The Forgotten Apollo 8 Mission That Artemis Is Echoing | Boring History For Sleep

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Well, hello there. 
My tired brotatoes. 

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I'm really glad you're here 
tonight to slow the roll and get

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the peaceful rescue deserve. 
Truly appreciate those of you 

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who've been, recommending, more 
space content to explore. 

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This is a carefully researched 
and thoughtfully written sleep 

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story shaped from historical 
records. 

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And designed to be calm, steady 
and easy to follow. 

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Just remember you always have 
the option to Simply listen and 

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drift or to learn something new 
if your mind feels curious. 

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Tonight, we're stepping into the
Forgotten Apollo 8 mission and 

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how it quietly echoes in the 
Artemis program, including 

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Artemis 2, which recently 
returned back to Earth. not as 

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allowed headline moment, but as 
a quiet turning point, that 

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helped shape how we move through
space, So if this calm grounded 

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history helps you unwind. 
Feel free to follow, leave a 

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like and tell me where you're 
listening from and what time it 

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is for you and now let your body
relax into the pillow, soften 

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your shoulders, slow your 
breathing and gently drift with 

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me into the story. 
Hello my tired dumplings. 

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Welcome back. 
In December 1968, three humans 

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left Earth's gravitational 
Embrace for the first time in 

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history and pointed themselves 
at the Moon with nothing, but 

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faith in some calculations and a
spacecraft built by the lowest 

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bidder. 
You're about to discover why 

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that audacious Journey matters 
more than you might think? 

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Especially now that we are 
planning to do it all over again

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with Artemis. 
The Forgotten story of Apollo 8 

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is not just about getting 
somewhere first, but about the 

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moment, when Humanity looked 
back at itself from the darkness

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and saw something it had never 
seen before. 

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You need to understand something
about 1968. 

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Before we talk about rockets and
moon orbits. 

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This was not a good year for 
anyone who hoped the world might

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hold together. 
This was the year when the 

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fabric of American society 
seemed to be tearing apart at 

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the seams, when optimism felt 
naive and despair felt 

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reasonable. 
The Vietnam War had turned into 

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a grinding nightmare that played
out on television every night. 

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Family sat down to dinner and 
watched young men die in rice 

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paddies Halfway Around the 
World. 

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The Tet Offensive in January, 
had shattered, any illusions 

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that the war was being won. 
Body count, scrawled across the 

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screen like stock market 
numbers, the draft notices kept 

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arriving in mailboxes, across 
Suburban America college 

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students burned, their draft 
cards and marched in the 

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streets, the war divided 
families, split communities, and

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made everyone question what 
America stood for Martin Luther 

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King Junior had been 
assassinated in April, on a 

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motel balcony in Memphis. 
The man who preached 

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non-violence had been cut down 
by a bullet and cities erupted 

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in Flames. 
Robert Kennedy had been shot in 

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June just after winning the 
California, primary murdered in 

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a hotel kitchen by another lone 
gunman, with a cheap pistol, two

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leaders who represented Hope for
Change were gone. 

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And what replaced them was anger
and confusion. 

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And a sense that maybe peaceful 
change was impossible after all 

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Cities were burning riots, tore 
through newer, and Detroit and 

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Los Angeles and Washington 
students were occupying 

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buildings and clashing with 
police. 

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In Paris, they pulled up 
cobblestones and through them at

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Riot squads in Prague a face 
down Soviet tanks with nothing 

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but words and Hope. 
In Mexico City. 

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The government massacred 
students just days before the 

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Olympics, the whole world seemed
to be convulsing with rage and 

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fear. 
The Soviet Union had just rolled

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tanks into Checkers Slovakia to 
crush something. 

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They called the Prague spring, 
For a few months it had looked 

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like communism, might reform 
itself might allow a little 

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freedom and democracy. 
Then the tanks came and the 

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dream died under their treads. 
The Cold War was still frozen 

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solid. 
The threat of nuclear 

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Annihilation still hung over 
everything like a sword 

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suspended by a fraying thread. 
Every evening Walter Cronkite 

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delivered, the news with the 
expression of a man watching a 

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train wreck and slow motion. 
He was the most trusted voice in

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America and even he looked 
tired, the optimism of the early

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1960s. 
The New Frontier Spirit, the 

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belief that America could do 
anything. 

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All of its seemed to have 
drained away What was left was 

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exhaustion and Division, and a 
nagging sense that the country 

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was coming apart. 
NASA was supposed to be 

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America's Redemption story. 
The agency was supposed to prove

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that technology and 
determination could accomplish 

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anything. 
President Kennedy had promised 

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to land a man on the moon 
before, 1970 and NASA was 

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supposed to deliver on that 
promise. 

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Space was supposed to be the 
arena where America won were 

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Ingenuity. 
Triumphed over Soviet power, 

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where the future looked bright 
in state of dark. 

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Instead, NASA was behind 
schedule and struggling. 

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The Apollo program had already 
killed three astronauts in a 

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Launchpad fire the previous 
year. 

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Gus Grissom Ed White and Roger 
Chaffee had burned to death 

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inside their capsule during a 
routine test because someone had

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designed a hatch that opened in 
would and could not be opened 

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quickly. 
They died screaming for help 

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while technicians fumbled with 
the door. 

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The investigation revealed 
sloppy, workmanship design, 

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floors and a culture of cutting 
Corners to meet deadlines. 

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Fire had been a wake up call, 
but it also showed how dangerous

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this whole Enterprise really 
was. 

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The Saturn 5 rocket was barely 
proven. 

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It had flown twice, both times 
unmanned and both times it had 

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worked but not perfectly. 
The thing was 30 stories, tall 

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and contained enough, explosive 
power to level a small City. 

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It had to work, flawlessly to 
send humans to the Moon one 

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engine failure, one fuel leak, 
one stuck valve and the rocket 

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would either explode on the pad 
or break apart in Flight, the 

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engineers were confident but 
confidence is not the same as 

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certainty. 
The lunar module was not ready. 

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This was the spacecraft that 
would actually land on the moon 

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and it was still being built. 
The design kept changing, the 

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weight kept growing, the systems
kept failing tests, there was no

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way it would be ready in time 
for a moon landing in 1969, the 

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whole schedule was falling 
apart. 

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Then someone at Nasa had an 
idea. 

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So risky it made the engineers, 
go pale, George Lowe, the 

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manager of the Apollo spacecraft
program office suggested, they 

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skip ahead and send a crew to 
orbit the moon. 

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In December, never mind that 
nobody had ever left Earth orbit

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before. 
Never mind that the navigation 

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would require calculations done 
with slide rules and paper. 

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Never mind that if anything went
wrong, the astronauts would die 

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in the cold vacuum of space with
no hope of rescue. 

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It was a beautiful terrible 
idea, and after days of intense 

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debate, NASA decided to do it. 
Anyway, it the reasoning was 

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partly, strategic intelligence 
suggested, the Soviets were 

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planning their own circling a 
flight maybe as early as late 

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1968, if they succeeded, they 
would score a major propaganda 

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victory in the Space Race 
America needed to get their 

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first, but there was more to it 
than just beating the Russians. 

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NASA needed to test the command 
and service. 

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Module, in deep space before, 
attempting a landing, they 

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needed to practice. 
Luna orbit operations. 

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They needed to scout. 
Landing site from close up, 

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sending Apollo 8 to the Moon, 
would accomplish all of these 

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goals at once. 
The plan would use the Apollo 8 

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spacecraft which was supposed to
stay safely on Earth orbit for 

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testing instead. 
They would load it with three 

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astronauts and fire them at the 
Moon on a trajectory that 

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demanded Split. 
Second precision. 

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One wrong calculation, one 
failed, engine burn, and the 

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crew would either miss the moon 
entirely, or slam into its 

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surface at thousands of miles 
per hour. 

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There was no margin for error 
and no backup plan, if the main 

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engine failed, they would cost 
past the moon and into deep 

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space until their oxygen ran 
out. 

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If the navigation was off by 
even a fraction of a degree, 

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they would come in too Steep and
burn up during re-entry or too 

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shallow and Skip off the 
atmosphere like a stone on water

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heading out into space forever. 
You have probably never heard of

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Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, and 
Bill Anders unless you are a 

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space history enthusiast. 
These three men were not the 

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flashy test pilots. 
Who usually grabbed headlines 

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they were serious professionals.
Who approached spaceflight like 

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Engineers solving a problem 
Bormann was a serious 

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no-nonsense Air Force officer 
who treated every Mission like a

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military operation. 
He had flown on Gemini 7 with 

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love spending two weeks in a 
capsule size of a phone booth to

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prove. 
Humans could survive long 

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duration, space flight. 
He was tough disciplined and 

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completely focused on Mission 
success. 

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Lovell was calm and methodical. 
The kind of person you want next

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to you in a crisis, he had a 
gift for navigation and a steady

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temperament that never seemed to
crack Under Pressure. 

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He would later fly on Apollo 13 
and helped save that crew when 

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everything went wrong for now. 
He was the Navigator, the one 

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who would guide them to the moon
and back using star sightings 

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and math. 
Anders was the rookie, a 

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brilliant engineer who had never
flown in space before. 

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But who would take one of the 
most important photographs in 

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human history. 
He was younger than the others 

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less experience. 
But incredibly competent, his 

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job was to photograph potential 
Landing site and operate the 

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cameras. 
He studied Luna, geology and 

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practiced with the hassle Blair 
and until he could change film 

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magazines in the dark, he knew 
this mission was his one chance 

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to see the moon and he wanted to
make it count. 

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They trained for the mission in 
about four months, which was 

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nowhere near enough time to 
prepare for something this 

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complex. 
The normal training cycle for an

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Apollo mission was over a year. 
They had a fraction of that 

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every day was simulators and 
classrooms and briefings they 

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learned the spacecraft systems 
until they could operate them 

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with their eyes closed. 
They practiced emergency 

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procedures until the responses 
became automatic. 

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Studied Luna Maps until they 
could recognize craters by their

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shapes. 
They had to learn how to 

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navigate by the stars, using a 
Sextant, like, Sailors from the 

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age of exploration. 
The Apollo spacecraft had a 

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computer but it was primitive 
and could fail if it did, the 

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crew needed, to be able to find 
their way home using nothing, 

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but a telescope, a star chart, 
and Mathematics. 

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Level spent hours in the 
planetarium practicing star, 

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sightings learning to recognize 
constellations from angles. 

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He had never seen them before 
from space. 

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The stars do not twinkle They 
are hard points of light against

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absolute black, and the patterns
shift as you move away from 

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Earth. 
They memorized hundreds of 

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switch positions and emergency 
procedures the spacecraft had 

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over 600 switches and circuit 
breakers in the cockpit. 

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Every one of them can control 
something critical, flip the 

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wrong, switch at the wrong time,
you could kill yourself and your

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crewmates. 
They practice what to do. 

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If the computer fail, if the 
engine fails, if the 

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communication system fail, if 
everything fails at once. 

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They ran through a bought 
scenarios where they had to get 

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home using only backup systems, 
they learned to think fast and 

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stay calm when alarms were going
off and things were breaking. 

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The families knew the risks 
wife. 

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Susan later said, she spent 
months expecting the worst. 

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Every launch could end in a 
fireball. 

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Every Mission could bring back a
flag draped coffin. 

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Instead of a smiling astronaut, 
the wives formed a support 

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network, helping each other 
through the anxiety and the 

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waiting and the forced Smiles 
for the cameras, they were part 

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of the program too. 
Whether they wanted to be or not

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the spacecraft. 
They would fly was a Marvel of 

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1960s engineering, which means 
it was primitive by modern 

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standards. 
But impossibly, sophisticated 

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for its time The Command Module 
was a cone-shaped capsule. 

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Barely large enough for three 
men to sit shoulder to shoulder.

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It had walls thinner than a soda
can to save weight. 

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Every pounded when you were 
trying to escape Earth's 

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gravity, the engineers had 
shaved weight wherever they 

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could using titanium, instead of
Steel aluminum, instead of 

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titanium and in some places 
material so exotic, they had 

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never been used in Aerospace 
before. 

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The heat shield on the bottom 
was the only thing that would 

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keep them from burning up during
re-entry. 

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00:12:13,300 --> 00:12:17,100
It was made of a material called
avocado, a resin mixed, with 

232
00:12:17,100 --> 00:12:20,600
glass fibers and formed into a 
honeycomb structure during 

233
00:12:20,600 --> 00:12:24,100
reentry, it would ablate away 
carrying heat with it as it 

234
00:12:24,100 --> 00:12:26,400
vaporized. 
The Shield had to survive 

235
00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:28,700
temperatures of 5,000 degrees 
Fahrenheit. 

236
00:12:28,700 --> 00:12:33,500
One crack one manufacturing 
defect one spot where the 

237
00:12:33,508 --> 00:12:36,500
bonding was weak and the wheat 
would burn through into the 

238
00:12:36,500 --> 00:12:39,100
cabin. 
The astronauts would die before,

239
00:12:39,100 --> 00:12:42,300
they knew what was happening. 
The service module attached to 

240
00:12:42,308 --> 00:12:45,800
the back, held the big engine, 
the fuel tanks, the oxygen 

241
00:12:45,800 --> 00:12:48,900
tanks, and all the systems that 
kept the Command Module alive. 

242
00:12:49,600 --> 00:12:52,100
You could not access the 
service, module during flight, 

243
00:12:52,100 --> 00:12:55,500
it was a sealed cylinder bolted 
to the back of the capsule. 

244
00:12:55,500 --> 00:12:57,800
And once you were in space, it 
stayed sealed. 

245
00:12:58,800 --> 00:13:01,500
If something broke back there, 
you just had to hope it was not 

246
00:13:01,500 --> 00:13:04,000
critical. 
Service module had the main 

247
00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:06,800
engine that would slow them into
lunar orbit and speed them up 

248
00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:10,500
for the trip home that engine 
had to fire perfectly twice or 

249
00:13:10,500 --> 00:13:12,800
the crew was dead. 
There was no backup. 

250
00:13:13,700 --> 00:13:16,500
The whole assembly sat on top of
a Saturn 5 rocket, that was 

251
00:13:16,508 --> 00:13:18,600
taller than a football field 
standing on end. 

252
00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:23,100
The rocket was a masterpiece of 
controlled violence, it weighed 

253
00:13:23,100 --> 00:13:27,200
6 million pounds, fully fueled. 
Most of that weight was fueled. 

254
00:13:27,200 --> 00:13:32,000
The first stage alone held 
203,000 gallons of kerosene and 

255
00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:37,000
318,000, gal of liquid oxygen. 
When those propellants mixed in 

256
00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:40,300
the combustion, chambers of five
F1 engines, they produced a 

257
00:13:40,300 --> 00:13:43,300
total of 7.5 million pounds of 
thrust. 

258
00:13:44,100 --> 00:13:46,600
That was enough to lift the 
entire mass of the rocket and 

259
00:13:46,600 --> 00:13:49,800
accelerate it toward orbital 
velocity in less than three 

260
00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:52,400
minutes. 
The rocket burned a mixture of 

261
00:13:52,408 --> 00:13:55,800
kerosene and liquid oxygen in 
the first stage, then switch to 

262
00:13:55,800 --> 00:13:57,500
liquid hydrogen for the upper 
stages. 

263
00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:01,700
Liquid hydrogen is colder than 
anything you have ever touched. 

264
00:14:01,700 --> 00:14:06,500
Stored at -423 degrees. 
Fahrenheit it boils at room 

265
00:14:06,508 --> 00:14:10,300
temperature, keeping it liquid 
requires constant refrigeration 

266
00:14:10,300 --> 00:14:14,400
and thick insulation. 
It is also explosive which makes

267
00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:16,600
it terrifying and perfect for 
rocket fuel. 

268
00:14:17,500 --> 00:14:20,900
When it burns with liquid 
oxygen, it produces more energy 

269
00:14:20,900 --> 00:14:23,900
per pound than almost any other 
chemical combination. 

270
00:14:24,700 --> 00:14:27,600
The second and third stage is 
used this fuel to push the 

271
00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:29,800
spacecraft, the rest of the way 
to escape velocity. 

272
00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:35,000
When the Saturn 5 lit up, It 
produced more thrust than 500 

273
00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:36,700
jet. 
Fighters going Full Throttle at 

274
00:14:36,700 --> 00:14:38,900
once. 
The noise was beyond 

275
00:14:38,900 --> 00:14:42,200
description, it was not just 
loud it. 

276
00:14:42,500 --> 00:14:45,700
Physical force that hit you in 
the chest and vibrated your 

277
00:14:45,700 --> 00:14:48,600
bones. 
People watching from three miles

278
00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:51,100
away, reported feeling the sound
as a pressure away. 

279
00:14:52,200 --> 00:14:54,300
Closer to the pad, the noise 
would kill you. 

280
00:14:54,300 --> 00:14:58,300
The acoustic energy alone could 
rupture lungs and stop hearts. 

281
00:14:58,300 --> 00:15:02,200
That is why the pad had water 
systems that dumped thousands of

282
00:15:02,200 --> 00:15:04,500
gallons onto the flame trench 
during ignition. 

283
00:15:04,500 --> 00:15:07,900
Not to put out the fire but to 
absorb some of the sound energy 

284
00:15:07,900 --> 00:15:11,000
and keep the rocket from 
destroying itself with its own 

285
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:14,800
noise. 
Launch day was December 21st, 

286
00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:18,800
1968? 
The sun rose over Cape Kennedy 

287
00:15:18,800 --> 00:15:22,600
to find a White Tower, standing 
on the pad with Vapor streaming 

288
00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:24,800
off its sides like a nervous 
racehorse. 

289
00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:29,300
The liquid oxygen was boiling 
off into clouds of white Mist 

290
00:15:29,300 --> 00:15:33,400
that drifted across the beach. 
The rocket creaked and groaned 

291
00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:38,000
as the metal contracted in the 
cold. ice formed on the sides, 

292
00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:42,000
where the super cold fuel met 
the humid Florida are The whole 

293
00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:45,600
structure was alive with the 
sound of pumps and valves, and 

294
00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:48,300
cryogenic fluids surging through
pipes. 

295
00:15:49,300 --> 00:15:52,300
Borman, Loveland. 
Anders rode the elevator up, 30 

296
00:15:52,300 --> 00:15:55,600
stories to the white room where 
technicians help them squeezed 

297
00:15:55,600 --> 00:15:59,100
into the capsule. 
Suits were bulky and stiffed 

298
00:15:59,100 --> 00:16:01,400
designed to keep them alive. 
If the cabin lost pressure 

299
00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:04,400
getting into the capsule, meant 
wriggling through a hatch, 

300
00:16:04,400 --> 00:16:08,700
barely wide enough for a suited 
man to fit They had to lie on 

301
00:16:08,700 --> 00:16:12,300
their backs and contoured 
couches, then technicians strap 

302
00:16:12,300 --> 00:16:14,800
them in with a harness that went
over the shoulders and around 

303
00:16:14,800 --> 00:16:18,100
the waist and between the legs. 
Once you were strapped in, you 

304
00:16:18,100 --> 00:16:22,300
could not move, you could only 
wait the hatch closed behind 

305
00:16:22,300 --> 00:16:24,700
them with a heavy thunk that 
meant there was no turning back.

306
00:16:24,700 --> 00:16:27,700
Now, the sound of the hatch 
ceiling was fined. 

307
00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:33,400
Outside technicians tested, the 
seal, check the pressure and 

308
00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:36,100
then left. 
The white room swung away from 

309
00:16:36,100 --> 00:16:39,200
the spacecraft on its arm, the 
astronauts were alone. 

310
00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:44,600
Now lying on their backs on top 
of 960,000 gallons of explosive 

311
00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:47,500
fuel. 
You can imagine lying there in a

312
00:16:47,500 --> 00:16:50,700
seat that feels like a hammock. 
Staring at a panel covered in 

313
00:16:50,700 --> 00:16:54,400
switches and dials, and warning 
lights, knowing that in a few 

314
00:16:54,400 --> 00:16:57,000
minutes, you're either going to 
ride a controlled explosion into

315
00:16:57,000 --> 00:17:00,000
space or die. 
In a fireball visible from three

316
00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:04,000
states away, the rocket grown, 
and creaked as liquid oxygen, 

317
00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:05,800
boiled off into the Florida 
morning. 

318
00:17:06,500 --> 00:17:10,099
Fueling process had been going 
on for hours pumps Force, the 

319
00:17:10,099 --> 00:17:14,300
super cold fluids, into the 
tanks, pressure built, valves 

320
00:17:14,300 --> 00:17:16,900
opened and closed. 
The whole stack was under 

321
00:17:16,900 --> 00:17:19,300
tension straining against 
itself. 

322
00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:23,300
The countdown proceeded with the
steady inevitability of a drum 

323
00:17:23,300 --> 00:17:26,500
beat. 
Engineers monitored hundreds of 

324
00:17:26,500 --> 00:17:30,300
systems, any one of them could 
trigger a hold or a scrub. 

325
00:17:30,300 --> 00:17:32,400
The weather had to be 
acceptable. 

326
00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:35,000
The tracking stations had to be 
ready. 

327
00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:38,100
The ships in the recovery, Fleet
had to be in position. 

328
00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:42,100
Every piece had to be perfect 
because there were no Second 

329
00:17:42,100 --> 00:17:46,800
Chances once the engines lit. 
A T, minus 9 seconds, the 

330
00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:51,500
automatic sequence started. the 
first engine ignited, then the 

331
00:17:51,508 --> 00:17:57,800
second, then the third fourth 
fifth, All five F1 engines 

332
00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:00,700
roared to life in a staggered 
sequence that took less than a 

333
00:18:00,700 --> 00:18:03,700
second. 
Flame trench under the pad. 

334
00:18:03,700 --> 00:18:07,600
Filled with fire, the hold down 
arms, kept the rocket pinned to 

335
00:18:07,608 --> 00:18:10,000
the pad while the engines up to 
full thrust. 

336
00:18:10,900 --> 00:18:13,400
Sensors checked that all five 
were firing correctly. 

337
00:18:14,300 --> 00:18:17,200
If even one inch engine showed a
problem, the computers would 

338
00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:21,300
shut everything down and drain 
the few all five engines showed 

339
00:18:21,300 --> 00:18:23,800
green. 
The hold down arms released. 

340
00:18:24,600 --> 00:18:28,700
3,000 tons of rocket and 
spacecraft began to rise slowly.

341
00:18:28,700 --> 00:18:33,400
At first, then fasted 
Acceleration was gentle. 

342
00:18:33,400 --> 00:18:37,400
Compared to what was coming? 
In inside the capsule Borman, 

343
00:18:37,400 --> 00:18:40,900
called out the role program, the
maneuver that turned the rocket 

344
00:18:40,900 --> 00:18:44,400
toward its proper heading. 
The guidance system was in 

345
00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:46,800
control. 
Now, astronauts were passengers 

346
00:18:46,800 --> 00:18:50,400
at zero. 
The engine ignited five. 

347
00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:54,200
Massive rocket engines lit up 
with a roar That Shook the 

348
00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:57,700
ground for miles. 
The hold down, clamps released 

349
00:18:57,700 --> 00:19:03,100
and the Saturn 5 began to rise 
inside the capsule Borman, 

350
00:19:03,100 --> 00:19:06,300
reported that the ride was 
smoother than expected, which 

351
00:19:06,300 --> 00:19:08,700
was good, because the 
alternative was being shaken to 

352
00:19:08,700 --> 00:19:11,500
death. 
The rocket accelerated upward 

353
00:19:11,500 --> 00:19:14,800
punching through the atmosphere 
with the subtlety of a freight 

354
00:19:14,800 --> 00:19:18,000
train. 
The noise inside was tremendous 

355
00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:21,600
despite the layers of 
insulation, the structure, 

356
00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:26,700
vibrated, every bolt, every 
rivet every weld was stressed to

357
00:19:26,708 --> 00:19:30,900
its design limit. 
The aerodynamic forces increased

358
00:19:30,900 --> 00:19:35,700
as the rocket picked up speed at
maximum Dynamic pressure about 

359
00:19:35,700 --> 00:19:39,500
80 Seconds into the flight, the 
forces on the vehicle peaked, 

360
00:19:39,500 --> 00:19:43,400
this was Max Q. 
The moment when the rocket was 

361
00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:46,600
most likely to break apart from 
the stress of plowing, through 

362
00:19:46,600 --> 00:19:49,600
the thick lower atmosphere at 
supersonic speed. 

363
00:19:50,600 --> 00:19:53,500
The engine's throttled back 
slightly to reduce the strain. 

364
00:19:53,500 --> 00:19:58,100
Then once through Max Q, they 
throttled back up to full power.

365
00:19:59,100 --> 00:20:00,900
Two and a half minutes after 
launched. 

366
00:20:00,900 --> 00:20:02,800
The first stage, burned, out, 
and fell away. 

367
00:20:03,900 --> 00:20:09,300
The separation was explosive 
literally small charges fired to

368
00:20:09,300 --> 00:20:11,200
push. 
The spent stage away from the 

369
00:20:11,200 --> 00:20:14,300
still burning. 
Second stage, the five j-2 

370
00:20:14,300 --> 00:20:16,500
engines of the second stage at 
already lit. 

371
00:20:16,500 --> 00:20:19,700
The thrust building while the 
first stage engines were still 

372
00:20:19,700 --> 00:20:22,400
firing. 
The transition was seamless. 

373
00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:25,100
One second, you were on five 
engines. 

374
00:20:25,100 --> 00:20:29,200
The next second, you are on five
different engines smaller but 

375
00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:32,800
more efficient burning hydrogen.
Instead of kerosene. 

376
00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:37,400
This second stage continued, the
push toward orbit, the g-forces,

377
00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:39,600
press the astronauts back into 
their seats. 

378
00:20:39,600 --> 00:20:44,000
It was not painful, just 
insistent like having someone 

379
00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:48,000
sit on your chest, breathing 
took effort, moving your arms 

380
00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:50,800
took effort. 
Everything was heavier the 

381
00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:53,300
rocket kept accelerating kept 
climbing. 

382
00:20:53,300 --> 00:20:57,300
Kept burning through thousands 
of pounds of fuel every second 

383
00:20:58,300 --> 00:21:02,600
At 8 minutes, the second stage 
shut down and separated the 

384
00:21:02,600 --> 00:21:05,000
third stage fire, just long 
enough to put them into a 

385
00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:09,100
parking orbit around Earth. 
They had made it to space which 

386
00:21:09,100 --> 00:21:12,400
was the easy part. 
The hard part was still to come.

387
00:21:12,400 --> 00:21:16,500
They spent the next two orbits 
checking systems running through

388
00:21:16,500 --> 00:21:18,900
checklists, making sure 
everything was working 

389
00:21:18,900 --> 00:21:22,000
correctly. 
Mission Control, analyzed 

390
00:21:22,000 --> 00:21:24,700
Telemetry and confirm. 
The spacecraft was healthy. 

391
00:21:25,500 --> 00:21:29,200
The ghost slash know, go 
decision came from Houston, they

392
00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:30,900
were go for translucent 
injection. 

393
00:21:30,900 --> 00:21:34,900
Now came the hard part, they 
needed to restart that third 

394
00:21:34,900 --> 00:21:37,700
stage engine to break free from 
Earth, orbit and head for the 

395
00:21:37,700 --> 00:21:40,200
moon. 
This was called the translunar 

396
00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:43,700
injection burn and it had never 
been done with humans aboard. 

397
00:21:44,400 --> 00:21:46,900
The engine would have to fire 
for exactly the right. 

398
00:21:46,900 --> 00:21:49,300
Amount of time to put them on a 
precise trajectory. 

399
00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:55,000
Two little thrust and they would
fall back to Earth too much and 

400
00:21:55,000 --> 00:21:58,900
they would miss the moon and 
drift into deep space forever. 

401
00:22:00,300 --> 00:22:03,300
The engine had been sitting in 
the vacuum of space for over two

402
00:22:03,300 --> 00:22:06,100
hours. 
The fuel had to be resettled in 

403
00:22:06,100 --> 00:22:09,700
the tanks using small thrusters 
because there was no gravity to 

404
00:22:09,700 --> 00:22:12,900
hold it in place. 
The pressures had to be correct.

405
00:22:12,900 --> 00:22:14,800
The temperatures had to be in 
range. 

406
00:22:14,800 --> 00:22:18,100
Everything had to work perfectly
on the first try because there 

407
00:22:18,100 --> 00:22:21,600
would not be a second chance. 
The burn happened over the 

408
00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:24,900
Pacific Ocean out of contact 
with mission control. 

409
00:22:24,900 --> 00:22:28,400
The crew was on their own They 
pressed the button. 

410
00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:31,700
The engine lit. 
For six minutes, they 

411
00:22:31,700 --> 00:22:36,300
accelerated pushing their 
velocity from 17,500 miles per 

412
00:22:36,300 --> 00:22:42,800
hour to 24,500 miles per hour. 
That extra 7,000 miles per hour 

413
00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:44,600
was enough to escape Earth's 
gravity. 

414
00:22:44,600 --> 00:22:49,100
Well, when the burn ended, they 
were on a trajectory that would 

415
00:22:49,100 --> 00:22:51,500
take them to the Moon, whether 
they wanted to go or not. 

416
00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:56,300
For six, anxious minutes, 
Houston waited to hear if the 

417
00:22:56,300 --> 00:23:00,200
astronauts was still alive. 
And on course, Tracking station 

418
00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:02,800
at carnarvon, Australia picked 
up the signal first. 

419
00:23:03,900 --> 00:23:07,500
When levels voice came through 
calm and professional reporting 

420
00:23:07,500 --> 00:23:09,400
that the burn was good and they 
were on their way. 

421
00:23:10,400 --> 00:23:12,900
Tension in Mission Control, 
broke like a fever. 

422
00:23:13,700 --> 00:23:17,900
People exhaled, some cheered, 
quietly, others, just smiled, 

423
00:23:17,900 --> 00:23:21,800
The Impossible was happening, 
the Earth began to shrink behind

424
00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:24,900
them. 
At first, it was a huge Blue 

425
00:23:24,900 --> 00:23:28,000
Marble filling the window then 
it was the size of a basket 

426
00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:31,000
ball, then a baseball, then a 
golf ball. 

427
00:23:32,300 --> 00:23:35,900
A spacecraft rotated, slowly to 
spread the sun's heat evenly 

428
00:23:35,900 --> 00:23:39,500
across its surface, in a 
maneuver called passive thermal 

429
00:23:39,500 --> 00:23:43,500
control, which the astronauts 
called the barbecue role because

430
00:23:43,500 --> 00:23:45,400
it made them feel like a 
rotisserie chicken. 

431
00:23:47,100 --> 00:23:51,200
In was cold and crammed and 
smelled like a mixture of metal 

432
00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:55,700
and human bodies and the faint 
ozone Center of electronics. 

433
00:23:55,700 --> 00:24:00,000
There was no room to stand up or
stretch out you could float a 

434
00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:03,300
little in 0 gravity, but mostly 
you just tried to stay out of 

435
00:24:03,308 --> 00:24:06,200
each other's way. 
Sleep was nearly impossible. 

436
00:24:07,500 --> 00:24:10,900
Cabin was loud with fans and 
pumps and the endless, clicking 

437
00:24:10,900 --> 00:24:13,600
of relays. 
Every sound made. 

438
00:24:13,600 --> 00:24:16,300
You wonder if something was 
breaking, they spent Christmas 

439
00:24:16,300 --> 00:24:19,700
Eve Crossing the empty void 
between Earth and Moon watching 

440
00:24:19,700 --> 00:24:22,400
their home planet. 
Dwindled to a tiny blue dot in 

441
00:24:22,400 --> 00:24:24,400
the vast. 
Darkness, knowing that, if 

442
00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:27,400
anything went wrong out here, 
nobody could help them. 

443
00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:31,600
Mission Control could offer 
advice, but rescue was 

444
00:24:31,600 --> 00:24:34,500
impossible. 
They were alone in a way that no

445
00:24:34,500 --> 00:24:38,500
human beings had ever been alone
before. the flight to the Moon 

446
00:24:38,500 --> 00:24:42,500
took three days which sounds 
romantic Until you realize what 

447
00:24:42,500 --> 00:24:46,200
three days in a space caps will 
actually means, You're living in

448
00:24:46,208 --> 00:24:49,300
a volume of about the size of a 
large closet with two other 

449
00:24:49,300 --> 00:24:53,500
people who have not showered. 
Every smell lingers every sound 

450
00:24:53,500 --> 00:24:59,000
Echoes privacy does not exist. 
The toilet is a plastic bag with

451
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:01,800
a sticky Rim that you try not to
think about too much. 

452
00:25:02,900 --> 00:25:05,700
The navigation system was a 
computer that had less 

453
00:25:05,700 --> 00:25:08,100
processing power than a modern 
digital watch. 

454
00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:12,200
It could do basic calculations 
and help the astronauts figure 

455
00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:15,500
out where they were but it could
not do the complex orbital. 

456
00:25:15,500 --> 00:25:17,200
Mechanics needed for the 
mission. 

457
00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:20,800
Those calculations had been done
by human computers back on 

458
00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:23,900
earth, mostly women with 
mathematics degrees who worked 

459
00:25:23,900 --> 00:25:26,400
in rooms full of adding machines
and slide rules. 

460
00:25:27,300 --> 00:25:30,400
The trajectory had been plotted 
and double checked and triple 

461
00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:34,000
checked, but it all depended on 
firing the engine at exactly. 

462
00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:36,500
The right moment for exactly the
right duration. 

463
00:25:37,400 --> 00:25:39,500
You need to pick what it means 
to aim. 

464
00:25:39,500 --> 00:25:41,800
For the Moon, the Moon is 
moving. 

465
00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:45,200
The Earth is moving. 
The spacecraft is moving 

466
00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:48,500
everything is moving through. 
Three-dimensional space at 

467
00:25:48,500 --> 00:25:52,100
thousands of miles per hour. 
You cannot just point it where 

468
00:25:52,100 --> 00:25:55,200
the Moon is now and fire. 
You have to point it where the 

469
00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:59,100
moon will be in three days 
accounting for Gravity from 

470
00:25:59,100 --> 00:26:04,200
Earth and the moon. 
And even the sun one small error

471
00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:09,200
in velocity one tiny mistake in 
angle and you miss by thousands 

472
00:26:09,200 --> 00:26:11,900
of miles. 
The astronauts check their 

473
00:26:11,900 --> 00:26:15,300
position by taking sightings on 
Starz through a small telescope 

474
00:26:15,300 --> 00:26:18,500
built into the spacecraft. 
They would find a particular 

475
00:26:18,500 --> 00:26:22,600
star line it up with a landmark 
on Earth or the moon and punched

476
00:26:22,600 --> 00:26:26,100
the data into the computer. 
The computer would compare the 

477
00:26:26,100 --> 00:26:29,600
sighting to its internal star 
catalog and calculate their 

478
00:26:29,600 --> 00:26:33,000
position. 
It was the same basic principle 

479
00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:37,200
used by sailing ships Crossing 
Ocean's except these Sailors 

480
00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:41,000
were crossing a much bigger 
ocean at 30 times the speed of 

481
00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:44,600
sound. 
Bowman spent most of the flight 

482
00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:48,300
feeling sick. 
Basic Ness is not like car 

483
00:26:48,300 --> 00:26:52,000
sickness or seasickness it is 
your inner ear going haywire 

484
00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:53,900
because there is no up or down 
anymore. 

485
00:26:54,700 --> 00:26:57,100
Your stomach does not know which
way, is which? 

486
00:26:57,800 --> 00:27:02,000
The fluid in your sinuses shifts
around and makes you feel like 

487
00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:03,900
you have the worst head cold of 
your life. 

488
00:27:04,900 --> 00:27:08,300
Borman threw up several times 
which is a messy business in 

489
00:27:08,300 --> 00:27:11,300
zero gravity. 
The crew did not report this to 

490
00:27:11,300 --> 00:27:13,800
Mission Control because they 
worried NASA might have bought 

491
00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:17,300
the mission and bring them home.
They just cleaned up as best 

492
00:27:17,300 --> 00:27:19,800
they could and kept going the 
spacecraft. 

493
00:27:19,800 --> 00:27:21,800
Had a guidance and navigation 
system. 

494
00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:26,000
That was cutting edge for 1968 
but terrifyingly primitive by 

495
00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:30,100
modern standards. 
The computer had 64 kilobytes of

496
00:27:30,100 --> 00:27:33,000
memory, which is less than the 
average email uses today. 

497
00:27:33,900 --> 00:27:38,600
It ran on a clock speed of 0.043
megahertz, which means a 

498
00:27:38,600 --> 00:27:41,700
smartphone is literally millions
of times fast faster. 

499
00:27:42,500 --> 00:27:45,100
The entire Apollo guidance 
computer could not run a modern 

500
00:27:45,100 --> 00:27:47,700
video game. 
It could barely run a digital 

501
00:27:47,700 --> 00:27:50,300
clock yet. 
This was the machine that would 

502
00:27:50,300 --> 00:27:52,000
guide them around the Moon and 
back. 

503
00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:56,400
Software was written by a team. 
Led by a woman named Margaret 

504
00:27:56,400 --> 00:28:00,700
Hamilton, who coined the term 
software engineering because 

505
00:28:00,700 --> 00:28:03,900
people kept treating programming
like it was not real 

506
00:28:03,900 --> 00:28:07,100
engineering. 
She insisted on rigorous testing

507
00:28:07,100 --> 00:28:10,200
and backup systems because she 
knew that bugs in the code could

508
00:28:10,200 --> 00:28:14,600
kill the astronauts every line 
of code was reviewed and tested 

509
00:28:14,600 --> 00:28:17,100
and reviewed. 
Again, the programs were 

510
00:28:17,100 --> 00:28:20,500
literally woven into rope memory
by hand threading. 

511
00:28:20,500 --> 00:28:24,500
Wires through magnetic cores in 
patterns that represented ones 

512
00:28:24,500 --> 00:28:27,500
and zeros. 
If you made a mistake, you had 

513
00:28:27,500 --> 00:28:33,400
to unheavenly As they approached
the moon, the radio signals took

514
00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:35,200
longer and longer to travel back
to Earth. 

515
00:28:36,100 --> 00:28:38,600
Light moves fast, but space is 
vast. 

516
00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:42,300
By the time, they were near the 
moon, there was a three second 

517
00:28:42,300 --> 00:28:44,300
delay between transmission and 
reception. 

518
00:28:45,300 --> 00:28:49,600
That might not sound like much, 
but in an emergency, three 

519
00:28:49,600 --> 00:28:53,800
seconds is an eternity. 
Something went wrong, the 

520
00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:56,100
astronauts would have to handle 
it themselves for at least three

521
00:28:56,100 --> 00:28:59,300
seconds before Mission Control. 
Even knew there was a problem. 

522
00:29:00,400 --> 00:29:02,000
The moon grew larger in the 
windows. 

523
00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:05,900
At first, it was just a bright 
disk, no, different from what 

524
00:29:05,900 --> 00:29:08,900
you see in the night sky. 
Then it became a world. 

525
00:29:09,600 --> 00:29:13,200
Craters appeared mountains, 
cast, Long Shadows, across 

526
00:29:13,200 --> 00:29:16,900
planes of dust. 
Colors were subtle shades of 

527
00:29:16,908 --> 00:29:20,300
grey and brown and charcoal, but
the details were sharp. 

528
00:29:20,300 --> 00:29:23,600
There was no atmosphere to blur 
the view every Rock. 

529
00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:26,600
Every Boulder, every ancient 
impact scar, stood out with 

530
00:29:26,600 --> 00:29:29,600
crystalline Clarity on December 
24th. 

531
00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:33,600
Spacecraft swung Around The Far 
Side of the Moon and lost 

532
00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:36,400
contact with Earth. 
The moon itself, blocked all 

533
00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:40,300
radio signals for the next 45 
minutes, bourbon Lovell, and 

534
00:29:40,300 --> 00:29:42,100
Anders would be completely 
alone. 

535
00:29:42,100 --> 00:29:46,400
Cut off from every other human 
being father from help than any 

536
00:29:46,400 --> 00:29:49,800
people in history. 
The engine did not fire 

537
00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:51,700
correctly. 
During the next burn, they would

538
00:29:51,700 --> 00:29:54,900
never make it home. 
The lunar orbit insertion burn 

539
00:29:54,900 --> 00:29:57,200
was the most dangerous moment of
the entire Mission. 

540
00:29:57,200 --> 00:30:00,400
The engine had to fire for 
exactly four minutes and seven 

541
00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:03,600
seconds to slow the spacecraft 
down enough to be captured by 

542
00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:05,600
the moon's gravity. 
Too short. 

543
00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:08,000
And they would slingshot back 
towards Earth on a trajectory 

544
00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:09,600
that might miss the planet 
entirely. 

545
00:30:10,800 --> 00:30:13,600
Too long and they would crash 
into the lunar surface. 

546
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:17,100
The engine had to work 
perfectly, there was no backup. 

547
00:30:17,100 --> 00:30:20,400
If it failed, they would loop 
around the moon and head back to

548
00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:23,700
Earth, which sounds fine. 
Until you realized a return to 

549
00:30:23,700 --> 00:30:26,500
reject tree would be wrong. 
And they would probably burn up 

550
00:30:26,500 --> 00:30:29,400
during re-entry. 
And as later described the 

551
00:30:29,408 --> 00:30:32,100
moment when the engine was 
supposed to light as the longest

552
00:30:32,100 --> 00:30:36,200
ten seconds of his life, He 
pressed the button for a 

553
00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:39,300
heartbeat, nothing happened. 
Then the whole spacecraft 

554
00:30:39,300 --> 00:30:43,100
shuddered as the engine roared 
to life, pressing them back into

555
00:30:43,100 --> 00:30:46,400
their seats with a force that 
felt almost comforting after 

556
00:30:46,400 --> 00:30:50,100
days of weightlessness. 
The burn had to be precise. 

557
00:30:50,100 --> 00:30:53,800
They watched the clock 
countdown, four minutes, three 

558
00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:58,100
minutes, two minutes, the engine
kept firing one minute. 30 

559
00:30:58,100 --> 00:31:02,900
seconds. 10 seconds, shut down 
the silence that followed was 

560
00:31:02,900 --> 00:31:05,600
profound. 
They had no way to know if the 

561
00:31:05,600 --> 00:31:08,200
Bernard worked until they came 
back around the front of the 

562
00:31:08,200 --> 00:31:10,800
Moon and re-established contact 
with Earth. 

563
00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:14,500
For all they knew they were on a
collision course, with the 

564
00:31:14,500 --> 00:31:16,400
surface or drifting off into 
deep space. 

565
00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:20,100
The next 45 minutes would 
determine whether they lived or 

566
00:31:20,100 --> 00:31:22,900
died. 
The spacecraft, swung around the

567
00:31:22,900 --> 00:31:26,100
moon's, Far Side Crossing 
terrain, that no human had ever 

568
00:31:26,108 --> 00:31:29,100
seen. 
The Far Side is not dark despite

569
00:31:29,100 --> 00:31:31,700
what people call it. 
Sunshine's. 

570
00:31:31,700 --> 00:31:35,700
Their just as it shines on the 
near side it is just hidden from

571
00:31:35,700 --> 00:31:37,400
Earth by the bulk of the Moon 
itself. 

572
00:31:37,400 --> 00:31:41,100
What they saw was a landscape of
ancient violence. 

573
00:31:41,100 --> 00:31:45,900
Crater upon crater upon crater 
impact layered over impact, 

574
00:31:45,900 --> 00:31:50,200
going back, billions of years. 
No wind had ever Disturbed this 

575
00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:52,800
dust no water had ever flowed 
here. 

576
00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:57,800
It was geology Frozen in Time a 
museum of cosmic collisions, 

577
00:31:57,800 --> 00:32:01,400
then they came around the front 
and their radio crackled back to

578
00:32:01,400 --> 00:32:03,600
life. 
Mission control called out to 

579
00:32:03,600 --> 00:32:07,800
them Lovell responded with the 
most beautiful words, anyone at 

580
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:11,800
Nasa had ever heard They were in
lunar orbit, the Bern had 

581
00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:13,600
worked. 
They were alive. 

582
00:32:14,300 --> 00:32:16,800
Being in orbit around. 
The Moon is not like all putting

583
00:32:16,808 --> 00:32:20,300
Earth Earth orbit, feels safe 
because you can look down and 

584
00:32:20,300 --> 00:32:24,300
see cities and continents and 
clouds all the familiar markers 

585
00:32:24,300 --> 00:32:26,800
of home. 
You can see the curve of the 

586
00:32:26,800 --> 00:32:29,200
Horizon glowing blue with 
scattered sunlight. 

587
00:32:29,200 --> 00:32:33,000
You can watch weather systems 
swirl across Ocean's. 

588
00:32:33,000 --> 00:32:36,000
You can pick out coastlines and 
rivers and mountain, ranges 

589
00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:39,900
Earth from orbit is beautiful 
and alive and reassuring. 

590
00:32:39,900 --> 00:32:43,800
The moon has none of that. 
The Moon is dead. 

591
00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:46,300
It has been dead for billions of
years. 

592
00:32:46,300 --> 00:32:51,000
When you orbit the Moon you were
circling a graveyard, the 

593
00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:53,100
landscape below is Frozen in 
Time. 

594
00:32:53,100 --> 00:32:56,400
A record of violence going back 
to when the solar system was 

595
00:32:56,400 --> 00:32:59,500
young and chaotic. 
Nothing moves down there, 

596
00:32:59,500 --> 00:33:03,500
nothing changes, except the 
slow, March of shadows as the 

597
00:33:03,500 --> 00:33:08,400
sun tracks across the sky. 
Stillness is profound and deeply

598
00:33:08,400 --> 00:33:12,400
unsettling the spacecraft. 
Completed one orbit every two 

599
00:33:12,400 --> 00:33:16,900
hours that meant Borman Lovell. 
And Anders, got to see the 

600
00:33:16,900 --> 00:33:22,100
entire Moon from just 60 miles 
up closer than any humans had 

601
00:33:22,100 --> 00:33:24,600
ever been. 
They floated in front of the 

602
00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:27,400
windows and stared down at a 
world that looked like, it had 

603
00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:31,700
been bombed by Asteroids for 4 
billion years, Every feature had

604
00:33:31,700 --> 00:33:35,200
a story written in impact and 
lava flows and slower erosion 

605
00:33:35,200 --> 00:33:37,400
from temperature extremes that 
would crack Steel. 

606
00:33:38,300 --> 00:33:40,200
The moon was a textbook of 
planetary. 

607
00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:43,300
Geology every page written in 
rock and dust. 

608
00:33:44,300 --> 00:33:48,100
Craters were everywhere, small 
ones inside big ones, inside 

609
00:33:48,100 --> 00:33:51,200
bigger ones overlapping in 
patterns that showed which 

610
00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:55,200
impacts came first. 
The physics was simple. 

611
00:33:55,200 --> 00:33:58,600
Something traveling at Cosmic 
velocity hits, something else. 

612
00:33:59,700 --> 00:34:03,000
Kinetic energy converts to heat 
and shock in an instant. 

613
00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:08,000
The surface explodes outward, 
throwing material up and out, in

614
00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:10,100
a symmetrical pattern. 
What? 

615
00:34:10,100 --> 00:34:13,000
Settles back down, forms. 
A circular crater with a raise 

616
00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:16,699
and sometimes a central Peak. 
Where the crust rebounded from 

617
00:34:16,699 --> 00:34:19,300
the impact. 
Some creators were so fresh that

618
00:34:19,300 --> 00:34:20,699
you could see the Rays of 
debris. 

619
00:34:20,699 --> 00:34:22,800
Splashed out from the impact. 
Right? 

620
00:34:22,800 --> 00:34:26,199
Streaks of pulverized Rock, 
extending for hundreds of miles 

621
00:34:26,199 --> 00:34:29,699
across the dark Plains. 
The Rays were brighter, because 

622
00:34:29,699 --> 00:34:33,100
the impact and excavated fresh 
material from below the surface 

623
00:34:33,100 --> 00:34:36,900
material that had not been 
darkened by billions of years of

624
00:34:36,900 --> 00:34:40,000
exposure, to the solar wind and 
micrometeorite bombardment. 

625
00:34:41,100 --> 00:34:44,100
These young craters stood out 
like scars on Old skin. 

626
00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:47,900
Other craters were so old. 
They had been worn Smooth by 

627
00:34:47,900 --> 00:34:51,400
eons of thermal cycling and 
micrometeorite impacts. 

628
00:34:52,300 --> 00:34:56,500
The sharp rims are degraded. 
Floors had filled in with debris

629
00:34:56,500 --> 00:35:00,000
from later impacts. 
Some were barely visible ghost 

630
00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:02,700
craters, that you could only see
when the lighting ankle was just

631
00:35:02,700 --> 00:35:06,600
right and shadows revealed faint
circular depression in the 

632
00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:09,400
surface. 
The oldest parts of the Moon 

633
00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:13,700
dated back 4.5 billion years, to
when the solar system was still 

634
00:35:13,700 --> 00:35:15,700
settling down after its violent 
birth. 

635
00:35:15,700 --> 00:35:18,700
You have to imagine what it 
feels like to look down at a 

636
00:35:18,708 --> 00:35:21,100
landscape completely Untouched 
by life. 

637
00:35:21,900 --> 00:35:26,800
No trees, no grass, no bacteria,
no fossils. 

638
00:35:26,800 --> 00:35:31,200
Nothing as ever grown here. 
Nothing has ever crawled across.

639
00:35:31,200 --> 00:35:34,100
This dust. 
The rocks of never been worn. 

640
00:35:34,100 --> 00:35:37,600
Smooth by flowing water. 
The mountains of never been 

641
00:35:37,600 --> 00:35:41,600
shaped by wind and rain and ice.
Everything you see is the result

642
00:35:41,600 --> 00:35:45,600
of impacts and volcanic 
eruptions and the slow grinding 

643
00:35:45,600 --> 00:35:48,700
forces of gravity and wind 
rustling leaves. 

644
00:35:48,700 --> 00:35:53,400
Water dripping your own 
heartbeat the moon has none of 

645
00:35:53,408 --> 00:35:56,100
that. 
If you stood on the surface you 

646
00:35:56,100 --> 00:35:58,800
would hear nothing but your own 
breathing inside your helmet and

647
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:01,000
the quiet hum of your life 
support system. 

648
00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:06,500
No sound travels through vacuum.
Silence would be so complete. 

649
00:36:06,500 --> 00:36:09,800
It would feel like pressure on 
your eardrums It is beautiful 

650
00:36:09,800 --> 00:36:12,400
and terrible at the same time. 
Beautiful. 

651
00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:16,600
Because the landscape has a 
stark Elegance a purity of form 

652
00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:19,700
that comes from being shaped by 
simple physical laws without 

653
00:36:19,700 --> 00:36:23,800
interference terrible, because 
it is so fundamentally hostile 

654
00:36:23,800 --> 00:36:28,000
to everything living One moment 
of exposure to vacuum would kill

655
00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:30,500
you. 
One puncture in your suit would 

656
00:36:30,500 --> 00:36:33,100
be fatal. 
The environment does not care 

657
00:36:33,100 --> 00:36:36,400
whether you live or die. 
It is indifferent in a way that 

658
00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:40,000
Earth's environment never is The
mountains on the moon are 

659
00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:43,100
different from Earth mountains. 
They were not pushed up by plate

660
00:36:43,100 --> 00:36:47,100
tectonics or shaped by erosion. 
They were formed by Massive 

661
00:36:47,100 --> 00:36:50,100
impact that through Rock into 
the air and let it splash down 

662
00:36:50,100 --> 00:36:54,100
and Frozen wave's The mountain 
ranges around the Maria. 

663
00:36:54,100 --> 00:36:59,000
The dark planes are the rims of 
ancient impact basins. when 

664
00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:02,300
something the size of a small 
planet hit the Moon, it 

665
00:37:02,300 --> 00:37:06,600
excavated a hole hundreds of 
miles across the rim of that 

666
00:37:06,600 --> 00:37:11,100
hole became a mountain range. 
Some of the Peaks rise 20,000 

667
00:37:11,100 --> 00:37:14,300
feet above the planes higher 
than anything in the Rockies. 

668
00:37:14,300 --> 00:37:18,100
But they look wrong because they
have no Foothills, no gradual 

669
00:37:18,100 --> 00:37:21,600
slopes leading up to the 
Summits, they just shut up out 

670
00:37:21,600 --> 00:37:23,600
of the flat surface like broken 
teeth. 

671
00:37:24,400 --> 00:37:27,800
The angles are too steep, the 
transitions of two abrupt. 

672
00:37:28,600 --> 00:37:31,500
These mountains were not built 
slowly over millions of years. 

673
00:37:31,500 --> 00:37:36,100
They were created in seconds, 
during catastrophic impacts the 

674
00:37:36,100 --> 00:37:39,100
Maria, the dark planes that make
up the man in the moon. 

675
00:37:39,100 --> 00:37:42,100
When you look up from Earth, 
turned out to be ancient lava 

676
00:37:42,100 --> 00:37:45,600
flows billions of years ago, 
massive asteroids, punched 

677
00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:49,200
through the moon's crust and let
molten rock flood up from below.

678
00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:52,800
The impacts were so violent. 
They fractured the crust down to

679
00:37:52,800 --> 00:37:56,400
the mantle magma welled up and 
spread across the impact, 

680
00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:59,700
basins, filling them with 
Basalt, the cooled into smooth 

681
00:37:59,700 --> 00:38:04,100
planes, The lava flows are old 
now, three to four billion years

682
00:38:04,100 --> 00:38:06,400
old. 
But they look relatively smooth 

683
00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:10,000
compared to the Highlands I have
fewer craters because they 

684
00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:12,400
formed after the main 
bombardment period when the 

685
00:38:12,400 --> 00:38:14,300
solar system was still full of 
debris. 

686
00:38:15,100 --> 00:38:18,000
The rock is dark because it is 
rich in iron and titanium. 

687
00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:22,700
These are the Seas of the Moon 
given poetic names like mayor 

688
00:38:22,700 --> 00:38:25,400
Tranquility artists and mayor in
brim and OCS. 

689
00:38:25,400 --> 00:38:29,800
Pronto alarum, the Sea of 
Tranquility, the Sea of Reigns. 

690
00:38:29,800 --> 00:38:33,900
The ocean of storms, beautiful 
names for planes of Cold Stone 

691
00:38:33,900 --> 00:38:36,300
Lovell. 
Took navigation, sightings and 

692
00:38:36,300 --> 00:38:39,500
updated the computer. 
The Sextant was built in to the 

693
00:38:39,500 --> 00:38:43,100
spacecraft's optical system, he 
would find a known star. 

694
00:38:43,100 --> 00:38:47,300
Align it with a landmark, on the
moon surface and measure the 

695
00:38:47,300 --> 00:38:50,900
angle between them. 
The computer would compare this 

696
00:38:50,900 --> 00:38:53,900
to its internal star catalog and
calculate their position. 

697
00:38:55,600 --> 00:38:59,400
This was Celestial navigation, 
the same technique used by 

698
00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:02,900
Sailors for centuries adapted 
for the Space Age. 

699
00:39:02,900 --> 00:39:06,600
If the computer fails, they 
could navigate home using 

700
00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:10,600
nothing, but a slide rule and a 
star chart, it would be slow and

701
00:39:10,600 --> 00:39:13,000
less accurate, but it would 
work. 

702
00:39:14,500 --> 00:39:17,500
Anders took photographs with a 
Hasselblad camera loaded with 

703
00:39:17,500 --> 00:39:22,000
film shooting frame, after frame
of the surface to help NASA 

704
00:39:22,000 --> 00:39:23,400
Scout. 
Landing sites for future 

705
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:27,300
missions Borman, kept track of 
their systems and communicated 

706
00:39:27,300 --> 00:39:30,100
with mission control. 
All three of them, tried to 

707
00:39:30,100 --> 00:39:31,400
comprehend. 
What they were seeing? 

708
00:39:31,400 --> 00:39:35,300
This was the moon. 
They were actually here after 

709
00:39:35,300 --> 00:39:38,900
all the years of dreaming and 
Planning and Building humans had

710
00:39:38,900 --> 00:39:41,800
finally left Earth and traveled 
to another world. 

711
00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:45,800
The temperature extremes was 
staggering on the sunlit side of

712
00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:49,100
the moon, the surface 
temperature reached 250 degrees 

713
00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:51,600
fahrenheit, hot enough to boil 
water. 

714
00:39:52,500 --> 00:39:56,000
In the shadows. 
It dropped to minus 250 degrees 

715
00:39:56,000 --> 00:39:59,200
cold enough to freeze carbon 
dioxide solid. 

716
00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:02,300
There was no atmosphere to 
moderate these extremes. 

717
00:40:02,300 --> 00:40:05,900
The transition from light to 
dark was a sharp line where 

718
00:40:05,900 --> 00:40:09,800
physics changed in an instant 
The spacecraft had to rotate 

719
00:40:09,800 --> 00:40:12,800
constantly to keep from cooking 
on one side and freezing on the 

720
00:40:12,808 --> 00:40:15,300
other. 
Every orbit, took them over the 

721
00:40:15,300 --> 00:40:19,800
far side again into radio 
silence cut off from Earth. 

722
00:40:20,700 --> 00:40:23,900
This happened 10 times during 
their 20 hours in lunar orbit. 

723
00:40:24,700 --> 00:40:28,100
10 times, they disappeared 
behind the moon and went dark. 

724
00:40:29,200 --> 00:40:32,300
Ten times Mission Control, 
waited, nervously for them to 

725
00:40:32,300 --> 00:40:35,000
come back around. 10 times they 
did. 

726
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:38,600
The Far Side was even more 
crated than the near side. 

727
00:40:38,600 --> 00:40:42,100
More battered and scarred. 
Scientists still do not fully 

728
00:40:42,100 --> 00:40:46,200
understand why something about 
the moon structure its history. 

729
00:40:46,200 --> 00:40:49,300
The way it has been locked in 
Tidal, resonance with Earth for 

730
00:40:49,300 --> 00:40:52,900
billions of years has made one 
face more vulnerable than the 

731
00:40:52,900 --> 00:40:55,500
other. 
Anders later said that the 

732
00:40:55,500 --> 00:40:57,500
overwhelming impression was of 
hostility. 

733
00:40:58,400 --> 00:41:00,300
The Moon looked like a place 
that wanted to kill you. 

734
00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:03,500
There was no air to breathe. 
No water to drink. 

735
00:41:03,500 --> 00:41:07,300
No shelter from radiation or 
temperature, extremes, or micro 

736
00:41:07,300 --> 00:41:09,900
meteorites. 
Landing here, would require 

737
00:41:09,900 --> 00:41:11,800
technology and planning and 
luck. 

738
00:41:12,500 --> 00:41:17,600
One punctured suit, one fails, 
seal, One cracked helmet, and 

739
00:41:17,600 --> 00:41:21,300
you were dead in seconds. 
The moon was beautiful but it 

740
00:41:21,308 --> 00:41:24,100
was not welcome. 
They had brought a meal for 

741
00:41:24,100 --> 00:41:27,300
Christmas Eve. 
Special packages of turkey and 

742
00:41:27,300 --> 00:41:29,400
gravy that were supposed to make
them feel festive. 

743
00:41:29,400 --> 00:41:32,800
Instead, they ate quickly and 
went back to the windows. 

744
00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:35,400
This was not a time for 
celebration. 

745
00:41:35,400 --> 00:41:40,000
This was a time for wonder and 
maybe a little fear, they were 

746
00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:42,000
guests in a place that had never
invited. 

747
00:41:42,000 --> 00:41:45,100
Visitors orbiting a world that 
had watched Earth from the 

748
00:41:45,100 --> 00:41:47,100
darkness since before humans 
existed. 

749
00:41:48,100 --> 00:41:50,800
Mission Control had planned a 
television broadcast for 

750
00:41:50,800 --> 00:41:53,600
Christmas Eve. 
The idea was to show the people 

751
00:41:53,600 --> 00:41:56,500
back home, what the Moon looked 
like and maybe say something 

752
00:41:56,500 --> 00:41:58,000
meaningful about the 
achievement. 

753
00:41:59,300 --> 00:42:01,600
NASA wanted. 
Good press. 

754
00:42:02,500 --> 00:42:05,600
They wanted the American public 
to see what their tax dollars 

755
00:42:05,600 --> 00:42:08,100
had bought. 
They wanted a moment that would 

756
00:42:08,100 --> 00:42:11,400
be remembered. 
What they got was something more

757
00:42:11,400 --> 00:42:15,900
profound than they expected. 
The camera came on the signal 

758
00:42:15,900 --> 00:42:20,400
traveled across 240,000 miles of
empty, space to receive his on 

759
00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:23,400
Earth. 
Millions of people tuned in to 

760
00:42:23,400 --> 00:42:26,100
watch three grainy figures 
floating in a spacecraft, 

761
00:42:26,100 --> 00:42:29,400
pointing a camera out, the 
window at landscape that looked 

762
00:42:29,400 --> 00:42:33,300
alien and ancient. 
Bourbon spoke first. 

763
00:42:33,300 --> 00:42:37,100
Describing, what they were 
seeing then love took over 

764
00:42:37,100 --> 00:42:40,300
talking about the craters and 
the shadows and the scents of 

765
00:42:40,308 --> 00:42:43,800
being somewhere. 
No human had ever been there and

766
00:42:43,800 --> 00:42:47,700
as began to read, He had brought
a small book with him, a Bible. 

767
00:42:48,400 --> 00:42:51,300
He opened it to the first page 
of Genesis and began to read. 

768
00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:54,400
In the beginning, God created 
the Heaven and the Earth. 

769
00:42:55,200 --> 00:42:58,500
It was a strange Choice, reading
ancient religious texts while 

770
00:42:58,500 --> 00:43:01,300
orbiting the moon but it somehow
felt right? 

771
00:43:02,200 --> 00:43:05,900
These were words about creation 
about Beginnings about the 

772
00:43:05,900 --> 00:43:09,400
origins of everything. 
They were words that connected. 

773
00:43:09,400 --> 00:43:12,600
This moment to thousands of 
years of human wonder about the 

774
00:43:12,600 --> 00:43:18,000
sky and what might be out there.
Level took the next verses born 

775
00:43:18,000 --> 00:43:21,400
and finished. 
The reading ended with good 

776
00:43:21,400 --> 00:43:25,400
night, good luck. 
God bless all of you on The Good

777
00:43:25,400 --> 00:43:31,100
Earth. the camera turned off the
transmission ended, Back on 

778
00:43:31,100 --> 00:43:34,000
Earth. 
People sat in stunned, silence. 

779
00:43:34,900 --> 00:43:38,700
Some were moved to tears, some 
felt a connection to something 

780
00:43:38,700 --> 00:43:42,200
larger than themselves. 
Some just felt grateful that 

781
00:43:42,200 --> 00:43:44,700
humans could accomplish 
something beautiful in a year 

782
00:43:44,700 --> 00:43:47,800
that had been so ugly. 
What nobody knew yet was that 

783
00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:51,300
during that broadcast as Pan, 
the camera across the lunar 

784
00:43:51,300 --> 00:43:54,700
surface, He had turned, its 
slightly upward and caught 

785
00:43:54,700 --> 00:43:56,700
something in the frame, that 
would change everything. 

786
00:43:58,300 --> 00:44:01,600
On the fourth orbit as the 
spacecraft came around from 

787
00:44:01,600 --> 00:44:04,500
behind the moon and has happened
to look out the window at just 

788
00:44:04,500 --> 00:44:07,500
the right moment. 
The Earth was Rising above the 

789
00:44:07,500 --> 00:44:11,200
lunar Horizon. 
Saw it and grabbed the camera. 

790
00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:14,100
You need to understand what this
looked like. 

791
00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:18,300
The moon in the foreground was 
gray and dead and crated a 

792
00:44:18,300 --> 00:44:20,100
monochrome Wasteland that went 
on forever. 

793
00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:23,400
Above it Rising like a jewel was
Earth. 

794
00:44:24,100 --> 00:44:27,900
Brilliant Blue, oceans, white 
swirls of clouds. 

795
00:44:27,900 --> 00:44:31,200
Brown continents, barely visible
through the atmosphere. 

796
00:44:32,400 --> 00:44:36,000
Everything that had ever lived. 
Everything that had ever 

797
00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:40,000
mattered to any human being. 
Was on that small blue sphere 

798
00:44:40,000 --> 00:44:44,600
hanging in the void and as 
yelled for color film Lovell 

799
00:44:44,600 --> 00:44:47,500
scrambled to find it. 
The black and white film would 

800
00:44:47,500 --> 00:44:51,000
not do this Justice. 
They needed color and as loaded 

801
00:44:51,000 --> 00:44:54,100
the magazine and started 
shooting He bracketed the 

802
00:44:54,100 --> 00:44:57,700
exposure, taking multiple shots 
at different settings to make 

803
00:44:57,700 --> 00:44:59,500
sure at least one would turn 
out, right? 

804
00:45:00,700 --> 00:45:05,600
The camera clicked and word the 
Earth Rose higher. the moment 

805
00:45:05,600 --> 00:45:09,100
lasted maybe 30 seconds before 
the spacecraft's rotation, 

806
00:45:09,100 --> 00:45:13,100
carried the window, passed the 
view, Photograph would be called

807
00:45:13,100 --> 00:45:15,800
earthrise. 
It became one of the most 

808
00:45:15,800 --> 00:45:17,800
important images in human 
history. 

809
00:45:17,800 --> 00:45:23,700
It showed Earth as a fragile 
Oasis in the cosmic dark, a tiny

810
00:45:23,700 --> 00:45:27,000
blue bubble of Life surrounded 
by endless, nothing. 

811
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:30,200
The moon was just dead Rock in 
the foreground. 

812
00:45:30,200 --> 00:45:32,600
A reminder of what planets look 
like. 

813
00:45:32,600 --> 00:45:36,400
When they have no atmosphere. 
No water, no protection from 

814
00:45:36,400 --> 00:45:39,700
space. 
Earth looked impossibly precious

815
00:45:39,700 --> 00:45:43,500
by comparison the environmental 
movement traces part of its 

816
00:45:43,500 --> 00:45:47,500
Origins to this photograph. 
Seeing Earth from space, made 

817
00:45:47,500 --> 00:45:49,500
people realize how small and 
vulnerable. 

818
00:45:49,500 --> 00:45:53,300
Our planet really is all the 
wars and politics and hatred 

819
00:45:53,300 --> 00:45:56,000
seemed ridiculous. 
When you could see the whole 

820
00:45:56,000 --> 00:46:00,300
world in one frame, no borders 
visible, no countries marked 

821
00:46:00,300 --> 00:46:04,800
out, just one interconnected 
system of air and water and 

822
00:46:04,800 --> 00:46:07,400
life. 
The photograph appeared on the 

823
00:46:07,408 --> 00:46:09,900
cover of magazines and 
newspapers around the world. 

824
00:46:09,900 --> 00:46:13,000
It was called a gift to the 
World on Christmas Eve. 

825
00:46:13,000 --> 00:46:17,400
But at the time in the moment 
and doesn't love and bormann, 

826
00:46:17,400 --> 00:46:20,000
did not know they had captured 
something historic. 

827
00:46:20,800 --> 00:46:24,800
They just knew it was beautiful.
Floating there, in Luna orbit 

828
00:46:24,800 --> 00:46:29,100
and looked at their home from 
240,000 miles away and felt 

829
00:46:29,100 --> 00:46:33,200
something shifted inside them. 
This was what they had come for 

830
00:46:33,200 --> 00:46:37,300
not just orbit the Moon but to 
see Earth from a place where 

831
00:46:37,300 --> 00:46:40,500
Earth was not the center of 
everything to get perspective. 

832
00:46:41,400 --> 00:46:44,700
The rest of the orbits blurred 
together, more, photographs, 

833
00:46:44,700 --> 00:46:49,000
more navigation, checks more 
systems, monitoring the 

834
00:46:49,000 --> 00:46:52,600
spacecraft held together, the 
computer kept working the engine

835
00:46:52,600 --> 00:46:54,700
remained, ready for the burn. 
That would take them home. 

836
00:46:54,700 --> 00:46:58,000
They tried to sleep in shifts 
but sleep was difficult. 

837
00:46:58,000 --> 00:47:02,500
Every sound made them wonder if 
something was breaking every 

838
00:47:02,500 --> 00:47:04,600
alarm. 
Even the false ones made their 

839
00:47:04,600 --> 00:47:07,300
hearts race. 
They were alone out here. 

840
00:47:08,000 --> 00:47:10,500
If something went wrong, they 
would die out here. 

841
00:47:10,500 --> 00:47:14,900
Mission Control kept talking to 
the reassuring voice is from 

842
00:47:14,900 --> 00:47:16,900
Houston. 
Reminding them that people were 

843
00:47:16,900 --> 00:47:20,100
watching the numbers, checking 
the Telemetry making sure 

844
00:47:20,100 --> 00:47:21,400
everything was working 
correctly. 

845
00:47:23,100 --> 00:47:24,500
Flight controllers were 
exhausted. 

846
00:47:24,500 --> 00:47:28,200
They had been on duty for days 
with minimal, sleep chain, 

847
00:47:28,200 --> 00:47:32,100
smoking cigarettes, and drinking
coffee staring at screens full 

848
00:47:32,100 --> 00:47:35,300
of data looking for problems. 
Before the problems became 

849
00:47:35,300 --> 00:47:38,000
fatal. 
These were the people who would 

850
00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:42,400
bring the astronauts home if 
anyone could After 20 hours in 

851
00:47:42,400 --> 00:47:46,100
lunar orbit, it was time to 
leave the transfer injection 

852
00:47:46,100 --> 00:47:49,600
burn would fire the engine 
again, this time to speed them 

853
00:47:49,600 --> 00:47:51,400
up and break free from the 
moon's gravity. 

854
00:47:52,500 --> 00:47:57,200
Like the insertion burn, this 
one had to be perfect too short 

855
00:47:57,200 --> 00:48:00,600
and they would stay in orbit 
until their oxygen ran out too 

856
00:48:00,600 --> 00:48:03,200
long and they would come into 
fast and burn up during 

857
00:48:03,200 --> 00:48:06,100
re-entry. 
The margin for error was 

858
00:48:06,100 --> 00:48:09,400
measured in seconds. 
The burn happened behind the 

859
00:48:09,400 --> 00:48:13,700
moon out of contact with Earth, 
again, Mission Control waited, 

860
00:48:13,700 --> 00:48:17,500
again, the astronauts watch the 
clock and hoped the engine would

861
00:48:17,500 --> 00:48:21,300
fire and keep firing. 
And stop firing at exactly the 

862
00:48:21,300 --> 00:48:23,200
right moment. 
It did. 

863
00:48:24,300 --> 00:48:27,100
When they came around the front 
of the Moon, they reported they 

864
00:48:27,100 --> 00:48:30,600
were on their way home. 
Houston erupted in cheers, the 

865
00:48:30,600 --> 00:48:32,600
astronauts allowed themselves to
relax slightly. 

866
00:48:34,000 --> 00:48:36,000
They were not safe yet but they 
were heading in the right 

867
00:48:36,000 --> 00:48:38,800
direction. 
The Moon fell away behind them. 

868
00:48:38,800 --> 00:48:43,100
Earth grew larger ahead. 
The Barb que rol started again, 

869
00:48:43,100 --> 00:48:47,000
slowly rotating, the spacecraft 
to even out the sun's heat. 

870
00:48:47,000 --> 00:48:49,700
They were going home, they had 
done it. 

871
00:48:49,700 --> 00:48:53,700
They had gone to the moon and 
orbited it and seen sights. 

872
00:48:53,700 --> 00:48:56,600
No human had ever seen and now, 
they were coming back. 

873
00:48:56,600 --> 00:49:00,000
The return trip was quieter than
the outbound leg. 

874
00:49:01,000 --> 00:49:04,700
The excitement of warn off 
replacement by exhaustion and 

875
00:49:04,700 --> 00:49:08,200
the grinding monotony of systems
checks, and Navigation updates. 

876
00:49:09,200 --> 00:49:12,200
Cabins smelled worse, the air 
was stale. 

877
00:49:12,200 --> 00:49:16,000
They wanted showers and real 
food, and gravity and privacy. 

878
00:49:16,000 --> 00:49:18,300
They wanted to get out of this 
tin. 

879
00:49:18,300 --> 00:49:22,800
Can and stand on Solid Ground. 
Reentry was the final hurdle 

880
00:49:22,800 --> 00:49:26,400
they would hit Earth's 
atmosphere at 25,000 miles per 

881
00:49:26,400 --> 00:49:29,700
hour faster than any humans had 
ever traveled. 

882
00:49:29,700 --> 00:49:32,700
The heat shield on the bottom of
the Command Module, would bear 

883
00:49:32,700 --> 00:49:36,000
the brunt of atmospheric, 
friction heating to thousands of

884
00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:37,900
degrees. 
While the astronauts set just 

885
00:49:37,900 --> 00:49:41,600
inches away behind a thin 
barrier, if the shield had been 

886
00:49:41,608 --> 00:49:45,700
damaged somehow, if a micrometer
punch through it, if the 

887
00:49:45,700 --> 00:49:49,000
manufacturing had been flawed 
they would burn up and die 

888
00:49:49,000 --> 00:49:53,100
inside of home. 
Service module separated, they 

889
00:49:53,100 --> 00:49:55,600
were down to just the 
cone-shaped Command Module. 

890
00:49:55,600 --> 00:49:59,200
Now, the smallest piece, the 
only part designed to survive 

891
00:49:59,200 --> 00:50:02,600
re-entry, they checked the 
parachutes, they reviewed the 

892
00:50:02,600 --> 00:50:06,300
procedures, they strapped in 
tight Earth's atmosphere. 

893
00:50:06,300 --> 00:50:09,900
Rushed up to meet the 
spacecraft, started to shake, 

894
00:50:09,900 --> 00:50:14,000
the Des acceleration pressed 
them into their seats with four 

895
00:50:14,000 --> 00:50:18,000
times, the force of gravity, the
windows glowed orange with 

896
00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:21,200
superheated plasma they were 
inside a meteor. 

897
00:50:21,200 --> 00:50:24,000
Now, screaming through the sky 
over the Pacific Ocean. 

898
00:50:25,400 --> 00:50:27,900
The radio went dead as the 
plasma blocked. 

899
00:50:27,900 --> 00:50:30,800
All signals, Mission Control 
weighted. 

900
00:50:30,800 --> 00:50:34,100
Navy ships, waited, the world 
waited. 

901
00:50:34,800 --> 00:50:38,400
Then the drogue chutes deployed 
small parachutes that slowed 

902
00:50:38,400 --> 00:50:41,700
them down enough for the main 
chutes to open the main chutes 

903
00:50:41,700 --> 00:50:45,700
blossomed, above them three, 
huge orange, and white canopies 

904
00:50:45,700 --> 00:50:49,600
that looked like the most 
beautiful flowers ever grown. 

905
00:50:50,600 --> 00:50:53,900
The Command Module, swung 
beneath them descending toward 

906
00:50:53,900 --> 00:50:57,500
the ocean. 
The Splashdown was hard, a 

907
00:50:57,500 --> 00:51:00,300
jarring impact that rang through
the capsule like a bell. 

908
00:51:01,200 --> 00:51:04,900
They popped in the water upside 
down at first, then rated by 

909
00:51:04,900 --> 00:51:09,500
flotation bags, they were home, 
the hatch opened, fresh airpod 

910
00:51:09,500 --> 00:51:12,000
in, carrying the smell of salt 
water and freedom. 

911
00:51:12,700 --> 00:51:15,500
And navy divers helped them out 
a helicopter. 

912
00:51:15,500 --> 00:51:17,500
Lifted them to the recovery 
carrier. 

913
00:51:17,500 --> 00:51:21,300
He stood on the deck in their 
flight suits exhausted, and 

914
00:51:21,300 --> 00:51:24,400
dirty and smiling. 
While Sailors, cheered, and 

915
00:51:24,400 --> 00:51:27,500
cameras flashed. 
They had left Earth on December 

916
00:51:27,500 --> 00:51:31,900
21st, they returned on December 
27th, six days. 

917
00:51:31,900 --> 00:51:35,800
That changed everything the 
Apollo. 8 mission is often 

918
00:51:35,800 --> 00:51:37,700
forgotten in the shadow of 
Apollo 11. 

919
00:51:38,600 --> 00:51:41,000
The moon landing that came seven
months later. 

920
00:51:42,400 --> 00:51:45,500
Everyone remembers Neil 
Armstrong taking one small, step

921
00:51:45,500 --> 00:51:48,500
fewer. 
People remember Borman, Lovell, 

922
00:51:48,500 --> 00:51:52,400
and Anders being the first to 
leave Earth's orbit. first to 

923
00:51:52,400 --> 00:51:55,900
see The Far Side of the Moon, 
the first to witness earthrise, 

924
00:51:56,800 --> 00:51:59,200
but Apollo 8 made Apollo 11 
possible. 

925
00:52:00,100 --> 00:52:04,100
Without the successful test of 
lunar orbit operations, NASA 

926
00:52:04,100 --> 00:52:06,000
would never have approved a 
landing attempt. 

927
00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:10,400
The data from Apollo 8, 
transformed lunar science, the 

928
00:52:10,400 --> 00:52:13,600
photographs and took became the 
basis for selecting Landing 

929
00:52:13,600 --> 00:52:16,100
sites. 
The navigation techniques level 

930
00:52:16,100 --> 00:52:18,200
refined became standard 
procedures. 

931
00:52:19,000 --> 00:52:22,600
The lessons learned about 
spacecraft systems about human 

932
00:52:22,600 --> 00:52:26,400
factors about the risks and 
challenges of deep space flight.

933
00:52:26,400 --> 00:52:31,300
All fed into the mission's that 
followed Apollo 8 was the 

934
00:52:31,300 --> 00:52:34,600
reconnaissance missionary that 
scouted the territory for The 

935
00:52:34,600 --> 00:52:36,800
Invasion to come. 
For the three. 

936
00:52:36,800 --> 00:52:39,800
Astronauts, the experience was 
transformative in ways. 

937
00:52:39,800 --> 00:52:44,200
They did not expect Foreman, an 
advocate for international 

938
00:52:44,200 --> 00:52:48,200
cooperation in space. 
Lovell flew again on Apollo 13, 

939
00:52:48,200 --> 00:52:50,300
the mission that almost killed 
him. 

940
00:52:50,300 --> 00:52:53,900
But also proved that NASA could 
improvise Brilliant Solutions 

941
00:52:53,900 --> 00:52:58,000
under impossible pressure. 
And his left NASA and went into 

942
00:52:58,000 --> 00:53:00,500
government work. 
But he never stopped talking 

943
00:53:00,500 --> 00:53:02,700
about the earthrise, photograph 
and what it meant. 

944
00:53:03,700 --> 00:53:06,100
All three of them, spent the 
rest of their lives, trying to 

945
00:53:06,100 --> 00:53:09,900
explain what it felt like to see
Earth from the Moon and none of 

946
00:53:09,908 --> 00:53:13,200
them ever quite found words, 
adequate to the experience. 

947
00:53:14,200 --> 00:53:18,900
The cultural impact was subtle 
but profound the 1960s had been 

948
00:53:18,908 --> 00:53:22,600
about division and conflict and 
fear, the moon missions became 

949
00:53:22,600 --> 00:53:24,700
about unity and achievement and 
Hope. 

950
00:53:25,600 --> 00:53:28,700
They showed that humans could 
cooperate on projects too big 

951
00:53:28,700 --> 00:53:32,200
for any single nation. 
They demonstrated that peaceful 

952
00:53:32,200 --> 00:53:35,300
exploration was possible even in
the middle of the Cold War. 

953
00:53:35,300 --> 00:53:38,700
They gave people Something to 
Believe In during a decade when 

954
00:53:38,700 --> 00:53:42,400
belief was in short supply. 
The technology developed for 

955
00:53:42,400 --> 00:53:44,700
Apollo rippled through the 
economy for decades. 

956
00:53:45,900 --> 00:53:50,500
Micro-electronics computer 
software Materials Science 

957
00:53:50,500 --> 00:53:54,700
telecommunications all these 
fields Advanced because NASA 

958
00:53:54,700 --> 00:53:58,200
needed them to work. 
The Apollo guidance computer led

959
00:53:58,200 --> 00:54:01,900
directly to Modern Computing, 
the space suits, led to better 

960
00:54:01,900 --> 00:54:05,200
medical devices. 
The life support systems led to 

961
00:54:05,200 --> 00:54:09,100
advance is in air and water. 
Filtration, the benefits went 

962
00:54:09,100 --> 00:54:13,200
far beyond space exploration, 
but the most important Legacy 

963
00:54:13,200 --> 00:54:17,300
was the shift in perspective. 
Before Apollo 8 Earth was where 

964
00:54:17,300 --> 00:54:21,300
you stood and looked up at the 
sky after Apollo 8 Earth was 

965
00:54:21,300 --> 00:54:24,800
something you could look down on
from above something finite and 

966
00:54:24,800 --> 00:54:28,100
beautiful, and fragile. 
That shift changed 

967
00:54:28,100 --> 00:54:32,700
environmentalism politics art 
philosophy, even religion. 

968
00:54:33,800 --> 00:54:37,200
We started seeing ourselves as 
citizens of a planet rather than

969
00:54:37,200 --> 00:54:41,300
members of competing tribes. 
That realization is still 

970
00:54:41,300 --> 00:54:43,100
working its way through human 
culture. 

