What Daily Life Was Like In Cold War Europe | Boring History

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,600
Hey, there you wonderfully, 
overqualified blanket, burrito. 

2
00:00:02,600 --> 00:00:06,300
I'm glad you rolled in tonight. 
The rain is keeping a soft 

3
00:00:06,300 --> 00:00:10,000
Rhythm against the dark like its
gently reminding the world to 

4
00:00:10,000 --> 00:00:14,400
lower its voice. tonight we're 
easing in to what daily life was

5
00:00:14,400 --> 00:00:17,900
like in Cold War Europe, not 
through speeches or headlines, 

6
00:00:17,900 --> 00:00:22,300
but through kitchens classrooms,
quiet conversations and the 

7
00:00:22,300 --> 00:00:27,600
careful balance of ordinary 
routines If this calm boring 

8
00:00:27,600 --> 00:00:31,100
reflection helps you unwind, 
feel free to follow us. 

9
00:00:31,100 --> 00:00:34,500
Leave a like and let me know 
where you're listening in from 

10
00:00:34,500 --> 00:00:37,800
and what time it is for you. 
Now let your head settle into 

11
00:00:37,800 --> 00:00:41,800
the pillow length in your breath
and turn on that fan for some 

12
00:00:41,800 --> 00:00:48,100
noise. 
Between 1945 and 1989 and 

13
00:00:48,100 --> 00:00:51,600
invisible, curtain divided, 
Europe into two distinct worlds 

14
00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:55,400
each with its own Rhythm. 
Its own rules and its own 

15
00:00:55,400 --> 00:00:58,200
understanding of what 
constituted a normal day. 

16
00:00:59,400 --> 00:01:03,300
This is not a story of Espionage
or political Intrigue, but 

17
00:01:03,300 --> 00:01:06,500
rather a gentle exploration of 
the ordinary hours that filled 

18
00:01:06,500 --> 00:01:10,100
the lives of Millions. the 
morning, commute the evening 

19
00:01:10,100 --> 00:01:14,200
meal, the quiet compromises that
became second nature when living

20
00:01:14,200 --> 00:01:18,100
in the shadow of History, You 
wake to the sound of a radio 

21
00:01:18,100 --> 00:01:21,500
alarm though, the voice emerging
from the speaker depends 

22
00:01:21,500 --> 00:01:24,300
entirely on which side of the 
Border, you happen to call home.

23
00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:28,100
In West Berlin, it might be 
American Jazz bleeding into 

24
00:01:28,100 --> 00:01:32,500
German pop music. followed by 
news, read in that peculiar 

25
00:01:32,500 --> 00:01:35,100
broadcaster tone that somehow 
manages to sound both 

26
00:01:35,100 --> 00:01:38,300
authoritative and cheerful in 
East Berlin, just a few 

27
00:01:38,308 --> 00:01:41,300
kilometers away, the announcers 
voice, carries a different 

28
00:01:41,300 --> 00:01:45,500
weight, More measured, more 
careful, delivering information 

29
00:01:45,500 --> 00:01:48,300
that has been thoroughly 
considered before reaching your 

30
00:01:48,300 --> 00:01:51,400
ears. 
The light filtering through your

31
00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:53,700
curtains looks identical. 
On both sides. 

32
00:01:53,700 --> 00:01:56,700
Of course sunrise. 
Doesn't recognize political 

33
00:01:56,700 --> 00:02:01,200
boundaries. but what you do with
that light, how you prepare for 

34
00:02:01,200 --> 00:02:05,200
the day ahead, the insta, 
diverge in ways, both obvious 

35
00:02:05,200 --> 00:02:10,400
and subtle, In the west, you're 
apartment might be small. 

36
00:02:10,400 --> 00:02:14,500
But cluttered with the artifacts
of consumer Choice, different 

37
00:02:14,500 --> 00:02:17,100
brands of coffee. 
In the cupboard, a television 

38
00:02:17,100 --> 00:02:21,100
set purchased on installment. 
Perhaps a record player in the 

39
00:02:21,108 --> 00:02:25,500
corner with a growing collection
of albums. you selected, these 

40
00:02:25,500 --> 00:02:29,900
items yourself though, selected 
might be two grand a word for 

41
00:02:29,900 --> 00:02:33,000
the process of choosing between 
products that all service 

42
00:02:33,000 --> 00:02:38,000
Century, the same function Still
the choice existed and 

43
00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:40,400
exercising. 
It felt like a small daily 

44
00:02:40,400 --> 00:02:42,900
Freedom. 
Your morning routine unfolds 

45
00:02:42,900 --> 00:02:46,400
with a certain casualness. 
You might shower using West 

46
00:02:46,400 --> 00:02:48,500
German soap. 
That smells vaguely of pine 

47
00:02:48,500 --> 00:02:50,800
brush, your teeth with a 
toothpaste brand. 

48
00:02:50,800 --> 00:02:54,300
You chose primarily because of a
commercial you found amusing and

49
00:02:54,300 --> 00:02:57,100
dressing clothes purchased from 
one of several department 

50
00:02:57,100 --> 00:02:59,900
stores. 
The shirt, your button came from

51
00:02:59,900 --> 00:03:04,100
France or maybe Italy. 
The label doesn't, particularly 

52
00:03:04,100 --> 00:03:06,800
matter Beyond a vague sense. 
That owning something from 

53
00:03:06,800 --> 00:03:09,700
elsewhere makes you part of a 
larger world. 

54
00:03:10,600 --> 00:03:13,100
In the East, you're apartment 
holds different qualities. 

55
00:03:14,000 --> 00:03:17,300
The furniture likely came from 
the same state, run manufacturer

56
00:03:17,300 --> 00:03:20,700
that supplied your neighbor's 
designed with functionality in 

57
00:03:20,700 --> 00:03:24,600
mind, rather than Style. 
This doesn't necessarily mean 

58
00:03:24,600 --> 00:03:27,300
its ugly. 
Some designers working within 

59
00:03:27,300 --> 00:03:30,200
the system created. 
Remarkably elegant solutions to 

60
00:03:30,200 --> 00:03:33,300
every day. 
Needs your coffee though that's 

61
00:03:33,300 --> 00:03:37,600
a different matter entirely. 
Real coffee represents a small 

62
00:03:37,600 --> 00:03:40,000
luxury. 
Something you might say for 

63
00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:43,300
weekends or special occasions on
ordinary mornings. 

64
00:03:43,300 --> 00:03:47,300
You brew a coffee substitute for
roasted barley or chickery and 

65
00:03:47,300 --> 00:03:48,900
you've grown so accustomed to 
the taste. 

66
00:03:48,900 --> 00:03:52,100
That actual coffee. 
Sometimes, seems too intense or 

67
00:03:52,100 --> 00:03:55,600
most aggressive on your palate. 
The soap in your bathroom 

68
00:03:55,600 --> 00:03:58,700
carries, no brand name, you'd 
recognize from advertisements. 

69
00:03:59,400 --> 00:04:01,600
Because the advertisements 
themselves are different here. 

70
00:04:02,400 --> 00:04:05,500
Instead of selling new products,
they sell you Concepts 

71
00:04:05,500 --> 00:04:08,200
solidarity productivity, the 
future. 

72
00:04:08,200 --> 00:04:12,100
Your toothpaste tube might be 
decorated with images of Happy 

73
00:04:12,100 --> 00:04:15,000
workers or children in Pioneer 
scarves. 

74
00:04:15,000 --> 00:04:19,000
Little visual reminders that 
even hygiene participates in the

75
00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:22,600
collective project. 
Getting dressed involves its own

76
00:04:22,600 --> 00:04:25,900
small calculus. 
Western fashion reaches, the 

77
00:04:25,900 --> 00:04:29,800
East through various channels 
magazines smuggled by visitors 

78
00:04:29,800 --> 00:04:33,000
glimpses of Television 
broadcasts that occasionally 

79
00:04:33,000 --> 00:04:36,000
slip through the jamming and the
careful observations of 

80
00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:38,900
Travelers who managed to cross 
the border you might spend 

81
00:04:38,900 --> 00:04:42,200
months searching for denim or a 
particular style, of shoe, 

82
00:04:42,200 --> 00:04:44,800
treating these items as small 
victories. 

83
00:04:44,800 --> 00:04:49,600
When you finally acquire them 
The paradoxes that the symbols 

84
00:04:49,600 --> 00:04:51,800
of Western. 
Individualism, once obtained, 

85
00:04:51,800 --> 00:04:54,900
immediately marked you as 
someone trying to express 

86
00:04:54,900 --> 00:05:00,100
individuality within a system 
built on conformity, Breakfast 

87
00:05:00,100 --> 00:05:04,000
in the west might involve cereal
from America Fred from a local 

88
00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:06,800
bakery or pastries, from the 
shop around the corner. 

89
00:05:07,600 --> 00:05:10,700
You eat while reading a 
newspaper, chosen from dozens of

90
00:05:10,700 --> 00:05:13,900
available at the kiosk, each one
representing a different 

91
00:05:13,900 --> 00:05:17,100
political perspective, though. 
You've likely settled into 

92
00:05:17,100 --> 00:05:18,900
reading the same one each day 
out of habit. 

93
00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:22,700
The news itself. 
Cascades over you in abundance, 

94
00:05:22,700 --> 00:05:28,100
events from Asia, Africa, and 
South America, all competing for

95
00:05:28,100 --> 00:05:31,300
your attention, alongside local 
politics and sports scores. 

96
00:05:32,300 --> 00:05:35,900
In the East breakfast, carries 
its own rhythms bread. 

97
00:05:35,900 --> 00:05:40,600
Certainly dark and substantial 
the kind that requires genuine 

98
00:05:40,600 --> 00:05:44,300
chewing perhaps some cheese or 
cold cuts items that might 

99
00:05:44,300 --> 00:05:45,900
require queuing early in the 
week. 

100
00:05:46,700 --> 00:05:50,200
Your newspaper delivered 
reliably each morning presents 

101
00:05:50,200 --> 00:05:52,000
the world through a particular 
lens. 

102
00:05:52,000 --> 00:05:56,300
You've learned to read between 
the lines to understand what the

103
00:05:56,300 --> 00:06:00,200
absence of certain information 
might signify. when a story 

104
00:06:00,200 --> 00:06:04,200
appears about problems in the 
West, Homelessness unemployment 

105
00:06:04,200 --> 00:06:08,100
crime, you register it while 
also knowing that similar 

106
00:06:08,100 --> 00:06:10,300
problems in your own Society. 
Go unreported. 

107
00:06:11,300 --> 00:06:14,300
Existing, in a strange limbo of 
collective, awareness and 

108
00:06:14,300 --> 00:06:17,400
official silence. 
Children complicate the morning 

109
00:06:17,400 --> 00:06:19,700
routine. 
Universally in the west. 

110
00:06:19,700 --> 00:06:23,400
You might be negotiating about 
television time before school 

111
00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:26,600
dealing with requests for 
particular breakfast cereals, 

112
00:06:26,600 --> 00:06:30,600
advertised between cartoons and 
managing the chaos of backpacks 

113
00:06:30,600 --> 00:06:34,100
and forgotten homework. 
The school itself operates on 

114
00:06:34,108 --> 00:06:36,400
principles you vaguely. 
Remember from your own 

115
00:06:36,400 --> 00:06:39,700
childhood, though, perhaps with 
more modern equipment and 

116
00:06:39,700 --> 00:06:41,700
definitely. 
With more choices about future 

117
00:06:41,700 --> 00:06:45,200
paths, in the East, your 
children wear their Pioneer 

118
00:06:45,200 --> 00:06:47,300
necklace with varying degrees of
enthusiasm. 

119
00:06:47,300 --> 00:06:51,000
Some take genuine pride in the 
organization and its activities,

120
00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:55,200
others treated as simply what 
one does like brushing teeth or 

121
00:06:55,200 --> 00:06:57,900
doing homework. 
You've learned not to discuss 

122
00:06:57,900 --> 00:06:59,700
certain topics at The Breakfast 
Table. 

123
00:06:59,700 --> 00:07:02,500
Not because you fear your 
children would intentionally 

124
00:07:02,500 --> 00:07:05,900
inform on you. 
But because children talk and 

125
00:07:05,900 --> 00:07:08,500
sometimes that talk reaches, 
ears beyond the family. 

126
00:07:09,500 --> 00:07:13,700
This creates a peculiar form of 
self-censorship, where you edit 

127
00:07:13,700 --> 00:07:17,400
your thoughts before, speaking 
them allowed, until eventually, 

128
00:07:17,400 --> 00:07:20,600
you might find yourself editing 
them before, thinking them at 

129
00:07:20,600 --> 00:07:23,300
all. 
The morning, commute reveals the

130
00:07:23,300 --> 00:07:26,000
physical infrastructure of these
divided worlds. 

131
00:07:26,800 --> 00:07:29,600
In West Berlin, you might take a
bus to displaying advertisements

132
00:07:29,600 --> 00:07:32,300
for everything from Banks to 
Beach vacations. 

133
00:07:33,100 --> 00:07:35,600
Sharing space with other 
computers who maintain that 

134
00:07:35,600 --> 00:07:38,700
particular Urban fiction of 
privacy and public spaces. 

135
00:07:38,700 --> 00:07:42,800
Everyone ignores everyone else 
buried in newspapers or staring 

136
00:07:42,800 --> 00:07:44,500
at nothing with practice in 
different. 

137
00:07:45,400 --> 00:07:48,400
The u-bomb system creates its 
own geography of division. 

138
00:07:48,400 --> 00:07:51,700
After the wall, went up some 
stations, became ghosts, 

139
00:07:51,700 --> 00:07:56,700
stations sealed dark and 
impossible to get to Trains from

140
00:07:56,708 --> 00:07:59,200
the West would pass through 
these Eastern sectors without 

141
00:07:59,200 --> 00:08:01,800
stopping. 
Passengers peering into 

142
00:08:01,800 --> 00:08:05,600
illuminated platforms where East
German guards stood, watch over 

143
00:08:05,600 --> 00:08:08,800
emptiness. 
The Experience carried a surreal

144
00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:12,700
quality like glimpsing a 
parallel Dimension that exists 

145
00:08:12,700 --> 00:08:16,600
just beyond your reach. in the 
East, your commute might involve

146
00:08:16,600 --> 00:08:20,200
trams manufactured in 
Czechoslovakia or buses from 

147
00:08:20,200 --> 00:08:24,000
Hungary, physical manifestations
of international socialist, 

148
00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:28,900
co-operation The advertisements 
sparse as they are promotes. 

149
00:08:28,900 --> 00:08:33,000
Savings plans and cultural 
events or remind citizens about 

150
00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:36,600
upcoming holidays celebrating 
various historical Milestones, 

151
00:08:36,600 --> 00:08:40,600
your fellow passengers, maintain
similar privacy though. 

152
00:08:40,600 --> 00:08:43,700
Perhaps with a slightly 
different quality, not just 

153
00:08:43,700 --> 00:08:47,200
Urban in different, but also a 
learned caution about engaging 

154
00:08:47,200 --> 00:08:50,300
two freely with strangers. 
Work. 

155
00:08:50,300 --> 00:08:54,100
Awaits on both sides of the 
divided City in these divided 

156
00:08:54,100 --> 00:08:57,100
countries across this divided 
continent. 

157
00:08:58,100 --> 00:09:01,900
The nature of that work, how 
it's organized, and what it 

158
00:09:01,900 --> 00:09:05,900
means Beyond Simple, economic 
necessity, these elements 

159
00:09:05,900 --> 00:09:08,900
diverge in ways both 
philosophical and deeply 

160
00:09:08,900 --> 00:09:12,200
practical. 
The factory where you work in 

161
00:09:12,200 --> 00:09:15,500
the west operates with a certain
Relentless efficiency. 

162
00:09:16,400 --> 00:09:19,400
Time clocks, monitor your 
arrival and departure with 

163
00:09:19,400 --> 00:09:22,800
mechanical Precision. 
While production quotas though, 

164
00:09:22,800 --> 00:09:26,300
not officially mandated hover in
the background of every shift 

165
00:09:27,200 --> 00:09:30,100
The Machinery around, you might 
be German made or American or 

166
00:09:30,100 --> 00:09:33,100
Japanese each purchase 
representing management 

167
00:09:33,100 --> 00:09:36,800
decisions about cost and 
capability that remain largely 

168
00:09:36,800 --> 00:09:39,700
mysterious to you. 
Your relationship with this work

169
00:09:39,700 --> 00:09:43,300
contains contradictions, you've 
stopped trying to resolve the 

170
00:09:43,300 --> 00:09:46,000
paycheck allows you freedoms and
choices that previous 

171
00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:48,500
generations. 
Could hardly imagine that the 

172
00:09:48,500 --> 00:09:51,400
actual hours spent earning it to
feeling increasingly abstract 

173
00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:56,000
disconnected from any finished 
product, you might recognize You

174
00:09:56,000 --> 00:10:00,000
tighten the same bolts, monitor 
the same dials and feed the same

175
00:10:00,008 --> 00:10:03,600
materials into the same 
machine's day after day until 

176
00:10:03,600 --> 00:10:05,200
the work becomes a form of 
meditation. 

177
00:10:06,500 --> 00:10:09,400
Mindless in the way that frees 
your thoughts to wander 

178
00:10:09,400 --> 00:10:12,500
elsewhere. 
Lunch breaks offer temporary 

179
00:10:12,500 --> 00:10:15,600
Escape. 
The company cafeteria serves 

180
00:10:15,600 --> 00:10:19,000
schnitzel on Thursdays which has
become a small ritual. 

181
00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:22,300
You almost look forward to your 
colleagues talk about football 

182
00:10:22,300 --> 00:10:25,700
about their families about 
weekend, plans. 

183
00:10:26,500 --> 00:10:30,100
Politics sometimes enters the 
conversation but usually in that

184
00:10:30,100 --> 00:10:33,700
dismissive way that treats all 
politicians as equally suspect 

185
00:10:33,700 --> 00:10:38,200
regardless of party, the genuine
political discussions, the ones 

186
00:10:38,200 --> 00:10:42,100
that matter happen. 
Elsewhere Or increasingly, don't

187
00:10:42,100 --> 00:10:45,500
happen at all as Prosperity 
creates a comfortable, numbness 

188
00:10:45,500 --> 00:10:48,700
toward larger questions. 
Unions. 

189
00:10:48,700 --> 00:10:51,700
Negotiate on your behalf 
wielding power. 

190
00:10:51,700 --> 00:10:53,900
That seems both significant and 
limited. 

191
00:10:54,800 --> 00:10:58,400
They can secure waging creases 
better working conditions and 

192
00:10:58,400 --> 00:11:01,800
short hours. 
What they cannot secure is a 

193
00:11:01,808 --> 00:11:04,900
sense of purpose, beyond the 
transaction of labor for money. 

194
00:11:05,800 --> 00:11:08,500
You sometimes wonder if this 
represents a failure of 

195
00:11:08,500 --> 00:11:11,600
imagination on your part? 
if you should feel more 

196
00:11:11,600 --> 00:11:15,100
connected to the assembly line 
more invested in whether the 

197
00:11:15,100 --> 00:11:19,300
products rolling off its succeed
in the marketplace, But mostly 

198
00:11:19,300 --> 00:11:21,700
you just feel tired from the 
weekend. 

199
00:11:21,700 --> 00:11:24,800
Always seems both too far away 
and Too Short once it arrived. 

200
00:11:25,700 --> 00:11:28,000
In the East your factory 
operates under different 

201
00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:31,500
principles though, the Machinery
might look remarkably similar. 

202
00:11:31,500 --> 00:11:34,700
You've learned that capitalist 
and socialist countries often 

203
00:11:34,700 --> 00:11:37,300
purchase equipment from the same
manufacturers. 

204
00:11:37,300 --> 00:11:40,500
A fact that amuses you in a 
weary sort of way. 

205
00:11:41,800 --> 00:11:45,200
The real difference is lie, not 
in the technology, but in the 

206
00:11:45,200 --> 00:11:49,600
relationships surrounding it. 
Production quotas here on 

207
00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:53,300
background pressure, there are 
explicit posted on walls, 

208
00:11:53,300 --> 00:11:56,900
discussed in meetings and tied 
to bonuses and recognition. 

209
00:11:57,800 --> 00:12:00,200
You and your colleagues talk 
about fulfilling the plan, the 

210
00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:02,300
way Western workers. 
Might discuss meeting sales 

211
00:12:02,300 --> 00:12:06,100
targets, except here, the plan 
represents something larger than

212
00:12:06,100 --> 00:12:08,500
profit or its supposed to 
anyway. 

