 --> 00:13:02,000
Slopes, the kind of terrain that
gives Hunters an advantage. 

241
00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:06,000
The plan has been discussed and 
refined everyone knows their 

242
00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:08,500
role hunting. 
For neanderthals is not the 

243
00:13:08,500 --> 00:13:10,800
romantic adventure depicted in 
old painting's. 

244
00:13:10,800 --> 00:13:14,100
It is calculated risk, careful 
stalking and moments of 

245
00:13:14,100 --> 00:13:17,200
explosive violence. 
The weapons are simple, but 

246
00:13:17,200 --> 00:13:19,800
effective, wooden Spears with 
stone points. 

247
00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:21,900
Hardened over fire for 
durability. 

248
00:13:21,900 --> 00:13:25,400
The spears are not thrown from a
distance but used for close 

249
00:13:25,400 --> 00:13:27,900
range thrusting. 
This requires getting 

250
00:13:27,900 --> 00:13:30,900
dangerously near to animals that
can kill you with a kick or a 

251
00:13:30,900 --> 00:13:33,600
gold antler. 
The Hunting Party moves out as 

252
00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:36,700
the sun rises higher. 
They leave behind the very young

253
00:13:36,700 --> 00:13:40,000
and very old those who would 
slow the pursuit or are too 

254
00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:43,200
valuable to risk. 
Neanderthal groups were probably

255
00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:47,400
small, maybe 20 to 30 
individuals at most losing even 

256
00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:49,800
one person could threaten the 
whole group survival. 

257
00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:52,800
The country they move through. 
Is neither Forest nor open 

258
00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:56,700
plain, but something in between 
scattered Pine and birch, trees 

259
00:13:56,700 --> 00:13:59,500
grow along the river. 
Bottoms the higher ground is 

260
00:13:59,500 --> 00:14:02,900
covered in tough grasses, and 
low shrubs in the distance, the 

261
00:14:02,900 --> 00:14:05,100
white peaks of mountains. 
Mark the edge of the ice 

262
00:14:05,100 --> 00:14:08,200
glaciers visible. 
Even from here, though, they are

263
00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:12,000
still many days travel away. 
The hunters move quietly. 

264
00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:15,300
Reading signs invisible to 
untrained eyes. 

265
00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:19,100
Broken Branch at a certain 
height indicates where a deer 

266
00:14:19,100 --> 00:14:22,700
passed through yesterday. 
Tracks in soft mud show which 

267
00:14:22,700 --> 00:14:25,000
direction they were heading and 
how fast they were moving. 

268
00:14:25,900 --> 00:14:29,000
Dropping is reveal how recently 
the animals were here and what 

269
00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:31,700
they have been eating. 
This is a deep literacy of 

270
00:14:31,700 --> 00:14:35,200
landscape accumulated, over 
Generations as precise and 

271
00:14:35,200 --> 00:14:38,300
meaningful as any written 
language by midday. 

272
00:14:38,300 --> 00:14:42,100
They have closed the distance, 
the deer head grazing in a 

273
00:14:42,100 --> 00:14:43,900
meadow bordered by rocks on two 
sides. 

274
00:14:43,900 --> 00:14:46,600
The wind is blowing from the 
animals toward the hunters, 

275
00:14:46,600 --> 00:14:50,900
carrying their scent away, good.
The hunter spread out moving 

276
00:14:50,900 --> 00:14:53,400
into position with patients that
come from understanding. 

277
00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:55,900
There is only one chance to get 
this, right? 

278
00:14:55,900 --> 00:14:59,400
The attack when it comes is 
Swift and coordinated. 

279
00:15:00,500 --> 00:15:03,200
Several Spears thrust almost 
simultaneously into the flank of

280
00:15:03,208 --> 00:15:05,800
an older female who was 
separated slightly from The 

281
00:15:05,800 --> 00:15:09,100
Herd. 
Staggers tries to run, but the 

282
00:15:09,100 --> 00:15:12,900
wounds are deep, the other deer 
scatter and panic, bounding away

283
00:15:12,900 --> 00:15:15,100
across the meadow and 
disappearing into the trees. 

284
00:15:15,100 --> 00:15:18,100
The injured animal makes it 
perhaps 50 meters before. 

285
00:15:18,100 --> 00:15:22,200
Collapsing, the hunters approach
carefully wounded animals can 

286
00:15:22,200 --> 00:15:24,800
still be dangerous but this one 
is clearly dying. 

287
00:15:24,800 --> 00:15:28,500
Her breathing labored and 
shallow someone delivers a final

288
00:15:28,500 --> 00:15:30,000
thrust to end the suffering 
quickly. 

289
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:33,300
There is no waste of energy, no 
unnecessary cruelty. 

290
00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:37,800
This is food, survival respect 
for the animal. 

291
00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:39,900
That makes your continued 
existence possible. 

292
00:15:39,900 --> 00:15:43,200
The butchering begins 
immediately stone tools, slice 

293
00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:46,600
through hide and muscle with 
practiced efficiency, the best 

294
00:15:46,600 --> 00:15:50,300
cuts of meat are removed first, 
then the organs, the bones with 

295
00:15:50,300 --> 00:15:54,300
marrow, useful, tendons, and 
sinew The highest carefully 

296
00:15:54,300 --> 00:15:58,300
removed in one piece valuable 
for clothing or shelter, nothing

297
00:15:58,300 --> 00:16:01,800
is discarded thoughtlessly. 
Even bones will be cracked open 

298
00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:03,600
for marrow, or shaped into 
tools. 

299
00:16:03,600 --> 00:16:07,800
What cannot be carried as cached
buried in a cold spot where it 

300
00:16:07,800 --> 00:16:10,300
might last a day, or two before 
scavengers find it. 

301
00:16:10,300 --> 00:16:13,700
The group loads, the cells with 
his much as they can bear. 

302
00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:16,000
The journey back to Camp takes 
longer. 

303
00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:19,500
Now heavy with success, this one
deer might feed the group for 

304
00:16:19,500 --> 00:16:22,200
several days allowing time for 
other activities like 

305
00:16:22,200 --> 00:16:24,900
tool-making hide processing or 
simply rest. 

306
00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:27,300
Back at Camp, the meters 
divided. 

307
00:16:27,300 --> 00:16:30,400
According to patterns, we can 
only guess at like Lee, those 

308
00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:33,500
who participated in the hunt 
receive larger shares, but the 

309
00:16:33,500 --> 00:16:36,600
young and old are not left out 
survival in small groups, 

310
00:16:36,600 --> 00:16:38,800
depends on taking care of 
everyone, not just the 

311
00:16:38,800 --> 00:16:41,600
strongest. 
A child today might be a hunter 

312
00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:43,800
tomorrow. 
An elder carries knowledge to 

313
00:16:43,800 --> 00:16:47,700
valuable to lose some of the 
meters eaten fresh cooked. 

314
00:16:47,700 --> 00:16:50,300
Over the fire until the outside 
is charred and the inside 

315
00:16:50,300 --> 00:16:53,100
tender. 
Fats sizzles and Pops, filling 

316
00:16:53,100 --> 00:16:55,300
the rock shelter with Rich. 
Smells that make your mouth 

317
00:16:55,300 --> 00:16:58,200
water. 
Other portions are cut thin and 

318
00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:00,800
hung to dry preserving them for 
future need. 

319
00:17:01,500 --> 00:17:03,200
Nothing. 
Here is a abundant enough to 

320
00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:06,400
waste as evening settles in the 
pace slows. 

321
00:17:06,400 --> 00:17:09,500
Someone works on repairing. 
A spear that was damaged in the 

322
00:17:09,500 --> 00:17:12,300
hunt carefully. 
Attaching a new Stone Point with

323
00:17:12,300 --> 00:17:15,700
cordage, made from plant fibers 
and sealed with Birch tar. 

324
00:17:15,700 --> 00:17:20,000
Adhesive Processes, intricate, 
requiring multiple steps and 

325
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:22,800
precise timing. 
The Tama must be heated to 

326
00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:25,500
exactly the right temperature or
it will not work. 

327
00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:29,500
This is chemistry albeit learned
through trial and error. 

328
00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:32,900
Over countless Generations. 
Another person scrapes the deer,

329
00:17:32,900 --> 00:17:35,500
hide working it back and forth. 
Over a smooth Stone to remove 

330
00:17:35,500 --> 00:17:38,400
every trace of fat. 
And tissue later, it will be 

331
00:17:38,408 --> 00:17:42,400
cured and softened transformed 
from a stiff bloody skin into 

332
00:17:42,400 --> 00:17:45,600
Supple leather. 
This takes days of work but the 

333
00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:48,100
result is worth it. 
Good clothing means the 

334
00:17:48,100 --> 00:17:51,300
difference between comfort and 
misery and winter children. 

335
00:17:51,300 --> 00:17:54,600
Watch Occasionally help learning
skills. 

336
00:17:54,600 --> 00:17:57,000
They will need to master by the 
time, they reach adult hood. 

337
00:17:57,700 --> 00:18:01,000
There is no formal schooling but
education happens constantly 

338
00:18:01,000 --> 00:18:02,400
through observation and 
participation. 

339
00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:06,000
A child, learns to nap Flint by 
watching an adult. 

340
00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:08,200
Then trying with guidance and 
correction. 

341
00:18:09,100 --> 00:18:12,200
They learned to identify plants 
by following forages and testing

342
00:18:12,200 --> 00:18:14,300
their knowledge. 
They learned to move quietly 

343
00:18:14,300 --> 00:18:16,700
through the forest by 
accompanying hunters and being 

344
00:18:16,700 --> 00:18:19,100
taught what not to do 
Neanderthal. 

345
00:18:19,100 --> 00:18:22,500
Childhood was probably short of 
the modern childhood children 

346
00:18:22,500 --> 00:18:25,400
had to become capable 
contributors relatively quickly,

347
00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:28,800
but there was still time for 
play for exploration for 

348
00:18:28,800 --> 00:18:30,500
developing bonds with others in 
the group. 

349
00:18:31,300 --> 00:18:33,300
Toys have been found at 
Neanderthal sites. 

350
00:18:33,300 --> 00:18:36,700
Simple carved objects that 
suggests Leisure and Imagination

351
00:18:36,700 --> 00:18:38,600
existed even in this demanding 
world. 

352
00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:42,200
The group's territory is large, 
perhaps several hundred square 

353
00:18:42,200 --> 00:18:44,400
kilometers. 
They do not settle permanently 

354
00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:46,500
in one place, but move 
throughout the year. 

355
00:18:46,500 --> 00:18:50,700
Following seasonal resources. 
In summer, they might camp in 

356
00:18:50,708 --> 00:18:54,200
open Meadows, near good, hunting
in Winter, they Retreat, to 

357
00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:57,100
protected, Rock shelters, and 
caves, they know this land. 

358
00:18:57,100 --> 00:19:00,800
Intimately every source of fresh
water, every outcropping of 

359
00:19:00,808 --> 00:19:03,100
useful Stone. 
Every pass through the 

360
00:19:03,100 --> 00:19:07,200
mountains, every place where 
certain plants grow other groups

361
00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:09,800
exist in neighboring, 
territories, but contact is 

362
00:19:09,800 --> 00:19:13,300
probably infrequent. 
A few times a year, different 

363
00:19:13,300 --> 00:19:15,400
bands might meet at neutral 
gathering places. 

364
00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:19,000
These meetings serve important 
functions they allow young 

365
00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:21,200
people to find mates outside 
their immediate family 

366
00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:24,800
preventing inbreeding. 
They enable trade of tools, raw 

367
00:19:24,800 --> 00:19:28,300
materials and information, they 
reinforce social bonds and 

368
00:19:28,300 --> 00:19:30,300
cultural knowledge at these 
gatherings. 

369
00:19:30,300 --> 00:19:33,100
There might be feasting 
storytelling demonstrations of 

370
00:19:33,100 --> 00:19:35,900
skill. 
Particularly talented toolmaker 

371
00:19:35,900 --> 00:19:38,300
might trade their products for 
access to high-quality Flint 

372
00:19:38,300 --> 00:19:42,300
from another Flint's territory. 
A successful Hunter might gain 

373
00:19:42,300 --> 00:19:45,800
status through displays of 
prowess, or generosity young 

374
00:19:45,800 --> 00:19:48,300
people might form bonds that 
lead to joining another group, 

375
00:19:48,300 --> 00:19:52,100
the total Neanderthal population
of cross Europe and Western Asia

376
00:19:52,100 --> 00:19:56,000
at any given time was probably 
modest estimates range from a 

377
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:59,700
few thousands to perhaps 70,000 
individuals, though the numbers 

378
00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:02,200
likely fluctuated with climate 
and resource availability. 

379
00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:06,600
These are small populations by 
modern standards vulnerable to 

380
00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:08,700
random catastrophes and genetic 
drift. 

381
00:20:09,500 --> 00:20:11,900
But what they lacked in numbers 
they compensated for in 

382
00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:15,900
durability neanderthals thrived 
for over 200,000 years in 

383
00:20:15,900 --> 00:20:18,600
environments that swung from 
temperate to glacial and back 

384
00:20:18,600 --> 00:20:21,200
again. 
They survived volcanic eruptions

385
00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:23,900
ice ages and the extinction of 
prey species. 

386
00:20:23,900 --> 00:20:27,500
They were not primitive or 
doomed by biological inadequacy.

387
00:20:27,500 --> 00:20:31,100
They were highly successful 
humans adapted to their world 

388
00:20:31,100 --> 00:20:35,200
and capable of remarkable 
Ingenuity their tools while 

389
00:20:35,200 --> 00:20:37,500
simpler in some ways than those 
that would later be made by 

390
00:20:37,500 --> 00:20:39,700
modern humans were far from 
crewed. 

391
00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:43,000
The Mysterion tradition named 
after a site in France, 

392
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:45,400
represents a sophisticated 
approach to Stone tool 

393
00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:48,000
manufacture. 
A single carefully prepared. 

394
00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:51,600
Stone core could yield dozens of
sharp flakes, each shaped for 

395
00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:55,800
specific purposes scrapers for 
processing, hides points for 

396
00:20:55,800 --> 00:20:59,000
Spears blades for butchering. 
The makers understood the 

397
00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:02,200
properties of different types of
stone and exploited them. 

398
00:21:02,200 --> 00:21:05,600
Expertly recent discoveries have
expanded our understanding of 

399
00:21:05,600 --> 00:21:09,400
Neanderthal capabilities even 
further they created pigments by

400
00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:12,500
grinding and heating minerals. 
Though we are still uncertain 

401
00:21:12,500 --> 00:21:16,100
exactly how these were used. 
They crafted jewelry from eagle 

402
00:21:16,100 --> 00:21:19,600
talons and shells, suggesting 
symbolic thought and personal 

403
00:21:19,600 --> 00:21:22,200
adornment. 
They used medicinal plants 

404
00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:25,500
identified through residue on 
their teeth, indicating 

405
00:21:25,500 --> 00:21:27,200
knowledge of healing and pain 
relief. 

406
00:21:28,000 --> 00:21:30,400
The haps, most remarkably, they 
cared for the vulnerable. 

407
00:21:31,200 --> 00:21:33,600
Skeletons have been found 
showing evidence of severe 

408
00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:35,900
injuries or disabilities that 
healed over time. 

409
00:21:35,900 --> 00:21:39,300
Proving the individual survived 
long after they would have died 

410
00:21:39,300 --> 00:21:42,400
without help. 
A partially paralyzed person. 

411
00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:46,100
Someone with a withered arm, an 
individual missing, most of 

412
00:21:46,100 --> 00:21:50,500
their teeth unable to process, 
raw food independently, These 

413
00:21:50,500 --> 00:21:53,000
people lived because others 
chose to keep them alive to 

414
00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:54,700
share food and provide 
protection. 

415
00:21:54,700 --> 00:21:58,000
This is compassion. 
This is community. 

416
00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:02,000
This is what makes us human in 
the deepest sense of that word. 

417
00:22:03,100 --> 00:22:05,700
Neanderthals buried their dead, 
though, the practice was 

418
00:22:05,700 --> 00:22:08,700
probably not Universal. 
Some Graves show signs of 

419
00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:12,400
deliberate Arrangement, the body
positioned carefully sometimes 

420
00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:14,600
accompanied by objects or even 
flowers. 

421
00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:18,900
The meaning of these burials is 
debated, were they expressions 

422
00:22:18,900 --> 00:22:22,600
of grief religious belief or 
simply a practical way, to 

423
00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:24,900
dispose of remains and 
discourage scavengers? 

424
00:22:24,900 --> 00:22:28,900
We may never know for certain 
Care taken in some cases, 

425
00:22:28,900 --> 00:22:31,300
suggests something Beyond me a 
utility. 

426
00:22:31,900 --> 00:22:34,600
Their world was hard but it was 
not without beauty or meaning. 

427
00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:38,200
They experience sunrises and 
storms, the return of spring. 

428
00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:41,200
After brutal Winters, the 
satisfaction of a successful 

429
00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:43,700
hunt, the warmth of fire on a 
cold night. 

430
00:22:43,700 --> 00:22:47,500
They love their children, 
mourned their Dead celebrated 

431
00:22:47,500 --> 00:22:50,100
their successes. 
They were people in all the 

432
00:22:50,100 --> 00:22:54,600
complexity that word implies and
into this world around 50,000 

433
00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:58,700
years ago, came new people who 
would change everything The 

434
00:22:58,700 --> 00:23:01,400
story of modern humans begins 
far from the ice and mountains 

435
00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:04,400
of Ice Age Europe. 
It begins in Africa in 

436
00:23:04,400 --> 00:23:07,500
Landscapes of grasslands and 
Scattered trees in river. 

437
00:23:07,500 --> 00:23:11,200
Valleys and coastal plains. 
This is where our species 

438
00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:14,400
evolved where we developed the 
anatomy and behaviors that 

439
00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:18,200
define homo sapiens. 
By 200,000 years ago. 

440
00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:21,600
Early modern humans were living 
in eastern and southern Africa. 

441
00:23:21,600 --> 00:23:23,900
They looked much like people do 
today. 

442
00:23:24,700 --> 00:23:28,300
Tall and lightly built with high
foreheads and prominent chins, 

443
00:23:28,300 --> 00:23:31,400
less robustly, built than their 
Neanderthal cousins to the 

444
00:23:31,408 --> 00:23:33,500
north. 
Their bodies were adapted for 

445
00:23:33,500 --> 00:23:36,500
endurance in warm climates, 
efficient at shedding heat. 

446
00:23:36,500 --> 00:23:40,100
Rather than conserving it 
Thousands of generations. 

447
00:23:40,100 --> 00:23:43,300
They remained in Africa. 
The continent was large and 

448
00:23:43,300 --> 00:23:44,800
diverse enough to support 
growing. 

449
00:23:44,800 --> 00:23:48,200
Populations resources were 
relatively abundant compared to 

450
00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:51,000
the northern latitudes. 
Who was no immediate pressure to

451
00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:55,600
leave but humans are curious 
Restless, always looking beyond 

452
00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:59,400
the next Horizon. 
Around 100,000 years ago, some 

453
00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:02,900
groups began moving North. 
The first attempt to expand Out 

454
00:24:02,900 --> 00:24:06,000
of Africa, may have faltered 
turning back or dieing out. 

455
00:24:06,900 --> 00:24:10,000
But eventually some succeeded in
establishing population in the 

456
00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:12,800
Middle East. 
From there, the expansion 

457
00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:17,200
accelerated group, spread East 
into Asia South into the islands

458
00:24:17,200 --> 00:24:20,100
of south East Asia and 
eventually North into Europe. 

459
00:24:21,200 --> 00:24:24,500
The journey took 1,000 of years.
It was not a purposeful 

460
00:24:24,500 --> 00:24:27,700
migration in the modern sense, 
not a decision to travel from 

461
00:24:27,700 --> 00:24:31,600
one specific place to another 
Instead it was a gradual 

462
00:24:31,600 --> 00:24:34,700
expansion of range, each 
generation moving slightly 

463
00:24:34,700 --> 00:24:39,100
farther than the last following 
game and opportunity settling in

464
00:24:39,100 --> 00:24:42,500
promising areas and occasionally
sending out explorers, who would

465
00:24:42,500 --> 00:24:45,200
become the founders of new 
populations father of field. 

466
00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:49,100
Imagine being part of one of 
those early groups moving into 

467
00:24:49,100 --> 00:24:50,900
territory where your people have
never been. 

468
00:24:51,700 --> 00:24:54,100
You have left behind the 
Landscapes, your ancestors knew 

469
00:24:54,100 --> 00:24:58,100
for countless Generations. 
Everything here is new different

470
00:24:58,100 --> 00:25:01,500
plants, different animals, 
different weather patterns, you 

471
00:25:01,500 --> 00:25:05,000
must learn it all from scratch. 
Adapting techniques developed in

472
00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:08,100
warmer climates to work. 
In this colder stranger place. 

473
00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:12,200
The root North from Africa, 
passed through the Levant. the 

474
00:25:12,208 --> 00:25:16,100
crossroads were Asia Africa and 
Europe meet This region was 

475
00:25:16,100 --> 00:25:19,700
milder than the Frozen North. 
A transitional Zone where modern

476
00:25:19,700 --> 00:25:22,200
humans first encountered traces 
of other human groups. 

477
00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:26,000
Neanderthals had been here too, 
their tools and campsites 

478
00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:29,600
evidence of their presence For a
Time both groups, probably 

479
00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:32,700
shared this territory though the
evidence for direct interaction 

480
00:25:32,700 --> 00:25:36,600
is frustratingly limited. 
From the Middle East, some 

481
00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:39,900
groups turned East toward Asia. 
Others continued North in to 

482
00:25:39,900 --> 00:25:43,100
what is now turkey and the 
caucuses and some eventually 

483
00:25:43,100 --> 00:25:47,300
pushed West into Europe itself. 
This was the most challenging 

484
00:25:47,300 --> 00:25:51,100
route leading directly into 
Neanderthal Heartland during an 

485
00:25:51,100 --> 00:25:54,700
Ice Age, why go perhaps 
population pressure from behind 

486
00:25:54,700 --> 00:25:58,200
drove them forward, perhaps 
curiosity, and the human impulse

487
00:25:58,200 --> 00:26:00,100
to explore. 
Perhaps they were following 

488
00:26:00,100 --> 00:26:03,600
herds of animals moving with 
seasonal patterns or maybe there

489
00:26:03,600 --> 00:26:08,100
was no Grand reason, just small 
choices made year by year Camp 

490
00:26:08,100 --> 00:26:10,800
by Camp. 
That collectively resulted in a 

491
00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:14,600
massive, Geographic expansion. 
By around 45,000 years ago. 

492
00:26:14,600 --> 00:26:17,700
Modern humans were arriving in 
Europe in significant numbers. 

493
00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:21,400
They entered from the South-East
following river, valleys and 

494
00:26:21,400 --> 00:26:24,000
Coastal routes. 
The climate at this time was 

495
00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:27,600
cold but not at its worth. 
The ice sheets are temporarily 

496
00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:30,300
retreated creating a window of 
opportunity for settlement. 

497
00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:34,100
These early Europeans brought 
technologies that differed from 

498
00:26:34,100 --> 00:26:37,600
Neanderthal, traditions They 
made smaller more, specialized 

499
00:26:37,600 --> 00:26:41,000
stone tools, including delicate 
blades and points that required 

500
00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:44,700
significant skill to produce. 
They crafted tools from bone and

501
00:26:44,700 --> 00:26:47,200
antler materials that 
neanderthals used. 

502
00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:51,100
But not as extensively, they 
created beads and pendants from 

503
00:26:51,100 --> 00:26:54,200
shells and teeth, marking the 
beginning of a tradition of 

504
00:26:54,200 --> 00:26:57,200
personal adornment that would 
become increasingly elaborate 

505
00:26:57,200 --> 00:26:59,900
over time. 
Perhaps most significantly. 

506
00:26:59,900 --> 00:27:02,700
They brought a different 
approach to Resource, use and 

507
00:27:02,700 --> 00:27:05,700
social organization. 
While neanderthals tended to 

508
00:27:05,708 --> 00:27:08,700
stay within relatively 
restricted, territories, modern 

509
00:27:08,700 --> 00:27:11,200
humans. 
Ranged more widely establishing 

510
00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:14,000
trade networks that moved 
materials, like shells and 

511
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:17,600
high-quality Stone over 
distances of kilometers. 

512
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:21,500
This suggests larger social 
networks more contact between 

513
00:27:21,500 --> 00:27:24,500
distant groups and a different 
relationship with territory and 

514
00:27:24,500 --> 00:27:28,000
resources. 
First modern humans in Europe 

515
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:31,300
faced, the same challenges that 
neanderthals had long since 

516
00:27:31,300 --> 00:27:35,500
mastered, surviving the cold, 
finding food in the landscape, 

517
00:27:35,500 --> 00:27:39,000
where resources were seasonal 
and unpredictable avoiding 

518
00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:42,600
predators that were fast faster,
stronger and better armed than 

519
00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:45,500
any human. 
They had to learn quickly or 

520
00:27:45,500 --> 00:27:49,400
die. 
But they had one advantage, they

521
00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:51,300
could learn not just from their 
own experience. 

522
00:27:51,300 --> 00:27:54,200
But from anyone they 
encountered, if they met Lee 

523
00:27:54,200 --> 00:27:57,200
Andersons, observe their 
technique's saw what worked and 

524
00:27:57,200 --> 00:28:00,400
what did not that knowledge? 
Could be absorbed and adapted. 

525
00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:02,800
Innovation could flow between 
groups. 

526
00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:05,200
Accelerating the pace of 
cultural evolution. 

527
00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:09,200
Picture a small band of modern 
humans in their first European 

528
00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:11,700
winter. 
They have never experienced cold

529
00:28:11,700 --> 00:28:14,700
like this. 
The African Savanna even at its 

530
00:28:14,700 --> 00:28:17,800
coolest, never prepared them for
temperatures that can freeze 

531
00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:20,600
Exposed Skin in minutes. 
They huddle in a cave. 

532
00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:23,600
They found a band and trying to 
keep a fire burning with wet 

533
00:28:23,600 --> 00:28:26,300
wood. 
The wind howls outside driving 

534
00:28:26,300 --> 00:28:29,100
snow through the entrance. 
This is not survival. 

535
00:28:29,100 --> 00:28:33,100
This is barely endurance. 
Then perhaps they encounter 

536
00:28:33,100 --> 00:28:36,300
neanderthals, maybe they see 
smoke from a nearby fire and 

537
00:28:36,300 --> 00:28:39,700
cautiously approach. 
Maybe they find a campsite and 

538
00:28:39,700 --> 00:28:42,500
examine the remains learning 
from the arrangement and tools. 

539
00:28:42,500 --> 00:28:46,600
Maybe there is a face-to-face 
meeting tense and uncertain, two

540
00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:48,600
groups of humans. 
Trying to decide if the others 

541
00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:49,900
represent, threat or 
opportunity. 

542
00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:53,200
What happens. 
Next changes, everything. 

543
00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:57,300
The archaeological record shows.
Something remarkable at several 

544
00:28:57,300 --> 00:28:59,300
sights in Europe. 
We find evidence of both 

545
00:28:59,300 --> 00:29:02,100
neanderthals and modern humans 
using the same locations, 

546
00:29:02,100 --> 00:29:05,900
sometimes, separated, by years 
sometimes, apparently, at the 

547
00:29:05,900 --> 00:29:09,400
same time, the tools of both 
groups appear in the same layers

548
00:29:09,400 --> 00:29:12,000
of sediment, the remains of 
their fires are intermingled. 

549
00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:15,700
They were here together. 
One of the most telling sights 

550
00:29:15,700 --> 00:29:19,700
is in southern France in the 
Roan Valley multiple caves and 

551
00:29:19,700 --> 00:29:22,600
rock shelters show. 
Occupation by both groups, over 

552
00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:24,300
a period of several thousand 
years. 

553
00:29:24,300 --> 00:29:28,700
The stratigraphy is complex 
layers upon layers of habitation

554
00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:32,000
separated by periods of 
Abandonment when the climate 

555
00:29:32,000 --> 00:29:34,600
became too harsh, even for these
hardy people. 

556
00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:38,200
But what is clear is that this 
was shared territory used by 

557
00:29:38,200 --> 00:29:40,600
both populations at different 
times and possibly 

558
00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:44,400
simultaneously. 
In some cases Neanderthal tools 

559
00:29:44,400 --> 00:29:46,600
show influences from Modern 
human techniques. 

560
00:29:47,300 --> 00:29:51,100
Stone points, become more 
refined new style that blend 

561
00:29:51,100 --> 00:29:52,800
characteristics of both 
traditions. 

562
00:29:52,800 --> 00:29:56,200
This suggests knowledge, 
transfer learning cultural 

563
00:29:56,200 --> 00:29:58,500
exchange. 
If the two groups never 

564
00:29:58,500 --> 00:30:00,700
interacted. 
How could such changes occur 

565
00:30:00,700 --> 00:30:04,400
other sites, tell different 
stories places where only 

566
00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:08,000
Neanderthal artifacts are found 
with no trace of modern humans 

567
00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:11,000
regions where modern humans seem
to have established themselves 

568
00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:14,700
without any Neanderthal. 
Presence, The picture is not 

569
00:30:14,700 --> 00:30:18,200
uniform across Europe, different
regions, different outcomes. 

570
00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:22,200
Some places saw contact and 
mixing others remained isolated.

571
00:30:23,900 --> 00:30:26,900
The island of dribble to the 
southern tip of Spain appears to

572
00:30:26,900 --> 00:30:29,900
have been one of the last 
Neanderthal refugees, the 

573
00:30:29,900 --> 00:30:32,200
climate there remained 
relatively mild, even during the

574
00:30:32,200 --> 00:30:35,500
worst of the Ice Age resources 
from both land and sea were 

575
00:30:35,500 --> 00:30:39,500
available neanderthals lived 
there until patch 28,000 years 

576
00:30:39,500 --> 00:30:42,700
ago, thousands of years after 
they had disappeared from most 

577
00:30:42,700 --> 00:30:45,000
of Europe. 
Did they know they were among 

578
00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:48,000
the last, did they have any 
concept of this species? 

579
00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:52,100
Dwindling toward Extinction? 
In Croatia at a cave called 

580
00:30:52,100 --> 00:30:55,400
vintage both Neanderthal and 
modern human remains have been 

581
00:30:55,408 --> 00:30:57,700
found in deposits. 
Dated roughly the same time 

582
00:30:57,700 --> 00:31:00,100
period. 
The dating is not precise enough

583
00:31:00,100 --> 00:31:01,600
to prove. 
They were there simultaneously, 

584
00:31:01,600 --> 00:31:06,100
but the overlap is suggestive. 
This was a border Zone, a place.

585
00:31:06,100 --> 00:31:11,000
Where two worlds met Swabian 
Jura in southern Germany, has 

586
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:14,100
yielded some of the earliest 
modern Human Art in Europe. 

587
00:31:14,900 --> 00:31:18,200
Carved Ivory figurines, 
depicting animals and strange. 

588
00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:22,400
Human animal hybrids. 
Flutes made from bird bones, the

589
00:31:22,400 --> 00:31:23,900
oldest known musical 
instruments. 

590
00:31:24,700 --> 00:31:28,300
These objects date to around 
40,000 years ago, just when 

591
00:31:28,300 --> 00:31:31,400
modern humans were establishing 
themselves in the region, they 

592
00:31:31,400 --> 00:31:35,400
represent a cultural flowering a
burst of creativity and symbolic

593
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:38,200
expression. 
Neanderthals were still present 

594
00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:40,900
in this region at that time. 
Did they see these? 

595
00:31:40,900 --> 00:31:45,100
Carvings hear the music, did the
presence of new neighbors with 

596
00:31:45,100 --> 00:31:48,600
new ways of thinking, Inspire 
them, threaten them, or simply 

597
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:51,200
puzzle them? 
we know from later evidence that

598
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:53,900
the two groups did more than 
just shared space, they 

599
00:31:53,900 --> 00:31:57,800
interbred The genetic data is 
unambiguous on this point. 

600
00:31:57,800 --> 00:32:01,300
All non-african people today 
carry roughly, one to 2% 

601
00:32:01,300 --> 00:32:03,300
Neanderthal, DNA in their 
genome's. 

602
00:32:03,300 --> 00:32:06,500
This means that some point 
neanderthals and modern humans 

603
00:32:06,500 --> 00:32:09,600
had children together and those 
children survived and reproduced

604
00:32:09,600 --> 00:32:12,700
passing on a mixture of both 
ancestry's to Future 

605
00:32:12,700 --> 00:32:16,100
Generations. 
When did this happen where, how 

606
00:32:16,100 --> 00:32:19,200
often? 
The genetic suggest most of the 

607
00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:22,100
interbreeding occurred 
relatively early probably in the

608
00:32:22,100 --> 00:32:24,600
Middle East before. 
Modern humans had fully into 

609
00:32:24,600 --> 00:32:27,300
Europe, but there may have been 
later, encounters as well, 

610
00:32:27,300 --> 00:32:30,700
smaller events that left less 
clear genetic signatures what 

611
00:32:30,700 --> 00:32:33,800
were these encounters like were 
they peaceful coercive 

612
00:32:33,800 --> 00:32:37,400
consensual? 
The bones and jeans cannot tell 

613
00:32:37,400 --> 00:32:39,400
us about individual experiences 
or emotions. 

614
00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:42,600
We can only infer from the 
patterns and try to imagine the 

615
00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:46,000
reality behind the data, but a 
young, modern human woman 

616
00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:50,100
separated from her group during 
a hunting accident is found by a

617
00:32:50,100 --> 00:32:53,400
neanderthal band. 
She's injured unable to travel. 

618
00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:57,700
They take her in care for her 
and over time, she becomes part 

619
00:32:57,700 --> 00:33:00,500
of their community. 
She has children with a 

620
00:33:00,500 --> 00:33:03,100
Neanderthal man and those 
children grow up between two 

621
00:33:03,100 --> 00:33:07,400
worlds, carrying genes from both
lineages or perhaps a 

622
00:33:07,400 --> 00:33:09,500
neanderthal youth, curious and 
bold. 

623
00:33:09,500 --> 00:33:12,100
Seeks out the new people. 
Camped in a neighboring Valley. 

624
00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:15,900
Trade begins. 
Then friendship then something 

625
00:33:15,900 --> 00:33:19,300
more intimate, the details 
matter that they are lost to 

626
00:33:19,300 --> 00:33:21,500
time. 
What we know is that it 

627
00:33:21,500 --> 00:33:24,100
happened. 
The evidence exists in every 

628
00:33:24,100 --> 00:33:26,500
cell of your body. 
If your ancestors came from 

629
00:33:26,500 --> 00:33:30,300
outside of Africa, you carry 
Neanderthal, genes, they 

630
00:33:30,300 --> 00:33:33,400
contributed to your immune 
system, your skin tone, your 

631
00:33:33,400 --> 00:33:36,600
susceptibility to certain 
diseases, they are part of what 

632
00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:39,200
makes you human? 
This was not replacement. 

633
00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:42,400
This was not conquest and 
genocide though. 

634
00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:45,800
Competition and conflict, surely
occurred, this was a more 

635
00:33:45,808 --> 00:33:49,600
complex process of interaction. 
Change and ultimately 

636
00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:52,300
absorption. 
Over thousands of years, 

637
00:33:52,300 --> 00:33:55,800
neanderthals as a distinct 
population disappeared, but they

638
00:33:55,800 --> 00:33:59,200
did not vanish completely. 
They live on in us a ghost 

639
00:33:59,200 --> 00:34:01,200
population, visible. 
Only through the lens of 

640
00:34:01,200 --> 00:34:04,400
genetics. 
The frontier between Neanderthal

641
00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:06,900
and modern. 
Human populations was not a line

642
00:34:06,908 --> 00:34:09,199
on a map, but a shifting Mosaic 
of territories. 

643
00:34:09,199 --> 00:34:12,900
A patchwork of occupied and 
empty lands that changed with 

644
00:34:12,900 --> 00:34:17,199
the seasons and the years. 
In some valleys neanderthals 

645
00:34:17,199 --> 00:34:20,000
hunted and gathered as they had 
for Millennia in others. 

646
00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:23,100
Modern humans established camps 
and began learning The rhythms 

647
00:34:23,100 --> 00:34:27,199
of European life in in between 
in the boundaries zones both 

648
00:34:27,199 --> 00:34:30,300
groups moved and met and made 
choices about how to respond to 

649
00:34:30,300 --> 00:34:33,699
each other. 
First encounters were probably 

650
00:34:33,699 --> 00:34:36,000
cautious. 
Neither group would have known 

651
00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:38,800
what to make of the other. 
clearly human clearly 

652
00:34:38,800 --> 00:34:42,199
intelligent, but different The 
body language would be similar 

653
00:34:42,199 --> 00:34:46,800
enough to read basic intentions,
aggression, fear curiosity. 

654
00:34:46,800 --> 00:34:50,500
Friendliness, these are 
Universal among social primates,

655
00:34:50,500 --> 00:34:53,699
but the details of communication
might have been difficult. 

656
00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:56,100
Did they share enough language 
to speak? 

657
00:34:56,100 --> 00:35:00,700
Probably not at first gestures 
demonstrations, shared 

658
00:35:00,700 --> 00:35:02,400
activities. 
Might have bridge the gap. 

659
00:35:02,400 --> 00:35:04,800
Trade could have occurred 
without much language. 

660
00:35:04,800 --> 00:35:08,900
Displaying an object pointing to
something desired in exchange 

661
00:35:08,900 --> 00:35:13,400
nodding or shaking the head. 
This is how humans have traded 

662
00:35:13,400 --> 00:35:15,400
across language barriers 
throughout history. 

663
00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:18,500
There is no reason to think it 
could not have worked in the ice

664
00:35:18,500 --> 00:35:20,500
age as well. 
What did they trade? 

665
00:35:20,500 --> 00:35:24,000
Raw materials? 
Certainly high quality Flint was

666
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:27,800
not evenly distributed across 
the landscape groups with access

667
00:35:27,800 --> 00:35:30,700
to good Stone sources. 
Could trade surplus material for

668
00:35:30,700 --> 00:35:34,300
other valuable items, hides 
prepared and tanned were always 

669
00:35:34,300 --> 00:35:37,300
useful tools. 
Perhaps though most groups could

670
00:35:37,300 --> 00:35:40,900
make their own rare items like 
shells from distant coasts, 

671
00:35:40,900 --> 00:35:44,500
Okafor pigments, medicinal 
plants known only in certain 

672
00:35:44,500 --> 00:35:46,700
regions. 
Imagine a neutral meeting 

673
00:35:46,700 --> 00:35:51,100
ground, a river crossing where 
paths converge to groups arrived

674
00:35:51,100 --> 00:35:53,900
from different directions. 
Perhaps by prior arrangement, 

675
00:35:53,900 --> 00:35:58,600
perhaps by chance, there is 
tension at first hands, rest on 

676
00:35:58,600 --> 00:36:01,100
weapons, just in case but no one
attacks. 

677
00:36:02,100 --> 00:36:05,100
Slowly the group's approach, 
each other items are laid on the

678
00:36:05,100 --> 00:36:08,500
ground Flint blades. 
From one side shells from the 

679
00:36:08,500 --> 00:36:11,100
other gestures. 
Indicate what is being offered 

680
00:36:11,100 --> 00:36:14,800
and what is wanted in return? 
After some negotiation, the 

681
00:36:14,800 --> 00:36:18,200
exchanges made both groups, were
treated watching each other 

682
00:36:18,200 --> 00:36:20,600
wearily. 
But without violence, the 

683
00:36:20,600 --> 00:36:23,900
encounter ends peacefully, this 
might happen once a year or less

684
00:36:23,900 --> 00:36:26,900
often most of the time, the 
groups would never see each 

685
00:36:26,900 --> 00:36:30,300
other living out their lives and
separate territories with only 

686
00:36:30,300 --> 00:36:32,300
occasional indirect evidence of 
the others. 

687
00:36:32,300 --> 00:36:36,100
Existence a distant, smoke 
column tracks leading away from 

688
00:36:36,100 --> 00:36:38,500
a water source. 
The remains of a fire. 

689
00:36:38,500 --> 00:36:40,400
That was not made by anyone in 
your group. 

690
00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:44,200
But over time familiarity might 
breed something other than 

691
00:36:44,200 --> 00:36:46,600
contempt. 
If encounters were generally 

692
00:36:46,600 --> 00:36:49,900
peaceful, if trade proved 
beneficial the barrier between 

693
00:36:49,900 --> 00:36:53,600
groups might soften perhaps a 
young person from one group 

694
00:36:53,600 --> 00:36:57,600
exiled or simply adventurous 
seeks acceptance with the other.

695
00:36:58,300 --> 00:37:01,300
Perhaps during a harsh winter. 
One group allows another to 

696
00:37:01,300 --> 00:37:04,500
shelter in their territory in 
exchange for help with hunting, 

697
00:37:04,500 --> 00:37:08,200
or defense against predators, 
The archaeological evidence for 

698
00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:11,800
direct interaction is sparse but
tantalizing have the cave of 

699
00:37:11,800 --> 00:37:14,900
Aussie secure in France. 
Neanderthal remains were found. 

700
00:37:14,900 --> 00:37:18,000
Alongside sophisticated 
ornaments made from Ivory and 

701
00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:21,400
bone items that closely resemble
those made by modern humans. 

702
00:37:21,400 --> 00:37:24,800
Elsewhere. 
Did Neanderthals create these 

703
00:37:24,800 --> 00:37:28,200
independently inspired by what 
they saw did. 

704
00:37:28,200 --> 00:37:32,200
They trade for the deposits are 
Disturbed, making precise 

705
00:37:32,200 --> 00:37:35,500
interpretation difficult, but 
the association is suggestive. 

706
00:37:36,300 --> 00:37:39,600
At the senses are sight. 
Also in France, a neanderthal 

707
00:37:39,600 --> 00:37:42,200
skeleton was found in 
association with tools of the 

708
00:37:42,200 --> 00:37:45,200
shuttle Peroni and tradition a 
technology that blends 

709
00:37:45,200 --> 00:37:47,500
Neanderthal and modern human 
characteristics. 

710
00:37:47,500 --> 00:37:50,500
This is led to debate about 
whether neanderthals were 

711
00:37:50,500 --> 00:37:53,900
capable of innovating these 
tools independently or learn the

712
00:37:53,900 --> 00:37:57,800
techniques from modern humans. 
The answer probably varies by 

713
00:37:57,808 --> 00:38:00,800
location and group. 
Some researchers argue that the 

714
00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:03,800
presence of similar tool types, 
in both Neanderthal, and modern 

715
00:38:03,800 --> 00:38:07,400
human sights indicates parallel 
development rather than cultural

716
00:38:07,400 --> 00:38:09,500
contact. 
Smart people in similar 

717
00:38:09,500 --> 00:38:11,600
environments. 
Solving similar problems, might 

718
00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:15,100
arrive at similar Solutions 
independently. others point to 

719
00:38:15,100 --> 00:38:18,100
the timing and distribution of 
these hybrid Technologies as 

720
00:38:18,100 --> 00:38:22,100
evidence of diffusion and 
learning between groups The 

721
00:38:22,100 --> 00:38:23,900
truth, probably lies somewhere 
in the middle. 

722
00:38:23,900 --> 00:38:26,100
Some Innovations were 
independent. 

723
00:38:26,100 --> 00:38:29,800
Others were borrowed and adapted
culture is always a mix of 

724
00:38:29,808 --> 00:38:33,300
invention and imitation and 
there is no reason to think Ice 

725
00:38:33,300 --> 00:38:36,600
Age humans were any different. 
One of the most intriguing 

726
00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:39,800
pieces of evidence comes from 
genetic analysis of Neanderthal,

727
00:38:39,800 --> 00:38:42,500
remains the patterns of DNA 
variation. 

728
00:38:42,500 --> 00:38:45,600
Suggests that Neanderthal 
population was small and 

729
00:38:45,600 --> 00:38:48,700
somewhat isolated from each 
other leading to low genetic 

730
00:38:48,700 --> 00:38:51,400
diversity. 
This made them vulnerable to 

731
00:38:51,400 --> 00:38:53,900
inbreeding and accumulation of 
harmful mutations. 

732
00:38:53,900 --> 00:38:57,500
When modern humans arrived with 
their larger population sizes. 

733
00:38:57,500 --> 00:39:00,900
And more extensive social 
networks, the genetic influx 

734
00:39:00,900 --> 00:39:03,400
from interbreeding might have 
been beneficial in the short 

735
00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:06,500
term bringing fresh genetic 
diversity in to isolated 

736
00:39:06,500 --> 00:39:09,300
Neanderthal groups. 
But it also might have 

737
00:39:09,300 --> 00:39:13,000
contributed to their eventual, 
disappearance. small populations

738
00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:16,000
absorbing jeans from a larger 
more numerous group, can 

739
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:19,200
eventually be swamped the 
distinct Neanderthal genetic 

740
00:39:19,200 --> 00:39:22,400
signature gets diluted over 
Generations until it is no 

741
00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:24,400
longer recognizable as a 
separate lineage. 

742
00:39:25,400 --> 00:39:28,200
This is not Extinction through 
violence, but through a 

743
00:39:28,200 --> 00:39:30,800
simulation. 
Climate change will played a 

744
00:39:30,800 --> 00:39:34,700
role around 40,000 years ago. 
The climate began another shift 

745
00:39:34,700 --> 00:39:38,700
toward colder, drier, conditions
resources became scarcer 

746
00:39:38,700 --> 00:39:41,900
territories that had supported 
small populations became 

747
00:39:41,900 --> 00:39:45,200
marginal or uninhabitable 
competition for the remaining 

748
00:39:45,200 --> 00:39:48,000
goodlands. 
Increased modern humans may have

749
00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:50,600
had advantages. 
In this competition, their more 

750
00:39:50,600 --> 00:39:52,800
extensive social networks. 
Allowed them to share 

751
00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:55,100
information about resources over
large areas. 

752
00:39:55,100 --> 00:39:58,600
Their Technologies included in 
Innovations, like sewing needles

753
00:39:58,600 --> 00:40:01,600
made from bone enabling better 
cold weather clothing. 

754
00:40:01,600 --> 00:40:05,300
They used a wide a variety of 
tools for a wide range of tasks.

755
00:40:05,300 --> 00:40:08,000
Possibly making them more 
efficient at resource 

756
00:40:08,000 --> 00:40:11,100
extraction, but these advantages
were not overwhelming. 

757
00:40:11,100 --> 00:40:14,000
Neanderthals were still for 
Middle survivors. 

758
00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:16,500
Still capable of thriving in 
harsh conditions. 

759
00:40:16,500 --> 00:40:19,900
The process of displacement took
thousands of years. 

760
00:40:19,900 --> 00:40:24,500
Not decades or centuries, this 
was not a blitzkrieg but a slow 

761
00:40:24,500 --> 00:40:28,400
grinding down of population's 
already under stress and some 

762
00:40:28,400 --> 00:40:31,300
Regions near Fell seem to have 
disappeared quickly after modern

763
00:40:31,300 --> 00:40:34,700
humans arrived in others. 
They persisted for Millennia 

764
00:40:34,700 --> 00:40:37,800
holding on to territories that 
modern humans found less 

765
00:40:37,800 --> 00:40:39,500
appealing or more difficult to 
penetrate. 

766
00:40:39,500 --> 00:40:43,500
The pattern is complex, varying 
by region and local conditions 

767
00:40:43,500 --> 00:40:47,200
disease might have played a role
When populations that have been 

768
00:40:47,200 --> 00:40:49,800
separated for hundreds of 
thousands of years come into 

769
00:40:49,808 --> 00:40:52,400
contact. 
There is potential for disease 

770
00:40:52,400 --> 00:40:55,100
transmission. 
Modern humans might have carried

771
00:40:55,100 --> 00:40:58,400
pathogens to which they were 
resistant, but which devastated,

772
00:40:58,400 --> 00:41:02,600
neanderthals or vice versa. 
The archaeological record cannot

773
00:41:02,600 --> 00:41:04,800
capture diseases that leave no 
trace on Bones. 

774
00:41:04,800 --> 00:41:07,500
So we can only speculate about 
this possibility. 

775
00:41:08,500 --> 00:41:12,300
What we know for certain is that
by around 39,000 years ago, 

776
00:41:12,300 --> 00:41:14,700
neanderthals had vanished from 
most of Europe. 

777
00:41:14,700 --> 00:41:19,100
Only a few isolated, populations
remained hanging on in refugees 

778
00:41:19,100 --> 00:41:22,600
at the edge of the continent. 
To the Italian Peninsula, 

779
00:41:22,600 --> 00:41:27,500
isolated mountain, valleys. 
One by one these last 

780
00:41:27,500 --> 00:41:31,000
population's faded away. 
The last known, the Thor remains

781
00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:33,700
date to around 28,000 years ago.
Though. 

782
00:41:33,700 --> 00:41:36,500
Some researchers are the 
extinction occurred early and 

783
00:41:36,500 --> 00:41:40,900
the later dates are contaminated
either way by 25,000 years ago 

784
00:41:40,900 --> 00:41:44,000
at the latest neanderthals were 
gone as a living population. 

785
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:48,400
But not completely gone their 
jeans persisted in the modern 

786
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:50,500
human populations. 
That had absorbed them. 

787
00:41:51,300 --> 00:41:54,200
Their knowledge might have two 
techniques and strategies passed

788
00:41:54,200 --> 00:41:56,300
on through those hybrid children
and their descendants. 

789
00:41:57,200 --> 00:41:59,800
The boundary between the Andals 
and modern humans was always 

790
00:41:59,800 --> 00:42:02,200
poorest. 
The encounter was not a clash of

791
00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:06,100
civilizations but a mingling a 
complex interaction, that defies

792
00:42:06,100 --> 00:42:10,000
simple, narratives of winners 
and losers, the landscape of Ice

793
00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:11,600
Age. 
Europe was not evenly, divided 

794
00:42:11,600 --> 00:42:13,600
between neanderthals and modern 
humans. 

795
00:42:13,600 --> 00:42:17,000
It was a shifting Patchwork of 
territories where both groups 

796
00:42:17,000 --> 00:42:19,600
hunted gathered and made their 
homes. 

797
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:23,700
Understanding how they shared 
this space requires looking at 

798
00:42:23,700 --> 00:42:27,800
the archaeological evidence with
care and patience caves and rock

799
00:42:27,800 --> 00:42:29,400
shelters. 
Were Prime real estate. 

800
00:42:29,400 --> 00:42:33,000
They offered protection from 
wind and predators natural 

801
00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:34,300
shelter. 
That did not require 

802
00:42:34,300 --> 00:42:37,200
construction. 
Good caves were reused over and 

803
00:42:37,200 --> 00:42:39,700
over sometimes for thousands of 
years. 

804
00:42:39,700 --> 00:42:43,700
And many sights, we find layers 
of occupation, by both groups, 

805
00:42:43,700 --> 00:42:46,900
separated by periods, when the 
cave was abandoned, and then 

806
00:42:46,900 --> 00:42:50,200
reoccupied. 
At gorham's Cave, in Gibraltar 

807
00:42:50,200 --> 00:42:53,900
excavations, have revealed a 
deep stratigraphy spanning tens 

808
00:42:53,900 --> 00:42:57,300
of thousands of years. 
Neanderthals used this site, 

809
00:42:57,300 --> 00:43:01,400
repeatedly leaving behind tools,
hearths and food Remains the 

810
00:43:01,400 --> 00:43:03,100
deposits show. 
They were eating Seafood like 

811
00:43:03,100 --> 00:43:06,600
mussels and limpets hunting 
birds and taking advantage of 

812
00:43:06,600 --> 00:43:10,200
both land and Marine Resources. 
This demonstrates sophisticated 

813
00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:12,800
knowledge of the local 
environment and the ability to 

814
00:43:12,800 --> 00:43:17,200
exploit multiple food sources 
Modern humans also used caves 

815
00:43:17,200 --> 00:43:20,500
extensively at sites, like Adria
in France. 

816
00:43:20,500 --> 00:43:23,300
We find evidence of repeated 
occupation over millennia. 

817
00:43:24,300 --> 00:43:27,900
The deposits contain tools art 
objects and remains of meals. 

818
00:43:27,900 --> 00:43:31,200
The stratigraphy allows 
researchers to track changes in 

819
00:43:31,200 --> 00:43:35,000
technology and subsistence 
strategies over time when both 

820
00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:37,100
groups used the same cave at 
different times. 

821
00:43:37,100 --> 00:43:40,400
We can compare their approaches,
sometimes the difference is a 

822
00:43:40,400 --> 00:43:44,000
stark modern humans, leave 
behind more, diverse tool types,

823
00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:47,700
more personal ornaments, more 
evidence of long-distance trade.

824
00:43:47,700 --> 00:43:51,600
Neanderthals leaves simpler 
assemblages fewer decorative 

825
00:43:51,600 --> 00:43:55,400
items more emphasis on heavy 
duty tools for processing game 

826
00:43:55,400 --> 00:43:58,100
and hide's. 
Sometimes the difference is a 

827
00:43:58,108 --> 00:44:01,700
subtle or absent. 
Both groups controlled fire, 

828
00:44:01,700 --> 00:44:05,200
expertly, both hunted, similar 
animals using similar 

829
00:44:05,200 --> 00:44:08,300
strategies. 
Both processed highs and made 

830
00:44:08,300 --> 00:44:12,100
them into clothing and shelter. 
The basic challenges of survival

831
00:44:12,100 --> 00:44:14,700
in this environment, demanded 
similar Solutions, regardless of

832
00:44:14,700 --> 00:44:18,000
who was doing the surviving. 
Stone tool technology offers one

833
00:44:18,000 --> 00:44:20,600
of the best Windows into 
possible, cultural Exchange 

834
00:44:21,200 --> 00:44:24,200
Tools are abundant in the 
archaeological record, they 

835
00:44:24,200 --> 00:44:27,000
preserve well. 
And their forms can be compared 

836
00:44:27,000 --> 00:44:28,900
across sites. 
And through time to track 

837
00:44:28,900 --> 00:44:32,600
changes and Innovations, the 
Mysterion tradition associated 

838
00:44:32,600 --> 00:44:35,600
with neanderthals is 
characterized by flakes, Struck 

839
00:44:35,600 --> 00:44:39,100
from prepared, cause The Napa 
would carefully shape, a stone 

840
00:44:39,108 --> 00:44:42,200
core and then strike it to 
produce flakes of predetermined 

841
00:44:42,200 --> 00:44:45,100
size and shape. 
These flakes were then retouched

842
00:44:45,100 --> 00:44:48,700
into various tool types scrapers
points knives. 

843
00:44:49,600 --> 00:44:52,200
The technique is efficient and 
produces high-quality tools. 

844
00:44:53,200 --> 00:44:55,200
Modern humans brought with them.
The upper Paleolithic 

845
00:44:55,200 --> 00:44:59,300
traditional characterized by 
blade production blades along 

846
00:44:59,300 --> 00:45:01,900
narrow flakes, struck in 
sequence from a specially 

847
00:45:01,900 --> 00:45:04,600
prepared core. 
This technique produces more 

848
00:45:04,600 --> 00:45:08,100
Cutting Edge per unit of stone 
and Advantage when good quality 

849
00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:11,100
Flint is scared. 
Blades can be further modified 

850
00:45:11,100 --> 00:45:15,600
into a wide array of specialized
tools, Barons for Engraving back

851
00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:19,100
to knives for cutting micro 
liths that can be haft into 

852
00:45:19,100 --> 00:45:22,600
composite tools. 
In the transition period, when 

853
00:45:22,600 --> 00:45:25,400
both groups were present in 
Europe, we see intermediate 

854
00:45:25,400 --> 00:45:28,300
Traditions that blend 
characteristics of both the 

855
00:45:28,300 --> 00:45:29,800
shuttle. 
Parian mentioned earlier, 

856
00:45:29,800 --> 00:45:33,100
includes both Mysterion style 
Flakes and blade production. 

857
00:45:34,000 --> 00:45:36,600
The ellucian tradition in Italy 
shows, similar mixing of 

858
00:45:36,600 --> 00:45:40,000
techniques, were neanderthals 
learning from modern humans, 

859
00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:44,700
inventing independently. 
The debates continue, but the 

860
00:45:44,700 --> 00:45:47,200
presence of these hybrid 
Technologies in regions and 

861
00:45:47,200 --> 00:45:49,900
times when both groups were 
present suggests, at least the 

862
00:45:49,900 --> 00:45:51,600
possibility of cultural 
transmission. 

863
00:45:52,600 --> 00:45:55,700
Symbolic behavior is another 
area where comparisons are 

864
00:45:55,700 --> 00:45:58,700
revealing. 
Modern humans produced abundant 

865
00:45:58,700 --> 00:46:02,100
art from early on cave, 
paintings carved, figurines 

866
00:46:02,100 --> 00:46:07,000
engraved, bones beads, and 
pendants these objects are found

867
00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:09,000
across Europe, wherever modern 
humans lived. 

868
00:46:09,800 --> 00:46:12,400
Neanderthals symbolic behavior 
is more controversial. 

869
00:46:12,400 --> 00:46:15,200
There are hints. 
Perforated shells, that might 

870
00:46:15,200 --> 00:46:17,700
have been worn as ornaments, 
scratched bones. 

871
00:46:17,700 --> 00:46:20,700
That might be decorative cave 
painting in Spain. 

872
00:46:20,700 --> 00:46:22,600
That might predate modern human 
arrival. 

873
00:46:23,500 --> 00:46:25,100
But the evidence is always 
debatable. 

874
00:46:25,100 --> 00:46:28,600
Often unclear recently, 
researchers have argued more 

875
00:46:28,600 --> 00:46:31,800
forcefully for Neanderthal, 
symbolic capacity, the Spanish 

876
00:46:31,800 --> 00:46:34,600
cave paintings. 
If the dates, hold up, would 

877
00:46:34,600 --> 00:46:37,500
prove that neanderthals created 
art in dependently without 

878
00:46:37,500 --> 00:46:41,400
learning from modern humans. 
Pigments found Neanderthal sites

879
00:46:41,400 --> 00:46:43,000
show. 
They were processing okra and 

880
00:46:43,000 --> 00:46:45,400
other materials though, what 
they did with them remains 

881
00:46:45,400 --> 00:46:49,300
uncertain The question matters 
because symbolic thought the 

882
00:46:49,300 --> 00:46:52,600
ability to represent meaning 
through abstract forms is often 

883
00:46:52,600 --> 00:46:55,000
considered a Hallmark of modern 
human cognition. 

884
00:46:55,800 --> 00:46:59,100
If neanderthals possess this 
capacity, it Challenges Old 

885
00:46:59,100 --> 00:47:02,900
ideas about what made us unique.
If they lacked it, it might help

886
00:47:02,900 --> 00:47:05,700
explain why they ultimately 
disappeared while we survived. 

887
00:47:06,700 --> 00:47:10,300
But perhaps the question is 
poorly framed humans exist on a 

888
00:47:10,300 --> 00:47:13,700
Continuum, not divided into 
symbolically capable and 

889
00:47:13,700 --> 00:47:17,100
symbolically incapable. 
Neanderthals clearly had in 

890
00:47:17,100 --> 00:47:21,900
alive thoughts emotions whether 
they express these through as 

891
00:47:21,900 --> 00:47:25,000
frequently or elaborately as 
modern humans is a separate 

892
00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:27,500
question from whether they were 
capable of such expression 

893
00:47:27,500 --> 00:47:30,200
hunting, strategies offer. 
Another point of comparison, 

894
00:47:30,200 --> 00:47:34,600
both groups hunted, large game 
reindeer horses bison. 

895
00:47:34,600 --> 00:47:38,300
Mammoths the approaches were 
probably similar stalking. 

896
00:47:38,300 --> 00:47:42,000
Ambush communal drives where 
animals were hurting natural 

897
00:47:42,000 --> 00:47:44,800
traps or killed in groups. 
But there are subtle 

898
00:47:44,800 --> 00:47:47,200
differences. 
Modern humans seem to have 

899
00:47:47,200 --> 00:47:47,900
hunted. 
A wide. 

900
00:47:47,900 --> 00:47:51,300
A variety of prey including 
smaller fast-moving animals like

901
00:47:51,300 --> 00:47:54,700
rabbits and birds. 
This might reflect better 

902
00:47:54,700 --> 00:47:58,000
projectile technology. 
The ability to throw Spears from

903
00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:02,100
a distance rather than relying 
on thrusting Spears. modern 

904
00:48:02,100 --> 00:48:05,200
humans also exploited aquatic 
resources, more extensively, 

905
00:48:05,900 --> 00:48:08,500
Fish. 
Shellfish waterfowl. 

906
00:48:09,200 --> 00:48:11,900
Neanderthals ate these Foods 
too, but less consistently. 

907
00:48:12,800 --> 00:48:15,800
These differences in diet might 
have given modern humans an 

908
00:48:15,800 --> 00:48:17,200
advantage during times of 
scarcity. 

909
00:48:17,200 --> 00:48:20,400
Being able to fall back on 
alternative food sources when 

910
00:48:20,400 --> 00:48:23,100
large game was unavailable, 
could mean the difference 

911
00:48:23,100 --> 00:48:27,400
between survival and starvation.
Social organization is harder to

912
00:48:27,400 --> 00:48:31,700
infer from archeology, but there
are Clues the distribution of 

913
00:48:31,700 --> 00:48:34,400
materials at, modern human 
sight, suggest larger social 

914
00:48:34,400 --> 00:48:38,000
networks shells, from the 
Mediterranean show up, hundreds 

915
00:48:38,000 --> 00:48:40,200
of kilometres Inland high 
quality. 

916
00:48:40,200 --> 00:48:43,200
Flint from specific sources is 
found across large regions. 

917
00:48:43,200 --> 00:48:47,700
This indicates trade exchange 
and communication across 

918
00:48:47,700 --> 00:48:50,200
distance, is that would have 
required interactions between 

919
00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:53,700
many different groups. 
Neanderthal site showed less 

920
00:48:53,700 --> 00:48:55,800
evidence of long distance, 
material movement. 

921
00:48:56,600 --> 00:48:59,900
Resources tend to be local 
acquired within a day's travel 

922
00:48:59,900 --> 00:49:02,500
of the campsite. 
This does not mean they lacked 

923
00:49:02,500 --> 00:49:05,600
social networks, but those 
networks might have been smaller

924
00:49:05,600 --> 00:49:09,400
or less extensive larger social 
networks have survival 

925
00:49:09,400 --> 00:49:11,700
advantages. 
They buffer against local 

926
00:49:11,700 --> 00:49:14,400
resource failures. 
If one region has a poor hunting

927
00:49:14,400 --> 00:49:16,400
season can connect connections 
to neighboring groups, can 

928
00:49:16,400 --> 00:49:20,300
provide alternatives Information
about where game is plentiful, 

929
00:49:20,300 --> 00:49:24,000
can be shared Innovation, spread
faster through larger networks 

930
00:49:24,000 --> 00:49:27,600
but larger networks also require
more complex social management. 

931
00:49:27,600 --> 00:49:31,300
Keeping track of who owes what 
to whom maintaining 

932
00:49:31,300 --> 00:49:33,800
relationships with people, you 
might only see occasionally 

933
00:49:33,800 --> 00:49:38,200
negotiating access to resources 
and territories Modern humans 

934
00:49:38,200 --> 00:49:40,900
seem to have been Adept at this 
kind of social complexity. 

935
00:49:40,900 --> 00:49:43,500
Perhaps this was one of the 
critical differences. 

936
00:49:43,500 --> 00:49:46,600
Not intelligence in some 
abstract sense, but social 

937
00:49:46,600 --> 00:49:49,700
intelligence, the ability to 
build and maintain relationships

938
00:49:49,700 --> 00:49:53,800
across large groups to cooperate
with distant neighbors, to 

939
00:49:53,800 --> 00:49:56,500
create cultural institutions 
that allowed for trust and 

940
00:49:56,500 --> 00:49:58,900
exchange without constant 
face-to-face contact. 

941
00:49:59,900 --> 00:50:03,600
Language likely played a role, 
both groups could speak, but the

942
00:50:03,600 --> 00:50:06,200
complexity and Nuance of their 
language, might have differed. 

943
00:50:06,200 --> 00:50:09,200
More complex, language allows 
for more detailed sharing of 

944
00:50:09,200 --> 00:50:12,800
information for teaching and 
storytelling for social bonding 

945
00:50:12,800 --> 00:50:16,200
and negotiation. 
If modern humans had a slight 

946
00:50:16,200 --> 00:50:19,700
Edge in linguistic ability, that
could translate into significant

947
00:50:19,700 --> 00:50:22,100
advantages in Social 
organization and cultural 

948
00:50:22,100 --> 00:50:25,300
transmission, but we should be 
cautious about overstating. 

949
00:50:25,300 --> 00:50:28,700
These differences neanderthals 
were not simple or primitive 

950
00:50:28,700 --> 00:50:32,200
they survive for far longer as a
distinct lineage than modern 

951
00:50:32,200 --> 00:50:36,400
humans of existed so far. 
The endured ice ages and climate

952
00:50:36,400 --> 00:50:37,800
shifts. 
That would have destroyed less 

953
00:50:37,800 --> 00:50:41,700
capable populations. 
They were smart resourceful and 

954
00:50:41,700 --> 00:50:44,300
resilient. 
The fact that they disappeared 

955
00:50:44,300 --> 00:50:46,700
while we survived does not mean 
they were inferior. 

956
00:50:46,700 --> 00:50:49,600
It might mean they were unlucky.
Smaller. 

957
00:50:49,600 --> 00:50:53,400
Populations are more vulnerable 
to random chance, a bad winter, 

958
00:50:53,400 --> 00:50:57,100
a disease Outbreak, The volcanic
eruption in the wrong place at 

959
00:50:57,100 --> 00:50:59,800
the wrong time. 
Any of these could push a 

960
00:50:59,800 --> 00:51:02,500
stressed population over the 
edge, or it might mean they were

961
00:51:02,500 --> 00:51:05,300
out competed by a group with 
specific advantages, in a 

962
00:51:05,300 --> 00:51:09,200
particular set of circumstances,
change the circumstances and the

963
00:51:09,200 --> 00:51:10,300
outcome might have been 
different. 

964
00:51:10,300 --> 00:51:13,200
What is clear is that for 
several thousand years 

965
00:51:13,200 --> 00:51:17,300
neanderthals and modern humans 
shared Europe, they use the same

966
00:51:17,300 --> 00:51:20,800
resources, face the same 
challenges and possibly learn 

967
00:51:20,800 --> 00:51:23,800
from each other. 
The archaeological record shows 

968
00:51:23,800 --> 00:51:25,400
a complex pattern of 
interaction. 

969
00:51:25,400 --> 00:51:28,800
Not a simple story of 
displacement or conflict and 

970
00:51:28,800 --> 00:51:31,500
beneath that complexity lies, a 
fact that was only discovered 

971
00:51:31,500 --> 00:51:34,900
recently one that changes how we
understand this entire period. 

972
00:51:35,700 --> 00:51:38,400
Neanderthals and modern humans 
did not just share space. 

973
00:51:38,400 --> 00:51:42,100
They shared genes. 
They interbred creating hybrid 

974
00:51:42,100 --> 00:51:43,900
Offspring. 
Who carried the legacy of both 

975
00:51:43,900 --> 00:51:47,300
lineages into the future? 
The Revelation that modern 

976
00:51:47,300 --> 00:51:50,700
humans, carry Neanderthal, DNA 
was one of the great scientific 

977
00:51:50,700 --> 00:51:53,900
surprises of the early 21st 
century for decades. 

978
00:51:53,900 --> 00:51:57,100
Researchers had debated, whether
neanderthals and modern humans 

979
00:51:57,100 --> 00:52:00,700
into bread Some argued that the 
anatomical differences between 

980
00:52:00,700 --> 00:52:03,700
the groups were too great. 
Others pointed to the potential 

981
00:52:03,700 --> 00:52:06,700
for gene flow, wherever two, 
compatible species overlapped. 

982
00:52:07,300 --> 00:52:09,600
The debate could not be settled 
by morphology alone. 

983
00:52:09,600 --> 00:52:13,900
Bones can only tell you so much.
What was needed, was genetic 

984
00:52:13,900 --> 00:52:17,900
evidence direct comparison of 
DNA from Neanderthal remains and

985
00:52:17,900 --> 00:52:21,300
modern humans. 
But extracting DNA from ancient 

986
00:52:21,300 --> 00:52:25,200
bones as incredibly difficult 
DNA degrades over time. 

987
00:52:25,200 --> 00:52:28,400
Breaking into smaller and 
smaller fragments contamination 

988
00:52:28,400 --> 00:52:31,500
from Modern sources, is a 
constant problem for years. 

989
00:52:31,500 --> 00:52:35,500
It seemed impossible, then in 
the early 2000s, a team led by 

990
00:52:35,508 --> 00:52:37,900
Santana, Pabo at the Max Planck 
Institute. 

991
00:52:37,900 --> 00:52:40,000
In Germany, began making 
progress. 

992
00:52:40,000 --> 00:52:43,500
They developed techniques for 
extracting and sequencing tiny 

993
00:52:43,500 --> 00:52:46,000
amounts of degraded DNA from 
Neanderthal bones. 

994
00:52:46,900 --> 00:52:50,400
It was painstaking work for with
technical challenges and false 

995
00:52:50,400 --> 00:52:52,700
starts. 
But slowly, the Neanderthal 

996
00:52:52,700 --> 00:52:56,100
genome began to emerge. 
The first complete sequence was 

997
00:52:56,100 --> 00:52:59,500
published in 2010. 
Researchers compared it to 

998
00:52:59,508 --> 00:53:01,500
genomes from modern, humans 
around the world. 

999
00:53:01,500 --> 00:53:05,900
The results were unambiguous 
non-african populations carried 

1000
00:53:05,900 --> 00:53:07,800
between one and two percent 
Neanderthal. 

1001
00:53:07,800 --> 00:53:11,700
DNA African populations, whose 
ancestors never left the 

1002
00:53:11,700 --> 00:53:13,700
continent and thus never 
encountered. 

1003
00:53:13,700 --> 00:53:16,000
Neanderthals carried. 
Essentially none. 

1004
00:53:16,800 --> 00:53:19,700
This meant that interbreeding 
had occurred, most likely in the

1005
00:53:19,708 --> 00:53:23,700
Middle East around 50 to 60,000 
years ago before modern humans 

1006
00:53:23,700 --> 00:53:27,200
had fully dispersed into Europe 
and Asia the descendants of 

1007
00:53:27,200 --> 00:53:31,200
those hybrid Offspring, carried 
Neanderthal, genes with them as 

1008
00:53:31,200 --> 00:53:34,700
they spread across the globe. 
Further analysis revealed, which

1009
00:53:34,700 --> 00:53:36,600
specific genes had been 
inherited. 

1010
00:53:36,600 --> 00:53:40,200
Some Neanderthal variants are 
found in genes related to skin 

1011
00:53:40,200 --> 00:53:42,400
and hair. 
Suggesting they helped modern 

1012
00:53:42,400 --> 00:53:46,200
humans adapt to the colder 
climates and different UV levels

1013
00:53:46,200 --> 00:53:48,700
of Eurasia others. 
Affect the immune system, 

1014
00:53:48,700 --> 00:53:52,000
providing resistance to local 
pathogens, that the newly 

1015
00:53:52,000 --> 00:53:53,500
arrived. 
Modern humans would have 

1016
00:53:53,500 --> 00:53:57,300
encountered, interestingly some 
regions of the modern Human 

1017
00:53:57,300 --> 00:54:00,400
Genome are almost completely 
devoid of Neanderthal, DNA? 

1018
00:54:01,400 --> 00:54:03,800
This suggests that certainly and
Athol variants were. 

1019
00:54:03,800 --> 00:54:07,200
Harmful when present in a modern
human genetic background and was

1020
00:54:07,200 --> 00:54:10,600
selected against over time. 
Other regions show higher than 

1021
00:54:10,608 --> 00:54:14,100
average Neanderthal ancestry 
indicating those variants were 

1022
00:54:14,100 --> 00:54:15,900
beneficial and spread through 
the population. 

1023
00:54:16,800 --> 00:54:19,700
The presence of Neanderthal DNA 
in living people today. 

1024
00:54:19,700 --> 00:54:21,900
Fundamentally changes. 
How we think about human 

1025
00:54:21,900 --> 00:54:24,500
evolution. 
We are not a single lineage that

1026
00:54:24,500 --> 00:54:27,100
replaced all others. 
We are a blended species. 

1027
00:54:27,100 --> 00:54:30,500
Carrying genetic contributions 
from multiple archaic human 

1028
00:54:30,500 --> 00:54:32,800
groups. 
Neanderthals are not the only 

1029
00:54:32,800 --> 00:54:36,900
contributors denisovans another 
archaic human group known 

1030
00:54:36,900 --> 00:54:40,700
primarily from DNA extracted 
from the few bones found in 

1031
00:54:40,700 --> 00:54:45,000
Siberia, all inbred with modern 
humans people in Southeast Asia 

1032
00:54:45,000 --> 00:54:47,600
and Oceania. 
Carry significant Denise of An 

1033
00:54:47,600 --> 00:54:50,500
ancestry other. 
As yet unnamed arcade groups, 

1034
00:54:50,500 --> 00:54:54,000
probably contributed as well. 
The Human family Tree is not a 

1035
00:54:54,000 --> 00:54:57,400
simple branching diagram but a 
braided stream lineages 

1036
00:54:57,400 --> 00:55:00,000
separating. 
And then reconnecting This 

1037
00:55:00,000 --> 00:55:01,600
blending has practical 
consequences. 

1038
00:55:01,600 --> 00:55:04,800
Some leanderthal, genes 
influence, your susceptibility 

1039
00:55:04,800 --> 00:55:09,000
to diseases like diabetes and 
Crohn's disease others, affect 

1040
00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:12,500
your height, sleep patterns, and
even mood, The variants 

1041
00:55:12,500 --> 00:55:15,700
inherited from neanderthals are 
part of normal human variation 

1042
00:55:15,700 --> 00:55:18,500
today. 
Neither universally good nor 

1043
00:55:18,500 --> 00:55:20,700
University bad. 
But contacts dependent. 

1044
00:55:21,600 --> 00:55:24,200
One of the most medically 
relevant findings, involves the 

1045
00:55:24,200 --> 00:55:27,300
immune system. 
Cluster of Neanderthal genes on 

1046
00:55:27,300 --> 00:55:30,700
chromosome 3 is associated with 
a stronger inflammatory response

1047
00:55:30,700 --> 00:55:32,900
to infections. 
This might have been 

1048
00:55:32,900 --> 00:55:35,400
advantageous during the Ice Age,
when exposure to novel, 

1049
00:55:35,400 --> 00:55:38,700
pathogens was common, but in 
modern environments that same 

1050
00:55:38,700 --> 00:55:41,600
strong inflammatory, response 
contributes to severe outcomes 

1051
00:55:41,600 --> 00:55:45,400
from diseases like covid-19, 
Other Neanderthal variants 

1052
00:55:45,400 --> 00:55:47,000
affect skin, tone and hair 
color. 

1053
00:55:47,700 --> 00:55:51,500
Red hair and fair skin common. 
In northern European populations

1054
00:55:51,500 --> 00:55:53,800
may have been influenced by 
Neanderthal genes. 