971
00:54:43,100 --> 00:54:46,000
Now, we jump forward more than 
50 years. 

972
00:54:46,000 --> 00:54:49,400
The Apollo program ended in 
1972. 

973
00:54:49,400 --> 00:54:53,000
The last humans to visit the 
moon were Eugene, cernan and 

974
00:54:53,008 --> 00:54:56,800
Harrison Schmitt on Apollo 17, 
they climbed back into their 

975
00:54:56,800 --> 00:54:59,100
lunar module. 
Lifted off from the Taurus 

976
00:54:59,100 --> 00:55:01,700
littrow Valley and left, the 
moon to silent. 

977
00:55:02,600 --> 00:55:05,000
A half a century, No human went 
back. 

978
00:55:05,900 --> 00:55:10,300
The space shuttles kept flying. 
The International Space Station 

979
00:55:10,300 --> 00:55:14,100
was built, robots, explored, 
Mars and Saturn. 

980
00:55:14,100 --> 00:55:17,700
And the outer solar system. 
Telescope's peer deeper into 

981
00:55:17,700 --> 00:55:19,600
space than anyone thought 
possible. 

982
00:55:20,700 --> 00:55:25,700
But nobody went to the Moon, it 
was too expensive, too risky to 

983
00:55:25,700 --> 00:55:30,000
politically difficult, the Cold 
War was over the impetus was 

984
00:55:30,000 --> 00:55:32,600
gone. 
NASA turned its attention to 

985
00:55:32,600 --> 00:55:36,700
other things, then something 
shifted again, China landed 

986
00:55:36,700 --> 00:55:40,200
robots on the moon and announced
plans for a crewed mission. 

987
00:55:40,800 --> 00:55:44,500
Private company started building
Rockets, the technology, got 

988
00:55:44,500 --> 00:55:48,300
better and cheaper interested in
returning to the Moon began to 

989
00:55:48,300 --> 00:55:51,400
build this time. 
The goal was not just to plant 

990
00:55:51,400 --> 00:55:55,300
flags and take samples. 
The goal was to stay to build a 

991
00:55:55,308 --> 00:55:58,600
base to use the moon as a 
stepping stone to Mars and 

992
00:55:58,600 --> 00:56:01,700
Beyond. 
NASA named the new program, 

993
00:56:01,700 --> 00:56:05,900
Artemis after the Greek goddess 
of the moon and the twin sister 

994
00:56:05,900 --> 00:56:09,600
of Apollo The parallels to 
Apollo 8, became striking 

995
00:56:09,600 --> 00:56:15,600
Artemis 1, the first mission 
launched in November 2022, with 

996
00:56:15,600 --> 00:56:19,900
no crew, aboard just like the 
early Apollo test flights, it 

997
00:56:19,900 --> 00:56:23,200
flew to the moon orbited and 
came home. 

998
00:56:23,200 --> 00:56:26,600
Testing the new, Orion 
spacecraft to the space launch 

999
00:56:26,600 --> 00:56:30,500
system rocket. 
Artemis 2 launched on April, 1st

1000
00:56:30,500 --> 00:56:34,800
2026 carrying astronauts around 
the Moon without Landing 

1001
00:56:34,800 --> 00:56:37,600
following the exact same flight 
plan. 

1002
00:56:37,600 --> 00:56:42,000
As Apollo 8, Artemis 3, aims to 
land on the lunar surface just 

1003
00:56:42,000 --> 00:56:46,000
as Apollo 11 did The Orion 
spacecraft looks different from 

1004
00:56:46,000 --> 00:56:49,300
the Apollo Command Module 
bigger, and more capable with 

1005
00:56:49,300 --> 00:56:51,100
modern computers and life 
support. 

1006
00:56:52,000 --> 00:56:56,100
But the basic architecture is 
surprisingly similar a capsule 

1007
00:56:56,100 --> 00:57:00,200
for the crew, the service module
for propulsion and power a heat 

1008
00:57:00,200 --> 00:57:04,300
shield for reentry. 
The physics of not changed, you 

1009
00:57:04,300 --> 00:57:07,500
still need to accelerate to 
escape velocity Coast through 

1010
00:57:07,500 --> 00:57:12,300
the void, slow down to enter all
bit, speed up to leave orbit and

1011
00:57:12,300 --> 00:57:16,900
survive the furnace of re-entry.
The engineering has improved, 

1012
00:57:16,900 --> 00:57:19,300
but the fundamental challenges 
remain. 

1013
00:57:20,800 --> 00:57:24,500
The Artemis 2 crew saw, what 
Borman Loveland and saw. 

1014
00:57:25,300 --> 00:57:29,100
Commander Reid, Wiseman pilot, 
Victor Glover and Mission 

1015
00:57:29,100 --> 00:57:32,500
Specialists, Christina Koch, and
Jeremy Hansen, watched Earth 

1016
00:57:32,500 --> 00:57:36,100
shrink to a Blue Marble. 
They crossed the empty Darkness 

1017
00:57:36,100 --> 00:57:39,200
Between Worlds. 
They swung Around The Far Side 

1018
00:57:39,200 --> 00:57:42,000
of the Moon and lost contact 
with Mission Control. 

1019
00:57:42,000 --> 00:57:45,700
They looked down at the same 
craters and mountains and lava 

1020
00:57:45,700 --> 00:57:50,100
Plains from just over 4,000 
miles about the surface they 

1021
00:57:50,100 --> 00:57:53,900
experience the same sense of 
isolation and wonder history 

1022
00:57:53,900 --> 00:57:58,000
echoed through the spacecraft. 
They named Integrity on April 

1023
00:57:58,000 --> 00:58:00,100
6th. 
They reach their closest 

1024
00:58:00,100 --> 00:58:03,300
approach to the Moon. 
Set a new distance record 

1025
00:58:03,300 --> 00:58:06,700
traveling farther from Earth 
than any humans in history. 

1026
00:58:07,500 --> 00:58:11,600
They surpass the Apollo 13 
record by about 4,000 miles 

1027
00:58:11,600 --> 00:58:18,200
reaching a maximum distance of 
252,760 miles from home. 

1028
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:22,800
They looked back and saw Earth 
as a tiny blue, dot smaller than

1029
00:58:22,808 --> 00:58:26,200
Borman, and his crew had seen it
because they had traveled even 

1030
00:58:26,200 --> 00:58:30,900
farther into the void. 10 days 
after launch on April 10th. 

1031
00:58:31,600 --> 00:58:34,500
They came home. 
The capsule plunged through the 

1032
00:58:34,500 --> 00:58:37,200
atmosphere at over 24,000 miles 
per hour. 

1033
00:58:37,200 --> 00:58:39,600
The heat shield glowed white 
hot. 

1034
00:58:40,500 --> 00:58:43,700
The parachutes deployed they 
splashed down in the Pacific. 

1035
00:58:43,700 --> 00:58:47,300
Ocean off the coast of San Diego
recovery teams pulled them from 

1036
00:58:47,300 --> 00:58:49,800
the water. 
They had done it, the first 

1037
00:58:49,800 --> 00:58:52,500
humans to leave lower Earth 
orbit and over 50 years had 

1038
00:58:52,500 --> 00:58:56,200
returned safely but Artemis has 
goals that Apollo never 

1039
00:58:56,200 --> 00:58:59,000
attempted. 
The plan is to build a space 

1040
00:58:59,000 --> 00:59:01,100
station in lunar orbit called 
Gateway. 

1041
00:59:01,100 --> 00:59:05,800
A permanent Outpost where Crews 
can live and work. plan is to 

1042
00:59:05,800 --> 00:59:09,300
land near the moon's South Pole,
where permanently shadowed 

1043
00:59:09,300 --> 00:59:13,700
craters might hold Water Ice The
plan is to establish a base camp

1044
00:59:13,700 --> 00:59:17,200
on the surface somewhere 
astronauts can return to again 

1045
00:59:17,200 --> 00:59:20,000
and again. 
Plan is to learn how to live 

1046
00:59:20,000 --> 00:59:22,700
away from Earth. 
Before trying to reach Mars 

1047
00:59:22,700 --> 00:59:24,400
water. 
Ice is the key. 

1048
00:59:24,400 --> 00:59:27,800
If the moon has accessible 
water, it can be split into 

1049
00:59:27,800 --> 00:59:31,000
hydrogen and oxygen for Rocket 
Fuel using electrolysis. 

1050
00:59:31,800 --> 00:59:35,100
You pass an electric, current 
through water, and it separates 

1051
00:59:35,100 --> 00:59:39,000
into its component elements. 
The hydrogen and oxygen can be 

1052
00:59:39,008 --> 00:59:42,500
liquefied and stored. 
When you burn them together in a

1053
00:59:42,500 --> 00:59:45,800
rocket engine, they produce 
tremendous thrust and the only 

1054
00:59:45,800 --> 00:59:49,200
byproduct is water vapor. 
This means spacecraft could 

1055
00:59:49,200 --> 00:59:52,100
refuel at the moon in a state of
carrying all their fuel from 

1056
00:59:52,100 --> 00:59:54,500
Earth. 
It makes the Moon a gas station 

1057
00:59:54,500 --> 00:59:58,100
on the way to everywhere else. 
It changes the economics of 

1058
00:59:58,100 --> 01:00:01,200
space exploration, completely 
right now. 

1059
01:00:01,200 --> 01:00:04,100
Getting to Mars requires 
carrying enough fuel for the 

1060
01:00:04,100 --> 01:00:08,400
entire trip, which means your 
rocket has to be enormous It 

1061
01:00:08,400 --> 01:00:11,500
refuel at the Moon, you could 
launch from Earth with less fuel

1062
01:00:11,500 --> 01:00:15,500
refuel in lunar, orbit, and then
head to Mars with full tanks. 

1063
01:00:16,800 --> 01:00:20,400
The weight savings are enormous,
the cost savings are even 

1064
01:00:20,408 --> 01:00:23,500
bigger. 
This is why Artemis is targeting

1065
01:00:23,500 --> 01:00:27,900
the polls places, Apollo, never 
visited places, where the sun 

1066
01:00:27,900 --> 01:00:31,200
barely reaches, and Ice might 
survive in permanently shadowed 

1067
01:00:31,200 --> 01:00:35,000
craters. 
The Apollo missions all went to 

1068
01:00:35,000 --> 01:00:38,400
equatorial sites where the sun 
was high and the lighting was 

1069
01:00:38,400 --> 01:00:41,700
predictable. 
The poles are harder, the train 

1070
01:00:41,700 --> 01:00:44,000
is rougher. 
The lighting is strange. 

1071
01:00:45,200 --> 01:00:48,000
But the potential rewards 
justify the difficulty. 

1072
01:00:48,000 --> 01:00:51,400
The technology for living on the
moon is being developed right 

1073
01:00:51,400 --> 01:00:53,500
now. 
Engineers are designing, 

1074
01:00:53,500 --> 01:00:56,700
habitats, that can withstand 
temperature swings of 500 

1075
01:00:56,700 --> 01:00:59,000
Degrees between sunlight and 
Shadow. 

1076
01:00:59,900 --> 01:01:03,200
Structures, need thick, 
insulation, and active thermal 

1077
01:01:03,200 --> 01:01:05,500
control. 
They need to be airtight because

1078
01:01:05,500 --> 01:01:08,600
there is no atmosphere, they 
need radiation shielding, 

1079
01:01:08,600 --> 01:01:11,000
because the moon has no magnetic
field. 

1080
01:01:11,000 --> 01:01:14,900
All of this has to work reliably
for months without maintenance 

1081
01:01:14,900 --> 01:01:17,108
from Earth. 
It's spacesuits are being 

1082
01:01:17,116 --> 01:01:20,200
redesigned to let astronauts 
work rate hours without getting 

1083
01:01:20,200 --> 01:01:23,200
exhausted. 
The Apollo suits were good for a

1084
01:01:23,208 --> 01:01:26,200
few hours, but were stiff and 
tiring, the new suits need 

1085
01:01:26,200 --> 01:01:28,000
better, mobility, and 
Temperature Control. 

1086
01:01:29,100 --> 01:01:32,400
An astronaut working at a lunar 
base, might put on a suit every 

1087
01:01:32,400 --> 01:01:35,100
day for weeks. 
It needs to be as comfortable 

1088
01:01:35,100 --> 01:01:38,600
and functional as possible. 
Rovers are being built that can 

1089
01:01:38,600 --> 01:01:40,800
drive 100 of Miles without 
breaking down. 

1090
01:01:41,800 --> 01:01:44,300
The Apollo Rovers had a range of
about 50 miles. 

1091
01:01:44,300 --> 01:01:48,000
The new Rovers will use nuclear 
power or Advanced batteries 

1092
01:01:48,000 --> 01:01:51,200
recharged with solar panels. 
They will carry scientific 

1093
01:01:51,200 --> 01:01:53,500
instruments and Sample 
collection equipment. 

1094
01:01:53,500 --> 01:01:56,700
They will operate autonomously 
when no humans are around. 

1095
01:01:57,600 --> 01:02:00,000
Nuclear reactors small enough to
transport. 

1096
01:02:00,000 --> 01:02:03,100
But powerful enough to run a 
base camp through the two-week 

1097
01:02:03,100 --> 01:02:06,600
lunar night are being tested. 
Solar power works during the 

1098
01:02:06,600 --> 01:02:11,200
lunar day, but when the sun sets
it stays dark for 14, Earth 

1099
01:02:11,200 --> 01:02:15,200
days, a small nuclear reactor 
could provide continuous power. 

1100
01:02:15,200 --> 01:02:18,900
Regardless of the sun's position
mining equipment is being 

1101
01:02:18,900 --> 01:02:21,500
designed to extract resources 
from the regolith. 

1102
01:02:22,100 --> 01:02:25,800
The regolith contains oxygen 
bound up in minerals, it 

1103
01:02:25,800 --> 01:02:28,900
contains metals like iron, 
aluminum and titanium. 

1104
01:02:28,900 --> 01:02:32,600
It contains hydrogen to posited 
by the solar wind. 

1105
01:02:33,500 --> 01:02:36,900
With the right equipment, all of
these resources can be extracted

1106
01:02:36,900 --> 01:02:40,200
and used. 
Oxygen for breathing can be 

1107
01:02:40,208 --> 01:02:42,200
liberated from regolith by 
heating it. 

1108
01:02:42,200 --> 01:02:46,400
And chemically separating the 
oxygen metals can be extracted 

1109
01:02:46,400 --> 01:02:50,400
through similar processes. 
The moon has plenty of iron and 

1110
01:02:50,400 --> 01:02:54,500
aluminum with a smelter and the 
right chemical processes. 

1111
01:02:54,500 --> 01:02:58,700
You could produce Structural 
Materials on the moon, in the 

1112
01:02:58,700 --> 01:03:01,800
Earth. 
Three-dimensional printers are 

1113
01:03:01,800 --> 01:03:05,100
being developed that can build 
structures using Moon dust the 

1114
01:03:05,100 --> 01:03:09,000
dust when melted and fused forms
a hard ceramic material to 

1115
01:03:09,000 --> 01:03:11,600
concrete. 
A robotic printer. 

1116
01:03:11,600 --> 01:03:15,300
Could construct walls and Floors
by melting regolith, layer by 

1117
01:03:15,308 --> 01:03:17,700
layer. 
Building Up structures without 

1118
01:03:17,700 --> 01:03:20,300
any materials from Earth, except
the printer itself. 

1119
01:03:21,100 --> 01:03:23,600
This is called in situ resource 
utilization. 

1120
01:03:23,600 --> 01:03:28,300
It is the key to sustainable 
presence on the moon, every 

1121
01:03:28,300 --> 01:03:30,700
kilogram you do not have to 
launch from Earth saves 

1122
01:03:30,700 --> 01:03:34,300
thousands of dollars. 
If you can produce 90% of what 

1123
01:03:34,300 --> 01:03:37,500
you need locally, the economics 
of a lunar base, start to make 

1124
01:03:37,500 --> 01:03:40,200
sense. 
None of this existed during 

1125
01:03:40,200 --> 01:03:44,000
Apollo the Apollo missions were 
flags and Footprints Expeditions

1126
01:03:44,000 --> 01:03:46,700
land. 
Explorer collect samples, come 

1127
01:03:46,700 --> 01:03:49,600
home. 
There was no infrastructure, no 

1128
01:03:49,600 --> 01:03:52,800
long-term planning. 
Each Mission started from 

1129
01:03:52,800 --> 01:03:55,500
scratch. 
It was spectacular, but 

1130
01:03:55,500 --> 01:03:58,100
unsustainable. 
Artemis is different. 

1131
01:03:58,100 --> 01:04:02,100
Artemis is about building 
something that lasts about 

1132
01:04:02,100 --> 01:04:05,900
establishing a permanent, 
foothold about making the moon a

1133
01:04:05,900 --> 01:04:07,500
destination in stead of a brief 
visit. 

1134
01:04:07,500 --> 01:04:10,800
The goal is not to visit the 
moon ten times and stop. 

1135
01:04:10,800 --> 01:04:15,200
The goal is to stay The 
astronauts who flew Artemis 2 

1136
01:04:15,200 --> 01:04:18,000
studied the Apollo 8 mission 
carefully during their training,

1137
01:04:18,000 --> 01:04:22,400
they read the transcripts, watch
the footage, talk to Engineers 

1138
01:04:22,400 --> 01:04:25,100
who worked on the original 
program, they wanted to 

1139
01:04:25,100 --> 01:04:28,600
understand what Borman Lovell 
and Anders experience. 

1140
01:04:28,600 --> 01:04:31,300
What surprised that what scared 
them? 

1141
01:04:31,300 --> 01:04:34,500
What inspired them? 
They knew they were following in

1142
01:04:34,500 --> 01:04:37,200
those footsteps. 
Literally retracing the same 

1143
01:04:37,200 --> 01:04:40,800
path through space. one major 
difference was the crew 

1144
01:04:40,800 --> 01:04:44,900
composition Artemis, 2 included 
a woman and a person of color 

1145
01:04:44,900 --> 01:04:49,300
groups that were excluded from 
Apollo Christina cock became the

1146
01:04:49,300 --> 01:04:51,000
first woman to fly around the 
Moon. 

1147
01:04:51,000 --> 01:04:54,100
Victor Glover became the first 
person of color to leave 

1148
01:04:54,100 --> 01:04:57,400
low-earth orbit. 
Jeremy Hansen became the first 

1149
01:04:57,400 --> 01:04:59,300
Canadian to travel beyond Earth 
orbit. 

1150
01:04:59,300 --> 01:05:04,400
This was progress long overdue 
and it represented a change in 

1151
01:05:04,408 --> 01:05:07,800
who gets to be an Explorer. 
The Moon is for everyone, this 

1152
01:05:07,800 --> 01:05:12,200
time, not just to select few. 
You might wonder why any of this

1153
01:05:12,200 --> 01:05:14,900
matters? 
We went to the moon. 50 years 

1154
01:05:14,900 --> 01:05:18,800
ago, took some photographs, 
brought back, some rocks and 

1155
01:05:18,800 --> 01:05:22,900
came home like go back. 
Why spend billions of dollars 

1156
01:05:22,900 --> 01:05:27,100
and risk lives to visit a dead 
world with no air and no water 

1157
01:05:27,100 --> 01:05:30,400
and nothing to see except dust 
and craters. 

1158
01:05:31,400 --> 01:05:35,100
The Practical answers, involve 
resource extraction and 

1159
01:05:35,100 --> 01:05:37,900
scientific research and 
Technology development. 

1160
01:05:39,200 --> 01:05:43,600
The moon has helium 3 rare, 
isotope, that might someday 

1161
01:05:43,600 --> 01:05:48,400
fuel, Fusion reactors, the moon 
has minerals, and metals the 

1162
01:05:48,400 --> 01:05:51,000
moon offers a low gravity 
environment from Manufacturing. 

1163
01:05:51,800 --> 01:05:54,300
The Moon is a platform for 
telescopes that would work 

1164
01:05:54,300 --> 01:05:56,300
better without Earth's 
atmosphere in the way. 

1165
01:05:56,300 --> 01:05:58,700
The Moon is a test bed for 
systems. 

1166
01:05:58,700 --> 01:06:01,800
We will need on Mars. 
These are all valid reasons 

1167
01:06:01,800 --> 01:06:04,600
economically and scientifically 
sound. 

1168
01:06:05,400 --> 01:06:09,300
But the real answer is deeper, 
we return to the Moon because 

1169
01:06:09,300 --> 01:06:12,900
humans are explorers we go 
places because they are there. 

1170
01:06:12,900 --> 01:06:16,900
Because we can because the act 
of going teachers, us things 

1171
01:06:16,900 --> 01:06:19,300
about ourselves that we cannot 
learn any other way. 

1172
01:06:20,900 --> 01:06:25,600
Apollo 8 did not just show us 
the Moon, it showed us Earth, it

1173
01:06:25,600 --> 01:06:29,200
gave us perspective. 
It reminded us that we live on a

1174
01:06:29,200 --> 01:06:33,300
fragile Island in a very large 
ocean and we need to take care 

1175
01:06:33,300 --> 01:06:35,900
of that Island because it is the
only one we have. 

1176
01:06:35,900 --> 01:06:38,200
Artemis will do something 
similar. 

1177
01:06:38,200 --> 01:06:41,700
It will remind a new generation 
that humans are capable of 

1178
01:06:41,700 --> 01:06:43,700
extraordinary things when we 
worked together. 

1179
01:06:44,600 --> 01:06:47,900
It will inspire kids who watch 
the launches and dream about 

1180
01:06:47,900 --> 01:06:51,100
being astronauts. 
It will push technology forward 

1181
01:06:51,100 --> 01:06:55,400
in ways that benefit, everyone, 
not just space programs, it will

1182
01:06:55,400 --> 01:06:58,600
demonstrate that space is not 
just for superpowers, but for 

1183
01:06:58,600 --> 01:07:01,700
international cooperation, 
Gateway will be built by 

1184
01:07:01,700 --> 01:07:04,600
multiple countries working 
together just like the 

1185
01:07:04,600 --> 01:07:08,700
International Space Station. 
There is something profound 

1186
01:07:08,700 --> 01:07:11,600
about standing on another world 
and looking back at Earth. 

1187
01:07:12,500 --> 01:07:15,300
The astronauts who did it during
Apollo came back changed. 

1188
01:07:15,300 --> 01:07:18,400
They talked about seeing Earth 
as one system. 

1189
01:07:18,400 --> 01:07:22,600
One interconnected hole without 
the political divisions that 

1190
01:07:22,600 --> 01:07:26,000
seem so important from the 
ground, they talked about the 

1191
01:07:26,000 --> 01:07:30,100
unity of life, the improbable 
beauty of a planet that can 

1192
01:07:30,100 --> 01:07:32,200
support forests and oceans and 
cities. 

1193
01:07:32,200 --> 01:07:35,900
They talked about feeling a 
responsibility to protect that 

1194
01:07:35,900 --> 01:07:38,500
beauty. 
Artemis is giving more people 

1195
01:07:38,500 --> 01:07:41,500
that experience. 
Not everyone will go to the moon

1196
01:07:41,500 --> 01:07:43,900
but everyone can see what the 
astronauts. 

1197
01:07:43,900 --> 01:07:47,200
See, through cameras and virtual
reality and live broadcasts. 

1198
01:07:48,000 --> 01:07:52,200
The earthrise photograph changed
Minds in 1968, the Real Time 

1199
01:07:52,200 --> 01:07:55,400
video from Artemis lunar flyby 
in 2026. 

1200
01:07:55,400 --> 01:07:59,000
Did something similar, millions 
of people watched Earth, rise of

1201
01:07:59,000 --> 01:08:01,700
the Moon to rise in seeing for 
themselves. 

1202
01:08:01,700 --> 01:08:06,200
What born and love Anders saw. 
That might be worth the cost all

1203
01:08:06,200 --> 01:08:09,100
by itself. 
The echo between Apollo and 

1204
01:08:09,100 --> 01:08:12,600
Artemis is not just about 
repeating history, it is about 

1205
01:08:12,600 --> 01:08:15,500
building on what came before 
learning from those first 

1206
01:08:15,500 --> 01:08:20,200
missions and pushing further. 
Apollo was a Sprint a race to 

1207
01:08:20,200 --> 01:08:21,700
get their first and prove, it 
could be done. 

1208
01:08:21,700 --> 01:08:26,800
Artemis is a marathon, a 
commitment to stay and build and

1209
01:08:26,800 --> 01:08:30,000
explore systematically. 
Apollo was about Footprints, 

1210
01:08:30,000 --> 01:08:33,700
Artemis is about foundations, 
your living through this, second

1211
01:08:33,700 --> 01:08:37,399
great age of lunar exploration. 
Right now, as you listen to, 

1212
01:08:37,399 --> 01:08:40,700
this Engineers are building 
rockets and spacecraft and 

1213
01:08:40,700 --> 01:08:43,600
habitats. 
Astronauts are training and 

1214
01:08:43,600 --> 01:08:46,100
simulators and underwater tanks 
and reduced gravity. 

1215
01:08:46,100 --> 01:08:48,399
Aircraft. 
Scientists are planning 

1216
01:08:48,399 --> 01:08:52,500
experiments and mapping Landing 
sites and analyzing data from 

1217
01:08:52,500 --> 01:08:56,600
robotic Scouts and from the 
Artemis, two flyby Mission 

1218
01:08:56,600 --> 01:08:59,200
controllers are writing 
procedures and practicing 

1219
01:08:59,200 --> 01:09:01,000
failures and preparing for 
launches. 

1220
01:09:01,800 --> 01:09:04,500
All of this is happening because
we decided to go back. 

1221
01:09:04,500 --> 01:09:09,000
The Artemis 2 crew flew around 
the moon and came home, just 

1222
01:09:09,000 --> 01:09:14,100
like a polo 8, they saw the same
stunning Vistas experience, the 

1223
01:09:14,100 --> 01:09:17,899
same isolation, felt the same 
mix of fear and wonder. 

1224
01:09:19,000 --> 01:09:21,800
They also carried forward, the 
mission, that Borman Lovell, and

1225
01:09:21,800 --> 01:09:25,100
Anders began. 
The other next Link in a chain 

1226
01:09:25,100 --> 01:09:27,899
that stretches from the first 
humans, who looked up at the 

1227
01:09:27,899 --> 01:09:31,800
moon and wondered to the future 
humans, who will be born there 

1228
01:09:31,800 --> 01:09:34,899
and call it home. 
When you look up at the Moon 

1229
01:09:34,899 --> 01:09:37,500
tonight, remember that people 
have been there. 

1230
01:09:37,500 --> 01:09:40,700
Remember that people went back 
just days ago. 

1231
01:09:41,500 --> 01:09:45,500
Remember that the Moon is not 
just a light in the sky, but a 

1232
01:09:45,500 --> 01:09:49,700
destination, a frontier, a place
where human courage and 

1233
01:09:49,700 --> 01:09:52,200
Ingenuity have already left 
marks and will leave more. 

1234
01:09:53,500 --> 01:09:57,200
The Forgotten mission of Apollo 
8 was echoed by Artemis 2, and 

1235
01:09:57,200 --> 01:09:58,700
that Echo is still growing 
louder. 

1236
01:09:59,600 --> 01:10:04,000
Story is not over the journey, 
continues and you are here to 

1237
01:10:04,000 --> 01:10:05,700
witness it. 
Sleep. 

1238
01:10:05,700 --> 01:10:09,400
Well, my tired dumpling's, the 
Moon is waiting and so is the 

1239
01:10:09,400 --> 01:10:12,200
future. 
May your dreams, take you to 

1240
01:10:12,200 --> 01:10:15,300
places where Earth Rises visible
and beautiful where the 

1241
01:10:15,300 --> 01:10:18,600
impossible becomes routine and 
we're looking back at home 

1242
01:10:18,600 --> 01:10:21,700
reminds you. 
Why exploration matters safe 

1243
01:10:21,700 --> 01:10:24,400
travels through the night I will
see you next time. 

1244
01:10:32,000 --> 01:10:35,500
The smell reaches. 
You first bred wood smoke 

1245
01:10:35,500 --> 01:10:38,300
underneath it. 
The particular dense smoke of 

1246
01:10:38,300 --> 01:10:41,700
Vinewood burning in a stone oven
and then the bread itself, 

1247
01:10:41,700 --> 01:10:45,200
yeasty and warm, and already 
somewhere in the process of 

1248
01:10:45,200 --> 01:10:48,800
becoming the thing. 
It is going to be You're 

1249
01:10:48,800 --> 01:10:52,000
standing on a stone pave Street 
in the city of Pompeii on a 

1250
01:10:52,000 --> 01:10:55,700
morning in the late summer of 79
ad and the bakery two doors 

1251
01:10:55,700 --> 01:10:57,600
down, has been going since 
before Dawn. 

1252
01:10:58,400 --> 01:11:01,900
The sun is not yet fully up. 
The sky above the rooftops is 

1253
01:11:01,900 --> 01:11:05,600
the color of pale terracotta. 
Particular shade that the Bay of

1254
01:11:05,608 --> 01:11:08,300
Naples Sky turns in the minutes 
before the light arrives 

1255
01:11:08,300 --> 01:11:10,000
properly. 
And the street is already 

1256
01:11:10,000 --> 01:11:15,600
moving, not crowded, not yet but
occupied A man with a cart is 

1257
01:11:15,600 --> 01:11:17,000
hauling something toward the 
market. 

1258
01:11:17,000 --> 01:11:20,400
A woman is feeling a clay jug at
the public fountain on the 

1259
01:11:20,400 --> 01:11:22,700
corner. 
The water running in a constant 

1260
01:11:22,700 --> 01:11:26,100
thin stream from the stone 
spout, which runs all day and 

1261
01:11:26,100 --> 01:11:29,300
all night, because the aqueduct 
that feeds, it does not have an 

1262
01:11:29,300 --> 01:11:32,300
off switch two, boys are doing 
something in a doorway that may 

1263
01:11:32,300 --> 01:11:36,100
be an argument or maybe a game 
and is probably both the stones 

1264
01:11:36,100 --> 01:11:38,500
beneath your feet a large flat 
slabs of gray. 

1265
01:11:38,500 --> 01:11:42,900
Basalt one Smooth by generations
of feet and cartwheels and 

1266
01:11:42,900 --> 01:11:45,100
between them the ruts left by 
the same car. 

1267
01:11:45,100 --> 01:11:47,300
Wheels cut inches, deep into the
Rock. 

1268
01:11:48,300 --> 01:11:51,300
Stepping Stones cross the street
into the intervals, raised above

1269
01:11:51,300 --> 01:11:53,800
the level of the road to keep 
pedestrians out of whatever the 

1270
01:11:53,800 --> 01:11:56,900
street is currently containing, 
which in the morning is mostly 

1271
01:11:56,900 --> 01:11:59,100
water from the knights cleaning,
and the Overflow from The 

1272
01:11:59,100 --> 01:12:02,100
Fountains and later in the day, 
will be more varied and Less 

1273
01:12:02,100 --> 01:12:07,600
Pleasant Pompeii in 79 ad is a 
city of somewhere between 11,000

1274
01:12:07,600 --> 01:12:10,000
and 20,000. 
People depending on, which his 

1275
01:12:10,000 --> 01:12:12,400
story you ask and which method 
of counting they prefer. 

1276
01:12:12,400 --> 01:12:16,300
It covers roughly 66 hectares of
land, on a plateau of hardened, 

1277
01:12:16,300 --> 01:12:19,600
lava above the Bay of Naples 
with Vesuvius, Rising behind it,

1278
01:12:19,600 --> 01:12:22,700
to the North, and the Sea 
glittering to the south on clear

1279
01:12:22,700 --> 01:12:26,900
days, which most days are. 
It is a prosperous City, a 

1280
01:12:26,900 --> 01:12:29,200
trading City, the volcanic soil 
around. 

1281
01:12:29,200 --> 01:12:32,200
It is some of the most fertile 
in the Mediterranean producing 

1282
01:12:32,200 --> 01:12:34,900
wheat and wine and olives in 
quantities, that have made the 

1283
01:12:34,900 --> 01:12:38,200
region Rich for centuries. 
The port gives it access to 

1284
01:12:38,200 --> 01:12:42,500
markets across the empire. 
Rome is roughly 240 kilometers, 

1285
01:12:42,500 --> 01:12:46,300
North up the coast, which in the
first century ad is a journey of

1286
01:12:46,300 --> 01:12:50,000
several days close enough to 
matter and far enough to feel 

1287
01:12:50,000 --> 01:12:52,500
like its own world. 
The bakery is open. 

1288
01:12:52,500 --> 01:12:56,500
There are approximately 35 
bakeries operating in Pompeii at

1289
01:12:56,500 --> 01:12:59,900
this point in its history. 
Archaeologists know this because

1290
01:12:59,900 --> 01:13:02,900
they are all still here 
preserved under the ash that 

1291
01:13:02,900 --> 01:13:06,400
will bury the city later today. 
Their ovens and millstones and 

1292
01:13:06,408 --> 01:13:08,600
storage rooms intact beneath the
centuries. 

1293
01:13:08,600 --> 01:13:10,800
Each Bakery serves its local 
neighborhood. 

1294
01:13:10,800 --> 01:13:14,300
Positioned on the main streets 
near Grain supplies and the 

1295
01:13:14,300 --> 01:13:17,700
larger ones have their own mils 
in a separate room, four or five

1296
01:13:17,700 --> 01:13:21,100
large basil, Millstone shaped 
like hourglasses driven by 

1297
01:13:21,100 --> 01:13:23,100
donkeys. 
Walking in circles in the dark. 

1298
01:13:23,100 --> 01:13:26,600
The grain goes in at the top, 
the flower comes out of the 

1299
01:13:26,600 --> 01:13:28,900
bottom, the donkey continues to 
walk. 

1300
01:13:30,200 --> 01:13:32,900
The bread that comes out of 
these ovens is called panis 

1301
01:13:32,900 --> 01:13:36,400
quadratus. 
It is a round loaf scored across

1302
01:13:36,400 --> 01:13:40,000
the top in a grid pattern before
baking dividing the surface into

1303
01:13:40,000 --> 01:13:43,300
80 equal sections so that it can
be broken apart by hand without 

1304
01:13:43,300 --> 01:13:45,900
cutting. 
The loaves are baked on, wooden 

1305
01:13:45,900 --> 01:13:49,600
paddles, slid in to the stone 
oven and left for approximately.

1306
01:13:49,600 --> 01:13:52,800
Half an hour, there are 81 of 
them in the oven of 1 Bakery 

1307
01:13:52,800 --> 01:13:55,800
right now. 
When excavators opened that in 

1308
01:13:55,800 --> 01:13:59,500
the mid-19th century, nearly 
1800 years after the morning, we

1309
01:13:59,500 --> 01:14:02,500
are describing. 
They found all 81, still inside.

1310
01:14:02,500 --> 01:14:05,700
The eruption happened, before 
the baker came back to check on 

1311
01:14:05,700 --> 01:14:07,800
them. 
The Ashland Thomas, and the long

1312
01:14:07,800 --> 01:14:09,700
sealed. 
Centuries had preserved them in 

1313
01:14:09,700 --> 01:14:12,500
a state that allowed the 
excavators to identify exactly 

1314
01:14:12,500 --> 01:14:15,600
what they were down to the 
scoring pattern on the surface 

1315
01:14:15,600 --> 01:14:17,600
and the poppy seeds baked into 
the crust. 

1316
01:14:17,600 --> 01:14:21,100
The bread is still in the Museo 
archaeological National in 

1317
01:14:21,100 --> 01:14:23,700
Naples. 
It is still recognizably bread. 

1318
01:14:24,600 --> 01:14:26,600
This morning. 
The baker is checking the 

1319
01:14:26,600 --> 01:14:29,200
temperature of the oven with the
practice attention of someone 

1320
01:14:29,200 --> 01:14:31,100
who's been doing this since 
before sunrise. 

1321
01:14:31,100 --> 01:14:33,400
And the bread is rising toward 
done. 

1322
01:14:33,400 --> 01:14:36,200
And the street outside is 
filling with people who will 

1323
01:14:36,200 --> 01:14:38,800
want some of it. 
You move along the pavement 

1324
01:14:38,800 --> 01:14:41,600
toward the smell. 
Stretch your walking on is 

1325
01:14:41,600 --> 01:14:44,400
called the Via de la bande 
dancer, which means the street 

1326
01:14:44,400 --> 01:14:46,600
of abundance. 
And it is one of the main 

1327
01:14:46,600 --> 01:14:49,900
arteries of the city running 
east to west through the heart 

1328
01:14:49,900 --> 01:14:53,600
of Pompeii from The Forum. 
At one end to the Sano gate at 

1329
01:14:53,600 --> 01:14:55,800
the other. 
The shops, on both sides of it 

1330
01:14:55,800 --> 01:14:58,800
are opening as you walk, their 
wooden shutters folded back to 

1331
01:14:58,800 --> 01:15:01,900
reveal the counters and Wares in
the opening of each One, 

1332
01:15:01,900 --> 01:15:04,500
releasing its own specific 
contribution to the morning 

1333
01:15:04,500 --> 01:15:08,300
smell. 
Fresh fish from one garam. 

1334
01:15:08,300 --> 01:15:11,500
The fermented fish sauce that 
Romans put on everything with a 

1335
01:15:11,500 --> 01:15:15,300
dedication, bordering on the 
religious from another Olive's 

1336
01:15:15,300 --> 01:15:18,800
wool. 
The dry Dusty smell of a 

1337
01:15:18,800 --> 01:15:21,500
Fuller's Workshop, where cloth 
is being cleaned with urine, 

1338
01:15:21,500 --> 01:15:24,700
which is the Roman method and 
which you register and move past

1339
01:15:24,700 --> 01:15:27,800
as quickly as seems polite. 
The public fountains are 

1340
01:15:27,800 --> 01:15:31,500
everywhere, Pompeii has, at 
least 40 of them Stone basins 

1341
01:15:31,500 --> 01:15:34,200
fed by the aqueduct system 
positioned throughout the city 

1342
01:15:34,200 --> 01:15:37,100
so that no resident needs to 
walk more than 80 meters to 

1343
01:15:37,100 --> 01:15:40,500
reach freshwater. 
They overflow constantly the 

1344
01:15:40,500 --> 01:15:43,700
excess running down the gutters 
into the street drains, which is

1345
01:15:43,700 --> 01:15:46,200
partly, why the Stepping Stones 
across the roads exist? 

1346
01:15:46,200 --> 01:15:49,400
The constant sound of running 
water, underneath everything 

1347
01:15:49,400 --> 01:15:52,900
else, underneath the cartwheels,
and the voices, and the distant 

1348
01:15:52,900 --> 01:15:54,700
Bray of a donkey and a bakery 
yard. 

1349
01:15:55,400 --> 01:15:59,400
Is a kind of low continuous note
that the city runs on you, reach

1350
01:15:59,400 --> 01:16:03,800
the bakery, the counter faces 
the street warns smooth along 

1351
01:16:03,800 --> 01:16:06,500
the top Edge, where hands of 
rested against it for decades. 

1352
01:16:07,300 --> 01:16:09,100
And behind it. 
The baker's assistant is 

1353
01:16:09,100 --> 01:16:12,100
stacking, the first loaves of 
the morning the panis quadratus 

1354
01:16:12,100 --> 01:16:15,600
arranged in rows. 
Each one marked with its eight 

1355
01:16:15,600 --> 01:16:18,200
sections, still warm enough, 
that the heat rise is off the 

1356
01:16:18,200 --> 01:16:21,300
mini Gentle Way in column. 
The price is painted on the 

1357
01:16:21,300 --> 01:16:23,000
wall, beside the counter in Red 
Letters. 

1358
01:16:23,000 --> 01:16:26,600
You buy a loaf, it is heavier 
than it looks and warm in your 

1359
01:16:26,600 --> 01:16:29,400
hands and smells of the wood, 
smoke in the yeast and something

1360
01:16:29,400 --> 01:16:32,400
else underneath. 
Something mineral and faint. 

1361
01:16:32,400 --> 01:16:35,700
That might be the volcanic soil.
The grain was grown in carried 

1362
01:16:35,700 --> 01:16:37,700
all the way through the 
millstone and the oven. 

1363
01:16:37,700 --> 01:16:41,000
And into the bread itself, you 
break off a section along one of

1364
01:16:41,008 --> 01:16:44,000
the scored lines. 
The inside is dense and slightly

1365
01:16:44,000 --> 01:16:47,900
gray made from a mix of flowers 
and it is the bread of a city 

1366
01:16:47,900 --> 01:16:50,800
that has been baking this way 
for generations and will bake 

1367
01:16:50,800 --> 01:16:52,400
this way until the morning Runs 
Out. 

1368
01:16:53,100 --> 01:16:57,100
The sun is fully up now, the 
shadow of the Soviet Falls 

1369
01:16:57,100 --> 01:16:58,600
across the northern part of the 
city. 

1370
01:16:58,600 --> 01:17:01,800
In the early morning that large 
familiar shape on the horizon 

1371
01:17:01,800 --> 01:17:04,900
that everyone who lives here has
been looking at their entire 

1372
01:17:04,900 --> 01:17:06,700
lives without particular 
concern. 

1373
01:17:06,700 --> 01:17:10,400
It is a mountain. 
It is a very large mountain, it 

1374
01:17:10,400 --> 01:17:13,300
has been there longer than 
anyone can remember the soil 

1375
01:17:13,300 --> 01:17:15,700
around. 
It is fertile Beyond Reason, and

1376
01:17:15,700 --> 01:17:18,500
the air near it has a faint 
mineral sharpness and 

1377
01:17:18,500 --> 01:17:21,600
occasionally in recent months. 
There have been small Tremors 

1378
01:17:21,600 --> 01:17:24,500
that rattle the cuts on the 
shelves and a discussed in the 

1379
01:17:24,500 --> 01:17:27,800
Tabernacle for a day or two 
before being forgotten, the city

1380
01:17:27,800 --> 01:17:29,300
does not worry about the 
mountain. 

1381
01:17:29,300 --> 01:17:33,600
The city is busy. 
The Forum is opening, the baths 

1382
01:17:33,600 --> 01:17:36,400
will be warm by mid-morning. 
There is an election campaign 

1383
01:17:36,400 --> 01:17:39,700
underway and someone has painted
a new endorsement on the wall of

1384
01:17:39,700 --> 01:17:42,100
a building three streets. 
Over the wet plaster. 

1385
01:17:42,100 --> 01:17:45,000
Still drying the letters, still 
bright red, in the Morning, 

1386
01:17:45,000 --> 01:17:47,800
Light. 
Pompeii has about 12 hours left 

1387
01:17:47,800 --> 01:17:51,100
and neither of you knows it yet.
For now, there is only the bread

1388
01:17:51,100 --> 01:17:53,900
in your hands and the sound of 
the city waking up around you 

1389
01:17:53,900 --> 01:17:57,100
the cart wheels on the basalt 
stones and the water from the 

1390
01:17:57,100 --> 01:18:00,300
fountains, and the donkeys 
turning in the dark Bakery yards

1391
01:18:00,300 --> 01:18:03,800
and the smell of Vinewood, smoke
and yeast, drifting down the Via

1392
01:18:03,800 --> 01:18:09,300
del up on dancer, in the warming
are of the 24th of August 79 ad.

1393
01:18:10,400 --> 01:18:13,700
The grand house is of Pompeii 
are not where you live. 

1394
01:18:13,700 --> 01:18:17,400
The ones tourists, visit the 
house of the Faun with its 

1395
01:18:17,400 --> 01:18:20,400
famous Mosaic floors. 
The House of the vettii with its

1396
01:18:20,400 --> 01:18:22,000
painted walls and elaborate 
Garden. 

1397
01:18:22,000 --> 01:18:24,900
Those belong to a different 
Pompeii than the one Euro 

1398
01:18:24,900 --> 01:18:27,400
occupying this morning. 
They belong to the Pompei of 

1399
01:18:27,408 --> 01:18:30,700
wealthy merchants and landowners
the people whose names appear on

1400
01:18:30,700 --> 01:18:33,800
Election endorsements painted in
large letters on street corners,

1401
01:18:33,800 --> 01:18:36,900
the people whose dining rooms 
have dining rooms, you know, 

1402
01:18:36,908 --> 01:18:40,300
those houses exist, you can see 
the walls of a few of them from 

1403
01:18:40,300 --> 01:18:42,600
where you're standing. 
You do not live in one. 

1404
01:18:42,600 --> 01:18:46,300
You live up stairs, the building
you live in is called an insula,

1405
01:18:46,300 --> 01:18:49,700
which means Ireland, which is 
the Roman word for a multi-story

1406
01:18:49,700 --> 01:18:51,800
apartment block. 
And the name makes a kind of 

1407
01:18:51,800 --> 01:18:54,800
sense when you look at it from 
the street, the building sitting

1408
01:18:54,800 --> 01:18:57,700
in its City Block, like a solid 
mass of rendered Stone and 

1409
01:18:57,700 --> 01:19:02,000
Timber surrounded on all sides 
by streets and Alleyways the 

1410
01:19:02,000 --> 01:19:04,600
upper floors stepping slightly 
back from the lower ones in the 

1411
01:19:04,600 --> 01:19:07,700
Casual asymmetry of buildings 
that have been added to over 

1412
01:19:07,700 --> 01:19:10,100
several Generations by owners 
who are more interested. 

1413
01:19:10,400 --> 01:19:12,400
Didn't rent income. 
Then architectural, consistency.

1414
01:19:12,400 --> 01:19:15,800
The ground floor does not belong
to you the ground floor, belongs

1415
01:19:15,800 --> 01:19:19,100
to the shops pompeian buildings 
are typically organized, this 

1416
01:19:19,100 --> 01:19:21,900
way with commercial, tap on a 
running along the street, 

1417
01:19:21,900 --> 01:19:25,600
Frontage each one a single room 
opening directly onto the 

1418
01:19:25,600 --> 01:19:29,100
pavement through a wide doorway,
that can be sealed at night with

1419
01:19:29,100 --> 01:19:32,600
a wooden shutter. 
The Taberna beside the entrance 

1420
01:19:32,600 --> 01:19:35,900
to your stairwell sells oil, and
olives from large ceramic jars, 

1421
01:19:35,900 --> 01:19:38,400
sunk into its counter, the one 
next to it. 

1422
01:19:38,400 --> 01:19:40,600
Sells wine by the cup from 
similar jars. 

1423
01:19:42,300 --> 01:19:45,800
Fuller's shop across the narrow 
Alleyway smells as full as 

1424
01:19:45,800 --> 01:19:48,500
shops. 
Always smell of the urine, used 

1425
01:19:48,500 --> 01:19:51,700
to clean cloth which the Fuller 
collects from the public toilet 

1426
01:19:51,700 --> 01:19:55,500
two streets over in large, clay 
vessels that Passing Strangers 

1427
01:19:55,500 --> 01:19:59,500
contribute to for a small fee. 
The Roman approached to waste 

1428
01:19:59,500 --> 01:20:02,600
management was nothing. 
If not efficient, your staircase

1429
01:20:02,600 --> 01:20:05,800
is inside the building, narrow 
and steep cut from the same 

1430
01:20:05,800 --> 01:20:09,300
Stone as the ground floor before
switching to Timber at the level

1431
01:20:09,300 --> 01:20:12,500
where the construction changed 
the stairs are warning the 

1432
01:20:12,500 --> 01:20:15,200
center, from years of feet, 
going up and down, and they 

1433
01:20:15,200 --> 01:20:17,200
Creek in a way that varies by 
step. 

1434
01:20:17,200 --> 01:20:20,800
So that, any Resident of this 
building could identify where on

1435
01:20:20,800 --> 01:20:23,500
the staircase, any other 
resident currently is purely by 

1436
01:20:23,500 --> 01:20:26,200
listening. 
You know that the man of you 

1437
01:20:26,200 --> 01:20:29,500
comes home, late, most nights 
because the specific of the 

1438
01:20:29,500 --> 01:20:32,700
fourth step from the top, is the
last sound you hear before you 

1439
01:20:32,700 --> 01:20:35,300
sleep. 
Your room is on the second floor

1440
01:20:35,300 --> 01:20:40,000
in Pompeii, unlike in Rome, the 
insula tend to run to two 

1441
01:20:40,000 --> 01:20:42,100
stories rather than four or five
partly. 

1442
01:20:42,100 --> 01:20:44,500
Because the city never developed
the desperate, vertical 

1443
01:20:44,500 --> 01:20:46,700
overcrowding of the capital and 
partly. 

1444
01:20:46,700 --> 01:20:49,600
Because the upper floors here 
are mostly Timber and Timber 

1445
01:20:49,600 --> 01:20:51,400
buildings on. 
Volcanic rock in a region of 

1446
01:20:51,408 --> 01:20:54,900
intermittent seismic activity 
are not ideally suited to go 

1447
01:20:54,900 --> 01:20:57,600
much higher than two, stories 
without becoming a structural. 

1448
01:20:57,600 --> 01:21:01,900
Argument waiting to happen the 
earthquake of 62 ad 17 years. 

1449
01:21:01,900 --> 01:21:05,100
Before the morning damaged, a 
significant portion of the city 

1450
01:21:05,100 --> 01:21:07,400
and the rebuilding has been 
ongoing ever since. 

1451
01:21:07,400 --> 01:21:11,300
Some of it was still ongoing 
when the day ran out, your room 

1452
01:21:11,300 --> 01:21:15,300
contains a bed, a wooden chest, 
and oil lamp, and a small shelf 

1453
01:21:15,300 --> 01:21:16,600
where you keep the things you 
keep. 

1454
01:21:17,600 --> 01:21:20,100
The bed is a wooden frame with 
rope strung across it, 

1455
01:21:20,100 --> 01:21:24,000
supporting a mattress stuffed 
with wool and dried grass that 

1456
01:21:24,000 --> 01:21:26,400
has been in use long enough to 
have settled in to an 

1457
01:21:26,400 --> 01:21:29,000
approximate impression of your 
body which is either comfortable

1458
01:21:29,000 --> 01:21:32,300
or simply familiar. 
The window is an opening in the 

1459
01:21:32,308 --> 01:21:36,100
wall with wooden shutters that 
when open give you a view of the

1460
01:21:36,100 --> 01:21:39,300
alleyway, the wall of the 
building opposite, and a narrow 

1461
01:21:39,300 --> 01:21:42,300
strip of sky above it, when the 
windows open, the street comes 

1462
01:21:42,300 --> 01:21:45,500
in with it, every sound of the 
city arriving without filtering 

1463
01:21:45,500 --> 01:21:48,800
or distance, the cart wheels and
the conversations and the water 

1464
01:21:48,800 --> 01:21:51,700
from the fountain at the corner 
and the dogs and whatever the 

1465
01:21:51,700 --> 01:21:55,100
fullest shop is currently doing.
When the window is closed, the 

1466
01:21:55,100 --> 01:21:58,900
room is dark and still you spend
very little time in this room 

1467
01:21:58,900 --> 01:22:02,400
outside of sleeping Pompei in 
apartments were not designed for

1468
01:22:02,400 --> 01:22:04,700
living in the way that modern 
apartments are designed for 

1469
01:22:04,700 --> 01:22:07,600
living in, they were designed 
for sleeping in and storing 

1470
01:22:07,600 --> 01:22:10,600
things in the rest of Life 
happened outside in the streets 

1471
01:22:10,600 --> 01:22:13,600
and the shops and the Forum and 
the bars because the city was 

1472
01:22:13,600 --> 01:22:15,900
the living space and the room 
was simply where you put your 

1473
01:22:15,900 --> 01:22:18,800
body when it needed to stop. 
Moving the walls of your 

1474
01:22:18,800 --> 01:22:23,500
building are covered in writing.
Not vandalism not exactly or not

1475
01:22:23,500 --> 01:22:26,800
only graffiti, and Pompeii is 
one of the most extraordinary 

1476
01:22:26,800 --> 01:22:30,100
archaeological records of 
ordinary, Roman Life covering 

1477
01:22:30,100 --> 01:22:32,900
practically Reaville wall 
surface with election, 

1478
01:22:32,900 --> 01:22:36,400
endorsements, personal 
announcements, insults, jokes 

1479
01:22:36,400 --> 01:22:39,400
Declarations of Love 
Declarations of hate 

1480
01:22:39,400 --> 01:22:42,400
advertisements. 
And the occasional philosophical

1481
01:22:42,400 --> 01:22:45,200
observation. 
Archaeologists have catalogued 

1482
01:22:45,200 --> 01:22:48,500
more than 11,000. 
Individual graffiti inscriptions

1483
01:22:48,500 --> 01:22:51,300
from Pompeii more than from any 
other site. 

1484
01:22:51,300 --> 01:22:54,100
In the ancient world, they were 
scratched into plaster with 

1485
01:22:54,100 --> 01:22:57,800
stylists or painted on in red or
black Letters by professional 

1486
01:22:57,800 --> 01:22:59,800
sign painters called Script 
Torres. 

1487
01:22:59,800 --> 01:23:03,100
Who were hired to produce large 
neeta announcements on prominent

1488
01:23:03,100 --> 01:23:06,200
walls. 
One inscription on a wall near 

1489
01:23:06,200 --> 01:23:10,200
the Forum reads in Latin that 
someone named Lucius is to see 

1490
01:23:10,200 --> 01:23:14,100
Diaz regards his own the thief, 
who stole his cloak at the bars.

1491
01:23:15,200 --> 01:23:18,800
The grievance is approximately 
2000 years old and it reads like

1492
01:23:18,800 --> 01:23:20,300
something. 
You might post on a neighborhood

1493
01:23:20,300 --> 01:23:23,600
Message Board, this afternoon, 
another announces, an upcoming 

1494
01:23:23,600 --> 01:23:26,700
gladiatorial game in the 
amphitheater, listing the date, 

1495
01:23:26,700 --> 01:23:30,200
in the sponsors name, another 
endorses a local candidate for 

1496
01:23:30,200 --> 01:23:33,900
the office of a deal and notes 
that he gets good bread which in

1497
01:23:33,900 --> 01:23:36,100
Pompeii was a genuine political 
credential. 

1498
01:23:36,100 --> 01:23:40,200
Another simply says that a man 
named atilius is a full which 

1499
01:23:40,200 --> 01:23:42,200
required no more context than 
than it does. 

1500
01:23:42,200 --> 01:23:45,200
Now The wall of your building 
contributes to this 

1501
01:23:45,200 --> 01:23:48,100
conversation. 
Someone has written in red paint

1502
01:23:48,100 --> 01:23:49,700
that the tavern keeper on the 
corner. 

1503
01:23:49,700 --> 01:23:52,700
Waters his wine, which is either
a complaint or a warning or 

1504
01:23:52,708 --> 01:23:56,100
possibly both Below it in a 
different hand, someone has 

1505
01:23:56,100 --> 01:23:59,400
added a single line questioning,
the first writers authority to 

1506
01:23:59,400 --> 01:24:02,800
judge below that a third person 
has drawn. 

1507
01:24:02,800 --> 01:24:06,200
Something that is either a fish 
or a rude gesture and the 

1508
01:24:06,200 --> 01:24:09,200
ambiguity appears to be 
intentional, you read it on your

1509
01:24:09,208 --> 01:24:12,000
way out this morning, the way 
you read it every morning, the 

1510
01:24:12,000 --> 01:24:13,900
way you read a neighborhood 
where the walls have been 

1511
01:24:13,908 --> 01:24:15,900
talking for decades. 
Your neighbor on. 

1512
01:24:15,900 --> 01:24:19,000
This floor is a Craftsman of 
some kind, a metal work of 

1513
01:24:19,000 --> 01:24:22,300
space, on the occasional sound 
of hammering that comes through 

1514
01:24:22,300 --> 01:24:23,800
the shared wall in the late 
afternoon. 

1515
01:24:23,800 --> 01:24:28,000
You do not know his name. 
You know, the rhythm of his days

1516
01:24:28,000 --> 01:24:31,200
the time sees home and The Time 
season is not the particular 

1517
01:24:31,200 --> 01:24:34,600
quality of his cough through. 
The thin plaster wall that 

1518
01:24:34,600 --> 01:24:38,500
separates your respective lives.
This is the texture of insular, 

1519
01:24:38,500 --> 01:24:41,000
living. 
This intimate proximity between 

1520
01:24:41,000 --> 01:24:43,900
people who are strangers in the 
formal sense and Neighbors in 

1521
01:24:43,900 --> 01:24:47,800
every practical one. 
Below you in the ground floor to

1522
01:24:47,800 --> 01:24:50,000
burn on the other side of the 
stairwell, from the oil Cellar, 

1523
01:24:50,000 --> 01:24:53,700
a woman is opening her shop. 
You can hear the wooden shutter 

1524
01:24:53,700 --> 01:24:56,700
folding Back Against The Wall, 
the scrape and clatter of it. 

1525
01:24:56,708 --> 01:25:00,100
And then the particular choir to
sound of her arranging whatever 

1526
01:25:00,100 --> 01:25:03,600
she sells on the counter, you do
not know what she sells. 

1527
01:25:03,600 --> 01:25:07,300
You have never been in that 
shop, but you know, that sound 

1528
01:25:07,300 --> 01:25:08,800
the morning sound of her 
opening. 

1529
01:25:08,800 --> 01:25:12,200
The way, the City opens itself, 
one shutter at a time in the 

1530
01:25:12,200 --> 01:25:15,500
hour after Dawn Street outside 
is fully awake. 

1531
01:25:15,500 --> 01:25:18,600
Now, the sun is clearing the 
rooftops and the Shadows on the 

1532
01:25:18,608 --> 01:25:20,400
alleyway wall, a shortening, and
somewhere. 

1533
01:25:20,400 --> 01:25:22,200
In the distance. 
The Forum is opening for 

1534
01:25:22,200 --> 01:25:24,700
business, the lawyers, and the 
money changers, and the 

1535
01:25:24,700 --> 01:25:26,800
magistrates taking their 
positions for the day. 

1536
01:25:27,700 --> 01:25:30,900
The smell of bread from the 
bakery on the Via del on Danza, 

1537
01:25:30,900 --> 01:25:34,000
has been replaced by the more 
complex smell of a city fully 

1538
01:25:34,000 --> 01:25:36,700
operational, smoke and animals, 
and cooking. 

1539
01:25:36,700 --> 01:25:39,700
And the salt edge of the sea 
somewhere beyond the southern 

1540
01:25:39,700 --> 01:25:42,200
walls. 
Pompei has been a city for 

1541
01:25:42,200 --> 01:25:45,200
several centuries before this 
morning, the Oscars were here 

1542
01:25:45,200 --> 01:25:49,400
first, then the Greeks, then the
samurai, then the Romans who 

1543
01:25:49,400 --> 01:25:53,700
took it in 89 BC, and made it a 
Roman colony and changed its 

1544
01:25:53,700 --> 01:25:56,100
name, and built their forum, and
their bars, and their 

1545
01:25:56,100 --> 01:25:59,000
Amphitheater in the Roman 
fashion while leaving much of 

1546
01:25:59,000 --> 01:26:02,800
the older Street intact. 
The streets of Pompeii run at 

1547
01:26:02,800 --> 01:26:05,100
odd angles because they were 
laid out before Rome got here. 

1548
01:26:05,100 --> 01:26:07,200
And Rome did not bother to 
straighten them. 

1549
01:26:07,200 --> 01:26:11,000
The city is a palimpsest of its 
own history older buildings 

1550
01:26:11,000 --> 01:26:14,700
adapted and re-added walls that 
have been painted and repainted 

1551
01:26:14,700 --> 01:26:18,400
and written on and written on 
again temples that began as one 

1552
01:26:18,400 --> 01:26:21,300
thing and became another. 
It is a city that has been 

1553
01:26:21,308 --> 01:26:24,500
inhabited so long and so 
continuously that it has 

1554
01:26:24,500 --> 01:26:27,900
absorbed everything that ever 
happened inside it, wearing that

1555
01:26:27,900 --> 01:26:30,000
history. 
The way the basalt streets, 

1556
01:26:30,000 --> 01:26:33,000
where the ruts from the carts 
pressed in and permanent and 

1557
01:26:33,000 --> 01:26:36,000
entirely unremarkable to the 
people walking across it. 

1558
01:26:36,000 --> 01:26:38,600
Every day, your building has 
been here for at least two 

1559
01:26:38,600 --> 01:26:41,900
generations, the stone of the 
lower floor, is darker than the 

1560
01:26:41,900 --> 01:26:45,300
Timbre of the upper darker and 
harder and the door frame at the

1561
01:26:45,300 --> 01:26:48,000
bottom of your staircase. 
Has been worn, Smooth by the 

1562
01:26:48,000 --> 01:26:50,400
hands of everyone who ever 
reached for it going in and 

1563
01:26:50,400 --> 01:26:55,000
coming out you reach for it. 
Now, the street receives you, 

1564
01:26:55,000 --> 01:26:58,400
the city is in the middle of its
morning and there is a great 

1565
01:26:58,400 --> 01:27:00,600
deal of it to be in by 
mid-morning. 

1566
01:27:00,600 --> 01:27:02,300
The bread is gone and you need 
something else. 

1567
01:27:02,300 --> 01:27:05,900
The thermopolium on the corner 
of the Vietnam, dancer has been 

1568
01:27:05,900 --> 01:27:09,100
opened since, before you left 
your building, it's L-shaped 

1569
01:27:09,100 --> 01:27:12,400
counter facing the street with 
the circular opening sunk into 

1570
01:27:12,400 --> 01:27:16,300
the stone top, where the ceramic
doli sit, large round belly 

1571
01:27:16,300 --> 01:27:18,900
jars, holding whatever the 
establishment is selling today. 

1572
01:27:19,900 --> 01:27:23,400
The counter itself is faced with
fragments of colored, marble red

1573
01:27:23,400 --> 01:27:26,700
and white and gray set in 
patterns that catch the morning.

1574
01:27:26,700 --> 01:27:30,500
Light, it is not an elegant 
counter in any Grand sense. 

1575
01:27:30,500 --> 01:27:33,500
It is the counter of a place 
that has been here a long time 

1576
01:27:33,500 --> 01:27:35,600
and expects to be here, a long 
time. 

1577
01:27:35,600 --> 01:27:39,400
More and has decorated itself. 
Accordingly with the cheerful 

1578
01:27:39,400 --> 01:27:41,600
permanence of a business that 
knows its neighborhood. 

1579
01:27:41,600 --> 01:27:45,200
There are at least 80 therapy 
are operating in Pompeii. 

1580
01:27:45,900 --> 01:27:48,500
You know, this the way you know,
the geography of your own City, 

1581
01:27:48,500 --> 01:27:51,800
not as a fact that you have 
counted but as a texture of the 

1582
01:27:51,800 --> 01:27:54,500
streets, the way these 
establishments are simply 

1583
01:27:54,500 --> 01:27:56,900
presented at intervals along 
every major road. 

1584
01:27:56,900 --> 01:28:00,500
And many of the smaller ones 
identifiable at a distance, by 

1585
01:28:00,500 --> 01:28:03,900
the protruding counter and the 
smell of water is warm inside 

1586
01:28:03,900 --> 01:28:07,200
the dolia They are the fast food
infrastructure of the first 

1587
01:28:07,200 --> 01:28:10,700
century ad the place where 
people who have no kitchen in 

1588
01:28:10,700 --> 01:28:13,300
their insular room or no time to
use one, come to eat something 

1589
01:28:13,300 --> 01:28:16,800
hot without ceremony or delay. 
Behind this particular counter. 

1590
01:28:16,800 --> 01:28:20,000
A woman is moving between the 
jars with the practice economy 

1591
01:28:20,000 --> 01:28:22,800
of someone who has done the same
sequence of movements several 

1592
01:28:22,800 --> 01:28:26,000
thousand times and no longer 
needs to think about any of it. 

1593
01:28:26,800 --> 01:28:30,900
One jar holds a thick, lentil 
stew, dark and fragrant with 

1594
01:28:30,900 --> 01:28:34,000
humans. 
Another holds wine a local 

1595
01:28:34,008 --> 01:28:36,000
campaign read that. 
The region is known for 

1596
01:28:36,000 --> 01:28:37,500
throughout the Mediterranean 
world. 

1597
01:28:38,300 --> 01:28:41,800
Another holds garam, the 
fermented fish sauce that Romans

1598
01:28:41,800 --> 01:28:44,600
used the way other cultures use 
salt, which is to say on 

1599
01:28:44,600 --> 01:28:47,200
everything and in quantities, 
that would alarm anyone who was 

1600
01:28:47,200 --> 01:28:50,000
not raised with it. 
There is bread on the counter 

1601
01:28:50,000 --> 01:28:54,000
the same panis quadratus from 
the bakery down the street and 

1602
01:28:54,000 --> 01:28:57,100
there are olives in a shallow 
dish and there is something on a

1603
01:28:57,100 --> 01:29:00,300
low Brazier at the back of the 
counter that is either meat or 

1604
01:29:00,300 --> 01:29:01,700
the convincing impression of 
meat. 

1605
01:29:01,700 --> 01:29:04,800
Giving off a smell that has been
reaching into the street for the

1606
01:29:04,800 --> 01:29:08,300
last hour you order the stew. 
You eat it standing at the 

1607
01:29:08,308 --> 01:29:11,300
counter because the counter is 
where you eat at a thermopolium 

1608
01:29:12,000 --> 01:29:15,100
There are occasionally benches 
or a small back room, but this 

1609
01:29:15,100 --> 01:29:18,700
is a street-facing operation and
the street is where its business

1610
01:29:18,700 --> 01:29:21,900
happens around you. 
Other people are doing the same 

1611
01:29:21,900 --> 01:29:25,700
eating quickly and efficiently, 
the kind of eating that happens 

1612
01:29:25,700 --> 01:29:28,300
between other things rather than
being a thing in itself. 

1613
01:29:29,400 --> 01:29:32,100
A man with paint on his hands is
working through a couple of 

1614
01:29:32,108 --> 01:29:34,300
wine. 
Before what ever the morning's 

1615
01:29:34,300 --> 01:29:37,500
next task is Two women are 
sharing a portion of something 

1616
01:29:37,500 --> 01:29:40,700
from the same Bowl, talking in 
the fast, overlapping way of 

1617
01:29:40,700 --> 01:29:43,100
people who have a great deal to 
cover in a limited time. 

1618
01:29:44,000 --> 01:29:46,600
Child is stealing an Olive from 
the dish on the counter and then

1619
01:29:46,600 --> 01:29:49,700
looking at you to see if you 
noticed which you did but which 

1620
01:29:49,700 --> 01:29:52,700
does not seem worth addressing 
the excavation of a 

1621
01:29:52,700 --> 01:29:56,200
well-preserved thermopolium in 
the Reggio 5 area of Pompeii and

1622
01:29:56,200 --> 01:30:00,200
by archaeologists in 2019 
revealed the contents of some of

1623
01:30:00,208 --> 01:30:04,800
the dolia in extraordinary 
detail duck bones pork fish 

1624
01:30:04,800 --> 01:30:09,400
snails father beans the remnants
of a meal that had been in 

1625
01:30:09,400 --> 01:30:10,700
progress. 
When the volcano ended it 

1626
01:30:10,700 --> 01:30:14,000
preserved inside the ceramic 
containers for nearly 2000 years

1627
01:30:14,000 --> 01:30:17,400
until someone lifted the lid, 
the dog painted on the front of 

1628
01:30:17,400 --> 01:30:20,600
that particular counter and the 
images of a rooster and a sea 

1629
01:30:20,600 --> 01:30:23,000
nymph on its side was still 
bright enough to photograph. 

1630
01:30:23,000 --> 01:30:26,300
The meal was still in some sense
still there. 

1631
01:30:27,200 --> 01:30:28,600
You finish your stew and move 
on. 

1632
01:30:29,800 --> 01:30:32,500
The Forum is a 10 minute. 
Walk from the thermopolium along

1633
01:30:32,500 --> 01:30:35,600
the Vietnam on Danza, told the 
Western end of the city. 

1634
01:30:36,500 --> 01:30:38,600
You have walked this route 
enough time that you do it 

1635
01:30:38,600 --> 01:30:40,900
without navigating the root 
simply happening. 

1636
01:30:40,900 --> 01:30:42,100
The way familiar routes 
happened. 

1637
01:30:42,100 --> 01:30:45,000
Your feet, knowing the turns 
before your mind is finished, 

1638
01:30:45,000 --> 01:30:48,100
requesting them the Stepping 
Stones across the intersecting 

1639
01:30:48,100 --> 01:30:51,600
streets, the fountain at the 
corner of the Viera Lottery. 

1640
01:30:52,400 --> 01:30:55,200
The full Annika who smell of 
Simply accepted as part of this 

1641
01:30:55,200 --> 01:30:58,600
section of the Walk. 
Stretch of wool between two shop

1642
01:30:58,600 --> 01:31:00,800
fronts, where someone has been 
adding to a running argument. 

1643
01:31:00,800 --> 01:31:04,400
For what looks like several 
months, the layers of response 

1644
01:31:04,400 --> 01:31:06,600
building on each other in 
different hands and different 

1645
01:31:06,600 --> 01:31:09,100
colors. 
The conversation so slow, it 

1646
01:31:09,100 --> 01:31:10,700
moves at the pace of paint 
drying. 

1647
01:31:12,000 --> 01:31:14,100
The election campaign is in full
noise. 

1648
01:31:14,100 --> 01:31:17,700
This morning, there are 
approximately 2,600, painted 

1649
01:31:17,700 --> 01:31:21,000
electoral inscriptions on the 
walls of Pompeii and a 

1650
01:31:21,000 --> 01:31:22,500
significant proportion of them 
are fresh. 

1651
01:31:23,200 --> 01:31:25,300
Elections for the city's 
magistrates happen. 

1652
01:31:25,300 --> 01:31:27,500
Every year in March, which is 
months away. 

1653
01:31:27,500 --> 01:31:31,000
But campaigns begin, whenever a 
candidate decides to begin his 

1654
01:31:31,000 --> 01:31:33,100
campaign and the city's 
professional. 

1655
01:31:33,100 --> 01:31:37,000
Sign painters the scriptures who
are hired to produce large neat.

1656
01:31:37,000 --> 01:31:40,300
Endorsements on prominent wall 
surface is have been busy the 

1657
01:31:40,300 --> 01:31:43,300
inscription, follow a 
recognizable pattern, a 

1658
01:31:43,300 --> 01:31:46,500
candidate's name the office, he 
seeking, and then a line of 

1659
01:31:46,500 --> 01:31:49,300
endorsement from what ever group
or individual is backing him. 

1660
01:31:50,100 --> 01:31:52,800
Some of these endorsements are 
straightforwardly respectable, 

1661
01:31:52,800 --> 01:31:56,500
the neighbor's of Marcus 
lucretius fronto urged to elect 

1662
01:31:56,500 --> 01:31:59,300
him a dial. 
The worshipers of Isis support, 

1663
01:31:59,300 --> 01:32:03,200
can I use the bindus, the 
goldsmiths, the marble Cutters, 

1664
01:32:03,200 --> 01:32:07,100
The Bakers, the inkeepers each 
trade, and Guild, putting its 

1665
01:32:07,100 --> 01:32:09,200
name behind its preferred 
candidate, and bright red 

1666
01:32:09,200 --> 01:32:10,700
letters on the walls of the 
Viera. 

1667
01:32:12,100 --> 01:32:15,500
Some are less obviously. 
So one inscription on the wall 

1668
01:32:15,500 --> 01:32:19,000
of a building near the Forum, 
endorses a candidate named vasir

1669
01:32:19,000 --> 01:32:22,000
with the support of the petty 
thieves of the city, another 

1670
01:32:22,000 --> 01:32:24,000
offers him. 
The enthusiastic backing of all 

1671
01:32:24,000 --> 01:32:27,600
the drunkards, the third from 
the late sleepers, whether these

1672
01:32:27,600 --> 01:32:30,100
endorsements are genuine 
expressions of support from 

1673
01:32:30,100 --> 01:32:33,500
pompei's criminal underclass, or
whether they are the work of 

1674
01:32:33,500 --> 01:32:36,500
opponents trying to damage the 
man's reputation by association 

1675
01:32:36,500 --> 01:32:39,600
is a question historians have 
been debating for some time. 

1676
01:32:39,600 --> 01:32:43,900
The wall simply say what they 
say One candidate, a man named 

1677
01:32:43,900 --> 01:32:46,600
Gaius Julius. 
Polybius has taken a more direct

1678
01:32:46,600 --> 01:32:49,100
approach. 
His endorsement simply notes 

1679
01:32:49,100 --> 01:32:52,900
that he provides good bread, not
that he is honest, not that, he 

1680
01:32:52,908 --> 01:32:56,300
is financially prudent, not that
the marble Cutters be highly of 

1681
01:32:56,300 --> 01:33:00,600
him that he provides good bread.
This is in the context of Pompei

1682
01:33:00,600 --> 01:33:03,100
and politics a genuinely 
meaningful claim. 

1683
01:33:03,100 --> 01:33:06,300
Bread was distributed as a 
political tool throughout the 

1684
01:33:06,300 --> 01:33:08,800
Roman world. 
And a candidate who controlled, 

1685
01:33:08,800 --> 01:33:11,600
or was associated with a 
reliable bakery at something 

1686
01:33:11,600 --> 01:33:13,600
tangible to offer the voting 
population. 

1687
01:33:13,600 --> 01:33:17,500
The Fresco in the house of one 
of his supporters, excavated in 

1688
01:33:17,500 --> 01:33:21,400
the 1940s, shows a man in a toga
handing bread across a counter 

1689
01:33:21,400 --> 01:33:24,200
to the electorate with the 
formal gravity of someone who 

1690
01:33:24,200 --> 01:33:28,200
understands that this gesture is
also a campaign event You pass 

1691
01:33:28,200 --> 01:33:29,600
that Fresco on your way to the 
Forum? 

1692
01:33:30,200 --> 01:33:32,800
The Forum opens up in front of 
you at the end of the Via, Della

1693
01:33:32,800 --> 01:33:36,900
Bond answer, and the scale of it
is as always slightly larger 

1694
01:33:36,900 --> 01:33:38,800
than you expect it to be after 
the narrow streets. 

1695
01:33:39,700 --> 01:33:45,000
It is a long, rectangular space,
roughly 150, metres by 38 paved 

1696
01:33:45,000 --> 01:33:48,000
in travertine Limestone, that is
pale and bright in the morning, 

1697
01:33:48,000 --> 01:33:51,500
sun and surrounded on three 
sides, by colonnaded buildings, 

1698
01:33:51,500 --> 01:33:53,300
whose function between them 
covers. 

1699
01:33:53,300 --> 01:33:55,800
Most of what, a Roman city 
government is required to do. 

1700
01:33:56,800 --> 01:33:59,800
The Temple of Jupiter at the 
Northern end, the Basilica along

1701
01:33:59,800 --> 01:34:02,700
the western side, where legal 
proceedings happen were, 

1702
01:34:02,700 --> 01:34:05,400
contracts are witnessed and 
debts are argued over and 

1703
01:34:05,400 --> 01:34:08,900
property disputes conducted with
the passionate attention that 

1704
01:34:08,900 --> 01:34:10,700
Romans bring to property 
disputes. 

1705
01:34:11,700 --> 01:34:15,100
The committee of where votes are
cast during elections, the 

1706
01:34:15,100 --> 01:34:17,800
mossallam, the market building, 
where food vendors, operate 

1707
01:34:17,800 --> 01:34:20,800
under a roof and the smell is a 
concentrated version of the 

1708
01:34:20,800 --> 01:34:24,500
smell of the whole city. 
Forum is not quiet at this hour.

1709
01:34:24,500 --> 01:34:28,900
It is never quiet the space, 
hums with the particular energy 

1710
01:34:28,900 --> 01:34:31,800
of a place where Commerce and 
Civic life and religion all 

1711
01:34:31,800 --> 01:34:35,100
happen within shouting distance 
of each other, which in Pompeii 

1712
01:34:35,100 --> 01:34:37,200
they do. 
And the shouting distance is 

1713
01:34:37,200 --> 01:34:41,500
used regularly arguments about 
prices arguments about property 

1714
01:34:41,500 --> 01:34:45,000
boundaries arguments about which
candidate deserves the vote of 

1715
01:34:45,000 --> 01:34:48,300
which killed A lawyer is making 
a point to someone near the 

1716
01:34:48,300 --> 01:34:51,200
Basilica entrance with the 
emphatic gestures of a man who 

1717
01:34:51,200 --> 01:34:54,500
has been paid to be convincing 
and is earning his fee too. 

1718
01:34:54,500 --> 01:34:56,700
Merchants are conducting a 
transaction with the focused 

1719
01:34:56,700 --> 01:34:59,300
Mutual suspicion of people who 
respect each other's business 

1720
01:34:59,300 --> 01:35:01,600
instincts. 
While trusting neither The 

1721
01:35:01,600 --> 01:35:04,600
standardized Waits are kept in 
the Forum. 

1722
01:35:05,500 --> 01:35:09,000
This is one of the more quietly 
significant facts about Pompeii 

1723
01:35:09,000 --> 01:35:11,600
and commerce. 
The city maintained official 

1724
01:35:11,600 --> 01:35:14,900
weights against which the scales
used in shops and markets, had 

1725
01:35:14,900 --> 01:35:18,400
to be periodically checked. 
System of quality control for 

1726
01:35:18,400 --> 01:35:20,500
measurement, that ensured, at 
least the theoretical 

1727
01:35:20,500 --> 01:35:22,300
possibility of honest 
transactions. 

1728
01:35:22,900 --> 01:35:26,100
How closely the official weights
and the market scales agreed in 

1729
01:35:26,100 --> 01:35:29,000
practice is a question that the 
graffiti record does not fully 

1730
01:35:29,000 --> 01:35:31,700
answer though. 
The inscription of about the man

1731
01:35:31,700 --> 01:35:34,800
whose Copper Pot was stolen from
a shop and the one about the 

1732
01:35:34,800 --> 01:35:37,600
tavern keeper who Waters his 
wine suggest that commercial 

1733
01:35:37,600 --> 01:35:41,400
trust in Pompeii had the same 
ceiling and floor that it is 

1734
01:35:41,400 --> 01:35:46,100
always had in market economies. 
You stand in the forum for a 

1735
01:35:46,100 --> 01:35:49,200
moment and let the city conduct 
itself around you, the mountain 

1736
01:35:49,200 --> 01:35:52,000
is visible from here above the 
roofline of the Temple of 

1737
01:35:52,008 --> 01:35:55,100
Jupiter to the north. 
The Familiar bulk of the Soviet 

1738
01:35:55,100 --> 01:35:57,500
Rising against the pale blue of 
the morning Sky. 

1739
01:35:57,500 --> 01:36:00,700
It has looked exactly like this 
your entire life. 

1740
01:36:00,700 --> 01:36:04,500
It looked exactly like this your
parents entire lives. 

1741
01:36:05,200 --> 01:36:08,500
The soil around, it grows grapes
and wheat of a quality that has 

1742
01:36:08,500 --> 01:36:10,400
made this region. 
One of the most productive in 

1743
01:36:10,400 --> 01:36:13,300
the Empire. 
The mountain gives and the 

1744
01:36:13,300 --> 01:36:16,900
mountains sits there as large 
and permanent and unremarkable 

1745
01:36:16,900 --> 01:36:20,400
as the Stepping Stones across 
the streets and the ruts in the 

1746
01:36:20,400 --> 01:36:22,400
basalt and the graffiti on every
wall. 

1747
01:36:23,100 --> 01:36:25,900
You have things to do this 
morning, the Forum is not where 

1748
01:36:25,900 --> 01:36:28,500
you spend your morning. 
It is where you pass through on 

1749
01:36:28,500 --> 01:36:31,700
the way to other things. 
The way a city center is always 

1750
01:36:31,700 --> 01:36:33,800
more a point of orientation than
a destination. 

1751
01:36:34,900 --> 01:36:38,100
Fixed point that the day 
arranges itself around without 

1752
01:36:38,100 --> 01:36:41,100
necessarily arriving at. 
But you pause here for a moment.

1753
01:36:41,100 --> 01:36:44,900
Anyway in the morning, light 
with the pale, Limestone under 

1754
01:36:44,900 --> 01:36:48,800
your feet and the smell of the 
coming cross the square and the 

1755
01:36:48,800 --> 01:36:50,600
lawyer making his point near the
Basilica. 

1756
01:36:50,600 --> 01:36:53,900
Because Pompeii has the 
particular quality of a place 

1757
01:36:53,908 --> 01:36:57,800
that rewards pausing in a city. 
So dense with life and argument 

1758
01:36:57,800 --> 01:37:01,100
and commerce and graffiti and 
bread and stew and election 

1759
01:37:01,100 --> 01:37:03,700
campaigns that standing still in
the middle of it. 

1760
01:37:03,700 --> 01:37:06,800
For 30 seconds is enough to 
absorb more of the first 

1761
01:37:06,800 --> 01:37:09,200
century, ad than most people 
will ever experience. 

1762
01:37:10,100 --> 01:37:13,100
The afternoon bars are still 
ahead of you after noon, belongs

1763
01:37:13,100 --> 01:37:15,000
to the bars. 
Not just yours. 