213
00:12:09,300 --> 00:12:12,700
The reality which everyone 
understands but Feud to discuss 

214
00:12:12,700 --> 00:12:16,000
openly involves elaborate 
workarounds. 

215
00:12:16,700 --> 00:12:20,300
Official statistics might show 
the plan for filled at 110%. 

216
00:12:21,400 --> 00:12:23,900
But you know that certain 
Creative Accounting practices 

217
00:12:23,900 --> 00:12:28,100
contributed to that figure 
materials listed as used sit in 

218
00:12:28,100 --> 00:12:30,800
storage. 
Products counted as produced 

219
00:12:30,800 --> 00:12:34,100
needed additional work before 
their actually usable a number. 

220
00:12:34,100 --> 00:12:37,400
Get massaged to serve multiple 
purposes simultaneously. 

221
00:12:38,600 --> 00:12:41,800
You've developed a specific set 
of skills for navigating this 

222
00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:45,700
system knowing when to push for 
resources when to accept 

223
00:12:45,700 --> 00:12:49,500
shortages and how to maintain 
relationships with suppliers who

224
00:12:49,500 --> 00:12:52,100
might slip you components ahead 
of other factories. 

225
00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:55,900
These informal networks matter 
more than the formal 

226
00:12:55,900 --> 00:12:59,900
organizational charts operating 
in the gaps between what's 

227
00:12:59,900 --> 00:13:02,700
officially supposed to happen 
and what actually occurs. 

228
00:13:03,600 --> 00:13:06,700
The cafeteria here, serves food,
that's heavily subsidized, 

229
00:13:06,700 --> 00:13:08,700
making it cheaper than eating at
home. 

230
00:13:09,600 --> 00:13:13,600
The quality varies wildly some 
days, quite good, other days 

231
00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:17,100
mysteriously unidentifiable. 
You eat with the same 

232
00:13:17,100 --> 00:13:21,800
colleague's every day, familiar 
faces across familiar tables and

233
00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:25,200
the conversations range over 
similar territory families, 

234
00:13:25,200 --> 00:13:29,900
Hobbies complaints about how 
housing or shortages and the 

235
00:13:29,900 --> 00:13:33,000
occasional joke that test the 
boundaries of what's safe to say

236
00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:35,400
allowed. 
Politics enters the 

237
00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:37,900
conversation, more explicitly 
here though. 

238
00:13:37,900 --> 00:13:41,300
In a particular way. 
You might discuss agricultural 

239
00:13:41,300 --> 00:13:44,900
policy or Industrial Development
with a parent seriousness. 

240
00:13:45,900 --> 00:13:48,800
Participating in a ritual. 
Everyone recognizes as 

241
00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:52,200
performance. 
The real political discussions, 

242
00:13:52,200 --> 00:13:55,800
the critical ones happen in even
more private spaces. 

243
00:13:55,800 --> 00:13:59,700
If they happen at all, you've 
learned to maintain two 

244
00:13:59,700 --> 00:14:03,700
vocabularies one for public 
consumption and one for your own

245
00:14:03,700 --> 00:14:07,000
thoughts and keeping them 
separate requires a mental 

246
00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:08,800
discipline that has become 
second nature. 

247
00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:13,400
The afternoon stretches forward 
with a sameness that transcends 

248
00:14:13,400 --> 00:14:16,700
political systems. 
Whether in the east or west, the

249
00:14:16,700 --> 00:14:19,100
Working Day, possesses a 
grinding quality. 

250
00:14:19,100 --> 00:14:21,100
That makes the clock seem to 
move backward. 

251
00:14:21,100 --> 00:14:24,600
You find yourself checking the 
time surprised to discover only 

252
00:14:24,600 --> 00:14:28,200
20 minutes of passing since you 
last looked In the west, you 

253
00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:31,100
might take a coffee break 
standing in the designated area 

254
00:14:31,100 --> 00:14:33,900
with others, who've timed their 
breaks to coincide. 

255
00:14:34,700 --> 00:14:37,700
Someone tells a joke about the 
boss that everyone laughs at 

256
00:14:37,700 --> 00:14:40,900
though, the laughter carries 
less humor than solidarity. 

257
00:14:40,900 --> 00:14:44,700
You're all in this together. 
After all, trading hours of your

258
00:14:44,700 --> 00:14:47,300
life for wages that fund the 
hours, you're not here. 

259
00:14:48,500 --> 00:14:50,800
To automation that's gradually 
transforming. 

260
00:14:50,800 --> 00:14:55,900
The factory creates a peculiar 
anxiety management presents it 

261
00:14:55,900 --> 00:14:59,200
as progressed as Germany 
competing in a global 

262
00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:02,500
Marketplace as necessary 
modernization. 

263
00:15:03,700 --> 00:15:06,500
You understand these arguments 
while also understanding that 

264
00:15:06,500 --> 00:15:09,400
necessary usually means 
necessary for someone else's 

265
00:15:09,400 --> 00:15:12,200
benefit. 
The new machines displace 

266
00:15:12,200 --> 00:15:16,000
workers though, never quite as 
many as the unions fear. 

267
00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:20,300
Or as few as management promises
you watch colleagues disappear 

268
00:15:20,300 --> 00:15:22,700
into early retirement or a 
training programs. 

269
00:15:22,700 --> 00:15:25,600
And you wonder, whether you're 
particular skills will remain 

270
00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:28,600
relevant or if you too will 
eventually become obsolete? 

271
00:15:29,700 --> 00:15:32,900
In the East automation, carries 
different symbolism. 

272
00:15:32,900 --> 00:15:36,400
The new machines demonstrate 
socialist, technological 

273
00:15:36,400 --> 00:15:39,800
advancement. 
Proof that centralized planning 

274
00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:42,100
can compete with capitalist 
innovation. 

275
00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:45,200
The workers displace by 
automation. 

276
00:15:45,200 --> 00:15:48,800
Get reassigned rather than 
dismissed at least in theory. 

277
00:15:50,300 --> 00:15:53,700
In practice reassignment, might 
mean moving to a less desirable 

278
00:15:53,700 --> 00:15:57,900
position, or relocating to a 
different Factory or accepting a

279
00:15:57,900 --> 00:16:01,500
graceful Shuffle into a role 
that exists primarily to keep 

280
00:16:01,500 --> 00:16:06,600
employment statistics favorable.
You've noticed something curious

281
00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:10,200
about efficiency in your 
workplace, the official ideology

282
00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:13,400
celebrates productivity and 
worker achievement yet. 

283
00:16:13,400 --> 00:16:16,300
The actual system creates 
incentives that sometimes 

284
00:16:16,300 --> 00:16:20,000
discouraged, both working to 
efficiently, might reveal the 

285
00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:23,600
quotas are set too low, leading 
to increased expectations. 

286
00:16:24,300 --> 00:16:26,700
Innovation that disrupts 
establish procedures. 

287
00:16:26,700 --> 00:16:29,700
Can threaten people whose 
authority derives from managing 

288
00:16:29,700 --> 00:16:32,600
those procedures. 
So you've learned to calibrate 

289
00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:35,400
your effort to match what's 
expected rather than what's 

290
00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:38,900
possible. 
Form of strategic mediocrity, 

291
00:16:38,900 --> 00:16:40,100
that benefits. 
No one. 

292
00:16:40,100 --> 00:16:44,800
But feel safer than standing 
out. the afternoon wears on tour

293
00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:47,700
D evening and the quality of 
light changes outside the 

294
00:16:47,700 --> 00:16:51,500
factory windows, In the west you
might be thinking about stopping

295
00:16:51,500 --> 00:16:53,100
at the supermarket on the way 
home. 

296
00:16:53,100 --> 00:16:56,500
Mentally cataloging what's 
needed for dinner or 

297
00:16:56,500 --> 00:16:59,100
simultaneously monitoring the 
machine in front of you. 

298
00:16:59,700 --> 00:17:02,500
The supermarket itself 
represents a kind of Miracle. 

299
00:17:02,500 --> 00:17:06,900
You've seen noticing Shells 
stocked with products from 

300
00:17:06,900 --> 00:17:10,099
dozens of countries available 
whenever you want them. 

301
00:17:10,099 --> 00:17:14,099
In quantity is limited only by 
your budget rather than Supply 

302
00:17:15,599 --> 00:17:19,000
In the East, your evening plans,
might involve checking which 

303
00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:22,300
shops might have what you need, 
whether your ration stamps for 

304
00:17:22,300 --> 00:17:25,900
particular items remain valid. 
And if the delivery you heard 

305
00:17:25,900 --> 00:17:29,900
rumored for this week, actually 
materializes, Shopping requires 

306
00:17:29,900 --> 00:17:33,700
strategy and patience qualities.
You've developed over years of 

307
00:17:33,700 --> 00:17:37,300
practice. you know, which stores
sometimes get unexpected 

308
00:17:37,300 --> 00:17:40,800
shipments, which managers might 
set aside items for regular 

309
00:17:40,800 --> 00:17:46,300
customers when to queue and when
to come back later, the final 

310
00:17:46,300 --> 00:17:50,500
hour of the workday, possesses A
peculiar heaviness, your tired 

311
00:17:50,500 --> 00:17:53,800
but also Restless ready to leave
but not quite finished. 

312
00:17:54,700 --> 00:17:57,200
In the west, you might be 
watching the clock counting down

313
00:17:57,200 --> 00:18:00,100
minutes in the East. 
You might be attending a brief 

314
00:18:00,100 --> 00:18:03,200
Brigade meeting, listening to 
announcements about socialist 

315
00:18:03,200 --> 00:18:06,400
competition, results or upcoming
volunteer activities 

316
00:18:06,400 --> 00:18:10,800
contributing just enough 
participation to avoid notice on

317
00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:13,900
not so much that you volunteer 
for anything, requiring actual 

318
00:18:13,900 --> 00:18:17,600
effort. 
Then the shift ends, the time 

319
00:18:17,600 --> 00:18:20,900
clocks stamps your card or the 
supervised and notes your 

320
00:18:20,900 --> 00:18:24,400
departure and you join the flow 
of workers streaming toward the 

321
00:18:24,408 --> 00:18:27,900
exits, toward the buses, and 
trams, and trains that will 

322
00:18:27,900 --> 00:18:31,600
carry your home. told the 
evening hours that belong to you

323
00:18:31,600 --> 00:18:34,900
rather than to the factory or 
the state, or the endless 

324
00:18:34,900 --> 00:18:38,900
demands of productivity, Your 
evening begins with the 

325
00:18:38,900 --> 00:18:42,900
television that glowing box that
has become the center of most 

326
00:18:42,900 --> 00:18:45,800
living rooms across Europe. 
Then what it shows. 

327
00:18:45,808 --> 00:18:48,700
You depends entirely on which 
side of the Border you're 

328
00:18:48,700 --> 00:18:52,300
watching from. 
In the west you settle into your

329
00:18:52,300 --> 00:18:56,000
chair as the news begins 
presented by announcers who've 

330
00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:57,500
become familiar faces over the 
years. 

331
00:18:57,500 --> 00:19:01,700
The format follows predictable 
patterns, International stories,

332
00:19:01,700 --> 00:19:05,900
first, their National politics 
economic News, sports and 

333
00:19:05,900 --> 00:19:08,300
weather. 
The international coverage 

334
00:19:08,300 --> 00:19:12,000
ranges widely conflicts in the 
Middle East, developments in 

335
00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:16,100
Asia and American political 
scandals and Soviet activities. 

336
00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:19,500
Reported with a mixture of 
concern and mockery you've 

337
00:19:19,500 --> 00:19:22,200
learned to navigate this 
abundance of information with a 

338
00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:26,100
kind of selective attention 
absorbing what interests you 

339
00:19:26,100 --> 00:19:29,200
while letting the rest wash over
you like background noise. 

340
00:19:30,600 --> 00:19:34,000
The news about economic growth 
or diplomatic negotiations, 

341
00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:37,000
competes with your awareness 
that the dishwasher needs repair

342
00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:39,900
and your daughter needs money 
for a school trip. 

343
00:19:40,900 --> 00:19:44,400
The grand narratives of History 
feel distant from your immediate

344
00:19:44,400 --> 00:19:48,400
concerns existing in parallel to
your life rather than 

345
00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:51,700
intersecting with it. 
The advertisements that 

346
00:19:51,708 --> 00:19:55,400
interrupts, the news carry their
own messages about the society. 

347
00:19:55,400 --> 00:19:59,600
You inhabit cars gleaming, an 
impossible, Sunshine families, 

348
00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:03,400
eating breakfast with suspicious
enthusiasm, cleaning products 

349
00:20:03,400 --> 00:20:06,100
that promise to transform your 
relationship with household 

350
00:20:06,100 --> 00:20:10,300
chores, You've developed a 
sophisticated immunity to these 

351
00:20:10,300 --> 00:20:12,900
pictures while also remaining 
susceptible to them. 

352
00:20:12,900 --> 00:20:15,500
You don't believe the promises 
exactly. 

353
00:20:15,500 --> 00:20:19,000
But you still want the things 
being promised or at least you 

354
00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:20,600
want the life. 
Those things supposedly 

355
00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:24,700
represent. 
After the news, you might watch 

356
00:20:24,700 --> 00:20:28,000
an American detective show, 
dubbed into German and the 

357
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:30,700
actors lips moving slightly out 
of sync with the voices. 

358
00:20:31,500 --> 00:20:35,200
The dubbed dialogue often sound 
stilted more formal than the 

359
00:20:35,200 --> 00:20:38,400
original creating an 
unintentional comedy that 

360
00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:41,900
enhances your enjoyment. 
Be shows present, an America of 

361
00:20:41,900 --> 00:20:45,600
constant crime, and equally 
constant resolution where every 

362
00:20:45,600 --> 00:20:48,900
problem gets solved in 45 
minutes, minus commercial 

363
00:20:48,900 --> 00:20:51,600
breaks. 
Your children preferred 

364
00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:54,900
different programs cartoons from
America or France. 

365
00:20:54,900 --> 00:20:58,300
Music shows, featuring bands 
whose names you, struggle to 

366
00:20:58,308 --> 00:21:01,100
remember and series about 
teenagers. 

367
00:21:01,100 --> 00:21:05,100
Navigating problems that seem 
both trivial and you grudgingly 

368
00:21:05,100 --> 00:21:08,600
admit probably important to 
actual teenagers. 

369
00:21:09,900 --> 00:21:12,400
The arguments about what to 
watch of become ritualized 

370
00:21:12,400 --> 00:21:14,700
ending. 
Usually, with the children 

371
00:21:14,700 --> 00:21:17,000
retreating to do homework. 
They'll rush through while 

372
00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:18,400
thinking about what they're 
missing. 

373
00:21:19,200 --> 00:21:22,000
In the East, your television 
experience unfolds differently. 

374
00:21:22,900 --> 00:21:26,200
The news here, carries less 
variety, but more intensity, 

375
00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:29,500
focusing on a proof stories that
build toward particular 

376
00:21:29,500 --> 00:21:32,100
conclusions. 
You watch footage of 

377
00:21:32,100 --> 00:21:34,800
agricultural, achievements 
industrial production, 

378
00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:39,000
milestones and cultural events 
celebrating socialist values. 

379
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:43,000
Western problems, receive 
details coverage, unemployment 

380
00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:47,600
lines, homeless population and 
racial tensions presented as 

381
00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:50,400
evidence of capitalism's. 
Fundamental contradictions, 

382
00:21:51,600 --> 00:21:54,100
You've learned to read this news
with a particular skill. 

383
00:21:54,100 --> 00:21:58,300
Extracting actual information 
from the official framing. when 

384
00:21:58,300 --> 00:22:01,800
the announcer of reports record 
harvests you note, which crops 

385
00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:06,500
go unmentioned when industrial 
achievements are celebrated, you

386
00:22:06,500 --> 00:22:08,700
wonder about the sector's that 
aren't discussed. 

387
00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:13,200
The news becomes a puzzle where 
meaning lies in the gaps and 

388
00:22:13,200 --> 00:22:16,000
what's carefully? 
Not said, The evening 

389
00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:18,700
programming include shows 
produced within the Socialist 

390
00:22:18,700 --> 00:22:21,300
Bloc. 
Detective series from the Soviet

391
00:22:21,300 --> 00:22:25,800
Union children's programs from 
Poland and cultural performances

392
00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:29,600
from Bulgaria. 
These shows often possess a 

393
00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:32,000
certain earnestness, that 
Western Productions lack. 

394
00:22:32,700 --> 00:22:35,800
The quality you find either 
refreshing or tedious, depending

395
00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:38,400
on your mood. 
The characters face problems 

396
00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:40,400
that can be solved through 
Collective effort and 

397
00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:44,500
ideological Clarity, rarely 
encountering the Messiah 

398
00:22:44,500 --> 00:22:46,900
ambiguities, that characterize 
actual life. 

399
00:22:47,900 --> 00:22:50,800
But here's where things get 
interesting, where the division 

400
00:22:50,800 --> 00:22:53,300
between East and West becomes 
permeable. 

401
00:22:53,300 --> 00:22:55,000
In ways. 
The authorities can't quite 

402
00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:58,900
prevent If you live close enough
to the Border, if you angle your

403
00:22:58,900 --> 00:23:01,600
antenna, just right. 
You can sometimes receive 

404
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:04,900
Western broadcasts. 
This isn't officially allowed, 

405
00:23:04,900 --> 00:23:08,700
but neither is it vigorously 
prevented creating a gray area 

406
00:23:08,700 --> 00:23:11,300
where millions of East Germans 
spend their evening's? 

407
00:23:11,300 --> 00:23:14,500
You might be watching Western 
news while keeping the volume 

408
00:23:14,500 --> 00:23:18,600
low ready to switch channels. 
If you hear unexpected Footsteps

409
00:23:18,600 --> 00:23:21,800
in the hallway, the 
advertisements that so bored. 

410
00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:24,600
Your Western counterparts 
Fascinate, You with their casual

411
00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:28,000
display of a abundance. 
The game shows the variety 

412
00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:31,500
programs, the soap operas all of
it presents a different world 

413
00:23:31,500 --> 00:23:34,400
one, where individual, desires 
and Collective needs. 

414
00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:38,500
Don't seem to require constant 
negotiation This creates a 

415
00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:42,000
strange, dual consciousness. 
You understand that Western 

416
00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:44,600
television, presents a curated 
version of reality. 

417
00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:49,000
That it emphasizes consumption 
and glamour, while ignoring its 

418
00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:52,900
own societies problems yet. 
You also can't help compare what

419
00:23:52,900 --> 00:23:55,700
you see on screen with what you 
experience daily. 

420
00:23:57,000 --> 00:24:00,900
The supermarkets stocked with 
products, the freedom to travel,

421
00:24:00,900 --> 00:24:05,900
the ability to criticize leaders
without fear these things exist 

422
00:24:05,900 --> 00:24:09,300
on Western television, not as 
proper Gander, but as casual 

423
00:24:09,300 --> 00:24:13,300
background details so ordinary, 
they don't Merit Covenant. 

424
00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:18,000
Radio offers its own parallel 
universe of information in the 

425
00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:20,500
west. 
You might listen to the BBC, or 

426
00:24:20,500 --> 00:24:23,900
the American armed forces, 
Network providing perspectives 

427
00:24:23,900 --> 00:24:27,600
from outside Germany, while you 
do household chores or prepare 

428
00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:32,700
dinner, the music varies, wildly
classical jazz Rock and pop all 

429
00:24:32,700 --> 00:24:34,400
of available at different points
on the dial. 

430
00:24:35,100 --> 00:24:37,500
You've developed favorite 
stations the way, some people, 

431
00:24:37,500 --> 00:24:40,300
develop favorite restaurants 
returning to them for the 

432
00:24:40,300 --> 00:24:45,300
comfort of familiarity. 
In the East Radio, free Europe 

433
00:24:45,300 --> 00:24:48,600
and rice Berlin broadcast 
specifically to reach you. 

434
00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:51,800
Transmitting news, the official 
media won't cover. 

435
00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,900
The authorities Jam, the signals
with varying degrees of success,

436
00:24:55,900 --> 00:24:59,500
creating a nightly contest 
between transmission and 

437
00:24:59,500 --> 00:25:02,000
interference. 
You've learned to find the 

438
00:25:02,008 --> 00:25:05,500
frequencies despite the jamming 
listening to reports about your 

439
00:25:05,500 --> 00:25:07,400
own country delivered from 
outside it. 