1055
00:55:53,800 --> 00:55:56,600
This makes sense given that 
neandertals lived in high 

1056
00:55:56,600 --> 00:56:00,100
latitude environments with low 
sunlight for 100s of thousands 

1057
00:56:00,100 --> 00:56:03,200
of years, like clear evolving 
lighter pigmentation to 

1058
00:56:03,200 --> 00:56:06,400
synthesize vitamin D, more 
efficiently, The fact that we 

1059
00:56:06,400 --> 00:56:09,200
can identify specific 
Neanderthal genes and track 

1060
00:56:09,200 --> 00:56:12,500
their effects as remarkable. 
It turns abstract questions 

1061
00:56:12,500 --> 00:56:15,900
about interbreeding into 
concrete testable hypotheses 

1062
00:56:15,900 --> 00:56:18,900
about human biology. 
It also, personalizes the 

1063
00:56:18,900 --> 00:56:22,000
connection, if you are of 
non-african descent you carry 

1064
00:56:22,000 --> 00:56:25,200
Neanderthal, DNA, they are part 
of your ancestry part of what 

1065
00:56:25,200 --> 00:56:27,700
makes you who you are. 
But how did this interbreeding 

1066
00:56:27,700 --> 00:56:30,300
occur? 
The genetic patterns suggest it 

1067
00:56:30,300 --> 00:56:32,800
was not an ongoing process 
throughout the period of overlap

1068
00:56:32,800 --> 00:56:35,900
instead. 
Most of the gene flow happened 

1069
00:56:35,900 --> 00:56:39,400
relatively early, perhaps in a 
few key events or periods of 

1070
00:56:39,400 --> 00:56:43,600
more extensive contact. 
After that initial mixing, the 

1071
00:56:43,600 --> 00:56:46,400
population seemed to have 
remained largely separate with 

1072
00:56:46,400 --> 00:56:50,300
minimal additional gene flow. 
This pattern is consistent with 

1073
00:56:50,300 --> 00:56:54,300
the scenario where small groups 
of modern humans freshly arrived

1074
00:56:54,300 --> 00:56:57,200
in the Middle East encountered 
and interbred with local 

1075
00:56:57,200 --> 00:57:00,900
neanderthals, the descendants of
those encounters then expanded 

1076
00:57:00,900 --> 00:57:04,300
into Asia and Europe. 
Carrying Neanderthal genes with 

1077
00:57:04,300 --> 00:57:08,100
them later, arrivals from Africa
did not contribute as much to 

1078
00:57:08,100 --> 00:57:11,300
the modern gene pool and thus 
did not dilute the Neanderthal 

1079
00:57:11,300 --> 00:57:14,700
ancestry already present. 
There is also evidence of gene 

1080
00:57:14,700 --> 00:57:17,600
flow in the other direction at 
least one Neanderthal in 

1081
00:57:17,600 --> 00:57:20,500
individual from the Alpine 
mountains in Siberia shows 

1082
00:57:20,500 --> 00:57:24,300
traces of modern human DNA, 
suggesting that a modern human 

1083
00:57:24,300 --> 00:57:27,200
ancestor contributed to 
Neanderthal population as well. 

1084
00:57:28,000 --> 00:57:31,600
This was probably a rare event, 
but it demonstrates that gene 

1085
00:57:31,600 --> 00:57:35,300
flow was not entirely one way. 
The social implications of 

1086
00:57:35,300 --> 00:57:38,400
interbreeding a difficult to 
infer with these consensual 

1087
00:57:38,400 --> 00:57:42,100
relationships. 
Forcing counters isolated events

1088
00:57:42,100 --> 00:57:45,500
or part of broader social 
mixing, the jeans cannot answer 

1089
00:57:45,500 --> 00:57:47,800
these questions. 
We can only imagine the 

1090
00:57:47,800 --> 00:57:49,400
individual stories behind the 
data. 

1091
00:57:50,300 --> 00:57:53,900
Some encounters were violent. 
A grim reality of prehistoric 

1092
00:57:53,900 --> 00:57:56,200
life where strength, often 
determined outcomes. 

1093
00:57:57,200 --> 00:58:00,400
But others might have been based
on mutual attraction curiosity 

1094
00:58:00,400 --> 00:58:03,700
or strategic Alliance, 
individuals, choosing to join. 

1095
00:58:03,700 --> 00:58:06,200
Another group forming 
relationships across the 

1096
00:58:06,200 --> 00:58:08,100
boundary that separated their 
peoples. 

1097
00:58:09,000 --> 00:58:12,300
In small, populations every 
successful reproductive event 

1098
00:58:12,300 --> 00:58:14,400
matters. 
A hybrid individual, who 

1099
00:58:14,400 --> 00:58:17,500
survived to adulthood and had 
children of their own would pass

1100
00:58:17,500 --> 00:58:20,100
on both Neanderthal, and modern 
human ancestry. 

1101
00:58:21,000 --> 00:58:23,200
Over Generations. 
Those genes would spread through

1102
00:58:23,200 --> 00:58:25,900
the population. 
Eventually reaching frequencies 

1103
00:58:25,900 --> 00:58:28,600
where they would persist even 
after the end of the cells 

1104
00:58:28,600 --> 00:58:32,200
disappeared, the genetic data 
also sheds, light on the end of 

1105
00:58:32,208 --> 00:58:35,500
population, Dynamics, the low 
genetic diversity in 

1106
00:58:35,500 --> 00:58:38,900
Neanderthal, Gino's suggest 
their population was small and 

1107
00:58:38,900 --> 00:58:42,000
often isolated. 
Inbreeding was probably common 

1108
00:58:42,000 --> 00:58:45,300
leading to accumulation of 
harmful recessive mutations. 

1109
00:58:45,300 --> 00:58:48,300
This made neanderthals 
vulnerable to population, 

1110
00:58:48,300 --> 00:58:53,000
crashes and less able to recover
from setbacks Modern humans in 

1111
00:58:53,000 --> 00:58:55,800
contrast had larger and more 
connected populations. 

1112
00:58:55,800 --> 00:58:59,300
Their genetic diversity was 
higher providing more raw 

1113
00:58:59,300 --> 00:59:01,100
material for natural selection 
to work with. 

1114
00:59:01,100 --> 00:59:04,400
When modern humans arrived in 
Europe, they like outnumbered 

1115
00:59:04,400 --> 00:59:07,800
Neanderthal significantly and 
their numbers continue to grow. 

1116
00:59:07,800 --> 00:59:11,400
While the end of the population 
is declined, But declined does 

1117
00:59:11,400 --> 00:59:15,600
not mean complete Extinction. 
The genes persisted in a very 

1118
00:59:15,600 --> 00:59:17,800
real sense. 
Neanderthals are still here, 

1119
00:59:17,800 --> 00:59:19,900
just not as a separate 
population. 

1120
00:59:19,900 --> 00:59:23,000
They have been absorbed into the
modern human gene pool. 

1121
00:59:23,000 --> 00:59:27,300
Their legacy visible, in the DNA
of billions of people Recent 

1122
00:59:27,300 --> 00:59:29,600
advances have allowed 
researchers to sequence. 

1123
00:59:29,600 --> 00:59:33,200
DNA from, even more ancient 
Neanderthal, remains pushing the

1124
00:59:33,200 --> 00:59:36,300
timeline back. 
We now have partial genomes from

1125
00:59:36,300 --> 00:59:38,700
neanderthals who lived over 
100,000 years ago. 

1126
00:59:38,700 --> 00:59:42,400
These ancient genomes show that 
Neanderthal populations changed 

1127
00:59:42,400 --> 00:59:44,600
over time just as all 
populations do. 

1128
00:59:45,600 --> 00:59:49,200
They were not static or 
unchanging, but Dynamic adapting

1129
00:59:49,200 --> 00:59:50,700
to shifting climates and 
environments. 

1130
00:59:51,800 --> 00:59:54,600
Some researchers have even 
attempted to identify specific 

1131
00:59:54,600 --> 00:59:57,400
and genes related to cognitive 
function. 

1132
00:59:57,400 --> 01:00:00,700
This is controversial and 
technically challenging, but 

1133
01:00:00,700 --> 01:00:03,700
early results suggest that some 
leanderthal variants and genes 

1134
01:00:03,700 --> 01:00:06,800
related to brain development 
might have subtle effects on 

1135
01:00:06,808 --> 01:00:10,500
Modern human cognition. 
What those effects are and 

1136
01:00:10,500 --> 01:00:13,200
whether they are beneficial 
neutral or harmful remains 

1137
01:00:13,200 --> 01:00:15,600
unclear. 
What is clear is that the 

1138
01:00:15,600 --> 01:00:18,700
genetic Legacy of Neanderthals 
is woven into the fabric of 

1139
01:00:18,700 --> 01:00:21,800
modern Humanity? 
Every time you get a vaccine and

1140
01:00:21,800 --> 01:00:24,600
your immune system response, 
Neanderthal genes might be 

1141
01:00:24,600 --> 01:00:27,100
playing a role. 
Every time you step outside and 

1142
01:00:27,100 --> 01:00:30,800
your skin response to sunlight 
ancient adaptations to Ice Age 

1143
01:00:30,800 --> 01:00:34,500
Europe might be influencing that
response. this is evolution in 

1144
01:00:34,500 --> 01:00:37,900
action, not as an abstract 
process but as a living reality,

1145
01:00:38,900 --> 01:00:42,100
We are the product of countless 
encounters exchanges and 

1146
01:00:42,100 --> 01:00:46,300
mingling ancestors, did not 
exist in isolation but 

1147
01:00:46,300 --> 01:00:49,200
interacted with other human 
groups learning from them, 

1148
01:00:49,200 --> 01:00:52,200
competing with them and 
sometimes creating children with

1149
01:00:52,200 --> 01:00:56,000
them, the story of Neanderthals 
and modern humans is not a story

1150
01:00:56,000 --> 01:00:58,400
of replacement but of 
integration. 

1151
01:00:59,200 --> 01:01:01,800
Too. 
Lineages separated for half a 

1152
01:01:01,800 --> 01:01:03,500
million years came back 
together. 

1153
01:01:04,200 --> 01:01:06,200
One can continue as a distinct 
population. 

1154
01:01:06,200 --> 01:01:09,800
The other did not. 
But the boundary between them 

1155
01:01:09,800 --> 01:01:12,900
was never absolute. 
And the legacy of that boundary 

1156
01:01:12,900 --> 01:01:17,100
Crossing is still with us today.
The Sun is setting over the Ice 

1157
01:01:17,100 --> 01:01:20,200
Age. 
Landscape one last time. 40,000 

1158
01:01:20,200 --> 01:01:23,600
years of passed since the first 
modern humans arrived in Europe 

1159
01:01:23,600 --> 01:01:25,700
and the world has changed beyond
recognition. 

1160
01:01:26,800 --> 01:01:30,500
The ice has advanced and 
retreated multiple times entire 

1161
01:01:30,500 --> 01:01:34,600
species of gone extinct. 
Forests of grown and died, and 

1162
01:01:34,600 --> 01:01:37,900
grown again, and somewhere in 
all that, change the 

1163
01:01:37,900 --> 01:01:41,400
Neanderthals disappeared. 
Not in a single catastrophic 

1164
01:01:41,400 --> 01:01:45,700
event but gradually populations 
by population until no pure 

1165
01:01:45,700 --> 01:01:48,400
Neanderthal groups. 
Remained the last individual 

1166
01:01:48,400 --> 01:01:51,200
died alone or among their family
unaware. 

1167
01:01:51,200 --> 01:01:53,600
That they were the final 
representative of a lineage 

1168
01:01:53,600 --> 01:01:55,800
stretching back, hundreds of 
thousands of years. 

1169
01:01:56,800 --> 01:01:59,800
What would they have thought, if
they knew, did they have any 

1170
01:01:59,800 --> 01:02:03,000
concept of their own uniqueness,
their separateness from the 

1171
01:02:03,000 --> 01:02:06,500
other human sharing their world?
Or did they simply see 

1172
01:02:06,500 --> 01:02:10,600
themselves as people doing their
best to survive in a hard World 

1173
01:02:10,600 --> 01:02:12,900
unaware? 
That history would remember them

1174
01:02:12,900 --> 01:02:16,900
as a footnote to someone else's 
story We will never know their 

1175
01:02:16,900 --> 01:02:19,600
thoughts. 
But we know their legacy in the 

1176
01:02:19,608 --> 01:02:24,100
genes of billions of people in 
the tools they left behind in 

1177
01:02:24,100 --> 01:02:26,300
the knowledge that humans are 
more diverse and more 

1178
01:02:26,300 --> 01:02:28,100
interconnected than we want to 
believed. 

1179
01:02:28,700 --> 01:02:31,100
In the end of all story 
challenges, simple narrative 

1180
01:02:31,100 --> 01:02:34,400
about human evolution. 
We are not the inevitable result

1181
01:02:34,400 --> 01:02:37,100
of linear progress. 
We are not the soul of survivors

1182
01:02:37,100 --> 01:02:40,500
because we were Superior in 
every way we are the product of 

1183
01:02:40,500 --> 01:02:43,400
contingency chance and 
complexity. 

1184
01:02:43,400 --> 01:02:46,800
We survived in part because we 
absorbed others, because we are 

1185
01:02:46,808 --> 01:02:48,900
willing to interbreed and learn 
and adapt. 

1186
01:02:49,800 --> 01:02:51,200
Standing here at the end of this
story. 

1187
01:02:51,200 --> 01:02:54,400
Looking back across 40, 
Millennium certain truths 

1188
01:02:54,400 --> 01:02:56,900
emerge. 
The first is that we are all 

1189
01:02:56,900 --> 01:02:59,700
Africans. 
Ultimately, our species of old 

1190
01:02:59,700 --> 01:03:01,600
there. 
And even those populations that 

1191
01:03:01,600 --> 01:03:04,100
left and encountered 
neanderthals carried African 

1192
01:03:04,100 --> 01:03:07,300
ancestry with them. 
The second is that we are all 

1193
01:03:07,300 --> 01:03:11,000
hybrids know, modern human is 
purely one linear or another. 

1194
01:03:11,800 --> 01:03:15,200
Carry genes from neanderthals 
denisovans and probably other 

1195
01:03:15,200 --> 01:03:16,900
archaic groups we have not yet 
identified. 

1196
01:03:18,000 --> 01:03:22,200
The third truth is that the past
is closer than we think. 40,000 

1197
01:03:22,200 --> 01:03:23,900
years. 
Sounds like an immense span of 

1198
01:03:23,900 --> 01:03:27,100
time, but it's only about 2000 
Generations. 

1199
01:03:27,100 --> 01:03:30,300
Your Neanderthal ancestors are 
not impossibly distant. 

1200
01:03:30,300 --> 01:03:34,500
They are part of your family 
tree separated from you buy less

1201
01:03:34,500 --> 01:03:37,200
time than separates you from the
earliest Farmers, or the first 

1202
01:03:37,200 --> 01:03:39,500
cities. 
What lessons can we draw from 

1203
01:03:39,500 --> 01:03:43,000
this perhaps simply this 
difference is not Destiny, 

1204
01:03:43,000 --> 01:03:46,700
neanderthals and modern humans 
were different in many ways, but

1205
01:03:46,700 --> 01:03:49,200
not so different that they could
not recognize each other as 

1206
01:03:49,200 --> 01:03:52,200
human could not, communicate or 
trade or form relationships. 

1207
01:03:52,200 --> 01:03:55,000
The boundary between us was 
permeable. 

1208
01:03:55,000 --> 01:03:58,600
Not absolute. 
In our modern world, we obsess 

1209
01:03:58,600 --> 01:04:02,000
over different sizes. 
Nationality, ethnicity language,

1210
01:04:02,000 --> 01:04:04,600
religion. 
We divide ourselves into groups 

1211
01:04:04,600 --> 01:04:07,000
and then imagine these divisions
are fundamental and 

1212
01:04:07,000 --> 01:04:09,900
unchangeable. 
But the story of Neanderthals 

1213
01:04:09,900 --> 01:04:12,600
and modern humans suggests that 
even group separated, by 

1214
01:04:12,600 --> 01:04:16,100
hundreds of thousands of years, 
of independent evolutionary can 

1215
01:04:16,100 --> 01:04:19,000
come together can share 
knowledge and jeans and Future. 

1216
01:04:20,100 --> 01:04:23,300
We are the inheritors of that 
ancient mixing, we carry 

1217
01:04:23,300 --> 01:04:26,000
Neanderthal genes. 
Not as a curiosity but as a 

1218
01:04:26,000 --> 01:04:29,100
living part of who we are, they 
influence our health, our 

1219
01:04:29,100 --> 01:04:31,400
appearance our responses to the 
environment. 

1220
01:04:31,400 --> 01:04:33,600
They are not other. 
They are us. 

1221
01:04:33,600 --> 01:04:36,000
The archaeological site were 
neanderthals. 

1222
01:04:36,000 --> 01:04:40,100
Once lived are now tourist 
destinations museums protected 

1223
01:04:40,100 --> 01:04:42,700
monuments. 
The caves where they sheltered 

1224
01:04:42,700 --> 01:04:44,900
from Ice Age. 
Storms now have walkways and 

1225
01:04:44,900 --> 01:04:47,500
lights and placards explaining 
what was found there. 

1226
01:04:48,500 --> 01:04:52,400
The bones carefully excavated 
and studied the tools cataloged 

1227
01:04:52,400 --> 01:04:55,400
and displayed. 
It is easy to see these remains 

1228
01:04:55,400 --> 01:04:58,000
as artifacts Dusty relics of a 
distant past. 

1229
01:04:58,700 --> 01:05:02,300
But they were lives, people who 
felt cold and hunger and joy, 

1230
01:05:02,300 --> 01:05:04,700
who loved their children and 
mourned their dead. 

1231
01:05:04,700 --> 01:05:08,900
Who watched the seasons change 
and hoped for better days who 

1232
01:05:08,900 --> 01:05:10,600
were in the most fundamental 
sense. 

1233
01:05:10,600 --> 01:05:14,800
Human, their disappearance as a 
distinct population is a loss, a

1234
01:05:14,800 --> 01:05:17,200
reduction in human diverse City 
that cannot be undone. 

1235
01:05:18,000 --> 01:05:21,600
But their persistence in our 
genes is a gift, a contribution 

1236
01:05:21,600 --> 01:05:23,400
that continues to shape 
Humanity. 

1237
01:05:23,400 --> 01:05:26,900
We are richer for their 
existence or complex and 

1238
01:05:26,900 --> 01:05:29,100
interesting, because they were 
part of our story. 

1239
01:05:29,900 --> 01:05:33,300
Science continues to uncover, 
new details every year. 

1240
01:05:33,300 --> 01:05:36,800
Brings fresh discoveries. 
New site, text excavated new 

1241
01:05:36,800 --> 01:05:38,400
techniques. 
Applied to old bones. 

1242
01:05:39,400 --> 01:05:41,400
The picture becomes clearer and 
more nuanced. 

1243
01:05:41,400 --> 01:05:45,200
We learn that neanderthals were 
artists that they cared for the 

1244
01:05:45,200 --> 01:05:48,400
disabled that they adapted to 
diverse environments from the 

1245
01:05:48,400 --> 01:05:52,000
Mediterranean to the Arctic We 
learned that our interactions 

1246
01:05:52,000 --> 01:05:54,700
with them were more extensive 
and more complex than previously

1247
01:05:54,700 --> 01:05:57,200
thought. 
Some Mysteries remain. 

1248
01:05:57,200 --> 01:06:00,800
We still do not fully understand
why neanderthals disappeared 

1249
01:06:00,800 --> 01:06:04,100
when they did. 
Climate stress competition 

1250
01:06:04,100 --> 01:06:09,200
disease, absorption into modern,
human populations, all played 

1251
01:06:09,200 --> 01:06:12,000
roles, but the relative 
importance of each is still 

1252
01:06:12,000 --> 01:06:14,300
debated. 
We do not know what their 

1253
01:06:14,300 --> 01:06:17,300
language, sounded like, what 
stories, they told what they 

1254
01:06:17,300 --> 01:06:20,800
believed about the world. 
These gaps in our knowledge are 

1255
01:06:20,800 --> 01:06:23,400
frustrating. 
But also humbling, The past is 

1256
01:06:23,400 --> 01:06:26,700
not fully knowable, we do our 
best with the evidence we have, 

1257
01:06:26,700 --> 01:06:29,600
but there are limits to what 
bones and Stones can tell us. 

1258
01:06:29,600 --> 01:06:32,700
The inner lives of Neanderthals,
their hopes and fears, and 

1259
01:06:32,708 --> 01:06:36,300
dreams or lost to time. 
What we can do is honor their 

1260
01:06:36,300 --> 01:06:38,900
memory by telling their story as
honestly as we can. 

1261
01:06:39,900 --> 01:06:43,000
Not as brutish Primitives 
overcome by Superior Invaders, 

1262
01:06:43,000 --> 01:06:46,300
not as Noble, Savages living in 
harmony with nature. 

1263
01:06:47,400 --> 01:06:51,300
But as people complex and 
capable doing their best in a 

1264
01:06:51,300 --> 01:06:54,400
challenging world, and we can 
recognize that their story is 

1265
01:06:54,400 --> 01:06:57,500
our story. 
When you look in the mirror, you

1266
01:06:57,500 --> 01:07:00,300
might see Echoes of Neanderthal 
ancestry in your features. 

1267
01:07:00,300 --> 01:07:04,200
When you fight off an infection 
Neanderthal, genes might be 

1268
01:07:04,200 --> 01:07:05,800
helping your immune system 
respond. 

1269
01:07:05,800 --> 01:07:09,500
When you stand in the cold and 
your body adapts ancient 

1270
01:07:09,500 --> 01:07:13,400
evolutionary Innovations, forged
in Ice Age Europe, might be at 

1271
01:07:13,400 --> 01:07:17,100
work your connected to them. 
Not metaphorically, but 

1272
01:07:17,100 --> 01:07:19,400
literally the same molecules 
that made up. 

1273
01:07:19,400 --> 01:07:21,700
Their bodies were passed down 
through countless generations. 

1274
01:07:21,700 --> 01:07:25,200
And now make up yours. 
You are the continuation of this

1275
01:07:25,200 --> 01:07:27,100
story. 
The living proof that they 

1276
01:07:27,100 --> 01:07:30,300
existed and mattered as you 
drift off to sleep tonight. 

1277
01:07:30,300 --> 01:07:33,900
My tired potatoes, think about 
those ancient human standing. 

1278
01:07:33,900 --> 01:07:36,700
Under the same Stars, you see 
facing challenges. 

1279
01:07:36,700 --> 01:07:39,700
You can barely imagine they 
survived long enough. 

1280
01:07:39,700 --> 01:07:43,200
To contribute to your existence,
they were resilient adaptable. 

1281
01:07:43,200 --> 01:07:47,200
Human in all the ways that 
matter and remember that human 

1282
01:07:47,200 --> 01:07:49,900
evolution is not finished. 
We are still changing. 

1283
01:07:49,900 --> 01:07:52,600
Still adapting still mixing 
genes across populations. 

1284
01:07:53,700 --> 01:07:55,900
The boundaries we draw between 
groups are temporary. 

1285
01:07:55,900 --> 01:07:59,600
Always shifting. 
We Are One species spread across

1286
01:07:59,600 --> 01:08:02,100
the globe. 
Carrying the legacy of everyone 

1287
01:08:02,100 --> 01:08:05,800
who came before, the story of 
Neanderthals, and modern humans 

1288
01:08:05,800 --> 01:08:09,700
is a story about contact and 
mixing about the permeability of

1289
01:08:09,700 --> 01:08:13,000
boundaries about the complex 
ways that Evolution actually 

1290
01:08:13,000 --> 01:08:15,600
works. 
It is a story that invites 

1291
01:08:15,600 --> 01:08:17,399
humility about our own place in 
history. 

1292
01:08:18,300 --> 01:08:19,600
We survived. 
Yes. 

1293
01:08:20,500 --> 01:08:23,300
But that survival was not 
inevitable, and it came with 

1294
01:08:23,300 --> 01:08:26,399
costs and compromises and debts 
to those who came before. 

1295
01:08:26,399 --> 01:08:30,100
So tonight, as you close your 
eyes and let the days worries 

1296
01:08:30,100 --> 01:08:33,300
fade, spare a thought for those 
ancient people of the ice age. 

1297
01:08:33,300 --> 01:08:37,300
For the Neanderthals who walk 
these lands for 200,000 years. 

1298
01:08:37,300 --> 01:08:40,899
For the first modern humans who 
ventured North into unknown 

1299
01:08:40,899 --> 01:08:43,100
territory. 
For all those who met and 

1300
01:08:43,100 --> 01:08:46,399
mingled and created the lineage 
that led to you their world is 

1301
01:08:46,399 --> 01:08:49,899
gone, the ice has melted, the 
mammoths are extinct, the caves 

1302
01:08:49,899 --> 01:08:53,399
are empty, but they live on in 
you in the jeans you carry and 

1303
01:08:53,399 --> 01:08:56,700
the story you can continue. 
You are their legacy, their 

1304
01:08:56,700 --> 01:08:59,800
contribution to the Future. 
And that is a remarkable thing 

1305
01:08:59,800 --> 01:09:03,200
to be Sleep. 
Well knowing you are connected 

1306
01:09:03,200 --> 01:09:06,399
to a story that spans hundreds 
of thousands of years and 

1307
01:09:06,399 --> 01:09:10,100
thousands of generations. 
Your part of something, vast and

1308
01:09:10,100 --> 01:09:13,200
ancient and ongoing. 
You are the inheritors of 

1309
01:09:13,200 --> 01:09:17,100
Neanderthal and modern human of 
African and Eurasian of everyone

1310
01:09:17,100 --> 01:09:19,800
who survived long enough to 
contribute to the chain of life,

1311
01:09:19,800 --> 01:09:22,600
that leads to this moment. 
If you enjoyed this journey 

1312
01:09:22,600 --> 01:09:25,600
through Ice Age Europe, please 
follow us for more bed time 

1313
01:09:25,600 --> 01:09:28,700
stories about the people who 
came before us. tomorrow, we 

1314
01:09:28,700 --> 01:09:32,200
will explore another chapter of 
our shared past and other Story 

1315
01:09:32,200 --> 01:09:35,800
of Survival and adaptation in a 
world very different from our 

1316
01:09:35,800 --> 01:09:46,899
own, Until then rest. 
Well. 20,000 years ago, during 

1317
01:09:46,899 --> 01:09:50,300
the height of the last ice age. 
Vast grassland stretched across 

1318
01:09:50,300 --> 01:09:52,899
continents, where forests and 
cities would later rise. 

1319
01:09:52,899 --> 01:09:56,500
These were the mammoth steps 
cold and Windswept. 

1320
01:09:56,500 --> 01:09:59,800
Planes were survival, meant 
understanding every plant, every

1321
01:09:59,800 --> 01:10:03,900
stone, and every shift in the 
weather, Today, you will spend 

1322
01:10:03,900 --> 01:10:07,400
one full day living as your 
ancestors, did moving through 

1323
01:10:07,400 --> 01:10:10,500
the rhythms of Ice Age. 
Life, from dawn until the stars 

1324
01:10:10,500 --> 01:10:14,300
appear, you wait before sunrise 
in a world wrapped in blue, 

1325
01:10:14,300 --> 01:10:17,500
Twilight, the air inside the 
shelter tastes sharp and clean 

1326
01:10:17,500 --> 01:10:20,800
carrying the faint Center of 
smoke from last night's fire. 

1327
01:10:21,500 --> 01:10:24,400
Your breath forms small clouds 
that drift upward toward the 

1328
01:10:24,400 --> 01:10:27,700
curved ceiling of Mammoth hide 
stretched over a framework of 

1329
01:10:27,700 --> 01:10:30,800
Bones and branches. 
The ground beneath you feels 

1330
01:10:30,800 --> 01:10:33,900
firm layered with dried grasses 
and the soft. 

1331
01:10:33,900 --> 01:10:36,000
Pelts, you've carefully arranged
for warmth. 

1332
01:10:36,900 --> 01:10:39,700
Outside the wind moves across 
the steppe with a sound like 

1333
01:10:39,700 --> 01:10:41,700
distant conversation. 
You lie. 

1334
01:10:41,700 --> 01:10:44,700
Still for a moment listening to 
the particular quality of that 

1335
01:10:44,700 --> 01:10:47,100
wind. 
It comes from the north today 

1336
01:10:47,100 --> 01:10:51,400
steady rather than gusting which
means the weather will hold this

1337
01:10:51,400 --> 01:10:53,800
matters more than almost 
anything else in your world. 

1338
01:10:54,900 --> 01:10:56,500
The high door covering the 
entrance. 

1339
01:10:56,500 --> 01:10:59,700
Glows faintly, as Dawn 
approaches, you can see the dark

1340
01:10:59,700 --> 01:11:03,400
shapes of other shelters nearby 
round structures that look like 

1341
01:11:03,400 --> 01:11:08,100
small hills against the pale 
grass. smoke rises from one of 

1342
01:11:08,100 --> 01:11:11,500
the thin Gray Line that tells 
you someone else has already 

1343
01:11:11,500 --> 01:11:14,700
revived their fire. 
The site brings a small measure 

1344
01:11:14,700 --> 01:11:17,400
of comfort. 
You are not alone on this vast. 

1345
01:11:17,400 --> 01:11:20,800
Plain you push aside your 
sleeping Furs and sit up slowly.

1346
01:11:21,800 --> 01:11:25,600
Your body knows the cold. 
Expected and has learned to move

1347
01:11:25,600 --> 01:11:29,000
in ways that preserve warmth. 
The deer skin tunic you water. 

1348
01:11:29,000 --> 01:11:31,600
Sleep is already layered over 
your Caribou hide leggings, 

1349
01:11:31,600 --> 01:11:34,000
everything. 
You own serves multiple 

1350
01:11:34,000 --> 01:11:36,800
purposes. 
Nothing is wasted in this place.

1351
01:11:36,800 --> 01:11:39,000
The fire pit at the center of 
the shelter. 

1352
01:11:39,000 --> 01:11:42,500
Holds only gray Ash and a few 
dark fragments of charred wood. 

1353
01:11:42,500 --> 01:11:45,600
You spent the last of 
yesterday's fuel keeping warm 

1354
01:11:45,600 --> 01:11:48,200
through the night. 
This means your first task is 

1355
01:11:48,200 --> 01:11:51,800
already decided for you. 
The day begins with fire as most

1356
01:11:51,800 --> 01:11:54,300
days. 
Do you gather a small bundle of 

1357
01:11:54,300 --> 01:11:56,700
dried grass from the supply keep
near the entrance? 

1358
01:11:57,500 --> 01:12:00,900
The grass crackles softly in 
your hands, releasing a Dusty 

1359
01:12:00,900 --> 01:12:02,700
smell. 
That reminds you of late summer 

1360
01:12:02,700 --> 01:12:06,200
your carefully. 
In the fire, pit building a 

1361
01:12:06,200 --> 01:12:09,100
small nest with a hollow center 
beside this. 

1362
01:12:09,100 --> 01:12:11,400
You place thin Twix of Willow 
each. 

1363
01:12:11,400 --> 01:12:15,000
No thicker than a finger crossed
at angles that allow air to flow

1364
01:12:15,000 --> 01:12:17,500
beneath them. 
From a Leather Pouch hanging on 

1365
01:12:17,500 --> 01:12:18,900
the wall. 
You take two stones. 

1366
01:12:18,900 --> 01:12:22,300
One is a piece of flint grey and
glassy with edges. 

1367
01:12:22,300 --> 01:12:25,000
You've shaped yourself. 
The other is a chunk of iron, 

1368
01:12:25,000 --> 01:12:29,200
pyrite, heavy and Golden Brown. 
These stones of created fire for

1369
01:12:29,200 --> 01:12:32,100
you, hundreds of times, you 
know, exactly how to hold them, 

1370
01:12:32,100 --> 01:12:35,600
where to strike and what angle 
produces the best spark. 

1371
01:12:36,400 --> 01:12:39,300
You position the Flint above the
grass, nest and strike, its 

1372
01:12:39,300 --> 01:12:42,200
sharply with the pyrite. 
The first strike produces 

1373
01:12:42,200 --> 01:12:46,200
nothing, second sends a small 
orange spark into the air 

1374
01:12:46,200 --> 01:12:48,100
bright, but two, briefed to 
catch. 

1375
01:12:48,900 --> 01:12:52,600
The third strike is different, 
the spark lands directly in the 

1376
01:12:52,608 --> 01:12:56,300
center of the grass nest and 
begins to glowing close. 

1377
01:12:56,300 --> 01:13:00,400
So, close your face, feels the 
tiny warmth and breathe gently 

1378
01:13:00,400 --> 01:13:03,500
onto the Ember. 
The grass catches with a whisper

1379
01:13:03,500 --> 01:13:06,100
of flame. 
Yellow light fills the shelter 

1380
01:13:06,100 --> 01:13:10,000
dancing across the curved walls.
You feed the infant fire with 

1381
01:13:10,000 --> 01:13:13,100
more grass then add the thin 
Willow Twigs one at a time. 

1382
01:13:14,000 --> 01:13:17,400
The Flames grow taller stronger 
beginning to crackle with real 

1383
01:13:17,400 --> 01:13:20,100
Authority. 
You feel your shoulders relaxed?

1384
01:13:20,100 --> 01:13:23,000
Slightly fire means warmth 
safety. 

1385
01:13:23,000 --> 01:13:26,300
The ability to cook food and 
keep Predators at a distance. 

1386
01:13:27,100 --> 01:13:30,100
Fire is the difference between 
surviving and merely enduring. 

1387
01:13:30,100 --> 01:13:34,000
As the fire establishes itself, 
you add thicker branches pieces 

1388
01:13:34,000 --> 01:13:36,800
of dry, Pine and Birch. 
You gather days ago and stored 

1389
01:13:36,800 --> 01:13:40,100
in a pile near the wall. 
The pine releases a sweet 

1390
01:13:40,100 --> 01:13:43,800
resinous smell as it burns. 
The birch bark catches quickly, 

1391
01:13:43,800 --> 01:13:47,300
curling and blackening adding 
its own sharp scent. 

1392
01:13:47,300 --> 01:13:51,900
To the warming, are your pieces 
carefully creating spaces for 

1393
01:13:51,900 --> 01:13:55,500
air to flow ensuring the fire 
will burn steadily while you 

1394
01:13:55,500 --> 01:13:58,900
prepare for the day ahead. 
Like now, fills the shelter 

1395
01:13:58,900 --> 01:14:02,200
completely, you can see every 
detail of your small home. 

1396
01:14:02,200 --> 01:14:06,100
The walls are made from Mammoth 
hide thick and waterproof sewn 

1397
01:14:06,100 --> 01:14:09,300
together with new thread. 
The framework beneath consists 

1398
01:14:09,300 --> 01:14:13,000
of Mammoth ribs and leg bones 
collected from carcasses found 

1399
01:14:13,000 --> 01:14:16,700
on the step arranged to create a
dome shape that sheds Wind and 

1400
01:14:16,700 --> 01:14:19,300
Rain. 
At the highest point, a small 

1401
01:14:19,300 --> 01:14:23,700
opening allows smoke to escape. 
Floor is packed Earth covered 

1402
01:14:23,700 --> 01:14:27,200
with a layers of dried grass and
animal hides that provide 

1403
01:14:27,200 --> 01:14:30,400
insulation from the frozen 
ground below along the walls. 

1404
01:14:30,400 --> 01:14:33,800
You've arranged your possession 
with care, baskets woven from 

1405
01:14:33,800 --> 01:14:37,400
willow bark called dried 
berries, roots and strips of 

1406
01:14:37,400 --> 01:14:40,800
preserved meat, stone tools, 
hang from bone pegs. 

1407
01:14:40,800 --> 01:14:44,700
Each one shape for specific 
tasks, leather bags, contain 

1408
01:14:44,700 --> 01:14:46,800
materials for making thread 
sewing. 

1409
01:14:46,800 --> 01:14:50,000
Needles carved from bone and 
scraps of hide waiting to be 

1410
01:14:50,000 --> 01:14:52,400
worked. 
Her row of clay pots. 

1411
01:14:52,400 --> 01:14:56,200
Each formed by hand and fired 
and coals holds water fat and 

1412
01:14:56,200 --> 01:14:59,200
pressure okra pigment. 
Everything has its place 

1413
01:14:59,200 --> 01:15:01,700
organization. 
Is another form of survival. 

1414
01:15:01,700 --> 01:15:05,000
You stand and move to the 
entrance pushing aside the heavy

1415
01:15:05,000 --> 01:15:08,900
hide door, cold air rushes in 
fresh and bracing carrying the 

1416
01:15:08,900 --> 01:15:12,900
smells of grass and distance. 
The sun is rising now turning 

1417
01:15:12,900 --> 01:15:15,300
the Eastern sky from Gray to 
pale gold. 

1418
01:15:16,400 --> 01:15:18,800
Step stretches away in every 
direction rolling. 

1419
01:15:18,800 --> 01:15:20,600
Grassland, that seems to have no
end. 

1420
01:15:21,800 --> 01:15:24,700
In the distance, you can see a 
small herd of horses moving 

1421
01:15:24,700 --> 01:15:28,200
slowly across the plain dark 
shapes against the dawn, light 

1422
01:15:28,200 --> 01:15:32,600
father, still barely visible. 
A group of mammoths feeds on the

1423
01:15:32,600 --> 01:15:35,300
tough grass. 
Their curved tusks catching the 

1424
01:15:35,300 --> 01:15:41,200
early Sun, this is your world 
vast cold beautiful in its own 

1425
01:15:41,200 --> 01:15:43,600
harsh way. 
The Ice Age. 

1426
01:15:43,600 --> 01:15:46,600
Step provides everything you 
need to live, but it requires 

1427
01:15:46,600 --> 01:15:50,000
constant attention, constant, 
work, and respect for the power 

1428
01:15:50,000 --> 01:15:52,400
of nature in its most raw form. 
Today. 

1429
01:15:52,400 --> 01:15:56,100
Like every day, you will gather 
what the land offers craft, what

1430
01:15:56,100 --> 01:15:58,900
you need and maintain the 
knowledge that keeps you alive. 

1431
01:16:00,500 --> 01:16:03,900
The wind touches your face cold,
but not bitter. 

1432
01:16:05,000 --> 01:16:09,500
Sky holds, no threat of storms. 
It is a good day to work to move

1433
01:16:09,500 --> 01:16:12,700
across the land to collect the 
materials that make survival 

1434
01:16:12,700 --> 01:16:15,100
possible. 
You turn back to the shelter, 

1435
01:16:15,100 --> 01:16:18,200
add two more branches to the 
fire and prepare yourself for 

1436
01:16:18,200 --> 01:16:21,600
the tasks ahead. 
The sun climbs higher as you set

1437
01:16:21,600 --> 01:16:24,700
out from the shelter walking 
east across the steppe with a 

1438
01:16:24,700 --> 01:16:28,000
large basket, woven from grass, 
and willow bark, the basket. 

1439
01:16:28,000 --> 01:16:30,800
Hangs from a leather strap 
across your shoulder bumping, 

1440
01:16:30,800 --> 01:16:32,600
gently against your hip with 
each step. 

1441
01:16:33,300 --> 01:16:36,700
In your other hand, you carry a 
digging stick a sturdy length of

1442
01:16:36,700 --> 01:16:39,500
hardwood sharp and to a point 
and fire hardened at the tip. 

1443
01:16:40,300 --> 01:16:43,100
This simple tool will help you 
on Earth, roots and price stones

1444
01:16:43,100 --> 01:16:46,200
from the soil. 
The grass underfoot is coarse 

1445
01:16:46,200 --> 01:16:48,600
and silvery adapted to cold and 
drought. 

1446
01:16:48,600 --> 01:16:52,500
It grows in dense Tufts 
separated by patches of Bearer. 

1447
01:16:53,300 --> 01:16:55,600
As you walk small birds arise 
from the grass. 

1448
01:16:55,600 --> 01:16:58,800
Ahead of you, tiny brown shapes 
that Dart away with sharp 

1449
01:16:58,800 --> 01:17:01,200
chirping calls. 
The sound is cheerful. 

1450
01:17:01,200 --> 01:17:03,100
A reminder that life thrives 
here. 

1451
01:17:03,100 --> 01:17:07,400
Despite the cold Your first goal
is a Grove of willow trees that 

1452
01:17:07,400 --> 01:17:10,700
grows along a small stream about
2000 Paces from your shelter. 

1453
01:17:11,500 --> 01:17:14,500
The Willows are precious 
providing flexible branches for 

1454
01:17:14,500 --> 01:17:18,500
weaving in a bark for cordage 
and twigs that burn hot and 

1455
01:17:18,500 --> 01:17:20,800
clean. 
You visited this Grove, many 

1456
01:17:20,800 --> 01:17:24,200
times, always taking only what 
you need, never stripping a 

1457
01:17:24,200 --> 01:17:26,800
single tree completely The 
Willows grow back quickly. 

1458
01:17:26,800 --> 01:17:30,200
If treated with respect as you 
walk, you scan the ground for 

1459
01:17:30,200 --> 01:17:33,000
useful Stones. 
The step is littered with rocks 

1460
01:17:33,000 --> 01:17:36,700
of all sizes, carried here by 
ancient glaciers and deposited 

1461
01:17:36,700 --> 01:17:41,000
across the grassland Most are 
ordinary granite or Basalt but 

1462
01:17:41,000 --> 01:17:45,000
occasionally, you find flint 
chert or the golden brown pyrite

1463
01:17:45,000 --> 01:17:48,400
that makes fire. 
Every stone has potential uses, 

1464
01:17:48,400 --> 01:17:52,300
some can be shaped into cutting 
tools, others work well as 

1465
01:17:52,300 --> 01:17:55,600
hammerstones or grinding 
surfaces the largest can be 

1466
01:17:55,608 --> 01:17:57,800
arranged to create half or 
support structures. 

1467
01:17:57,800 --> 01:18:00,700
The spot, a piece of flint half 
buried in the soil. 

1468
01:18:00,700 --> 01:18:05,100
It's roughly the size of your 
palm gray with bands of lighter 

1469
01:18:05,100 --> 01:18:07,800
color running through it. 
You kneel and work it. 

1470
01:18:07,800 --> 01:18:10,200
Free with your digging stick 
brushing away, the dirt to 

1471
01:18:10,200 --> 01:18:14,000
examine it more closely. 
Flint has good texture, fine, 

1472
01:18:14,000 --> 01:18:16,500
grained and glassy, it will 
flake cleanly. 

1473
01:18:16,500 --> 01:18:20,600
When struck you place it 
carefully in your basket. 100 

1474
01:18:20,600 --> 01:18:22,700
Paces. 
Father, you find a fist-sized 

1475
01:18:22,700 --> 01:18:25,000
chunk of quartzite hard and pink
tinted. 

1476
01:18:25,000 --> 01:18:28,500
This stone is too tough to shape
into cutting tools, but it makes

1477
01:18:28,500 --> 01:18:31,700
an excellent Hammerstone for 
knapping Flint you add it to 

1478
01:18:31,700 --> 01:18:34,000
your collection. 
The stream appears ahead. 

1479
01:18:34,000 --> 01:18:37,800
A bright line of water, cutting 
through the grass Willows grow 

1480
01:18:37,800 --> 01:18:40,900
along both Banks, their narrow 
leaves rustling in the breeze. 

1481
01:18:41,800 --> 01:18:44,500
The trees are still small none 
taller than twice your height, 

1482
01:18:44,500 --> 01:18:47,000
but their branches are numerous 
and flexible. 

1483
01:18:47,900 --> 01:18:50,600
You approach the nearest tree 
and select several young shoots 

1484
01:18:50,600 --> 01:18:53,500
growing from the base. 
These shoots are about as thick 

1485
01:18:53,500 --> 01:18:55,100
as your thumb and perfectly 
straight. 

1486
01:18:55,100 --> 01:18:58,300
You take out a flint blade and 
cut them close to the ground, 

1487
01:18:58,300 --> 01:19:01,000
making clean cuts that won't 
damage the tree. 

1488
01:19:01,000 --> 01:19:03,700
The willow branches smelled. 
Green and Alive. 

1489
01:19:03,700 --> 01:19:07,700
Even in this cold climate, you 
trim away the small side twigs 

1490
01:19:07,700 --> 01:19:09,400
and add the cleaned branches to 
your basket. 

1491
01:19:09,400 --> 01:19:12,800
These will be soaked in water to
make them even more pliable, 

1492
01:19:12,800 --> 01:19:16,600
then woven into new baskets will
use to repair the framework of 

1493
01:19:16,600 --> 01:19:18,600
your shelter near the water's 
edge. 

1494
01:19:18,600 --> 01:19:22,100
You notice a stand of cattails 
growing in the shallow margin of

1495
01:19:22,100 --> 01:19:24,900
the Stream. 
The cat tails are in seed. 

1496
01:19:24,900 --> 01:19:28,500
Now their Browns, cylindrical 
heads, full of fluffy material 

1497
01:19:28,500 --> 01:19:31,600
that can be used for Tinder 
stuffed into clothing for 

1498
01:19:31,600 --> 01:19:35,700
insulation or woven into maths. 
He weighed into the cold water. 

1499
01:19:35,700 --> 01:19:38,700
Feeling it seep through your 
hide boots and gather several 

1500
01:19:38,700 --> 01:19:42,000
Cattail heads. 
Fluff inside is dried despite 

1501
01:19:42,000 --> 01:19:45,100
the plants wet location. 
You wrap the heads in a piece of

1502
01:19:45,100 --> 01:19:48,200
leather to keep them safe. 
The stream itself provides 

1503
01:19:48,200 --> 01:19:51,800
another resource along. 
Its banks you find smooth Stones

1504
01:19:51,800 --> 01:19:54,800
worn around by water. 
These water polished rocks are 

1505
01:19:54,800 --> 01:19:58,400
useful for grinding pigments, 
processing, hides, and smoothing

1506
01:19:58,400 --> 01:20:01,300
wooden tool handles. 
You select three stones of 

1507
01:20:01,300 --> 01:20:03,700
different sizes. 
Each fitting comfortably in your

1508
01:20:03,700 --> 01:20:05,900
hand and add them to your 
growing collection. 

1509
01:20:07,100 --> 01:20:10,500
As you work a family of ground, 
squirrels watches from the far 

1510
01:20:10,500 --> 01:20:13,500
bank, they sit upright on their 
haunches whiskers. 

1511
01:20:13,500 --> 01:20:15,800
Twitching clearly, curious about
your activities. 

1512
01:20:15,800 --> 01:20:19,400
One of them makes a high-pitched
chirping sound, possibly a 

1513
01:20:19,400 --> 01:20:21,500
warning to the others, you smile
at their caution. 

1514
01:20:21,500 --> 01:20:25,100
These small creatures are all. 
So Gathering food, storing, 

1515
01:20:25,100 --> 01:20:28,200
seeds and roots in underground 
burrows to survive the winter 

1516
01:20:28,200 --> 01:20:31,000
ahead. 
Away, you're doing the same 

1517
01:20:31,000 --> 01:20:33,300
thing though. 
Your methods are more complex. 

1518
01:20:34,200 --> 01:20:37,200
You follow the stream Northwood 
looking for a specific plant, 

1519
01:20:37,200 --> 01:20:41,300
you know, grows in this area. 
After searching for perhaps 500 

1520
01:20:41,300 --> 01:20:43,200
Paces you find what you're 
seeking. 

1521
01:20:44,300 --> 01:20:46,700
Patch of wild onions. 
Grows near a bend in the water. 

1522
01:20:46,700 --> 01:20:49,200
Their tubular leaves rising from
the soil. 

1523
01:20:49,900 --> 01:20:52,500
You kneel and use your digging 
stick to carefully extract. 

1524
01:20:52,500 --> 01:20:55,500
Several bulbs, the onions are 
small each. 

1525
01:20:55,500 --> 01:20:58,600
No larger than a walnut but they
are pungent and flavorful. 

1526
01:20:58,600 --> 01:21:02,100
They will add taste to tonight's
meal and provide nutrients, your

1527
01:21:02,100 --> 01:21:05,400
body needs. 
The soil here is darker and 

1528
01:21:05,400 --> 01:21:08,900
richer than the dry ground of 
the open steppe, you dig deeper 

1529
01:21:08,900 --> 01:21:11,700
searching. 
For other edible roots, your 

1530
01:21:11,700 --> 01:21:14,700
stick strike something, firm, 
you work carefully, around it 

1531
01:21:14,700 --> 01:21:17,100
and Unearthed a burdock, root, 
long, and pale Brown. 

1532
01:21:17,100 --> 01:21:20,300
The root is the length of your 
forearm and as thick as two 

1533
01:21:20,300 --> 01:21:23,800
fingers, but can be roasted in 
coals or boiled in water. 

1534
01:21:23,800 --> 01:21:26,700
It has a slightly sweet taste 
and fills the belly. 

1535
01:21:26,700 --> 01:21:29,700
You brush the soil from the root
and add it to your basket. 

1536
01:21:30,700 --> 01:21:33,400
The sun is higher now, warm on 
your face despite the cool. 

1537
01:21:33,400 --> 01:21:37,100
Air your estimate the morning as
half over your basket is 

1538
01:21:37,100 --> 01:21:39,400
beginning to feel heavy which 
means you've gathered. 

1539
01:21:39,400 --> 01:21:42,800
Well, But there is one more 
thing you want to find before. 

1540
01:21:42,800 --> 01:21:46,000
Returning to the shelter, you 
leave the stream and walk toward

1541
01:21:46,000 --> 01:21:49,000
a rocky outcrop visible. 
In the distance this outcrop 

1542
01:21:49,000 --> 01:21:52,200
rises from the step, like a 
small island of stone, its 

1543
01:21:52,200 --> 01:21:56,200
surface covered with Leica, and 
you know, from experience that 

1544
01:21:56,200 --> 01:21:58,800
certain kinds of Flint can be 
found near such rock formation 

1545
01:21:58,800 --> 01:22:04,000
exposed by erosion and easy to 
spot against the pale and The 

1546
01:22:04,000 --> 01:22:07,500
walk takes longer than expected.
The outcrop is farther than it 

1547
01:22:07,500 --> 01:22:09,400
appeared. 
This is the way of the step 

1548
01:22:09,400 --> 01:22:11,700
where distances are hard to 
judge on the flat land. 

1549
01:22:12,400 --> 01:22:15,300
But the walking is pleasant and 
you enjoy the rhythm of your 

1550
01:22:15,300 --> 01:22:19,900
footsteps, The Whisper of grass,
the vast openness of the sky 

1551
01:22:19,900 --> 01:22:23,500
overhead, when you finally reach
the outcrop, you begin searching

1552
01:22:23,500 --> 01:22:26,500
the base of the Rocks, lick and 
crunches under your feet. 

1553
01:22:26,500 --> 01:22:31,200
Releasing a dry powdery smell. 
You move slowly examining every 

1554
01:22:31,200 --> 01:22:34,900
shadow every crevice. 
Then you see it a nodule of 

1555
01:22:34,900 --> 01:22:37,500
black, Flint. 
Roughly the size of a goose egg 

1556
01:22:37,500 --> 01:22:39,400
laying against the base of a 
large Boulder. 

1557
01:22:40,400 --> 01:22:43,600
Flint is nearly perfect with no 
visible cracks or floors. 

1558
01:22:43,600 --> 01:22:47,100
This is a prize worth carrying 
you pick up the nodule 

1559
01:22:47,100 --> 01:22:50,600
carefully, feeling its weight 
admiring its smooth surface. 

1560
01:22:50,600 --> 01:22:55,100
This piece of stone represents 
Future tools in your hands with 

1561
01:22:55,100 --> 01:22:58,400
patience and skill. 
It will become scrapers blades 

1562
01:22:58,400 --> 01:23:01,600
points for Spears. 
The transformation from Raw 

1563
01:23:01,600 --> 01:23:03,900
Stone to functional. 
Tool is a kind of magic. 

1564
01:23:03,900 --> 01:23:07,300
You understand deeply, with this
final find your basket is full. 

1565
01:23:07,300 --> 01:23:10,500
The weight pulls pleasantly on 
your shoulder as you turn back 

1566
01:23:10,500 --> 01:23:14,200
to Old home, the return Journey 
feels short-term perhaps because

1567
01:23:14,200 --> 01:23:17,600
you walk with purpose, carrying 
the fruits of your morning's 

1568
01:23:17,600 --> 01:23:20,200
work. 
As you need your shelter, you 

1569
01:23:20,200 --> 01:23:23,400
see smoke rising from several 
fires other. 

1570
01:23:23,400 --> 01:23:25,800
People are awake and active. 
Now beginning their own daily 

1571
01:23:25,800 --> 01:23:30,000
tasks, A child runs between the 
shelters laughing at some 

1572
01:23:30,000 --> 01:23:32,900
private game. 
The sound is bright and 

1573
01:23:32,900 --> 01:23:34,600
unexpected in this austere 
landscape. 

1574
01:23:34,600 --> 01:23:38,400
It reminds you that humans bring
more than just survival to this 

1575
01:23:38,400 --> 01:23:41,800
place. 
They bring joy creativity and 

1576
01:23:41,800 --> 01:23:44,600
the determination to thrive even
in difficult conditions. 

1577
01:23:44,600 --> 01:23:47,300
You duck through the entrance of
your shelter. 

1578
01:23:47,300 --> 01:23:52,000
Glad for the warmth Inside the 
Fire has burned down to glowing 

1579
01:23:52,000 --> 01:23:57,000
coals you add fresh wood and the
Flames Rise Again welcoming and 

1580
01:23:57,000 --> 01:24:00,500
familiar you empty. 
Your basket carefully arranging 

1581
01:24:00,500 --> 01:24:04,400
each item in its proper place. 
The stones go in one corner. 

1582
01:24:04,400 --> 01:24:08,000
The willow branches leaning 
against the wall, the cat tail 

1583
01:24:08,000 --> 01:24:10,400
heads. 
Rest in a dry basket, the roots 

1584
01:24:10,400 --> 01:24:13,600
and onions are placed near the 
food storage area, you stand 

1585
01:24:13,600 --> 01:24:15,200
back and Survey your morning's 
work. 

1586
01:24:15,200 --> 01:24:18,900
These materials represent more 
than objects, they represent 

1587
01:24:18,900 --> 01:24:22,700
possibility, preparation and the
continuation of life on the step

1588
01:24:22,700 --> 01:24:26,400
tomorrow or the next day, you 
will transform these raw 

1589
01:24:26,400 --> 01:24:30,400
materials into things you need. 
But for now it is enough to have

1590
01:24:30,400 --> 01:24:33,700
gathered them to know. 
They are here ready when you 

1591
01:24:33,700 --> 01:24:37,200
need them, the midday Sun, fills
your shelter with light that 

1592
01:24:37,200 --> 01:24:39,800
angles through the Smoke Hole 
and glows, orange through the 

1593
01:24:39,800 --> 01:24:43,100
mammoth hide walls. 
You settle yourself on a flat 

1594
01:24:43,100 --> 01:24:45,800
rock near the fire. 
Arranging your stone working 

1595
01:24:45,800 --> 01:24:49,400
tools around you. 
The large nodule of black Flint 

1596
01:24:49,400 --> 01:24:51,500
sits before you like a challenge
and a promise. 

1597
01:24:52,100 --> 01:24:55,600
Tool-making requires, patience 
focus and an understanding of 

1598
01:24:55,600 --> 01:24:59,100
how Stone breaks you have spent 
Years Learning these skills 

1599
01:24:59,100 --> 01:25:02,700
beginning as a child who watched
the adults work progressing 

1600
01:25:02,700 --> 01:25:06,100
through countless mistakes and 
small successes until the 

1601
01:25:06,100 --> 01:25:08,600
knowledge lived in your hands as
much as your mind. 

1602
01:25:09,400 --> 01:25:12,500
Today, you will create several 
tools that your household needs.

1603
01:25:12,500 --> 01:25:16,900
You begin by examining the Flint
nodule from every angle turning 

1604
01:25:16,900 --> 01:25:19,900
it slowly in your hands, feeling
its weight and balance. 

1605
01:25:19,900 --> 01:25:24,700
The surface is smooth, covered 
with a pale chalky cortex that 

1606
01:25:24,700 --> 01:25:27,300
must be removed to reach the 
workable Stone beneath. 

1607
01:25:28,100 --> 01:25:30,900
You look for the grain of the 
Flint, the subtle ways that 

1608
01:25:30,900 --> 01:25:34,600
indicate how it will fracture 
when struck This is not random 

1609
01:25:34,600 --> 01:25:38,700
Stone has an internal structure 
and working with that structure 

1610
01:25:38,700 --> 01:25:41,600
rather than against it is the 
key to successful mapping. 

1611
01:25:41,600 --> 01:25:44,900
You select your Hammerstone, the
piece of court site you found 

1612
01:25:44,900 --> 01:25:47,100
earlier. 
It fits your hand perfectly, 

1613
01:25:47,100 --> 01:25:50,400
heavy enough to deliver Force, 
but small enough to control 

1614
01:25:50,400 --> 01:25:53,600
precisely you hold the Flint 
firmly in your left hand, 

1615
01:25:53,600 --> 01:25:56,600
supporting it on your leather 
covered thigh, the leather will 

1616
01:25:56,600 --> 01:25:59,300
protect your leg from sharp 
edges and flying flakes. 

1617
01:26:00,100 --> 01:26:03,500
First strike is always 
important, you aim for a spot 

1618
01:26:03,508 --> 01:26:06,500
near the edge of the nodule and 
bring the hammer Stone down with

1619
01:26:06,500 --> 01:26:10,500
controlled Force, the impact 
makes a sharp crack, a large 

1620
01:26:10,500 --> 01:26:13,800
flake splits away from the 
nodule exposing, the glossy 

1621
01:26:13,800 --> 01:26:17,900
black interior of the Flint. 
The flake itself is useless but 

1622
01:26:17,900 --> 01:26:20,400
it has opened up the stone 
giving you access to the 

1623
01:26:20,400 --> 01:26:23,600
workable material inside. 
You can continue striking 

1624
01:26:23,600 --> 01:26:25,400
working your way around the 
nodule. 

1625
01:26:25,400 --> 01:26:29,000
Removing the cortex in large 
rough flakes, each strike 

1626
01:26:29,000 --> 01:26:33,000
requires judgment too hard. 
And the stone might shatter too 

1627
01:26:33,000 --> 01:26:36,300
soft and nothing happens. 
The right Force applied at the 

1628
01:26:36,308 --> 01:26:38,200
right angle. 
Produces clean predictable, 

1629
01:26:38,200 --> 01:26:42,600
breaks the Rhythm develops, 
naturally strike, turn the stone

1630
01:26:42,600 --> 01:26:46,500
strike again, flakes pile up 
around your feet, sharp and 

1631
01:26:46,500 --> 01:26:49,800
glittering, after patch, 20 
strikes, you've reduced the 

1632
01:26:49,800 --> 01:26:51,800
nodule to a smaller core of pure
black. 

1633
01:26:51,800 --> 01:26:55,900
Flint roughly over in shape. 
This core is your platform for 

1634
01:26:55,900 --> 01:26:58,800
creating usable tools. 
Now the real work begins. 

1635
01:26:58,800 --> 01:27:02,000
You set aside the heavy Hammer 
Stone and pick up a softer 

1636
01:27:02,000 --> 01:27:03,600
Striker made from a piece of 
antler. 

1637
01:27:03,600 --> 01:27:07,000
Antler is gentler than Courtside
allowing for more control 

1638
01:27:07,000 --> 01:27:09,500
flaking. 
You will use this to remove thin

1639
01:27:09,500 --> 01:27:12,400
sharp flakes from the core. 
Each one a potential cutting 

1640
01:27:12,400 --> 01:27:15,200
tool you position. 
The atlas Striker carefully and 

1641
01:27:15,200 --> 01:27:18,700
strike a blown near the edge of 
the core along curved flake peel

1642
01:27:18,700 --> 01:27:19,500
away. 
Cleanly. 

1643
01:27:20,200 --> 01:27:22,900
The flake is about as long as 
your hand and sharp along both 

1644
01:27:22,900 --> 01:27:27,000
edges, you examine it closely. 
The edges Keen enough to slice 

1645
01:27:27,000 --> 01:27:30,200
hide or meet with minimal 
pressure, this flake will become

1646
01:27:30,200 --> 01:27:32,200
a scraper for processing animal 
skins. 

1647
01:27:32,200 --> 01:27:35,500
You can continue working the 
core removing flakes of various 

1648
01:27:35,500 --> 01:27:37,900
sizes. 
Some are long and narrow good 

1649
01:27:37,900 --> 01:27:40,100
for cutting. 
Others are broader and thicker 

1650
01:27:40,100 --> 01:27:43,200
suitable for scraping or 
chopping each flake that comes 

1651
01:27:43,200 --> 01:27:46,200
away is examined and set aside 
for later, use or discarded if 

1652
01:27:46,200 --> 01:27:49,000
it has flaws. 
The pile of potential tools. 

1653
01:27:49,000 --> 01:27:53,200
Grow steadily the work is 
meditative your hands move with 

1654
01:27:53,200 --> 01:27:56,100
practice. 
Certainly your mind enters a 

1655
01:27:56,100 --> 01:27:59,700
focused state where only the 
stone exists its possibilities 

1656
01:27:59,700 --> 01:28:02,700
and limitations the precise 
angle of each strike. 

1657
01:28:02,700 --> 01:28:05,800
The subtle feedback that tells 
you when the fracture is going 

1658
01:28:05,800 --> 01:28:09,900
well or poorly. 
Outside the wins a cross, the 

1659
01:28:09,900 --> 01:28:13,300
step inside, there is only the 
quiet percussion of stone 

1660
01:28:13,300 --> 01:28:16,800
against Stone after removing, 
perhaps 15 usable flakes. 

1661
01:28:16,800 --> 01:28:18,300
You select one for further 
shaping. 

1662
01:28:18,300 --> 01:28:22,100
This flake is about the length 
of your palm narrow and gently 

1663
01:28:22,100 --> 01:28:24,100
curved. 
It will become a knife blade, 

1664
01:28:24,100 --> 01:28:27,200
but first it needs refinement. 
The edges are sharp. 

1665
01:28:27,200 --> 01:28:30,000
But irregular, you need to 
create a straight consistent 

1666
01:28:30,000 --> 01:28:32,500
Cutting Edge. 
You switched to an even softer 

1667
01:28:32,500 --> 01:28:34,900
tool, a piece of hardwood carved
into a point. 

1668
01:28:34,900 --> 01:28:38,200
This pressure flake are allows 
you to remove tiny flakes from 

1669
01:28:38,200 --> 01:28:40,500
the edge of the larger. 
Flake shaping, it precisely. 

1670
01:28:40,500 --> 01:28:44,400
You hold the blade to be in your
left hand wrap in leather for 

1671
01:28:44,400 --> 01:28:47,100
protection and press the wooden 
Point against the edge. 

1672
01:28:48,100 --> 01:28:51,200
With controlled pressure. 
And a slight twisting motion, a 

1673
01:28:51,200 --> 01:28:55,100
tiny flake pops off the edges. 
Now slightly straighter, you 

1674
01:28:55,100 --> 01:28:58,400
work your way along the edge 
removing microscopic flakes. 

1675
01:28:58,400 --> 01:29:01,000
Each one in, proving the line 
and sharpness. 

1676
01:29:01,800 --> 01:29:05,400
This process is called pressure 
flaking and it transforms a 

1677
01:29:05,400 --> 01:29:07,000
rough piece of stone into a 
finished tool. 

1678
01:29:07,000 --> 01:29:10,800
The work is slow and exacting. 
Your eyes are drawn close to the

1679
01:29:10,800 --> 01:29:13,900
stone watching. 
Each tiny fracture, Your fingers

1680
01:29:13,900 --> 01:29:15,700
feel the edge becoming Keener 
more. 

1681
01:29:15,700 --> 01:29:19,400
Refined after perhaps 30 careful
pressure, flakes. 

1682
01:29:19,400 --> 01:29:22,100
The blade is ready. 
You test it by drawing The Edge 

1683
01:29:22,100 --> 01:29:25,600
across a scrap of leather, the 
stone cuts through the hide with

1684
01:29:25,600 --> 01:29:28,600
almost no resistance. 
Leaving a clean straight line. 

1685
01:29:28,600 --> 01:29:32,500
You've created a knife, worthy 
of the most delicate work you 

1686
01:29:32,500 --> 01:29:35,100
set the finished blade aside and
select another flake from your 

1687
01:29:35,108 --> 01:29:37,600
pile. 
This one is broader and thicker,

1688
01:29:37,600 --> 01:29:40,700
good for scraping rather than 
cutting you shape it 

1689
01:29:40,700 --> 01:29:43,300
differently. 
Creating a rounded working Edge 

1690
01:29:43,300 --> 01:29:46,800
rather than a shop point. 
This scraper will be used to 

1691
01:29:46,800 --> 01:29:50,100
clean fat and tissue from animal
hides an essential step in 

1692
01:29:50,100 --> 01:29:52,800
making leather. 
The scraping Edge needs to be 

1693
01:29:52,800 --> 01:29:56,000
durable rather than hair sharp. 
So you leave it slightly thicker

1694
01:29:56,000 --> 01:29:58,800
less acute. 
The afternoon passes in the 

1695
01:29:58,800 --> 01:30:01,700
focused work. 
The pile of finished tools, 

1696
01:30:01,700 --> 01:30:05,800
grows a knife blade to scrapers 
of different sizes appointed. 

1697
01:30:05,800 --> 01:30:09,200
All for piercing holes in 
leather and a small Graver for 

1698
01:30:09,200 --> 01:30:12,900
carving designs into bone. 
Each tool is shaped for its 

1699
01:30:12,900 --> 01:30:15,500
specific purpose. 
Each one represents a problem 

1700
01:30:15,500 --> 01:30:19,700
solved, a need met as you work. 
You think about the generations 

1701
01:30:19,700 --> 01:30:22,700
before you who learned this 
craft who developed these 

1702
01:30:22,700 --> 01:30:25,700
techniques through experiment 
and observation and who passed 

1703
01:30:25,700 --> 01:30:28,800
the knowledge forward to make, 
is not Instinct. 

1704
01:30:28,800 --> 01:30:31,800
It is learned behavior, cultural
knowledge. 

1705
01:30:31,800 --> 01:30:33,300
That must be taught and 
practiced. 

1706
01:30:34,200 --> 01:30:36,700
The fact that you can sit here 
and create these precise 

1707
01:30:36,700 --> 01:30:39,200
implements from Raw. 
Stone, is the result of 

1708
01:30:39,200 --> 01:30:42,500
thousands of years of 
accumulated understanding this 

1709
01:30:42,500 --> 01:30:44,800
thought brings a sense of 
connection to those ancient 

1710
01:30:44,800 --> 01:30:46,900
teachers. 
A feeling that you are part of 

1711
01:30:46,908 --> 01:30:50,800
something larger than yourself, 
Fire Burns low, you add more 

1712
01:30:50,800 --> 01:30:53,500
wood and blow gently on the 
coals Flames. 

1713
01:30:53,500 --> 01:30:57,700
Rise Again, casting Shadows on 
the shelter walls, the light 

1714
01:30:57,700 --> 01:31:00,500
catches on the pile of stone 
flakes scattered around, you 

1715
01:31:00,500 --> 01:31:02,900
making them glitter like 
scattered Stars. 

1716
01:31:03,800 --> 01:31:06,400
You gather the finished tools 
and arrange them carefully on a 

1717
01:31:06,408 --> 01:31:09,300
piece of hide. 
Tomorrow, you will have to some 

1718
01:31:09,300 --> 01:31:11,600
of them into wooden handles 
binding, the stone to wood with 

1719
01:31:11,600 --> 01:31:14,400
pine pitch. 
Others will be used as they are 

1720
01:31:14,400 --> 01:31:18,300
held directly in the hand but 
for now they are complete ready 

1721
01:31:18,300 --> 01:31:22,600
to serve their purposes. 
The remaining core of Flint is 

1722
01:31:22,600 --> 01:31:25,400
smaller now but still useful. 
It will provide material for 

1723
01:31:25,400 --> 01:31:28,100
Future tools. 
You wrap it in leather and place

1724
01:31:28,100 --> 01:31:29,700
it with your other Stone 
reserves. 

1725
01:31:29,700 --> 01:31:33,400
Nothing is wasted. 
Even the smallest flakes can be 

1726
01:31:33,408 --> 01:31:36,400
used for cutting tasks or a 
scrapers for detailed work. 

1727
01:31:37,000 --> 01:31:39,900
You sweep the sharp debris into 
a pile and carry it outside 

1728
01:31:39,900 --> 01:31:42,500
disposing of it away from the 
areas where people walk. 

1729
01:31:43,200 --> 01:31:46,500
Stone flakes are dangerously 
sharp capable of cutting through

1730
01:31:46,500 --> 01:31:50,200
hide boots or slicing skin. 
Proper disposal is a matter of 

1731
01:31:50,200 --> 01:31:53,800
safety. 
Back inside you, sit by the fire

1732
01:31:53,800 --> 01:31:56,900
and clean your hands brushing 
away, the stone dust and tiny 

1733
01:31:56,900 --> 01:31:59,300
particles. 
Your fingers are marked with 

1734
01:31:59,300 --> 01:32:03,000
small cuts from the days work, 
tiny lines of red against your 

1735
01:32:03,000 --> 01:32:05,500
skin. 
These are the marks of a crafts 

1736
01:32:05,500 --> 01:32:07,400
person. 
That is earned through 

1737
01:32:07,400 --> 01:32:10,700
concentration and skill, they 
will heal quickly and leave no 

1738
01:32:10,700 --> 01:32:13,000
scars. 
The shelter feels warm and 

1739
01:32:13,000 --> 01:32:17,700
secure. outside the day is 
moving toward evening, but you 

1740
01:32:17,700 --> 01:32:21,200
have more work ahead before, 
Darkness Falls, Fire is the 

1741
01:32:21,200 --> 01:32:24,600
heart of survival in this cold 
land without it nights. 

1742
01:32:24,600 --> 01:32:27,400
Would be unbearable. 
Food would remain raw and hard 

1743
01:32:27,400 --> 01:32:30,400
to digest and predators would 
venture much closer to your 

1744
01:32:30,408 --> 01:32:34,200
dwelling. 
Maintaining fire is not simply a

1745
01:32:34,200 --> 01:32:36,500
task. 
It is a responsibility that runs

1746
01:32:36,500 --> 01:32:40,200
through every day like a thread 
through fabric Your fire has 

1747
01:32:40,208 --> 01:32:43,800
burned steadily since Dawn fed 
with wood throughout the day, 

1748
01:32:43,800 --> 01:32:46,200
but fire requires more than 
fuel. 

1749
01:32:46,200 --> 01:32:50,800
It needs attention, 
understanding and respect And 

1750
01:32:50,800 --> 01:32:54,900
neglected fire dies quickly. 
A poorly, managed fire consumes 

1751
01:32:54,900 --> 01:32:58,000
too much wood. 
Or producers choking smoke, a 

1752
01:32:58,000 --> 01:33:01,600
well-tended fire burns clean and
hot using fuel efficiently 

1753
01:33:01,600 --> 01:33:05,700
providing warmth and cooking 
heat exactly when needed you 

1754
01:33:05,700 --> 01:33:08,500
Neil beside the fire pit and 
study the current state of the 

1755
01:33:08,500 --> 01:33:10,800
Flames. 
The wood has burned down to a 

1756
01:33:10,800 --> 01:33:12,600
bed of glowing coals mixed with 
Ash. 

1757
01:33:12,600 --> 01:33:15,100
This is actually ideal for many 
purposes. 

1758
01:33:15,100 --> 01:33:19,700
Kohl's provides steady sustained
heat without the dramatic Flames

1759
01:33:19,700 --> 01:33:22,700
that consumed fuel rapidly. 
You will cook on these coals 

1760
01:33:22,700 --> 01:33:25,100
later. 
But first, you need to ensure 

1761
01:33:25,100 --> 01:33:26,900
you have enough firewood for the
coming night. 

1762
01:33:26,900 --> 01:33:29,400
The woodpile near the wall is 
diminished. 

1763
01:33:29,400 --> 01:33:33,800
He counted 10 branches remaining
enough for a few hours but not 

1764
01:33:33,800 --> 01:33:38,000
enough to last until morning. 
Gathering firewood is a constant

1765
01:33:38,000 --> 01:33:40,900
necessity one that cannot be 
postponed or forgotten. 

1766
01:33:41,700 --> 01:33:43,900
You take up a leather carrying 
sling and head outside. 

1767
01:33:43,900 --> 01:33:47,700
The sun is lowering toward the 
Western Horizon, painting, the 

1768
01:33:47,700 --> 01:33:51,600
sky and shades of Amber and pale
Rose, the temperature is 

1769
01:33:51,600 --> 01:33:55,000
dropping as evening approaches. 
You can feel the change in the 

1770
01:33:55,000 --> 01:33:58,900
air, the subtle shift that your 
body reads automatically, your 

1771
01:33:58,900 --> 01:34:02,700
destination is a standard trees 
about a 1000 Paces to the South.

1772
01:34:02,700 --> 01:34:07,200
These trees died years ago 
killed by fire or disease and 

1773
01:34:07,200 --> 01:34:10,600
now they stand as weathered 
skeletons, there would dried 

1774
01:34:10,600 --> 01:34:14,900
perfectly for burning dead 
standing wood is far superior to

1775
01:34:14,900 --> 01:34:18,000
branches gather from the ground.
Ground wood, absorbs moisture 

1776
01:34:18,000 --> 01:34:21,300
from the soil and burns poorly 
producing more smoke than Heat. 

1777
01:34:22,100 --> 01:34:25,300
Standing Deadwood is dry all the
way through burning hot and 

1778
01:34:25,300 --> 01:34:28,100
clean. 
As you walk, you notice how the 

1779
01:34:28,100 --> 01:34:31,300
angle of light transforms, the 
step, the grass that appeared 

1780
01:34:31,300 --> 01:34:34,100
silver at dawn. 
Now, glows, Golden Shadows 

1781
01:34:34,100 --> 01:34:37,200
stretched long and dramatic 
across the land, the distant 

1782
01:34:37,200 --> 01:34:40,500
mountains, invisible at midday 
and now visible as blue 

1783
01:34:40,500 --> 01:34:44,000
Silhouettes, against the sky. 
This is the time of day when the

1784
01:34:44,000 --> 01:34:46,500
harsh landscape reveals 
unexpected Beauty. 

1785
01:34:47,200 --> 01:34:51,300
The dead trees stand in a small 
Grove six tall trunks reduced to

1786
01:34:51,300 --> 01:34:53,400
Bare poles with scattered dead 
branches. 

1787
01:34:54,200 --> 01:34:56,400
Some of the branches have 
already fallen littering the 

1788
01:34:56,400 --> 01:35:00,100
ground around the trees others. 
Still cling to the trunks dried 

1789
01:35:00,100 --> 01:35:03,000
and brittle, you select the 
branches that are elevated off 

1790
01:35:03,000 --> 01:35:05,900
the ground, but Loose enough to 
Break Free with moderate Force. 

1791
01:35:05,900 --> 01:35:09,200
You reach up and grab a branch 
about as thick as your wrist. 

1792
01:35:09,200 --> 01:35:13,300
It's light, much lighter than 
Living Wood, evidence of how 

1793
01:35:13,300 --> 01:35:16,700
thoroughly it has dried, you 
pull down and the branch breaks 

1794
01:35:16,700 --> 01:35:19,800
free with a satisfying crack. 
The wood is pale. 

1795
01:35:19,800 --> 01:35:22,100
Gray one Smooth by years of 
weather. 

1796
01:35:22,800 --> 01:35:25,300
You break the branch into 
manageable lengths by bracing. 

1797
01:35:25,300 --> 01:35:27,000
It against your knee and 
applying pressure. 

1798
01:35:27,000 --> 01:35:31,200
Each piece is about the length 
of your arm size to fit easily 

1799
01:35:31,200 --> 01:35:33,500
into your fire pit. 
You can continue Gathering 

1800
01:35:33,500 --> 01:35:35,600
working with methodically 
through the available. 

1801
01:35:35,600 --> 01:35:39,200
Deadwood, some branches are too 
rotted, crumbling to powder in 

1802
01:35:39,200 --> 01:35:42,700
your hands, you leave these 
others are solid and sound 

1803
01:35:42,700 --> 01:35:45,200
despite their age. 
These go into your carrying 

1804
01:35:45,200 --> 01:35:48,000
sling, the work is physical, but
not difficult. 

1805
01:35:48,000 --> 01:35:52,200
Your body is accustomed to such 
labor, a sound, makes you pause 

1806
01:35:52,200 --> 01:35:55,800
somewhere in the distance, a 
mammoth Trumpets, the call 

1807
01:35:55,800 --> 01:35:59,400
carrying across the empty space,
you look toward the sound and 

1808
01:35:59,400 --> 01:36:02,600
see, a herd moving slowly 
Westward, dark shapes against 

1809
01:36:02,600 --> 01:36:05,700
the golden grass, the mammoths 
are enormous even at this 

1810
01:36:05,700 --> 01:36:08,000
distance their curved tusks 
visible. 

1811
01:36:08,000 --> 01:36:10,800
As graceful Arts, they are 
traveling to their feeding 

1812
01:36:10,800 --> 01:36:13,500
grounds following route. 
They have used for generationals

1813
01:36:14,200 --> 01:36:17,300
You watch them for a moment, 
feeling a mixture of or 

1814
01:36:17,300 --> 01:36:20,200
unfamiliarity. 
Mammoths are part of the fabric 

1815
01:36:20,200 --> 01:36:22,700
of this world. 
They provide Ivory for tools 

1816
01:36:22,700 --> 01:36:26,400
hides for shelter meat for food.
But they are all. 