1764
01:37:15,000 --> 01:37:19,300
Everyone's The rhythm of the 
pompeian day moves toward the 

1765
01:37:19,300 --> 01:37:22,700
baths, the way water moves 
toward a drain, not urgently but

1766
01:37:22,700 --> 01:37:26,300
inevitably the mornings work and
commerce gradually releasing its

1767
01:37:26,300 --> 01:37:29,300
grip on the city as the heat of 
the afternoon builds and the 

1768
01:37:29,308 --> 01:37:32,900
Forum empties and the shops 
begin their slow lean toward 

1769
01:37:32,900 --> 01:37:35,100
closing. 
There are four public bath 

1770
01:37:35,100 --> 01:37:38,400
complexes operating in Pompey. 
On this morning, the stabian 

1771
01:37:38,400 --> 01:37:41,600
baths, oldest and largest 
sitting at the intersection of 

1772
01:37:41,600 --> 01:37:45,800
the Via Della bondanza and the 
VR dating back to roughly. 

1773
01:37:45,800 --> 01:37:49,400
The second century BC and 
rebuilt and expanded so many 

1774
01:37:49,408 --> 01:37:51,100
times. 
Since the building is 

1775
01:37:51,100 --> 01:37:53,700
essentially a palette test of 
three centuries of Roman bathing

1776
01:37:53,700 --> 01:37:58,000
preferences, The Forum baths 
smaller, but highly decorated 

1777
01:37:58,000 --> 01:38:01,800
the Suburban bars, just outside 
the city walls and the central 

1778
01:38:01,800 --> 01:38:03,900
bars. 
Newest of all still under 

1779
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:06,600
construction on the morning. 
We are describing the gun after 

1780
01:38:06,600 --> 01:38:09,600
the earthquake of 62 ad and not 
yet finished. 

1781
01:38:09,600 --> 01:38:12,900
When the day ran out, you're 
going to the stadium bars. 

1782
01:38:12,900 --> 01:38:16,400
The entrance from the Via de la,
banda dancer takes you through a

1783
01:38:16,400 --> 01:38:20,500
vestibule Into the palestra, the
open exercise Courtyard which is

1784
01:38:20,508 --> 01:38:23,900
a large rectangular space around
on three sides by a Colonnade of

1785
01:38:23,900 --> 01:38:28,500
Doric columns the stone warm in 
the afternoon sun, the courtyard

1786
01:38:28,500 --> 01:38:31,700
itself occupied by men doing the
things that men do in palestra 

1787
01:38:31,700 --> 01:38:36,300
wrestling in one corner, 
ballgames near the far, wall two

1788
01:38:36,300 --> 01:38:39,500
version of which are in progress
simultaneously with a level of 

1789
01:38:39,500 --> 01:38:42,100
territorial overlap, that seems 
either Cooperative or 

1790
01:38:42,100 --> 01:38:44,800
confrontational depending on 
which moment You observe. 

1791
01:38:45,800 --> 01:38:49,000
Someone is running circuits of 
the courtyard with the focused 

1792
01:38:49,000 --> 01:38:52,000
misery of a person who has 
decided to take exercise. 

1793
01:38:52,000 --> 01:38:54,700
Seriously and is currently in 
the part of that decision. 

1794
01:38:54,700 --> 01:38:58,000
That is least enjoyable. 
A bronze gong. 

1795
01:38:58,000 --> 01:39:01,100
Hangs near the entrance to the 
bathing rooms when the water in 

1796
01:39:01,100 --> 01:39:03,900
the caldarium and tepidarium 
reaches the correct temperature.

1797
01:39:03,900 --> 01:39:07,400
And a tendon strikes, the gong, 
and the sound carries a cross, 

1798
01:39:07,400 --> 01:39:10,900
the palestra and out, into the 
street Beyond announcing that, 

1799
01:39:10,900 --> 01:39:15,200
the baths are ready, The gong 
found in the stabian baths. 

1800
01:39:15,200 --> 01:39:18,900
Now, in the archaeological 
Museum in Naples, is a first 

1801
01:39:18,900 --> 01:39:21,300
century object, that was still 
hanging in its place when the 

1802
01:39:21,300 --> 01:39:24,500
ash reached it. someone Struck 
it every afternoon for 

1803
01:39:24,500 --> 01:39:28,300
generations and then one after 
noon, they did not You leave 

1804
01:39:28,300 --> 01:39:31,400
your clothes in the APA, diary 
of the changing room is a long 

1805
01:39:31,408 --> 01:39:35,000
rectangular space with stone 
benches along the walls and rows

1806
01:39:35,000 --> 01:39:37,200
of niches cut into the plaster 
of them. 

1807
01:39:37,200 --> 01:39:40,700
Each Niche deep enough to hold a
folded garment or a pair of 

1808
01:39:40,708 --> 01:39:43,100
sandals. 
The ceiling is Barrel vaulted 

1809
01:39:43,100 --> 01:39:46,800
and decorated with stucco work 
in white and ocher geometric 

1810
01:39:46,800 --> 01:39:49,100
patterns that have been 
Gathering a light coating of 

1811
01:39:49,100 --> 01:39:52,100
steam and times. 
Since the room was built, The 

1812
01:39:52,100 --> 01:39:54,500
floor is tiled. 
Everything in this room is 

1813
01:39:54,500 --> 01:39:57,000
oriented toward the Practical 
business of removing your 

1814
01:39:57,000 --> 01:39:58,400
clothes and storing them 
somewhere. 

1815
01:39:58,400 --> 01:40:01,300
They will still be there when 
you return, which in a public 

1816
01:40:01,300 --> 01:40:04,000
changing room is a matter of 
reasonable, but not, absolute 

1817
01:40:04,000 --> 01:40:06,400
confidence. 
There are tendons, but the 

1818
01:40:06,400 --> 01:40:09,100
attendance are busy. 
And the graffiti on the walls of

1819
01:40:09,100 --> 01:40:11,700
the changing room includes at 
least one reference to items 

1820
01:40:11,700 --> 01:40:13,900
going missing. 
Because, of course, it does 

1821
01:40:13,900 --> 01:40:17,700
you're carrying a small flask of
olive oil and a curved metal 

1822
01:40:17,700 --> 01:40:21,400
tool called astral This is how 
Romans clean themselves at the 

1823
01:40:21,400 --> 01:40:23,500
baths. 
There is no soap in the modern 

1824
01:40:23,500 --> 01:40:25,900
sense. 
What you do instead is cover 

1825
01:40:25,900 --> 01:40:29,900
your skin in oil from the flask,
allow it to sit for a moment and

1826
01:40:29,900 --> 01:40:32,600
then scrape it off along with 
the dirt and sweat using the 

1827
01:40:32,600 --> 01:40:36,100
curved blade of the schedule 
working from shoulder to wrist 

1828
01:40:36,100 --> 01:40:39,600
and hip to knee with the 
practice deficiency of a process

1829
01:40:39,600 --> 01:40:42,800
that you have been performing. 
Since childhood the oil Loose 

1830
01:40:42,800 --> 01:40:45,800
Ends, whatever the skin is 
accumulated during the day, the 

1831
01:40:45,800 --> 01:40:48,800
struggle removes it. 
The result combined with what 

1832
01:40:48,800 --> 01:40:51,400
the hot rooms are about to do is
a cleanliness that is different 

1833
01:40:51,400 --> 01:40:54,200
from what soap produces. 
But arrives at roughly, the same

1834
01:40:54,200 --> 01:40:57,900
destination. 
The tepidarium is the first 

1835
01:40:57,900 --> 01:40:59,900
room. 
It is a warm room. 

1836
01:40:59,900 --> 01:41:03,600
Not hot designed to prepare the 
body for what comes next by 

1837
01:41:03,600 --> 01:41:05,000
raising the temperature 
gradually. 

1838
01:41:05,800 --> 01:41:09,000
The walls are thick and the 
heating comes from below through

1839
01:41:09,000 --> 01:41:12,500
the hypercore, the system of 
Halo flooring supported on 

1840
01:41:12,500 --> 01:41:15,700
stacks of terracotta tiles. 
That allows hot air from the 

1841
01:41:15,700 --> 01:41:18,800
furnace room to circulate 
beneath your feet and Rise into 

1842
01:41:18,800 --> 01:41:21,100
the walls through channels built
into the plaster. 

1843
01:41:22,300 --> 01:41:26,800
Of the tepidarium is warm to 
stand on, not uncomfortable, not

1844
01:41:26,800 --> 01:41:29,700
yet. 
Just warm in the way that a room

1845
01:41:29,708 --> 01:41:32,100
can be warm when the warmth 
comes from the ground up, rather

1846
01:41:32,100 --> 01:41:35,800
than the air down a thorough and
enveloping warmth that starts at

1847
01:41:35,800 --> 01:41:38,600
the soles of your feet and moves
upward through you with a 

1848
01:41:38,600 --> 01:41:41,800
deliberate patients, the 
tepidarium of the men's section 

1849
01:41:41,800 --> 01:41:44,300
at the stadium bars is decorated
with elements. 

1850
01:41:44,300 --> 01:41:48,300
These are figures muscular male 
forms carved in Stucco and 

1851
01:41:48,300 --> 01:41:51,300
painted that stand between the 
rectangular niches along the 

1852
01:41:51,300 --> 01:41:53,600
walls. 
Each one carrying the weight of 

1853
01:41:53,600 --> 01:41:56,200
the barrel Vault on its 
shoulders with the expression of

1854
01:41:56,200 --> 01:41:59,300
someone who has been doing this 
for a very long time and has 

1855
01:41:59,300 --> 01:42:01,600
achieved a kind of resigned 
Karma about it. 

1856
01:42:03,100 --> 01:42:06,300
Sealing above them is 
elaborately, worked curved, and 

1857
01:42:06,300 --> 01:42:09,400
Crawford, and the combined 
effect of the warm air, and the 

1858
01:42:09,408 --> 01:42:11,900
dim light, and the carved 
figures holding up the world of 

1859
01:42:11,900 --> 01:42:15,000
your head, is something between 
a steam room, and a temple. 

1860
01:42:15,000 --> 01:42:18,600
Neither comfortable nor 
uncomfortable, simply present in

1861
01:42:18,600 --> 01:42:22,200
a way that the outdoor city is 
not You stay in the tepidarium 

1862
01:42:22,200 --> 01:42:25,200
until your skin is flushed and 
the muscles in your shoulders 

1863
01:42:25,200 --> 01:42:27,800
have begun to consider the 
possibility of releasing some of

1864
01:42:27,808 --> 01:42:31,300
their opinions about the day. 
The caldarium is the next room 

1865
01:42:31,300 --> 01:42:32,800
and it is considerably more 
serious. 

1866
01:42:32,800 --> 01:42:36,400
The hot room at the stadium bars
contains a large marble lined 

1867
01:42:36,400 --> 01:42:40,300
pool along one wall, the Elvis 
where bathers can lie back 

1868
01:42:40,300 --> 01:42:43,200
against the sloped sides and let
the hot water do. 

1869
01:42:43,200 --> 01:42:46,500
What hot water does which is 
disagree with tension in a way 

1870
01:42:46,508 --> 01:42:50,200
that tension eventually loses 
The far end of the room on a 

1871
01:42:50,200 --> 01:42:54,000
base, is the labrum, a large 
circular Basin filled with cool 

1872
01:42:54,000 --> 01:42:57,300
water that you can Splash onto 
your face, when the heat becomes

1873
01:42:57,300 --> 01:43:00,400
more than you want. 
The walls of the caldarium are 

1874
01:43:00,400 --> 01:43:03,600
warm to the touch, the heating 
channels inside the plastic 

1875
01:43:03,600 --> 01:43:05,700
carrying the same heat that 
comes through the floor. 

1876
01:43:05,700 --> 01:43:08,700
So that the room is warm from 
every surface simultaneously. 

1877
01:43:09,900 --> 01:43:12,700
A total warmth, that is either 
exactly what your body needed, 

1878
01:43:12,700 --> 01:43:14,800
or precisely one degree too 
much. 

1879
01:43:14,808 --> 01:43:18,600
Depending on the moment, the 
room is not quiet, the baths are

1880
01:43:18,600 --> 01:43:21,100
never quiet. 
The sound in the caldarium is 

1881
01:43:21,100 --> 01:43:24,100
the particular acoustic of a 
tiled room with water and steam.

1882
01:43:24,100 --> 01:43:27,100
All voices, arriving, slightly 
blurred and echoing 

1883
01:43:27,100 --> 01:43:31,000
conversations overlapping with 
the slap of water and the scrape

1884
01:43:31,000 --> 01:43:34,000
of strides on skin. 
People are talking about the 

1885
01:43:34,000 --> 01:43:37,000
election people are talking 
about the price of grain. 

1886
01:43:37,000 --> 01:43:40,300
Someone is talking about the 
games at the amphitheater, next 

1887
01:43:40,300 --> 01:43:42,900
month with an enthusiasm that 
suggests he has money on the 

1888
01:43:42,900 --> 01:43:46,300
outcome, a man near, the labrum 
is conducting what appears to be

1889
01:43:46,300 --> 01:43:48,600
a business negotiation with 
someone across the pool. 

1890
01:43:49,300 --> 01:43:51,800
Their voices, carrying over the 
water with the practice 

1891
01:43:51,800 --> 01:43:54,800
projection of people who 
understand that the bars are 

1892
01:43:54,800 --> 01:43:56,900
all. 
So in office, the philosopher 

1893
01:43:56,900 --> 01:44:00,100
Seneca writing about Roman baths
in an essay that has survived 

1894
01:44:00,100 --> 01:44:02,700
2000 years. 
Describe the noise of the 

1895
01:44:02,700 --> 01:44:05,700
establishment of which he was 
trying to work as including the 

1896
01:44:05,700 --> 01:44:08,800
groan of men weight. 
Lifting, the slap of hands on 

1897
01:44:08,800 --> 01:44:12,600
oil body's during massage, the 
shout of the pastry seller. 

1898
01:44:12,600 --> 01:44:16,000
The sausage man. 
The confectioner each with their

1899
01:44:16,000 --> 01:44:19,200
own distinct cry. 
He found it distracting. 

1900
01:44:20,200 --> 01:44:23,000
He also described it with a 
specificity that makes clear. 

1901
01:44:23,000 --> 01:44:26,200
He had spent considerable time 
listening to it, which suggests 

1902
01:44:26,200 --> 01:44:29,000
that whatever he said about 
distraction the baths, held him 

1903
01:44:29,000 --> 01:44:32,300
the same way, they held everyone
else, you scrape the oil, from 

1904
01:44:32,300 --> 01:44:33,800
your arms in the hot room and 
lie. 

1905
01:44:33,800 --> 01:44:36,800
Back against the sloped wall of 
the Elvis, with the warm water 

1906
01:44:36,800 --> 01:44:39,400
at your shoulders, and the 
voices of the city moving 

1907
01:44:39,400 --> 01:44:43,100
through the steam around you. 
The afternoon is at its deepest 

1908
01:44:43,100 --> 01:44:46,900
point now outside the streets of
quieter than they were this 

1909
01:44:46,900 --> 01:44:49,100
morning. 
The heaviest commercial traffic 

1910
01:44:49,100 --> 01:44:52,500
has passed, the Forum is still 
occupied, but less urgently. 

1911
01:44:52,500 --> 01:44:55,700
So, the bakery is have sold. 
Most of what they baked this 

1912
01:44:55,700 --> 01:44:57,900
morning. 
The thermopolia are between 

1913
01:44:57,900 --> 01:45:00,000
their midday rush and their 
evening service. 

1914
01:45:00,700 --> 01:45:03,000
The sun is high and hot and the 
Shadows are short. 

1915
01:45:03,000 --> 01:45:04,900
And the city is in that 
particular middle of the 

1916
01:45:04,900 --> 01:45:08,300
afternoon state that all warm 
cities enter somewhere between 

1917
01:45:08,300 --> 01:45:11,100
the mornings industry and the 
evenings Leisure a brief 

1918
01:45:11,100 --> 01:45:13,200
domestic. 
Pause in the larger of the day 

1919
01:45:13,200 --> 01:45:15,800
in here. 
The pauses longer the 

1920
01:45:15,800 --> 01:45:18,200
frigidarium is the last room. 
It is. 

1921
01:45:18,200 --> 01:45:21,000
Circular painted yellow with 
green branches along the lower 

1922
01:45:21,000 --> 01:45:24,400
walls and in the center of it. 
A cold plunge pool sits, 

1923
01:45:24,400 --> 01:45:27,700
recessed into the floor, the 
water cold enough, that stepping

1924
01:45:27,700 --> 01:45:30,600
into it after the caldarium 
produces a full body responds 

1925
01:45:30,600 --> 01:45:34,200
that is approximately equal 
parts shock and relief, the cold

1926
01:45:34,200 --> 01:45:38,000
Titans everything, the heat 
loose and the Skin closest, the 

1927
01:45:38,000 --> 01:45:40,900
blood moon moves the ancient 
writers who described this 

1928
01:45:40,900 --> 01:45:43,900
moment used words suggesting 
that the cold bath made them 

1929
01:45:43,900 --> 01:45:47,200
feel stronger and more Supple in
their limbs which is precisely 

1930
01:45:47,200 --> 01:45:49,300
what it feels like a 
recalibration. 

1931
01:45:49,300 --> 01:45:52,800
The body reminded of its own 
edges after the longest solution

1932
01:45:52,800 --> 01:45:55,800
of the hot room. 
You stand in The Frigid area for

1933
01:45:55,800 --> 01:45:57,900
a moment. 
After the plunge, dripping on 

1934
01:45:57,900 --> 01:46:01,200
the tiled floor, letting the air
of the room finish the work that

1935
01:46:01,200 --> 01:46:04,200
the water started. 
The baths are not done with the 

1936
01:46:04,200 --> 01:46:08,100
day, they will run until the 
light fails and Beyond people 

1937
01:46:08,100 --> 01:46:10,700
will come and go through the 
afternoon and into the evening. 

1938
01:46:10,700 --> 01:46:13,600
The changing room cycling 
through its population of 

1939
01:46:13,600 --> 01:46:16,600
pompeians at every level of 
wealth and occupation, the 

1940
01:46:16,600 --> 01:46:18,900
graffiti on the walls 
accumulating its record of 

1941
01:46:18,908 --> 01:46:20,800
visits and opinions and missing 
items. 

1942
01:46:22,100 --> 01:46:24,900
The furnace beneath the floors 
will be fed all afternoon by the

1943
01:46:24,900 --> 01:46:27,800
attendance who spend their 
working days in the heat of the 

1944
01:46:27,800 --> 01:46:30,200
furnace room. 
So that other people can spend 

1945
01:46:30,200 --> 01:46:32,100
their Leisure Hours In the Heat 
of the Caldera area. 

1946
01:46:32,100 --> 01:46:35,600
You collect your clothes from 
the appetite area dress and step

1947
01:46:35,600 --> 01:46:39,400
back out into the via. 
The sun has moved, while you 

1948
01:46:39,400 --> 01:46:42,900
were inside the shadows in the 
street run longer now, and the 

1949
01:46:42,908 --> 01:46:45,700
air has the particular quality 
of a late afternoon in summer, 

1950
01:46:45,700 --> 01:46:48,100
still warm. 
But with something in it, that 

1951
01:46:48,100 --> 01:46:49,600
is beginning to suggest the 
evening. 

1952
01:46:50,300 --> 01:46:53,200
The mountain to the north is the
same as it was this morning, the

1953
01:46:53,200 --> 01:46:57,100
same bulk against the same Sky. 
The city is turning toward its 

1954
01:46:57,100 --> 01:47:00,600
evening and the mountain is 
still the mountain unchanged 

1955
01:47:00,600 --> 01:47:02,600
against the same sky as always 
occupied. 

1956
01:47:03,400 --> 01:47:06,700
The papino on the corner is the 
kind of place that has no name. 

1957
01:47:06,700 --> 01:47:11,400
Anyone uses Everyone knows it by
its position, the one passed the

1958
01:47:11,400 --> 01:47:14,400
fullest shot, the one with the 
broken tile above the door that 

1959
01:47:14,400 --> 01:47:17,600
has been broken for three years.
The one where the owner Waters 

1960
01:47:17,600 --> 01:47:20,800
is wine, only a little and is 
therefore regarded as Honest by 

1961
01:47:20,800 --> 01:47:24,600
the standards of the street. 
There are approximately 120 

1962
01:47:24,600 --> 01:47:27,800
establishments of this kind 
operating in Pompeii somewhere 

1963
01:47:27,800 --> 01:47:31,400
between a thermopolium and a 
full Tavern selling Wine and 

1964
01:47:31,400 --> 01:47:34,700
Food and the particular social 
atmosphere of a room where 

1965
01:47:34,700 --> 01:47:36,500
everyone has been before and 
will be. 

1966
01:47:36,500 --> 01:47:41,100
Again you go in the interior is 
a single room with a low ceiling

1967
01:47:41,100 --> 01:47:44,300
and three wooden tables and a 
counter along the left wall with

1968
01:47:44,300 --> 01:47:46,400
two, large ceramic jars, sunk 
into it. 

1969
01:47:46,400 --> 01:47:50,100
One containing wine diluted with
water in the Roman fashion. 

1970
01:47:50,100 --> 01:47:53,600
One containing something darker 
and less diluted for the part of

1971
01:47:53,608 --> 01:47:55,700
the afternoon when the 
distinction stops mattering. 

1972
01:47:56,600 --> 01:48:00,100
Fresco's cover the walls as they
cover most walls in Pompeii 

1973
01:48:00,100 --> 01:48:03,500
though these are not the careful
mythological scenes of a wealthy

1974
01:48:03,500 --> 01:48:06,500
man's triclinium. 
These are the frescoes of a 

1975
01:48:06,500 --> 01:48:09,500
Pepino. 
Seems of men playing dice two 

1976
01:48:09,500 --> 01:48:12,600
figures to table with cups, 
between them someone gesturing 

1977
01:48:12,600 --> 01:48:15,600
at someone else, with the 
expansive imprecision of a 

1978
01:48:15,600 --> 01:48:16,900
person who has been sitting in 
this room. 

1979
01:48:16,900 --> 01:48:19,900
For some time, the figures in 
the frescoes are doing exactly 

1980
01:48:19,900 --> 01:48:23,000
what the people in the room are 
doing this may be intentional, 

1981
01:48:23,000 --> 01:48:26,300
you sit at the table near us the
door, the wine arrives in a 

1982
01:48:26,308 --> 01:48:29,600
ceramic cup without being asked 
for which is the custom and you 

1983
01:48:29,600 --> 01:48:31,800
add water from The Jug on the 
table in the ratio. 

1984
01:48:31,800 --> 01:48:35,000
That seems correct for later to 
noon, Which is less water than 

1985
01:48:35,000 --> 01:48:37,500
you would have added in the 
morning and more than you will 

1986
01:48:37,500 --> 01:48:40,800
add in the evening. 
The campaign of this region has 

1987
01:48:40,800 --> 01:48:43,200
been exported across the 
Mediterranean for centuries. 

1988
01:48:43,900 --> 01:48:46,700
The volcanic soil that makes the
farmers of the regional wealthy 

1989
01:48:46,700 --> 01:48:49,100
and the mountain that has made 
that soil water. 

1990
01:48:49,100 --> 01:48:52,200
It is a connected in a way that 
nobody in this room is thinking 

1991
01:48:52,200 --> 01:48:55,400
about while they drink The 
conversation in the popular is 

1992
01:48:55,400 --> 01:48:57,800
the conversation of people at 
the end of their working day, 

1993
01:48:57,800 --> 01:49:00,500
someone is complaining about the
price of Timber. 

1994
01:49:00,500 --> 01:49:03,400
Someone else is saying that the 
price of Timber is not the 

1995
01:49:03,400 --> 01:49:07,000
problem that the problem is the 
supplier and that the supply has

1996
01:49:07,000 --> 01:49:09,800
always been the problem and that
everyone in the room. 

1997
01:49:09,800 --> 01:49:13,600
Already knows this about the 
supplier, A young man near the 

1998
01:49:13,608 --> 01:49:16,800
back wall, is reading a letter 
allowed to an older man, who 

1999
01:49:16,800 --> 01:49:19,200
either cannot read or has 
forgotten his reading tablet. 

2000
01:49:19,200 --> 01:49:23,000
The young man's voice, low, and 
deliberate working through the 

2001
01:49:23,000 --> 01:49:25,900
words with the care of, someone 
reading another person's news 

2002
01:49:25,900 --> 01:49:28,300
for them. 
What the news is you cannot tell

2003
01:49:29,100 --> 01:49:31,600
The older man is listening with 
his hands flat on the table. 

2004
01:49:31,600 --> 01:49:34,200
There have been small Tremors in
the last few days. 

2005
01:49:34,200 --> 01:49:37,400
This is the kind of thing that 
gets mentioned in Poppy. 

2006
01:49:37,400 --> 01:49:40,300
And I briefly and without 
particular alarm, because 

2007
01:49:40,300 --> 01:49:43,300
Campania has always had Tremors,
and the people who live here 

2008
01:49:43,300 --> 01:49:45,100
have always had a casual 
relationship with them. 

2009
01:49:45,100 --> 01:49:48,000
The writer Pliny, the Younger, 
describing the region to the 

2010
01:49:48,000 --> 01:49:50,400
historian tacitus, some years 
after the events, we were 

2011
01:49:50,408 --> 01:49:53,400
approaching noted that Earth 
Tremors were not particularly 

2012
01:49:53,400 --> 01:49:55,500
alarming and compare any, 
because they are frequent. 

2013
01:49:56,300 --> 01:49:59,900
This was simply true, the 
earthquake of 6280 had been the 

2014
01:49:59,900 --> 01:50:02,900
worst in living memory and had 
caused serious damage across the

2015
01:50:02,900 --> 01:50:06,400
city and the rebuilding had 
occupied the better part of 17 

2016
01:50:06,400 --> 01:50:09,600
years. 
And even now in 79, there were 

2017
01:50:09,600 --> 01:50:12,900
building repair scaffolding, 
still up on the Temple of Venus 

2018
01:50:12,900 --> 01:50:15,900
near the four room, the central 
bars still on to construction 

2019
01:50:15,900 --> 01:50:19,400
the city carrying its recovery. 
The way, any City carries a 

2020
01:50:19,400 --> 01:50:21,800
large repair constantly in the 
background. 

2021
01:50:23,200 --> 01:50:26,200
The Tremors of the last four 
days have been smaller than that

2022
01:50:26,200 --> 01:50:30,300
much smaller, someone at the 
table near the counter, mentions

2023
01:50:30,300 --> 01:50:33,200
them in the way you mentioned. 
Whether as a fact of the day, 

2024
01:50:33,200 --> 01:50:36,500
rather than an event, there are 
some brief discussion of what 

2025
01:50:36,500 --> 01:50:39,300
the Tremors might mean, which 
for most people at this table, 

2026
01:50:39,300 --> 01:50:42,400
defaults to the religious 
interpretation, the gods 

2027
01:50:42,400 --> 01:50:45,300
conducting whatever business 
requires periodic shaking of the

2028
01:50:45,300 --> 01:50:48,200
ground, which is their 
prerogative and which the 

2029
01:50:48,200 --> 01:50:51,500
correct offerings will address. 
Someone mentions that the 

2030
01:50:51,500 --> 01:50:54,500
springs near the edge of the 
city have been running low not 

2031
01:50:54,500 --> 01:50:57,000
running at all. 
In some cases, which is strange 

2032
01:50:57,000 --> 01:50:58,400
for all August, but not 
impossible. 

2033
01:50:59,300 --> 01:51:01,700
Someone else mentioned that the 
dogs have been behaving. 

2034
01:51:01,700 --> 01:51:04,500
Oddly. 
This observation receives the 

2035
01:51:04,500 --> 01:51:08,200
response at usually receives 
which is mild agreement and then

2036
01:51:08,200 --> 01:51:10,300
a return to the subject of the 
Timber supplier. 

2037
01:51:11,300 --> 01:51:14,100
The mountain is visible through 
the open door of the popina. 

2038
01:51:14,800 --> 01:51:16,700
Not looming. 
Not threatening not doing 

2039
01:51:16,700 --> 01:51:18,700
anything that a mountain does 
not ordinarily. 

2040
01:51:18,700 --> 01:51:22,700
Do just there. 
The upper slope of a serious are

2041
01:51:22,700 --> 01:51:24,500
covered in vegetation. 
Vineyards. 

2042
01:51:24,500 --> 01:51:26,900
And Forest running up to what 
appears from here to be the 

2043
01:51:26,900 --> 01:51:29,300
summit though? 
What looks like the summit from 

2044
01:51:29,300 --> 01:51:31,900
Pompeii is actually the rim of 
the old claps crater. 

2045
01:51:31,900 --> 01:51:34,600
The true volcanic structure, 
invisible behind it. 

2046
01:51:35,500 --> 01:51:38,600
Spartacus camped on the slopes, 
with his Rebel Army more than a 

2047
01:51:38,600 --> 01:51:40,900
century ago. 
Using the mountain as a fortress

2048
01:51:40,900 --> 01:51:43,500
and the vines there grew strong 
on the same soil. 

2049
01:51:43,500 --> 01:51:44,900
That grows the grapes in the 
cup. 

2050
01:51:44,900 --> 01:51:47,900
You are currently drinking. 
The city has lived beneath this 

2051
01:51:47,900 --> 01:51:50,000
mountain for as long as the city
has existed. 

2052
01:51:50,000 --> 01:51:54,100
Not despite it but partly 
because of it the fertility of 

2053
01:51:54,100 --> 01:51:57,200
the volcanic soil is the reason 
the farm surrounding Pompeii 

2054
01:51:57,200 --> 01:51:59,800
produce what they produce. 
The reason the olive oil and 

2055
01:51:59,800 --> 01:52:02,300
wine from this region, move on 
ships across the Mediterranean. 

2056
01:52:02,300 --> 01:52:05,000
The reason the city is 
prosperous enough to have a 

2057
01:52:05,008 --> 01:52:09,600
forum and four public baths and 
80 thermopolia and 120 Poppy. 

2058
01:52:09,600 --> 01:52:12,600
And I and an Amphitheater that 
seats 20,000 people. 

2059
01:52:13,700 --> 01:52:15,400
The mountain and the city are in
a relationship. 

2060
01:52:15,400 --> 01:52:18,700
So old and so unexamined, that 
it has become invisible. 

2061
01:52:18,700 --> 01:52:21,700
The way all relationships become
invisible when they have been 

2062
01:52:21,700 --> 01:52:25,300
the same for long enough. 
The afternoon light is beginning

2063
01:52:25,300 --> 01:52:30,000
to shift not dramatically, not 
yet but the quality of the light

2064
01:52:30,000 --> 01:52:32,700
coming through the door has 
changed from the flat, white of 

2065
01:52:32,700 --> 01:52:36,400
mid-afternoon to something with 
slightly more, angled to it, the

2066
01:52:36,400 --> 01:52:38,600
shadows in the street. 
Outside running a few degrees 

2067
01:52:38,600 --> 01:52:40,300
longer than they were an hour 
ago. 

2068
01:52:40,300 --> 01:52:43,300
The oiler crossed. 
The street is moving his display

2069
01:52:43,300 --> 01:52:45,700
inside. 
The fullest shot has gone quiet.

2070
01:52:45,700 --> 01:52:49,500
You finish your wine. 
The walk back to your building 

2071
01:52:49,500 --> 01:52:52,800
takes you past the bakery on the
Via Della bondanza, which has 

2072
01:52:52,800 --> 01:52:55,400
been closed for an hour. 
Now the shutter down the 

2073
01:52:55,400 --> 01:52:58,400
mornings work done. 
Past the public fountain on the 

2074
01:52:58,400 --> 01:53:01,400
corner still running. 
Its thin constant stream into 

2075
01:53:01,400 --> 01:53:04,300
the Basin, the Overflow. 
Trickling down the gutter into 

2076
01:53:04,300 --> 01:53:07,300
the drain. 
Past the wall where the election

2077
01:53:07,300 --> 01:53:10,700
endorsements are drying in the 
afternoon, sun the red letters 

2078
01:53:10,700 --> 01:53:12,800
of the latest one. 
Still bright against the white 

2079
01:53:12,800 --> 01:53:15,000
Plaster. 
The name of the candidate and 

2080
01:53:15,000 --> 01:53:17,700
his virtues and the names of his
supporters standing, ready to 

2081
01:53:17,700 --> 01:53:20,900
greet the morning traffic, 
someone has added something new 

2082
01:53:20,900 --> 01:53:22,600
below the endorsement since this
morning. 

2083
01:53:23,400 --> 01:53:26,900
A single line, scratched into 
the plaster with a stylist in 

2084
01:53:26,900 --> 01:53:29,700
the Casual cramped, handwriting 
of someone who was walking past 

2085
01:53:29,700 --> 01:53:31,200
and had a thought and acted on 
it. 

2086
01:53:32,000 --> 01:53:34,100
You cannot read it from here, it
does not matter. 

2087
01:53:34,100 --> 01:53:37,400
There will be another one below 
that by tomorrow and another 

2088
01:53:37,400 --> 01:53:40,700
below that and the wall will go 
on accumulating its record of 

2089
01:53:40,700 --> 01:53:43,500
the city passing by. 
For as long as the city is 

2090
01:53:43,500 --> 01:53:45,900
passing by your building is 
ahead. 

2091
01:53:45,900 --> 01:53:49,300
The staircase Will Creak on 
every step, as it always does. 

2092
01:53:49,300 --> 01:53:51,400
The room will be dimmer than the
street. 

2093
01:53:51,400 --> 01:53:54,600
Your neighbor above will arrive 
home at some point in the early 

2094
01:53:54,600 --> 01:53:57,300
evening announced by the fourth 
step from the top. 

2095
01:53:57,300 --> 01:54:00,300
The oil lamp will need filling 
before it gets fully dark 

2096
01:54:00,300 --> 01:54:02,200
tomorrow. 
The bread will be in the oven 

2097
01:54:02,200 --> 01:54:04,400
Before Dawn. 
Tomorrow, the fountain will be 

2098
01:54:04,400 --> 01:54:07,400
running at the corner tomorrow. 
The mountain will be exactly 

2099
01:54:07,400 --> 01:54:10,200
where it has always been 
somewhere in the next few hours 

2100
01:54:10,200 --> 01:54:13,100
while the city settles in to its
evening and the pony fill and 

2101
01:54:13,100 --> 01:54:15,400
the oil lamps come on in the 
windows of the insulator on the 

2102
01:54:15,400 --> 01:54:18,800
theme of polio send their smells
into the darkening streets. 

2103
01:54:18,800 --> 01:54:22,200
A small Tremor moves through the
ground beneath Pompeii. 

2104
01:54:23,000 --> 01:54:26,100
The cups on the shelves, rattle 
briefly, the in the jars, 

2105
01:54:26,100 --> 01:54:29,400
Shivers the city notes, it and 
continues. 

2106
01:54:30,900 --> 01:54:33,500
The morning of the 24th begins 
like any other morning. 

2107
01:54:33,500 --> 01:54:36,200
The bakery is a firing their 
ovens Before Dawn. 

2108
01:54:36,900 --> 01:54:39,900
The public fountains are running
their constant thin streams into

2109
01:54:39,900 --> 01:54:43,000
their Stone basement. 
The staircase in your building 

2110
01:54:43,000 --> 01:54:45,600
creeks in its sequence. 
As the first people of the day 

2111
01:54:45,600 --> 01:54:49,500
descent to the street, around 
midday, the mountain opens, not 

2112
01:54:49,500 --> 01:54:52,500
with warning, not with a sound 
that gives the city time to 

2113
01:54:52,500 --> 01:54:54,800
understand what it is hearing 
before it arrives. 

2114
01:54:55,500 --> 01:54:59,000
The eruption column rises from 
Vesuvius, within minutes to a 

2115
01:54:59,000 --> 01:55:01,800
height, that Pliny the Younger 
watching from across the Bay of 

2116
01:55:01,808 --> 01:55:04,800
Naples at Massena. 
Describes in a letter written 

2117
01:55:04,800 --> 01:55:08,500
years later as resembling an 
umbrella, pine tree, a great 

2118
01:55:08,508 --> 01:55:12,400
trunk rising to enormous height 
and then spreading outward into 

2119
01:55:12,400 --> 01:55:15,200
branches. 
He is 29 kilometers away. 

2120
01:55:15,200 --> 01:55:18,600
When he writes this, the column 
reaches 20 kilometers into the 

2121
01:55:18,600 --> 01:55:21,900
sky and begins moving Southeast 
toward Pompeii. 

2122
01:55:21,900 --> 01:55:26,100
The first thing that falls on 
the city is pumice, small white,

2123
01:55:26,100 --> 01:55:28,800
porous Stones. 
Some of the size of a thumbnail 

2124
01:55:28,800 --> 01:55:32,400
and some the size of a fist 
arriving in a hail from a sky 

2125
01:55:32,400 --> 01:55:35,100
that is dark and so rapidly that
noon looks like dusk. 

2126
01:55:35,900 --> 01:55:39,100
The pumice is warm to the touch,
it falls at a rate of roughly 

2127
01:55:39,100 --> 01:55:42,800
15, cm an hour building on the 
streets and the roof tops and 

2128
01:55:42,800 --> 01:55:45,200
the four of them, and the 
awnings of the thermopolia and 

2129
01:55:45,200 --> 01:55:46,900
the courtyard of the stadium 
bars. 

2130
01:55:46,900 --> 01:55:50,200
With a steady Relentless 
accumulation that has no 

2131
01:55:50,200 --> 01:55:55,500
intention of stopping. 
City begins to empty. not all at

2132
01:55:55,500 --> 01:56:00,000
once, not in a single panicked 
way of People make decisions at 

2133
01:56:00,000 --> 01:56:02,200
different speeds and with 
different amounts of 

2134
01:56:02,200 --> 01:56:04,500
information. 
And the information available in

2135
01:56:04,500 --> 01:56:07,100
the first hour of the eruption 
is partial and confusing. 

2136
01:56:07,100 --> 01:56:10,100
The column over the mountain is 
clearly visible and clearly 

2137
01:56:10,100 --> 01:56:12,800
alarming, but the pom is fall 
while dangerous and 

2138
01:56:12,800 --> 01:56:16,000
uncomfortable is survivable, if 
you keep moving and most people 

2139
01:56:16,000 --> 01:56:17,300
who are going to leave Pompeii 
leave. 

2140
01:56:17,308 --> 01:56:20,400
Now in these first few hours, 
streaming through the city gates

2141
01:56:20,400 --> 01:56:23,300
with whatever they can carry 
moving away from the mountain 

2142
01:56:23,300 --> 01:56:25,100
along the roads leading, South 
and West. 

2143
01:56:26,100 --> 01:56:29,200
Roughly 80% of pompei's 
population escapes during this 

2144
01:56:29,200 --> 01:56:34,300
window. 20%, who stay do so for 
reasons as varied as people are 

2145
01:56:34,300 --> 01:56:36,600
varied. 
Some have elderly relatives who 

2146
01:56:36,600 --> 01:56:39,700
cannot move quickly. 
Some have valuables they cannot 

2147
01:56:39,700 --> 01:56:42,900
bring themselves to abandon. 
Some are simply waiting to see 

2148
01:56:42,900 --> 01:56:46,000
if it gets worse or better a 
calculation that the situation 

2149
01:56:46,000 --> 01:56:49,300
is continuously changing and 
which keeps yielding the wrong 

2150
01:56:49,300 --> 01:56:51,600
answer. 
Some shelter in Sellers, and 

2151
01:56:51,600 --> 01:56:54,400
stone, vaulted rooms, which 
offer protection from the 

2152
01:56:54,400 --> 01:56:57,000
falling pumice, but will offer 
no protection against. 

2153
01:56:57,000 --> 01:56:59,700
What comes later. 
Some simply do not yet believe 

2154
01:56:59,700 --> 01:57:01,300
that this is what it appears to 
be. 

2155
01:57:01,300 --> 01:57:04,800
Because the mountain has always 
been there and has never done 

2156
01:57:04,800 --> 01:57:06,700
this before in anyone's living 
memory. 

2157
01:57:07,800 --> 01:57:11,100
The pumice Falls for 
approximately 18 hours, through 

2158
01:57:11,100 --> 01:57:12,900
the afternoon and into the 
evening. 

2159
01:57:12,900 --> 01:57:15,500
And through the night, the city 
is being buried degree by 

2160
01:57:15,500 --> 01:57:17,600
degree. 
The Fountains are covered. 

2161
01:57:18,300 --> 01:57:21,400
Stepping Stones across the 
streets disappear, the election 

2162
01:57:21,400 --> 01:57:24,800
endorsements on the walls of the
Via de la bondanza are being 

2163
01:57:24,800 --> 01:57:27,400
covered letter by letter in gray
white, volcanic Stone. 

2164
01:57:28,100 --> 01:57:31,100
The 81 loaves in the bakery oven
have been in there since before 

2165
01:57:31,100 --> 01:57:33,600
noon and no one has come back to
check on them. 

2166
01:57:34,400 --> 01:57:38,000
Pliny the Younger in his letter 
to tacitus describes the 

2167
01:57:38,000 --> 01:57:41,700
darkness that falls over the 
region as the cloud spreads Not 

2168
01:57:41,700 --> 01:57:43,800
the darkness of a moonless 
night, he writes. 

2169
01:57:43,800 --> 01:57:47,600
But as if a lamp had been, put 
out in a closed room, he is 

2170
01:57:47,600 --> 01:57:51,300
describing what he sees from 
Messina across the bay in Pompei

2171
01:57:51,300 --> 01:57:52,800
itself. 
The darkness is more complete. 

2172
01:57:52,800 --> 01:57:57,100
The city that began this day lit
by the pale terracotta Dawn is 

2173
01:57:57,100 --> 01:57:58,800
now lit. 
Only by the fires on the 

2174
01:57:58,800 --> 01:58:02,300
mountain visible, through the 
falling Ash as distant moving 

2175
01:58:02,300 --> 01:58:05,800
lines of orange and red. 
And by the occasional flash of 

2176
01:58:05,800 --> 01:58:08,900
lightning inside the volcanic 
column itself, the enormous 

2177
01:58:08,900 --> 01:58:11,800
electrical discharge produced by
the Collision of Ash particles 

2178
01:58:11,800 --> 01:58:15,700
in the stratosphere at Cloud. 
The roofs, begin to fail the 

2179
01:58:15,700 --> 01:58:17,600
weight of pumice accumulating on
the flat. 

2180
01:58:17,600 --> 01:58:20,600
Clay tile rules of pompei's. 
Building's is more than the 

2181
01:58:20,600 --> 01:58:22,100
roofing structures were built to
bear. 

2182
01:58:22,900 --> 01:58:25,400
The collapses begin in the 
weakest buildings and spread. 

2183
01:58:26,100 --> 01:58:28,500
The sound of a roof giving away 
in the city that has gone. 

2184
01:58:28,500 --> 01:58:32,600
Otherwise quiet beneath its 
volcanic blanket is a particular

2185
01:58:32,600 --> 01:58:36,700
and final sound the crack of 
Timba and the sliding Cascade of

2186
01:58:36,700 --> 01:58:40,200
tile and stone muffled by the 
ash already covering everything 

2187
01:58:40,200 --> 01:58:42,700
outside. 
Some people are killed by the 

2188
01:58:42,700 --> 01:58:43,500
roof. 
Collapses. 

2189
01:58:43,500 --> 01:58:47,100
Some of the approximately 2000 
people who stayed in Pompeii. 

2190
01:58:47,100 --> 01:58:49,800
A Sheltering in the rooms of 
buildings, whose roofs come 

2191
01:58:49,808 --> 01:58:52,300
down. 
The archaeologists Giuseppe 

2192
01:58:52,300 --> 01:58:56,600
fiorelli, Excavating Pompeii. 
In the 1860s developed, the 

2193
01:58:56,600 --> 01:58:59,800
technique of pouring plaster 
into the hollow cavities left in

2194
01:58:59,800 --> 01:59:01,700
the hardened. 
Ash buy, decomposed bodies 

2195
01:59:01,700 --> 01:59:05,100
creating casts that revealed not
just the presence of the dead, 

2196
01:59:05,100 --> 01:59:07,300
but their postures in the moment
of death. 

2197
01:59:08,100 --> 01:59:10,000
Some are lying with their arms, 
over their faces. 

2198
01:59:10,000 --> 01:59:13,800
Some are curled on this side, 
some are upright pressed against

2199
01:59:13,800 --> 01:59:16,300
walls. 
The cast of Pompeii are among 

2200
01:59:16,300 --> 01:59:19,300
the most affecting objects that 
archeology has ever produced. 

2201
01:59:19,300 --> 01:59:22,500
The shape of a human life 
preserved in the thing that 

2202
01:59:22,500 --> 01:59:24,800
ended it. 
Just Before Dawn. 

2203
01:59:24,800 --> 01:59:28,100
On the 25th, the eruption 
changes character, the column 

2204
01:59:28,100 --> 01:59:30,700
that has been projecting 
material upward for 18 hours, 

2205
01:59:30,700 --> 01:59:34,100
begins to collapse under its own
weight, the cooler outer shell 

2206
01:59:34,100 --> 01:59:37,500
of Ashland gas losing its 
ability to stay suspended and 

2207
01:59:37,500 --> 01:59:41,100
falling back toward the mountain
in a dense fast moving Avalon. 

2208
01:59:42,400 --> 01:59:44,800
this collapsed generates what 
volcanologist Call of 

2209
01:59:44,800 --> 01:59:48,900
pyroclastic density, current 
Flow of superheated, gas and 

2210
01:59:48,900 --> 01:59:52,700
rock fragments moving down the 
mountain, at speeds between 100 

2211
01:59:52,700 --> 01:59:56,800
and 400 kilometers per hour at 
temperatures between 300 and 500

2212
01:59:56,800 --> 01:59:59,200
Degrees. 
The first of these currents 

2213
01:59:59,200 --> 02:00:03,100
reaches Herculaneum in minutes, 
the second and the third and the

2214
02:00:03,100 --> 02:00:05,300
fourth move outward and 
Southward. 

2215
02:00:05,300 --> 02:00:09,400
And in the brief false Dawn 
between surges when the ash fall

2216
02:00:09,400 --> 02:00:12,000
is paused and the surviving 
residents of Pompeii and the 

2217
02:00:12,000 --> 02:00:14,800
people who fled and have been 
Sheltering in the countryside, 

2218
02:00:14,800 --> 02:00:18,700
begin to wonder if it is over, 
if they might go back, if the 

2219
02:00:18,700 --> 02:00:21,700
city is still there to go back 
to the last and deadliest surge 

2220
02:00:21,700 --> 02:00:25,800
sweeps through Pompeii. 
The city is covered under 4 to 6

2221
02:00:25,800 --> 02:00:29,900
meters of volcanic material, The
Forum and the stadium Bears and 

2222
02:00:29,900 --> 02:00:33,400
the Vietnam dancer and the 
bakeries and the popping a and 

2223
02:00:33,400 --> 02:00:36,500
the insula and the election 
endorsements, and the stolen 

2224
02:00:36,500 --> 02:00:40,000
cloaks and the arguments about 
Timber prices in the 81 loaves 

2225
02:00:40,000 --> 02:00:42,600
in the oven as sealed in the 
particular darkness of things 

2226
02:00:42,600 --> 02:00:46,900
that have been buried. 
The mountain is quiet, the Bay 

2227
02:00:46,900 --> 02:00:49,700
of Naples which Pliny the Elder 
crossed in a fleet Galley to 

2228
02:00:49,700 --> 02:00:52,900
attempt to rescue and did not 
come back from returns to its 

2229
02:00:52,900 --> 02:00:54,400
ordinary color in the days that 
follow. 

2230
02:00:55,300 --> 02:00:58,900
The Sun comes back, the haze in 
the air from the eruption slowly

2231
02:00:58,900 --> 02:01:02,800
disperses the surviving 
residents of Pompeii who made it

2232
02:01:02,800 --> 02:01:05,500
out through the city Gates and 
down the roads to the South and 

2233
02:01:05,500 --> 02:01:08,000
West carry What They Carried 
with them and do not return. 

2234
02:01:09,200 --> 02:01:12,200
The city has gone, the 
rebuilding, the had been ongoing

2235
02:01:12,200 --> 02:01:14,600
since the earthquake of 62 does 
not resume. 

2236
02:01:15,400 --> 02:01:17,300
The central baths remain 
unfinished. 

2237
02:01:18,000 --> 02:01:20,300
The scaffolding on the Temple of
Venus stays up until the 

2238
02:01:20,300 --> 02:01:24,000
scaffolding rots. 
Pompeii is not rebuilt, not even

2239
02:01:24,000 --> 02:01:27,100
properly located the Ashen, 
parmes cover it. 

2240
02:01:27,100 --> 02:01:29,700
So completely that within a 
generation the site becomes 

2241
02:01:29,700 --> 02:01:33,300
approximate rather than precise.
The general area that people 

2242
02:01:33,300 --> 02:01:36,200
know was once a place rather 
than a place anyone is looking 

2243
02:01:36,200 --> 02:01:39,000
for The roads that led to it are
still there. 

2244
02:01:39,900 --> 02:01:43,100
The farms around it eventually. 
Resume, the volcanic soil is 

2245
02:01:43,100 --> 02:01:46,900
fertile after the eruption as 
before it, the mountain sits as 

2246
02:01:46,900 --> 02:01:51,100
it always sat the city sits 
underneath it, 17th centuries, 

2247
02:01:51,100 --> 02:01:54,500
pass, 17th. 
Centuries as a long time for a 

2248
02:01:54,500 --> 02:01:58,600
city to wait, Pompeii was not 
entirely forgotten during those 

2249
02:01:58,600 --> 02:02:01,300
years, people knew that 
something had been there. 

2250
02:02:02,100 --> 02:02:04,900
The roads that led to. 
It was still there Farmers, 

2251
02:02:04,900 --> 02:02:08,100
working the volcanic soil of it,
occasionally turned up fragments

2252
02:02:08,100 --> 02:02:11,300
of tile or Pottery or pieces of 
carved stone. 

2253
02:02:11,300 --> 02:02:14,200
That suggested, there was 
something below the general area

2254
02:02:14,200 --> 02:02:17,700
was known as civitas the city 
because enough people remembered

2255
02:02:17,700 --> 02:02:20,100
enough to preserve the category 
without being able to name. 

2256
02:02:20,100 --> 02:02:24,500
What was inside it. 
In 1748 workers, digging 

2257
02:02:24,500 --> 02:02:27,500
foundations for a Royal Palace 
broke through into rooms. 

2258
02:02:27,500 --> 02:02:31,100
The rooms had walls. 
The walls had colors, the colors

2259
02:02:31,100 --> 02:02:34,200
had not faded. 
This is the first extraordinary 

2260
02:02:34,200 --> 02:02:37,800
fact about Pompeii the ash that 
buried the city, sealed it from 

2261
02:02:37,800 --> 02:02:40,800
air, and moisture. 
So completely that the frescoes 

2262
02:02:40,800 --> 02:02:43,400
on the walls of houses, 
excavated in the 18th century 

2263
02:02:43,400 --> 02:02:45,200
were still bright when the ash 
came off them. 

2264
02:02:46,100 --> 02:02:49,000
The Reds and blues, and ochs of 
paintings that had been hanging 

2265
02:02:49,000 --> 02:02:52,500
in, dining rooms, and entrance 
Halls since the first century ad

2266
02:02:52,500 --> 02:02:55,200
emerged, from their volcanic 
casing with a freshness, that 

2267
02:02:55,200 --> 02:02:59,100
gutter visiting the site in the 
1780s described as astonishing. 

2268
02:03:00,400 --> 02:03:02,400
What the ash had preserved was 
not a ruin. 

2269
02:03:02,400 --> 02:03:05,600
It was a pause. 
The excavation was proceeded 

2270
02:03:05,600 --> 02:03:08,400
across the following decades 
with the enthusiasm and methods 

2271
02:03:08,400 --> 02:03:11,900
of the era, which is to say that
valuable objects, were extracted

2272
02:03:11,900 --> 02:03:14,900
and sent to Royal collections 
without much attention being 

2273
02:03:14,900 --> 02:03:16,000
paid to wear. 
Exactly. 

2274
02:03:16,000 --> 02:03:18,400
They had come from, or what 
their context meant. 

2275
02:03:19,900 --> 02:03:22,300
The frescoes that came off the 
walls of Pompeii in these early 

2276
02:03:22,300 --> 02:03:23,700
decades live. 
Now in the National 

2277
02:03:23,700 --> 02:03:27,200
archaeological Museum in Naples 
separated from the rooms they 

2278
02:03:27,200 --> 02:03:30,600
were made for from The house's 
that contain those rooms from 

2279
02:03:30,600 --> 02:03:33,400
the streets. 
Those houses stood on They're 

2280
02:03:33,400 --> 02:03:36,500
beautiful in the museum. 
They are so disconnected the way

2281
02:03:36,508 --> 02:03:39,000
any object is disconnected. 
When you remove it from the 

2282
02:03:39,000 --> 02:03:40,700
situation that gave it its 
meaning. 

2283
02:03:41,800 --> 02:03:44,900
Systematic excavation began to 
improve in the early 19th 

2284
02:03:44,900 --> 02:03:48,300
century, and transformed again, 
under Giuseppe fiorelli who 

2285
02:03:48,300 --> 02:03:52,000
became director of the site in 
1863 and spent the next decade 

2286
02:03:52,000 --> 02:03:54,500
developing the approach that 
would define how Pompey was 

2287
02:03:54,500 --> 02:03:56,900
understood. 
Theoria, Ellis, key Insight was 

2288
02:03:56,900 --> 02:04:00,800
the cavities the ash that buried
Pompeii had hardened around the 

2289
02:04:00,800 --> 02:04:03,800
bodies of those who died. 
In the eruption forming, a 

2290
02:04:03,800 --> 02:04:07,000
precise external cast of each 
person in the position, they 

2291
02:04:07,000 --> 02:04:11,400
occupied in their final moment. 
When the organic material inside

2292
02:04:11,400 --> 02:04:14,500
decomposed over, centuries it 
left a hollow in the hardened, 

2293
02:04:14,500 --> 02:04:17,200
Ash, that preserved, the exact 
shape of a human body. 

2294
02:04:18,000 --> 02:04:21,200
The curve of a shoulder, the 
position of hands, the angle of 

2295
02:04:21,200 --> 02:04:23,500
a face. 
He really began pouring. 

2296
02:04:23,500 --> 02:04:25,100
Liquid Plastering to these 
Hollows. 

2297
02:04:26,100 --> 02:04:28,300
What emerged when the 
surrounding Ash was carefully 

2298
02:04:28,300 --> 02:04:29,500
removed? 
Were not statues. 

2299
02:04:29,500 --> 02:04:33,900
They were presents as a man with
his arms to protect his face 

2300
02:04:33,900 --> 02:04:37,000
from the pyroclastic. 
Surge, a woman curled on her 

2301
02:04:37,000 --> 02:04:39,300
side. 
A Child of perhaps, three years 

2302
02:04:39,300 --> 02:04:42,900
old, a couple who died in each. 
Other's arms, in a Cellar, on 

2303
02:04:42,900 --> 02:04:46,200
the edge of the city, the ash 
recording, the exact posture of 

2304
02:04:46,200 --> 02:04:48,600
two people who chose not to face
the end separately. 

2305
02:04:49,200 --> 02:04:51,500
Fiorelli made more than 100 of 
these casts. 

2306
02:04:51,500 --> 02:04:55,400
During his directorship, the 22,
best preserved are now displayed

2307
02:04:55,400 --> 02:04:58,500
in the great gymnasium at 
Pompeii and the rest remained in

2308
02:04:58,508 --> 02:04:59,700
the places where they were 
found. 

2309
02:05:00,600 --> 02:05:03,600
The dog was found chained. 
The dog whose owner had 

2310
02:05:03,600 --> 02:05:06,600
apparently not been able to 
release it before leaving or had

2311
02:05:06,600 --> 02:05:09,500
not thought to or it believed. 
There would be time later and 

2312
02:05:09,500 --> 02:05:12,700
there was not was found by 
excavators, still attached to 

2313
02:05:12,700 --> 02:05:17,000
the chain, that attached it to a
stake in its yard contorted in 

2314
02:05:17,000 --> 02:05:20,200
its final position. 
The cast of the dog is one of 

2315
02:05:20,208 --> 02:05:22,100
the most visited objects at 
Pompeii. 

2316
02:05:22,100 --> 02:05:26,100
It is also one of the most 
ordinary a domestic animal in a 

2317
02:05:26,100 --> 02:05:28,700
domestic situation. 
The kind of thing that happens 

2318
02:05:28,700 --> 02:05:30,600
every day in every city in the 
world. 

2319
02:05:30,600 --> 02:05:34,400
The routine constraint of a pet 
made permanent by catastrophe. 

2320
02:05:34,400 --> 02:05:36,900
The dog was doing what changed 
dogs do? 

2321
02:05:36,900 --> 02:05:40,200
It was simply there. 
When the city stopped the bread 

2322
02:05:40,200 --> 02:05:42,700
was in the oven. 
The 81 loaves of Palace 

2323
02:05:42,700 --> 02:05:44,500
quadratus that were baking in 
the oven of one. 

2324
02:05:44,500 --> 02:05:47,900
Bakery on the morning of the 
24th were found by excavators in

2325
02:05:47,900 --> 02:05:50,300
the mid-19th century when the 
sealed album was opened. 

2326
02:05:51,100 --> 02:05:53,600
They had been in there for 
approximately 1800 years. 

2327
02:05:53,600 --> 02:05:58,200
They were carbonized black and 
compressed, but unmistakably 

2328
02:05:58,200 --> 02:06:01,900
lows the scoring pattern across 
their surface is still visible. 

2329
02:06:01,900 --> 02:06:05,100
The division into 8 portions 
that allowed them to be broken 

2330
02:06:05,100 --> 02:06:06,900
by hand. 
Still clear in the carbon 

2331
02:06:07,600 --> 02:06:09,900
They're in the National 
archaeological Museum in Naples.

2332
02:06:09,900 --> 02:06:12,300
They are still recognizably 
bred. 

2333
02:06:12,300 --> 02:06:16,500
The graffiti is still readable 
more than 11,000 inscriptions 

2334
02:06:16,500 --> 02:06:20,000
survive on the walls of Pompeii 
protected by the same Ash that 

2335
02:06:20,000 --> 02:06:21,600
covered and preserved everything
else. 

2336
02:06:21,600 --> 02:06:25,700
The man whose cloak was stolen 
at the baths, the petty thieves 

2337
02:06:25,700 --> 02:06:29,100
endorsing fatty for ideal the 
Declaration that a candidate 

2338
02:06:29,100 --> 02:06:31,900
provides good bread. 
The assertion that a certain 

2339
02:06:31,900 --> 02:06:34,300
Tavern. 
Keeper Waters his wine, the line

2340
02:06:34,300 --> 02:06:37,400
about owls and alacenas. 
The I was here of Gaius per 

2341
02:06:37,400 --> 02:06:39,800
Medias diplus who noted the 
exact date of his visit. 

2342
02:06:40,600 --> 02:06:42,800
The running arguments and 
Declarations of love and 

2343
02:06:42,800 --> 02:06:45,900
election, endorsements, and 
gladiatorial, statistics and 

2344
02:06:45,900 --> 02:06:48,500
shopping lists and complaints 
that the ash stopped, 

2345
02:06:48,500 --> 02:06:50,900
mid-sentence and kept exactly as
they were. 

2346
02:06:51,700 --> 02:06:54,800
When excavators open the rooms 
of Pompei in the 18th and 19th 

2347
02:06:54,800 --> 02:06:58,100
centuries and found these walls,
they found a city still in the 

2348
02:06:58,100 --> 02:07:01,500
middle of its conversation, the 
conversations and simply been 

2349
02:07:01,500 --> 02:07:05,100
paused rather than concluded. 
The graffiti was still making 

2350
02:07:05,100 --> 02:07:08,200
its points to whoever was 
standing in front of it, 2000 

2351
02:07:08,200 --> 02:07:09,800
years. 
After the person who wrote it 

2352
02:07:09,800 --> 02:07:11,900
had stopped caring about the 
outcome. 

2353
02:07:12,800 --> 02:07:15,400
What Pompeii gave the world when
it came back was not just an 

2354
02:07:15,400 --> 02:07:18,100
archaeological site. 
It was a new way of thinking 

2355
02:07:18,100 --> 02:07:20,800
about the past as something that
could be inhabited rather than 

2356
02:07:20,800 --> 02:07:24,100
merely studied the city's 
Discovery, in the mid 18th 

2357
02:07:24,100 --> 02:07:25,400
century arrived. 
At exactly. 

2358
02:07:25,400 --> 02:07:28,900
The moment when European art and
architecture was searching for a

2359
02:07:28,900 --> 02:07:31,100
new vocabulary and Pompeii 
provided one. 

2360
02:07:31,700 --> 02:07:34,500
The neoclassical movement that 
swept through painting and 

2361
02:07:34,500 --> 02:07:37,300
design and architecture in the 
late, 18th, and early 19th 

2362
02:07:37,300 --> 02:07:39,500
century. 
Drew directly from the excavated

2363
02:07:39,500 --> 02:07:42,600
rooms of Pompeii. 
The Vivid wall paintings that 

2364
02:07:42,600 --> 02:07:45,400
came out of the ash, the 
geometric borders, and their 

2365
02:07:45,400 --> 02:07:48,800
illusionistic Landscapes and 
their mythological scenes ended 

2366
02:07:48,800 --> 02:07:52,100
up reproduced in country houses 
in England and parlors in France

2367
02:07:52,100 --> 02:07:54,600
and public buildings Across the 
Western world. 

2368
02:07:55,600 --> 02:07:58,600
City that had been sealed for 
17th centuries, shaped the 

2369
02:07:58,608 --> 02:08:01,900
Aesthetics of a civilization, 
the excavations have never 

2370
02:08:01,900 --> 02:08:04,500
stopped. 
New sections of Pompeii are 

2371
02:08:04,500 --> 02:08:08,300
still being uncovered in 2019. 
The contents of the thermopolium

2372
02:08:08,300 --> 02:08:11,600
in the Reggio 5 area were 
revealed the duck bones, and the

2373
02:08:11,608 --> 02:08:13,600
pork and the snails still in the
doli. 

2374
02:08:13,600 --> 02:08:18,700
After 2000 years in 2021, the 
room of two men was found their 

2375
02:08:18,700 --> 02:08:20,100
bodies. 
Preserved in positions, 

2376
02:08:20,100 --> 02:08:23,500
suggesting they died in an 
embrace one older and one 

2377
02:08:23,500 --> 02:08:25,900
younger. 
Possibly a master and a Slave. 

2378
02:08:27,000 --> 02:08:30,700
In 2023 a richly decorated 
Banquet Hall was uncovered, with

2379
02:08:30,700 --> 02:08:33,300
frescoes of mythological 
figures, still Vivid on its 

2380
02:08:33,300 --> 02:08:35,800
walls. 
The city has been giving up its 

2381
02:08:35,800 --> 02:08:38,400
rooms for nearly three centuries
and has not yet. 

2382
02:08:38,400 --> 02:08:41,700
Given up all of them somewhere 
under the ash that has not yet 

2383
02:08:41,700 --> 02:08:44,100
been moved. 
There are still rooms with their

2384
02:08:44,100 --> 02:08:46,500
doors closed and their walls 
painted and their objects. 

2385
02:08:46,500 --> 02:08:49,100
Were someone left them on a 
morning in 79 ad. 

2386
02:08:50,500 --> 02:08:52,800
The morning that began like any 
other morning. 

2387
02:08:53,600 --> 02:08:58,100
Bread in the oven, The Fountains
running the staircase, creaking 

2388
02:08:58,100 --> 02:09:01,800
the election endorsements drying
on the walls of the Via Della 

2389
02:09:01,800 --> 02:09:04,700
and Dancer. 
There is a particular thing that

2390
02:09:04,700 --> 02:09:07,400
Pompeii does to the people who 
visit it, that no other 

2391
02:09:07,400 --> 02:09:10,900
archaeological site quite 
replicates, other sites, show 

2392
02:09:10,900 --> 02:09:14,600
you what was Pompeii shows. 
You what was interrupted the 

2393
02:09:14,600 --> 02:09:16,000
difference between those two 
things. 

2394
02:09:16,000 --> 02:09:19,000
Is the difference between 
reading a completed sentence and

2395
02:09:19,000 --> 02:09:22,200
reading a sentence that stops in
the middle of a word and leaves 

2396
02:09:22,200 --> 02:09:24,800
you standing in the Silence of 
what was about to come next. 

2397
02:09:25,700 --> 02:09:27,200
He walked those streets this 
morning. 

2398
02:09:27,200 --> 02:09:30,300
You ate bread from a bakery. 
That was still making bread when

2399
02:09:30,300 --> 02:09:33,800
the ash arrived you sat in a 
Pepino and drank wine, while the

2400
02:09:33,800 --> 02:09:37,200
mountain stood where it always 
stood Elaine warm water in the 

2401
02:09:37,208 --> 02:09:40,200
caldarium of the stabian baths. 
While the city went about its 

2402
02:09:40,200 --> 02:09:44,100
afternoon, you read the walls, 
you noted the Tremors, you went 

2403
02:09:44,100 --> 02:09:47,700
home up a staircase that 
announced every step, the city 

2404
02:09:47,700 --> 02:09:50,500
was alive around you. 
It was a live around everyone 

2405
02:09:50,500 --> 02:09:53,000
who was ever in it. 
Everyone who bought bread on the

2406
02:09:53,000 --> 02:09:56,600
Via de la bandeja, and voted in 
the Forum and argued about the 

2407
02:09:56,600 --> 02:09:59,700
price of Timber and popping. 
I and carried coal up six, 

2408
02:09:59,700 --> 02:10:03,000
flights of stairs and first 
century Warsaw and watch the 

2409
02:10:03,000 --> 02:10:06,600
glowing vials in a leaking shed 
and lay in a Garret in Paris 

2410
02:10:06,600 --> 02:10:09,800
with a chair piled, on the 
blanket against the cold and sat

2411
02:10:09,800 --> 02:10:13,100
on a bench in a English. 
Midlands, listening to a fire 

2412
02:10:13,100 --> 02:10:16,700
burn low and the building settle
people have always been in the 

2413
02:10:16,700 --> 02:10:18,900
middle of their lives. 
The ash comes in different 

2414
02:10:18,900 --> 02:10:21,200
forms. 
If you're still awake, my tired 

2415
02:10:21,200 --> 02:10:25,000
dumplings that is Pompeii. 
If the baths took you somewhere 

2416
02:10:25,000 --> 02:10:28,000
and the bread, brought you back 
and the wine at the popina, sent

2417
02:10:28,000 --> 02:10:30,800
you off again, good. 
That is exactly what it was 

2418
02:10:30,808 --> 02:10:33,500
supposed to do. 
If you have a thumb or a finger 

2419
02:10:33,500 --> 02:10:36,800
available, from whatever warm 
situation you are currently in a

2420
02:10:36,800 --> 02:10:38,900
like or subscribe helps this 
channel more than you might 

2421
02:10:38,908 --> 02:10:41,700
think it is the ancient 
equivalent of painting, a good 

2422
02:10:41,700 --> 02:10:44,700
endorsement on a city wall and 
we all know how long those last 

2423
02:10:44,700 --> 02:10:53,000
good night. tonight, you will 
Journey Through The Quiet 

2424
02:10:53,000 --> 02:10:56,900
history of the tools we used to 
eat From the earliest carved 

2425
02:10:56,900 --> 02:10:59,600
spoons to the gleaming 
silverware on modern tables. 

2426
02:10:59,600 --> 02:11:02,700
These simple objects have 
witnessed thousands of years of 

2427
02:11:02,700 --> 02:11:04,700
human Ingenuity and social 
change. 

2428
02:11:05,400 --> 02:11:08,200
Settle in as we explore how 
Humanity learned to dine with 

2429
02:11:08,200 --> 02:11:12,100
Grace. you're sitting at a table
right now or perhaps lying in 

2430
02:11:12,100 --> 02:11:16,600
bed and within our Arms Reach, 
there are probably utensils Fork

2431
02:11:16,600 --> 02:11:19,700
rests in your kitchen drawer, a 
spoon sits in your sink. 

2432
02:11:19,700 --> 02:11:22,600
These objects are so ordinary 
that you barely notice them 

2433
02:11:22,600 --> 02:11:24,800
anymore. 
But there was a time when eating

2434
02:11:24,800 --> 02:11:26,700
with your hands was not just 
acceptable. 

2435
02:11:26,700 --> 02:11:31,500
It was the only option Humanity 
had picture yourself. 60,000 

2436
02:11:31,500 --> 02:11:35,300
years ago, your hungry, the 
fires, just finished cooking, a 

2437
02:11:35,300 --> 02:11:37,800
piece of meat, you reached 
toward the flames and 

2438
02:11:37,800 --> 02:11:41,200
immediately pulled back. 
The heat is too intense, your 

2439
02:11:41,200 --> 02:11:43,300
fingers cannot grasp the food 
without burning. 

2440
02:11:44,500 --> 02:11:47,400
This is a problem that needs 
solving you look around and spot

2441
02:11:47,400 --> 02:11:50,200
a stick, a simple piece of wood 
lying on the ground. 

2442
02:11:50,200 --> 02:11:53,700
You pick it up and use it to 
spear the meat, pulling it away 

2443
02:11:53,700 --> 02:11:56,500
from the fire. 
In this moment you have just 

2444
02:11:56,500 --> 02:11:59,100
invented one of Humanity's first
eating tools. 

2445
02:11:59,100 --> 02:12:03,400
This stick is not elegant, it 
has no name yet but it works 

2446
02:12:03,400 --> 02:12:06,500
archaeological evidence from 
sight across Africa and Europe 

2447
02:12:06,500 --> 02:12:09,700
shows that early humans. 
Used pointed sticks and sharp 

2448
02:12:09,700 --> 02:12:13,300
stones for eating These were not
specialized tools made 

2449
02:12:13,300 --> 02:12:16,300
specifically for dining. 
They were multi-purpose 

2450
02:12:16,300 --> 02:12:18,700
implements that served many 
functions throughout the day, 

2451
02:12:18,700 --> 02:12:21,900
the same stick that speared. 
Your dinner might have been used

2452
02:12:21,900 --> 02:12:24,500
earlier to dig for roots or 
defend against animals. 

2453
02:12:25,600 --> 02:12:28,200
As humans developed more 
sophisticated hunting 

2454
02:12:28,200 --> 02:12:30,400
techniques, the tools became 
more refined. 

2455
02:12:31,300 --> 02:12:34,000
Sharp Flint blades could cut 
through tough meat and animal 

2456
02:12:34,000 --> 02:12:37,900
hide hollowed out shells. 
Served as crude bowls for water 

2457
02:12:37,900 --> 02:12:41,200
or soft foods. 
Flat Stones worked as primitive 

2458
02:12:41,200 --> 02:12:43,300
plates. 
These Innovations happened 

2459
02:12:43,300 --> 02:12:46,300
slowly over thousands of years 
spread across different 

2460
02:12:46,300 --> 02:12:49,700
continents and cultures. 
The interesting part is not just

2461
02:12:49,700 --> 02:12:53,100
what early humans used to eat. 
It is how they shared food. 

2462
02:12:53,100 --> 02:12:56,100
Communally eating was essential 
for survival. 

2463
02:12:56,900 --> 02:12:59,500
A successful hunt, meant 
dividing the meat among the 

2464
02:12:59,500 --> 02:13:03,100
group, everyone ate together. 
Often directly from a shared 

2465
02:13:03,100 --> 02:13:06,400
carcass or Cooking Pit. 
The concept of individual 

2466
02:13:06,400 --> 02:13:10,300
portions, did not exist yet. 
Neither did the idea that each 

2467
02:13:10,300 --> 02:13:14,000
person needed their own set of 
eating implements your hands 

2468
02:13:14,000 --> 02:13:16,000
remained. 
The primary tool for most Foods,

2469
02:13:16,000 --> 02:13:19,800
fingers could test soft bread, 
scoop, porridge, and pinch. 

2470
02:13:19,800 --> 02:13:23,800
Small morsels archaeological, 
research by Kathleen, Sterling 

2471
02:13:23,800 --> 02:13:26,700
at Binghamton University found 
evidence that even when early 

2472
02:13:26,700 --> 02:13:29,700
tools existed hands were still 
preferred for many types of 

2473
02:13:29,700 --> 02:13:32,200
food. 
The tactile connection between 

2474
02:13:32,200 --> 02:13:35,900
hand and mouth felt natural. 
It still does today in many 

2475
02:13:35,900 --> 02:13:39,800
cultures around the world. 
But hands had limitations hot 

2476
02:13:39,800 --> 02:13:42,000
foods. 
Were difficult to manage liquids

2477
02:13:42,000 --> 02:13:46,200
could not be transported easily.
Sticky or greasy foods made a 

2478
02:13:46,200 --> 02:13:48,500
mess. 
These practical problems, pushed

2479
02:13:48,500 --> 02:13:51,100
humans to innovate. 
The solutions they developed 

2480
02:13:51,100 --> 02:13:53,600
would eventually become the 
spoons, knives and forks. 

2481
02:13:53,600 --> 02:13:57,600
We recognize today. 
The transition from hands tools 

2482
02:13:57,600 --> 02:13:59,800
was not uniform across different
societies. 

2483
02:14:00,500 --> 02:14:03,300
Some cultures adopted eating 
implements earlier than others, 

2484
02:14:03,300 --> 02:14:06,600
based on the type of food, they 
ate and the resources available 

2485
02:14:06,600 --> 02:14:09,400
to them. 
Groups that consumed more soups 

2486
02:14:09,400 --> 02:14:11,300
and stews needed. 
Scooping tool sooner. 

2487
02:14:12,100 --> 02:14:14,100
The societies. 
That hunted large game, required

2488
02:14:14,100 --> 02:14:17,000
better cutting, implements. 
The environment shape, the 

2489
02:14:17,000 --> 02:14:20,200
evolution of dining tools just 
as much as human creativity did.

2490
02:14:21,100 --> 02:14:24,200
Sneaking archaeological finds 
from Paleolithic cave sites in 

2491
02:14:24,200 --> 02:14:27,600
Spain have revealed collections 
of shells with worn edges, 

2492
02:14:27,600 --> 02:14:29,900
suggesting repeated use of 
spoons. 

2493
02:14:29,900 --> 02:14:33,000
These shells date back 
approximately 30,000 years, 

2494
02:14:33,000 --> 02:14:37,300
someone found them clean them, 
and use them regularly enough to

2495
02:14:37,300 --> 02:14:40,600
wear down the natural ridges. 
This tells us that even in 

2496
02:14:40,600 --> 02:14:43,700
prehistoric times, humans 
recognized the value of keeping 

2497
02:14:43,700 --> 02:14:46,600
useful tools rather than 
discarding them after a single 

2498
02:14:46,600 --> 02:14:48,900
use. 
The concept of ownership. 

2499
02:14:48,900 --> 02:14:52,200
Also began to develop around 
these early tools, a well-made 

2500
02:14:52,200 --> 02:14:54,100
cutting, stone, or a, 
particularly good scooping. 

2501
02:14:54,100 --> 02:14:56,600
Shell might belong to a specific
person within a group. 

2502
02:14:57,400 --> 02:15:00,200
This represented one of the 
first instances of personal 

2503
02:15:00,200 --> 02:15:03,300
property related to eating, your
shell was yours. 

2504
02:15:03,300 --> 02:15:06,600
Someone else had their own, this
small distinction would 

2505
02:15:06,600 --> 02:15:09,600
eventually grow into elaborate 
systems of individual place 

2506
02:15:09,600 --> 02:15:13,200
settings, thousands of years 
later, fire changed, everything 

2507
02:15:13,200 --> 02:15:17,900
about how humans ate cooked food
was, softer easier to chew and 

2508
02:15:17,900 --> 02:15:20,800
safer to consume. 
But it also created new 

2509
02:15:20,800 --> 02:15:25,800
challenges, hot foods, burned 
fingers got mixed into meals, 

2510
02:15:25,800 --> 02:15:29,300
cooking over open Flames 
required ways to manipulate food

2511
02:15:29,300 --> 02:15:30,900
without getting too close to the
Heat. 

2512
02:15:32,100 --> 02:15:35,200
Evolved into longer implements 
with various ends, designed for 

2513
02:15:35,200 --> 02:15:39,600
specific tasks, a forked stick 
could flip food, a flattened 

2514
02:15:39,600 --> 02:15:41,900
piece of wood could scrape out. 
The contents of a cooking 

2515
02:15:41,900 --> 02:15:44,200
vessel. 
You can still see Echoes of 

2516
02:15:44,200 --> 02:15:47,700
these early Innovations. 
In modern cooking tools, tongs, 

2517
02:15:47,700 --> 02:15:51,400
spatulas and serving spoons, all
Trace their ancestry back to 

2518
02:15:51,400 --> 02:15:53,900
those first modified sticks used
around prehistoric. 

2519
02:15:53,900 --> 02:15:56,900
Cooking fires, the basic 
mechanical advantage of 

2520
02:15:56,900 --> 02:16:00,400
extending your reach with the 
tool is as useful today as it 

2521
02:16:00,408 --> 02:16:03,600
was tens of thousands of years 
ago, but we are getting ahead of

2522
02:16:03,608 --> 02:16:06,000
ourselves. 
Before specialized dining 

2523
02:16:06,000 --> 02:16:09,200
implements, could develop humans
needed to establish settle 

2524
02:16:09,200 --> 02:16:11,600
communities with more complex, 
social structures. 

2525
02:16:11,600 --> 02:16:15,300
That process took thousands of 
years and happened at different 

2526
02:16:15,300 --> 02:16:17,700
rates across the globe. 
Let us move forward. 

2527
02:16:17,700 --> 02:16:20,300
In time to win the first true, 
spoons, began to appear. 

2528
02:16:21,600 --> 02:16:25,400
The spoon is probably the oldest
specialized eating utensil that 

2529
02:16:25,400 --> 02:16:27,600
humans deliberately crafted for 
dining. 

2530
02:16:28,600 --> 02:16:32,200
Unlike a knife which served many
purposes, a spoon had one 

2531
02:16:32,200 --> 02:16:35,100
primary function. 
It moved, liquid or soft food 

2532
02:16:35,100 --> 02:16:38,500
from a container to your mouth. 
This simple tool appears 

2533
02:16:38,500 --> 02:16:41,100
independently in multiple 
ancient civilizations, 

2534
02:16:41,100 --> 02:16:44,100
suggesting that its solved a 
universal human problem. 

2535
02:16:45,100 --> 02:16:47,700
The earlier spoons were made 
from materials readily available

2536
02:16:47,700 --> 02:16:49,400
in nature. 
Shells. 

2537
02:16:49,400 --> 02:16:52,400
Were popular in coastal regions,
their natural concave shape 

2538
02:16:52,400 --> 02:16:55,700
required, minimal modification. 
A hole drilled near the base 

2539
02:16:55,700 --> 02:16:57,200
allowed. 
A chord to pass through for 

2540
02:16:57,200 --> 02:17:00,500
hanging or carrying Wooden 
Spoons, appeared in forested 

2541
02:17:00,500 --> 02:17:03,900
areas, where suitable would 
could be carved animal bones, 

2542
02:17:03,900 --> 02:17:05,900
particularly the shoulder blades
of large. 

2543
02:17:05,900 --> 02:17:09,200
Mammals were shaped into spoon 
like implements in regions where

2544
02:17:09,200 --> 02:17:12,400
herding was common. 
Egyptian tomb paintings from 

2545
02:17:12,400 --> 02:17:15,900
around 3,000 years before the 
Common Era show servants holding

2546
02:17:15,900 --> 02:17:19,000
long-handled spoons. 
These were not the small spoons 

2547
02:17:19,000 --> 02:17:21,100
you use for tea, they were 
substantial. 

2548
02:17:21,100 --> 02:17:24,000
Implements designed for serving 
food, from large communal 

2549
02:17:24,000 --> 02:17:26,799
vessels. 
The handles stretched two feet, 

2550
02:17:26,799 --> 02:17:31,000
long or more, the Bulls were 
wide and shallow archaeological,

2551
02:17:31,000 --> 02:17:34,200
excavations at various Egyptian 
sights have recovered actual 

2552
02:17:34,200 --> 02:17:36,900
examples made from wood, Ivory 
and Stone. 

2553
02:17:37,500 --> 02:17:40,400
The wealthy Egyptians had 
decorative spoons, carved from 

2554
02:17:40,407 --> 02:17:42,400
hippopotamus, Ivory or precious 
metals. 

2555
02:17:42,400 --> 02:17:46,100
These were status symbols as 
much as functional tools. 

2556
02:17:46,900 --> 02:17:50,000
A particularly elaborate example
in the British museum features a

2557
02:17:50,000 --> 02:17:53,500
handle carved into the shape of 
a swimming girl pushing a 

2558
02:17:53,500 --> 02:17:55,000
duck-shaped bowl in front of 
her. 

2559
02:17:55,700 --> 02:17:58,700
This spoon was probably never 
used for eating, it may have 

2560
02:17:58,700 --> 02:18:00,600
held Cosmetics or incense 
instead. 

2561
02:18:01,500 --> 02:18:04,400
But it shows how early humans 
understood that utilitarian 

2562
02:18:04,400 --> 02:18:07,799
objects could also be beautiful 
Greek and Roman civilizations 

2563
02:18:07,799 --> 02:18:11,700
took spoon design further, the 
Romans developed two distinct 

2564
02:18:11,700 --> 02:18:13,600
types. 
The larger one was called a 

2565
02:18:13,608 --> 02:18:16,900
lingula, it had a pointed handle
that could be used to extract 

2566
02:18:16,900 --> 02:18:21,000
shellfish from shells or reach 
into narrow necked bottles, the 

2567
02:18:21,000 --> 02:18:23,799
smaller version called a 
Cochlear had a handle with a 

2568
02:18:23,808 --> 02:18:27,000
sharp end specifically designed 
for eating eggs and shellfish. 