440
00:25:07,400 --> 00:25:11,800
A peculiar reversal that feels 
both necessary and vaguely 

441
00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:15,200
disloyal. 
The static-filled broadcasts 

442
00:25:15,200 --> 00:25:18,200
tell you about protests, you 
didn't know happened about 

443
00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:22,200
economic problems, the official 
statistics obscure and about 

444
00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:25,100
people who fled to the west and 
their reasons for leaving. 

445
00:25:25,100 --> 00:25:28,200
This information doesn't 
necessarily change your 

446
00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:30,600
behavior. 
You still go to work, still 

447
00:25:30,600 --> 00:25:33,800
participate in official 
activities when required and 

448
00:25:33,800 --> 00:25:36,400
still maintain the public 
performance of satisfied 

449
00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:40,700
citizenship. but it changes your
understanding creating a 

450
00:25:40,700 --> 00:25:43,700
cognitive dissonance between 
what you're told to believe and 

451
00:25:43,700 --> 00:25:48,600
what you actually know 
newspapers pile up on the coffee

452
00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:50,900
table. 
Each one representing a 

453
00:25:50,900 --> 00:25:53,000
different relationship with 
truth and Power. 

454
00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:56,900
In the west, you might subscribe
to one paper while occasionally 

455
00:25:56,900 --> 00:26:00,700
buying others for comparison. 
the editorial positions vary 

456
00:26:00,700 --> 00:26:04,400
dramatically conservative papers
defend, Traditional Values, and 

457
00:26:04,400 --> 00:26:08,200
free markets Progressive papers,
advocate for social programs, 

458
00:26:08,200 --> 00:26:11,400
and Environmental Protection, 
and tabloids focus on 

459
00:26:11,400 --> 00:26:15,800
celebrities and Scandals with 
gleeful abandon You've probably 

460
00:26:15,800 --> 00:26:19,700
settled into reading one 
particular paper, finding in at 

461
00:26:19,700 --> 00:26:22,300
a worldview that roughly aligns 
with your own, or at least 

462
00:26:22,308 --> 00:26:25,600
doesn't actively offend you. 
The Comfort lies not in being 

463
00:26:25,608 --> 00:26:28,100
challenged. 
But in having your existing 

464
00:26:28,100 --> 00:26:31,200
opinions, confirmed presented 
back to you in. 

465
00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:34,500
Well, written articles that make
you feel informed and reasonable

466
00:26:35,300 --> 00:26:39,300
In the East your newspaper 
arrives reliably its headlines 

467
00:26:39,300 --> 00:26:41,600
predictable. 
It's analysis following 

468
00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:44,300
established patterns, you read 
it the way. 

469
00:26:44,300 --> 00:26:47,200
You might complete a familiar 
cross word puzzle finding 

470
00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:51,200
satisfaction in recognizing the 
patterns even when the content 

471
00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:55,800
fails to engage you, Paper tells
you what's been decided, what 

472
00:26:55,800 --> 00:26:59,100
you should think about it and 
why this represents progress 

473
00:26:59,100 --> 00:27:02,200
toward a better future? 
But you might also receive a 

474
00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:05,900
church newsletter or a Sammy's 
dad publication passed hand to 

475
00:27:05,908 --> 00:27:09,400
hand or letters from relatives 
in the west whose carefully 

476
00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:11,000
worded descriptions of their 
lives. 

477
00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:12,900
Often glimpses of different 
possibilities. 

478
00:27:12,900 --> 00:27:16,400
These alternative sources of 
information circulate through 

479
00:27:16,400 --> 00:27:19,900
networks of trust. 
Creating a shadow media 

480
00:27:19,900 --> 00:27:22,700
landscape that exists alongside 
the official one. 

481
00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:25,500
The Evening News leads into 
evening, entertainment. 

482
00:27:26,500 --> 00:27:30,600
Here the Divide between systems 
becomes almost theatrical. in 

483
00:27:30,600 --> 00:27:33,400
the west, you might watch a 
variety show featuring singers 

484
00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:36,400
and comedians, the humor 
occasionally Barbed toward 

485
00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:40,400
politicians but rarely truly 
threatening The laughter comes 

486
00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:44,500
easily trained by years of 
similar programs and you relax 

487
00:27:44,500 --> 00:27:46,900
into the predictable rhythms of 
setup and punchline. 

488
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:51,600
In the East, the variety shows 
emphasized, folk traditions and 

489
00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:55,400
approved, contemporary culture, 
presenting a vision of socialist

490
00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:59,100
life as wholesome and fulfilling
the humor tends toward the 

491
00:27:59,100 --> 00:28:02,500
gentle avoiding. 
Anything that might be construed

492
00:28:02,500 --> 00:28:08,700
as criticism of the system, yet 
sometimes vary occasionally, a 

493
00:28:08,700 --> 00:28:12,200
comedian managers to craft a 
joke that works on multiple 

494
00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:15,300
levels. 
Innocuous on the surface, but 

495
00:28:15,300 --> 00:28:17,900
carrying a Sharper Edge, for 
those willing to hear it. 

496
00:28:17,900 --> 00:28:21,000
These moments created Collective
free on among viewers. 

497
00:28:21,900 --> 00:28:24,200
A shared recognition of 
something almost being said. 

498
00:28:25,200 --> 00:28:28,800
later much later after the 
children are asleep in the 

499
00:28:28,808 --> 00:28:32,000
official programming as ended, 
you might find yourself still 

500
00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:37,100
awake switching between channels
or adjusting the radio dial In 

501
00:28:37,100 --> 00:28:40,400
these quiet hours, the media 
landscape, feels different, less

502
00:28:40,400 --> 00:28:44,900
curated, more accidental, the 
static between stations the test

503
00:28:44,900 --> 00:28:47,800
patterns, the late night 
programming that fills airtime, 

504
00:28:47,800 --> 00:28:51,000
without much purpose. 
All of it, creates a strange 

505
00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:55,000
intimacy as if you've glimpsed 
something not intended for Mass 

506
00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:58,100
consumption. 
This is when the real question 

507
00:28:58,100 --> 00:29:01,400
sometimes surface, the ones 
you've successfully avoided all 

508
00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:03,600
day. 
What do you actually know? 

509
00:29:04,500 --> 00:29:07,300
How much of your understanding 
comes from official sources, you

510
00:29:07,300 --> 00:29:10,700
don't entirely Trust. 
When did you last encounter 

511
00:29:10,700 --> 00:29:12,600
information? 
That genuinely surprised you 

512
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:16,000
that challenge, rather than 
confirm your existing beliefs, 

513
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:19,200
the questions, dissolve without 
ants as a sleep? 

514
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:22,600
Finally arrives carrying you 
away from these evening 

515
00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:26,500
meditations on truth and power, 
and the screens that mediate 

516
00:29:26,500 --> 00:29:29,000
your relationship with the 
world, beyond your immediate 

517
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:32,800
experience, you've lived near it
for so long that you've almost 

518
00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:35,800
stopped seeing it. 
The way people stopped noticing 

519
00:29:35,800 --> 00:29:40,200
the sound of traffic or the 
smell of the sea, almost the 

520
00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:42,700
border between East and West 
Berlin runs through your 

521
00:29:42,700 --> 00:29:46,600
neighborhood, like a scar that 
refuses to heal present in ways,

522
00:29:46,600 --> 00:29:50,500
both obvious and subtle shaping 
daily life through its mere 

523
00:29:50,500 --> 00:29:53,700
existence. 
In the early morning before the 

524
00:29:53,700 --> 00:29:57,100
city fully wakes, you can walk 
to where it cuts through what 

525
00:29:57,100 --> 00:30:00,800
was once a normal street. 
On the western side, the wall 

526
00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:04,400
presents, its graffiti-covered 
face to the world art and anger 

527
00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:06,200
and jokes, or competing for 
space. 

528
00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:09,600
Someone has painted a sunset 
scene that almost makes you 

529
00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:13,000
forget the concrete underneath. 
Someone else has written slogans

530
00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:16,300
in three languages as if urgency
could be strengthened through 

531
00:30:16,300 --> 00:30:18,600
translation. 
The wall itself. 

532
00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:21,300
You've learned isn't a single 
wall at all. 

533
00:30:21,300 --> 00:30:24,000
That's what visitors from 
America or Japan. 

534
00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:27,200
Don't understand when they 
arrived with their cameras, on 

535
00:30:27,200 --> 00:30:29,800
the Eastern side. 
This first award, then a 

536
00:30:29,800 --> 00:30:32,400
Deathstroke of rake sand 
designed to show footprints. 

537
00:30:33,500 --> 00:30:37,100
Then watch Towers positioned for
maximum observation, then 

538
00:30:37,100 --> 00:30:39,800
anti-vehicle trenches, then 
another wall. 

539
00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:43,100
And finally, the buildings were 
people used to live before they 

540
00:30:43,100 --> 00:30:47,100
became security risks. 
The whole apparatus of division 

541
00:30:47,100 --> 00:30:50,400
requires depth layers and 
redundancy. 

542
00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:53,600
You remember when it went up, if
you're old enough. 

543
00:30:54,500 --> 00:30:59,200
August 1961. 
Overnight quite literally 

544
00:30:59,200 --> 00:31:02,900
overnight. 
People woke to find their City 

545
00:31:02,900 --> 00:31:06,900
severed, family, separated and 
commutes suddenly impossible. 

546
00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:11,600
the initial barriers were crude 
barbed wire cement blocks, 

547
00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:15,200
whatever could be mobilized 
quickly, those of, since been 

548
00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:17,700
replaced with a professional, 
permanence of reinforced 

549
00:31:17,700 --> 00:31:21,300
concrete, Guard towers equipped 
with modern surveillance 

550
00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:24,600
equipment and systems designed, 
not for temporary separation. 

551
00:31:24,600 --> 00:31:28,800
But for the long term, if you 
live in West Berlin, you can 

552
00:31:28,800 --> 00:31:32,400
approach the wall touch it, 
paint on it and photograph it 

553
00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:35,700
from any angle. 
Tourists gather at Checkpoint. 

554
00:31:35,700 --> 00:31:39,800
Charlie cameras, clicking buying
pieces of supposedly authentic 

555
00:31:39,800 --> 00:31:42,900
wall from vendors, who may or 
may not be selling actual 

556
00:31:42,900 --> 00:31:46,200
fragments. 
The whole area has acquired a 

557
00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:49,200
strange, Carnival atmosphere, 
death and division. 

558
00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:53,100
Transformed into attractions, 
for visitors will return home 

559
00:31:53,100 --> 00:31:55,700
with stories about how they 
stood at the front line of the 

560
00:31:55,700 --> 00:31:58,900
Cold War. 
The viewing platforms built on 

561
00:31:58,900 --> 00:32:01,100
the western side. 
Allow you to look over into the 

562
00:32:01,100 --> 00:32:03,400
East to see the death strip and 
the building's Beyond. 

563
00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:08,000
These platforms attract crowds 
on weekends families with 

564
00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:12,100
children elderly couple's groups
of Stewarts everyone. 

565
00:32:12,100 --> 00:32:15,100
Peers over trying to Glimpse 
daily life in that parallel 

566
00:32:15,100 --> 00:32:19,200
world visible, but unreachable. 
Occasionally, you might see an 

567
00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:22,400
East German guard in one of the 
towers looking back at you. 

568
00:32:22,400 --> 00:32:25,700
Looking at him, both of you 
performing, observation for your

569
00:32:25,700 --> 00:32:28,900
respective side. 
From the Eastern side, 

570
00:32:28,900 --> 00:32:31,300
approaching the wall means 
approaching a forbidden zone. 

571
00:32:31,300 --> 00:32:34,600
The buildings closest to it. 
Have been demolished or sealed 

572
00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:38,300
their Windows bricked over and 
their residents, relocated to 

573
00:32:38,300 --> 00:32:41,700
make room for security. 
You can't casually walk up to 

574
00:32:41,700 --> 00:32:44,000
examine the barrier the way 
westerners can. 

575
00:32:44,800 --> 00:32:47,200
Getting too close. 
Draws attention from guards. 

576
00:32:47,200 --> 00:32:49,300
Whose job involves preventing 
exactly. 

577
00:32:49,300 --> 00:32:54,200
That kind of curiosity. yet, you
know about the wall, of course, 

578
00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:58,700
you do it, dominates the mental 
geography of the city, present 

579
00:32:58,700 --> 00:33:02,600
even when not visible, Your 
children, learn to draw maps 

580
00:33:02,600 --> 00:33:05,900
that show it incorporating this 
division, into their 

581
00:33:05,900 --> 00:33:08,200
understanding of normal Urban 
space. 

582
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:11,700
The wall becomes one of those 
Facts of Life like whether or 

583
00:33:11,700 --> 00:33:15,200
gravity that shapes Behavior 
without requiring constant 

584
00:33:15,200 --> 00:33:19,200
conscious thought, The official 
name in the East is anti-fascist

585
00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:22,600
protection Rampart. 
A designation that inverts the 

586
00:33:22,600 --> 00:33:25,500
walls actual purpose. 
So completely that no one 

587
00:33:25,500 --> 00:33:28,900
bothers to believe it. 
The fiction persists, because 

588
00:33:28,900 --> 00:33:32,200
abandoning it would require 
acknowledging that your own 

589
00:33:32,208 --> 00:33:35,600
government fears, its citizens, 
desire to leave badly, enough to

590
00:33:35,600 --> 00:33:39,100
imprison them better to maintain
the pretense that the wall 

591
00:33:39,100 --> 00:33:41,900
protects you from outside 
threats rather than prevents 

592
00:33:41,900 --> 00:33:45,500
your Escape Crossing points. 
Exist, of course, heavily 

593
00:33:45,500 --> 00:33:47,800
controlled and monitored 
Checkpoint. 

594
00:33:47,800 --> 00:33:51,300
Charlie serves foreigners and 
diplomats a place where American

595
00:33:51,300 --> 00:33:54,300
and Soviet soldiers faced each 
other across painted lines, 

596
00:33:54,300 --> 00:33:57,800
while bureaucrats process papers
in overheated offices. 

597
00:33:58,700 --> 00:34:02,300
The Crossing can take minutes or
hours, depending on factors. 

598
00:34:02,300 --> 00:34:05,800
You can't predict or control 
every document gets examined. 

599
00:34:05,800 --> 00:34:08,900
Every answer questioned and 
every piece of luggage 

600
00:34:08,900 --> 00:34:12,400
potentially searched. 
You've heard stories about the 

601
00:34:12,400 --> 00:34:15,900
crossings. 
Everyone has the elderly woman 

602
00:34:15,900 --> 00:34:17,699
whose grandchildren live in West
Berlin? 

603
00:34:17,699 --> 00:34:20,699
Who jumped through elaborate 
bureaucratic Hoops for 

604
00:34:20,699 --> 00:34:24,400
permission to visit only to be 
denied at the last moment for 

605
00:34:24,400 --> 00:34:28,600
reasons never explained. 
The academic was invited to a 

606
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:31,300
conference in the West. 
Proof for travel because the 

607
00:34:31,300 --> 00:34:34,699
state wants to demonstrate 
scientific achievement returning

608
00:34:34,699 --> 00:34:37,000
home to detail. 
Question about everyone who 

609
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:40,800
spoke with and everything, he 
observed Some East Germans have 

610
00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:44,600
permission to cross regularly. 
Usually older citizens past 

611
00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:48,100
working age considered two old 
to defect and useful for 

612
00:34:48,100 --> 00:34:50,600
maintaining family connections 
that prove the states 

613
00:34:50,600 --> 00:34:54,400
humanitarian nature. 
These approved Travelers become 

614
00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:57,900
minor celebrities among friends 
asked to bring back products. 

615
00:34:57,900 --> 00:35:02,200
Unavailable in the East coffee, 
chocolates specific magazines 

616
00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:05,500
and smaller Electronics, they 
navigate, elaborate gift, 

617
00:35:05,500 --> 00:35:09,500
economies trading, access to 
Western goods for favors and 

618
00:35:09,500 --> 00:35:12,300
influence. 
The Border extends Beyond 

619
00:35:12,300 --> 00:35:15,700
Berlin, of course, cutting 
across the entire continent in 

620
00:35:15,700 --> 00:35:19,400
what Churchill called an iron 
curtain though the metaphor 

621
00:35:19,400 --> 00:35:22,400
doesn't quite capture. 
The reality iron suggests 

622
00:35:22,400 --> 00:35:23,800
something solid and 
impenetrable. 

623
00:35:23,800 --> 00:35:28,100
When in fact the Border exists 
as a complex system of barriers 

624
00:35:28,100 --> 00:35:33,300
varying dramatically from place 
to place between West and East 

625
00:35:33,300 --> 00:35:37,100
Germany, the Border has evolved 
into something almost absurd in 

626
00:35:37,100 --> 00:35:40,300
his thoroughness. 
Fences topped with barbed wire, 

627
00:35:40,300 --> 00:35:45,500
minefields automatic shooting 
devices, concrete walls, and 

628
00:35:45,500 --> 00:35:47,500
some sections. 
Watch Towers. 

629
00:35:47,500 --> 00:35:52,100
Every few hundred meters, dogs 
on patrol and guards, authorized

630
00:35:52,100 --> 00:35:54,700
to shoot. 
Anyone attempted to cross the 

631
00:35:54,700 --> 00:35:57,900
death strip here gets raped. 
Regularly, maintained with a 

632
00:35:57,900 --> 00:36:00,400
Precision that would be 
admirable if applied to less 

633
00:36:00,400 --> 00:36:03,300
Grim purposes. 
You might live in a western 

634
00:36:03,300 --> 00:36:06,400
German Town that used to trade 
freely with what's now in 

635
00:36:06,400 --> 00:36:08,400
eastern German Town visible 
across the border. 

636
00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:12,200
The church spiers remained 
visible, the geography 

637
00:36:12,200 --> 00:36:15,800
unchanged, but the relationship 
has been severed completely. 

638
00:36:16,900 --> 00:36:19,400
No phone calls connect to the 
towns anymore. 

639
00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:24,200
No Roads bridge the gap. 
The Border has transformed 

640
00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:27,800
neighboring communities into 
foreign countries, familiar 

641
00:36:27,800 --> 00:36:30,800
strangers, living parallel lives
within sight of each other. 

642
00:36:31,800 --> 00:36:35,700
In some places the absurdity 
becomes almost comedic. 

643
00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:39,900
Houses that straddle the Border 
when it was drawn were split. 

644
00:36:40,700 --> 00:36:43,600
Families living on opposite side
of walls, running through their 

645
00:36:43,600 --> 00:36:46,400
kitchens. 
Rivers that once connected 

646
00:36:46,400 --> 00:36:49,300
communities became boundaries 
patrolled by boats. 

647
00:36:49,300 --> 00:36:52,400
Forests, where children from 
both sides played together 

648
00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:55,000
became militarized zones, where 
playing could get you killed 

649
00:36:56,200 --> 00:36:58,700
Check boarder with Bavaria and 
the Hungarian border with 

650
00:36:58,708 --> 00:37:02,000
Austria, each has its own 
character, its own specific 

651
00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:06,000
implementation of division. 
Hungary, maintain somewhat less 

652
00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:08,200
brutal barriers than East 
Germany, though. 

653
00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:12,700
Somewhat less brutal still means
fence is on guards and severe 

654
00:37:12,700 --> 00:37:17,300
consequences for attempting 
unauthorized Crossing Check us 

655
00:37:17,300 --> 00:37:19,500
Slovakia varies its border 
security by location. 

656
00:37:19,500 --> 00:37:23,700
Most intense were it Meets West 
Germany and Austria, less 

657
00:37:23,700 --> 00:37:26,400
intense were at borders Poland, 
or the Soviet Union. 

658
00:37:27,500 --> 00:37:29,800
You've learned the borders 
geography, the way Sailors, 

659
00:37:29,800 --> 00:37:34,100
learn coastlines, understanding 
where it's most dangerous where 

660
00:37:34,100 --> 00:37:38,300
brief permeability might exist 
and what weather or timing might

661
00:37:38,300 --> 00:37:41,300
affect your chances. 
Not because you're planning to 

662
00:37:41,300 --> 00:37:44,600
cross it illegally necessarily 
but because knowledge itself 

663
00:37:44,600 --> 00:37:48,100
feels like a small form of 
Freedom, a mental map of 

664
00:37:48,100 --> 00:37:52,600
possibilities, you may never act
upon The stories of successful 

665
00:37:52,600 --> 00:37:55,400
escape's. 
Fascinate everyone Easter and 

666
00:37:55,400 --> 00:37:57,100
West though for different 
reasons. 