1817
01:36:26,400 --> 01:36:29,500
So dangerous, massive creatures 
that can crush a human without 

1818
01:36:29,500 --> 01:36:33,200
even noticing. 
Respect and caution are the 

1819
01:36:33,208 --> 01:36:36,600
appropriate responses to such 
animals, the mammoths. 

1820
01:36:36,600 --> 01:36:38,600
Move on disappearing, Beyond a 
low rise. 

1821
01:36:38,600 --> 01:36:40,600
Your return to your wood 
Gathering. 

1822
01:36:40,600 --> 01:36:44,500
When the carrying sling is full,
you shoulder the load and start 

1823
01:36:44,500 --> 01:36:47,700
back toward your shelter. 
The wood is bulky but not heavy 

1824
01:36:47,700 --> 01:36:51,500
it rustles and shifts as you 
walk settling into the sling. 

1825
01:36:52,700 --> 01:36:55,800
Back at your dwelling you stack 
the new firewood carefully, near

1826
01:36:55,800 --> 01:36:59,300
the entrance, arranging it. 
So air can circulate around each

1827
01:36:59,300 --> 01:37:01,900
piece. 
Proper Storage keeps would dry 

1828
01:37:01,900 --> 01:37:04,700
and ready to burn. 
Damp wood produces smoke and 

1829
01:37:04,700 --> 01:37:07,300
waste effort. 
You return to the fire pit and 

1830
01:37:07,300 --> 01:37:09,100
consider the current state of 
the coals. 

1831
01:37:09,100 --> 01:37:12,500
They have begun to fade the 
bright orange, darling to read 

1832
01:37:12,500 --> 01:37:14,800
this is the time to add fresh 
fuel. 

1833
01:37:14,800 --> 01:37:18,300
You select three pieces of the 
newly gathered wood and placed 

1834
01:37:18,300 --> 01:37:20,000
them on the coals in a careful 
Arrangement. 

1835
01:37:20,000 --> 01:37:23,300
The pieces are positioned to 
allow airflow beneath the 

1836
01:37:23,800 --> 01:37:26,500
creating channels for oxygen to 
reach the burning coals. 

1837
01:37:27,300 --> 01:37:30,700
Within moments thin wisps of 
Smoke, Rise From the wood, the 

1838
01:37:30,700 --> 01:37:33,900
smoke thickens, turning white 
and substantial, then with a 

1839
01:37:33,908 --> 01:37:38,000
soft whoosh, Flames appear, the 
dried wood catches quickly 

1840
01:37:38,000 --> 01:37:41,400
burning with clean yellow. 
Flames that grow rapidly in size

1841
01:37:41,400 --> 01:37:44,700
and intensity heat. 
Radiates outward warming, your 

1842
01:37:44,700 --> 01:37:47,800
face and hands. 
Fire is more than combustion. 

1843
01:37:47,800 --> 01:37:52,700
It is transformation. 
Would become heat, light, smoke,

1844
01:37:52,700 --> 01:37:55,700
and Ash. 
The process is both practical 

1845
01:37:55,700 --> 01:37:59,300
and somehow magical attaining of
one of Nature's Most Powerful 

1846
01:37:59,300 --> 01:38:01,900
forces. 
Every time you'd like to fire or

1847
01:38:01,900 --> 01:38:05,100
coats Flames from Coles, you are
participating in knowledge. 

1848
01:38:05,100 --> 01:38:08,800
That humans discovered 10s of 
thousands of years ago The 

1849
01:38:08,800 --> 01:38:11,000
techniques you use were learned 
by trial and arrow. 

1850
01:38:11,000 --> 01:38:12,800
By people whose names are lost 
to time. 

1851
01:38:12,800 --> 01:38:15,400
But whose discoveries made 
civilization possible. 

1852
01:38:15,400 --> 01:38:18,400
You add two more pieces of wood 
building. 

1853
01:38:18,400 --> 01:38:20,900
The fire to a size that will 
produce lasting Kohl's. 

1854
01:38:20,900 --> 01:38:24,400
The shelter fills with warmth 
and the pleasant smell of 

1855
01:38:24,400 --> 01:38:28,500
burning Pine like dancers on the
curved walls creating an 

1856
01:38:28,500 --> 01:38:31,600
atmosphere that feels safe and 
enclosed despite the vast cold 

1857
01:38:31,600 --> 01:38:35,200
world outside. 
As the fire stabilizes, you 

1858
01:38:35,200 --> 01:38:38,500
prepare for an important task 
creating fire from nothing 

1859
01:38:38,500 --> 01:38:41,600
without the benefit of existing.
Coals is a skill. 

1860
01:38:41,600 --> 01:38:44,500
You practice regularly. 
If your fire ever goes 

1861
01:38:44,500 --> 01:38:47,600
completely out and no one nearby
can share their calls, you must 

1862
01:38:47,600 --> 01:38:50,400
be able to create flame using 
only materials found on the 

1863
01:38:50,400 --> 01:38:52,700
step, you gather the necessary 
items. 

1864
01:38:52,700 --> 01:38:56,300
A flat piece of wood dry and 
sound which will serve as the 

1865
01:38:56,308 --> 01:38:58,600
fire board. 
A straight stick of slightly 

1866
01:38:58,600 --> 01:39:00,300
harder wood which will be the 
drill. 

1867
01:39:01,100 --> 01:39:03,800
The curved piece of bone with a 
smooth depression, carved in one

1868
01:39:03,800 --> 01:39:05,800
end which will hold the top of 
the drill. 

1869
01:39:05,800 --> 01:39:08,800
A bow made from a flexible 
Branch with a leather. 

1870
01:39:08,800 --> 01:39:12,300
Thong stretch between the ends 
and a small pile of dried grass 

1871
01:39:12,300 --> 01:39:14,900
and Tinder ready to catch the 
first Ember. 

1872
01:39:15,600 --> 01:39:17,400
The technique is called bow 
drill fire. 

1873
01:39:17,400 --> 01:39:21,100
Making it uses friction to 
create heat and heat to create 

1874
01:39:21,100 --> 01:39:23,800
an ember. 
Process requires technique 

1875
01:39:23,800 --> 01:39:26,500
endurance and favorable 
conditions. 

1876
01:39:26,500 --> 01:39:29,800
Even with experience. 
Success is Not Guaranteed. 

1877
01:39:29,800 --> 01:39:33,800
You carve a small notch in the 
edge of the fireball creating a 

1878
01:39:33,800 --> 01:39:36,400
collection point for the hot 
wood dust that the frictional 

1879
01:39:36,400 --> 01:39:39,700
will produce you place the fire 
board on the ground and Brace 

1880
01:39:39,700 --> 01:39:43,600
with your foot the drill stand 
upright on the fire board its 

1881
01:39:43,600 --> 01:39:46,300
top end fitted into the socket 
carved in the bone. 

1882
01:39:46,300 --> 01:39:49,800
The Bose string is wrapped once 
around the drill shaft, you 

1883
01:39:49,800 --> 01:39:52,500
position yourself carefully, one
knee on the ground. 

1884
01:39:52,500 --> 01:39:56,200
The other foot bracing the fire 
board you pressed down gently on

1885
01:39:56,200 --> 01:39:58,900
the bone socket with your left 
hand while moving the bow back 

1886
01:39:58,900 --> 01:40:02,000
and forth with your right. 
The drill begins to spin 

1887
01:40:02,000 --> 01:40:04,500
rotating first. 
One Direction, then the other 

1888
01:40:05,300 --> 01:40:08,000
Smoke appears almost immediately
where the drill Point touches 

1889
01:40:08,000 --> 01:40:09,900
the fire board. 
This is good. 

1890
01:40:09,900 --> 01:40:14,300
Smoke means friction, and 
friction means heat, you 

1891
01:40:14,300 --> 01:40:17,600
increase your speed moving the 
bow faster, pressing down 

1892
01:40:17,600 --> 01:40:20,100
harder, more smoke Rises 
thicker. 

1893
01:40:20,100 --> 01:40:22,100
Now, with a sharp smell of 
burning wood. 

1894
01:40:22,100 --> 01:40:25,700
Your arm begins to feel the 
effort the bow drill method, 

1895
01:40:25,700 --> 01:40:27,500
demands, sustained, physical 
work. 

1896
01:40:27,500 --> 01:40:31,700
You cannot stop or slow down 
once the process has begun, the 

1897
01:40:31,700 --> 01:40:34,400
heat must build continuously 
until it reaches the point where

1898
01:40:34,400 --> 01:40:38,100
would dust becomes Ember Sweat 
forms on your forehead, despite 

1899
01:40:38,100 --> 01:40:41,600
the cool, air your arm makes, 
but the smoke is pouring from 

1900
01:40:41,600 --> 01:40:44,900
the friction point. 
Now Dead. 

1901
01:40:44,908 --> 01:40:47,300
You can feel the heat buildings 
just a little longer. 

1902
01:40:47,300 --> 01:40:51,000
You make one final strong 
effort, moving the bow as fast 

1903
01:40:51,000 --> 01:40:53,400
as possible. 
Pressing down hard, then you 

1904
01:40:53,400 --> 01:40:56,000
stop carefully. 
Lifting away the drill in the 

1905
01:40:56,000 --> 01:40:59,000
notch of the fire board. 
You see a tiny pile of dark 

1906
01:40:59,000 --> 01:41:02,400
brown. 
Wood dust smoking vigorously at 

1907
01:41:02,400 --> 01:41:05,200
the center of that dust a 
pinpoint of orange and Ember. 

1908
01:41:05,200 --> 01:41:08,000
You carefully tip, the Ember 
onto a piece of bark and 

1909
01:41:08,000 --> 01:41:10,500
transfer it to the waiting nest 
of dried grass. 

1910
01:41:10,500 --> 01:41:13,500
You bring the nest close to your
face and blow gently. 

1911
01:41:13,500 --> 01:41:18,300
The Ember glows brighter, the 
grass, begins to smoke you blow 

1912
01:41:18,300 --> 01:41:23,000
again, more strongly Suddenly 
the grass bursts into flame, you

1913
01:41:23,000 --> 01:41:26,800
have created fire from nothing 
but wood friction and knowledge.

1914
01:41:26,800 --> 01:41:31,000
The Triumph is quiet but real 
Even though you have a perfectly

1915
01:41:31,000 --> 01:41:34,400
good fire burning in the pit 
even though you used flint and 

1916
01:41:34,400 --> 01:41:37,600
pyrite to start it this morning,
the ability to create flame with

1917
01:41:37,600 --> 01:41:39,100
the bow drill is Essential 
Knowledge. 

1918
01:41:39,100 --> 01:41:43,000
It is a backup system, a 
guarantee that you will never be

1919
01:41:43,000 --> 01:41:45,300
helpless as long as you have 
access to wooden grass. 

1920
01:41:45,300 --> 01:41:48,300
You let the grass fire burn out,
naturally watching the Flames 

1921
01:41:48,300 --> 01:41:50,200
consumed. 
The fuel in seconds, the 

1922
01:41:50,200 --> 01:41:53,800
demonstration is complete. 
Your skill is confirmed tomorrow

1923
01:41:53,800 --> 01:41:56,100
or a year from now. 
If you need this technique, your

1924
01:41:56,100 --> 01:42:00,700
hands will remember The main 
fire burn steadily filling the 

1925
01:42:00,700 --> 01:42:03,600
shelter with warmth. 
Evening is settling over the 

1926
01:42:03,600 --> 01:42:06,800
step outside soon. 
It will be time to prepare food 

1927
01:42:06,800 --> 01:42:11,500
but the fire is ready, burning 
clean and hot exactly as it 

1928
01:42:11,500 --> 01:42:14,500
should your shelter has 
protected you through many 

1929
01:42:14,500 --> 01:42:17,900
seasons but like, all things 
made by human hands, it requires

1930
01:42:17,900 --> 01:42:21,000
constant maintenance. 
The mammoth hide walls are 

1931
01:42:21,008 --> 01:42:23,700
durable, but wind and weather 
take their toll. 

1932
01:42:24,400 --> 01:42:27,500
Framework of Bones and branches 
can shift or loosened. 

1933
01:42:28,300 --> 01:42:31,900
Small gaps can appear where cold
air seeps through a shelter. 

1934
01:42:31,900 --> 01:42:33,900
Neglected becomes a shelter 
failed. 

1935
01:42:34,600 --> 01:42:37,300
Before the day ends, you make a 
circuit around the outside of 

1936
01:42:37,300 --> 01:42:40,000
your dwelling examining every 
section carefully. 

1937
01:42:40,000 --> 01:42:43,700
The hide walls are held in place
by a combination of bone Stakes,

1938
01:42:43,700 --> 01:42:46,300
driven into the ground and 
leather thongs tied to the 

1939
01:42:46,308 --> 01:42:50,600
framework beneath You test each 
stake pushing against it to 

1940
01:42:50,600 --> 01:42:54,900
ensure it remains firm. 
Most a solid, but two of worked 

1941
01:42:54,900 --> 01:42:58,200
slightly loose, you drive them 
deeper into the Earth, using 

1942
01:42:58,200 --> 01:43:01,300
heavy Stone as a hammer. 
One section of hide near the 

1943
01:43:01,308 --> 01:43:04,900
entrance shows signs of where 
the material has developed a 

1944
01:43:04,900 --> 01:43:06,900
small tear where it rubs against
a bone support. 

1945
01:43:06,900 --> 01:43:11,200
You examine the damage closely, 
the tear is not large, perhaps 

1946
01:43:11,200 --> 01:43:13,600
the length of your finger, but 
it will grow, if not repaired 

1947
01:43:13,600 --> 01:43:18,200
water could seep through cold, 
air could penetrate your return 

1948
01:43:18,200 --> 01:43:19,800
inside and retrieve your sewing 
kit. 

1949
01:43:20,700 --> 01:43:23,500
Consists of several bone needles
of different sizes. 

1950
01:43:23,500 --> 01:43:27,000
Each one, carefully carved and 
Polished with an, I drilled 

1951
01:43:27,000 --> 01:43:30,100
through one end. 
He also take a link of sinew 

1952
01:43:30,100 --> 01:43:32,700
thread pulled from the dried 
tendons, of a deer, you 

1953
01:43:32,700 --> 01:43:36,500
processed weeks ago, the sinew 
is strong and flexible, perfect 

1954
01:43:36,500 --> 01:43:38,700
for sewing, heavy, hide back 
outside. 

1955
01:43:38,700 --> 01:43:41,900
You thread the needle with 
sinew, the light is fading now, 

1956
01:43:41,900 --> 01:43:45,200
but enough remains to work by 
you begin stitching, the tear 

1957
01:43:45,200 --> 01:43:48,600
closed, using a technique passed
down through generations. 

1958
01:43:48,600 --> 01:43:53,000
The stitches are small and tight
pulled firmly but not so tight 

1959
01:43:53,000 --> 01:43:56,200
that they cut through the hide, 
each Stitch overlaps, the 

1960
01:43:56,200 --> 01:44:00,200
previous one slightly creating a
waterproof seam, the work is 

1961
01:44:00,200 --> 01:44:03,900
precise and satisfying, your 
fingers know the motion without 

1962
01:44:03,900 --> 01:44:07,500
thinking, push the needle 
through the thick hide, pull it 

1963
01:44:07,500 --> 01:44:09,300
out. 
The other side Loop the thread 

1964
01:44:09,300 --> 01:44:12,900
repeat. 
The rhythm is meditative similar

1965
01:44:12,900 --> 01:44:16,500
to the rhythm of knapping stone.
Both activities require Focus, 

1966
01:44:16,500 --> 01:44:18,700
patience and respect from 
materials. 

1967
01:44:19,500 --> 01:44:22,700
As you work, you think about the
mammoth, who's hired forms your 

1968
01:44:22,700 --> 01:44:25,300
walls. 
The animal died years before you

1969
01:44:25,300 --> 01:44:27,900
were born killed by hunters from
a neighboring group. 

1970
01:44:28,600 --> 01:44:31,100
The hide was traded for tools 
and dried meat. 

1971
01:44:31,100 --> 01:44:34,500
It has served as shelter ever 
since protecting multiple 

1972
01:44:34,500 --> 01:44:38,300
families from rain snow and wind
the mammoth's body, transformed 

1973
01:44:38,300 --> 01:44:40,400
into houses, tools, Fuel and 
food. 

1974
01:44:40,400 --> 01:44:43,000
Nothing of that great animal was
wasted. 

1975
01:44:43,000 --> 01:44:47,000
This is the way of the step, 
everything serves a purpose, the

1976
01:44:47,000 --> 01:44:49,600
repair complete. 
You tie off the sinew thread and

1977
01:44:49,600 --> 01:44:52,700
trim it close to the hide. 
The tear is now invisible and 

1978
01:44:52,700 --> 01:44:53,600
less. 
You know, where to look. 

1979
01:44:53,600 --> 01:44:57,600
The wall is whole again, ready 
for whatever weather comes next.

1980
01:44:57,600 --> 01:45:00,700
You Circle the shelter. 
Once more this time from the 

1981
01:45:00,700 --> 01:45:04,700
inside, the framework overhead 
is a lattice of Mammoth bones 

1982
01:45:04,700 --> 01:45:08,200
into woven with Willow branches 
all lashed together with sinew 

1983
01:45:08,200 --> 01:45:11,000
and strips of hide. 
You check each connection Point.

1984
01:45:11,000 --> 01:45:15,700
Tugging gently to test the 
bindings. most are solid but one

1985
01:45:15,700 --> 01:45:19,000
shows signs of fraying The sinew
has begun to split. 

1986
01:45:19,000 --> 01:45:23,100
We can by exposure to smoke and 
moisture you untie the damaged 

1987
01:45:23,100 --> 01:45:25,900
by binding and replace it with 
fresh sinu from your supplies. 

1988
01:45:25,900 --> 01:45:29,500
The new binding is wound, 
tightly Crossing and re-crossing

1989
01:45:29,500 --> 01:45:33,100
to create maximum strength. 
Tie it off with a knot that will

1990
01:45:33,100 --> 01:45:35,900
not slip or loosen. 
The framework is secure again. 

1991
01:45:35,900 --> 01:45:39,300
The floor of the shelter. 
Also needs attention the layer 

1992
01:45:39,300 --> 01:45:42,000
of dried grass that provides 
insulation from The Frozen 

1993
01:45:42,000 --> 01:45:44,800
Ground has compressed over time 
losing. 

1994
01:45:44,800 --> 01:45:48,300
Its Effectiveness, you gather 
fresh grass from a pile. 

1995
01:45:48,300 --> 01:45:50,600
You've kept dry near the 
entrance and spread it evenly 

1996
01:45:50,600 --> 01:45:53,300
across the floor, especially in 
the sleeping area. 

1997
01:45:53,300 --> 01:45:57,200
The new grass is springy and 
resilient, creating a softer 

1998
01:45:57,200 --> 01:46:00,300
warmer surface. 
Your range of sleeping Furs over

1999
01:46:00,300 --> 01:46:05,100
the fresh grass, testing the 
Comfort much better the Smoke 

2000
01:46:05,100 --> 01:46:07,500
Hole at the peak of the shelter 
requires regular adjustment, 

2001
01:46:07,500 --> 01:46:11,100
depending on wind direction and 
fire intense city today, the 

2002
01:46:11,100 --> 01:46:14,500
wind comes from the north So you
shift the position of the height

2003
01:46:14,500 --> 01:46:17,600
flap, that partially covers the 
opening angling it to allow 

2004
01:46:17,600 --> 01:46:20,700
smoke to escape while preventing
rain or snow from entering. 

2005
01:46:21,400 --> 01:46:23,500
Getting this balance, right? 
Is an art learned through 

2006
01:46:23,500 --> 01:46:26,900
experience. 
A good shelter is more than just

2007
01:46:26,900 --> 01:46:29,800
walls and a roof. 
It is a system of interconnected

2008
01:46:29,800 --> 01:46:32,300
elements. 
Each one affecting the others, 

2009
01:46:32,300 --> 01:46:35,900
the fire produces smoke, that 
must escape through the Smoke 

2010
01:46:35,900 --> 01:46:37,800
Hole. 
The Smoke Hole must be 

2011
01:46:37,800 --> 01:46:39,500
positioned to prevent rain 
entry. 

2012
01:46:39,500 --> 01:46:42,800
The hide walls must be tight 
enough to keep out wind, but 

2013
01:46:42,800 --> 01:46:45,300
must allow some air circulation 
to prevent the buildup of 

2014
01:46:45,300 --> 01:46:47,800
moisture. 
The framework must be strong 

2015
01:46:47,800 --> 01:46:50,500
enough to support the weight of 
the hides and resist wind 

2016
01:46:50,500 --> 01:46:52,600
pressure. 
Every element must work in 

2017
01:46:52,600 --> 01:46:55,100
harmony. 
You step back and Survey your 

2018
01:46:55,100 --> 01:46:58,200
dwelling with critical eyes. 
The walls are sound. 

2019
01:46:58,200 --> 01:47:00,800
The framework is secure, the 
floor is fresh. 

2020
01:47:00,800 --> 01:47:04,000
The Smoke Hole is properly 
adjusted, the entrance. 

2021
01:47:04,000 --> 01:47:06,900
Hide hangs smoothly. 
Creating a good seal, when 

2022
01:47:06,900 --> 01:47:10,700
closed, the shelter is ready for
the night ahead and for many 

2023
01:47:10,700 --> 01:47:13,100
nights to come shelter building 
is knowledge. 

2024
01:47:13,100 --> 01:47:16,600
That must be learned and 
practiced the skills involved, a

2025
01:47:16,600 --> 01:47:19,200
numerous and complex Choosing 
the right location. 

2026
01:47:19,200 --> 01:47:22,200
One with good drainage and 
protection from prevailing, 

2027
01:47:22,200 --> 01:47:24,900
winds Gathering and preparing 
materials. 

2028
01:47:24,900 --> 01:47:27,900
Designing a structure that will 
shed rain and resist, wind 

2029
01:47:27,900 --> 01:47:31,000
constructing a framework. 
Strong enough to support the 

2030
01:47:31,000 --> 01:47:34,700
weight of heavy hides sewing the
highs together into panels, 

2031
01:47:34,700 --> 01:47:37,900
large enough to cover the frame,
maintaining everything over 

2032
01:47:37,900 --> 01:47:39,700
time. 
No one learns all this 

2033
01:47:39,700 --> 01:47:42,200
overnight. 
The knowledge is passed down 

2034
01:47:42,200 --> 01:47:45,200
from experienced Builders to 
novices, taught through 

2035
01:47:45,200 --> 01:47:47,900
demonstration and corrected 
through patient feedback. 

2036
01:47:48,900 --> 01:47:52,100
You learn these skills as a 
child watching adults work, 

2037
01:47:52,100 --> 01:47:55,500
helping with simple tasks, 
gradually taking on more 

2038
01:47:55,500 --> 01:47:58,900
responsibilities. 
Your abilities grew now, you 

2039
01:47:58,900 --> 01:48:02,200
maintain your own shelter with 
confidence knowing that you can 

2040
01:48:02,200 --> 01:48:06,300
repair almost any problem that 
arises As Darkness Falls 

2041
01:48:06,300 --> 01:48:10,600
completely you return inside and
seal the entrance, hide behind 

2042
01:48:10,600 --> 01:48:14,100
you. 
The fire burns, brightly casting

2043
01:48:14,100 --> 01:48:17,700
warm light throughout the space,
your shelter feels solid and 

2044
01:48:17,708 --> 01:48:21,900
secure a small island of warmth 
and safety in the vast cold 

2045
01:48:21,900 --> 01:48:24,700
night outside. 
The wind can blow the 

2046
01:48:24,700 --> 01:48:28,900
temperature can drop inside your
protected by knowledge materials

2047
01:48:28,900 --> 01:48:32,300
and the work of your own hands 
evening is the time for cooking 

2048
01:48:32,300 --> 01:48:35,300
when the days work is done. 
And the fire burns steady and 

2049
01:48:35,300 --> 01:48:37,600
hot. 
Tonight's meal will be simple 

2050
01:48:37,600 --> 01:48:40,500
but nourishing made from the 
materials you've gathered and 

2051
01:48:40,500 --> 01:48:42,700
the food you've preserved from 
early hunts and harvests. 

2052
01:48:43,600 --> 01:48:47,400
You Begin by selecting a cut of 
dry meat from your stores, The 

2053
01:48:47,400 --> 01:48:50,700
Meters from a reindeer killed a 
week ago, cut into thin strips 

2054
01:48:50,700 --> 01:48:54,400
and hung near the fire to dry. 
Drying, preserves meet by 

2055
01:48:54,400 --> 01:48:56,500
removing the moisture that 
bacteria need to grow. 

2056
01:48:56,500 --> 01:49:00,700
The strips are now hard and dark
reduced to about a third of 

2057
01:49:00,700 --> 01:49:03,300
their original weight. 
They will keep for months. 

2058
01:49:03,300 --> 01:49:06,600
Without spoiling, you take three
strips and place them on a flat 

2059
01:49:06,600 --> 01:49:09,000
stone near. 
The fire using your newly 

2060
01:49:09,000 --> 01:49:12,200
sharpened knife, you cut the 
dried meat into smaller pieces. 

2061
01:49:12,200 --> 01:49:15,500
Each about the size of your 
thumb, the meat is tough. 

2062
01:49:15,500 --> 01:49:19,000
Requiring pressure to cut 
through this toughness is a sign

2063
01:49:19,000 --> 01:49:21,800
of proper drying. 
Next you retrieve the wild 

2064
01:49:21,800 --> 01:49:24,400
onions and bird rock group. 
You gather this morning, the 

2065
01:49:24,400 --> 01:49:28,400
onions need only their outer 
layers removed before you You 

2066
01:49:28,400 --> 01:49:31,800
peel them carefully, revealing 
the white bulbs inside they 

2067
01:49:31,800 --> 01:49:34,300
smell strong, and sharp the 
scent that makes your mouth 

2068
01:49:34,300 --> 01:49:36,800
water. 
The burdock root requires more 

2069
01:49:36,800 --> 01:49:40,000
preparation, you scrape away, 
the outer skin with a scraper, 

2070
01:49:40,000 --> 01:49:43,300
exposing the pale flesh beneath,
then cut the root Into Thin 

2071
01:49:43,300 --> 01:49:45,900
rounds. 
You have a clay cooking pot. 

2072
01:49:45,900 --> 01:49:47,900
One you made yourself from 
River. 

2073
01:49:47,900 --> 01:49:51,700
Clay several seasons ago. 
The pot is round and simple with

2074
01:49:51,700 --> 01:49:56,200
thick walls and a wide mouth. 
It has no handles but it sits 

2075
01:49:56,200 --> 01:49:57,800
stable. 
When placed directly on hot 

2076
01:49:57,800 --> 01:50:00,400
coals. 
You pour water into the pot from

2077
01:50:00,400 --> 01:50:03,600
a water skim, the water comes 
from the stream where you gather

2078
01:50:03,600 --> 01:50:07,400
Willows, cold and clean Cooking 
in water is one of Humanity's 

2079
01:50:07,400 --> 01:50:10,600
great Innovations before pots 
and fire food. 

2080
01:50:10,600 --> 01:50:12,800
Could only be eaten raw or 
roasted directly. 

2081
01:50:12,800 --> 01:50:16,900
Over Flames water cooking allows
for gentler heat, better flavor 

2082
01:50:16,900 --> 01:50:20,500
and the ability to combine many 
ingredients into a single dish. 

2083
01:50:21,300 --> 01:50:24,500
The invention of pottery 
changed, everything you place. 

2084
01:50:24,500 --> 01:50:27,200
The pot Cary on the bed of 
coals, at the edge of the fire 

2085
01:50:27,200 --> 01:50:29,600
pit. 
The clay immediately begins to 

2086
01:50:29,600 --> 01:50:33,300
warm you, add the piece of dried
meat to the water as the water 

2087
01:50:33,300 --> 01:50:36,600
heats, the meat will rehydrate 
and softened releasing its 

2088
01:50:36,600 --> 01:50:39,700
flavor into the liquid. 
Steam begins to rise from the 

2089
01:50:39,700 --> 01:50:41,900
pot surface while the meat 
Cooks. 

2090
01:50:41,900 --> 01:50:44,900
You prepare other additions? 
You take a handful of dried 

2091
01:50:44,900 --> 01:50:48,200
berries from a basket, small 
purple, fruits, gathered last 

2092
01:50:48,200 --> 01:50:50,000
summer and sun-dried on Flat 
Rocks. 

2093
01:50:50,000 --> 01:50:53,000
These berries, add sweetness and
nutrition to the stew. 

2094
01:50:53,000 --> 01:50:56,300
You also grind a small amount of
wild garlic using a grinding 

2095
01:50:56,300 --> 01:50:59,200
stone, creating a paste that 
will add flavor and help with 

2096
01:50:59,200 --> 01:51:02,000
digestion. 
The water in the pot is heating 

2097
01:51:02,000 --> 01:51:04,300
rapidly. 
Now beginning to simmer small, 

2098
01:51:04,300 --> 01:51:07,500
bubbles rise to the surface and 
burst, you add the onions, 

2099
01:51:07,500 --> 01:51:10,800
Burdock berries, and garlic 
paste, the ingredients, settle 

2100
01:51:10,800 --> 01:51:13,800
into the bubbling water. 
The smell that rises with the 

2101
01:51:13,800 --> 01:51:16,500
steam is Rich. 
And complex the combination of 

2102
01:51:16,508 --> 01:51:20,500
meat onion and wild herbs 
cooking is partly science and 

2103
01:51:20,500 --> 01:51:23,400
partly intuition, you know, from
experience. 

2104
01:51:23,400 --> 01:51:26,700
How long different ingredients 
need to become tender onions. 

2105
01:51:26,700 --> 01:51:30,400
Could quickly, Burdock takes 
longer dried meat needs, time to

2106
01:51:30,400 --> 01:51:34,300
fully rehydrate you judge by 
smell by the appearance of the 

2107
01:51:34,300 --> 01:51:37,400
bubbling water and by tasting 
small amounts as the cooking 

2108
01:51:37,400 --> 01:51:40,200
progresses. 
You add a pinch of salt, a 

2109
01:51:40,200 --> 01:51:42,600
precious substance traded from 
people who live near the 

2110
01:51:42,600 --> 01:51:45,600
distance. 
Sea salted flavor and helps 

2111
01:51:45,600 --> 01:51:47,500
preserve food. 
He use it. 

2112
01:51:47,500 --> 01:51:50,600
Sparingly, making your limited 
Supply last, as long as 

2113
01:51:50,600 --> 01:51:53,700
possible. 
The stubbles, gently, the liquid

2114
01:51:53,700 --> 01:51:57,500
reducing slowly concentrating. 
The flavors, you stir 

2115
01:51:57,500 --> 01:51:59,800
occasionally with a wooden spoon
carved from Birch. 

2116
01:52:00,600 --> 01:52:03,000
During prevents ingredients from
sticking to the bottom of the 

2117
01:52:03,000 --> 01:52:05,600
pot and burning. 
While the meal Cooks. 

2118
01:52:05,600 --> 01:52:08,400
You prepare flatbread using a 
technique you learned from a 

2119
01:52:08,400 --> 01:52:10,000
traveler who passed through 
several years ago. 

2120
01:52:10,900 --> 01:52:13,600
You take a small amount of 
ground seed, flour made from 

2121
01:52:13,600 --> 01:52:16,200
grass seeds, you collected and 
ground between Stones. 

2122
01:52:16,200 --> 01:52:20,100
You mix the flour with water to 
form a thick dough, adding just 

2123
01:52:20,100 --> 01:52:21,600
enough liquid to make it 
workable. 

2124
01:52:21,600 --> 01:52:25,700
The dough is dense and sticky 
Heavy in Your Hands, you shape 

2125
01:52:25,700 --> 01:52:29,100
the dough into a flat round 
about as wide as your hand and 

2126
01:52:29,100 --> 01:52:32,300
as thick as your finger. 
You place this directly on a hot

2127
01:52:32,300 --> 01:52:35,800
stone position near the fire. 
The stone has been heating for 

2128
01:52:35,800 --> 01:52:38,100
the past hour and is now hot 
enough to cook on. 

2129
01:52:38,900 --> 01:52:41,100
A flatbread sizzles when it 
touches the stone. 

2130
01:52:41,100 --> 01:52:45,400
Releasing a toasted grain smell.
The bread Cooks quickly on one 

2131
01:52:45,400 --> 01:52:47,800
side, developing brown spots on 
a firm texture. 

2132
01:52:47,800 --> 01:52:51,400
You flip it with your fingers, 
working quickly, to avoid 

2133
01:52:51,400 --> 01:52:55,300
burning yourself the other side 
Cooks, just as fast, the 

2134
01:52:55,300 --> 01:52:58,000
finished bread is crispy on the 
outside and chewy inside. 

2135
01:52:58,000 --> 01:53:01,400
Perfect for soaking up stew. 
The stew has been cooking for 

2136
01:53:01,400 --> 01:53:05,200
perhaps half an hour, the meter 
softened and expanded absorbing 

2137
01:53:05,200 --> 01:53:08,000
water and becoming tender. 
Again, the Burdock is cooked 

2138
01:53:08,000 --> 01:53:11,900
through slightly translucent. 
The onions have nearly dissolved

2139
01:53:11,900 --> 01:53:13,900
their flavor. 
Permeating the liquid. 

2140
01:53:13,900 --> 01:53:18,500
He tastes a spoonful The flavor 
is deep and satisfying Savory 

2141
01:53:18,500 --> 01:53:20,300
with a hint of Sweetness. 
From the berries. 

2142
01:53:20,300 --> 01:53:23,300
You remove the pot from the 
coals, using a scrap of leather 

2143
01:53:23,300 --> 01:53:24,700
to protect your hands from the 
heat. 

2144
01:53:24,700 --> 01:53:27,500
The clay is nearly hot enough to
burn through the leather. 

2145
01:53:27,500 --> 01:53:30,500
You place the pot on a flat 
stone and let it cool slightly. 

2146
01:53:30,500 --> 01:53:34,100
This meal represents the 
convergence of many skills and 

2147
01:53:34,100 --> 01:53:36,700
much knowledge. 
Hunting to obtain meet 

2148
01:53:36,700 --> 01:53:40,800
preserving the meat through 
drying Gathering wild plants and

2149
01:53:40,800 --> 01:53:44,700
knowing which are edible making 
pottery from clay creating and 

2150
01:53:44,700 --> 01:53:48,100
maintaining fire understanding 
cooking times and flavor 

2151
01:53:48,100 --> 01:53:50,500
combinations. 
Each element is essential. 

2152
01:53:51,600 --> 01:53:54,300
Remove anyone and the meal 
becomes impossible or at least 

2153
01:53:54,300 --> 01:53:57,300
much less satisfying. 
You scoop stew into a wooden 

2154
01:53:57,300 --> 01:54:00,000
bowl and other item, you carve 
yourself during a Long Winter. 

2155
01:54:01,000 --> 01:54:04,100
The bowl is smooth from use want
to fit comfortably in your hand.

2156
01:54:04,100 --> 01:54:07,400
You tear pieces from the 
flatbread and use them to soak 

2157
01:54:07,400 --> 01:54:11,200
up the rich liquid. the first 
bite is almost too hot but you 

2158
01:54:11,200 --> 01:54:15,800
are patient, you eat slowly 
savoring, each mouthful Food is 

2159
01:54:15,800 --> 01:54:18,600
fuel for your body. 
Providing the energy and 

2160
01:54:18,600 --> 01:54:22,200
nutrients, you need to continue 
surviving on the step, but it is

2161
01:54:22,200 --> 01:54:26,400
also more than that. 
It is Comfort pleasure and a 

2162
01:54:26,400 --> 01:54:30,200
reminder that life can be good. 
Even in harsh conditions, The 

2163
01:54:30,200 --> 01:54:33,500
flavors connect you to the land 
to the plants and animals that 

2164
01:54:33,500 --> 01:54:36,300
sustained you and to the 
accumulated knowledge that 

2165
01:54:36,300 --> 01:54:38,800
transforms raw ingredients into 
nourishment. 

2166
01:54:39,700 --> 01:54:43,500
As you eat the fire crackle 
softly outside night has fallen 

2167
01:54:43,500 --> 01:54:46,400
completely. 
Stars are emerging thousands 

2168
01:54:46,400 --> 01:54:49,300
upon thousands of them scattered
across the black Sky. 

2169
01:54:49,300 --> 01:54:53,000
The temperature continues to 
drop, but inside your shelter 

2170
01:54:53,000 --> 01:54:55,700
with food in your belly and 
warmth from the fire, you are 

2171
01:54:55,700 --> 01:54:58,500
content. 
This is what survival looks like

2172
01:54:58,500 --> 01:55:01,800
when done, well, not merely 
enduring but living with 

2173
01:55:01,800 --> 01:55:04,800
competence creativity and 
gratitude. 

2174
01:55:06,000 --> 01:55:08,800
After the meal, as the fire 
burns, low and comfortable. 

2175
01:55:08,800 --> 01:55:11,700
You prepare for one final task 
of the day. 

2176
01:55:12,400 --> 01:55:16,200
This task has no immediate 
practical value, if produces no 

2177
01:55:16,200 --> 01:55:19,600
food creates no tools and 
improves no shelter. 

2178
01:55:20,500 --> 01:55:23,100
Yet, it may be the most 
important work you do. 

2179
01:55:23,100 --> 01:55:27,100
You're going to practice passing
on knowledge in a world without 

2180
01:55:27,100 --> 01:55:29,600
writing knowledge. 
Lives only in minds and hands. 

2181
01:55:29,600 --> 01:55:33,100
Everything, you know about 
survival, every technique for 

2182
01:55:33,100 --> 01:55:36,400
making tools, lighting fires, 
finding food and building 

2183
01:55:36,400 --> 01:55:38,800
shelter exists because someone 
taught you. 

2184
01:55:38,800 --> 01:55:41,300
And that person was taught by 
someone else. 

2185
01:55:41,300 --> 01:55:45,300
Reaching back through, countless
generation's, the chain of 

2186
01:55:45,300 --> 01:55:47,900
knowledge is unbroken only as 
long as each generation 

2187
01:55:47,900 --> 01:55:51,600
successfully teaches the next 
tonight, you will practice 

2188
01:55:51,600 --> 01:55:54,400
teaching, even though no student
is present, you do this 

2189
01:55:54,400 --> 01:55:57,500
regularly speaking, the 
knowledge allowed reinforcing, 

2190
01:55:57,500 --> 01:56:00,300
your own understanding, and 
preparing for the day, when you 

2191
01:56:00,300 --> 01:56:03,600
will have young people to 
instruct Speaking knowledge 

2192
01:56:03,600 --> 01:56:07,900
allowed helps you organize, it 
identify gaps and find clearer 

2193
01:56:07,900 --> 01:56:11,900
ways to explain complex ideas. 
You settle by the fire and begin

2194
01:56:11,900 --> 01:56:15,300
to speak your voice quiet. 
But steady in the enclosed 

2195
01:56:15,300 --> 01:56:18,900
space, you describe the process 
of making fire with flint and 

2196
01:56:18,900 --> 01:56:21,400
pyrite. 
Your hands move as you talk 

2197
01:56:21,400 --> 01:56:25,200
demonstrating, the grip, the 
angle of strike, the importance 

2198
01:56:25,200 --> 01:56:29,300
of having dry Tinder ready, You 
explain how to recognize good 

2199
01:56:29,300 --> 01:56:32,500
Flint bites, glassy texture and 
conquered fracture. 

2200
01:56:32,500 --> 01:56:36,100
You describe the feeling of a 
successful strike that 

2201
01:56:36,100 --> 01:56:38,800
particular sharp crack. 
That means the spark will come 

2202
01:56:38,800 --> 01:56:42,200
you move on to toolmaking, you 
explain how to read the grain of

2203
01:56:42,200 --> 01:56:46,000
stone had predict where a flake 
will separate how much force to 

2204
01:56:46,000 --> 01:56:49,200
apply for different materials. 
You demonstrate the difference 

2205
01:56:49,200 --> 01:56:51,700
between hard Hammer percussion 
and soft Hammer percussion and 

2206
01:56:51,708 --> 01:56:54,700
you described the patience 
required for pressure flaking, 

2207
01:56:54,700 --> 01:56:58,200
the importance of taking time to
examine the Stone from every 

2208
01:56:58,200 --> 01:57:02,000
angle before striking The words 
flow easily. 

2209
01:57:02,000 --> 01:57:05,200
You have thought about these 
processes so many times 

2210
01:57:05,200 --> 01:57:08,800
performed them so off and that 
explanation feels natural. 

2211
01:57:09,800 --> 01:57:12,700
He also noticed places where 
your explanation stumbles 

2212
01:57:12,700 --> 01:57:15,200
Concepts that are difficult to 
put into words. 

2213
01:57:15,200 --> 01:57:18,500
These are the things that must 
be taught through demonstration,

2214
01:57:18,500 --> 01:57:21,900
through the student attempting, 
the tasks themselves under 

2215
01:57:21,900 --> 01:57:24,900
supervision through repeated 
practice until the hands, learn 

2216
01:57:24,900 --> 01:57:26,600
what the Mind struggles to 
express. 

2217
01:57:26,600 --> 01:57:30,300
You talk about shelter 
construction, you explain how to

2218
01:57:30,300 --> 01:57:33,100
select a building site with good
drainage and protection from 

2219
01:57:33,100 --> 01:57:35,500
wind. 
You describe the process of 

2220
01:57:35,500 --> 01:57:37,900
creating a framework. 
Strong enough to support heavy 

2221
01:57:37,900 --> 01:57:40,100
hides. 
You detail the technique for 

2222
01:57:40,108 --> 01:57:42,500
sowing Heights together with 
waterproof seams. 

2223
01:57:42,500 --> 01:57:45,500
You explain how to maintain 
proper ventilation while keeping

2224
01:57:45,500 --> 01:57:47,900
out cold air. 
Some of this knowledge is 

2225
01:57:47,900 --> 01:57:50,700
seasonal building a shelter in 
Spring requires different 

2226
01:57:50,700 --> 01:57:52,600
considerations than building, an
Autumn. 

2227
01:57:52,600 --> 01:57:56,300
You explain these differences 
describing how summer shelters 

2228
01:57:56,300 --> 01:57:58,600
can be lighter. 
And more open while winter 

2229
01:57:58,600 --> 01:58:01,100
structures must be heavily, 
insulated and windproof. 

2230
01:58:01,100 --> 01:58:03,700
You discuss food Gathering and 
preparation. 

2231
01:58:03,700 --> 01:58:07,400
You name the edible plants of 
the step and describe where to 

2232
01:58:07,400 --> 01:58:08,900
find them at different times of 
year. 

2233
01:58:08,900 --> 01:58:12,500
You explain which parts of each 
plant are edible and which must 

2234
01:58:12,500 --> 01:58:15,200
be avoided. 
You describe cooking techniques 

2235
01:58:15,200 --> 01:58:17,700
and food preservation. 
Methods, we talked about the 

2236
01:58:17,700 --> 01:58:20,800
importance of varying, the diet 
of eating different foods. 

2237
01:58:20,800 --> 01:58:24,400
To obtain all the nutrients, the
body needs the knowledge, seems 

2238
01:58:24,400 --> 01:58:26,300
endless when you begin to list 
it all. 

2239
01:58:27,100 --> 01:58:30,600
Plant identification, animal 
tracking weather prediction tool

2240
01:58:30,600 --> 01:58:32,600
making fire. 
Building shelter construction 

2241
01:58:32,600 --> 01:58:35,800
food, preparation, hide 
processing cordage making 

2242
01:58:35,800 --> 01:58:38,200
basket, weaving. 
And countless other skills. 

2243
01:58:38,200 --> 01:58:42,700
Each skill has depth nuance and 
subtlety each requires practice 

2244
01:58:42,700 --> 01:58:45,400
to master you pause and add more
wood to the fire. 

2245
01:58:45,400 --> 01:58:48,100
The Flames, Rise Again, bright 
and warm. 

2246
01:58:48,100 --> 01:58:51,100
You think about the different 
ways knowledge can be taught 

2247
01:58:51,800 --> 01:58:54,400
Some things are best learned 
through story, memorable 

2248
01:58:54,400 --> 01:58:57,600
narratives, that embed practical
information in an entertaining, 

2249
01:58:57,600 --> 01:59:00,900
framework other things require 
direct demonstration and 

2250
01:59:00,900 --> 01:59:03,800
Hands-On practice. 
Still other knowledge is passed 

2251
01:59:03,800 --> 01:59:07,000
through gentle correction 
observing a student's work and 

2252
01:59:07,000 --> 01:59:08,500
offering suggestions for 
improvement. 

2253
01:59:09,400 --> 01:59:13,400
The most important thing you 
realize is patience learning 

2254
01:59:13,400 --> 01:59:17,500
takes time students, make 
mistakes for get steps become 

2255
01:59:17,500 --> 01:59:21,200
frustrated, the good teacher 
expects, this accommodates it 

2256
01:59:21,208 --> 01:59:23,900
and finds ways to make the 
learning process engaging, 

2257
01:59:23,900 --> 01:59:27,300
rather than tedious you speak 
about the values, that underpin 

2258
01:59:27,300 --> 01:59:31,300
survival skills, respect for 
materials, recognizing that 

2259
01:59:31,300 --> 01:59:32,900
everything on the step is 
finite. 

2260
01:59:32,900 --> 01:59:36,000
And must be used, wisely 
attention to detail 

2261
01:59:36,000 --> 01:59:39,500
understanding that small errors 
in toolmaking or shelter 

2262
01:59:39,500 --> 01:59:43,200
construction, can lead to 
failure. persistence the 

2263
01:59:43,200 --> 01:59:46,200
willingness to attempt difficult
tasks, repeatedly until skill, 

2264
01:59:46,200 --> 01:59:49,700
develops, observation the habit 
of watching, nature carefully, 

2265
01:59:49,700 --> 01:59:53,700
learning from the world itself, 
These values are as important as

2266
01:59:53,700 --> 01:59:57,200
specific techniques. 
A person can know, every step of

2267
01:59:57,200 --> 02:00:00,300
firemaking, but still fail, if 
they lack patience. 

2268
02:00:00,300 --> 02:00:04,300
A person can understand, shelter
design, but create a weak 

2269
02:00:04,300 --> 02:00:06,000
structure, if they work 
carelessly. 

2270
02:00:06,800 --> 02:00:10,100
Skills and values must be taught
together woven into the same 

2271
02:00:10,100 --> 02:00:12,300
lessons. 
You also think about the 

2272
02:00:12,300 --> 02:00:13,800
knowledge that cannot be taught 
directly. 

2273
02:00:13,800 --> 02:00:16,600
The wisdom that comes only from 
experience. 

2274
02:00:17,600 --> 02:00:20,300
How to judge whether by the 
quality of light in the behavior

2275
02:00:20,300 --> 02:00:23,000
of animals. 
How to estimate distances on the

2276
02:00:23,008 --> 02:00:26,400
open steppe, how to pace 
yourself, physically to work all

2277
02:00:26,400 --> 02:00:29,400
day without exhaustion? 
These things develop through 

2278
02:00:29,400 --> 02:00:32,400
Years of Living on the land. 
They can be pointed out, but 

2279
02:00:32,400 --> 02:00:33,700
they cannot be transferred 
directly. 

2280
02:00:33,700 --> 02:00:35,900
The fire has burned down to 
Khols. 

2281
02:00:35,900 --> 02:00:38,600
Again, you let it settle 
naturally, knowing you will 

2282
02:00:38,600 --> 02:00:40,200
build it up once. 
More before sleep. 

2283
02:00:40,200 --> 02:00:43,500
The shelter is warm and 
comfortable outside. 

2284
02:00:43,500 --> 02:00:46,100
The night is quiet, except for 
the Whisper Of Wind Through 

2285
02:00:46,100 --> 02:00:48,700
grass. 
You have spent perhaps an hour, 

2286
02:00:48,700 --> 02:00:51,500
speaking knowledge, allowed 
organizing your thoughts 

2287
02:00:51,500 --> 02:00:53,400
preparing yourself to be a 
teacher. 

2288
02:00:53,400 --> 02:00:57,200
The exercise has been valuable 
you feel more confident about 

2289
02:00:57,200 --> 02:01:00,800
your ability to pass on what, 
you know, When the time comes to

2290
02:01:00,800 --> 02:01:03,200
teach actual students, you will 
be ready. 

2291
02:01:04,000 --> 02:01:06,700
But there is one more aspect of 
knowledge transfer to consider 

2292
02:01:06,700 --> 02:01:10,500
not all knowledge is practical 
some knowledge exists for its 

2293
02:01:10,500 --> 02:01:12,700
own sake. 
Stories about the Stars 

2294
02:01:12,700 --> 02:01:16,200
explanations for natural 
phenomena traditions and 

2295
02:01:16,200 --> 02:01:19,000
Customs. 
That bind people together This 

2296
02:01:19,000 --> 02:01:22,700
cultural knowledge is just as 
important as survival skills, it

2297
02:01:22,700 --> 02:01:25,900
gives meaning to existence, 
connects individuals to their 

2298
02:01:25,900 --> 02:01:29,400
community and history. 
You look up at the Smoke Hole 

2299
02:01:29,400 --> 02:01:32,900
visible as a small circle of 
Darkness against the darker 

2300
02:01:32,900 --> 02:01:34,900
shelter ceiling through that 
opening. 

2301
02:01:34,900 --> 02:01:38,700
You can see a few Bright Stars. 
You know, stories about those 

2302
02:01:38,700 --> 02:01:41,400
Stars Tales passed down from 
grandparents and great. 

2303
02:01:41,400 --> 02:01:44,000
Grandparents, Stories about 
hunters who became 

2304
02:01:44,000 --> 02:01:48,000
constellations about animals 
that live in the sky about the 

2305
02:01:48,000 --> 02:01:51,600
paths Souls take after death. 
These stories are not practical 

2306
02:01:51,600 --> 02:01:56,300
but they matter they comfort. 
Inspire and create shared 

2307
02:01:56,300 --> 02:01:59,600
understanding among people, they
are part of what makes humans 

2308
02:01:59,600 --> 02:02:02,500
human. 
This need to explain to narrate 

2309
02:02:02,500 --> 02:02:06,900
to find ways and meaning in the 
chaos of existence, he resolved 

2310
02:02:06,900 --> 02:02:08,500
to remember the stories as 
carefully. 

2311
02:02:08,500 --> 02:02:11,800
As you remember, the technical 
skills, both kinds of knowledge 

2312
02:02:11,800 --> 02:02:15,000
must be preserved and 
transmitted both shape. 

2313
02:02:15,000 --> 02:02:18,300
The character of the people who 
live on the step the day is 

2314
02:02:18,300 --> 02:02:20,300
ending. 
You have worked hard 

2315
02:02:20,300 --> 02:02:23,400
accomplished much and prepared 
yourself for the future. 

2316
02:02:23,400 --> 02:02:27,500
You are tired in a good way. 
The kind of tiredness that comes

2317
02:02:27,500 --> 02:02:29,700
from purposeful activity, 
tomorrow. 

2318
02:02:29,700 --> 02:02:31,800
We'll bring new tasks, new 
challenges. 

2319
02:02:31,800 --> 02:02:35,200
But tonight you rest with the 
satisfaction of a day? 

2320
02:02:35,200 --> 02:02:38,800
Well, spent, the final task 
before sleep, is to prepare the 

2321
02:02:38,800 --> 02:02:42,300
fire for the night. 
A fire that burns too hot will 

2322
02:02:42,300 --> 02:02:43,900
consume all your fuel before 
morning. 

2323
02:02:43,900 --> 02:02:47,700
A fire that dies completely will
leave you shivering in the cold.

2324
02:02:47,700 --> 02:02:51,000
The goal is to create a bed of 
coals that will provide warmth 

2325
02:02:51,000 --> 02:02:53,500
throughout the night without 
requiring constant attention. 

2326
02:02:53,500 --> 02:02:56,900
You select several large pieces 
of hardwood from your fuel 

2327
02:02:56,900 --> 02:02:59,900
supply. 
Hardwood Burns slowly and 

2328
02:02:59,900 --> 02:03:03,000
produces long-lasting. 
Coals your range. 

2329
02:03:03,000 --> 02:03:06,100
These pieces carefully in the 
fire pit positioning them close 

2330
02:03:06,100 --> 02:03:09,300
together to conserve Heat. 
The wood catches from the 

2331
02:03:09,300 --> 02:03:13,000
existing coals, Flames Rising 
briefly before settling into 

2332
02:03:13,000 --> 02:03:16,100
steady combustion. 
Once the new wood is burning, 

2333
02:03:16,100 --> 02:03:18,900
well, you partially cover the 
fire pit with a flat stone. 

2334
02:03:18,900 --> 02:03:22,500
Reducing the airflow, this 
slows, the combustion rate 

2335
02:03:22,500 --> 02:03:25,300
dramatically. 
File will burn for hours now 

2336
02:03:25,300 --> 02:03:29,400
providing warmth without wasting
fuel your sleeping Furs. 

2337
02:03:29,400 --> 02:03:32,300
In the warmest, part of the 
shelter closest to the fire but 

2338
02:03:32,300 --> 02:03:34,300
not so close. 
That a stray spark could cause 

2339
02:03:34,300 --> 02:03:37,000
problems. 
The furs are heavy and soft 

2340
02:03:37,000 --> 02:03:40,100
layered to create insulation, 
both beneath and above your 

2341
02:03:40,100 --> 02:03:42,200
body. 
You've learned through many cold

2342
02:03:42,200 --> 02:03:45,000
nights exactly how to arrange 
them for maximum warmth. 

2343
02:03:45,700 --> 02:03:49,000
Before laying down, you make one
final check of the shelter. 

2344
02:03:49,000 --> 02:03:52,200
The entrance hide is secure. 
The Smoke Hole is properly 

2345
02:03:52,200 --> 02:03:55,900
adjusted, your tools and Food 
Supplies are organized and safe.

2346
02:03:55,900 --> 02:03:58,800
Everything is in order. 
You settle into your sleeping 

2347
02:03:58,800 --> 02:04:02,800
Furs and feel your body relax. 
The physical work of the day. 

2348
02:04:02,800 --> 02:04:06,200
Has left you pleasantly tired. 
Your muscles are warm and loose 

2349
02:04:06,200 --> 02:04:09,400
from activity. 
Fires heat, radiates across your

2350
02:04:09,400 --> 02:04:12,000
skin. 
You pull the top layer of Furs 

2351
02:04:12,000 --> 02:04:14,800
up to your chin and allow 
yourself to Simply Be Still 

2352
02:04:15,600 --> 02:04:18,800
Thoughts drift through your 
mind, like clouds across the sky

2353
02:04:18,800 --> 02:04:22,100
you review the days 
accomplishments, materials, 

2354
02:04:22,100 --> 02:04:27,000
gathered tools created, fire, 
maintained shelter, repair food 

2355
02:04:27,000 --> 02:04:31,200
prepared, knowledge, practice 
each task completed 

2356
02:04:31,200 --> 02:04:33,900
successfully. 
Each one contributing to your 

2357
02:04:33,900 --> 02:04:37,500
continued survival, but Beyond 
near survival, you recognize 

2358
02:04:37,500 --> 02:04:39,900
something else. 
Pride in your skills, 

2359
02:04:39,900 --> 02:04:43,800
satisfaction in your 
self-sufficiently connection to 

2360
02:04:43,800 --> 02:04:47,500
the land and the generations 
that came before you You're 

2361
02:04:47,500 --> 02:04:49,500
living in one of Earth's 
harshest environments. 

2362
02:04:49,500 --> 02:04:52,900
Yet you are not. 
Merely enduring your competent. 

2363
02:04:52,900 --> 02:04:56,700
Creative and capable of finding 
Beauty in this or still 

2364
02:04:56,700 --> 02:04:58,400
landscape. 
The Ice Age. 

2365
02:04:58,400 --> 02:05:01,600
Step is a hard place to live. 
It offers no margin for error. 

2366
02:05:01,600 --> 02:05:04,500
No forgiveness for carelessness.
Yet. 

2367
02:05:04,500 --> 02:05:08,900
It is also a place of Stark 
beauty of vast skies, and 

2368
02:05:08,900 --> 02:05:12,300
endless, grasslands of 
resilience and adaptation. 

2369
02:05:13,400 --> 02:05:15,400
The same glaciers that make this
climate. 

2370
02:05:15,400 --> 02:05:18,700
So challenging have also created
these grasslands provided. 

2371
02:05:18,700 --> 02:05:22,000
The stones used for tools and 
supported the herds of animals 

2372
02:05:22,000 --> 02:05:24,900
that sustained you. 
You think about the mammoth, 

2373
02:05:24,900 --> 02:05:28,300
whose bones form, your shelter 
framework, willow trees that 

2374
02:05:28,300 --> 02:05:30,200
provided materials for baskets 
and fire? 

2375
02:05:30,200 --> 02:05:34,000
The reindeer, whose meet you ate
tonight, the stream that offers 

2376
02:05:34,000 --> 02:05:37,600
water and attracts game. 
The Flint that becomes Tools in 

2377
02:05:37,600 --> 02:05:40,300
your skilled hands, everything 
is connected. 

2378
02:05:40,300 --> 02:05:43,600
Everything is part of a larger 
web of relationships between 

2379
02:05:43,600 --> 02:05:48,300
humans animals plants and the 
land itself. this understanding 

2380
02:05:48,300 --> 02:05:52,100
brings us to belonging, you're 
not separate from nature your 

2381
02:05:52,100 --> 02:05:55,400
part of it, another species 
making its way through the world

2382
02:05:55,400 --> 02:05:58,900
using the abilities Evolution as
giving you your intelligence, 

2383
02:05:58,900 --> 02:06:03,000
your hands, your capacity, for 
Learning and Innovation are your

2384
02:06:03,000 --> 02:06:06,600
equivalence of the mammoth size,
the reindeer speed, or the 

2385
02:06:06,600 --> 02:06:09,700
wolf's teeth These are your 
adaptations for survival. 

2386
02:06:10,500 --> 02:06:13,000
The fire crackle, softly a 
comforting sound. 

2387
02:06:13,000 --> 02:06:15,600
That is accompanied humans for 
thousands of years. 

2388
02:06:15,600 --> 02:06:19,500
How many of your ancestors? 
Fell asleep to the same sound in

2389
02:06:19,500 --> 02:06:21,600
shelters. 
Not so different from yours, 

2390
02:06:21,600 --> 02:06:25,000
living lives governed by the 
same rhythms of gathering making

2391
02:06:25,000 --> 02:06:28,400
maintaining and resting. 
The continuity is profound. 

2392
02:06:28,400 --> 02:06:31,800
You're doing what humans have 
done since before recorded time,

2393
02:06:31,800 --> 02:06:35,500
surviving through knowledge 
skill and Community tomorrow 

2394
02:06:35,500 --> 02:06:38,600
will come with its own demands. 
There will be new tasks to 

2395
02:06:38,600 --> 02:06:43,000
complete new challenges to face.
Perhaps you will hunt tracking 

2396
02:06:43,000 --> 02:06:46,100
game across the steppe. 
Perhaps you will process hides 

2397
02:06:46,100 --> 02:06:49,300
scraping and softening them into
leather that you will repair 

2398
02:06:49,300 --> 02:06:51,800
tools we've baskets or gather 
more food. 

2399
02:06:52,900 --> 02:06:55,600
Whatever needs doing, you will 
do it, because this is your 

2400
02:06:55,600 --> 02:06:58,700
life, the life, your ancestors 
prepared, you for through their 

2401
02:06:58,700 --> 02:07:02,000
teaching, and their example. 
But tomorrow is not here yet. 

2402
02:07:02,000 --> 02:07:05,700
Tonight is for rest for allowing
your body to repair itself. 

2403
02:07:05,700 --> 02:07:09,500
After a day of labor for letting
your mind drift peaceful towards

2404
02:07:09,500 --> 02:07:11,700
sleep. 
You feel your breathing slow and

2405
02:07:11,700 --> 02:07:15,500
deep your eyes grow heavy? 
The warmth of the fire and the 

2406
02:07:15,508 --> 02:07:18,500
comfort of The Furs, create a 
cocoon of safety and peace. 

2407
02:07:19,600 --> 02:07:23,700
Outside the Stars wheel, slowly 
across the sky, the wind 

2408
02:07:23,700 --> 02:07:26,200
continues, its endless 
conversation with the grass 

2409
02:07:26,200 --> 02:07:30,800
somewhere in the distance, a 
wolf howls, the sound carrying 

2410
02:07:30,800 --> 02:07:34,000
across the empty land. 
It is a lonely sound, but also 

2411
02:07:34,000 --> 02:07:37,500
Strangely Beautiful, another 
voice in the wilderness and 

2412
02:07:37,500 --> 02:07:39,500
other life, finding its way 
through the night. 

2413
02:07:40,400 --> 02:07:43,600
Your thoughts grow less, 
distinct blending into images 

2414
02:07:43,600 --> 02:07:47,400
and fragments Stone flakes 
glittering and firelight the 

2415
02:07:47,400 --> 02:07:50,500
smell of cooking stew. 
The weight of the caring sling, 

2416
02:07:50,500 --> 02:07:53,400
full of firewood, the 
satisfaction of a shelter. 

2417
02:07:53,400 --> 02:07:56,800
Well maintained, these 
Impressions swirl and fade as 

2418
02:07:56,800 --> 02:07:58,400
Consciousness, releases its 
grip. 

2419
02:07:59,400 --> 02:08:02,000
Comes gently naturally as it 
should. 

2420
02:08:02,000 --> 02:08:05,500
After a day of purposeful work, 
your breathing falls into the 

2421
02:08:05,500 --> 02:08:09,900
deep regular rhythm of rest. 
The fire burns on its coals 

2422
02:08:09,900 --> 02:08:13,500
growing softly in the darkness, 
the shelter holds its warmth, 

2423
02:08:13,500 --> 02:08:17,000
the night continues outside, 
vast and cold and filled with 

2424
02:08:17,000 --> 02:08:21,500
his own life, you sleep, deeply 
dreamless your body and mind, 

2425
02:08:21,500 --> 02:08:24,600
recovering their strength. 
Tomorrow you will wake with the 

2426
02:08:24,600 --> 02:08:27,100
dawn, had wood to the fire and 
begin the cycle. 

2427
02:08:27,100 --> 02:08:31,300
Again Gathering making 
maintaining teaching resting. 

2428
02:08:32,200 --> 02:08:34,800
these are the rhythms of 
survival the ways that have 

2429
02:08:34,808 --> 02:08:39,000
sustained humans through the 
harshest ages for now, you rest,

2430
02:08:39,700 --> 02:08:44,300
Safe, warm and competent. 
A small point of human warmth 

2431
02:08:44,300 --> 02:08:46,900
and intelligence in the great 
cold night of the Ice Age. 

2432
02:08:46,900 --> 02:08:50,600
Steppe tomorrow will bring new 
tasks, but tonight you have 

2433
02:08:50,600 --> 02:08:52,900
done. 
Well, you have lived skillfully 

2434
02:08:52,900 --> 02:08:55,500
Gathering what you need. 
Creating what you must 

2435
02:08:55,500 --> 02:08:58,700
maintaining what you have and 
preparing to pass it all 

2436
02:08:58,708 --> 02:09:00,400
forward. 
This is enough. 

2437
02:09:00,400 --> 02:09:05,400
This is everything. 
Fire glows, the shelter stands, 

2438
02:09:05,400 --> 02:09:09,000
you sleep and the long night 
passes peacefully. 

2439
02:09:09,000 --> 02:09:12,800
One more day of survival, 
complete one more night of rest 

2440
02:09:12,800 --> 02:09:15,000
earned. 
One more morning, waiting to 

2441
02:09:15,000 --> 02:09:17,300
arrive with its familiar, 
challenges and Rewards. 

2442
02:09:24,500 --> 02:09:26,700
Your city in outside a cave. 
Entrance in. 

2443
02:09:26,700 --> 02:09:28,500
What will one day be called 
France? 

2444
02:09:29,500 --> 02:09:32,500
But that name won't exist for 
another 30,000 years. 

2445
02:09:33,500 --> 02:09:38,200
The year is approximately 35,000
BCE and you've just finished a 

2446
02:09:38,200 --> 02:09:42,100
meal of roasted ibex. 
Fire crackles beside. 

2447
02:09:42,100 --> 02:09:45,800
You sending occasional Sparks 
upward into the darkness. 

2448
02:09:45,800 --> 02:09:49,100
And as your eyes follow, those 
brief orange Embers. 

2449
02:09:49,100 --> 02:09:52,700
They continue traveling and they
meet something far more 

2450
02:09:52,700 --> 02:09:56,300
permanent. 
Stars not just a handful of 

2451
02:09:56,300 --> 02:10:00,400
stars but thousands upon 
thousands of them spread across 

2452
02:10:00,400 --> 02:10:03,600
the sky in a Brilliance that 
would make any modern city 

2453
02:10:03,600 --> 02:10:07,700
dweller weep with disbelief, 
There's no light pollution here,

2454
02:10:07,700 --> 02:10:11,200
no glow of distant towns or 
passing cars. 

2455
02:10:11,200 --> 02:10:15,500
The Milky Way stretches overhead
like a river of cream poured 

2456
02:10:15,500 --> 02:10:18,100
across Black Stone. 
So, bright, you could almost 

2457
02:10:18,100 --> 02:10:20,500
read by it. 
If reading was something new, 

2458
02:10:20,500 --> 02:10:25,400
how to do, But you don't need 
reading your mind is already 

2459
02:10:25,400 --> 02:10:27,200
doing something far, more 
fundamental. 

2460
02:10:28,400 --> 02:10:33,300
It's finding patterns. 
This isn't a conscious decision.

2461
02:10:33,300 --> 02:10:38,200
Your brain like every human 
brain that will follow yours 

2462
02:10:38,200 --> 02:10:41,500
through the Millennia is a 
pattern recognition machine. 

2463
02:10:41,500 --> 02:10:46,200
It's what keeps you alive. 
That rustle in the grass might 

2464
02:10:46,200 --> 02:10:48,700
be wind or it might be a cave, 
lion. 

2465
02:10:49,700 --> 02:10:52,400
That particular arrangement of 
broken branches. 

2466
02:10:52,400 --> 02:10:56,100
Might mean another human past 
this way, or it might mean 

2467
02:10:56,100 --> 02:10:58,300
nothing. 
At all your survival. 

2468
02:10:58,300 --> 02:11:01,700
Depends on sorting signal from 
noise and you've gotten 

2469
02:11:01,700 --> 02:11:05,400
remarkably good at it. 
So when you look at the stars, 

2470
02:11:05,400 --> 02:11:07,300
your brain does what it does 
best. 

2471
02:11:07,300 --> 02:11:11,600
It connects dots that cluster 
over there looks somewhere like 

2472
02:11:11,600 --> 02:11:15,800
the Ibex you hunted earlier See 
how those stars form the curve 

2473
02:11:15,800 --> 02:11:18,400
of horns. 
And that group to the east 

2474
02:11:18,400 --> 02:11:21,500
resembles, the bear. 
You saw last spring though, 

2475
02:11:21,500 --> 02:11:24,400
you'd never get close enough to 
one, to confirm the details. 

2476
02:11:24,400 --> 02:11:28,700
You don't have names for these 
patterns yet at least not names.

2477
02:11:28,700 --> 02:11:32,800
That will survive but you 
recognize them night after 

2478
02:11:32,800 --> 02:11:35,100
night. 
They're there in the same 

2479
02:11:35,100 --> 02:11:36,900
positions, relative to each 
other. 

2480
02:11:36,900 --> 02:11:41,500
This is remarkable actually. 
Almost everything else in your 

2481
02:11:41,500 --> 02:11:44,600
world changes. 
The seasons shift. 

2482
02:11:45,400 --> 02:11:50,600
Animals migrate Rivers, flood 
and received trees grow and 

2483
02:11:50,600 --> 02:11:53,600
fall. 
Even the moon transforms its 

2484
02:11:53,600 --> 02:11:57,700
face across each month. 
Swelling from a sliver to a 

2485
02:11:57,700 --> 02:12:02,000
bright, Circle and back again. 
But these Stars these particular

2486
02:12:02,000 --> 02:12:06,000
Arrangements, they are constant.
Or mostly constant. 

2487
02:12:06,000 --> 02:12:09,300
Anyway, you've noticed they do 
move across the sky. 

2488
02:12:09,300 --> 02:12:13,500
Each night Wheeling from east to
west, but they maintain their 

2489
02:12:13,500 --> 02:12:17,100
relationships to each other. 
The Ibex Stars day. 

2490
02:12:17,100 --> 02:12:22,100
I pick shape the best Stars 
remain bare like, you don't know

2491
02:12:22,100 --> 02:12:25,100
it yet, but you've just made one
of the most important 

2492
02:12:25,100 --> 02:12:29,400
discoveries in human history. 
You found something reliable in 

2493
02:12:29,400 --> 02:12:33,300
an unreliable world over the 
following nights and months. 

2494
02:12:33,300 --> 02:12:37,200
You notice more. 
Those same star patterns appear 

2495
02:12:37,200 --> 02:12:40,400
in the East each evening and 
travel Westward eventually 

2496
02:12:40,400 --> 02:12:42,700
disappearing. 
Below the Western Horizon. 

2497
02:12:42,700 --> 02:12:47,800
If you stay awake, long enough, 
and sometimes you do whether by 

2498
02:12:47,800 --> 02:12:50,900
choice or because something has 
spooked the group and everyone's

2499
02:12:50,900 --> 02:12:54,400
remaining alert. 
You see new patterns rise in the

2500
02:12:54,408 --> 02:12:58,200
east to replace them. 
It's like watching a very slow 

2501
02:12:58,200 --> 02:13:01,700
parade except this parade 
repeats itself with 

2502
02:13:01,700 --> 02:13:05,100
extraordinary precision You 
begin to anticipate? 

2503
02:13:06,100 --> 02:13:09,200
You know that when certain stars
appear, just above the Eastern 

2504
02:13:09,200 --> 02:13:12,000
Horizon at dusk, the weather 
will soon. 

2505
02:13:12,000 --> 02:13:15,000
Turn colder. 
You've seen this correlation 

2506
02:13:15,000 --> 02:13:17,500
enough times that it's no longer
a coincidence. 

2507
02:13:18,600 --> 02:13:22,100
When other stars dominate the 
night sky, the herds will be 

2508
02:13:22,100 --> 02:13:25,200
moving through the valley and 
hunting will be good. 

2509
02:13:26,100 --> 02:13:30,300
This knowledge gets shared 
around fires under those same 

2510
02:13:30,300 --> 02:13:33,200
Stars, you and others discuss 
these observations. 

2511
02:13:33,200 --> 02:13:36,500
The sharing isn't formal 
education as future 

2512
02:13:36,500 --> 02:13:38,400
civilizations will understand 
it. 

2513
02:13:39,200 --> 02:13:43,000
There are no schools, no books 
and no formal teachers, but 

2514
02:13:43,000 --> 02:13:47,000
knowledge passes anyway, through
conversation and demonstration 

2515
02:13:47,000 --> 02:13:50,200
through the simple Act of 
pointing upward and helping 

2516
02:13:50,200 --> 02:13:51,400
others. 
See what you see. 

2517
02:13:52,500 --> 02:13:57,000
A young member of your group 
perhaps 10 or 11 years old sits 

2518
02:13:57,000 --> 02:13:59,100
beside you. 
One night you point out the 

2519
02:13:59,100 --> 02:14:03,000
patterns, you know, tracing 
invisible lines between stars 

2520
02:14:03,000 --> 02:14:06,300
with your finger. 
The child's eyes, follow your 

2521
02:14:06,300 --> 02:14:11,700
hand, and you can see the moment
of recognition that same spark 

2522
02:14:11,700 --> 02:14:14,600
of understanding that Lit your 
own mind years ago. 

2523
02:14:14,600 --> 02:14:19,100
The patterns aren't random. 
They mean, something they can be

2524
02:14:19,100 --> 02:14:22,700
learned, neither of you, 
realizes it, but you're creating

2525
02:14:22,708 --> 02:14:25,000
something that will Outlast both
your lives. 

2526
02:14:25,000 --> 02:14:29,100
Both your descendants and both 
your entire lineage is 

2527
02:14:29,100 --> 02:14:33,700
stretching forward, 10,000 
years, your creating tradition, 

2528
02:14:33,700 --> 02:14:38,200
your building, the foundation of
astronomy, the Stars wheel. 

2529
02:14:38,200 --> 02:14:41,400
Overhead indifferent, your 
newfound attention. 

2530
02:14:41,400 --> 02:14:45,700
They've been there for billions 
of years before you and they'll 

2531
02:14:45,700 --> 02:14:48,200
remain for billions more after 
your gone. 

2532
02:14:48,200 --> 02:14:52,500
But in this moment in the simple
Act of watching and wondering 

2533
02:14:52,500 --> 02:14:56,400
you've joined a project that 
your species will continue for 

2534
02:14:56,400 --> 02:15:00,600
as long as it exists, you've 
started asking the question that

2535
02:15:00,600 --> 02:15:04,600
will echo through every 
civilization that follows What 

2536
02:15:04,600 --> 02:15:06,700
are those lights? 
And what do they mean? 

2537
02:15:06,700 --> 02:15:12,300
It's approximately 15,000 BCE 
now and your standing in what 

2538
02:15:12,300 --> 02:15:14,200
will eventually be known as 
Germany? 

2539
02:15:14,900 --> 02:15:18,600
Watching the moon rise over a 
landscape of ice and Scattered 

2540
02:15:18,600 --> 02:15:22,100
Pine, the glaciers have been 
retreating for Generations. 

2541
02:15:22,100 --> 02:15:25,300
But winter still brings a cold 
that can kill the unwary. 

2542
02:15:25,300 --> 02:15:29,700
You've survived 23 of these 
Winters which makes you a 

2543
02:15:29,700 --> 02:15:31,900
remarkably old by the standards 
of your time. 

2544
02:15:31,900 --> 02:15:35,200
And you've learned something 
that younger people often miss. 

2545
02:15:36,000 --> 02:15:41,300
The Sky Keeps time. 
Not just any time the perfect 

2546
02:15:41,300 --> 02:15:43,900
time you discovered this 
gradually. 

2547
02:15:43,900 --> 02:15:47,900
The way most important things 
are discovered one year. 

2548
02:15:47,900 --> 02:15:51,700
You notice that the moon went 
through exactly 12 complete 

2549
02:15:51,700 --> 02:15:56,700
Cycles from new to full and back
to New again before the seasons 

2550
02:15:56,700 --> 02:16:00,800
completed their circuit. 
Well, almost 12:00 it was 

2551
02:16:00,808 --> 02:16:03,900
actually a bit more than 12 but 
close enough that you could use 

2552
02:16:03,900 --> 02:16:08,000
it as a rough calendar. 
When the moon had cycled through

2553
02:16:08,000 --> 02:16:12,400
its phases 12 times, you could 
expect the warm season to arrive

2554
02:16:12,400 --> 02:16:15,300
soon when it cycled through 
another 12. 

2555
02:16:15,300 --> 02:16:19,300
The cold would return. 
This was useful but the moon 

2556
02:16:19,300 --> 02:16:21,300
alone was not quite reliable 
enough. 

2557
02:16:22,300 --> 02:16:26,400
Some years counting 12 moons 
brought you to the season change

2558
02:16:26,400 --> 02:16:29,200
right on schedule. 
Other years you'd be off by 

2559
02:16:29,208 --> 02:16:32,600
several weeks. 
It was frustrating like trying 

2560
02:16:32,600 --> 02:16:35,700
to catch fish with the net. 
That had inconsistent holes. 

2561
02:16:36,400 --> 02:16:40,200
But then you paid attention to 
the Stars specifically to which 

2562
02:16:40,200 --> 02:16:43,700
stars were visible. 
Just Before Dawn, you've noticed

2563
02:16:43,700 --> 02:16:47,000
that certain Stars would appear 
on the Eastern Horizon just 

2564
02:16:47,000 --> 02:16:50,500
before the sun rose and this 
appearance correlated even 

2565
02:16:50,500 --> 02:16:52,900
better with the seasons than the
moon did. 

2566
02:16:52,900 --> 02:16:56,900
When you could see a particular 
bright star Rising just before 

2567
02:16:56,900 --> 02:17:01,000
Daybreak new with certainly that
the herds would arrive within 

2568
02:17:01,000 --> 02:17:04,400
days. 
When another star made its first

2569
02:17:04,400 --> 02:17:07,600
pre-dawn appearance, you could 
prepare for the cold. 

2570
02:17:07,600 --> 02:17:10,100
You didn't know the physics 
behind this. 