2569
02:18:27,900 --> 02:18:31,100
This Dual Purpose design, showed
sophisticated thinking about how

2570
02:18:31,100 --> 02:18:33,200
eating tools could serve 
multiple functions. 

2571
02:18:34,299 --> 02:18:37,100
Roman spoons were made from 
various materials depending on 

2572
02:18:37,100 --> 02:18:39,900
the owners wealth. 
Bronze was common among middle 

2573
02:18:39,900 --> 02:18:40,799
class. 
Families. 

2574
02:18:40,799 --> 02:18:43,000
Silver was reserved for the 
wealthy. 

2575
02:18:43,799 --> 02:18:46,500
The poorest Romans made with 
Wooden Spoons or simply used 

2576
02:18:46,500 --> 02:18:50,200
bread to scoop their food. 
archaeological site across the 

2577
02:18:50,200 --> 02:18:52,900
former Roman Empire, have 
yielded thousands of spoon 

2578
02:18:52,900 --> 02:18:56,200
examples telling us that these 
implements were widespread and 

2579
02:18:56,200 --> 02:19:00,900
commonly used Here is something 
interesting Romans did not use 

2580
02:19:00,900 --> 02:19:03,400
spoons for everything. 
They still ate much of their 

2581
02:19:03,400 --> 02:19:07,500
food with their hands, even at 
elaborate, Banquets, the spoon 

2582
02:19:07,500 --> 02:19:10,100
was specifically for foods that 
could not be easily, managed, 

2583
02:19:10,100 --> 02:19:14,600
otherwise, thick stews porridge 
eggs and certain sources 

2584
02:19:14,600 --> 02:19:17,799
required, a scooping tool, 
everything else was finger food.

2585
02:19:17,808 --> 02:19:21,200
The idea that all food should be
eaten with utensils was still 

2586
02:19:21,200 --> 02:19:24,400
many centuries away. 
Chinese civilization developed 

2587
02:19:24,400 --> 02:19:27,799
spoons independently and much 
earlier than Western cultures 

2588
02:19:27,799 --> 02:19:32,600
archaeological evidence from the
Shang Dynasty roughly 3,500 

2589
02:19:32,600 --> 02:19:35,100
years ago. 
Shows bronze spoon's being used 

2590
02:19:35,100 --> 02:19:38,100
at Royal courts. 
These spoons had deeper bowls 

2591
02:19:38,100 --> 02:19:39,900
and shorter handles than their 
Western counterparts. 

2592
02:19:41,200 --> 02:19:43,900
The design made sense for the 
types of food eaten in Chinese 

2593
02:19:43,900 --> 02:19:48,200
cuisine, rice porridge suits. 
And other liquid based dishes 

2594
02:19:48,200 --> 02:19:51,600
were Staples of the diet. 
Chinese spoon's were all made 

2595
02:19:51,600 --> 02:19:54,400
from ceramic materials, which 
was unusual for the Time. 

2596
02:19:54,400 --> 02:19:57,600
Pottery technology in ancient. 
China was highly advanced. 

2597
02:19:58,300 --> 02:20:01,300
Glade ceramic spoons, could be 
mass produced more easily than 

2598
02:20:01,300 --> 02:20:04,000
metal ones. 
They did not rust or corrode, 

2599
02:20:04,000 --> 02:20:06,600
they were smooth and pleasant to
put in your mouth. 

2600
02:20:06,600 --> 02:20:10,800
The main drawback was fragility,
but clay was abundant and cheap 

2601
02:20:10,800 --> 02:20:12,400
enough. 
That broken spoons, could be 

2602
02:20:12,400 --> 02:20:15,600
easily replaced, the shape of 
Chinese spoons remained 

2603
02:20:15,600 --> 02:20:17,700
remarkably consistent for 
thousands of years. 

2604
02:20:18,600 --> 02:20:21,300
The wide shallow bowl and short 
handle became the standard 

2605
02:20:21,300 --> 02:20:23,800
design. 
Even today traditional Chinese 

2606
02:20:23,800 --> 02:20:25,800
soup spoons. 
Maintain this ancient form. 

2607
02:20:25,800 --> 02:20:29,600
This continuity suggests that 
the design was so well suited to

2608
02:20:29,600 --> 02:20:32,100
its purpose that Improvement was
unnecessary. 

2609
02:20:32,800 --> 02:20:35,200
Sometimes, the first solution 
really is the best one. 

2610
02:20:36,200 --> 02:20:38,700
In medieval Europe, spoon's 
became more common, but was 

2611
02:20:38,700 --> 02:20:41,900
still not Universal. 
Most households had only a few 

2612
02:20:41,908 --> 02:20:44,100
spoons, usually made from wood 
or horn. 

2613
02:20:44,100 --> 02:20:47,200
These were communal shared by 
everyone at the table. 

2614
02:20:48,100 --> 02:20:50,800
The idea of each person having 
their own spoon, was a luxury, 

2615
02:20:50,800 --> 02:20:54,200
reserved for wealthy families. 
Travelers often carried their 

2616
02:20:54,200 --> 02:20:56,700
own personal spoons. 
When journeying, since they 

2617
02:20:56,700 --> 02:21:00,500
could not count on Innes or host
to provide them, The materials 

2618
02:21:00,500 --> 02:21:03,900
used for spoon making reflected 
Regional resources, and social 

2619
02:21:03,900 --> 02:21:07,300
class English spoon's, from the 
medieval period were frequently 

2620
02:21:07,300 --> 02:21:10,000
made from horn, which was 
plentiful from the cattle 

2621
02:21:10,000 --> 02:21:13,000
industry. 
The horn was heated until soft 

2622
02:21:13,000 --> 02:21:16,300
pressed into molds and then 
cooled to set the shape. 

2623
02:21:17,200 --> 02:21:20,000
These spoons were durable and 
reasonably water resistant. 

2624
02:21:20,700 --> 02:21:23,700
They had an unfortunate tendency
to taste like horn if not 

2625
02:21:23,700 --> 02:21:26,700
properly treated but they were 
affordable for common people. 

2626
02:21:26,700 --> 02:21:30,000
Wealthier medieval households 
owned pewter spoons. 

2627
02:21:30,000 --> 02:21:33,500
Pewter is an alloy of tin with 
small amounts of copper and 

2628
02:21:33,500 --> 02:21:35,900
other metals. 
It was cheaper than silver but 

2629
02:21:35,900 --> 02:21:38,100
still represented a significant 
investment. 

2630
02:21:38,900 --> 02:21:42,000
A set of pewter spoons might be 
listed in a will as valuable 

2631
02:21:42,000 --> 02:21:44,000
property to be inherited by the 
Next Generation. 

2632
02:21:44,900 --> 02:21:47,800
Church records from the period 
document disputes over spoon 

2633
02:21:47,800 --> 02:21:50,200
ownership between family members
after someone died. 

2634
02:21:51,000 --> 02:21:54,300
The handles of medieval spoon 
increasingly decorative over 

2635
02:21:54,300 --> 02:21:58,100
time, English spoons, from the 
14th and 15th, centuries, often 

2636
02:21:58,100 --> 02:22:00,300
featured or Nate finials on the 
end of the handle. 

2637
02:22:00,300 --> 02:22:03,900
These decorative tops came in 
many forms, some depicted 

2638
02:22:03,900 --> 02:22:07,400
Saints, others showed, secular 
figures or abstract designs. 

2639
02:22:08,700 --> 02:22:10,600
Finial served, no functional 
purpose. 

2640
02:22:10,600 --> 02:22:14,500
But in added Beauty to an 
everyday object, it all helped 

2641
02:22:14,500 --> 02:22:17,700
identify ownership when multiple
families ate together at large, 

2642
02:22:17,700 --> 02:22:21,600
Gatherings the word spoon itself
comes from an angler Saxon term,

2643
02:22:21,600 --> 02:22:23,300
meaning a chip or splinter of 
wood. 

2644
02:22:24,000 --> 02:22:27,700
This etymology reminds us, that 
spoons started as simple carved 

2645
02:22:27,700 --> 02:22:32,000
implements before evolving into 
more sophisticated tools. the 

2646
02:22:32,000 --> 02:22:35,400
linguistic connection to Wood 
persists even though most modern

2647
02:22:35,400 --> 02:22:38,800
spoons are made from metal 
language often preserves these 

2648
02:22:38,800 --> 02:22:41,700
historical memories long after 
the original context has been 

2649
02:22:41,708 --> 02:22:45,800
forgotten Religious significance
attached itself to spoons. 

2650
02:22:45,800 --> 02:22:48,500
In various cultures in medieval 
Christianity. 

2651
02:22:48,500 --> 02:22:51,700
Spoons were sometimes blessed 
and used in baptism ceremonies 

2652
02:22:51,700 --> 02:22:53,700
to give the holy water to 
infants. 

2653
02:22:54,300 --> 02:22:56,700
Special Apostle, spoons. 
Featuring carved figures of the 

2654
02:22:56,700 --> 02:22:59,100
12 apostles were popular, 
christening gifts in England. 

2655
02:22:59,800 --> 02:23:03,100
wealthy godparents would give a 
complete set of 12 while more 

2656
02:23:03,100 --> 02:23:05,900
modest gifts, might include just
one or two spoon's bearing, the 

2657
02:23:05,900 --> 02:23:09,100
same after whom the child was 
named, but most spoons 

2658
02:23:09,100 --> 02:23:12,200
throughout history were humble. 
Functional objects, with no 

2659
02:23:12,200 --> 02:23:14,400
particular significant beyond 
their utility. 

2660
02:23:15,400 --> 02:23:18,400
A wooden spoon, stirring 
porridge, in a peasant Cottage 

2661
02:23:18,400 --> 02:23:22,200
was just a tool for eating it 
became worn and stained with use

2662
02:23:22,200 --> 02:23:25,200
of eventually, it cracked or 
broken was replaced with another

2663
02:23:25,200 --> 02:23:28,500
carved from the same materials. 
These ordinary spoons. 

2664
02:23:28,500 --> 02:23:31,200
Do not survive in museum 
collections, but they were the 

2665
02:23:31,200 --> 02:23:33,700
implements that most humans 
actually used for most of 

2666
02:23:33,700 --> 02:23:36,800
History. 
The spoon was revolutionary in 

2667
02:23:36,808 --> 02:23:40,000
its own quiet, way. 
It allowed humans to consume 

2668
02:23:40,000 --> 02:23:42,300
foods that would otherwise be 
impossible to eat. 

2669
02:23:42,300 --> 02:23:46,300
Neatly it reduced waste by 
enabling complete consumption of

2670
02:23:46,300 --> 02:23:49,700
liquids and semi-liquid. 
It permitted hot foods to cool 

2671
02:23:49,700 --> 02:23:51,800
slightly in the bowl of the 
spoon before reaching your 

2672
02:23:51,800 --> 02:23:54,300
mouth. 
These advantages seem obvious 

2673
02:23:54,300 --> 02:23:57,400
now, but they represented 
genuine improvements in the 

2674
02:23:57,400 --> 02:24:00,200
human dining experience when 
they were first adopted. 

2675
02:24:01,400 --> 02:24:03,800
The knife holds a strange 
position in dining history. 

2676
02:24:03,800 --> 02:24:07,900
It was essential yet, dangerous,
utilitarian, yet, threatening 

2677
02:24:07,900 --> 02:24:11,500
unlike the peaceful spoon, the 
knife carried violent 

2678
02:24:11,500 --> 02:24:15,200
connotation, the same blade that
carved your dinner could just as

2679
02:24:15,200 --> 02:24:18,900
easily be turned into a weapon. 
This dual nature shaped how 

2680
02:24:18,900 --> 02:24:21,800
knives were used at the table 
and what rules developed around 

2681
02:24:21,800 --> 02:24:23,400
them. 
Early humans. 

2682
02:24:23,400 --> 02:24:26,100
Use sharp stones and Flint 
blades for cutting food. 

2683
02:24:26,100 --> 02:24:29,000
These tools were 
indistinguishable from hunting 

2684
02:24:29,000 --> 02:24:32,100
and butchering implements. 
There was no separate category 

2685
02:24:32,100 --> 02:24:34,200
of dining knife. 
A blade was a blade. 

2686
02:24:34,200 --> 02:24:38,000
If you needed to cut something 
you used whatever sharp edge was

2687
02:24:38,000 --> 02:24:40,200
available. 
The idea that eating lives 

2688
02:24:40,200 --> 02:24:41,600
should be different from other 
knives. 

2689
02:24:41,600 --> 02:24:44,800
Had not yet developed Bronze 
Age, cultures began producing 

2690
02:24:44,800 --> 02:24:48,600
metal knives around. 5,000 years
ago, these were stronger and 

2691
02:24:48,600 --> 02:24:50,400
held an edge better than stone 
tools. 

2692
02:24:50,400 --> 02:24:52,500
They could be resharp and 
repeatedly. 

2693
02:24:53,200 --> 02:24:55,900
The wealthy owned knives, with 
decorated handles, made from 

2694
02:24:55,900 --> 02:24:58,000
bone horn, or precious 
materials. 

2695
02:24:58,000 --> 02:25:01,700
The poor may do with simpler 
implements, but regardless of 

2696
02:25:01,700 --> 02:25:04,008
social class, most people 
carried a knife with them as an 

2697
02:25:04,016 --> 02:25:07,800
everyday tool, Medieval Europe 
elevated knife-carrying to a 

2698
02:25:07,800 --> 02:25:10,400
social expectation. 
A man without a knife was 

2699
02:25:10,400 --> 02:25:13,800
unprepared for life. 
You needed a knife to eat to 

2700
02:25:13,800 --> 02:25:17,500
work to defend yourself and to 
perform countless daily tasks. 

2701
02:25:18,300 --> 02:25:21,300
Historical records show that 
knife ownership was so common 

2702
02:25:21,300 --> 02:25:24,800
that specific legal distinctions
developed between knives that 

2703
02:25:24,800 --> 02:25:26,600
were tools and knives that were 
weapons. 

2704
02:25:26,600 --> 02:25:29,800
The difference often came down 
to blade length and whether the 

2705
02:25:29,800 --> 02:25:33,200
knife was designed primarily for
stabbing At Medieval dining 

2706
02:25:33,200 --> 02:25:35,100
tables. 
Each person brought their own 

2707
02:25:35,100 --> 02:25:37,500
knife hosted. 
Not provide Cutlery. 

2708
02:25:37,500 --> 02:25:40,300
You were expected to arrive with
your personal eating knife 

2709
02:25:40,300 --> 02:25:42,100
already. 
Tucked into your belt or hanging

2710
02:25:42,100 --> 02:25:45,400
from your clothing. 
This knife was yours, you 

2711
02:25:45,400 --> 02:25:48,700
maintained it sharpened, it and 
were responsible for his use. 

2712
02:25:49,900 --> 02:25:53,200
The concept of matched sets of 
dining knives, provided by the 

2713
02:25:53,200 --> 02:25:56,400
host came much later. 
The design of eating knives, 

2714
02:25:56,400 --> 02:25:59,400
gradually changed to distinguish
them from fighting knives, 

2715
02:25:59,400 --> 02:26:02,900
blades, became shorter tip tips 
became less pointed. 

2716
02:26:03,700 --> 02:26:07,300
Some cultures, particularly in 
France, mandated that table 

2717
02:26:07,300 --> 02:26:10,000
knife points, be rounded to 
reduce the possibility of using 

2718
02:26:10,000 --> 02:26:14,100
them as weapons. 
This happened in 1637 when 

2719
02:26:14,100 --> 02:26:17,200
Cardinal richler reportedly 
became disgusted by dinner 

2720
02:26:17,200 --> 02:26:19,100
guests. 
Picking their teeth with the 

2721
02:26:19,100 --> 02:26:22,500
sharp points of their knives. 
He ordered that all pointed 

2722
02:26:22,500 --> 02:26:25,800
knives, be ground down and that 
all new table knives be made 

2723
02:26:25,800 --> 02:26:29,500
with rounded ends. 
This changed took time to spread

2724
02:26:29,500 --> 02:26:31,600
across Europe, English table 
knives. 

2725
02:26:31,600 --> 02:26:35,100
Maintained pointed tips well 
into the 18th century Regional 

2726
02:26:35,100 --> 02:26:37,600
variations. 
Persisted based on local customs

2727
02:26:37,600 --> 02:26:41,100
and Manufacturing traditions. 
But the general Trend was clear,

2728
02:26:41,100 --> 02:26:44,600
eating knives were becoming 
specialized tools, designed 

2729
02:26:44,600 --> 02:26:48,000
specifically for dining rather 
than multi-purpose blades, 

2730
02:26:48,000 --> 02:26:51,500
suitable for any task. 
The blade materials, reflected 

2731
02:26:51,500 --> 02:26:55,000
technological advances in 
Metallurgy iron knives were 

2732
02:26:55,000 --> 02:26:58,500
common but prone to rust. 
Steel offered better performance

2733
02:26:58,500 --> 02:27:01,900
but cost more Silver knives 
appeared on Wealthy tables, 

2734
02:27:01,900 --> 02:27:04,100
though. 
Silver is too soft to hold a 

2735
02:27:04,100 --> 02:27:06,100
sharp edge. 
Well, these were more about 

2736
02:27:06,100 --> 02:27:09,200
display than function. 
The truly wealthy might use 

2737
02:27:09,200 --> 02:27:11,200
silver handle knives. 
With steel blades. 

2738
02:27:11,200 --> 02:27:13,400
Combining Beauty with 
practicality. 

2739
02:27:14,200 --> 02:27:17,500
Knife handles became 
increasingly elaborate Craftsman

2740
02:27:17,500 --> 02:27:20,400
carved handles from Staghorn 
which was durable and 

2741
02:27:20,400 --> 02:27:23,400
attractive, Ivory was prized for
high-end knives. 

2742
02:27:23,400 --> 02:27:26,100
Despite being expensive and 
difficult to work. 

2743
02:27:27,000 --> 02:27:29,400
Would remain the most common 
handle material for ordinary 

2744
02:27:29,400 --> 02:27:31,600
people. 
Different Woods offer, different

2745
02:27:31,600 --> 02:27:34,300
properties dense. 
Hardwoods like oak, wood, 

2746
02:27:34,300 --> 02:27:37,800
durable, but heavy Softer, Woods
were lighter but wore out 

2747
02:27:37,800 --> 02:27:40,100
faster. 
The matching of knives to 

2748
02:27:40,100 --> 02:27:43,700
specific tasks developed, 
gradually large knives for 

2749
02:27:43,700 --> 02:27:47,700
cutting meat, smaller knives, 
for fruit, specialized fish 

2750
02:27:47,700 --> 02:27:50,900
knives, with broader shorter 
blades, butter knives, with 

2751
02:27:50,900 --> 02:27:53,300
rounded edges and no sharp point
at all. 

2752
02:27:53,300 --> 02:27:57,600
Each variation represented, a 
refinement of purpose as dining 

2753
02:27:57,600 --> 02:28:00,300
became more formal than the 
number of specialized knives at 

2754
02:28:00,300 --> 02:28:03,300
a place setting increased. 
But here is, what often gets 

2755
02:28:03,300 --> 02:28:05,000
overlooked in history of table 
knives. 

2756
02:28:05,800 --> 02:28:08,200
For most people through most of 
History, one knife did 

2757
02:28:08,200 --> 02:28:10,700
everything. 
The proliferation of specialized

2758
02:28:10,700 --> 02:28:12,500
knife types was a luxury of the 
wealthy. 

2759
02:28:13,300 --> 02:28:15,800
A Farmers Family, might own two 
or three knives total for the 

2760
02:28:15,800 --> 02:28:19,000
entire household. 
These knives, cut bread, meat, 

2761
02:28:19,000 --> 02:28:22,200
vegetables, and anything else 
that needed cutting. 

2762
02:28:23,100 --> 02:28:25,600
The idea that you needed a 
separate knife, for fish would 

2763
02:28:25,600 --> 02:28:28,600
have seemed absurd. 
So, social rules around knife 

2764
02:28:28,600 --> 02:28:32,700
used became increasingly complex
medieval at books, warned 

2765
02:28:32,700 --> 02:28:35,500
against pointing knives at other
diners, cleaning your nails, 

2766
02:28:35,500 --> 02:28:38,400
with your knife at the table or 
picking your teeth with the 

2767
02:28:38,400 --> 02:28:40,200
point. 
These prohibitions. 

2768
02:28:40,200 --> 02:28:43,100
Tell us that people were doing 
all these things regularly 

2769
02:28:43,100 --> 02:28:45,800
enough to require explicit rules
against them. 

2770
02:28:46,600 --> 02:28:49,500
Human behavior at the table was 
apparently much more casual than

2771
02:28:49,500 --> 02:28:52,600
later generations. 
Imagined The way knives were 

2772
02:28:52,600 --> 02:28:54,600
positioned on the table carried,
meaning. 

2773
02:28:55,300 --> 02:28:57,600
Knife blades pointing inward 
toward your plate showed 

2774
02:28:57,600 --> 02:29:00,600
peaceful intent, blades. 
Pointing outward could be 

2775
02:29:00,600 --> 02:29:02,900
interpreted as threatening or at
least rude. 

2776
02:29:03,600 --> 02:29:06,900
In some cultures, laying your 
knife down with the blade facing

2777
02:29:06,900 --> 02:29:09,500
toward another person was 
considered an insult. 

2778
02:29:10,800 --> 02:29:12,500
The subtle rules of knife 
placement. 

2779
02:29:12,500 --> 02:29:16,200
Persisted into the modern era in
modified forms, women and 

2780
02:29:16,200 --> 02:29:17,300
knives. 
Have had a complicated 

2781
02:29:17,300 --> 02:29:20,900
relationship throughout history 
Gentile women in medieval and 

2782
02:29:20,900 --> 02:29:23,500
early modern Europe, were often 
discouraged from carrying large 

2783
02:29:23,500 --> 02:29:25,600
knives or using them to 
vigorously at table. 

2784
02:29:25,600 --> 02:29:29,100
This was tied to broader ideas 
about feminine, delicacy and 

2785
02:29:29,100 --> 02:29:31,800
appropriate behavior. 
Cutting your own meat was, 

2786
02:29:31,800 --> 02:29:35,100
sometimes considered unfeminine 
a proper gentleman, would cut 

2787
02:29:35,100 --> 02:29:36,600
meat for the ladies at his 
table. 

2788
02:29:36,600 --> 02:29:40,300
This custom seems ridiculous 
now, but was taken seriously for

2789
02:29:40,300 --> 02:29:42,700
centuries. 
The sharpening and maintenance 

2790
02:29:42,700 --> 02:29:46,100
of dining knives, was an 
important household tasks, dull 

2791
02:29:46,100 --> 02:29:49,800
knives, made eating difficult 
and appeared slovenly Skilled 

2792
02:29:49,800 --> 02:29:52,400
knife, sharpeners traveled from 
house to house offering their 

2793
02:29:52,400 --> 02:29:54,900
services. 
Some wealthy households employed

2794
02:29:54,900 --> 02:29:58,300
servants specifically to 
maintain Cutlery, a well-kept 

2795
02:29:58,300 --> 02:30:01,600
knife indicated, a well-run 
household, the condition of your

2796
02:30:01,600 --> 02:30:04,500
dining knives, reflected your 
social status and domestic 

2797
02:30:04,500 --> 02:30:08,200
competence Regional blade Styles
developed based on local food 

2798
02:30:08,200 --> 02:30:11,700
preferences, German knives. 
Tended to be heavier with curved

2799
02:30:11,700 --> 02:30:14,500
blade suitable for cutting thick
sausages and dense bread. 

2800
02:30:14,500 --> 02:30:17,300
French knives became lighter and
more delicate. 

2801
02:30:17,300 --> 02:30:20,200
Reflecting the evolution of 
French cuisine toward more, 

2802
02:30:20,200 --> 02:30:23,800
refined preparations, English 
knives, maintained practical, 

2803
02:30:23,800 --> 02:30:26,800
sturdy designs appropriate for 
traditional British fare. 

2804
02:30:27,600 --> 02:30:30,900
These National Styles, persisted
even as international trade and 

2805
02:30:30,900 --> 02:30:33,600
Cutlery increased. 
The knife's role at the table 

2806
02:30:33,600 --> 02:30:36,200
began to diminish somewhat with 
the eventual wide spread 

2807
02:30:36,200 --> 02:30:39,300
adoption of forks. 
When you had a fork to hold food

2808
02:30:39,300 --> 02:30:41,700
steady, you needed your life 
less frequently. 

2809
02:30:42,600 --> 02:30:44,300
But knives. 
Never disappeared from dining 

2810
02:30:44,300 --> 02:30:46,600
tables. 
They remain essential tools 

2811
02:30:46,600 --> 02:30:49,000
today, though. 
Modern steak knives are probably

2812
02:30:49,000 --> 02:30:51,700
the least threatening implements
ever designed to cut flesh. 

2813
02:30:53,100 --> 02:30:55,500
Fork arrived late to the 
European table and face 

2814
02:30:55,500 --> 02:30:58,500
surprising resistance. 
This seems strange from our 

2815
02:30:58,500 --> 02:31:02,400
modern perspective where Fox are
as essential as spoon or knives.

2816
02:31:03,200 --> 02:31:06,600
But for centuries, the fork was 
considered weird foreign and 

2817
02:31:06,600 --> 02:31:10,500
even sinful by many Europeans. 
The story of how folks overcame 

2818
02:31:10,500 --> 02:31:13,100
this Prejudice is one of the 
oddest chapters in dining 

2819
02:31:13,100 --> 02:31:15,800
history. 
Ancient civilizations knew about

2820
02:31:15,800 --> 02:31:19,800
Forks archaeological evidence 
shows that both Greek and Roman 

2821
02:31:19,800 --> 02:31:23,000
cultures used large two-pronged 
forks for cooking and serving. 

2822
02:31:23,000 --> 02:31:24,900
These were not eating 
implements. 

2823
02:31:24,900 --> 02:31:28,800
They were kitchen tools for 
manipulating food over fires or 

2824
02:31:28,800 --> 02:31:31,500
transferring large pieces of 
meat from serving platters. 

2825
02:31:32,600 --> 02:31:35,500
The idea of using a small Fork 
to bring food to your own mouth 

2826
02:31:35,500 --> 02:31:38,200
had not yet taken hold in 
Western culture. 

2827
02:31:39,200 --> 02:31:41,800
The earliest known use of 
individual dining Forks comes 

2828
02:31:41,800 --> 02:31:44,700
from the bazan tine Empire. 
Wealthy bazan. 

2829
02:31:44,700 --> 02:31:47,800
Teens in the seventh centuries 
used small Forks made from 

2830
02:31:47,800 --> 02:31:50,600
precious metals. 
These were luxury items 

2831
02:31:50,600 --> 02:31:53,300
associated with Imperial courts 
and high nobility. 

2832
02:31:53,300 --> 02:31:57,300
The practice did not spread 
widely even within Society 

2833
02:31:57,300 --> 02:32:00,600
remaining confined to the upper 
levels of the aristocracy. 

2834
02:32:01,700 --> 02:32:04,500
The famous introduction of the 
fork to Western Europe, came in 

2835
02:32:04,500 --> 02:32:09,600
1104 Theodora, Anna dekina Azan 
team, princess married, 

2836
02:32:09,600 --> 02:32:11,500
Dominican silver. 
The Doge of Venice. 

2837
02:32:11,500 --> 02:32:15,500
She brought Herzing customs with
her, including the use of a 

2838
02:32:15,500 --> 02:32:18,800
golden Fork to eat her food. 
Venetian Society, was 

2839
02:32:18,800 --> 02:32:22,400
scandalized contemporary 
accounts, describe her eating 

2840
02:32:22,400 --> 02:32:26,100
habits with a mixture of 
Fascination and horror One 

2841
02:32:26,100 --> 02:32:28,400
chronicler wrote that she 
refused to eat with her fingers,

2842
02:32:28,400 --> 02:32:31,600
like normal people. 
Instead had a eunuch cut her 

2843
02:32:31,600 --> 02:32:35,000
food into small pieces, that she
then speared with a golden fork 

2844
02:32:35,000 --> 02:32:37,800
with two prongs. 
The tone of the account makes 

2845
02:32:37,800 --> 02:32:39,400
clear. 
This was not admiring. 

2846
02:32:39,400 --> 02:32:42,900
The writer thought, her behavior
was pretentious and unnatural. 

2847
02:32:44,100 --> 02:32:47,800
When Theodora died of plague, a 
few years later, some religious 

2848
02:32:47,800 --> 02:32:50,400
figures claimed, it was divine 
punishment for her prideful 

2849
02:32:50,400 --> 02:32:53,200
eating habits. 
This story illustrates the Deep 

2850
02:32:53,200 --> 02:32:55,700
cultural resistance to Forks in 
medieval Europe. 

2851
02:32:56,400 --> 02:32:59,400
The objections were partly. 
Practical Fork seemed 

2852
02:32:59,400 --> 02:33:02,300
unnecessary when fingers worked 
perfectly well for most foods. 

2853
02:33:02,300 --> 02:33:06,100
But the resistance was also 
moral and religious God gave 

2854
02:33:06,100 --> 02:33:09,900
humans fingers for eating using 
a metal Implement instead seemed

2855
02:33:09,900 --> 02:33:13,400
to reject Divine Design. 
This argument sounds absurd now 

2856
02:33:13,400 --> 02:33:16,200
but it carried real weight in 
medieval religious thought 

2857
02:33:16,200 --> 02:33:18,700
Forks. 
Also, suffered from association 

2858
02:33:18,700 --> 02:33:22,500
with the devil medieval artwork,
sometimes depicted Satan holding

2859
02:33:22,500 --> 02:33:26,200
a pitchfork or trident The 
visual similarity to dining 

2860
02:33:26,200 --> 02:33:29,800
Forks, created unfortunate 
association's, some preachers 

2861
02:33:29,800 --> 02:33:33,400
warned that using Forks, invited
demonic influence, whether these

2862
02:33:33,400 --> 02:33:36,400
religious authorities actually, 
believed this, or was simply 

2863
02:33:36,400 --> 02:33:40,100
conservative, about changes to 
traditional Customs is unclear 

2864
02:33:40,100 --> 02:33:43,100
either. 
Way their opposition slowed for 

2865
02:33:43,100 --> 02:33:48,000
adoption significantly. despite 
the initial rejection Forks, 

2866
02:33:48,000 --> 02:33:51,300
slowly gained ground in Italy, 
over the following Centuries by 

2867
02:33:51,300 --> 02:33:55,000
the 1400s, wealthy Italian, 
families were using Forks 

2868
02:33:55,000 --> 02:33:58,300
regularly, the implements were 
still luxury items made from 

2869
02:33:58,300 --> 02:34:00,500
silver or gold with decorative 
handles. 

2870
02:34:00,500 --> 02:34:03,300
But they were no longer seen as 
strange or sinful. 

2871
02:34:03,300 --> 02:34:06,300
At least not in sophisticated 
Italian circles. 

2872
02:34:06,300 --> 02:34:10,500
The rest of Europe, remained 
skeptical, France adopted Forks 

2873
02:34:10,500 --> 02:34:15,200
in the 1500s primarily through 
Italian influence, Catherine, de

2874
02:34:15,200 --> 02:34:17,200
Medici who, married the Future, 
King Henry. 

2875
02:34:17,200 --> 02:34:20,400
The second of France, brought 
her Italian dining customs with 

2876
02:34:20,400 --> 02:34:24,000
her to the French Court. 
This included, the use of 4X. 

2877
02:34:25,000 --> 02:34:27,600
The French aristocracy, 
gradually adopted the practice, 

2878
02:34:27,600 --> 02:34:29,900
seeing it as fashionable and 
refined. 

2879
02:34:30,700 --> 02:34:33,600
By the 1600s Forks were 
established at Noble French 

2880
02:34:33,600 --> 02:34:36,200
tables. 
England, resisted Forks, even 

2881
02:34:36,200 --> 02:34:39,000
longer Thomas Curry at an 
English traveler. 

2882
02:34:39,000 --> 02:34:42,800
Who visited Italy in 1608 wrote 
about the stranger Italian 

2883
02:34:42,800 --> 02:34:46,200
custom of using Forks. 
He noted that Italians thought 

2884
02:34:46,200 --> 02:34:49,300
it Bad Manners to touch food 
with fingers and instead use 

2885
02:34:49,300 --> 02:34:52,200
small Forks. 
Coyote brought some Forks back 

2886
02:34:52,200 --> 02:34:54,000
to England and tried to 
popularize them. 

2887
02:34:54,000 --> 02:34:57,300
His friends, mocked him 
mercilessly calling him, 

2888
02:34:57,300 --> 02:34:59,800
ridiculous for imitating foreign
affectations. 

2889
02:34:59,800 --> 02:35:04,400
The English of came around to 
Forks in the mid-1600s partly 

2890
02:35:04,400 --> 02:35:06,700
through French influence. 
King. 

2891
02:35:06,700 --> 02:35:09,900
Charles the second spent years 
in French, Exile, and returned 

2892
02:35:09,900 --> 02:35:13,100
with Continental tastes 
including the use of forks. 

2893
02:35:14,000 --> 02:35:17,000
The Royal Court adopted forks 
and the practice gradually 

2894
02:35:17,000 --> 02:35:19,100
filtered down through British 
Society. 

2895
02:35:20,000 --> 02:35:22,800
By 1700 Forks were common among 
the English middle. 

2896
02:35:22,800 --> 02:35:25,800
And upper classes though, 
working people continued eating 

2897
02:35:25,800 --> 02:35:28,500
primarily with their hands and 
knives for decades longer. 

2898
02:35:29,300 --> 02:35:31,700
Early Forks had only two prongs 
or tines. 

2899
02:35:31,700 --> 02:35:35,600
This made them somewhat awkward 
to use food, could slip between 

2900
02:35:35,600 --> 02:35:37,900
the tines stabbing food 
required. 

2901
02:35:37,900 --> 02:35:42,000
Careful aim, the two-toned Fork,
was better than nothing, but not

2902
02:35:42,000 --> 02:35:45,500
dramatically Superior to using 
fingers or bread to convey food 

2903
02:35:45,500 --> 02:35:48,100
to your mouth. 
This partly explains why 

2904
02:35:48,100 --> 02:35:51,700
adoption was so slow. 
Forks had been, obviously better

2905
02:35:51,700 --> 02:35:54,200
resistance would have crumbled 
fast faster. 

2906
02:35:54,200 --> 02:35:56,700
The development of three and 
four times Forks. 

2907
02:35:56,700 --> 02:36:00,100
In the early 1700s, made the 
implements much more practical. 

2908
02:36:00,900 --> 02:36:03,000
Multiple times could hold food 
more securely. 

2909
02:36:03,000 --> 02:36:06,900
The fort could scoop as well as 
stab making it useful for a 

2910
02:36:06,900 --> 02:36:10,600
wide, a variety of foods. 
The improved design helped 

2911
02:36:10,600 --> 02:36:12,800
overcome the remaining 
resistance to Fort use. 

2912
02:36:13,700 --> 02:36:17,600
By the late 1700s forks with 
three or four times and become 

2913
02:36:17,600 --> 02:36:21,100
standard across Europe. 
Americans adopted Forks later 

2914
02:36:21,100 --> 02:36:24,000
than Europeans. 
Colonial America in the 1600s 

2915
02:36:24,000 --> 02:36:27,600
relied, mainly on spoons and 
knives Forks were rare, and 

2916
02:36:27,600 --> 02:36:30,500
considered, unnecessary luxuries
Benjamin, Franklin. 

2917
02:36:30,500 --> 02:36:33,600
Supposedly did not use a fork 
regularly until he spent time in

2918
02:36:33,600 --> 02:36:37,100
France, as an ambassador Thomas.
Jefferson was an early American 

2919
02:36:37,100 --> 02:36:39,800
Fork Enthusiast. 
Having developed a taste for 

2920
02:36:39,800 --> 02:36:42,600
them during his time. 
In Paris, he helped popularize 

2921
02:36:42,600 --> 02:36:45,300
Forks among American Elites in 
the late 1700s. 

2922
02:36:46,300 --> 02:36:49,400
The materials used for Forks 
reflected, social status just as

2923
02:36:49,400 --> 02:36:53,100
with other utensils silver Forks
were for the wealthy steel 

2924
02:36:53,100 --> 02:36:56,700
Forks, served middle class 
households, tin or brass Forks 

2925
02:36:56,700 --> 02:36:59,200
were affordable for working 
people who could afford Forks at

2926
02:36:59,200 --> 02:37:01,800
all. 
The poorest Americans continued 

2927
02:37:01,800 --> 02:37:05,400
eating with their hands knives 
and spoons, well into the 1800s.

2928
02:37:06,100 --> 02:37:08,700
Forks with the last utensil to 
achieve Universal use. 

2929
02:37:08,700 --> 02:37:12,400
Across all social classes. 
The design details of forks 

2930
02:37:12,400 --> 02:37:16,100
became surprisingly important. 
Handled shapes decorative 

2931
02:37:16,100 --> 02:37:19,900
patterns, the curve of the 
tines, the weight and balance of

2932
02:37:19,900 --> 02:37:23,500
the Implement, all these factors
influenced, how pleasant a fork 

2933
02:37:23,500 --> 02:37:26,300
was to use. 
Silversmiths and other Craftsmen

2934
02:37:26,300 --> 02:37:28,600
competed to produce Forks that 
were both beautiful and 

2935
02:37:28,608 --> 02:37:31,500
functional. 
Fork, evolved from a strange 

2936
02:37:31,500 --> 02:37:34,500
foreign curiosity, into a 
showcase for craftsmanship, and 

2937
02:37:34,500 --> 02:37:38,800
taste Regional differences. 
In Fork design, persisted French

2938
02:37:38,800 --> 02:37:40,700
Forks. 
Tended, to have longer narrower 

2939
02:37:40,700 --> 02:37:43,900
of tines, English Forks, were 
sturdier with shorter. 

2940
02:37:43,900 --> 02:37:46,500
Thicker. 
Tines German Forks were heavier 

2941
02:37:46,500 --> 02:37:48,800
overall. 
These variations reflected 

2942
02:37:48,800 --> 02:37:50,700
different food, cultures, and 
eating Styles. 

2943
02:37:50,700 --> 02:37:54,200
There was no single correct, way
to make a fork only different 

2944
02:37:54,200 --> 02:37:57,000
solutions to the same basic 
problem of moving food from 

2945
02:37:57,000 --> 02:38:00,000
plate to mouth. 
The forks Journey from rejected 

2946
02:38:00,000 --> 02:38:04,100
Oddity to essential utensil took
roughly 600 years in Europe and 

2947
02:38:04,100 --> 02:38:05,700
even longer in other parts of 
the world. 

2948
02:38:06,700 --> 02:38:09,600
This extended timeline reminds 
us that technological and 

2949
02:38:09,608 --> 02:38:13,500
cultural changes often happen. 
Much more slowly than we expect 

2950
02:38:14,400 --> 02:38:16,100
Something that seemed obviously 
useful. 

2951
02:38:16,100 --> 02:38:19,200
In hindsight, was not obvious at
all to the people actually 

2952
02:38:19,200 --> 02:38:23,400
living through the transition. 
The forks slower adoption is a 

2953
02:38:23,400 --> 02:38:27,400
lesson in human resistance to 
change even beneficial change. 

2954
02:38:27,400 --> 02:38:30,300
Medieval dining was a communal 
messy loud. 

2955
02:38:30,300 --> 02:38:33,600
Affair that would shock modern 
sensibilities, the elaborate 

2956
02:38:33,600 --> 02:38:36,400
table manners, we associate with
formal dining developed later. 

2957
02:38:36,400 --> 02:38:40,500
Medieval people had rules about 
eating Behavior, but those rules

2958
02:38:40,500 --> 02:38:43,200
were very different from what 
came after understanding. 

2959
02:38:43,200 --> 02:38:46,200
Medieval dining practices, helps
us appreciate how much table 

2960
02:38:46,200 --> 02:38:47,900
customs of changed over the 
centuries. 

2961
02:38:47,900 --> 02:38:51,600
Most medieval meals happened 
around a shared table though. 

2962
02:38:51,600 --> 02:38:55,200
Not everyone had an actual table
poorer households used boards 

2963
02:38:55,200 --> 02:38:57,500
laid across trestles. 
That could be taken down after 

2964
02:38:57,500 --> 02:39:00,300
the meal. 
The word board is a synonym for 

2965
02:39:00,300 --> 02:39:02,100
meals. 
Comes from this practice, you 

2966
02:39:02,100 --> 02:39:05,500
sat at the board to eat. 
The table is permanent Furniture

2967
02:39:05,500 --> 02:39:08,200
in a dedicated, dining room was 
a later development for most 

2968
02:39:08,200 --> 02:39:11,500
people seating arrangements at 
Medieval meals were carefully 

2969
02:39:11,500 --> 02:39:15,500
organized by social status. 
The lord of the household sat at

2970
02:39:15,500 --> 02:39:19,100
the head or in the center of the
high table, often on a raised 

2971
02:39:19,100 --> 02:39:21,300
platform, important guests at 
near him. 

2972
02:39:21,300 --> 02:39:25,400
Less important, people sat 
father away servants and very 

2973
02:39:25,400 --> 02:39:28,900
low status individuals, might 
stand while eating or sit at 

2974
02:39:28,900 --> 02:39:32,500
Separate Tables entirely Your 
physical position at the meal 

2975
02:39:32,500 --> 02:39:34,800
announced your social position 
to everyone present. 

2976
02:39:35,900 --> 02:39:38,300
Food arrived at the table in 
large shared containers. 

2977
02:39:38,300 --> 02:39:40,400
There were no individual 
portions. 

2978
02:39:40,400 --> 02:39:43,200
Everyone reached into the common
dishes, to take what they 

2979
02:39:43,208 --> 02:39:45,600
wanted. 
Spoons, helped with liquids, and

2980
02:39:45,600 --> 02:39:50,200
soft foods knives, cut meat. 
Fingers did most of the work of 

2981
02:39:50,200 --> 02:39:52,500
conveying food from the shared 
dishes to your mouth. 

2982
02:39:53,200 --> 02:39:56,000
This required a certain degree 
of skill and courtesy to avoid 

2983
02:39:56,000 --> 02:39:58,400
colliding with other hands, 
reaching into the same Bowl. 

2984
02:39:59,300 --> 02:40:02,100
Bread played a crucial role in 
medieval dining Beyond just 

2985
02:40:02,100 --> 02:40:04,800
being food. 
Thick slices of stale bread 

2986
02:40:04,800 --> 02:40:08,700
called trenches served as edible
plates, you placed a meat and 

2987
02:40:08,700 --> 02:40:11,300
other Foods on your trencher, 
the bread soaked up, juices and 

2988
02:40:11,300 --> 02:40:14,400
sauces at the end of the meal, 
you ate the trencher itself. 

2989
02:40:14,400 --> 02:40:18,200
Now flavored with everything 
that had been on it, this system

2990
02:40:18,200 --> 02:40:21,400
meant fewer dishes to wash the 
poor often, gave leftover 

2991
02:40:21,400 --> 02:40:23,200
trenches to Beggars or fed them 
to animals. 

2992
02:40:23,200 --> 02:40:27,400
Wooden or metal plates did 
exist, but they were expensive 

2993
02:40:27,400 --> 02:40:31,200
and not universally used wealthy
households had pewter plates. 

2994
02:40:31,200 --> 02:40:34,900
Very wealthy families, might own
silver or even gold plates for 

2995
02:40:34,900 --> 02:40:38,200
special occasions but for every 
day meals, trenches were 

2996
02:40:38,200 --> 02:40:41,700
practical and sufficient. 
Transitioned from bread plate to

2997
02:40:41,700 --> 02:40:44,100
permanent dishes. 
Happened gradually as wealthy 

2998
02:40:44,100 --> 02:40:49,000
and social expectations changed.
Sharing drinking vessels was 

2999
02:40:49,000 --> 02:40:52,400
common, a large cup or horn 
might circulate around the table

3000
02:40:52,400 --> 02:40:54,600
with multiple people, drinking 
from it. 

3001
02:40:55,400 --> 02:40:59,700
This seems unhygienic by modern 
standards, but medieval people 

3002
02:40:59,700 --> 02:41:02,100
had different ideas about 
cleanliness and disease 

3003
02:41:02,100 --> 02:41:04,800
Transmissions. 
Sharing a cup was a sign of 

3004
02:41:04,808 --> 02:41:08,400
fellowship and Trust refusing to
drink from the common vessel 

3005
02:41:08,400 --> 02:41:11,700
could be interpreted as an 
insult, the etiquette books from

3006
02:41:11,700 --> 02:41:14,400
the medieval period reveal, what
behaviors needed to be corrected

3007
02:41:14,400 --> 02:41:17,700
these books existed precisely 
because people were doing 

3008
02:41:17,700 --> 02:41:21,500
impolite things, that needed to 
be discouraged, One popular text

3009
02:41:21,500 --> 02:41:24,600
warned against putting already 
bitten food back into the shared

3010
02:41:24,600 --> 02:41:26,600
dishes, another cautioned 
against wiping. 

3011
02:41:26,600 --> 02:41:28,200
Your greasy hands on the 
tablecloth. 

3012
02:41:28,200 --> 02:41:31,400
These prohibitions tell us that 
both behaviors, were common 

3013
02:41:31,400 --> 02:41:34,900
enough to require explicit rules
against them, blowing your nose.

3014
02:41:34,900 --> 02:41:37,100
At the table was apparently a 
significant concern. 

3015
02:41:37,100 --> 02:41:40,000
Multiple etiquette manuals 
address, this issue. 

3016
02:41:40,000 --> 02:41:42,600
Usually, advising you to turn 
away from the table. 

3017
02:41:42,600 --> 02:41:45,800
If you must blow your nose into 
avoid, using the table cloth as 

3018
02:41:45,800 --> 02:41:48,400
a handkerchief. 
The frequency with which this 

3019
02:41:48,400 --> 02:41:50,700
comes up suggests. 
It was a persistent problem, 

3020
02:41:50,700 --> 02:41:54,200
medieval dining, apparently 
included a lot of nose blowing. 

3021
02:41:55,100 --> 02:41:57,900
Bitting was also regulated by 
dining etiquette, though, not 

3022
02:41:57,900 --> 02:42:00,400
banned entirely. 
The advice was to spit 

3023
02:42:00,400 --> 02:42:03,400
discreetly in a way from the 
table, some texts suggest 

3024
02:42:03,400 --> 02:42:05,500
spitting under the table rather 
than on top of it. 

3025
02:42:05,500 --> 02:42:08,900
The goal was not to eliminate 
spitting which was seen as 

3026
02:42:08,900 --> 02:42:11,700
sometimes necessary, but to 
manage where and how it 

3027
02:42:11,700 --> 02:42:14,100
happened. 
Modern readers find this 

3028
02:42:14,100 --> 02:42:18,600
disturbing but context matters. 
Medieval ideas about bodily 

3029
02:42:18,600 --> 02:42:20,800
functions. 
Differed from hours, belching 

3030
02:42:20,800 --> 02:42:23,000
was treated more permissively 
than we might expect. 

3031
02:42:24,000 --> 02:42:26,500
Some medieval sources suggest 
that suppressing a belt was 

3032
02:42:26,500 --> 02:42:30,300
unhealthy and potentially 
dangerous loud or excessive 

3033
02:42:30,300 --> 02:42:33,700
belching was discouraged as rude
but moderate belching was 

3034
02:42:33,700 --> 02:42:36,000
acceptable or even expected 
after a good meal. 

3035
02:42:36,800 --> 02:42:40,000
This contrasts sharply with 
modern Western etiquette, where 

3036
02:42:40,000 --> 02:42:42,100
any audible belching is 
considered embarrassing. 

3037
02:42:42,100 --> 02:42:46,100
Hand-washing before enduring 
meals was emphasized in medieval

3038
02:42:46,100 --> 02:42:50,000
etiquette servants circulated 
with basins of water and towels.

3039
02:42:50,000 --> 02:42:53,300
A diners could rinse their 
fingers between courses, This 

3040
02:42:53,300 --> 02:42:55,700
makes sense given that hands 
were the primary eating 

3041
02:42:55,700 --> 02:42:59,000
implements greasy fingers needed
frequent cleaning. 

3042
02:42:59,600 --> 02:43:02,500
The ritual of hand washing also 
provided breaks in the meal and 

3043
02:43:02,500 --> 02:43:06,300
opportunities for conversation. 
Table conversation had its own 

3044
02:43:06,300 --> 02:43:08,700
rules. 
Speaking with your mouthful was 

3045
02:43:08,700 --> 02:43:11,500
discouraged though. 
The definition of full may have 

3046
02:43:11,500 --> 02:43:14,300
been different than ours. 
Talking too loudly or 

3047
02:43:14,300 --> 02:43:16,300
dominating. 
The conversation was considered 

3048
02:43:16,300 --> 02:43:19,800
rude, discussing unpleasant 
topic during meals was frowned. 

3049
02:43:19,800 --> 02:43:23,100
Upon religious discussions were 
encouraged as appropriate. 

3050
02:43:23,100 --> 02:43:27,500
Tabletalk political gossip was 
popular but risky, depending on 

3051
02:43:27,500 --> 02:43:31,100
who was listening, Medieval 
Banquets could last for hours 

3052
02:43:31,100 --> 02:43:34,300
with multiple courses, 
entertainment between courses 

3053
02:43:34,300 --> 02:43:38,300
was common at Noble households, 
musicians played jugglers 

3054
02:43:38,300 --> 02:43:42,700
performed poets, recited verses 
the meal was not just about 

3055
02:43:42,700 --> 02:43:46,600
eating, but about demonstrating 
wealth, power and cultural 

3056
02:43:46,600 --> 02:43:49,700
refinement. 
The food itself was secondary to

3057
02:43:49,700 --> 02:43:53,100
the social spectacle, the types 
of food served at Medieval 

3058
02:43:53,100 --> 02:43:57,200
meals, varied dramatically by 
social class Nobles, 8, roasted 

3059
02:43:57,200 --> 02:44:01,000
Meats, game, birds and elaborate
dishes with expensive spices, 

3060
02:44:01,000 --> 02:44:05,400
common people, ate porridge 
bread, vegetables and occasional

3061
02:44:05,400 --> 02:44:08,700
small pieces of meat. 
The variety of dishes at a noble

3062
02:44:08,700 --> 02:44:12,900
table would seem over today 10 
or 12 different meat dishes at a

3063
02:44:12,900 --> 02:44:15,700
single meal was not unusual. 
Most diners were taste. 

3064
02:44:15,700 --> 02:44:18,700
Only a few of these with 
leftovers going to lower status 

3065
02:44:18,700 --> 02:44:20,000
household, members, and 
servants. 

3066
02:44:20,700 --> 02:44:23,200
Seasonings and sauces in 
medieval Cuisine were much 

3067
02:44:23,200 --> 02:44:27,000
stronger than we might expect 
heavy use of spices vinegars and

3068
02:44:27,000 --> 02:44:29,400
sharp Flavours characterized 
upperclass cooking. 

3069
02:44:30,300 --> 02:44:33,000
This partly reflected the need 
to preserve and discussed the 

3070
02:44:33,000 --> 02:44:34,700
taste of meat that was not quite
fresh. 

3071
02:44:35,700 --> 02:44:38,100
But it also showed well. 
Expensive. 

3072
02:44:38,100 --> 02:44:42,100
Imported spices from Asia were 
status symbols as much as flavor

3073
02:44:42,100 --> 02:44:45,600
enhancers the more heavily 
spiced your food, the rich you 

3074
02:44:45,600 --> 02:44:48,700
appeared desserts existed but 
were different from what we 

3075
02:44:48,708 --> 02:44:51,500
think of today. 
Sweet dishes might be scattered 

3076
02:44:51,500 --> 02:44:53,500
throughout the meal rather than 
saved for the end. 

3077
02:44:54,300 --> 02:44:58,200
Fruits nuts and sweetened wine 
appeared between Savory courses.

3078
02:44:58,200 --> 02:45:01,700
The Firm division between Savory
and sweet courses had not yet 

3079
02:45:01,700 --> 02:45:05,000
been established medieval 
pallets, apparently enjoyed more

3080
02:45:05,000 --> 02:45:08,400
variety, and contrast within a 
single meal table manners in 

3081
02:45:08,400 --> 02:45:10,700
medieval times were about, 
demonstrating, your social 

3082
02:45:10,700 --> 02:45:12,600
status and respect for others at
the table. 

3083
02:45:13,300 --> 02:45:16,400
The specific rules mattered less
than the underlying principle of

3084
02:45:16,400 --> 02:45:18,100
orderly. 
Hierarchical dining. 

3085
02:45:18,100 --> 02:45:21,100
Everyone needed to know their 
place and behave accordingly. 

3086
02:45:22,400 --> 02:45:24,600
The rise of the middle class in 
later, centuries would 

3087
02:45:24,600 --> 02:45:27,300
complicate this system as more 
people aspire to die in like 

3088
02:45:27,300 --> 02:45:30,400
Nobles. 
This created demand for Clear, 

3089
02:45:30,400 --> 02:45:32,600
published rules about proper 
table Behavior. 

3090
02:45:32,600 --> 02:45:35,300
The modern etiquette book was 
born from this. 

3091
02:45:35,300 --> 02:45:38,600
Need the making of utensils. 
Was a skilled trade that 

3092
02:45:38,600 --> 02:45:41,900
combined artistic Vision with 
practical, engineering, a 

3093
02:45:41,900 --> 02:45:44,600
well-made spoon or knife 
required knowledge of materials 

3094
02:45:44,600 --> 02:45:48,200
designed principles. 
And the needs of users A crafts 

3095
02:45:48,200 --> 02:45:50,400
people who made dining 
implements were part of long 

3096
02:45:50,400 --> 02:45:54,200
traditions of metalworking would
carve in Material Science that 

3097
02:45:54,200 --> 02:45:57,800
stretched back Generations. 
Silver was the most prestigious 

3098
02:45:57,800 --> 02:46:01,400
material for fine utensils. 
Pure silver is too soft for 

3099
02:46:01,400 --> 02:46:03,800
practical use. 
So, silver Smith's created 

3100
02:46:03,800 --> 02:46:06,500
Alloys with small amounts of 
copper to increase hardness 

3101
02:46:07,300 --> 02:46:11,700
Sterling silver, which contains 
92.5% silver became the standard

3102
02:46:11,700 --> 02:46:15,400
for Quality silverware, the 
term, Sterling itself May derive

3103
02:46:15,400 --> 02:46:18,100
from the easterling merchants, 
who brought high quality silver 

3104
02:46:18,100 --> 02:46:21,800
to England in the Middle Ages. 
Making a silver spoon, required 

3105
02:46:21,800 --> 02:46:25,700
multiple steps the Smith, first 
melted the silver and poured it 

3106
02:46:25,700 --> 02:46:27,300
into a mold to create a rough 
blank. 

3107
02:46:28,300 --> 02:46:30,300
Then came the careful work of 
hammering. 

3108
02:46:30,300 --> 02:46:32,000
The blank into shape on an 
anvil. 

3109
02:46:32,000 --> 02:46:35,900
Each strike had to be precise 
too much force in the wrong 

3110
02:46:35,900 --> 02:46:37,200
place. 
Could crack the silver. 

3111
02:46:38,500 --> 02:46:41,000
The bowl of the spoon needed to 
be hammered gradually thinner 

3112
02:46:41,000 --> 02:46:43,900
and curved to the right depth. 
The handle had to maintain 

3113
02:46:43,900 --> 02:46:46,300
enough thickness for strength. 
While being comfortable to hold 

3114
02:46:46,300 --> 02:46:49,000
decoration was added through 
various techniques. 

3115
02:46:49,000 --> 02:46:52,800
In graving involved, cutting 
designs directly into the silver

3116
02:46:52,800 --> 02:46:56,000
with Sharp Tools. 
This required steady hands and 

3117
02:46:56,000 --> 02:46:59,100
artistic skill. 
A single slip, could ruin hours 

3118
02:46:59,100 --> 02:47:02,000
of work. 
In bossing pushed designs up 

3119
02:47:02,000 --> 02:47:04,800
from the back of the silver, 
creating Rays patterns on the 

3120
02:47:04,808 --> 02:47:08,900
front, this technique was used 
to add Coats of Arms, initials 

3121
02:47:08,900 --> 02:47:11,200
or decorative motifs to spoon 
handles. 

3122
02:47:11,200 --> 02:47:14,600
Some silversmiths combined 
multiple decoration methods on a

3123
02:47:14,608 --> 02:47:17,800
single piece Hallmarks stamped 
on silver utensils. 

3124
02:47:17,800 --> 02:47:20,600
Told you important information 
about the piece, the Makers, 

3125
02:47:20,600 --> 02:47:24,100
Mark identified who made it. 
The assay marks certified, the 

3126
02:47:24,100 --> 02:47:27,500
silver content, the date letter,
showed when it was made, the 

3127
02:47:27,500 --> 02:47:29,500
town Mark indicated, where it 
was a Sade. 

3128
02:47:29,500 --> 02:47:32,300
These marks helped to prevent 
fraud and established 

3129
02:47:32,300 --> 02:47:35,000
accountability. 
A piece of silver with proper 

3130
02:47:35,000 --> 02:47:37,400
Hallmarks was guaranteed to meet
certain standards. 

3131
02:47:38,200 --> 02:47:40,900
Pewter served as an affordable 
alternative to Silver for 

3132
02:47:40,900 --> 02:47:44,300
middle-class households this 
alloy of tin with small amounts 

3133
02:47:44,300 --> 02:47:48,700
of copper antimony or bismuth. 
Could be cast in molds, much 

3134
02:47:48,700 --> 02:47:51,800
more easily than silver. 
A pewter could produce multiple 

3135
02:47:51,800 --> 02:47:53,700
identical spoons or plates from 
the same. 

3136
02:47:53,700 --> 02:47:57,300
Mold, this made pewter utensils,
cheaper and more available than 

3137
02:47:57,300 --> 02:48:00,800
Hand, Forged silver. 
But pewter had significant 

3138
02:48:00,800 --> 02:48:04,700
drawbacks early pewter Alloys 
sometimes contained lead, which 

3139
02:48:04,700 --> 02:48:07,800
we now know is poisonous. 
The lead made the pewter easier 

3140
02:48:07,800 --> 02:48:09,800
to work but leeched into a Civic
Foods. 

3141
02:48:09,800 --> 02:48:13,400
Wealthy customers, preferred LED
free pewter despite the higher 

3142
02:48:13,400 --> 02:48:15,800
cost regulation of eventually 
banned. 

3143
02:48:15,800 --> 02:48:19,300
LED in pewter used for dishes 
and utensils but enforcement 

3144
02:48:19,300 --> 02:48:23,400
varied by region and 
periodically limitations. 

3145
02:48:23,400 --> 02:48:26,600
It looked duller than silver and
tarnished more easily. 

3146
02:48:27,500 --> 02:48:31,400
Repeated use left visible wear 
marks, the soft metal, bent and 

3147
02:48:31,400 --> 02:48:34,000
dented with modest force a 
pewter spoon. 

3148
02:48:34,000 --> 02:48:36,400
Might last only a few years with
heavy use before needing 

3149
02:48:36,400 --> 02:48:39,600
replacement. 
Despite these problems pewter 

3150
02:48:39,600 --> 02:48:41,600
Remain the standard material for
ordinary table. 

3151
02:48:41,600 --> 02:48:44,400
Utensils from medieval times 
through the 1800s. 

3152
02:48:44,400 --> 02:48:47,900
Wooden utensils were even more 
common than pewter for working 

3153
02:48:47,900 --> 02:48:50,400
people. 
A skilled Carver could make a 

3154
02:48:50,400 --> 02:48:53,100
wooden spoon from a single piece
of hardwood in an hour or two, 

3155
02:48:53,100 --> 02:48:56,300
the wood needed to be properly. 
Seasoned and free of cracks 

3156
02:48:56,300 --> 02:48:58,700
different Woods offer different 
properties. 

3157
02:48:58,700 --> 02:49:02,400
Boxwood was ideal for Spoons 
because of its fine grain and 

3158
02:49:02,400 --> 02:49:05,300
durability Maple was popular in 
regions. 

3159
02:49:05,300 --> 02:49:07,700
Where boxwood was unavailable 
fruits? 

3160
02:49:07,700 --> 02:49:10,300
Like apple and cherry produced. 
Attractive spoons. 

3161
02:49:10,300 --> 02:49:13,400
With Pleasant handling 
characteristics, carving Wooden 

3162
02:49:13,400 --> 02:49:17,100
Spoons, required specific tools,
a draw knife, shaved away. 

3163
02:49:17,100 --> 02:49:20,500
Waste wood to rough out, the 
basic shape gouges hallowed the 

3164
02:49:20,500 --> 02:49:23,800
bowl of the spoon knives, 
refined details and finished 

3165
02:49:23,800 --> 02:49:26,000
surfaces. 
The final step was often 

3166
02:49:26,000 --> 02:49:27,600
sanding. 
With progressively finer 

3167
02:49:27,600 --> 02:49:30,800
abrasives to create a smooth 
surface, that would not irritate

3168
02:49:30,800 --> 02:49:33,400
the mouth. 
Some cars finished their spoons,

3169
02:49:33,400 --> 02:49:36,600
with oil or beeswax, to protect 
the wood and make it water 

3170
02:49:36,600 --> 02:49:38,900
resistant. 
Wooden utensils, had the 

3171
02:49:38,908 --> 02:49:42,200
advantage of not conducting heat
a wooden spoon, could stir 

3172
02:49:42,200 --> 02:49:44,200
boiling liquids without becoming
too hot to hold. 

3173
02:49:45,100 --> 02:49:48,200
The material did not react with 
the Civic Foods would was 

3174
02:49:48,200 --> 02:49:51,800
renewable and readily available,
but wooden implements absorbed 

3175
02:49:51,800 --> 02:49:54,900
moisture and stains. 
They could Harbor bacteria and 

3176
02:49:54,900 --> 02:49:57,800
cracks and Grain Lines, they 
eventually wore out and needed 

3177
02:49:57,800 --> 02:50:00,900
replacement. 
The trade-off between cost and 

3178
02:50:00,900 --> 02:50:04,000
Longevity, made wooden utensils.
The rational choice for most 

3179
02:50:04,000 --> 02:50:05,800
households through most of 
History. 

3180
02:50:06,700 --> 02:50:09,600
Horn was another common material
for spoons and other utensils 

3181
02:50:09,600 --> 02:50:13,300
cowhorn and sheep horn could be 
softened with heat and shaped in

3182
02:50:13,308 --> 02:50:15,800
molds. 
The result was a smooth water 

3183
02:50:15,800 --> 02:50:19,600
resistant material that held its
shape when cooled horns, were 

3184
02:50:19,600 --> 02:50:21,900
tougher than wooden ones and did
not crack as easily. 

3185
02:50:22,700 --> 02:50:26,200
The main disadvantage was the 
taste and smell new horn. 

3186
02:50:26,200 --> 02:50:29,500
Utensils could impart unpleasant
flavors to food until they were 

3187
02:50:29,500 --> 02:50:32,000
thoroughly cleaned and used 
enough times to wear off the 

3188
02:50:32,008 --> 02:50:35,100
outer layer. 
Bone served similar purposes to 

3189
02:50:35,100 --> 02:50:39,300
Horn cattle bones, particularly 
the leg bones provided solid 

3190
02:50:39,300 --> 02:50:41,200
material, that could be carved 
or worked. 

3191
02:50:41,900 --> 02:50:44,300
Bone was harder than horn and 
did not soften with heat the 

3192
02:50:44,300 --> 02:50:46,700
same way. 
This made it more difficult to 

3193
02:50:46,700 --> 02:50:49,000
work, but also more durable in 
the finished product. 

3194
02:50:49,800 --> 02:50:53,000
Bone handles on knives, were 
common in entire spoon's car. 

3195
02:50:53,000 --> 02:50:56,600
From bone were less common, but 
did exist, the handles of 

3196
02:50:56,600 --> 02:50:59,200
knives, received special 
attention from craftspeople. 

3197
02:50:59,200 --> 02:51:02,700
A good handle needed to fit 
comfortably in the hand and 

3198
02:51:02,700 --> 02:51:06,600
provide secure grip, even when 
wet or greasy, The material had 

3199
02:51:06,600 --> 02:51:08,800
to withstand moisture without 
rotting or warping. 

3200
02:51:09,600 --> 02:51:12,400
Should be attractive, but not so
ornate that it interfered with 

3201
02:51:12,408 --> 02:51:15,400
function. 
Handle makers became Specialists

3202
02:51:15,400 --> 02:51:17,900
and selecting and working 
materials like stag antler, 

3203
02:51:17,900 --> 02:51:22,100
Ivory Hardwoods and various 
synthetics in later periods. 

3204
02:51:23,000 --> 02:51:26,100
Stag antler was prized for knife
handles because of its natural 

3205
02:51:26,100 --> 02:51:28,300
beauty and excellent handling 
qualities. 

3206
02:51:28,300 --> 02:51:31,700
Each piece of antler was unique 
with its own grain and color. 

3207
02:51:31,700 --> 02:51:35,000
Variations, the dense outer 
layer provided durability. 

3208
02:51:35,000 --> 02:51:38,000
While the inner core could be 
worked more easily antler. 

3209
02:51:38,000 --> 02:51:41,200
Handles aged, well developing a 
patina from use that many people

3210
02:51:41,200 --> 02:51:45,200
found attractive, the main 
limitation was size antler 

3211
02:51:45,200 --> 02:51:48,900
pieces, were relatively small, 
limiting handle designs, Ivory, 

3212
02:51:48,900 --> 02:51:51,000
despite being expensive and 
ethically problematic. 

3213
02:51:51,000 --> 02:51:54,500
From a modern perspective was 
valued for high-end utensil 

3214
02:51:54,500 --> 02:51:58,000
handles and decorative elements.
Elephant Ivory was the most 

3215
02:51:58,000 --> 02:52:02,300
prized being dense, smooth and 
capable of taking extremely 

3216
02:52:02,300 --> 02:52:05,300
fine. 
Carving Walrus Ivory served 

3217
02:52:05,300 --> 02:52:07,000
similar purposes in Northern 
regions. 

3218
02:52:07,000 --> 02:52:10,800
Hippopotamus Ivory was used in 
Africa and by those with access 

3219
02:52:10,800 --> 02:52:13,900
to African trade, all these 
materials are now rightly 

3220
02:52:13,900 --> 02:52:17,000
banned, or heavily restricted 
but they played significant 

3221
02:52:17,000 --> 02:52:19,000
roles in historical utensil 
craftsmanship. 

3222
02:52:20,000 --> 02:52:23,100
The joinery where blade meaty 
handle was a Crucial, Technical 

3223
02:52:23,100 --> 02:52:25,800
detail. 
Poorly attached handle could 

3224
02:52:25,800 --> 02:52:29,100
come loose during use, rendering
the utensil useless or even 

3225
02:52:29,100 --> 02:52:32,700
dangerous, Tang, construction 
involved, extending the blade 

3226
02:52:32,700 --> 02:52:35,200
Metal into the handle material 
and securing it with pins or 

3227
02:52:35,200 --> 02:52:38,000
adhesive. 
Full tank designs where the 

3228
02:52:38,000 --> 02:52:39,800
metal extended? 
The full length of the handle 

3229
02:52:39,800 --> 02:52:42,700
provided maximum strength. 
Partial Tang. 

3230
02:52:42,700 --> 02:52:46,400
Designs were cheaper, but less 
robust, some life makers, used 

3231
02:52:46,400 --> 02:52:48,000
alternative construction 
methods. 

3232
02:52:48,700 --> 02:52:52,500
Stick Tang designs had a thin 
metal extension that inserted 

3233
02:52:52,500 --> 02:52:54,100
into a hole drilled in the 
handle. 

3234
02:52:54,800 --> 02:52:58,000
These were easier to make but 
provided less strength, the 

3235
02:52:58,000 --> 02:53:01,100
handle could, potentially spin 
on the Tang or pull off entirely

3236
02:53:01,100 --> 02:53:04,200
if not properly secured. 
Quality makers, avoided this 

3237
02:53:04,200 --> 02:53:06,700
construction for anything. 
But decorative pieces not 

3238
02:53:06,700 --> 02:53:10,600
intended for hard, use the 
forging and grinding of blades, 

3239
02:53:10,600 --> 02:53:14,900
was its own specialized skill. 
Iron and Steel had to be heated 

3240
02:53:14,900 --> 02:53:18,800
hammered shaped and heat treated
to develop the right combination

3241
02:53:18,800 --> 02:53:22,900
of hardness and flexibility. 
Blade, that was too hard would 

3242
02:53:22,900 --> 02:53:26,400
be brittle and could snap a 
Blade 2 softwood would not hold 

3243
02:53:26,400 --> 02:53:29,300
an edge, the balance point 
depended on the carbon content 

3244
02:53:29,300 --> 02:53:32,600
of the steel and the exact 
temperature cycle during forging

3245
02:53:32,600 --> 02:53:35,500
and temporary. 
Sharpening techniques varied by 

3246
02:53:35,500 --> 02:53:39,400
region and period grinding 
wheels, powered by foot treadles

3247
02:53:39,400 --> 02:53:41,800
allowed controlled shaping of 
Blade edges. 

3248
02:53:42,500 --> 02:53:45,500
Whetstones with different grits 
refined edges to razor 

3249
02:53:45,500 --> 02:53:48,900
sharpness, honing with leather, 
strops gave final polish. 

3250
02:53:49,500 --> 02:53:52,600
Professional sharpeners traveled
from town to town offering their

3251
02:53:52,600 --> 02:53:54,600
services. 
A skilled sharpener. 

3252
02:53:54,600 --> 02:53:57,300
Could extend the useful life of 
a knife or other Edge tool by 

3253
02:53:57,300 --> 02:54:00,200
years? 
The craft guilds that regulated 

3254
02:54:00,200 --> 02:54:03,100
utensil making and forced 
quality standards and protected 

3255
02:54:03,100 --> 02:54:05,900
Trade Secrets. 
Apprentices spent Years 

3256
02:54:05,900 --> 02:54:09,500
Learning, the trade under master
Craftsman, journeyman traveled 

3257
02:54:09,500 --> 02:54:12,400
to gain experience in different 
workshops before potentially, 

3258
02:54:12,400 --> 02:54:16,000
becoming Masters themselves. 
This system ensured that 

3259
02:54:16,000 --> 02:54:18,700
traditional skills passed from 
generation to generation. 

3260
02:54:18,700 --> 02:54:22,500
It also restricted competition 
and kept prices High which 

3261
02:54:22,500 --> 02:54:24,300
benefitted established 
craftspeople. 

3262
02:54:24,300 --> 02:54:27,000
But made fine, utensils 
expensive for consumers. 

3263
02:54:28,000 --> 02:54:30,800
Regional Styles developed based 
on local materials and 

3264
02:54:30,800 --> 02:54:33,200
traditions English silversmiths 
favored. 

3265
02:54:33,200 --> 02:54:36,200
Certain handle shapes and 
decorative motifs, French 

3266
02:54:36,200 --> 02:54:38,000
makers, preferred different 
proportions. 

3267
02:54:38,000 --> 02:54:41,000
And ornamental Styles German 
metal workers. 

3268
02:54:41,000 --> 02:54:42,600
Had their own distinctive 
approaches. 

3269
02:54:42,600 --> 02:54:46,200
These Regional differences were 
recognizable to educated 

3270
02:54:46,200 --> 02:54:48,300
consumers. 
Who could identify a spoon or 

3271
02:54:48,300 --> 02:54:50,500
knife origin by its design 
characteristics. 

3272
02:54:50,500 --> 02:54:53,400
The Industrial Revolution 
transformed utensil 

3273
02:54:53,400 --> 02:54:56,800
manufacturing mechanized 
production made standardized 

3274
02:54:56,800 --> 02:54:59,900
utensils, much cheaper and more 
available Drop. 

3275
02:54:59,900 --> 02:55:02,600
Forging could shape metal 
quickly without extensive hand 

3276
02:55:02,600 --> 02:55:05,000
hammering. 
Rolling Mills produced, uniform,

3277
02:55:05,000 --> 02:55:08,200
sheets, and blanks 
electroplating allowed base 

3278
02:55:08,200 --> 02:55:10,000
metal utensils to be coated with
thin. 

3279
02:55:10,000 --> 02:55:13,400
Layers of silver, giving the 
appearance of solid silver at a 

3280
02:55:13,400 --> 02:55:16,100
fraction of the cost. 
These Innovations, democratized 

3281
02:55:16,100 --> 02:55:19,500
access to decent utensils but 
reduced the distinctiveness of 

3282
02:55:19,500 --> 02:55:22,800
individual pieces, the dinner 
table as we know it today, 

3283
02:55:22,800 --> 02:55:26,300
emerged gradually from the late 
1700s through the 1800s. 

3284
02:55:26,300 --> 02:55:29,700
The idea that each person should
have their own complete set of 

3285
02:55:29,700 --> 02:55:31,600
matched utensils was relatively 
new. 

3286
02:55:32,500 --> 02:55:35,800
So was the concept of specific 
utensils for specific Foods. 

3287
02:55:35,800 --> 02:55:39,200
The modern place setting is the 
result of increasing formality, 

3288
02:55:39,200 --> 02:55:42,700
social competition and 
Manufacturing capabilities that 

3289
02:55:42,700 --> 02:55:46,100
made elaborate table setting 
possible, the Matched set of 

3290
02:55:46,100 --> 02:55:49,100
utensils developed as a marker 
of good taste and household 

3291
02:55:49,100 --> 02:55:51,600
order. 
Rather than each family member 

3292
02:55:51,600 --> 02:55:54,700
having their own personal spoon 
knife and fork with no 

3293
02:55:54,700 --> 02:55:56,200
particular relationship to each 
other. 

3294
02:55:57,000 --> 02:55:59,800
The ideal became sets were all 
the pieces, shared the same 

3295
02:55:59,800 --> 02:56:03,700
pattern and style manufacturers 
began producing utensils in 

3296
02:56:03,700 --> 02:56:07,900
matching patterns, specifically,
marketed as complete sets the 

3297
02:56:07,900 --> 02:56:09,400
number of pieces in a proper 
set. 

3298
02:56:09,400 --> 02:56:13,000
Expanded dramatically a basic 
setting might included in a 

3299
02:56:13,000 --> 02:56:16,000
knife Diner Fork, salad fork 
soup spoon and teaspoon. 

3300
02:56:16,900 --> 02:56:20,300
More elaborate Services, added 
fish knives, and forks, dessert,

3301
02:56:20,300 --> 02:56:23,500
spoons, and forks, serving 
pieces, and specialized 

3302
02:56:23,500 --> 02:56:28,100
implements for specific Foods. 
By the late 1800s, a complete 

3303
02:56:28,100 --> 02:56:30,800
formal service, could include 
dozens of different utensil 

3304
02:56:30,800 --> 02:56:32,900
types. 
This proliferation of 

3305
02:56:32,900 --> 02:56:35,100
specialized utensils was partly 
functional. 

3306
02:56:36,100 --> 02:56:38,800
Different foods genuinely 
benefited from different tools 

3307
02:56:38,800 --> 02:56:42,600
but it was also about social 
signaling knowing which utensil 

3308
02:56:42,600 --> 02:56:45,200
to use for which course 
demonstrated, education and 

3309
02:56:45,200 --> 02:56:48,500
refinement. the complexity of 
the rules served to separate 

3310
02:56:48,500 --> 02:56:52,100
those who knew from those who 
did not, Table settings, became 

3311
02:56:52,100 --> 02:56:55,400
a form of social gatekeeping, 
the fish knife provides, an 

3312
02:56:55,400 --> 02:56:58,200
excellent example of 
specialization that was more 

3313
02:56:58,200 --> 02:57:02,000
about etiquette than necessity. 
Fish knives appeared in the 

3314
02:57:02,000 --> 02:57:05,500
mid-1800s with broad flat blades
and no sharp edge. 

3315
02:57:05,500 --> 02:57:09,100
The shapes supposedly helped 
lift fish without breaking it 

3316
02:57:09,100 --> 02:57:11,300
apart. 
The lack of sharp edge was based

3317
02:57:11,300 --> 02:57:13,800
on the theory that cutting fish 
was unnecessary since it was 

3318
02:57:13,808 --> 02:57:17,000
naturally tender. 
In practice regular knives, 

3319
02:57:17,000 --> 02:57:20,100
worked perfectly well for fish, 
but using them marked as 

3320
02:57:20,100 --> 02:57:24,400
ignorant of proper 4, the 
asparagus tongs Lobster Forks, 

3321
02:57:24,400 --> 02:57:27,900
snail, tongs, and other highly 
specialized implements represent

3322
02:57:27,900 --> 02:57:31,200
the peak of this trend. 
These tools solved minor 

3323
02:57:31,200 --> 02:57:34,200
problems in eating particular 
foods, but they also made dining

3324
02:57:34,200 --> 02:57:37,200
more complicated and exclusive. 
Wealthy. 

3325
02:57:37,200 --> 02:57:39,700
Victorian households might own 
sets of utensils. 

3326
02:57:39,700 --> 02:57:43,300
They used only a few times per 
year kept in special storage to 

3327
02:57:43,300 --> 02:57:46,300
prevent tarnish. 
The arrangement of utensils on 

3328
02:57:46,300 --> 02:57:50,100
the table, followed increasingly
rigid rules Forks, went on the 

3329
02:57:50,100 --> 02:57:52,400
left side of the plate, knives 
and spoons. 

3330
02:57:52,400 --> 02:57:55,400
On the right utensils were 
placed in the order, they would 

3331
02:57:55,408 --> 02:57:58,200
be used working from the outside
toward the plate. 

3332
02:57:58,200 --> 02:58:01,100
Desert utensils might be placed 
above the plate. 

3333
02:58:01,100 --> 02:58:04,200
These conventions varied 
slightly by country with 

3334
02:58:04,200 --> 02:58:07,400
European and American practices 
diverging in some details. 

3335
02:58:07,400 --> 02:58:10,500
But the basic principle of 
ordered Arrangement became 

3336
02:58:10,500 --> 02:58:14,200
Universal informal dining The 
practice of eating European 

3337
02:58:14,200 --> 02:58:18,500
style vs American style created 
another layer of rules European 

3338
02:58:18,500 --> 02:58:21,100
diners kept the fork in the left
hand throughout the meal. 

3339
02:58:21,100 --> 02:58:25,300
The tines pointed downward 
American cut food with knife and

3340
02:58:25,300 --> 02:58:28,400
fork then switched the fork to 
the right hand with tines 

3341
02:58:28,400 --> 02:58:30,300
pointed upward to convey food to
the mouth. 

3342
02:58:31,100 --> 02:58:32,800
Both Styles, worked perfectly 
well. 

3343
02:58:32,800 --> 02:58:35,800
But each culture considered its 
own method, obviously, correct 

3344
02:58:35,800 --> 02:58:38,700
and natural. 
Stainless steel, revolutionized 

3345
02:58:38,700 --> 02:58:41,000
utensil Manufacturing in the 
early 1900s. 

3346
02:58:42,200 --> 02:58:45,000
This alloy of Steel with 
chromium and nickel, resisted 

3347
02:58:45,000 --> 02:58:48,200
rust, and tarnish far, better 
than traditional steel or 

3348
02:58:48,200 --> 02:58:50,800
silver. 
Stainless steel utensils could 

3349
02:58:50,800 --> 02:58:53,600
be washed roughly and required. 
No special care. 

3350
02:58:53,600 --> 02:58:57,100
They made practical everyday 
flatware accessible to everyone.

3351
02:58:57,100 --> 02:59:00,000
Regardless of social class. 
The metal had only one 

3352
02:59:00,000 --> 02:59:02,400
significant drawback for 
manufacturers and retailers 

3353
02:59:02,400 --> 02:59:05,200
stainless steel utensils lasted 
so long. 

3354
02:59:05,200 --> 02:59:08,500
That customers really needed 
Replacements, the appearance of 

3355
02:59:08,500 --> 02:59:11,200
stainless steel initially 
disappointed, some consumers, 

3356
02:59:11,900 --> 02:59:14,500
Early stainless Alloys had a 
dull, grayish appearance, 

3357
02:59:14,500 --> 02:59:16,100
compared to the bright shine of 
silver. 

3358
02:59:17,000 --> 02:59:19,900
Manufacturers worked to develop,
stainless formulations and 

3359
02:59:19,900 --> 02:59:22,600
finishing techniques that more 
closely resembled Silver's 

3360
02:59:22,600 --> 02:59:24,800
appearance. 
The materials practical 

3361
02:59:24,800 --> 02:59:28,200
advantages of eventually 
overcame aesthetic concerns by 

3362
02:59:28,200 --> 02:59:30,800
the mid-20th century. 
Stainless steel had largely 

3363
02:59:30,800 --> 02:59:33,500
replaced silver for every day 
dining in most households. 

3364
02:59:34,200 --> 02:59:37,000
Silver retained, its Prestige 
for formal occasions and as an 

3365
02:59:37,000 --> 02:59:40,200
indicator of wealth. 
Sterling silver flatware 

3366
02:59:40,200 --> 02:59:42,700
remained a traditional wedding 
gift and family heirloom. 