667
00:37:58,300 --> 00:38:01,300
In the west, they're celebrated,
as courage, triumphing, over 

668
00:38:01,300 --> 00:38:04,700
tyranny individuals. 
Risking everything for free 

669
00:38:04,700 --> 00:38:06,300
them. 
In the East. 

670
00:38:06,300 --> 00:38:09,400
There are officially condemned 
as betrayal while 

671
00:38:09,400 --> 00:38:12,500
simultaneously, inspiring a 
grudging admiration for the 

672
00:38:12,500 --> 00:38:16,600
engineering involved. 
People of escaped by tunneling 

673
00:38:16,600 --> 00:38:20,900
under the wall, the work taking 
months, Doug in secret with hand

674
00:38:20,900 --> 00:38:22,700
tools and desperate 
determination. 

675
00:38:23,500 --> 00:38:25,800
They've escaped hidden in 
modified cars. 

676
00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:28,900
Squeezed into spaces, where no 
person should fit. 

677
00:38:28,900 --> 00:38:33,500
Hoping border guards won't 
discover the deception. they've 

678
00:38:33,500 --> 00:38:38,400
escaped by air balloons, 
ultralights hijacked planes 

679
00:38:38,400 --> 00:38:42,700
taking to the sky when the 
ground offered no Passage The 

680
00:38:42,700 --> 00:38:46,600
failures outnumber the successes
though exact numbers remain 

681
00:38:46,600 --> 00:38:50,100
classified people were shot 
while trying to climb the wall, 

682
00:38:50,100 --> 00:38:53,100
their bodies sometimes left 
there for hours as a warning. 

683
00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:56,500
People were caught in tunnels 
that collapsed or were 

684
00:38:56,500 --> 00:38:58,600
discovered. 
People were turned back by 

685
00:38:58,600 --> 00:39:01,300
guards who might have, let them 
pass if not for the watchful 

686
00:39:01,300 --> 00:39:04,900
eyes of other guards, the system
designed to prevent individual 

687
00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:06,600
Mercy through Collective 
surveillance. 

688
00:39:07,700 --> 00:39:11,900
You think about this sometimes 
late at night lying in bed, 

689
00:39:11,900 --> 00:39:16,000
while the city sleeps around 
you, the wall is there silent 

690
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:21,400
and patient, requiring No Sleep,
No Rest, continuing its work of 

691
00:39:21,400 --> 00:39:23,500
division, where anyone pays 
attention or not. 

692
00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:27,000
On both sides, people are 
sleeping in houses. 

693
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:30,000
That might be identical and 
construction, but exist in 

694
00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:34,000
different political universes 
separated by barriers that serve

695
00:39:34,000 --> 00:39:37,800
no defensive purpose against 
external threats, but proved 

696
00:39:37,800 --> 00:39:39,800
devastatingly effective at 
containing. 

697
00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:44,600
Internal populations. 
Border has become so normal. 

698
00:39:44,600 --> 00:39:48,700
You forget how abnormal it is, 
you forget that cities aren't 

699
00:39:48,700 --> 00:39:50,900
supposed to be divided that 
neighbor's aren't supposed to 

700
00:39:50,908 --> 00:39:54,000
require government permission to
visit each other but walls 

701
00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:56,900
aren't supposed to be necessary 
to keep population from fleeing.

702
00:39:58,200 --> 00:40:02,100
The absurdity Fades into routine
and routine dulls. 

703
00:40:02,100 --> 00:40:04,500
The outrage that should 
accompany seeing your world 

704
00:40:04,500 --> 00:40:09,600
sliced in half by concrete and 
barbed wire and the credible 

705
00:40:09,600 --> 00:40:14,800
threat of lethal Force. 
Morning comes and the wall is 

706
00:40:14,800 --> 00:40:18,300
still there exactly where it was
yesterday and will be tomorrow. 

707
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:23,100
You pass it on your way to work,
on your way, home on your way 

708
00:40:23,100 --> 00:40:25,500
through a city that learn to 
function, despite being 

709
00:40:25,500 --> 00:40:28,800
amputated from half of itself, 
the division has become 

710
00:40:28,800 --> 00:40:32,700
infrastructure permanent as 
roads or sewers shaping traffic 

711
00:40:32,700 --> 00:40:35,500
patterns and social 
relationships and the mental 

712
00:40:35,500 --> 00:40:37,100
Maps. 
Everyone carries of their 

713
00:40:37,100 --> 00:40:39,900
fragmented home. 
The school, your children 

714
00:40:39,900 --> 00:40:43,900
attends three blocks from your 
apartment, a concrete building 

715
00:40:43,900 --> 00:40:47,900
constructed in the optimistic 
architectural style of the 1966.

716
00:40:47,900 --> 00:40:52,600
All right, angles and large 
Windows designed to flood 

717
00:40:52,600 --> 00:40:56,900
classrooms with natural light. 
That light illuminates very 

718
00:40:56,900 --> 00:40:59,600
different lessons depending on 
which side of the Border House 

719
00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:02,300
is the school. 
In the west, your daughter 

720
00:41:02,300 --> 00:41:05,300
enters a classroom decorated 
with maps showing the entire 

721
00:41:05,300 --> 00:41:07,900
world. 
Not just the approved portion. 

722
00:41:07,900 --> 00:41:12,800
The teacher for Auschwitz has 
been teaching for 20 years and 

723
00:41:12,800 --> 00:41:15,100
carries the patient. 
Weariness of someone who seen 

724
00:41:15,100 --> 00:41:17,800
educational theories come and go
like fashion trends. 

725
00:41:17,800 --> 00:41:21,000
She organizes the day around a 
curriculum that balances 

726
00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:24,100
traditional subjects with newer 
ideas about Creative Learning 

727
00:41:24,100 --> 00:41:28,200
and student participation 
Mathematics proceed to 

728
00:41:28,200 --> 00:41:31,000
textbooks, produced by West 
German Publishers. 

729
00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:35,000
The problems carefully designed 
to be both practically useful 

730
00:41:35,000 --> 00:41:38,300
and intellectually challenging. 
Your daughter, learns to 

731
00:41:38,308 --> 00:41:41,300
calculate compound interest. 
Not because you'll need it 

732
00:41:41,300 --> 00:41:44,400
tomorrow, but because someone 
decided financial literacy 

733
00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:48,600
matters for future citizens. 
The story problems occasionally 

734
00:41:48,600 --> 00:41:52,300
feature characters named after 
American astronauts or British 

735
00:41:52,300 --> 00:41:57,000
musicians small markers of 
cultural orientation embedded in

736
00:41:57,000 --> 00:42:01,800
supposedly neutral mathematics. 
History class presents its own 

737
00:42:01,800 --> 00:42:05,300
challenges thrush mitt must 
navigate between comprehensive 

738
00:42:05,300 --> 00:42:07,900
honesty and age appropriate 
content. 

739
00:42:07,900 --> 00:42:11,200
Explaining the Third Reich to 12
year olds without either 

740
00:42:11,200 --> 00:42:14,300
minimizing its Horrors or 
traumatizing her students. 

741
00:42:14,300 --> 00:42:18,100
The curriculum doesn't shy from 
German responsibility, but also 

742
00:42:18,100 --> 00:42:21,600
doesn't wallow in guilt trying 
to forge some paths between 

743
00:42:21,600 --> 00:42:26,000
remembering and moving forward. 
The textbook show photographs 

744
00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:29,900
from concentration camps 
testimony from survivors and 

745
00:42:29,900 --> 00:42:32,700
evidence presented with the 
directness that some parents 

746
00:42:32,700 --> 00:42:35,800
find excessive and others 
finding sufficient. 

747
00:42:37,200 --> 00:42:41,000
The Cold War itself appears in 
history lessons though, teaching

748
00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:44,300
current division proves more 
complex than teaching past 

749
00:42:44,300 --> 00:42:46,800
events. 
Frau Schmidt describes the 

750
00:42:46,808 --> 00:42:50,600
Berlin airlift with evident 
Pride explaining how the West 

751
00:42:50,600 --> 00:42:53,000
resupply the city when Stalin 
blockaded it. 

752
00:42:53,000 --> 00:42:57,000
But she grows more measured when
discussing NATO or the arms race

753
00:42:57,000 --> 00:42:59,200
or what life might be like 
across the wall. 

754
00:42:59,200 --> 00:43:02,500
The official position holds that
East, German suffer under 

755
00:43:02,500 --> 00:43:06,400
totalitarian oppression but the 
Practical reality involves 

756
00:43:06,400 --> 00:43:10,500
maintaining some possibility for
eventual reunification, which 

757
00:43:10,500 --> 00:43:13,400
requires, not entirely 
demonizing, half the population.

758
00:43:14,300 --> 00:43:16,900
Your daughter's classmates, come
from, various backgrounds, 

759
00:43:16,900 --> 00:43:20,800
children of factory workers and 
doctors and shopkeepers all 

760
00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:23,500
mixed together in ways that 
supposedly demonstrate 

761
00:43:23,500 --> 00:43:27,300
Democratic equality. 
The reality involves subtler, 

762
00:43:27,300 --> 00:43:30,800
division's expensive, sneakers 
versus cheap ones. 

763
00:43:30,800 --> 00:43:35,600
They vacations to Spain versus 
staying home parents who speak 

764
00:43:35,600 --> 00:43:38,900
culture German versus those 
whose dialects mark them from 

765
00:43:38,900 --> 00:43:41,500
elsewhere and less prestigious 
places. 

766
00:43:41,500 --> 00:43:46,300
The playground politics mirror 
adults Society more than adults 

767
00:43:46,300 --> 00:43:49,400
usually admit. 
Children form alliances and 

768
00:43:49,400 --> 00:43:53,000
hierarchies based on arbitrary 
factors that nonetheless feel 

769
00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:56,700
tremendously important. 
Whose cool, whose not who gets 

770
00:43:56,700 --> 00:44:01,000
included in games and who gets 
excluded. all of this unfolds 

771
00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:03,600
with a casual cruelty that the 
teachers can moderate but not 

772
00:44:03,608 --> 00:44:07,300
prevent Your daughter comes home
with homework that fills her 

773
00:44:07,308 --> 00:44:09,900
evenings. 
Book reports on novels chosen 

774
00:44:09,900 --> 00:44:13,700
from an approved list. 
Science projects, requiring 

775
00:44:13,700 --> 00:44:17,400
materials, you purchase at the 
store and essays on topics. 

776
00:44:17,400 --> 00:44:21,408
Like what I want to be when I 
grow up That force her to 

777
00:44:21,416 --> 00:44:25,000
imagine Futures. 
She can't yet conceived. you 

778
00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:28,500
help when you can though 
increasingly her education to 

779
00:44:28,500 --> 00:44:31,700
passes your own requiring 
knowledge, you never acquired or

780
00:44:31,700 --> 00:44:35,700
a forgotten In the East your 
son's school operates. 

781
00:44:35,700 --> 00:44:38,600
According to different 
principles though, the building 

782
00:44:38,600 --> 00:44:43,300
might look remarkably similar. 
The same concrete, the same 

783
00:44:43,300 --> 00:44:47,200
large Windows, the same 
utilitarian approach to creating

784
00:44:47,200 --> 00:44:49,800
learning space. 
Is the difference is, in emerge 

785
00:44:49,800 --> 00:44:52,000
in the details. 
The curriculum and the 

786
00:44:52,000 --> 00:44:55,100
underlying assumptions about 
what education should accomplish

787
00:44:56,100 --> 00:45:00,000
His classroom displays different
Maps once the damp for size, the

788
00:45:00,000 --> 00:45:03,700
Socialist world, the Soviet 
Union vast across the wall, 

789
00:45:03,700 --> 00:45:07,600
Eastern Europe, colored in 
Shades, suggesting solidarity. 

790
00:45:08,300 --> 00:45:11,500
The third world depicted a site 
of Liberation struggles against 

791
00:45:11,500 --> 00:45:14,800
imperialist oppression. 
The West appears diminished. 

792
00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:18,700
problems highlighted while its 
attractions go unmentioned or 

793
00:45:18,700 --> 00:45:23,100
dismissed as decadent Hem, 
Mueller, his teacher approaches 

794
00:45:23,100 --> 00:45:26,600
education with an ideological 
Clarity, that would seem 

795
00:45:26,600 --> 00:45:28,300
oppressive if delivered less 
skillfully. 

796
00:45:29,100 --> 00:45:32,500
But hermiller understands 
children knows how to make even 

797
00:45:32,500 --> 00:45:36,100
required propaganda, engaging 
through stories and games and 

798
00:45:36,100 --> 00:45:39,900
the careful deployment of humor.
He teaches mathematics using 

799
00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:43,600
problems about Collective farms 
and factory production embedding

800
00:45:43,600 --> 00:45:46,300
ideologies. 
So smoothly, that students 

801
00:45:46,300 --> 00:45:49,200
absorb it without noticing the 
mechanism of absorption. 

802
00:45:50,200 --> 00:45:52,400
History in the East, follows a 
Marxist leninist. 

803
00:45:52,400 --> 00:45:54,300
Framework that presents human 
development. 

804
00:45:54,300 --> 00:45:57,600
As following inevitable 
patterns, progressing from 

805
00:45:57,600 --> 00:46:01,400
primitive communism, through 
slavery, feudalism and 

806
00:46:01,400 --> 00:46:04,400
capitalism toward the Socialist 
future already being built. 

807
00:46:05,300 --> 00:46:08,200
The Third Reich appears as 
capitalism's final. 

808
00:46:08,900 --> 00:46:13,100
Desperate attempt to prevent 
historical progress defeated by 

809
00:46:13,100 --> 00:46:17,000
the Soviet Union at tremendous 
cost, while the west and allies 

810
00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:19,800
played supporting roles the 
textbooks minimize. 

811
00:46:20,700 --> 00:46:23,800
Your son learns about the 
Spartacus league and the failed 

812
00:46:23,800 --> 00:46:28,200
revolution of 1919 about Oz, 
Tillman and the Communist 

813
00:46:28,200 --> 00:46:31,700
resistance to Nazism and about 
the founding of the German 

814
00:46:31,700 --> 00:46:35,200
Democratic Republic as the first
German state to truly represent 

815
00:46:35,200 --> 00:46:39,000
workers interests, The Narrative
follows a clear Arc toward 

816
00:46:39,000 --> 00:46:42,600
Redemption suggesting that while
West Germany wallows in 

817
00:46:42,600 --> 00:46:46,000
unrepentant capitalism, the East
has learned from history and 

818
00:46:46,000 --> 00:46:50,000
chosen a better path. 
The young Pioneers organization 

819
00:46:50,000 --> 00:46:53,300
structures much of school life, 
providing uniforms and 

820
00:46:53,308 --> 00:46:56,200
activities and a sensible 
belonging to something larger 

821
00:46:56,200 --> 00:46:59,100
than one self. 
Your son wears his blue 

822
00:46:59,100 --> 00:47:02,800
neckerchief with unselfconscious
pride, having not yet developed 

823
00:47:02,800 --> 00:47:04,500
the sinuses that will come 
later. 

824
00:47:05,600 --> 00:47:08,900
The Pioneer meetings involve 
songs about building socialism 

825
00:47:08,900 --> 00:47:11,700
camping. 
Trips that mix outdoor fun, with

826
00:47:11,700 --> 00:47:15,600
ideological instruction, and 
community service projects that 

827
00:47:15,600 --> 00:47:18,500
teach both helpfulness, and the 
value of collective action. 

828
00:47:19,400 --> 00:47:22,000
The curriculum includes Russian 
language lessons. 

829
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:25,100
Starting in elementary school 
preparing students to 

830
00:47:25,100 --> 00:47:29,100
communicate with their Soviet 
allies and consume the vast, 

831
00:47:29,100 --> 00:47:33,700
literature of socialist realism.
Your son struggles with Russian 

832
00:47:33,700 --> 00:47:37,700
grammar, finding its cases and 
conjugations more challenging 

833
00:47:37,700 --> 00:47:42,000
than anything German requires. 
But he persists understanding 

834
00:47:42,000 --> 00:47:44,800
that excellence in Russian might
open opportunities later 

835
00:47:44,800 --> 00:47:49,400
University, admission career 
advancement, perhaps even travel

836
00:47:49,400 --> 00:47:54,400
to Moscow Physical education 
emphasizes, socialist sport. 

837
00:47:54,400 --> 00:47:57,400
The idea that athletic 
achievement demonstrates the 

838
00:47:57,408 --> 00:47:59,500
superiority of socialist 
systems. 

839
00:48:00,500 --> 00:48:03,400
The teachers pushed students 
toward excellence in ways that 

840
00:48:03,400 --> 00:48:05,900
blur the line between 
encouragement and pressure. 

841
00:48:06,900 --> 00:48:10,100
The best athletes get recruited 
for specialized Sports schools, 

842
00:48:10,100 --> 00:48:13,400
their talent, recognized as a 
national resource to be 

843
00:48:13,400 --> 00:48:15,200
developed through systematic 
training. 

844
00:48:16,300 --> 00:48:19,900
Your son's classmates include 
children from the backgrounds 

845
00:48:19,900 --> 00:48:24,300
workers and farmers and party 
members the families that form 

846
00:48:24,300 --> 00:48:26,700
the social base, the system 
claims to serve. 

847
00:48:26,700 --> 00:48:30,100
But there are subtle higher Keys
here too based on parents 

848
00:48:30,100 --> 00:48:33,400
positions within the party. 
Apparatus on families, 

849
00:48:33,400 --> 00:48:37,000
revolutionary credentials and on
factors children, barely 

850
00:48:37,000 --> 00:48:39,700
understand. 
But nonetheless navigate with 

851
00:48:39,700 --> 00:48:44,600
impressive sophistication, The 
school library contains 

852
00:48:44,600 --> 00:48:46,000
carefully. 
Selected books. 

853
00:48:46,800 --> 00:48:50,500
Classic literature alongside 
socialist realism and German 

854
00:48:50,500 --> 00:48:53,500
authors deemed acceptable, 
alongside Russian and Eastern 

855
00:48:53,500 --> 00:48:57,300
European writers notable, 
absences reveal the selection 

856
00:48:57,300 --> 00:49:00,200
criteria. 
Western contemporary fiction, 

857
00:49:00,200 --> 00:49:04,400
rarely appears religious texts 
are entirely missing and 

858
00:49:04,400 --> 00:49:07,900
anything suggesting alternatives
to socialist development has 

859
00:49:07,900 --> 00:49:11,700
been weeded out. 
Both sets of children, East and 

860
00:49:11,700 --> 00:49:15,600
West receive sex education. 
That seems simultaneously too 

861
00:49:15,600 --> 00:49:19,300
much and not enough delivered by
uncomfortable teachers reading 

862
00:49:19,300 --> 00:49:22,900
from approved materials while 
students giggle or stare at 

863
00:49:22,908 --> 00:49:26,000
their desks. 
The biological facts get 

864
00:49:26,000 --> 00:49:29,300
communicated with clinical 
Precision while the emotional 

865
00:49:29,300 --> 00:49:33,000
and social aspects, remain 
frustratingly, vague in both 

866
00:49:33,000 --> 00:49:35,200
systems. 
The curriculum treat sex as 

867
00:49:35,200 --> 00:49:38,100
something that happens between 
properly married adults for the 

868
00:49:38,108 --> 00:49:41,700
purpose of creating more 
citizens of view that aligns 

869
00:49:41,700 --> 00:49:44,100
poorly with the reality, 
students, and beginning to 

870
00:49:44,100 --> 00:49:47,800
notice around them. 
University Looms in the future. 

871
00:49:47,800 --> 00:49:51,400
For both your daughter and your 
son though, the paths differ 

872
00:49:51,400 --> 00:49:55,300
significantly. 
In the West University admission

873
00:49:55,300 --> 00:49:58,300
depends largely on grades and 
performance on standardized 

874
00:49:58,300 --> 00:50:01,800
tests. 
A supposedly meritocratic system

875
00:50:01,800 --> 00:50:05,300
that nonetheless favors children
from educated families who 

876
00:50:05,300 --> 00:50:07,500
understand how to navigate its 
requirements. 

877
00:50:08,600 --> 00:50:11,400
Your daughter dreams about 
studying literature or maybe 

878
00:50:11,400 --> 00:50:14,700
psychology fields. 
That seem both interesting and 

879
00:50:14,700 --> 00:50:18,900
vaguely prestigious in the East 
University admission requires 

880
00:50:18,900 --> 00:50:21,300
good grades. 
But also political reliability 

881
00:50:21,300 --> 00:50:25,700
participation in socialist 
organizations and a background 

882
00:50:25,700 --> 00:50:29,100
that suggests loyalty to the 
system, your son might need to 

883
00:50:29,100 --> 00:50:30,900
serve in the National People's 
Army. 