2571
02:17:10,900 --> 02:17:14,000
You didn't know that Earth 
orbits the Sun or the Stars 

2572
02:17:14,000 --> 02:17:17,200
apparent, positions shifted 
gradually throughout the year 

2573
02:17:17,200 --> 02:17:21,400
because this orbital motion you 
didn't need to know the 

2574
02:17:21,400 --> 02:17:23,799
mechanism. 
You just needed to know it 

2575
02:17:23,799 --> 02:17:27,700
worked and it did with the 
reliability that bordered on the

2576
02:17:27,708 --> 02:17:31,000
miraculous. 
Other patterns emerged as you 

2577
02:17:31,000 --> 02:17:34,500
watched the moon's position 
against the background Stars 

2578
02:17:34,500 --> 02:17:37,299
changed. 
Nightly moving Eastwood through 

2579
02:17:37,299 --> 02:17:40,600
the same star patterns that the 
sun's seem to travel through 

2580
02:17:40,600 --> 02:17:43,799
during the year. 
The moon completed his journey 

2581
02:17:43,799 --> 02:17:46,500
through these patterns in about 
29 days. 

2582
02:17:46,500 --> 02:17:51,299
One, complete cycle, from New 
Moon to New Moon, This 

2583
02:17:51,299 --> 02:17:53,299
realization helped you 
understand why? 

2584
02:17:53,299 --> 02:17:57,500
The 12 months didn't quite match
up with the seasonal year, the 

2585
02:17:57,500 --> 02:18:00,500
moon and the sun were traveling 
along the same path through the 

2586
02:18:00,508 --> 02:18:04,400
stars, but at different speeds, 
you began marking these 

2587
02:18:04,400 --> 02:18:09,799
observations on Bones and 
antlers you carved, notches not 

2588
02:18:09,799 --> 02:18:14,100
random decorations, but 
deliberate counts, 29, notches 

2589
02:18:14,100 --> 02:18:18,600
for a lunar month. 12 sets of 
these for a year with additional

2590
02:18:18,600 --> 02:18:22,299
marks to track the discrepancy. 
These were not idle. 

2591
02:18:22,299 --> 02:18:25,400
Doodling passed around a fire. 
They were data. 

2592
02:18:25,400 --> 02:18:29,100
They were records. 
They were Humanity's first 

2593
02:18:29,100 --> 02:18:33,000
spreadsheets carved into 
whatever material was hard 

2594
02:18:33,000 --> 02:18:36,500
enough to last. 
The Precision of these records 

2595
02:18:36,500 --> 02:18:40,600
is startling modern 
archaeologists examining Ice Age

2596
02:18:40,600 --> 02:18:44,400
artifacts of founding systems 
that tracked lunar phases with 

2597
02:18:44,400 --> 02:18:48,100
remarkable accuracy. 
You weren't primitive in your 

2598
02:18:48,100 --> 02:18:51,000
thinking, you were sophisticated
observers. 

2599
02:18:51,000 --> 02:18:54,600
Using the tools available to 
you, the fact that you lacked 

2600
02:18:54,600 --> 02:18:58,000
telescope or mathematical 
notation didn't make you less 

2601
02:18:58,000 --> 02:19:00,799
intelligent. 
It made you more impressive, 

2602
02:19:00,799 --> 02:19:03,500
actually, because you figured 
out so much with. 

2603
02:19:03,500 --> 02:19:08,100
So little this time keeping had 
immediate practical value, 

2604
02:19:08,100 --> 02:19:11,400
knowing when Seasons would 
change meant knowing when to 

2605
02:19:11,400 --> 02:19:15,600
move Camp when to hunt specific 
animals and went to gather 

2606
02:19:15,600 --> 02:19:19,299
particular plants, a group that 
could predict these changes had 

2607
02:19:19,299 --> 02:19:22,700
significant advantages over a 
group that reacted to them as 

2608
02:19:22,700 --> 02:19:26,000
they occurred. 
You could prepare, you could 

2609
02:19:26,000 --> 02:19:30,100
plan, you could survive when 
others might not, but something 

2610
02:19:30,100 --> 02:19:32,799
else was happening, too 
something harder to quantify. 

2611
02:19:33,700 --> 02:19:36,799
By tracking time, you were 
developing a new relationship 

2612
02:19:36,799 --> 02:19:40,299
with the future, instead of 
living entirely in the present 

2613
02:19:40,299 --> 02:19:42,799
moment. 
Reacting to what ever each day 

2614
02:19:42,799 --> 02:19:45,400
brought you a beginning to 
anticipate? 

2615
02:19:45,400 --> 02:19:50,200
You were building mental models 
of how the world worked. models 

2616
02:19:50,200 --> 02:19:55,200
that extended Beyond immediate 
sensory experience you were in a

2617
02:19:55,200 --> 02:20:00,100
real sense beginning to think 
abstractly The night sky, became

2618
02:20:00,100 --> 02:20:03,900
your most reliable reference, 
the ground, Beneath Your Feet, 

2619
02:20:03,900 --> 02:20:08,200
change with floods and fires and
the slow grinding of glaciers. 

2620
02:20:08,900 --> 02:20:13,000
The plants and animals around 
you migrated and evolved even 

2621
02:20:13,000 --> 02:20:15,200
the climate shifted across 
Generations. 

2622
02:20:15,200 --> 02:20:20,600
But those Stars those patterns 
in the sky remained constant 

2623
02:20:20,600 --> 02:20:24,200
enough to build your life around
They were the one fixed 

2624
02:20:24,200 --> 02:20:28,100
reference in a fluid world. 
You didn't worship the Stars 

2625
02:20:28,100 --> 02:20:31,000
exactly though, that would come 
later for other cultures. 

2626
02:20:31,000 --> 02:20:35,600
Your relationship with them was 
more practical than spiritual at

2627
02:20:35,600 --> 02:20:37,600
this point. 
They were tools. 

2628
02:20:37,600 --> 02:20:39,900
They were the most accurate 
calendar. 

2629
02:20:39,900 --> 02:20:44,100
You had the most reliable clock 
and the best map for predicting 

2630
02:20:44,100 --> 02:20:47,100
the future. 
They were quite literally your 

2631
02:20:47,100 --> 02:20:50,800
guide to survival as you stand 
there, watching the moon rise, 

2632
02:20:50,800 --> 02:20:55,900
you feel a satisfaction that 
transcends mere utility There's 

2633
02:20:55,900 --> 02:20:59,500
something deeply pleasing about 
understanding how the sky works.

2634
02:21:00,400 --> 02:21:03,600
About being able to predict what
will appear where and when 

2635
02:21:03,600 --> 02:21:07,200
you've turned mystery into 
knowledge and Chaos into 

2636
02:21:07,200 --> 02:21:10,500
pattern, you've looked at the 
universe and found it 

2637
02:21:10,500 --> 02:21:15,100
comprehensible the Stars 
continue their ancient dance and

2638
02:21:15,100 --> 02:21:18,500
you can continue your watch 
adding another night's 

2639
02:21:18,500 --> 02:21:21,400
observations to a lifetime of 
accumulated knowledge. 

2640
02:21:21,400 --> 02:21:25,000
You don't know that people will 
still be doing this same thing 

2641
02:21:25,000 --> 02:21:29,300
15,000 years from now. 
Using tools you can't imagine to

2642
02:21:29,300 --> 02:21:33,000
ask questions you'd never think 
to pose You'd probably 

2643
02:21:33,000 --> 02:21:36,500
appreciate the continuity. 
You started something. 

2644
02:21:36,500 --> 02:21:40,500
After all, you've begun the long
project of mapping the heavens, 

2645
02:21:40,500 --> 02:21:44,800
and that project has barely 
begun your standing on a 

2646
02:21:44,800 --> 02:21:49,100
ziggurat in ancient Babylon, and
the year is approximately 1700 

2647
02:21:49,100 --> 02:21:54,000
BCE the structure Beneath Your 
Feet rises in, massive tears 

2648
02:21:54,000 --> 02:21:55,800
above the Euphrates River 
Valley. 

2649
02:21:55,800 --> 02:22:00,700
Each level smaller than the one 
below creating a stepped pyramid

2650
02:22:00,700 --> 02:22:04,700
that serves as both Temple and 
Observatory as warm. 

2651
02:22:04,700 --> 02:22:08,900
It's almost always warm here and
the sounds of the city of faded 

2652
02:22:08,900 --> 02:22:12,700
with the sunset. 
Now, there's just you the night 

2653
02:22:12,700 --> 02:22:16,900
and your duty, you are a priest 
astronomer which in this 

2654
02:22:16,900 --> 02:22:20,200
civilization, means your one of 
the most powerful people in the 

2655
02:22:20,200 --> 02:22:23,300
Kingdom. 
King's consult you before making

2656
02:22:23,300 --> 02:22:26,800
important decisions. 
Farmers depend on your 

2657
02:22:26,800 --> 02:22:31,200
calculations to know when to 
plant the entire Empire runs 

2658
02:22:31,200 --> 02:22:33,900
according to calendars you and 
your colleague's maintain. 

2659
02:22:33,900 --> 02:22:39,100
This isn't symbolic power. 
Is real Authority derived from 

2660
02:22:39,100 --> 02:22:42,500
real knowledge and that 
knowledge comes from the sky. 

2661
02:22:42,500 --> 02:22:46,100
Your people have been watching 
the heavens systematically for 

2662
02:22:46,100 --> 02:22:49,500
centuries, keeping records that 
span Generations. 

2663
02:22:49,500 --> 02:22:52,800
These aren't casual observations
noted. 

2664
02:22:52,800 --> 02:22:56,100
When someone happens to 
remember, this is rigorous 

2665
02:22:56,100 --> 02:22:58,800
continuous monitoring with each 
night sky. 

2666
02:22:58,800 --> 02:23:02,600
Carefully recorded on clay 
tablets, that fill entire 

2667
02:23:02,600 --> 02:23:06,600
libraries, you've inherited 
these records and you add to 

2668
02:23:06,600 --> 02:23:09,100
them. 
Nightly continuing a scientific 

2669
02:23:09,100 --> 02:23:12,100
tradition, that will Outlast 
your civilization itself. 

2670
02:23:13,000 --> 02:23:17,000
Tonight, your tracking Venus, 
the evening star. 

2671
02:23:17,000 --> 02:23:19,000
You call it though, you've 
noticed it all. 

2672
02:23:19,008 --> 02:23:22,800
So appears as the Morning Star 
at different times of year, what

2673
02:23:22,800 --> 02:23:25,600
you don't yet realize is that 
these are the same object. 

2674
02:23:25,600 --> 02:23:28,600
A planet closer to the Sun than 
Earth. 

2675
02:23:29,300 --> 02:23:32,700
Though the concept of planets, 
as worlds, rather than wandering

2676
02:23:32,700 --> 02:23:36,900
stars is still centuries away. 
What you do know is that Venus 

2677
02:23:36,900 --> 02:23:40,500
follows a complex pattern 
through the sky, appearing and 

2678
02:23:40,500 --> 02:23:44,400
disappearing with a regularity 
you've learned to predict This 

2679
02:23:44,400 --> 02:23:48,300
predictability is everything in 
a world where so much is 

2680
02:23:48,300 --> 02:23:51,300
uncertain. 
Where crops might fail where 

2681
02:23:51,300 --> 02:23:55,300
diseases strike without warning,
where enemies could attack at 

2682
02:23:55,300 --> 02:23:58,900
any time. 
The sky offers constancy, the 

2683
02:23:58,900 --> 02:24:02,000
fact that you can predict 
celestial events, gives you a 

2684
02:24:02,000 --> 02:24:05,900
kind of power over chaos itself,
when you announce that Venus 

2685
02:24:05,900 --> 02:24:09,700
will disappear from the evening 
sky and 5 days and reappear as 

2686
02:24:09,700 --> 02:24:13,200
the morning star in 83 days and 
then it happens. 

2687
02:24:13,200 --> 02:24:15,300
Exactly. 
As you've said, your 

2688
02:24:15,300 --> 02:24:19,000
demonstrating Mastery over the 
cosmos itself, or at least 

2689
02:24:19,000 --> 02:24:21,700
that's how it appears to those, 
who don't understand your 

2690
02:24:21,700 --> 02:24:24,300
methods. 
But you understand your methods 

2691
02:24:24,300 --> 02:24:28,500
and then not magic their 
mathematics, your civilization 

2692
02:24:28,500 --> 02:24:32,900
has developed sophisticated 
arithmetic, including a base 60 

2693
02:24:32,900 --> 02:24:36,600
counting system, that will 
eventually give the world's 60 

2694
02:24:36,600 --> 02:24:38,400
second minutes and 60 Minute 
hours. 

2695
02:24:38,400 --> 02:24:42,000
You use this mathematics to 
track Celestial Cycles 

2696
02:24:42,000 --> 02:24:45,900
calculating the relationship. 
Between different astronomical 

2697
02:24:45,900 --> 02:24:48,300
periods with impressive, 
precision. 

2698
02:24:49,200 --> 02:24:52,900
The moon has been especially 
well studied your predecessors 

2699
02:24:52,900 --> 02:24:57,400
discovered the Sorrows cycle, a 
period of approximately 18 years

2700
02:24:57,400 --> 02:25:02,400
and 11 days after which eclipses
repeat in almost identical 

2701
02:25:02,400 --> 02:25:05,100
patterns. 
This means that if you record 

2702
02:25:05,100 --> 02:25:09,400
every eclipse for 18 years, you 
can predict eclipses for the 

2703
02:25:09,400 --> 02:25:11,900
next 18 years and the 18. 
After that. 

2704
02:25:11,900 --> 02:25:16,400
It's not perfect small 
variations accumulate over time,

2705
02:25:16,400 --> 02:25:20,400
but it's remarkably accurate, 
and it makes you appear. 

2706
02:25:20,400 --> 02:25:24,000
Almost prophetic to those who 
don't know, the mathematics 

2707
02:25:24,000 --> 02:25:27,200
behind your predictions. 
You've all been tracking the 

2708
02:25:27,200 --> 02:25:30,600
five visible planets though. 
You don't call them that yet. 

2709
02:25:31,500 --> 02:25:37,200
Mercury, Venus Mars, Jupiter and
Saturn wander among the fixed 

2710
02:25:37,200 --> 02:25:39,700
Stars. 
Each following its own complex 

2711
02:25:39,700 --> 02:25:42,400
path. 
Mercury never Strays far from 

2712
02:25:42,400 --> 02:25:47,800
the Sun appearing briefly, after
sunset, or Before Sunrise, Venus

2713
02:25:47,800 --> 02:25:51,000
make, its more dramatic 
appearance as becoming the 

2714
02:25:51,000 --> 02:25:55,100
brightest object in the sky, 
besides the Sun and Moon, Mars 

2715
02:25:55,100 --> 02:25:58,600
occasionally seems to move 
backward a phenomenon called 

2716
02:25:58,600 --> 02:26:01,800
retrograde motion, that will 
puzzle astronomers for 

2717
02:26:01,800 --> 02:26:05,800
centuries. 
Jupiter and Saturn, move more 

2718
02:26:05,808 --> 02:26:09,200
slowly taking years to complete 
their Journeys. 

2719
02:26:09,200 --> 02:26:12,500
Through the Stars, these 
observations have practical 

2720
02:26:12,500 --> 02:26:15,900
applications. 
Your calendar based on lunar 

2721
02:26:15,900 --> 02:26:18,500
months, but adjusted to keep 
Pace with the solar year, 

2722
02:26:18,500 --> 02:26:21,800
requires constant monitoring to 
remain accurate. 

2723
02:26:21,800 --> 02:26:25,300
You add extra months when 
necessary a practice called 

2724
02:26:25,300 --> 02:26:29,300
intercalation to prevent the 
calendar from drifting away from

2725
02:26:29,300 --> 02:26:32,000
the seasons. 
This ensures that religious 

2726
02:26:32,000 --> 02:26:35,500
festivals occur at the 
appropriate times of year that 

2727
02:26:35,500 --> 02:26:38,900
Farmers plant at the optimal 
moment and that the entire 

2728
02:26:38,900 --> 02:26:42,500
civilization stays synchronized 
with natural cycles. 

2729
02:26:43,900 --> 02:26:46,300
But there's more than 
practicality at work here. 

2730
02:26:46,300 --> 02:26:51,000
You've begun to see patterns 
within patterns relationships 

2731
02:26:51,000 --> 02:26:53,900
between celestial events. 
That suggests the universe 

2732
02:26:53,900 --> 02:26:56,700
operates according to 
comprehensible rules. 

2733
02:26:56,700 --> 02:27:00,100
When you calculate that Mars 
will appear in a certain 

2734
02:27:00,100 --> 02:27:04,200
position relative to certain 
stars on a certain date and then

2735
02:27:04,200 --> 02:27:08,100
it happens you're not just 
predicting the future, your 

2736
02:27:08,100 --> 02:27:10,900
glimpsing the underlying order 
of creation itself. 

2737
02:27:10,900 --> 02:27:15,200
Your culture has woven the sky 
into every aspect of life. 

2738
02:27:16,000 --> 02:27:20,200
The Zodiac those 12 patterns of 
stars through which the Sun 

2739
02:27:20,200 --> 02:27:21,800
appears to travel during the 
year. 

2740
02:27:22,600 --> 02:27:26,800
Has become a framework for 
understanding time and fate each

2741
02:27:26,800 --> 02:27:29,500
month, belongs to a different 
zodiac sign. 

2742
02:27:29,500 --> 02:27:33,100
And the position of planets 
within these signs is believed 

2743
02:27:33,100 --> 02:27:36,600
influence Earthly events. 
This is the beginning of 

2744
02:27:36,600 --> 02:27:40,100
astrology, which will later 
diverge from astronomy, but 

2745
02:27:40,100 --> 02:27:43,200
which in your time is 
inseparable from it. 

2746
02:27:44,200 --> 02:27:47,900
Both are attempts to find 
meaning in the sky to understand

2747
02:27:47,900 --> 02:27:51,200
how Celestial patterns relate to
terrestrial existence. 

2748
02:27:51,200 --> 02:27:54,800
You don't see a conflict between
the spiritual and the 

2749
02:27:54,800 --> 02:27:59,500
mathematical for you calculating
the precise moment of a lunar 

2750
02:27:59,500 --> 02:28:01,900
eclipse and believing that a 
Clips. 

2751
02:28:01,900 --> 02:28:06,700
Carries Divine significance, a 
complementary activities, the 

2752
02:28:06,700 --> 02:28:11,000
mathematics proves the divine 
order, The predictability of the

2753
02:28:11,000 --> 02:28:14,900
heavens demonstrates that the 
universe is not chaotic but 

2754
02:28:14,900 --> 02:28:17,700
rather follows laws established 
by the Gods. 

2755
02:28:18,400 --> 02:28:22,000
Your calculations are in a 
sense, a way of reading the gods

2756
02:28:22,000 --> 02:28:26,500
intention as the night deepens. 
You record your observations on 

2757
02:28:26,500 --> 02:28:27,300
a fresh. 
Clay. 

2758
02:28:27,300 --> 02:28:31,400
Tablet pressing wedge-shaped 
marks into the soft surface with

2759
02:28:31,400 --> 02:28:35,800
your reads stylists. 
Centuries from now archeologists

2760
02:28:35,800 --> 02:28:39,700
will unearth tablets like this 
and Marvel at their accuracy. 

2761
02:28:39,700 --> 02:28:43,900
They'll recognize genuine 
astronomical data recorded with 

2762
02:28:43,900 --> 02:28:47,900
scientific precision, they'll 
see that your civilization 

2763
02:28:47,900 --> 02:28:51,900
understood far more about 
Celestial mechanics than history

2764
02:28:51,900 --> 02:28:56,800
often credits you with knowing 
but for now, you're simply doing

2765
02:28:56,800 --> 02:29:02,300
your job, you're watching 
recording calculating and slowly

2766
02:29:02,300 --> 02:29:05,200
building a body of knowledge 
that will influence every 

2767
02:29:05,200 --> 02:29:10,300
civilization that follows When 
Greek astronomers later develop 

2768
02:29:10,300 --> 02:29:13,900
their models of the cosmos, 
they'll build on Babylonian 

2769
02:29:13,900 --> 02:29:18,000
observations when Islamic 
scholars, preserve an expand 

2770
02:29:18,000 --> 02:29:21,500
astronomical knowledge during 
Europe's Dark Ages, they'll 

2771
02:29:21,500 --> 02:29:25,200
reference batalion mathematics 
when modern astronomy. 

2772
02:29:25,200 --> 02:29:28,400
Finally emerges, it will carry 
forward, Traditions that began 

2773
02:29:28,400 --> 02:29:30,700
on ziggurats. 
Like the one beneath your feet. 

2774
02:29:31,600 --> 02:29:36,000
The Stars wheel overhead, the 
same stars that Ice Age Hunters 

2775
02:29:36,000 --> 02:29:38,100
watched. 
But you're seeing them 

2776
02:29:38,100 --> 02:29:40,600
differently. 
Now, your measuring them 

2777
02:29:40,600 --> 02:29:44,200
calculating their movements and 
finding mathematical 

2778
02:29:44,200 --> 02:29:48,500
relationships in their patterns.
You've transformed them from 

2779
02:29:48,500 --> 02:29:51,100
mysterious lights into data 
points. 

2780
02:29:51,100 --> 02:29:55,400
In an increasingly sophisticated
understanding of the cosmos. 

2781
02:29:55,400 --> 02:29:58,600
You've turned wander into 
science, though, you don't use 

2782
02:29:58,600 --> 02:30:02,100
that word yet. 
Above you, the Milky Way glows 

2783
02:30:02,100 --> 02:30:06,100
and somewhere within it though 
you'll never know this, the 

2784
02:30:06,100 --> 02:30:09,800
light of your own son is just 
one star among billions. 

2785
02:30:09,800 --> 02:30:14,700
But on this night in this moment
you're doing the work that will 

2786
02:30:14,700 --> 02:30:17,000
eventually reveal even that 
humbling. 

2787
02:30:17,000 --> 02:30:22,500
Truth, your watching recording 
and thinking activities that 

2788
02:30:22,500 --> 02:30:25,700
will prove to be among 
Humanity's most powerful tools 

2789
02:30:25,700 --> 02:30:29,700
for understanding the universe. 
Your standing on the deck of a 

2790
02:30:29,708 --> 02:30:34,200
Polynesian voyaging canoe, and 
the year is approximately 800 

2791
02:30:34,200 --> 02:30:39,000
CE, the nearest land is three 
days behind you and the nearest 

2792
02:30:39,000 --> 02:30:41,400
land ahead is perhaps five days 
away. 

2793
02:30:42,400 --> 02:30:45,800
Though you won't know for 
certain until you see it around 

2794
02:30:45,800 --> 02:30:47,800
you. 
The Pacific Ocean extends to 

2795
02:30:47,800 --> 02:30:50,500
every Horizon and expanse of 
water. 

2796
02:30:50,500 --> 02:30:54,000
So vast that all the world's 
land could fit within it with 

2797
02:30:54,000 --> 02:30:58,800
room to spare, And you have no 
instruments, no Compass, no 

2798
02:30:58,800 --> 02:31:04,000
Sextant and no GPS, you have 
something better, you have the 

2799
02:31:04,000 --> 02:31:06,300
stars and you know, how to read 
them. 

2800
02:31:06,300 --> 02:31:11,500
Your canoe is magnificent, 60 
feet of a hull carved from 

2801
02:31:11,500 --> 02:31:15,400
breadfruit trees with two. 
Hulls joined by a platform that 

2802
02:31:15,400 --> 02:31:17,500
provides stability and rough 
Seas. 

2803
02:31:17,500 --> 02:31:22,600
The sale is woven from pandanus 
leaves and it catches the trade 

2804
02:31:22,600 --> 02:31:25,600
winds that will carry you, 
across hundreds of miles of open

2805
02:31:25,600 --> 02:31:28,200
ocean. 
Your traveling with 30 other 

2806
02:31:28,200 --> 02:31:31,600
people carrying plants and 
animals to establish on a new 

2807
02:31:31,608 --> 02:31:36,100
island, assuming you find it. 
This isn't exploration for 

2808
02:31:36,100 --> 02:31:40,600
exploration sake. 
This is colonization migration. 

2809
02:31:40,600 --> 02:31:45,700
The deliberate expansion of your
people across a vast ocean and 

2810
02:31:45,700 --> 02:31:49,100
your navigating by methods, that
would seem impossible to many 

2811
02:31:49,100 --> 02:31:52,000
other cultures you have no 
written charts. 

2812
02:31:52,000 --> 02:31:56,000
You've never ridden down any 
directions or drawn, any Maps, 

2813
02:31:56,000 --> 02:32:00,000
everything, you know about 
navigation, every technique, 

2814
02:32:00,000 --> 02:32:04,900
every star path, every wave 
pattern exists in your memory. 

2815
02:32:04,900 --> 02:32:08,700
And in the memories of The 
Navigators who taught you, this 

2816
02:32:08,700 --> 02:32:13,300
knowledge was passed down 
orally, demonstrated as sea, and

2817
02:32:13,300 --> 02:32:15,500
practice until it became 
intuitive. 

2818
02:32:16,300 --> 02:32:19,400
What looks like magic to 
Outsiders is actually a 

2819
02:32:19,400 --> 02:32:23,900
sophisticated science based on 
careful observation of natural 

2820
02:32:23,900 --> 02:32:27,400
phenomena. 
The stars are your primary tools

2821
02:32:28,900 --> 02:32:31,400
Before departing you memorize 
star paths. 

2822
02:32:32,100 --> 02:32:35,700
Specific stars that rise and set
at consistent points on the 

2823
02:32:35,700 --> 02:32:39,500
horizon, creating paths across 
the sky, that correspond to 

2824
02:32:39,500 --> 02:32:42,900
directions across the ocean. 
When you want to sail toward 

2825
02:32:42,900 --> 02:32:46,600
your destination Island, you've 
identified the appropriate staff

2826
02:32:46,600 --> 02:32:48,700
path and keep your canoe aligned
with it. 

2827
02:32:49,600 --> 02:32:54,500
As each star rises in the East 
travels across the sky and sets 

2828
02:32:54,500 --> 02:32:58,700
in the west, you use it to 
maintain your course, when one 

2829
02:32:58,700 --> 02:33:01,000
star becomes too high to use 
effectively. 

2830
02:33:01,000 --> 02:33:04,000
You switch to the next star in 
the sequence. 

2831
02:33:04,900 --> 02:33:09,600
This continues all night every 
night for as many nights as the 

2832
02:33:09,600 --> 02:33:13,100
journey requires. 
During the day, you have the sun

2833
02:33:13,100 --> 02:33:16,500
which Rises and sets at 
predictable points, depending on

2834
02:33:16,508 --> 02:33:20,400
the season. 
You also have the swells long 

2835
02:33:20,400 --> 02:33:23,800
period waves generated by 
distant storms that travel 

2836
02:33:23,800 --> 02:33:26,900
across the ocean inconsistent 
Direction's. 

2837
02:33:26,900 --> 02:33:30,300
You can feel these swells 
through the hull and sense their

2838
02:33:30,300 --> 02:33:33,200
Direction even when surface 
waves obscure them. 

2839
02:33:34,100 --> 02:33:37,200
By combining Sun position with 
swell Direction. 

2840
02:33:37,200 --> 02:33:40,100
You maintain your course, during
daylight hours. 

2841
02:33:40,100 --> 02:33:44,600
But the Stars provide the most 
reliable guidance, You know, 

2842
02:33:44,608 --> 02:33:47,900
dozens of stars by name 
understand their rising and 

2843
02:33:47,908 --> 02:33:51,800
setting points and can estimate 
your latitude, by observing 

2844
02:33:51,800 --> 02:33:54,100
which stars pass directly 
overhead. 

2845
02:33:54,100 --> 02:33:58,400
The North Star Polaris is too 
far north to be useful in most 

2846
02:33:58,400 --> 02:34:03,100
of the Pacific, but other stars 
of similar functions, the 

2847
02:34:03,100 --> 02:34:07,300
Southern Cross points. 
South Arcuris, which you call 

2848
02:34:07,300 --> 02:34:11,600
hooker, Leah passes, nearly 
overhead at Hawaii's latitude. 

2849
02:34:11,600 --> 02:34:15,500
When hooker layer is directly 
above you, you know, at the 

2850
02:34:15,508 --> 02:34:17,600
correct latitude to find those 
islands. 

2851
02:34:18,600 --> 02:34:22,400
You've also memorized reference 
Islands, small, atolls and 

2852
02:34:22,400 --> 02:34:25,300
islands that lie between your 
starting point and destination. 

2853
02:34:25,300 --> 02:34:29,400
Even if you don't plan to stop 
at these references, knowing 

2854
02:34:29,400 --> 02:34:33,300
their positions, helps you 
navigate If you spot one of them

2855
02:34:33,300 --> 02:34:37,000
you can adjust your course 
accordingly, if you don't spot 

2856
02:34:37,000 --> 02:34:40,500
one, you expected to see you 
know you've drifted and can 

2857
02:34:40,500 --> 02:34:44,500
calculate the correction needed.
The sophistication of this 

2858
02:34:44,500 --> 02:34:47,700
system is staggering. 
Your essentially maintaining 

2859
02:34:47,700 --> 02:34:50,500
dead reckoning. 
Across hundreds or thousands of 

2860
02:34:50,500 --> 02:34:53,800
miles of featureless ocean 
updating your position. 

2861
02:34:53,800 --> 02:34:57,700
Constantly based on every 
available queue you watch for 

2862
02:34:57,700 --> 02:35:02,000
clouds that form over distant 
Islands, invisible below the 

2863
02:35:02,000 --> 02:35:06,500
Horizon but revealed by the 
clouds they generate You observe

2864
02:35:06,500 --> 02:35:10,900
sea birds and know which species
fly far from land and which stay

2865
02:35:10,900 --> 02:35:14,500
close to shore you note the 
color of the water, the type of 

2866
02:35:14,500 --> 02:35:17,500
floating debris and the 
temperature changes that 

2867
02:35:17,500 --> 02:35:22,100
indicate different currents. 
On clear nights, the navigation 

2868
02:35:22,100 --> 02:35:25,500
is almost relaxing. 
The stars are bright and 

2869
02:35:25,500 --> 02:35:29,200
obvious, the moon provides 
additional light and you can see

2870
02:35:29,200 --> 02:35:33,100
the Horizon clearly. 
But tonight clouds of secure, 

2871
02:35:33,100 --> 02:35:36,200
much of the sky. 
This would Panic a less 

2872
02:35:36,200 --> 02:35:39,400
experienced Navigator, but 
you've sailed through worse 

2873
02:35:39,400 --> 02:35:42,200
conditions, you find gaps in the
clouds. 

2874
02:35:42,200 --> 02:35:46,300
Catch glimpses of familiar stars
and use those brief views to 

2875
02:35:46,300 --> 02:35:50,000
maintain your course. 
When stars aren't visible at 

2876
02:35:50,000 --> 02:35:54,300
all, you rely on the swells, on 
the winds Direction, and on 

2877
02:35:54,300 --> 02:35:58,700
subtle signs that others might 
miss entirely, your people have 

2878
02:35:58,700 --> 02:36:02,700
been making Journeys like this 
for over 1,000 years, spreading 

2879
02:36:02,700 --> 02:36:07,100
across the Pacific in waves of 
migration that populated Islands

2880
02:36:07,100 --> 02:36:09,800
from Hawaii to New Zealand to 
Easter Island. 

2881
02:36:09,800 --> 02:36:12,900
This represents one of 
Humanity's greatest 

2882
02:36:12,900 --> 02:36:16,600
navigational, achievements 
settling thousands of islands 

2883
02:36:16,600 --> 02:36:20,800
scattered across the world's 
largest ocean using nothing but 

2884
02:36:20,800 --> 02:36:25,700
observation memory and skill 
cultures with metal tools and 

2885
02:36:25,700 --> 02:36:28,900
written languages couldn't match
what your people accomplished 

2886
02:36:28,900 --> 02:36:33,400
with wooden, canoes and oral 
knowledge. the key was the Stars

2887
02:36:33,400 --> 02:36:37,300
reliability on a notional 
without landmarks, where current

2888
02:36:37,300 --> 02:36:41,900
can push you off course and wins
can shift unpredictably the 

2889
02:36:41,900 --> 02:36:46,300
Stars remained constant They 
appeared in the same positions, 

2890
02:36:46,300 --> 02:36:49,700
followed the same paths and 
maintain their same 

2891
02:36:49,700 --> 02:36:53,400
relationships to each other. 
This Celestial constantly 

2892
02:36:53,400 --> 02:36:56,100
provided the reference frame. 
You needed to navigate to 

2893
02:36:56,100 --> 02:37:00,000
terrestrial uncertainty. 
You'll navigation is astronomy 

2894
02:37:00,000 --> 02:37:03,400
in its most practical form. 
You don't care about the 

2895
02:37:03,400 --> 02:37:07,200
physical nature of stars. 
Whether their distant Sons or 

2896
02:37:07,200 --> 02:37:10,200
lights on a celestial sphere, 
makes no difference to your 

2897
02:37:10,200 --> 02:37:13,500
work. 
What matters is their positions,

2898
02:37:13,500 --> 02:37:17,700
their movements and their 
usefulness as guides, you've 

2899
02:37:17,700 --> 02:37:21,200
developed and applied science of
astronomy focused, entirely on 

2900
02:37:21,200 --> 02:37:23,600
what works rather than why it 
works. 

2901
02:37:23,600 --> 02:37:27,500
Your theories about the cosmos. 
Might strike later astronomers 

2902
02:37:27,500 --> 02:37:31,400
as primitive But your practical 
knowledge of celestial 

2903
02:37:31,400 --> 02:37:33,900
navigation, is extraordinarily 
sophisticated. 

2904
02:37:33,900 --> 02:37:37,600
As Dawn, approaches you spot 
something on the horizon. 

2905
02:37:38,800 --> 02:37:43,200
Cloud with a greenish tinted at 
its base, reflecting vegetation 

2906
02:37:43,200 --> 02:37:46,600
on an island below, its the 
reference at all. 

2907
02:37:46,600 --> 02:37:49,700
You expected to see right? 
Where it should be. 

2908
02:37:50,600 --> 02:37:52,400
Your navigation has been 
accurate. 

2909
02:37:52,400 --> 02:37:56,500
You adjust your course, slightly
compensating for the current 

2910
02:37:56,500 --> 02:38:00,200
that pushed you, marginally East
during the night and continued 

2911
02:38:00,200 --> 02:38:04,400
toward your destination around. 
You, people awaking preparing 

2912
02:38:04,400 --> 02:38:07,700
food and tending to the plants 
and animals your transporting. 

2913
02:38:08,500 --> 02:38:12,100
Children play on the platform. 
Between the holes, two young to 

2914
02:38:12,100 --> 02:38:15,200
understand the Precision 
required to find a tiny Island 

2915
02:38:15,200 --> 02:38:18,400
in an enormous ocean. 
They'll learn though. 

2916
02:38:19,000 --> 02:38:21,400
Some of them will become 
Navigators themselves, 

2917
02:38:21,400 --> 02:38:26,100
memorizing, the same star paths,
you know, learning to read the 

2918
02:38:26,100 --> 02:38:30,200
same subtle signs and continuing
Traditions that stretch back 

2919
02:38:30,200 --> 02:38:34,400
through more Generations than 
anyone can count the sun rises 

2920
02:38:34,400 --> 02:38:38,500
and the Stars fade, your 
nighttime navigation, tools 

2921
02:38:38,500 --> 02:38:40,800
disappear. 
But you've already noted your 

2922
02:38:40,800 --> 02:38:44,500
position and set your daytime 
course in a few days. 

2923
02:38:44,500 --> 02:38:47,400
If your calculations remain 
accurate, you'll cite your 

2924
02:38:47,400 --> 02:38:51,500
destination, the new island to 
settle a new home for your 

2925
02:38:51,500 --> 02:38:55,600
people found by following lights
in the sky across an ocean. 

2926
02:38:55,600 --> 02:38:57,700
That covers nearly a third of 
the planet. 

2927
02:38:57,700 --> 02:39:00,500
The Stars didn't care about your
journey. 

2928
02:39:00,500 --> 02:39:03,800
They would have shown just as 
brightly with you, were there to

2929
02:39:03,800 --> 02:39:08,100
see them or not, but by learning
to read them by understanding 

2930
02:39:08,100 --> 02:39:11,100
their movements with the off 
Precision to stake, your life. 

2931
02:39:11,100 --> 02:39:14,700
On that understanding, you've 
transformed them from merely 

2932
02:39:14,700 --> 02:39:18,800
beautiful lights into the most 
reliable tools Humanity. 

2933
02:39:19,300 --> 02:39:22,000
Ever found for exploring the 
world. 

2934
02:39:22,000 --> 02:39:25,800
You've proven that careful 
observation and rigorous mental 

2935
02:39:25,800 --> 02:39:27,400
training. 
Can overcome seemingly 

2936
02:39:27,400 --> 02:39:31,500
impossible challenges? 
You've shown that the sky is 

2937
02:39:31,500 --> 02:39:33,400
more than something to wonder 
at. 

2938
02:39:34,000 --> 02:39:38,800
It's something to use to rely on
and to trust with your survival 

2939
02:39:38,800 --> 02:39:41,800
and in doing. 
So you've continued the project 

2940
02:39:41,800 --> 02:39:44,000
begun by those Ice Age 
observers. 

2941
02:39:44,000 --> 02:39:47,800
The long patient work of 
understanding what those lights 

2942
02:39:47,800 --> 02:39:49,800
are and what they can tell us 
about the world. 

2943
02:39:49,800 --> 02:39:54,000
We inhabit your standing in the 
Library of Alexandria and the 

2944
02:39:54,000 --> 02:39:58,500
year is approximately 200 BCE 
the room around, you can 

2945
02:39:58,500 --> 02:40:02,200
contains hundreds of thousands, 
of Scrolls, the accumulated, 

2946
02:40:02,200 --> 02:40:05,500
knowledge of the ancient world 
gathered from every culture. 

2947
02:40:05,500 --> 02:40:10,000
The Hellenistic Empire has 
touched But right now, you're 

2948
02:40:10,000 --> 02:40:11,900
not interested in poetry or 
philosophy. 

2949
02:40:11,900 --> 02:40:15,400
Your focused on a particular. 
Scroll that contains 

2950
02:40:15,400 --> 02:40:19,100
astronomical observations from 
Babylon and you're trying to 

2951
02:40:19,100 --> 02:40:22,700
reconcile those observations 
with a new geometric model of 

2952
02:40:22,700 --> 02:40:26,500
the cosmos you are in the 
terminology of your time, a 

2953
02:40:26,500 --> 02:40:29,900
mathematician and natural 
philosopher, though, later ages 

2954
02:40:29,900 --> 02:40:33,300
will call you an astronomer. 
Your name might be remembered 

2955
02:40:33,300 --> 02:40:37,200
perhaps your aristarchus or era 
toss the knees or Hippo 

2956
02:40:37,200 --> 02:40:39,600
Parker's. 
Or it might be forgotten. 

2957
02:40:39,600 --> 02:40:42,700
Lost among the thousands of 
Scholars who worked in 

2958
02:40:42,700 --> 02:40:44,900
Alexandria during its golden 
age. 

2959
02:40:44,900 --> 02:40:48,400
But whether or not your 
individual name, survives the 

2960
02:40:48,400 --> 02:40:51,700
work you're doing will change 
Humanities relationship with the

2961
02:40:51,700 --> 02:40:54,700
sky forever. 
You're not just observing the 

2962
02:40:54,700 --> 02:40:57,000
heavens anymore, you're 
measuring them. 

2963
02:40:57,000 --> 02:41:01,500
This represents a fundamental 
shift in approach earlier 

2964
02:41:01,500 --> 02:41:04,600
civilizations. 
Watch the sky and recorded what 

2965
02:41:04,600 --> 02:41:08,800
they saw identifying patterns 
and using those patterns for 

2966
02:41:08,800 --> 02:41:12,300
practical purposes, you're doing
something different. 

2967
02:41:12,300 --> 02:41:15,900
You are asking quantitative 
questions and demanding 

2968
02:41:15,900 --> 02:41:19,600
numerical answers, not just 
where does the sun appear to 

2969
02:41:19,600 --> 02:41:21,600
move? 
But how large is the Sun? 

2970
02:41:21,600 --> 02:41:25,100
Not just do the stars move, but 
how far away are they? 

2971
02:41:26,100 --> 02:41:30,300
Your culture has advantages that
earlier observers lacked Greek 

2972
02:41:30,300 --> 02:41:32,900
mathematics has developed 
geometric tools. 

2973
02:41:32,900 --> 02:41:36,800
Powerful enough to model 
Celestial mechanics, your 

2974
02:41:36,800 --> 02:41:40,100
understanding of circles angles 
and ratios allows you to make 

2975
02:41:40,100 --> 02:41:42,800
calculations that would have 
been impossible for the 

2976
02:41:42,800 --> 02:41:46,500
Babylonians despite their 
sophisticated arithmetic. 

2977
02:41:46,500 --> 02:41:49,700
You also have access to 
centuries of Babylonian 

2978
02:41:49,700 --> 02:41:53,600
observations giving you data 
spanning longer periods than any

2979
02:41:53,600 --> 02:41:57,300
single lifetime could provide 
consider eritos. 

2980
02:41:57,300 --> 02:42:00,900
These famous calculation of 
Earth circumference performed 

2981
02:42:00,900 --> 02:42:05,300
right here in Alexandria, 
roughly 50 years ago, he noticed

2982
02:42:05,300 --> 02:42:10,600
the noon on the summer solstice 
The sun was directly overhead in

2983
02:42:10,600 --> 02:42:15,300
seen casting no Shadow. 
While in Alexandria It cast a 

2984
02:42:15,300 --> 02:42:19,200
shadow corresponding to an angle
of approximately 7 degrees. 

2985
02:42:19,200 --> 02:42:22,700
By measuring the distance 
between these cities and using 

2986
02:42:22,700 --> 02:42:25,700
basic geometry. 
He calculated Earth's 

2987
02:42:25,700 --> 02:42:29,800
circumference with remarkable 
accuracy, this wasn't just 

2988
02:42:29,800 --> 02:42:31,700
clever. 
It was revolutionary. 

2989
02:42:31,700 --> 02:42:36,000
He'd measured the size of the 
entire planet using nothing but 

2990
02:42:36,000 --> 02:42:40,300
Shadows, angles and reasoning. 
You're attempting something. 

2991
02:42:40,300 --> 02:42:44,300
Similarly audacious. 
Calculating the distance to the 

2992
02:42:44,300 --> 02:42:48,000
Moon, you know, that during a 
lunar eclipse, Earth's Shadow 

2993
02:42:48,000 --> 02:42:51,300
falls on the moon and by 
carefully measuring the Shadows 

2994
02:42:51,300 --> 02:42:53,500
size relative to the moon's 
diameter. 

2995
02:42:53,500 --> 02:42:56,300
You can determine the ratio of 
distances. 

2996
02:42:56,300 --> 02:43:01,300
The mathematics is tricky. 
You need precise observations of

2997
02:43:01,308 --> 02:43:05,100
eclipses, careful, measurements 
of angles and sophisticated 

2998
02:43:05,100 --> 02:43:07,900
geometric reasoning, but is 
doable. 

2999
02:43:07,900 --> 02:43:11,700
And when you finish, you'll have
a number The Moon is 

3000
02:43:11,700 --> 02:43:14,200
approximately 60 Earth radii 
away. 

3001
02:43:14,200 --> 02:43:18,700
This is astonishing accuracy for
observations made with naked 

3002
02:43:18,700 --> 02:43:23,200
eyes and simple measuring tools.
You have no telescope's, no 

3003
02:43:23,200 --> 02:43:27,300
Precision Instruments, just 
calibrated sticks and circles 

3004
02:43:27,300 --> 02:43:31,400
divided into degrees. 
Your determining Cosmic distance

3005
02:43:31,400 --> 02:43:35,600
is measuring the unmeasurable 
pulling numbers from what had 

3006
02:43:35,600 --> 02:43:39,500
been pure mystery. 
Other scholars in Alexandria 

3007
02:43:39,500 --> 02:43:43,400
attacking different questions. 
Aristarchus is proposed 

3008
02:43:43,400 --> 02:43:47,800
something radical, perhaps Earth
orbits the sun rather than the 

3009
02:43:47,800 --> 02:43:52,300
reverse his geometric arguments 
are compelling if Earth's 

3010
02:43:52,300 --> 02:43:55,600
circles the sun, it explains 
certain observations about 

3011
02:43:55,600 --> 02:43:59,100
planetary motions more elegantly
than the traditional model. 

3012
02:44:00,000 --> 02:44:04,500
But his idea faces resistance. 
If Earth moves shouldn't, we 

3013
02:44:04,500 --> 02:44:08,600
feel it shouldn't the Stars 
shift position as Earth travels 

3014
02:44:08,600 --> 02:44:12,400
around its orbit. 
The lack of observable, stellar 

3015
02:44:12,400 --> 02:44:15,000
parallax. 
The apparent shift in Star 

3016
02:44:15,000 --> 02:44:18,300
positions caused by. 
Earth's motion seems to argue 

3017
02:44:18,300 --> 02:44:21,900
against a moving Earth. 
What aristarchus doesn't know is

3018
02:44:21,900 --> 02:44:24,800
that he's right? 
But the stars are far more 

3019
02:44:24,800 --> 02:44:29,300
distant than anyone imagines. 
The Parallax exists, but it's 

3020
02:44:29,300 --> 02:44:31,500
too small to detect without 
telescopes. 

3021
02:44:31,500 --> 02:44:36,200
His correct Theory will be 
largely forgotten, buried under 

3022
02:44:36,200 --> 02:44:39,900
the weight of common sense that 
insists the Solid Ground beneath

3023
02:44:39,900 --> 02:44:43,000
our feet must be stationary. 
Truth. 

3024
02:44:43,000 --> 02:44:47,600
Sometimes loses to intuition. 
At least temporarily you're also

3025
02:44:47,600 --> 02:44:51,200
working on cataloging stars with
unprecedented precision. 

3026
02:44:52,400 --> 02:44:55,700
Your predecessor had Parker's 
created a star catalog that 

3027
02:44:55,700 --> 02:44:59,800
listed roughly a thousand stars 
noting their positions and 

3028
02:44:59,800 --> 02:45:02,500
relative brightnesses your 
expanding. 

3029
02:45:02,500 --> 02:45:07,000
This work adding more stars, 
refining the measurements and 

3030
02:45:07,000 --> 02:45:10,300
developing a magnitude system to
classify brightness. 

3031
02:45:11,200 --> 02:45:15,400
This might seem like me a 
bookkeeping, but it's crucial to

3032
02:45:15,400 --> 02:45:17,500
understand how the heavens 
change. 

3033
02:45:17,500 --> 02:45:21,600
You first need to know their 
normal state, only with precise 

3034
02:45:21,600 --> 02:45:23,900
catalogs. 
Can you detect phenomena like 

3035
02:45:23,900 --> 02:45:27,400
Novi? 
New stars that appear when none 

3036
02:45:27,400 --> 02:45:32,000
existed before Or track subtle 
changes in planetary positions, 

3037
02:45:32,000 --> 02:45:35,900
the geometric models you're 
developing represent Humanities 

3038
02:45:35,900 --> 02:45:38,900
first serious attempts. 
At explaining Celestial 

3039
02:45:38,900 --> 02:45:42,000
mechanics. 
You describe the cosmos as a 

3040
02:45:42,000 --> 02:45:45,400
series of nested spheres. 
Each carrying different, 

3041
02:45:45,400 --> 02:45:48,700
celestial objects, all rotating 
around Earth at the center. 

3042
02:45:48,700 --> 02:45:54,000
It's wrong in most details. 
But the approaches sound, create

3043
02:45:54,000 --> 02:45:58,000
a mathematical model tested 
against observations and refine 

3044
02:45:58,000 --> 02:46:01,200
it when discrepancies appear. 
This is science. 

3045
02:46:01,200 --> 02:46:04,400
Even if the specific 
conclusions, will later be 

3046
02:46:04,400 --> 02:46:07,200
overturned. 
Your particularly interested in 

3047
02:46:07,200 --> 02:46:12,600
planetary motion, the five 
visible planets Mercury, Venus 

3048
02:46:12,600 --> 02:46:17,500
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn wander
Among the Stars in ways. 

3049
02:46:17,500 --> 02:46:21,700
That simple circular motion. 
Can't explain Mars, occasionally

3050
02:46:21,700 --> 02:46:25,400
appears to stop move backward, 
then resume its normal 

3051
02:46:25,400 --> 02:46:28,600
Direction. 
How can this be if planets? 

3052
02:46:28,600 --> 02:46:33,400
Move on simple circles? 
Your solution involves epicycles

3053
02:46:33,400 --> 02:46:37,500
small circles who centers travel
along larger circles. 

3054
02:46:38,200 --> 02:46:41,200
A planet moves along its 
epicycle while the epicycle 

3055
02:46:41,200 --> 02:46:43,700
center moves, along a larger 
circle around Earth. 

3056
02:46:44,700 --> 02:46:47,400
With the right combination of 
circles, moving at the right 

3057
02:46:47,400 --> 02:46:51,300
speeds, you can match observed, 
planetary, motions quite. 

3058
02:46:51,300 --> 02:46:55,700
Well, the model is complicated. 
Requiring multiple episodes for 

3059
02:46:55,700 --> 02:46:59,500
some planets but it works. 
It predicts where planets will 

3060
02:46:59,500 --> 02:47:02,100
appear in the sky months or 
years in advance. 

3061
02:47:02,100 --> 02:47:06,300
This model will dominate 
astronomy for over 1000 Years. 

3062
02:47:06,300 --> 02:47:10,300
Not because people are stubborn 
or ignorant, but because it's 

3063
02:47:10,300 --> 02:47:14,900
genuinely useful, it predicts 
Celestial phenomena accurately 

3064
02:47:14,900 --> 02:47:18,600
enough and navigation, calendar,
making and other practical 

3065
02:47:18,600 --> 02:47:21,000
purposes. 
The fact that it's based on 

3066
02:47:21,000 --> 02:47:24,300
incorrect assumptions, about 
Earth centrality, doesn't matter

3067
02:47:24,300 --> 02:47:27,800
for prediction. 
A wrong model that works is more

3068
02:47:27,800 --> 02:47:31,300
useful than no model at all. 
But something else is happening 

3069
02:47:31,300 --> 02:47:33,700
in your work. 
That transcends any specific 

3070
02:47:33,700 --> 02:47:38,000
model or measurement? 
Your establishing the principle 

3071
02:47:38,000 --> 02:47:41,400
that the Universe operates 
according to mathematical laws, 

3072
02:47:41,400 --> 02:47:44,000
discoverable through reason and 
observation. 

3073
02:47:44,000 --> 02:47:48,100
The heavens are merely 
mysterious or Divine their 

3074
02:47:48,100 --> 02:47:50,200
comprehensible. 
They follow rules. 

3075
02:47:50,200 --> 02:47:54,700
Those rules can be written down,
calculated and predicted. 

3076
02:47:55,500 --> 02:47:59,600
This idea more than any 
particular Discovery is your 

3077
02:47:59,600 --> 02:48:04,000
culture's greatest contribution 
to astronomy as evening Falls 

3078
02:48:04,000 --> 02:48:05,500
and you finally leave the 
library. 

3079
02:48:05,500 --> 02:48:09,800
You walk out into the 
Mediterranean night The stars 

3080
02:48:09,800 --> 02:48:13,900
are emerging the same stars that
I Sage Hunters watched. 

3081
02:48:14,600 --> 02:48:18,500
That Babylonian priests tracked 
and that Polynesian Navigators 

3082
02:48:18,500 --> 02:48:22,500
followed, but you see them 
differently now, you don't just 

3083
02:48:22,500 --> 02:48:24,800
observe them. 
You measure them. 

3084
02:48:25,500 --> 02:48:28,400
You don't merely note their 
patterns, you create 

3085
02:48:28,400 --> 02:48:31,600
mathematical models to explain 
those patterns. 

3086
02:48:32,500 --> 02:48:36,700
You've transformed them from 
objects of Wonder into objects 

3087
02:48:36,700 --> 02:48:39,600
of study. 
The transformation isn't 

3088
02:48:39,600 --> 02:48:42,900
complete, of course, many of 
your measurements are rough. 

3089
02:48:42,900 --> 02:48:46,800
Many of your models are wrong 
and many questions remain 

3090
02:48:46,800 --> 02:48:50,500
unanswerable with your current 
tools but you've established 

3091
02:48:50,500 --> 02:48:54,300
something crucial the project of
understanding the cosmos through

3092
02:48:54,300 --> 02:48:56,500
mathematics and systematic 
observation. 

3093
02:48:56,500 --> 02:49:00,900
You show that human reason can 
grapple with Celestial phenomena

3094
02:49:00,900 --> 02:49:03,900
that the Apparently unreachable 
can be measured. 

3095
02:49:03,900 --> 02:49:07,800
And that Mysteries can become 
mathematics somewhere in your 

3096
02:49:07,808 --> 02:49:11,500
calculations and models buried 
in geometric, diagrams and 

3097
02:49:11,500 --> 02:49:15,700
numerical tables lie, the seeds 
of Revelation that won't flower 

3098
02:49:15,700 --> 02:49:19,400
for centuries. 
Your work on Stellar positions, 

3099
02:49:19,400 --> 02:49:21,600
will eventually prove Earth 
moves. 

3100
02:49:21,600 --> 02:49:25,800
Your geometric techniques will 
help demonstrate the vast scale 

3101
02:49:25,800 --> 02:49:29,500
of the cosmos. 
Your insistence that observation

3102
02:49:29,500 --> 02:49:33,100
must match Theory will become 
the foundation of the scientific

3103
02:49:33,100 --> 02:49:37,800
method, but tonight you're 
simply satisfied to have added a

3104
02:49:37,800 --> 02:49:40,900
few more measurements to 
Humanities growing understanding

3105
02:49:40,900 --> 02:49:45,700
of the heavens. 
Stars shine on indifferent to 

3106
02:49:45,700 --> 02:49:48,900
your calculations, but you've 
measured their positions with 

3107
02:49:48,900 --> 02:49:53,200
unprecedented Precision. 
You've turned skywards mystery 

3108
02:49:53,200 --> 02:49:57,100
into Earthly mathematics, you've
continued, the long journey from

3109
02:49:57,100 --> 02:50:01,000
one to understanding and that 
journey is far from over. 

3110
02:50:01,900 --> 02:50:07,300
You're on a roof in Padua, Italy
and the year is 16009 in your 

3111
02:50:07,300 --> 02:50:09,500
hands. 
You hold an instrument that will

3112
02:50:09,500 --> 02:50:12,900
change human understanding of 
the cosmos more profoundly than 

3113
02:50:12,900 --> 02:50:14,600
anything. 
Since the invention of 

3114
02:50:14,600 --> 02:50:19,400
mathematics itself, it's a tube 
roughly three feet, long fitted 

3115
02:50:19,400 --> 02:50:21,600
with carefully. 
Ground lenses as a teacher and 

3116
02:50:21,600 --> 02:50:25,800
capable of magnifying distant 
objects, approximately 20 times 

3117
02:50:25,800 --> 02:50:30,500
you call it a telescope from 
Greek Roots, meaning fasting. 

3118
02:50:30,500 --> 02:50:34,300
And tonight your about to turn 
it toward the sky for perhaps 

3119
02:50:34,300 --> 02:50:38,300
the hundredth time, each session
revealing something new that 

3120
02:50:38,300 --> 02:50:40,600
contradicts centuries of 
accepted truth. 

3121
02:50:40,600 --> 02:50:44,800
The device itself is barely a 
year old, at least in its 

3122
02:50:44,800 --> 02:50:49,100
current form Dutch, spectacle 
makers, discovered that certain 

3123
02:50:49,100 --> 02:50:53,300
combinations of lenses could 
magnify distant objects and when

3124
02:50:53,300 --> 02:50:56,600
you heard about this, you 
immediately recognized its 

3125
02:50:56,600 --> 02:50:59,100
potential. 
You've spent months, grinding 

3126
02:50:59,100 --> 02:51:03,000
lenses, testing configurations, 
and improving the design until 

3127
02:51:03,000 --> 02:51:06,200
you achieved magnifications. 
Far beyond what the Dutch 

3128
02:51:06,200 --> 02:51:09,700
achieved. 
Where they saw a novelty, you 

3129
02:51:09,700 --> 02:51:12,200
saw a revolution your 
colleagues. 

3130
02:51:12,200 --> 02:51:14,800
At the University of Padua were 
initially skeptical. 

3131
02:51:16,100 --> 02:51:18,300
Some refused to even look 
through the device. 

3132
02:51:18,300 --> 02:51:21,300
Insisting that. 
Anything seen through glass 

3133
02:51:21,300 --> 02:51:25,000
lenses must be an artifact or 
Illusion rather than reality, 

3134
02:51:25,000 --> 02:51:27,900
others looked. 
But dismissed what they saw 

3135
02:51:27,900 --> 02:51:31,100
unable to reconcile of 
observations with their 

3136
02:51:31,100 --> 02:51:33,500
understanding of how the cosmos 
should work. 

3137
02:51:34,300 --> 02:51:37,400
But you've persisted and your 
observations have become 

3138
02:51:37,400 --> 02:51:41,600
increasingly difficult to 
dismiss to night your focusing 

3139
02:51:41,600 --> 02:51:44,400
on Jupiter. 
You've been watching this planet

3140
02:51:44,400 --> 02:51:47,600
for weeks now and what you've 
discovered is staggering. 

3141
02:51:47,600 --> 02:51:53,100
Jupiter has moons at least four 
of them visible as Tiny Points 

3142
02:51:53,100 --> 02:51:56,200
of Light arranged in a line 
extending from the planets 

3143
02:51:56,200 --> 02:52:01,000
bright disk Night by Night. 
You've watched, these moons 

3144
02:52:01,000 --> 02:52:05,500
change position orbiting Jupiter
exactly as the moon orbits 

3145
02:52:05,500 --> 02:52:08,200
Earth. 
This is revolutionary because it

3146
02:52:08,200 --> 02:52:11,000
proves that not everything in 
the heavens orbits Earth. 

3147
02:52:11,900 --> 02:52:15,000
Here is a Celestial body with 
its own satellites. 

3148
02:52:15,000 --> 02:52:18,200
A miniature planetary system 
that demolishes the 

3149
02:52:18,200 --> 02:52:23,100
earth-centered cosmos accepted 
since ancient times you've been 

3150
02:52:23,108 --> 02:52:26,900
keeping detailed records 
sketching Jupiter's moons in 

3151
02:52:26,900 --> 02:52:30,500
different positions, each night 
and calculating their orbital 

3152
02:52:30,500 --> 02:52:33,700
periods. 
The innermost Moon completes its

3153
02:52:33,700 --> 02:52:38,600
orbit in roughly 42 hours, the 
outermost takes about 16 days. 

3154
02:52:38,600 --> 02:52:43,400
The Precision of their movements
is beautiful there following the

3155
02:52:43,400 --> 02:52:46,700
same mathematical laws that 
govern the moon's orbit around 

3156
02:52:46,700 --> 02:52:50,800
Earth Suggesting Universal 
principles, rather than special 

3157
02:52:50,800 --> 02:52:54,000
cases. 
The Jupiter's moons are not your

3158
02:52:54,000 --> 02:52:58,100
own to Discovery. 
The moon Earth's moon has been 

3159
02:52:58,100 --> 02:53:02,000
equally revelatory Through your 
telescope, the smooth. 

3160
02:53:02,000 --> 02:53:06,300
Perfect, sphere described by 
ancient philosophers transforms 

3161
02:53:06,300 --> 02:53:09,500
into a rough mountainous world. 
You see? 

3162
02:53:09,508 --> 02:53:12,500
Craters, valleys and towering 
Peaks. 

3163
02:53:12,500 --> 02:53:15,000
That cast Long Shadows across, 
Luna Plains. 

3164
02:53:15,700 --> 02:53:19,100
You've even measured the height 
of some mountains by calculating

3165
02:53:19,100 --> 02:53:21,800
Shadow lengths finding Peaks 
that rival. 

3166
02:53:21,800 --> 02:53:25,000
Earth's highest Summits. 
The moon isn't a perfect 

3167
02:53:25,000 --> 02:53:28,100
celestial object made of 
quintessence as Aristotle 

3168
02:53:28,100 --> 02:53:31,300
claimed. 
It's a world is physical and a 

3169
02:53:31,300 --> 02:53:35,400
regular as Earth itself. 
Venus has provided more evidence

3170
02:53:35,400 --> 02:53:38,900
against earth-centered models 
through your telescope. 

3171
02:53:38,900 --> 02:53:42,200
You've observed that Venus goes 
through phases, like the moon. 

3172
02:53:42,200 --> 02:53:45,900
Sometimes appearing as a 
crescent, sometimes, as a 

3173
02:53:45,900 --> 02:53:49,600
gibbous shape and sometimes 
nearly full, this only makes 

3174
02:53:49,600 --> 02:53:52,600
sense. 
If Venus orbits the sun passing 

3175
02:53:52,600 --> 02:53:55,900
between us and the sun, when it 
appears as a crescent and moving

3176
02:53:55,900 --> 02:53:59,600
beyond the sun, when it appears 
full in an earth-centered 

3177
02:53:59,600 --> 02:54:03,300
system, where Venus orbits 
between Earth and the Sun, it 

3178
02:54:03,300 --> 02:54:05,400
should only ever appear as a 
crescent. 

3179
02:54:06,400 --> 02:54:09,800
The phases of Venus are direct 
evidence for a sun-centered 

3180
02:54:09,800 --> 02:54:14,000
solar system, you've also been 
observing the sun itself using 

3181
02:54:14,000 --> 02:54:18,300
projection methods to avoid 
damaging your eyes The sun. 

3182
02:54:18,300 --> 02:54:22,000
Supposedly the most perfect 
celestial object is marked with 

3183
02:54:22,000 --> 02:54:27,200
spots, dark blemishes that 
appear change shape and 

3184
02:54:27,200 --> 02:54:31,300
disappear over days or weeks by 
tracking these spots. 

3185
02:54:31,300 --> 02:54:35,500
You've determined that the sun 
rotates completing one 

3186
02:54:35,500 --> 02:54:41,500
revolution, approximately every 
27 days, This rotation combined,

3187
02:54:41,500 --> 02:54:45,300
with the imperfect nature of 
sunspots further demolishes, the

3188
02:54:45,300 --> 02:54:49,500
idea of celestial Perfection, 
the Milky Way has revealed its 

3189
02:54:49,500 --> 02:54:52,500
Secret. 
To the naked eye, it appears as 

3190
02:54:52,500 --> 02:54:56,300
a hazy band of light across the 
sky through your telescope. 

3191
02:54:56,300 --> 02:55:01,100
It resolves into thousands upon 
thousands of individual Stars 

3192
02:55:01,100 --> 02:55:04,600
two distant and numerous to see 
separately without 

3193
02:55:04,600 --> 02:55:09,000
magnification, this suggests, 
the universe contains far more 

3194
02:55:09,000 --> 02:55:13,500
stars than anyone imagined Not 
the few thousand visible to the 

3195
02:55:13,500 --> 02:55:19,300
naked eye, but potentially, 
millions or billions extending 

3196
02:55:19,300 --> 02:55:22,300
far beyond what the early 
astronomers thought possible. 

3197
02:55:23,100 --> 02:55:25,700
Each of these observations 
contradicts established 

3198
02:55:25,700 --> 02:55:29,500
Doctrine. 
The church is cosmology based on

3199
02:55:29,500 --> 02:55:34,400
Aristotle and Ptolemy places 
Earth at the center of a smaller

3200
02:55:34,400 --> 02:55:38,200
ordered Universe with perfect 
celestial bodies moving on, 

3201
02:55:38,200 --> 02:55:42,100
perfect circles your 
observations suggest a vastly 

3202
02:55:42,100 --> 02:55:46,700
larger universe with imperfect 
celestial bodies where Earth is 

3203
02:55:46,700 --> 02:55:49,900
not Central. 
You're not trying to challenge 

3204
02:55:49,900 --> 02:55:54,100
religious Authority, You're 
simply reporting what you see, 

3205
02:55:54,100 --> 02:55:58,100
but the implications are 
impossible to ignore the 

3206
02:55:58,100 --> 02:56:00,800
resistance you face isn't 
entirely unreasonable. 

3207
02:56:00,800 --> 02:56:06,000
Your telescope is new technology
and its reliability isn't yet 

3208
02:56:06,000 --> 02:56:09,100
proven. 
How can anyone be certain that 

3209
02:56:09,100 --> 02:56:13,300
what appears in the telescope 
truly represents reality rather 

3210
02:56:13,300 --> 02:56:16,200
than optical illusions created 
by lenses? 

3211
02:56:16,200 --> 02:56:21,400
Your response is pragmatic The 
telescope accurately shows 

3212
02:56:21,400 --> 02:56:26,100
distant terrestrial objects. 
Ships that are below the Horizon

3213
02:56:26,100 --> 02:56:30,600
and buildings in distant cities.
If it works. 

3214
02:56:30,600 --> 02:56:33,900
Reliably for Earthly 
observations, why should 

3215
02:56:33,900 --> 02:56:36,500
Celestial observations be 
different? 

3216
02:56:36,500 --> 02:56:40,500
You're also making your findings
public publishing your 

3217
02:56:40,500 --> 02:56:43,800
observations in language 
accessible to educated readers. 

3218
02:56:43,800 --> 02:56:49,100
Not just in Latin for Scholars. 
Your book sidereus, nuncius, The

3219
02:56:49,100 --> 02:56:52,800
Starry Messenger, spread your 
discoveries across Europe within

3220
02:56:52,800 --> 02:56:56,400
months other observers with 
telescope's confirm your 

3221
02:56:56,400 --> 02:56:59,800
findings. 
Jupiter's moons can be seen by 

3222
02:56:59,800 --> 02:57:02,000
anyone with adequate 
magnification. 

3223
02:57:02,000 --> 02:57:06,500
The phases of Venus are 
independently verified and the 

3224
02:57:06,500 --> 02:57:09,200
moon's, mountains are 
photographed with increasing 

3225
02:57:09,200 --> 02:57:14,300
detail as telescope technology. 
Improves cumulative weight of 

3226
02:57:14,308 --> 02:57:18,600
these observations forces, a 
revolution in thought, The 

3227
02:57:18,600 --> 02:57:21,900
cosmos is not small ordered and 
geocentric. 

3228
02:57:21,900 --> 02:57:26,600
Its vast. 
Perhaps infinite with Earth is 

3229
02:57:26,600 --> 02:57:30,300
just one planet among several 
orbiting and ordinary star. 

3230
02:57:30,300 --> 02:57:34,100
This Insight is simultaneously 
humbling and exhilarating. 

3231
02:57:35,000 --> 02:57:39,000
Humanity has been demoted from 
the center of creation, but in 

3232
02:57:39,000 --> 02:57:43,000
exchange, we've discovered a far
grander Universe than anyone 

3233
02:57:43,000 --> 02:57:46,200
imagined as you pack up your 
telescope for the night. 

3234
02:57:46,200 --> 02:57:49,200
You reflect on how one simple 
device. 

3235
02:57:49,200 --> 02:57:53,800
A tube with lenses has 
demolished Millennia of accepted

3236
02:57:53,800 --> 02:57:56,400
truth. 
The ancient Greeks would have 

3237
02:57:56,400 --> 02:57:58,300
given anything for this 
technology. 

3238
02:57:58,300 --> 02:58:01,900
They had the mathematical 
sophistication to understand 

3239
02:58:01,900 --> 02:58:05,000
what you're seeing, but they 
lack the tools to see it. 

3240
02:58:05,000 --> 02:58:08,500
The observations that would have
resolved their debates about 

3241
02:58:08,500 --> 02:58:10,900
Earth's motion were always there
in the sky. 

3242
02:58:11,800 --> 02:58:15,000
Invisible only because human 
eyes couldn't detect them 

3243
02:58:15,000 --> 02:58:18,000
without help this raises a 
humbling question. 

3244
02:58:18,900 --> 02:58:22,300
What else is in the sky? 
That you can't see even with 

3245
02:58:22,300 --> 02:58:25,900
your telescope? 
Your instrument magnifies 20 

3246
02:58:25,900 --> 02:58:30,300
times, which is impressive, but 
surely this isn't the limit of 

3247
02:58:30,300 --> 02:58:33,300
what's possible future observers
with better. 

3248
02:58:33,300 --> 02:58:36,300
Telescopes will undoubtedly see 
things you're missing. 

3249
02:58:37,100 --> 02:58:39,900
How much larger is the universe 
than what you can see. 

3250
02:58:40,900 --> 02:58:44,100
How many more discoveries await?
Merely better technology. 

3251
02:58:44,100 --> 02:58:48,200
You don't know it yet. 
But your telescope represents 

3252
02:58:48,200 --> 02:58:51,800
the first of many technological 
leaps that will progressively 

3253
02:58:51,800 --> 02:58:53,900
reveal. 
The cosmos is true nature, 

3254
02:58:53,900 --> 02:58:58,300
better lenses, then reflecting 
telescope's, then photography 

3255
02:58:58,300 --> 02:59:02,400
then spectroscopy, then radio 
astronomy, then space-based 

3256
02:59:02,400 --> 02:59:05,200
telescope for free from 
atmospheric distortion. 

3257
02:59:05,900 --> 02:59:10,600
Each advancement will reveal new
phenomena answer old questions 

3258
02:59:10,600 --> 02:59:15,700
and raise new Mysteries. 
Your 17 inch telescope is 

3259
02:59:15,700 --> 02:59:19,200
primitive compared to what's 
coming, but it's sophisticated 

3260
02:59:19,200 --> 02:59:23,700
enough to begin the revolution. 
The stars shine overhead. 

3261
02:59:23,700 --> 02:59:27,600
Now known to be distant Sons 
rather than lights on a 

3262
02:59:27,600 --> 02:59:31,300
celestial sphere. 
The planets visible as bright 

3263
02:59:31,300 --> 02:59:34,300
points to the naked. 
Eye are revealed through your 

3264
02:59:34,300 --> 02:59:38,800
telescope as worlds. 
Jupiter with its Cloud bands and

3265
02:59:38,800 --> 02:59:43,300
moons Saturn with its mysterious
elongated shape. 

3266
02:59:44,000 --> 02:59:46,400
You can't quite resolved, the 
rings with your current 

3267
02:59:46,400 --> 02:59:48,900
telescope. 
But you know something, odd 

3268
02:59:48,900 --> 02:59:52,400
extends from the planet's sides 
and Mars with hints of surface 

3269
02:59:52,400 --> 02:59:54,700
features. 
You've lived through one of 

3270
02:59:54,700 --> 02:59:56,400
History's. 
Great turning points. 

3271
02:59:56,400 --> 03:00:00,800
The moment when Humanity first 
saw the cosmos as it truly is 

3272
03:00:00,800 --> 03:00:05,100
rather than as we imagined it 
must be the implications will 

3273
03:00:05,100 --> 03:00:08,900
take generations to fully 
understand but the basic fact is

3274
03:00:08,900 --> 03:00:11,900
clear. 
We are far smaller and the 

3275
03:00:11,900 --> 03:00:14,900
universe far larger than anyone 
dreamed. 

3276
03:00:14,900 --> 03:00:19,400
And that's wonderful because it 
means there's so much more to 

3277
03:00:19,400 --> 03:00:23,600
discover so many more Mysteries 
waiting in the dark between the 

3278
03:00:23,600 --> 03:00:27,900
Stars, you're working in a 
Cambridge office and the year is

3279
03:00:27,900 --> 03:00:34,800
approximately 1726 papers cover 
your desk calculations diagrams 

3280
03:00:34,800 --> 03:00:37,400
and observations from 
astronomers across Europe. 

3281
03:00:37,400 --> 03:00:40,700
Your attempting something that 
many colleagues consider 

3282
03:00:40,700 --> 03:00:43,400
impossible. 
You're trying to calculate the 

3283
03:00:43,400 --> 03:00:47,100
distance to a comet using 
nothing but geometric principles

3284
03:00:47,100 --> 03:00:49,900
and observations from multiple 
locations. 

3285
03:00:49,900 --> 03:00:54,200
If you succeed, you'll prove 
that comets are distant 

3286
03:00:54,200 --> 03:00:58,200
celestial objects, rather than 
atmospheric phenomena and you'll

3287
03:00:58,200 --> 03:01:01,300
demonstrate that mathematics can
measure even the seemingly 

3288
03:01:01,300 --> 03:01:05,100
unmeasurable, your name is 
Edmond Halley and you've 

3289
03:01:05,100 --> 03:01:08,300
dedicated much of your career to
understanding Celestial 

3290
03:01:08,300 --> 03:01:10,900
mechanics. 
You've been Fascinated by 

3291
03:01:10,900 --> 03:01:16,000
comets, those mysterious objects
that appear unpredictably Blaze 

3292
03:01:16,000 --> 03:01:20,400
across the sky for weeks or 
months, then vanish Aristotle. 

3293
03:01:20,400 --> 03:01:24,400
Believed they were atmospheric 
disturbances weather phenomena 

3294
03:01:24,400 --> 03:01:28,400
rather than celestial objects. 
This view persisted for 

3295
03:01:28,400 --> 03:01:32,300
centuries, but you're convinced 
Aristotle was wrong. 

3296
03:01:33,100 --> 03:01:37,300
The evidence is in the geometry.
You have observations of comets 

3297
03:01:37,300 --> 03:01:40,800
from different locations on 
Earth, measured carefully by 

3298
03:01:40,800 --> 03:01:44,200
skilled astronomers. 
If comets were atmospheric 

3299
03:01:44,200 --> 03:01:48,100
phenomena relatively close to 
Earth, observers at different 

3300
03:01:48,100 --> 03:01:51,600
locations, should see them at 
noticeably different positions, 

3301
03:01:51,600 --> 03:01:56,200
against the background Stars, 
This is Parallax, this same 

3302
03:01:56,200 --> 03:02:00,100
principle that makes nearby 
objects appear to shift when you

3303
03:02:00,108 --> 03:02:03,700
close one eye and open the other
but commentary Parallax. 

3304
03:02:03,700 --> 03:02:07,800
When measurable at all is Tiny, 
suggesting these objects are 

3305
03:02:07,800 --> 03:02:12,000
extremely distant. 
Moreover, you've been studying 

3306
03:02:12,000 --> 03:02:16,300
historical records of comet, 
sightings comparing their paths 

3307
03:02:16,300 --> 03:02:19,900
across the sky, their 
appearance, and their behavior, 

3308
03:02:19,900 --> 03:02:22,500
and you've noticed something 
remarkable. 

3309
03:02:23,300 --> 03:02:30,100
Comets that appeared in 1500 and
316007 and 160082. 

3310
03:02:30,100 --> 03:02:34,400
Followed nearly identical paths,
they appeared in similar regions

3311
03:02:34,400 --> 03:02:38,200
of the sky moved in similar 
Direction's and brightened and 

3312
03:02:38,200 --> 03:02:41,900
Faded in similar patterns. 
What if these were three 

3313
03:02:41,900 --> 03:02:47,500
different comets but the same 
Comet returning periodically The

3314
03:02:47,500 --> 03:02:51,300
mathematics support this 
hypothesis using Newton's laws 

3315
03:02:51,300 --> 03:02:55,200
of motion and gravitation, which
your friend Isaac published, 40 

3316
03:02:55,200 --> 03:02:58,800
years ago, you can calculate 
orbital paths for objects, 

3317
03:02:58,800 --> 03:03:02,000
moving through the solar system.
When you apply these 

3318
03:03:02,000 --> 03:03:07,100
calculations to the 1682 Comet, 
assuming it's in a highly 

3319
03:03:07,100 --> 03:03:10,800
elliptical orbit around the sun,
you get an orbital period of 

3320
03:03:10,800 --> 03:03:17,600
roughly 75 to 76 years. 
Count back 76 years from 1682 

3321
03:03:17,600 --> 03:03:23,600
and you reach 69007 count back 
another 76 years and you reach 

3322
03:03:23,600 --> 03:03:27,200
150031. 
The timing matches the 

3323
03:03:27,200 --> 03:03:29,700
historical sightings almost 
perfectly. 

3324
03:03:29,700 --> 03:03:34,000
This means you can make a 
prediction if your hypothesis is

3325
03:03:34,000 --> 03:03:36,200
correct. 
This Comet should return around 

3326
03:03:36,200 --> 03:03:41,200
1758 or 1759. 
You'll be long dead by their 

3327
03:03:41,200 --> 03:03:46,100
already in your sevens but the 
comet will either appear as 

3328
03:03:46,100 --> 03:03:49,600
predicted. 
Confirming your calculations or 

3329
03:03:49,600 --> 03:03:53,300
it won't proving you wrong. 
Either way, the prediction is 

3330
03:03:53,300 --> 03:03:56,600
testable which makes it 
scientific rather than mere 

3331
03:03:56,600 --> 03:03:59,200
speculation. 
What you're doing? 