3367
02:59:43,500 --> 02:59:46,500
The care required for silver 
regular polishing to prevent 

3368
02:59:46,500 --> 02:59:49,400
tarnish. 
Careful storage hand washing 

3369
02:59:49,400 --> 02:59:53,100
rather than dishwasher use 
became part of the appealing, 

3370
02:59:53,100 --> 02:59:55,700
silver flatware signaled that 
you had time and resources to 

3371
02:59:55,700 --> 02:59:58,600
maintain it properly. 
Patterns and flatware became 

3372
02:59:58,600 --> 03:00:01,900
another element of personal 
expression and social identity. 

3373
03:00:02,900 --> 03:00:05,900
Manufacturer's of pattern 
choices from simple. 

3374
03:00:05,900 --> 03:00:09,900
And modern to ornately 
traditional, Your choice of 

3375
03:00:09,900 --> 03:00:12,700
patterns, supposedly reflected 
your taste and personality. 

3376
03:00:13,700 --> 03:00:16,400
Brides registering for flatware 
faced pressure to select 

3377
03:00:16,400 --> 03:00:19,700
patterns, they would still like 
decades later since matching 

3378
03:00:19,700 --> 03:00:21,700
pieces were essential to a 
proper set. 

3379
03:00:22,500 --> 03:00:25,200
The informal movement in 
mid-20th Century, America 

3380
03:00:25,200 --> 03:00:28,500
challenge some of these rules. 
Casual dining became more 

3381
03:00:28,500 --> 03:00:31,200
acceptable. 
Even for dinner parties, paper 

3382
03:00:31,200 --> 03:00:33,900
plates and plastic utensils 
appeared for picnics and 

3383
03:00:33,900 --> 03:00:37,100
informal gatherings, The full 
formal place setting with 

3384
03:00:37,100 --> 03:00:40,200
multiple specialized utensils 
became reserved for increasingly

3385
03:00:40,200 --> 03:00:42,900
rare occasions. 
Young people questioned whether 

3386
03:00:42,900 --> 03:00:46,300
knowing which Fork to use really
mattered but while the rules 

3387
03:00:46,300 --> 03:00:48,800
relaxed, the basic structure of 
the modern place setting 

3388
03:00:48,800 --> 03:00:52,300
persisted even casual meals, 
typically involve each person 

3389
03:00:52,300 --> 03:00:56,000
having their own fork knife and 
Spoon the idea of individual 

3390
03:00:56,000 --> 03:00:58,400
utensils for each Diner has 
become so embedded. 

3391
03:00:58,400 --> 03:01:01,300
The communally eating from 
shared dishes with shared 

3392
03:01:01,300 --> 03:01:04,600
implements seems on hygienic or 
uncivilized to many westerners. 

3393
03:01:04,600 --> 03:01:08,000
Despite this being standard 
practice for most of human 

3394
03:01:08,000 --> 03:01:12,000
history and remaining common in 
many cultures today, Asian 

3395
03:01:12,000 --> 03:01:14,600
dining Traditions, maintained 
different relationships with 

3396
03:01:14,600 --> 03:01:18,500
utensils Chopsticks developed as
the primary eating Implement in 

3397
03:01:18,500 --> 03:01:23,200
China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.
These two stick tools require 

3398
03:01:23,200 --> 03:01:25,800
different skills than Western 
utensils but were equally 

3399
03:01:25,800 --> 03:01:29,000
effective once mastered. 
Chopsticks could pick up small 

3400
03:01:29,000 --> 03:01:33,100
morsels break apart larger items
and even serve as mixing tools. 

3401
03:01:33,100 --> 03:01:36,100
The cultural divide between 
Chopstick and Fork cultures 

3402
03:01:36,100 --> 03:01:39,400
persisted into modern times with
each group, sometimes viewing 

3403
03:01:39,400 --> 03:01:41,700
the others, eating implements a 
strange or difficult. 

3404
03:01:42,500 --> 03:01:45,900
The globalization of the late 
20th and early 21st, centuries 

3405
03:01:45,900 --> 03:01:48,900
brought Chopsticks and Western 
utensils into closer contact. 

3406
03:01:48,900 --> 03:01:52,500
Many Asian restaurants in 
Western countries provided both 

3407
03:01:52,500 --> 03:01:57,200
Chopsticks and Western utensils 
allowing deines to choose Some 

3408
03:01:57,200 --> 03:01:59,900
Western restaurants, serving 
Asian Cuisine pushed customers 

3409
03:01:59,900 --> 03:02:03,200
to use chopsticks as part of an 
authentic experience, though, 

3410
03:02:03,200 --> 03:02:06,100
this occasionally veered into 
cultural performance rather than

3411
03:02:06,100 --> 03:02:09,200
practical necessity. 
The mingling of utensil 

3412
03:02:09,200 --> 03:02:12,900
Traditions continues to evolve 
environmental, concerns of 

3413
03:02:12,900 --> 03:02:16,100
recently influenced utensil 
choices disposable plastic 

3414
03:02:16,100 --> 03:02:19,800
utensils once seen as convenient
and hygienic are now recognized 

3415
03:02:19,800 --> 03:02:23,400
as problematic waste products. 
Many consumers have returned to 

3416
03:02:23,400 --> 03:02:26,900
carrying reusable utensils, 
echoing the medieval practice of

3417
03:02:26,900 --> 03:02:29,600
bringing your own eating, 
implements, the specific 

3418
03:02:29,600 --> 03:02:33,200
concerns of changed, but the 
pattern of people adapting their

3419
03:02:33,200 --> 03:02:36,200
utensil used to broader social 
value continues. 

3420
03:02:37,000 --> 03:02:39,500
The future of utensils remains 
open to Innovation. 

3421
03:02:39,500 --> 03:02:43,100
Specialized tools for specific. 
Dietary needs continued to 

3422
03:02:43,108 --> 03:02:45,400
appear. 
Adaptive utensils. 

3423
03:02:45,400 --> 03:02:47,900
Help people with disabilities. 
Eat independently. 

3424
03:02:48,900 --> 03:02:51,200
Material Science. 
May produce new substances that 

3425
03:02:51,200 --> 03:02:54,500
combine the best properties of 
existing materials, but the 

3426
03:02:54,500 --> 03:02:58,100
basic forms of spoon knife and 
fork seem likely to persist 

3427
03:02:58,100 --> 03:03:00,300
these shapes solve fundamental 
problems. 

3428
03:03:00,300 --> 03:03:03,000
So, effectively that radical 
changes appear are necessary. 

3429
03:03:04,300 --> 03:03:06,700
The modern table setting 
represents the accumulated, 

3430
03:03:06,700 --> 03:03:09,400
decisions, of thousands, of 
years of human experience with 

3431
03:03:09,400 --> 03:03:11,900
dining. 
The specific arrangement of 

3432
03:03:11,900 --> 03:03:15,400
knife Fork, and Spoon beside 
your plate, connects to Medieval

3433
03:03:15,400 --> 03:03:19,200
European practices, ancient 
Roman habits, and prehistoric 

3434
03:03:19,200 --> 03:03:21,400
Innovations. 
When you sit down to eat with 

3435
03:03:21,408 --> 03:03:24,800
utensils tonight, you 
participate in an unbroken chain

3436
03:03:24,800 --> 03:03:27,900
of human attempts to eat more 
effectively in Grace for The 

3437
03:03:27,900 --> 03:03:30,800
tools may have changed that the 
fundamental goals. 

3438
03:03:30,800 --> 03:03:33,000
Remain the same. 
You have journeyed, through 

3439
03:03:33,000 --> 03:03:35,800
thousands of years of utensil 
history from the first sharp 

3440
03:03:35,800 --> 03:03:39,100
Stone used to cut meat to the 
gleaming stainless steel on 

3441
03:03:39,100 --> 03:03:42,400
modern tables. 
The path was not straight or 

3442
03:03:42,400 --> 03:03:45,700
simple Innovations, arose, 
independently in different 

3443
03:03:45,700 --> 03:03:49,100
cultures, some tools spread 
quickly, While others took 

3444
03:03:49,100 --> 03:03:53,000
centuries to gain acceptance, 
social class, religious beliefs,

3445
03:03:53,000 --> 03:03:56,200
and practical necessity. 
All shaped how humans learn to 

3446
03:03:56,200 --> 03:03:57,900
eat with tools rather than hands
alone. 

3447
03:03:58,800 --> 03:04:02,100
The spoon emerged early as a 
universal solution to eating 

3448
03:04:02,100 --> 03:04:05,700
liquids, the knife transitioned 
from weapon to dining Implement 

3449
03:04:05,700 --> 03:04:09,400
through gradual design, changes 
and social rules, the fork 

3450
03:04:09,400 --> 03:04:11,500
overcame surprising resistance 
to become essential. 

3451
03:04:11,500 --> 03:04:15,500
Each tool has its own story of 
human, creativity responding to 

3452
03:04:15,500 --> 03:04:18,900
needs as you rest tonight. 
Perhaps, you will notice the 

3453
03:04:18,900 --> 03:04:21,300
ordinary utensils around you 
with fresh appreciation. 

3454
03:04:22,300 --> 03:04:25,300
These simple metal objects, 
represent accumulated, wisdom, 

3455
03:04:25,300 --> 03:04:29,000
craftsmanship, and social 
Evolution stretching, back to 

3456
03:04:29,000 --> 03:04:30,400
the beginning of human 
civilization. 

3457
03:04:31,500 --> 03:04:34,700
They are humble tools but they 
carry history in their forms 

3458
03:04:34,700 --> 03:04:37,600
sleep. 
Well tomorrow you will use your 

3459
03:04:37,600 --> 03:04:41,000
utensils again without thinking.
Much about them, that casual 

3460
03:04:41,000 --> 03:04:43,200
familiarity is itself a kind of 
success. 

3461
03:04:44,000 --> 03:04:46,900
The tools work so well that they
disappear from conscious 

3462
03:04:46,900 --> 03:04:50,600
attention, generations of humans
refine these implements until 

3463
03:04:50,600 --> 03:04:52,600
they became nearly perfect for 
their purposes. 

3464
03:04:53,500 --> 03:04:56,500
That achievement deserves 
recognition even if only in 

3465
03:04:56,500 --> 03:05:00,300
Quiet Moments before sleep. 
The story of utensils is not 

3466
03:05:00,300 --> 03:05:04,000
finished innovation's. 
Continue new materials and 

3467
03:05:04,000 --> 03:05:07,700
Designs appear. 
The basic task remains unchanged

3468
03:05:07,700 --> 03:05:10,400
humans. 
Need to eat and tools make 

3469
03:05:10,400 --> 03:05:14,000
eating easier and more pleasant.
This simple truth is connected 

3470
03:05:14,000 --> 03:05:17,900
every human society across time 
and space as you drift towards 

3471
03:05:17,900 --> 03:05:19,600
sleep. 
You are part of that long story 

3472
03:05:19,600 --> 03:05:22,400
carrying forward, Traditions 
that stretch back before 

3473
03:05:22,400 --> 03:05:32,300
recorded history began. 
Your eyes opened slowly. 

3474
03:05:32,300 --> 03:05:35,700
And the first thing you notice 
that is wrong, is the light. 

3475
03:05:36,700 --> 03:05:38,300
It's not the clean bright 
morning. 

3476
03:05:38,300 --> 03:05:42,800
You're used to instead a murky 
yellowish glow, filters through 

3477
03:05:42,800 --> 03:05:45,400
a window that seems smaller than
it should be. 

3478
03:05:46,300 --> 03:05:50,000
The glass is thick and slightly 
wavy and condensation has 

3479
03:05:50,000 --> 03:05:53,000
gathered in the corners like 
tiny pools waiting to spill. 

3480
03:05:53,900 --> 03:05:56,500
Your lying on something that 
feels like a mattress, but isn't

3481
03:05:56,500 --> 03:06:00,200
quite right. 
It's firmer than you expect and 

3482
03:06:00,200 --> 03:06:03,500
you can feel the individual 
ridges beneath the fabric, horse

3483
03:06:03,500 --> 03:06:06,000
hair stuffing though. 
You don't know that yet. 

3484
03:06:08,000 --> 03:06:11,000
It's a rough against your skin, 
not the smooth cotton. 

3485
03:06:11,000 --> 03:06:13,600
You remember going to sleep in 
the linen. 

3486
03:06:13,600 --> 03:06:16,700
And they've been washed so many 
times, they've achieved a text 

3487
03:06:16,700 --> 03:06:20,200
just somewhere between sandpaper
and burlap, though they're 

3488
03:06:20,200 --> 03:06:24,200
surprisingly warm air taste 
different That's the strangest 

3489
03:06:24,200 --> 03:06:26,300
part. 
Actually, you can taste the air.

3490
03:06:26,900 --> 03:06:29,600
It has a thickness to it like 
breathing in soup. 

3491
03:06:29,600 --> 03:06:33,500
There's cold smoke, obviously 
but also something organic and 

3492
03:06:33,500 --> 03:06:35,400
vaguely unpleasant that you'll 
later. 

3493
03:06:35,400 --> 03:06:38,500
Realize is the Thames at low 
tide mixed with a few hundred 

3494
03:06:38,500 --> 03:06:40,800
thousand coal fires, burning 
simultaneously. 

3495
03:06:42,000 --> 03:06:45,300
Victorian London, doesn't just 
smell it. 

3496
03:06:45,300 --> 03:06:47,600
Announces itself with every 
breath. 

3497
03:06:48,900 --> 03:06:51,600
As you sit up, your body feels 
the same, but the room is 

3498
03:06:51,600 --> 03:06:55,200
entirely foreign. 
The ceiling is high much higher 

3499
03:06:55,200 --> 03:06:58,900
than modern rooms, but the space
somehow feels cramped anyway. 

3500
03:07:00,200 --> 03:07:04,300
Dark wallpaper with an intricate
pattern of flowers or Vines 

3501
03:07:04,300 --> 03:07:07,600
covers the walls and you 
realize, with a start that 

3502
03:07:07,600 --> 03:07:11,700
there's no light switch. 
In fact, there are no electrical

3503
03:07:11,700 --> 03:07:15,100
outlets at all. 
The room is lit by that strange 

3504
03:07:15,100 --> 03:07:19,100
window and buy the remnant of 
whatever Coal fire burned in the

3505
03:07:19,100 --> 03:07:22,000
small fireplace last night. 
You're wearing a nightshirt. 

3506
03:07:22,000 --> 03:07:24,500
That feels like it's been cut 
from sale canvas. 

3507
03:07:24,500 --> 03:07:28,400
It's long reaching past your 
knees, and there's absolutely 

3508
03:07:28,400 --> 03:07:32,100
nothing underneath it. 
The victorians had very 

3509
03:07:32,100 --> 03:07:35,600
different ideas about sleepwear 
and comfort wasn't high on their

3510
03:07:35,600 --> 03:07:39,400
priority list. 
Modesty and practicality won 

3511
03:07:39,400 --> 03:07:43,400
that battle decisively. 
Standing up requires more effort

3512
03:07:43,400 --> 03:07:47,500
than you expect. 
The floor is cold, proper cold 

3513
03:07:47,500 --> 03:07:50,000
that seeps through your bare 
feet, like you're standing on a 

3514
03:07:50,008 --> 03:07:53,100
block of ice. 
The floorboards are bare wood 

3515
03:07:53,108 --> 03:07:55,900
and you can feel every Splinter 
and groove. 

3516
03:07:56,600 --> 03:08:00,000
There's a thin rug beside the 
bed but it does little to combat

3517
03:08:00,000 --> 03:08:01,900
the chill. 
That seems to radiate from the 

3518
03:08:01,900 --> 03:08:06,300
very foundation of the building 
fog outside isn't like fog, 

3519
03:08:06,300 --> 03:08:09,600
you've experienced before. 
This is the famous London. 

3520
03:08:09,600 --> 03:08:14,000
Pea Super a combination of 
natural missed and cold smoke, 

3521
03:08:14,000 --> 03:08:16,800
that creates something almost 
Supernatural. 

3522
03:08:17,800 --> 03:08:20,900
The presses against the Windows 
like something alive, turning 

3523
03:08:20,900 --> 03:08:23,800
the street below into a series 
of Shadows and suggestions 

3524
03:08:23,800 --> 03:08:27,600
rather than actual shapes. 
You can hear the city though. 

3525
03:08:28,600 --> 03:08:31,800
Of horse, Hooves on 
cobblestones, the Cry of a 

3526
03:08:31,800 --> 03:08:34,500
street, vendor somewhere in the 
Merc and the Perpetual 

3527
03:08:34,500 --> 03:08:37,400
background hum of a million 
people going about their morning

3528
03:08:37,400 --> 03:08:40,400
routines. 
Your modern instincts kick in 

3529
03:08:40,400 --> 03:08:42,800
and you look for your phone. 
Of course. 

3530
03:08:42,800 --> 03:08:47,000
There isn't one. 
No phone, no laptop, no tablet. 

3531
03:08:47,000 --> 03:08:51,500
No screen of any kind. 
The silence in the room is 

3532
03:08:51,500 --> 03:08:54,600
complete, except for the sounds 
drifting up from the street in 

3533
03:08:54,600 --> 03:08:56,600
the occasional Creek of the 
building settling. 

3534
03:08:57,500 --> 03:08:59,900
It's the kind of quiet that 
makes you realize how much 

3535
03:08:59,900 --> 03:09:04,800
ambient noise you're used to 
know refrigerator hum, no HVAC 

3536
03:09:04,800 --> 03:09:08,700
system, no electronics of any 
kind emitting their barely 

3537
03:09:08,700 --> 03:09:12,000
perceptible frequencies. 
There's a wash stand in the 

3538
03:09:12,008 --> 03:09:15,500
corner with a ceramic picture 
and Basin the water in the 

3539
03:09:15,500 --> 03:09:17,400
picture has a thin skin of ice 
on it. 

3540
03:09:18,200 --> 03:09:21,100
This is how you'll wash your 
face this morning by breaking 

3541
03:09:21,100 --> 03:09:24,400
ice with your fingers and 
splashing freezing water on your

3542
03:09:24,400 --> 03:09:27,000
skin. 
The victorians were apparently, 

3543
03:09:27,000 --> 03:09:30,600
made of Sterner stuff than 
modern humans or perhaps they 

3544
03:09:30,600 --> 03:09:32,000
just didn't have a choice in the
matter. 

3545
03:09:33,400 --> 03:09:37,200
A Looking Glass hangs above the 
washstand and when you peer into

3546
03:09:37,200 --> 03:09:38,700
it you see yourself but 
different. 

3547
03:09:38,700 --> 03:09:41,700
Your face is the same but 
there's something in your 

3548
03:09:41,700 --> 03:09:44,100
expression. 
Perhaps, it's the early morning 

3549
03:09:44,100 --> 03:09:47,600
confusion or maybe it's the 
dawning realization that you're 

3550
03:09:47,600 --> 03:09:50,800
about to spend an entire day. 
Without any of the convenience's

3551
03:09:50,800 --> 03:09:52,500
you've taken for granted your 
whole life. 

3552
03:09:53,400 --> 03:09:56,600
The room tells stories, if you 
know how to read them, there's a

3553
03:09:56,600 --> 03:09:59,600
chamber pot, tuck discreetly 
under the bed because bathrooms 

3554
03:09:59,600 --> 03:10:00,900
in the modern sense, don't 
exist. 

3555
03:10:00,900 --> 03:10:04,500
In most Victorian homes. 
There's a small coal scuttle by 

3556
03:10:04,500 --> 03:10:06,700
the fireplace with a few lumps 
of coal, still in it. 

3557
03:10:06,700 --> 03:10:09,900
Your clothes for the day are 
laid out on a wooden chair that 

3558
03:10:09,900 --> 03:10:13,300
looks hand carved and probably 
older than some Modern countries

3559
03:10:13,300 --> 03:10:16,300
getting dressed in. 
Victorian clothing is going to 

3560
03:10:16,300 --> 03:10:20,400
be an adventure unto itself. 
But first, you need to face that

3561
03:10:20,400 --> 03:10:24,000
icy water and prepare yourself 
for a day in a world where 

3562
03:10:24,000 --> 03:10:25,900
everything familiar has been 
replaced. 

3563
03:10:25,900 --> 03:10:30,500
With historical authenticity, 
fog continues to press against 

3564
03:10:30,500 --> 03:10:32,800
the windows and somewhere in the
distance. 

3565
03:10:32,800 --> 03:10:36,700
You hear a church bell, marking 
the hour, it's 7 in the morning 

3566
03:10:36,700 --> 03:10:40,600
and London is already awake. 
Stepping out onto a Victorian. 

3567
03:10:40,600 --> 03:10:43,900
London Street is like walking 
onto a stage where every person 

3568
03:10:43,900 --> 03:10:46,400
is an actor. 
And the set design is both 

3569
03:10:46,400 --> 03:10:48,700
magnificent and slightly 
horrifying. 

3570
03:10:50,300 --> 03:10:53,400
Fog Has Lifted somewhere 
revealing a world that 

3571
03:10:53,400 --> 03:10:56,600
simultaneously more impressive 
and more disturbing than you 

3572
03:10:56,600 --> 03:10:59,200
imagined. 
The cobblestones beneath your 

3573
03:10:59,200 --> 03:11:02,600
feet are uneven. 
Once smooth in some places and 

3574
03:11:02,600 --> 03:11:04,900
Jagged in others, you're wearing
boots. 

3575
03:11:04,900 --> 03:11:08,600
Now proper Victorian boots that 
button up the side and take 

3576
03:11:08,600 --> 03:11:12,100
approximately 10 minutes to put 
on correctly, Stiff, 

3577
03:11:12,100 --> 03:11:15,500
uncomfortable and will probably 
give you blisters by noon but 

3578
03:11:15,500 --> 03:11:17,100
they're better than the 
alternative. 

3579
03:11:17,800 --> 03:11:19,400
The streets here, collect 
things. 

3580
03:11:19,400 --> 03:11:23,100
You don't want touching your 
bare feet, The buildings Loom 

3581
03:11:23,100 --> 03:11:25,500
above you, in a way that modern 
architecture, rarely manages 

3582
03:11:25,500 --> 03:11:30,000
Victorian London was built 
upward out of necessity and the 

3583
03:11:30,000 --> 03:11:32,900
result is streets that feel like
Canyons with ornate facades. 

3584
03:11:34,000 --> 03:11:37,400
Every building is different, 
each one competing, to be more 

3585
03:11:37,400 --> 03:11:40,700
elaborate than its neighbors. 
There's carved stonework, 

3586
03:11:40,700 --> 03:11:44,600
decorative brickwork and 
Architectural flourishes that 

3587
03:11:44,600 --> 03:11:48,000
serve no practical purpose, 
except to demonstrate that. 

3588
03:11:48,000 --> 03:11:50,300
The owner had money to spend on 
looking prosperous. 

3589
03:11:51,300 --> 03:11:54,300
The real star of the show is the
sensory overload that hits you 

3590
03:11:54,300 --> 03:11:57,300
from every direction. 
Let's start with the horses 

3591
03:11:57,300 --> 03:12:01,200
because Victorian London ran on 
horse power in the most literal 

3592
03:12:01,200 --> 03:12:05,600
sense possible. everywhere you 
look there are horses pulling 

3593
03:12:05,600 --> 03:12:09,200
handsome cabs hauling delivery 
wagons carrying individual 

3594
03:12:09,200 --> 03:12:12,500
Riders and standing patiently 
while their owners conduct 

3595
03:12:12,500 --> 03:12:16,800
business and horses as your 
rapidly discovering produce 

3596
03:12:16,800 --> 03:12:20,700
waste at an impressive rate, 
Streets are covered in it, not 

3597
03:12:20,700 --> 03:12:23,400
completely because there's an 
entire economy built around 

3598
03:12:23,400 --> 03:12:26,300
collecting Horseman year. 
But in enough that watching your

3599
03:12:26,300 --> 03:12:28,300
step comes second nature within 
minutes. 

3600
03:12:29,300 --> 03:12:33,100
Crossing sweepers usually 
children weighted intersections 

3601
03:12:33,100 --> 03:12:36,800
with their brooms ready to clear
a path through the muck for a 

3602
03:12:36,800 --> 03:12:40,100
penny. 
It's clever entrepreneurial and 

3603
03:12:40,100 --> 03:12:44,300
deeply depressing all at once. 
The smell is democratic. 

3604
03:12:44,300 --> 03:12:48,400
It affects everyone equally from
the finest gentlemen, in his 

3605
03:12:48,400 --> 03:12:52,900
tail coat to the poorest street 
vendor Coal smoke horse manure, 

3606
03:12:52,900 --> 03:12:57,500
unwashed Humanity, rotting 
vegetables from the markets and 

3607
03:12:57,500 --> 03:13:01,400
the peculiar Tang of industrial 
chemicals, all combined into a 

3608
03:13:01,400 --> 03:13:04,600
scent that you'll eventually 
stopped noticing simply because 

3609
03:13:04,600 --> 03:13:06,400
your nose will give up in 
self-defense. 

3610
03:13:07,400 --> 03:13:11,000
The noise is extraordinary 
without modern sound insulation 

3611
03:13:11,000 --> 03:13:14,700
or noise, pollution laws, 
Victorian London operates at a 

3612
03:13:14,700 --> 03:13:17,200
volume that would violate every 
noise ordinance in a 

3613
03:13:17,200 --> 03:13:21,000
contemporary City. 
Ironed wheels on cobblestones 

3614
03:13:21,000 --> 03:13:23,800
Creator constant Rumble. 
Like Perpetual Thunder. 

3615
03:13:25,000 --> 03:13:26,900
Street vendors. 
Call out their Wares in 

3616
03:13:26,900 --> 03:13:28,800
practice. 
Rhythms that cut through the 

3617
03:13:28,800 --> 03:13:31,100
other noise. 
Horses whinny. 

3618
03:13:31,100 --> 03:13:35,000
Dog's bark children, shout and 
everywhere. 

3619
03:13:35,000 --> 03:13:37,400
There's the background 
percussion of a city made of 

3620
03:13:37,400 --> 03:13:39,600
metal and stone banging against 
itself. 

3621
03:13:40,700 --> 03:13:42,600
The people are the most 
fascinating part. 

3622
03:13:42,600 --> 03:13:45,900
Everyone is wearing layers upon 
layers of clothing because 

3623
03:13:45,900 --> 03:13:49,700
central heating doesn't exist 
and Victorian morality demands 

3624
03:13:49,700 --> 03:13:51,600
that every inch of skin be 
covered. 

3625
03:13:52,500 --> 03:13:54,700
The men are in suits or 
workloads. 

3626
03:13:54,700 --> 03:13:56,900
All of them wearing hats of some
description. 

3627
03:13:57,800 --> 03:14:02,000
Top hats for the wealthy cloth, 
caps for workers and Bowlers for

3628
03:14:02,000 --> 03:14:05,400
the middle class. 
Removing your hat indoors or 

3629
03:14:05,400 --> 03:14:06,900
when greeting a lady is 
mandatory. 

3630
03:14:07,700 --> 03:14:10,600
Social signaling was practically
an Olympic sport. 

3631
03:14:10,600 --> 03:14:14,100
In Victorian times, the women 
are engineering Marvels. 

3632
03:14:14,100 --> 03:14:17,100
Those dresses, you've seen in 
movies, there are actually 

3633
03:14:17,100 --> 03:14:21,400
understating the complexity. 
Under those beautiful Fabrics is

3634
03:14:21,400 --> 03:14:23,500
a construction project involving
corsets. 

3635
03:14:24,400 --> 03:14:28,200
Peacoats bussells and enough 
fabric to upholster, a small 

3636
03:14:28,200 --> 03:14:31,800
sofa. 
Women fashion in the 1880s was 

3637
03:14:31,800 --> 03:14:35,300
designed to create a specific 
silhouette that required 

3638
03:14:35,300 --> 03:14:37,400
substantial architecture to 
achieve. 

3639
03:14:38,300 --> 03:14:40,300
The result is that women moved 
differently. 

3640
03:14:40,300 --> 03:14:45,100
Smaller steps, careful postures 
and unawareness of their 

3641
03:14:45,100 --> 03:14:47,700
clothing that modern fashion, 
rarely demands. 

3642
03:14:48,600 --> 03:14:52,700
Social classes visible at a 
glance the wealthy Glide by and 

3643
03:14:52,700 --> 03:14:55,100
private carriages their clothing
pristine. 

3644
03:14:55,100 --> 03:14:59,500
And elaborate middle class walks
or takes omnibuses their clothes

3645
03:14:59,500 --> 03:15:03,700
respectable but practical. 
The Working, Poor wear whatever 

3646
03:15:03,700 --> 03:15:07,900
holds together often visibly 
patched and worn thin from years

3647
03:15:07,900 --> 03:15:10,700
of use. 
Children from poor families, 

3648
03:15:10,700 --> 03:15:12,500
often. 
Go barefoot, even in cold 

3649
03:15:12,500 --> 03:15:16,100
weather, their faces smudged 
with the ever-present, coal dust

3650
03:15:16,100 --> 03:15:19,500
that settles on everything. 
The street vendors, add a 

3651
03:15:19,500 --> 03:15:21,400
carnival atmosphere to the urban
landscape. 

3652
03:15:22,200 --> 03:15:25,300
Pie sellers carry their Wares in
wooden trays hung from their 

3653
03:15:25,300 --> 03:15:29,700
necks calling out hot pies meat 
pies. 

3654
03:15:29,700 --> 03:15:32,800
Invoices trained carry half a 
block. 

3655
03:15:33,700 --> 03:15:36,600
Flower girls, offer Posey's from
baskets that look bigger than 

3656
03:15:36,600 --> 03:15:39,700
they are men. 
Sell everything from matches to 

3657
03:15:39,700 --> 03:15:44,200
boot laces, to mysterious items.
You can't quite identify Each 

3658
03:15:44,200 --> 03:15:47,300
one has their own pitch, their 
own territory and their own 

3659
03:15:47,300 --> 03:15:49,400
regular customers who they know 
by sight. 

3660
03:15:50,300 --> 03:15:53,400
The omnibuses horse drawn 
precursors to public buses 

3661
03:15:53,400 --> 03:15:56,000
Lumber through the streets, like
mobile chaos. 

3662
03:15:56,700 --> 03:15:59,800
Their painted in bright colors, 
advertising their roots and 

3663
03:15:59,800 --> 03:16:03,300
their always full. 
The driver sits up top. 

3664
03:16:04,300 --> 03:16:07,900
Bose to the weather while 
passengers cram inside, or climb

3665
03:16:07,900 --> 03:16:10,800
the stairs to the open. 
Air up a deck, it costs a few 

3666
03:16:10,808 --> 03:16:13,900
Pence to ride and the conductor 
moves through the crowd 

3667
03:16:13,900 --> 03:16:16,200
collecting fairs with practice 
efficiency. 

3668
03:16:17,100 --> 03:16:20,100
Handsome cab zip through the 
traffic with the agility of 

3669
03:16:20,100 --> 03:16:23,800
sports cars, their drivers 
shouting warnings to pedestrians

3670
03:16:23,800 --> 03:16:27,700
who don't move fast enough, 
these are the taxes of Victorian

3671
03:16:27,700 --> 03:16:31,000
London and their drivers are 
legendary for knowing every 

3672
03:16:31,000 --> 03:16:34,700
street and shortcut in the city.
There are also legendary for 

3673
03:16:34,700 --> 03:16:37,600
their colorful language when 
other traffic gets in their way 

3674
03:16:37,600 --> 03:16:40,300
though, you're not supposed to 
acknowledge hearing it. 

3675
03:16:41,000 --> 03:16:43,700
The architecture tells you where
you are in London's complex, 

3676
03:16:43,700 --> 03:16:46,400
social geography. 
The grand buildings of 

3677
03:16:46,400 --> 03:16:49,700
Westminster and the West End, 
advertise Imperial, power and 

3678
03:16:49,700 --> 03:16:52,400
wealth. 
Commercial chaos of the city, 

3679
03:16:52,400 --> 03:16:56,500
London's, Financial District 
buses, with Clark's and 

3680
03:16:56,500 --> 03:16:59,400
businessmen. 
The residential squares of 

3681
03:16:59,400 --> 03:17:03,000
Bloomsbury in Belgravia. 
Hide elegant, homes behind iron.

3682
03:17:03,000 --> 03:17:07,200
Railings and private Gardens. 
And everywhere else is the vast 

3683
03:17:07,200 --> 03:17:10,900
middle and working class London,
that house is the millions who 

3684
03:17:10,900 --> 03:17:14,100
make the city function. 
You notice the air quality 

3685
03:17:14,100 --> 03:17:18,400
improving as you walk? 
Well, improving is relative. 

3686
03:17:18,400 --> 03:17:21,000
It's still terrible by modern 
standards. 

3687
03:17:21,900 --> 03:17:24,400
But you've moved away from a 
particularly Smoky area. 

3688
03:17:25,600 --> 03:17:29,300
Fog has reduced to a light Haze.
You can actually see the sky 

3689
03:17:29,300 --> 03:17:32,200
though, it's a gray. 
That suggests the sun is more 

3690
03:17:32,200 --> 03:17:36,100
theoretical than actual today. 
Public buildings provide 

3691
03:17:36,100 --> 03:17:37,500
punctuation in the urban 
landscape. 

3692
03:17:38,500 --> 03:17:40,700
Churches Tower above surrounding
structures. 

3693
03:17:40,700 --> 03:17:43,900
Their spiers reaching toward 
heaven in defiance of the 

3694
03:17:43,908 --> 03:17:47,000
Earthly muck below? 
The new post offices. 

3695
03:17:47,000 --> 03:17:50,300
Victorian Britain was 
modernizing its Communications 

3696
03:17:50,300 --> 03:17:53,100
infrastructure Stan. 
Proud with their official 

3697
03:17:53,100 --> 03:17:56,100
architecture and busy traffic of
people sending letters and 

3698
03:17:56,100 --> 03:18:00,400
telegrams. 
Banks look like temples, which 

3699
03:18:00,400 --> 03:18:03,500
is probably intentional given 
that money was its own kind of 

3700
03:18:03,508 --> 03:18:07,000
religion. 
In Victorian society, Parks are 

3701
03:18:07,000 --> 03:18:10,000
sanctuaries from the urban 
intensity, even small. 

3702
03:18:10,000 --> 03:18:13,200
Squares of Green Space offer 
relief from the stone and brick 

3703
03:18:13,200 --> 03:18:17,400
that dominates everywhere else. 
The grass is real, the trees are

3704
03:18:17,400 --> 03:18:19,500
mature. 
And for a few moments, you can 

3705
03:18:19,500 --> 03:18:22,400
breathe there that hasn't been 
processed through coal, fires 

3706
03:18:22,400 --> 03:18:27,000
and horse lungs, By mid-morning,
the Victorian London has fully 

3707
03:18:27,000 --> 03:18:31,100
awakened and the city operates 
with a complexity that Rivals 

3708
03:18:31,100 --> 03:18:34,400
any modern Metropolis. 
The difference is that 

3709
03:18:34,400 --> 03:18:38,400
everything requires doing by 
hand with animals, all through 

3710
03:18:38,400 --> 03:18:41,200
mechanical Contraptions that 
would look steampunk if they 

3711
03:18:41,200 --> 03:18:45,400
were not completely authentic. 
The shops are opening and 

3712
03:18:45,400 --> 03:18:47,500
shopping in. 
Victorian London is nothing like

3713
03:18:47,500 --> 03:18:49,100
pushing a cart through a 
supermarket. 

3714
03:18:50,300 --> 03:18:54,200
Most shops are small specialized
Affairs where the shopkeeper 

3715
03:18:54,200 --> 03:18:57,300
knows their infantry personally 
and keeps it behind the counter.

3716
03:18:57,300 --> 03:19:01,400
You don't browse you ask for 
what you want and they fetch it.

3717
03:19:02,700 --> 03:19:05,400
The relationship between 
customer and shopkeeper is 

3718
03:19:05,400 --> 03:19:09,000
formal and ritualized with 
proper, greetings and polite, 

3719
03:19:09,000 --> 03:19:11,400
inquiries about health. 
And whether before anyone 

3720
03:19:11,400 --> 03:19:15,000
mentioned, what you're actually 
there to purchase, The baker 

3721
03:19:15,000 --> 03:19:17,200
shop smells of yeast and cold 
smoke. 

3722
03:19:17,200 --> 03:19:21,000
The bread is baked in coal-fired
ovens and the result is 

3723
03:19:21,000 --> 03:19:24,000
delicious but distinctly 
flavored by its cooking method. 

3724
03:19:24,000 --> 03:19:29,700
The loaves are crusty dense and 
absolutely nothing like modern 

3725
03:19:29,700 --> 03:19:33,500
slice of bread. 
Their sold by weight and the 

3726
03:19:33,500 --> 03:19:35,300
baker's. 
Apprentice wraps your purchase 

3727
03:19:35,300 --> 03:19:37,600
in paper, that will disintegrate
if it gets damp. 

3728
03:19:38,500 --> 03:19:40,700
The Butcher Shop is an 
experience, that requires a 

3729
03:19:40,700 --> 03:19:44,300
strong stomach, whole animals, 
hang in the window and the 

3730
03:19:44,308 --> 03:19:47,200
butcher prepares your order 
while you wait cutting and 

3731
03:19:47,200 --> 03:19:49,000
wrapping with practice 
deficiency. 

3732
03:19:49,900 --> 03:19:54,200
Refrigeration doesn't exist. 
So meat is sold fresh and meant 

3733
03:19:54,200 --> 03:19:58,000
to be cooked soon. 
The smell is strong and you try 

3734
03:19:58,000 --> 03:20:01,300
not to think too hard about 
hygiene standards, that won't be

3735
03:20:01,300 --> 03:20:03,000
formalized for another several 
decades. 

3736
03:20:04,600 --> 03:20:07,900
The green grocer offers produce 
that seasonal, local and muddy. 

3737
03:20:07,900 --> 03:20:11,100
No plastic wrap, no 
Refrigeration know, produce, 

3738
03:20:11,100 --> 03:20:14,700
that's traveled, thousands of 
miles to reach London, what's 

3739
03:20:14,700 --> 03:20:17,100
available depends entirely on 
what is growing in England right

3740
03:20:17,100 --> 03:20:20,700
now, or what's just arrived from
Europe. the variety is limited 

3741
03:20:20,700 --> 03:20:24,200
compared to Modern supermarkets,
but the flavor is often, 

3742
03:20:24,200 --> 03:20:27,100
stronger, vegetables, that 
haven't been bred for 

3743
03:20:27,100 --> 03:20:30,300
transportability taste like 
themselves in ways that modern 

3744
03:20:30,300 --> 03:20:34,000
produce sometimes doesn't the 
Working Day for most londoners 

3745
03:20:34,000 --> 03:20:37,600
started at dawn and will 
continue until dusk or later. 

3746
03:20:38,400 --> 03:20:41,000
Factory workers have been at 
their machines for hours already

3747
03:20:41,000 --> 03:20:44,400
operating equipment. 
That's dangerous and noisy and 

3748
03:20:44,400 --> 03:20:48,100
exhausting. 
Office workers a growing class 

3749
03:20:48,100 --> 03:20:52,000
in Victorian London, a bent over
desks copying documents by hand 

3750
03:20:52,000 --> 03:20:55,600
or operating the new typewriters
that are revolutionizing 

3751
03:20:55,600 --> 03:20:58,700
paperwork. 
Shoppers assistance stand behind

3752
03:20:58,708 --> 03:21:01,700
their counters for 12 or 14 
hours stretches, because sitting

3753
03:21:01,700 --> 03:21:03,800
down while working is considered
lazy. 

3754
03:21:04,700 --> 03:21:07,400
The pace of life is 
simultaneously slower and more 

3755
03:21:07,400 --> 03:21:10,500
exhausting than modern work. 
Everything takes longer. 

3756
03:21:10,500 --> 03:21:14,500
There are no computers, no 
phones and no quick 

3757
03:21:14,500 --> 03:21:18,300
communication of any kind Beyond
sending a messenger boy, but the

3758
03:21:18,300 --> 03:21:22,500
physical demands are Relentless 
even supposedly Gentile office. 

3759
03:21:22,500 --> 03:21:26,000
Work involves writing by hand 
for hours, which is more tiring 

3760
03:21:26,000 --> 03:21:29,300
than it sounds. 
Street Life provides constant 

3761
03:21:29,300 --> 03:21:31,400
entertainment. 
If you're observing rather than 

3762
03:21:31,400 --> 03:21:35,500
participating, The urchins 
running errands the ladies doing

3763
03:21:35,508 --> 03:21:37,700
their morning shopping with 
servants carrying their 

3764
03:21:37,700 --> 03:21:41,500
purchases, the businessmen to 
appointments the police 

3765
03:21:41,500 --> 03:21:43,500
constables. 
Walking their beats in their 

3766
03:21:43,500 --> 03:21:45,800
distinctive uniforms and Tall 
helmets. 

3767
03:21:45,800 --> 03:21:49,400
Everyone is part of an intricate
social choreography. 

3768
03:21:49,400 --> 03:21:51,900
The operates on rules. 
You're only beginning to 

3769
03:21:51,900 --> 03:21:55,400
understand the postal system is 
remarkably efficient. 

3770
03:21:56,300 --> 03:21:59,200
Letters posted in the morning, 
will be delivered that same day 

3771
03:21:59,200 --> 03:22:03,100
in London Cared by postmen. 
Who walk their Roots multiple 

3772
03:22:03,100 --> 03:22:06,300
times daily. 
The telegraph. 

3773
03:22:06,300 --> 03:22:10,100
Victorian London's fastest 
communication technology. 

3774
03:22:10,100 --> 03:22:13,700
Can send messages across the 
country in minutes though. 

3775
03:22:13,700 --> 03:22:16,400
It's expensive and used 
primarily for important business

3776
03:22:16,400 --> 03:22:20,100
or emergency. 
The class system is visible in 

3777
03:22:20,100 --> 03:22:22,900
every interaction. 
The wealthy don't acknowledge 

3778
03:22:22,900 --> 03:22:25,900
the poor, unless their servants 
or trades people providing 

3779
03:22:25,900 --> 03:22:28,900
services. 
The middle class imitates the 

3780
03:22:28,900 --> 03:22:32,000
wealthy while trying to distance
themselves from the workers. 

3781
03:22:33,000 --> 03:22:36,500
The poor Navigator world where 
their existence is often treated

3782
03:22:36,500 --> 03:22:40,200
as a necessary evil or an 
unfortunate reality to be 

3783
03:22:40,200 --> 03:22:43,500
ignored. 
Its uncomfortable to watch even 

3784
03:22:43,500 --> 03:22:46,700
more uncomfortable to 
participate in, and completely 

3785
03:22:46,700 --> 03:22:50,500
normal to everyone around you. 
The afternoon in Victorian, 

3786
03:22:50,500 --> 03:22:52,900
London operates on different 
rhythms than the morning. 

3787
03:22:53,700 --> 03:22:56,600
By 2:00, the city has shifted 
gears. 

3788
03:22:57,500 --> 03:23:00,200
Frantic morning, energy has 
settled into something more 

3789
03:23:00,200 --> 03:23:03,100
sustained and purposeful though.
No, less busy. 

3790
03:23:04,200 --> 03:23:07,000
Lunch is a concept that varies 
wildly by class. 

3791
03:23:07,800 --> 03:23:10,900
The wealthiest sitting down to 
elaborate multi-course Affairs, 

3792
03:23:10,900 --> 03:23:14,500
in their dining rooms, served by
staff who appear and disappear 

3793
03:23:14,500 --> 03:23:18,000
silently. 
The middle class might have a 

3794
03:23:18,000 --> 03:23:20,600
simple meal at home or in one of
the new restaurants that have 

3795
03:23:20,600 --> 03:23:23,400
become fashionable. 
Workers grab whatever, they can 

3796
03:23:23,400 --> 03:23:27,300
afford from Street vendors, a 
pie, some bread and cheese. 

3797
03:23:27,300 --> 03:23:30,500
Perhaps a cup of tea from a 
vendor with a portable urn. 

3798
03:23:31,300 --> 03:23:34,300
The tea itself, deserves 
attention, because Victorian 

3799
03:23:34,300 --> 03:23:37,400
ran, on tea, the way modern 
society runs on coffee. 

3800
03:23:38,500 --> 03:23:42,100
Strong black and sweetened with 
sugar that still enough of a 

3801
03:23:42,100 --> 03:23:44,100
luxury that people measure it 
carefully. 

3802
03:23:44,900 --> 03:23:48,800
Milk is added if you can afford 
it and the result is a drink 

3803
03:23:48,800 --> 03:23:51,200
that's more fortification than 
refreshment. 

3804
03:23:52,400 --> 03:23:55,700
Pee breaks punctuate the working
day, like, markers on a 

3805
03:23:55,700 --> 03:23:59,900
timeline, brief respite from 
labor, that's often monotonous 

3806
03:23:59,900 --> 03:24:03,700
and always demanding the streets
of changed characters since 

3807
03:24:03,700 --> 03:24:05,800
morning. 
The commercial deliveries that 

3808
03:24:05,800 --> 03:24:09,600
dominated early hours of given 
way to personal traffic ladies 

3809
03:24:09,600 --> 03:24:12,200
visiting for often and calls 
gentleman. 

3810
03:24:12,200 --> 03:24:15,700
Conducting business and servants
running errands for their 

3811
03:24:15,700 --> 03:24:18,800
employers. 
The traffic is still intense but

3812
03:24:18,800 --> 03:24:23,200
it's more varied, more social, 
and less about getting goods 

3813
03:24:23,200 --> 03:24:27,700
from one place to another. 
The public houses pubs are open 

3814
03:24:27,700 --> 03:24:30,800
and they serve as social centers
for working-class London. 

3815
03:24:31,500 --> 03:24:33,900
These aren't the Charming 
establishments you might imagine

3816
03:24:33,900 --> 03:24:35,200
from period. 
Dramas. 

3817
03:24:35,200 --> 03:24:39,200
There are often crowded, Smoky 
and filled with people seeking 

3818
03:24:39,200 --> 03:24:42,200
temporary escape from lives that
are physically exhausting and 

3819
03:24:42,200 --> 03:24:46,600
financially precarious. 
The beer is warm flat by modern 

3820
03:24:46,600 --> 03:24:49,600
standards and considerably 
stronger than contemporary 

3821
03:24:49,600 --> 03:24:51,800
Brews. 
For the middle and upper 

3822
03:24:51,800 --> 03:24:54,400
classes, after noon, visiting is
serious business. 

3823
03:24:55,300 --> 03:24:58,000
Ladies call on each other's 
homes, according to elaborate 

3824
03:24:58,000 --> 03:25:01,900
social, protocols, you leave 
cards and you sit in parlors 

3825
03:25:01,900 --> 03:25:05,800
drinking tea and engaging in 
conversation that simultaneously

3826
03:25:05,800 --> 03:25:07,400
gossip and intelligence 
gathering. 

3827
03:25:08,300 --> 03:25:12,000
Whose engaged whose in financial
trouble, who has been seen with 

3828
03:25:12,000 --> 03:25:16,500
whom information flows through 
these afternoon calls, like data

3829
03:25:16,500 --> 03:25:20,300
through Modern social networks. 
The Victorian parlor is a stage 

3830
03:25:20,300 --> 03:25:22,500
set to designed to display 
wealth and good taste. 

3831
03:25:22,500 --> 03:25:25,000
Every surface is covered with 
something. 

3832
03:25:25,000 --> 03:25:29,900
Doilies, decorative objects 
photographs in elaborate frames 

3833
03:25:29,900 --> 03:25:33,800
and books carefully, chosen to 
suggest intellectual interests. 

3834
03:25:34,800 --> 03:25:38,200
Furniture is heavy dark and 
arranged to encourage formal 

3835
03:25:38,200 --> 03:25:40,300
conversation rather than 
relaxation. 

3836
03:25:41,300 --> 03:25:43,700
Comfort is less important than 
propriety. 

3837
03:25:44,400 --> 03:25:47,400
Children from wealthy families 
are supervised by nannies and 

3838
03:25:47,400 --> 03:25:50,900
governesses learning the skills 
and knowledge appropriate to 

3839
03:25:50,908 --> 03:25:53,600
their class. 
Boys will eventually go to 

3840
03:25:53,600 --> 03:25:57,300
schools that prepare them for 
universities or business girls. 

3841
03:25:57,300 --> 03:26:01,200
Learn accomplishments like music
drawing and languages that will 

3842
03:26:01,208 --> 03:26:03,200
make them attractive, marriage, 
prospects. 

3843
03:26:04,200 --> 03:26:08,100
Working class children are often
working themselves in factories,

3844
03:26:08,100 --> 03:26:11,500
a servants, or helping their 
families with peace work done at

3845
03:26:11,508 --> 03:26:13,500
home. 
The afternoon, also brings 

3846
03:26:13,500 --> 03:26:16,000
educational and cultural 
opportunities for those with 

3847
03:26:16,000 --> 03:26:19,500
time and money. 
Museums are open though, many 

3848
03:26:19,500 --> 03:26:22,600
charge admission fees that limit
access to the middle and upper 

3849
03:26:22,600 --> 03:26:25,700
classes. 
Libraries exist, but a primary 

3850
03:26:25,700 --> 03:26:29,300
subscription Services you pay an
annual fee for borrowing 

3851
03:26:29,300 --> 03:26:32,700
privileges. 
Public education is expanding 

3852
03:26:32,700 --> 03:26:36,300
but still limited and literacy 
rates, reflect this reality. 

3853
03:26:37,500 --> 03:26:40,100
Hyde Park and other green spaces
filled with our afternoon 

3854
03:26:40,100 --> 03:26:42,600
strollers. 
The wealthy parade in their 

3855
03:26:42,600 --> 03:26:45,100
Finest Clothing, seeing and 
being seen. 

3856
03:26:46,200 --> 03:26:49,400
The middle class takes more 
modest, walks enjoying fresh 

3857
03:26:49,400 --> 03:26:52,200
air, that's marginally less 
polluted than the streets. 

3858
03:26:53,000 --> 03:26:55,500
The very poor might pass through
on their way to other 

3859
03:26:55,500 --> 03:26:59,000
destinations because leisure 
time is a luxury, they can't 

3860
03:26:59,000 --> 03:27:02,200
afford. 
The light begins to change as 

3861
03:27:02,200 --> 03:27:04,000
afternoon progresses toward 
evening. 

3862
03:27:04,600 --> 03:27:08,100
The sun which has been filtering
weekly through cloud and smoke 

3863
03:27:08,100 --> 03:27:12,900
all day, starts, its decline. 
The Shadows length and there's a

3864
03:27:12,900 --> 03:27:14,700
subtle shift in the city's 
energy. 

3865
03:27:15,700 --> 03:27:17,900
The afternoon's purposeful 
activity, begins. 

3866
03:27:17,900 --> 03:27:20,400
Transitioning toward the 
evening's different rhythms. 

3867
03:27:21,400 --> 03:27:24,600
Street vendors, change their 
offerings, fewer vegetables, and

3868
03:27:24,600 --> 03:27:28,400
flowers, more hot food and small
Comforts for people heading home

3869
03:27:28,400 --> 03:27:31,200
from work. 
The pie sellers do brisk 

3870
03:27:31,200 --> 03:27:34,200
business as do. 
The chestnut Roasters who appear

3871
03:27:34,200 --> 03:27:37,700
with their portable braziers 
filling Corners with the smell 

3872
03:27:37,700 --> 03:27:40,100
of roasting nuts. 
That provides temporary relief 

3873
03:27:40,100 --> 03:27:44,300
from Less Pleasant odors. 
Traffic intensifies as 

3874
03:27:44,300 --> 03:27:46,700
businesses, begin, closing and 
work as head home. 

3875
03:27:46,700 --> 03:27:50,200
The Omnibus is becoming even 
more crowded packed with people 

3876
03:27:50,200 --> 03:27:53,700
who can afford the fare. 
Those who can't walk off often 

3877
03:27:53,700 --> 03:27:57,200
considerable distance is to 
reach home's in neighborhoods 

3878
03:27:57,200 --> 03:27:59,900
that are cheaper because their 
father from employment centers, 

3879
03:28:00,900 --> 03:28:02,800
Thames, which has been a 
presence all day. 

3880
03:28:02,800 --> 03:28:04,900
You can smell it. 
Even when you can't see, it 

3881
03:28:04,900 --> 03:28:09,300
becomes more prominent As you 
move toward the river, The docks

3882
03:28:09,300 --> 03:28:12,500
are busy with ships from around 
the world loading and unloading 

3883
03:28:12,500 --> 03:28:15,100
cargo that will be distributed 
throughout Britain. 

3884
03:28:15,800 --> 03:28:19,600
The river itself is working 
infrastructure crowded with 

3885
03:28:19,600 --> 03:28:23,200
boats of every size. 
All of them contributing to 

3886
03:28:23,200 --> 03:28:26,100
London's position as the world's
largest port. 

3887
03:28:27,100 --> 03:28:29,400
Watching the Thames. 
You're reminded that Victorian. 

3888
03:28:29,400 --> 03:28:31,600
London was the center of a 
global Empire. 

3889
03:28:32,500 --> 03:28:35,000
The goods moving through those 
docks come from India. 

3890
03:28:35,000 --> 03:28:40,000
Australia, Africa and the 
Caribbean everywhere that 

3891
03:28:40,000 --> 03:28:43,200
British power and trade of 
reached its impressive and 

3892
03:28:43,200 --> 03:28:47,600
troubling simultaneously, The 
foundation of prosperity built 

3893
03:28:47,600 --> 03:28:50,800
on colonialism that won't be 
questioned for decades yet. 

3894
03:28:51,800 --> 03:28:55,500
Twilight approaches Victorian, 
London transforms into something

3895
03:28:55,500 --> 03:28:57,900
that simultaneously magical and 
ominous. 

3896
03:28:58,800 --> 03:29:01,900
The lamplighters begin. 
Their rounds men with long 

3897
03:29:01,900 --> 03:29:04,800
poles, who walk through the 
streets, igniting the gas lamps,

3898
03:29:04,800 --> 03:29:06,200
that provide nighttime 
illumination. 

3899
03:29:07,400 --> 03:29:10,200
To job that exists only in the 
brief window between the 

3900
03:29:10,200 --> 03:29:14,200
introduction of gaslighting and 
the arrival of electricity and 

3901
03:29:14,200 --> 03:29:16,500
watching them work. 
Feels like observing a ritual 

3902
03:29:16,500 --> 03:29:19,800
from another world. 
The gas lamps, create pools of 

3903
03:29:19,800 --> 03:29:22,500
yellowish light, that push back 
the darkness without quite 

3904
03:29:22,500 --> 03:29:23,200
conquering. 
It. 

3905
03:29:24,000 --> 03:29:27,900
The spaces between lamps remain 
murky and the overall effect is 

3906
03:29:27,900 --> 03:29:31,200
less like illumination and more 
like punctuation marks of 

3907
03:29:31,200 --> 03:29:34,100
brightness in an otherwise, dark
text. 

3908
03:29:35,000 --> 03:29:38,600
The light itself is different 
from electric lighting, softer 

3909
03:29:38,600 --> 03:29:42,600
warmer and somehow less reliable
as if it might go out at any 

3910
03:29:42,608 --> 03:29:45,200
moment. 
Quality of the evening. 

3911
03:29:45,200 --> 03:29:48,200
Depends, entirely on where you 
are in London's complex, social 

3912
03:29:48,200 --> 03:29:51,500
geography. 
In the West End, Theatres are 

3913
03:29:51,500 --> 03:29:53,000
preparing for their evening 
performance is. 

3914
03:29:53,800 --> 03:29:57,300
The theater's themselves are 
architectural, gems built to 

3915
03:29:57,308 --> 03:30:01,800
impress audience is even before 
the curtain Rises gaslighting 

3916
03:30:01,800 --> 03:30:04,200
illuminates. 
Elaborate Interiors decorated 

3917
03:30:04,200 --> 03:30:08,300
with plush and guilt creating an
atmosphere of grandeur. 

3918
03:30:08,300 --> 03:30:12,500
The Designed to make attendees 
feel special, just for being 

3919
03:30:12,500 --> 03:30:15,400
there. 
The shows of varied Shakespeare 

3920
03:30:15,400 --> 03:30:18,700
performed by celebrated actors 
musical entertainments, 

3921
03:30:18,700 --> 03:30:22,900
melodramas, that allow audiences
to boo villains and cheer Heroes

3922
03:30:22,900 --> 03:30:26,800
and pantomimes that combined 
fairy tales with contemporary 

3923
03:30:26,800 --> 03:30:29,800
satire. 
The theater's a social space is 

3924
03:30:29,800 --> 03:30:33,200
where different classes, mixed 
but remain separate the wealthy 

3925
03:30:33,200 --> 03:30:35,300
in their private boxes and 
premium seats. 

3926
03:30:35,300 --> 03:30:38,900
The middle class in the Stalls 
and the working class and the 

3927
03:30:38,908 --> 03:30:42,100
gallery were tickets are cheap 
and behavior as rowdy. 

3928
03:30:42,800 --> 03:30:44,700
Music, Halls offer different 
entertainment. 

3929
03:30:44,700 --> 03:30:50,700
Variety shows, featuring singers
dancers, Comedians and Specialty

3930
03:30:50,700 --> 03:30:53,200
Acts. 
These are less respectable than 

3931
03:30:53,200 --> 03:30:56,700
theaters and more working-class 
In Their audience and content. 

3932
03:30:57,500 --> 03:31:01,400
The atmosphere is raucous, the 
humor is Broad and drinking is 

3933
03:31:01,400 --> 03:31:04,600
encouraged the Music Hall is 
where you go to forget, your 

3934
03:31:04,600 --> 03:31:06,900
troubles rather than be elevated
by Art. 

3935
03:31:06,900 --> 03:31:10,200
Though, the distinction between 
the two is often less clear than

3936
03:31:10,200 --> 03:31:12,400
Victorian. 
Moral Guardians would prefer. 

3937
03:31:13,300 --> 03:31:17,100
In residential areas evening, 
routines vary by class, but 

3938
03:31:17,100 --> 03:31:21,000
share common rhythms. 
Families gather for dinner, the 

3939
03:31:21,000 --> 03:31:23,200
main meal of the day for those 
who can afford it. 

3940
03:31:24,100 --> 03:31:26,000
The wealthy eat elaborate 
Affairs. 

3941
03:31:26,000 --> 03:31:30,000
Served in formal dining rooms, 
the middle class, has simpler 

3942
03:31:30,000 --> 03:31:33,100
fare but still maintains, proper
table, manners and conversation.

3943
03:31:33,900 --> 03:31:35,900
The working class makes do with 
whatever. 

3944
03:31:35,900 --> 03:31:39,200
They can afford Toten eating in 
kitchens that all. 

3945
03:31:39,200 --> 03:31:41,900
So serve as living rooms because
their homes are too small for 

3946
03:31:41,900 --> 03:31:45,100
separate spaces. 
After dinner the evening 

3947
03:31:45,100 --> 03:31:48,100
stretches ahead with far fewer 
entertainment options than 

3948
03:31:48,100 --> 03:31:51,800
Modern Life provides. 
Without televisions computers or

3949
03:31:51,800 --> 03:31:55,500
phones. 
People read engage in Hobbies or

3950
03:31:55,500 --> 03:31:58,600
simply talk. 
Letter writing is a common 

3951
03:31:58,600 --> 03:32:02,200
evening, activity maintaining 
correspondence, with family, and

3952
03:32:02,200 --> 03:32:05,500
friends requires regular 
attention, and the well-educated

3953
03:32:05,500 --> 03:32:07,900
are expected to be articulate 
writers. 

3954
03:32:08,900 --> 03:32:12,000
For the working class evening, 
might mean a few hours at the 

3955
03:32:12,008 --> 03:32:15,500
pub before exhausted sleep or 
working on peace work projects 

3956
03:32:15,500 --> 03:32:17,600
at home to supplement inadequate
wages. 

3957
03:32:18,900 --> 03:32:22,200
Children are put to bed, early, 
partly, because childhood is 

3958
03:32:22,200 --> 03:32:25,000
shorter in Practical terms. 
They'll be working, sooner 

3959
03:32:25,000 --> 03:32:27,400
enough. 
So rest now is pragmatic rather 

3960
03:32:27,400 --> 03:32:29,500
than coddling. 
The streets. 

3961
03:32:29,500 --> 03:32:32,800
Take on a different character 
after dark respectable. 

3962
03:32:32,800 --> 03:32:36,500
People don't linger outside once
night falls because Victorian 

3963
03:32:36,500 --> 03:32:39,200
London has a well-deserved 
reputation for Crime. 

3964
03:32:39,200 --> 03:32:43,900
That's not entirely exaggerated.
The police, a relatively new 

3965
03:32:43,900 --> 03:32:45,800
institution, still finding, its 
footing. 

3966
03:32:46,700 --> 03:32:50,500
Troll in pairs, their presence 
designed to reassure Laura 

3967
03:32:50,500 --> 03:32:52,600
biting citizens and Turk 
criminals. 

3968
03:32:53,400 --> 03:32:56,500
But the city doesn't sleep night
workers are everywhere. 

3969
03:32:56,500 --> 03:33:00,400
Baker starting their work for 
tomorrow's bread like soil. 

3970
03:33:00,400 --> 03:33:03,800
Men collecting waste from 
cesspits and privies and Market 

3971
03:33:03,800 --> 03:33:05,600
workers preparing for the next 
day's business. 

3972
03:33:06,700 --> 03:33:09,700
London operates on overlapping 
schedule's with some people 

3973
03:33:09,700 --> 03:33:11,700
ending their day as others. 
Begin theirs. 

3974
03:33:12,500 --> 03:33:16,300
The fog which cleared some 
during the day often returned at

3975
03:33:16,300 --> 03:33:18,400
night thicker and more 
oppressive. 

3976
03:33:19,200 --> 03:33:21,700
Combined with the darkness and 
The Limited lighting. 

3977
03:33:21,700 --> 03:33:25,500
Navigating, Victorian London 
after dark requires local 

3978
03:33:25,500 --> 03:33:28,900
knowledge or considerable 
courage streets that were merely

3979
03:33:28,900 --> 03:33:32,000
crowded during the day become 
Maize, like and vaguely 

3980
03:33:32,000 --> 03:33:34,600
threatening. 
There's a romance to the evening

3981
03:33:34,600 --> 03:33:37,900
gas light, that photographers 
and artists of captured, but the

3982
03:33:37,900 --> 03:33:39,800
lived reality is less 
picturesque. 

3983
03:33:39,800 --> 03:33:43,800
The light is dim enough that 
reading strange your eyes and 

3984
03:33:43,800 --> 03:33:47,400
many Victorian suffer from 
vision problems, partly because 

3985
03:33:47,400 --> 03:33:50,700
they spend their lives squinting
at things, inadequate 

3986
03:33:50,700 --> 03:33:55,500
illumination The gas Flames, 
consume oxygen making rooms 

3987
03:33:55,500 --> 03:33:58,300
stuffy and they produce their 
own smell. 

3988
03:33:58,300 --> 03:34:02,000
That adds to the complex, 
olfactory Symphony of Victorian,

3989
03:34:02,000 --> 03:34:05,200
urban life. 
For those with evening, social 

3990
03:34:05,200 --> 03:34:08,600
engagements, dinner, parties 
Card Games, Social calls, 

3991
03:34:08,600 --> 03:34:12,600
elaborate preparations, are 
required evening dresses, 

3992
03:34:12,600 --> 03:34:16,500
formal, and highly specific, and
takes substantial time to put on

3993
03:34:16,500 --> 03:34:19,400
correctly. 
Women's evening gowns. 

3994
03:34:19,400 --> 03:34:23,200
Even more complex than their day
wear with lower necklines. 

3995
03:34:23,200 --> 03:34:26,600
That scandalize foreign visitors
but a perfectly acceptable 

3996
03:34:26,600 --> 03:34:28,900
within the confines of private 
entertainment. 

3997
03:34:30,300 --> 03:34:32,400
The dinner party is a 
performance where multiple 

3998
03:34:32,400 --> 03:34:36,600
courses are served conversation,
follows strict guidelines about 

3999
03:34:36,600 --> 03:34:40,500
appropriate, topics, and every 
gesture, and word is evaluated. 

4000
03:34:40,500 --> 03:34:42,900
According to social rules that 
have been refined over 

4001
03:34:42,900 --> 03:34:45,500
Generations. 
Getting through an evening 

4002
03:34:45,500 --> 03:34:49,400
without committing some faux par
requires constant attention to 

4003
03:34:49,400 --> 03:34:52,400
Etiquette, that modern people 
would find exhausting. 

4004
03:34:53,400 --> 03:34:57,400
Deep night in Victorian, London 
is when the city reveals its 

4005
03:34:57,400 --> 03:35:00,900
most honest face. 
The social pretenses of daylight

4006
03:35:00,900 --> 03:35:03,300
fade. 
And what remains is a complex 

4007
03:35:03,300 --> 03:35:08,600
ecosystem of people, surviving 
thriving working and sleeping in

4008
03:35:08,600 --> 03:35:10,600
a metropolis that never 
completely stops. 

4009
03:35:10,600 --> 03:35:14,100
Moving. 
The darkness is profound in ways

4010
03:35:14,100 --> 03:35:18,100
that Modern urban dwellers 
rarely experience, even with gas

4011
03:35:18,100 --> 03:35:21,500
lamps large portions of London 
remained pitch black after 

4012
03:35:21,500 --> 03:35:24,300
midnight. 
The moon and stars when visible 

4013
03:35:24,300 --> 03:35:27,300
through the Perpetual Haze of 
coal, smoke provides 

4014
03:35:27,300 --> 03:35:30,700
supplemental light but it's not 
enough to eliminate the Shadows 

4015
03:35:30,700 --> 03:35:33,700
that dominate the urban 
landscape in wealthier 

4016
03:35:33,700 --> 03:35:36,100
neighborhoods. 
The houses are mostly dark by 11

4017
03:35:36,100 --> 03:35:39,900
or midnight, their inhabitants 
are sleep behind heavy curtains 

4018
03:35:39,900 --> 03:35:44,200
that block, both light and cold 
The streets are quiet, except 

4019
03:35:44,200 --> 03:35:45,900
for the occasional late cab 
returning. 

4020
03:35:45,900 --> 03:35:47,400
Someone from an evening 
engagement. 

4021
03:35:48,200 --> 03:35:51,200
The horses, hooves echoing off 
the buildings like a heartbeat 

4022
03:35:51,200 --> 03:35:55,200
in the Darkness. 
But in working-class areas night

4023
03:35:55,200 --> 03:35:57,200
is when the city shows, its 
desperation. 

4024
03:35:58,000 --> 03:36:01,600
Homeless people and Victorian. 
London has thousands of them 

4025
03:36:01,600 --> 03:36:06,100
seek shelter in doorways under 
bridges and anywhere that 

4026
03:36:06,100 --> 03:36:08,200
provides minimal protection from
the elements. 

4027
03:36:08,200 --> 03:36:11,800
The workhouses offer beds for 
those desperate enough to accept

4028
03:36:11,800 --> 03:36:14,200
them. 
But they're so Grim that many 

4029
03:36:14,200 --> 03:36:17,300
prefer the streets. 
The night soil men, make their 

4030
03:36:17,300 --> 03:36:20,300
rounds collecting human waste 
from cesspits and outdoor 

4031
03:36:20,300 --> 03:36:23,500
privies. 
It's disgusting work, but it 

4032
03:36:23,500 --> 03:36:25,900
pays relatively well, because 
few people will do it. 

4033
03:36:26,700 --> 03:36:29,400
They work in the dark hours, 
partly for practical reasons. 

4034
03:36:29,400 --> 03:36:33,600
Waste is easier to transport 
when the streets are empty and 

4035
03:36:33,600 --> 03:36:36,000
partly to spare. 
Victorian sensibilities, from 

4036
03:36:36,000 --> 03:36:38,600
confronting two directly, where 
all that waste goes. 

4037
03:36:40,200 --> 03:36:43,500
The Thames at night is busy with
a different traffic cold, barges

4038
03:36:43,500 --> 03:36:47,200
move undercover of Darkness 
docking at industrial sites 

4039
03:36:47,200 --> 03:36:49,900
along the river. 
Messenger Ferry's continue 

4040
03:36:49,900 --> 03:36:52,900
operating until late caring 
people across and along the 

4041
03:36:52,900 --> 03:36:55,700
river because bridges are still 
limited and often congested. 

4042
03:36:56,700 --> 03:37:00,500
The water itself is largely 
invisible in the darkness marked

4043
03:37:00,500 --> 03:37:02,700
more by sound and smell and 
sight. 

4044
03:37:03,400 --> 03:37:07,700
Criminal activity, which existed
all hours becomes more Brazen 

4045
03:37:07,700 --> 03:37:10,300
after dark. 
Pickpockets work, the theater 

4046
03:37:10,300 --> 03:37:14,000
crowds and Pub districts. 
Burglars prefer homes where the 

4047
03:37:14,000 --> 03:37:17,600
inhabitants were asleep. 
The police patrol with increased

4048
03:37:17,600 --> 03:37:20,900
vigilance, but their vastly 
outnumbered and Victorian, 

4049
03:37:20,900 --> 03:37:23,900
London has plenty of dark 
Corners, where criminal 

4050
03:37:23,900 --> 03:37:26,500
Enterprise can operate 
relatively undisturbed. 

4051
03:37:27,600 --> 03:37:31,100
Sounds of night are different 
from day without the constant 

4052
03:37:31,100 --> 03:37:34,500
Rumble of commercial traffic. 
Individual sounds become more 

4053
03:37:34,500 --> 03:37:37,300
distinct. 
You can hear voices from open 

4054
03:37:37,300 --> 03:37:40,600
windows. 
The Cry of babies, the arguments

4055
03:37:40,600 --> 03:37:43,300
of couples who think the 
darkness provides privacy. 

4056
03:37:43,300 --> 03:37:48,100
The Barking of dogs, the yowling
of cats and the scarring of rats

4057
03:37:48,100 --> 03:37:50,700
that are as much a part of 
Victorian London as the human 

4058
03:37:50,700 --> 03:37:55,300
inhabitants, Speaking of rats, 
Victorian London, has millions 

4059
03:37:55,300 --> 03:37:59,700
of them, they live in the sewers
in the walls of buildings and in

4060
03:37:59,700 --> 03:38:03,700
warehouses and shops, feeding on
the endless supply of waste and 

4061
03:38:03,708 --> 03:38:08,400
garbage that a city of several 
million people producers at 

4062
03:38:08,400 --> 03:38:12,400
night, when humans are less 
active rats, become bold, 

4063
03:38:12,400 --> 03:38:15,500
venturing into streets and 
alleys in numbers that would 

4064
03:38:15,500 --> 03:38:19,900
horrify modern city dwellers. 
The night markets operate in 

4065
03:38:19,900 --> 03:38:23,000
certain areas selling Goods, 
that might not stand up to 

4066
03:38:23,000 --> 03:38:26,800
Daylight scrutiny. 
Used clothing, questionable food

4067
03:38:26,800 --> 03:38:29,800
items, that might have fallen 
off the back of a cart. 

4068
03:38:30,600 --> 03:38:34,000
The informal economy thrives in 
the hours, when official 

4069
03:38:34,000 --> 03:38:37,100
Commerce has closed? 
these markets, serve people who 

4070
03:38:37,100 --> 03:38:40,700
work odd hours or who can only 
afford the cheapest possible 

4071
03:38:40,700 --> 03:38:44,700
Goods regardless of their 
origin, Factory workers on 

4072
03:38:44,700 --> 03:38:47,600
night, shifts experience, a 
different London entirely. 

4073
03:38:48,300 --> 03:38:52,100
They enter their workplaces in 
darkness and emerge in darkness 

4074
03:38:52,100 --> 03:38:55,800
seeing their homes and families 
primarily on their one day off 

4075
03:38:55,800 --> 03:38:59,000
per week. 
The factories themselves are lit

4076
03:38:59,000 --> 03:39:01,100
by gas lamps that create their 
own hazards. 

4077
03:39:01,800 --> 03:39:04,300
The combination of open flames, 
and Industrial. 

4078
03:39:04,300 --> 03:39:08,300
Machinery has predictable 
results and Factory fires are a 

4079
03:39:08,300 --> 03:39:11,100
regular occurrence. 
The baker start, their work 

4080
03:39:11,100 --> 03:39:14,000
around 3 in the morning, firing 
up ovens and beginning. 

4081
03:39:14,000 --> 03:39:16,300
The process of producing the 
bread that will be sold 

4082
03:39:16,300 --> 03:39:19,700
throughout the coming day. 
Walking past a bakery. 

4083
03:39:19,700 --> 03:39:22,700
In the early morning, Darkness 
the smell of baking bread. 

4084
03:39:22,700 --> 03:39:25,900
Provides a moment of pure 
sensory, pleasure that cuts 

4085
03:39:25,900 --> 03:39:29,900
through the usual Urban, odors 
The new technology of the 

4086
03:39:29,900 --> 03:39:33,400
telegraph operates, 24 hours, 
with operators, sitting in 

4087
03:39:33,408 --> 03:39:36,100
offices, sending and receiving 
messages through the night. 

4088
03:39:36,800 --> 03:39:39,800
It's the beginning of the modern
expectation, that information 

4089
03:39:39,800 --> 03:39:42,800
should be available instantly 
rather than waiting for the next

4090
03:39:42,800 --> 03:39:46,000
day's mail delivery. 
Some public houses, stay open 

4091
03:39:46,000 --> 03:39:50,200
late operating in a gray area of
legal and illegal, depending on 

4092
03:39:50,200 --> 03:39:53,200
their location and their 
relationship with local police. 

4093
03:39:54,100 --> 03:39:56,900
These late-night establishments,
serve people who work odd hours 

4094
03:39:56,900 --> 03:40:00,300
people with nowhere else to go 
and people who prefer the 

4095
03:40:00,300 --> 03:40:02,300
company of the pub to their own 
lodgings. 

4096
03:40:03,600 --> 03:40:07,000
The atmosphere is different from
daytime drinking quieter or 

4097
03:40:07,000 --> 03:40:10,500
desperate less social and more 
about numbing whatever makes 

4098
03:40:10,500 --> 03:40:13,600
sleep difficult. 
Hospital Wards operate through 

4099
03:40:13,600 --> 03:40:17,700
the night staffed by overworked 
nurses who care for patients and

4100
03:40:17,700 --> 03:40:21,400
conditions that are gradually 
improving but still shockingly 

4101
03:40:21,400 --> 03:40:25,300
inadequate by modern standards. 
Medical understanding is 

4102
03:40:25,300 --> 03:40:28,600
advancing rapidly in Victorian 
England, but practical 

4103
03:40:28,600 --> 03:40:31,700
application lags behind 
theoretical knowledge and 

4104
03:40:31,700 --> 03:40:34,700
hospitals remain places where 
the poor go because they have no

4105
03:40:34,700 --> 03:40:37,700
other option. 
The churches stand dark and 

4106
03:40:37,700 --> 03:40:41,700
locked except for the very 
largest which maintain small 

4107
03:40:41,700 --> 03:40:45,600
chapels open for prayer. 
Victorian religion is both 

4108
03:40:45,600 --> 03:40:48,200
intensely private and intensely 
public. 

4109
03:40:48,200 --> 03:40:51,900
And the after-hours availability
of religious spaces, reflects 

4110
03:40:51,900 --> 03:40:54,900
this complexity. 
Around four in the morning, 

4111
03:40:54,900 --> 03:40:58,200
London begins its transition 
back toward day. 

4112
03:40:59,100 --> 03:41:01,300
The earliest workers start 
appearing on the streets 

4113
03:41:01,300 --> 03:41:05,000
servants beginning. 
Their Ali routines delivery 

4114
03:41:05,000 --> 03:41:08,500
drivers preparing their wagons 
and Market vendors heading to 

4115
03:41:08,500 --> 03:41:11,200
wholesale markets to purchase 
their stock for the day. 

4116
03:41:12,100 --> 03:41:15,200
The darkness starts to feel 
temporary rather than permanent 

4117
03:41:15,200 --> 03:41:18,700
and the city prepares for 
another cycle of its endless 

4118
03:41:18,700 --> 03:41:21,900
routine. 
As Dawn approaches and the sky 

4119
03:41:21,900 --> 03:41:24,400
begins, its slow transition from
black to Gray. 

4120
03:41:25,200 --> 03:41:28,300
You find yourself in a quiet 
Square sitting. 

4121
03:41:28,300 --> 03:41:31,700
On a damp bench watching. 
Victorian London, wake up for 

4122
03:41:31,700 --> 03:41:35,600
another day. 
The experience of the past 24 

4123
03:41:35,600 --> 03:41:40,100
hours has been overwhelming 
exhausting, fascinating, and 

4124
03:41:40,100 --> 03:41:43,700
occasionally disturbing. 
everything that reality should 

4125
03:41:43,700 --> 03:41:46,100
be, when you strip away the 
comfortable filtering that 

4126
03:41:46,100 --> 03:41:51,000
historical distance provides The
fog is returning or perhaps it 

4127
03:41:51,000 --> 03:41:54,200
never really left. 
The coal fires are being lit in 

4128
03:41:54,200 --> 03:41:56,700
thousands of homes. 
And the smoke is already 

4129
03:41:56,700 --> 03:42:00,200
beginning to accumulate in the 
morning are Soon, the streets 

4130
03:42:00,200 --> 03:42:03,800
will fill again with horses 
people and the complex Machinery

4131
03:42:03,800 --> 03:42:06,000
of urban life that somehow 
functions. 

4132
03:42:06,000 --> 03:42:09,900
Despite operating on principles 
that seem impossibly Antiquated 

4133
03:42:09,900 --> 03:42:13,700
from a modern perspective, 
You've learned Things That No 

4134
03:42:13,700 --> 03:42:15,500
book or documentary could have 
taught you. 

4135
03:42:16,200 --> 03:42:18,900
You now know what coal smoke 
tastes like when it's everywhere

4136
03:42:18,900 --> 03:42:23,000
or Genuine cold feels like 
without central heating and what

4137
03:42:23,000 --> 03:42:25,600
Urban noise sounds like without 
sound insulation. 

4138
03:42:26,500 --> 03:42:29,400
You understand in your body, not
just your mind. 

4139
03:42:29,400 --> 03:42:33,500
What it means to live without 
electricity without instant 

4140
03:42:33,500 --> 03:42:36,300
communication. 
Without any of the technologies 

4141
03:42:36,300 --> 03:42:39,500
that Define modern existence, 
the social observations have 

4142
03:42:39,500 --> 03:42:42,600
been equally educational. 
You've seen how visible 

4143
03:42:42,600 --> 03:42:45,700
inequality is when everyone 
shares the same public spaces, 

4144
03:42:45,700 --> 03:42:49,600
but clearly belongs to different
worlds You've noticed how much 

4145
03:42:49,600 --> 03:42:53,000
energy Victorian society spent 
on maintaining social 

4146
03:42:53,000 --> 03:42:57,800
distinctions on performing class
identity and on signaling status

4147
03:42:57,800 --> 03:43:00,100
through clothes, speak and 
behavior. 

4148
03:43:00,900 --> 03:43:04,000
You've been struck by the 
physicality of Victorian life. 

4149
03:43:04,000 --> 03:43:07,400
Everything requires more effort 
getting dressed. 

4150
03:43:07,400 --> 03:43:12,100
Staying warm getting from place 
to place, obtaining food and 

4151
03:43:12,100 --> 03:43:16,000
staying clean. 
The simple Act of daily 

4152
03:43:16,000 --> 03:43:19,000
existence, that modern people 
accomplish without thought, 

4153
03:43:19,000 --> 03:43:23,700
required sustained, attention 
and considerable labor in the 

4154
03:43:23,700 --> 03:43:27,000
Victorian era. 
But you've also noticed things 

4155
03:43:27,000 --> 03:43:30,800
that Modern Life has lost. 
The bread tastes better because 

4156
03:43:30,800 --> 03:43:33,800
it's made daily from flower that
hasn't been processed into 

4157
03:43:33,800 --> 03:43:37,100
nutritional emptiness. 
Clothes, despite being 

4158
03:43:37,100 --> 03:43:39,700
uncomfortable are made to last 
and often contain better 

4159
03:43:39,700 --> 03:43:41,700
craftsmanship than anything you 
own. 

4160
03:43:42,600 --> 03:43:45,900
The social interactions while 
formal involve actually looking 

4161
03:43:45,900 --> 03:43:48,900
at people and talking to them 
rather than staring at screens. 

4162
03:43:49,900 --> 03:43:53,100
The pace of life is paradoxical 
everything takes longer. 

4163
03:43:54,100 --> 03:43:56,400
Yet people seem to accomplish 
enormous amounts. 

4164
03:43:57,100 --> 03:44:00,000
The Victorian era was one of 
incredible productivity 

4165
03:44:00,000 --> 03:44:04,900
Innovation and expansion all 
achieved without computers 

4166
03:44:04,900 --> 03:44:08,200
without modern transportation 
and without instant 

4167
03:44:08,200 --> 03:44:11,300
communication. 
It's suggest that maybe modern 

4168
03:44:11,300 --> 03:44:14,300
efficiency isn't quite as 
efficient as we like to think. 

4169
03:44:15,200 --> 03:44:18,600
Or perhaps that efficiency isn't
the only measure of a society 

4170
03:44:18,600 --> 03:44:22,600
success, the dangers of 
Victorian, London have been real

4171
03:44:22,600 --> 03:44:24,100
and present throughout your 
journey. 