884
00:50:30,900 --> 00:50:33,800
Before being considered for 
certain University programs, 

885
00:50:33,800 --> 00:50:37,100
using military service to 
demonstrate, both his commitment

886
00:50:37,100 --> 00:50:39,400
and his Fitness for advanced 
education. 

887
00:50:40,700 --> 00:50:43,900
Children themselves regardless 
of where they're being educated,

888
00:50:43,900 --> 00:50:46,300
share certain Universal 
qualities. 

889
00:50:47,400 --> 00:50:51,000
Their board by lessons, they 
find a relevant excited by 

890
00:50:51,000 --> 00:50:54,900
subjects that capture their 
imagination and social in ways 

891
00:50:54,900 --> 00:50:57,800
that frustrate teachers trying 
to maintain classroom order. 

892
00:50:58,800 --> 00:51:02,700
They pass notes during lectures 
form crushes, that consume them 

893
00:51:02,700 --> 00:51:06,400
completely for days before 
evaporating and worry about 

894
00:51:06,400 --> 00:51:09,200
fitting in while spontaneously 
trying to stand out. 

895
00:51:10,200 --> 00:51:12,500
They're also absorbing lessons 
beyond the formal. 

896
00:51:12,500 --> 00:51:16,500
Curriculum learning about power 
and Conformity and the complex 

897
00:51:16,500 --> 00:51:19,900
negotiations required to 
navigate institutional life. 

898
00:51:21,000 --> 00:51:24,200
Their discovering which 
authorities must be obeyed and 

899
00:51:24,200 --> 00:51:28,900
which can be safely, resisted, 
which rules Mater and which 

900
00:51:28,900 --> 00:51:31,500
exists primarily as performance 
of order. 

901
00:51:31,500 --> 00:51:34,900
These informal lessons, might 
prove more useful than anything 

902
00:51:34,900 --> 00:51:38,300
in the textbooks. 
Preparing them for adult life in

903
00:51:38,300 --> 00:51:42,500
societies, that require constant
calibration between individual 

904
00:51:42,500 --> 00:51:47,600
desires and Collective demands. 
Evening homework fills the 

905
00:51:47,600 --> 00:51:51,200
apartment on both sides of the 
Divide you help when you can 

906
00:51:51,200 --> 00:51:54,600
checking mathematics problems. 
Or quizzing vocabulary words 

907
00:51:54,600 --> 00:51:58,500
though, you sometimes wonder 
whether this assistance helps or

908
00:51:58,500 --> 00:52:01,700
simply postpone your children 
developing Independence study 

909
00:52:01,700 --> 00:52:04,300
skills. 
The kitchen table becomes a 

910
00:52:04,300 --> 00:52:07,900
workspace cluttered with 
textbooks and notebooks the 

911
00:52:07,900 --> 00:52:11,200
detritus of learning that seems 
both vitally important and 

912
00:52:11,200 --> 00:52:13,700
curiously disconnected from the 
actual knowledge. 

913
00:52:13,700 --> 00:52:17,300
You found useful in life, your 
children will grow up shaped by 

914
00:52:17,300 --> 00:52:20,600
these educations in ways, you 
can't fully predict the 

915
00:52:20,600 --> 00:52:24,100
differences in curriculum. 
The variations in ideological 

916
00:52:24,100 --> 00:52:27,200
instruction and the competing 
visions of what knowledge 

917
00:52:27,200 --> 00:52:31,100
matters and what citizens should
become all of this enters. 

918
00:52:31,100 --> 00:52:34,300
Their developing Minds alongside
Universal experiences of 

919
00:52:34,300 --> 00:52:37,800
childhood creating complex 
individuals who are 

920
00:52:37,800 --> 00:52:42,100
simultaneously products of their
specific circumstances and Proof

921
00:52:42,100 --> 00:52:46,300
of humanity, stubborn refusal to
be entirely determined by 

922
00:52:46,300 --> 00:52:49,300
environment. 
The apartment where you live 

923
00:52:49,300 --> 00:52:53,200
tells its own story about the 
society that produced it. though

924
00:52:53,200 --> 00:52:56,300
the story differs dramatically 
depending on which side of the 

925
00:52:56,300 --> 00:53:00,600
division, you call home, In the 
west, your apartment might be 

926
00:53:00,600 --> 00:53:03,200
part of a building constructed 
during the post-war 

927
00:53:03,200 --> 00:53:05,400
reconstruction. 
Functional. 

928
00:53:05,400 --> 00:53:09,100
But uninspired architecture 
designed to House people quickly

929
00:53:09,100 --> 00:53:12,300
and efficiently. 
The rooms are small by the 

930
00:53:12,300 --> 00:53:15,500
standards, you've seen in 
American magazines but adequate 

931
00:53:15,500 --> 00:53:19,000
for the needs of a family of 
four, the kitchen contains a 

932
00:53:19,000 --> 00:53:20,900
refrigerator. 
You purchased five years ago. 

933
00:53:20,900 --> 00:53:24,400
A stove that came with the 
apartment and cabinets that 

934
00:53:24,400 --> 00:53:26,600
never quite hold everything you 
want to store. 

935
00:53:27,500 --> 00:53:30,900
The living room centers around 
the television that altar to 

936
00:53:30,900 --> 00:53:34,700
Modern Family Life, with a couch
purchased on installment, facing

937
00:53:34,700 --> 00:53:36,400
it at the optimal viewing 
distance. 

938
00:53:37,300 --> 00:53:39,500
The coffee table holds 
magazines, you've been meaning 

939
00:53:39,500 --> 00:53:44,900
to read news, weeklies hobby 
Publications, perhaps a fashion 

940
00:53:44,900 --> 00:53:46,100
magazine. 
Your daughter claimed. 

941
00:53:46,100 --> 00:53:48,800
She needs for school, though. 
You suspect other motives? 

942
00:53:49,600 --> 00:53:51,700
The walls display, are you 
selected yourself? 

943
00:53:51,700 --> 00:53:55,700
A print of something, vaguely 
impressionist a family 

944
00:53:55,700 --> 00:53:59,300
photograph, from a vacation to 
the Alps and a calendar from the

945
00:53:59,300 --> 00:54:01,700
insurance company. 
That sends you one every year. 

946
00:54:02,700 --> 00:54:05,700
Your bedroom contains Furniture 
in that mid-century style, that 

947
00:54:05,700 --> 00:54:07,600
seemed modern when you bought 
it. 

948
00:54:07,600 --> 00:54:11,400
And now just seems dated though,
not yet old enough to be 

949
00:54:11,400 --> 00:54:13,900
considered. 
Vintage the Wardrobe holds 

950
00:54:13,900 --> 00:54:16,000
clothes purchased from various 
stores. 

951
00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:20,200
German Brands mixed with occult 
items from Italy or France. 

952
00:54:21,100 --> 00:54:24,600
Your clothing choices, reflect 
both practical needs and subtle 

953
00:54:24,600 --> 00:54:27,500
social signaling. 
Dressing well enough to be 

954
00:54:27,500 --> 00:54:30,600
respectable but not so well that
you appear to be showing off. 

955
00:54:31,500 --> 00:54:34,500
The bathroom modernized five 
years ago after much delay and 

956
00:54:34,500 --> 00:54:37,200
expense. 
Now features tile you selected 

957
00:54:37,200 --> 00:54:40,800
from samples at the hardware 
store, a bathtub deep enough for

958
00:54:40,800 --> 00:54:44,300
actual relaxation, an aurora 
that slightly too small for the 

959
00:54:44,308 --> 00:54:48,400
space but was on sale. 
The medicine cabinet contains an

960
00:54:48,400 --> 00:54:53,000
archaeological record of minor. 
Ailments, cold remedies aspirin,

961
00:54:53,000 --> 00:54:56,600
bandages, and prescription 
bottles from maladies you've 

962
00:54:56,600 --> 00:54:59,700
recovered from but haven't 
bothered to discard Your 

963
00:54:59,700 --> 00:55:02,100
children share a bedroom 
decorated according to their 

964
00:55:02,100 --> 00:55:04,800
Divergent. 
Tastes creating a space that 

965
00:55:04,800 --> 00:55:07,000
represents negotiated 
compromise. 

966
00:55:07,000 --> 00:55:10,500
Rather than aesthetic coherence,
your daughter's half features 

967
00:55:10,500 --> 00:55:14,500
posters of musicians. 
You vaguely recognize while your

968
00:55:14,500 --> 00:55:17,900
sons half displays football team
Penance and a growing collection

969
00:55:17,900 --> 00:55:21,400
of model cars. 
A shared bookshelf, hold School 

970
00:55:21,400 --> 00:55:23,500
textbooks, children's 
literature. 

971
00:55:23,500 --> 00:55:26,900
They've outgrown but refused to 
part with a newer books, their 

972
00:55:26,900 --> 00:55:30,400
currently reading The kitchen 
becomes the real Center of 

973
00:55:30,400 --> 00:55:32,100
family life. 
Most evening's. 

974
00:55:32,100 --> 00:55:35,800
This is where homework gets done
while you prepared dinner where 

975
00:55:35,800 --> 00:55:37,900
arguments unfolded and get 
resolved. 

976
00:55:38,500 --> 00:55:41,500
And where the radio plays while 
you clean up after meals. 

977
00:55:42,500 --> 00:55:45,500
The refrigerator door is 
accumulated, photographs held by

978
00:55:45,500 --> 00:55:49,500
magnets children are artwork, 
appointment cards for the 

979
00:55:49,500 --> 00:55:52,400
dentist and receipts, your 
saving for reasons. 

980
00:55:52,400 --> 00:55:56,600
You forgot and Shopping for the 
week, involves a trip, to the 

981
00:55:56,600 --> 00:56:00,500
supermarket that Temple of 
consumer, abundance, where 

982
00:56:00,500 --> 00:56:03,900
choices overwhelm you navigate, 
aisles stocked with products 

983
00:56:03,900 --> 00:56:07,000
designed to solve problems. 
You didn't know you had the 

984
00:56:07,000 --> 00:56:10,800
shopping cart fills, gradually 
standard items, you buy every 

985
00:56:10,800 --> 00:56:14,600
week occasional luxuries, when 
the budget allows and things, 

986
00:56:14,600 --> 00:56:17,300
the children, lobbied for 
through sustained campaigns of 

987
00:56:17,300 --> 00:56:21,300
requests and negotiation. 
The cost of living, occupies 

988
00:56:21,300 --> 00:56:23,700
mental space. 
You'd rather dedicate to other 

989
00:56:23,700 --> 00:56:28,100
concerns, you budget carefully, 
tracking expenses trying to save

990
00:56:28,100 --> 00:56:30,500
something each month, while also
maintaining the lifestyle that 

991
00:56:30,500 --> 00:56:32,000
marks you as properly middle 
class. 

992
00:56:33,200 --> 00:56:35,900
The tension between wanting 
things and affording them 

993
00:56:35,900 --> 00:56:39,700
creates a low-level stress, that
never entirely disappears. 

994
00:56:40,600 --> 00:56:44,000
In the East, your apartment 
comes from similar post-walk 

995
00:56:44,000 --> 00:56:47,100
construction, though. 
Executed, according to different

996
00:56:47,100 --> 00:56:49,700
specifications and with 
materials of available to 

997
00:56:49,700 --> 00:56:53,400
centrally planned economies the 
rooms follow standard size is 

998
00:56:53,400 --> 00:56:56,600
determined by housing 
authorities with efficiently 

999
00:56:56,600 --> 00:56:59,700
measured in square meters. 
Allocated per person and rather 

1000
00:56:59,700 --> 00:57:02,900
than market demand. 
The kitchen contains a 

1001
00:57:02,900 --> 00:57:06,900
refrigerator manufactured in the
gdr or possibly imported from 

1002
00:57:06,900 --> 00:57:10,000
the Soviet Union smaller than 
Western models. 

1003
00:57:10,000 --> 00:57:12,600
But sufficient for the food, you
actually have rather than the 

1004
00:57:12,600 --> 00:57:16,800
food you might want. 
The stove works adequately that 

1005
00:57:16,800 --> 00:57:19,900
required repairs last year that 
took three months to complete 

1006
00:57:19,900 --> 00:57:22,400
because the necessary parts 
needed ordering from the 

1007
00:57:22,400 --> 00:57:26,000
factory, the cabinets 
standardized across thousands of

1008
00:57:26,000 --> 00:57:28,900
Apartments, hold your dishes, 
and food stocks with the 

1009
00:57:28,900 --> 00:57:31,800
Precision of someone who's 
learned to make limited space, 

1010
00:57:31,800 --> 00:57:35,500
serve multiple purposes. 
Your living room also centers 

1011
00:57:35,500 --> 00:57:38,600
around a television though, the 
set itself came from different 

1012
00:57:38,600 --> 00:57:40,600
sources and shows you different 
programs. 

1013
00:57:41,700 --> 00:57:45,200
The couch purchased from a 
state-run furniture store, 

1014
00:57:45,200 --> 00:57:48,800
existing thousands of identical 
apartments across the country. 

1015
00:57:49,700 --> 00:57:52,800
The same Ness used to bother you
but as gradually becoming 

1016
00:57:52,800 --> 00:57:58,300
visible normal, just how things 
are The walls display approved 

1017
00:57:58,300 --> 00:58:02,100
art. perhaps a print of a 
socialist realist, painting 

1018
00:58:02,100 --> 00:58:07,100
showing workers or farmers in 
heroic poses or a landscape that

1019
00:58:07,100 --> 00:58:09,600
celebrates the East German 
Countryside without suggesting 

1020
00:58:09,600 --> 00:58:13,400
anywhere else might be worth 
celebrating The bedroom 

1021
00:58:13,400 --> 00:58:16,900
furniture came as a set, the 
Wardrobe built to standard 

1022
00:58:16,900 --> 00:58:19,900
specifications. 
The bed frame matching the 

1023
00:58:19,900 --> 00:58:23,400
approved design, your clothing 
choices involve Les Brown 

1024
00:58:23,400 --> 00:58:25,400
selection and more creative 
acquisition. 

1025
00:58:26,200 --> 00:58:29,400
Finding items through 
connections shopping during your

1026
00:58:29,400 --> 00:58:33,000
rare trips to other socialist 
countries and receiving packages

1027
00:58:33,000 --> 00:58:36,200
from Western relatives that 
contain garments carefully. 

1028
00:58:36,200 --> 00:58:39,200
Chosen to avoid drawing too much
official attention while still 

1029
00:58:39,200 --> 00:58:42,400
being desirable. 
The bathroom remains functional 

1030
00:58:42,400 --> 00:58:46,800
but basic with tiles that have 
seen better days but continue 

1031
00:58:46,800 --> 00:58:50,100
serving their purpose fixtures. 
That leak slightly but not 

1032
00:58:50,100 --> 00:58:52,700
enough to justify the 
bureaucratic effort required to 

1033
00:58:52,700 --> 00:58:56,000
get them properly repaired, the 
medicine cabinet, holds similar 

1034
00:58:56,000 --> 00:58:59,300
remedies to those in western 
bathrooms though, the packaging 

1035
00:58:59,300 --> 00:59:02,600
differs and some items require 
prescriptions that take 

1036
00:59:02,600 --> 00:59:05,800
substantial effort to obtain 
Your children. 

1037
00:59:05,800 --> 00:59:08,800
Share their bedroom under 
similar conditions of negotiated

1038
00:59:08,800 --> 00:59:11,600
compromise, though, their 
posters feature different 

1039
00:59:11,608 --> 00:59:15,600
musicians, socialist approved, 
bands, or Western groups, whose 

1040
00:59:15,600 --> 00:59:18,600
music has been officially 
tolerated or nothing at all 

1041
00:59:18,600 --> 00:59:21,700
because posters themselves. 
Might draw unwanted tension, 

1042
00:59:21,700 --> 00:59:24,800
from visitors, who shouldn't be 
assumed to appreciate your 

1043
00:59:24,800 --> 00:59:28,000
children to taste. 
The kitchen serves like Dental 

1044
00:59:28,000 --> 00:59:32,000
purposes, homework surface, 
meal, preparation area, family, 

1045
00:59:32,000 --> 00:59:35,600
gathering, spot, and site of 
radio company dishwashing. 

1046
00:59:36,300 --> 00:59:38,900
But shopping for the week, 
involves different Logistics, 

1047
00:59:38,900 --> 00:59:43,000
you know, which stores stock, 
which items on which days have 

1048
00:59:43,000 --> 00:59:45,700
developed relationships with 
shop workers, who might set 

1049
00:59:45,700 --> 00:59:47,400
things aside for regular 
customers. 

1050
00:59:47,400 --> 00:59:50,500
And maintain networks of 
friends, who alert each other 

1051
00:59:50,500 --> 00:59:52,400
when something desirable becomes
available. 

1052
00:59:53,500 --> 00:59:57,300
The cue becomes part of life's 
rhythm in ways westerners don't 

1053
00:59:57,300 --> 01:00:01,900
experience uq for bred for meat 
for fresh vegetables. 

1054
01:00:01,900 --> 01:00:04,700
When they appear. 
You cue, not knowing if the 

1055
01:00:04,700 --> 01:00:08,600
supply will last until you turn 
comes developing strategies for 

1056
01:00:08,600 --> 01:00:12,600
maximizing efficiency sending 
children to hold places in 

1057
01:00:12,600 --> 01:00:16,100
different cues simultaneously. 
Coordinating with neighbors to 

1058
01:00:16,100 --> 01:00:19,600
cover multiple stores budgeting 
here, involves different 

1059
01:00:19,600 --> 01:00:23,400
calculations money itself, 
matters, less than access 

1060
01:00:23,400 --> 01:00:27,400
connections, and the ability to 
navigate systems of official and

1061
01:00:27,400 --> 01:00:30,900
unofficial exchange, might have 
savings, but know where 

1062
01:00:30,900 --> 01:00:34,000
particularly useful to spend 
them, creating a peculiar 

1063
01:00:34,000 --> 01:00:36,500
situation where your 
simultaneously financially 

1064
01:00:36,500 --> 01:00:41,500
secure and materially limited, 
Both Apartments East and West 

1065
01:00:41,500 --> 01:00:45,300
becomes sites of small rituals 
that structure family life. 

1066
01:00:46,000 --> 01:00:49,300
Sunday mornings might involve 
particular, breakfast foods and 

1067
01:00:49,300 --> 01:00:53,300
special routines that Mark time 
passing and create continuity. 

1068
01:00:54,300 --> 01:00:58,600
Birthdays bring celebrations 
scale to family, economics gifts

1069
01:00:58,600 --> 01:01:02,700
either purchased or made cakes 
baked with varying degrees of 

1070
01:01:02,700 --> 01:01:06,000
success. 
Holidays lay a religious 

1071
01:01:06,000 --> 01:01:08,400
tradition with consumer, 
practice and political 

1072
01:01:08,400 --> 01:01:12,800
observance, into Complex events 
that satisfy multiple demands 

1073
01:01:12,800 --> 01:01:16,300
simultaneously. 
The division of household labor 

1074
01:01:16,300 --> 01:01:20,000
follows patterns that claim to 
be modern, but often replicate 

1075
01:01:20,000 --> 01:01:22,100
traditional gender roles with 
slight variations. 

1076
01:01:23,300 --> 01:01:26,700
You might share cooking duties, 
more than your parents did, but 

1077
01:01:26,700 --> 01:01:29,200
cleaning and child care. 
Still fall, disproportionately 

1078
01:01:29,200 --> 01:01:32,500
to wives and mothers. 
The official ideology in both 

1079
01:01:32,500 --> 01:01:35,900
the eastern West promotes gender
equality, while the actual 

1080
01:01:35,900 --> 01:01:39,500
practice demonstrates Humanity's
resistance to Rapid social 

1081
01:01:39,500 --> 01:01:43,700
change. family meals, when 
everyone actually sits down 

1082
01:01:43,700 --> 01:01:48,400
together, become rare enough to 
feel special You eat, while the 

1083
01:01:48,400 --> 01:01:52,400
television plays or 
insignificant silence, or amidst

1084
01:01:52,400 --> 01:01:56,000
conversation that ranges from 
mundane complaints to genuine 

1085
01:01:56,000 --> 01:01:58,400
connection. 
These meals. 