3332
03:03:59,208 --> 03:04:01,400
Represents a new kind of 
astronomy. 

3333
03:04:02,200 --> 03:04:06,100
Earlier, observers watch the sky
and recorded what they saw, they

3334
03:04:06,100 --> 03:04:09,300
identified patterns and made 
predictions based on those 

3335
03:04:09,300 --> 03:04:13,500
patterns, but their predictions 
were essentially extrapolations,

3336
03:04:13,500 --> 03:04:16,600
assuming the future will 
resemble the past. 

3337
03:04:17,300 --> 03:04:20,700
You're doing something 
different, you're using physical

3338
03:04:20,700 --> 03:04:24,500
laws, mathematical models and 
theoretical understanding to 

3339
03:04:24,500 --> 03:04:27,200
predict phenomena that haven't 
been observed yet. 

3340
03:04:28,100 --> 03:04:31,800
You're not just recording the 
universe, your calculating it. 

3341
03:04:32,600 --> 03:04:36,900
Newton's work made this possible
his laws of motion and Universal

3342
03:04:36,900 --> 03:04:41,100
gravitational provided for the 
first time, a unified framework 

3343
03:04:41,100 --> 03:04:43,900
for understanding, both 
Celestial and terrestrial 

3344
03:04:43,900 --> 03:04:47,000
mechanics. 
The same force that pulls an 

3345
03:04:47,000 --> 03:04:50,500
apple downward pulls the moon 
toward Earth and Earth toward 

3346
03:04:50,500 --> 03:04:53,600
the Sun. 
The same mathematical laws that 

3347
03:04:53,600 --> 03:04:57,400
described projectile motion on 
Earth, describe planetary, 

3348
03:04:57,400 --> 03:05:01,200
orbits in the heavens. 
This unification is profound. 

3349
03:05:01,200 --> 03:05:05,400
It means the universe operates 
according to comprehensible 

3350
03:05:05,400 --> 03:05:09,600
Universal principles rather than
separate rules for different 

3351
03:05:09,600 --> 03:05:12,800
domains. 
You've applied these principles 

3352
03:05:12,800 --> 03:05:16,400
to various problems. 
You calculated the path of the 

3353
03:05:16,400 --> 03:05:21,000
1682 Comet determining its 
orbital elements with 

3354
03:05:21,000 --> 03:05:24,300
unprecedented Precision. 
You've worked on improving 

3355
03:05:24,300 --> 03:05:29,100
tables of planetary positions, 
incorporating perturbations the 

3356
03:05:29,100 --> 03:05:32,600
subtle gravitational influences 
that planets exert on each 

3357
03:05:32,600 --> 03:05:35,900
other, causing small deviations 
from perfect. 

3358
03:05:35,900 --> 03:05:39,100
Elliptical orbits, you've 
studied the Moon's motion 

3359
03:05:39,100 --> 03:05:41,600
wrestling with the three-body 
problem. 

3360
03:05:41,600 --> 03:05:45,900
The mathematical challenge of 
precisely calculating Health, 3 

3361
03:05:45,900 --> 03:05:48,000
gravatt, interacting objects 
move. 

3362
03:05:49,000 --> 03:05:51,400
The moon problem is particularly
vexing. 

3363
03:05:51,400 --> 03:05:56,100
The moon's orbit is influenced, 
not just by Earth, but also by 

3364
03:05:56,100 --> 03:05:59,900
the sun and the combined 
gravitational effects create 

3365
03:05:59,900 --> 03:06:03,600
orbital irregularities that are 
devilishly difficult to 

3366
03:06:03,600 --> 03:06:07,000
calculate Newton himself 
struggle with the Luna motion. 

3367
03:06:07,000 --> 03:06:10,500
And the problem won't be fully 
sold for another Century. 

3368
03:06:10,500 --> 03:06:14,500
But you've made progress 
improving predictions enough 

3369
03:06:14,500 --> 03:06:17,600
that Navigators can use your 
lunar tables, to determine 

3370
03:06:17,600 --> 03:06:22,000
longitude at sea, Practical 
application of celestial 

3371
03:06:22,000 --> 03:06:25,700
mechanics that saves lives and 
enables exploration. 

3372
03:06:25,700 --> 03:06:30,800
You've also been thinking about 
Stellar distances, the stars are

3373
03:06:30,800 --> 03:06:33,000
clearly far more distant than 
planets. 

3374
03:06:33,000 --> 03:06:36,100
They show no measurable 
Parallax, even from 

3375
03:06:36,100 --> 03:06:38,500
observations, made six months 
apart. 

3376
03:06:38,500 --> 03:06:42,100
When Earth is on opposite side 
of its orbit around the sun, 

3377
03:06:42,100 --> 03:06:46,100
this means Stellar distances 
must be enormous compared to 

3378
03:06:46,100 --> 03:06:49,400
solar system scales. 
But, how enormous? 

3379
03:06:50,200 --> 03:06:53,700
Can these distances be measured 
at all you suspect? 

3380
03:06:53,700 --> 03:06:57,500
They can eventually though, not 
with current instruments. 

3381
03:06:57,500 --> 03:07:01,100
If telescope's become powerful 
enough and measurements. 

3382
03:07:01,100 --> 03:07:04,200
Precise enough stellar parallax 
should become detectable. 

3383
03:07:04,200 --> 03:07:08,200
The math is straightforward. 
Measure a star's position in 

3384
03:07:08,200 --> 03:07:12,500
summer measuring in winter, when
Earth is moved to the opposite 

3385
03:07:12,500 --> 03:07:16,100
side of its orbit and calculate 
the distance based on the 

3386
03:07:16,100 --> 03:07:20,200
apparent shift, the challenge is
that even the nearest stars are 

3387
03:07:20,200 --> 03:07:23,700
so distant that their Parallax 
is measured in fractions of an 

3388
03:07:23,708 --> 03:07:27,200
ark second Angles. 
So small, they require 

3389
03:07:27,200 --> 03:07:30,500
instruments far more precise 
than what's currently available 

3390
03:07:30,500 --> 03:07:34,000
but your confident that future 
astronomers will make these 

3391
03:07:34,000 --> 03:07:38,400
measurements technology. 
Improves telescopes become more 

3392
03:07:38,400 --> 03:07:42,800
powerful measurement techniques,
become more refined what's 

3393
03:07:42,800 --> 03:07:45,100
impossible to today becomes 
routine tomorrow. 

3394
03:07:45,100 --> 03:07:50,000
The Stars distances will 
eventually be known And that 

3395
03:07:50,000 --> 03:07:52,600
happens. 
Humanity will finally understand

3396
03:07:52,600 --> 03:07:57,000
the true scale of the cosmos as 
you review your calculations. 

3397
03:07:57,000 --> 03:08:00,700
One more time, checking for 
errors, you can consider how far

3398
03:08:00,700 --> 03:08:03,300
astronomy has come in. 
Just a few Generations. 

3399
03:08:03,300 --> 03:08:07,400
When you were born telescopes, 
were relatively new, the 

3400
03:08:07,400 --> 03:08:11,000
heliocentric model was still 
controversial and the physical 

3401
03:08:11,000 --> 03:08:13,200
laws. 
Governing Celestial motion were 

3402
03:08:13,200 --> 03:08:15,900
unknown now less than a century 
later. 

3403
03:08:15,900 --> 03:08:19,900
Your calculating Comet, orbits 
predicting future, appearances 

3404
03:08:19,900 --> 03:08:23,600
and treating the heavens as a 
domain subject to the same 

3405
03:08:23,600 --> 03:08:26,700
mathematical laws that govern 
Earthly phenomena. 

3406
03:08:27,900 --> 03:08:31,500
Transformational isn't complete.
Many Mysteries remain. 

3407
03:08:32,400 --> 03:08:36,100
The nature of stars is unknown. 
Are they distant sons? 

3408
03:08:36,100 --> 03:08:40,700
And if so, how far away, and how
large the structure of the Milky

3409
03:08:40,700 --> 03:08:43,600
Way is unclear, is it a flat 
disc? 

3410
03:08:43,600 --> 03:08:47,800
A sphere, or something else? 
Entirely the possibility of 

3411
03:08:47,800 --> 03:08:50,100
other galaxies? 
Hasn't even been seriously 

3412
03:08:50,100 --> 03:08:54,100
considered most astronomers 
assumed more visible stars, 

3413
03:08:54,100 --> 03:08:58,000
belong to one unified system. 
But the methodology is now 

3414
03:08:58,000 --> 03:09:01,900
established You observe you 
measure you calculate you 

3415
03:09:01,900 --> 03:09:06,100
predict and you test. 
When predictions fail, you 

3416
03:09:06,100 --> 03:09:09,000
refine your models. 
When you phenomena are 

3417
03:09:09,000 --> 03:09:12,100
discovered, you incorporate them
into your framework. 

3418
03:09:12,100 --> 03:09:16,800
This is science and its proving 
extraordinarily powerful for 

3419
03:09:16,800 --> 03:09:20,400
understanding nature. 
Your comic prediction in 

3420
03:09:20,400 --> 03:09:25,200
particular feels like a gamble 
against mortality itself, your 

3421
03:09:25,200 --> 03:09:28,300
wagering that mathematics and 
physics can project forward to 

3422
03:09:28,300 --> 03:09:32,600
decades into the future that the
universe is lawful enough. 

3423
03:09:32,600 --> 03:09:35,600
And that your understanding is 
complete enough to make 

3424
03:09:35,600 --> 03:09:39,300
predictions across time scales 
longer than human lifetimes. 

3425
03:09:39,300 --> 03:09:43,800
If you're right, and the comet 
returns when predicted, it will 

3426
03:09:43,800 --> 03:09:45,900
be one of science's great 
triumphs. 

3427
03:09:46,600 --> 03:09:50,500
A demonstration that human 
reason can grasp Cosmic patterns

3428
03:09:50,500 --> 03:09:52,800
and use them to predict the 
unpredictable. 

3429
03:09:52,800 --> 03:09:56,700
You won't live to see it, but 
your content with that. 

3430
03:09:56,700 --> 03:10:01,100
You've done the work, you've 
made the calculations, the comet

3431
03:10:01,100 --> 03:10:03,700
will either confirm your 
hypothesis or it won't. 

3432
03:10:03,708 --> 03:10:08,200
But either outcome advances 
knowledge and that ultimately is

3433
03:10:08,200 --> 03:10:12,000
what drives you not personal 
Glory or the satisfaction of 

3434
03:10:12,000 --> 03:10:15,500
being proven, right? 
A simple desire to understand 

3435
03:10:15,500 --> 03:10:19,300
how the universe works. 
The stars shine outside your 

3436
03:10:19,300 --> 03:10:23,400
window distant and mysterious 
but less mysterious than they 

3437
03:10:23,400 --> 03:10:28,200
were each generation peels back.
Another layer of cosmic mystery 

3438
03:10:28,200 --> 03:10:32,300
armed with better tools, better 
mathematics, and better 

3439
03:10:32,300 --> 03:10:36,100
understanding your generation 
has accomplished remarkable 

3440
03:10:36,100 --> 03:10:39,600
things, but you're certain 
future Generations will 

3441
03:10:39,600 --> 03:10:45,900
accomplish more The universe is 
vast complex and wonderful, and 

3442
03:10:45,900 --> 03:10:48,600
Humanity has barely begun to 
explore it. 

3443
03:10:48,600 --> 03:10:52,200
Your standing outside, the Dome 
of the Mount Wilson Observatory 

3444
03:10:52,200 --> 03:10:58,500
in California, and the year is 
1924 the Sunset hours ago and 

3445
03:10:58,500 --> 03:11:02,200
now the Milky Way stretches 
overhead in magnificent detail 

3446
03:11:02,200 --> 03:11:04,800
visible. 
Despite the growing light, 

3447
03:11:04,800 --> 03:11:08,700
pollution from Los Angeles in 
the valley below inside the Dome

3448
03:11:08,700 --> 03:11:12,300
behind you sits the hooker. 
Telescope 100 inches of 

3449
03:11:12,300 --> 03:11:15,300
reflecting mirror. 
The largest telescope in the 

3450
03:11:15,300 --> 03:11:19,200
world capable of gathering more 
light and seeing faint of 

3451
03:11:19,200 --> 03:11:21,800
objects than any instrument in 
human history. 

3452
03:11:21,800 --> 03:11:26,000
And tonight, you've used it to 
make a discovery that will 

3453
03:11:26,000 --> 03:11:29,400
fundamentally change Humanity's 
understanding of its place. 

3454
03:11:29,400 --> 03:11:33,700
In the cosmos, your name is 
Edwin Hubble and you've been 

3455
03:11:33,708 --> 03:11:38,500
photographing spiral nebulae. 
Those fuzzy spiral shape of 

3456
03:11:38,500 --> 03:11:40,300
objects scattered across the 
sky. 

3457
03:11:41,400 --> 03:11:43,600
Stromers, have debated their 
nature for years? 

3458
03:11:43,600 --> 03:11:48,000
Are they gas clouds within our 
own Galaxy, or they distant 

3459
03:11:48,000 --> 03:11:51,200
galaxies themselves? 
Separate Island, universes 

3460
03:11:51,200 --> 03:11:55,200
beyond the Milky Way? 
The debate has been Fierce with 

3461
03:11:55,200 --> 03:11:59,300
respected scientists on both 
sides, but you think you finally

3462
03:11:59,300 --> 03:12:01,500
settled it? 
You've been focusing on 

3463
03:12:01,500 --> 03:12:05,400
Andromeda the largest and 
brightest of the Spiral nebulae 

3464
03:12:05,400 --> 03:12:08,300
using the hooker telescopes 
light Gathering Power. 

3465
03:12:08,300 --> 03:12:12,200
You've been taking long 
exposure, photographs images 

3466
03:12:12,200 --> 03:12:15,900
that accumulate light over 
hours, revealing details, 

3467
03:12:15,900 --> 03:12:20,400
invisible to direct observation.
And in these photographs, you've

3468
03:12:20,400 --> 03:12:24,400
identified individual Stars 
within Andromeda, not just the 

3469
03:12:24,400 --> 03:12:28,500
bright blue white stars that 
Mark spiral arms, but specific 

3470
03:12:28,500 --> 03:12:33,200
types of variable Stars called 
Sophia's Sophia's are crucial 

3471
03:12:33,200 --> 03:12:37,500
because their brightness varies,
predictably pulsing brighter and

3472
03:12:37,500 --> 03:12:40,200
dimmer over periods ranging from
days to months. 

3473
03:12:40,200 --> 03:12:43,900
More importantly, there's a 
direct relationship between a 

3474
03:12:43,900 --> 03:12:46,600
seeds period and its intrinsic 
brightness. 

3475
03:12:47,500 --> 03:12:50,800
Longer period safes are 
inherently brighter than short 

3476
03:12:50,800 --> 03:12:53,900
period ones. 
This relationship was discovered

3477
03:12:53,900 --> 03:12:57,900
by Henry at 11:00 working with 
sapphires in the magellanic 

3478
03:12:57,900 --> 03:13:01,700
clouds and it provides a method 
for measuring Cosmic distance 

3479
03:13:01,700 --> 03:13:06,900
is, here's the beautiful logic. 
If you know a seeds intrinsic 

3480
03:13:06,900 --> 03:13:10,500
brightness and can measure its 
apparent brightness you can 

3481
03:13:10,500 --> 03:13:14,200
calculate its distance. 
It's like seeing a light bulb 

3482
03:13:14,200 --> 03:13:17,300
and determining how far away it 
is by how dim it appears. 

3483
03:13:18,100 --> 03:13:21,100
If you know, it's 100 watt bulb,
you can tell whether it's 10 

3484
03:13:21,100 --> 03:13:25,100
feet away or 100 feet away by 
its apparent brightness, the 

3485
03:13:25,100 --> 03:13:28,300
Seafoods you found in Andromeda 
have periods, indicating their 

3486
03:13:28,300 --> 03:13:32,400
extremely luminous stars, yet 
they appear very faint in your 

3487
03:13:32,408 --> 03:13:35,400
photographs. 
The only way to reconcile these 

3488
03:13:35,400 --> 03:13:38,400
facts is if Andromeda is 
extraordinarily distant. 

3489
03:13:39,300 --> 03:13:42,300
Not thousands or tens of 
thousands of light years away, 

3490
03:13:42,300 --> 03:13:44,600
but nearly a million light 
years. 

3491
03:13:46,000 --> 03:13:48,300
This place. 
Is it far beyond any reasonable 

3492
03:13:48,300 --> 03:13:52,600
estimate of the Milky Ways? 
Size Andromeda isn't a gas cloud

3493
03:13:52,600 --> 03:13:56,300
within our galaxy. 
It's a Galaxy itself comparable 

3494
03:13:56,300 --> 03:13:59,900
in size to the Milky Way, 
containing hundreds of billions 

3495
03:13:59,900 --> 03:14:04,000
of stars. 
If Andromeda is a Galaxy then 

3496
03:14:04,000 --> 03:14:06,600
likely all spiral nebulae are 
Galaxys. 

3497
03:14:06,600 --> 03:14:11,000
This means the universe contains
not one Galaxy, but countless 

3498
03:14:11,000 --> 03:14:14,300
millions of them. 
Scattered through space at 

3499
03:14:14,300 --> 03:14:18,900
distances that the distance is 
between Stars, within any single

3500
03:14:18,900 --> 03:14:22,200
Galaxy. 
The universe is vastly almost 

3501
03:14:22,200 --> 03:14:25,200
incomprehensibly larger than 
anyone imagined. 

3502
03:14:25,900 --> 03:14:29,400
But you've made another 
Discovery even more startling, 

3503
03:14:29,400 --> 03:14:33,500
you've been measuring the 
Spectra of galaxies, analyzing 

3504
03:14:33,500 --> 03:14:36,500
the light they emit to, 
determine which wavelengths are 

3505
03:14:36,500 --> 03:14:40,900
present, what you found is that 
nearly, every galaxy shows a 

3506
03:14:40,900 --> 03:14:43,100
redshift. 
Meaning their light is shifted 

3507
03:14:43,100 --> 03:14:46,500
toward longer red wavelengths, 
compared to what it should be 

3508
03:14:46,500 --> 03:14:50,400
and the more distant the Galaxy,
the greater the redshift. 

3509
03:14:50,400 --> 03:14:53,000
This redshift has a clear 
interpretation. 

3510
03:14:53,000 --> 03:14:58,200
These galaxies are moving away 
from us, the shift in wavelength

3511
03:14:58,200 --> 03:15:01,200
is a Doppler effect. 
Same phenomenon. 

3512
03:15:01,200 --> 03:15:04,500
That makes a train whistles 
pitch, drop as it passes you. 

3513
03:15:04,500 --> 03:15:08,300
When a light source moves away 
its lightest stretched to longer

3514
03:15:08,300 --> 03:15:13,000
wavelengths, red shifted. 
When it approaches the lightest 

3515
03:15:13,000 --> 03:15:16,100
compressed to Shorter 
wavelengths, blue shifted. 

3516
03:15:16,100 --> 03:15:18,700
Moreover you've noticed a 
relationship. 

3517
03:15:19,800 --> 03:15:23,300
The father away a galaxy is the 
faster its receding. 

3518
03:15:24,100 --> 03:15:27,600
Double the distance and the 
recession velocity doubles as 

3519
03:15:27,600 --> 03:15:29,700
well. 
This relationship. 

3520
03:15:29,700 --> 03:15:33,200
What will become known as 
Hubble's Law has profound 

3521
03:15:33,200 --> 03:15:36,500
implications. 
If all distant galaxies are 

3522
03:15:36,500 --> 03:15:40,100
moving away from us and their 
recession, velocity increases 

3523
03:15:40,100 --> 03:15:43,100
with distance. 
The universe itself must be 

3524
03:15:43,100 --> 03:15:45,800
expanding. 
This is difficult to grasp. 

3525
03:15:46,500 --> 03:15:49,600
You're not saying galaxies are 
moving through space away from 

3526
03:15:49,600 --> 03:15:51,800
us as if we're at the center of 
an explosion. 

3527
03:15:52,600 --> 03:15:56,900
You're saying space itself is 
expanding carrying galaxies 

3528
03:15:56,900 --> 03:16:01,300
along with it, it's like dots on
an inflating balloon as the 

3529
03:16:01,300 --> 03:16:04,900
balloon, expands all dots move 
away from each other. 

3530
03:16:04,900 --> 03:16:09,800
But no dot is at the center of 
the expansion every observer in 

3531
03:16:09,800 --> 03:16:14,700
any Galaxy would see all other 
galaxies receding with more 

3532
03:16:14,700 --> 03:16:19,400
distant ones, receding faster. 
This expansion suggests, the 

3533
03:16:19,400 --> 03:16:23,100
universe has a history. 
If galaxies are currently moving

3534
03:16:23,100 --> 03:16:27,300
apart, they must have been 
closer together in the past, run

3535
03:16:27,300 --> 03:16:31,000
the expansion backward, and you 
eventually reach a point where 

3536
03:16:31,000 --> 03:16:35,600
all matter was concentrated in 
incredibly small, dense State. 

3537
03:16:35,600 --> 03:16:38,200
This is the beginning of what 
will later be called. 

3538
03:16:38,208 --> 03:16:42,600
The Big Bang Theory the idea 
that the Universe began in an 

3539
03:16:42,600 --> 03:16:47,300
extremely hot dense State and 
has been expanding and cooling 

3540
03:16:47,300 --> 03:16:50,900
ever since the implications 
Cascade outward. 

3541
03:16:50,900 --> 03:16:55,500
If the universe is expanding and
had a beginning, it has an age. 

3542
03:16:56,300 --> 03:16:59,300
You can estimate this age by 
calculating, how long it would 

3543
03:16:59,300 --> 03:17:02,600
take Galaxy to reach their 
current separations, give their 

3544
03:17:02,600 --> 03:17:05,600
observed philosophers, your 
initial estimates. 

3545
03:17:05,600 --> 03:17:09,300
Suggest an age of a few billion 
years which is troubling Lee 

3546
03:17:09,300 --> 03:17:12,100
Young. 
Geologists already have evidence

3547
03:17:12,100 --> 03:17:16,500
that Earth is older than that. 
The principal is established. 

3548
03:17:17,200 --> 03:17:22,100
The universe isn't Eternal and 
unchanging, its Dynamic, and 

3549
03:17:22,100 --> 03:17:23,600
evolving with the definite 
history. 

3550
03:17:23,600 --> 03:17:27,600
As you stand beneath the stars, 
you realize your witnessing 

3551
03:17:27,600 --> 03:17:31,700
something unprecedented in human
history every previous 

3552
03:17:31,700 --> 03:17:35,700
generation believed the universe
was static unchanging in its 

3553
03:17:35,700 --> 03:17:38,600
large-scale structure. 
Oh, planets. 

3554
03:17:38,600 --> 03:17:41,600
Moved and comets appeared and 
stars, occasionally exploded, 

3555
03:17:41,600 --> 03:17:45,000
but the overall Universe its 
size its structure. 

3556
03:17:45,000 --> 03:17:48,300
Its fundamental nature was 
thought to be eternal. 

3557
03:17:49,100 --> 03:17:51,200
You've discovered this 
assumption is wrong. 

3558
03:17:51,200 --> 03:17:56,500
The universe is not static, it's
expanding Cooling and evolving. 

3559
03:17:56,500 --> 03:17:59,900
It had a beginning and will have
a future different from its 

3560
03:17:59,900 --> 03:18:03,100
present state. 
This discovery comes from 

3561
03:18:03,100 --> 03:18:07,600
technology, the 100 inch telusko
photographic plate. 

3562
03:18:07,600 --> 03:18:11,600
Sensitive enough to capture 
faint light, and spectroscopes 

3563
03:18:11,600 --> 03:18:15,700
capable of analyzing that light.
None of this was available. 

3564
03:18:15,700 --> 03:18:20,100
Even 50 years ago, your 
Discovery was always waiting in 

3565
03:18:20,100 --> 03:18:24,900
the sky visible in principle but
invisible in practice until 

3566
03:18:24,900 --> 03:18:28,400
instruments became sophisticated
enough to detect it. 

3567
03:18:29,200 --> 03:18:31,100
How many more discoveries are 
out there? 

3568
03:18:31,100 --> 03:18:35,400
Waiting for better technology? 
You think about the long chain 

3569
03:18:35,400 --> 03:18:38,300
of observations and insights 
that led to this moment? 

3570
03:18:39,200 --> 03:18:42,400
Ancient astronomers identifying 
Celestial patterns. 

3571
03:18:42,400 --> 03:18:47,600
Babylonians calculating 
planetary positions Greeks 

3572
03:18:47,600 --> 03:18:51,600
creating geometric models 
telescopes revealing Jupiter's 

3573
03:18:51,600 --> 03:18:56,300
moons and Saturn's rings. 
Newton's Laws enable orbital 

3574
03:18:56,300 --> 03:18:59,300
calculations. 
Photography allows long 

3575
03:18:59,300 --> 03:19:02,800
exposures that see deeper into 
space than eyes alone could. 

3576
03:19:03,900 --> 03:19:07,100
Spectroscopy reveals the 
physical properties of distant 

3577
03:19:07,100 --> 03:19:10,500
objects, each Advanced built on 
previous work. 

3578
03:19:10,500 --> 03:19:14,400
Each generation seeing farther 
and understanding more deeply 

3579
03:19:14,400 --> 03:19:17,700
and now you've pushed the 
frontier again. 

3580
03:19:17,700 --> 03:19:22,700
You've measured the universe and
found it vast and anyone thought

3581
03:19:22,700 --> 03:19:27,400
you've discovered that it's 
expanding That it has a history 

3582
03:19:27,400 --> 03:19:31,300
that is not eternal. 
Future Generations, will push 

3583
03:19:31,300 --> 03:19:33,800
father still answering 
questions? 

3584
03:19:33,800 --> 03:19:35,700
You haven't even thought to ask 
yet. 

3585
03:19:36,600 --> 03:19:38,500
Will they find the edge of the 
universe? 

3586
03:19:38,500 --> 03:19:42,100
Or is it in for infinite? 
What happened in those first 

3587
03:19:42,100 --> 03:19:44,100
moments after the expansion 
began? 

3588
03:19:45,000 --> 03:19:47,300
Are there other universes Beyond
hours? 

3589
03:19:47,300 --> 03:19:50,600
You don't know, but you're 
confident, they'll keep looking.

3590
03:19:51,500 --> 03:19:54,000
The hooker telescope Dome closes
for the night. 

3591
03:19:54,000 --> 03:19:58,200
Your photographic plates are 
secure ready for detailed 

3592
03:19:58,200 --> 03:20:01,500
analysis tomorrow. 
The data is recorded, the 

3593
03:20:01,500 --> 03:20:04,000
measurements are made and the 
conclusions are becoming 

3594
03:20:04,000 --> 03:20:07,800
inescapable. 
The universe is larger stranger 

3595
03:20:07,800 --> 03:20:10,700
and more wonderful than Humanity
ever imagined. 

3596
03:20:10,700 --> 03:20:14,400
And that ultimately is the most 
exciting thing you could 

3597
03:20:14,400 --> 03:20:17,300
possibly discover. 
Not that we understand 

3598
03:20:17,300 --> 03:20:22,100
everything, but there's so much 
more to explore your monitoring 

3599
03:20:22,100 --> 03:20:27,500
a radio telescope in northern 
England and the year is 1965 the

3600
03:20:27,500 --> 03:20:29,500
instrument. 
You're using doesn't look like a

3601
03:20:29,500 --> 03:20:32,800
traditional telescope, no dough 
No IP. 

3602
03:20:32,800 --> 03:20:36,500
Just an array of horn-shaped 
antennas pointed at the sky 

3603
03:20:36,500 --> 03:20:39,500
connected to sensitive radio 
receivers. 

3604
03:20:39,500 --> 03:20:43,400
You're not looking at the sky 
invisible light, but in radio 

3605
03:20:43,400 --> 03:20:47,300
waves, which passed through 
clouds and work during daytime, 

3606
03:20:47,300 --> 03:20:51,508
opening the Heavens to 
Observation 204 hours. a day, 

3607
03:20:51,516 --> 03:20:55,700
your name is a relevant to this 
particular night, but the 

3608
03:20:55,700 --> 03:20:59,300
discovery you're about to 
confirm is not You've been 

3609
03:20:59,300 --> 03:21:02,300
detecting a persistent 
background noise in your data. 

3610
03:21:03,300 --> 03:21:07,000
Faint radio signal, that appears
to come equally from all 

3611
03:21:07,000 --> 03:21:10,100
directions, in the sky. 
At first, you thought it was 

3612
03:21:10,108 --> 03:21:13,600
instrumental error or perhaps 
radio interference from nearby 

3613
03:21:13,600 --> 03:21:16,700
cities. 
But extensive checks of ruled 

3614
03:21:16,700 --> 03:21:21,400
out these explanations, the 
signal is real, it's Cosmic in 

3615
03:21:21,400 --> 03:21:25,200
origin and its uniform across 
the entire Sky to within one 

3616
03:21:25,200 --> 03:21:28,900
part in 10,000. 
This uniform signal is 

3617
03:21:28,900 --> 03:21:31,300
extraordinary because it 
shouldn't exist. 

3618
03:21:32,100 --> 03:21:35,000
If it came from stars or 
galaxies, it would be stronger 

3619
03:21:35,000 --> 03:21:39,400
in some directions than others 
concentrated in the Milky Way's 

3620
03:21:39,400 --> 03:21:42,900
plane for instance, or showing 
bright spots where galaxies 

3621
03:21:42,900 --> 03:21:45,400
cluster. 
But this signal is almost 

3622
03:21:45,400 --> 03:21:49,000
perfectly isotropic. 
The same from every direction. 

3623
03:21:49,000 --> 03:21:52,800
It's like the universe has a 
temperature and what your 

3624
03:21:52,800 --> 03:21:56,200
detecting is thermal radiation 
from the cosmos itself. 

3625
03:21:57,100 --> 03:22:00,900
Signals wavelength corresponds 
to extremely cold thermal 

3626
03:22:00,900 --> 03:22:04,800
radiation about three degrees of
absolute zero. 

3627
03:22:04,800 --> 03:22:08,400
This is puzzling until you 
remember recent theoretical 

3628
03:22:08,400 --> 03:22:10,500
work. 
Suggesting that if the universe 

3629
03:22:10,500 --> 03:22:15,000
began in a hot dense State, the 
Big Bang, it would have cooled 

3630
03:22:15,000 --> 03:22:17,700
as it expanded in its earliest 
moments. 

3631
03:22:17,700 --> 03:22:20,500
The universe would have been hot
enough to Glow, brightly 

3632
03:22:20,500 --> 03:22:24,100
invisible light, even in 
ultraviolet and x-rays. 

3633
03:22:24,100 --> 03:22:27,300
But as it expanded, this 
radiation would have stretched 

3634
03:22:27,300 --> 03:22:30,900
to longer wavelengths shifted by
the expansion itself. 

3635
03:22:30,900 --> 03:22:35,900
Until today appears as faint 
radio waves, your detecting. 

3636
03:22:35,900 --> 03:22:39,600
The Afterglow of the Big Bang 
itself radiation that has 

3637
03:22:39,608 --> 03:22:43,900
traveled through space, for 
nearly 14 billion years cooling 

3638
03:22:43,900 --> 03:22:47,700
from temperatures of thousands 
of degrees to just a few degrees

3639
03:22:47,700 --> 03:22:51,700
above absolute zero. 
This Cosmic microwave background

3640
03:22:51,700 --> 03:22:55,200
radiation is direct evidence 
that the Universe had a hot 

3641
03:22:55,200 --> 03:22:58,600
Beginnings that it's been 
Expanding and cooling ever since

3642
03:22:58,600 --> 03:23:01,500
that, the Big Bang Theory is 
correct. 

3643
03:23:01,500 --> 03:23:06,000
This discovery transforms 
cosmology from speculation to 

3644
03:23:06,000 --> 03:23:10,200
observational science. 
Before this, the Big Bang was 

3645
03:23:10,200 --> 03:23:14,600
one Theory among several for the
universe's origin now, it's 

3646
03:23:14,600 --> 03:23:18,100
strongly supported by direct 
evidence radiation, that could 

3647
03:23:18,100 --> 03:23:21,700
only exist if the universe began
in a hot dense state. 

3648
03:23:22,600 --> 03:23:25,600
Alternative theories that 
proposed an eternal 

3649
03:23:25,600 --> 03:23:28,800
steady-state. 
Universe cannot explain this 

3650
03:23:28,800 --> 03:23:32,300
uniform background radiation. 
The evidence is overwhelming. 

3651
03:23:33,700 --> 03:23:36,200
But the cosmic microwave 
background isn't just 

3652
03:23:36,200 --> 03:23:40,100
confirmation of the Big Bang. 
It's a snapshot of the early 

3653
03:23:40,100 --> 03:23:43,800
Universe a window into 
conditions when the cosmos was 

3654
03:23:43,800 --> 03:23:48,600
just 380,000 years old. 
Before that time, the universe 

3655
03:23:48,600 --> 03:23:53,100
was too hot for atoms to form 
electrons and protons existed, 

3656
03:23:53,100 --> 03:23:56,000
as a plasma and photons 
scattered off. 

3657
03:23:56,000 --> 03:23:59,800
These charged particles 
constantly making the universe 

3658
03:23:59,800 --> 03:24:04,300
opaque when the universe called 
enough atoms to form photons 

3659
03:24:04,300 --> 03:24:08,600
suddenly could travel freely. 
The radiation, you're detecting 

3660
03:24:08,600 --> 03:24:11,000
comes from that moment of 
recombination. 

3661
03:24:11,000 --> 03:24:14,900
When the universe became 
transparent by studying this 

3662
03:24:14,900 --> 03:24:18,200
radiation in detail measuring 
its temperature in different 

3663
03:24:18,208 --> 03:24:21,300
directions. 
Looking for tiny variations in 

3664
03:24:21,300 --> 03:24:25,800
intensity astronomers will learn
about the universe's structure 

3665
03:24:25,800 --> 03:24:29,200
at that early time slightly 
denser regions in the 

3666
03:24:29,200 --> 03:24:31,700
primordial. 
Plasma will appear a slightly 

3667
03:24:31,700 --> 03:24:34,100
warmer spots in the microwave 
background. 

3668
03:24:34,100 --> 03:24:38,200
These density variations were 
the seeds that eventually grew 

3669
03:24:38,200 --> 03:24:42,700
into galaxies clusters of 
galaxies and the large-scale 

3670
03:24:42,700 --> 03:24:45,000
structure visible in the 
universe today. 

3671
03:24:45,000 --> 03:24:48,600
Over the following decades, 
increasingly sophisticated 

3672
03:24:48,600 --> 03:24:52,300
instruments will map The Cosmic 
microwave background with 

3673
03:24:52,300 --> 03:24:56,000
extraordinary, Precision 
satellites like c. 

3674
03:24:56,000 --> 03:25:01,600
O b e w m, a p and plank will 
measure temperature, variations 

3675
03:25:01,600 --> 03:25:06,500
as small as one part in 100,000.
Revealing details information 

3676
03:25:06,500 --> 03:25:11,500
about the universe's composition
age and geometry, these 

3677
03:25:11,500 --> 03:25:14,300
measurements will determine that
the universe is approximately 

3678
03:25:14,300 --> 03:25:20,200
13.8 billion years old. 
That it's geometrically flat and

3679
03:25:20,200 --> 03:25:23,500
that it contains, not just 
ordinary matter, but also dark 

3680
03:25:23,500 --> 03:25:27,800
matter and dark energy, 
mysterious substances, whose 

3681
03:25:27,800 --> 03:25:31,600
nature remains unknown, but 
whose gravitational effects are 

3682
03:25:31,608 --> 03:25:34,700
undeniable. 
The cosmic microwave background 

3683
03:25:34,700 --> 03:25:38,700
will also provide evidence for 
Cosmic inflation, a brief 

3684
03:25:38,700 --> 03:25:42,400
period, of exponential expansion
that occurred in the universe's.

3685
03:25:42,400 --> 03:25:46,000
First fraction of a second 
inflation explains why. 

3686
03:25:46,000 --> 03:25:49,900
The universe is so uniform on 
large scales while it's 

3687
03:25:49,900 --> 03:25:53,800
geometrically, flat and why 
certain types of irregularity 

3688
03:25:53,800 --> 03:25:57,400
appear in the dense tea 
distribution of matter without 

3689
03:25:57,400 --> 03:25:59,500
inflation. 
The universe's, observe 

3690
03:25:59,500 --> 03:26:02,700
properties would require 
extraordinarily fine-tuned and 

3691
03:26:02,708 --> 03:26:06,200
initial conditions Within 
inflation, these properties 

3692
03:26:06,200 --> 03:26:09,800
emerge, naturally, from 
well-understood physics as you 

3693
03:26:09,800 --> 03:26:13,200
examine the data streaming. 
From the radio telescope, your 

3694
03:26:13,200 --> 03:26:15,300
struck by. 
How much can be learned from 

3695
03:26:15,300 --> 03:26:19,100
such a faint signal. 
This radiation is incredibly 

3696
03:26:19,100 --> 03:26:22,000
weak. 
The total energy from the cosmic

3697
03:26:22,000 --> 03:26:25,700
microwave background hitting a 
person's body as far less than 

3698
03:26:25,700 --> 03:26:29,000
the energy from distant 
Starlight, which itself is 

3699
03:26:29,000 --> 03:26:31,800
minimal yet. 
This faint signal, contains 

3700
03:26:31,800 --> 03:26:37,100
information about the universe's
age, composition geometry and 

3701
03:26:37,100 --> 03:26:40,300
early history. 
It's as if the cosmos has left, 

3702
03:26:40,300 --> 03:26:44,200
its signature written in 
radiation, weighting billions of

3703
03:26:44,200 --> 03:26:47,900
years for technology to become 
sophisticated enough to read it.

3704
03:26:48,700 --> 03:26:51,900
You think about the long chain 
of discoveries that led here? 

3705
03:26:51,900 --> 03:26:55,900
Hubble discovered Galactic 
recession, implying the universe

3706
03:26:55,900 --> 03:27:00,200
expands extrapolating, this 
expansion backward to a hot 

3707
03:27:00,208 --> 03:27:03,400
dense. 
Beginning theoretical physicists

3708
03:27:03,400 --> 03:27:05,800
are calculating. 
What conditions would be like in

3709
03:27:05,800 --> 03:27:08,600
the early Universe? 
Predicting that thermal 

3710
03:27:08,600 --> 03:27:12,800
radiation from, that era, should
still be detectable Engineers 

3711
03:27:12,800 --> 03:27:16,600
are developing radio astronomy, 
creating instruments, sensitive 

3712
03:27:16,600 --> 03:27:20,100
enough to detect faint Cosmic 
signals at. 

3713
03:27:20,100 --> 03:27:24,300
Now the detection itself 
confirming predictions and 

3714
03:27:24,300 --> 03:27:28,400
opening new avenues of research,
the cosmic microwave background 

3715
03:27:28,400 --> 03:27:31,800
is also humbling. 
It shows that the matter with 

3716
03:27:31,800 --> 03:27:36,000
familiar with atoms, molecules 
everything made of protons 

3717
03:27:36,000 --> 03:27:40,800
neutrons and electrons, 
comprises only about 5% of the 

3718
03:27:40,800 --> 03:27:45,200
universe's total energy content.
The rest is dark matter, and 

3719
03:27:45,200 --> 03:27:49,100
dark energy, substances, whose 
nature is completely unknown. 

3720
03:27:50,000 --> 03:27:53,400
We've mapped the universe 
measured its aged determined, 

3721
03:27:53,400 --> 03:27:58,000
its composition and discovered 
that we don't understand 95% of 

3722
03:27:58,000 --> 03:28:01,400
what it contains yet. 
This ignorance is exciting 

3723
03:28:01,400 --> 03:28:05,400
rather than discouraging. 
It means astronomy is far from 

3724
03:28:05,400 --> 03:28:08,300
finished. 
There are fundamental Mysteries 

3725
03:28:08,300 --> 03:28:11,900
remaining questions whose 
answers will require new 

3726
03:28:11,900 --> 03:28:16,700
physics, new observations and 
perhaps revolutionary insights 

3727
03:28:16,700 --> 03:28:19,700
comparable to those that 
launched quantum mechanics or 

3728
03:28:19,700 --> 03:28:22,900
relativity. 
The universe is still surprising

3729
03:28:22,900 --> 03:28:26,400
us, still revealing, that 
reality is stranger and more 

3730
03:28:26,400 --> 03:28:28,500
wonderful than our theories 
predict. 

3731
03:28:29,700 --> 03:28:33,400
As Dawn approaches and your 
observing shift ends, you 

3732
03:28:33,400 --> 03:28:38,400
prepare your preliminary report 
the signal is real, it's Cosmic 

3733
03:28:38,400 --> 03:28:42,100
and it matches predictions for 
the cooled, radiation from The 

3734
03:28:42,100 --> 03:28:45,600
Big Bang. 
Other observers will confirm it 

3735
03:28:45,600 --> 03:28:48,000
independently that's already 
happening. 

3736
03:28:48,000 --> 03:28:50,900
Actually, with similar, 
detections reported by other 

3737
03:28:50,900 --> 03:28:55,400
teams soon, this discovery will 
be announced publicly and it 

3738
03:28:55,400 --> 03:28:58,700
will transform Humanities 
understanding of cosmic history.

3739
03:28:58,700 --> 03:29:03,000
The Stars fade as the sky 
brightens but you know, they're 

3740
03:29:03,000 --> 03:29:07,100
still there still shining their 
light mixing with the faint 

3741
03:29:07,100 --> 03:29:11,000
microwave glow from the 
universe's hot beginning that 

3742
03:29:11,000 --> 03:29:14,800
glow has traveled for nearly 14 
billion years to reach your 

3743
03:29:14,800 --> 03:29:18,800
antennas carrying information 
about a time when no stars 

3744
03:29:18,800 --> 03:29:21,500
existed when no galaxies had 
formed. 

3745
03:29:21,500 --> 03:29:25,800
And when the universe was just a
hot dense plasma beginning at 

3746
03:29:25,800 --> 03:29:29,700
its long expansion toward the 
cool structured Cosmos. 

3747
03:29:29,700 --> 03:29:34,100
We inhabit today, somewhere in 
that ancient radiation in its 

3748
03:29:34,100 --> 03:29:38,700
tiny temperature variations and 
subtle polarization patterns 

3749
03:29:38,700 --> 03:29:42,800
like answers to questions. 
Humanity hasn't yet learned to 

3750
03:29:42,800 --> 03:29:45,700
ask. 
Future astronomers will extract 

3751
03:29:45,700 --> 03:29:49,500
those answers learning things 
about the universe's origin 

3752
03:29:49,500 --> 03:29:52,100
structure and fate that you 
can't even imagine. 

3753
03:29:52,100 --> 03:29:56,400
But tonight you've contributed 
your part to that ongoing 

3754
03:29:56,400 --> 03:30:01,000
project detecting, The Whisper 
from the beginning, confirming 

3755
03:30:01,000 --> 03:30:04,700
that the Universe has a history 
and opening a new window on 

3756
03:30:04,700 --> 03:30:07,700
Cosmic time. 
You're lying on your back in a 

3757
03:30:07,708 --> 03:30:11,800
dark field and the year is now 
no specific year. 

3758
03:30:11,800 --> 03:30:16,300
Really, this could be tonight to
tomorrow night or any clear 

3759
03:30:16,300 --> 03:30:18,100
night. 
When you decide to look up 

3760
03:30:18,100 --> 03:30:22,700
rather than down out rather than
in the grass beneath you is 

3761
03:30:22,700 --> 03:30:24,500
slightly damp with the evening 
due. 

3762
03:30:24,500 --> 03:30:28,700
The air is cool and above you, 
the sky Blazers with stars. 

3763
03:30:28,700 --> 03:30:33,900
If you're far from cities, you 
can see the Milky Way, that same

3764
03:30:33,900 --> 03:30:36,100
river of light that our 
ancestors saw. 

3765
03:30:36,900 --> 03:30:40,300
Though, you know now it actually
the combined light of billions 

3766
03:30:40,300 --> 03:30:44,900
of stars in our Galaxy's disk 
viewed Edge on from Earth's 

3767
03:30:44,900 --> 03:30:48,400
position within it. 
You can see planets too though. 

3768
03:30:48,400 --> 03:30:51,500
You need to know where to look. 
And when Venus might be 

3769
03:30:51,500 --> 03:30:55,300
brilliant in the west, just 
after Sunset, Jupiter could be 

3770
03:30:55,300 --> 03:30:58,500
high overhead. 
It's Moon's invisible to your 

3771
03:30:58,500 --> 03:31:01,800
eyes but their nonetheless, 
exactly. 

3772
03:31:01,800 --> 03:31:06,100
As Galileo saw them, Mars might 
show its distinctive red, or 

3773
03:31:06,100 --> 03:31:09,200
orange color. 
Dust storms in its thin 

3774
03:31:09,200 --> 03:31:13,000
atmosphere reflecting sunlight 
from 90 million miles away. 

3775
03:31:13,000 --> 03:31:17,500
And you can see stars, thousands
of them with Naked Eyes, 

3776
03:31:17,500 --> 03:31:21,200
Millions, through modest, 
telescopes and billions through 

3777
03:31:21,200 --> 03:31:25,200
instruments, like Hubble or the 
James Webb Space Telescope. 

3778
03:31:25,200 --> 03:31:29,700
Each one is a son, many hosting 
planets, some of those planets 

3779
03:31:29,700 --> 03:31:33,700
potentially harboring life, the 
light, Reaching Your Eyes left 

3780
03:31:33,700 --> 03:31:38,500
those Stars years, or decades or
centuries ago, making you a time

3781
03:31:38,508 --> 03:31:42,100
traveler of sorts seeing the 
universe not as it is. 

3782
03:31:42,100 --> 03:31:46,800
But as it was You know things 
those ancient observers couldn't

3783
03:31:46,800 --> 03:31:50,700
have imagined you know the stars
are powered by nuclear fusion 

3784
03:31:50,700 --> 03:31:55,500
converting hydrogen to helium in
their cores generating energy 

3785
03:31:55,500 --> 03:31:59,100
through Einstein's, famous 
equation, relating, mass, and 

3786
03:31:59,100 --> 03:32:01,600
energy. 
You know, the universe is 

3787
03:32:01,600 --> 03:32:06,200
approximately 13.8 billion years
old formed in a hot, big bang, 

3788
03:32:06,200 --> 03:32:10,100
and expanding, ever since, you 
know, that galaxies cluster into

3789
03:32:10,100 --> 03:32:13,600
groups and super clusters, 
forming a cosmic web of 

3790
03:32:13,600 --> 03:32:16,000
structure spanning billions of 
light years. 

3791
03:32:16,000 --> 03:32:20,700
You know, the universe contains 
Dark Matter invisible substance 

3792
03:32:20,700 --> 03:32:23,600
detected only through its 
gravitational effects. 

3793
03:32:23,600 --> 03:32:29,600
Making up roughly 27% of the 
universe's, total energy, you 

3794
03:32:29,600 --> 03:32:34,800
know that dark energy, even more
mysterious comprises about 68% 

3795
03:32:34,800 --> 03:32:39,700
and its causing the universe's 
expansion to accelerate distant 

3796
03:32:39,700 --> 03:32:41,600
galaxies on. 
Not just moving away. 

3797
03:32:41,600 --> 03:32:46,400
Their moving away faster over 
Time driven by this mysterious 

3798
03:32:46,400 --> 03:32:49,000
Dark Energy whose nature is one 
of physics. 

3799
03:32:49,000 --> 03:32:53,200
Greatest unsolved problems. 
You know that many stars have 

3800
03:32:53,200 --> 03:32:56,900
planets that exoplanets number 
in the thousands already 

3801
03:32:56,900 --> 03:33:00,000
discovered and that more are 
found constantly. 

3802
03:33:00,000 --> 03:33:04,400
You know, some of these worlds 
are roughly earth-sized orbiting

3803
03:33:04,400 --> 03:33:09,000
their stars at distances where 
liquid water could exist, You 

3804
03:33:09,000 --> 03:33:12,700
know, the chemistry of life 
carbon-based molecules water and

3805
03:33:12,700 --> 03:33:15,700
energy is common throughout the 
Universe. 

3806
03:33:15,700 --> 03:33:19,700
You know that if life exists 
here it probably exists 

3807
03:33:19,700 --> 03:33:23,400
elsewhere too though whether 
it's common or rare simple or 

3808
03:33:23,400 --> 03:33:27,800
complex contemporary or extinct 
remains unknown yet. 

3809
03:33:27,800 --> 03:33:31,100
Despite all this knowledge, 
you're lying in a field. 

3810
03:33:31,100 --> 03:33:32,700
Looking at stars. 
Exactly. 

3811
03:33:32,700 --> 03:33:36,600
As humans have done for hundreds
of thousands of years, the 

3812
03:33:36,600 --> 03:33:38,400
technology has changed 
dramatically. 

3813
03:33:39,600 --> 03:33:43,200
You might have a telescope 
beside you or a smartphone app, 

3814
03:33:43,200 --> 03:33:47,000
identifying constellations or 
coordinates for satellites 

3815
03:33:47,000 --> 03:33:50,300
passing overhead. 
But fundamental activity is 

3816
03:33:50,300 --> 03:33:54,200
unchanged. 
Your watching the sky wandering 

3817
03:33:54,200 --> 03:33:58,000
about those lights, continuing a
tradition older than 

3818
03:33:58,000 --> 03:34:02,100
civilization itself. 
Stars your seeing of this Same 

3819
03:34:02,100 --> 03:34:06,700
Stars, ancient observers saw 
give or take a few Supernova and

3820
03:34:06,708 --> 03:34:10,300
proper motion over millennia. 
The patterns are almost 

3821
03:34:10,300 --> 03:34:14,800
identical if an Ice Age Hunter 
or a Babylonian priest, or a 

3822
03:34:14,800 --> 03:34:18,300
Polynesian Navigator joined you.
In this field, you'd recognize 

3823
03:34:18,300 --> 03:34:23,300
the same constellations point to
the same bright stars and share 

3824
03:34:23,300 --> 03:34:28,100
the same sense of wonder at the 
vastness of what's different is 

3825
03:34:28,100 --> 03:34:30,700
understanding. 
You know, what those lights are,

3826
03:34:30,700 --> 03:34:34,100
how far away they are, what 
they're made of how they formed 

3827
03:34:34,100 --> 03:34:37,900
and how they'll die, you know, 
the physics governing their 

3828
03:34:37,900 --> 03:34:42,100
behavior, the chemistry of their
atmospheres and the mechanics of

3829
03:34:42,100 --> 03:34:45,100
their orbits. 
You've turned mystery into 

3830
03:34:45,100 --> 03:34:49,100
knowledge but somehow the Wonder
remains undiminished. 

3831
03:34:49,800 --> 03:34:53,600
Perhaps it's even greater now 
because you understand, not just

3832
03:34:53,600 --> 03:34:57,300
what you're seeing, but what it 
means, billions of Worlds 

3833
03:34:57,300 --> 03:35:00,700
scattered across in 
comprehensible distances, all 

3834
03:35:00,700 --> 03:35:05,500
governed by universal laws, all 
part of one vast interconnected 

3835
03:35:05,500 --> 03:35:08,400
Cosmos. 
This knowledge was hard one. 

3836
03:35:08,400 --> 03:35:12,100
It required countless observers 
spending countless nights 

3837
03:35:12,100 --> 03:35:15,700
recording positions measuring 
angles timing of events and 

3838
03:35:15,700 --> 03:35:20,200
noting correlations, It required
mathematical genius to create 

3839
03:35:20,200 --> 03:35:24,400
models, explaining observations 
it, required technological, 

3840
03:35:24,400 --> 03:35:26,100
innovation, to build 
instruments. 

3841
03:35:26,100 --> 03:35:28,700
Extending human Senses Into 
Realms. 

3842
03:35:28,700 --> 03:35:32,200
We can't perceive unaided it 
required patience. 

3843
03:35:32,200 --> 03:35:36,100
The patience to make 
observations over lifetimes to 

3844
03:35:36,100 --> 03:35:39,500
pursue answers across 
generations and to accept that, 

3845
03:35:39,500 --> 03:35:42,300
some questions wouldn't be 
answered in any individual 

3846
03:35:42,300 --> 03:35:45,400
lifetime. 
But mostly it required, 

3847
03:35:45,400 --> 03:35:50,100
curiosity that simple desire to 
understand to know what those 

3848
03:35:50,100 --> 03:35:53,400
lights are and what they mean 
has driven Humanity's. 

3849
03:35:53,400 --> 03:35:55,500
Astronomical efforts from the 
beginning. 

3850
03:35:55,500 --> 03:36:00,200
We didn't need to understand the
Stars to survive early humans 

3851
03:36:00,200 --> 03:36:03,600
managed without knowing Stellar 
distances or Galactic 

3852
03:36:03,600 --> 03:36:07,400
structures. 
But we wanted to know anyway and

3853
03:36:07,400 --> 03:36:11,200
that wanting was enough to 
motivate Millennia of effort as 

3854
03:36:11,200 --> 03:36:13,600
you lie there. 
You might wonder what future 

3855
03:36:13,600 --> 03:36:17,200
observers will know that you 
don't What discovery is awake 

3856
03:36:17,200 --> 03:36:20,500
better, instruments deeper 
observations and more 

3857
03:36:20,500 --> 03:36:24,300
sophisticated theories. 
Will we find life on other 

3858
03:36:24,300 --> 03:36:26,500
worlds or evidence that we're 
alone? 

3859
03:36:26,500 --> 03:36:31,500
Will we understand dark matter 
and dark energy or will they 

3860
03:36:31,500 --> 03:36:35,200
remain mysterious? 
Will we discover the universe's 

3861
03:36:35,200 --> 03:36:39,300
ultimate fate? 
Endless expansion eventual, 

3862
03:36:39,300 --> 03:36:43,500
collapse or something stranger. 
Will we develop Technologies 

3863
03:36:43,500 --> 03:36:47,100
allowing travel to other stars 
or will the distances prove 

3864
03:36:47,100 --> 03:36:49,000
insurmountable? 
You don't know. 

3865
03:36:49,000 --> 03:36:51,900
And that's wonderful. 
It means astronomy. 

3866
03:36:51,900 --> 03:36:55,000
Story isn't finished. 
There are still Mysteries to 

3867
03:36:55,000 --> 03:36:59,600
solve discoveries to make and 
Revolutions in understanding 

3868
03:36:59,600 --> 03:37:04,200
waiting to happen. 
The universe is vast and strange

3869
03:37:04,200 --> 03:37:08,400
and Humanity as barely begun. 
Exploring it what we've learned 

3870
03:37:08,400 --> 03:37:11,100
in our brief time as a species 
is impressive? 

3871
03:37:11,100 --> 03:37:15,700
But what remains to learn is 
surely greater still, the stars 

3872
03:37:15,700 --> 03:37:19,900
shine on in different to human 
observation following physical 

3873
03:37:19,900 --> 03:37:23,800
laws established billions of 
years ago in the universe's hot 

3874
03:37:23,800 --> 03:37:27,700
begining, they'll continue 
shining long after humanity is 

3875
03:37:27,700 --> 03:37:31,700
gone whether that's thousands 
millions or billions of years 

3876
03:37:31,700 --> 03:37:34,900
from now. 
But while we're here, While we 

3877
03:37:34,900 --> 03:37:39,100
have the capacity to wonder and 
observe, and understand we're 

3878
03:37:39,100 --> 03:37:43,200
part of something magnificent. 
The universe coming to know 

3879
03:37:43,200 --> 03:37:46,800
itself. 
Because that's what astronomy is

3880
03:37:46,800 --> 03:37:49,500
ultimately. 
It's the cosmos developing 

3881
03:37:49,500 --> 03:37:53,900
awareness, asking questions 
about its own nature and seeking

3882
03:37:53,900 --> 03:37:56,300
answers to how and why it 
exists. 

3883
03:37:57,600 --> 03:38:01,600
We are the universe observing 
itself, matter and energy 

3884
03:38:01,600 --> 03:38:05,500
arranged in patterns complex 
enough to contemplate their own 

3885
03:38:05,500 --> 03:38:08,200
Origins. 
When you look at stars and 

3886
03:38:08,200 --> 03:38:11,100
wonder about them, your 
participating in something. 

3887
03:38:11,100 --> 03:38:16,300
Profound the long, patient work 
of understanding of transforming

3888
03:38:16,300 --> 03:38:20,400
mystery into knowledge of 
finding Humanity's place in the 

3889
03:38:20,400 --> 03:38:24,800
vast Cosmic story. 
So when clear nights come step 

3890
03:38:24,800 --> 03:38:29,700
out side, look up your caring, 
forward a tradition 100s of 

3891
03:38:29,708 --> 03:38:33,900
thousands of years old joining 
countless observers across time 

3892
03:38:33,900 --> 03:38:37,100
who have shared your curiosity, 
you're seeing light that 

3893
03:38:37,100 --> 03:38:39,700
traveled across space and time 
to reach your eyes. 

3894
03:38:39,700 --> 03:38:44,100
Photons that began their 
Journeys years or centuries ago 

3895
03:38:44,100 --> 03:38:47,700
from distant Suns. 
Your witnessing a universe of 

3896
03:38:47,700 --> 03:38:52,000
almost incomprehensible scale 
and Beauty governed, by elegant 

3897
03:38:52,000 --> 03:38:55,300
laws with only partially 
understood and in doing. 

3898
03:38:55,300 --> 03:38:59,100
So your continuing the work, 
those First curious humans began

3899
03:38:59,100 --> 03:39:01,200
on African grasslands so long 
ago. 

3900
03:39:02,200 --> 03:39:05,500
The work of looking upward 
wondering what those lights 

3901
03:39:05,500 --> 03:39:09,900
might be and slowly patiently, 
figuring it out. 

3902
03:39:10,900 --> 03:39:16,000
The journey isn't finished, the 
sky, holds mystery still waiting

3903
03:39:16,000 --> 03:39:19,900
for observers with new tools and
new insights to reveal them. 

3904
03:39:20,700 --> 03:39:25,300
tonight, your part of that 
Journey, Connected across time 

3905
03:39:25,300 --> 03:39:30,100
to everyone, who's ever wondered
about the Stars, welcome to that

3906
03:39:30,100 --> 03:39:34,400
ancient Fellowship of star. 
Watchers, the universe is vast, 

3907
03:39:34,400 --> 03:39:38,500
beautiful and comprehensible, 
and it's been waiting billions 

3908
03:39:38,500 --> 03:39:41,200
of years for mine's capable of 
understanding it. 

3909
03:39:42,100 --> 03:39:46,200
You're one of those mines. 
Look up, wonder and know that 

3910
03:39:46,200 --> 03:39:49,700
your participating in one of 
Humanity's greatest projects. 

3911
03:39:50,500 --> 03:39:53,700
The long patient effort to 
understand how the universe 

3912
03:39:53,700 --> 03:39:58,400
works and our place within it. 
Sweet dreams beneath the stars. 

3913
03:40:07,200 --> 03:40:10,500
long before Laboratories with 
microscopes and databases 

3914
03:40:10,500 --> 03:40:13,500
clicked through millions of 
fingerprint matches, detective 

3915
03:40:13,500 --> 03:40:17,700
solved crimes, using nothing 
more than sharp eyes, patient 

3916
03:40:17,700 --> 03:40:21,900
ears and details notebooks, 
You're about to discover how 

3917
03:40:21,900 --> 03:40:25,000
these early investigators pieced
together, mysteries in an era 

3918
03:40:25,000 --> 03:40:27,500
when forensic science, barely 
existed. 

3919
03:40:28,500 --> 03:40:31,600
You stand in a London Street on 
a foggy November morning in 

3920
03:40:31,600 --> 03:40:35,000
1863. 
The Gaslamp still flicker along 

3921
03:40:35,000 --> 03:40:37,100
the cobblestones, even though 
dawn has arrived. 

3922
03:40:37,700 --> 03:40:40,300
Somewhere in the distance. 
A church bell Mark 7:00. 

3923
03:40:40,300 --> 03:40:43,200
The fog tastes of cold smoke and
dampness. 

3924
03:40:43,200 --> 03:40:46,700
You can feel it settling on your
coat like a cold wet blanket. 

3925
03:40:46,700 --> 03:40:49,500
A constable Rush has passed you 
his boots. 

3926
03:40:49,500 --> 03:40:52,400
Splashed through a puddle. 
He carries a wooden rattle that 

3927
03:40:52,400 --> 03:40:53,900
police officers used to call for
help. 

3928
03:40:54,800 --> 03:40:56,400
The sound cuts through the 
morning. 

3929
03:40:56,400 --> 03:40:58,900
Quiet. 
You follow him around the corner

3930
03:40:58,900 --> 03:41:01,400
to wear a small crowd, has 
gathered outside, a jewelry 

3931
03:41:01,400 --> 03:41:03,100
shop. 
The front window has been 

3932
03:41:03,100 --> 03:41:06,100
smashed glass fragments. 
Catch the dim light like 

3933
03:41:06,100 --> 03:41:09,700
scattered stars on the pavement.
This is how detective work 

3934
03:41:09,700 --> 03:41:13,000
begins in the age before. 
Fingerprints, someone notices, 

3935
03:41:13,000 --> 03:41:16,600
something wrong, people, gather 
a constable arrives, and then 

3936
03:41:16,600 --> 03:41:19,800
the real work starts, the 
Constable takes out a small 

3937
03:41:19,808 --> 03:41:22,200
notebook. 
His pencil moves slowly across 

3938
03:41:22,200 --> 03:41:24,400
the page as you write down every
detail. 

3939
03:41:24,400 --> 03:41:27,500
He can see. 
The broken window, the empty 

3940
03:41:27,500 --> 03:41:30,800
display case, a muddy Footprints
leading away, down the alley. 

3941
03:41:31,600 --> 03:41:34,600
He does not have photographs. 
He does not have fingerprint 

3942
03:41:34,600 --> 03:41:37,600
powder, he has his eyes and his 
ability to describe what he 

3943
03:41:37,600 --> 03:41:40,100
sees. 
You watch him sketch, the scene 

3944
03:41:40,100 --> 03:41:42,700
in rough lines. 
His drawing shows the position 

3945
03:41:42,700 --> 03:41:45,600
of the broken glass. 
Some pieces fell inside the 

3946
03:41:45,600 --> 03:41:47,700
shop, other scattered onto the 
street. 

3947
03:41:47,700 --> 03:41:51,500
This tells him something 
important The glass broke from 

3948
03:41:51,500 --> 03:41:55,200
outside to inside the thief, 
stood, on the street, and struck

3949
03:41:55,200 --> 03:41:58,200
the window with Force. 
He kneels down to examine the 

3950
03:41:58,208 --> 03:42:02,100
footprints more closely. 
The mud is fresh it rained last 

3951
03:42:02,100 --> 03:42:03,700
night and the ground is still 
soft. 

3952
03:42:03,700 --> 03:42:05,900
He can see the pattern on the 
soul. 

3953
03:42:05,900 --> 03:42:09,000
It shows a distinctive wear 
pattern on the left heel. 

3954
03:42:09,700 --> 03:42:12,000
One boot clearly has a crack 
running across it. 

3955
03:42:12,800 --> 03:42:15,600
He copies this pattern into his 
notebook with careful attention 

3956
03:42:15,600 --> 03:42:18,900
to every line and curve. 
This is observation. 

3957
03:42:18,900 --> 03:42:22,200
This is the foundation of all 
detective work before modern 

3958
03:42:22,200 --> 03:42:24,100
forensics. 
You learned to look at 

3959
03:42:24,100 --> 03:42:26,100
everything. 
You learned to see what others 

3960
03:42:26,100 --> 03:42:29,200
miss, you learn that every 
criminal leaves traces of the 

3961
03:42:29,200 --> 03:42:33,200
cells behind whether they mean 
to or not, The Constable asks, 

3962
03:42:33,200 --> 03:42:34,600
the shopkeeper about what 
happened. 

3963
03:42:35,400 --> 03:42:38,300
The shopkeeper arrived at his 
usual time of 6:30 in the 

3964
03:42:38,300 --> 03:42:41,900
morning, he found the window 
broken and three gold, watches 

3965
03:42:41,900 --> 03:42:45,900
missing from the display. 
Nothing else was taken the til 

3966
03:42:45,900 --> 03:42:48,200
remained. 
Untouched in the back room, this

3967
03:42:48,200 --> 03:42:51,600
strike, the Constable as unusual
most thieves would take whatever

3968
03:42:51,600 --> 03:42:54,700
they could grab you, follow the 
Constable as he walks the street

3969
03:42:54,700 --> 03:42:58,100
asking questions an old woman 
who lives above the bakery heard

3970
03:42:58,100 --> 03:42:59,700
glass breaking around three in 
the morning. 

3971
03:43:00,600 --> 03:43:03,000
She looked out her window, but 
saw only Shadows moving in the 

3972
03:43:03,008 --> 03:43:04,500
fog. 
A night Watchman. 

3973
03:43:04,500 --> 03:43:07,400
Patrolled this street at 2:00, 
and saw nothing suspicious. 

3974
03:43:08,400 --> 03:43:10,300
Between two and three. 
In the morning, someone broke 

3975
03:43:10,300 --> 03:43:11,700
the window and took those 
watches. 

3976
03:43:12,600 --> 03:43:15,500
The Constable writes down every 
statement in his notebook, he 

3977
03:43:15,500 --> 03:43:16,600
Records. 
Who said, what? 

3978
03:43:16,600 --> 03:43:20,100
And at what time these written 
records, become the backbone of 

3979
03:43:20,100 --> 03:43:22,800
the investigation without them 
details. 

3980
03:43:22,800 --> 03:43:25,600
Blur and fade memory proves 
unreliable. 

3981
03:43:25,600 --> 03:43:30,600
But words on paper, stay fixed 
and certain By mid-morning, the 

3982
03:43:30,600 --> 03:43:33,200
Constable, as filled several 
pages with observations and 

3983
03:43:33,200 --> 03:43:35,400
statements. 
He has sketches of the broken 

3984
03:43:35,400 --> 03:43:37,400
window. 
He has descriptions of the 

3985
03:43:37,400 --> 03:43:40,500
missing watches, he has the 
pattern of that distinctive boot

3986
03:43:40,500 --> 03:43:43,000
print. 
Now comes the next phase of 

3987
03:43:43,000 --> 03:43:45,900
early detective work. 
He must take all this 

3988
03:43:45,900 --> 03:43:47,400
information and figure out what 
it means. 

3989
03:43:47,400 --> 03:43:51,200
You watch, as he reviews his 
notes, the broken glass pattern 

3990
03:43:51,200 --> 03:43:53,700
shows force from outside the 
selective. 

3991
03:43:53,700 --> 03:43:56,200
Theft of only watches suggest 
someone who knew what they 

3992
03:43:56,200 --> 03:43:58,500
wanted. 
The timing between the night 

3993
03:43:58,500 --> 03:44:01,200
watchman's rounds and the 
neighbor's observation gives a 

3994
03:44:01,200 --> 03:44:03,600
narrow window. 
The boot print provides a 

3995
03:44:03,600 --> 03:44:06,900
physical detail that might 
identify the thief in this era, 

3996
03:44:06,900 --> 03:44:08,500
police work. 
Relies heavily on local 

3997
03:44:08,500 --> 03:44:10,700
knowledge. 
The Constable knows, the people 

3998
03:44:10,700 --> 03:44:13,400
who live on his beat. 
He knows which residents work 

3999
03:44:13,400 --> 03:44:15,700
honest jobs and which ones have 
questionable reputation. 

4000
03:44:15,700 --> 03:44:18,800
He knows where stolen goods 
typically get sold. 

4001
03:44:18,800 --> 03:44:21,200
He knows the ways of crime in 
his district. 

4002
03:44:21,200 --> 03:44:24,200
He walks to a nearby public 
house where he knows certain 

4003
03:44:24,200 --> 03:44:27,300
individuals gather. 
The Publican nods when the 

4004
03:44:27,308 --> 03:44:30,700
Constable asks about strangers 
in the area, a man with a 

4005
03:44:30,700 --> 03:44:33,100
noticeable limp became in last 
night, asking about buying 

4006
03:44:33,100 --> 03:44:37,200
pocket watches, he wore muddy 
boots and seemed nervous he left

4007
03:44:37,200 --> 03:44:39,700
before the Publican could engage
him in much conversation. 

4008
03:44:39,700 --> 03:44:43,200
This information matters, the 
Constable adds it to his growing

4009
03:44:43,200 --> 03:44:46,200
collection of facts. 
A man with a limp muddy boots 

4010
03:44:46,200 --> 03:44:50,200
interest in pocket watches 
looking for buyers The picture 

4011
03:44:50,200 --> 03:44:53,200
starts to take shape your 
company the Constable to the 

4012
03:44:53,200 --> 03:44:56,100
local pawn shop. 
The pawnbroker keeps detailed 

4013
03:44:56,100 --> 03:44:57,700
records of everything. 
Brought to him. 

4014
03:44:57,700 --> 03:45:00,400
The law requires this. 
He must write down. 

4015
03:45:00,400 --> 03:45:01,300
Who pawns? 
What? 

4016
03:45:01,300 --> 03:45:05,300
And when The Constable flips 
Through The Ledger looking for 

4017
03:45:05,300 --> 03:45:07,900
recent entries. 
Involving watches nothing from 

4018
03:45:07,900 --> 03:45:10,500
this morning yet. 
But he asks, the pawnbroker to 

4019
03:45:10,508 --> 03:45:12,300
send word. 
If anyone tries to sell three, 

4020
03:45:12,300 --> 03:45:14,300
gold watches matching, the stole
and description. 

4021
03:45:15,300 --> 03:45:18,300
This network of informants and 
cooperating businesses forms. 

4022
03:45:18,300 --> 03:45:21,900
Another crucial part of early 
detective work. detectives 

4023
03:45:21,900 --> 03:45:25,500
cannot be everywhere at once 
they need eyes and ears 

4024
03:45:25,500 --> 03:45:28,600
throughout the community 
shopkeepers publicans 

4025
03:45:28,600 --> 03:45:32,000
Pawnbrokers and even reformed 
criminals sometimes provide 

4026
03:45:32,000 --> 03:45:35,800
valuable information The 
Constable returns to the station

4027
03:45:35,800 --> 03:45:36,900
to file. 
His report. 

4028
03:45:36,900 --> 03:45:39,900
You watch him copy his notes 
into the official record book. 

4029
03:45:39,900 --> 03:45:44,500
Every detail gets preserved, the
date, the time, the location, 

4030
03:45:44,500 --> 03:45:48,400
the nature of the crime, the 
witness statements, the physical

4031
03:45:48,400 --> 03:45:52,100
evidence, the leads being 
pursued, senior detectives 

4032
03:45:52,100 --> 03:45:56,500
review, these reports daily. 
They look for similar info three

4033
03:45:56,500 --> 03:45:58,800
jewelry shops, broken into over 
the past month. 

4034
03:45:58,800 --> 03:46:02,600
All during the early morning 
hours, all targeting specific 

4035
03:46:02,600 --> 03:46:05,100
valuable items rather than 
grabbing everything. 

4036
03:46:06,000 --> 03:46:08,300
This suggests someone with 
knowledge and planning rather 

4037
03:46:08,300 --> 03:46:10,200
than desperate opportunistic 
theft. 

4038
03:46:11,400 --> 03:46:14,700
You sit in the detective office 
as they discuss the cases the 

4039
03:46:14,700 --> 03:46:16,700
room smells of tobacco smoke and
old paper. 

4040
03:46:17,400 --> 03:46:20,900
Files Stack Up on every 
available surface maps of 

4041
03:46:20,900 --> 03:46:22,700
London. 
Cover one, entire wall with 

4042
03:46:22,700 --> 03:46:26,200
pins, marking crime locations, 
string, connects related 

4043
03:46:26,200 --> 03:46:30,600
incidents, read for robberies 
blue for burglaries yellow for 

4044
03:46:30,600 --> 03:46:33,400
assaults. 
One detective notices something 

4045
03:46:33,400 --> 03:46:37,000
interesting, the three jewelry 
shop in all happened, within a 

4046
03:46:37,008 --> 03:46:39,900
mile of each other, they all 
occurred between two and four. 

4047
03:46:39,900 --> 03:46:42,300
In the morning, they all 
involved broken front windows. 

4048
03:46:42,300 --> 03:46:45,500
And in each case Witnesses 
mentioned seeing a figure with 

4049
03:46:45,500 --> 03:46:47,700
an unusual, gait moving away 
from the scene. 

4050
03:46:48,400 --> 03:46:52,300
This is pattern recognition. 
Before computers could analyze 

4051
03:46:52,300 --> 03:46:55,700
crime, statistics detectives had
to spot connections themselves. 

4052
03:46:55,700 --> 03:46:58,900
They had to remember details 
from weeks or months ago. 

4053
03:46:59,700 --> 03:47:02,400
They had to see how separate 
incidents might actually be the 

4054
03:47:02,400 --> 03:47:07,800
work of one person or one group.
The detective decides to stake 

4055
03:47:07,800 --> 03:47:09,500
out the remaining jewelry, shops
in that area. 

4056
03:47:09,500 --> 03:47:12,900
If the pattern holds another 
breaking might happen soon. 

4057
03:47:12,900 --> 03:47:16,300
Several constables volunteer to 
spend their nights watching and 

4058
03:47:16,300 --> 03:47:18,700
waiting. 
They position themselves in 

4059
03:47:18,700 --> 03:47:21,400
doorways and allies where they 
can observe without being seen. 

4060
03:47:22,300 --> 03:47:24,000
You join one. 
Constable on a cold. 

4061
03:47:24,000 --> 03:47:27,100
November night. 
The hours passed slowly your 

4062
03:47:27,100 --> 03:47:29,000
feet grown numb from standing in
one position. 

4063
03:47:30,100 --> 03:47:34,100
Fog rolls in thick and heavy 
every sound seems Amplified in 

4064
03:47:34,100 --> 03:47:36,600
the darkness. 
A cat yells on somewhere nearby 

4065
03:47:36,600 --> 03:47:40,300
a drunk, staggers. 
Passing off key, a carriage 

4066
03:47:40,300 --> 03:47:43,400
rattles over distant 
cobblestones nothing happens. 

4067
03:47:43,400 --> 03:47:47,700
That first night, all the second
night, all the third, this is 

4068
03:47:47,700 --> 03:47:51,600
also part of early detective 
work patience long hours of 

4069
03:47:51,600 --> 03:47:54,600
watching and waiting the 
willingness to endure border and

4070
03:47:54,600 --> 03:47:57,100
discomfort on the chance of 
catching someone in the act. 

4071
03:47:58,300 --> 03:48:01,400
On the fourth night, you see 
movement near the jewelry shop. 

4072
03:48:01,400 --> 03:48:04,100
At the End of the Street. 
A figure approaches from the 

4073
03:48:04,100 --> 03:48:06,100
East. 
The person walks with the 

4074
03:48:06,100 --> 03:48:09,500
distinctive limping, the left 
leg, they paused at the shop 

4075
03:48:09,500 --> 03:48:10,900
window and look around 
nervously. 

4076
03:48:10,900 --> 03:48:13,200
Then they pull something from 
their coat. 

4077
03:48:14,000 --> 03:48:17,100
In the dim lamp light, you can 
see it as a short iron bar. 

4078
03:48:17,100 --> 03:48:20,200
The Constable steps out from his
hiding place before the window 

4079
03:48:20,200 --> 03:48:23,500
breaks, the suspect tries to 
run, but the limp slows them 

4080
03:48:23,500 --> 03:48:26,500
down within moments. 
The Constable has them in 

4081
03:48:26,500 --> 03:48:30,100
custody yarn bar, clatters to 
the ground and there on the 

4082
03:48:30,108 --> 03:48:31,500
suspects. 
Left boot visible. 

4083
03:48:31,500 --> 03:48:34,600
Even in the poor light runs, a 
distinctive crack across the 

4084
03:48:34,600 --> 03:48:36,800
sole. 
This is how detective Works 

4085
03:48:36,800 --> 03:48:39,600
exceeds before. 
Fingerprints carefully, 

4086
03:48:39,600 --> 03:48:43,100
observation detailed records 
patients surveillance, pattern 

4087
03:48:43,100 --> 03:48:46,200
recognition and sometimes a bit 
of luck combined, with 

4088
03:48:46,200 --> 03:48:49,600
persistent effort, the suspect 
gets brought to the station. 