4172
03:44:24,900 --> 03:44:28,500
Disease, accident, crime and 
poverty. 

4173
03:44:28,500 --> 03:44:32,500
All of them are closer to the 
surface than in modern developed

4174
03:44:32,500 --> 03:44:35,300
societies. 
The social safety net. 

4175
03:44:35,300 --> 03:44:39,300
That modern people take for 
granted doesn't exist. if you're

4176
03:44:39,300 --> 03:44:42,900
poor sick or unlucky your 
options range from limited to 

4177
03:44:42,900 --> 03:44:46,900
non-existent, The environmental 
conditions have been a 

4178
03:44:46,900 --> 03:44:50,100
revelation, modern people think 
they understand, historical 

4179
03:44:50,100 --> 03:44:53,700
pollution, because they've seen 
photographs of smoggy cities. 

4180
03:44:54,600 --> 03:44:58,000
But photographs, don't convey 
the taste of the are the way 

4181
03:44:58,000 --> 03:45:01,500
smoke, irritates your throat, 
the omnipresent cold dust that 

4182
03:45:01,500 --> 03:45:05,000
settles on everything. 
The smell of the Thames, all the

4183
03:45:05,008 --> 03:45:08,900
sound of thousands of horses 
producing waste faster than it 

4184
03:45:08,900 --> 03:45:11,900
can be collected. 
Yet, there's Beauty here too. 

4185
03:45:12,700 --> 03:45:16,600
The architecture is genuinely 
impressive by craftsmen who took

4186
03:45:16,600 --> 03:45:19,400
pride in their work. 
The gaslighting, however, 

4187
03:45:19,400 --> 03:45:23,900
inadequate atmospheric effects. 
The electric light can't match. 

4188
03:45:25,000 --> 03:45:27,500
The sense of community and 
working class neighborhoods, 

4189
03:45:27,500 --> 03:45:32,000
born of shared hardship and 
mutual dependence represents 

4190
03:45:32,000 --> 03:45:35,200
something that modern Suburban 
isolation often Lacks. 

4191
03:45:36,200 --> 03:45:38,900
The people you've observed have 
been the most interesting part. 

4192
03:45:38,900 --> 03:45:41,900
They're not the simplified 
historical figures from 

4193
03:45:41,900 --> 03:45:45,700
textbooks or the Romantic 
characters from period dramas 

4194
03:45:46,400 --> 03:45:49,400
Their complex human beings 
dealing with the specific 

4195
03:45:49,400 --> 03:45:52,400
challenges of their time, while 
experiencing the universal 

4196
03:45:52,400 --> 03:45:58,400
aspects of human existence. 
Love ambition, fear, hope 

4197
03:45:58,400 --> 03:46:03,000
boredom and joy. 
The children you've seen will 

4198
03:46:03,000 --> 03:46:06,400
grow up to be edwardians to 
experience the first world war 

4199
03:46:06,400 --> 03:46:10,800
and perhaps to live into the 
1950s and wonder at television 

4200
03:46:10,800 --> 03:46:14,100
and Jet's. 
The young adults you've watched 

4201
03:46:14,100 --> 03:46:17,400
Russian to work, will be the 
elderly of the 1920s and 30s 

4202
03:46:17,400 --> 03:46:21,100
Living Bridges between the 
Victorian world and modernity 

4203
03:46:21,100 --> 03:46:26,400
history, isn't separate errors. 
It's continuous Human Experience

4204
03:46:26,400 --> 03:46:29,200
flowing from one generation to 
the next. 

4205
03:46:30,200 --> 03:46:34,000
You realize that Victorian 
London isn't passed, it's the 

4206
03:46:34,000 --> 03:46:36,700
foundational. 
These sewers being built right 

4207
03:46:36,700 --> 03:46:39,000
now, will still be functioning 
in the 21st century. 

4208
03:46:39,000 --> 03:46:42,600
The building's you've walked 
past Will Survive Wars and urban

4209
03:46:42,600 --> 03:46:46,600
renewal. the institutions being 
established Public Library's 

4210
03:46:46,600 --> 03:46:51,300
Museum, schools hospitals will 
evolve but persist You're not 

4211
03:46:51,308 --> 03:46:54,300
visiting a dead world, you're 
observing the roots of the 

4212
03:46:54,300 --> 03:46:57,400
world, you know. 
The experience has given you a 

4213
03:46:57,400 --> 03:46:58,900
different perspective on 
progress. 

4214
03:46:59,700 --> 03:47:02,200
Yes. 
Modern Life is more comfortable,

4215
03:47:02,200 --> 03:47:06,800
safer and healthier and offers 
opportunities that victorians 

4216
03:47:06,800 --> 03:47:09,800
couldn't imagine. 
But progress isn't linear 

4217
03:47:09,800 --> 03:47:13,800
Improvement in every aspect. 
The victorians built things to 

4218
03:47:13,800 --> 03:47:18,800
last invested in Beauty, even in
utilitarian projects, and 

4219
03:47:18,800 --> 03:47:21,900
maintained social connections 
that modern efficiency has 

4220
03:47:21,900 --> 03:47:25,000
sometimes eroded. 
The moral complexity is 

4221
03:47:25,000 --> 03:47:28,600
impossible to ignore Victorian, 
Britain, ruled an Empire that 

4222
03:47:28,600 --> 03:47:32,200
brought prosperity to some and 
exploitation to many. 

4223
03:47:33,100 --> 03:47:36,200
The wealth visible in London's 
Grand, building's came partly 

4224
03:47:36,200 --> 03:47:40,700
from Colonial extraction. 
Cheap Goods in London shops were

4225
03:47:40,700 --> 03:47:44,400
often produced by Colonial labor
under conditions that would be 

4226
03:47:44,408 --> 03:47:48,000
recognized as exploitative even 
by Victorian standards. 

4227
03:47:49,000 --> 03:47:51,700
There's no way to separate. 
Victorian achievement from 

4228
03:47:51,700 --> 03:47:55,800
Victorian imperialism. 
Similarly, the period social 

4229
03:47:55,800 --> 03:47:58,500
progress co-existed with 
shocking and equality. 

4230
03:47:59,800 --> 03:48:03,200
The same society that was 
expanding education, an 

4231
03:48:03,200 --> 03:48:06,400
improving Public Health. 
Also allowed children to work in

4232
03:48:06,400 --> 03:48:10,100
factories and mines. 
Era that produced great 

4233
03:48:10,100 --> 03:48:13,500
literature and scientific 
advances also maintained rigid 

4234
03:48:13,500 --> 03:48:17,100
class barriers, and severely, 
limited women's opportunities. 

4235
03:48:18,000 --> 03:48:20,300
These contradictions don't 
resolve neatly. 

4236
03:48:21,000 --> 03:48:24,500
The victorians weren't villains 
or Heroes, they were people 

4237
03:48:24,500 --> 03:48:27,600
working within their societies, 
assumptions, while gradually 

4238
03:48:27,600 --> 03:48:32,700
questioning and changing those 
assumptions. progress happened 

4239
03:48:32,700 --> 03:48:35,400
because some victorians 
recognize problems and work to 

4240
03:48:35,400 --> 03:48:38,800
address them not because history
automatically moves toward 

4241
03:48:38,800 --> 03:48:42,600
Justice, The gender dynamics of 
being particularly striking 

4242
03:48:42,600 --> 03:48:45,900
throughout your day, women are 
everywhere, but their 

4243
03:48:45,900 --> 03:48:48,600
possibilities are constrained in
ways that would be intolerable 

4244
03:48:48,600 --> 03:48:51,600
to Modern women. 
Working class women labor in 

4245
03:48:51,600 --> 03:48:55,500
factories, shops, and homes, 
middle class women manage 

4246
03:48:55,500 --> 03:48:58,800
households and raise children 
within narrow, social confines 

4247
03:48:58,800 --> 03:49:02,500
upper class women. 
Perform elaborate social rituals

4248
03:49:02,500 --> 03:49:06,600
that constitute their primary 
occupation The legal status of 

4249
03:49:06,600 --> 03:49:09,500
women is somewhere between 
persons and property depending 

4250
03:49:09,500 --> 03:49:13,300
on their marital status. 
Yet Victorian women or all so 

4251
03:49:13,300 --> 03:49:16,900
pushing boundaries women writers
are achieving success. 

4252
03:49:16,900 --> 03:49:21,300
Women activists are campaigning 
for education and suffrage and 

4253
03:49:21,300 --> 03:49:24,000
women workers are organizing for
better conditions. 

4254
03:49:24,900 --> 03:49:27,600
Changes that will transform 
women's lives in the 20th. 

4255
03:49:27,600 --> 03:49:31,700
Century are beginning here. 
In small acts of resistance and 

4256
03:49:31,700 --> 03:49:34,700
assertion that will eventually 
remake Society. 

4257
03:49:35,700 --> 03:49:38,700
The religious atmosphere has 
permeated everything you've 

4258
03:49:38,700 --> 03:49:41,800
experienced. 
Victorian Christianity isn't 

4259
03:49:41,800 --> 03:49:45,400
just Sunday worship, it's a 
framework that shapes social 

4260
03:49:45,400 --> 03:49:48,700
policy, personal behavior and 
public discourse. 

4261
03:49:49,600 --> 03:49:53,000
Churches are everywhere, 
religious language, infuses 

4262
03:49:53,000 --> 03:49:55,600
ordinary conversation and 
Christian morality. 

4263
03:49:55,600 --> 03:49:59,700
At least its public performance 
is expected of everyone. 

4264
03:49:59,700 --> 03:50:04,000
Regardless of actual belief, but
religious doubt was also present

4265
03:50:04,000 --> 03:50:07,000
growing among intellectuals and 
workers alike. 

4266
03:50:07,800 --> 03:50:10,100
Darwin's theories are being 
discussed and debated. 

4267
03:50:11,100 --> 03:50:13,400
Scientific thinking is 
challenging traditional 

4268
03:50:13,400 --> 03:50:16,900
religious explanations. 
The attention between faith. 

4269
03:50:16,900 --> 03:50:19,400
And reason that characterizes, 
Victorian culture isn't 

4270
03:50:19,400 --> 03:50:22,100
resolved. 
It actively being worked through

4271
03:50:22,100 --> 03:50:24,000
by thoughtful people on all 
sides. 

4272
03:50:25,400 --> 03:50:28,200
As you sit in the gradually 
brightening Square, the full 

4273
03:50:28,200 --> 03:50:30,600
cycle of the Victorian day, 
becomes clear. 

4274
03:50:31,700 --> 03:50:34,100
It's not so different in 
structure from Modern days. 

4275
03:50:34,100 --> 03:50:38,200
People wake work, eat rest and 
sleep. 

4276
03:50:39,000 --> 03:50:42,900
The surface details have changed
dramatically but the underlying 

4277
03:50:42,900 --> 03:50:46,900
human rhythms remain constant. 
People in 1880 had the same 

4278
03:50:46,908 --> 03:50:49,900
basic needs and desires as 
people in the 21st century. 

4279
03:50:50,800 --> 03:50:53,400
They just fulfilled them with 
different Technologies and 

4280
03:50:53,400 --> 03:50:55,000
within different social 
structures. 

4281
03:50:55,900 --> 03:50:58,800
The experience has also 
highlighted how recent modernity

4282
03:50:58,800 --> 03:51:03,500
really is electric lights, 
automobiles, phones, computers 

4283
03:51:03,500 --> 03:51:06,700
the Internet. 
All of these arrived within 

4284
03:51:06,700 --> 03:51:10,100
roughly a century, a tiny sliver
of human history. 

4285
03:51:11,900 --> 03:51:13,700
The Victorian world of gas 
lamps. 

4286
03:51:13,700 --> 03:51:17,000
And Horse Transport is separated
from the digital age by just 

4287
03:51:17,000 --> 03:51:20,500
three or four generations. 
Your own grandparents or 

4288
03:51:20,500 --> 03:51:23,400
great-grandparents might have 
been born into a world that more

4289
03:51:23,400 --> 03:51:26,600
closely resembled Victoria 
London and contemporary life. 

4290
03:51:27,500 --> 03:51:30,300
This proximity Is both 
comforting and unsettling 

4291
03:51:30,300 --> 03:51:34,500
comforting because it suggests 
humans are remarkably adaptable.

4292
03:51:35,200 --> 03:51:38,200
Victorians coped with their 
challenges as effectively as 

4293
03:51:38,200 --> 03:51:42,100
moderns cope with theirs. 
Unsettling because it raises 

4294
03:51:42,100 --> 03:51:45,100
questions about what aspects of 
modern life will seem as 

4295
03:51:45,100 --> 03:51:46,800
Antiquated to Future 
Generations. 

4296
03:51:46,800 --> 03:51:51,600
As gaslighting seems to you. 
The technological changes are 

4297
03:51:51,600 --> 03:51:54,800
the most visible differences, 
but the social changes might be 

4298
03:51:54,800 --> 03:51:58,300
more profound. 
The rigid Victorian class system

4299
03:51:58,300 --> 03:52:01,000
has softened in developed 
countries though, it has not 

4300
03:52:01,008 --> 03:52:03,500
disappeared. 
Gender roles have been 

4301
03:52:03,508 --> 03:52:07,500
dramatically reimagined. 
Racial attitudes have evolved 

4302
03:52:07,500 --> 03:52:11,600
though imperfectly. 
Democratic participation has 

4303
03:52:11,600 --> 03:52:16,500
expanded individual Freedom, has
increased in most areas, though,

4304
03:52:16,500 --> 03:52:18,200
surveillance capabilities of 
all. 

4305
03:52:18,200 --> 03:52:22,500
So grown The Victorian World 
believed in hierarchy and 

4306
03:52:22,500 --> 03:52:25,900
tradition the modern world 
celebrates a quality and 

4307
03:52:25,900 --> 03:52:29,400
Innovation though both theris 
often fail to live up to their 

4308
03:52:29,400 --> 03:52:33,100
stated values. 
As the morning strength and the 

4309
03:52:33,100 --> 03:52:36,900
city fully awakened around you, 
you find yourself thinking about

4310
03:52:36,900 --> 03:52:40,500
what this imaginary Journey has 
offered Beyond mere historical 

4311
03:52:40,500 --> 03:52:44,100
curiosity. 
What gifts does Victorian 

4312
03:52:44,100 --> 03:52:46,500
London? 
Give to a modern person willing 

4313
03:52:46,500 --> 03:52:50,500
to spend a day in its crowded. 
Smoky uncomfortable reality. 

4314
03:52:51,500 --> 03:52:53,400
First, there's the gift of 
proportion. 

4315
03:52:54,300 --> 03:52:58,000
Your own daily complaints. 
The wife is slow, the coffee 

4316
03:52:58,000 --> 03:53:00,400
isn't quite right. 
The commute to an extra 10 

4317
03:53:00,400 --> 03:53:04,000
minutes shrink when compared to 
Victorian challenges. 

4318
03:53:05,300 --> 03:53:07,400
This isn't to say, Modern 
Problems aren't real. 

4319
03:53:08,100 --> 03:53:11,400
But perspective is valuable. 
The victorians dealt with 

4320
03:53:11,408 --> 03:53:16,600
genuine hardship and found 
reasons to Laugh, Love create 

4321
03:53:16,600 --> 03:53:20,000
and persevere. 
Your own resilience is probably 

4322
03:53:20,000 --> 03:53:24,300
greater than you think. 
And there's appreciation for 

4323
03:53:24,300 --> 03:53:27,800
invisible infrastructure, you'll
never take clean water 

4324
03:53:27,800 --> 03:53:32,300
effective, sewage, reliable 
electricity, or modern medicines

4325
03:53:32,300 --> 03:53:35,500
for granted again after 
experiencing their absence. 

4326
03:53:36,700 --> 03:53:39,800
Complex systems that support 
Modern Life are easy to ignore 

4327
03:53:39,800 --> 03:53:41,500
until you imagine life without 
them. 

4328
03:53:42,300 --> 03:53:45,800
Thousands of people work to 
build these systems offer in 

4329
03:53:45,800 --> 03:53:48,900
difficult conditions, and their 
legacy is the comfort. 

4330
03:53:48,900 --> 03:53:52,800
You experience daily. 
Third is understanding of 

4331
03:53:52,800 --> 03:53:56,100
historical change. 
Victorian London, seemed 

4332
03:53:56,100 --> 03:53:58,900
permanent to its inhabitants the
way things. 

4333
03:53:58,900 --> 03:54:02,100
Were seemed like the way things 
would always be yet within 

4334
03:54:02,100 --> 03:54:06,900
decades, much of the world had 
transformed this suggests that 

4335
03:54:06,900 --> 03:54:10,500
your own world which seems 
stable and permanent is actually

4336
03:54:10,500 --> 03:54:14,000
in constant flux. 
The changes might be gradual 

4337
03:54:14,000 --> 03:54:16,700
enough that you don't notice 
them day to day, but the 

4338
03:54:16,700 --> 03:54:19,700
cumulative effect over time can 
be revolutionary. 

4339
03:54:20,600 --> 03:54:22,700
Forth. 
There's recognition of human 

4340
03:54:22,700 --> 03:54:25,600
constants. 
Despite all the differences 

4341
03:54:25,600 --> 03:54:28,400
victorians worried about their 
children's Futures. 

4342
03:54:28,400 --> 03:54:32,100
Work to improve their 
circumstances fell in love. 

4343
03:54:32,900 --> 03:54:37,900
Experienced loss found joy in 
small things and struggled with 

4344
03:54:37,900 --> 03:54:41,900
meaning and purpose. 
The external circumstances, 

4345
03:54:41,900 --> 03:54:46,000
change the internal human 
experience, remains remarkably 

4346
03:54:46,000 --> 03:54:47,800
consistent across time and 
place. 

4347
03:54:48,800 --> 03:54:51,400
The Victorian emphasis on 
craftsmanship offers another 

4348
03:54:51,400 --> 03:54:55,000
lesson in a world of mass 
produced disposable Goods. 

4349
03:54:55,000 --> 03:54:58,000
There's something appealing 
about objects made by skilled 

4350
03:54:58,000 --> 03:55:01,500
hands to last Generations. 
The Victorian buildings. 

4351
03:55:01,500 --> 03:55:04,100
You've been observing with its 
careful, stonework and 

4352
03:55:04,100 --> 03:55:08,100
decorative details represents an
investment of time and skill 

4353
03:55:08,100 --> 03:55:10,400
that modern construction often 
skips. 

4354
03:55:11,400 --> 03:55:14,200
There's value in slowing down 
and doing some things, well, 

4355
03:55:14,200 --> 03:55:16,000
rather than doing everything 
quickly. 

4356
03:55:16,900 --> 03:55:18,700
The social interactions you've 
observed. 

4357
03:55:18,700 --> 03:55:22,800
While often, rigid and formal 
involved, genuine attention to 

4358
03:55:22,800 --> 03:55:26,400
the people physically present. 
No one is checking their phone 

4359
03:55:26,400 --> 03:55:28,900
during conversation because 
phones, don't exist. 

4360
03:55:28,900 --> 03:55:31,400
People. 
Look at each other, listen to 

4361
03:55:31,400 --> 03:55:36,400
each other and engaged directly.
the Victorian social world for 

4362
03:55:36,400 --> 03:55:39,800
all its flaws required presence 
in ways that Modern Life 

4363
03:55:39,800 --> 03:55:43,600
sometimes doesn't the experience
is also highlighted, the value 

4364
03:55:43,600 --> 03:55:46,200
of struggle in ways, that 
comfortable Modern Life, 

4365
03:55:46,200 --> 03:55:49,700
sometimes obscures The 
victorians Who improve their 

4366
03:55:49,700 --> 03:55:53,600
circumstances, learned new 
skills or contributed to social 

4367
03:55:53,600 --> 03:55:56,000
progress. 
Often did so against significant

4368
03:55:56,000 --> 03:55:58,500
obstacles. 
Their achievements meant 

4369
03:55:58,500 --> 03:56:00,700
something partly because they 
were difficult. 

4370
03:56:01,600 --> 03:56:05,200
Modern lives convenience is 
wonderful but perhaps something 

4371
03:56:05,200 --> 03:56:07,100
is lost when everything becomes 
easy. 

4372
03:56:08,200 --> 03:56:11,500
Theresa a lesson in Victorian 
London's combination of grandeur

4373
03:56:11,500 --> 03:56:14,500
and squalor. 
Same society that built 

4374
03:56:14,500 --> 03:56:18,400
magnificent, public buildings 
and expanded museums, and 

4375
03:56:18,400 --> 03:56:22,700
libraries also, tolerated, 
horrific slums and child labor. 

4376
03:56:24,300 --> 03:56:27,700
This suggests that material 
progress doesn't automatically 

4377
03:56:27,700 --> 03:56:32,700
produce moral progress. 
Society must consciously chose 

4378
03:56:32,700 --> 03:56:37,200
to extend opportunities and 
protections broadly, not just a 

4379
03:56:37,200 --> 03:56:40,300
privileged groups. 
The Victorian relationship with 

4380
03:56:40,300 --> 03:56:43,600
nature, which you've observed in
the carefully, maintained parks 

4381
03:56:43,600 --> 03:56:48,300
and the disregard for air and 
water quality reveals a society,

4382
03:56:48,300 --> 03:56:51,200
still figuring out how to 
balance industrial progress with

4383
03:56:51,200 --> 03:56:54,700
environmental health. 
They hadn't yet recognized that 

4384
03:56:54,700 --> 03:56:58,500
natural systems have limits, 
modern society knows this, but 

4385
03:56:58,500 --> 03:57:00,100
struggles to act on that 
knowledge. 

4386
03:57:01,000 --> 03:57:04,000
The Victorian mistakes off a 
warnings that modern people 

4387
03:57:04,000 --> 03:57:07,400
can't claim moral superiority 
while making similar mistakes 

4388
03:57:07,400 --> 03:57:11,200
with greater knowledge. 
The diversity of Victorian 

4389
03:57:11,200 --> 03:57:14,900
London immigrants from across 
the Empire, visitors from around

4390
03:57:14,900 --> 03:57:19,100
the world and people from every 
British region, reminds you that

4391
03:57:19,100 --> 03:57:22,300
cities of always been meeting 
places of different cultures. 

4392
03:57:22,300 --> 03:57:26,000
The Victorian response was often
to maintain strict, social 

4393
03:57:26,000 --> 03:57:30,100
hierarchies, but the mere 
presence of diversity was slowly

4394
03:57:30,100 --> 03:57:32,900
undermining. 
Those higher Keys, cities, 

4395
03:57:32,900 --> 03:57:36,500
change people by exposing them 
to different Victorian. 

4396
03:57:36,500 --> 03:57:40,300
London was doing this work even 
when Victorian ideology resisted

4397
03:57:40,300 --> 03:57:44,200
it. the evening, entertainment 
options, you observed, theaters,

4398
03:57:44,200 --> 03:57:48,400
music Halls, pubs social visits,
suggests that humans need more 

4399
03:57:48,400 --> 03:57:52,500
than work and survival, even in 
difficult circumstances, people 

4400
03:57:52,500 --> 03:57:56,500
sought Beauty, laughter 
connection, and meaning The 

4401
03:57:56,500 --> 03:58:00,800
Victorian investment in public 
culture, museums libraries Parks

4402
03:58:00,800 --> 03:58:05,200
performance spaces, reflected a 
belief that culture matters that

4403
03:58:05,200 --> 03:58:08,900
people deserve access to beauty 
and knowledge, regardless of 

4404
03:58:08,900 --> 03:58:12,900
their economic status, Victorian
earnestness, which modern people

4405
03:58:12,900 --> 03:58:16,100
often mock. 
Actually, reflects an admirable 

4406
03:58:16,100 --> 03:58:20,200
quality. the belief that 
individual actions matter that 

4407
03:58:20,200 --> 03:58:23,008
moral Behavior makes a 
difference and that trying to be

4408
03:58:23,016 --> 03:58:27,500
better is worthwhile The 
specific moral codes were flawed

4409
03:58:27,500 --> 03:58:30,400
but the underlying commitment to
ethical, living and social 

4410
03:58:30,400 --> 03:58:34,800
responsibility offers something 
valuable the square where you've

4411
03:58:34,800 --> 03:58:37,700
been sitting is. 
Now fully awake, the vendors of 

4412
03:58:37,700 --> 03:58:40,700
set up, the traffic is building 
and the working day has begun 

4413
03:58:40,700 --> 03:58:43,700
and somewhere. 
In this moment you feel the 

4414
03:58:43,700 --> 03:58:47,600
gentle pulled backward toward 
your own time, your own world 

4415
03:58:47,600 --> 03:58:51,000
and your own comfortable bed 
with its modern mattress and 

4416
03:58:51,000 --> 03:58:54,900
Central Heating. 
The transition happens gradually

4417
03:58:54,900 --> 03:58:58,100
like waking from a particularly 
Vivid dream. 

4418
03:58:59,000 --> 03:59:03,600
Sound of Victorian London, the 
horses the street vendors, The 

4419
03:59:03,600 --> 03:59:07,300
Peculiar axon of Victorian 
speech, begin to fade. 

4420
03:59:08,200 --> 03:59:11,700
Smells diminish. 
Taste of coal, smoke leaves your

4421
03:59:11,700 --> 03:59:14,600
mouth. 
The physical sensations of 

4422
03:59:14,600 --> 03:59:19,700
Victorian clothing, Victorian 
cold, and diminish and Victorian

4423
03:59:19,700 --> 03:59:23,300
Stone beneath your feet. 
All gently received. 

4424
03:59:24,300 --> 03:59:27,200
You're aware of your body in 
your own bed in your own time. 

4425
03:59:28,000 --> 03:59:30,500
The sheets are soft. 
The temperature is comfortable 

4426
03:59:30,500 --> 03:59:34,300
and the air is clean. 
You can hear modern sounds, 

4427
03:59:34,300 --> 03:59:37,100
perhaps, traffic, that's 
motorized, rather than 

4428
03:59:37,100 --> 03:59:39,800
horse-drawn the hum of 
electronics sounds, that 

4429
03:59:39,800 --> 03:59:41,300
wouldn't make sense to a 
Victorian. 

4430
03:59:42,100 --> 03:59:44,400
But you bring something back 
with you from your Victorian 

4431
03:59:44,400 --> 03:59:46,600
day. 
Not physical objects. 

4432
03:59:46,600 --> 03:59:49,600
You can't bring Victorian coins 
or newspapers into your modern 

4433
03:59:49,600 --> 03:59:54,100
world. what you bring is 
understanding the kind that only

4434
03:59:54,100 --> 03:59:57,400
comes from imagined experience 
rather than abstract knowledge 

4435
03:59:58,200 --> 04:00:00,900
You understand now why your 
great grandparents or great? 

4436
04:00:00,900 --> 04:00:04,000
Great grandparents might have 
had certain habits that seemed 

4437
04:00:04,000 --> 04:00:07,600
odd to their grandchildren, why 
they saved string and washed 

4438
04:00:07,600 --> 04:00:09,900
plastic bags and treated bread 
with reverence? 

4439
04:00:10,800 --> 04:00:13,900
They grew up in or closer to a 
world where such things had real

4440
04:00:13,900 --> 04:00:18,100
value, where wastefulness wasn't
just inefficient, but genuinely 

4441
04:00:18,100 --> 04:00:22,200
harmful to survival. 
You understand why Victorian 

4442
04:00:22,200 --> 04:00:25,300
literature often focuses on 
social class and reputation. 

4443
04:00:26,200 --> 04:00:28,700
When your social position 
determines your opportunities. 

4444
04:00:28,700 --> 04:00:32,600
So completely when reputation 
was the primary form of social 

4445
04:00:32,600 --> 04:00:35,600
capital, of course people, 
obsessed over these things. 

4446
04:00:35,600 --> 04:00:38,900
The Victorian emphasis on 
propriety wasn't just 

4447
04:00:38,900 --> 04:00:41,700
prudishness. 
It was a survival strategy. 

4448
04:00:42,600 --> 04:00:45,100
You understand why the 
transition to Modern Life was 

4449
04:00:45,100 --> 04:00:47,800
both eagerly embraced and 
sometimes mourned. 

4450
04:00:48,400 --> 04:00:51,200
The victorians who lived into 
the 20th century experience 

4451
04:00:51,200 --> 04:00:53,900
changes that must have felt like
moving to another planet. 

4452
04:00:54,900 --> 04:00:58,900
Indoor, plumbing, electricity, 
automobiles, movies, and radio. 

4453
04:00:58,900 --> 04:01:02,700
Each one represented a 
fundamental shift in how daily 

4454
04:01:02,700 --> 04:01:05,400
life. 
Functioned, the experience has 

4455
04:01:05,400 --> 04:01:09,000
made history, feel more real 
less like a series of dates and 

4456
04:01:09,000 --> 04:01:13,000
events and more like the lived 
experience of actual humans 

4457
04:01:13,000 --> 04:01:14,800
dealing with their specific 
challenges. 

4458
04:01:15,800 --> 04:01:18,700
The Victorian era, wasn't a 
unified period. 

4459
04:01:18,700 --> 04:01:20,900
Moving incredibly toward 
modernity. 

4460
04:01:22,000 --> 04:01:25,400
It was thousands of days like 
the one you just experienced 

4461
04:01:25,400 --> 04:01:29,200
filled with ordinary people 
making ordinary decisions that 

4462
04:01:29,200 --> 04:01:33,300
cumulatively created change. 
You also understand better, why 

4463
04:01:33,300 --> 04:01:37,600
certain problems persist 
inequality environmental damage,

4464
04:01:37,600 --> 04:01:42,200
exploitation and discrimination,
these existed in Victorian 

4465
04:01:42,200 --> 04:01:46,500
London in exist. 
Now, The specific manifestations

4466
04:01:46,500 --> 04:01:50,600
change but the underlying human 
Tendencies towards selfishness 

4467
04:01:50,600 --> 04:01:55,000
short sightedness and tribalism.
Remain constant Progress 

4468
04:01:55,000 --> 04:01:59,800
requires conscious effort, not 
just the passage of time, the 

4469
04:01:59,800 --> 04:02:02,400
technological optimism. 
You might have felt before this 

4470
04:02:02,400 --> 04:02:05,700
journey is now tempered by 
recognition that technology 

4471
04:02:05,700 --> 04:02:07,800
solves some problems while 
creating others. 

4472
04:02:09,000 --> 04:02:11,600
The victorians thought Railways 
and telegraphs would 

4473
04:02:11,600 --> 04:02:14,400
revolutionize society and bring 
Universal peace. 

4474
04:02:14,400 --> 04:02:18,300
There are partly right about the
revolution, but completely wrong

4475
04:02:18,300 --> 04:02:21,300
about the peace. 
Modern faith in technological 

4476
04:02:21,300 --> 04:02:23,500
solutions might be similarly 
naive. 

4477
04:02:24,400 --> 04:02:26,700
Yet, there's all so. 
Hope in the Victorian example, 

4478
04:02:26,700 --> 04:02:30,400
they may genuine progress on 
many fronts, public health 

4479
04:02:30,400 --> 04:02:34,600
education, scientific 
understanding and social reform.

4480
04:02:35,700 --> 04:02:37,900
The changes were often gradual 
and incomplete. 

4481
04:02:38,600 --> 04:02:41,400
But they were real. 
If victorians could improve 

4482
04:02:41,400 --> 04:02:45,200
their society despite greater 
obstacles, perhaps, modern 

4483
04:02:45,200 --> 04:02:47,100
people can address their 
challenges, too. 

4484
04:02:48,100 --> 04:02:51,300
As you lie in your comfortable 
bed, fully returned to your own 

4485
04:02:51,300 --> 04:02:53,800
time. 
The contrast between Victorian 

4486
04:02:53,800 --> 04:02:56,300
London and Modern Life feels 
almost absurd. 

4487
04:02:56,300 --> 04:03:00,500
You can reach over and turn on a
light without leaving bed, you 

4488
04:03:00,500 --> 04:03:03,600
can adjust the temperature with 
a thermostat, you can check the 

4489
04:03:03,600 --> 04:03:07,100
weather, the news and messages 
from friends, using a device 

4490
04:03:07,100 --> 04:03:09,400
that would have seemed like 
magic to victorians. 

4491
04:03:10,200 --> 04:03:12,700
The bathroom attached to your 
bedroom, would have been a 

4492
04:03:12,700 --> 04:03:15,100
luxury Beyond imagining for most
victorians. 

4493
04:03:15,800 --> 04:03:20,600
Hot water, from a tap, a flush 
toilet, a shower, towels that 

4494
04:03:20,608 --> 04:03:24,700
you don't have to wash by hand. 
Each element represents Decades 

4495
04:03:24,700 --> 04:03:27,100
of engineering Innovation and 
infrastructure investment. 

4496
04:03:28,100 --> 04:03:31,100
The simple Act of taking a 
morning shower involves systems 

4497
04:03:31,100 --> 04:03:33,900
that victorians would have 
considered science fiction. 

4498
04:03:33,900 --> 04:03:38,500
Your breakfast options would 
Amaze a Victorian Fresh fruit 

4499
04:03:38,500 --> 04:03:41,500
from other hemispheres. 
Coffee from distant continents 

4500
04:03:41,500 --> 04:03:45,800
bread that stays fresh for days,
refrigerated dairy, products, 

4501
04:03:45,800 --> 04:03:50,200
and cereals invented, after the 
Victorian era ended, the 

4502
04:03:50,200 --> 04:03:53,900
Victorian breakfast was porridge
bread, perhaps eggs, if you 

4503
04:03:53,908 --> 04:03:57,200
could afford them, Foods that 
were locally produced, because 

4504
04:03:57,200 --> 04:03:59,300
long distance, food transport 
was limited. 

4505
04:04:00,500 --> 04:04:04,000
Letting dressed takes minutes 
instead of the extended process.

4506
04:04:04,000 --> 04:04:08,900
Victorian clothing, required. 
No corsets, no button hooks, no 

4507
04:04:08,900 --> 04:04:13,000
layers of undergarments, modern 
clothing, prioritizes comfort 

4508
04:04:13,000 --> 04:04:16,600
and convenience over the 
elaborate social signaling that 

4509
04:04:16,600 --> 04:04:20,200
Victorian fashion performed. 
You can dress yourself without 

4510
04:04:20,200 --> 04:04:23,100
assistance, which was a 
privilege reserved for lower 

4511
04:04:23,100 --> 04:04:27,000
classes in Victorian times. 
The wealthy needed servants to 

4512
04:04:27,008 --> 04:04:31,100
manage their complex wardrobes 
your commute, however 

4513
04:04:31,100 --> 04:04:34,800
frustrating it might sometimes 
feel would seem miraculous to 

4514
04:04:34,800 --> 04:04:39,400
victorians Whether you drive 
take public transit or work from

4515
04:04:39,400 --> 04:04:42,800
home, you're covering distances 
that would have required hours 

4516
04:04:42,800 --> 04:04:46,600
of travel in Victorian times. 
The modern city is physically 

4517
04:04:46,600 --> 04:04:49,800
larger than Victorian London, 
because transportation 

4518
04:04:49,800 --> 04:04:53,100
technology allows people to live
farther from their workplaces, 

4519
04:04:54,000 --> 04:04:57,800
Your workplace itself, reflects 
changes the victorians initiated

4520
04:04:57,800 --> 04:05:00,300
but couldn't complete. 
The office workers. 

4521
04:05:00,300 --> 04:05:03,000
You observed in Victorian. 
London were pioneering a new 

4522
04:05:03,008 --> 04:05:06,000
kind of work. 
Clerical, labor, that required 

4523
04:05:06,000 --> 04:05:08,900
literacy and numeracy but not 
physical strength. 

4524
04:05:09,800 --> 04:05:12,200
Modern knowledge work. 
Extends that Victorian 

4525
04:05:12,200 --> 04:05:14,800
Innovation though. 
It's now mediated through 

4526
04:05:14,800 --> 04:05:18,600
computers rather than paper 
ledgers the safety standards you

4527
04:05:18,600 --> 04:05:21,100
take for granted would astounded
victorians. 

4528
04:05:21,900 --> 04:05:27,100
Workplace, regulations food 
safety, building codes, traffic 

4529
04:05:27,100 --> 04:05:29,900
laws. 
All of these represent hard won 

4530
04:05:29,900 --> 04:05:33,500
victories by reformers who 
recognize that industrialization

4531
04:05:33,500 --> 04:05:37,600
without regulation was killing 
people. every modern safety 

4532
04:05:37,600 --> 04:05:41,700
feature exists, because someone 
suffered its absence Your access

4533
04:05:41,700 --> 04:05:44,300
to information would seem 
Godlike to victorians. 

4534
04:05:45,000 --> 04:05:48,000
The accumulated knowledge of 
humanity is available, instantly

4535
04:05:48,000 --> 04:05:51,500
through your device's, the 
Victorian scholar who spent 

4536
04:05:51,500 --> 04:05:55,000
hours in library's researching, 
basic facts would be astonished 

4537
04:05:55,000 --> 04:05:57,700
that you can access the same 
information in seconds while 

4538
04:05:57,700 --> 04:06:00,800
lying in bed. 
Your medical care represents 

4539
04:06:00,800 --> 04:06:03,600
advances, that would seem 
miraculous in Victorian times. 

4540
04:06:04,300 --> 04:06:07,900
Antibiotics alone have saved 
more lives than any other single

4541
04:06:07,900 --> 04:06:11,800
invention. 
Add modern surgery, Diagnostic 

4542
04:06:11,800 --> 04:06:16,800
Imaging, vaccines, dental care 
and treatments for conditions 

4543
04:06:16,800 --> 04:06:19,400
that were death sentences in 
Victorian times. 

4544
04:06:19,400 --> 04:06:22,100
And the Improvement is 
staggering. 

4545
04:06:23,100 --> 04:06:28,100
The Victorian infant mortality 
rate was roughly 150 per 1,000 

4546
04:06:28,100 --> 04:06:31,300
births. 
In developed countries, today is

4547
04:06:31,300 --> 04:06:35,100
under 5 per 1,000. 
Your life expectancy is 

4548
04:06:35,100 --> 04:06:37,300
dramatically longer than the 
Victorian average. 

4549
04:06:38,200 --> 04:06:41,000
A baby born in Victorian 
Britain, could expect to live 

4550
04:06:41,000 --> 04:06:44,400
about 45 years. 
A baby born in a developed 

4551
04:06:44,400 --> 04:06:46,800
country. 
Today can expect to live past 80

4552
04:06:47,600 --> 04:06:50,600
those additional decades 
represent millions of person 

4553
04:06:50,600 --> 04:06:54,000
years of additional Human 
Experience of knowledge, gained 

4554
04:06:54,000 --> 04:06:57,400
of relationships developed and 
of contributions made. 

4555
04:06:58,600 --> 04:07:01,900
Yet, with all these advantages, 
modern life, brings challenges 

4556
04:07:01,900 --> 04:07:05,300
that victorians never faced. 
Constant connectivity. 

4557
04:07:05,300 --> 04:07:07,200
That puts the world at your 
fingertips. 

4558
04:07:07,200 --> 04:07:10,400
Also means you're never truly 
unreachable. 

4559
04:07:10,400 --> 04:07:14,400
The abundance of choices can 
become overwhelming rather than 

4560
04:07:14,400 --> 04:07:17,500
liberating. 
The rapid pace of change can 

4561
04:07:17,500 --> 04:07:21,100
create anxiety about keeping up.
The decline of traditional 

4562
04:07:21,100 --> 04:07:24,700
communities can lead to 
isolation despite unprecedented 

4563
04:07:24,700 --> 04:07:29,500
communication capabilities, the 
costs of Modern Life are also 

4564
04:07:29,508 --> 04:07:32,700
becoming unavoidable. 
The victorians damaged, their 

4565
04:07:32,700 --> 04:07:35,600
local environments. 
The Thames was essentially a 

4566
04:07:35,600 --> 04:07:39,600
toxic waste dump but modern 
industrial society has scaled up

4567
04:07:39,600 --> 04:07:43,400
those impacts to a global level.
Climate change, biodiversity 

4568
04:07:43,400 --> 04:07:48,400
loss and ocean acidification. 
These problems didn't exist in 

4569
04:07:48,400 --> 04:07:51,700
Victorian times, because human 
industrial capacity was more 

4570
04:07:51,700 --> 04:07:55,200
limited. 
Progress in material Comfort has

4571
04:07:55,200 --> 04:07:58,200
come with ecological costs. 
That future Generations will 

4572
04:07:58,200 --> 04:08:01,300
bear. 
The social fragmentation that 

4573
04:08:01,300 --> 04:08:04,100
characterizes Modern Life Would 
puzzle victorians. 

4574
04:08:04,900 --> 04:08:08,100
Their society was rigid and not 
often cruel but it was also 

4575
04:08:08,100 --> 04:08:11,900
coherent in ways. 
Modern society isn't Most 

4576
04:08:11,900 --> 04:08:14,700
Victorian shared basic 
assumptions about religion, 

4577
04:08:14,700 --> 04:08:17,600
morality and social 
organization. 

4578
04:08:18,600 --> 04:08:21,900
Modern pluralism, brings 
freedom, but also uncertainty 

4579
04:08:21,900 --> 04:08:24,100
about shared values and common 
purpose. 

4580
04:08:25,000 --> 04:08:27,700
The comparison isn't meant to 
suggest Victoria and life was 

4581
04:08:27,700 --> 04:08:31,000
better. 
Clearly wasn't by almost any 

4582
04:08:31,000 --> 04:08:34,300
measure. 
Rather it's to recognize that 

4583
04:08:34,300 --> 04:08:37,900
progress in one dimension, 
doesn't automatically mean 

4584
04:08:37,900 --> 04:08:42,300
progress in all Dimensions. 
Modern Life is more comfortable,

4585
04:08:42,300 --> 04:08:46,300
safer, healthier and offers more
individual freedom than 

4586
04:08:46,300 --> 04:08:50,500
Victorian life. 
But is also more complex, more 

4587
04:08:50,500 --> 04:08:55,100
fast-paced and in some ways more
isolating as you start your 

4588
04:08:55,100 --> 04:08:57,700
modern day, going about 
routines, that would seem 

4589
04:08:57,700 --> 04:09:01,200
Fantastical to victorians, you 
carry something valuable from 

4590
04:09:01,200 --> 04:09:04,800
your imaginary Journey. 
It's not Nostalgia for a past 

4591
04:09:04,800 --> 04:09:06,900
that was genuinely harder and 
often cruel. 

4592
04:09:06,900 --> 04:09:10,500
It's perspective. 
The ability to see your own life

4593
04:09:10,500 --> 04:09:13,400
with fresh Eyes. 
By comparing it to a different 

4594
04:09:13,400 --> 04:09:16,300
way of living. 
The Victorian emphasis on 

4595
04:09:16,300 --> 04:09:19,100
craftsmanship might inspire you 
to Value quality over 

4596
04:09:19,100 --> 04:09:22,300
convenience sometimes. 
Their investment in public 

4597
04:09:22,300 --> 04:09:26,200
institutions, might encourage 
you to support libraries museums

4598
04:09:26,200 --> 04:09:28,400
and Parks their social 
connections. 

4599
04:09:28,400 --> 04:09:32,100
However, formal might remind you
to occasionally, put down your 

4600
04:09:32,100 --> 04:09:36,200
devices and actually talk to the
people physically present, the 

4601
04:09:36,200 --> 04:09:39,500
Victorian struggles for a form. 
Better working conditions 

4602
04:09:39,500 --> 04:09:43,700
expanded education, improve 
Public Health, remind you, that 

4603
04:09:43,700 --> 04:09:47,600
progress requires effort. 
The improvements you enjoy 

4604
04:09:47,600 --> 04:09:50,700
weren't inevitable. 
They were achieved by people who

4605
04:09:50,700 --> 04:09:53,300
recognize problems and work to 
solve them. 

4606
04:09:54,100 --> 04:09:57,700
Your generation faces different 
challenges, but the principle 

4607
04:09:57,700 --> 04:10:01,900
Remains the Same change requires
intentional effort, not just 

4608
04:10:01,900 --> 04:10:05,300
complaints about current 
conditions, the Victorian 

4609
04:10:05,300 --> 04:10:09,300
mistakes, their environmental 
damage their imperialism, 

4610
04:10:09,300 --> 04:10:12,700
they're rigid social 
hierarchies, their limited 

4611
04:10:12,700 --> 04:10:16,100
opportunities for women and 
minorities serve as warnings. 

4612
04:10:17,200 --> 04:10:19,800
Having more knowledge than the 
victorians, doesn't make modern 

4613
04:10:19,800 --> 04:10:23,400
people morally Superior unless 
that knowledge produces better 

4614
04:10:23,400 --> 04:10:26,500
actions. 
The test isn't what you know. 

4615
04:10:26,500 --> 04:10:30,200
But what you do with that 
knowledge, Share human 

4616
04:10:30,200 --> 04:10:31,800
resilience. 
You observe throughout your 

4617
04:10:31,800 --> 04:10:34,900
Victorian Day offers 
encouragement for handling 

4618
04:10:34,900 --> 04:10:38,800
modern challenges. 
People could maintain hope find 

4619
04:10:38,800 --> 04:10:42,600
Joy, create Beauty and work for 
better Futures while dealing 

4620
04:10:42,600 --> 04:10:46,100
with Victorian hardships. 
Modern problems are also 

4621
04:10:46,100 --> 04:10:49,800
manageable despite their 
complexity the Victorian day, 

4622
04:10:49,800 --> 04:10:52,700
you have imagined to give you a 
gift that history always offers 

4623
04:10:52,700 --> 04:10:57,800
when approached with openness 
context, Your own life exists 

4624
04:10:57,800 --> 04:11:01,800
within a specific historical 
moment shaped by decisions made 

4625
04:11:01,800 --> 04:11:05,100
by previous generations and 
shaping the options available to

4626
04:11:05,100 --> 04:11:08,900
Future Generations. 
Understanding this continuity 

4627
04:11:08,900 --> 04:11:11,000
can be both humbling and 
empowering. 

4628
04:11:12,700 --> 04:11:15,400
As you move through your modern 
day, driving cars that 

4629
04:11:15,400 --> 04:11:18,600
victorians couldn't imagine 
using technology, that would 

4630
04:11:18,600 --> 04:11:21,700
seem like magic solving problems
that didn't exist. 

4631
04:11:21,700 --> 04:11:24,800
In Victorian times. 
You might occasionally think 

4632
04:11:24,800 --> 04:11:26,800
about the Victorian day you 
experience. 

4633
04:11:28,000 --> 04:11:32,100
Not to wish you were there, but 
to appreciate where you are and 

4634
04:11:32,100 --> 04:11:36,800
maybe, just maybe you'll wonder 
what someone from 2150 would 

4635
04:11:36,800 --> 04:11:38,900
think about your life in the 
early 21st century. 

4636
04:11:39,900 --> 04:11:43,000
What aspects of your daily 
routine would seem charmingly 

4637
04:11:43,000 --> 04:11:45,700
Antiquated? 
What problems would they be 

4638
04:11:45,700 --> 04:11:47,000
amazed you? 
Tolerated? 

4639
04:11:47,000 --> 04:11:50,500
What technologies would they 
find amusingly primitive? 

4640
04:11:51,300 --> 04:11:54,000
What aspects of your life, would
they Envy or want to preserve? 

4641
04:11:54,900 --> 04:11:58,500
History isn't just about the 
past is about understanding that

4642
04:11:58,500 --> 04:12:02,700
the present is temporary, that 
changes constant, and that every

4643
04:12:02,700 --> 04:12:05,200
generation faces. 
Its own challenges, while 

4644
04:12:05,200 --> 04:12:08,500
benefiting from and dealing with
the consequences of previous 

4645
04:12:08,500 --> 04:12:12,400
generations choices. 
Victorian London is gone. 

4646
04:12:13,100 --> 04:12:15,900
Transformed by More Than A 
Century of change. 

4647
04:12:16,500 --> 04:12:19,500
But it's not lost. 
It lives in the infrastructure, 

4648
04:12:19,500 --> 04:12:23,800
it built in the institutions. 
It established in the ideas. 

4649
04:12:23,800 --> 04:12:28,100
It developed in the problems, it
created, and in the solutions at

4650
04:12:28,100 --> 04:12:32,500
pioneered, you walk on Victorian
foundations every day whether 

4651
04:12:32,500 --> 04:12:35,500
you realize it or not. 
And perhaps that's the most 

4652
04:12:35,500 --> 04:12:38,400
important lesson from your 
imaginary Victorian day. 

4653
04:12:39,100 --> 04:12:42,500
You too are building foundations
for futures, you'll never see. 

4654
04:12:43,500 --> 04:12:46,900
Your choice is your actions and 
your societies decisions. 

4655
04:12:46,900 --> 04:12:50,500
All of these will influence the 
world that people experienced 

4656
04:12:50,500 --> 04:12:54,100
Generations from now. 
The victorians couldn't have 

4657
04:12:54,100 --> 04:12:56,500
imagined your life but they 
shake it. 

4658
04:12:56,500 --> 04:12:59,300
Nonetheless. 
You can't imagine the world of 

4659
04:12:59,300 --> 04:13:04,200
200150, but your helping to 
create it with every choice you 

4660
04:13:04,200 --> 04:13:05,700
make. 
Sleep. 

4661
04:13:05,700 --> 04:13:08,200
Well, tonight in your 
comfortable bed with its modern 

4662
04:13:08,200 --> 04:13:12,300
mattress and climate control. 
Dream perhaps of gas-lit 

4663
04:13:12,300 --> 04:13:15,700
streets, and horse drawn, 
carriages of a world that 

4664
04:13:15,700 --> 04:13:18,500
managed to function. 
Without any of the Technologies,

4665
04:13:18,500 --> 04:13:21,800
you can consider a sensual and 
wake tomorrow with fresh 

4666
04:13:21,800 --> 04:13:24,400
appreciation. 
For the complex imperfect 

4667
04:13:24,400 --> 04:13:27,500
remarkable world you inhabit. 
A world. 

4668
04:13:27,500 --> 04:13:30,900
That's different from Victorian 
London, but connected to it, by 

4669
04:13:30,900 --> 04:13:33,400
The Continuous thread of Human 
Experience. 

4670
04:13:33,400 --> 04:13:36,700
Reaching back through centuries,
and forward, into Futures Yet, 

4671
04:13:36,700 --> 04:13:46,700
To Be Imagined. the first voice 
came not with thunderous 

4672
04:13:46,700 --> 04:13:49,500
Clarity, but as a whisper easily
mistaken for Wind Through the 

4673
04:13:49,508 --> 04:13:54,600
garden, I was 13 Gathering herbs
behind my father, Jacques house 

4674
04:13:54,600 --> 04:13:57,500
in Dormer, Ami. 
Most people remember me? 

4675
04:13:57,500 --> 04:14:00,000
Describing the voice as 
appearing with blinding light at

4676
04:14:00,000 --> 04:14:04,200
noon, but the truth differs it 
was actually dusk the owl when 

4677
04:14:04,208 --> 04:14:06,400
Shadows transform into something
else entirely. 

4678
04:14:07,400 --> 04:14:10,600
Jahan. 
It said my name in the old 

4679
04:14:10,600 --> 04:14:14,300
tongue it was familiar. 
Not commanding or frightening 

4680
04:14:14,300 --> 04:14:16,300
like someone who had known me 
before. 

4681
04:14:16,300 --> 04:14:20,000
I knew myself, I dropped my 
basket herb scattering across 

4682
04:14:20,000 --> 04:14:22,200
soil. 
Still warm from the day son. 

4683
04:14:23,000 --> 04:14:24,400
No one had prepared me for this 
moment. 

4684
04:14:24,400 --> 04:14:28,200
Even though our priest, father 
of a frontier frequently spoke 

4685
04:14:28,200 --> 04:14:31,900
about Saints and vision's, 
People imagine I was overcome 

4686
04:14:31,900 --> 04:14:35,100
with religious Ecstasy, but my 
initial reaction was irritation.

4687
04:14:35,100 --> 04:14:37,200
I had chores to finish before 
dark. 

4688
04:14:37,200 --> 04:14:40,500
And mother would scold me for 
dallying only, when the voice 

4689
04:14:40,500 --> 04:14:42,100
came again. 
Three days later, while I 

4690
04:14:42,100 --> 04:14:43,700
attended our sheep, did I begin 
to understand. 

4691
04:14:43,700 --> 04:14:46,700
It was Michael, the Archangel 
though he did not announce 

4692
04:14:46,700 --> 04:14:49,800
himself, grandly he simply began
speaking as if he were 

4693
04:14:49,800 --> 04:14:51,900
continuing a long-established 
conversation. 

4694
04:14:52,700 --> 04:14:56,400
Our village existed in Perpetual
anxiety, the English and 

4695
04:14:56,400 --> 04:14:59,100
burgundians raided regularly 
forcing us to flee with our 

4696
04:14:59,108 --> 04:15:01,800
livestock to the nearby 
fortified island of vocular. 

4697
04:15:02,700 --> 04:15:05,100
My father served as a village 
official Dean. 

4698
04:15:05,100 --> 04:15:07,600
They called him and I watched 
how the weight of protecting 

4699
04:15:07,600 --> 04:15:10,800
others bed, his shoulders when 
he returned from bearing, 

4700
04:15:10,800 --> 04:15:15,300
neighbors killed in raids. 
He'd sit silently by our half. 

4701
04:15:16,800 --> 04:15:20,900
Staring at nothing. 
This was the inheritance of 

4702
04:15:20,900 --> 04:15:24,000
every child in Lorraine. 
The knowledge that safety was 

4703
04:15:24,000 --> 04:15:26,000
temporary violence. 
Inevitable. 

4704
04:15:27,700 --> 04:15:30,400
The voices Catherine and 
Margaret joined, Michael. 

4705
04:15:30,400 --> 04:15:33,600
Eventually did not immediately 
speak of saving France. 

4706
04:15:33,600 --> 04:15:37,900
They spoke of me how I must 
remain pure, how I must listen 

4707
04:15:37,900 --> 04:15:40,700
carefully. 
People think I was a simple girl

4708
04:15:40,700 --> 04:15:45,100
but Simplicity was impossible in
our border region where language

4709
04:15:45,100 --> 04:15:49,300
loyalty and custom blurred. 
We spoke a dialect that was 

4710
04:15:49,308 --> 04:15:52,600
neither purely French. 
Norman we pledged allegiance to 

4711
04:15:52,600 --> 04:15:54,600
Lords whose names changed with 
the seasons. 

4712
04:15:55,600 --> 04:15:58,500
You will recognize the dofa. 
They told me once though I had 

4713
04:15:58,500 --> 04:16:01,300
never traveled beyond our Valley
and had never seen nobility safe

4714
04:16:01,300 --> 04:16:05,200
for occasional passing nights. 
How I inquired, my ignorance 

4715
04:16:05,200 --> 04:16:08,800
weighing heavily on my mind, you
will know was all they answered.

4716
04:16:08,800 --> 04:16:11,000
Mother taught me to sow and 
spin. 

4717
04:16:11,008 --> 04:16:14,300
Not knowing these domestic 
skills would later serve me well

4718
04:16:14,300 --> 04:16:17,300
in Army Camps. 
For the taught me to manage our 

4719
04:16:17,300 --> 04:16:20,400
few acres and to recognize when 
rain threatened the hay Harvest.

4720
04:16:21,100 --> 04:16:24,300
These mundane lessons proved as 
crucial as anything the voices 

4721
04:16:24,300 --> 04:16:27,100
imparted. 
I hid the voices from everyone, 

4722
04:16:27,100 --> 04:16:29,600
especially my dear friend over 
yet. 

4723
04:16:30,300 --> 04:16:32,400
We gathered flowers for the 
church altars together. 

4724
04:16:32,400 --> 04:16:36,000
Gossiped about Village, boys and
waited in the Moose River during

4725
04:16:36,000 --> 04:16:39,100
Summer's heat, normalcy became 
my disguise. 

4726
04:16:39,100 --> 04:16:41,500
When my mother, spoke of 
arranging a marriage with the 

4727
04:16:41,500 --> 04:16:44,100
son of a nearby farmer, I 
neither agreed. 

4728
04:16:44,100 --> 04:16:46,900
Nor objected though, the voice 
is had already commanded my 

4729
04:16:46,900 --> 04:16:51,600
virginity be preserved I simply 
continue spinning wool, kneading

4730
04:16:51,600 --> 04:16:54,700
bread and appearing unchanged 
while something profound 

4731
04:16:54,700 --> 04:16:57,800
transformed. 
Within me the summer items, 16 

4732
04:16:57,800 --> 04:17:00,200
English forces pushed deeper 
into our region. 

4733
04:17:00,200 --> 04:17:02,500
I watched refugees stream 
through. 

4734
04:17:02,500 --> 04:17:06,300
Domini women carrying whatever, 
possessions they could save men 

4735
04:17:06,300 --> 04:17:09,100
with haunted eyes and children 
to exhausted to cry. 

4736
04:17:09,100 --> 04:17:12,600
They brought stories of 
villages, burned of harvest 

4737
04:17:12,600 --> 04:17:15,900
destroyed, and of casual 
cruelties inflicted by mercenary

4738
04:17:15,900 --> 04:17:18,100
soldiers, who fought for coin 
rather than calls. 

4739
04:17:18,900 --> 04:17:21,300
One night while our family 
sheltered in the church during a

4740
04:17:21,300 --> 04:17:23,600
raid. 
I watched a woman Rock her dead.

4741
04:17:23,600 --> 04:17:27,200
Infant refusing to acknowledge 
the child had stopped breathing 

4742
04:17:27,200 --> 04:17:30,700
hours before. 
Something hardened in me, then a

4743
04:17:30,700 --> 04:17:32,800
resolve that matched the voices 
growing urgency. 

4744
04:17:33,900 --> 04:17:36,000
It is time. 
Michael told me as Autumn Leaves

4745
04:17:36,000 --> 04:17:39,100
fell as France bleeds. 
The King's son hides while the 

4746
04:17:39,100 --> 04:17:42,400
kingdom crumbles. 
I am a girl who cannot read. 

4747
04:17:42,400 --> 04:17:44,700
I answered. 
I've never held a sword. 

4748
04:17:45,500 --> 04:17:47,800
Yet you will lead armies. 
Catherine replied. 

4749
04:17:48,700 --> 04:17:51,700
I laughed aloud at this 
absurdity earning a questioning 

4750
04:17:51,700 --> 04:17:54,200
look from my brother Pierre as 
we gathered kindling in the 

4751
04:17:54,208 --> 04:17:58,200
forest. you were chosen before 
birth Margaret, added not for 

4752
04:17:58,200 --> 04:18:02,300
your knowledge, but for your 
heart, As winter approached 

4753
04:18:02,300 --> 04:18:06,400
Beyond soldiers, burned part of 
our village, I helped neighbor's

4754
04:18:06,400 --> 04:18:09,400
Salvage, what remained of their 
homes by digging through Ash for

4755
04:18:09,400 --> 04:18:11,100
cooking pots and for anything 
usable. 

4756
04:18:11,800 --> 04:18:14,500
The voice is grew more. 
Insistent speaking, not just in 

4757
04:18:14,500 --> 04:18:18,300
Quiet Moments, but during daily 
tasks during mass and during 

4758
04:18:18,300 --> 04:18:22,000
rare moments of Village 
celebration, go to Learners, 

4759
04:18:22,000 --> 04:18:26,300
they commanded speak to Robert 
de Boudreaux, the name the 

4760
04:18:26,300 --> 04:18:29,400
Garrison Commander, a Gruff 
Soldier loyal to the uncrowned 

4761
04:18:29,400 --> 04:18:30,700
fair. 
What? 

4762
04:18:30,700 --> 04:18:33,200
I didn't know was how a peasant 
girl might gain his audience, 

4763
04:18:33,200 --> 04:18:35,700
how I might convince him of the 
Divine messages. 

4764
04:18:35,700 --> 04:18:38,700
Only, I could hear, but the 
voice is left, no room for 

4765
04:18:38,700 --> 04:18:41,100
doubt. 
I would go, I would speak. 

4766
04:18:41,100 --> 04:18:43,000
I would begin this impossible 
Journey. 

4767
04:18:44,000 --> 04:18:46,000
So, I planted my hair one. 
Final time before. 

4768
04:18:46,000 --> 04:18:48,500
Cutting it away. 
Trading A daughter's life for 

4769
04:18:48,500 --> 04:18:51,000
something without precedent. 
My cousin Johan. 

4770
04:18:51,000 --> 04:18:53,600
Laswa thought I was insane, when
I asked him to escort me to 

4771
04:18:53,600 --> 04:18:57,400
vocular, A practical man with 
calloused hands and a Perpetual 

4772
04:18:57,400 --> 04:18:59,300
Furrow between his brows 
nonetheless agreed. 

4773
04:18:59,300 --> 04:19:02,600
Perhaps out of curiosity about 
what a transformed his once 

4774
04:19:02,600 --> 04:19:06,400
quiet, cousin into someone who 
spoke with unnerving certainty. 

4775
04:19:07,100 --> 04:19:08,900
Three times. 
You will knock on the captain's 

4776
04:19:08,900 --> 04:19:11,100
door. 
Catherine had told me twice. 

4777
04:19:11,100 --> 04:19:14,400
He will refuse you the third 
time, he will listen. 

4778
04:19:15,800 --> 04:19:19,900
During the January journey to my
feet became numb from wearing 

4779
04:19:19,900 --> 04:19:23,400
worn, leather shoes, Frost 
glazed the bare trees, like, 

4780
04:19:23,400 --> 04:19:25,600
spun sugar, beautiful and 
bitter. 

4781
04:19:25,600 --> 04:19:29,600
I'd never traveled so far from 
home a mere 20 miles that 

4782
04:19:29,600 --> 04:19:32,900
stretched like a pilgrimage. 
Jerome filled silence, is with 

4783
04:19:32,900 --> 04:19:35,400
nervous chatter about his 
Vineyard and about Village 

4784
04:19:35,400 --> 04:19:37,300
gossip. 
Carefully, avoiding questions 

4785
04:19:37,300 --> 04:19:39,500
about my purpose until we 
crested the final Hill. 

4786
04:19:40,600 --> 04:19:42,300
What exactly will you say to 
him? 

4787
04:19:42,300 --> 04:19:45,700
He finally asked as vocalists 
stonewall's, came into view. 

4788
04:19:45,700 --> 04:19:48,500
The truth seemed both too 
simple, and to extraordinary. 

4789
04:19:49,300 --> 04:19:52,000
Voices From Heaven commanded me 
to seek an audience with the 

4790
04:19:52,000 --> 04:19:55,300
Garrison Commander so that I 
could eventually lead the dofan 

4791
04:19:55,300 --> 04:19:59,700
to his coronation at Ryan's. 
Instead I said only what God 

4792
04:19:59,700 --> 04:20:03,200
wishes me to say. 
Boudreaux cause guards snickered

4793
04:20:03,200 --> 04:20:05,600
at the sight of me a peasant, 
girl, in a home. 

4794
04:20:05,600 --> 04:20:07,900
Spun dress requesting an 
audience with their Commander, 

4795
04:20:07,900 --> 04:20:10,900
but something in my demeanor 
made them hesitate to Simply 

4796
04:20:10,900 --> 04:20:13,900
turn me away. 
Perhaps it was the way I stood 

4797
04:20:13,900 --> 04:20:16,400
as if inhabited by something 
larger than myself. 

4798
04:20:17,200 --> 04:20:19,900
They brought record to the 
Courtyard rather than admitting 

4799
04:20:19,900 --> 04:20:23,300
me to his quarters, a public 
humiliation intended to 

4800
04:20:23,300 --> 04:20:27,100
discourage further persistence. 
The Heavenly Lord has a messages

4801
04:20:27,100 --> 04:20:28,700
concerning the welfare of 
France. 

4802
04:20:28,700 --> 04:20:32,300
I announced borrowing formality.
I'd never needed indomie. 

4803
04:20:33,200 --> 04:20:36,600
Boudreaux bearded broad 
shouldered perpetually armored 

4804
04:20:36,600 --> 04:20:39,600
even in peace time laughed, not 
cruelty. 

4805
04:20:39,600 --> 04:20:42,600
But with the weariness of a man 
perceived by people claiming 

4806
04:20:42,600 --> 04:20:44,700
special knowledge in Desperate 
Times. 

4807
04:20:45,600 --> 04:20:48,800
Return to your father child, he 
said, learn to improve your 

4808
04:20:48,800 --> 04:20:51,000
thread spinning skills and stead
of telling stories. 

4809
04:20:52,000 --> 04:20:55,200
I did not argue the voices had 
prepared me for rejection. 

4810
04:20:55,200 --> 04:20:58,600
Your own looked relieved as we 
left believe in the matter 

4811
04:20:58,600 --> 04:21:01,900
concluded, but I remained in 
vocalo, staying with distant 

4812
04:21:01,900 --> 04:21:03,900
relatives. 
The kindly wheel right? 

4813
04:21:03,900 --> 04:21:07,600
Honoree in his wife Catherine 
larae, who took me in despite 

4814
04:21:07,600 --> 04:21:09,000
their confusion about my 
purpose. 

4815
04:21:10,000 --> 04:21:11,900
Daily. 
I attended mass at the chapel of

4816
04:21:11,900 --> 04:21:14,300
Saint Marie, kneeling, on Stone 
floors. 

4817
04:21:14,300 --> 04:21:17,600
That bruised, my knees. 
Townspeople began noticing. 

4818
04:21:17,600 --> 04:21:20,100
The strange girl, who prayed 
with unusual intensity. 

4819
04:21:20,900 --> 04:21:23,900
Some mocked me others. 
Sensing something Beyond 

4820
04:21:23,900 --> 04:21:27,200
ordinary Faith, began asking for
blessings, for prayers, specific

4821
04:21:27,200 --> 04:21:30,400
to their troubles. 
I have no power to bless. 

4822
04:21:30,400 --> 04:21:32,800
I told a woman who brought her 
feverish child. 

4823
04:21:32,800 --> 04:21:37,400
I am only a messenger. 
Yet I placed my hands on the 

4824
04:21:37,400 --> 04:21:40,700
child's forehead feeling heat 
radiating through Papyrus skin 

4825
04:21:40,700 --> 04:21:43,900
and prayed. 
Anyway, When the fever broke 

4826
04:21:43,900 --> 04:21:46,300
through three days later, 
whispers about me changed 10. 

4827
04:21:46,300 --> 04:21:48,900
Her, I was back at boudreau's 
door six days. 

4828
04:21:48,900 --> 04:21:52,400
After my initial rejection this 
time, he received me properly in

4829
04:21:52,400 --> 04:21:55,300
his Chambers, curious about 
rumors circulating through his 

4830
04:21:55,300 --> 04:21:58,100
town. 
Stood before his massive oak 

4831
04:21:58,100 --> 04:22:01,000
desk, my shadow small against 
the Stonewall behind me. 

4832
04:22:01,800 --> 04:22:04,500
You claim Heaven speaks to you. 
He said not bothering with a 

4833
04:22:04,508 --> 04:22:08,700
greeting, not claims truth. 
The steadiness in my voice 

4834
04:22:08,700 --> 04:22:13,700
surprised even me. 
Today, nearly all are forces of 

4835
04:22:13,700 --> 04:22:16,500
suffered defeat. 
Skirmish near a place called 

4836
04:22:16,500 --> 04:22:20,200
rovere The Ambush targeted, men 
carrying Lenten fish and 

4837
04:22:20,200 --> 04:22:23,500
Provisions for the besieged. 
You will receive confirmation of

4838
04:22:23,500 --> 04:22:26,500
the situation in days. 
I had not known. 

4839
04:22:26,500 --> 04:22:29,600
These words would come from my 
mouth until they emerged the 

4840
04:22:29,600 --> 04:22:31,100
voices. 
Had whispered to the moments 

4841
04:22:31,100 --> 04:22:34,400
before I understood and his 
chamber, Boudreaux's expression 

4842
04:22:34,400 --> 04:22:37,000
changed from skepticism to 
guarded caution. 

4843
04:22:37,000 --> 04:22:40,600
If the story proves true, he 
began. 

4844
04:22:40,600 --> 04:22:44,900
When it proves true, I corrected
you will provide me an escort to

4845
04:22:44,900 --> 04:22:47,100
Shino. 
He dismissed me without 

4846
04:22:47,100 --> 04:22:50,800
commitment Messengers, confirmed
the battle of the herrings four 

4847
04:22:50,800 --> 04:22:53,700
days later while my prediction 
was not particularly detailed, 

4848
04:22:53,700 --> 04:22:57,000
its verification, startled 
Bojack into taking me. 

4849
04:22:57,000 --> 04:23:01,400
Seriously on my third visit, he 
listened fully I must dress as a

4850
04:23:01,400 --> 04:23:05,000
man, I explained the journey is 
dangerous and I have been 

4851
04:23:05,000 --> 04:23:08,300
promised protection. 
If I maintain my virtue, what I 

4852
04:23:08,308 --> 04:23:10,700
didn't say is that the voice is 
sometimes revealed to me, 

4853
04:23:10,700 --> 04:23:14,600
glimpses of what awaited road 
crawling with guns in patrols 

4854
04:23:14,600 --> 04:23:17,800
English archers and Forest 
clearings and rivers swollen 

4855
04:23:17,800 --> 04:23:21,100
with winter melt A woman 
traveling would face dangers, 

4856
04:23:21,100 --> 04:23:24,700
Beyond enemy soldiers. 
The voices promise safety but 

4857
04:23:24,700 --> 04:23:28,400
required Prudence Boudreaux 
commission Male clothing for me 

4858
04:23:28,400 --> 04:23:32,200
a dark, Woolen tunic leggings 
and a boots that needed stuffing

4859
04:23:32,200 --> 04:23:34,900
at the toes. 
Boudreaux cut, my hair even 

4860
04:23:34,900 --> 04:23:38,400
shorter cropping it close to my 
scalp when I dressed in these 

4861
04:23:38,400 --> 04:23:40,900
garments for the first time. 
The La Jolla watched with 

4862
04:23:40,900 --> 04:23:44,900
troubled, Fascination, onori 
crossed himself, Catherine wiped

4863
04:23:44,900 --> 04:23:47,500
tears. 
You look honestly, started 

4864
04:23:47,500 --> 04:23:49,500
unable to find appropriate 
words. 

4865
04:23:50,400 --> 04:23:53,300
Like God's instrument. 
I finished for him, though. 

4866
04:23:53,300 --> 04:23:57,600
I felt only like myself, simply 
clad differently Jeanette and 

4867
04:23:57,600 --> 04:24:02,200
bertrande pulong two of boats. 
Men volunteered to accompany me 

4868
04:24:02,200 --> 04:24:04,600
to Shino. 
Both later claimed divine 

4869
04:24:04,600 --> 04:24:06,400
inspiration, moved them to offer
an escort. 

4870
04:24:06,400 --> 04:24:09,000
But I saw more Earthly 
calculation in their eyes 

4871
04:24:09,000 --> 04:24:12,000
curiosity about whether the 
strange girl might truly have 

4872
04:24:12,000 --> 04:24:14,700
Heavenly favor whether their 
fortunes might Rise by 

4873
04:24:14,700 --> 04:24:18,400
proximity. 
The night before, departure Bode

4874
04:24:18,400 --> 04:24:22,000
recourse, summon me once more 
the chambers single candle cost,

4875
04:24:22,000 --> 04:24:23,600
dramatic Shadows across his 
face. 

4876
04:24:23,600 --> 04:24:25,700
Deepening already severe 
features. 

4877
04:24:26,600 --> 04:24:30,100
If you are deceiving us, if you 
lead my men into danger, through

4878
04:24:30,100 --> 04:24:33,200
false prophecy, he let the 
threat, hang on finish. 

4879
04:24:34,100 --> 04:24:37,400
I move only as directed, I 
answered your men safety as 

4880
04:24:37,400 --> 04:24:41,000
precious to heaven. 
He handed me a sword, then not 

4881
04:24:41,000 --> 04:24:43,900
ceremoniously, but with a 
practicality that acknowledge 

4882
04:24:43,900 --> 04:24:46,400
the dangers ahead. 
Can you use this? 

4883
04:24:47,300 --> 04:24:50,900
I had never held a sword before.
It's white surprised me the 

4884
04:24:50,900 --> 04:24:54,800
pommel cool against my palm. 
I will not need to I said, 

4885
04:24:54,800 --> 04:24:58,100
others will fight. 
I carry the standard. 

4886
04:24:59,000 --> 04:25:03,100
This answer so specific yet, so 
odd seemed to finally convinced 

4887
04:25:03,100 --> 04:25:06,900
him, he nodded once, reclaimed 
The Sword and uttered words that

4888
04:25:06,900 --> 04:25:10,100
would become famous, despite 
their lack of theatrical Flair 

4889
04:25:10,100 --> 04:25:14,200
in their actual delivery. 
Go then and let come what comes?

4890
04:25:15,100 --> 04:25:19,300
The following morning, February 
23rd, I departed vaakula with my

4891
04:25:19,300 --> 04:25:22,800
small escort townspeople 
gathered to watch some, touching

4892
04:25:22,800 --> 04:25:26,600
my garments as if I were already
a saint a woman pressed a rose 

4893
04:25:26,600 --> 04:25:29,200
into my hand, a blacksmith 
crossed himself. 

4894
04:25:29,200 --> 04:25:31,500
As I passed. 
I did not look back at the 

4895
04:25:31,500 --> 04:25:34,500
town's gate, even though home 
sickness was already pulling at 

4896
04:25:34,500 --> 04:25:38,100
me, not for me. 
But for a Simplicity that I had 

4897
04:25:38,100 --> 04:25:42,100
now irrevocably lost. 
Ahead layer 11 days of hard 

4898
04:25:42,100 --> 04:25:45,400
travel through enemy territory 
and beyond that challenges. 

4899
04:25:45,400 --> 04:25:48,900
I could scarcely imagine but 
Michael's voice accompanied me 

4900
04:25:48,900 --> 04:25:53,000
Steady as my heartbeat. 
France is Liberation begins with

4901
04:25:53,000 --> 04:25:56,100
each step. 
You take the journey to shine on

4902
04:25:56,100 --> 04:25:57,800
tested faith, more than physical
endurance. 

4903
04:25:57,800 --> 04:26:01,400
We traveled mainly at night 
avoiding main roads, where 

4904
04:26:01,408 --> 04:26:04,500
English and Beyond Patrol sought
travelers to Rob or Ransom 

4905
04:26:04,500 --> 04:26:07,500
during daylight hours. 
We hid in a band and Shepherd's,

4906
04:26:07,500 --> 04:26:10,000
Huts, or dense Woodland. 
Jeanette. 

4907
04:26:10,000 --> 04:26:14,300
And pulan G insisted I sleep 
separate from them to protect my

4908
04:26:14,300 --> 04:26:17,800
virtue but practicality soon, 
dissolved such courtesies. 

4909
04:26:17,800 --> 04:26:22,000
We huddled together for warmth. 
In February's biting cold, my 

4910
04:26:22,000 --> 04:26:24,700
male attire and their honor 
providing sufficient barriers. 

4911
04:26:25,600 --> 04:26:28,500
My companions attitudes toward 
me, evolved during our journey 

4912
04:26:28,500 --> 04:26:31,500
initial skepticism transformed 
into cautious. 

4913
04:26:31,500 --> 04:26:34,500
Reverence after we narrowly 
avoided a Burgundian Patrol that

4914
04:26:34,500 --> 04:26:37,900
should have intercepted us. 
The wind shifted pooling. 

4915
04:26:37,900 --> 04:26:40,900
You remarked not connecting the 
sudden, weather change to my 

4916
04:26:40,900 --> 04:26:45,200
silent prayer moments before 
Later when we reached a swollen 

4917
04:26:45,200 --> 04:26:47,300
river, that Maps showed, no 
Crossing for Miles. 

4918
04:26:47,300 --> 04:26:51,400
A local boy appeared as if 
conjured guiding us to Aiden 

4919
04:26:51,400 --> 04:26:54,400
Ford. 
My escorts exchange meaningful 

4920
04:26:54,400 --> 04:26:57,700
glances, but I knew these were 
not Miracles, merely the 

4921
04:26:57,700 --> 04:26:59,500
everyday, working of divine 
guidance. 

4922
04:27:00,600 --> 04:27:02,400
Will you truly recognize the 
doe? 

4923
04:27:02,400 --> 04:27:04,600
Found John asked one evening as 
we warmed. 

4924
04:27:04,600 --> 04:27:08,000
Our hands over a small 
carefully, shielded fire They 

4925
04:27:08,000 --> 04:27:10,700
say, he often hides among his 
courtiers to test visitors. 

4926
04:27:10,700 --> 04:27:15,300
God will identify his anointed. 
I answered though, privately, I 

4927
04:27:15,300 --> 04:27:17,000
wondered how this recognition 
would manifest. 

4928
04:27:18,100 --> 04:27:19,600
The voices remained 
frustratingly. 

4929
04:27:19,600 --> 04:27:23,900
Vague on practical details. 
We reached chinon on March 6th, 

4930
04:27:23,900 --> 04:27:27,000
but two more days passed before 
gaining entrance to the castle, 

4931
04:27:27,000 --> 04:27:30,300
we lodged in the town below 
where I endured the first of 

4932
04:27:30,300 --> 04:27:33,600
many examinations by Church 
officials balls and sent to 

4933
04:27:33,600 --> 04:27:36,600
determine whether my claims were
divine inspiration, demonic 

4934
04:27:36,600 --> 04:27:40,600
influence, or simple Madness. 
How can we know God speaks 

4935
04:27:40,600 --> 04:27:41,900
through. 
You demanded. 

4936
04:27:41,900 --> 04:27:44,900
An elderly priest, with 
yellowed, fingers and breathes, 

4937
04:27:44,900 --> 04:27:48,300
sour from fasting. 
By the signs that follow. 

4938
04:27:48,300 --> 04:27:50,500
I replied. 
Remembering Catherine's 

4939
04:27:50,500 --> 04:27:52,900
coaching. 
God does not ask for Blind 

4940
04:27:52,900 --> 04:27:55,800
Faith, but provides confirmation
for those who truly seek. 

4941
04:27:56,600 --> 04:28:00,000
What signs of you performed? 
None, yet signs. 

4942
04:28:00,000 --> 04:28:01,800
Are not tricks. 
Of The Conjurer performed on 

4943
04:28:01,800 --> 04:28:03,900
demand. 
They unfold as needed. 

4944
04:28:05,100 --> 04:28:08,000
He seemed satisfied with this 
answer, which surprised me. 

4945
04:28:08,900 --> 04:28:10,500
Later. 
I learned he reported favorably 

4946
04:28:10,500 --> 04:28:14,100
on my Orthodoxy noting I 
answered questions about faith 

4947
04:28:14,100 --> 04:28:17,200
with simple Clarity rather than 
elaborate theological 

4948
04:28:17,200 --> 04:28:21,100
constructions that might suggest
educated heretical influences. 

4949
04:28:21,900 --> 04:28:25,300
When I eventually gained entry 
to the castle, I faced a plan 

4950
04:28:25,300 --> 04:28:28,400
challenge. 
Charles not yet crowned and 

4951
04:28:28,400 --> 04:28:30,100
increasingly doubtful of his 
legitimacy. 

4952
04:28:30,100 --> 04:28:33,800
Had a range for another man to 
sit on the throne while he stood

4953
04:28:33,800 --> 04:28:35,800
among dozens of richly dressed 
courtiers. 

4954
04:28:36,700 --> 04:28:40,600
The great hole blazed, with 
hundreds of candles, they're 

4955
04:28:40,600 --> 04:28:43,400
like reflecting off jeweled 
fingers and Golden Threads woven

4956
04:28:43,400 --> 04:28:46,300
through Noble garments. 
The assembled Court, watched 

4957
04:28:46,300 --> 04:28:50,000
expectantly many smirking at the
prospect of a peasant girls 

4958
04:28:50,000 --> 04:28:52,800
confusion. 
I had never seen such finery 

4959
04:28:52,800 --> 04:28:56,600
such concentrated wealth. 
For a moment, my confidence 

4960
04:28:56,600 --> 04:29:00,000
wavered, these were people whose
everyday garments cost more than

4961
04:29:00,000 --> 04:29:03,500
my family earned in years. 
What arrogance brought me here. 

4962
04:29:04,200 --> 04:29:07,300
Then Margaret whispered not in 
my ear but directly within my 

4963
04:29:07,300 --> 04:29:10,300
mind. 
Remember your purpose, you are 

4964
04:29:10,300 --> 04:29:12,600
not sent to be dazzled by 
Earthly riches. 

4965
04:29:13,900 --> 04:29:16,400
Without hesitation, I walked 
directly through the crowd 

4966
04:29:16,400 --> 04:29:18,800
toward a plainly Dressed Man 
Standing among the courtiers 

4967
04:29:18,800 --> 04:29:21,900
kneeling before him. 
I said what the voice is 

4968
04:29:21,900 --> 04:29:24,900
prompted. 
God gives you life and Glory, 

4969
04:29:24,900 --> 04:29:28,400
gentle dofa. 
Charles's face registered shock 

4970
04:29:28,400 --> 04:29:30,900
quickly, controlled I am not the
king. 

4971
04:29:30,900 --> 04:29:33,500
He protested. 
Maintaining the charade. 