1086
01:01:58,400 --> 01:02:00,600
Don't follow the idealized 
patterns showing in 

1087
01:02:00,600 --> 01:02:04,300
advertisements or official 
celebrations of family values, 

1088
01:02:04,300 --> 01:02:08,500
their Messier or distracted and 
frequently interrupted by 

1089
01:02:08,500 --> 01:02:10,400
children. 
Needing to be somewhere, or 

1090
01:02:10,400 --> 01:02:13,900
phone calls, or the general 
chaos of coordinating multiple 

1091
01:02:13,900 --> 01:02:17,800
schedule rules. 
The evenings wind down toward 

1092
01:02:17,800 --> 01:02:20,400
bedtime through routine. 
So established they've become 

1093
01:02:20,400 --> 01:02:23,600
almost ceremonial. 
Children need to be reminded 

1094
01:02:23,600 --> 01:02:27,000
about teeth brushing about 
homework, completion, and about 

1095
01:02:27,000 --> 01:02:29,900
getting ready for tomorrow. 
You check the doors are locked 

1096
01:02:29,900 --> 01:02:33,500
that lights are off in unused 
rooms, and that everything has 

1097
01:02:33,500 --> 01:02:35,300
been done. 
That needs doing before you 

1098
01:02:35,300 --> 01:02:39,800
allow yourself to finally rest. 
The apartment holds you and your

1099
01:02:39,800 --> 01:02:43,800
family through seasons and 
years, witnessing arguments, and

1100
01:02:43,800 --> 01:02:47,700
reconciliations celebrations and
disappointments. 

1101
01:02:47,700 --> 01:02:53,400
The ordinary accumulation of 
shared life The physical space 

1102
01:02:53,400 --> 01:02:55,500
matters, less than what happens 
within it. 

1103
01:02:56,200 --> 01:02:59,600
Though, the constraints of that 
space shape, what's possible you

1104
01:02:59,600 --> 01:03:02,800
make dough as Millions, do 
transforming standardized 

1105
01:03:02,800 --> 01:03:06,100
housing and to individual homes,
through the particular ways you 

1106
01:03:06,100 --> 01:03:08,300
occupy and a range and live 
Within These Walls. 

1107
01:03:09,300 --> 01:03:12,200
The undercurrent of political 
anxiety, runs through daily 

1108
01:03:12,200 --> 01:03:14,300
life. 
So constantly that you've 

1109
01:03:14,300 --> 01:03:16,900
learned to live with it, the way
you live with traffic noise or 

1110
01:03:16,900 --> 01:03:20,300
whether as a condition of 
existence rather than an 

1111
01:03:20,300 --> 01:03:25,300
emergency requiring immediate 
response, In the west, the 

1112
01:03:25,300 --> 01:03:29,000
anxiety manifests, as 
background, radiation rarely, 

1113
01:03:29,000 --> 01:03:33,700
intense enough to disrupt normal
life but never entirely absent. 

1114
01:03:33,700 --> 01:03:37,300
Either, the news brings regular 
reminders of the geopolitical 

1115
01:03:37,300 --> 01:03:42,500
standoff reports about Soviet 
military exercises announcements

1116
01:03:42,500 --> 01:03:46,600
of new weapons systems and 
diplomatic tensions that flare 

1117
01:03:46,600 --> 01:03:50,800
and subside without resolution. 
You register these developments 

1118
01:03:50,800 --> 01:03:53,600
while, also recognizing that 
they probably won't directly 

1119
01:03:53,600 --> 01:03:57,000
affect whether you go to work 
tomorrow or what you serve for 

1120
01:03:57,000 --> 01:04:00,000
dinner. 
Presence of American forces in 

1121
01:04:00,000 --> 01:04:02,500
West Berlin creates its own 
peculiar normalcy. 

1122
01:04:02,500 --> 01:04:05,400
You see, American soldiers, and 
cafes and shops. 

1123
01:04:05,400 --> 01:04:08,200
Speaking English loudly. 
In the way Americans, do seaming

1124
01:04:08,200 --> 01:04:11,700
both exotic and ordinary. 
Their presence reassures. 

1125
01:04:11,700 --> 01:04:15,300
You theoretically, they 
represent the commitment that 

1126
01:04:15,300 --> 01:04:18,600
prevents Soviet expansion. 
The guarantee that West Berlin 

1127
01:04:18,600 --> 01:04:22,000
won't be abandoned to the east, 
but their presence, remind you, 

1128
01:04:22,000 --> 01:04:25,500
that your city remains occupied.
That normal sovereignty doesn't 

1129
01:04:25,500 --> 01:04:28,900
apply and that the war 
supposedly ended decades ago. 

1130
01:04:28,900 --> 01:04:31,600
But actually just transformed 
into something more stable and 

1131
01:04:31,600 --> 01:04:35,800
less visibly violent. 
The occasional exercises and 

1132
01:04:35,800 --> 01:04:38,500
drills, maintain awareness of 
potential crises. 

1133
01:04:39,400 --> 01:04:43,500
Air Raid Sirens get tested 
monthly producing whales that 

1134
01:04:43,500 --> 01:04:46,800
send dogs into fits and 
momentarily, raise heart rates 

1135
01:04:46,800 --> 01:04:50,000
before everyone remembers. 
That's just a test fallout 

1136
01:04:50,000 --> 01:04:52,800
shelter signs Mark, certain 
buildings, though you've never 

1137
01:04:52,800 --> 01:04:55,500
actually inspected one and 
harbor doubts about whether 

1138
01:04:55,500 --> 01:04:59,000
they'd serve any useful purpose 
in an actual nuclear exchange, 

1139
01:04:59,000 --> 01:05:02,600
the political debates that fill 
newspapers and television often 

1140
01:05:02,600 --> 01:05:06,500
revolve around, OST, politic the
policy of Engagement with the 

1141
01:05:06,500 --> 01:05:09,100
east. 
Some argue for maintaining 

1142
01:05:09,100 --> 01:05:12,500
rigid, opposition. 
Treating any negotiations as a 

1143
01:05:12,500 --> 01:05:16,600
peasant that validate 
totalitarian control Others 

1144
01:05:16,600 --> 01:05:19,700
advocate for practical 
engagement, suggesting that 

1145
01:05:19,700 --> 01:05:22,300
contact and communication. 
Might gradually erode the 

1146
01:05:22,300 --> 01:05:25,900
divisions that force produces, 
you have opinions on this, 

1147
01:05:25,900 --> 01:05:30,200
probably though they shift 
depending on current events and 

1148
01:05:30,200 --> 01:05:34,500
which argument you heard most 
recently, In the East, the 

1149
01:05:34,500 --> 01:05:38,400
anxiety carries a Sharper Edge, 
more immediately connected to 

1150
01:05:38,400 --> 01:05:40,500
daily decisions and personal 
safety. 

1151
01:05:40,500 --> 01:05:43,600
You've learned to be careful 
about what you say and where you

1152
01:05:43,600 --> 01:05:46,900
say it, not because you've done 
anything wrong but because the 

1153
01:05:46,900 --> 01:05:51,700
definitions of wrong remain 
conveniently flexible allowing 

1154
01:05:51,700 --> 01:05:54,700
authorities to punish dissent 
without needing to formally 

1155
01:05:54,700 --> 01:05:58,200
acknowledge its existence. 
The starseed the ministry. 

1156
01:05:58,200 --> 01:06:01,700
For State security exists as a 
presence you can't see but 

1157
01:06:01,700 --> 01:06:05,000
assume is watching, they might 
have informants among your 

1158
01:06:05,000 --> 01:06:08,400
colleagues, your neighbor's and 
possibly even your extended 

1159
01:06:08,400 --> 01:06:13,300
family The exact number of 
informants remains deliberately 

1160
01:06:13,300 --> 01:06:17,700
unclear creating a paranoia that
serves Power by making everyone 

1161
01:06:17,700 --> 01:06:22,000
suspect everyone else. you've 
heard estimates suggesting that 

1162
01:06:22,000 --> 01:06:24,700
millions of East Germans 
participate in some level of 

1163
01:06:24,708 --> 01:06:28,400
informing, though, whether this 
participation is willing coerced

1164
01:06:28,400 --> 01:06:32,700
or some complex mixture, remains
difficult to determine This 

1165
01:06:32,700 --> 01:06:36,700
creates a cycleogical burden 
that Western friend struggled to

1166
01:06:36,700 --> 01:06:39,200
understand. 
It's not that you fear, 

1167
01:06:39,200 --> 01:06:43,100
immediate arrest for ordinary 
activities, but rather that you 

1168
01:06:43,100 --> 01:06:46,400
must constantly calibrate your 
behavior to avoid. 

1169
01:06:46,400 --> 01:06:49,100
Drawing attention, that might 
lead to question that might 

1170
01:06:49,100 --> 01:06:52,600
reveal something, that could be 
interpreted as disloyalty. 

1171
01:06:53,800 --> 01:06:56,900
The mental effort involved. 
Becomes exhausting, though, 

1172
01:06:56,900 --> 01:06:58,600
you've grown so accustomed to 
it. 

1173
01:06:58,600 --> 01:07:01,500
That noticing the exhaustion 
requires conscious effort. 

1174
01:07:02,500 --> 01:07:05,300
Certain topics simply don't get 
discussed in public. 

1175
01:07:06,100 --> 01:07:10,800
Criticisms of specific policies 
questions about why things work,

1176
01:07:10,800 --> 01:07:14,400
as they do comparisons with the 
West that favor, the West. 

1177
01:07:15,400 --> 01:07:18,700
You've developed conversational,
reflexes that redirect dangerous

1178
01:07:18,700 --> 01:07:22,300
territory towards safer ground. 
Changing subjects. 

1179
01:07:22,300 --> 01:07:25,500
So smoothly that the original 
topics seems to have been 

1180
01:07:25,508 --> 01:07:29,500
forgotten rather than 
deliberately avoided Letters 

1181
01:07:29,500 --> 01:07:32,000
from Western relatives arrive 
already opened. 

1182
01:07:32,700 --> 01:07:35,900
Tampering, not even discussed. 
The authorities. 

1183
01:07:35,900 --> 01:07:38,600
Want you to know their reading 
your mail that privacy 

1184
01:07:38,600 --> 01:07:40,800
represents a luxury rather than 
a right. 

1185
01:07:40,800 --> 01:07:45,100
You adjust your correspondence, 
accordingly writing letters that

1186
01:07:45,100 --> 01:07:47,700
could be read by anyone without 
causing problems. 

1187
01:07:47,700 --> 01:07:51,800
Losing the ability to be fully 
honest, even with family members

1188
01:07:51,800 --> 01:07:56,600
you trust Travel abroad requires
applications and approvals, that

1189
01:07:56,600 --> 01:08:00,000
might take months and might be 
denied without explanation. 

1190
01:08:00,000 --> 01:08:04,200
The process involves forms 
interviews, assessments of your 

1191
01:08:04,200 --> 01:08:07,500
political reliability and 
calculations about, whether 

1192
01:08:07,500 --> 01:08:09,400
allowing you out, might mean you
won't return. 

1193
01:08:10,500 --> 01:08:14,400
You dream of visiting Paris or 
Rome or London, but the dreaming

1194
01:08:14,400 --> 01:08:17,700
stays private because expressing
too much interest in the west 

1195
01:08:17,700 --> 01:08:22,100
might suggest insufficient 
contentment with the East yet 

1196
01:08:22,100 --> 01:08:26,100
adaptation occurs both systems 
fostering their own forms of 

1197
01:08:26,108 --> 01:08:29,800
resilience and compromise. 
In the west, you adapt to 

1198
01:08:29,800 --> 01:08:33,700
abundance by becoming a more 
sophisticated consumer learning 

1199
01:08:33,700 --> 01:08:37,200
to distinguish between, genuine 
needs and manufactured desires 

1200
01:08:37,200 --> 01:08:40,700
and developing resistance to 
advertising while still wanting 

1201
01:08:40,700 --> 01:08:44,700
the things being advertised the 
freedom to choose create its own

1202
01:08:44,700 --> 01:08:48,600
pressures choosing wrong. 
Reflects poorly on you in ways 

1203
01:08:48,600 --> 01:08:52,300
that having no choice wouldn't. 
The environmental movement 

1204
01:08:52,300 --> 01:08:55,399
begins gaining tracking with 
people questioning whether 

1205
01:08:55,399 --> 01:08:59,300
endless growth and consumption 
actually serve human flourishing

1206
01:08:59,300 --> 01:09:03,100
or merely generate profits for 
Corporation while degrading the 

1207
01:09:03,100 --> 01:09:05,700
natural world. 
You might participate in 

1208
01:09:05,700 --> 01:09:08,899
recycling programs or buy 
products marketed, as 

1209
01:09:08,899 --> 01:09:12,800
environmentally friendly making,
small gestures, that acknowledge

1210
01:09:12,800 --> 01:09:16,200
larger concerns without 
requiring, fundamental Lifestyle

1211
01:09:16,200 --> 01:09:18,800
Changes. 
Student movements and 

1212
01:09:18,800 --> 01:09:21,300
countercultures. 
Suggest that not everyone 

1213
01:09:21,300 --> 01:09:23,899
accepts the social order as 
given or permanent. 

1214
01:09:24,700 --> 01:09:27,399
You might be sympathetic to 
their critiques while also 

1215
01:09:27,399 --> 01:09:30,100
finding their proposal 
Alternatives in Practical. 

1216
01:09:30,100 --> 01:09:32,600
The generation gap. 
Feels real. 

1217
01:09:33,399 --> 01:09:36,000
Your children inhabit, a world 
of different assumptions, 

1218
01:09:36,000 --> 01:09:39,399
different possibilities, and 
different anxieties than those 

1219
01:09:39,399 --> 01:09:43,500
that shape your own youth. 
In the East, you adapt by 

1220
01:09:43,500 --> 01:09:46,899
becoming expert in the informal 
systems that allow life to 

1221
01:09:46,899 --> 01:09:48,899
function despite official 
dysfunction. 

1222
01:09:49,700 --> 01:09:52,200
You know who can acquire hard to
find items. 

1223
01:09:52,200 --> 01:09:55,000
You might have access to someone
who has access to someone who 

1224
01:09:55,000 --> 01:09:56,000
controls. 
What you need? 

1225
01:09:57,000 --> 01:09:59,800
These networks of mutual 
obligation create a parallel 

1226
01:09:59,800 --> 01:10:02,000
economy, more efficient than the
official one. 

1227
01:10:02,700 --> 01:10:05,400
Though, acknowledging this 
explicitly would constitute 

1228
01:10:05,400 --> 01:10:08,400
criticism of the plan economies 
capabilities. 

1229
01:10:09,400 --> 01:10:12,400
You might maintain a small 
garden plot on the outskirts of 

1230
01:10:12,400 --> 01:10:14,500
the city. 
Growing vegetables. 

1231
01:10:14,500 --> 01:10:18,100
That supplement what's available
in stores while also providing 

1232
01:10:18,100 --> 01:10:20,000
activity. 
That feels disconnected from 

1233
01:10:20,000 --> 01:10:23,000
political demands. 
The garden becomes a small 

1234
01:10:23,000 --> 01:10:25,900
sovereignty. 
Space where your decisions about

1235
01:10:25,900 --> 01:10:29,200
what to plant in, how to tend it
aren't subject to Collective 

1236
01:10:29,200 --> 01:10:33,800
approval or official oversight. 
The church even understand 

1237
01:10:33,800 --> 01:10:38,100
pressure maintained spaces of 
relative autonomy where certain 

1238
01:10:38,100 --> 01:10:40,400
conversations can occur more 
freely. 

1239
01:10:41,400 --> 01:10:45,000
You might attend Services less 
from Deep Faith than from 

1240
01:10:45,000 --> 01:10:47,300
appreciation. 
For Community, existing 

1241
01:10:47,300 --> 01:10:49,400
independently of State 
organization. 

1242
01:10:50,500 --> 01:10:54,800
Church provides Social Services 
counseling and spaces for youth 

1243
01:10:54,800 --> 01:10:57,800
activities that don't Center on 
ideological instruction. 

1244
01:10:58,800 --> 01:11:01,300
The authorities tolerate this 
because suppressing, it 

1245
01:11:01,300 --> 01:11:04,600
completely would create more 
problems than it solves. 

1246
01:11:05,200 --> 01:11:07,700
Though the tolerance remains 
conditional and revocable. 

1247
01:11:08,800 --> 01:11:11,700
Both societies contain people 
who simply withdraw from 

1248
01:11:11,700 --> 01:11:16,200
political engagement entirely 
focusing on private life family,

1249
01:11:16,200 --> 01:11:21,000
hobbies and small Pleasures in 
what East Germans will come to 

1250
01:11:21,000 --> 01:11:23,800
call Niche. 
Society, this withdrawal doesn't

1251
01:11:23,800 --> 01:11:27,100
represent active resistance, but
neither does it constitute 

1252
01:11:27,100 --> 01:11:31,300
enthusiastic participation? 
It's a third option between 

1253
01:11:31,300 --> 01:11:35,100
collaboration and opposition. 
A space where people can 

1254
01:11:35,100 --> 01:11:38,500
maintain dignity without 
becoming heroes or villains. 

1255
01:11:40,100 --> 01:11:43,700
Tension between competing 
systems create strange mirrors 

1256
01:11:43,700 --> 01:11:46,500
where each side defines itself 
against the other. 

1257
01:11:47,800 --> 01:11:51,700
The West points to the wall as 
proof of communism's bankruptcy.

1258
01:11:51,700 --> 01:11:55,300
The need to imprison 
population's demonstrating the 

1259
01:11:55,300 --> 01:11:59,400
systems fundamental illegitimacy
these points to Weston 

1260
01:11:59,400 --> 01:12:01,500
homelessness. 
And unemployment, as proof of 

1261
01:12:01,508 --> 01:12:04,900
capitalism's Cruelty, the 
presence of poverty of 

1262
01:12:04,908 --> 01:12:08,500
abundance, revealing priorities,
that value profits over people 

1263
01:12:09,400 --> 01:12:13,200
You recognize propaganda on both
sides while also acknowledging 

1264
01:12:13,200 --> 01:12:16,800
that propaganda often Builds on 
genuine Grievances and real 

1265
01:12:16,800 --> 01:12:19,700
problems. 
The West does have homelessness 

1266
01:12:19,700 --> 01:12:22,800
and unemployment. 
The East does imprisonment its 

1267
01:12:22,800 --> 01:12:26,100
population behind walls. 
These facts co-exist with other 

1268
01:12:26,100 --> 01:12:30,600
facts, that Western workers have
freedoms Eastern workers, lack 

1269
01:12:30,600 --> 01:12:33,400
the Securities that Eastern 
workers have the Western workers

1270
01:12:33,400 --> 01:12:37,900
Envy the complexity resists, the
simple narratives both sides 

1271
01:12:37,900 --> 01:12:40,800
prefer to promote. 
The arms race continues in the 

1272
01:12:40,808 --> 01:12:43,800
background Weapons Systems. 
Growing more sophisticated and 

1273
01:12:43,800 --> 01:12:48,100
more numerous politicians speak 
about peace and security. 

1274
01:12:49,100 --> 01:12:53,000
You understand intellectually 
that these weapons, could end 

1275
01:12:53,000 --> 01:12:56,100
civilization if actually used, 
but the understanding remains 

1276
01:12:56,100 --> 01:13:01,400
abstract The bombs exist in 
silos and submarines far from 

1277
01:13:01,400 --> 01:13:04,900
your immediate experience as 
potential rather than present 

1278
01:13:04,900 --> 01:13:08,300
threats. 
Sometimes you wonder what it 

1279
01:13:08,308 --> 01:13:12,300
would take for things to change,
whether changes even possible or

1280
01:13:12,300 --> 01:13:15,700
whether this division represents
a new permanent condition that 

1281
01:13:15,700 --> 01:13:19,600
will Outlast your lifetime, the 
question, surfaces and subsides,

1282
01:13:19,600 --> 01:13:22,500
without resolution joining, 
other large questions, you've 

1283
01:13:22,500 --> 01:13:25,500
learned to live with rather than
answer change. 

1284
01:13:25,500 --> 01:13:28,300
When it comes comes slowly 
enough that you barely notice 

1285
01:13:28,300 --> 01:13:32,200
day-to-day though, looking back 
across years, the transformation

1286
01:13:32,200 --> 01:13:36,200
becomes undeniable in the west. 
The prosperity that seemed so 

1287
01:13:36,200 --> 01:13:40,000
remarkable in the 1960s has 
become normal expected. 

1288
01:13:40,000 --> 01:13:44,400
The Baseline against which you 
measure satisfaction The 

1289
01:13:44,400 --> 01:13:47,200
economic miracle that rebuilt 
Germany from Rubble, has 

1290
01:13:47,200 --> 01:13:49,600
solidified into ordinary 
middle-class life. 