4089
03:48:49,600 --> 03:48:53,100
Now, comes another crucial 
aspect of early detective, work 

4090
03:48:53,100 --> 03:48:55,100
the interview, the 
interrogation. 

4091
03:48:55,100 --> 03:48:58,900
The careful questioning designed
to extract truth from evasion. 

4092
03:49:00,500 --> 03:49:03,600
You sit in the interview room, 
it contains only a wooden table 

4093
03:49:03,600 --> 03:49:05,600
and two chairs. 
A single oil. 

4094
03:49:05,600 --> 03:49:09,500
Lamp provides light. 
The detective sits across from 

4095
03:49:09,500 --> 03:49:10,900
the suspect and opens his 
notebook. 

4096
03:49:10,900 --> 03:49:15,400
He does not shout or threatened.
He speaks calmly and asks simple

4097
03:49:15,400 --> 03:49:18,500
questions, where were you on the
night of November 8th? 

4098
03:49:19,100 --> 03:49:20,900
The suspect claims to have been 
home sleeping. 

4099
03:49:20,900 --> 03:49:24,500
The detective writes this down, 
he then produces the statement 

4100
03:49:24,500 --> 03:49:27,100
from the public and about 
limping man, asking about pocket

4101
03:49:27,100 --> 03:49:29,800
watches that same night. 
The suspect shifts 

4102
03:49:29,800 --> 03:49:33,000
uncomfortably, the detective 
points out the crack in the boot

4103
03:49:33,000 --> 03:49:34,700
Soul. 
He shows his drawing of the boot

4104
03:49:34,700 --> 03:49:37,000
print from the crime scene. 
They match exactly. 

4105
03:49:38,600 --> 03:49:41,600
The suspect begins to sweat 
despite the cool temperature in 

4106
03:49:41,600 --> 03:49:43,700
the room. 
This technique relies on 

4107
03:49:43,700 --> 03:49:46,400
accumulating evidence and 
presenting it piece by piece. 

4108
03:49:46,400 --> 03:49:49,800
Each fact chips away at the 
story of the suspect wants to 

4109
03:49:49,800 --> 03:49:54,100
tell each contradiction makes 
denial harder to maintain the 

4110
03:49:54,100 --> 03:49:56,600
detective remains patient. 
He has all night. 

4111
03:49:56,600 --> 03:50:00,000
He can wait. 
Eventually after hours of 

4112
03:50:00,000 --> 03:50:03,700
careful questioning the 
suspected to the break-ins, he 

4113
03:50:03,700 --> 03:50:07,300
reveals where he hid the stolen 
watches, he explains that he 

4114
03:50:07,300 --> 03:50:09,000
needed money to pay gambling 
debts. 

4115
03:50:09,000 --> 03:50:12,900
The limp came from an old injury
that never healed properly, he 

4116
03:50:12,900 --> 03:50:15,600
thought it would not matter. 
He did not realize how 

4117
03:50:15,600 --> 03:50:17,900
distinctive his walker appeared 
while how easily. 

4118
03:50:17,900 --> 03:50:20,700
Someone could identify his boot 
prints, the watches get 

4119
03:50:20,700 --> 03:50:24,400
recovered, the suspect faces, 
charges the case closes. 

4120
03:50:24,400 --> 03:50:28,700
All without a single fingerprint
analysis or DNA test, just 

4121
03:50:28,700 --> 03:50:32,100
observation documentation 
interviews and persistent 

4122
03:50:32,100 --> 03:50:35,100
detective work. 
But this represents only one 

4123
03:50:35,100 --> 03:50:39,000
type of crime in one city at one
moment in history. 

4124
03:50:40,000 --> 03:50:43,100
Early, detective work took many 
different forms depending on the

4125
03:50:43,100 --> 03:50:46,500
location and the era. 
You need to understand how these

4126
03:50:46,500 --> 03:50:49,900
techniques developed over time 
travel backwards, several 

4127
03:50:49,900 --> 03:50:53,500
centuries to Renaissance Italy. 
You walk through Florence in the

4128
03:50:53,500 --> 03:50:56,900
year 1520. 
City buzzes with art and 

4129
03:50:56,900 --> 03:51:00,300
commerce markets, fill the 
piazzas with merchants selling 

4130
03:51:00,300 --> 03:51:04,600
everything from silk to spices. 
Crime thrives here, too. 

4131
03:51:05,300 --> 03:51:07,400
The thieves pick pockets and 
crowded spaces. 

4132
03:51:07,400 --> 03:51:09,700
Counterfeiters produce fake 
coins. 

4133
03:51:09,700 --> 03:51:13,600
Merchants cheek customers with 
false weights and measures the 

4134
03:51:13,600 --> 03:51:15,700
authorities rely on informants 
to catch criminals. 

4135
03:51:15,700 --> 03:51:18,600
They recruit people from the 
criminal underworld itself. 

4136
03:51:18,600 --> 03:51:21,400
Former thieves know how thieves 
think and operate. 

4137
03:51:21,400 --> 03:51:24,100
They know the hiding spots in 
the secret signals. 

4138
03:51:24,100 --> 03:51:27,300
They know who sells stolen goods
and who can be bribed for 

4139
03:51:27,300 --> 03:51:29,600
information. 
These informants work for 

4140
03:51:29,600 --> 03:51:32,400
reduced sentences or for 
payment, they move through the 

4141
03:51:32,400 --> 03:51:35,300
criminal World Gathering 
intelligence, then they report 

4142
03:51:35,300 --> 03:51:38,500
back to the authorities. 
This system has obvious flaws, 

4143
03:51:38,500 --> 03:51:42,200
informants, sometimes lie to 
settle personal scores, they 

4144
03:51:42,200 --> 03:51:44,200
might fabricate information to 
earn their fee. 

4145
03:51:45,300 --> 03:51:48,600
But without modern investigative
tools authorities depend on 

4146
03:51:48,600 --> 03:51:50,400
human sources for most of their 
information. 

4147
03:51:51,300 --> 03:51:54,000
You observe a magistrate, 
questioning, a merchant accused 

4148
03:51:54,000 --> 03:51:57,600
of selling underweight bread. 
The magistrate has no scientific

4149
03:51:57,600 --> 03:52:01,500
instruments to test the claim 
instead, he calls Witnesses, 

4150
03:52:01,500 --> 03:52:05,800
other Merchants testify about 
the accused reputation customers

4151
03:52:05,800 --> 03:52:08,800
describe being cheated, the 
baker's own Apprentice. 

4152
03:52:08,800 --> 03:52:11,900
Promised immunity reveals how 
his master hollowed out the 

4153
03:52:11,908 --> 03:52:15,100
loaves to use less flour. 
The magistrate weighs all these 

4154
03:52:15,108 --> 03:52:18,300
testimonies against each other, 
Considers the character of each 

4155
03:52:18,300 --> 03:52:20,400
witness. 
Are they known to be honest? 

4156
03:52:20,400 --> 03:52:23,700
Do they have reasons to lie to 
their stories? 

4157
03:52:23,700 --> 03:52:27,200
Align with each other? 
This process of evaluating human

4158
03:52:27,200 --> 03:52:31,600
testimony forms a crucial skill 
for early investigators, written

4159
03:52:31,600 --> 03:52:34,800
records or play an increasingly 
important role as societies 

4160
03:52:34,800 --> 03:52:38,400
become more literate. 
Merchants keep ledgers ships, 

4161
03:52:38,400 --> 03:52:41,800
maintain logs, governments 
record, births deaths, 

4162
03:52:41,800 --> 03:52:44,400
marriages, and Property 
Transfers. 

4163
03:52:44,400 --> 03:52:48,100
All these documents can provide 
evidence in criminal cases. 

4164
03:52:48,100 --> 03:52:51,300
You watch a merchant try to 
prove, he was in Venice when a 

4165
03:52:51,308 --> 03:52:54,900
crime occurred in Florence, he 
produces receipts from Venetian 

4166
03:52:54,900 --> 03:52:58,500
Merchants, he shows the log from
the ship that carried him the 

4167
03:52:58,500 --> 03:53:00,900
dates and signatures all confirm
his alibi. 

4168
03:53:01,600 --> 03:53:04,400
Without these written proofs, he
would have only his word against

4169
03:53:04,400 --> 03:53:07,300
his accusers. 
The concept of using documents 

4170
03:53:07,300 --> 03:53:09,100
as evidence might seem obvious 
now. 

4171
03:53:10,000 --> 03:53:12,700
But it represents a significant 
development in detective work, 

4172
03:53:12,700 --> 03:53:16,100
it means investigators can check
stories against objective 

4173
03:53:16,100 --> 03:53:18,200
records. 
They can verify claims 

4174
03:53:18,200 --> 03:53:20,900
independently. 
They can catch people in Lies 

4175
03:53:20,900 --> 03:53:23,100
when the written evidence. 
Contradicts their statements 

4176
03:53:23,100 --> 03:53:25,900
move forward in time to 17th 
century. 

4177
03:53:25,900 --> 03:53:29,200
England, you stand in a 
courtroom watching a handwriting

4178
03:53:29,200 --> 03:53:32,400
expert testify. 
He holds two documents side by 

4179
03:53:32,400 --> 03:53:34,800
side. 
One is a will leaving a larger 

4180
03:53:34,800 --> 03:53:37,900
state to a distant cousin. 
The other is a known sample of 

4181
03:53:37,900 --> 03:53:41,300
the deceased person's writing. 
The expert points out different 

4182
03:53:41,300 --> 03:53:44,700
in letter formation pain, 
pressure and spacing this 

4183
03:53:44,700 --> 03:53:47,500
represents an early form of 
forensic document analysis 

4184
03:53:47,500 --> 03:53:51,200
experts learn to recognize 
individual characteristics in 

4185
03:53:51,200 --> 03:53:54,300
handwriting, they study, how 
people form their letters. 

4186
03:53:54,300 --> 03:53:58,600
They notice Habits Like Crossing
T's high or low, dotting eyes to

4187
03:53:58,600 --> 03:54:01,700
the left, or right, connecting 
letters in distinctive ways. 

4188
03:54:02,700 --> 03:54:05,400
The expert testifies that the 
will appears to be a forgery. 

4189
03:54:06,100 --> 03:54:09,200
The handwriting shows attempts 
to mimic the deceased style, but

4190
03:54:09,200 --> 03:54:12,300
fails in subtle ways, the forge 
is differently. 

4191
03:54:12,300 --> 03:54:15,600
The base line, slant does not 
match several letter 

4192
03:54:15,600 --> 03:54:17,900
combinations. 
Reveal hesitation marks where 

4193
03:54:17,900 --> 03:54:20,000
the forger pause to think about 
how to form them. 

4194
03:54:20,700 --> 03:54:23,400
The jury finds, the will 
fraudulent based largely on this

4195
03:54:23,400 --> 03:54:27,400
handwriting analysis, the 
distant cousin faces charges of 

4196
03:54:27,400 --> 03:54:30,600
forgery and attempted fraud. 
All because someone developed 

4197
03:54:30,600 --> 03:54:33,900
the skill to examine handwriting
as evidence, you begin to see 

4198
03:54:33,900 --> 03:54:36,800
how detective work gradually 
incorporates more specialized 

4199
03:54:36,800 --> 03:54:40,100
knowledge, it is no longer just 
about asking questions and 

4200
03:54:40,100 --> 03:54:43,000
following suspects. 
It starts to involve expertise 

4201
03:54:43,000 --> 03:54:47,100
in specific areas, handwriting 
analysis document examination, 

4202
03:54:47,100 --> 03:54:51,200
even early chemistry for 
detecting poisons travel to 

4203
03:54:51,200 --> 03:54:54,900
Paris in the early 19th century.
You enter the office of ujjain 

4204
03:54:54,900 --> 03:54:57,300
Francois vidocq. 
The first director of the French

4205
03:54:57,300 --> 03:55:00,700
criminal investigation 
department, The doc himself was 

4206
03:55:00,700 --> 03:55:04,800
once a criminal, he escaped from
prison multiple times, he lived 

4207
03:55:04,800 --> 03:55:07,700
among the thieves and their 
methods intimately, then he 

4208
03:55:07,708 --> 03:55:10,100
switched sides and brought that 
knowledge to police work. 

4209
03:55:11,100 --> 03:55:14,000
His office contains filing 
cabinets, filled with details, 

4210
03:55:14,000 --> 03:55:17,200
records on known criminals, each
filing includes physical, 

4211
03:55:17,200 --> 03:55:21,200
descriptions known as Associates
typical methods, and pass 

4212
03:55:21,200 --> 03:55:23,800
crimes. 
Vidoc, recognizes that 

4213
03:55:23,800 --> 03:55:26,700
information is power. 
The more details, you collect 

4214
03:55:26,700 --> 03:55:28,600
about criminals the easier, they
become to catch. 

4215
03:55:28,600 --> 03:55:32,800
He introduces the concept of 
undercover work, his agents 

4216
03:55:32,800 --> 03:55:34,900
dress as criminals and 
infiltrate gangs. 

4217
03:55:34,900 --> 03:55:37,000
They gather evidence from the 
inside. 

4218
03:55:37,000 --> 03:55:39,400
They learn about planned crimes 
before they happen. 

4219
03:55:39,400 --> 03:55:42,700
They identify criminal networks 
that previously operated in the 

4220
03:55:42,708 --> 03:55:45,300
shadows. 
Your company, one of his agents 

4221
03:55:45,300 --> 03:55:48,700
into a Tavern frequented by 
thieves the agent drinks and 

4222
03:55:48,708 --> 03:55:51,900
jokes with the regulars. 
He never asks direct questions. 

4223
03:55:51,900 --> 03:55:55,800
He just listens criminals talk, 
they brag they share 

4224
03:55:55,800 --> 03:55:59,100
information, the skilled agent 
absorbs it all while maintaining

4225
03:55:59,100 --> 03:56:02,900
his cover Later back at 
headquarters, the agent right? 

4226
03:56:02,900 --> 03:56:06,200
To detail report. 
He names the people he met he 

4227
03:56:06,200 --> 03:56:07,900
describes the crimes they 
discussed. 

4228
03:56:07,900 --> 03:56:10,900
He Maps out relationships within
the criminal Network. 

4229
03:56:12,000 --> 03:56:14,700
This intelligence allows Vedo to
plan raids and arrests, 

4230
03:56:14,700 --> 03:56:18,700
strategically vidok also 
Pioneers the use of plaster cast

4231
03:56:18,700 --> 03:56:22,100
for preserving evidence. 
When investigators find a boot 

4232
03:56:22,100 --> 03:56:25,200
print at a crime scene, they 
pour plaster in to it once the 

4233
03:56:25,200 --> 03:56:27,700
plaster, hardened, they have a 
permanent copy of the print. 

4234
03:56:27,700 --> 03:56:30,200
They can compare it to suspects 
boots. 

4235
03:56:30,200 --> 03:56:32,100
They can store it for future 
reference. 

4236
03:56:33,000 --> 03:56:36,200
He watched technicians carefully
pour plaster into a print left 

4237
03:56:36,200 --> 03:56:38,000
in soft Earth near a murder 
scene. 

4238
03:56:38,000 --> 03:56:42,000
They work slowly to avoid 
creating air bubbles, once set, 

4239
03:56:42,000 --> 03:56:45,100
they lift the cast, gently it 
captures every detail of the 

4240
03:56:45,100 --> 03:56:47,900
boot Soul, including a 
distinctive nail pattern and a 

4241
03:56:47,900 --> 03:56:50,700
worn heel. 
Later when police arrest a 

4242
03:56:50,700 --> 03:56:54,000
suspect, they compared his boots
to the cast, the match is exact 

4243
03:56:54,000 --> 03:56:57,500
this physical evidence proves. 
The suspect was at the crime 

4244
03:56:57,500 --> 03:57:00,800
scene with other evidence. 
It helps secure a conviction. 

4245
03:57:00,800 --> 03:57:04,300
These advances might seem simple
compared to Modern forensics, 

4246
03:57:04,300 --> 03:57:06,900
but they represent important 
steps forward. 

4247
03:57:06,900 --> 03:57:10,400
Investigators learned to 
preserve evidence, they learned 

4248
03:57:10,400 --> 03:57:13,700
to document, its systematically,
they learned to presented in 

4249
03:57:13,700 --> 03:57:15,600
court in ways that juries can 
understand. 

4250
03:57:15,600 --> 03:57:18,500
You move forward to the middle 
of the 19th century. 

4251
03:57:18,500 --> 03:57:21,800
The industrial revolution has 
transformed cities. 

4252
03:57:21,800 --> 03:57:26,700
Population's explode, crime, 
increases police forces. 

4253
03:57:26,700 --> 03:57:29,700
Struggled to keep up, detectives
need better methods. 

4254
03:57:29,700 --> 03:57:32,800
In London, the Metropolitan 
Police established. 

4255
03:57:32,800 --> 03:57:36,200
A detective, Branch these plain 
clothes officers focus on 

4256
03:57:36,200 --> 03:57:38,800
investigating crimes rather than
just patrolling streets. 

4257
03:57:39,700 --> 03:57:42,900
They developed techniques for 
shadowing, suspects conducting 

4258
03:57:42,900 --> 03:57:45,000
surveillance and Gathering 
intelligence. 

4259
03:57:45,000 --> 03:57:48,800
You follow a detective as he 
tracks a suspected murderer 

4260
03:57:48,800 --> 03:57:51,800
through London streets. 
The detective stays far enough 

4261
03:57:51,800 --> 03:57:54,900
behind to avoid detection, but 
close enough to see where the 

4262
03:57:54,908 --> 03:57:57,900
suspect goes. 
He notes every stop every 

4263
03:57:57,900 --> 03:58:00,800
person, the suspect talks to 
every building, the suspect 

4264
03:58:00,800 --> 03:58:04,400
enters, this kind of patient, 
surveillance requires enormous 

4265
03:58:04,400 --> 03:58:06,800
skill. 
The detective must blend into 

4266
03:58:06,800 --> 03:58:09,600
crowds, he must change his 
appearance when necessary. 

4267
03:58:09,600 --> 03:58:12,200
He must anticipate where the 
suspect might go. 

4268
03:58:12,200 --> 03:58:18,000
If the suspect spots him the 
entire operation fails, The 

4269
03:58:18,000 --> 03:58:19,800
detective follows his Target for
three days. 

4270
03:58:19,800 --> 03:58:23,600
He learns the suspects routine 
morning coffee at a specific 

4271
03:58:23,600 --> 03:58:27,600
Cafe visits to a boarding house 
in the afternoon evening drinks 

4272
03:58:27,600 --> 03:58:29,100
at a public house near the 
docks. 

4273
03:58:30,300 --> 03:58:32,400
The detective writes all of this
down in his notebook. 

4274
03:58:33,400 --> 03:58:36,400
On the fourth day, the suspect 
meets a woman at The Boarding 

4275
03:58:36,400 --> 03:58:38,700
House. 
The detective cannot hear their 

4276
03:58:38,700 --> 03:58:41,400
conversation, but he sees money 
change hands. 

4277
03:58:41,400 --> 03:58:45,200
The woman leaves looking 
frightened, the detective 

4278
03:58:45,200 --> 03:58:48,500
follows her in Stead She leads 
him to a small shop where she 

4279
03:58:48,500 --> 03:58:51,300
works the detective approaches 
her carefully. 

4280
03:58:51,300 --> 03:58:55,600
He identifies himself and asks 
about the meeting at first, she 

4281
03:58:55,600 --> 03:58:58,900
refuses to talk. 
Then when he assures her of 

4282
03:58:58,900 --> 03:59:02,100
protection, she reveals that the
suspect has been blackmailing 

4283
03:59:02,100 --> 03:59:04,400
her. 
She witnessed him near the scene

4284
03:59:04,400 --> 03:59:06,800
of a Murder. 
He threatened to harm her 

4285
03:59:06,800 --> 03:59:08,700
family. 
If she told anyone this 

4286
03:59:08,700 --> 03:59:12,200
testimony provides the link 
investigators needed the woman's

4287
03:59:12,200 --> 03:59:14,900
presence near the crime scene 
places the suspect there too. 

4288
03:59:15,500 --> 03:59:18,200
Combined with other evidence, it
builds a case strong enough to 

4289
03:59:18,200 --> 03:59:21,500
arrest him this illustrates. 
Another key aspect of early 

4290
03:59:21,500 --> 03:59:24,700
detective work, Building 
relationships with Witnesses 

4291
03:59:24,700 --> 03:59:28,000
earning trust protecting those 
who come forward with 

4292
03:59:28,000 --> 03:59:31,700
information without the 
detective's patient approach the

4293
03:59:31,700 --> 03:59:33,800
woman might never have spoken 
You. 

4294
03:59:33,800 --> 03:59:37,100
Observe how detectives in this 
era, develop informal networks 

4295
03:59:37,100 --> 03:59:39,800
of contacts. 
Street vendors who notice 

4296
03:59:39,800 --> 03:59:44,000
unusual activity, landlords who 
know their tenants habits cab 

4297
03:59:44,000 --> 03:59:47,400
drivers, who remember where they
took passengers All these people

4298
03:59:47,400 --> 03:59:49,900
potentially, hold pieces of 
information that might solve 

4299
03:59:49,900 --> 03:59:52,400
crime. 
Smart detectives cultivate these

4300
03:59:52,400 --> 03:59:54,700
contacts over years. 
They help people. 

4301
03:59:54,700 --> 03:59:56,600
When they can, they show 
respect? 

4302
03:59:56,600 --> 03:59:59,700
They keep confidence. 
Is then when they need 

4303
03:59:59,700 --> 04:00:03,300
information people willingly, 
provide it consider the case of 

4304
04:00:03,300 --> 04:00:04,900
a missing child in Victorian 
London. 

4305
04:00:05,800 --> 04:00:08,500
A detective Begins by talking to
everyone in the neighborhood. 

4306
04:00:08,500 --> 04:00:12,200
He asked, gentle questions. 
Did you see the child yesterday?

4307
04:00:12,200 --> 04:00:16,000
Did you notice any strangers? 
Did you hear anything on usual? 

4308
04:00:16,900 --> 04:00:20,200
Most people have nothing useful 
to report but one old man 

4309
04:00:20,200 --> 04:00:22,600
mentioned seeing a carriage 
stopped on the corner around the

4310
04:00:22,600 --> 04:00:24,600
time. 
The child disappeared, he didn't

4311
04:00:24,600 --> 04:00:26,800
think much of it at the time 
carriages. 

4312
04:00:26,800 --> 04:00:29,900
Stop on Corners regularly. 
But something about this one 

4313
04:00:29,900 --> 04:00:32,600
seemed odd. 
The driver looked nervous. 

4314
04:00:32,600 --> 04:00:36,300
He kept glancing around. the 
detective asks, for a 

4315
04:00:36,300 --> 04:00:38,900
description, The old man 
remembers, the carriage was 

4316
04:00:38,900 --> 04:00:42,200
black with a distinctive brass 
lamp, the horse had White 

4317
04:00:42,200 --> 04:00:45,300
markings on its face. 
The driver wore, a brown coat 

4318
04:00:45,300 --> 04:00:48,100
and a wide brimmed hat. 
The detective takes this 

4319
04:00:48,100 --> 04:00:50,500
information to the cab companies
and Livery Stables. 

4320
04:00:50,500 --> 04:00:53,000
He asked about carriages 
matching that description. 

4321
04:00:53,000 --> 04:00:56,100
Most companies, keep records of 
which drivers took which 

4322
04:00:56,100 --> 04:00:59,500
vehicles on which days after 
checking several businesses, he 

4323
04:00:59,500 --> 04:01:02,800
finds a match, the company, 
produces the driver, the 

4324
04:01:02,800 --> 04:01:05,800
detective questions in 
carefully, where did he go that 

4325
04:01:05,800 --> 04:01:08,600
afternoon the driver claims to 
remember nothing unusual. 

4326
04:01:08,600 --> 04:01:13,300
Just regular Fairs around the 
city But the detective persists,

4327
04:01:13,300 --> 04:01:17,100
he describes the corner, he 
mentions The Old Man Who Saw The

4328
04:01:17,100 --> 04:01:19,600
Carriage stop there. 
The driver's Story begins to 

4329
04:01:19,600 --> 04:01:22,000
shift, maybe he did, stop their 
briefly. 

4330
04:01:22,000 --> 04:01:25,200
Maybe someone asked him for 
directions, he cannot quite 

4331
04:01:25,200 --> 04:01:29,500
recall the detective notes, 
these inconsistencies and 

4332
04:01:29,500 --> 04:01:32,200
innocent person usually 
remembered clearly or admits, 

4333
04:01:32,200 --> 04:01:34,600
they do not remember. 
Changing stories. 

4334
04:01:34,600 --> 04:01:36,900
Suggest something hidden, the 
detective. 

4335
04:01:36,900 --> 04:01:40,900
Obtains permission to search the
driver's lodgings there hidden 

4336
04:01:40,900 --> 04:01:43,700
under the floorboards. 
He finds the child's torn dress.

4337
04:01:44,300 --> 04:01:47,700
Confronted with this evidence, 
the driver confesses he took the

4338
04:01:47,700 --> 04:01:51,500
child intending to demand Ransom
but the child became ill and 

4339
04:01:51,500 --> 04:01:54,400
died, panicking. 
He disposed of the body in the 

4340
04:01:54,400 --> 04:01:56,600
river and kept the dress meaning
to burn it later. 

4341
04:01:56,600 --> 04:02:00,400
This tragic case demonstrates, 
how detectives combine multiple 

4342
04:02:00,400 --> 04:02:04,300
techniques Careful, questioning 
of witnesses, following up on 

4343
04:02:04,300 --> 04:02:06,800
small details. 
Checking written records. 

4344
04:02:06,800 --> 04:02:10,000
Patient, interrogation. 
Physical searches. 

4345
04:02:10,000 --> 04:02:13,600
Each step Builds on the previous
one until the truth emerges. 

4346
04:02:14,600 --> 04:02:17,300
You witness how detectives. 
Also learn to read people. 

4347
04:02:17,300 --> 04:02:21,200
They study facial expressions. 
They notice nervous gestures. 

4348
04:02:21,200 --> 04:02:23,300
They hear the Tremor in 
someone's voice. 

4349
04:02:23,300 --> 04:02:26,300
When they lie, these skills, 
develop over years of 

4350
04:02:26,300 --> 04:02:28,600
experience, interviewing 
countless Witnesses and 

4351
04:02:28,600 --> 04:02:31,600
Suspects. 
Some detectives become legendary

4352
04:02:31,600 --> 04:02:33,300
for their ability to spot 
deception. 

4353
04:02:33,300 --> 04:02:36,200
They claimed to see Guilt 
written on a person's face. 

4354
04:02:37,000 --> 04:02:40,700
Of course this is not magic. 
It comes from observing tiny 

4355
04:02:40,700 --> 04:02:44,500
behavioral cues most people miss
A person who lies might touch 

4356
04:02:44,500 --> 04:02:47,100
their face more often. 
Their eye contact figure might 

4357
04:02:47,100 --> 04:02:50,100
change, they might speak more 
quickly or more slowly than 

4358
04:02:50,100 --> 04:02:52,300
usual. 
These observations are not 

4359
04:02:52,300 --> 04:02:55,600
scientific. 
They can be mistaken, an 

4360
04:02:55,600 --> 04:02:57,800
innocent person, might act 
nervous for many reasons. 

4361
04:02:58,900 --> 04:03:02,500
Combined, with other evidence. 
Behavioral cues, sometimes Point

4362
04:03:02,500 --> 04:03:04,100
investigators in the right 
direction. 

4363
04:03:05,200 --> 04:03:09,100
Travel to America in the 
mid-1800s, You observe the 

4364
04:03:09,100 --> 04:03:11,500
Pinkerton National detective 
agency at work. 

4365
04:03:11,500 --> 04:03:15,100
Alan Pinkerton builds the first 
private detective agency in the 

4366
04:03:15,108 --> 04:03:18,400
United States. 
His agency takes on cases, that 

4367
04:03:18,400 --> 04:03:20,400
local police cannot or will not 
handle. 

4368
04:03:21,100 --> 04:03:23,600
The pinkerton's develop 
extensive files on criminals. 

4369
04:03:24,300 --> 04:03:26,800
They collect photographs when 
possible they record. 

4370
04:03:26,800 --> 04:03:31,100
Physical descriptions in minute 
detail height weight hair color 

4371
04:03:31,100 --> 04:03:34,100
eye color distinguishing marks 
scars. 

4372
04:03:34,100 --> 04:03:38,900
Tattoos, every detail gets 
documented and filed when a new 

4373
04:03:38,900 --> 04:03:41,900
crime occurs investigators 
consult, these files does the 

4374
04:03:41,900 --> 04:03:44,600
method match anyone's known 
routine, does the physical 

4375
04:03:44,600 --> 04:03:46,900
description fit? 
Any known criminals in the area?

4376
04:03:48,100 --> 04:03:50,700
Systematic approach to criminal 
records, improves detective, 

4377
04:03:50,700 --> 04:03:54,000
efficiency enormously you watch 
pink at an agents and 

4378
04:03:54,000 --> 04:03:57,000
investigator, Train Robbery the 
interview, everyone who was on 

4379
04:03:57,000 --> 04:03:59,700
the train, they examined the 
scene, where the robbery 

4380
04:03:59,700 --> 04:04:02,200
occurred, they follow the 
tracks, the robbers, left 

4381
04:04:02,200 --> 04:04:05,800
heading into the wilderness. 
The agents are skilled trackers.

4382
04:04:05,800 --> 04:04:08,300
They can read signs in the 
landscape. 

4383
04:04:08,300 --> 04:04:11,300
Broken branches show where 
someone pushed through brush. 

4384
04:04:12,300 --> 04:04:14,700
Disturbed soil reveals where 
someone knelt? 

4385
04:04:15,400 --> 04:04:17,800
Scattered ashes. 
Mark, where someone made camp? 

4386
04:04:18,700 --> 04:04:21,500
Following these traces, the 
agents track, the robbers to a 

4387
04:04:21,500 --> 04:04:23,900
remote cabin. 
They do not rush in immediately 

4388
04:04:23,900 --> 04:04:28,800
instead they watch and wait. 
They want to identify everyone 

4389
04:04:28,800 --> 04:04:31,000
involved. 
They want to catch the whole 

4390
04:04:31,000 --> 04:04:33,800
gang, not just one or two 
members who might be at the 

4391
04:04:33,800 --> 04:04:37,900
cabin, While others remain free.
After two days of surveillance, 

4392
04:04:37,900 --> 04:04:41,100
they see all the suspects 
together, then they move in 

4393
04:04:41,100 --> 04:04:44,200
quickly, they move in the 
element of surprise prevents 

4394
04:04:44,200 --> 04:04:46,800
resistance. 
The agents recover, the stolen 

4395
04:04:46,800 --> 04:04:50,800
money, the entire gang faces 
arrest, and prosecution this 

4396
04:04:50,800 --> 04:04:52,900
case shows the value of patience
and planning. 

4397
04:04:53,900 --> 04:04:57,000
Less experienced investigators 
might have rushed in and caught 

4398
04:04:57,000 --> 04:05:00,600
only, some of the criminals, the
pinkertons waited until they 

4399
04:05:00,600 --> 04:05:03,300
could capture everyone and 
recover the evidence, You 

4400
04:05:03,300 --> 04:05:05,700
observe, how detective work 
varies depending on the type of 

4401
04:05:05,708 --> 04:05:10,100
crime, a murder investigation, 
differs from a robbery case, a 

4402
04:05:10,100 --> 04:05:12,600
fraud scheme requires different 
techniques than a kidnapping. 

4403
04:05:12,600 --> 04:05:15,800
Good detectives learn to adapt 
their methods to the specific 

4404
04:05:15,800 --> 04:05:19,800
circumstances for financial 
crimes detectives must 

4405
04:05:19,800 --> 04:05:23,000
understand business records. 
They need to trace money, moving

4406
04:05:23,000 --> 04:05:25,400
between accounts. 
They need to spot a regularity 

4407
04:05:25,400 --> 04:05:27,600
in Legends. 
They need to recognize when 

4408
04:05:27,600 --> 04:05:29,300
numbers have been altered or 
fabricated. 

4409
04:05:30,100 --> 04:05:32,600
You watch an investigator, 
examine a merchant account 

4410
04:05:32,600 --> 04:05:34,900
books. 
The numbers look correct at 

4411
04:05:34,900 --> 04:05:37,100
first glance. 
But the investigator notices 

4412
04:05:37,100 --> 04:05:40,700
something odd, several entries 
use slightly different ink, the 

4413
04:05:40,700 --> 04:05:42,900
handwriting looks similar but 
not quite identical. 

4414
04:05:43,800 --> 04:05:47,200
Closer examination reveals 
erasures under some numbers, the

4415
04:05:47,200 --> 04:05:49,500
investigator compares, the 
suspicious entries to 

4416
04:05:49,500 --> 04:05:51,200
corresponding receipts and 
invoices. 

4417
04:05:51,200 --> 04:05:54,300
The numbers do not match, 
someone altered the books. 

4418
04:05:54,300 --> 04:05:57,800
After the fact, the investigator
traces the pattern it shows 

4419
04:05:57,800 --> 04:06:01,300
money being siphoned off 
gradually over months, Merchants

4420
04:06:01,300 --> 04:06:03,100
bookkeeper, stands accused of 
embezzlement. 

4421
04:06:03,100 --> 04:06:07,400
This case required, no dramatic 
chases or confrontations, just 

4422
04:06:07,400 --> 04:06:10,300
careful examination of 
documents, just attention to 

4423
04:06:10,300 --> 04:06:12,800
detail. 
Just the patients to compare 100

4424
04:06:12,800 --> 04:06:15,100
of entries. 
Looking for discrepancies for 

4425
04:06:15,100 --> 04:06:17,500
murder cases, detectives must 
reconstruct. 

4426
04:06:17,500 --> 04:06:21,700
What happened in the body, they 
study the crime scene, they 

4427
04:06:21,700 --> 04:06:25,100
established timelines, their 
identify who had means motive 

4428
04:06:25,100 --> 04:06:27,500
and opportunity. 
You accompany a detective 

4429
04:06:27,500 --> 04:06:30,800
examining, a murder scene in a 
wealthy home, The victim was 

4430
04:06:30,800 --> 04:06:33,000
found in his study with a fatal 
Blow To The Head. 

4431
04:06:33,000 --> 04:06:37,700
The room appears ran sacked. 
Draws hang open paper scatter 

4432
04:06:37,700 --> 04:06:39,900
across the floor. 
It looks like a robbery gone 

4433
04:06:39,900 --> 04:06:44,600
wrong. but the detective notices
details that seem wrong, the 

4434
04:06:44,600 --> 04:06:48,500
ransacking appears theatrical 
valuable items, sit in 

4435
04:06:48,500 --> 04:06:52,000
Plainview, but were not taken 
The papers on the floor arranged

4436
04:06:52,000 --> 04:06:55,400
too neatly for genuine chaos. 
Someone staged this scene to 

4437
04:06:55,400 --> 04:06:58,100
look like a robbery. 
The detective examines the 

4438
04:06:58,100 --> 04:07:01,400
wound, more carefully, the angle
suggests someone of similar, 

4439
04:07:01,400 --> 04:07:04,200
height struck the blow, the 
victim was tall. 

4440
04:07:04,200 --> 04:07:07,000
Most household staff were 
considerably shorter. 

4441
04:07:07,000 --> 04:07:10,900
This Narrows the suspects, the 
detective interviews, the 

4442
04:07:10,900 --> 04:07:13,700
household everyone claims to 
have been elsewhere when the 

4443
04:07:13,700 --> 04:07:17,000
murder occurred. 
But the detective asks about the

4444
04:07:17,000 --> 04:07:20,900
victims shared jewelry would be 
in his study at that time who 

4445
04:07:20,900 --> 04:07:24,000
had access to that part of the 
house who stood to gain from his

4446
04:07:24,000 --> 04:07:26,700
death. 
One name keeps appearing in the 

4447
04:07:26,700 --> 04:07:28,500
answers. 
The victims nephew. 

4448
04:07:28,500 --> 04:07:30,600
He was supposed to inherit a 
large sum. 

4449
04:07:30,600 --> 04:07:34,200
He had argued with his uncle 
recently about money, he was in 

4450
04:07:34,200 --> 04:07:36,800
the house that evening despite 
claiming to have left earlier. 

4451
04:07:37,500 --> 04:07:41,500
Confronted with these facts, the
nephew's Alibi falls apart, he 

4452
04:07:41,500 --> 04:07:44,500
admits to the argument but 
denies the murder, the detective

4453
04:07:44,500 --> 04:07:48,400
presses harder, he describes the
stage robbery, he explained how 

4454
04:07:48,400 --> 04:07:50,700
the evidence contradicts around 
random Burgess scenario. 

4455
04:07:51,500 --> 04:07:56,000
Finally, the nephew breaks. 
He confesses the argument turned

4456
04:07:56,000 --> 04:07:58,400
violent. 
He struck his uncle in Anger, 

4457
04:07:58,400 --> 04:08:01,200
then panicking. 
He tried to make it look like a 

4458
04:08:01,200 --> 04:08:03,800
robbery. 
He never expected anyone to see 

4459
04:08:03,800 --> 04:08:06,800
through the deception. 
This case illustrates how 

4460
04:08:06,800 --> 04:08:10,400
detectives use logic and 
reasoning to see past obvious 

4461
04:08:10,400 --> 04:08:12,900
interpretations. 
They questioned appearances. 

4462
04:08:12,900 --> 04:08:16,300
They look for what does not fit,
they build their case on 

4463
04:08:16,300 --> 04:08:19,100
inconsistencies and 
impossibilities, you see? 

4464
04:08:19,100 --> 04:08:21,400
How the best detectives develop 
almost encyclopedic. 

4465
04:08:21,400 --> 04:08:24,900
Knowledge of crime patterns, 
they know how burglars typically

4466
04:08:24,900 --> 04:08:27,100
operate. 
They know how poisonous, usually

4467
04:08:27,100 --> 04:08:30,400
act, they know the habits of 
forges and fraudsters and 

4468
04:08:30,400 --> 04:08:33,200
violent criminals. 
This knowledge, lets them 

4469
04:08:33,200 --> 04:08:36,200
recognize when something does 
not match the expected pattern. 

4470
04:08:37,800 --> 04:08:40,500
By the late 1800s. 
Detective work begins to 

4471
04:08:40,500 --> 04:08:43,800
incorporate more scientific 
approaches, a French police 

4472
04:08:43,800 --> 04:08:46,900
officer named alfons Bertie or 
develops a system, he calls 

4473
04:08:46,900 --> 04:08:49,900
anthropometry. 
He proposes that if you measure 

4474
04:08:49,900 --> 04:08:52,700
enough parts of a person's body,
you can create a unique 

4475
04:08:52,700 --> 04:08:55,700
identification. 
You watch Dirty Ones assistance.

4476
04:08:55,700 --> 04:08:57,700
Measure a suspect. 
They recalled. 

4477
04:08:57,700 --> 04:08:59,400
The length of the head from 
front to back. 

4478
04:08:59,400 --> 04:09:02,900
The width of the head side to 
side the length of the left foot

4479
04:09:02,900 --> 04:09:06,500
the length of the left, forearm 
the length of fingers, the 

4480
04:09:06,500 --> 04:09:09,800
distance between outstretched 
arms, 11 measurements in total. 

4481
04:09:09,800 --> 04:09:13,500
Their argues that the odds of 
two people have exactly the same

4482
04:09:13,500 --> 04:09:18,400
measurements for all 11 dimes 
are astronomically small Each 

4483
04:09:18,400 --> 04:09:21,100
measurement gets recorded on a 
card along with a photograph and

4484
04:09:21,100 --> 04:09:23,500
physical description. 
These cards get filed 

4485
04:09:23,500 --> 04:09:25,900
systematically so investigators 
can search them. 

4486
04:09:25,900 --> 04:09:29,300
This system gains widespread 
adoption in France and then in 

4487
04:09:29,300 --> 04:09:32,800
other countries, For the first 
time, police have a supposedly 

4488
04:09:32,800 --> 04:09:35,600
scientific method for 
identifying repeater fenders. 

4489
04:09:36,300 --> 04:09:38,400
When someone gets arrested, 
their measurements can be 

4490
04:09:38,408 --> 04:09:41,900
compared to existing records, to
see if they have been arrested 

4491
04:09:41,900 --> 04:09:45,100
before under a different name. 
You observe the process of 

4492
04:09:45,100 --> 04:09:47,800
searching, the files. 
A clerk takes the new 

4493
04:09:47,800 --> 04:09:51,000
measurements, and uses them to 
narrow down the cards to check. 

4494
04:09:51,000 --> 04:09:53,900
Cards are organized by Rangers 
of measurements. 

4495
04:09:53,900 --> 04:09:57,600
If the head length is 180 
millimeters, you only check 

4496
04:09:57,600 --> 04:10:00,700
cards in that range. 
The new narrow further by head 

4497
04:10:00,700 --> 04:10:03,400
with. 
And so on the system works 

4498
04:10:03,400 --> 04:10:04,800
reasonably well, for several 
years. 

4499
04:10:04,800 --> 04:10:08,600
Police identify repeat offenders
who had been using false names. 

4500
04:10:08,600 --> 04:10:11,600
They sold cases by linking 
crimes, through suspect 

4501
04:10:11,600 --> 04:10:15,600
identification, Bertie on 
becomes famous his methods 

4502
04:10:15,600 --> 04:10:19,800
worldwide, but the system has 
significant flaws measurements 

4503
04:10:19,800 --> 04:10:21,200
depend on the skill of the 
person. 

4504
04:10:21,200 --> 04:10:24,400
Taking them smaller errors, 
accumulate people's 

4505
04:10:24,400 --> 04:10:26,400
measurements, change slightly 
over time. 

4506
04:10:26,400 --> 04:10:30,000
The cards become increasingly 
difficult to search as files 

4507
04:10:30,000 --> 04:10:31,800
grow, larger and most 
fundamentally. 

4508
04:10:31,800 --> 04:10:34,800
The system cannot handle two 
people with very similar 

4509
04:10:34,800 --> 04:10:37,500
measurements. 
Witness the critical failure 

4510
04:10:37,500 --> 04:10:40,600
that undermines Bertie on system
in 1903. 

4511
04:10:40,600 --> 04:10:43,200
A man named will West arrives at
Leavenworth. 

4512
04:10:43,200 --> 04:10:45,700
Prison in Kansas his 
measurements, get taken. 

4513
04:10:46,700 --> 04:10:49,500
The records Clarke searches, the
files and finds a card for 

4514
04:10:49,500 --> 04:10:52,600
William West, with nearly 
identical measurements and a 

4515
04:10:52,600 --> 04:10:55,500
very similar appearance. 
The two men even have the same 

4516
04:10:55,500 --> 04:10:57,600
name but they are not the same 
person. 

4517
04:10:57,600 --> 04:11:00,700
William West is already in 
prison, serving a life sentence 

4518
04:11:00,700 --> 04:11:04,900
will West as a new arrival. 
The two men are not related. 

4519
04:11:04,900 --> 04:11:08,100
They just happened to have 
remarkably similar measurements 

4520
04:11:08,100 --> 04:11:11,800
and appearances Burton system 
cannot reliably distinguish 

4521
04:11:11,800 --> 04:11:14,200
between them. 
This discovery reveals, the 

4522
04:11:14,200 --> 04:11:17,200
fundamental weakness of 
anthropometry, no matter how 

4523
04:11:17,200 --> 04:11:20,100
many measurements you take 
coincidental matches can occur. 

4524
04:11:20,100 --> 04:11:23,200
The system is not as unique as 
better young claimed. 

4525
04:11:23,200 --> 04:11:26,500
Meanwhile, another approach to 
identification has been 

4526
04:11:26,500 --> 04:11:30,900
developing quietly fingerprints.
For centuries, people noticed 

4527
04:11:30,900 --> 04:11:34,200
that the ridge on fingertips 
varied between individuals, but 

4528
04:11:34,200 --> 04:11:36,800
no one had systematically 
studied, whether these layouts 

4529
04:11:36,800 --> 04:11:39,500
were truly unique or whether 
they could be used for 

4530
04:11:39,500 --> 04:11:42,800
identification, You observe 
early fingerprint research and 

4531
04:11:42,800 --> 04:11:45,800
British in India. 
A colonial administrator named 

4532
04:11:45,800 --> 04:11:48,800
William Herschel uses 
fingerprints on contracts to 

4533
04:11:48,800 --> 04:11:51,900
prevent fraud. 
He notices that fingerprints do 

4534
04:11:51,908 --> 04:11:54,700
not change over time. 
The same person always has the 

4535
04:11:54,700 --> 04:11:58,000
same Ridge layout. 
In Argentina, a police official 

4536
04:11:58,000 --> 04:12:01,200
named Juan fusetti develops, a 
classification system for 

4537
04:12:01,200 --> 04:12:03,900
fingerprints. 
He identifies basic pattern 

4538
04:12:03,900 --> 04:12:07,200
types and creates a method for 
filing and searching fingerprint

4539
04:12:07,200 --> 04:12:10,900
records in 1892. 
A bloody fingerprint left at a 

4540
04:12:10,900 --> 04:12:13,000
murder scene provides the 
evidence to convict the killer. 

4541
04:12:13,000 --> 04:12:16,100
This represents one of the first
times fingerprint evidence 

4542
04:12:16,100 --> 04:12:18,000
successfully, solves a major 
crime. 

4543
04:12:18,700 --> 04:12:22,300
Back in Britain, Francis Galton 
publishes detailed studies of 

4544
04:12:22,300 --> 04:12:24,700
fingerprints. 
He calculates the mathematical 

4545
04:12:24,700 --> 04:12:27,200
probability of two people having
identical fingerprints. 

4546
04:12:27,200 --> 04:12:31,000
The number is so large, it 
essentially proves fingerprints 

4547
04:12:31,000 --> 04:12:34,800
are unique He develops methods 
for comparing prints and 

4548
04:12:34,800 --> 04:12:38,000
identifying matching points. 
You watch as these different 

4549
04:12:38,000 --> 04:12:42,100
threads come together. 
By the early 1900s police 

4550
04:12:42,100 --> 04:12:44,300
forces, begin adopting 
fingerprint systems. 

4551
04:12:44,300 --> 04:12:47,500
The technology is simple. 
You press someone's finger onto 

4552
04:12:47,500 --> 04:12:50,900
an ink pad, and then, on to 
paper, The resulting print shows

4553
04:12:50,900 --> 04:12:53,900
all the ridge details. 
These prints can be filed and 

4554
04:12:53,900 --> 04:12:56,600
searched. 
Scotland Yard establishes a 

4555
04:12:56,608 --> 04:13:00,000
fingerprint Bureau detectives 
learned to dust crime scenes for

4556
04:13:00,000 --> 04:13:02,600
latent prints. 
They use fine powder that 

4557
04:13:02,600 --> 04:13:05,600
adheres to the oils and sweat. 
Left by fingers, touching 

4558
04:13:05,600 --> 04:13:09,600
surfaces brushes, reveal the 
same layout photography, 

4559
04:13:09,600 --> 04:13:11,800
preserves them. 
You observe detectives 

4560
04:13:11,800 --> 04:13:15,200
processing a burglary scene. 
They dust the window sill where 

4561
04:13:15,200 --> 04:13:18,400
the burglar entered several 
clear prints appear, they 

4562
04:13:18,400 --> 04:13:20,000
photograph these prints 
carefully. 

4563
04:13:20,800 --> 04:13:23,300
Back at the bureau and expert 
Compares them to print in the 

4564
04:13:23,308 --> 04:13:27,100
files, the expert examines the 
ridge layout Point by point. 

4565
04:13:27,100 --> 04:13:31,700
He identifies specific features 
a ridge ending here, a 

4566
04:13:31,700 --> 04:13:34,600
bifurcation there. 
An island, a Spur. 

4567
04:13:34,600 --> 04:13:38,800
Each feature gets marked and 
counted when he finds 12 

4568
04:13:38,800 --> 04:13:41,500
matching points between the 
crime scene, print and a file 

4569
04:13:41,500 --> 04:13:44,000
card, he declares a positive 
identification. 

4570
04:13:45,000 --> 04:13:47,400
The fingerprint belongs to a 
known burglar named Thomas 

4571
04:13:47,400 --> 04:13:49,400
Anderson. 
The detectives arrested 

4572
04:13:49,400 --> 04:13:52,500
Anderson, he denies involvement 
until confronted with the 

4573
04:13:52,508 --> 04:13:55,600
fingerprint evidence. 
The scientific certainly over 

4574
04:13:55,600 --> 04:13:59,600
his protests Cannot explain how 
his fingerprints appeared at the

4575
04:13:59,600 --> 04:14:01,400
scene. 
If he was not there, this 

4576
04:14:01,400 --> 04:14:03,500
represents a revolution in 
detective work. 

4577
04:14:03,500 --> 04:14:07,400
For the first time investigators
have physical evidence that can 

4578
04:14:07,400 --> 04:14:10,600
definitively link a specific 
person to a specific crime 

4579
04:14:10,600 --> 04:14:13,000
scene. 
Witnesses can be mistaken, 

4580
04:14:13,000 --> 04:14:16,600
confessions can be coerced or 
false, but fingerprints do not 

4581
04:14:16,600 --> 04:14:18,700
lie. 
You see how this changes the 

4582
04:14:18,700 --> 04:14:21,900
nature of Investigation, 
detectives still use all the 

4583
04:14:21,900 --> 04:14:25,400
traditional methods, they still 
interview Witnesses, they still 

4584
04:14:25,400 --> 04:14:28,400
build timelines and check 
Alibis, they still cultivate 

4585
04:14:28,400 --> 04:14:31,600
informants and follow suspects 
but now they have an additional 

4586
04:14:31,600 --> 04:14:33,900
powerful tool that can provide 
conclusive proof. 

4587
04:14:34,900 --> 04:14:37,500
The transition from bertie's 
measurements to fingerprints 

4588
04:14:37,500 --> 04:14:40,200
happens gradually some police 
forces resist. 

4589
04:14:40,200 --> 04:14:43,000
Change they have invested 
heavily in anthropometry 

4590
04:14:43,000 --> 04:14:45,800
equipment and training their 
reluctant to abandon it. 

4591
04:14:47,000 --> 04:14:49,800
But the will and William West 
Case, make the superiority of 

4592
04:14:49,800 --> 04:14:54,100
fingerprints undeniable. 
By 1910 finger printing, has 

4593
04:14:54,100 --> 04:14:56,800
largely replaced anthropometry 
in most developed countries 

4594
04:14:56,800 --> 04:14:58,800
police. 
Bureau's maintain massive 

4595
04:14:58,800 --> 04:15:02,000
fingerprint files, every arrest 
results in fingerprints, being 

4596
04:15:02,008 --> 04:15:05,800
taken and filed crime scenes, 
get examined for latent prints, 

4597
04:15:05,800 --> 04:15:08,500
as a matter of routine. 
You observe how this affects 

4598
04:15:08,500 --> 04:15:12,100
detective work in practice a 
series of burglaries plaga 

4599
04:15:12,100 --> 04:15:14,500
neighborhood. 
Traditional investigation yields

4600
04:15:14,500 --> 04:15:17,300
few leads, no Witnesses, saw 
anything useful. 

4601
04:15:17,300 --> 04:15:20,600
The stolen items have not 
appeared at any known fences. 

4602
04:15:20,600 --> 04:15:23,900
The burglar seems to strike 
randomly with no clear pattern 

4603
04:15:23,900 --> 04:15:27,100
but at each scene, 
investigators, find fingerprints

4604
04:15:27,100 --> 04:15:29,400
the same prints of appear at 
multiple, burglaries. 

4605
04:15:30,200 --> 04:15:33,300
This tells detectives that one 
person is responsible for all of

4606
04:15:33,300 --> 04:15:35,000
them. 
They can now, Focus their 

4607
04:15:35,000 --> 04:15:37,600
investigation instead of 
treating each burglary as a 

4608
04:15:37,600 --> 04:15:40,000
separate incident. 
They searched the fingerprint 

4609
04:15:40,000 --> 04:15:42,100
files. 
The prince do not match anyone 

4610
04:15:42,100 --> 04:15:44,500
in the system. 
This tells them, the burglar has

4611
04:15:44,508 --> 04:15:47,500
no prior arrests. 
They are dealing with either a 

4612
04:15:47,500 --> 04:15:50,200
first-time criminal or someone 
who is always avoided capture, 

4613
04:15:50,200 --> 04:15:52,900
the detectives increase 
surveillance in the area. 

4614
04:15:52,900 --> 04:15:56,900
They wait for the next burglary.
When it occurs, they process the

4615
04:15:56,900 --> 04:15:59,800
scene immediately and find the 
same fingerprints, but they also

4616
04:15:59,800 --> 04:16:03,100
find something new a partial 
palm print on a window, frame, 

4617
04:16:03,100 --> 04:16:05,600
palm prints work. 
The same way as fingerprints. 

4618
04:16:05,600 --> 04:16:09,400
The ridge layout on Palms are 
unique by checking the palm 

4619
04:16:09,400 --> 04:16:11,900
print to get suspects. 
They can potentially identify 

4620
04:16:11,900 --> 04:16:14,400
the burglar. 
The detectives begin checking 

4621
04:16:14,400 --> 04:16:17,200
everyone in the area who fits 
the general description from the

4622
04:16:17,200 --> 04:16:19,900
few witness. 
Sightings young male average 

4623
04:16:19,900 --> 04:16:22,600
height dark coat. 
They asked people to volunteer 

4624
04:16:22,600 --> 04:16:24,500
their palm prints for 
elimination purposes. 

4625
04:16:24,500 --> 04:16:28,400
Most people co-operate they want
the burglaries to stop one by 

4626
04:16:28,400 --> 04:16:31,400
one, their palm prints are 
checked and Ruled out but one 

4627
04:16:31,400 --> 04:16:33,800
young man refuses. 
He says, he does not trust the 

4628
04:16:33,800 --> 04:16:37,600
police, he claims it violates 
his rights, he becomes defensive

4629
04:16:37,600 --> 04:16:40,300
and hostile. 
The detectives cannot force him 

4630
04:16:40,300 --> 04:16:43,600
to provide palm prints without 
cause but his refusal, arouses 

4631
04:16:43,600 --> 04:16:45,500
suspicion, they watch him 
carefully. 

4632
04:16:45,500 --> 04:16:48,200
They asked Neighbors about him. 
They learn. 

4633
04:16:48,200 --> 04:16:50,100
He has been spending money 
freely lately. 

4634
04:16:50,100 --> 04:16:53,600
Despite having no obvious job, 
eventually they obtain enough 

4635
04:16:53,600 --> 04:16:56,600
evidence for a warrant, they 
searched his room and find some 

4636
04:16:56,600 --> 04:16:58,900
of the stolen items with this 
evidence. 

4637
04:16:58,900 --> 04:17:01,100
They arrest him and take his 
fingerprints and palm prints. 

4638
04:17:01,100 --> 04:17:04,200
They match perfectly to the 
prince from the burglary scenes.

4639
04:17:04,200 --> 04:17:07,000
This case shows how fingerprints
complement traditional 

4640
04:17:07,000 --> 04:17:09,600
detective, work the prince 
proved that one person 

4641
04:17:09,600 --> 04:17:12,100
committed, all the burglaries, 
the prince of eventually 

4642
04:17:12,100 --> 04:17:14,900
identified that person but 
between those two points, 

4643
04:17:14,900 --> 04:17:18,000
Detective still needed to use 
observation interviews, 

4644
04:17:18,000 --> 04:17:20,300
surveillance and logical 
deduction. 

4645
04:17:20,300 --> 04:17:24,700
You reflect on how far detective
work as come from the Constable,

4646
04:17:24,700 --> 04:17:27,100
with his notebooks sketching, 
boot prints in the mud to 

4647
04:17:27,100 --> 04:17:30,100
experts analyzing fingerprint 
minutiae under magnifying glass 

4648
04:17:30,200 --> 04:17:33,900
The fundamental skills. 
Remain important, observation, 

4649
04:17:33,900 --> 04:17:37,800
documentation, interviewing 
building networks of informants.

4650
04:17:37,800 --> 04:17:40,500
Patient. 
Surveillance logical reasoning. 

4651
04:17:41,200 --> 04:17:45,200
But science adds New Dimensions,
fingerprints provides certainty.

4652
04:17:45,200 --> 04:17:48,400
Where before there was only 
probability Photographs, 

4653
04:17:48,400 --> 04:17:52,500
preserve crime scenes better 
than sketches chemical analysis,

4654
04:17:52,500 --> 04:17:55,200
can detect poisons, that produce
no obvious symptoms. 

4655
04:17:55,200 --> 04:17:58,800
Microscopes reveal details, 
invisible to the naked eye. 

4656
04:17:58,800 --> 04:18:01,400
You can consider what has been 
lost in this transition. 

4657
04:18:01,400 --> 04:18:04,600
The Romantic image of the 
brilliant detective who solves 

4658
04:18:04,600 --> 04:18:07,200
crimes through pure deductive. 
Reasoning becomes less 

4659
04:18:07,200 --> 04:18:10,300
realistic. 
Sherlock Holmes could examine a 

4660
04:18:10,300 --> 04:18:12,300
crime scene and announce the 
solution through logical 

4661
04:18:12,300 --> 04:18:15,100
inference. 
Real detectives increase the 

4662
04:18:15,100 --> 04:18:18,000
rely on scientific laboratory 
trees and Technical experts. 

4663
04:18:18,900 --> 04:18:22,500
But something important has been
gained too Justice become more 

4664
04:18:22,500 --> 04:18:25,000
reliable. 
In innocent people are less 

4665
04:18:25,000 --> 04:18:28,100
likely to be convicted based on 
mistaken, witness identification

4666
04:18:28,100 --> 04:18:31,700
or forced confessions guilty. 
People are harder to escape 

4667
04:18:31,700 --> 04:18:34,300
punishment when physical 
evidence links them to Crime. 

4668
04:18:34,300 --> 04:18:37,600
The early Decades of the 20th 
century, see continued 

4669
04:18:37,600 --> 04:18:40,500
refinement of detective 
technique's fingerprint, 

4670
04:18:40,500 --> 04:18:43,900
classification, systems, improve
filing methods, become more 

4671
04:18:43,900 --> 04:18:46,500
efficient. 
Photography advances, allow 

4672
04:18:46,500 --> 04:18:49,800
better crime scene, 
documentation ballistics experts

4673
04:18:49,800 --> 04:18:52,000
learn to match bullets to 
specific guns. 

4674
04:18:52,000 --> 04:18:55,400
Blood typing can sometimes 
exclude or include suspects. 

4675
04:18:55,400 --> 04:18:58,800
You watch detectives in the 
1920s, working a murder case, 

4676
04:18:58,800 --> 04:19:02,400
they photographed, the scene 
from multiple angles, they dust 

4677
04:19:02,400 --> 04:19:03,900
for fingerprints on every 
surface. 

4678
04:19:03,900 --> 04:19:06,600
They collect the bullets for 
ballistics analysis. 

4679
04:19:06,600 --> 04:19:09,800
They take blood samples for 
typing the interview Witnesses 

4680
04:19:09,800 --> 04:19:13,100
and write detailed reports. 
They build a comprehensive case 

4681
04:19:13,100 --> 04:19:14,500
File. 
That includes scientific 

4682
04:19:14,500 --> 04:19:17,600
evidence witness testimony and 
logical deduction. 

4683
04:19:18,600 --> 04:19:22,600
This represents the synthesis of
older new methods, the detective

4684
04:19:22,600 --> 04:19:24,800
still use the fundamental 
techniques developed over 

4685
04:19:24,800 --> 04:19:26,900
centuries. 
But they enhance those 

4686
04:19:26,900 --> 04:19:30,400
techniques with modern science, 
the combination proves more 

4687
04:19:30,400 --> 04:19:32,200
powerful than either approach 
alone. 

4688
04:19:32,200 --> 04:19:35,700
The transition from pre 
fingerprint, detective work to 

4689
04:19:35,700 --> 04:19:38,000
Modern forensics happens, 
gradually across decades 

4690
04:19:38,000 --> 04:19:41,800
different jurisdictions, adopt, 
new methods of different rates, 

4691
04:19:41,800 --> 04:19:46,100
rural areas, lag behind cities, 
some countries lead While others

4692
04:19:46,100 --> 04:19:48,600
follow but the overall direction
remains clear. 

4693
04:19:48,600 --> 04:19:52,100
Detective work becomes 
increasingly scientific and 

4694
04:19:52,100 --> 04:19:53,900
systematic yet the human 
element. 

4695
04:19:53,900 --> 04:19:56,700
Never disappears. 
Entirely machines cannot 

4696
04:19:56,700 --> 04:19:59,600
interview Witnesses. 
The borries cannot cultivate. 

4697
04:19:59,600 --> 04:20:04,100
Informants computers cannot earn
a community's trust the best. 

4698
04:20:04,100 --> 04:20:06,900
Detectives combine technical 
knowledge with interpersonal 

4699
04:20:06,900 --> 04:20:09,400
skills. 
They understand both science and

4700
04:20:09,400 --> 04:20:12,800
human nature, you stand again in
that foggy, London Street where 

4701
04:20:12,800 --> 04:20:15,300
this journey began. 
But now you see it differently. 

4702
04:20:15,300 --> 04:20:18,100
You understand that the 
Constable with his notebook was 

4703
04:20:18,100 --> 04:20:21,200
not primitive or backwards. 
He was using the best methods of

4704
04:20:21,208 --> 04:20:23,600
available to him. 
He was building a foundation 

4705
04:20:23,600 --> 04:20:26,000
that would support all future 
developments in Detective. 

4706
04:20:26,200 --> 04:20:28,600
Work. 
His careful observations taught 

4707
04:20:28,600 --> 04:20:30,900
later generations, the 
importance of documenting 

4708
04:20:30,900 --> 04:20:33,900
everything, his patient 
interviews, demonstrated the 

4709
04:20:33,900 --> 04:20:36,900
value of listening, his 
cultivation of local knowledge, 

4710
04:20:36,900 --> 04:20:40,100
showed the power of community 
connections, his willingness to 

4711
04:20:40,100 --> 04:20:42,100
stake out cold allies night 
after night. 

4712
04:20:42,100 --> 04:20:44,100
Exemplified the dedication 
required. 

4713
04:20:45,000 --> 04:20:48,400
Fingerprints made detective work
more scientific but they did not

4714
04:20:48,408 --> 04:20:51,900
make it automatic detectives. 
Still need to know where to look

4715
04:20:51,900 --> 04:20:54,000
for prints. 
They still need to interpret 

4716
04:20:54,000 --> 04:20:56,500
what the evidence means. 
They still need to connect 

4717
04:20:56,500 --> 04:20:59,700
physical traces, to human 
behavior, as you prepare for 

4718
04:20:59,700 --> 04:21:02,000
sleep. 
You can appreciate how mystery 

4719
04:21:02,000 --> 04:21:05,800
solving, evolved each generation
of detectives built on the work 

4720
04:21:05,800 --> 04:21:08,500
of those who came. 
Before each new technique, 

4721
04:21:08,500 --> 04:21:10,700
supplemented rather than 
replaced older methods. 

4722
04:21:10,700 --> 04:21:14,200
The progression from boot prints
in mud to fingerprints and 

4723
04:21:14,208 --> 04:21:17,400
databases took Decades of 
patient development, the 

4724
04:21:17,400 --> 04:21:20,000
detectives who worked before 
fingerprints were not less 

4725
04:21:20,000 --> 04:21:21,900
intelligent than modern 
investigators. 

4726
04:21:21,900 --> 04:21:25,600
They simply had fewer tools 
available within those 

4727
04:21:25,600 --> 04:21:27,700
limitations. 
They developed remarkable 

4728
04:21:27,700 --> 04:21:30,300
skills. 
They learned to read people and 

4729
04:21:30,300 --> 04:21:32,400
situations. 
They learned to see the same 

4730
04:21:32,400 --> 04:21:34,900
thing. 
Where others saw only chaos they

4731
04:21:34,900 --> 04:21:37,600
learned to persist when leads 
went cold and cases seemed 

4732
04:21:37,600 --> 04:21:40,200
hopeless. 
Their legacy continues in modern

4733
04:21:40,200 --> 04:21:43,500
detective, work, the notebooks 
are now digital, the 

4734
04:21:43,500 --> 04:21:44,900
surveillance happened through 
cameras. 

4735
04:21:45,000 --> 04:21:48,000
And electronic tracking the 
informant networks extend across

4736
04:21:48,000 --> 04:21:51,300
computer systems, but the 
fundamental principles remain. 

4737
04:21:52,300 --> 04:21:56,100
Observe care for Lee. 
Document thoroughly interview 

4738
04:21:56,100 --> 04:21:57,500
skillfully. 
Think? 

4739
04:21:57,500 --> 04:22:02,000
Logically never give up. 
You close your eyes and imagine 

4740
04:22:02,000 --> 04:22:04,200
that foggy. 
London morning one last time. 

4741
04:22:05,100 --> 04:22:08,100
The Constable writes in his 
notebook, his pencil moves 

4742
04:22:08,100 --> 04:22:11,700
steadily across the page, each 
word, captures detail, that 

4743
04:22:11,700 --> 04:22:14,600
might solve the crime. 
Each observation might be the 

4744
04:22:14,600 --> 04:22:17,800
key that unlocks the mystery, he
works patiently and thoroughly 

4745
04:22:17,800 --> 04:22:20,500
because he knows that Justice 
depends on getting the details, 

4746
04:22:20,500 --> 04:22:23,500
right? 
In the darkness, you feel the 

4747
04:22:23,500 --> 04:22:26,800
connection of centuries. 
Every detective, whoever tried 

4748
04:22:26,800 --> 04:22:30,100
to solve a mystery every 
investigator, whoever pursued 

4749
04:22:30,100 --> 04:22:32,400
truth, through careful 
observation and patient effort, 

4750
04:22:32,400 --> 04:22:36,900
they form an unbroken chain 
linking that constable in 1863, 

4751
04:22:36,900 --> 04:22:41,500
to investigate as working today,
the methods change the tools 

4752
04:22:41,500 --> 04:22:45,300
improved, but the dedication 
remained constant the commitment

4753
04:22:45,300 --> 04:22:47,900
to finding truth, the 
willingness to work long hours 

4754
04:22:47,900 --> 04:22:51,400
on difficult cases, the 
satisfaction of finally solving 

4755
04:22:51,400 --> 04:22:55,000
what seemed impossible. 
These things can connect all 

4756
04:22:55,000 --> 04:22:59,000
detectives across all eras, you 
drift towards sleep with these 

4757
04:22:59,000 --> 04:23:01,800
thoughts. 
Fog rolls through your mind like

4758
04:23:01,800 --> 04:23:05,600
that London morning. 
Questions dissolve into dreams 

4759
04:23:05,600 --> 04:23:09,700
Mysteries blur into peaceful 
darkness and somewhere in that 

4760
04:23:09,700 --> 04:23:11,600
transition between waking and 
sleeping. 

4761
04:23:11,600 --> 04:23:14,300
You understand something 
profound about human persistence

4762
04:23:14,300 --> 04:23:17,000
and Ingenuity. 
We solve problems with whatever 

4763
04:23:17,000 --> 04:23:19,700
tools we have available. 
We build on what came before. 

4764
04:23:19,700 --> 04:23:23,100
We gradually improve our methods
through experience, and 

4765
04:23:23,100 --> 04:23:25,300
Innovation. 
And we never stop trying to find

4766
04:23:25,300 --> 04:23:28,700
better ways to uncover truth. 
The detective story never ends 

4767
04:23:28,700 --> 04:23:33,500
it just evolves from boot prints
to fingerprints to DNA analysis 

4768
04:23:33,500 --> 04:23:37,100
to digital forensics. 
Each era brings new challenges 

4769
04:23:37,100 --> 04:23:41,000
and develops new Solutions. 
But the fundamental human desire

4770
04:23:41,000 --> 04:23:44,000
to solve Mysteries remains 
unchanged arrest. 

4771
04:23:44,000 --> 04:23:47,000
Now, in the knowledge that human
cleverness has always found ways

4772
04:23:47,000 --> 04:23:49,500
to pursue Justice. 
The fourth fingerprints, 

4773
04:23:49,500 --> 04:23:53,400
detectives relied on Sharp eyes 
and patient effort after 

4774
04:23:53,400 --> 04:23:55,900
fingerprints. 
They combined scientific tools 

4775
04:23:55,900 --> 04:23:57,600
with those same fundamental 
skills. 

4776
04:23:58,500 --> 04:24:02,000
The future will bring changes. 
We cannot imagine But the 

4777
04:24:02,000 --> 04:24:04,200
dedication to uncovering truth 
will persist. 

4778
04:24:04,200 --> 04:24:07,900
The force, sleep arrives, 
completely you revisit other 

4779
04:24:07,900 --> 04:24:11,300
remarkable cases from the era of
before fingerprints, each one 

4780
04:24:11,300 --> 04:24:12,900
teaches. 
Something about the Ingenuity 

4781
04:24:12,900 --> 04:24:14,700
and Persistence of early 
detectives. 

4782
04:24:14,700 --> 04:24:18,700
Consider the case of the missing
diamonds in Amsterdam in 1878, 

4783
04:24:19,700 --> 04:24:23,100
The wealthy Merchant reported 
that a fortune in gems, had 

4784
04:24:23,100 --> 04:24:25,800
vanished from his safe. 
The safe showed no signs of 

4785
04:24:25,800 --> 04:24:28,300
forced entry. 
Only three people knew the 

4786
04:24:28,308 --> 04:24:31,800
combination, the merchant 
himself, his business partner, 

4787
04:24:31,800 --> 04:24:36,100
and his most trusted Clark The 
investigating detective 

4788
04:24:36,100 --> 04:24:39,100
interviewed, all three 
separately, each claimed, 

4789
04:24:39,100 --> 04:24:42,400
innocence each had an alibi for 
the time when the theft likely 

4790
04:24:42,400 --> 04:24:44,900
occurred. 
The merchant was at his club 

4791
04:24:44,900 --> 04:24:47,400
with Witnesses. 
The partner was visiting family 

4792
04:24:47,400 --> 04:24:50,100
in Rotterdam. 
Clarke was at church for evening

4793
04:24:50,100 --> 04:24:52,600
Services. 
The detective could have stopped

4794
04:24:52,600 --> 04:24:55,200
there, no evidence pointed to 
any suspect. 

4795
04:24:56,000 --> 04:24:58,200
But something bothered him about
the clocks demeanor. 

4796
04:24:58,200 --> 04:25:01,900
The young man seemed to calm. 
Most people faced with 

4797
04:25:01,900 --> 04:25:05,100
accusations of major theft show,
some emotional reaction even 

4798
04:25:05,100 --> 04:25:09,000
when in innocent this Clark 
remained perfectly composed, the

4799
04:25:09,000 --> 04:25:11,800
detective decided to verify the 
church Alibi thoroughly. 

4800
04:25:11,800 --> 04:25:14,500
He visited the church and spoke 
to the pasta. 

4801
04:25:14,500 --> 04:25:18,500
Yes, the clock attended services
that evening, the pastor 

4802
04:25:18,500 --> 04:25:21,300
remembered seeing him. 
But when pressed for details, 

4803
04:25:21,300 --> 04:25:24,300
the past driven, he only saw the
clerk at the beginning of the 

4804
04:25:24,300 --> 04:25:26,600
service. 
Church was crowded. 

4805
04:25:26,600 --> 04:25:30,000
He could not say with certainty.
That the Clark remained for the 

4806
04:25:30,000 --> 04:25:33,800
entire time this opened a 
possibility, the Clark could 

4807
04:25:33,800 --> 04:25:36,600
have arrived at church to be 
seen slipped out during the 

4808
04:25:36,600 --> 04:25:40,300
service committed, the theft and
returned before the service 

4809
04:25:40,300 --> 04:25:43,900
ended The church sat only a few 
blocks from the merchants 

4810
04:25:43,900 --> 04:25:45,700
office. 
The timing could work. 

4811
04:25:46,900 --> 04:25:49,700
The detective then investigated 
how the Clark might have learned

4812
04:25:49,700 --> 04:25:52,800
the safe combination. 
He spoke to the merchants wife. 

4813
04:25:52,800 --> 04:25:55,800
She mentioned that her husband 
often worked late at the office.

4814
04:25:55,800 --> 04:25:58,800
With the Clark present, could 
the Clark of observed. 

4815
04:25:58,800 --> 04:26:02,400
The merchants opening the safe. 
The detective examine the office

4816
04:26:02,400 --> 04:26:04,900
layout. 
The safe sat in a corner behind 

4817
04:26:04,900 --> 04:26:07,900
the Merchant's desk. 
From the Clarks usual position 

4818
04:26:07,900 --> 04:26:10,500
at his own desk. 
He could not see the safe dial 

4819
04:26:10,500 --> 04:26:13,200
directly. 
But a large mirror hung on the 

4820
04:26:13,200 --> 04:26:16,700
wall across from the safe, the 
merchant probably never noticed 

4821
04:26:16,700 --> 04:26:19,600
that this mirror reflected, his 
movements at the safe perfectly 

4822
04:26:19,600 --> 04:26:22,700
visible from the clocks 
position, the detective tested 

4823
04:26:22,700 --> 04:26:25,900
this theory, he stood where the 
Clark usually sat and asked 

4824
04:26:25,900 --> 04:26:28,100
someone to open the safe. 
Sure enough. 

4825
04:26:28,100 --> 04:26:31,100
He could clearly see the entire 
combination dialed in the 

4826
04:26:31,108 --> 04:26:34,300
mirrors reflection. 
Over months of working late 

4827
04:26:34,300 --> 04:26:37,200
evening's together, the Clark 
had ample opportunity to 

4828
04:26:37,200 --> 04:26:40,400
memorize those numbers, but 
proving this Theory required, 

4829
04:26:40,400 --> 04:26:43,500
more than speculation the 
detective needed evidence. 

4830
04:26:43,500 --> 04:26:46,200
He obtained a warrant to search 
the Clark's lodging. 

4831
04:26:47,200 --> 04:26:50,300
In a locked, trunk hidden under 
the floorboards, he found the 

4832
04:26:50,300 --> 04:26:53,300
missing diamonds. 
Confronted with this discovery, 

4833
04:26:53,300 --> 04:26:57,300
the clock confessed, he had 
indeed memorized the combination

4834
04:26:57,300 --> 04:27:00,400
from the mirror reflection he 
slipped out of church during a 

4835
04:27:00,400 --> 04:27:02,800
lengthy sermon. 
He went to the office opened. 

4836
04:27:02,800 --> 04:27:05,800
The safe, took the diamonds and 
returned to church before anyone

4837
04:27:05,800 --> 04:27:08,300
missed him. 
He planned to sell the gems 

4838
04:27:08,300 --> 04:27:10,000
gradually and emigrate to 
America. 

4839
04:27:10,000 --> 04:27:13,200
This case demonstrates, how 
detectives had to think about 

4840
04:27:13,200 --> 04:27:15,700
sight lines and Reflections and 
all the ways. 

4841
04:27:15,700 --> 04:27:18,600
Someone might secretly observe 
information, they had to 

4842
04:27:18,600 --> 04:27:21,900
question Alibi is not by 
disproving them entirely, but by

4843
04:27:21,900 --> 04:27:23,900
finding gaps and possibilities 
within them. 

4844
04:27:23,900 --> 04:27:26,700
They had to trust their 
instincts, about human behavior 

4845
04:27:26,700 --> 04:27:29,300
while backing those instincts 
with solid evidence. 

4846
04:27:30,300 --> 04:27:34,400
You travel to New York City in 
1885, a series of arsenic 

4847
04:27:34,400 --> 04:27:36,800
poisoning. 
Has the city frightened, 3 

4848
04:27:36,800 --> 04:27:39,500
people of died over the past six
months, all. 

4849
04:27:39,500 --> 04:27:43,900
Well, he all died after sudden, 
mysterious illnesses, all showed

4850
04:27:43,900 --> 04:27:46,400
symptoms, consistent with 
arsenic poisoning. 

4851
04:27:47,200 --> 04:27:49,600
The detective assigned to the 
case faces, a difficult 

4852
04:27:49,600 --> 04:27:52,000
challenge asked, Nick was 
commonly available. 

4853
04:27:52,000 --> 04:27:54,300
It was sold openly for killing 
rats. 