4972
04:29:34,300 --> 04:29:38,200
I did not call you King, I 
answered, you are the Doha, but 

4973
04:29:38,200 --> 04:29:41,400
you will be king when properly 
consecrated at Raya as his God's

4974
04:29:41,400 --> 04:29:46,300
will. the court mermaid, Charles
gestured for seclusion, guiding 

4975
04:29:46,300 --> 04:29:49,700
me to a window ledge where we 
could Converse discreetly If you

4976
04:29:49,708 --> 04:29:53,500
truly come from God, he said, 
quietly tell me something, only 

4977
04:29:53,500 --> 04:29:57,300
Divine knowledge could reveal. 
I repeated words, Michael had 

4978
04:29:57,300 --> 04:30:00,800
given me during our journey. 
You made a private prayer at All

4979
04:30:00,800 --> 04:30:02,700
Saints. 
Last November asking God, for 

4980
04:30:02,700 --> 04:30:05,500
confirmation of your right to 
the throne questioning, whether 

4981
04:30:05,500 --> 04:30:08,500
your mother's reputation, spoke 
truth, about your birth, God 

4982
04:30:08,500 --> 04:30:11,200
answers. 
Now you are the legitimate heir 

4983
04:30:11,200 --> 04:30:14,900
to France, your suffering is 
seen your doubts are understood,

4984
04:30:14,900 --> 04:30:17,900
but you must claim what heaven 
has preserved for you. 

4985
04:30:19,300 --> 04:30:22,900
Charles paled visibly he later 
confirmed that he had prayed 

4986
04:30:22,900 --> 04:30:25,900
this prayer in solitude. 
That I knew its contents 

4987
04:30:25,900 --> 04:30:27,700
convinced him when nothing else 
might have. 

4988
04:30:28,700 --> 04:30:31,700
Yet, despite this private 
conviction, Charles remained 

4989
04:30:31,700 --> 04:30:34,600
publicly cautious. 
I was subjected to further 

4990
04:30:34,600 --> 04:30:37,500
examination, including three 
weeks of questioning, by 

4991
04:30:37,500 --> 04:30:40,700
theologians are quite a who 
probe for heretical beliefs or 

4992
04:30:40,700 --> 04:30:44,400
signs of demonic influence. 
They examined my body for which 

4993
04:30:44,400 --> 04:30:48,400
is marks questioned, my 
insistence on mayo and tested. 

4994
04:30:48,400 --> 04:30:51,100
My knowledge of Christian 
doctrine, what history really 

4995
04:30:51,100 --> 04:30:53,800
records, is the humiliation of 
these examinations and the 

4996
04:30:53,800 --> 04:30:56,800
indignity of learning men. 
Debating, whether my virginity 

4997
04:30:56,800 --> 04:31:00,600
indicated Divine protection will
simply lack of opportunity. 

4998
04:31:00,600 --> 04:31:04,000
As well as whether my voice is 
were Angels or clever demons, 

4999
04:31:05,100 --> 04:31:07,900
One elderly, Theologian 
suggested, I might simply suffer

5000
04:31:07,900 --> 04:31:10,600
from female hysteria due to my 
unmarried State. 

5001
04:31:10,600 --> 04:31:15,100
Perhaps I replied evenly but 
does hysteria typically predict 

5002
04:31:15,100 --> 04:31:18,000
military outcomes or recognized 
disguised Kings? 

5003
04:31:18,900 --> 04:31:21,300
During these weeks of 
examination, I grew increasingly

5004
04:31:21,300 --> 04:31:25,200
frustrated by delays, all Leon 
remained Under Siege, its 

5005
04:31:25,200 --> 04:31:28,200
situation deteriorating, The 
Voice became more urgent. 

5006
04:31:28,200 --> 04:31:31,700
Sometimes waking me from sleep 
with commands to move quickly. 

5007
04:31:32,400 --> 04:31:36,400
Time, Slips Away, Michael warned
France's heart weakens with each

5008
04:31:36,400 --> 04:31:39,600
passing day. 
I petition Charles repeatedly 

5009
04:31:39,600 --> 04:31:43,200
for Action facing resistance 
from his adviser Georges de la 

5010
04:31:43,200 --> 04:31:45,800
Premier who viewed me as a 
threat to his influence. 

5011
04:31:46,700 --> 04:31:49,200
The maid makes Bold claims. 
He told Charles within my 

5012
04:31:49,208 --> 04:31:51,500
hearing, yep, prophecy is a 
cheap. 

5013
04:31:51,500 --> 04:31:53,900
While soldiers lives a dire 
prophecies. 

5014
04:31:53,900 --> 04:31:57,200
May be cheap, I counter it. 
But the price of ignorance is 

5015
04:31:57,200 --> 04:32:00,300
the fall of your kingdom. 
Charles wavered between 

5016
04:32:00,300 --> 04:32:03,000
believing my Divine mandate and 
fearing the consequences of 

5017
04:32:03,000 --> 04:32:06,700
following an unproven visionary.
What finally convinced him was 

5018
04:32:06,700 --> 04:32:10,600
pragmatism all conventional 
military strategies had faild. 

5019
04:32:11,300 --> 04:32:13,800
His treasury emptied while 
English territory in France 

5020
04:32:13,800 --> 04:32:16,400
expanded. 
What harm could come from, 

5021
04:32:16,400 --> 04:32:18,408
allowing me to attempting The 
Siege at all. 

5022
04:32:18,416 --> 04:32:20,800
Should I fail? 
My losses would be minimal 

5023
04:32:20,800 --> 04:32:23,000
compared to the Daily losses 
already incurred. 

5024
04:32:23,000 --> 04:32:26,100
If I succeeded, the reward was 
incalculable. 

5025
04:32:27,600 --> 04:32:30,400
In late, April after nearly 
seven weeks of delay and 

5026
04:32:30,400 --> 04:32:32,300
examination. 
Charles, finally granted me. 

5027
04:32:32,300 --> 04:32:35,500
My mission I was provided armor 
made to my measurements, 

5028
04:32:35,500 --> 04:32:38,600
lightweight plates, that 
nonetheless felt foreign against

5029
04:32:38,600 --> 04:32:41,100
my body. 
The sword given to me was 

5030
04:32:41,100 --> 04:32:43,900
serviceable but ordinary, not 
the special blade. 

5031
04:32:43,900 --> 04:32:47,600
I described seeing in my vision.
There is a sword Meant For Me, 

5032
04:32:47,600 --> 04:32:51,500
Explain to Charles buried behind
the older at Saint Catherine, 

5033
04:32:51,500 --> 04:32:54,700
Deerfield where it Bears, five 
crosses on its blade and his 

5034
04:32:54,700 --> 04:32:56,600
Lane there since Charles 
martel's time. 

5035
04:32:57,400 --> 04:32:59,500
Charles still testing the limits
of My Strange. 

5036
04:32:59,500 --> 04:33:01,700
Knowledge. 
Sent men to investigate this 

5037
04:33:01,700 --> 04:33:04,599
oddly specific claim. 
They indeed found an ancient 

5038
04:33:04,599 --> 04:33:08,200
sword buried exactly where 
described its existence are 

5039
04:33:08,200 --> 04:33:11,800
known to the local priests This 
sword became my physical token 

5040
04:33:11,800 --> 04:33:14,500
of divine sanction. 
However, I primarily carried a 

5041
04:33:14,508 --> 04:33:16,500
standard instead of wielding 
weapons. 

5042
04:33:16,500 --> 04:33:20,900
The standard was my design, a 
White Field adorned with fleur 

5043
04:33:20,900 --> 04:33:24,200
de lis bearing. 
The name's Jesus Maria and 

5044
04:33:24,200 --> 04:33:27,099
depicting, God, holding the 
world with angels at his side. 

5045
04:33:27,900 --> 04:33:30,700
This Banner would proceed me 
into battle of visible. 

5046
04:33:30,700 --> 04:33:33,200
Reminder that our cores carried.
Heavenly blessing. 

5047
04:33:34,099 --> 04:33:37,200
Before departing chinon. 
I dictated a letter to the 

5048
04:33:37,200 --> 04:33:39,099
English. 
Commanders surrounding all, they

5049
04:33:39,099 --> 04:33:41,500
are warning them to depart 
France or face. 

5050
04:33:41,500 --> 04:33:44,700
Divine judgment, The Scribe. 
Who recorded my words kept 

5051
04:33:44,700 --> 04:33:47,599
glancing up in disbelief as 
increasingly forceful language 

5052
04:33:47,599 --> 04:33:49,300
flowed from The Peasant, girl 
before him. 

5053
04:33:50,300 --> 04:33:52,900
Surrender to the maid sent by 
God, the king of Heaven. 

5054
04:33:52,900 --> 04:33:55,800
You will not hold the kingdom of
France from God, the king of 

5055
04:33:55,800 --> 04:33:58,800
heaven, son of sink, Mary, King 
Charles, the true heir. 

5056
04:33:59,500 --> 04:34:04,200
Will hold it for God wills it. 
When read aloud afterward, the 

5057
04:34:04,200 --> 04:34:07,500
words sounded strange to my 
ears, both mine and not mine, 

5058
04:34:07,500 --> 04:34:10,500
carrying an authority. 
I'd never possessed in Romney, 

5059
04:34:10,500 --> 04:34:14,000
The courtiers Exchange. 
Troubled glance is uncertain, 

5060
04:34:14,000 --> 04:34:16,700
whether they witnessed inspired 
prophecy or dangerous delusion. 

5061
04:34:17,800 --> 04:34:21,200
However, Charles had chosen to 
support my journey, Charles had 

5062
04:34:21,200 --> 04:34:23,000
gathered equipment and assembled
troops. 

5063
04:34:23,000 --> 04:34:25,099
The Impossible campaign was 
about to begin. 

5064
04:34:26,300 --> 04:34:29,400
On the evening before our 
departure for all, I stood alone

5065
04:34:29,400 --> 04:34:32,400
on the castle. 
Ramparts watching spring Stars 

5066
04:34:32,400 --> 04:34:36,700
emerge. home sickness washed 
over me unexpectedly, not for my

5067
04:34:36,700 --> 04:34:40,099
Village specifically, but for 
anonymity for the piece of 

5068
04:34:40,099 --> 04:34:43,599
tending, sheep on quiet 
hillsides Having doubts, 

5069
04:34:43,599 --> 04:34:45,800
Catherine asked her voice gentle
within my mind. 

5070
04:34:45,800 --> 04:34:50,500
No doubts I answered silently. 
Simply a conscious understanding

5071
04:34:50,500 --> 04:34:55,000
of what you can't take back. 
The path Narrows before you she 

5072
04:34:55,000 --> 04:34:57,200
acknowledged. 
Remember, why you were chosen 

5073
04:34:57,200 --> 04:35:01,200
not for skill with sword or 
strategy, but for perfect faith 

5074
04:35:01,200 --> 04:35:03,900
in God's plan. 
I nodded though. 

5075
04:35:03,900 --> 04:35:06,099
No human eyes witness this 
private exchange. 

5076
04:35:06,900 --> 04:35:10,300
Perfect faith. 
It was not blindness to danger 

5077
04:35:10,300 --> 04:35:14,099
or an absence of fear, but a 
willingness to proceed despite 

5078
04:35:14,099 --> 04:35:17,700
both With that understanding, I 
descended to prepare for 

5079
04:35:17,700 --> 04:35:20,599
departure. 
Ready to transform from examined

5080
04:35:20,599 --> 04:35:24,000
curiosity to Battlefield. 
Commander we departed tours on 

5081
04:35:24,000 --> 04:35:27,000
April 27th, with supplies and 
reinforcements for the besieged 

5082
04:35:27,000 --> 04:35:28,900
city. 
But conflict emerged immediately

5083
04:35:28,900 --> 04:35:30,700
between military commanders and 
me. 

5084
04:35:30,700 --> 04:35:33,200
A teenage girl claiming Divine 
guidance. 

5085
04:35:34,200 --> 04:35:38,500
The Army's veteran captains, 
Jean Noir and Etienne de vignola

5086
04:35:38,500 --> 04:35:40,500
regarded me with open 
skepticism. 

5087
04:35:40,500 --> 04:35:43,500
They had whether years of 
defeats and developed cautious. 

5088
04:35:43,500 --> 04:35:48,300
Strategies avoid confrontation 
preserve remaining forces and 

5089
04:35:48,300 --> 04:35:50,500
accept that all he would 
eventually fall like other 

5090
04:35:50,500 --> 04:35:53,700
strong holds before it. 
God did not send me to follow 

5091
04:35:53,700 --> 04:35:56,200
cautious men. 
I informed them during our first

5092
04:35:56,200 --> 04:35:59,599
Council. 
Only on will not fall, we will 

5093
04:35:59,599 --> 04:36:02,300
not merely deliver supplies. 
We will break The Siege 

5094
04:36:02,300 --> 04:36:04,700
entirely. 
La here. 

5095
04:36:05,500 --> 04:36:08,400
And notorious Soldier known for 
Creative profanity. 

5096
04:36:08,400 --> 04:36:13,099
Stared me in disbelief. 
With what divine win to blow the

5097
04:36:13,099 --> 04:36:16,099
English away. 
They outnumber us, they have 

5098
04:36:16,099 --> 04:36:18,700
secured their positions. 
They outnumbered David against 

5099
04:36:18,700 --> 04:36:21,500
Goliath. 
I replied numbers mean nothing 

5100
04:36:21,500 --> 04:36:25,700
against God's will. 
These exchanges established our 

5101
04:36:25,700 --> 04:36:28,099
working relationship. 
They planned according to 

5102
04:36:28,099 --> 04:36:31,099
military experience and I 
insisted on more aggressive 

5103
04:36:31,099 --> 04:36:34,500
action than conventional wisdom 
suggested was prudent the 

5104
04:36:34,500 --> 04:36:37,000
compromise that emerged 
involved, approaching all Ur 

5105
04:36:37,000 --> 04:36:40,300
from an unexpected Direction. 
Crossing the Loire, rather than 

5106
04:36:40,300 --> 04:36:42,500
confronting the stronger English
positions directly. 

5107
04:36:43,800 --> 04:36:46,200
This decision portrayed in 
Chronicles as my strategic 

5108
04:36:46,200 --> 04:36:49,400
Brilliance actually resulted 
from practical necessity. 

5109
04:36:49,400 --> 04:36:53,300
Combined with fortunate timing, 
spring rains, had made the river

5110
04:36:53,300 --> 04:36:56,099
higher than usual, limiting 
Crossing points, but also 

5111
04:36:56,099 --> 04:36:58,099
focusing English defensive 
positions. 

5112
04:36:58,800 --> 04:37:02,599
My inspiration to approach from 
the East, simply utilized 

5113
04:37:02,599 --> 04:37:06,000
terrain the English a deemed too
difficult to defend heavily. 

5114
04:37:06,700 --> 04:37:10,300
We reached the laws, Southern 
Bank, on, April 29th, where I 

5115
04:37:10,300 --> 04:37:12,400
dictated another letter to the 
English commanders. 

5116
04:37:12,400 --> 04:37:15,400
This one delivered, by Harold 
directly to their Line's. 

5117
04:37:16,200 --> 04:37:18,900
Human of England who have no 
right in this Kingdom of France,

5118
04:37:18,900 --> 04:37:21,500
go away into your country, in 
God's name. 

5119
04:37:22,300 --> 04:37:25,700
And if you do not do this, wait 
Tidings, from the maid, who will

5120
04:37:25,700 --> 04:37:28,200
come to see you shortly to your 
very great injury. 

5121
04:37:29,300 --> 04:37:31,099
The English soldiers who heard 
this message? 

5122
04:37:31,099 --> 04:37:34,800
Reportedly laughed asking if the
French had grown so desperate, 

5123
04:37:34,800 --> 04:37:37,300
they now sent girls to fight 
their battles. 

5124
04:37:37,300 --> 04:37:41,000
William, Glasgow their Commander
sent back a message, threatening

5125
04:37:41,000 --> 04:37:43,200
to burn me as a witch, and hang 
those who followed me as 

5126
04:37:43,200 --> 04:37:45,599
Heretics. 
If captured fear clenched, my 

5127
04:37:45,599 --> 04:37:49,099
stomach upon hearing this not of
burning specifically, but a 

5128
04:37:49,099 --> 04:37:51,900
failure of leading others to 
death, through misplaced 

5129
04:37:51,900 --> 04:37:55,099
confidence. 
That night, I prayed longer than

5130
04:37:55,099 --> 04:37:58,500
usual seeking reassurance from 
my voices, who had grown 

5131
04:37:58,500 --> 04:38:01,000
somewhat quietest since my 
departure from sheol. 

5132
04:38:01,599 --> 04:38:04,500
The English threatened fire. 
I whispered to the darkness of 

5133
04:38:04,500 --> 04:38:06,800
my tent. 
All human flesh. 

5134
04:38:06,800 --> 04:38:09,000
Fears Flames. 
Margaret's answered 

5135
04:38:09,000 --> 04:38:12,400
compassionately. 
But remember, the true fire is 

5136
04:38:12,400 --> 04:38:15,900
God's purpose burning through 
you, it seems doubt and 

5137
04:38:15,900 --> 04:38:20,000
illuminates the path. 
On April 30th, we successfully 

5138
04:38:20,000 --> 04:38:23,500
transported supplies into Allie 
on Via river barges bringing 

5139
04:38:23,500 --> 04:38:25,900
desperately needed Provisions to
the city's Defenders. 

5140
04:38:26,700 --> 04:38:30,200
I entered that evening during a 
rainstorm soaked and physically 

5141
04:38:30,200 --> 04:38:34,200
exhausted, but filled with 
strange exhilaration citizens 

5142
04:38:34,200 --> 04:38:37,099
line, the narrow streets, 
despite the weather, reaching to

5143
04:38:37,108 --> 04:38:40,599
touch my armor or standard as if
I carried a tangible blessing. 

5144
04:38:41,400 --> 04:38:43,900
Jacques Bushey. 
The city treasurer offered his 

5145
04:38:43,900 --> 04:38:45,800
home for my lodging. 
His daughter. 

5146
04:38:45,800 --> 04:38:49,300
Charlotte closest to my age 
among the household helped, 

5147
04:38:49,300 --> 04:38:51,300
remove my armor out that the 
first evening. 

5148
04:38:51,300 --> 04:38:55,099
She gasped, sing bruises, 
already forming Where Metal and 

5149
04:38:55,099 --> 04:38:57,000
pressed against my skin during 
the long ride. 

5150
04:38:58,000 --> 04:39:01,099
Does it hurt terribly? 
She asked applying herbal Salve 

5151
04:39:01,099 --> 04:39:04,500
to the worst marks. 
Less than fear hurts this city. 

5152
04:39:04,500 --> 04:39:07,700
I answered the truth was. 
I barely noticed physical 

5153
04:39:07,700 --> 04:39:10,500
discomfort. 
My focus had narrowed to a 

5154
04:39:10,500 --> 04:39:12,200
single purpose. 
Fulfilling. 

5155
04:39:12,200 --> 04:39:15,300
What the voice is promised. 
Following days brought 

5156
04:39:15,300 --> 04:39:19,099
increasing frustration. 
Military commanders insisted on 

5157
04:39:19,099 --> 04:39:23,000
gradual approaches small gains 
and careful conservation of 

5158
04:39:23,000 --> 04:39:26,000
resources. 
I demanded immediate decisive 

5159
04:39:26,000 --> 04:39:30,000
action against key English 
fortifications. which will 

5160
04:39:30,000 --> 04:39:33,700
counts all came a battle itself,
me against experienced soldiers,

5161
04:39:33,700 --> 04:39:38,500
who saw my urgency as naivete On
May 4th while commanders 

5162
04:39:38,500 --> 04:39:42,100
deliberated yet, another 
cautious plan a briefly in the 

5163
04:39:42,108 --> 04:39:44,400
chamber within dreamlike 
moments. 

5164
04:39:44,400 --> 04:39:46,500
Michael appeared with unusual 
clarity. 

5165
04:39:47,200 --> 04:39:50,800
They attack the East and gate, 
he stated without Preamble now. 

5166
04:39:52,300 --> 04:39:55,300
I woke instantly calling for my 
Squire to help with armor. 

5167
04:39:55,900 --> 04:39:58,400
Charlotte who had been mending 
nearby looked startled. 

5168
04:39:58,400 --> 04:40:00,800
At my sudden urgency what 
happens. 

5169
04:40:00,800 --> 04:40:04,900
She asked Eastern Gate. 
Was all, I managed while 

5170
04:40:04,900 --> 04:40:08,200
struggling through my padded 
undergarment fighting has begun.

5171
04:40:08,200 --> 04:40:11,600
Indeed, while commanders planned
English forces, had launched a 

5172
04:40:11,600 --> 04:40:14,600
surprise assault against Saint 
Luke, one of the Cities Eastern 

5173
04:40:14,600 --> 04:40:17,700
fortifications. 
By the time I reached the area 

5174
04:40:17,700 --> 04:40:20,300
French Defenders were already 
retreating and disarray. 

5175
04:40:21,200 --> 04:40:22,600
Without waiting for formal 
orders. 

5176
04:40:22,600 --> 04:40:25,900
I rode directly to the conflict 
with the standard race, High 

5177
04:40:25,900 --> 04:40:29,800
soldiers, later described the 
events, as miraculous noting, 

5178
04:40:29,800 --> 04:40:32,900
how retreating men turned back 
upon seeing me, and how they 

5179
04:40:32,900 --> 04:40:35,300
broke and courage. 
Transformed into a determined 

5180
04:40:35,300 --> 04:40:37,900
Advance. 
The reality was less mystical, 

5181
04:40:37,900 --> 04:40:42,100
but no, less effective. 
In the confusion of battle, a 

5182
04:40:42,100 --> 04:40:45,600
symbolic focal point. 
Distinctive figure on Horseback 

5183
04:40:45,600 --> 04:40:49,200
with an unmistakable banana 
provided a rallying point and 

5184
04:40:49,200 --> 04:40:52,600
renewed purpose. 
Who Retreats When Heaven fights 

5185
04:40:52,600 --> 04:40:55,400
alongside us? 
I called my voice carrying 

5186
04:40:55,400 --> 04:40:57,500
surprisingly. 
Well, across the din of combat 

5187
04:40:57,500 --> 04:41:00,900
forward, God has delivered them 
into our hands. 

5188
04:41:02,500 --> 04:41:06,100
The battle turned by evening. 
Saint Luke had fallen to our 

5189
04:41:06,100 --> 04:41:09,600
forces this Victory while modest
and strategic terms. 

5190
04:41:09,600 --> 04:41:13,400
Transformed perceptions 
soldiers, who had doubted began 

5191
04:41:13,400 --> 04:41:15,200
viewing me with superstitious 
ore? 

5192
04:41:15,700 --> 04:41:18,300
Commanders who had dismissed my 
Council became more willing to 

5193
04:41:18,300 --> 04:41:21,500
listen yet challenges to 
Authority continued. 

5194
04:41:22,100 --> 04:41:25,200
On May the 5th Juno Noir, 
attempted to exclude me from 

5195
04:41:25,208 --> 04:41:27,400
councils planning operations, 
without my knowledge. 

5196
04:41:28,200 --> 04:41:30,300
Upon discovering this, I 
confronted him directly. 

5197
04:41:31,200 --> 04:41:34,000
Do you believe you can conceal 
God's battle from his messenger?

5198
04:41:34,000 --> 04:41:36,500
I demanded interrupting their 
closed meeting. 

5199
04:41:36,500 --> 04:41:39,900
Why do you plot in Shadows When 
Heaven watches were Godless 

5200
04:41:39,900 --> 04:41:44,000
Genoa intelligent politically 
astute recognized the changing 

5201
04:41:44,000 --> 04:41:46,900
mood among troops? 
We sought only to spare you the 

5202
04:41:46,908 --> 04:41:50,200
technical details. 
He offered diplomatically Spare 

5203
04:41:50,200 --> 04:41:53,100
me nothing. 
I counted, I was not sent to be 

5204
04:41:53,100 --> 04:41:57,200
spared, but to lead. 
The following day, The Assault 

5205
04:41:57,200 --> 04:41:59,700
on, Sangre Blanc and the 
Augustana Fortress took place. 

5206
04:41:59,700 --> 04:42:03,000
This incident was one of the key
events that solidified my 

5207
04:42:03,000 --> 04:42:04,700
reputation among common 
soldiers. 

5208
04:42:04,700 --> 04:42:07,800
English Defenders had positioned
archers to cover the main 

5209
04:42:07,808 --> 04:42:10,700
approach. 
As our forces hesitated under 

5210
04:42:10,700 --> 04:42:14,300
the deadly reign of arrows. 
I rode forward alone standard 

5211
04:42:14,300 --> 04:42:16,800
Held High. 
An arrow struck. 

5212
04:42:16,800 --> 04:42:18,400
Her armor Witnesses later, 
reported. 

5213
04:42:18,400 --> 04:42:20,800
Yet she continued as if 
untouched. 

5214
04:42:21,800 --> 04:42:24,600
In truth, the arrow glanced off 
my shoulder plate, bruising but 

5215
04:42:24,600 --> 04:42:28,000
not penetrating. more 
significant than this, minor 

5216
04:42:28,000 --> 04:42:32,800
miracle was the psychological 
effect of my advanced Soldiers, 

5217
04:42:32,800 --> 04:42:35,500
Shame by a girl's courage, 
surged forward, the 

5218
04:42:35,500 --> 04:42:39,400
fortification fell by evening 
May 7th brought the decisive 

5219
04:42:39,400 --> 04:42:42,100
assault against lateral. 
The main Fortress controlling 

5220
04:42:42,100 --> 04:42:45,700
all Leon's River Crossing. 
Legend and reality most 

5221
04:42:45,700 --> 04:42:49,100
dramatically intersect 
historical accounts describe me 

5222
04:42:49,108 --> 04:42:52,400
taking an arrow to the shoulder.
Having predicted this injury the

5223
04:42:52,400 --> 04:42:56,100
previous day, the wound was real
and English Longbow Arrow. 

5224
04:42:56,100 --> 04:42:59,400
Penetrating between neck and 
shoulder armor but my prediction

5225
04:42:59,400 --> 04:43:03,200
had been more General Blood will
be drawn to Morrow but not all 

5226
04:43:03,200 --> 04:43:07,400
of it, French. the pain nearly 
caused unconsciousness, I was 

5227
04:43:07,408 --> 04:43:10,200
pulled from Battle briefly while
the arrow was removed, not 

5228
04:43:10,200 --> 04:43:13,600
ceremoniously as depicted in 
romantic paintings, but with 

5229
04:43:13,600 --> 04:43:17,200
Bruce Lee efficiency by a field 
surgeon who feared wound fever 

5230
04:43:17,200 --> 04:43:20,700
would set in if the barbed head 
remained embedded He poured 

5231
04:43:20,700 --> 04:43:23,400
boiling oil into the wound to 
quartus, the bleeding pain that 

5232
04:43:23,400 --> 04:43:26,300
exceeded the original injury. 
Wine. 

5233
04:43:26,300 --> 04:43:31,200
I gasped afterward. 
Just a little Instead of wine, 

5234
04:43:31,200 --> 04:43:34,900
they gave me consecrated bread 
communion without formal 

5235
04:43:34,900 --> 04:43:39,500
ceremony Battlefield sacrament. 
The pain receded enough that I 

5236
04:43:39,500 --> 04:43:42,200
could stand again though using 
my right arm remained 

5237
04:43:42,200 --> 04:43:44,300
impossible. 
Military commanders. 

5238
04:43:44,300 --> 04:43:46,500
Seeing my condition, ordered a 
retreat for the day. 

5239
04:43:46,500 --> 04:43:48,500
The assault would resume 
tomorrow. 

5240
04:43:48,500 --> 04:43:50,400
They decided without consulting 
me. 

5241
04:43:51,200 --> 04:43:53,600
I heard this decision while 
having my wound bandaged. 

5242
04:43:54,400 --> 04:43:58,100
Know I can't demanded struggling
back into partial armor despite 

5243
04:43:58,100 --> 04:44:01,200
Charlotte's protests. 
We finished today English 

5244
04:44:01,200 --> 04:44:04,500
resolved dwindles with each 
passing hour returning to battle

5245
04:44:04,500 --> 04:44:06,300
with the wound. 
Still fresh became the defining 

5246
04:44:06,300 --> 04:44:09,300
moment, Witnesses, remembered, 
the injured made refusing 

5247
04:44:09,300 --> 04:44:11,800
Retreat standard transfer to my 
left hand. 

5248
04:44:11,800 --> 04:44:15,200
While my right arm useless 
rallying troops for the final 

5249
04:44:15,200 --> 04:44:18,700
push as daylight began fading 
What's rarely recorded is how 

5250
04:44:18,700 --> 04:44:21,900
fever already began clouding. 
My thoughts, how each movement 

5251
04:44:21,900 --> 04:44:25,300
sent waves of nausea through me 
and how the voices seem to speak

5252
04:44:25,300 --> 04:44:27,400
from an increasingly enormous 
distance? 

5253
04:44:27,400 --> 04:44:29,800
Yep. 
Purpose carried me forward, when

5254
04:44:29,800 --> 04:44:33,000
physical strength should have 
fail, the English Commander 

5255
04:44:33,000 --> 04:44:36,900
glass, Dale, who had promised to
burn me as a witch die during 

5256
04:44:36,900 --> 04:44:39,100
this finalist salt. 
When a makeshift Bridge 

5257
04:44:39,100 --> 04:44:42,900
collapsed beneath him, he 
drowned in the lawyer way down 

5258
04:44:42,900 --> 04:44:44,700
by the very armored meant to 
protect him. 

5259
04:44:45,300 --> 04:44:48,000
Soldiers on both sides viewed, 
his death as Divine judgment. 

5260
04:44:48,000 --> 04:44:50,800
Superstitious fear spreading 
through remaining, English 

5261
04:44:50,800 --> 04:44:56,100
forces by Nightfall, later L had
fallen, The Siege that had 

5262
04:44:56,100 --> 04:44:58,800
strangled all the offer seven 
months broken, just four days of

5263
04:44:58,800 --> 04:45:02,100
concerted action. 
The following morning May 8th. 

5264
04:45:02,100 --> 04:45:04,800
Remaining English troops 
retreated from positions. 

5265
04:45:04,800 --> 04:45:07,800
They'd held since October, 
abandoning equipment and 

5266
04:45:07,800 --> 04:45:11,400
supplies in their haste. 
All your erupted in Celebration 

5267
04:45:11,400 --> 04:45:15,800
Church bells, rang continuously 
citizens who had expected either

5268
04:45:15,800 --> 04:45:18,100
the starvation or master. 
In Stead found themselves. 

5269
04:45:18,100 --> 04:45:21,600
Liberated, they credited, the 
maid The Peasant girl from 

5270
04:45:21,600 --> 04:45:24,200
Dahmer me who had promised 
deliverance and against all 

5271
04:45:24,200 --> 04:45:25,900
rational, expectation delivered 
it. 

5272
04:45:27,000 --> 04:45:29,500
That night fevered and weak from
blood loss. 

5273
04:45:29,500 --> 04:45:32,400
I struggled to understand what a
truly happened. 

5274
04:45:32,400 --> 04:45:36,500
Had God performed Miracles 
through me or had my presence. 

5275
04:45:36,500 --> 04:45:39,800
Simply catalyzed, human courage 
that already existed waiting 

5276
04:45:39,800 --> 04:45:42,100
only for symbol and purpose to 
crystallize action. 

5277
04:45:43,200 --> 04:45:46,600
Both Catherine whispered as I 
drifted between Consciousness 

5278
04:45:46,600 --> 04:45:49,400
and dream. 
The greatest Miracles work 

5279
04:45:49,400 --> 04:45:51,700
through natural channels not to 
fight them. 

5280
04:45:53,300 --> 04:45:55,500
Citizens began calling the 
pussel doll. 

5281
04:45:55,500 --> 04:45:59,100
The maid of Orleans a title that
would follow me through history.

5282
04:46:00,000 --> 04:46:04,500
Yet alone in prayer that night I
remained simply Jean aching. 

5283
04:46:04,500 --> 04:46:08,300
Feverish wondering what further 
price for filling Heaven's 

5284
04:46:08,300 --> 04:46:12,500
commands might require by 
Nightfall later L had fallen, 

5285
04:46:12,500 --> 04:46:15,900
The Siege that had strangled all
the offer seven months broken, 

5286
04:46:15,900 --> 04:46:17,700
just four days of concerted 
action. 

5287
04:46:18,600 --> 04:46:22,300
The following May 8th, remaining
English troops retreated from 

5288
04:46:22,300 --> 04:46:24,000
positions. 
They'd held, since October, 

5289
04:46:24,000 --> 04:46:26,800
abandoning equipment and 
supplies in their haste. 

5290
04:46:27,600 --> 04:46:31,600
All your erupted in Celebration 
Church bells, rang continuously 

5291
04:46:31,600 --> 04:46:35,200
citizens who had expected either
the starvation or mastercorp 

5292
04:46:35,200 --> 04:46:38,000
instead found themselves. 
Liberated, they credited the 

5293
04:46:38,000 --> 04:46:40,800
maid The Peasant girl, from 
Dommy, who had promised 

5294
04:46:40,800 --> 04:46:43,700
deliverance and against all 
rational, expectation delivered 

5295
04:46:43,700 --> 04:46:47,000
it. 
That night fevered and weak from

5296
04:46:47,000 --> 04:46:50,000
blood loss. 
I struggled to understand what a

5297
04:46:50,000 --> 04:46:52,600
truly happened. 
Had God performed Miracles 

5298
04:46:52,600 --> 04:46:56,000
through me who had my presence, 
simply catalyzed human courage 

5299
04:46:56,000 --> 04:46:59,200
that already existed waiting 
only for symbol and purpose to 

5300
04:46:59,200 --> 04:47:03,200
crystallize action. 
Both Catherine whispered as I 

5301
04:47:03,200 --> 04:47:05,100
drifted between Consciousness 
and dream. 

5302
04:47:06,000 --> 04:47:09,100
The greatest Miracles work 
through natural channels, not 

5303
04:47:09,100 --> 04:47:13,100
despite them. 
Citizens began calling me lepus 

5304
04:47:13,100 --> 04:47:15,900
El door. 
Leon the maid of Orleans a title

5305
04:47:15,900 --> 04:47:17,200
that would follow me through 
history. 

5306
04:47:18,000 --> 04:47:22,400
Yet alone in prayer that night I
remained simply Jean aching. 

5307
04:47:22,400 --> 04:47:26,200
Feverish wondering what further 
price for filling Heaven's 

5308
04:47:26,200 --> 04:47:28,500
commands might require 
throughout this journey. 

5309
04:47:28,500 --> 04:47:32,300
I maintained my male attire and 
slept fully armored most nights 

5310
04:47:32,300 --> 04:47:35,900
surrounded by guards. 
This practice later used as 

5311
04:47:35,900 --> 04:47:37,800
evidence of impropriety during 
my trial. 

5312
04:47:37,800 --> 04:47:42,100
Served practical purposes beyond
the voices, commands traveling 

5313
04:47:42,100 --> 04:47:44,700
with thousands of soldiers. 
While identifiably female 

5314
04:47:44,700 --> 04:47:48,100
invited dangers, obvious to any 
woman Divine protection, not 

5315
04:47:48,100 --> 04:47:51,900
withstanding, The armor provided
a physical barrier against 

5316
04:47:51,900 --> 04:47:54,700
casual assault. 
Male clothing, minimized on 

5317
04:47:54,700 --> 04:47:56,900
wanted attention during 
necessary activities. 

5318
04:47:57,800 --> 04:48:01,500
We reached Rams on July 16th, 
the city, welcome Charles 

5319
04:48:01,500 --> 04:48:04,500
without resistance, its 
citizens, lining streets to 

5320
04:48:04,500 --> 04:48:06,900
witness what many had thought 
impossible months early. 

5321
04:48:07,700 --> 04:48:10,500
I wrote to Philip of burgundy 
that same day urging 

5322
04:48:10,500 --> 04:48:13,700
reconciliation with Charles 
calling on him to make good 

5323
04:48:13,700 --> 04:48:15,600
piece that will last with the 
rightful King. 

5324
04:48:16,400 --> 04:48:18,500
This letter received no 
immediate response but 

5325
04:48:18,500 --> 04:48:21,700
represented my growing political
involvement Beyond Battlefield 

5326
04:48:21,700 --> 04:48:24,500
leadership. 
The coronation ceremony on July,

5327
04:48:24,500 --> 04:48:26,600
the 17th exists in popular 
imagination. 

5328
04:48:26,600 --> 04:48:30,500
As a triumphant culmination, the
maid standing proudly beside her

5329
04:48:30,500 --> 04:48:32,700
King. 
As Divine prophecy is fulfilled.

5330
04:48:33,800 --> 04:48:37,500
Reality contained more nuanced. 
I indeed stood near the altar 

5331
04:48:37,500 --> 04:48:40,000
holding my standard, but 
experience the ceremony with 

5332
04:48:40,000 --> 04:48:43,200
complicated emotions, initially 
relief. 

5333
04:48:43,200 --> 04:48:46,200
Predominated, I had accomplished
the primary Mission. 

5334
04:48:46,200 --> 04:48:49,100
The voices had given me. 
Charles knelt before the 

5335
04:48:49,100 --> 04:48:52,100
Archbishop received sacred 
anointing from the holy ampulla 

5336
04:48:52,100 --> 04:48:54,800
and Rose as King. 
Charles the seventh, his 

5337
04:48:54,800 --> 04:48:56,600
legitimacy, no longer 
questionable. 

5338
04:48:57,400 --> 04:48:59,900
As the Archbishop placed, the 
crown on his head, I 

5339
04:48:59,900 --> 04:49:04,200
spontaneously broke into tears. 
Now God's work is accomplished. 

5340
04:49:04,200 --> 04:49:07,400
I told him afterward during the 
celebration Feast where I was 

5341
04:49:07,400 --> 04:49:10,400
granted a position of Honor. 
You are the true king of France 

5342
04:49:10,400 --> 04:49:12,600
by holy coronation as well as by
birth. 

5343
04:49:13,600 --> 04:49:16,000
Charles emotionally moved. 
Despite his typically. 

5344
04:49:16,000 --> 04:49:19,100
Reserved nature asked, what 
reward I desired for my service,

5345
04:49:19,100 --> 04:49:23,300
courtiers leaned forward and 
anticipating requests for titles

5346
04:49:23,300 --> 04:49:25,900
lands and wealth, the normal 
current currency of Royal 

5347
04:49:25,900 --> 04:49:29,000
gratitude. 
Grant tax exemption to domini. 

5348
04:49:29,000 --> 04:49:32,600
I requested instead my people 
are poor and of suffered much 

5349
04:49:32,600 --> 04:49:36,500
from the wars Passage. 
This modest request in enhanced,

5350
04:49:36,500 --> 04:49:39,900
my reputation for saintly 
disinterest, in worldly, gain as

5351
04:49:39,900 --> 04:49:42,300
it cost, the crown, almost 
nothing and showed my lack of 

5352
04:49:42,300 --> 04:49:45,800
personal ambition. 
The voice is never promised a 

5353
04:49:45,800 --> 04:49:47,800
personal reward for completing 
Heaven's tasks. 

5354
04:49:47,800 --> 04:49:51,300
My future remained conspicuously
absent from their pronouncements

5355
04:49:51,300 --> 04:49:54,900
that evening alone in Chambers 
provided within the archbishop's

5356
04:49:54,900 --> 04:49:56,500
palace. 
I experienced something 

5357
04:49:56,500 --> 04:50:00,200
unprecedented Silence from the 
voices that had guided me since 

5358
04:50:00,200 --> 04:50:04,700
age 13 I prayed for hours, 
seeking their familiar presence 

5359
04:50:04,700 --> 04:50:06,900
but encountered only ordinary 
Stillness. 

5360
04:50:07,900 --> 04:50:11,400
Have I filed in some manner? 
I finally asked aloud desperate 

5361
04:50:11,400 --> 04:50:13,800
for a response. 
Catherine's voice when it 

5362
04:50:13,808 --> 04:50:17,100
finally came sounded distant, as
if speaking across enormous 

5363
04:50:17,100 --> 04:50:19,500
separation. 
The path, divides. 

5364
04:50:19,500 --> 04:50:22,500
Before You One Direction, leads 
to Earthly Glory. 

5365
04:50:22,500 --> 04:50:25,400
But spiritual Peril, the other 
is bodily suffering, but 

5366
04:50:25,400 --> 04:50:29,300
Heavenly Triumph. 
Which should I choose I begged, 

5367
04:50:29,300 --> 04:50:32,000
but received no answer. 
The voice is diminishing 

5368
04:50:32,000 --> 04:50:34,100
Clarity. 
Troubled, me deeply as we 

5369
04:50:34,100 --> 04:50:37,200
departed Rams on July 20th for 
years. 

5370
04:50:37,200 --> 04:50:39,400
They had provided unmistakable 
Direction. 

5371
04:50:39,400 --> 04:50:43,700
Now, at the moment of greatest 
public Acclaim their guide and 

5372
04:50:43,700 --> 04:50:47,500
screw ambiguous precisely when 
political complexity demanded, 

5373
04:50:47,500 --> 04:50:51,300
the clearest understanding 
Charles and his advisors favored

5374
04:50:51,300 --> 04:50:54,900
consolidating recent games 
negotiating with birgundi and 

5375
04:50:54,900 --> 04:50:57,700
avoiding confrontation with 
primary English forces. 

5376
04:50:57,700 --> 04:51:01,800
I advocated for an immediate 
Advance on Paris aiming to 

5377
04:51:01,800 --> 04:51:03,600
strike. 
While our momentum remained 

5378
04:51:03,600 --> 04:51:05,700
strong and English Authority 
appeared. 

5379
04:51:05,700 --> 04:51:09,300
Weakest these Divergent 
strategies reflected fundamental

5380
04:51:09,300 --> 04:51:12,800
differences in perspective. 
Charles thinking in political 

5381
04:51:12,800 --> 04:51:14,800
terms of alliances and 
sustainable power. 

5382
04:51:14,800 --> 04:51:18,500
And me still operating from a 
Divine mandate to drive foreign 

5383
04:51:18,500 --> 04:51:22,100
forces from France entirely. 
God did not deliver victory at 

5384
04:51:22,100 --> 04:51:24,600
all so you could stop halfway to
complete Liberation. 

5385
04:51:24,600 --> 04:51:29,000
I argued during councils Paris 
is the Kingdom's, heart reclaim 

5386
04:51:29,000 --> 04:51:32,400
it and the English position 
collapses. what I couldn't share

5387
04:51:32,400 --> 04:51:35,400
was my growing fear that time 
was running out, and that the 

5388
04:51:35,400 --> 04:51:38,300
fading of the voices signaled, 
an impending end to Divine 

5389
04:51:38,300 --> 04:51:42,100
favor, This created urgency, I 
couldn't fully explain to 

5390
04:51:42,100 --> 04:51:44,000
military commanders. 
A custom to deliberate 

5391
04:51:44,000 --> 04:51:46,600
campaigns. 
As we traveled through recently,

5392
04:51:46,600 --> 04:51:49,500
liberated territories, common 
people flocked to see me, 

5393
04:51:49,500 --> 04:51:52,600
reaching to touch my armor 
begging blessings for children 

5394
04:51:52,600 --> 04:51:54,500
and offering tokens of 
appreciation. 

5395
04:51:55,600 --> 04:51:58,600
Women wept openly seeing in me 
something that transcended 

5396
04:51:58,600 --> 04:52:02,400
conventional limitations placed 
on our gender men removed caps. 

5397
04:52:02,400 --> 04:52:04,500
Respectfully, as if you're in 
the presence of something 

5398
04:52:04,500 --> 04:52:08,500
wholly, this veneration 
discomforted me, increasingly, I

5399
04:52:08,500 --> 04:52:11,700
am not a saint. 
I told Charlotte Dale Brett, a 

5400
04:52:11,700 --> 04:52:14,100
noblewoman who had joined our 
traveling Court in attempted to 

5401
04:52:14,100 --> 04:52:16,100
collect my discarded garments, 
as relics. 

5402
04:52:16,100 --> 04:52:19,800
I'm only God's messenger, 
nothing in myself yet. 

5403
04:52:19,800 --> 04:52:22,900
God chose you. 
She countered that distinction 

5404
04:52:22,900 --> 04:52:27,200
itself, makes you extraordinary,
this growing Cult of Personality

5405
04:52:27,200 --> 04:52:30,500
served immediate political 
purposes, rallying support, for 

5406
04:52:30,500 --> 04:52:34,400
Charles, demonstrating Divine 
favor, for his rule, but created

5407
04:52:34,400 --> 04:52:37,400
complications, I was 
ill-equipped to navigate, which 

5408
04:52:37,400 --> 04:52:41,700
miraculous attribution each 
story embellished in, retelling 

5409
04:52:41,700 --> 04:52:44,900
placed me further from the 
simple girl who had left on Remy

5410
04:52:44,900 --> 04:52:47,000
leaving. 
Heavens instructions were 

5411
04:52:47,000 --> 04:52:50,000
straightforward. 
By Late July Charles had begun 

5412
04:52:50,000 --> 04:52:52,900
secret negotiations with 
burgundy, seeking diplomatic 

5413
04:52:52,900 --> 04:52:55,600
resolution, while publicly 
maintaining military pressure. 

5414
04:52:56,600 --> 04:52:58,300
This strategy made political 
sense. 

5415
04:52:58,300 --> 04:53:00,700
But contradicted, the voices 
increasingly sporadic. 

5416
04:53:00,700 --> 04:53:03,600
Instructions for complete 
Liberation through direct 

5417
04:53:03,600 --> 04:53:06,700
action. 
The resulting tension manifested

5418
04:53:06,700 --> 04:53:09,500
in Council debates. 
Where my previously, decisive 

5419
04:53:09,500 --> 04:53:12,200
guidance. 
Now competed with experienced 

5420
04:53:12,200 --> 04:53:16,600
political advisors offering 
conventional alternatives. you 

5421
04:53:16,600 --> 04:53:19,300
are not sent to negotiate 
half-measures, Michael told me 

5422
04:53:19,300 --> 04:53:22,500
during rare communication, we 
must fully cleanse France of 

5423
04:53:22,500 --> 04:53:26,400
foreign presence Yet when I 
repeated such sentiments to 

5424
04:53:26,400 --> 04:53:29,300
Charles and his counselors, they
increasingly regarded them as 

5425
04:53:29,308 --> 04:53:31,500
militarily unrealistic and 
politically naive. 

5426
04:53:31,500 --> 04:53:35,300
The maid had served her purpose 
in delivering coronation now 

5427
04:53:35,300 --> 04:53:38,200
practical, governance required, 
comprises Heaven seemed 

5428
04:53:38,200 --> 04:53:41,400
unwilling to acknowledge this 
Divergence would soon lead to 

5429
04:53:41,408 --> 04:53:44,400
Paris and decisions that would 
alter my path. 

5430
04:53:44,400 --> 04:53:47,700
Irrevocably August found us 
advancing incrementally toward 

5431
04:53:47,700 --> 04:53:50,000
Paris while Charles 
simultaneously, pursued, 

5432
04:53:50,000 --> 04:53:54,000
negotiations with burgundy, this
contradictory approach military 

5433
04:53:54,000 --> 04:53:57,100
pressure paired with diplomatic 
Outreach created, strategic 

5434
04:53:57,100 --> 04:54:01,500
confusion, Where we truly 
attempting to recapture Paris or

5435
04:54:01,500 --> 04:54:03,900
merely demonstrating military 
capability to strengthen 

5436
04:54:03,900 --> 04:54:07,900
Charles's negotiating position. 
The Duke of Bedford English 

5437
04:54:07,900 --> 04:54:11,200
Regent for their child, King 
Henry, the sick recognized our 

5438
04:54:11,200 --> 04:54:15,500
momentum and retreated from 
direct confrontation reinforcing

5439
04:54:15,500 --> 04:54:17,000
Paris. 
While yielding smaller 

5440
04:54:17,000 --> 04:54:20,200
surrounding territories. 
On August 14th. 

5441
04:54:20,200 --> 04:54:23,900
Charles signed a 15-day truce 
with burgundy, supposedly, 

5442
04:54:23,900 --> 04:54:27,100
creating space for peace 
negotiations, while actually 

5443
04:54:27,100 --> 04:54:29,600
providing English forces. 
Critical time to strengthen 

5444
04:54:29,600 --> 04:54:33,300
paris's defenses. 
I oppose this truce varminting 

5445
04:54:33,300 --> 04:54:37,000
opportunity slipping away. 
While you exchange Pleasant 

5446
04:54:37,000 --> 04:54:39,800
messages or enemies, rebuild 
walls and restore courage. 

5447
04:54:39,800 --> 04:54:43,800
I warned Charles the moment for 
decisive action passes with each

5448
04:54:43,800 --> 04:54:47,200
day of delay, The voices, 
though. 

5449
04:54:47,200 --> 04:54:51,300
Less frequent reinforced. 
This urgency Paris must not 

5450
04:54:51,300 --> 04:54:54,600
remain in enemy hands. 
Margaret insisted during prayer.

5451
04:54:54,600 --> 04:54:57,700
The city's, Liberation will 
break English resolved 

5452
04:54:57,700 --> 04:55:01,900
completely Charles wavered 
between my continued insistence 

5453
04:55:01,900 --> 04:55:04,800
on Divine mandate and his 
counselors emphasis on political

5454
04:55:04,800 --> 04:55:07,500
reality. 
The compromise that emerged 

5455
04:55:07,500 --> 04:55:10,300
satisfied. 
No one our forces would advance 

5456
04:55:10,300 --> 04:55:12,800
to paris's outskirts but avoid 
full of salt. 

5457
04:55:12,800 --> 04:55:16,300
While negotiations continued by 
late August, we established 

5458
04:55:16,300 --> 04:55:20,200
positions at sandini within 
sight of paris's Northern walls.

5459
04:55:20,200 --> 04:55:22,500
The city's proximity affected 
me. 

5460
04:55:22,500 --> 04:55:25,400
Strangely after months of 
campaigning focused on the 

5461
04:55:25,400 --> 04:55:29,000
subjective actually seeing its 
towers and spires created an 

5462
04:55:29,000 --> 04:55:31,800
almost physical yearning to 
complete what the voice is had 

5463
04:55:31,800 --> 04:55:34,600
promised. 
Daily, I rode reconnaissance 

5464
04:55:34,600 --> 04:55:38,000
along positions facing the city 
studying defenses planing 

5465
04:55:38,000 --> 04:55:40,900
approaches and praying for Clear
instruction that came with 

5466
04:55:40,900 --> 04:55:44,700
decreasing reliability. 
The truce with burgundy expired 

5467
04:55:44,700 --> 04:55:47,200
without meaningful agreement on 
September 8th. 

5468
04:55:47,200 --> 04:55:49,800
I convinced our commanders to 
attempt in assault against 

5469
04:55:49,800 --> 04:55:53,000
paris's defenses near the South 
honorary gate despite Charles 

5470
04:55:53,000 --> 04:55:55,100
with holding full support for 
the operational. 

5471
04:55:56,100 --> 04:55:58,600
This partial commitment meant 
attacking with insufficient 

5472
04:55:58,600 --> 04:56:01,600
forces against prepared 
positions, a military mistake 

5473
04:56:01,600 --> 04:56:03,900
Justified only by my 
increasingly desperate 

5474
04:56:03,900 --> 04:56:07,200
insistence that heaven would 
provide necessary advantage. 

5475
04:56:07,900 --> 04:56:11,200
God will blind their Gunners. 
I promised troops assembled for 

5476
04:56:11,200 --> 04:56:13,600
the assault. 
Divine protection, covers us as 

5477
04:56:13,608 --> 04:56:17,900
we reclaim the Kingdom's heart. 
The attack commenced at noon 

5478
04:56:17,900 --> 04:56:21,100
initial progress. 
Seemed to confirm Divine favor. 

5479
04:56:21,100 --> 04:56:24,000
We reached the outer moat with 
minimal casualties and 

5480
04:56:24,000 --> 04:56:25,900
established positions within 
bow. 

5481
04:56:25,900 --> 04:56:29,100
Range of the walls. 
I led a contingent testing depth

5482
04:56:29,100 --> 04:56:31,800
that the inner moat seeking 
Crossing points, while carrying 

5483
04:56:31,800 --> 04:56:34,000
my standard forward as visible 
inspiration. 

5484
04:56:34,800 --> 04:56:38,700
Then reality asserted itself. 
Brutally Paris is Defenders had 

5485
04:56:38,700 --> 04:56:41,000
prepared thoroughly during the 
negotiation delays. 

5486
04:56:41,800 --> 04:56:45,900
Canon and crossbow fire rain 
down upon exposed positions the 

5487
04:56:45,900 --> 04:56:47,300
moat proved deeper than 
expected. 

5488
04:56:47,300 --> 04:56:49,900
Its bottom studded with sharp 
and Stakes. 

5489
04:56:49,900 --> 04:56:53,200
Invisible beneath, muddy water, 
men died, attempting Crossing 

5490
04:56:53,200 --> 04:56:55,300
that proved impossible without 
proper equipment. 

5491
04:56:55,300 --> 04:56:58,600
We lacked Near dusk, a crossbow 
bolt. 

5492
04:56:58,600 --> 04:57:01,000
Struck my thigh penetrating 
deeply. 

5493
04:57:01,800 --> 04:57:05,000
Unlike the Orleans injury, this 
wound immediately incapacitated 

5494
04:57:05,000 --> 04:57:08,700
me, a continued shouting 
encouragement from where I fell.

5495
04:57:08,700 --> 04:57:12,400
Insisting the attack continued 
despite my conditional but 

5496
04:57:12,400 --> 04:57:15,300
commanders ordered Retreat upon 
seeing the standard Bearer down.

5497
04:57:16,100 --> 04:57:19,500
Soldiers carried me from the 
battlefield as Darkness fell our

5498
04:57:19,500 --> 04:57:21,600
forces withdrawing. 
And frustration, rather than 

5499
04:57:21,600 --> 04:57:25,200
defeat we had never established 
positions from which Victory was

5500
04:57:25,200 --> 04:57:28,000
possible. 
The wound itself, while painful 

5501
04:57:28,000 --> 04:57:31,400
would heal cleanly. 
The spiritual injury proved more

5502
04:57:31,400 --> 04:57:35,000
significant for the first time I
had promised divine intervention

5503
04:57:35,000 --> 04:57:39,400
that fail to materialize. why I 
whispered that night, while 

5504
04:57:39,400 --> 04:57:41,900
surgeons extracted the bolt 
using methodical cruelty 

5505
04:57:41,900 --> 04:57:45,700
necessary to prevent festering, 
Why was Paris denied to us? 

5506
04:57:45,700 --> 04:57:48,900
When all he was granted. 
The voice is remained. 

5507
04:57:48,900 --> 04:57:51,900
Silent through hours of pain, 
there are absence felt more 

5508
04:57:51,900 --> 04:57:55,200
painful than physical harm. 
Had their abandoned me due to 

5509
04:57:55,200 --> 04:57:57,800
some failure, had I 
misunderstood Heaven's intent 

5510
04:57:57,800 --> 04:58:01,600
all along. 
Charles receiving news of the 

5511
04:58:01,600 --> 04:58:04,200
failed, assault ordered 
immediate withdrawal from 

5512
04:58:04,200 --> 04:58:07,400
paris's vicinity. 
In my view, this sensible 

5513
04:58:07,400 --> 04:58:09,800
military decision, represented a
personal betrayal. 

5514
04:58:09,800 --> 04:58:13,000
As it abandoned Divine Purpose, 
in favor of political 

5515
04:58:13,000 --> 04:58:16,700
convenience, when I was finally 
permitted an audience, three 

5516
04:58:16,700 --> 04:58:20,200
days later, I found that he was 
already reframing recent events 

5517
04:58:20,200 --> 04:58:23,300
for the courtiers. 
The maid accomplished what God 

5518
04:58:23,300 --> 04:58:25,200
sent her to do, he explained 
smoothly? 

5519
04:58:25,900 --> 04:58:28,300
Allie on liberated coronation 
achieved. 

5520
04:58:28,300 --> 04:58:31,600
Perhaps Heaven, never intended, 
paris's immediate recovery. 

5521
04:58:32,800 --> 04:58:35,300
You speak for heaven. 
Now a challenge to him 

5522
04:58:35,300 --> 04:58:37,800
struggling to stand straight. 
Despite the pain. 

5523
04:58:37,800 --> 04:58:40,700
In my bandaged leg, the mission 
remains incomplete while 

5524
04:58:40,700 --> 04:58:44,100
Englishman occupy, French soil. 
Charles regarded me with the 

5525
04:58:44,100 --> 04:58:48,200
complex emotion, gratitude for 
past service tempered by growing

5526
04:58:48,200 --> 04:58:50,500
political inconvenience of my 
unyielding position. 

5527
04:58:51,600 --> 04:58:54,700
Francis restoration will require
years, not months. 

5528
04:58:54,700 --> 04:58:58,000
He said, gently Even Heaven, 
Must recognize Earthly 

5529
04:58:58,000 --> 04:59:00,200
limitations this exchange 
marked. 

5530
04:59:00,200 --> 04:59:03,100
A fundamental shift in our 
relationship where Charles had 

5531
04:59:03,100 --> 04:59:06,700
once needed my perceived Divine 
sanction to legitimize his rule 

5532
04:59:06,700 --> 04:59:10,200
successful coronation, now 
provided independent Authority. 

5533
04:59:10,200 --> 04:59:13,300
The maid remained useful 
symbolically, but increasingly 

5534
04:59:13,300 --> 04:59:16,600
problematic practically as 
military campaigns transition 

5535
04:59:16,600 --> 04:59:19,800
toward diplomatic Solutions, 
requiring compromise and voices 

5536
04:59:19,800 --> 04:59:23,000
prohibited. 
Through Autumn a company the 

5537
04:59:23,000 --> 04:59:25,600
Royal Court as it with Drew to 
safer territories along the 

5538
04:59:25,600 --> 04:59:28,100
Loire. 
My wound healed gradually. 

5539
04:59:28,100 --> 04:59:30,900
While my position diminished 
subtly still honored 

5540
04:59:30,900 --> 04:59:33,600
ceremonially but increasingly 
excluded from meaningful 

5541
04:59:33,600 --> 04:59:36,300
councils Charles granted me 
Noble. 

5542
04:59:36,300 --> 04:59:39,100
Status in December. 
Providing arms depicting. 

5543
04:59:39,100 --> 04:59:41,100
A sword supporting the crown 
beneath the flood. 

5544
04:59:41,100 --> 04:59:45,100
Elise recognition that pacified 
my supporters while effectively 

5545
04:59:45,100 --> 04:59:47,300
sidelining me from direct 
military command. 

5546
04:59:48,300 --> 04:59:51,000
This period marked my most 
difficult spiritual challenge, 

5547
04:59:51,000 --> 04:59:53,400
the voices returned 
intermittently. 

5548
04:59:53,400 --> 04:59:57,400
But spoke with disturbing 
inconsistency, Michael demanded 

5549
04:59:57,400 --> 05:00:00,600
continued, aggressive action, 
while Catherine, counseled 

5550
05:00:00,600 --> 05:00:04,000
patience, Margaret sometimes 
suggested accepting, a 

5551
05:00:04,000 --> 05:00:07,300
ceremonial role within Charles's
court, but she also insisted 

5552
05:00:07,300 --> 05:00:08,900
that my work remained 
unfinished. 

5553
05:00:09,700 --> 05:00:11,900
These contradictions created 
profound out. 

5554
05:00:11,900 --> 05:00:14,800
I had never experienced during 
the clarity of earlier missions,

5555
05:00:14,800 --> 05:00:17,900
had some of the voices. 
I heard been false all along. 

5556
05:00:18,500 --> 05:00:22,000
Was I now, miss hearing Divine 
instruction or was Heaven 

5557
05:00:22,000 --> 05:00:24,300
itself. 
Divided on France's proper path 

5558
05:00:24,300 --> 05:00:27,600
forward. 
Christmas 1429 found me in 

5559
05:00:27,600 --> 05:00:31,300
ceremonial attendance at court 
celebrations, outwardly honored,

5560
05:00:31,300 --> 05:00:34,300
but inwardly conflicted. 
I watched a labret. 

5561
05:00:34,300 --> 05:00:36,600
Pageantry commemorating 
Charles's coronation 

5562
05:00:37,500 --> 05:00:39,500
performance. 
Is that already Incorporated 

5563
05:00:39,500 --> 05:00:42,400
stylized depiction of the maid 
as a semi mythical figure. 

5564
05:00:42,400 --> 05:00:46,700
Guiding France's resurgence. the
actual jahani still banded, 

5565
05:00:46,700 --> 05:00:51,400
increasingly isolated observed, 
her transformation into a symbol

5566
05:00:51,400 --> 05:00:54,700
with growing discomfort, That 
Knight kneeling alone in the 

5567
05:00:54,708 --> 05:00:57,900
castle Chapel long after formal 
Services concluded, like 

5568
05:00:57,900 --> 05:01:00,700
experience the voices with 
unusual Clarity after months of 

5569
05:01:00,700 --> 05:01:03,500
ambiguity. 
Your time grows short. 

5570
05:01:03,500 --> 05:01:07,100
Michael stated without Preamble,
you must continue the fight, 

5571
05:01:07,100 --> 05:01:10,600
while Freedom remains yours. 
The king no longer heeds, my 

5572
05:01:10,600 --> 05:01:12,800
counsel. 
I protested commanders, follow 

5573
05:01:12,800 --> 05:01:16,300
his Direction, not mine. 
Then you must act independently.

5574
05:01:16,300 --> 05:01:19,700
Zero came the reply better 
capture by enemies than 

5575
05:01:19,700 --> 05:01:21,500
surrender to comfortable 
irrelevance. 

5576
05:01:21,500 --> 05:01:24,400
Although troubling this 
guidance, offered direction that

5577
05:01:24,400 --> 05:01:28,800
I had been lacking for months. 
As 1429 ended a resolve to 

5578
05:01:28,808 --> 05:01:31,700
escape the increasingly gilded 
constraints of Court life and 

5579
05:01:31,700 --> 05:01:34,800
returned to direct action. 
Even without Royal sanction, 

5580
05:01:34,800 --> 05:01:38,300
this decision tactically 
questionable politically naive 

5581
05:01:38,300 --> 05:01:41,500
would determine my fate in ways.
The voices, never clearly 

5582
05:01:41,500 --> 05:01:43,700
revealed the New Year began with
me. 

5583
05:01:43,700 --> 05:01:46,700
Effectively sidelined at court 
while Charles pursued diplomatic

5584
05:01:46,700 --> 05:01:50,600
arrangements with burgundy. 
I chafed at inactivity sensing 

5585
05:01:50,600 --> 05:01:53,700
precious time wasting, while the
voice is growing, increasingly 

5586
05:01:53,700 --> 05:01:58,400
urgent about continuing France's
liberation By March 1430. 

5587
05:01:58,400 --> 05:02:01,700
I could bear ceremonial 
confinement and no longer. 

5588
05:02:02,600 --> 05:02:05,800
Without Royal permission. 
Technically desertion though my 

5589
05:02:05,800 --> 05:02:09,200
status remained ambiguous, I 
departed secretly with a small 

5590
05:02:09,200 --> 05:02:12,700
company of loyal followers. 
We rode for compliance 

5591
05:02:12,700 --> 05:02:15,400
strategically, vital Town, 
threatened by The Burgundian 

5592
05:02:15,400 --> 05:02:18,700
forces north of Paris. 
This decision reflected both 

5593
05:02:18,700 --> 05:02:22,100
military logic and the voices 
insistence that action could not

5594
05:02:22,100 --> 05:02:25,500
wait World convenience. 
My departure created a political

5595
05:02:25,500 --> 05:02:29,000
complications for Charles who 
neither officially commend nor 

5596
05:02:29,000 --> 05:02:30,700
endorsed my independent 
operation. 

5597
05:02:30,700 --> 05:02:34,100
This ambiguity, proved 
ultimately fatal had I remained 

5598
05:02:34,100 --> 05:02:37,200
clearly under Royal protection. 
Subsequent events might have 

5599
05:02:37,200 --> 05:02:42,200
unfolded differently. 
We reached compean April, where 

5600
05:02:42,200 --> 05:02:45,400
the town's Governor Gilliam de 
flavie welcome to reinforcement.

5601
05:02:45,400 --> 05:02:49,600
Despite its unofficial nature 
Burgundian forces, under Jean. 

5602
05:02:49,600 --> 05:02:51,600
De Luxembourg had been 
methodically isolating. 

5603
05:02:51,600 --> 05:02:56,100
The town capturing surrounding 
positions Our arrival boosted 

5604
05:02:56,100 --> 05:02:59,200
Defender, morale temporarily. 
But the Strategic situation 

5605
05:02:59,200 --> 05:03:02,800
remained precarious. 
On May the 23rd. 

5606
05:03:02,800 --> 05:03:06,300
I led a sortie against begun 
positions at Margie initially 

5607
05:03:06,300 --> 05:03:09,700
achieving surprise. 
However, enemy reinforcements 

5608
05:03:09,700 --> 05:03:13,000
arrived quickly, forcing 
retirement toward the town as 

5609
05:03:13,000 --> 05:03:15,900
our forces retreated across the 
single bridge in to comprehend 

5610
05:03:15,900 --> 05:03:18,500
disaster. 
Struck the drawbridge raised, 

5611
05:03:18,500 --> 05:03:22,000
prematurely stranding. 
Rear guard Defenders, including 

5612
05:03:22,000 --> 05:03:26,600
my sea of outside the walls. 
Accounts of this moment, very 

5613
05:03:26,600 --> 05:03:30,200
dramatically some claimed 
deliberate betrayal by flavy who

5614
05:03:30,200 --> 05:03:33,000
supposedly ordered early closure
knowing I would be captured 

5615
05:03:33,000 --> 05:03:36,800
others suggested simple 
miscommunication during confused

5616
05:03:36,800 --> 05:03:38,900
withdrawal. 
The voices had warned of 

5617
05:03:38,900 --> 05:03:42,000
betrayal for months. 
Trust Only Heaven not 

5618
05:03:42,000 --> 05:03:46,100
changeable, men like a caution 
repeatedly, but provided no 

5619
05:03:46,100 --> 05:03:47,800
specific protection against this
development. 

5620
05:03:48,900 --> 05:03:50,700
Burgundian soldiers, surrounded 
me. 

5621
05:03:50,700 --> 05:03:53,900
And after a brief battle, they 
pulled me from my horse. 

5622
05:03:54,700 --> 05:03:58,800
A minor nobleman Lionel of one. 
Donny claimed, my surrender. 

5623
05:03:58,800 --> 05:04:01,400
Technically, capturing Me by 
laying hand on my leg. 

5624
05:04:01,400 --> 05:04:03,300
According to contemporary 
accounts. 

5625
05:04:03,300 --> 05:04:06,700
My sword raised to continue 
resistance lowered, upon 

5626
05:04:06,700 --> 05:04:08,800
recognition. 
That futile struggle would only 

5627
05:04:08,800 --> 05:04:12,000
result in unnecessary deaths 
among my few remaining 

5628
05:04:12,000 --> 05:04:15,300
companions. 
I am worth more alive for ransom

5629
05:04:15,300 --> 05:04:17,400
than dead. 
I told one Dawn in a practical 

5630
05:04:17,400 --> 05:04:20,200
manner, even though I knew that 
the ransom would likely never 

5631
05:04:20,200 --> 05:04:23,800
materialized, the voice is had 
never specifically predicted 

5632
05:04:23,800 --> 05:04:27,400
capture that had indicated great
suffering, lay ahead as part of 

5633
05:04:27,400 --> 05:04:30,800
Heaven's plan, Initially 
captivity seemed relatively 

5634
05:04:30,800 --> 05:04:34,600
benign, Luxembourg treated me as
a valuable prisoner rather than 

5635
05:04:34,600 --> 05:04:37,500
a criminal housing. 
Me reasonably at his castle at 

5636
05:04:37,500 --> 05:04:39,800
boulier. 
I made one escape attempt, 

5637
05:04:39,800 --> 05:04:43,100
nearly succeeding by squeezing 
between wooden bars before being

5638
05:04:43,100 --> 05:04:45,700
recaptured and transferred. 
To more secure confinement at 

5639
05:04:45,700 --> 05:04:49,300
borova Castle. 
Their luxembourg's aren't Jan 

5640
05:04:49,300 --> 05:04:52,300
and wife Jean bun. 
Treated me with unexpected 

5641
05:04:52,300 --> 05:04:55,200
kindness, providing female 
clothing, and gentling 

5642
05:04:55,200 --> 05:04:58,300
encouragement to abandon male 
attire and Military aspirations.

5643
05:04:59,500 --> 05:05:03,000
The Compassion the first 
feminine companionship I'd 

5644
05:05:03,000 --> 05:05:05,700
experienced since leaving. 
Dom Remi tempted me toward 

5645
05:05:05,700 --> 05:05:07,800
compromise. 
I knew the voices would forbid. 

5646
05:05:08,700 --> 05:05:11,400
Why must I maintain a male 
appearance now that fighting has

5647
05:05:11,400 --> 05:05:14,300
ended? 
I asked during prayer, receiving

5648
05:05:14,300 --> 05:05:17,800
Catherine's uncompromising 
response, your mission hasn't 

5649
05:05:17,800 --> 05:05:21,300
changed, with capture male 
attire remains both practical 

5650
05:05:21,300 --> 05:05:24,800
protection and a visible sign of
a Divine exception to worldly 

5651
05:05:24,800 --> 05:05:29,300
constraints. news reached me at 
borova, the compu, Enya 

5652
05:05:29,300 --> 05:05:32,000
situation, worsen daily in 
desperation. 

5653
05:05:32,000 --> 05:05:35,700
I attempted a second Escape in 
October this time jumping from 

5654
05:05:35,700 --> 05:05:38,400
the tower window, approximately 
70 feet above ground. 

5655
05:05:39,300 --> 05:05:42,300
The fall should have proof fatal
that I survived with only 

5656
05:05:42,300 --> 05:05:44,900
bruising and temporary. 
Unconsciousness was later 

5657
05:05:44,900 --> 05:05:48,800
presented as either a miracle or
evidence of demonic protection. 

5658
05:05:48,800 --> 05:05:52,900
Depending on The Interpreter. 
I know November political 

5659
05:05:52,900 --> 05:05:56,500
machination surrounding my 
captivity clarified horribly the

5660
05:05:56,500 --> 05:05:59,200
English. 
Recognizing my symbolic value a 

5661
05:05:59,200 --> 05:06:03,900
purchase from Luxembourg for 
10,000 levers, a substantial sum

5662
05:06:03,900 --> 05:06:05,900
indicating my importance to 
their strategy. 

5663
05:06:05,900 --> 05:06:09,700
Charles made no counter offer. 
Effectively abandoning me to the

5664
05:06:09,700 --> 05:06:12,700
enemies judgment. 
The English faced a dilemma 

5665
05:06:12,700 --> 05:06:16,100
regarding my disposition. 
Simple, execution of a captured 

5666
05:06:16,100 --> 05:06:18,300
enemy combatant would risk, 
martyrdom potentially, 

5667
05:06:18,300 --> 05:06:20,700
strengthening French Resistance,
rather than weakening it. 

5668
05:06:21,600 --> 05:06:25,600
A more complex strategy emerged,
systematic, destruction of my 

5669
05:06:25,600 --> 05:06:28,400
Divine claims through 
ecclesiastical condemnation for 

5670
05:06:28,400 --> 05:06:30,600
heresy. 
This approach would not only 

5671
05:06:30,600 --> 05:06:34,800
eliminate me physically but more
importantly, delegitimize. 

5672
05:06:34,800 --> 05:06:39,000
Everything I represented, Divine
sanction for Charles's Rule and 

5673
05:06:39,000 --> 05:06:41,400
Heaven, support for French 
Resurgence against English 

5674
05:06:41,400 --> 05:06:44,000
occupation. 
In December 1430. 

5675
05:06:44,000 --> 05:06:46,400
They transferred me to rule 
firmly within English, 

5676
05:06:46,400 --> 05:06:49,800
controlled territory conditions,
deteriorated immediately. 

5677
05:06:49,800 --> 05:06:53,200
I was placed in secular prison 
rather than ecclesiastical 

5678
05:06:53,200 --> 05:06:56,400
custody normally accorded, those
facing religious charges 

5679
05:06:56,400 --> 05:07:00,400
confined in Iron shackles and 
guarded continuously by Common 

5680
05:07:00,400 --> 05:07:04,000
soldiers, whose Behavior range 
from verbal abuse to attempted 

5681
05:07:04,000 --> 05:07:06,400
assault. 
Why does heaven permit such 

5682
05:07:06,400 --> 05:07:08,600
treatment? 
I asked during increasingly. 

5683
05:07:08,600 --> 05:07:11,200
Desperate prayers. 
What purpose does this suffering

5684
05:07:11,200 --> 05:07:14,400
serve? 
remember Christ before Pilate 

5685
05:07:14,400 --> 05:07:19,800
Margaret answered truth remains 
truth, even when power condemns 

5686
05:07:19,800 --> 05:07:25,800
it, The trial officially began. 
February 21st 1431, and a bishop

5687
05:07:25,800 --> 05:07:28,300
Pierre kosher. 
He was appointment revealed. 

5688
05:07:28,300 --> 05:07:32,200
The proceedings predetermined 
nature, he was a known English 

5689
05:07:32,200 --> 05:07:36,300
sympathizer, with personal 
animosity toward me, assessors, 

5690
05:07:36,300 --> 05:07:38,800
and judges were carefully 
selected to ensure the desired 

5691
05:07:38,800 --> 05:07:41,300
outcome though. 
It was technically an 

5692
05:07:41,300 --> 05:07:43,500
ecclesiastical Court. 
The proceedings were entirely 

5693
05:07:43,500 --> 05:07:45,600
controlled by English 
authorities. 

5694
05:07:46,400 --> 05:07:49,500
Looking Back Now across times 
distance, I see legal 

5695
05:07:49,500 --> 05:07:52,900
complexities, I couldn't 
recognize then my request for 

5696
05:07:52,900 --> 05:07:55,500
balanced representation from 
both English, and French. 

5697
05:07:55,500 --> 05:07:59,300
Clerics, was denied my appealed 
to the pope technically my 

5698
05:07:59,300 --> 05:08:01,000
right? 
Under Church law was ignored 

5699
05:08:01,000 --> 05:08:03,600
most Crawley. 
Highly Educated theologians 

5700
05:08:03,600 --> 05:08:07,700
denied, me Council, twisting, 
simple statements into heretical

5701
05:08:07,700 --> 05:08:10,900
formulation. 
Do you believe yourself to be in

5702
05:08:10,900 --> 05:08:13,500
God's grace caution on asked 
early in the proceedings? 

5703
05:08:13,500 --> 05:08:17,100
A theological trap answering? 
Yes, would imply a presumption 

5704
05:08:17,100 --> 05:08:20,500
that is condemned by church 
doctrine while answering? 

5705
05:08:20,500 --> 05:08:22,400
No, would indicate an admission 
of guilt. 

5706
05:08:23,700 --> 05:08:26,000
If I am not. 
May God put me there. 

5707
05:08:26,000 --> 05:08:28,100
I replied after a moment's 
thought. 

5708
05:08:29,000 --> 05:08:33,600
If I am, may God, keep me there.
This answer frustrated the 

5709
05:08:33,600 --> 05:08:36,300
interrogators, but I simply 
expressed my actual 

5710
05:08:36,300 --> 05:08:38,800
understanding, showing, 
unexpected, theological 

5711
05:08:38,800 --> 05:08:42,600
sophistication, Grace, remained,
Gods Province, not mind. 

5712
05:08:42,600 --> 05:08:46,500
Absolutely. 
For five months interrogation, 

5713
05:08:46,500 --> 05:08:50,400
continued, sometimes publicly 
before a full tribunal sometimes

5714
05:08:50,400 --> 05:08:53,600
in private prison questioning, 
my male attire became the 

5715
05:08:53,600 --> 05:08:57,000
central Focus providing tangible
evidence of defiance against 

5716
05:08:57,000 --> 05:08:59,700
Natural order. 
Voices were dissected. 

5717
05:08:59,700 --> 05:09:02,100
Endlessly, were they Angels or 
demons? 

5718
05:09:02,100 --> 05:09:05,700
Why did they speak to an 
uneducated girl rather than 

5719
05:09:05,700 --> 05:09:07,700
through the established church 
hierarchy? 

5720
05:09:08,400 --> 05:09:11,900
I recorded an examined each of 
my answers for inconsistencies 

5721
05:09:11,900 --> 05:09:15,800
and potential heresies. 
What records don't capture the 

5722
05:09:15,800 --> 05:09:17,900
physical deterioration during 
this period. 

5723
05:09:18,900 --> 05:09:21,600
Prison conditions. 
Continuous shackling, poor 

5724
05:09:21,600 --> 05:09:25,300
nutrition, sleep interrupted by 
God's harassment, gradually 

5725
05:09:25,300 --> 05:09:27,800
weakened a body already 
compromised by previous wounds 

5726
05:09:27,800 --> 05:09:30,600
and hardship. 
By may I suffered recurring 

5727
05:09:30,600 --> 05:09:33,500
fevers dramatic weight loss and 
periods of confusion during 

5728
05:09:33,500 --> 05:09:37,100
longer integration's the voices 
remained present, but changed 

5729
05:09:37,100 --> 05:09:39,600
character less commanding more 
comforting. 

5730
05:09:39,600 --> 05:09:42,700
A smoking increasingly of 
heavenly reward rather than 

5731
05:09:42,700 --> 05:09:45,900
Earthly Victory preparing me for
an outcome that seemed 

5732
05:09:45,900 --> 05:09:48,700
increasingly inevitable. 
Will I burn? 

5733
05:09:48,700 --> 05:09:50,800
I asked directly during one 
night's prayer. 

5734
05:09:51,600 --> 05:09:53,400
The body is temporary. 
Catherine answered. 

5735
05:09:53,400 --> 05:09:57,000
Gently what matters is, truth 
maintained and till the end. 

5736
05:09:58,000 --> 05:10:01,600
On May the 24th I was taken to 
the rule on Cemetery where 

5737
05:10:01,600 --> 05:10:04,400
scaffolds had been erected one 
holding officials, who would 

5738
05:10:04,400 --> 05:10:07,800
witness my anticipated? 
Recantation, another displaying 

5739
05:10:07,800 --> 05:10:09,800
instruments of execution. 
Should I refuse? 

5740
05:10:10,700 --> 05:10:13,500
Exhausted physically and 
isolated completely. 

5741
05:10:13,500 --> 05:10:16,800
I briefly wavered when presented
with a document, I was told 

5742
05:10:16,800 --> 05:10:19,800
contained a simple app, duration
of male clothing and independent

5743
05:10:19,800 --> 05:10:23,400
interpretation of voices. 
What I was unaware of was that 

5744
05:10:23,400 --> 05:10:26,400
the actual document contained, a
comprehensive admission of fraud

5745
05:10:26,400 --> 05:10:29,300
demonic influence and heretical 
intent. 

5746
05:10:29,300 --> 05:10:32,600
Completely repudiating. 
Everything I had experienced and

5747
05:10:32,600 --> 05:10:36,600
represented Unable to read, I 
trusted partial translations 

5748
05:10:36,600 --> 05:10:39,300
provided by clerics, whose 
deception served their 

5749
05:10:39,300 --> 05:10:42,400
predetermined purpose. 
I signed with a simple cross 

5750
05:10:42,400 --> 05:10:45,300
mark unaware that I was giving 
my enemies exactly what they 

5751
05:10:45,300 --> 05:10:47,600
needed. 
And apparent admission that 

5752
05:10:47,600 --> 05:10:51,400
everything I had claimed about 
Divine guidance was false this 

5753
05:10:51,400 --> 05:10:54,900
temporary weakness, a product of
extreme duress rather than a 

5754
05:10:54,900 --> 05:10:58,100
genuine change of heart provided
legal justification For What 

5755
05:10:58,100 --> 05:11:01,400
followed Return to prison rather
than transferred to 

5756
05:11:01,400 --> 05:11:03,100
ecclesiastical custody as 
promised. 

5757
05:11:03,100 --> 05:11:06,100
I found myself still surrounded 
by hostile guards. 

5758
05:11:06,100 --> 05:11:08,300
Still denied female 
companionship. 

5759
05:11:08,300 --> 05:11:10,400
That would have made feminine 
clothing, practically 

5760
05:11:10,400 --> 05:11:13,400
sustainable. 
When my clothes were taken while

5761
05:11:13,400 --> 05:11:15,600
I stepped and only male attire 
was left available. 

5762
05:11:15,600 --> 05:11:20,000
I faced an impossible Choice 
remain naked among male guards 

5763
05:11:20,000 --> 05:11:22,600
or Dawn. 
Forbidden garments the voices 

5764
05:11:22,600 --> 05:11:24,500
spoke with unusual Clarity that 
morning. 

5765
05:11:25,300 --> 05:11:28,300
Better modest impropriety than 
in modest vulnerability. 