1291
01:13:50,300 --> 01:13:52,500
Comfortable. 
But somehow less exciting than 

1292
01:13:52,500 --> 01:13:54,700
the rapid improvements your 
parents experience. 

1293
01:13:55,600 --> 01:13:58,900
You have more than they did. 
But having doesn't thrill the 

1294
01:13:58,900 --> 01:14:02,400
way getting once did. 
The generation born after the 

1295
01:14:02,400 --> 01:14:04,900
war reaches adult hood carrying 
different assumptions. 

1296
01:14:04,900 --> 01:14:08,100
Different expectations. 
They didn't experience 

1297
01:14:08,100 --> 01:14:11,700
occupation or reconstruction, 
don't remember hunger, or 

1298
01:14:11,700 --> 01:14:15,000
Genuine scarcity and take for 
granted the material of 

1299
01:14:15,000 --> 01:14:17,400
abundance. 
You still find mildly miraculous

1300
01:14:17,400 --> 01:14:21,900
their concerns Center on 
meaning, rather than Survival on

1301
01:14:21,900 --> 01:14:25,800
authenticity, rather than 
security and on questions about 

1302
01:14:25,800 --> 01:14:30,100
whether comfortable, Prosperity 
constitutes a successful life or

1303
01:14:30,100 --> 01:14:34,200
just to successfully economy, 
the universe is a filled with 

1304
01:14:34,200 --> 01:14:37,400
students questioning Authority 
in general, and their parents 

1305
01:14:37,400 --> 01:14:42,000
generation in particular, The 
1968 movements of passed, but 

1306
01:14:42,000 --> 01:14:46,100
left residue, new ways of 
thinking about gender about 

1307
01:14:46,100 --> 01:14:49,800
hierarchy about what Society 
owes individuals and what 

1308
01:14:49,800 --> 01:14:53,600
individuals owe Society. 
You might find these ideas 

1309
01:14:53,600 --> 01:14:57,400
threatening or liberating or 
simply confusing depending on 

1310
01:14:57,400 --> 01:14:59,900
how secure you feel in. 
Your current understanding of 

1311
01:14:59,900 --> 01:15:03,200
how things should work. 
Technology, creeps forward. 

1312
01:15:03,200 --> 01:15:06,200
Changing Life. 
In small increments that 

1313
01:15:06,200 --> 01:15:10,100
accumulate into transformational
the telephone you want shared 

1314
01:15:10,100 --> 01:15:12,500
with neighbors, become a private
household item. 

1315
01:15:13,300 --> 01:15:16,400
Television, expands from two 
channels to three and eventually

1316
01:15:16,400 --> 01:15:19,100
more. 
The choice is proliferating 

1317
01:15:19,100 --> 01:15:22,100
while the actual content 
sometimes seems interchangeable 

1318
01:15:22,100 --> 01:15:25,100
computers exist. 
Mainly in science fiction and 

1319
01:15:25,100 --> 01:15:28,000
corporate offices. 
You've heard they might someday 

1320
01:15:28,000 --> 01:15:30,900
become common, though. 
You can't quite imagine why 

1321
01:15:30,900 --> 01:15:35,500
Ordinary People would need them.
The European project advances 

1322
01:15:35,500 --> 01:15:39,200
through incremental integration 
creating common, markets and 

1323
01:15:39,200 --> 01:15:41,700
shared regulations. 
And the gradual erosion of 

1324
01:15:41,700 --> 01:15:43,500
borders between Western 
countries. 

1325
01:15:44,600 --> 01:15:46,300
You can travel to France or 
Italy. 

1326
01:15:46,300 --> 01:15:50,000
Now with minimal documentation, 
a freedom, your parents 

1327
01:15:50,000 --> 01:15:52,900
generation couldn't have 
imagined. whether this 

1328
01:15:52,900 --> 01:15:56,700
represents progress toward Unity
or the loss of national 

1329
01:15:56,700 --> 01:15:59,600
distinctiveness remains 
contentious debated, 

1330
01:16:00,300 --> 01:16:03,500
Environmental awareness grows 
from Fringe concern to 

1331
01:16:03,500 --> 01:16:07,200
mainstream politics. 
The realization that industrial 

1332
01:16:07,200 --> 01:16:11,300
Prosperity comes with ecological
costs begins reshaping policy 

1333
01:16:11,300 --> 01:16:13,700
debates. 
Though, actual changes in 

1334
01:16:13,700 --> 01:16:17,600
Behavior lag behind rhetorical 
commitments, you might recycle 

1335
01:16:17,600 --> 01:16:20,700
bottles and newspapers while 
still driving everywhere and 

1336
01:16:20,700 --> 01:16:23,400
buying products packaged in 
excessive plastic. 

1337
01:16:23,400 --> 01:16:27,200
The contradictions visible, but 
somehow not urgent enough to 

1338
01:16:27,200 --> 01:16:30,700
resolve. 
In the East changes occurred 

1339
01:16:30,700 --> 01:16:34,700
differently, constrained by 
official ideology yet 

1340
01:16:34,700 --> 01:16:37,400
irrepressible in their 
fundamental trajectory. 

1341
01:16:39,000 --> 01:16:41,800
The initial revolutionary 
enthusiasm That animated the 

1342
01:16:41,800 --> 01:16:45,800
state's founding has calcified 
into bureaucratic routine. 

1343
01:16:46,800 --> 01:16:50,200
The promises of socialist, 
abundant eventually converge 

1344
01:16:50,200 --> 01:16:53,900
with capitalist prosperity and 
have proven consistently 

1345
01:16:53,900 --> 01:16:56,800
premature. 
The gap between Eastern West 

1346
01:16:56,800 --> 01:17:01,500
widening rather than closing. 
Young people in the East face 

1347
01:17:01,500 --> 01:17:05,300
particular challenges educated 
to believe in Scientific 

1348
01:17:05,300 --> 01:17:07,400
Socialism. 
While observing its failures 

1349
01:17:07,400 --> 01:17:11,200
taught to celebrate worker power
while experiencing powerlessness

1350
01:17:11,200 --> 01:17:14,800
encouraged to be optimistic 
about the future while 

1351
01:17:14,800 --> 01:17:17,100
suspecting that the future might
look much. 

1352
01:17:17,100 --> 01:17:20,900
Like the present, some genuinely
believe in finding meaning and 

1353
01:17:20,900 --> 01:17:22,900
Collective projects and 
ideological commitment. 

1354
01:17:23,800 --> 01:17:27,100
Others perform belief or 
privately doubting maintaining 

1355
01:17:27,100 --> 01:17:29,700
the distinction between public 
and private cells. 

1356
01:17:29,700 --> 01:17:33,400
That allow survival within 
systems that demand conformity 

1357
01:17:34,700 --> 01:17:38,000
Western television and radio. 
Continue, penetrating these to 

1358
01:17:38,000 --> 01:17:41,800
Europe, despite jamming efforts,
creating a generation that grows

1359
01:17:41,800 --> 01:17:44,800
up comparing official narrative 
with Contraband information. 

1360
01:17:46,300 --> 01:17:50,800
The comparison rarely favors the
official narrative undermining 

1361
01:17:50,800 --> 01:17:54,200
State legitimacy through 
exposure, rather than argument 

1362
01:17:54,200 --> 01:17:57,800
you can't affectively prohibit 
people from knowing what they 

1363
01:17:57,800 --> 01:18:01,900
know even when they know 
contradict what their supposed 

1364
01:18:01,900 --> 01:18:05,000
to believe Technology in the 
East follows, a different 

1365
01:18:05,000 --> 01:18:08,500
trajectory sometimes, advancing 
and parallel with Western 

1366
01:18:08,500 --> 01:18:11,900
developments sometimes lacking 
behind in ways that becoming 

1367
01:18:11,900 --> 01:18:15,400
increasingly difficult to hide 
the official celebrations of 

1368
01:18:15,400 --> 01:18:18,900
social scientific achievement 
coexist with actual experience 

1369
01:18:18,900 --> 01:18:23,500
of shortages and obsolescent. 
The trabant automobile produced 

1370
01:18:23,500 --> 01:18:27,600
in East, Germany becomes both a 
symbol of socialist industry and

1371
01:18:27,600 --> 01:18:31,400
a joke about technological 
backwardness waiting list. 

1372
01:18:31,400 --> 01:18:33,400
Stretching years for a car that 
Western visitors. 

1373
01:18:33,400 --> 01:18:38,300
Find laughably primitive. 
The Soviet Union under Brezhnev 

1374
01:18:38,300 --> 01:18:40,900
settles into stagnation the 
Revolutionary. 

1375
01:18:40,900 --> 01:18:44,300
Dynamism of earlier decades, 
replaced by geronto cratic 

1376
01:18:44,300 --> 01:18:47,500
leadership, maintaining power 
through inertia, rather than 

1377
01:18:47,500 --> 01:18:50,200
vision. 
This affects the satellite 

1378
01:18:50,200 --> 01:18:53,700
States in complex ways. 
The absence of active, Soviet 

1379
01:18:53,700 --> 01:18:56,700
reform efforts prevents change. 
While also removing some 

1380
01:18:56,700 --> 01:19:01,100
pressure to conform to moscow's 
current line, Residents, emerged

1381
01:19:01,100 --> 01:19:04,400
publicly individuals willing to 
risk punishment to speak. 

1382
01:19:04,400 --> 01:19:08,500
Truth the system prefers 
suppress, Charter 77 in 

1383
01:19:08,500 --> 01:19:13,100
Slovakia, solidarity in Poland, 
and various groups in East 

1384
01:19:13,100 --> 01:19:15,800
Germany. 
These movements remain small, 

1385
01:19:15,800 --> 01:19:20,100
easily suppressed by State 
security, yet they demonstrate 

1386
01:19:20,100 --> 01:19:23,900
that total control remained 
Elusive and that human dignity, 

1387
01:19:23,900 --> 01:19:28,000
resists indefinite compression. 
You might know someone who 

1388
01:19:28,000 --> 01:19:31,500
signed a petition or attended an
unauthorized Gathering or said 

1389
01:19:31,508 --> 01:19:33,500
something to freely in the wrong
context. 

1390
01:19:34,600 --> 01:19:38,100
The subsequent difficulties job 
loss, travel restrictions 

1391
01:19:38,100 --> 01:19:42,300
constants, surveillance servers 
warnings, about the cost of open

1392
01:19:42,300 --> 01:19:45,200
descent. 
You sympathize privately, while 

1393
01:19:45,200 --> 01:19:49,100
maintaining public distance, the
pragmatism required to protect 

1394
01:19:49,100 --> 01:19:52,300
yourself, and your family 
feeling both necessary and 

1395
01:19:52,300 --> 01:19:57,900
shameful The church provides 
cover for some forms of dissent 

1396
01:19:57,900 --> 01:20:01,900
Sanctuary space where critical 
conversations can occur under 

1397
01:20:01,900 --> 01:20:03,500
the pretense of religious 
gathering. 

1398
01:20:04,600 --> 01:20:08,200
The state tolerates, this up to 
a point, the point, being 

1399
01:20:08,200 --> 01:20:11,300
wherever the state decides, it 
lies at any given moment. 

1400
01:20:11,300 --> 01:20:15,900
The ambiguity keeps everyone on 
certain which serves Power by 

1401
01:20:15,900 --> 01:20:19,100
preventing anyone from knowing 
exactly what they can safely. 

1402
01:20:19,100 --> 01:20:21,900
Do. 
Both societies develop more 

1403
01:20:21,900 --> 01:20:25,200
sophisticated relationships with
their respective systems over 

1404
01:20:25,200 --> 01:20:28,500
time in the west. 
You've learned to navigate 

1405
01:20:28,500 --> 01:20:32,100
consumer capitalism, 
understanding its appeals while 

1406
01:20:32,100 --> 01:20:35,500
resisting some of its demands 
participating without being 

1407
01:20:35,500 --> 01:20:38,600
consumed. 
In the East, you've learned to 

1408
01:20:38,600 --> 01:20:42,800
navigate State, socialism 
fulfilling minimal requirements 

1409
01:20:42,800 --> 01:20:46,800
while protecting spaces of 
private authenticity conforming 

1410
01:20:46,800 --> 01:20:50,400
without believing. 
The families raising children in

1411
01:20:50,400 --> 01:20:53,500
both systems, try to prepare 
them for futures that remain 

1412
01:20:53,500 --> 01:20:56,100
uncertain. 
You want your children to be 

1413
01:20:56,100 --> 01:20:59,900
successful by current measures 
while also somehow remaining 

1414
01:20:59,900 --> 01:21:02,800
true to values that might not 
align with those measures. 

1415
01:21:03,800 --> 01:21:06,600
You want them to be realistic 
about how the world Works while 

1416
01:21:06,600 --> 01:21:09,700
also maintaining idealism about 
how it should work. 

1417
01:21:10,600 --> 01:21:14,200
Tensions in these desires mirror
larger tensions in societies 

1418
01:21:14,200 --> 01:21:18,500
trying to be both prosperous and
just both secure and free. 

1419
01:21:19,600 --> 01:21:22,400
The small daily accommodations 
you make to live within these 

1420
01:21:22,400 --> 01:21:26,500
systems, the self-censorship in 
the East materialism in the west

1421
01:21:26,500 --> 01:21:29,400
accumulate over years into 
lives. 

1422
01:21:29,400 --> 01:21:31,300
That feel more constrained than 
you want to. 

1423
01:21:31,300 --> 01:21:35,000
Imagine they might be Yet, there
are so lives filled with 

1424
01:21:35,000 --> 01:21:37,600
genuine. 
Satisfactions children. 

1425
01:21:37,600 --> 01:21:40,300
Growing friendships. 
Deepening competencies 

1426
01:21:40,300 --> 01:21:45,700
developing and small Pleasures. 
Multiplying The larger questions

1427
01:21:45,700 --> 01:21:49,400
about freedom and security, 
Justice and prosperity, 

1428
01:21:49,400 --> 01:21:54,800
individual rights and Collective
Goods remain unresolved, perhaps

1429
01:21:54,800 --> 01:21:57,400
unresolveable, you live within 
systems. 

1430
01:21:57,400 --> 01:22:00,600
You didn't choose and can't 
change making them work well 

1431
01:22:00,600 --> 01:22:03,200
enough to get by while 
maintaining some private vision 

1432
01:22:03,200 --> 01:22:05,300
of something better, something 
different. 

1433
01:22:05,300 --> 01:22:09,900
Something that honors both human
dignity and Humanity without 

1434
01:22:09,900 --> 01:22:12,000
requiring people to choose 
between them. 

1435
01:22:13,100 --> 01:22:17,200
Evening comes again, as it 
always does bringing the day to 

1436
01:22:17,200 --> 01:22:20,000
its close. 
You settle into your familiar 

1437
01:22:20,000 --> 01:22:24,800
routines dinner television. 
Small preparations for tomorrow.

1438
01:22:25,800 --> 01:22:27,900
The Border remains where it was 
this morning. 

1439
01:22:28,600 --> 01:22:32,200
The wall continues, dividing 
your city and the largest 

1440
01:22:32,200 --> 01:22:35,500
standoff between systems, 
persists without resolution. 

1441
01:22:36,400 --> 01:22:41,200
But life persists too ordinary 
and precious continuing despite 

1442
01:22:41,200 --> 01:22:44,300
and within the historical 
circumstances that shape, it 

1443
01:22:44,300 --> 01:22:48,400
without entirely determining it.
You'll wake tomorrow to another 

1444
01:22:48,400 --> 01:22:51,600
day, much like this one. 
And the day after that. 

1445
01:22:51,600 --> 01:22:56,800
And the day after that, Change 
when it finally comes, will 

1446
01:22:56,800 --> 01:23:00,500
surprise you with its speed 
after years of glacial 

1447
01:23:00,500 --> 01:23:05,600
transformation but that's for 
later tonight, your tired ready 

1448
01:23:05,600 --> 01:23:08,000
for sleep? 
Ready to let the day go and 

1449
01:23:08,000 --> 01:23:10,700
trust that tomorrow will bring 
its own mixture of familiar, 

1450
01:23:10,700 --> 01:23:14,800
routines, and small surprises. 
The ordinary texture of life in 

1451
01:23:14,800 --> 01:23:19,100
Cold War, Europe, divided, but 
enduring constrained. 

1452
01:23:19,100 --> 01:23:23,200
But continuing marked by history
but not entirely defined by it. 

1453
01:23:27,100 --> 01:23:30,600
Cyrus the Great came into a 
world teeming with Mythic haze 

1454
01:23:30,600 --> 01:23:34,400
around 600. 
BCE in a corner of Southwestern.

1455
01:23:34,400 --> 01:23:39,000
Iran known as anshan later ages 
wove Legends of how his Destiny 

1456
01:23:39,000 --> 01:23:42,200
was prophesied before birth. 
Tradition says his mother 

1457
01:23:42,200 --> 01:23:45,200
mandane was the daughter of 
estia. 

1458
01:23:45,200 --> 01:23:48,100
Gez the median King alarmed by a
dream. 

1459
01:23:48,100 --> 01:23:51,100
Suggesting her child would 
topple him as Jiggies ordered 

1460
01:23:51,100 --> 01:23:54,300
the infant Cyrus's death. 
Yet the official tasked with 

1461
01:23:54,308 --> 01:23:56,600
murder found the baby too. 
Innocent to slaughter. 

1462
01:23:57,500 --> 01:23:59,500
He handed him to a shepherd's 
family instead. 

1463
01:23:59,500 --> 01:24:03,700
So the story goes and showing 
Cyrus survived in obscurity. 

1464
01:24:04,400 --> 01:24:07,800
Whether or not these details 
ring strictly true, they reveal.

1465
01:24:07,800 --> 01:24:11,800
How from the start storytellers 
recognized an extraordinary 

1466
01:24:11,800 --> 01:24:15,400
quality in him someone rising 
from Peril to shape and Empire 

1467
01:24:16,300 --> 01:24:19,400
In early, Boyhood it said, 
Cyrus, displayed remarkable 

1468
01:24:19,400 --> 01:24:23,700
empathy, bridging different's 
among local tribes, the 

1469
01:24:23,700 --> 01:24:25,400
South-Western Fringe of the 
Zagros. 

1470
01:24:25,400 --> 01:24:29,800
Mountains was no calm territory.
Petty Warlords by Dover, water 

1471
01:24:29,800 --> 01:24:32,200
sources, trade routes and 
farmland. 

1472
01:24:33,100 --> 01:24:36,500
Yet Cyrus reputedly navigate 
these tensions with an uncanny 

1473
01:24:36,500 --> 01:24:39,900
mix of kindness and resolve. 
Forging friendships among 

1474
01:24:39,900 --> 01:24:42,700
Shepherds and minor Chieftains. 
Over time. 

1475
01:24:42,700 --> 01:24:45,900
The local talk was less about a 
hidden, child saved from a 

1476
01:24:45,900 --> 01:24:49,600
king's wrath and more about a 
charismatic youth unafraid to 

1477
01:24:49,600 --> 01:24:52,600
challenge older, men's 
assumptions, Elders. 

1478
01:24:52,600 --> 01:24:56,000
They're weary found him 
unexpectedly persuasive. 

1479
01:24:57,000 --> 01:25:01,000
When Cyrus reached adolescence. 
His lineage demanded, he connect

1480
01:25:01,000 --> 01:25:04,000
with the court in anshan. 
He discovered that his father 

1481
01:25:04,000 --> 01:25:08,200
can buy his, the first was a 
vassal to the Meads, the median,

1482
01:25:08,200 --> 01:25:11,700
Susan, Auntie, overshadowed the 
region with a Staggs raining in 

1483
01:25:11,700 --> 01:25:15,700
equitana and older Metropolis 
perched, among mountains, that 

1484
01:25:15,700 --> 01:25:19,000
overshadowing wrangled the once 
proud Kings of anshan had 

1485
01:25:19,000 --> 01:25:20,900
accepted vassal status for 
decades. 

1486
01:25:21,600 --> 01:25:24,100
Cyrus cleaned quickly. 
That many in the southwestern 

1487
01:25:24,100 --> 01:25:27,300
region, chafed under median 
taxes and arbitrary demands 

1488
01:25:27,300 --> 01:25:31,500
observing resentments carefully.
He concluded that if he ever 

1489
01:25:31,500 --> 01:25:34,600
Rose to power, he might 
Galvanize these frustrations 

1490
01:25:34,600 --> 01:25:38,600
into a cohesive front though. 
Overshadowed by the maids, and 

1491
01:25:38,600 --> 01:25:42,300
shun maintained, a distinct 
cultural identity, the Realms. 