4854
04:27:54,300 --> 04:27:57,800
Anyone could purchase it. 
The victims had no obvious 

4855
04:27:57,800 --> 04:27:59,800
connections to each other. 
They lived in different 

4856
04:27:59,800 --> 04:28:02,300
neighborhoods, they moved in 
different Social Circles. 

4857
04:28:02,300 --> 04:28:06,600
They had different occupations, 
The detective Begins by studying

4858
04:28:06,600 --> 04:28:08,500
the victims final days in 
detail. 

4859
04:28:09,200 --> 04:28:11,200
What did they eat? 
Who did they see? 

4860
04:28:11,200 --> 04:28:15,200
Where did they go? 
He interviews, family members 

4861
04:28:15,200 --> 04:28:19,300
servants, doctors and Friends. 
He feels notebook after notebook

4862
04:28:19,300 --> 04:28:23,600
with information. at gradually 
emerges, each victim had 

4863
04:28:23,600 --> 04:28:25,900
received a gift of expensive, 
chocolates shortly before 

4864
04:28:25,900 --> 04:28:29,700
falling ill, The chocolates came
in elegant boxes with cards, 

4865
04:28:29,700 --> 04:28:32,400
expressing admiration, the cards
were unsigned. 

4866
04:28:32,400 --> 04:28:36,100
The victims assumed they came 
from Secret admirers and ate 

4867
04:28:36,100 --> 04:28:39,100
them without suspicion. 
The detective now has a crucial 

4868
04:28:39,100 --> 04:28:41,300
lead. 
Someone is sending poison 

4869
04:28:41,300 --> 04:28:45,500
chocolate to wealthy victims. 
But who and why these particular

4870
04:28:45,500 --> 04:28:49,000
people, he investigates the 
chocolate shops, none of the 

4871
04:28:49,000 --> 04:28:50,800
victims purchased such 
chocolates themselves. 

4872
04:28:50,800 --> 04:28:53,700
The boxes must have been bought 
by the killer. 

4873
04:28:53,700 --> 04:28:57,000
The detective shows descriptions
of the boxes to every 

4874
04:28:57,000 --> 04:29:00,900
confectioner in the city. 
Most recognized the style, it 

4875
04:29:00,900 --> 04:29:04,300
comes from a particular high-end
shop on 5th Avenue, The shop 

4876
04:29:04,300 --> 04:29:07,000
owner remember selling such 
boxes over the past year. 

4877
04:29:07,000 --> 04:29:10,500
He describes the customers As A 
well-dressed, middle-aged woman 

4878
04:29:10,500 --> 04:29:12,900
wearing a veil, she always paid 
cash. 

4879
04:29:12,900 --> 04:29:16,300
She never gave her name. 
She seemed nervous and hurried 

4880
04:29:16,300 --> 04:29:19,900
this description helps but does 
not identify anyone specific. 

4881
04:29:20,900 --> 04:29:23,900
Thousands of women in New York 
fit that General description. 

4882
04:29:23,900 --> 04:29:26,200
The detective needs more 
information. 

4883
04:29:26,200 --> 04:29:29,000
He returns to studying the 
victims. 

4884
04:29:29,000 --> 04:29:33,900
What connected them He digs into
their pasts he examined their 

4885
04:29:33,900 --> 04:29:35,700
business dealings and family 
histories. 

4886
04:29:35,700 --> 04:29:38,500
He looks for any intersection in
their lives, no matter how 

4887
04:29:38,500 --> 04:29:43,100
distant Finally, he finds it 20 
years earlier, all three victims

4888
04:29:43,100 --> 04:29:46,100
served on a jury together. 
They convicted a man of murder. 

4889
04:29:46,100 --> 04:29:49,800
The man was hanged. 
He left behind a wife and young 

4890
04:29:49,800 --> 04:29:51,900
daughter. 
The detective locates, the 

4891
04:29:51,900 --> 04:29:55,100
widow, she died years ago. 
That the daughter is still 

4892
04:29:55,100 --> 04:29:57,200
alive. 
She's now a middle-aged woman 

4893
04:29:57,200 --> 04:29:59,100
who matches the confectioners 
description. 

4894
04:29:59,100 --> 04:30:02,700
She lives modestly despite 
inheriting a small amount of 

4895
04:30:02,700 --> 04:30:05,800
money from her mother, The 
detective investigates, her 

4896
04:30:05,800 --> 04:30:09,100
movements she'd been seen near 
each victim's home shortly 

4897
04:30:09,100 --> 04:30:10,800
before the poison chocolate was 
delivered. 

4898
04:30:11,600 --> 04:30:13,700
She'd used different names to 
rent rooms in those 

4899
04:30:13,700 --> 04:30:16,000
neighborhoods. 
She had purchased rat poison 

4900
04:30:16,000 --> 04:30:19,500
from several different shops. 
With this evidence, the 

4901
04:30:19,500 --> 04:30:23,100
detective obtains, a warrant He 
searches her home and finds the 

4902
04:30:23,100 --> 04:30:26,400
same elegant chocolate boxes. 
He finds receipts from the 

4903
04:30:26,400 --> 04:30:28,900
confectioner. 
He finds a list of other during 

4904
04:30:28,900 --> 04:30:30,300
members who convicted her 
father. 

4905
04:30:31,100 --> 04:30:34,100
She admits everything. 
She spent 20 years planning 

4906
04:30:34,100 --> 04:30:36,500
revenge against everyone 
responsible for her, father's 

4907
04:30:36,500 --> 04:30:38,900
death. 
She believed him innocent. 

4908
04:30:38,900 --> 04:30:41,800
She wanted them to suffer as her
family had suffered. 

4909
04:30:41,800 --> 04:30:44,800
The detective has stopped her 
before, she could poison, the 

4910
04:30:44,800 --> 04:30:48,100
remaining jury members. 
This case shows how detectives 

4911
04:30:48,100 --> 04:30:51,700
must look beyond the obvious. 
The victim seemed random only by

4912
04:30:51,700 --> 04:30:54,100
researching their histories 
could the connection, be found 

4913
04:30:54,100 --> 04:30:56,400
the investigation required 
patience. 

4914
04:30:56,400 --> 04:30:59,900
And meticulous record-keeping. 
Without notebooks full of 

4915
04:30:59,900 --> 04:31:03,400
details, about each victim's, 
past the link to that long ago. 

4916
04:31:03,400 --> 04:31:05,100
Trial might never have been 
discovered. 

4917
04:31:05,100 --> 04:31:07,200
You. 
Observe a counterfeiting 

4918
04:31:07,200 --> 04:31:11,500
investigation in Paris in 1890, 
fake Bank, notes of appeared 

4919
04:31:11,500 --> 04:31:14,100
throughout the city. 
They are excellent forgeries. 

4920
04:31:14,900 --> 04:31:17,400
Most shopkeepers and bank, 
tellers cannot distinguish them 

4921
04:31:17,400 --> 04:31:20,400
from genuine currency. 
The forgeries, threatened to 

4922
04:31:20,400 --> 04:31:24,100
undermine confidence in French 
money, the detective examining 

4923
04:31:24,100 --> 04:31:26,600
the fake notes uses. 
A magnifying glass to study 

4924
04:31:26,600 --> 04:31:29,200
every detail. 
The paper quality is nearly 

4925
04:31:29,200 --> 04:31:31,300
perfect. 
The printing is excellent. 

4926
04:31:31,300 --> 04:31:36,000
The watermarks look correct. but
under close examination, tiny 

4927
04:31:36,000 --> 04:31:39,700
differences appear, the genuine 
notes, use a particular shade of

4928
04:31:39,700 --> 04:31:43,100
blue ink that contains 
ultramarine pigment this pigment

4929
04:31:43,100 --> 04:31:45,600
produces a specific color under 
certain lighting conditions, 

4930
04:31:46,700 --> 04:31:49,600
Forged notes use a similar but 
slightly different blue. 

4931
04:31:49,600 --> 04:31:52,700
The difference is almost 
imperceptible to the naked eye, 

4932
04:31:52,700 --> 04:31:54,800
but the detective learns to Spot
It. 

4933
04:31:55,400 --> 04:31:58,100
He also notices that the serial 
numbers on the fake notes. 

4934
04:31:58,100 --> 04:32:01,300
Follow a pattern, they all fall 
within specific ranges. 

4935
04:32:01,300 --> 04:32:04,900
This suggests, the forger 
produced them in batches by 

4936
04:32:04,900 --> 04:32:08,300
tracking which fake notes appear
where the detective can map the 

4937
04:32:08,300 --> 04:32:11,700
distribution Network, most 
forgeries, turn up in shops and 

4938
04:32:11,700 --> 04:32:15,200
markets on the Left Bank, the 
detective stations observers, at

4939
04:32:15,208 --> 04:32:18,500
key locations, they watch for 
anyone, spending unusual amounts

4940
04:32:18,500 --> 04:32:21,400
of money with different vendors.
They note descriptions and 

4941
04:32:21,400 --> 04:32:25,500
follow suspects, one man appears
repeatedly, he visits multiple 

4942
04:32:25,500 --> 04:32:27,300
shops. 
Each day, making small purchases

4943
04:32:27,300 --> 04:32:30,300
with large bills. 
He always receives change in 

4944
04:32:30,300 --> 04:32:32,900
genuine currency. 
He seems to have an endless 

4945
04:32:32,900 --> 04:32:36,700
supply of bills to spend the 
detective follows this man to a 

4946
04:32:36,700 --> 04:32:38,800
warehouse. 
Near the river over several days

4947
04:32:38,800 --> 04:32:41,400
of surveillance, he observes 
people entering with bags and 

4948
04:32:41,400 --> 04:32:44,100
leaving empty-handed. 
Something is being distributed 

4949
04:32:44,100 --> 04:32:47,200
from this location. 
The detective organizers 

4950
04:32:47,200 --> 04:32:50,700
arrayed. inside the warehouse or
authorities, find printing 

4951
04:32:50,700 --> 04:32:55,000
presses engraving tools, special
paper and inks They find 

4952
04:32:55,008 --> 04:32:57,200
thousands of counterfeit notes 
ready for distribution. 

4953
04:32:57,200 --> 04:33:00,500
They arrested doesn't people, 
including the mastering grave 

4954
04:33:00,500 --> 04:33:03,400
her who created the plates. 
The engraver had worked for the 

4955
04:33:03,408 --> 04:33:07,000
official mint years early. 
He knew exactly how genuine 

4956
04:33:07,000 --> 04:33:10,000
currency was produced. 
He had acquired the skills and 

4957
04:33:10,000 --> 04:33:11,700
knowledge to replicate the 
process. 

4958
04:33:11,700 --> 04:33:15,000
Only the most careful 
examination could detect his 

4959
04:33:15,000 --> 04:33:17,500
forgeries. 
This case demonstrates how 

4960
04:33:17,500 --> 04:33:19,700
detective works. 
Sometimes requires specialized 

4961
04:33:19,700 --> 04:33:22,800
knowledge The detective needed 
to understand printing 

4962
04:33:22,800 --> 04:33:26,599
techniques paper quality and ink
composition, he needed to 

4963
04:33:26,599 --> 04:33:28,700
recognize similarities in serial
numbers. 

4964
04:33:28,700 --> 04:33:31,599
He needed to organize 
surveillance and coordinate 

4965
04:33:31,599 --> 04:33:35,200
raids, multiple skills combined 
to solve a complex crime. 

4966
04:33:35,200 --> 04:33:39,500
You move to a rural English 
Village in 1895 a farmer has 

4967
04:33:39,500 --> 04:33:43,599
been found dead in his field. 
First, it appears to be a tragic

4968
04:33:43,599 --> 04:33:46,500
accident, perhaps his heart 
faild while working. 

4969
04:33:47,500 --> 04:33:51,000
But the local Constable notes as
details, that seem wrong, the 

4970
04:33:51,000 --> 04:33:53,300
body lies face down in freshly 
plowed Earth. 

4971
04:33:54,099 --> 04:33:57,200
Farmers hands are clean. 
If he'd been working, his hands 

4972
04:33:57,200 --> 04:34:00,500
would be dirty, his boots. 
Shown no mud despite the wet 

4973
04:34:00,500 --> 04:34:04,500
field, his plow stands unused, 
at The Field's Edge, the horses 

4974
04:34:04,500 --> 04:34:07,900
still hit to it, looking 
Restless, the Constable examines

4975
04:34:07,900 --> 04:34:10,700
the body more carefully. 
He finds a wound on the back of 

4976
04:34:10,700 --> 04:34:12,300
the head hidden by the farmers 
hat. 

4977
04:34:13,000 --> 04:34:15,900
This was no accident. 
Someone struck the farmer from 

4978
04:34:15,900 --> 04:34:19,400
behind the Constable questions, 
everyone who knew the farmer, 

4979
04:34:19,400 --> 04:34:23,599
most villagers liked him, he had
few enemies, he owed, no debts. 

4980
04:34:23,599 --> 04:34:25,700
He had no known disputes with 
neighbors. 

4981
04:34:25,700 --> 04:34:29,400
Why would anyone want him dead? 
The Constable learns that the 

4982
04:34:29,400 --> 04:34:31,599
farmer recently discovered 
something on his land. 

4983
04:34:31,599 --> 04:34:34,599
He'd been digging a drainage 
ditch and Unearthed, an old 

4984
04:34:34,608 --> 04:34:38,200
metal box inside were gold coins
from the previous century. 

4985
04:34:39,200 --> 04:34:41,500
The farmer told several people 
about his discovery. 

4986
04:34:42,300 --> 04:34:44,800
He planned to report it to 
authorities as the law required.

4987
04:34:45,500 --> 04:34:47,300
But not everyone. 
Thought the treasure should go 

4988
04:34:47,300 --> 04:34:49,800
to the government. 
One neighbor believed the gold 

4989
04:34:49,800 --> 04:34:51,200
should belong to, whoever found 
it. 

4990
04:34:51,900 --> 04:34:55,099
This neighborhood with the 
farmer about it, the argument 

4991
04:34:55,099 --> 04:34:57,599
ended badly with the neighbor 
threatening to take what he 

4992
04:34:57,599 --> 04:35:00,099
felt. 
Was rightfully his the Constable

4993
04:35:00,099 --> 04:35:03,400
question's this neighbor, the 
man, he was home all morning, 

4994
04:35:03,400 --> 04:35:07,700
his wife confirms this But the 
Constable notice is marred on 

4995
04:35:07,700 --> 04:35:10,200
the man's boots that matches the
field where the farmer died. 

4996
04:35:10,900 --> 04:35:13,500
The man's Knuckles show fresh 
bruising consistent with 

4997
04:35:13,500 --> 04:35:16,599
striking someone the Constable 
searches, the neighbor's 

4998
04:35:16,599 --> 04:35:19,800
property and finds the box of 
gold coins hidden in the barn. 

4999
04:35:19,800 --> 04:35:23,200
Confronted with this evidence, 
the neighbor confesses, he 

5000
04:35:23,200 --> 04:35:25,400
killed the farmer intending to 
steal the treasure. 

5001
04:35:25,400 --> 04:35:28,500
He tried to make it look like 
the farmer simply collapsed 

5002
04:35:28,500 --> 04:35:32,200
while working this case shows 
how even small Details Matter, 

5003
04:35:32,900 --> 04:35:35,700
Clean Hands in a dirty field. 
Mud on boots. 

5004
04:35:35,700 --> 04:35:36,900
Bruised. 
Knuckles. 

5005
04:35:36,900 --> 04:35:39,099
Each observation added to the 
picture. 

5006
04:35:39,099 --> 04:35:42,200
The Constable's knowledge of his
community helped him. 

5007
04:35:42,200 --> 04:35:45,599
Identify who might have motive 
is careful examination of the 

5008
04:35:45,599 --> 04:35:49,300
scene, revealed the truth. you 
witness a kidnapping case in 

5009
04:35:49,300 --> 04:35:52,800
Chicago in 1900 a wealthy 
industrialist young son, 

5010
04:35:52,800 --> 04:35:56,300
vanishes while walking home from
school, a ransom notarized 

5011
04:35:56,300 --> 04:36:00,099
demanding 50,000 dollars, the 
note warns against involving 

5012
04:36:00,099 --> 04:36:02,800
police, The family contacts 
authorities. 

5013
04:36:02,800 --> 04:36:06,400
Anyway, the detective assigned 
to the case examined, the ransom

5014
04:36:06,400 --> 04:36:10,000
note carefully, The handwriting 
appears deliberately disguise 

5015
04:36:10,000 --> 04:36:13,200
letters are formed, awkwardly, 
as if written with the wrong 

5016
04:36:13,200 --> 04:36:15,500
hand. 
But some habits reveal 

5017
04:36:15,500 --> 04:36:18,099
themselves. 
Despite the disguise, the writer

5018
04:36:18,099 --> 04:36:20,300
consistently crosses, teas 
slightly to the left. 

5019
04:36:20,300 --> 04:36:22,700
The letter. 
S always curves, more at the 

5020
04:36:22,707 --> 04:36:25,599
bottom than the top. 
These might help identify the 

5021
04:36:25,599 --> 04:36:28,900
writer if investigators can, 
compare the note to samples from

5022
04:36:28,900 --> 04:36:32,500
Suspects. 
The note itself provides clues 

5023
04:36:32,500 --> 04:36:35,400
about the writer. 
The paper is common stock of 

5024
04:36:35,400 --> 04:36:38,800
available at any stationer. 
But the envelope shows, a 

5025
04:36:38,800 --> 04:36:41,500
partial postmarked from a 
specific postal station on the 

5026
04:36:41,500 --> 04:36:45,500
north side of the city. this 
Narrows the search area, the 

5027
04:36:45,500 --> 04:36:49,099
detective also, analyzes the 
language in the note, Certain 

5028
04:36:49,099 --> 04:36:52,599
phrases suggest the writer has 
education, the grammar is 

5029
04:36:52,599 --> 04:36:55,000
correct. 
The vocabulary is sophisticated.

5030
04:36:55,000 --> 04:36:58,300
This is not a desperate criminal
from the slums. 

5031
04:36:58,300 --> 04:37:02,300
This is someone with schooling 
and perhaps social standing The 

5032
04:37:02,300 --> 04:37:05,700
detective investigates who knew 
about the boys routine, who knew

5033
04:37:05,700 --> 04:37:07,300
which route he took home from 
school? 

5034
04:37:07,300 --> 04:37:11,400
The list is surprisingly small, 
the family employed few 

5035
04:37:11,400 --> 04:37:14,200
servants, the boy had few 
friends outside his immediate 

5036
04:37:14,200 --> 04:37:16,900
Social Circle. 
One named appears that seems 

5037
04:37:16,900 --> 04:37:18,400
unlikely but cannot be 
eliminated. 

5038
04:37:18,400 --> 04:37:22,800
The boys tutor. 
A young man hired to teach Latin

5039
04:37:22,800 --> 04:37:25,700
and Mathematics. 
He was well-educated but always 

5040
04:37:25,700 --> 04:37:28,500
seemed to need money. 
He gambled frequently and had 

5041
04:37:28,500 --> 04:37:31,200
debts. 
The detective obtained samples 

5042
04:37:31,200 --> 04:37:33,300
of the tutors handwriting from 
lesson plans. 

5043
04:37:33,300 --> 04:37:36,700
And correspondents, Despite the 
disguise in the ransom note, 

5044
04:37:36,700 --> 04:37:40,400
those characteristic tea crosses
and escorts appear in the tutors

5045
04:37:40,400 --> 04:37:42,300
writing. 
That means there's a match. 

5046
04:37:43,099 --> 04:37:45,599
The detective arrest, the tutor 
and searches is rooms. 

5047
04:37:45,599 --> 04:37:48,200
He finds the boy unharmed but 
locked in a closet. 

5048
04:37:48,900 --> 04:37:51,200
The tutor had convinced, the boy
that this was a game. 

5049
04:37:51,200 --> 04:37:54,200
They were playing, he planned to
collect the ransom and flee to 

5050
04:37:54,207 --> 04:37:56,900
Europe. 
This case shows how analyzing 

5051
04:37:56,900 --> 04:37:59,700
handwriting can identify 
criminals even when they try to 

5052
04:37:59,700 --> 04:38:03,099
disguise their writing, it shows
how knowledge of a victim's 

5053
04:38:03,099 --> 04:38:06,700
routine helps identify who had 
opportunity it shows how 

5054
04:38:06,700 --> 04:38:09,599
detectives must consider even 
unlikely suspects. 

5055
04:38:09,599 --> 04:38:12,800
When the evidence points in that
direction, You observe a case of

5056
04:38:12,808 --> 04:38:16,900
art, theft in Rome in 1905, the 
valuable Renaissance painting 

5057
04:38:16,900 --> 04:38:18,400
disappears from a private 
collection. 

5058
04:38:18,400 --> 04:38:22,700
The owners Palazzo has extensive
security, guards Patrol, the 

5059
04:38:22,700 --> 04:38:27,200
grounds doors remain locked 
Windows have bars yet somehow 

5060
04:38:27,200 --> 04:38:29,700
the painting vanished without 
any signs of forced entry. 

5061
04:38:30,900 --> 04:38:34,000
The detective examines the empty
frame still hanging on the wall.

5062
04:38:34,000 --> 04:38:36,599
The painting was cut from it 
with a sharp blade. 

5063
04:38:36,599 --> 04:38:40,700
This was done carefully to avoid
damaging the canvas, the thief 

5064
04:38:40,700 --> 04:38:42,500
knew how to handle valuable art 
properly. 

5065
04:38:43,300 --> 04:38:47,099
The detective studies the rooms 
layout the windows are in deed 

5066
04:38:47,099 --> 04:38:49,200
barred the door locks from 
inside. 

5067
04:38:49,200 --> 04:38:51,800
The only other entrance is 
through the owners private 

5068
04:38:51,800 --> 04:38:54,599
Chambers examining the room more
carefully. 

5069
04:38:54,599 --> 04:38:57,500
The detective notices the 
fireplace is large and ornate, 

5070
04:38:58,099 --> 04:39:01,000
He looks up the chimney and sees
that it connects to an old shaft

5071
04:39:01,000 --> 04:39:04,099
that once served as a servant's 
passage between flaws, the 

5072
04:39:04,099 --> 04:39:07,000
detective, explores the seller 
and finds evidence that someone 

5073
04:39:07,000 --> 04:39:10,599
recently opened the sealed. 
Passage fresh scraped Mark show,

5074
04:39:10,599 --> 04:39:12,200
where a wooden panel was pried 
loose. 

5075
04:39:12,900 --> 04:39:15,700
Following these traces leads to 
a coal chute that provides 

5076
04:39:15,700 --> 04:39:18,599
access from outside. 
He questions the oldest 

5077
04:39:18,599 --> 04:39:21,800
servants, one elderly man, 
remembers the passage from his 

5078
04:39:21,800 --> 04:39:23,800
youth. 
He mentions that, he showed it, 

5079
04:39:23,800 --> 04:39:27,099
once to his nephew who was 
curious about the palazzo's 

5080
04:39:27,099 --> 04:39:29,700
history. 
That nephew works as a restorer 

5081
04:39:29,700 --> 04:39:33,599
of old paintings, the detective 
investigates, the nephew and 

5082
04:39:33,599 --> 04:39:35,500
discovers. 
He recently paid off large 

5083
04:39:35,500 --> 04:39:38,700
gambling debts. 
Search of his Workshop reveals 

5084
04:39:38,700 --> 04:39:41,200
tools and materials consistent 
with the theft. 

5085
04:39:41,900 --> 04:39:45,600
Under questioning the nephew. 
Admit everything he used his 

5086
04:39:45,600 --> 04:39:47,800
knowledge of the palazzo's 
architecture to steal the 

5087
04:39:47,800 --> 04:39:50,000
painting. 
This case demonstrates, how 

5088
04:39:50,000 --> 04:39:52,400
detectives must understand 
architecture and history. 

5089
04:39:53,700 --> 04:39:56,200
They must think about old 
passages and forgotten routes. 

5090
04:39:56,200 --> 04:39:58,900
They must consider who is 
specialized knowledge that could

5091
04:39:58,900 --> 04:40:02,400
enable a particular crime. 
He traveled to San from Cisco in

5092
04:40:02,400 --> 04:40:05,500
1908. 
A series of Warehouse fires 

5093
04:40:05,500 --> 04:40:08,400
played the Waterfront. 
Each fire starts in the middle 

5094
04:40:08,400 --> 04:40:11,400
of the night. 
Each destroys valuable cargo 

5095
04:40:11,400 --> 04:40:13,800
insurance companies, suspect 
arson. 

5096
04:40:13,800 --> 04:40:17,700
But cannot prove it the 
detective visits each fire scene

5097
04:40:17,700 --> 04:40:21,500
after the Flames died down. 
And one scene he finds melted 

5098
04:40:21,500 --> 04:40:25,000
glass and Twisted Metal showing 
the fire burned extremely hot in

5099
04:40:25,000 --> 04:40:28,700
one specific location. 
This suggests an accelerant was 

5100
04:40:28,700 --> 04:40:31,100
used. 
He collects samples and sends 

5101
04:40:31,100 --> 04:40:33,800
them to a chemist who reports 
finding traces of kerosene mixed

5102
04:40:33,800 --> 04:40:36,800
with other chemicals. 
The detective investigates who 

5103
04:40:36,800 --> 04:40:39,900
might benefit from these fires. 
He discovers an interesting 

5104
04:40:39,900 --> 04:40:42,200
pattern. 
Each Warehouse that burned was 

5105
04:40:42,200 --> 04:40:45,500
scheduled to ship cargo to a 
specific Merchant House, that 

5106
04:40:45,500 --> 04:40:48,100
Merchant house then had to 
purchase replacement goods from 

5107
04:40:48,100 --> 04:40:49,900
a competing supplier at higher 
prices. 

5108
04:40:49,900 --> 04:40:54,500
The detective investigates the 
suppliers employees one worker 

5109
04:40:54,500 --> 04:40:56,900
was recently fired from his 
previous job at the shipping 

5110
04:40:56,900 --> 04:41:00,200
company that worker was seen 
near the Waterfront late at 

5111
04:41:00,200 --> 04:41:01,700
night before. 
Several of the fires, 

5112
04:41:01,700 --> 04:41:04,100
surveillance leads to the final 
evidence. 

5113
04:41:04,100 --> 04:41:07,400
The detective observes him 
meeting with the Supply's owner,

5114
04:41:07,400 --> 04:41:09,500
discussing plans for the next 
fire. 

5115
04:41:09,500 --> 04:41:13,100
Police move in to make arrests, 
the arsonist confesses to 

5116
04:41:13,100 --> 04:41:16,300
setting the fires for payment, 
from the competing supplier, who

5117
04:41:16,300 --> 04:41:19,800
wanted to eliminate business 
rivals, This case shows how 

5118
04:41:19,800 --> 04:41:22,400
detectives must understand 
business relationships, in 

5119
04:41:22,400 --> 04:41:25,600
economic motives, they must 
recognize patterns across 

5120
04:41:25,600 --> 04:41:28,300
multiple incidents. 
They must use scientific 

5121
04:41:28,300 --> 04:41:31,700
analysis when available these 
stories from the era before 

5122
04:41:31,700 --> 04:41:34,800
fingerprints reveal the breadth 
and depth of early detective 

5123
04:41:34,800 --> 04:41:37,200
work. 
Investigators developed 

5124
04:41:37,200 --> 04:41:39,800
remarkable skills using the 
tools available to them. 

5125
04:41:39,800 --> 04:41:43,500
They learn to observe manipulate
they learned to question 

5126
04:41:43,500 --> 04:41:46,900
effectively they learned to 
think logically about causes and

5127
04:41:46,900 --> 04:41:52,200
effects they learned to persist 
through difficulty The arrival 

5128
04:41:52,200 --> 04:41:55,300
of fingerprint, technology did 
not replace these skills, it 

5129
04:41:55,300 --> 04:41:58,200
enhanced them. 
Modern detectives still observe 

5130
04:41:58,200 --> 04:42:00,600
crime scenes carefully. 
They still interview Witnesses 

5131
04:42:00,600 --> 04:42:03,400
and suspects. 
They still build cases, through 

5132
04:42:03,400 --> 04:42:04,900
patient, accumulation of 
evidence. 

5133
04:42:04,900 --> 04:42:07,100
They still use logic and 
deduction. 

5134
04:42:07,100 --> 04:42:10,200
They simply have additional 
scientific tools to support 

5135
04:42:10,200 --> 04:42:12,700
their work. 
You can consider one final 

5136
04:42:12,700 --> 04:42:15,600
aspect of early detective work 
that deserves attention. 

5137
04:42:15,600 --> 04:42:18,600
The psychological understanding 
that developed through 

5138
04:42:18,600 --> 04:42:22,400
experience, Detectives learn to 
recognize markings in human 

5139
04:42:22,400 --> 04:42:25,600
behavior that help them 
anticipate criminal actions and 

5140
04:42:25,600 --> 04:42:29,400
identify deception. 
A veteran detective in Berlin in

5141
04:42:29,400 --> 04:42:32,600
1910 could walk into a room and 
sense when something was wrong. 

5142
04:42:33,400 --> 04:42:35,700
It interviewed hundreds of 
suspects over his career. 

5143
04:42:36,500 --> 04:42:38,800
He knew how innocent people 
typically reacted to 

5144
04:42:38,800 --> 04:42:41,700
accusations. 
They showed anger or confusional

5145
04:42:41,700 --> 04:42:45,400
fear but they also showed a 
quality of genuine bewilderment 

5146
04:42:45,400 --> 04:42:48,700
that was difficult to fake. 
Guilty, people often acted 

5147
04:42:48,700 --> 04:42:52,000
differently, some became overly 
calm, and controlled, they 

5148
04:42:52,000 --> 04:42:53,600
prepared their stories to 
carefully. 

5149
04:42:53,600 --> 04:42:56,500
There are answers came to 
quickly without the hesitation 

5150
04:42:56,500 --> 04:43:00,300
that accompanies genuine memory.
Others became defensive in ways 

5151
04:43:00,300 --> 04:43:02,100
that seemed out of proportion to
the situation. 

5152
04:43:02,100 --> 04:43:05,900
They protested too much. 
The skilled detective learn to 

5153
04:43:05,900 --> 04:43:08,700
recognize these. 
He understood that nervousness 

5154
04:43:08,700 --> 04:43:09,800
alone. 
Proved nothing. 

5155
04:43:10,700 --> 04:43:13,100
An innocent person might be 
terrified of police. 

5156
04:43:13,100 --> 04:43:16,100
The guilty person might appear 
completely at ease. 

5157
04:43:17,400 --> 04:43:21,100
But over time subtle differences
emerge that trained observers 

5158
04:43:21,100 --> 04:43:24,700
could detect you watch this 
veteran detective interviewer 

5159
04:43:24,700 --> 04:43:27,800
suspect in a murder case the 
suspect maintains perfect 

5160
04:43:27,800 --> 04:43:31,000
composure while denying 
everything his Alibi sounds 

5161
04:43:31,000 --> 04:43:35,200
rehearsed every detail fits 
together smoothly too smoothly, 

5162
04:43:35,200 --> 04:43:38,500
perhaps. 
The detective asks, seemingly 

5163
04:43:38,500 --> 04:43:41,200
random questions. 
What was the weather like that 

5164
04:43:41,200 --> 04:43:43,100
day? 
What did you eat for breakfast? 

5165
04:43:43,100 --> 04:43:45,400
What song was playing in the 
cafe? 

5166
04:43:46,600 --> 04:43:49,800
The suspect answers each 
question with confidence but the

5167
04:43:49,800 --> 04:43:52,500
detective notices that these 
peripheral details, come as 

5168
04:43:52,508 --> 04:43:55,700
quickly as The Alibi itself. 
Most people struggled to 

5169
04:43:55,700 --> 04:43:59,200
remember incidental information 
from days past this suspect 

5170
04:43:59,200 --> 04:44:03,200
recalls, everything with unusual
Clarity, the detective changes 

5171
04:44:03,200 --> 04:44:05,700
to tactics. 
He mentions details about the 

5172
04:44:05,700 --> 04:44:07,100
crime that were never made 
public. 

5173
04:44:08,000 --> 04:44:10,300
He watches the suspects reaction
carefully. 

5174
04:44:10,900 --> 04:44:14,700
Does the suspect show surprise 
at learning new information or 

5175
04:44:14,700 --> 04:44:16,100
does something in his expression
suggests? 

5176
04:44:16,100 --> 04:44:20,000
He already knew these facts. 
Tiny flicker crosses the 

5177
04:44:20,000 --> 04:44:22,700
suspects face when the detective
describes the murder weapon. 

5178
04:44:23,500 --> 04:44:25,600
Just a momentary tightening 
around the eyes. 

5179
04:44:25,600 --> 04:44:29,100
Nothing dramatic. 
But the detective has spent 

5180
04:44:29,100 --> 04:44:32,400
decades watching people's faces.
He knows that flicker. 

5181
04:44:32,400 --> 04:44:36,400
It is recognition. 
The suspect is seen that weapon 

5182
04:44:36,400 --> 04:44:38,900
before the detective presses, 
this Advantage. 

5183
04:44:38,900 --> 04:44:42,300
He describes the weapon in more 
detail, he mentions where it was

5184
04:44:42,300 --> 04:44:45,300
found. 
The suspect carefully. 

5185
04:44:45,300 --> 04:44:47,100
Maintained composure begins to 
crack. 

5186
04:44:47,800 --> 04:44:50,900
Small signs of stress appear. 
He touches his face more 

5187
04:44:50,900 --> 04:44:53,700
frequently. 
His breathing quickens slightly.

5188
04:44:53,700 --> 04:44:57,600
He shifts in his chair. 
These observations are not 

5189
04:44:57,600 --> 04:45:01,700
scientific evidence, they would 
not stand alone in court. but 

5190
04:45:01,700 --> 04:45:04,100
they tell the experienced 
detective, where to focus his 

5191
04:45:04,100 --> 04:45:07,700
investigation they suggest which
lines of questioning might prove

5192
04:45:07,700 --> 04:45:10,800
productive, they indicate when 
someone is hiding something 

5193
04:45:10,800 --> 04:45:14,400
worth pursuing, Combined with 
other evidence and testimony, 

5194
04:45:14,400 --> 04:45:17,100
these behavioral observations 
helped solve the case. 

5195
04:45:18,700 --> 04:45:22,200
The detective cycle Insight 
guide, the investigation toward 

5196
04:45:22,200 --> 04:45:25,900
productive Avenues, his ability 
to read people compliments, his 

5197
04:45:25,900 --> 04:45:29,700
ability to analyze physical 
evidence, this cycle dimension 

5198
04:45:29,700 --> 04:45:32,400
of detective, work developed 
naturally through practice. 

5199
04:45:33,200 --> 04:45:35,400
The most successful 
investigators were often those 

5200
04:45:35,400 --> 04:45:37,600
who combined sharp observational
skills. 

5201
04:45:37,600 --> 04:45:41,300
With deep understanding of human
nature, they could spot a liar. 

5202
04:45:41,300 --> 04:45:44,000
They could recognize when 
someone was protecting another 

5203
04:45:44,000 --> 04:45:47,200
person, they Sense when a 
witness held back, crucial 

5204
04:45:47,200 --> 04:45:50,700
information out of fear rather 
than malice these skills proved 

5205
04:45:50,700 --> 04:45:53,900
to specially valuable in the era
before fingerprints without 

5206
04:45:53,900 --> 04:45:57,500
scientific certainty detectives 
relied heavily on their judgment

5207
04:45:57,500 --> 04:45:59,900
about people. 
They had to decide which 

5208
04:45:59,900 --> 04:46:03,400
Witnesses seemed credible, they 
had to determine which suspects 

5209
04:46:03,400 --> 04:46:06,500
deserved further investigation. 
They had to build cases on 

5210
04:46:06,500 --> 04:46:09,700
foundations of human testimony 
and behavioral observation. 

5211
04:46:10,500 --> 04:46:12,900
The best detectives approached 
this responsibility with 

5212
04:46:12,900 --> 04:46:15,400
humility. 
They knew their intuitions could

5213
04:46:15,400 --> 04:46:17,400
be wrong. 
They that innocent people 

5214
04:46:17,400 --> 04:46:20,700
sometimes acted suspicious while
guilty people sometimes seemed 

5215
04:46:20,700 --> 04:46:24,500
honest They did not rely on 
cycle insights alone. 

5216
04:46:24,500 --> 04:46:26,900
They always sought 
corroborating, evidence and 

5217
04:46:26,900 --> 04:46:28,400
multiple sources of 
confirmation. 

5218
04:46:29,200 --> 04:46:32,100
Yet within these limitations 
their cycle, understanding 

5219
04:46:32,100 --> 04:46:35,600
proved remarkably effective, 
many guilty people confessed 

5220
04:46:35,600 --> 04:46:38,100
when confronted by detectives, 
who clearly understood their 

5221
04:46:38,100 --> 04:46:41,700
motives and methods, many 
investigations succeeded because

5222
04:46:41,700 --> 04:46:45,100
detectives correctly identified 
who was lying and who was 

5223
04:46:45,100 --> 04:46:48,200
telling the truth. 
As you drift towards sleep, you 

5224
04:46:48,200 --> 04:46:50,800
reflect on the complete picture 
of detective work before 

5225
04:46:50,800 --> 04:46:53,500
fingerprints. 
It was patient observation of 

5226
04:46:53,500 --> 04:46:57,000
physical details, it was careful
documentation in notebooks and 

5227
04:46:57,008 --> 04:46:58,700
files. 
It was skillful. 

5228
04:46:58,700 --> 04:47:02,300
Interviewing and interrogation. 
It was cultivation of informant 

5229
04:47:02,300 --> 04:47:04,500
networks. 
It was understanding of 

5230
04:47:04,500 --> 04:47:07,700
chemistry and handwriting and 
document analysis, it was 

5231
04:47:07,700 --> 04:47:10,900
surveillance and stakeouts. 
It was logical deduction from 

5232
04:47:10,900 --> 04:47:14,200
available evidence and it was 
psychological insight into human

5233
04:47:14,200 --> 04:47:16,900
behavior. 
All these elements combined to 

5234
04:47:16,900 --> 04:47:19,800
create a profession that sold 
crime through intelligence and 

5235
04:47:19,800 --> 04:47:22,400
persistence rather than through 
technology. 

5236
04:47:23,200 --> 04:47:25,600
The detectives of that era 
proved that human cleverness. 

5237
04:47:25,600 --> 04:47:29,200
Could overcome limited tools. 
They showed that dedication and 

5238
04:47:29,200 --> 04:47:30,700
skill matter more than 
equipment. 

5239
04:47:30,700 --> 04:47:34,700
Their legacy continues to day. 
Every modern investigator. 

5240
04:47:34,700 --> 04:47:38,100
Builds on foundations laid by 
those early detectives the 

5241
04:47:38,100 --> 04:47:40,600
notebooks are digital. 
Now, the surveillance uses 

5242
04:47:40,600 --> 04:47:43,500
cameras and computers the 
scientific tools are 

5243
04:47:43,500 --> 04:47:46,900
sophisticated Beyond imagination
that the fundamental approach 

5244
04:47:46,900 --> 04:47:49,200
Remains the Same observe 
carefully. 

5245
04:47:49,200 --> 04:47:52,500
Think, clearly, never give up on
finding truth. 

5246
04:47:52,500 --> 04:47:56,100
Sleep comes gently. 
Now your breathing slows, the 

5247
04:47:56,100 --> 04:47:59,500
modern world Fades and in that 
peaceful space between thought 

5248
04:47:59,500 --> 04:48:02,800
and dream you carry with you the
stories of detectives passed. 

5249
04:48:03,400 --> 04:48:06,800
Careful observations their 
patient interviews, their 

5250
04:48:06,800 --> 04:48:09,400
detailed records, their 
persistent efforts to solve 

5251
04:48:09,400 --> 04:48:12,900
Mysteries one clue at a time. 
The foggy, London Street, 

5252
04:48:12,900 --> 04:48:17,100
dissolves, Constable puts away 
his notebook, the case closes, 

5253
04:48:17,100 --> 04:48:28,700
and you rest, Imagine what the 
world was like in 774 when 

5254
04:48:28,700 --> 04:48:31,400
Charlemagne was busy becoming 
the Holy, Roman Emperor, and 

5255
04:48:31,400 --> 04:48:33,700
most people thought the Earth 
was the center of everything. 

5256
04:48:33,700 --> 04:48:36,500
It was a time when the most 
amazing piece of technology. 

5257
04:48:36,500 --> 04:48:40,300
You had was a Watermill, the 
news traveled as fast as a horse

5258
04:48:40,300 --> 04:48:43,200
and you learned about the 
universe from a mix of ancient, 

5259
04:48:43,200 --> 04:48:45,500
Greek, philosophy, Christian 
Theology. 

5260
04:48:45,500 --> 04:48:48,500
And what your grandfather swore,
he saw in the sky that one 

5261
04:48:48,500 --> 04:48:51,000
night, you lived in a world 
where the heavens were as 

5262
04:48:51,000 --> 04:48:54,500
reliable as Clockwork or at 
least as reliable as a sundial, 

5263
04:48:54,500 --> 04:48:58,100
which was the most accurate. 
Timepiece, you had the sun rose.

5264
04:48:58,100 --> 04:49:00,500
The moon went through, its 
phases and the Stars moved in 

5265
04:49:00,500 --> 04:49:02,900
patterns that people have known 
about since the beginning of 

5266
04:49:02,900 --> 04:49:06,400
recorded history in a time when 
so much of life was uncertain, 

5267
04:49:06,400 --> 04:49:10,100
this Celestial reliability was 
more than just useful, it was 

5268
04:49:10,108 --> 04:49:13,400
very comforting. 
Hollywood might make you think 

5269
04:49:13,400 --> 04:49:16,400
that people in the Middle Ages 
were primitive but they weren't,

5270
04:49:16,400 --> 04:49:19,500
they were skilled astronomers, 
who could predict when eclipses 

5271
04:49:19,500 --> 04:49:22,400
would happen figure out when 
Easter would be years in advance

5272
04:49:22,400 --> 04:49:26,600
and find their way by the stars.
With amazing accuracy Monastery,

5273
04:49:26,600 --> 04:49:29,700
libraries kept careful, records 
of comets, the movements of 

5274
04:49:29,700 --> 04:49:33,000
planets and other strange things
that happen in the sky for 

5275
04:49:33,000 --> 04:49:35,500
hundreds of years. 
These people didn't freak out at

5276
04:49:35,500 --> 04:49:38,000
every shooting star. 
They were experienced 

5277
04:49:38,000 --> 04:49:39,500
skywatchers. 
Who could tell the difference 

5278
04:49:39,500 --> 04:49:42,800
between normal and amazing in 
comparison to how complicated 

5279
04:49:42,800 --> 04:49:45,100
things are today. 
The medieval view of the 

5280
04:49:45,100 --> 04:49:48,500
universe was very simple Earth 
was in the middle of everything 

5281
04:49:48,500 --> 04:49:51,200
and around it. 
Were Crystal Spears that held 

5282
04:49:51,200 --> 04:49:54,000
the moon planets and stars in 
their never-ending dance. 

5283
04:49:54,000 --> 04:49:57,600
The empyrean was beyond the 
sphere of fixed stars, and it 

5284
04:49:57,600 --> 04:50:00,400
was where God lived in. 
Perfect Light, it was a universe

5285
04:50:00,400 --> 04:50:03,200
that made sense where everything
was in the right place and had a

5286
04:50:03,200 --> 04:50:07,000
reason for being there. 
People in 774 live their lives 

5287
04:50:07,000 --> 04:50:10,100
in ways that most people today 
forgotten, you woke up with the 

5288
04:50:10,100 --> 04:50:13,000
sun because candles were 
expensive and Fight was hard to 

5289
04:50:13,008 --> 04:50:15,500
find, the sun's path across the 
sky. 

5290
04:50:15,500 --> 04:50:17,300
Not the clock. 
Told you how long your work day 

5291
04:50:17,300 --> 04:50:19,600
was Farmers. 
Knew that certain crops should 

5292
04:50:19,600 --> 04:50:23,600
be planted when certain stars 
came up at dawn and monks split 

5293
04:50:23,600 --> 04:50:25,100
their prayers into different 
parts. 

5294
04:50:25,100 --> 04:50:27,800
Based on the canonical hours 
that followed the sun's 

5295
04:50:27,800 --> 04:50:30,400
movement, most people stayed in 
the same place their whole 

5296
04:50:30,408 --> 04:50:33,400
lives, only moving a few miles 
away, the next Valley, the 

5297
04:50:33,400 --> 04:50:36,100
closest market town, and maybe 
the regional Cathedral with the 

5298
04:50:36,100 --> 04:50:37,600
only things that could reach 
your world. 

5299
04:50:37,600 --> 04:50:40,600
If you were lucky enough to go 
on a pilgrimage, you could See 

5300
04:50:40,600 --> 04:50:42,400
them. 
It would have seemed a strange 

5301
04:50:42,400 --> 04:50:45,000
to you, that things happening. 
Millions of miles away in space 

5302
04:50:45,000 --> 04:50:48,300
could affect your daily life as 
the idea that you could one day 

5303
04:50:48,300 --> 04:50:50,600
video chat with someone on the 
other side of the world. 

5304
04:50:50,600 --> 04:50:53,800
But even in this small world, 
people were very aware of the 

5305
04:50:53,800 --> 04:50:56,700
sky, the night was really dark 
because there were no electric 

5306
04:50:56,700 --> 04:50:58,000
lights to wash out. 
The Stars. 

5307
04:50:58,000 --> 04:51:01,500
This made celestial events, much
more visible and dramatic than 

5308
04:51:01,500 --> 04:51:05,000
they are now everyone could see 
a bright Comet not just 

5309
04:51:05,000 --> 04:51:08,200
astronomers with special tools. 
The Milky Way looked like a 

5310
04:51:08,200 --> 04:51:11,800
cosmic Highway across the sky 
and meteor showers were events 

5311
04:51:11,800 --> 04:51:13,600
that whole Villages would stay 
up to watch. 

5312
04:51:13,600 --> 04:51:16,300
Everything was affected by a 
religion people. 

5313
04:51:16,300 --> 04:51:18,700
Often saw celestial events 
through religious lenses, 

5314
04:51:18,700 --> 04:51:20,900
strange things happening in the 
sky. 

5315
04:51:20,900 --> 04:51:24,500
Could be signs of political 
change, warning from God about 

5316
04:51:24,500 --> 04:51:27,300
how to act morally, or signs of 
the end of the world. 

5317
04:51:27,300 --> 04:51:31,100
The line between astronomy and 
astrology was not clear and both

5318
04:51:31,100 --> 04:51:35,300
were seen as valid ways to 
understand God's Will and 774 

5319
04:51:35,300 --> 04:51:38,100
most Scholars were monks and 
Priests who could read The Works

5320
04:51:38,100 --> 04:51:41,800
of ancient Scholars like Ptolemy
erised Tool and Pliny the Elder 

5321
04:51:41,800 --> 04:51:44,700
these texts helped people 
understand how the world worked 

5322
04:51:44,700 --> 04:51:47,500
but medieval Scholars weren't 
just passive, recipients of 

5323
04:51:47,500 --> 04:51:50,500
ancient knowledge, they also 
made their own observations and 

5324
04:51:50,500 --> 04:51:52,800
sometimes came to different 
conclusions than classical 

5325
04:51:52,800 --> 04:51:54,900
authorities. 
People were curious and 

5326
04:51:54,900 --> 04:51:58,000
observant at the time but only 
up to a point natural 

5327
04:51:58,000 --> 04:52:00,400
philosophers endeavored to 
comprehend God's creation 

5328
04:52:00,400 --> 04:52:03,500
through meticulous examination. 
Holding the belief that the 

5329
04:52:03,500 --> 04:52:05,400
natural world disclosed Divine 
truth. 

5330
04:52:05,400 --> 04:52:08,200
It was important to pay 
attention to strange events. 

5331
04:52:08,200 --> 04:52:11,100
Not only because they were 
scientifically interesting, but 

5332
04:52:11,100 --> 04:52:13,800
also, because they could have 
spiritual, meaning, trade 

5333
04:52:13,800 --> 04:52:15,600
networks, linked. 
Even the most isolated 

5334
04:52:15,600 --> 04:52:19,300
communities to larger cultural 
exchanges, a strange story seen 

5335
04:52:19,300 --> 04:52:21,700
in one Monastery, could travel 
hundreds of miles along, 

5336
04:52:21,700 --> 04:52:25,800
pilgrimage routes, Merchant pars
and diplomatic channels to reach

5337
04:52:25,800 --> 04:52:30,000
chroniclers information moved 
slowly but steadily making a 

5338
04:52:30,000 --> 04:52:32,300
medieval version of an 
intellectual Network that could 

5339
04:52:32,300 --> 04:52:33,700
keep. 
And share, in important 

5340
04:52:33,700 --> 04:52:38,500
observations in this carefully, 
planned world of 774 where the 

5341
04:52:38,508 --> 04:52:40,300
stars followed for military 
patterns. 

5342
04:52:40,600 --> 04:52:43,200
Strange things happen. 
So rarely that they were 

5343
04:52:43,200 --> 04:52:45,800
memorable, something amazing was
about to happen. 

5344
04:52:45,800 --> 04:52:49,300
The universe was getting ready 
to send Earth a cosmic message, 

5345
04:52:49,300 --> 04:52:53,200
that would be recorded in tree 
rings, ice cores and historical 

5346
04:52:53,200 --> 04:52:55,800
records. 
It would take humans over 1,000 

5347
04:52:55,800 --> 04:52:58,400
years to make the scientific 
tools needed to figure out what 

5348
04:52:58,400 --> 04:53:01,600
it meant. 
But the people of 774 didn't 

5349
04:53:01,600 --> 04:53:03,700
know they were about to see 
proof of one of the most 

5350
04:53:03,708 --> 04:53:05,800
powerful events in the history 
of the universe. 

5351
04:53:05,800 --> 04:53:08,500
They went about their daily 
lives, taking care of their 

5352
04:53:08,500 --> 04:53:11,800
fields, praying and looking at 
the stars they knew they had no 

5353
04:53:11,800 --> 04:53:14,800
idea that invisible radiation 
was about to fall from space in 

5354
04:53:14,800 --> 04:53:16,400
amounts. 
That wouldn't be seen again for 

5355
04:53:16,400 --> 04:53:19,500
another 1,000 years. 
Imagine that you're relaxing in 

5356
04:53:19,500 --> 04:53:21,200
your medieval Cottage on a 
normal night. 

5357
04:53:21,200 --> 04:53:25,400
In 774, maybe sometime between 
late winter and early summer. 

5358
04:53:25,400 --> 04:53:27,300
The exact date is lost to 
history. 

5359
04:53:27,300 --> 04:53:29,300
Like so many other details from 
that time. 

5360
04:53:29,300 --> 04:53:32,800
The sky looks normal. 
The stars shine as brightly as 

5361
04:53:32,800 --> 04:53:35,100
they always do. 
And nothing seems out of the 

5362
04:53:35,100 --> 04:53:38,400
ordinary for any other night in 
your life, but something amazing

5363
04:53:38,400 --> 04:53:40,200
is happening higher above the 
Earth's atmosphere. 

5364
04:53:40,500 --> 04:53:42,800
That people won't fully 
understand until the 21st 

5365
04:53:42,800 --> 04:53:45,100
century. 
A huge burst of high-energy 

5366
04:53:45,100 --> 04:53:47,900
particles is hitting Earth's 
upper atmosphere with a force 

5367
04:53:47,900 --> 04:53:51,300
that has never been seen before 
these cosmic rays, which 

5368
04:53:51,300 --> 04:53:53,100
wouldn't be called that for 
another Thousand Years. 

5369
04:53:53,100 --> 04:53:55,900
A falling from space, like an 
invisible waterfall of 

5370
04:53:55,900 --> 04:53:58,700
radiation, carrying energies 
that are much bigger than 

5371
04:53:58,700 --> 04:54:00,600
anything. 
Human technology can make even 

5372
04:54:00,600 --> 04:54:02,700
today. 
One of the biggest mysteries of 

5373
04:54:02,700 --> 04:54:05,700
medieval astronomy is where this
Cosmic bombardment came from. 

5374
04:54:05,700 --> 04:54:08,500
This is partly because the 
people who are affected couldn't

5375
04:54:08,500 --> 04:54:11,100
see it directly. 
This event didn't make any 

5376
04:54:11,100 --> 04:54:13,400
visible light change the night 
sky. 

5377
04:54:13,400 --> 04:54:16,400
In any big ways or show any 
clear signs, that something 

5378
04:54:16,400 --> 04:54:19,500
strange was happening unlike a 
comet or supernova. 

5379
04:54:19,500 --> 04:54:22,300
It was like being in the middle 
of the most amazing firework 

5380
04:54:22,300 --> 04:54:25,100
show in the history of the 
universe, or wearing a blindfold

5381
04:54:25,100 --> 04:54:29,200
what was going on even though it
could be seen, was truly amazing

5382
04:54:29,200 --> 04:54:31,700
protons. 
And other high energy particles 

5383
04:54:31,700 --> 04:54:34,200
were hitting Earth's atmosphere 
at almost the speed of light, 

5384
04:54:34,200 --> 04:54:37,600
this caused secondary particles 
to rain down toward the surface.

5385
04:54:37,600 --> 04:54:41,300
The intense tea was about 20 
times higher than Normal Cosmic 

5386
04:54:41,300 --> 04:54:43,800
gray levels. 
It was like if the normal gentle

5387
04:54:43,800 --> 04:54:46,800
spring rain turned into a heavy 
downpour that lasted for months.

5388
04:54:46,800 --> 04:54:50,100
These cosmic rays were hitting 
nitrogen atoms in the upper 

5389
04:54:50,100 --> 04:54:53,500
atmosphere and changing them 
into carbon-14 the radioactive 

5390
04:54:53,500 --> 04:54:56,200
isotope that archaeologists used
to date old things. 

5391
04:54:56,200 --> 04:55:00,400
This process usually happens at 
a steady predictable rate like a

5392
04:55:00,400 --> 04:55:03,200
cosmic clock that has been 
ticking steadily for thousands 

5393
04:55:03,200 --> 04:55:08,700
of years but in 774 that clock, 
suddenly sped up, making carbon 

5394
04:55:08,700 --> 04:55:11,800
14 at levels, that would leave a
mark on every living thing on 

5395
04:55:11,800 --> 04:55:14,000
Earth forever. 
Trees did a great job of 

5396
04:55:14,000 --> 04:55:16,500
recording the event. 
Even though they didn't know 

5397
04:55:16,500 --> 04:55:19,600
they were acting as Cosmic 
historians, they took an extra 

5398
04:55:19,600 --> 04:55:25,600
carbon 14 as they grew in 774 
and 7775, which scientists would

5399
04:55:25,600 --> 04:55:28,500
later recognized as one of the 
most dramatic, spike in the 

5400
04:55:28,508 --> 04:55:32,200
radiocarbon record, every tree 
ring from that time, held proof 

5401
04:55:32,200 --> 04:55:33,500
of this storm, that couldn't be 
seen. 

5402
04:55:33,500 --> 04:55:36,400
The cosmic rays were all making 
other isotopic. 

5403
04:55:36,400 --> 04:55:40,300
Signatures like beryllium 10 in 
ice cores and Corey in 36. 

5404
04:55:40,400 --> 04:55:43,700
In rocks, these records of the 
same event were spread out all 

5405
04:55:43,700 --> 04:55:46,700
over the world like pieces of a 
puzzle, that wouldn't be put 

5406
04:55:46,700 --> 04:55:48,500
together for more than a 
thousand years. 

5407
04:55:48,500 --> 04:55:51,500
The universe was putting 
invisible tags on Earth. 

5408
04:55:51,500 --> 04:55:56,500
That said something big happened
here in 774, but what could have

5409
04:55:56,500 --> 04:56:00,100
caused such a strong burst of 
cosmic radiation scientists 

5410
04:56:00,100 --> 04:56:03,500
today have come up with a number
of possible explanations each 

5411
04:56:03,500 --> 04:56:07,100
one more dramatic than the last.
Maybe two neutron stars which 

5412
04:56:07,100 --> 04:56:10,600
are City sized objects with the 
mass of our sun crashed into 

5413
04:56:10,600 --> 04:56:12,100
each other. 
In our Cosmic neighborhood, 

5414
04:56:12,100 --> 04:56:15,600
sending out a short, but very 
strong, burst of high energy 

5415
04:56:15,600 --> 04:56:18,200
particles, you can start to 
understand the energies 

5416
04:56:18,200 --> 04:56:19,900
involved. 
If you picked your two Atomic 

5417
04:56:19,900 --> 04:56:22,700
nuclei, the size of Manhattan, 
crashing into each other at 

5418
04:56:22,700 --> 04:56:24,600
speeds of thousands of miles per
second. 

5419
04:56:24,600 --> 04:56:27,900
Another possibility is that a 
magnet are which is a neutron 

5420
04:56:27,900 --> 04:56:30,600
star with a magnetic field 
trillions of time stronger than 

5421
04:56:30,600 --> 04:56:33,600
Earth's had a huge flare that 
sent radiation across 

5422
04:56:33,600 --> 04:56:36,400
Interstellar, space magnetas are
like crazy. 

5423
04:56:36,400 --> 04:56:39,200
Cosmic light houses, that 
sometimes explode with energy, 

5424
04:56:39,200 --> 04:56:42,000
that can be seen From thousands 
of light years away. 

5425
04:56:42,000 --> 04:56:45,600
If one of these huge stars, 
hiccuped in the right way, Earth

5426
04:56:45,600 --> 04:56:48,300
would have been in the way of an
invisible tsunami of high energy

5427
04:56:48,300 --> 04:56:50,100
particles. 
One of the most interesting 

5428
04:56:50,100 --> 04:56:53,800
possibilities is that Earth saw 
a gamma ray burst, which is one 

5429
04:56:53,800 --> 04:56:57,400
of the strongest explosions 
known to physics when huge Stars

5430
04:56:57,400 --> 04:57:00,800
collapse into black holes or 
when strange Stellar, remnants 

5431
04:57:00,800 --> 04:57:03,200
collide with each other, in a 
way that destroys everything. 

5432
04:57:03,200 --> 04:57:07,100
These events can outshine whole 
Galaxies for a short time. 

5433
04:57:07,100 --> 04:57:11,200
A gamma ray burst that hit Earth
directly could have caused the 

5434
04:57:11,200 --> 04:57:15,700
cosmic race bike that was seen 
in 774 the timing of this event 

5435
04:57:15,700 --> 04:57:22,100
is what makes it so interesting 
from 774 to 776 medieval records

5436
04:57:22,100 --> 04:57:24,600
from all over the world. 
Talked about strange things that

5437
04:57:24,600 --> 04:57:28,100
happened like strange light in 
the sky, strange weather 

5438
04:57:28,100 --> 04:57:31,200
patterns and other things that 
chroniclers thought were worth 

5439
04:57:31,200 --> 04:57:33,300
noting. 
These observations may have 

5440
04:57:33,300 --> 04:57:36,300
natural explanations that have 
nothing to do with cosmic rays, 

5441
04:57:36,300 --> 04:57:38,900
but the connection is 
interesting enough to make you 

5442
04:57:38,900 --> 04:57:40,300
think about what people who 
look. 

5443
04:57:40,600 --> 04:57:43,500
Sky in the Middle Ages might 
have seen that they couldn't 

5444
04:57:43,500 --> 04:57:47,700
explain the cosmic. 
Ray event of 774 was short by 

5445
04:57:47,700 --> 04:57:51,000
astronomical standards it, 
probably lasted months since of 

5446
04:57:51,000 --> 04:57:53,300
years. 
However it was strong enough to 

5447
04:57:53,308 --> 04:57:55,800
leave permanent marks in Earth's
natural records. 

5448
04:57:55,800 --> 04:57:58,500
It was like getting a cosmic 
Telegram in a language that 

5449
04:57:58,500 --> 04:58:01,500
people wouldn't be able to read 
for more than 1,000 years when 

5450
04:58:01,500 --> 04:58:04,400
they had better tools and 
theories from a medieval point 

5451
04:58:04,400 --> 04:58:07,000
of view, this storm was 
completely invisible to any 

5452
04:58:07,000 --> 04:58:09,900
technology or observation method
that was available at the time. 

5453
04:58:09,900 --> 04:58:12,900
Cosmic ray events don't leave 
any visible signs, that would 

5454
04:58:12,900 --> 04:58:16,700
alert people and like a clip's 
comets or supernovae. 

5455
04:58:16,700 --> 04:58:20,600
The people of 774 were going 
through one of the most amazing 

5456
04:58:20,600 --> 04:58:24,400
astrophysical events in history,
but they had no way of knowing 

5457
04:58:24,400 --> 04:58:27,300
it was happening. 
But in a way, they were all part

5458
04:58:27,300 --> 04:58:30,900
of a cosmic experiment working 
together without even knowing it

5459
04:58:30,900 --> 04:58:33,300
to make a time capsule that 
would help sign. 

5460
04:58:33,300 --> 04:58:35,600
This learn more about both 
medieval history and 

5461
04:58:35,600 --> 04:58:38,900
astrophysics. 
Every tree that grew every piece

5462
04:58:38,900 --> 04:58:41,500
of ice that formed. 
Every living thing that 

5463
04:58:41,500 --> 04:58:44,900
developed during those important
years was quietly leaving behind

5464
04:58:44,900 --> 04:58:48,600
evidence that would be very 
useful to researchers 13th. 

5465
04:58:48,600 --> 04:58:51,300
Centuries later even though 
medieval people couldn't see 

5466
04:58:51,300 --> 04:58:56,100
cosmic rays. 
The years 774 to 776 were not 

5467
04:58:56,100 --> 04:58:57,800
boring for the people who lived 
through them. 

5468
04:58:57,800 --> 04:59:00,800
There are records from Europe 
and Asia that talk about strange

5469
04:59:00,800 --> 04:59:02,300
things that happened during this
time. 

5470
04:59:02,300 --> 04:59:05,600
You can't say for sure that 
Cosmic radiation caused all of 

5471
04:59:05,600 --> 04:59:07,400
them. 
But the timing is interesting 

5472
04:59:07,400 --> 04:59:09,900
enough to make you wonder what 
people in the Middle Ages were 

5473
04:59:09,900 --> 04:59:14,300
really seeing imagine being 
among in a scriptorium in 775, 

5474
04:59:14,300 --> 04:59:17,500
keeping the chronicle that tells
the story of your monasteries, 

5475
04:59:17,500 --> 04:59:21,500
most important events you dip 
your coil in Oak galling and 

5476
04:59:21,500 --> 04:59:24,500
write down that the winter has 
been unusually harsh and that 

5477
04:59:24,500 --> 04:59:27,200
strange colors of appeared in 
the northern sky a few times, 

5478
04:59:27,200 --> 04:59:30,500
you don't know that more Cosmic 
radiation could change the 

5479
04:59:30,500 --> 04:59:32,300
chemistry of the atmosphere in 
small ways. 

5480
04:59:32,300 --> 04:59:35,900
All that high energy particles 
could cause stranger auroras to 

5481
04:59:35,900 --> 04:59:38,300
appear at lower. 
Latitudes than usual, the 

5482
04:59:38,300 --> 04:59:41,200
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is 
one of the most Liable sources 

5483
04:59:41,200 --> 04:59:44,600
from the Middle Ages says that a
red crucifix appeared in the sky

5484
04:59:44,600 --> 04:59:47,900
after Sunset around this time. 
Medieval chroniclers were 

5485
04:59:47,900 --> 04:59:50,400
skilled at watching the sky and 
could tell the difference 

5486
04:59:50,400 --> 04:59:52,100
between normal and strange 
events. 

5487
04:59:52,100 --> 04:59:55,100
So when they took the time to 
write down strange, celestial 

5488
04:59:55,100 --> 04:59:56,900
events. 
They were probably seeing 

5489
04:59:56,900 --> 05:00:02,400
something that was really 
strange between 774 and 776. 

5490
05:00:02,400 --> 05:00:06,400
Chinese astronomical records 
from the Tang Dynasty, which 

5491
05:00:06,400 --> 05:00:09,100
kept some of the most advanced 
Celestial observations in the 

5492
05:00:09,100 --> 05:00:13,200
world noted, a number of strange
events Chinese astronomers were 

5493
05:00:13,200 --> 05:00:16,000
specially good at keeping track 
of comets, Nova and other 

5494
05:00:16,000 --> 05:00:19,200
short-lived events their 
records, talk about guest stars 

5495
05:00:19,200 --> 05:00:21,900
and stranger atmospheric events 
that don't match up with any 

5496
05:00:21,900 --> 05:00:24,300
known astronomical events that 
can be seen from Earth. 

5497
05:00:24,300 --> 05:00:27,200
The annals of Ulster say that 
there were strange lights and 

5498
05:00:27,200 --> 05:00:29,700
weather patterns in Ireland. 
During this time, Irish 

5499
05:00:29,700 --> 05:00:32,200
monasteries were places where 
people could learn and keep 

5500
05:00:32,200 --> 05:00:34,700
details records of events on 
Earth and in the sky. 

5501
05:00:34,700 --> 05:00:37,700
Their Chronicles often give us 
information about things that 

5502
05:00:37,700 --> 05:00:40,200
other sources might miss. 
The fact that different 

5503
05:00:40,400 --> 05:00:43,100
Independent Chronicle Traditions
or record strange things 

5504
05:00:43,100 --> 05:00:46,400
happening at the same time, 
suggests that something strange 

5505
05:00:46,400 --> 05:00:49,200
was really going on. 
But this is where the story gets

5506
05:00:49,200 --> 05:00:51,300
really interesting. 
From a human point of view 

5507
05:00:51,300 --> 05:00:53,400
people. 
In the Middle Ages who saw these

5508
05:00:53,400 --> 05:00:56,000
things had to make sense of them
using what they already knew 

5509
05:00:56,000 --> 05:00:58,800
this meant that they mostly 
understood strange things 

5510
05:00:58,800 --> 05:01:00,500
through, religious and 
philosophical lenses. 

5511
05:01:00,500 --> 05:01:04,000
In a scientific ones, a strange 
light in the northern sky. 

5512
05:01:04,000 --> 05:01:06,900
Could mean that the government 
is about to change that God is 

5513
05:01:06,900 --> 05:01:09,600
unhappy with how people are 
acting or that the end of the 

5514
05:01:09,600 --> 05:01:12,700
world is near people probably 
thought of the Red Cross in the 

5515
05:01:12,700 --> 05:01:14,900
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as a 
Christian Vision. 

5516
05:01:14,900 --> 05:01:17,400
Maybe showing God's judgment or 
Mercy. 

5517
05:01:17,400 --> 05:01:20,200
These interpretations were 
simple or stupid. 

5518
05:01:20,200 --> 05:01:23,900
They were smart tries to make 
sense of strange events with the

5519
05:01:23,900 --> 05:01:25,400
best tools available at the 
time. 

5520
05:01:25,400 --> 05:01:27,500
It also looks like the weather 
in the Middle. 

5521
05:01:27,500 --> 05:01:33,600
Ages was strange from 774 to 776
with different records talking 

5522
05:01:33,600 --> 05:01:37,500
about harsh Winters, strange, 
storms, and other weather events

5523
05:01:37,500 --> 05:01:39,600
that were out of the ordinary 
cosmic rays. 

5524
05:01:39,600 --> 05:01:42,300
Don't directly Control the 
weather, but they can change the

5525
05:01:42,300 --> 05:01:44,700
chemistry of the atmosphere in 
ways that might change how 

5526
05:01:44,700 --> 05:01:48,600
clouds form and how much rain 
falls medieval, people would 

5527
05:01:48,600 --> 05:01:51,400
have thought it was magic that 
invisible particles from space, 

5528
05:01:51,400 --> 05:01:52,800
could change the weather on 
Earth. 

5529
05:01:52,800 --> 05:01:56,100
However modern research shows 
that these connections are 

5530
05:01:56,100 --> 05:01:58,800
possible in theory. 
Some agricultural records from 

5531
05:01:58,800 --> 05:02:01,200
this time. 
When they still exist, talk 

5532
05:02:01,200 --> 05:02:04,800
about strange, crop yields or 
growing conditions farmers. 

5533
05:02:04,800 --> 05:02:08,800
In 774 were very aware of small 
changes in the environment that 

5534
05:02:08,800 --> 05:02:10,200
could have an effect on their 
crops. 

5535
05:02:10,200 --> 05:02:12,900
They would have noticed If 
plants were acting differently 

5536
05:02:12,900 --> 05:02:16,100
than they should have, 
theoretically increased Cosmic 

5537
05:02:16,100 --> 05:02:18,200
radiation could impact plant 
growth and development. 

5538
05:02:18,200 --> 05:02:21,500
In ways that seasoned Farmers 
might notice, even if they 

5539
05:02:21,500 --> 05:02:24,400
couldn't articulate their 
observations monks, may have 

5540
05:02:24,408 --> 05:02:27,200
noticed, small changes in how 
plants grew or flowered in 

5541
05:02:27,208 --> 05:02:30,500
Monastery Gardens which were, 
well kept places medieval 

5542
05:02:30,500 --> 05:02:32,900
monasteries kept very detailed 
records of farming. 

5543
05:02:32,900 --> 05:02:35,500
And some of these records 
suggest that the weather was 

5544
05:02:35,500 --> 05:02:38,000
strange during the mid 700s and 
70s. 

5545
05:02:38,000 --> 05:02:41,100
It is impossible to say for 
sure, if these Changes were 

5546
05:02:41,100 --> 05:02:44,500
caused by Cosmic radiation or 
just normal changes in farming. 

5547
05:02:44,500 --> 05:02:48,100
But the timing is interesting. 
Even if the cosmic ray event 

5548
05:02:48,100 --> 05:02:51,000
itself couldn't be seen, it 
probably had a bigger effect on 

5549
05:02:51,000 --> 05:02:54,200
the minds of people living in 
medieval times, even though, no 

5550
05:02:54,200 --> 05:02:55,500
one could say, for sure what was
going on. 

5551
05:02:55,500 --> 05:02:59,000
Strange lights in the sky 
strange, weather patterns and 

5552
05:02:59,000 --> 05:03:01,100
strange. 
Natural events would have made 

5553
05:03:01,100 --> 05:03:03,000
people feel like something big 
was happening. 

5554
05:03:03,000 --> 05:03:06,000
People in the Middle Ages lived 
much closer to the Natural 

5555
05:03:06,000 --> 05:03:09,300
rhythms of the world than we do.
Now, this made them more aware 

5556
05:03:09,300 --> 05:03:11,700
of small changes in the 
environment that people who live

5557
05:03:11,700 --> 05:03:15,000
in cities today, might not 
notice at all a farmer who slept

5558
05:03:15,000 --> 05:03:17,600
outside every night would notice
if the Aurora appeared at 

5559
05:03:17,608 --> 05:03:19,200
latitudes that were lower than 
usual. 

5560
05:03:19,200 --> 05:03:22,800
Similarly, among who prayed at 
regular times would notice if 

5561
05:03:22,800 --> 05:03:26,000
the colors of dawn, or dusk 
looked different than usual when

5562
05:03:26,000 --> 05:03:28,200
strange things happen in 
medieval communities. 

5563
05:03:28,200 --> 05:03:31,400
People usually turned to 
religion, more asked learning 

5564
05:03:31,400 --> 05:03:34,500
people for advice and paid close
attention to other signs. 

5565
05:03:34,500 --> 05:03:37,700
That might help them understand 
what was going on communities, 

5566
05:03:37,700 --> 05:03:40,900
might set up special prayers 
processions or The religious 

5567
05:03:40,900 --> 05:03:43,900
activities to respond to Divine 
messages that are hidden in 

5568
05:03:43,900 --> 05:03:46,400
natural events. 
It is specially sad that people 

5569
05:03:46,400 --> 05:03:48,700
in the Middle Ages saw the 
aftermath of one of the most 

5570
05:03:48,700 --> 05:03:52,500
powerful astrophysical events in
history, but they had no way to 

5571
05:03:52,500 --> 05:03:55,400
understand what it really meant 
or how important it was. 

5572
05:03:55,400 --> 05:03:58,400
They were like people who were 
trying to understand a symphony,

5573
05:03:58,400 --> 05:04:01,200
but could only hear a few notes 
here and there or who were 

5574
05:04:01,200 --> 05:04:03,700
trying to enjoy a painting, but 
could only see random brush 

5575
05:04:03,700 --> 05:04:06,700
strokes, but they're careful 
observations and detailed 

5576
05:04:06,700 --> 05:04:10,000
records, which are still kept in
Monastery Chronicles and Royal 

5577
05:04:10,000 --> 05:04:14,000
annals on several continents. 
Give modern scientists important

5578
05:04:14,000 --> 05:04:17,300
information about both the 
cosmic ray of event and its 

5579
05:04:17,300 --> 05:04:20,600
possible effects on Earth 
medieval chroniclers writing by 

5580
05:04:20,600 --> 05:04:23,600
candlelight in stone. 
Scriptorium made records. 

5581
05:04:23,600 --> 05:04:26,300
That would be very useful to 
astrophysicist 13th. 

5582
05:04:26,300 --> 05:04:31,000
Centuries later people living 
between 700 and 774 and 776 

5583
05:04:31,000 --> 05:04:34,500
experience to mystery in its 
purest form things that were 

5584
05:04:34,500 --> 05:04:37,100
clearly important. 
But couldn't be explained by 

5585
05:04:37,100 --> 05:04:39,800
what they already knew. 
They used the tools they had 

5586
05:04:40,400 --> 05:04:43,600
Careful observation keeping 
detailed records and thinking 

5587
05:04:43,600 --> 05:04:46,200
about what they saw using 
religious and philosophical 

5588
05:04:46,200 --> 05:04:48,100
traditions. 
That had helped people 

5589
05:04:48,100 --> 05:04:51,200
understand things for a long 
time, picture yourself as a 

5590
05:04:51,200 --> 05:04:53,900
detective, trying to figure out 
a mystery that happened more 

5591
05:04:53,900 --> 05:04:56,800
than 1200 years ago. 
The only Clues you have a 

5592
05:04:56,800 --> 05:04:59,800
scattered across Royal archives 
Monastery, libraries and the 

5593
05:04:59,800 --> 05:05:02,200
hidden records written in tree 
rings and Ice cores. 

5594
05:05:02,200 --> 05:05:06,700
When modern scientists first 
found proof of the 774 cosmic 

5595
05:05:06,700 --> 05:05:09,700
ray event, they had to put 
together, medieval Chronicles 

5596
05:05:09,700 --> 05:05:12,800
and the most advanced 
astrophysics to figure it out. 

5597
05:05:12,800 --> 05:05:16,100
In the early 2000s. 
Researchers looking at tree-ring

5598
05:05:16,100 --> 05:05:19,500
data saw something amazing, that
led to the big Discovery, the 

5599
05:05:19,500 --> 05:05:24,900
amount of carbon 14 in Woodstock
samples from 774 to 775 went up 

5600
05:05:24,900 --> 05:05:27,800
a lot, which hasn't happened in 
the last few thousand years. 

5601
05:05:27,800 --> 05:05:30,800
There was like nature had 
suddenly switched pens to write 

5602
05:05:30,800 --> 05:05:33,000
the same story, making a 
signature. 

5603
05:05:33,000 --> 05:05:36,300
So unique that, it could be seen
in trees from Japan to Germany 

5604
05:05:36,300 --> 05:05:39,100
to North America. 
But what makes this discovery so

5605
05:05:39,100 --> 05:05:41,700
interesting is that the Same 
strange thing happened at the 

5606
05:05:41,700 --> 05:05:44,900
same time in many different 
records all over the world, ice 

5607
05:05:44,900 --> 05:05:47,500
cores from Antarctica and 
Greenland had higher levels of 

5608
05:05:47,500 --> 05:05:50,300
beryllium 10 and other isotopes 
that are made. 

5609
05:05:50,300 --> 05:05:53,600
When cosmic rays, hit other 
particles, Coral growth rings 

5610
05:05:53,600 --> 05:05:56,400
from tropical oceans, showed 
signs of the same event in their

5611
05:05:56,400 --> 05:05:58,500
chemical makeup. 
It was like seeing the same 

5612
05:05:58,500 --> 05:06:01,700
fingerprint at crime scenes on 
different continents, medieval 

5613
05:06:01,700 --> 05:06:05,000
chroniclers who wrote by 
candlelight with quill pens and 

5614
05:06:05,000 --> 05:06:08,400
knowingly, recorded pieces of 
this Cosmic puzzle in their 

5615
05:06:08,400 --> 05:06:09,900
careful notes, about strange 
events. 

5616
05:06:09,900 --> 05:06:13,200
It was no longer just a strange 
medieval Superstition that the 

5617
05:06:13,200 --> 05:06:16,400
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentioned 
a red crucifix in the sky. 