5766
05:11:29,400 --> 05:11:32,400
I dressed in Male clothing. 
Knowing this relapse provided 

5767
05:11:32,400 --> 05:11:36,100
the final justification enemy 
sought. when judges returned to 

5768
05:11:36,108 --> 05:11:39,500
document this transgression, I 
formally recanted my previous 

5769
05:11:39,500 --> 05:11:43,500
abbreviation Stating clearly, 
that voices were indeed Divine, 

5770
05:11:43,500 --> 05:11:47,000
that the mission had been Heaven
Sent and that temporary weakness

5771
05:11:47,000 --> 05:11:50,500
had betrayed truth. 
I would rather do Penance once 

5772
05:11:50,500 --> 05:11:53,700
with death. 
The bear imprisonment suffering 

5773
05:11:53,700 --> 05:11:57,800
continuously, I told them with 
renewed Clarity despite knowing 

5774
05:11:57,800 --> 05:12:01,400
the consequence. 
On May the 30th 1431. 

5775
05:12:01,400 --> 05:12:05,400
The final sentence was announced
declared a relapsed heretic. 

5776
05:12:05,400 --> 05:12:09,100
I would face public execution, 
by burning the most painful 

5777
05:12:09,100 --> 05:12:12,700
death authorities could legally.
Impose, deliberately chosen to 

5778
05:12:12,700 --> 05:12:15,800
create maximum suffering, they 
hoped would produce a final 

5779
05:12:15,800 --> 05:12:19,500
public confession That morning I
made a final confession to a 

5780
05:12:19,500 --> 05:12:22,100
sympathetic priest and received 
communion, despite being 

5781
05:12:22,100 --> 05:12:26,000
formally excommunicated, a small
Act of compassionate Defiance by

5782
05:12:26,000 --> 05:12:28,400
a clerk who recognized in 
Justice unfolding? 

5783
05:12:29,300 --> 05:12:32,000
Wearing the traditional long, 
white garment for heresy 

5784
05:12:32,000 --> 05:12:34,500
executions. 
A cart transported me through 

5785
05:12:34,500 --> 05:12:37,700
Rouen streets toward the old 
marketplace, where executioner 

5786
05:12:37,700 --> 05:12:40,300
waited, The crowds mood 
surprised me. 

5787
05:12:40,300 --> 05:12:45,600
Not triumphant, but somber, many
openly weeping. these were not 

5788
05:12:45,600 --> 05:12:49,900
my French compatriots but Norman
subjects under English rule yet 

5789
05:12:49,900 --> 05:12:53,000
something about my situation 
transcended political loyalty 

5790
05:12:53,000 --> 05:12:56,000
later accounts would claim 
English authorities, grew 

5791
05:12:56,000 --> 05:12:59,300
concerned that sympathy might 
transform into riots and that 

5792
05:12:59,300 --> 05:13:02,200
Marty was being created despite 
their careful, legal 

5793
05:13:02,200 --> 05:13:05,800
maneuvering, At the execution. 
Ground officials had me a final 

5794
05:13:05,800 --> 05:13:08,800
opportunity to recount before 
tying me to a tall stake 

5795
05:13:08,800 --> 05:13:10,700
corrected at a top of 
substantial paire. 

5796
05:13:10,700 --> 05:13:14,300
The method was deliberate slow 
death by Suffocation and burning

5797
05:13:14,300 --> 05:13:16,400
rather than quicker execution 
methods available. 

5798
05:13:17,400 --> 05:13:20,000
Jesus. 
I called repeatedly as flames 

5799
05:13:20,000 --> 05:13:23,200
were lit, no longer concerned 
with appearing strong before 

5800
05:13:23,200 --> 05:13:25,600
enemies. 
Simply seeking comfort in the 

5801
05:13:25,600 --> 05:13:27,800
name that had guided my journey 
from its beginning. 

5802
05:13:28,800 --> 05:13:31,900
The voice is spoke one final 
time as smoke began Rising. 

5803
05:13:32,700 --> 05:13:36,000
Your suffering ends today your 
Vindication begins. 

5804
05:13:37,700 --> 05:13:40,700
The physical Agony that followed
transcends description, 

5805
05:13:40,700 --> 05:13:44,100
historical accounts, claim my 
heart remained intact among 

5806
05:13:44,100 --> 05:13:47,000
ashes afterward. 
Symbolic detail probably 

5807
05:13:47,000 --> 05:13:49,400
invented by later. 
Chroniclers seeking miraculous 

5808
05:13:49,400 --> 05:13:53,200
elements for potential canonized
in nization, What mattered 

5809
05:13:53,200 --> 05:13:56,400
wasn't physical preservation, 
but the truth maintained until 

5810
05:13:56,400 --> 05:14:00,300
the end that simple Faith could 
withstand elaborate machinations

5811
05:14:00,300 --> 05:14:03,500
of power and that Divine 
Purpose, worked through unlikely

5812
05:14:03,500 --> 05:14:07,800
instruments. 25 years later, 
Charles the seventh firmly 

5813
05:14:07,800 --> 05:14:11,000
established as France's 
legitimate, king would order an 

5814
05:14:11,000 --> 05:14:13,400
investigation that formerly. 
Nullified my conviction 

5815
05:14:13,400 --> 05:14:18,800
declaring the trial Prejudiced 
and illegitimate in 1456 a 

5816
05:14:18,800 --> 05:14:21,300
rehabilitation trial formerly 
cleared, my name of heresy 

5817
05:14:21,300 --> 05:14:24,400
charges Yet, full Vindication 
waited, nearly five. 

5818
05:14:24,400 --> 05:14:27,300
Centuries until May the 16th 
1920. 

5819
05:14:27,300 --> 05:14:30,800
When the Catholic Church 
declared me, a Saint official 

5820
05:14:30,800 --> 05:14:33,300
recognition that voices, 
condemned, as demonic had 

5821
05:14:33,300 --> 05:14:37,200
indeed, been Divine history, 
remembers outcomes, all Leon 

5822
05:14:37,200 --> 05:14:40,900
relieved, Charles, crowned 
France of eventually liberated 

5823
05:14:40,900 --> 05:14:44,600
from the English occupational. 
These visible victories obscure,

5824
05:14:44,600 --> 05:14:48,100
the internal Journey that began 
with a garden Whisperer and 

5825
05:14:48,100 --> 05:14:51,800
ended in Marketplace, Flames. 
The voice is never promised, 

5826
05:14:51,800 --> 05:14:55,100
Earthly, reward or personal 
Glory, they offered only purpose

5827
05:14:55,100 --> 05:14:57,900
Direction and the chance to 
serve as an instrument for 

5828
05:14:57,900 --> 05:15:01,600
something larger than myself. 
They called me made of all y'all

5829
05:15:01,600 --> 05:15:05,100
dubbed me a miracle. 
Worker labeled me a witch and a 

5830
05:15:05,100 --> 05:15:07,600
heretic and eventually 
recognized me as a saint. 

5831
05:15:08,300 --> 05:15:11,100
Yet, through all the 
Transformations, I remained 

5832
05:15:11,100 --> 05:15:14,600
Johannes from Dormer Ami. a 
simple girl who answered when 

5833
05:15:14,600 --> 05:15:18,500
voices called who held a truth 
heard within more firmly than to

5834
05:15:18,500 --> 05:15:23,600
comfort offered without Presents
the most enduring Legacy that 

5835
05:15:23,600 --> 05:15:26,400
extraordinary purpose May 
inhabit ordinary lives. 

5836
05:15:27,100 --> 05:15:30,100
That Divine participation in 
human history, rarely follows 

5837
05:15:30,100 --> 05:15:33,800
expected channels but instead 
Works through unlikely vessels 

5838
05:15:33,800 --> 05:15:36,400
willing to say simply here, am I
send me? 

5839
05:15:43,500 --> 05:15:48,700
Leonardo da Vinci was born on 
April 15th, 1452 or 1452 by the 

5840
05:15:48,700 --> 05:15:53,700
Florentine calendar. 1452 to 
1453 by modern Reckoning, in the

5841
05:15:53,700 --> 05:15:56,600
Tuscan Hamlet of anciano near 
the town of Vinci. 

5842
05:15:57,400 --> 05:15:59,500
Came into a world undergoing 
seismic changes. 

5843
05:15:59,500 --> 05:16:03,700
Florence was a republic brimming
with artistic energy and Europe 

5844
05:16:03,700 --> 05:16:05,900
was on the cusp of the 
Renaissance is full flowering. 

5845
05:16:05,900 --> 05:16:09,400
His father surpierre. 
Da Vinci was a notary of 

5846
05:16:09,400 --> 05:16:12,900
moderate Renown while his mother
Katarina is believed to have 

5847
05:16:12,908 --> 05:16:14,700
been a local woman of humble 
background. 

5848
05:16:15,600 --> 05:16:18,100
The boys illegitimacy meant he 
was never part of the upper 

5849
05:16:18,100 --> 05:16:21,700
echelons yet, it freed him from 
certain constraints that might 

5850
05:16:21,700 --> 05:16:23,800
have Shackled, a legitimate son 
to family business. 

5851
05:16:23,800 --> 05:16:27,700
Even as a child, Leonardo is 
said to have displayed an 

5852
05:16:27,700 --> 05:16:31,400
intense curiosity, wandering 
fields and streams sketching. 

5853
05:16:31,400 --> 05:16:34,900
Plants small creatures, or 
swirling Eddies in the water. 

5854
05:16:35,800 --> 05:16:38,900
At this time, many children in 
Tuscany received minimal formal 

5855
05:16:38,900 --> 05:16:41,800
education, but Leonardo's 
father, recognized the boys, 

5856
05:16:41,800 --> 05:16:46,500
precocious mind records. 
Suggest that around h14 Leonardo

5857
05:16:46,500 --> 05:16:49,200
began an apprenticeship in 
Florence with Andrea Del 

5858
05:16:49,200 --> 05:16:51,400
verrocchio. 
A master known for sculpture 

5859
05:16:51,400 --> 05:16:56,000
metal work, and painting the 
workshop bustled with talented 

5860
05:16:56,000 --> 05:16:59,400
pupils and assistance, forging a
collaborative environment. 

5861
05:16:59,400 --> 05:17:03,900
Apprentices learned to prepare 
pigments, craft details, and 

5862
05:17:03,900 --> 05:17:07,900
replicate the Master's Style. 
Leonardo's innate knack for 

5863
05:17:07,900 --> 05:17:11,200
observation set him apart his 
notebooks from that era. 

5864
05:17:11,200 --> 05:17:15,100
The mostly lost would have 
contained anatomical, Skechers 

5865
05:17:15,100 --> 05:17:19,600
mechanical Doodles and fleeting 
notes on Geometry while other 

5866
05:17:19,600 --> 05:17:23,000
students, memorize standard 
forms, Leonardo probe, the 

5867
05:17:23,000 --> 05:17:26,700
underlying structures dissecting
how limbs attached or how light 

5868
05:17:26,700 --> 05:17:30,200
refracted on glossy, surfaces an
early Turning Point arrived. 

5869
05:17:30,200 --> 05:17:33,900
When rakhiyo assigned him to 
paint a small angel in the 

5870
05:17:33,900 --> 05:17:38,900
corner of the baptism of Christ.
Legend has it that upon seeing 

5871
05:17:38,900 --> 05:17:43,200
Leonardo's contribution Vero, 
felt overshadowed and vowed 

5872
05:17:43,200 --> 05:17:46,400
never to paint again, though. 
That story might be apocryphal. 

5873
05:17:46,400 --> 05:17:49,600
It underscores how swiftly, 
Leonardo's skill gained 

5874
05:17:49,600 --> 05:17:51,900
recognition? 
He brought a Fresh Approach to 

5875
05:17:51,900 --> 05:17:55,300
shading employing what? 
We now call Kiara skiro to 

5876
05:17:55,300 --> 05:17:57,300
infuse figures with tangible 
volume. 

5877
05:17:58,000 --> 05:18:01,600
While older Masters often used 
linear outlines, Leonardo 

5878
05:18:01,600 --> 05:18:05,100
Blended tones, so that forms 
emerged gracefully from Shadow 

5879
05:18:05,100 --> 05:18:09,000
despite his promise, Leonardo's 
early years, in Florence 

5880
05:18:09,000 --> 05:18:12,100
carried, frustrations, some 
commissions fizzled due to 

5881
05:18:12,100 --> 05:18:14,100
political upheavals, or Patron, 
shifts. 

5882
05:18:14,100 --> 05:18:18,000
Eager to expand his reach 
Leonardo sought new Vistas 

5883
05:18:18,000 --> 05:18:22,500
around 1482. 
He journeyed to Milan offering 

5884
05:18:22,500 --> 05:18:25,600
his services to ludovicus Forte 
the ruling Duke. 

5885
05:18:25,600 --> 05:18:29,600
He wrote a letter extolling, his
engineering prowess, listing 

5886
05:18:29,600 --> 05:18:33,400
designs for Bridges, Cannon's 
and war machines, only 

5887
05:18:33,400 --> 05:18:36,900
concluding with a mention that 
he could paint this detail 

5888
05:18:36,900 --> 05:18:40,200
reveals how Leonardo viewed 
himself, not merely an artist 

5889
05:18:40,200 --> 05:18:44,300
but a multi-faceted engineer who
happened to paint Sporter 

5890
05:18:44,300 --> 05:18:47,000
intrigued by such potential. 
Welcome to him. 

5891
05:18:47,008 --> 05:18:52,000
In Milan, Leonardo thrived. 
The dukele court, was a center 

5892
05:18:52,000 --> 05:18:55,100
of intellectual Pursuits 
blending Politics, the Arts and 

5893
05:18:55,100 --> 05:18:58,400
emerging Sciences. 
He tackled a massive equestrian 

5894
05:18:58,400 --> 05:19:01,900
statue project for ludovico, 
intending to cast a colossal, 

5895
05:19:01,900 --> 05:19:04,600
bronze horse to honor, the 
Duke's, father for years, 

5896
05:19:04,600 --> 05:19:08,600
Leonardo studied horses, 
musculature sketched them in 

5897
05:19:08,600 --> 05:19:11,700
various Gates and designed 
elaborate Foundry techniques. 

5898
05:19:12,500 --> 05:19:15,000
Ultimately political Strife 
disrupted the project. 

5899
05:19:15,800 --> 05:19:18,200
French armies invaded and the 
raw bronze. 

5900
05:19:18,200 --> 05:19:21,100
Allocated for the statue was 
repurposed into Canon's. 

5901
05:19:21,100 --> 05:19:24,500
The uncompleted clay model 
became a casualty of War. 

5902
05:19:24,500 --> 05:19:29,400
Shattered as Milan fell, this 
Fiasco, however did not dampen 

5903
05:19:29,400 --> 05:19:31,400
Leonardo's thirst for Grand 
challenges. 

5904
05:19:32,500 --> 05:19:35,400
During his Milanese phase 
Leonardo produced, the virgin of

5905
05:19:35,400 --> 05:19:38,200
the Rocks, a painting that 
showcased his Mastery of 

5906
05:19:38,200 --> 05:19:41,900
atmospheric perspective, 
experimented with layered glazes

5907
05:19:41,900 --> 05:19:45,000
and gentle transitions. 
Making the rocky Grotto and 

5908
05:19:45,000 --> 05:19:46,900
figures radiator and other 
worldly. 

5909
05:19:46,900 --> 05:19:50,100
Hush simultaneously. 
He furthered his anatomical 

5910
05:19:50,100 --> 05:19:53,300
investigations dissecting 
animals to refine his knowledge 

5911
05:19:53,300 --> 05:19:56,000
of muscle groups. 
He documented swirling water 

5912
05:19:56,000 --> 05:19:59,600
patterns in the city's, canals 
studied, the flight of birds and

5913
05:19:59,600 --> 05:20:03,300
toyed, with the idea of a flying
machine Milan's, environment 

5914
05:20:03,300 --> 05:20:06,800
gave him the space to Roman 
electorally bridging Artistry 

5915
05:20:06,800 --> 05:20:09,600
with scientific speculation in a
manner, rarely seen before. 

5916
05:20:10,400 --> 05:20:13,700
Yet these Pursuits coexisted 
with real world demands. 

5917
05:20:14,500 --> 05:20:17,000
The Sports Court. 
Needed fortifications Festival 

5918
05:20:17,000 --> 05:20:20,800
designs and mechanical 
Contraptions Leonardo obliged 

5919
05:20:20,800 --> 05:20:24,600
Penning trees on Geometry, 
building stage sets for pageants

5920
05:20:24,600 --> 05:20:26,600
and Engineering. 
Ephemeral wonders. 

5921
05:20:26,600 --> 05:20:29,900
Some found him eccentric, 
especially as he scribbled 

5922
05:20:29,900 --> 05:20:31,900
notes. 
In Mirror writing others, 

5923
05:20:31,900 --> 05:20:34,600
recognized him as an 
inexhaustible thinker who might 

5924
05:20:34,600 --> 05:20:37,000
at any moment produce the next 
stroke of Genius. 

5925
05:20:37,800 --> 05:20:41,000
By the late 15th century 
Leonardo had established himself

5926
05:20:41,000 --> 05:20:44,000
as a leading figure of the 
Renaissance though, his Restless

5927
05:20:44,000 --> 05:20:46,600
mind, kept him. 
Pushing forward, always hungry 

5928
05:20:46,600 --> 05:20:48,000
for the next Frontier of 
knowledge. 

5929
05:20:49,300 --> 05:20:51,700
Leonardo's life in Milan was 
bustling yet. 

5930
05:20:51,700 --> 05:20:55,200
Destiny had other terms in store
in 1499. 

5931
05:20:55,200 --> 05:20:58,400
French forces under King Louis 
the 12th Concord Milan. 

5932
05:20:58,400 --> 05:21:02,600
The once powerful Sportster 
collapsed, leaving Leonardo in 

5933
05:21:02,600 --> 05:21:06,600
his Patron scrambling With the 
city's Patron gone, Leonardo 

5934
05:21:06,600 --> 05:21:10,100
lost his secure base. 
He departed Milan, traveling to 

5935
05:21:10,100 --> 05:21:13,900
Venice, then briefly to mansure 
carrying an uneven, portfolio of

5936
05:21:13,900 --> 05:21:16,200
half-finished, commission's and 
a head brimming with 

5937
05:21:16,200 --> 05:21:18,900
experiments. 
The aftermath was a tumultuous 

5938
05:21:18,900 --> 05:21:22,700
period marked by shifting 
alliances across Italy city 

5939
05:21:22,700 --> 05:21:26,000
states. 
In Mantua the Martians Isabella 

5940
05:21:26,000 --> 05:21:28,500
desky, welcome to him seeking a 
portrait. 

5941
05:21:29,500 --> 05:21:32,500
She was a formidable Patron but 
Leonardo's restlessness 

5942
05:21:32,500 --> 05:21:35,700
prevailed. 
He quickly moved on, possibly 

5943
05:21:35,700 --> 05:21:39,000
uninterested in the standard 
portrait tasks, by the 

5944
05:21:39,000 --> 05:21:41,300
mid-1500s. 
He found his way back to 

5945
05:21:41,308 --> 05:21:44,900
Florence after two decades away.
The city had changed. 

5946
05:21:44,900 --> 05:21:48,800
It was now under the sway of the
Republican government, briefly 

5947
05:21:48,800 --> 05:21:50,400
influenced by the fiery 
preacher. 

5948
05:21:50,400 --> 05:21:54,700
Seven arola tension, simmered 
and art commissions had a new 

5949
05:21:54,700 --> 05:21:58,100
flavor patriotic or moralistic 
yet. 

5950
05:21:58,100 --> 05:22:01,600
Florence remembered Leonardo's 
early promise he was invited to 

5951
05:22:01,600 --> 05:22:04,200
paint a major Altarpiece though 
negotiations. 

5952
05:22:04,200 --> 05:22:09,100
Stalled instead he seized on a 
more prestigious assignment a 

5953
05:22:09,100 --> 05:22:11,800
mural in the Palazzo Della 
senior year the seat of 

5954
05:22:11,800 --> 05:22:15,600
Florence's government. 
This mural project known as the 

5955
05:22:15,600 --> 05:22:20,000
Battle of anghiari was meant to 
commemorate a 1444 team victory.

5956
05:22:20,900 --> 05:22:23,800
Across town, Michelangelo was 
commissioned to do a different 

5957
05:22:23,800 --> 05:22:27,200
battle scene in the same Hall. 
The city braced for a 

5958
05:22:27,200 --> 05:22:31,400
competition between two towering
Geniuses Leonardo approached. 

5959
05:22:31,400 --> 05:22:34,600
The mural, with an experimental 
technique he planned to use a 

5960
05:22:34,600 --> 05:22:38,700
wax-based paint to speed drying,
he built a giant scaffold and 

5961
05:22:38,700 --> 05:22:42,000
devised heating systems to help 
the paint set, but the 

5962
05:22:42,000 --> 05:22:45,800
Innovation backfired parts of 
the mural dripped or refused to 

5963
05:22:45,800 --> 05:22:48,800
adhere despite partial success 
in depicting. 

5964
05:22:48,800 --> 05:22:51,100
Dramatic. 
Cavalry Charges the painting 

5965
05:22:51,100 --> 05:22:53,900
never reached its final form 
over time. 

5966
05:22:53,900 --> 05:22:56,700
The incomplete mural decayed or 
was covered by later. 

5967
05:22:56,700 --> 05:23:00,200
Renovations, still the surviving
sketches and copies hint, that 

5968
05:23:00,200 --> 05:23:03,600
it was a dynamic, swirling 
composition of men and horses 

5969
05:23:03,600 --> 05:23:07,500
locked in ferocious combat. 
During the same stretch, 

5970
05:23:07,500 --> 05:23:11,600
Leonardo painted the Mona Lisa 
commissioned by Francesco for 

5971
05:23:11,600 --> 05:23:13,900
his wife Lisa. 
It was initially a private 

5972
05:23:13,900 --> 05:23:18,000
portrait, Leonardo spent years 
refining, it working, and 

5973
05:23:18,000 --> 05:23:21,900
reworking, subtle glazes. 
The face is elusive smile and 

5974
05:23:21,900 --> 05:23:25,000
luminous complexion resulted 
from layering translucent, paint

5975
05:23:25,000 --> 05:23:30,100
each layer diffused light. 
The painting's mysterious Aura. 

5976
05:23:30,100 --> 05:23:33,200
Also came from Leonardo's habit 
of constantly altering details, 

5977
05:23:33,200 --> 05:23:37,300
while smaller than some Grand 
frescos, the peace represented a

5978
05:23:37,300 --> 05:23:41,300
culmination of his few Technic. 
The background hazy mountains 

5979
05:23:41,300 --> 05:23:43,900
and winding roads. 
Mirrored Leonardo's fascination 

5980
05:23:43,900 --> 05:23:46,900
with geology and fluid dynamics 
over time. 

5981
05:23:46,900 --> 05:23:49,800
He kept the painting with him. 
Never delivering it to the 

5982
05:23:49,800 --> 05:23:52,500
patron. 
Possibly, he saw it as a 

5983
05:23:52,500 --> 05:23:54,600
personal Testament to 
portraitures Pinnacle. 

5984
05:23:55,300 --> 05:23:58,700
Parallel to these artistic 
Feats, Leonardo Advanced, his 

5985
05:23:58,700 --> 05:24:02,500
scientific exploration. 
He dissected human cadavers in 

5986
05:24:02,500 --> 05:24:05,400
hospitals, outside Florence 
sketching, cross-sections of 

5987
05:24:05,400 --> 05:24:08,700
muscles and bones. 
Though, dissection was sensitive

5988
05:24:08,700 --> 05:24:11,800
certain hospitals allowed it for
educational ends. 

5989
05:24:11,800 --> 05:24:14,500
His anatomical, drawings some 
discovered. 

5990
05:24:14,500 --> 05:24:17,900
Centuries later revealed a near 
modern, understanding of the 

5991
05:24:17,900 --> 05:24:21,000
spine, the arrangement of 
internal organs and the 

5992
05:24:21,000 --> 05:24:24,400
skeletons mechanics. 
He planted an extensive treaties

5993
05:24:24,400 --> 05:24:26,600
on Anatomy. 
Combining text with the 

5994
05:24:26,600 --> 05:24:30,200
diagrammatic Precision and 
anticipating the modern concept 

5995
05:24:30,200 --> 05:24:33,700
of Illustrated medical 
textbooks, however, like many 

5996
05:24:33,700 --> 05:24:36,900
Leonardo projects, it was never 
formally published in his 

5997
05:24:36,900 --> 05:24:39,500
lifetime. 
Politics royalty again. 

5998
05:24:39,500 --> 05:24:42,600
In 1503 to 5904 when Pisa 
threatened Florence. 

5999
05:24:43,600 --> 05:24:45,900
Leonardo contributed to 
engineering Solutions 

6000
05:24:45,900 --> 05:24:49,500
brainstorming ways to divert the
Arno River to hamper pisa's, 

6001
05:24:49,500 --> 05:24:53,900
supply lines, he drafted, canals
levies and even considered 

6002
05:24:53,900 --> 05:24:57,200
flooding tactics. 
The plan was bold but faced 

6003
05:24:57,200 --> 05:25:00,200
practical obstacles in Tuscany's
terrain although partially 

6004
05:25:00,200 --> 05:25:02,700
attempted the scheme, never 
fully materialized. 

6005
05:25:02,700 --> 05:25:05,500
The episode's highlight 
Leonardo's willingness to tackle

6006
05:25:05,500 --> 05:25:08,300
large-scale, engineering 
challenges, blending 

6007
05:25:08,300 --> 05:25:10,700
topographical studies with 
strategic Insight. 

6008
05:25:10,700 --> 05:25:13,600
The lessons gleaned would echo 
in his future city. 

6009
05:25:13,600 --> 05:25:15,200
Planning sketches and Water 
Management. 

6010
05:25:15,200 --> 05:25:20,100
Designs by 15/6, French rule 
stabilized in Milan opening the 

6011
05:25:20,100 --> 05:25:22,900
city once. 
More long gone was ludovico's 

6012
05:25:22,900 --> 05:25:25,700
Forte, but the new French 
Governors beckoned Leonardo. 

6013
05:25:25,700 --> 05:25:29,400
Eager to revisit uncompleted 
ideas like the giant horse 

6014
05:25:29,400 --> 05:25:30,600
statue. 
He returned. 

6015
05:25:31,500 --> 05:25:35,000
Florence, parted ways with him, 
under a cloud of frustration as 

6016
05:25:35,000 --> 05:25:38,000
the Battle of anghiari. 
Lingard Unfinished, yet. 

6017
05:25:38,000 --> 05:25:41,000
Leonardo's departure signaled. 
That loyalty to a single city 

6018
05:25:41,000 --> 05:25:44,400
was never his style. 
He wrote following whichever 

6019
05:25:44,400 --> 05:25:46,100
environment. 
Let him Chase multiple 

6020
05:25:46,100 --> 05:25:47,200
intellectual. 
Pursuits. 

6021
05:25:47,200 --> 05:25:50,800
In returning to Milan, he sought
continuity for the scientific 

6022
05:25:50,800 --> 05:25:53,500
and artistic projects left 
behind a decade prior. 

6023
05:25:53,500 --> 05:25:58,800
Thus, by the mid-1500s, Leonardo
had become an artist engineer. 

6024
05:25:58,800 --> 05:26:02,600
Bridging city states forging, a 
pattern of partial achievements 

6025
05:26:02,600 --> 05:26:03,600
and unfinished. 
Marvels. 

6026
05:26:03,600 --> 05:26:07,600
Some critics found him 
unreliable and eternal tinkerer 

6027
05:26:07,600 --> 05:26:10,700
yet. 
Few denied his brilliance He 

6028
05:26:10,700 --> 05:26:13,400
left Florence having, 
revolutionized portraiture and 

6029
05:26:13,400 --> 05:26:16,800
capturing a femoral visual 
mysteries in the Mona Lisa. 

6030
05:26:17,400 --> 05:26:20,100
While also nearly 
revolutionizing mural painting. 

6031
05:26:21,000 --> 05:26:23,800
The stage was set for further, 
meanderings in Milan, and 

6032
05:26:23,800 --> 05:26:27,000
eventually Beyond, as Europe, 
recognized him as a truly 

6033
05:26:27,000 --> 05:26:30,700
singular figure, a testament to 
the renaissance's union of Art 

6034
05:26:30,700 --> 05:26:33,400
and Science. 
Leonardo's second stint in Milan

6035
05:26:33,400 --> 05:26:37,400
began around 1506, under the 
patronage of Charles de amwas, 

6036
05:26:37,400 --> 05:26:39,700
the French governor. 
This time. 

6037
05:26:39,700 --> 05:26:43,100
The city was controlled by the 
French Crown, not the sports of 

6038
05:26:43,100 --> 05:26:45,300
family. 
The environment was different 

6039
05:26:45,300 --> 05:26:49,100
less personal loyalty, more 
bureaucratic oversight. 

6040
05:26:50,100 --> 05:26:53,900
But Leonardo's famous groan, he 
was recognized as a renaissance 

6041
05:26:53,900 --> 05:26:56,400
man. 
Whose counsel was prized for 

6042
05:26:56,400 --> 05:27:00,400
everything from architecture to 
Geometry some records indicate. 

6043
05:27:00,400 --> 05:27:03,200
He was granted a Workshop near 
the port of virtually District 

6044
05:27:03,200 --> 05:27:06,800
where he resumed anatomical 
mechanical and Artistic 

6045
05:27:06,800 --> 05:27:09,600
Endeavors. 
One ongoing Obsession was the 

6046
05:27:09,600 --> 05:27:12,700
equestrian Monument, he had once
played for ludovicus Forte, 

6047
05:27:12,700 --> 05:27:14,800
though. 
The bronze had been lost a war, 

6048
05:27:14,808 --> 05:27:17,900
Leonardo, still dreamed of 
building, the largest horse 

6049
05:27:17,900 --> 05:27:21,900
statue known, He refined the 
design adjusting how a rearing 

6050
05:27:21,900 --> 05:27:23,600
stallion might balance on hind 
legs. 

6051
05:27:23,600 --> 05:27:26,300
He sketched Innovative casting 
methods. 

6052
05:27:26,300 --> 05:27:29,000
Hoping to circumvent early 
meltdown issues. 

6053
05:27:29,000 --> 05:27:32,500
However, the politics had 
shifted with ludovico. 

6054
05:27:32,500 --> 05:27:37,000
Deposed the impetus for sports, 
a memorial dissipated Leonardo 

6055
05:27:37,000 --> 05:27:39,700
might have pitched the idea to 
the French Administration that 

6056
05:27:39,700 --> 05:27:42,600
it never crystallized. 
You remained Resolute in 

6057
05:27:42,600 --> 05:27:44,100
exploring? 
Equine Anatomy. 

6058
05:27:44,800 --> 05:27:48,900
Capturing every sinew and tendon
in fresh sketches. 

6059
05:27:48,900 --> 05:27:52,500
During this period Leonardo 
welcomed a youthful. 

6060
05:27:52,500 --> 05:27:55,400
Apprentice named Francesco melzi
who would become his most 

6061
05:27:55,400 --> 05:27:58,300
devoted disciple and eventually 
executor of his estate. 

6062
05:27:59,100 --> 05:28:03,800
Melty from a noble Milanese 
family, offered loyalty scribing

6063
05:28:03,800 --> 05:28:06,200
capabilities and stable 
finances. 

6064
05:28:06,200 --> 05:28:10,300
He accompanied Leonardo on trips
helped, organize notes and 

6065
05:28:10,300 --> 05:28:13,800
became the Master's confidant. 
The presence of a stem were 

6066
05:28:13,800 --> 05:28:15,700
respectful. 
Apprentice might have provided 

6067
05:28:15,700 --> 05:28:17,800
Leonardo, the continuity. 
He had long sought. 

6068
05:28:18,600 --> 05:28:21,300
Specially after dealing with 
early assistance who sometimes 

6069
05:28:21,300 --> 05:28:25,700
parted on mixed terms, meanwhile
glimpses of his scientific Mania

6070
05:28:25,700 --> 05:28:29,800
multiplied, he dissected more of
us filming notebooks, with 

6071
05:28:29,800 --> 05:28:32,900
Nuance. 
Drawing of Hearts muscles, the 

6072
05:28:32,900 --> 05:28:36,600
bronchial system, observing that
heart, valves directed blood 

6073
05:28:36,600 --> 05:28:38,800
flow. 
He speculated about circulation 

6074
05:28:38,800 --> 05:28:42,800
decades, before William Harvey's
formal discovery, He studied the

6075
05:28:42,800 --> 05:28:46,300
victory of humor in an ox's. 
I investigating how images 

6076
05:28:46,300 --> 05:28:49,900
formed While the Catholic church
mostly tolerated such 

6077
05:28:49,900 --> 05:28:52,000
dissections for medical 
progress. 

6078
05:28:52,700 --> 05:28:56,500
Certain clergy frowned on it. 
So Leonardo often performed them

6079
05:28:56,500 --> 05:28:59,700
discreetly or at night had he 
published these findings. 

6080
05:28:59,700 --> 05:29:03,300
He might have revolutionized 
medicine, centuries earlier, but

6081
05:29:03,300 --> 05:29:06,700
perfectionism and continuous 
revision meant his data State 

6082
05:29:06,700 --> 05:29:10,700
personal locked in cramped 
notebooks, and pinned in a Mira 

6083
05:29:10,700 --> 05:29:14,100
script in parallel. 
Leonardo authored treatises on 

6084
05:29:14,100 --> 05:29:17,100
flight fascinated by birds Wing 
structures. 

6085
05:29:17,100 --> 05:29:20,300
He dissected Wings to decode the
interplay of feathers. 

6086
05:29:20,300 --> 05:29:24,000
He built mechanical prototypes 
ornithopters aiming to replicate

6087
05:29:24,000 --> 05:29:27,000
flapping flight though, never 
tested on a large scale. 

6088
05:29:27,000 --> 05:29:30,000
These Contraptions preceded 
modern Aviation Concepts. 

6089
05:29:30,000 --> 05:29:33,200
He recognized that pure flapping
wouldn't suffice for human 

6090
05:29:33,200 --> 05:29:35,600
flight. 
He studied gliding surfaces 

6091
05:29:35,600 --> 05:29:39,300
suspecting the air currents 
could keep acrossed Aloft yet 

6092
05:29:39,300 --> 05:29:42,400
the technology of the era no 
engine's or suitable materials 

6093
05:29:42,400 --> 05:29:47,400
curb these ambitions Even so the
sketches reveal an acute 

6094
05:29:47,400 --> 05:29:52,300
understanding of aerodynamics. 
Around 1510 Leonardo's Patron, 

6095
05:29:52,300 --> 05:29:55,700
Charles dunbar's died prompting.
Another shift in Milan's, 

6096
05:29:55,700 --> 05:29:58,500
political Circle, Still the 
French King Louis. 

6097
05:29:58,500 --> 05:30:00,100
The 12th value. 
Enado. 

6098
05:30:01,300 --> 05:30:04,300
Another momentous figure 
emerged, the newly ascended. 

6099
05:30:04,300 --> 05:30:07,100
Giuliano de Medici, brother of 
Pope Leo. 

6100
05:30:07,100 --> 05:30:10,800
The 10th invited Leonardo to 
return to the Florentine orbit, 

6101
05:30:10,800 --> 05:30:14,400
or possibly move to Rome where 
the papacy was fueling Grand 

6102
05:30:14,400 --> 05:30:17,200
building projects. 
Leonardo. 

6103
05:30:17,200 --> 05:30:21,300
Now in his late 50s, weighed 
these overtures carefully, The 

6104
05:30:21,300 --> 05:30:24,200
Lure of Rome's architectural 
expansions and advanced 

6105
05:30:24,200 --> 05:30:27,900
scientific resources, might 
prove irresistible eventually 

6106
05:30:27,900 --> 05:30:32,900
around. 1513 Leonardo departed 
Milan, for Rome with an 

6107
05:30:32,900 --> 05:30:37,000
Entourage, that included melty 
and some assistance in Rome and 

6108
05:30:37,000 --> 05:30:40,200
a Pope Leo, the 10th, the 
artistic scenes, sword, 

6109
05:30:40,200 --> 05:30:43,100
Michelangelo and Raphael, 
dominated the city's 

6110
05:30:43,100 --> 05:30:46,000
commission's. 
Sistine Chapel expansion's Grand

6111
05:30:46,000 --> 05:30:49,800
papal, Apartments, Leonardo 
expected a role in May Dr. 

6112
05:30:49,800 --> 05:30:52,900
Architectural or hydraulic 
projects instead he found 

6113
05:30:52,900 --> 05:30:56,900
himself overshadowed by Young. 
Arrivals Michelangelo known for 

6114
05:30:56,900 --> 05:30:59,600
Moody brilliant's had little 
patience for Leonardo's 

6115
05:30:59,600 --> 05:31:03,600
diversion while Raphael's rising
star in the papal Court. 

6116
05:31:04,400 --> 05:31:06,200
Leonardo was offered small 
tasks. 

6117
05:31:06,200 --> 05:31:10,000
For instance, the pope asked him
to devise mechanical amusements,

6118
05:31:10,000 --> 05:31:13,500
or stage designs, but no major 
papal commission emerged, 

6119
05:31:13,500 --> 05:31:17,300
despite the frustration, 
Leonardo utilized Rome's, 

6120
05:31:17,300 --> 05:31:21,500
library's continuing anatomical 
dissections, he took advantage 

6121
05:31:21,500 --> 05:31:23,500
of more cadava Supply from local
hospitals. 

6122
05:31:25,100 --> 05:31:27,700
Some rumors suggest friction 
with the Vatican curia. 

6123
05:31:28,800 --> 05:31:30,800
Schlee. 
After a cardinal, supposedly saw

6124
05:31:30,800 --> 05:31:32,600
dismembered bodies in Leonardo's
quarters. 

6125
05:31:32,600 --> 05:31:37,000
The environment felt stifling He
wrote letters, implying that the

6126
05:31:37,000 --> 05:31:40,000
papal, Circle, favored, 
spectacle over more profound 

6127
05:31:40,000 --> 05:31:42,300
research. 
With insufficient official 

6128
05:31:42,300 --> 05:31:45,500
support for his large-scale 
experiments, Leonardo grew 

6129
05:31:45,500 --> 05:31:48,000
Restless again. 
Yet, he found fleeting 

6130
05:31:48,000 --> 05:31:51,200
satisfaction exploring the 
Belvedere, Gardens measuring 

6131
05:31:51,200 --> 05:31:52,900
ruins of ancient Roman 
structures. 

6132
05:31:52,900 --> 05:31:56,900
He studied geometry with 
Scholars, exchanging ideas about

6133
05:31:56,900 --> 05:32:00,700
perspective and the ptolemaic 
universe Perhaps a quieter dream

6134
05:32:00,700 --> 05:32:02,900
to unify art and Mathematics 
kept him going. 

6135
05:32:03,800 --> 05:32:06,600
Still the Unstoppable politics 
of Italy soon. 

6136
05:32:06,600 --> 05:32:10,700
Overshadowed, local tasks. 
Shifting alliance's in 1516 

6137
05:32:10,700 --> 05:32:12,400
catapulted France into 
dominance. 

6138
05:32:12,400 --> 05:32:17,400
Once more France is the first 
became king, Italy, hungrily for

6139
05:32:17,400 --> 05:32:20,200
Leonardo. 
The swirling Intrigue spelled an

6140
05:32:20,200 --> 05:32:23,500
opportunity to Pivot yet. 
Again, the next invitation from 

6141
05:32:23,500 --> 05:32:25,100
the French Crown would Beckham 
cross. 

6142
05:32:25,100 --> 05:32:27,600
The Alps for what would become 
the final chapter of his life 

6143
05:32:27,600 --> 05:32:31,400
from remarkable Journey. 
In 1516, King Francis. 

6144
05:32:31,400 --> 05:32:35,100
The first of France, a young 
monk in by Art and Technology. 

6145
05:32:35,800 --> 05:32:38,300
Extended an invitation to 
Leonardo da Vinci. 

6146
05:32:38,900 --> 05:32:41,600
Tired of Roman politics and 
seeing limited scope for big 

6147
05:32:41,600 --> 05:32:45,400
projects there, Leonardo 
accepted, he traveled, north 

6148
05:32:45,400 --> 05:32:48,700
crossing, the Alps at an 
advanced age, bearing, precious 

6149
05:32:48,700 --> 05:32:52,200
paintings and volumes of notes 
among them, the Mona, Lisa and 

6150
05:32:52,200 --> 05:32:56,000
likely Saint, John, the Baptist.
Francis offered him the manor 

6151
05:32:56,000 --> 05:32:58,100
house of Khloe near the Royal 
Chateau. 

6152
05:32:58,100 --> 05:33:01,500
Dom was in the Loire Valley. 
This Arrangement put Leonardo 

6153
05:33:01,500 --> 05:33:05,500
under Royal patronage granting 
him comfort and a platform for 

6154
05:33:05,500 --> 05:33:08,900
his creative urges. 
A closet Leonardo enjoyed 

6155
05:33:08,900 --> 05:33:12,500
relative calm gone with a fierce
rivalries of Florence and the 

6156
05:33:12,500 --> 05:33:15,400
ephemeral commission's of Milan.
Francis. 

6157
05:33:15,400 --> 05:33:19,400
The first often, strolled over 
discussing fortifications Canal 

6158
05:33:19,400 --> 05:33:21,900
systems or mechanical 
contraptions. 

6159
05:33:22,700 --> 05:33:24,700
The king revered. 
Leonardo is a living legend. 

6160
05:33:24,700 --> 05:33:28,400
A reservoir of Renaissance 
brilliant's the old man 

6161
05:33:28,400 --> 05:33:32,200
reciprocated with sketches of 
improved Weaponry or designs for

6162
05:33:32,200 --> 05:33:35,200
a Grand Palace. 
However, age and ill health, 

6163
05:33:35,200 --> 05:33:38,800
limited the impetus for new 
large-scale Ventures. some 

6164
05:33:38,800 --> 05:33:41,400
accounts claim Leonardo tried to
outline an ideal city for 

6165
05:33:41,400 --> 05:33:44,500
France's merging symmetrical 
layouts with a fishing 

6166
05:33:44,500 --> 05:33:48,500
waterways, but no direct 
implementation followed Omit. 

6167
05:33:48,500 --> 05:33:52,300
This peaceful setting Leonardo's
health issues worsened. 

6168
05:33:52,300 --> 05:33:56,000
He wrote fewer lines in his 
notebooks and his once dexterous

6169
05:33:56,000 --> 05:33:58,800
hand might have trembled from 
possible Strokes or nerve 

6170
05:33:58,800 --> 05:34:00,500
troubles. 
Yet his mind remained 

6171
05:34:00,500 --> 05:34:03,500
inquisitive, he refined old 
anatomical, drawings 

6172
05:34:03,500 --> 05:34:06,100
re-examining them. 
In the quiet orchard near his 

6173
05:34:06,100 --> 05:34:09,200
manner. 
Melty, ever faithful organized. 

6174
05:34:09,200 --> 05:34:12,400
The piles of manuscripts and 
showing references to Geometry, 

6175
05:34:12,400 --> 05:34:16,900
geology Optics, and Anatomy 
didn't vanish into chaos, the 

6176
05:34:16,900 --> 05:34:19,600
older assistance Elie, who had 
begun as a teenage model with a 

6177
05:34:19,608 --> 05:34:22,700
mischievous streak. 
Also lift there though rumored 

6178
05:34:22,700 --> 05:34:25,100
tensions occasionally fled 
between him and melty. 

6179
05:34:25,100 --> 05:34:28,900
A highlight of this period was 
visits by French courtiers who 

6180
05:34:28,900 --> 05:34:32,200
marveled at the Mona Lisa. 
They admired her half smile 

6181
05:34:32,200 --> 05:34:35,300
rumored to be a representation 
of intangible Grace. 

6182
05:34:36,400 --> 05:34:38,900
Francis, the first himself is 
said to have purchased the 

6183
05:34:38,900 --> 05:34:42,700
painting directly from Leonardo 
or inherited it after the artist

6184
05:34:42,700 --> 05:34:46,600
death, eventually placing it in 
Fontainebleau, then it traveled 

6185
05:34:46,600 --> 05:34:49,400
to the Louvre later. 
Another puzzle. 

6186
05:34:50,000 --> 05:34:52,700
Saint John. 
The Baptist a moody half-lit 

6187
05:34:52,700 --> 05:34:56,300
figure pointing heavenwood all. 
So accompany him to France. 

6188
05:34:56,300 --> 05:35:00,400
It swirling hair and ambiguous 
expression, invited speculation.

6189
05:35:00,400 --> 05:35:02,900
That it was a deeply personal 
reflection on spiritual 

6190
05:35:02,900 --> 05:35:07,200
transformation. 
Those slowed physically Leonardo

6191
05:35:07,200 --> 05:35:09,700
sometimes, produced ephemeral 
amusements, for the court. 

6192
05:35:10,300 --> 05:35:14,000
Francis might request a 
mechanical lion that roared or a

6193
05:35:14,000 --> 05:35:16,300
winged Contraption to amuse 
guests. 

6194
05:35:17,400 --> 05:35:20,000
These ephemeral wonders were 
reminiscent of his younger days 

6195
05:35:20,000 --> 05:35:23,100
planning festivals for the 
Milanese Dukes in letters. 

6196
05:35:23,100 --> 05:35:25,200
Watchers described him as 
gracious. 

6197
05:35:25,200 --> 05:35:28,700
But occasionally melancholic 
lamenting the ephemeral nature 

6198
05:35:28,700 --> 05:35:31,900
of grand projects. 
He never completed. the once 

6199
05:35:31,900 --> 05:35:34,800
Unstoppable polymath was 
contending with the reality that

6200
05:35:34,800 --> 05:35:38,400
time was finite, he also penned 
Reflections on theology, 

6201
05:35:38,400 --> 05:35:41,700
bridging Catholic Doctrine with 
his own scientific viewpoint. 

6202
05:35:42,500 --> 05:35:45,500
While devout in belief, he had 
long championed rational 

6203
05:35:45,500 --> 05:35:48,000
inquiry. 
Sometimes rattling clergy with 

6204
05:35:48,000 --> 05:35:50,400
statements about Earth's 
position or the universal laws 

6205
05:35:50,400 --> 05:35:53,800
of nature in France. 
The monarchy had a slightly more

6206
05:35:53,800 --> 05:35:56,100
flexible attitude toward 
intellectual exploration. 

6207
05:35:57,100 --> 05:36:00,100
So long as loyalties to church, 
Dogma wasn't overtly challenged.

6208
05:36:00,100 --> 05:36:04,000
This gave Leonardo space to 
fuse, spiritual musics with 

6209
05:36:04,000 --> 05:36:08,000
scientific Wonder, A few cryptic
lines in his notebooks hint that

6210
05:36:08,000 --> 05:36:09,900
he believed the study of anatomy
and nature. 

6211
05:36:09,900 --> 05:36:14,500
Only deepened, reverence for a 
Divine creator Social the small 

6212
05:36:14,500 --> 05:36:17,200
circle at clone was cozy 
Francis. 

6213
05:36:17,200 --> 05:36:20,900
The first occasionally dined 
with Leonardo absorbing Tall, 

6214
05:36:20,900 --> 05:36:22,800
Tales From Italy's golden 
cities. 

6215
05:36:23,700 --> 05:36:26,000
Melty recorded these dialogues 
though. 

6216
05:36:26,000 --> 05:36:29,900
Few transcripts remain while 
rumors circulated about 

6217
05:36:29,900 --> 05:36:32,900
Leonardo's final. 
Unseen manuscripts, some 

6218
05:36:32,900 --> 05:36:35,300
believed he was petting a 
definitive Treatise on flight or

6219
05:36:35,300 --> 05:36:39,000
universal theory of water. 
Currents in truth, he likely 

6220
05:36:39,000 --> 05:36:41,800
polished segments of older notes
rather than forging a single 

6221
05:36:41,800 --> 05:36:45,700
cohesive magnum opus The 
scattered nature of his archive.

6222
05:36:45,700 --> 05:36:47,600
Meant the future. 
Would discover his Brilliance 

6223
05:36:47,600 --> 05:36:52,800
piecemeal during the winter of 
1518 to the 1519 Leonardo's 

6224
05:36:52,800 --> 05:36:56,300
conditioned, deteriorated, 
Chronic arm pains possibly from 

6225
05:36:56,300 --> 05:36:59,000
a stroke, forced him to rely 
heavily on melt for every day 

6226
05:36:59,000 --> 05:37:02,000
tasks. 
Francis hearing of the decline 

6227
05:37:02,000 --> 05:37:05,900
visited more often hoping for 
final insights from the Master 

6228
05:37:05,900 --> 05:37:09,700
Legend, has it that the King was
at Leonardo's side as he passed 

6229
05:37:09,700 --> 05:37:14,300
on May, the second 15 while 
romanticized accounts to pick 

6230
05:37:14,300 --> 05:37:18,000
Leonardo die in France's arms, 
the historical veracity is 

6231
05:37:18,000 --> 05:37:20,800
uncertain. 
Still the bond between them was 

6232
05:37:20,800 --> 05:37:24,700
genuine, a deep mutual respect, 
between an aging Renaissance, 

6233
05:37:24,700 --> 05:37:27,900
Titan and a monarch hungry for 
cultural ascendancy. 

6234
05:37:27,900 --> 05:37:31,700
Thus ended, Leonardo's mortal 
Journey far from the Tuscan 

6235
05:37:31,700 --> 05:37:34,900
Hills of his birth in a French 
Manor, brightened by orchard 

6236
05:37:34,900 --> 05:37:39,100
blooms, This final French 
chapter was quieter reflective 

6237
05:37:39,100 --> 05:37:43,300
yet, still brimming with Sparks 
of creativity from building a 

6238
05:37:43,300 --> 05:37:46,000
femoral mechanical Lions to 
preserving the greatest 

6239
05:37:46,000 --> 05:37:49,100
paintings. 
Humankind had known Leonardo's 

6240
05:37:49,100 --> 05:37:52,900
culminating years embodied, a 
spirit that refused to go dim. 

6241
05:37:52,900 --> 05:37:56,400
He might not have erected a 
final Monument but he left 

6242
05:37:56,408 --> 05:38:00,200
behind a personal realm of 
knowledge, bridging art science 

6243
05:38:00,200 --> 05:38:04,200
and Imagination, a legacy that 
would endure for centuries to 

6244
05:38:04,200 --> 05:38:08,800
come In the immediate aftermath 
of Leonardo da Vinci dying, the 

6245
05:38:08,800 --> 05:38:11,900
question arose, what would 
become of his manuscripts and 

6246
05:38:11,908 --> 05:38:14,600
personal effects? 
According to some accounts 

6247
05:38:14,600 --> 05:38:19,200
Francesco melts, I emerged as 
the designated are entrusted 

6248
05:38:19,200 --> 05:38:22,200
with safeguarding the thousands 
of pages brimming with sketches 

6249
05:38:22,200 --> 05:38:27,500
notes and drafts Sally, an 
earlier, companion, received 

6250
05:38:27,500 --> 05:38:31,100
certain paintings and minor 
possessions yet the sheer volume

6251
05:38:31,100 --> 05:38:35,000
of Leonardo's papers posed, a 
challenge melts, dedicated years

6252
05:38:35,000 --> 05:38:38,200
trying to organize them hoping 
to publish coherent treatises, 

6253
05:38:38,200 --> 05:38:41,000
but the scale was daunting over 
time. 

6254
05:38:41,000 --> 05:38:44,500
Bits of the collection were 
dispersed soul'd or gifted by 

6255
05:38:44,500 --> 05:38:48,200
Mel's airs across Europe. 
This fracturing explains why 

6256
05:38:48,200 --> 05:38:52,100
Leonardo's notebooks, eventually
surfaced in places from Spain's 

6257
05:38:52,100 --> 05:38:54,700
Royal libraries to British 
aristocratic collections. 

6258
05:38:54,700 --> 05:38:57,500
Each chunk unveiled in a regular
intervals. 

6259
05:38:57,500 --> 05:39:01,100
Europe of the 16th century 
recognized Leonardo's artistic, 

6260
05:39:01,100 --> 05:39:05,200
Brilliance, the Last Supper. 
In Milan though, deteriorating 

6261
05:39:05,200 --> 05:39:08,500
due to his experimental Fresco 
approach was already hailed as 

6262
05:39:08,508 --> 05:39:12,100
an emotional Masterpiece, the 
Mona Lisa now in French Royal 

6263
05:39:12,100 --> 05:39:15,000
possession, attracted courtly 
admiration for her haunting 

6264
05:39:15,000 --> 05:39:17,800
expression. 
Yet the fullest scope of his 

6265
05:39:17,800 --> 05:39:21,000
genius. 
Engineering drawings, anatomical

6266
05:39:21,000 --> 05:39:25,400
plates or treatises on Geometry.
Remained largely hidden the slow

6267
05:39:25,400 --> 05:39:28,100
trickle of discovered, 
manuscripts fuel centuries of 

6268
05:39:28,100 --> 05:39:31,600
fascination. 
In the 17th century, a few 

6269
05:39:31,608 --> 05:39:35,600
scientists glimpsed, certain 
sketches marveling at advanced 

6270
05:39:35,600 --> 05:39:38,900
concepts of gear systems or 
diving apparatus, but it wasn't 

6271
05:39:38,900 --> 05:39:41,400
until the 19th century. 
That broader scholarships 

6272
05:39:41,400 --> 05:39:44,800
systematically studied his 
codices unveiling a mind. 

6273
05:39:44,800 --> 05:39:48,700
Centuries ahead of his era. 
Leonardo's immediate Legacy in 

6274
05:39:48,708 --> 05:39:51,600
art was clearer. 
His painting style influenced 

6275
05:39:51,600 --> 05:39:54,900
degeneration of mannerists, who 
admired his Smoky transitions 

6276
05:39:54,900 --> 05:39:59,200
for matter and Atmospheric debt.
Milanese artists though 

6277
05:39:59,200 --> 05:40:02,400
overshadowed by the city's 
shifting political fortunes, 

6278
05:40:02,400 --> 05:40:06,100
carried forward, elements of his
approach in Florence. 

6279
05:40:06,100 --> 05:40:09,900
Students, who had glimpsed the 
aborted Battle of anghiari mural

6280
05:40:09,900 --> 05:40:13,500
adapted some compositional 
ideas, but the direct lineage 

6281
05:40:13,500 --> 05:40:16,600
was complicated. 
Leonardo left, no formal 

6282
05:40:16,600 --> 05:40:19,100
Academy. 
He taught a few pupils of 

6283
05:40:19,100 --> 05:40:22,100
Thoroughly except for melty and 
a handful of others. 

6284
05:40:22,100 --> 05:40:26,200
The intangible Aura of Leonard 
desk painting permit to the late

6285
05:40:26,200 --> 05:40:29,800
Renaissance with its softness of
edges and subtle into play of 

6286
05:40:29,800 --> 05:40:31,300
light. 
Over the next. 

6287
05:40:31,300 --> 05:40:34,000
Centuries has Barack flamboyance
Rose. 

6288
05:40:34,000 --> 05:40:38,300
Certain of Leonardo's Works fell
out of style others, recognized 

6289
05:40:38,300 --> 05:40:41,300
them as Timeless. 
The last supper, for example, 

6290
05:40:41,300 --> 05:40:45,000
underwent multiple Restorations 
each attempt off an introducing 

6291
05:40:45,000 --> 05:40:47,900
fresh problems, leading to 
controversies about how much of 

6292
05:40:47,900 --> 05:40:52,000
Leonardo's original brush stroke
survived, meanwhile in the 19th 

6293
05:40:52,000 --> 05:40:54,400
century, romantic and Victorian 
Scholars. 

6294
05:40:54,400 --> 05:40:57,600
Resurrected, The Cult of the 
Renaissance genius, the Leonardo

6295
05:40:57,600 --> 05:40:59,800
emerged as a symbol of the 
solitary Visionary. 

6296
05:40:59,800 --> 05:41:04,000
An introspective figure bridging
reason and art Writers Like 

6297
05:41:04,000 --> 05:41:07,100
Walter, Payton wrap, Sonic 
essays on the Mona Lisa, 

6298
05:41:07,100 --> 05:41:11,000
describing her as an enigma 
embodying centuries of emotion. 

6299
05:41:11,700 --> 05:41:14,700
Such a fusions etched, the 
paintings Fame, deep into 

6300
05:41:14,700 --> 05:41:17,900
Western cultural consciousness. 
Only in the modern age. 

6301
05:41:17,900 --> 05:41:21,100
Did the scale of Leonardo's 
scientific Legacy become widely 

6302
05:41:21,100 --> 05:41:24,800
recognized as more codices were 
catalogued like the Codex 

6303
05:41:24,800 --> 05:41:28,300
atlanticus or the Codex Arundel 
historians realized that he had 

6304
05:41:28,300 --> 05:41:32,200
conceptualized flying machines, 
armored vehicles and tension 

6305
05:41:32,200 --> 05:41:36,100
based Mechanical Devices he'd 
studied wave patterns sketched, 

6306
05:41:36,100 --> 05:41:39,400
gear differentials and dissected
the human body with an 

6307
05:41:39,400 --> 05:41:43,000
exactitude unmatched for 
centuries art historians Marvel,

6308
05:41:43,000 --> 05:41:45,700
that how the same man, who 
painted the lady with an ermine.

6309
05:41:45,700 --> 05:41:48,200
Had also measured the 
mathematical proportions of 

6310
05:41:48,200 --> 05:41:52,000
reflection angles, the Synergy 
of Aesthetics and logic rendered

6311
05:41:52,000 --> 05:41:53,400
him. 
The archetype of the Renaissance

6312
05:41:53,400 --> 05:41:57,500
Man, modern Architects gleaned 
from his City Concepts, while 

6313
05:41:57,500 --> 05:42:00,800
robotic Engineers found Prelude 
to Modern mechanical linkages in

6314
05:42:00,800 --> 05:42:05,100
his swirling diagrams. for a 
Time, many described Leonardo 

6315
05:42:05,100 --> 05:42:08,400
was a man out of time, but 
recent scholarship refines that 

6316
05:42:08,400 --> 05:42:12,500
narrative he was indeed 
extraordinary but also a product

6317
05:42:12,500 --> 05:42:16,200
of a vibrant milieu Italian 
city-states teamed with 

6318
05:42:16,200 --> 05:42:19,800
cross-pollination from Greek, 
Roman, and his name acknowledge 

6319
05:42:20,600 --> 05:42:23,500
Leonardo built on the 
achievements of early maths from

6320
05:42:23,500 --> 05:42:26,600
the classical treatises of our 
committees to the reintroduced 

6321
05:42:26,600 --> 05:42:30,600
works of Al Hazen on Optics. 
Recognizing that Synergy, 

6322
05:42:30,600 --> 05:42:33,500
doesn't lessen his Brilliance, 
it situates him in the network 

6323
05:42:33,500 --> 05:42:37,000
that made such leaps feasible. 
Meanwhile, the Mystique around, 

6324
05:42:37,000 --> 05:42:39,300
Leonardo occasionally 
overshadowed more grounded, 

6325
05:42:39,300 --> 05:42:43,100
truths, Tales of him, finishing 
Commissions in a single burst or

6326
05:42:43,100 --> 05:42:45,400
Conjuring Bazaar. 
Contraptions for stage. 

6327
05:42:45,400 --> 05:42:47,500
Illusions, we came embroidered 
over time. 

6328
05:42:47,500 --> 05:42:51,800
The reality was that he left 
many tasks in complete struggled

6329
05:42:51,800 --> 05:42:55,100
with perfectionism and juggled 
ephemeral Court demands. 

6330
05:42:55,100 --> 05:42:58,600
This tension between the 
Unstoppable imagination and the 

6331
05:42:58,600 --> 05:43:02,500
Practical burden of day-to-day 
labor, infuses his story with a 

6332
05:43:02,500 --> 05:43:05,000
human dimension. 
He wasn't some of loose 

6333
05:43:05,000 --> 05:43:07,900
superhuman but an individual 
forging through the same 

6334
05:43:07,900 --> 05:43:11,500
complexities and distractions, 
we all face it with an 

6335
05:43:11,500 --> 05:43:15,800
incandescent spark few could 
rival. thus centuries after his 

6336
05:43:15,800 --> 05:43:19,300
passing Leonardo's name, 
resonates as the embodiment of 

6337
05:43:19,300 --> 05:43:23,200
creative ambition, whether in 
art galleries, engineering Labs 

6338
05:43:23,200 --> 05:43:26,800
or philosophical debates 
references to his Fusion of the 

6339
05:43:26,800 --> 05:43:31,300
imagination and observation 
about People see in him, the 

6340
05:43:31,300 --> 05:43:35,900
ideal of curiosity, Unshackled 
Bridging the intangible Rifts 

6341
05:43:35,900 --> 05:43:39,800
between Arts science. 
Beauty, and data that intangible

6342
05:43:39,800 --> 05:43:44,200
Legacy more than any single 
painting or device might stand 

6343
05:43:44,200 --> 05:43:45,900
as the core reason. 
We Revere him. 

6344
05:43:46,700 --> 05:43:49,700
He left behind not just objects 
but a testament that the Quest 

6345
05:43:49,700 --> 05:43:53,200
for knowledge and Mastery can in
the right hands rewrite, the 

6346
05:43:53,200 --> 05:43:57,600
boundaries of possibility in 
contemporary times, Leonardo's 

6347
05:43:57,600 --> 05:43:59,200
Legacy. 
Permeates cultural and 

6348
05:43:59,200 --> 05:44:02,700
scientific discourse in ways, 
both lofty and mundane the Mona.

6349
05:44:02,700 --> 05:44:06,100
Lisa has become a pop icon 
reproduced endlessly, on posters

6350
05:44:06,100 --> 05:44:08,900
and Novelty items. 
It's Rye smile, fueling 

6351
05:44:08,900 --> 05:44:12,500
conspiracy theories about hidden
identities or coded messages. 

6352
05:44:13,700 --> 05:44:17,500
Meanwhile, the Last Supper 
continues to Captivate pilgrims 

6353
05:44:17,500 --> 05:44:20,100
and tourists. 
In Milan though, Advanced ticket

6354
05:44:20,100 --> 05:44:22,900
reservations are required to see
the heavily conserved mural. 

6355
05:44:23,600 --> 05:44:26,500
Documentary is dissect. 
Each brushstroke offering 

6356
05:44:26,500 --> 05:44:29,400
competing theories about cryptic
symbolism in the arrangement of 

6357
05:44:29,400 --> 05:44:32,600
bread loaves or Apostolic 
gestures Beyond these famous 

6358
05:44:32,600 --> 05:44:36,300
works Leonardo's name adorns 
everything from children's 

6359
05:44:36,300 --> 05:44:40,400
educational kits about invention
to NASA references to lunar 

6360
05:44:40,400 --> 05:44:44,000
craters named in his honor Of 
innovators, sometimes him as a 

6361
05:44:44,008 --> 05:44:46,700
paragon of design, thinking, 
bridging Aesthetics and 

6362
05:44:46,700 --> 05:44:49,800
function. 
The phrase Leonardo like mine's 

6363
05:44:49,800 --> 05:44:51,700
denote someone Unbound by single
domain. 

6364
05:44:52,500 --> 05:44:56,200
Museum stage Blockbuster, 
exhibitions assembling scattered

6365
05:44:56,200 --> 05:45:00,400
folios of his Cody's Under One 
Roof visitors queue for hours to

6366
05:45:00,400 --> 05:45:04,000
Glimpse the delicate sketches of
a fetus in utero or a swirling 

6367
05:45:04,000 --> 05:45:05,600
aerial. 
Screw in. 

6368
05:45:05,600 --> 05:45:08,300
Such Gatherings, viewers 
witnessed, the raw lines of a 

6369
05:45:08,300 --> 05:45:11,100
man who wrestled with Nature's 
secrets on scraps of paper 

6370
05:45:11,100 --> 05:45:13,500
unknowing. 
They'd be revered centuries 

6371
05:45:13,500 --> 05:45:17,000
later. 
Yet the question arises, what 

6372
05:45:17,000 --> 05:45:19,700
would Leonardo have done with 
modern resources? 

6373
05:45:20,600 --> 05:45:23,900
some imagine him thriving in an 
era of 3D printers and digital 

6374
05:45:23,900 --> 05:45:28,000
imaging or leading biotech 
startups, others caution that 

6375
05:45:28,000 --> 05:45:31,100
the intangible Synergy of 
Renaissance, Italy, a World open

6376
05:45:31,100 --> 05:45:36,100
to invention but also Bound by 
Craft Traditions shaped him A 

6377
05:45:36,100 --> 05:45:39,400
modern environment might hamper 
that slow observational 

6378
05:45:39,400 --> 05:45:42,300
approach. 
Thrived in a realm where forging

6379
05:45:42,300 --> 05:45:43,900
your pigments and dissecting 
cadavers. 

6380
05:45:43,900 --> 05:45:46,800
And candlelit Corners built a 
holistic sense of wonder. 

6381
05:45:47,600 --> 05:45:49,700
Today's rapid data flow might 
overshadow. 

6382
05:45:49,700 --> 05:45:52,600
The meticulous wonder that fuel 
his slow revelation. 

6383
05:45:53,500 --> 05:45:55,400
Scholars. 
Continue analyzing Leonardo's 

6384
05:45:55,400 --> 05:45:57,600
notebooks for overlooked 
insights on. 

6385
05:45:57,600 --> 05:45:59,600
What might find in newly 
deciphered margin note, 

6386
05:45:59,600 --> 05:46:02,300
revealing, how he planed water 
lifting devices for Farmland 

6387
05:46:02,300 --> 05:46:05,300
irrigation. 
Another might unearth a fragment

6388
05:46:05,300 --> 05:46:08,500
referencing a missing treaties 
on mirror, making each fresh 

6389
05:46:08,500 --> 05:46:11,200
Revelation. 
Underscores how incomplete our 

6390
05:46:11,200 --> 05:46:13,400
knowledge remains? 
Because his notebooks were so 

6391
05:46:13,400 --> 05:46:16,300
scattered lines, vanish and 
private collections. 

6392
05:46:16,300 --> 05:46:19,500
Sometimes re-emerging at auction
houses with a million dollar, 

6393
05:46:19,500 --> 05:46:23,000
price tags, Bill Gates, 
famously, purchased the Codex, 

6394
05:46:23,000 --> 05:46:27,200
lesser in 1994 digitizing Pages,
for public curiosity. 

6395
05:46:28,300 --> 05:46:30,700
This interplay of private 
ownership and public thirst. 

6396
05:46:30,700 --> 05:46:34,000
For knowledge, epitomizes 
Leonardo's enduring Mystique. 

6397
05:46:34,700 --> 05:46:38,000
One-dimension of modern interest
focuses on Leonardo's, personal 

6398
05:46:38,000 --> 05:46:40,800
life. 
The few references to Intimate 

6399
05:46:40,800 --> 05:46:43,100
Relationships or sexuality 
remain ambiguous. 

6400
05:46:43,900 --> 05:46:47,000
Some interpret, his heavy focus 
on male assistance as indicative

6401
05:46:47,000 --> 05:46:49,400
of hidden personal aspects 
others. 

6402
05:46:49,400 --> 05:46:51,800
See, no direct evidence of 
romance in his notes. 

6403
05:46:51,800 --> 05:46:55,600
He rarely wrote about personal 
feelings, preferring coded, 

6404
05:46:55,600 --> 05:46:57,400
references, or allegorical 
musings. 

6405
05:46:58,100 --> 05:47:01,000
The aura of secrecy around his 
private life parallels, the 

6406
05:47:01,000 --> 05:47:04,000
guarded manner in which he 
protected his scientific methods

6407
05:47:04,000 --> 05:47:08,400
fueling endless speculation at 
the same time the notion of the 

6408
05:47:08,400 --> 05:47:11,900
incomplete genius, resonates 
with modern anxieties about 

6409
05:47:11,900 --> 05:47:14,800
productivity. 
Leonardo's many half finished 

6410
05:47:14,800 --> 05:47:17,000
paintings, and ephemeral designs
illustrate. 

6411
05:47:17,000 --> 05:47:20,300
The challenge of reconciling 
curiosity with the finality of 

6412
05:47:20,300 --> 05:47:24,100
deadlines in an age, obsessed 
with completion and output 

6413
05:47:24,100 --> 05:47:26,400
history's. 
Hints that the path of 

6414
05:47:26,400 --> 05:47:30,500
exploration, though, Meandering 
Can yield intangible but 

6415
05:47:30,500 --> 05:47:34,400
profound insights that he never 
published his anatomical volumes

6416
05:47:34,400 --> 05:47:38,100
didn't negate their Brilliance, 
their positions influence shaped

6417
05:47:38,100 --> 05:47:40,400
fields from architecture to 
fluid dynamics. 

6418
05:47:40,400 --> 05:47:44,400
Many contemporary creatives draw
solace in Leonardo's example, 

6419
05:47:44,400 --> 05:47:48,200
creation can be iterative 
perpetually and flux and still 

6420
05:47:48,200 --> 05:47:52,100
crucial to progress. 
Even so some critics note, that 

6421
05:47:52,100 --> 05:47:54,300
praising Leonardo can 
overshadow, other Renaissance 

6422
05:47:54,300 --> 05:47:58,100
figures like Filippo 
Brunelleschi who concretely, the

6423
05:47:58,100 --> 05:48:02,000
Florence Dome or Luca pacioli 
whose mathematics influence him.

6424
05:48:02,900 --> 05:48:05,800
They argue that the Leonardo 
Legend occasionally 

6425
05:48:05,800 --> 05:48:09,400
romanticizes, an Irish Synergy, 
while that Synergy was real. 

6426
05:48:09,400 --> 05:48:12,900
Credit goes to many. 
Leonardo's singular star 

6427
05:48:12,900 --> 05:48:15,200
shouldn't blind us to the 
collective Genius of the period 

6428
05:48:15,200 --> 05:48:18,300
but precisely because he 
integrated so many fields. 

6429
05:48:18,300 --> 05:48:21,300
Art science, engineering and 
Anatomy. 

6430
05:48:21,300 --> 05:48:25,000
He became an enduring symbol for
the entire Renaissance moment. 

6431
05:48:25,000 --> 05:48:28,500
Capturing the further of 
bridging knowledge, domains. 

6432
05:48:28,500 --> 05:48:33,800
Hence, in the 21st century, 
Leonardo da Vinci remains less a

6433
05:48:33,800 --> 05:48:37,100
static historical figure than a 
living metaphor for potential. 

6434
05:48:37,100 --> 05:48:41,200
Each generation reinterprets him
plugging his name into the 

6435
05:48:41,208 --> 05:48:46,000
contexts as varied as Steam, 
education, cultural diplomacy or

6436
05:48:46,000 --> 05:48:48,800
brand marketing. 
The friction between the legend 

6437
05:48:48,800 --> 05:48:51,100
and the historical details keeps
him relevant. 

6438
05:48:51,100 --> 05:48:54,600
People yearn for the secret of 
how a single mind could roam. 

6439
05:48:54,600 --> 05:48:58,900
So broadly producing both 
Timeless artistic wonders and 

6440
05:48:58,900 --> 05:49:01,600
notebooks brimming with half 
realized Marvels. 

6441
05:49:02,400 --> 05:49:04,900
That tension between the 
completed and the fragmentary 

6442
05:49:04,900 --> 05:49:08,600
May well be Leonardo's. 
Final gift spurring us to 

6443
05:49:08,600 --> 05:49:10,500
question. 
How far our curiosity might take

6444
05:49:10,500 --> 05:49:13,100
us if we refuse to erect 
barriers between the Arts and 

6445
05:49:13,100 --> 05:49:17,000
Sciences the story of Leonardo 
da Vinci serves as the lens on 

6446
05:49:17,000 --> 05:49:21,400
lifelong reinvention, Born in a 
modest Tuscan setting, he 

6447
05:49:21,400 --> 05:49:24,900
navigated uneven patronage 
system accepted partial 

6448
05:49:24,900 --> 05:49:28,100
successes and found resilience 
In Perpetual learning. 

6449
05:49:28,800 --> 05:49:32,600
Each City he lived in Florence. 
Millen Rome and ultimately 

6450
05:49:32,600 --> 05:49:34,900
France, offered fresh Vantage 
points. 

6451
05:49:34,900 --> 05:49:38,500
Reminding us that Mobility can 
spark renewal at any stage in 

6452
05:49:38,508 --> 05:49:41,100
life, though. 
He occasionally lamented in 

6453
05:49:41,100 --> 05:49:43,000
complete tasks. 
He pressed forward. 

6454
05:49:43,000 --> 05:49:45,100
Bridging discipline. 
After discipline. 

6455
05:49:46,600 --> 05:49:48,800
It's worth extracting lessons 
from his approach. 

6456
05:49:48,800 --> 05:49:52,400
He cultivated Town. 
An insatiable observational, 

6457
05:49:52,400 --> 05:49:54,800
habit. 
Scrutinizing, swirling water. 

6458
05:49:54,800 --> 05:49:57,100
The geometry of a flower's 
petal. 

6459
05:49:57,800 --> 05:50:01,600
While the subtle shift of a 
faces muscles, even in an era 

6460
05:50:01,600 --> 05:50:05,300
lacking cameras or modern Labs, 
he gleaned Universal patterns by

6461
05:50:05,300 --> 05:50:09,700
focusing on the details. 
As midlife adults we too can 

6462
05:50:09,700 --> 05:50:12,500
regain that sense of direct 
observation whether it's 

6463
05:50:12,500 --> 05:50:16,000
noticing minor changes in a 
friend's demeanor or analyzing 

6464
05:50:16,000 --> 05:50:19,400
complexities at work. 
Alana desk perspective 

6465
05:50:19,400 --> 05:50:22,800
encourages seeing a new not 
coasting on assumptions. 

6466
05:50:23,700 --> 05:50:27,100
Another facet resonates with 
modern times the Synergy of 

6467
05:50:27,100 --> 05:50:29,000
creative expression and 
methodical research. 

6468
05:50:29,900 --> 05:50:31,900
Leonardo was no Carefree 
Dreamer. 

6469
05:50:32,500 --> 05:50:37,300
He systematically tested ideas, 
building prototypes, dissecting 

6470
05:50:37,300 --> 05:50:41,900
bodies and refining pigments. 
He let imagination drive him but

6471
05:50:41,900 --> 05:50:44,500
insisted on verifying theories 
with experiments. 

6472
05:50:45,400 --> 05:50:49,400
For those in middle, adulthood 
managing teams, families or 

6473
05:50:49,400 --> 05:50:52,800
personal projects balancing 
Vision with practicality. 

6474
05:50:52,800 --> 05:50:57,600
As an art Leonardo's notebooks, 
bristle with micro failures, a 

6475
05:50:57,600 --> 05:51:01,100
water lifting device that jammed
a mural technique that peeled 

6476
05:51:01,100 --> 05:51:04,900
yet, each misstep taught him, 
something this iterative mindset

6477
05:51:04,900 --> 05:51:08,400
Fosters resilient and yields 
deeper expertise, moreover 

6478
05:51:08,400 --> 05:51:11,100
Leonardo story, under schools, 
the role of collaboration. 

6479
05:51:11,100 --> 05:51:15,100
He sawed highest not in 
isolation but in Synergy with 

6480
05:51:15,100 --> 05:51:19,700
Patron's mentors and assistance.
The swords are in French courts,

6481
05:51:19,700 --> 05:51:23,400
gave him resources to dream big.
Skilled Workshop, members helped

6482
05:51:23,400 --> 05:51:26,300
realize or test Concepts even 
his competition with 

6483
05:51:26,300 --> 05:51:29,300
Michelangelo and Raphael will be
at fraught with tension. 

6484
05:51:29,300 --> 05:51:33,700
Catalyzed fresh impetus in 
present life Synergy across 

6485
05:51:33,700 --> 05:51:37,000
skill sets can amplify outcomes.
We see parallels and 

6486
05:51:37,000 --> 05:51:39,800
cross-functional corporate teams
or community coalitions that 

6487
05:51:39,800 --> 05:51:42,000
blend varied talents to achieve 
breakthroughs. 

6488
05:51:42,000 --> 05:51:45,200
However, we also need to address
the negative aspect. 

6489
05:51:45,200 --> 05:51:49,700
The Eerie feeling of unrealized 
potential, many of Leonardo's 

6490
05:51:49,700 --> 05:51:52,700
Grand designs such as the 
sports, a horse or the treaters 

6491
05:51:52,700 --> 05:51:56,408
on flight remained incomplete. 
Some might interpret him as a 

6492
05:51:56,416 --> 05:51:59,500
cautionary, tale about 
perfectionism indeed he 

6493
05:51:59,500 --> 05:52:02,600
sometimes spent years layering 
glazes on a single painting or 

6494
05:52:02,600 --> 05:52:04,300
rewriting the same mechanical 
design. 

6495
05:52:05,200 --> 05:52:07,900
For busy modern adults. 
It can be a nudge to find 

6496
05:52:07,900 --> 05:52:10,500
closure. 
Not every idea demands in 

6497
05:52:10,500 --> 05:52:13,700
definite polishing, finishing 
and sharing can unlock new 

6498
05:52:13,700 --> 05:52:17,100
phases of growth. 
Still Leonardo's incomplete 

6499
05:52:17,100 --> 05:52:19,000
wanders. 
Also remind us that partial 

6500
05:52:19,000 --> 05:52:22,200
efforts can spark future 
revolution's, even if we are 

6501
05:52:22,200 --> 05:52:23,900
cells, never see the fully 
bloom. 

6502
05:52:25,100 --> 05:52:27,700
His final years in the French 
Quarter, so highlight that one 

6503
05:52:27,700 --> 05:52:31,100
can remain relevant even in 
advanced stage by building a 

6504
05:52:31,100 --> 05:52:32,500
lifelong reputation for 
innovation. 

6505
05:52:33,200 --> 05:52:35,500
He found fresh patrons who 
treasured his wisdom. 

6506
05:52:36,300 --> 05:52:39,400
He might not have executed large
Public Works then but he 

6507
05:52:39,400 --> 05:52:42,300
contributed to strategic 
discussions and shaped cultural 

6508
05:52:42,300 --> 05:52:45,300
enrichment at the French Court. 
Similarly, for those 

6509
05:52:45,300 --> 05:52:48,400
transitioning out of intense 
early career phases, there's a 

6510
05:52:48,400 --> 05:52:51,300
reminder that mentorship idea 
sharing or specializes 

6511
05:52:51,300 --> 05:52:53,400
consultancy. 
Can be equally impactful. 

6512
05:52:54,700 --> 05:52:58,100
Leonardo's Twilight wasn't about
retirement in a quiet sense, but

6513
05:52:58,100 --> 05:53:01,000
about integrating Decades of 
experience into a culminating 

6514
05:53:01,000 --> 05:53:03,900
sphere. 
Another essential angle is how 

6515
05:53:03,900 --> 05:53:07,100
Leonardo balanced religious 
sentiments with rational inquiry

6516
05:53:07,100 --> 05:53:09,700
deeply respectful of Christian 
doctrine. 

6517
05:53:10,400 --> 05:53:13,000
He never let Dogma quell. 
His questions about Nature's 

6518
05:53:13,000 --> 05:53:15,600
mechanisms, he believed to 
understanding, creation's 

6519
05:53:15,600 --> 05:53:19,600
intricacies on the Creator in an
era where faith and science 

6520
05:53:19,600 --> 05:53:22,600
sometimes clashed. 
He navigated a personal path 

6521
05:53:22,600 --> 05:53:24,200
from a modern audience 
frequently. 

6522
05:53:24,200 --> 05:53:25,900
Contending with polarized 
debates. 

6523
05:53:25,900 --> 05:53:28,100
Leonardo's Outlook offers a 
model. 

6524
05:53:28,100 --> 05:53:31,600
Rational, exploration can 
coexist with spiritual depth, 

6525
05:53:31,600 --> 05:53:34,100
each fuel in gratitude for 
existence of. 

6526
05:53:34,100 --> 05:53:38,300
Marvel's ultimately, the life of
Leonard of Vinci's stands as an 

6527
05:53:38,308 --> 05:53:42,200
emblem of boundless curiosity. 
Bridging disciplines that many 

6528
05:53:42,200 --> 05:53:45,200
treaters separate. 
Embraced incremental knowledge 

6529
05:53:45,200 --> 05:53:48,500
acknowledging that each 
Discovery planted the seeds for 

6530
05:53:48,500 --> 05:53:51,500
further Mysteries. 
His notebook, though scattered 

6531
05:53:51,500 --> 05:53:54,700
and partial reveal a mind 
enthralled by the interplay of 

6532
05:53:54,700 --> 05:53:59,100
form motion and Cosmic design. 
Five centuries on, we still 

6533
05:53:59,100 --> 05:54:01,800
glean from him. 
The power of Wonder the value of

6534
05:54:01,808 --> 05:54:05,500
dogged experimentation and the 
humility to accept that Mastery 

6535
05:54:05,500 --> 05:54:08,500
is a continual Journey. 
Never fully complete. 

6536
05:54:09,300 --> 05:54:11,700
In a world that yearns for 
Innovation and empathy. 

6537
05:54:11,700 --> 05:54:14,800
He remains a shining example of 
what a single human can 

6538
05:54:14,800 --> 05:54:18,000
accomplish when Guided by the 
persistent, or at the world's 

6539
05:54:18,000 --> 05:54:21,400
complexities. 
And that perhaps is Leonardo's, 

6540
05:54:21,400 --> 05:54:24,000
Ultimate gift. 
To remind us that even the 

6541
05:54:24,008 --> 05:54:27,900
simplest observation like a 
swirl of water in a basement can

6542
05:54:27,900 --> 05:54:31,100
unravel entire universes of 
insight of we only dare to look 

6543
05:54:31,100 --> 05:54:31,800
closely enough.