5618
05:06:16,400 --> 05:06:19,700
It could be useful scientific 
information about how Cosmic 

5619
05:06:19,700 --> 05:06:22,700
radiation affects the 
atmosphere, Chinese astronomical

5620
05:06:22,700 --> 05:06:25,600
records were specially useful 
because astronomers in the tank 

5621
05:06:25,600 --> 05:06:28,100
in Asti. 
Kept, very detailed records of 

5622
05:06:28,100 --> 05:06:32,400
celestial events, their records 
of guest stars, strange lights 

5623
05:06:32,400 --> 05:06:38,700
and Atmospheric anomalies from 
774 to 776 helped us understand 

5624
05:06:38,700 --> 05:06:42,600
how experienced sky, Might have 
seen such an event with the 

5625
05:06:42,600 --> 05:06:45,800
tools they had at the time to 
connect medieval Chronicles to 

5626
05:06:45,800 --> 05:06:48,400
Modern astrophysics. 
You had to think about things in

5627
05:06:48,400 --> 05:06:51,400
a way that was, like, going back
in time researchers needed to 

5628
05:06:51,400 --> 05:06:53,300
comprehend. 
Not only the observations made 

5629
05:06:53,300 --> 05:06:56,500
by medieval individuals, but 
also how these observations 

5630
05:06:56,500 --> 05:06:59,400
would have been interpreted and 
documented within their cultural

5631
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:02,800
and scientific contexts medieval
chroniclers would have used the 

5632
05:07:02,800 --> 05:07:06,400
language of Omens wonders and 
divine signs to write about 

5633
05:07:06,400 --> 05:07:09,100
something that we could describe
in terms of particle physics and

5634
05:07:09,100 --> 05:07:11,400
Atmospheric chemistry. 
The result of this 

5635
05:07:11,400 --> 05:07:14,200
cross-disciplinary detective 
work was a picture of an event 

5636
05:07:14,200 --> 05:07:17,200
that was both dramatic and 
invisible know medieval 

5637
05:07:17,200 --> 05:07:19,900
technology could have detected. 
The cosmic ray bombardment 

5638
05:07:19,900 --> 05:07:22,100
itself. 
But careful, observers might 

5639
05:07:22,100 --> 05:07:24,800
have been able to see its 
secondary effects such as 

5640
05:07:24,800 --> 05:07:28,700
stranger auroras atmospheric 
phenomena and maybe even small 

5641
05:07:28,700 --> 05:07:32,100
changes in weather patterns. 
The timing of events recorded in

5642
05:07:32,100 --> 05:07:33,800
medieval Chronicles, roughly 
matches. 

5643
05:07:33,800 --> 05:07:37,100
The time when cosmic ray levels 
were high, this suggests that 

5644
05:07:37,100 --> 05:07:39,500
some of the strange things that 
medieval writers wrote, about 

5645
05:07:39,500 --> 05:07:42,300
may have been caused by the 
Invisible radiation storm. 

5646
05:07:42,300 --> 05:07:45,400
It's like finding out that 
puzzle pieces, that seemed 

5647
05:07:45,400 --> 05:07:47,700
unrelated actually fit together 
to make a whole picture. 

5648
05:07:47,700 --> 05:07:50,300
When you look at them from the 
right angle, Islamic 

5649
05:07:50,300 --> 05:07:51,900
astronomical records from 
Baghdad. 

5650
05:07:51,900 --> 05:07:54,900
And Cordoba also talk about 
strange things that happen. 

5651
05:07:54,900 --> 05:07:57,600
During this time. 
Medieval Islamic astronomers 

5652
05:07:57,600 --> 05:08:00,100
were some of the best at 
observing celestial events in 

5653
05:08:00,100 --> 05:08:03,100
the world, their records often 
add to and clarify what 

5654
05:08:03,100 --> 05:08:06,300
European, and Chinese sources 
have said, the worldwide nature 

5655
05:08:06,300 --> 05:08:08,100
of these records. 
Suggest that what was happening.

5656
05:08:08,100 --> 05:08:10,500
Was truly Global not just in one
area. 

5657
05:08:10,500 --> 05:08:13,700
Modern researchers have a hard 
time figuring out which cosmic 

5658
05:08:13,700 --> 05:08:16,800
ray effects are real and which 
are just the normal background 

5659
05:08:16,800 --> 05:08:19,600
of strange events that medieval 
Chronicles wrote about all the 

5660
05:08:19,608 --> 05:08:21,500
time. 
People in the Middle Ages. 

5661
05:08:21,500 --> 05:08:24,900
Lived in a world where comets 
eclipse is strange weather, and 

5662
05:08:24,900 --> 05:08:27,400
many other events were always 
happening and being seen as 

5663
05:08:27,400 --> 05:08:30,400
important to figure out, which 
anomalies might be linked to the

5664
05:08:30,408 --> 05:08:32,600
cosmic ray of event. 
You need to carefully. 

5665
05:08:32,600 --> 05:08:36,100
Look at the timing global 
distribution and the specific 

5666
05:08:36,100 --> 05:08:37,800
nature of the reported 
phenomena. 

5667
05:08:37,800 --> 05:08:40,800
One of the most interesting 
things about medieval records is

5668
05:08:40,800 --> 05:08:42,400
How consistent? 
They are across different 

5669
05:08:42,400 --> 05:08:46,200
cultures when Irish monks 
Chinese quarter astronomers and 

5670
05:08:46,200 --> 05:08:49,300
Islamic scholars in Spain. 
All right, about strange things 

5671
05:08:49,300 --> 05:08:52,300
happening in the sky. 
At the same time, it means they 

5672
05:08:52,300 --> 05:08:54,300
were seeing something that was 
really strange. 

5673
05:08:54,300 --> 05:08:57,300
And not just what people in 
their cultures thought were 

5674
05:08:57,300 --> 05:09:00,500
signs of bad luck or good luck. 
This Cosmic mystery shows how 

5675
05:09:00,500 --> 05:09:03,000
modern science works best when 
people work together 

5676
05:09:03,000 --> 05:09:06,000
astrophysicists offered 
theoretical Frameworks for 

5677
05:09:06,000 --> 05:09:08,700
comprehending, cosmic ray, 
phenomena and their possible 

5678
05:09:08,700 --> 05:09:11,900
impacts historians and 
archaeologists helped by sharing

5679
05:09:11,900 --> 05:09:14,100
their knowledge of medieval 
sources and the historical 

5680
05:09:14,100 --> 05:09:17,700
context geochemists and 
climatologists studied tree 

5681
05:09:17,700 --> 05:09:20,100
rings. 
Ice cores and other natural 

5682
05:09:20,100 --> 05:09:23,000
records that keep chemical 
traces of events from long ago. 

5683
05:09:23,000 --> 05:09:27,800
The 774 event is a specialty 
useful for science because it 

5684
05:09:27,800 --> 05:09:30,100
can be used as a kind of cosmic 
calibration tool. 

5685
05:09:30,100 --> 05:09:33,600
Scientists can better understand
similar, but smaller events in 

5686
05:09:33,600 --> 05:09:36,800
the geological and historical 
record by studying how this 

5687
05:09:36,800 --> 05:09:40,300
intense cosmic ray of event 
changed Earth's atmosphere and 

5688
05:09:41,500 --> 05:09:43,800
It's like having a Rosetta Stone
to help you figure out what 

5689
05:09:43,800 --> 05:09:46,200
cosmic ray signatures mean in 
natural archives. 

5690
05:09:46,200 --> 05:09:49,300
The medieval chroniclers who 
wrote about strange events in 

5691
05:09:49,300 --> 05:09:54,600
774 to 776 a part of a 
scientific collaboration that 

5692
05:09:54,600 --> 05:09:57,900
they could never have imagined 
their meticulous observations 

5693
05:09:57,900 --> 05:10:00,600
documented in manuscripts, 
dispersed throughout Monastery, 

5694
05:10:00,600 --> 05:10:04,100
libraries and Royal archives. 
Yielded essential evidence for 

5695
05:10:04,100 --> 05:10:05,900
comprehending. 
One of the most consequential 

5696
05:10:05,900 --> 05:10:08,900
astrophysical occurrences in 
recorded, history. 

5697
05:10:08,900 --> 05:10:12,400
Scientists can now read the 
cosmic signatures hidden in tree

5698
05:10:12,400 --> 05:10:14,200
rings and Ice cores. 
Thanks to modern technology. 

5699
05:10:14,200 --> 05:10:18,400
However, medieval people who saw
the event gave scientists the 

5700
05:10:18,400 --> 05:10:20,900
context, they needed to 
understand how it might have 

5701
05:10:20,900 --> 05:10:22,400
looked to people who lived 
through it. 

5702
05:10:22,400 --> 05:10:25,900
The combination of high-tech 
analysis and careful historical 

5703
05:10:25,900 --> 05:10:29,000
research has uncovered a story 
that neither method could have 

5704
05:10:29,008 --> 05:10:32,400
found on its own. 
The people who saw the 774 

5705
05:10:32,400 --> 05:10:34,900
cosmic ray of event had no idea.
They were witnessing 

5706
05:10:34,900 --> 05:10:38,300
astronomical history, But 
they're careful record-keeping 

5707
05:10:38,300 --> 05:10:40,900
and detailed observations made a
time capsule. 

5708
05:10:40,900 --> 05:10:43,800
That would be very useful to 
researchers more than 1,000 

5709
05:10:43,800 --> 05:10:45,600
years later. 
It's a reminder that 

5710
05:10:45,600 --> 05:10:48,700
observations that seem unrelated
can sometimes show their true 

5711
05:10:48,700 --> 05:10:50,600
importance. 
Only when looked at, from the 

5712
05:10:50,600 --> 05:10:52,300
point of view of later, 
scientific knowledge. 

5713
05:10:52,300 --> 05:10:56,000
Imagine waking up on a normal 
morning in 775. 

5714
05:10:56,000 --> 05:10:59,300
When the year before had brought
news of strange events from all 

5715
05:10:59,300 --> 05:11:02,500
over the world, you get up with 
the sun because that's when life

5716
05:11:02,500 --> 05:11:04,400
starts in a time before electric
lights. 

5717
05:11:04,400 --> 05:11:07,800
When you step outside your home,
whether it's a peasant Cottage, 

5718
05:11:07,800 --> 05:11:11,200
a monastery sell or a Merchant's
house, you might look up at the 

5719
05:11:11,200 --> 05:11:13,800
sky and realize that something 
strange has been happening up 

5720
05:11:13,800 --> 05:11:15,800
there. 
The cosmic ray of event that 

5721
05:11:15,800 --> 05:11:19,700
peaked in 774 was making small 
changes in your environment that

5722
05:11:19,700 --> 05:11:22,200
you couldn't see. 
But the strange things that 

5723
05:11:22,200 --> 05:11:24,800
Chronicles and travelers wrote 
about were adding a sense of 

5724
05:11:24,800 --> 05:11:27,900
wonder and uncertainty to 
everyday life people in the 

5725
05:11:27,900 --> 05:11:29,900
Middle, Ages were used to living
with mystery. 

5726
05:11:29,900 --> 05:11:32,800
They knew that a lot of things 
about the natural world were 

5727
05:11:32,800 --> 05:11:35,700
Beyond human understanding, but 
the fact that there was so many 

5728
05:11:35,708 --> 05:11:38,300
strange reports during this 
time, made them feel like, big 

5729
05:11:38,300 --> 05:11:40,300
changes. 
Might be happening in the cosmic

5730
05:11:40,300 --> 05:11:42,000
order. 
No matter if you were a devout 

5731
05:11:42,000 --> 05:11:45,000
monk following the canonical 
hours or a farmer giving, thanks

5732
05:11:45,000 --> 05:11:47,600
for another day of life. 
Your morning routine would 

5733
05:11:47,600 --> 05:11:51,000
always start with prayers. 
But prayers from the Middle Ages

5734
05:11:51,000 --> 05:11:53,700
often asked for protection from 
all kinds of natural and 

5735
05:11:53,700 --> 05:11:56,600
Supernatural threats. 
The reports of strange lights, 

5736
05:11:56,600 --> 05:11:59,000
and unusual weather might have 
made these requests seem more 

5737
05:11:59,000 --> 05:12:01,800
important than usual. 
You lived in a time when the 

5738
05:12:01,800 --> 05:12:03,100
line between natural and 
Supernatural. 

5739
05:12:03,100 --> 05:12:06,900
Explanations was not very clear.
Strange, things could be seen as

5740
05:12:06,900 --> 05:12:11,600
either Divine messages or bad 
owners, most people in 775 were 

5741
05:12:11,600 --> 05:12:13,500
farmers. 
So they had to pay close 

5742
05:12:13,500 --> 05:12:16,200
attention to Natural signs and 
seasonal patterns all the time 

5743
05:12:16,200 --> 05:12:19,600
to be successful in farming. 
In the Middle Ages, you had to 

5744
05:12:19,600 --> 05:12:22,700
be able to read subtle signs. 
In the environment, like when to

5745
05:12:22,700 --> 05:12:25,800
plant based on the temperature 
and moisture of the soil, how to

5746
05:12:25,800 --> 05:12:28,100
tell when the weather would 
change based on the clouds and 

5747
05:12:28,100 --> 05:12:31,000
wind patterns, and how to tell 
when it was time to harvest 

5748
05:12:31,000 --> 05:12:34,500
people who survival depended on,
being able to read Nature's 

5749
05:12:34,500 --> 05:12:36,500
signals, would notice any 
strange changes in the 

5750
05:12:36,500 --> 05:12:39,300
environment right away, the 
higher levels of cosmic 

5751
05:12:39,300 --> 05:12:40,700
radiation that were falling on 
Earth. 

5752
05:12:40,700 --> 05:12:43,300
At this time, could have had an 
effect on plant growth that 

5753
05:12:43,300 --> 05:12:46,100
experienced Farmers. 
Might have noticed medieval 

5754
05:12:46,100 --> 05:12:48,900
farmers were very sensitive to 
changes in how cropped, grew and

5755
05:12:48,900 --> 05:12:51,600
developed, even though the 
effects would be small. 

5756
05:12:51,600 --> 05:12:54,300
Compared to more obvious factors
like weather and soil quality. 

5757
05:12:54,300 --> 05:12:57,500
If a farmer worked the same 
fields for years, they would 

5758
05:12:57,500 --> 05:12:59,600
notice. 
If the plants were acting even a

5759
05:12:59,600 --> 05:13:02,400
little bit differently than they
were used to Monastery Gardens, 

5760
05:13:02,400 --> 05:13:05,800
in particular were carefully, 
controlled spaces where small 

5761
05:13:05,800 --> 05:13:09,000
changes might be easier to see 
monks who took care of herb, 

5762
05:13:09,000 --> 05:13:11,600
garden, Gardens and medicinal 
plants, were trained to be very 

5763
05:13:11,600 --> 05:13:15,000
observed and pay close attention
to help plants grew and how 

5764
05:13:15,000 --> 05:13:17,900
healthy they were because they 
need so much about how plants 

5765
05:13:17,900 --> 05:13:20,000
normally behave. 
They might have been able to 

5766
05:13:20,008 --> 05:13:21,800
spot things that Less 
experienced. 

5767
05:13:21,800 --> 05:13:24,900
Observers would have missed the 
psychological climate of daily 

5768
05:13:24,900 --> 05:13:26,500
life. 
During this era was likely 

5769
05:13:26,500 --> 05:13:29,700
affected by the proliferation of
anomalous reports from various 

5770
05:13:29,700 --> 05:13:33,500
regions, and sources, medieval 
communication networks, which 

5771
05:13:33,500 --> 05:13:36,000
were based on trade, routes 
pilgrimage routes, and 

5772
05:13:36,000 --> 05:13:39,000
diplomatic contacts moved 
information slowly. 

5773
05:13:39,000 --> 05:13:42,900
But steadily strange stories 
from Faraway places would slowly

5774
05:13:42,900 --> 05:13:46,200
make their way into local 
communities, making people feel 

5775
05:13:46,200 --> 05:13:49,400
like the normal order of things 
was changing in some way people.

5776
05:13:49,400 --> 05:13:51,900
In the Middle Ages, knew that 
big events often made themselves

5777
05:13:51,900 --> 05:13:54,200
known through natural signs and 
Omens. 

5778
05:13:54,200 --> 05:13:57,000
Medieval people strongly 
believe, that strange events 

5779
05:13:57,000 --> 05:14:00,000
could happen before big changes 
and politics Society or religion

5780
05:14:00,000 --> 05:14:02,600
people who lived at the time 
would have thought that 

5781
05:14:02,600 --> 05:14:05,400
something important was going 
on, when several sources 

5782
05:14:05,400 --> 05:14:08,600
reported strange events 
happening at the same time, even

5783
05:14:08,600 --> 05:14:11,900
if they didn't know exactly what
it was, people might have talked

5784
05:14:11,900 --> 05:14:15,400
about strange, weather strange, 
light and other strange, things 

5785
05:14:15,400 --> 05:14:18,000
that Travelers and chroniclers 
had seen more often during this 

5786
05:14:18,000 --> 05:14:20,600
time because medieval 
communities were small. 

5787
05:14:21,200 --> 05:14:23,900
Resting news spread quickly. 
The collection of strange 

5788
05:14:23,900 --> 05:14:26,500
reports would have given people 
interesting things to talk about

5789
05:14:26,500 --> 05:14:30,200
at communal meals Market Days 
and other social events people 

5790
05:14:30,200 --> 05:14:33,000
who worked outside would have 
had more chances to see strange 

5791
05:14:33,000 --> 05:14:35,700
weather patterns that people who
worked inside might not have 

5792
05:14:35,700 --> 05:14:38,700
seen blacksmiths. 
Carpenters and other craftsmen, 

5793
05:14:38,700 --> 05:14:41,600
who worked out would have been 
in a good position to notice 

5794
05:14:41,600 --> 05:14:44,000
changes in the Colours of the 
sky strange. 

5795
05:14:44,000 --> 05:14:47,000
Cloud shapes or other 
atmospheric Oddities that could 

5796
05:14:47,000 --> 05:14:49,800
be related to The Invisible. 
Cosmic ray bombardment, that is 

5797
05:14:49,800 --> 05:14:51,300
hitting the, upper atmosphere of
Earth. 

5798
05:14:51,300 --> 05:14:54,100
During this time, people might 
have spent more time watching 

5799
05:14:54,100 --> 05:14:56,700
the sky at night, because they 
were more aware of the 

5800
05:14:56,700 --> 05:15:00,100
possibility of strange celestial
events people in the Middle Ages

5801
05:15:00,100 --> 05:15:01,700
were already good at looking at 
the stars. 

5802
05:15:01,700 --> 05:15:05,400
Night sky was much clearer 
without light pollution, and 

5803
05:15:05,400 --> 05:15:07,700
looking at the stars was 
important for keeping track of 

5804
05:15:07,708 --> 05:15:11,200
time and finding your way, but 
reports of strange, light and 

5805
05:15:11,200 --> 05:15:13,400
Atmospheric anomalies would have
made them even more. 

5806
05:15:13,400 --> 05:15:17,500
Careful about what they saw at 
night during 700 775 religious, 

5807
05:15:17,500 --> 05:15:20,300
observances may have encompassed
specific prayers or rituals 

5808
05:15:20,300 --> 05:15:23,400
intended to Appropriately 
address the enigmatic signs that

5809
05:15:23,400 --> 05:15:26,800
appeared with notable frequency,
medieval Christianity, offered 

5810
05:15:26,800 --> 05:15:29,700
Frameworks for interpreting 
natural phenomena as Divine 

5811
05:15:29,700 --> 05:15:33,200
Communications and communities 
may have organized supplementary

5812
05:15:33,200 --> 05:15:36,400
religious activities to ensure 
appropriate, responses to 

5813
05:15:36,400 --> 05:15:39,000
perceived Celestial messages 
life, in the Middle. 

5814
05:15:39,000 --> 05:15:41,700
Ages were still governed by the 
seasons even though strange 

5815
05:15:41,700 --> 05:15:42,900
things were happening in the 
background. 

5816
05:15:42,900 --> 05:15:45,800
No matter how many cosmic rays 
were in the air, or how many 

5817
05:15:45,808 --> 05:15:49,300
strange lights were in the sky. 
Spring planting summer 

5818
05:15:49,300 --> 05:15:53,400
cultivation, Autumn Harvest and 
winter preservation, activities 

5819
05:15:53,400 --> 05:15:56,900
all followed their old patterns,
but there may have been more 

5820
05:15:56,900 --> 05:15:59,900
talks about what current events 
mean and what they could mean 

5821
05:15:59,900 --> 05:16:02,700
for the future while the work 
was going on, Merchants and 

5822
05:16:02,700 --> 05:16:05,400
travelers, who had the most 
information about different 

5823
05:16:05,400 --> 05:16:08,000
parts of the world. 
In medieval times were very 

5824
05:16:08,000 --> 05:16:10,500
important in spreading news, 
about strange events to 

5825
05:16:10,500 --> 05:16:13,800
different areas, a merchant, who
traveled between cities a lot 

5826
05:16:13,808 --> 05:16:16,200
could act as an unofficial 
Clearing House for stories. 

5827
05:16:16,200 --> 05:16:19,200
About strange things that 
happened letting people compare 

5828
05:16:19,200 --> 05:16:21,900
what happened in their own area,
what happened in other places, 

5829
05:16:21,900 --> 05:16:24,700
the cumulative effect of living 
through a time. 

5830
05:16:24,700 --> 05:16:27,400
When strange things happened 
more often than usual was 

5831
05:16:27,400 --> 05:16:30,100
probably a stronger feeling of 
living in important times. 

5832
05:16:30,100 --> 05:16:32,900
People in the Middle Ages new 
that they were part of ongoing 

5833
05:16:32,900 --> 05:16:36,200
historical stories like the 
history of Their Kingdoms, the 

5834
05:16:36,200 --> 05:16:38,700
history of the Bible and the 
story of Christendom. 

5835
05:16:38,700 --> 05:16:41,800
They thought that strange 
natural events might mean that 

5836
05:16:41,800 --> 05:16:44,200
important parts of these bigger 
stories were being written. 

5837
05:16:44,200 --> 05:16:47,500
What makes this a specialty sad?
Is that the people of 7? 

5838
05:16:48,100 --> 05:16:49,500
5. 
We're going through a very 

5839
05:16:49,500 --> 05:16:53,000
important event in the universe 
even though they had no idea 

5840
05:16:53,000 --> 05:16:56,100
what it really was. 
One of the strongest cosmic ray 

5841
05:16:56,100 --> 05:16:58,900
bombardments ever recorded was 
happening, but people at the 

5842
05:16:58,908 --> 05:17:01,700
time, couldn't see it. 
It left permanent marks and 

5843
05:17:01,700 --> 05:17:04,300
tree, rings and Ice cores. 
They were making records. 

5844
05:17:04,300 --> 05:17:07,800
That would be very useful to 
scientists 1000 years later, but

5845
05:17:07,800 --> 05:17:10,600
they didn't know it at the time.
The story of how modern 

5846
05:17:10,600 --> 05:17:12,300
scientists figured out what 
happened. 

5847
05:17:12,300 --> 05:17:16,600
During the 774 cosmic, ray event
is like a detective novel for 

5848
05:17:16,600 --> 05:17:19,800
smart people with Clues hidden 
in Japanese cedar trees. 

5849
05:17:19,800 --> 05:17:23,700
Greenlandic ice, sheets and the 
margins of medieval manuscripts.

5850
05:17:23,700 --> 05:17:26,900
It's a story that shows how the 
most advanced science of the 

5851
05:17:26,900 --> 05:17:30,700
21st century can sometimes rely 
on the careful notes of monks 

5852
05:17:30,700 --> 05:17:33,000
from the 8th Century. 
We were just trying to write 

5853
05:17:33,000 --> 05:17:34,900
down what they saw in the world 
around them. 

5854
05:17:34,900 --> 05:17:37,900
As is often the case with 
scientific breakthroughs, the 

5855
05:17:37,900 --> 05:17:40,800
discovery started when someone 
noticed that the data didn't 

5856
05:17:40,800 --> 05:17:44,200
look quite right, researchers 
studying radiocarbon levels in 

5857
05:17:44,208 --> 05:17:48,000
tree, rings in the early 2000s 
were creating detailed timelines

5858
05:17:48,000 --> 05:17:51,300
of past weather conditions when 
they found something that had 

5859
05:17:51,300 --> 05:17:55,500
never been seen before. 
Huge rise in carbon 14 levels 

5860
05:17:55,500 --> 05:18:00,700
that happen all over the world 
in trees between 774 and 775. 

5861
05:18:00,700 --> 05:18:03,800
Imagine the moment when these 
scientists first understood, 

5862
05:18:03,800 --> 05:18:06,300
what they were seeing 
radiocarbon dating works. 

5863
05:18:06,300 --> 05:18:08,800
Because cosmic rays change 
nitrogen in the air. 

5864
05:18:08,800 --> 05:18:12,900
Into carbon-14 at rates that are
fairly predictable for thousands

5865
05:18:12,900 --> 05:18:14,500
of years. 
This process has been running 

5866
05:18:14,500 --> 05:18:18,400
like a clock in space making a 
baseline that archeologists and 

5867
05:18:18,400 --> 05:18:20,500
climate researchers used to date
old things. 

5868
05:18:20,500 --> 05:18:25,500
But in 774 that steady clock in 
space suddenly sped up the spike

5869
05:18:25,500 --> 05:18:29,200
was huge about 20 times higher 
than normal levels of cosmic 

5870
05:18:29,200 --> 05:18:31,400
rays and it happened all over 
the place. 

5871
05:18:31,400 --> 05:18:37,800
At the same time during their 
774 to 775 growth, rings trees, 

5872
05:18:37,800 --> 05:18:40,800
in Japan, Germany, North America
and other parts of the world. 

5873
05:18:40,800 --> 05:18:44,700
All showed the same huge rise in
carbon 14 incorporation. 

5874
05:18:44,700 --> 05:18:47,700
It was like, finding out that 
every clock in the world had run

5875
05:18:47,700 --> 05:18:51,200
fast for a short time in the 
same year over 1200 years ago. 

5876
05:18:51,200 --> 05:18:55,000
At first scientists didn't know 
Of course, such a big and sudden

5877
05:18:55,000 --> 05:18:57,500
event around the world. 
Testing nuclear weapons in the 

5878
05:18:57,500 --> 05:19:01,000
1960s had caused fake 
radiocarbon spikes but the 

5879
05:19:01,000 --> 05:19:03,400
natural historical record didn't
have anything like what they 

5880
05:19:03,408 --> 05:19:07,800
were seeing in 774 in theory 
solar flares could cause more 

5881
05:19:07,800 --> 05:19:12,600
cosmic rays but the 774 event 
was so big that was bigger than 

5882
05:19:12,600 --> 05:19:15,800
any known solar storm. 
The big step forward happened 

5883
05:19:15,800 --> 05:19:18,400
when scientists started looking 
for other natural records that 

5884
05:19:18,400 --> 05:19:21,500
keep cosmic ray signatures that 
could back up their findings 

5885
05:19:21,500 --> 05:19:25,000
Antarctic Ice cores which 
trapped gases and particles from

5886
05:19:25,000 --> 05:19:27,600
the atmosphere in layers that 
look like pages and a Frozen 

5887
05:19:27,600 --> 05:19:31,400
book showed higher levels of 
beryllium 10 and other Isotopes 

5888
05:19:31,400 --> 05:19:34,200
made by cosmic ray interactions 
during the same time, period, 

5889
05:19:34,200 --> 05:19:37,100
Coral growth rings. 
From tropical ocean had other 

5890
05:19:37,100 --> 05:19:38,700
chemical signs of the same 
event. 

5891
05:19:38,700 --> 05:19:41,100
Scientist was sure. 
They were looking at something 

5892
05:19:41,100 --> 05:19:44,300
truly new in the historical 
record because evidence from 

5893
05:19:44,300 --> 05:19:48,600
many different sources. 
Tree rings, ice cores and coral.

5894
05:19:48,600 --> 05:19:52,500
Reefs all pointed to the same 
amazing event that happened in 

5895
05:19:52,500 --> 05:19:57,000
7. 
To 7775 but figuring out. 

5896
05:19:57,000 --> 05:19:59,700
What happened was, just the 
first step in understanding it, 

5897
05:19:59,700 --> 05:20:02,500
what might have caused such a 
strong burst of cosmic 

5898
05:20:02,500 --> 05:20:04,500
radiation. 
This is where medieval 

5899
05:20:04,500 --> 05:20:07,300
Chronicles became an 
unexpectedly important part of 

5900
05:20:07,300 --> 05:20:10,100
the scientific equation, 
scientists figured out that if 

5901
05:20:10,108 --> 05:20:16,200
cosmic ray levels had gone up a 
lot between 774 and 7775 There 

5902
05:20:16,200 --> 05:20:18,600
might be indirect proof of what 
happened in, historical records 

5903
05:20:18,600 --> 05:20:20,900
from that time. 
Chroniclers, from the Middle 

5904
05:20:20,900 --> 05:20:23,800
Ages were skilled at noticing. 
Strange things in the sky in the

5905
05:20:23,808 --> 05:20:25,600
air. 
And they may have seen things 

5906
05:20:25,600 --> 05:20:28,000
that could be linked to higher 
levels of cosmic radiation. 

5907
05:20:28,000 --> 05:20:31,300
Researchers had to think like 
both scientists and historians 

5908
05:20:31,300 --> 05:20:34,300
in order to link medieval 
observations to Modern 

5909
05:20:34,300 --> 05:20:37,000
astrophysics. 
They had to know not only what 

5910
05:20:37,000 --> 05:20:40,000
people in the Middle Ages might 
have seen but also how those 

5911
05:20:40,000 --> 05:20:42,600
observations would have been 
understood and recorded in the 

5912
05:20:42,608 --> 05:20:46,000
8th, centuries ways of knowing 
and believing a phenomenon that 

5913
05:20:46,000 --> 05:20:48,500
contemporary scientists would 
characterize through the lens of

5914
05:20:48,500 --> 05:20:51,100
particle physics. 
May be depicted in medieval 

5915
05:20:51,100 --> 05:20:54,100
Chronicles as an omen Miracle or
Divine. 

5916
05:20:54,100 --> 05:20:57,500
Sign the interdisciplinary 
investigation yielded evidence 

5917
05:20:57,500 --> 05:21:00,100
that medieval observers 
discerned unusual phenomena. 

5918
05:21:00,100 --> 05:21:05,800
During the years 774 to 7776 the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles mention 

5919
05:21:05,800 --> 05:21:09,800
of a red crucifix in the sky, 
Chinese records of guest stars 

5920
05:21:09,800 --> 05:21:13,200
and Atmospheric anomalies, and 
other chronological accounts of 

5921
05:21:13,200 --> 05:21:16,500
strange lights and weather 
patterns from this time suddenly

5922
05:21:16,500 --> 05:21:19,500
became more important as 
possible proof of cosmic ray 

5923
05:21:19,500 --> 05:21:22,600
effects, the scientific teamwork
needed to solve this mystery. 

5924
05:21:22,600 --> 05:21:24,700
As an example of how modern 
research works. 

5925
05:21:24,700 --> 05:21:28,300
Best astrophysicists came up 
with theoretical models of what 

5926
05:21:28,300 --> 05:21:31,900
could cause such strong cosmic. 
Ray bursts, scientists who study

5927
05:21:31,900 --> 05:21:34,500
the atmosphere talked about how 
high energy particles. 

5928
05:21:34,500 --> 05:21:37,700
Could change the chemistry of 
the upper atmosphere historians 

5929
05:21:37,700 --> 05:21:40,400
and archaeologists offered their
knowledge of medieval sources 

5930
05:21:40,400 --> 05:21:43,200
and timelines. 
Geochemist created ways to get 

5931
05:21:43,200 --> 05:21:45,400
cosmic race, signatures from 
natural archives. 

5932
05:21:45,400 --> 05:21:48,500
Each piece of evidence backed up
and made the others clearer. 

5933
05:21:48,500 --> 05:21:51,500
The tree ring data, gave very 
accurate measurements of when, 

5934
05:21:51,500 --> 05:21:54,700
and how big things were the 
analysis of ice calls confirm 

5935
05:21:54,700 --> 05:21:58,000
that the event affected the 
whole world, medieval Chronicles

5936
05:21:58,000 --> 05:22:00,700
provided perspectives on the 
potential perceptions of the 

5937
05:22:00,700 --> 05:22:02,300
events. 
Secondary Effects, by human 

5938
05:22:02,300 --> 05:22:05,500
observers, theoretical 
astrophysics, proposed potential

5939
05:22:05,500 --> 05:22:07,500
Origins for such a profound 
cosmic. 

5940
05:22:07,500 --> 05:22:10,700
Ray burst The most likely 
explanation is that Earth was 

5941
05:22:10,700 --> 05:22:14,000
hit by radiation from either a 
gamma ray burst which is one of 

5942
05:22:14,000 --> 05:22:17,400
the strongest explosions known 
in the universe or a huge 

5943
05:22:17,400 --> 05:22:20,600
Stellar Flare from a magnetar, 
which is a neutron star with 

5944
05:22:20,600 --> 05:22:23,900
very strong magnetic fields. 
Either of these events, could 

5945
05:22:23,900 --> 05:22:26,900
have caused the high energy, 
particle bombardment that made 

5946
05:22:26,900 --> 05:22:31,800
the isotopic signatures found in
natural archives from 774 to 

5947
05:22:31,800 --> 05:22:35,400
775. 
This discovery is specially 

5948
05:22:35,400 --> 05:22:38,700
important because it is one of 
the most powerful astrophysical 

5949
05:22:38,700 --> 05:22:41,400
events that has ever been 
recorded gamma. 

5950
05:22:41,400 --> 05:22:44,500
Ray bursts are so powerful that 
they can briefly outshine whole 

5951
05:22:44,500 --> 05:22:46,800
galaxies. 
If one happened close enough to 

5952
05:22:46,800 --> 05:22:51,200
Earth to cause the 774 Cosmic 
race spike, it would be a very 

5953
05:22:51,200 --> 05:22:54,400
rare astronomical event, the 
talking about things that 

5954
05:22:54,400 --> 05:22:56,100
happen. 
Maybe once every few thousand 

5955
05:22:56,100 --> 05:22:59,000
years in our part of the 
universe, the effects go beyond 

5956
05:22:59,000 --> 05:23:01,300
just figuring out what happened 
in one strange event. 

5957
05:23:01,300 --> 05:23:05,900
The 774 Cosmic Race by is a good
way to figure out how these 

5958
05:23:05,900 --> 05:23:08,200
kinds of events affect the 
atmosphere and biosphere of 

5959
05:23:08,200 --> 05:23:10,400
Earth. 
Scientists can better understand

5960
05:23:10,400 --> 05:23:13,500
similar but less dramatic cosmic
ray changes throughout 

5961
05:23:13,500 --> 05:23:17,100
geological history by looking at
the isotopic signatures left 

5962
05:23:17,100 --> 05:23:20,600
behind by this well-known event.
Modern technology has made it 

5963
05:23:20,600 --> 05:23:23,600
possible for scientists to read 
chemical, signatures in natural 

5964
05:23:23,600 --> 05:23:27,800
archives with amazing accuracy. 
However, medieval chroniclers 

5965
05:23:27,800 --> 05:23:30,300
gave us the human context. 
We need to understand how people

5966
05:23:30,300 --> 05:23:32,900
living through these events 
might have seen them the 

5967
05:23:32,900 --> 05:23:35,500
combination of high-tech 
analysis and careful historical 

5968
05:23:35,500 --> 05:23:37,500
research. 
Found a story that neither 

5969
05:23:37,500 --> 05:23:40,300
method could have found on his 
own, those who lived through. 

5970
05:23:40,300 --> 05:23:43,600
The 774 cosmic ray of event 
could never have guessed that 

5971
05:23:43,600 --> 05:23:45,700
their careful observation would 
one day. 

5972
05:23:45,708 --> 05:23:49,700
Help scientists learn more about
neutron stars gamma, ray bursts 

5973
05:23:49,700 --> 05:23:52,900
and cosmic ray physics. 
But they are details, records, 

5974
05:23:52,900 --> 05:23:54,600
which are still kept in 
Monastery. 

5975
05:23:54,600 --> 05:23:57,900
Library and Royal archives were 
very important for solving. 

5976
05:23:57,900 --> 05:24:00,100
One of the biggest astrophysical
mysteries in history. 

5977
05:24:00,100 --> 05:24:03,500
As you get more comfortable in 
your reading spot, maybe while 

5978
05:24:03,500 --> 05:24:06,300
you finish your evening tea, 
let's think about how a cosmic 

5979
05:24:06,300 --> 05:24:11,700
event that lasted only a few 
months in. 774 has changed how 

5980
05:24:11,700 --> 05:24:14,300
we think about the universe for 
more than 1,000 years. 

5981
05:24:14,300 --> 05:24:17,700
It's a story about how things we
can't see, can leave permanent 

5982
05:24:17,700 --> 05:24:21,000
marks on the world and how those
marks can wait. 100s of years 

5983
05:24:21,000 --> 05:24:22,600
for someone to learn how to read
them. 

5984
05:24:22,600 --> 05:24:26,900
Scientists now, call the cosmic 
ray event of 774, the most 

5985
05:24:26,900 --> 05:24:29,600
dramatic radiocarbon spike in 
recorded history. 

5986
05:24:29,600 --> 05:24:33,100
Its effects go far beyond just 
being an interesting data point 

5987
05:24:33,100 --> 05:24:35,900
for astrophysicists. 
This event, fundamentally 

5988
05:24:35,900 --> 05:24:38,700
changed how we think about the 
relationship between Cosmic 

5989
05:24:38,700 --> 05:24:42,400
phenomena and terrestrial life 
showing that even systems on 

5990
05:24:42,400 --> 05:24:46,100
Earth, that seems stable can be 
drastically Changed by rare but 

5991
05:24:46,100 --> 05:24:49,700
powerful events happening 
millions of miles away in Space,

5992
05:24:49,700 --> 05:24:53,200
the tree rings that recorded 
this Cosmic bombardment are 

5993
05:24:53,200 --> 05:24:56,200
still around today preserved in 
old wooden buildings 

5994
05:24:56,200 --> 05:24:59,500
archaeological site and forests 
around the world. 

5995
05:24:59,500 --> 05:25:05,000
Every piece of wood that grew 
between 774 and 775 has a 

5996
05:25:05,008 --> 05:25:08,800
chemical signature of that 
amazing year in itself like 

5997
05:25:09,000 --> 05:25:11,300
Molecular autograph written by 
the universe itself. 

5998
05:25:11,308 --> 05:25:15,500
This invisible timestamp links, 
medieval Cathedrals ancient 

5999
05:25:15,500 --> 05:25:18,800
temples and archaeological 
artifacts from this time period 

6000
05:25:18,800 --> 05:25:22,100
to one of the most important 
astrophysical events in human 

6001
05:25:22,100 --> 05:25:25,200
history. 
The 774 event has changed the 

6002
05:25:25,200 --> 05:25:27,100
way we do. 
Modern radio carbon dating. 

6003
05:25:27,100 --> 05:25:30,800
Before this discovery scientists
thought that levels of carbon 14

6004
05:25:30,800 --> 05:25:33,900
in the atmosphere had stayed 
pretty stable over time with 

6005
05:25:33,900 --> 05:25:37,400
only small changes caused by 
solar activity and other things 

6006
05:25:37,400 --> 05:25:41,500
that could be predicted the 
southern rise in 774 showed that

6007
05:25:41,500 --> 05:25:44,700
assumption was wrong, which led 
to more advanced calibration 

6008
05:25:44,700 --> 05:25:47,600
methods that take into account 
sudden, cosmic ray of events, 

6009
05:25:47,600 --> 05:25:51,500
the 700 774 event has helped 
make archaeological dating more 

6010
05:25:51,500 --> 05:25:53,800
accurate. 
Thanks to this unique Cosmic 

6011
05:25:53,800 --> 05:25:56,000
signature. 
We can now date artifacts from 

6012
05:25:56,000 --> 05:25:58,600
the late 8th Century with more 
accuracy than ever before. 

6013
05:25:58,600 --> 05:26:01,800
It's like having a universal 
time stamp that shows up in 

6014
05:26:01,800 --> 05:26:03,600
organic materials from all over 
the world. 

6015
05:26:03,600 --> 05:26:07,000
This lets archaeologists line up
their timelines with amazing 

6016
05:26:07,000 --> 05:26:10,100
accuracy the effects on. 
Understanding of medieval 

6017
05:26:10,100 --> 05:26:14,700
history of being just as big, 
the 774 cosmic ray event serves 

6018
05:26:14,700 --> 05:26:18,300
as a stable chronological 
reference, aiding historians and

6019
05:26:18,300 --> 05:26:20,700
correlating events, across 
diverse cultural traditions, and

6020
05:26:20,700 --> 05:26:24,900
geographical areas, when Chinese
Chronicles, European monasteries

6021
05:26:24,900 --> 05:26:27,300
and Middle Eastern sources. 
All right, about strange things 

6022
05:26:27,300 --> 05:26:30,500
happening at the same time, it 
makes sense that these events 

6023
05:26:30,500 --> 05:26:32,500
could be connected to the same 
Cosmic event. 

6024
05:26:32,500 --> 05:26:35,800
Climate science has also gained 
insights from comprehending, the

6025
05:26:35,808 --> 05:26:38,700
influence of cosmic rays on 
Earth's atmospheric chemistry, 

6026
05:26:38,700 --> 05:26:43,000
the 774 event was too short to 
change the climate in the long 

6027
05:26:43,000 --> 05:26:46,100
term, but it did show that 
Cosmic radiation can affect 

6028
05:26:46,100 --> 05:26:49,100
atmospheric processes in ways 
that climate models need to take

6029
05:26:49,100 --> 05:26:51,900
into account, contemporary 
researchers examining 

6030
05:26:51,900 --> 05:26:53,800
historical. 
Climate variations are 

6031
05:26:53,800 --> 05:26:57,700
increasingly focusing on cosmic 
ray fluctuations as a potential 

6032
05:26:57,700 --> 05:27:00,100
influence, on atmospheric. 
Chemistry of alterations 

6033
05:27:00,100 --> 05:27:03,300
researchers are now actively 
looking for similar events in 

6034
05:27:03,300 --> 05:27:06,100
the geological record, 
scientists are now looking for 

6035
05:27:06,100 --> 05:27:08,700
more Cosmic race bikes that are 
hidden in tree rings. 

6036
05:27:09,200 --> 05:27:11,500
Ice cores and other natural 
records. 

6037
05:27:11,500 --> 05:27:14,400
They want to find more times 
when Earth was hit by strong 

6038
05:27:14,400 --> 05:27:17,100
radiation from space. 
Every new piece of information, 

6039
05:27:17,100 --> 05:27:20,100
helps us understand how often 
these things happen, what they 

6040
05:27:20,100 --> 05:27:24,500
might do, the 774 event has 
changed how we study space 

6041
05:27:24,500 --> 05:27:26,700
weather. 
Cosmic rays can damage modern 

6042
05:27:26,700 --> 05:27:29,900
satellites and electronic 
systems and knowing how extreme 

6043
05:27:29,900 --> 05:27:32,200
events have happened in the past
can help engineers make 

6044
05:27:32,200 --> 05:27:33,600
technology that can survive 
them. 

6045
05:27:33,600 --> 05:27:38,200
The 774 spike is a good example 
of the kinds of cosmic ray 

6046
05:27:38,200 --> 05:27:40,900
intensities that Earth's 
technology might need to be able

6047
05:27:40,900 --> 05:27:43,500
to handle during rare. 
But powerful astrophysical 

6048
05:27:43,500 --> 05:27:46,500
events, the need for scientists 
and historians to work together 

6049
05:27:46,500 --> 05:27:51,100
to understand the 7704 event has
led to new models for how these 

6050
05:27:51,100 --> 05:27:54,500
two Fields can work together. 
Astrophysicists now, often ask 

6051
05:27:54,508 --> 05:27:57,600
medieval historians for help and
climatologists and 

6052
05:27:57,600 --> 05:28:00,200
archaeologists work together to 
learn more about how the 

6053
05:28:00,200 --> 05:28:01,600
environment has changed over 
time. 

6054
05:28:01,600 --> 05:28:05,000
Researchers are realizing that 
to fully understand complex 

6055
05:28:05,000 --> 05:28:07,100
phenomena. 
They need to look at them from 

6056
05:28:07,100 --> 05:28:10,000
many different angles. 
This Made the lines between 

6057
05:28:10,000 --> 05:28:14,400
different academic Fields, less,
clear the discovery of 774 has 

6058
05:28:14,400 --> 05:28:17,400
changed the way both history and
science are taught in schools. 

6059
05:28:17,400 --> 05:28:20,400
The story shows how modern 
scientific tools can get 

6060
05:28:20,408 --> 05:28:23,300
information from old materials 
that people in the past, 

6061
05:28:23,300 --> 05:28:26,400
couldn't get to while also 
showing how important it is to 

6062
05:28:26,400 --> 05:28:28,500
carefully. 
Observe history in order to 

6063
05:28:28,500 --> 05:28:32,100
understand scientific data, 
students learn to understand the

6064
05:28:32,100 --> 05:28:34,700
past, they often need to use the
best technology and the best 

6065
05:28:34,700 --> 05:28:37,800
research. 
The 700 774 event has also 

6066
05:28:37,800 --> 05:28:40,700
changed the way we think about 
how people see natural events 

6067
05:28:40,700 --> 05:28:43,900
medieval chroniclers who wrote 
about strange, weather events 

6068
05:28:43,900 --> 05:28:48,900
and 774 to 776. 
We're doing scientific research 

6069
05:28:48,900 --> 05:28:50,400
that they could never have 
imagined. 

6070
05:28:50,400 --> 05:28:52,800
And the information they 
gathered would be useful. 

6071
05:28:52,800 --> 05:28:55,800
A Thousand Years Later their 
careful observations. 

6072
05:28:55,800 --> 05:28:59,000
Remind us that even records, 
that seem unimportant might have

6073
05:28:59,000 --> 05:29:01,400
information that future 
Generations will find very 

6074
05:29:01,400 --> 05:29:04,700
useful. 
The 774 story has helped people 

6075
05:29:04,700 --> 05:29:07,700
understand astronomy better 
because it shows how Earth is 

6076
05:29:07,700 --> 05:29:11,000
part of a changing. 
Sometimes violent Cosmic 

6077
05:29:11,000 --> 05:29:14,400
environment. 
The 774 event had a direct 

6078
05:29:14,400 --> 05:29:17,500
effect on our planet. 
Unlike black holes or galaxies 

6079
05:29:17,500 --> 05:29:20,000
that are far away. 
We can still see the effects 

6080
05:29:20,000 --> 05:29:22,500
today. 
X the universe seemed more real 

6081
05:29:22,500 --> 05:29:25,900
and important to Everyday Life. 
The Discovery has also made us 

6082
05:29:25,900 --> 05:29:29,200
think about how these cosmic ray
events might have changed human 

6083
05:29:29,200 --> 05:29:31,500
history in ways, we don't yet 
know about. 

6084
05:29:31,500 --> 05:29:34,800
If strong Cosmic radiation can 
change the chemistry of the 

6085
05:29:34,800 --> 05:29:37,800
atmosphere and possibly change 
the weather climate or even 

6086
05:29:37,800 --> 05:29:42,000
biological processes, then rare.
But powerful, Cosmic events may 

6087
05:29:42,000 --> 05:29:44,600
have had an impact on historical
events that we don't know about 

6088
05:29:44,600 --> 05:29:48,700
understanding events. 
Like the 774 Cosmic race Spike 

6089
05:29:48,700 --> 05:29:52,000
has helped shape modern talks 
about existential risks and 

6090
05:29:52,000 --> 05:29:54,700
planetary defense. 
Cosmic, ray bursts, don't 

6091
05:29:54,700 --> 05:29:57,600
directly threaten Earth as much 
as asteroid impacts or super 

6092
05:29:57,600 --> 05:30:01,400
volcanic eruptions do but they 
do show that Earth is in a 

6093
05:30:01,400 --> 05:30:05,200
cosmic environment where rare 
powerful events can have Global 

6094
05:30:05,200 --> 05:30:07,300
effects. 
When making plans for the 

6095
05:30:07,300 --> 05:30:10,600
long-term survival of humanity, 
we need to think about all the 

6096
05:30:10,600 --> 05:30:14,900
cosmic events that could have an
effect on our planet, 774 event 

6097
05:30:14,900 --> 05:30:17,400
has become a touchstone for 
talks about how scientific 

6098
05:30:17,400 --> 05:30:20,900
discovery and Historical 
understanding are related, it 

6099
05:30:20,900 --> 05:30:23,800
shows how the most advanced 
modern technology can sometimes 

6100
05:30:23,800 --> 05:30:26,300
show, that ancient observers 
were more accurate than people 

6101
05:30:26,300 --> 05:30:28,600
thought. 
And how careful historical 

6102
05:30:28,600 --> 05:30:31,200
research can help us understand 
scientific data better? 

6103
05:30:31,200 --> 05:30:35,900
The cosmic ray of 774 is a 
reminder that the universe is 

6104
05:30:35,900 --> 05:30:37,900
full of things. 
We don't fully understand yet. 

6105
05:30:37,900 --> 05:30:40,900
There may be signs of cosmic 
events in every tree. 

6106
05:30:40,900 --> 05:30:44,700
Ring every layer of ice core and
every well, preserved medieval 

6107
05:30:44,700 --> 05:30:47,000
Chronicle that we haven't yet. 
Figured out how to find or 

6108
05:30:47,000 --> 05:30:52,400
understand the storm that hit 
Earth in 774 was invisible and 

6109
05:30:52,400 --> 05:30:55,100
waited, more than 12, centuries 
for people to learn how to 

6110
05:30:55,100 --> 05:30:58,900
figure out what had happened. 
The legacy of the 774 event 

6111
05:30:58,900 --> 05:31:02,400
keeps changing as new ways of 
doing research and new ways of 

6112
05:31:02,400 --> 05:31:05,500
thinking about things come up, 
scientists in the future will 

6113
05:31:05,500 --> 05:31:08,500
surely find more proof and come 
up with new ways to explain what

6114
05:31:08,500 --> 05:31:11,500
happened that year as people 
learn more and Technology gets 

6115
05:31:11,500 --> 05:31:13,900
better. 
The cosmic race bike that people

6116
05:31:13,900 --> 05:31:15,100
in the Middle Ages didn't 
understand. 

6117
05:31:15,100 --> 05:31:18,700
Will keep giving up its Secrets.
What started as an in 

6118
05:31:18,700 --> 05:31:21,700
Bombardment of high energy. 
Particles has turned into a link

6119
05:31:21,700 --> 05:31:25,700
between medieval chroniclers and
modern astrophysicists ancient 

6120
05:31:25,700 --> 05:31:28,900
trees and modern climate 
science, and human observation 

6121
05:31:28,900 --> 05:31:31,600
and Cosmic events. 
The shows that the universe is 

6122
05:31:31,608 --> 05:31:35,200
always writing its own story in 
the natural world around using 

6123
05:31:35,200 --> 05:31:38,600
languages that we still learning
how to read as we come to the 

6124
05:31:38,608 --> 05:31:40,800
end of our journey through this 
Cosmic mystery. 

6125
05:31:40,800 --> 05:31:45,000
It's a good idea to think about 
what the 774 event teaches us 

6126
05:31:45,000 --> 05:31:47,000
about how we fit into the large 
Universe. 

6127
05:31:47,000 --> 05:31:50,600
This astrophysical event was so 
strong, that it left permanent 

6128
05:31:50,600 --> 05:31:52,400
marks on every living thing on 
Earth. 

6129
05:31:52,400 --> 05:31:55,100
But the people who were there, 
couldn't see it at all. 

6130
05:31:55,100 --> 05:31:57,200
It's a humbling. 
Reminder, that we are part of 

6131
05:31:57,208 --> 05:32:00,200
cosmic systems, whose working we
are only starting to understand 

6132
05:32:00,200 --> 05:32:05,600
and 774 radiation came down from
space and connected Earth to 

6133
05:32:05,600 --> 05:32:08,100
events happening at distance and
scales that are hard. 

6134
05:32:08,100 --> 05:32:10,800
To imagine the high energy 
particles that hit our 

6135
05:32:10,800 --> 05:32:13,900
atmosphere came from colliding, 
neutron stars, exploding 

6136
05:32:13,900 --> 05:32:17,100
magnetars or gamma ray bursts 
from dying Stars. 

6137
05:32:17,100 --> 05:32:20,200
They had to travel across 
Interstellar space to get to us 

6138
05:32:20,200 --> 05:32:22,700
the trees. 
That recorded this event in 

6139
05:32:22,700 --> 05:32:25,900
their growth rings were in a 
very real Way recording the 

6140
05:32:25,900 --> 05:32:28,100
death throws of stars, that had 
lived and died. 

6141
05:32:28,100 --> 05:32:30,500
Millions of years before humans 
were around. 

6142
05:32:30,500 --> 05:32:33,900
This Cosmic link goes against 
the medieval view that the Earth

6143
05:32:33,900 --> 05:32:37,400
was at the center of a small 
understandable Universe, the 

6144
05:32:37,400 --> 05:32:40,100
people of 774 lived in a 
universe. 

6145
05:32:40,100 --> 05:32:43,200
That seemed to be an order. 
The stars were in a celestial 

6146
05:32:43,200 --> 05:32:46,900
sphere with Earth at the center 
and Divine Purpose as the main 

6147
05:32:46,900 --> 05:32:49,200
idea. 
The real universe that sent them

6148
05:32:49,200 --> 05:32:52,200
Cosmic radiation was so big that
people in the Middle Ages. 

6149
05:32:52,200 --> 05:32:55,300
Could even imagine it it was 
full of things that could affect

6150
05:32:55,300 --> 05:32:58,400
Earth over distance as so great.
That light itself took years to 

6151
05:32:58,400 --> 05:33:01,700
cross, the medieval view of how 
everything in the universe is 

6152
05:33:01,700 --> 05:33:03,500
connected. 
Wasn't completely wrong though. 

6153
05:33:03,500 --> 05:33:06,600
Medieval thinkers thought that 
events in the sky could affect 

6154
05:33:06,600 --> 05:33:08,900
things on earth. 
Even though their ideas about 

6155
05:33:08,900 --> 05:33:12,100
how this worked were wrong. 
The idea that Earth is part of 

6156
05:33:12,100 --> 05:33:15,200
larger Cosmic systems, that can 
affect local conditions, was 

6157
05:33:15,200 --> 05:33:19,400
very smart. 
The cosmic ray of 7 774 showed 

6158
05:33:19,400 --> 05:33:22,700
that explosions of stars that 
happen light years away can have

6159
05:33:22,708 --> 05:33:24,400
affects on things that happen on
Earth. 

6160
05:33:25,000 --> 05:33:28,400
The fact that the 774 event was 
invisible, also shows how 

6161
05:33:28,400 --> 05:33:31,800
limited our sensors are and how 
important it is to make tools 

6162
05:33:31,800 --> 05:33:34,000
that help us see more clearly 
people in the Middle. 

6163
05:33:34,000 --> 05:33:35,800
Ages were very good at watching 
the sky. 

6164
05:33:35,800 --> 05:33:39,100
They could accurately predict 
eclipses follow the movements of

6165
05:33:39,108 --> 05:33:43,100
planets and spots, strange 
celestial events but in the 8th 

6166
05:33:43,100 --> 05:33:46,100
Century, there was no way to see
cosmic ray bombardment at all 

6167
05:33:46,100 --> 05:33:49,400
because of this technological, 
limitation people who are 

6168
05:33:49,400 --> 05:33:52,400
witnessing one of the most 
dramatic astrophysical events in

6169
05:33:52,400 --> 05:33:54,800
recorded. 
History had no direct way to 

6170
05:33:54,808 --> 05:33:57,400
find out what was going on. 
It was like trying to understand

6171
05:33:57,400 --> 05:34:00,600
a symphony while only hearing a 
few notes here and there or 

6172
05:34:00,600 --> 05:34:03,700
trying to enjoy a huge landscape
while only seeing small details 

6173
05:34:03,700 --> 05:34:06,800
through a small window, the 
creation of scientific tools, 

6174
05:34:06,800 --> 05:34:08,900
that can find Cosmic race, 
signatures in natural. 

6175
05:34:08,900 --> 05:34:11,600
Materials is a big step forward 
for human senses. 

6176
05:34:11,600 --> 05:34:14,200
We can see things that we 
couldn't see directly by looking

6177
05:34:14,200 --> 05:34:17,400
at tree rings, ice core 
chemistry and isotopic dating. 

6178
05:34:17,400 --> 05:34:20,200
We've learned how to read Cosmic
messages written in the 

6179
05:34:20,200 --> 05:34:22,200
molecular structure of old 
wooden ice. 

6180
05:34:22,200 --> 05:34:24,900
This lets us get information 
that no other Jenner. 

6181
05:34:25,100 --> 05:34:27,100
Of humans could get this growth 
in. 

6182
05:34:27,100 --> 05:34:29,000
Perceptual ability has shown 
that Earth. 

6183
05:34:29,000 --> 05:34:31,800
Keeps detailed records of cosmic
events that have happened over 

6184
05:34:31,800 --> 05:34:33,900
time. 
There are chemical traces of 

6185
05:34:33,900 --> 05:34:37,500
past cosmic, ray changes in 
every old tree, every ice sheet 

6186
05:34:37,500 --> 05:34:40,600
and every coral reef. 
The Earth is like a huge library

6187
05:34:40,600 --> 05:34:43,300
of astronomical events just 
waiting for people to make the 

6188
05:34:43,300 --> 05:34:47,500
tools, they need to read it. 
The 774 Discovery also shows 

6189
05:34:47,500 --> 05:34:49,900
that scientists often need to 
look at things over very 

6190
05:34:49,900 --> 05:34:51,800
different time scales to 
understand them. 

6191
05:34:51,800 --> 05:34:55,400
The cosmic ray event itself may 
have lasted for months, but its 

6192
05:34:55,400 --> 05:34:58,600
effects can still be seen things
that are over 1200 years old 

6193
05:34:58,600 --> 05:35:00,900
Chronicles. 
From the Middle, Ages wrote down

6194
05:35:00,900 --> 05:35:04,000
what they saw within years or 
Decades of the event modern 

6195
05:35:04,000 --> 05:35:05,700
scientists. 
On the other hand, only found 

6196
05:35:05,700 --> 05:35:08,000
the cosmic race bike. 
After developing analytical 

6197
05:35:08,000 --> 05:35:11,200
methods that took hundreds of 
years to perfect to understand 

6198
05:35:11,200 --> 05:35:16,000
the 7704 event people from 
different academic fields and 

6199
05:35:16,000 --> 05:35:17,800
historical periods had to work 
together. 

6200
05:35:17,800 --> 05:35:21,000
Medieval monks who kept careful 
records of the stars were 

6201
05:35:21,000 --> 05:35:23,300
knowingly, taking part in 
research, that wouldn't be 

6202
05:35:23,300 --> 05:35:26,400
finished until the 21st. 
Century, their patient 

6203
05:35:26,400 --> 05:35:28,500
observations, which have been 
kept in Monastery. 

6204
05:35:28,500 --> 05:35:31,700
Libraries for over 1,000 years, 
gave scientists the information.

6205
05:35:31,700 --> 05:35:34,800
They needed to solve a cosmic 
mystery, they could never have 

6206
05:35:34,800 --> 05:35:36,900
imagined. 
This temporary partnership makes

6207
05:35:36,900 --> 05:35:39,800
me, think about what information
we might be recording today. 

6208
05:35:39,800 --> 05:35:42,900
That will be useful to 
researchers hundreds of years 

6209
05:35:42,900 --> 05:35:46,500
from now, our extensive records 
of whether climate and cosmic 

6210
05:35:46,500 --> 05:35:49,100
ray changes. 
Could one day help scientists 

6211
05:35:49,100 --> 05:35:52,700
figure out astronomical events 
that we can't see or understand 

6212
05:35:52,700 --> 05:35:56,400
right now we might be unwitting 
subjects, in scientific studies 

6213
05:35:56,400 --> 05:35:59,400
that will not conclude until 
well after our departure, the 

6214
05:35:59,400 --> 05:36:03,200
7774 event, also shows that 
rare, but powerful events can 

6215
05:36:03,200 --> 05:36:06,500
have affects that lasts long 
after their over the bombardment

6216
05:36:06,500 --> 05:36:09,100
of cosmic rays. 
May have lasted for months, but 

6217
05:36:09,100 --> 05:36:11,500
it left behind permanent marks 
that have changed our 

6218
05:36:11,500 --> 05:36:14,400
understanding of radiocarbon 
dating archaeological 

6219
05:36:14,400 --> 05:36:18,300
chronologies, and how Earth, and
space interact from more than a 

6220
05:36:18,300 --> 05:36:20,800
thousand years. 
Short of events can have affects

6221
05:36:20,800 --> 05:36:25,500
that lasts for hundreds of 
years, the 774 cosmic ray of It 

6222
05:36:25,500 --> 05:36:28,000
makes us think about our place 
in systems that work on scales 

6223
05:36:28,000 --> 05:36:29,300
that are bigger than what we can
see. 

6224
05:36:29,308 --> 05:36:32,400
And feel we live in Galactic 
neighborhoods Where Stars can 

6225
05:36:32,400 --> 05:36:35,500
explode and change the chemistry
of the atmosphere on planets 

6226
05:36:35,500 --> 05:36:38,300
that are light years away. 
Every day we live our lives. 

6227
05:36:38,300 --> 05:36:41,100
Against the backdrop of cosmic 
processes that follow physical 

6228
05:36:41,100 --> 05:36:44,300
laws were still learning about 
the human response to Cosmic 

6229
05:36:44,300 --> 05:36:47,600
Mystery, exemplified by the 
meticulous, observation 

6230
05:36:47,600 --> 05:36:51,400
comprehensive, documentation, 
and profound interpretation 

6231
05:36:51,400 --> 05:36:54,500
exhibited by medieval 
chroniclers signifies a 

6232
05:36:54,500 --> 05:36:57,800
distinctively valuable aspect of
the universe to the best of our 

6233
05:36:57,800 --> 05:37:00,200
knowledge. 
Earth is the sole location where

6234
05:37:00,200 --> 05:37:02,900
conscious entities are 
systematically observing 

6235
05:37:02,900 --> 05:37:07,000
documenting and analyzing Cosmic
events in an effort to 

6236
05:37:07,000 --> 05:37:09,100
comprehend their significant and
consequences. 

6237
05:37:09,100 --> 05:37:13,900
The people of 774 were exposed 
to Cosmic radiation without 

6238
05:37:13,900 --> 05:37:15,700
knowing where it came from or 
what it meant. 

6239
05:37:15,700 --> 05:37:18,900
They were curious and careful 
and made detail records. 

6240
05:37:18,900 --> 05:37:22,000
That would be very helpful to 
Future Generations, their 

6241
05:37:22,000 --> 05:37:25,000
reaction to the unknown, neither
panicking, or ignoring stranger.

6242
05:37:25,100 --> 05:37:27,400
Events. 
But instead carefully observing 

6243
05:37:27,400 --> 05:37:30,700
and recording shows the best of 
human scientific instincts. 

6244
05:37:30,700 --> 05:37:35,000
Researchers today, who are 
looking into the 774 event a 

6245
05:37:35,000 --> 05:37:38,000
following in the footsteps of 
medieval chroniclers, I 

6246
05:37:38,000 --> 05:37:40,000
carefully observing and 
thoughtfully interpreting, what 

6247
05:37:40,000 --> 05:37:43,200
they see they used tools that 
medieval chroniclers could never

6248
05:37:43,200 --> 05:37:46,200
have imagined but they still use
the same basic methods of 

6249
05:37:46,200 --> 05:37:49,100
systematic data, collection, and
collaborative, analysis. 

6250
05:37:49,100 --> 05:37:52,700
The enduring human curiosity 
regarding Cosmic phenomena, 

6251
05:37:52,700 --> 05:37:55,900
links us through the ages to 
individuals who marveled at the 

6252
05:37:55,900 --> 05:37:59,100
universe's operations, as you 
get ready to end this story and 

6253
05:37:59,100 --> 05:38:01,700
maybe go to sleep. 
Think about how you're a part of

6254
05:38:01,708 --> 05:38:05,300
this ongoing human project to 
understand Cosmic events, the 

6255
05:38:05,300 --> 05:38:07,600
Stars you might see through your
window or in the same part of 

6256
05:38:07,608 --> 05:38:10,000
the Galaxy that sent Cosmic 
radiation to Earth. 

6257
05:38:10,000 --> 05:38:14,500
In 700 774, the universe that 
made that old mystery is still 

6258
05:38:14,500 --> 05:38:18,200
telling its story in tree, 
rings, ice cores and things that

6259
05:38:18,200 --> 05:38:20,500
people see that future 
Generations will be able to 

6260
05:38:20,500 --> 05:38:25,000
figure out the cosmic ray of 
event of 774 is a reminder that 

6261
05:38:25,000 --> 05:38:27,500
There are many things in the 
universe that we haven't yet, 

6262
05:38:27,500 --> 05:38:29,900
learned to see, or understand 
every night. 

6263
05:38:29,900 --> 05:38:32,400
Sky has signs of things that 
might be happening on Earth that

6264
05:38:32,400 --> 05:38:35,000
we can't see yet. 
The invisible storm that hit 

6265
05:38:35,000 --> 05:38:38,200
Earth over 12 centuries ago is 
just one example of the cosmic, 

6266
05:38:38,200 --> 05:38:39,900
dramas that are always happening
around us. 

6267
05:38:39,900 --> 05:38:42,800
Most of them are still waiting 
for humans to get the tools and 

6268
05:38:42,800 --> 05:38:44,400
knowledge. 
They need to understand how 

6269
05:38:44,400 --> 05:38:48,500
important they are sweet dreams.
I hope you dream of medieval 

6270
05:38:48,500 --> 05:38:51,200
monks carefully writing down 
strange things by candlelight, 

6271
05:38:51,200 --> 05:38:54,200
not knowing that they were 
making data for astrophysicists 

6272
05:38:54,200 --> 05:38:55,600
13th. 
Centuries in the future. 

6273
05:38:55,600 --> 05:38:59,200
This is a reminder that every 
careful observation, every 

6274
05:38:59,200 --> 05:39:02,200
preserved record and every 
moment of one about the cosmos 

6275
05:39:02,200 --> 05:39:04,400
white one day help us solve 
Mysteries. 

6276
05:39:04,400 --> 05:39:06,500
We have an even thought to ask 
about yet. 

6277
05:39:06,500 --> 05:39:10,100
As you fall asleep, raped in the
warmth of your modern blanket, 

6278
05:39:10,100 --> 05:39:12,800
in a world, lit by electric 
lights, that would have seemed 

6279
05:39:12,800 --> 05:39:17,100
magical to people in 774. 
Take a moment to think about the

6280
05:39:17,100 --> 05:39:20,100
Amazing Story. 
We've shared over 1200 years 

6281
05:39:20,100 --> 05:39:23,800
ago, in invisible, Cosmic storm,
hit Earth it left its mark on 

6282
05:39:23,800 --> 05:39:28,000
every tree that Grew every piece
of ice that formed and every 

6283
05:39:28,000 --> 05:39:30,600
living thing that was alive. 
During those important months 

6284
05:39:30,600 --> 05:39:34,200
people, in the Middle Ages, who 
live through this event, Farmers

6285
05:39:34,200 --> 05:39:37,200
tending their fields. 
Monks copying manuscripts by 

6286
05:39:37,200 --> 05:39:40,400
candlelight and Scholars 
tracking the movement of planets

6287
05:39:40,400 --> 05:39:44,000
had no way to see the high 
energy particles falling from 

6288
05:39:44,000 --> 05:39:47,000
space, but they reacted to the 
strange things they could see 

6289
05:39:47,000 --> 05:39:50,200
with the same careful 
observation, and thorough 

6290
05:39:50,200 --> 05:39:51,700
record. 
Keeping that is typical of the 

6291
05:39:51,700 --> 05:39:53,600
best scientific Instinct in 
humans. 

6292
05:39:53,600 --> 05:39:56,500
Their detailed records, which 
were kept in monasteries and 

6293
05:39:56,500 --> 05:39:59,700
Royal archives all over the 
world eventually gave modern 

6294
05:39:59,700 --> 05:40:02,300
scientists in Portland 
information about one of the 

6295
05:40:02,300 --> 05:40:04,600
most powerful astrophysical 
events in history. 

6296
05:40:04,600 --> 05:40:07,700
People in the Middle Ages who 
wrote with quill pens are 

6297
05:40:07,700 --> 05:40:09,700
knowingly, helped researchers in
the 21st century. 

6298
05:40:09,700 --> 05:40:13,700
He used particle accelerators 
and mass spectrometers as our 

6299
05:40:13,700 --> 05:40:17,200
analytical tools, get better and
our theoretical understanding of

6300
05:40:17,200 --> 05:40:22,000
Stella phenomena gross. 
The cosmic ray of 774 keeps 

6301
05:40:22,000 --> 05:40:25,300
giving us new information. 
There is no doubt that To 

6302
05:40:25,300 --> 05:40:28,200
Generations will find more proof
and come up with new ways to 

6303
05:40:28,200 --> 05:40:31,000
understand what happened that 
amazing year, the invisible 

6304
05:40:31,000 --> 05:40:33,700
storm that people in the Middle 
Ages felt but didn't understand 

6305
05:40:33,700 --> 05:40:36,700
will keep teaching us about how 
the universe works for many 

6306
05:40:36,700 --> 05:40:40,000
years or even centuries to come.
But maybe the most important 

6307
05:40:40,000 --> 05:40:42,700
thing we can learn from this 
Cosmic mystery is that the 

6308
05:40:42,700 --> 05:40:45,600
universe is always making new 
things that we haven't yet. 

6309
05:40:45,600 --> 05:40:47,200
Figured out how to see or 
understand. 

6310
05:40:47,200 --> 05:40:50,300
There may be signs of cosmic 
events in every tree. 

6311
05:40:50,300 --> 05:40:53,500
Ring every layer of ice core and
every careful historical. 

6312
05:40:53,500 --> 05:40:57,100
Observation that we don't yet 
know how to look for the natural

6313
05:40:57,100 --> 05:40:58,800
world. 
Keeps detailed records of 

6314
05:40:58,800 --> 05:41:01,800
astronomical events and chemical
languages that we still learning

6315
05:41:01,800 --> 05:41:04,000
to read as you get ready for bed
tonight. 

6316
05:41:04,000 --> 05:41:07,500
Cosmic rays are softly falling 
on Earth from far away. 

6317
05:41:07,500 --> 05:41:10,800
Parts of the Galaxy, this has 
been happening every night for 

6318
05:41:10,800 --> 05:41:13,700
billions of years. 
Most of this radiation is too 

6319
05:41:13,700 --> 05:41:16,400
weak to leave any traces, but 
stars in our Cosmic 

6320
05:41:16,400 --> 05:41:19,200
neighborhood, a living and dying
in ways that could one day send 

6321
05:41:19,200 --> 05:41:22,100
more powerful, bursts of high 
energy particles toward Earth, 

6322
05:41:22,100 --> 05:41:26,200
future observers maybe even your
own Pendants might look back at 

6323
05:41:26,200 --> 05:41:28,900
this time and wonder what Cosmic
events we went through without 

6324
05:41:28,900 --> 05:41:32,100
knowing they could find signs of
Stellar events and materials. 

6325
05:41:32,100 --> 05:41:35,100
From our time signs that are 
current, technology isn't 

6326
05:41:35,100 --> 05:41:38,500
Advanced enough to find or 
understand the universe might be

6327
05:41:38,508 --> 05:41:40,900
sending us messages in our 
modern world that we won't be 

6328
05:41:40,908 --> 05:41:43,600
able to understand until we come
up with new tools and ways of 

6329
05:41:43,600 --> 05:41:48,000
thinking people in 774 were part
of cosmic history without even 

6330
05:41:48,000 --> 05:41:49,700
knowing it. 
They made records. 

6331
05:41:49,700 --> 05:41:51,300
That would be very useful to 
researchers. 

6332
05:41:51,300 --> 05:41:54,100
As 1,000 years later, we might 
also be unknowingly. 

6333
05:41:54,100 --> 05:41:56,700
Taking part in astronomical 
studies, that won't be finished 

6334
05:41:56,700 --> 05:41:59,100
until long after. 
We're gone, our careful 

6335
05:41:59,100 --> 05:42:00,400
observations and thorough 
record. 

6336
05:42:00,400 --> 05:42:02,500
Keeping May one day. 
Help us figure out Cosmic 

6337
05:42:02,500 --> 05:42:05,600
Mysteries, that we can't even 
begin to imagine the invisible 

6338
05:42:05,600 --> 05:42:09,800
Cosmic storm of 774 connects, 
medieval Wonder to Modern 

6339
05:42:09,800 --> 05:42:12,600
understanding ancient 
observations to Modern 

6340
05:42:12,600 --> 05:42:16,800
astrophysics and human curiosity
to the huge processes that shape

6341
05:42:16,800 --> 05:42:19,000
our universe. 
It reminds us that we live in 

6342
05:42:19,000 --> 05:42:21,600
systems that are much bigger 
than what we can see and feel 

6343
05:42:21,600 --> 05:42:23,900
right now. 
But we have the unique ability 

6344
05:42:23,900 --> 05:42:28,300
to observe Record and slowly 
understand, these Cosmic events 

6345
05:42:28,300 --> 05:42:31,900
as you fall asleep, you're part 
of a story that has been going 

6346
05:42:31,900 --> 05:42:35,000
on for a long time, from 
medieval chroniclers to Modern 

6347
05:42:35,000 --> 05:42:38,800
scientists from observations 
made long ago to discoveries 

6348
05:42:38,800 --> 05:42:41,700
that will happen in the future. 
The same universe that sent 

6349
05:42:41,700 --> 05:42:45,600
Cosmic radiation to Earth in 774
surrounds, you tonight. 

6350
05:42:45,600 --> 05:42:49,000
It is full of things that future
Generations will study and 

6351
05:42:49,000 --> 05:42:51,400
understand in ways. 
We can't even imagine right now.

6352
05:42:51,400 --> 05:42:56,500
The mystery of 774 shows us that
with time, careful 

6353
05:42:56,500 --> 05:42:59,400
record-keeping, and working 
together to figure things out. 

6354
05:42:59,400 --> 05:43:03,300
We can find out things that seem
impossible to know writing by 

6355
05:43:03,300 --> 05:43:06,500
candlelight in the Middle Ages 
and studying isotopic signatures

6356
05:43:06,500 --> 05:43:09,500
today are both parts of the same
big human project. 

6357
05:43:10,300 --> 05:43:13,000
Figuring out where we fit in the
universe sleep. 

6358
05:43:13,000 --> 05:43:16,100
Well, knowing that you're part 
of this ongoing story of cosmic 

6359
05:43:16,100 --> 05:43:19,800
Discovery, the universe around 
you is full of amazing things, 

6360
05:43:19,800 --> 05:43:21,500
that future generations of 
curious. 

6361
05:43:21,500 --> 05:43:25,800
People will discover understand 
and appreciate these people will

6362
05:43:25,800 --> 05:43:27,200
share our wonder about how the 
world. 

6363
05:43:27,200 --> 05:43:32,300
Works beyond what we can see. 
The invisible storm of 774 shows

6364
05:43:32,300 --> 05:43:34,700
us that the most important 
events and Cosmic history might 

6365
05:43:34,700 --> 05:43:38,400
happen, right next to us without
us, even knowing it leaving 

6366
05:43:38,400 --> 05:43:42,100
clues for future, observers to 
find and figure out every night.

6367
05:43:42,100 --> 05:43:46,100
The universe gets new cosmic, 
radiation, new, Stellar events 

6368
05:43:46,100 --> 05:43:49,600
and new chances to write its own
history in the natural records 

6369
05:43:49,600 --> 05:43:52,300
that are all around us. 
Think of the dreams of medieval 

6370
05:43:52,300 --> 05:43:55,000
chroniclers and modern 
scientists cosmic rays and 

6371
05:43:55,000 --> 05:43:58,100
ancient trees, invisible storms 
and careful observation. 

6372
05:43:58,100 --> 05:44:01,200
Think about the ongoing human 
project of figuring out the 

6373
05:44:01,200 --> 05:44:03,900
universal and your place in a 
story that connects careful 

6374
05:44:03,900 --> 05:44:06,500
observers across centuries of 
cosmic mystery and discovery