1492
01:25:42,300 --> 01:25:45,000
Traditions, traced back to 
elamite and Persian Roots, 

1493
01:25:45,000 --> 01:25:49,700
forging a tapestry of customs. 
Cyrus open to absorbing 

1494
01:25:49,700 --> 01:25:53,400
knowledge studied the Region's 
older languages cleaning law 

1495
01:25:53,400 --> 01:25:55,500
from Wise Men verse in our kick 
myths. 

1496
01:25:56,100 --> 01:25:59,800
One result a worldview that 
placed bridging cultural divides

1497
01:25:59,800 --> 01:26:03,600
at the center of leadership. 
He recognized that stable rule 

1498
01:26:03,600 --> 01:26:06,300
demanded acknowledging local 
Traditions rather than imposing 

1499
01:26:06,300 --> 01:26:09,200
a single rigid system. 
This concept would later 

1500
01:26:09,200 --> 01:26:12,200
manifest in how he governed a 
sprawling Empire with Myriad 

1501
01:26:12,200 --> 01:26:15,500
peoples. 
As a Young Man Cyrus served 

1502
01:26:15,500 --> 01:26:18,500
briefly in the median Army. 
Perhaps under the watchful eye 

1503
01:26:18,500 --> 01:26:21,600
of a stage is accounts differ on
how cordial that relationship 

1504
01:26:21,600 --> 01:26:25,000
was some sources claim. 
The older King ironically found 

1505
01:26:25,000 --> 01:26:28,400
Cyrus appealing, only belatedly 
realizing the youths growing 

1506
01:26:28,400 --> 01:26:31,400
ambition. 
Others proposed that stages kept

1507
01:26:31,400 --> 01:26:33,600
him close precisely to forestall
Rebellion. 

1508
01:26:34,400 --> 01:26:37,100
In either case, the Cyrus saw 
the needs weaknesses from within

1509
01:26:37,100 --> 01:26:41,400
they boasted strong Cavalry and 
Fortress, but corruption and 

1510
01:26:41,400 --> 01:26:45,300
complacency riddled. 
Sr's, bureaucracy, the king's 

1511
01:26:45,300 --> 01:26:47,600
courtiers squabbled indulging 
in. 

1512
01:26:47,600 --> 01:26:50,900
Luxurious feasts. 
Meanwhile lesser vassal States. 

1513
01:26:50,900 --> 01:26:52,600
Seethed. 
Under burden some tribute. 

1514
01:26:52,600 --> 01:26:56,100
The stage was set for a Revolt 
of sparked by the right figure. 

1515
01:26:57,200 --> 01:27:01,100
Upon campuses, the first death 
Cyrus became the nominal rule of

1516
01:27:01,100 --> 01:27:03,500
anshan. 
He faced immediate tension with 

1517
01:27:03,500 --> 01:27:08,900
equator, sometime around, 550 
BC, Cyrus launched, an uprising,

1518
01:27:08,900 --> 01:27:14,000
unified Persians under his 
Banner, The old stories depict 

1519
01:27:14,000 --> 01:27:15,400
him. 
Proclaiming that the time had 

1520
01:27:15,400 --> 01:27:18,500
come to cast off median 
overlordship forging, a new 

1521
01:27:18,508 --> 01:27:20,400
order that recognized Persian 
leadership. 

1522
01:27:21,100 --> 01:27:24,700
He marched North leveraging 
alliances with other disaffected

1523
01:27:24,700 --> 01:27:27,900
tribes. 
Stark is roused his forces, but 

1524
01:27:27,900 --> 01:27:31,300
discovered, many loyal officers 
had turned coat enticed by 

1525
01:27:31,300 --> 01:27:33,200
Cyrus's promise of a fairer 
rule. 

1526
01:27:33,900 --> 01:27:37,400
In a surprising term, Cyrus 
captured equitana with minimal 

1527
01:27:37,400 --> 01:27:41,000
resistance. 
Cyrus seized thereby, ending his

1528
01:27:41,000 --> 01:27:45,400
rule with the meat skins subdued
Cyrus did something unusual for 

1529
01:27:45,400 --> 01:27:49,300
a conqueror. 
He spared usda's life absorbing 

1530
01:27:49,300 --> 01:27:51,500
the median, capital and 
aristocracy without Mass 

1531
01:27:51,500 --> 01:27:54,000
Slaughter. 
This approach hinted at the 

1532
01:27:54,000 --> 01:27:57,300
Hallmark of his future Empire. 
Respect for local Elites 

1533
01:27:57,300 --> 01:28:01,300
provided they served under him 
Some ancient kingdoms might have

1534
01:28:01,300 --> 01:28:03,600
sacked at botana, to destroy it,
permanently. 

1535
01:28:04,400 --> 01:28:06,800
Cyrus recognized the value. 
In co-opting the existing 

1536
01:28:06,800 --> 01:28:10,000
Administration. 
Forging a dual monarchy of sorts

1537
01:28:10,000 --> 01:28:15,200
median and Persian Already 
onlookers noticed that Cyrus was

1538
01:28:15,200 --> 01:28:17,800
no typical warlord driven solely
by Conquest. 

1539
01:28:18,700 --> 01:28:22,000
He had a cunning set of policy. 
The newly minted King of the 

1540
01:28:22,000 --> 01:28:25,800
Persians and medes reigned from 
equator, adopting medium 

1541
01:28:25,800 --> 01:28:28,300
structures, while weaving in 
Persian influences. 

1542
01:28:28,300 --> 01:28:32,200
He reorganized the Army, 
combining median, heavy Cavalry 

1543
01:28:32,200 --> 01:28:33,800
with Persian infantry 
discipline. 

1544
01:28:34,600 --> 01:28:38,200
Within a few short years news of
a rising power in the Iranian 

1545
01:28:38,200 --> 01:28:42,300
Plateau, spread Westward, 
reaching Lydia in Anatolia and 

1546
01:28:42,300 --> 01:28:45,800
the edges of Mesopotamia. 
Many scoffed that a newly 

1547
01:28:45,800 --> 01:28:47,100
minted. 
Persian Kingdom couldn't 

1548
01:28:47,100 --> 01:28:49,400
overshadow. 
Establish powers like Lydia or 

1549
01:28:49,400 --> 01:28:53,700
Babylon, Cyrus unperturbed 
busied himself, forging 

1550
01:28:53,700 --> 01:28:56,900
alliances building, supply 
lines, and reinforcing 

1551
01:28:56,900 --> 01:28:59,800
Frontiers. 
He sensed that other Horizons. 

1552
01:28:59,800 --> 01:29:03,100
Beckoned lands ruled by Kings 
who viewed him as a mere 

1553
01:29:03,100 --> 01:29:05,700
upstart, The next chapter would 
prove them wrong. 

1554
01:29:05,700 --> 01:29:09,200
As Cyrus is Unstoppable, 
expansions would reshape the 

1555
01:29:09,200 --> 01:29:12,900
entire Region's political map. 
Securing the median, Throne was 

1556
01:29:12,900 --> 01:29:17,400
but a first step Cyrus turned, 
his gaze West toward Lydia ruled

1557
01:29:17,400 --> 01:29:20,400
by the wealthy King. 
Chris is famed for controling, 

1558
01:29:20,400 --> 01:29:23,100
vast gold, reserves and forging 
alliances with Greek 

1559
01:29:23,100 --> 01:29:25,900
city-states. 
Croesus had observed, the 

1560
01:29:25,900 --> 01:29:27,800
Persian takeover of media with 
the alarm. 

1561
01:29:28,600 --> 01:29:30,100
He reasoned that a swiftly. 
Rising. 

1562
01:29:30,100 --> 01:29:32,300
Cyrus might threaten Lydia's 
eastern border. 

1563
01:29:32,900 --> 01:29:35,900
Some Council suggested forging, 
an alliance with the new Persian

1564
01:29:35,900 --> 01:29:38,300
king. 
But croesus proud of Lydia's 

1565
01:29:38,300 --> 01:29:41,100
riches and alliance's opted for 
confrontation. 

1566
01:29:42,100 --> 01:29:45,000
The impetus came when Cyrus 
Advanced from the zagross region

1567
01:29:45,000 --> 01:29:48,200
to the Harris River. 
Boundary crosses marched out and

1568
01:29:48,200 --> 01:29:51,700
disappeared in Swift campaign to
impart a lesson to Persia 

1569
01:29:52,300 --> 01:29:56,300
However, after some inconclusive
battles, winter approached and 

1570
01:29:56,300 --> 01:29:58,200
crisis, retreated believing 
Warfare. 

1571
01:29:58,200 --> 01:30:00,300
Would pause. 
He sent mercenaries home 

1572
01:30:00,300 --> 01:30:02,600
planning to resume hostilities 
in Spring. 

1573
01:30:03,300 --> 01:30:06,000
Cyrus defying. 
Typical seasonal Norms. 

1574
01:30:06,000 --> 01:30:08,600
Pursued the lydian's 
relentlessly during winter. 

1575
01:30:09,700 --> 01:30:12,300
This bold move caught koosas 
unprepared. 

1576
01:30:13,000 --> 01:30:16,400
Swirl of smaller engagements 
left, Lydia's, outposts reeling.

1577
01:30:17,100 --> 01:30:20,700
By the time Cruces scrambled. 
His allies again, Cyrus was at 

1578
01:30:20,700 --> 01:30:23,900
Lydia's, doorstep, the 
culminating Siege of Sardis, 

1579
01:30:23,900 --> 01:30:26,400
Lydia's Capital became 
legendary. 

1580
01:30:26,400 --> 01:30:31,100
The city's walls, perched on 
steep Cliffs Cyrus scanning. 

1581
01:30:31,100 --> 01:30:34,700
The Fortress Found A seeming, 
weakness one Cliff face, that 

1582
01:30:34,700 --> 01:30:38,900
looked unclimbable to Defenders,
thus less guarded under cover of

1583
01:30:38,900 --> 01:30:41,000
night. 
His men, scaled that near 

1584
01:30:41,000 --> 01:30:45,400
vertical slope surprising the 
watch they gained entry opening 

1585
01:30:45,400 --> 01:30:47,600
the gates for the main Persian 
Force. 

1586
01:30:48,500 --> 01:30:51,800
Sardis fell and Chris was 
captured tradition. 

1587
01:30:51,800 --> 01:30:55,000
Says that Cyrus initially plan 
to execute creases on a funeral 

1588
01:30:55,008 --> 01:30:56,800
pyre. 
But he changed his mind. 

1589
01:30:56,800 --> 01:30:59,800
Some say it was after hearing 
crease as lament about the 

1590
01:30:59,800 --> 01:31:03,200
cruelty of Fortune. 
Alternatively, an oracle or 

1591
01:31:03,200 --> 01:31:06,800
retainers Council might have 
spurred Cyrus's clemency, Chris 

1592
01:31:06,800 --> 01:31:09,500
was spared. 
However, and give an honorary 

1593
01:31:09,500 --> 01:31:13,300
position in his new government. 
The gesture signaled, a pattern,

1594
01:31:13,300 --> 01:31:16,500
Cyrus subdued Rivals yet. 
Frequently integrated them 

1595
01:31:16,500 --> 01:31:19,800
preserving local structures if 
they accepted his authority. 

1596
01:31:20,500 --> 01:31:24,200
with Lydia subdued Cyrus 
effectively inherited, its 

1597
01:31:24,200 --> 01:31:27,400
Anatolian possessions, including
Greek city-states along the 

1598
01:31:27,400 --> 01:31:32,000
Aegean Coast Those ionian Greeks
had treated with croesus, but 

1599
01:31:32,000 --> 01:31:33,700
were uncertain about Persian 
rule. 

1600
01:31:34,300 --> 01:31:36,900
Some tried resisting. 
Cyrus assigned. 

1601
01:31:36,900 --> 01:31:40,000
Local satraps Governors, who 
demanded tribute, but otherwise 

1602
01:31:40,000 --> 01:31:44,000
left local Customs intact. 
Over time, his ionian 

1603
01:31:44,000 --> 01:31:46,900
city-states, realized personal 
governance could be quite 

1604
01:31:46,900 --> 01:31:50,800
hands-off if tributes were paid.
The approached partially is 

1605
01:31:50,800 --> 01:31:53,200
tensions, their pockets of 
Revolt remained. 

1606
01:31:53,200 --> 01:31:56,600
The Persians recognized that 
shipping was crucial for a giant

1607
01:31:56,600 --> 01:31:58,700
Commerce. 
So Cyrus refrained from 

1608
01:31:58,700 --> 01:32:02,500
heavy-handed oppression, that 
might stifle trade in effect. 

1609
01:32:02,500 --> 01:32:06,100
I only in city states, found 
themselves overshadowed by a 

1610
01:32:06,100 --> 01:32:09,500
more tolerant conqueror than 
they might have feared then came

1611
01:32:09,500 --> 01:32:12,800
the inevitable confrontational 
with Babylon, the fame Empire 

1612
01:32:12,800 --> 01:32:17,600
controlling Mesopotamia. 
Babylon's, King nedus was known 

1613
01:32:17,600 --> 01:32:19,200
for eccentric, religious 
policies. 

1614
01:32:19,200 --> 01:32:21,900
Alienating certain factions 
within the city. 

1615
01:32:21,900 --> 01:32:25,800
Many priests of Marduk disliked 
nabonidus is focus on the moon. 

1616
01:32:25,800 --> 01:32:29,800
God sin, meanwhile outlying 
provinces of Babylon, grew 

1617
01:32:29,800 --> 01:32:32,900
restive, Cyrus aimed to exploit 
these Rifts. 

1618
01:32:32,900 --> 01:32:36,100
He maintained correspondence 
with Babylonian dissidents 

1619
01:32:36,100 --> 01:32:38,700
presenting himself as a 
liberator who would restore 

1620
01:32:38,700 --> 01:32:41,500
worship of Marduk and rectify 
neglect from the monarchy. 

1621
01:32:42,300 --> 01:32:44,100
Propaganda tablets found 
centuries. 

1622
01:32:44,100 --> 01:32:46,900
Later suggests that some 
Babylonian Elites welcomed him. 

1623
01:32:47,700 --> 01:32:53,000
By 539 BCE Cyrus marched to 
Babylon defeating the main Army 

1624
01:32:53,000 --> 01:32:57,500
at Opus with minimal trouble. 
Then in an event overshadowed by

1625
01:32:57,500 --> 01:33:01,100
myth, the gates of Babylon 
opened letting him in to 

1626
01:33:01,100 --> 01:33:05,000
peacefully the city's 
inhabitants possibly fatigued by

1627
01:33:05,000 --> 01:33:07,400
Nappanee. 
Des Moines rule found little 

1628
01:33:07,400 --> 01:33:11,200
cause to resist with that. 
The story of metropolis fell 

1629
01:33:11,200 --> 01:33:15,200
quietly to a new Empire Cyrus 
formalized, these conquests into

1630
01:33:15,200 --> 01:33:17,200
what we know, as the Akai 
Menards Empire. 

1631
01:33:17,200 --> 01:33:20,400
He proclaimed a policy of 
respecting local, religions and 

1632
01:33:20,400 --> 01:33:23,300
traditions, seeing in this 
approach, a key to stable 

1633
01:33:23,300 --> 01:33:24,800
governance across vast 
distances. 

1634
01:33:24,800 --> 01:33:28,500
Most famous artifact of this 
dance, is the Cyrus cylinder. 

1635
01:33:28,500 --> 01:33:32,500
Discovered Millennia later 
inscribed in Kunia form. 

1636
01:33:32,500 --> 01:33:36,100
It Praises, Cyrus as chosen by 
Marduk to restore proper Worship

1637
01:33:36,100 --> 01:33:38,500
in Babylon. 
It also records, how he 

1638
01:33:38,500 --> 01:33:42,200
repatriated displaced people's 
forging, an image of a tolerant 

1639
01:33:42,200 --> 01:33:46,300
almost benevolent conqueror. 
Historians debate, the extent of

1640
01:33:46,300 --> 01:33:49,800
Tolerance noting that tribute 
demands still weighed heavy on 

1641
01:33:49,808 --> 01:33:52,700
subject peoples. 
However, by the standards of the

1642
01:33:52,708 --> 01:33:55,100
era, his approach was more 
lenient than typical. 

1643
01:33:55,800 --> 01:33:58,800
He rarely burned cities or 
enslaved entire populations. 

1644
01:33:58,800 --> 01:34:02,900
Rather he integrated local 
Elites weaving them into such 

1645
01:34:02,900 --> 01:34:05,800
truffle structures. 
This policy extended to the 

1646
01:34:05,800 --> 01:34:09,400
Hebrews exiled in Babylon, Cyrus
famously permitted them to 

1647
01:34:09,400 --> 01:34:12,600
return to Jerusalem and rebuild 
their Temple Hebrew scriptures, 

1648
01:34:12,600 --> 01:34:16,500
Lord him as an anointed figure. 
A foreign King recognized as an 

1649
01:34:16,500 --> 01:34:20,200
instrument of divine will. 
The uniqueness of a Mesopotamian

1650
01:34:20,200 --> 01:34:23,200
Empire that championed the 
restoration of a local temple 

1651
01:34:23,200 --> 01:34:26,900
abroad was not lost on 
contemporary observers for 

1652
01:34:26,900 --> 01:34:29,200
Cyrus. 
This meant forging loyalty 

1653
01:34:29,200 --> 01:34:32,800
across a mosaic of cultures. 
He recognized that the empires 

1654
01:34:32,800 --> 01:34:36,500
core, a not just in fear of 
Persian arms, but in a sense of 

1655
01:34:36,500 --> 01:34:41,100
prosperity and religious freedom
under Persian oversight, By the 

1656
01:34:41,100 --> 01:34:45,000
mid 530 BCE. 
The Empire sprawled from the 

1657
01:34:45,000 --> 01:34:48,500
fringes of Anatolia to the edge 
of the Iranian Plateau with 

1658
01:34:48,500 --> 01:34:52,300
Babylon as a second capital. 
Cyrus oversaw the creation of 

1659
01:34:52,300 --> 01:34:55,700
Roads, linking these domains 
encouraging Caravans to travel 

1660
01:34:55,700 --> 01:34:58,700
more securely. 
A new administrative pattern 

1661
01:34:58,700 --> 01:35:03,400
emerged each province satrapy 
had a satrap typically local 

1662
01:35:03,400 --> 01:35:07,300
nobility, loyal to the throne, 
balanced by a roving inspectors 

1663
01:35:07,300 --> 01:35:09,000
and lines of communication 
director. 

1664
01:35:09,000 --> 01:35:12,600
Cyrus Freed from local Wars. 
Trade flourished. 

1665
01:35:13,200 --> 01:35:15,300
Western sources. 
Sometimes labeled him a 

1666
01:35:15,300 --> 01:35:17,500
law-giver though. 
He never compiled a code. 

1667
01:35:17,500 --> 01:35:20,500
Akin to Hammurabi. 
Instead he simply refrained from

1668
01:35:20,500 --> 01:35:24,200
supplanting local codes unless 
necessary letting them continue 

1669
01:35:24,200 --> 01:35:28,100
under a broader Imperial. 
Canopy In forging this Empire 

1670
01:35:28,100 --> 01:35:31,400
Cyrus overshadowed the older 
pattern of fractious City 

1671
01:35:31,400 --> 01:35:35,500
Kingdom. 
Now a single rule United tungs 

1672
01:35:35,500 --> 01:35:39,400
from ionian Greek to Aramaic 
from lydian to elamite. 

1673
01:35:40,200 --> 01:35:42,400
For the moment, all seemed 
Unstoppable. 

1674
01:35:43,600 --> 01:35:46,200
But an Empire. 
So vast inevitably brushed 

1675
01:35:46,200 --> 01:35:49,400
against fresh Frontiers. 
Beckoning the next wave of 

1676
01:35:49,400 --> 01:35:52,800
expansion or would caution 
Council consolidation. 

1677
01:35:53,600 --> 01:35:56,500
The man who ascended from 
rumored infancy in a shepherd's 

1678
01:35:56,500 --> 01:35:58,100
Hut to commanding, half the 
known region. 

1679
01:35:58,100 --> 01:36:02,800
Now face, the question, Was the 
Empire's thirst for growth ever?

1680
01:36:02,800 --> 01:36:05,500
Sated or did Destiny push him 
onward. 

1681
01:36:05,500 --> 01:36:09,200
Risking new hazards. 
With Babylon integrated into his

1682
01:36:09,200 --> 01:36:11,700
Empire. 
Cyrus contemplated the Eastern 

1683
01:36:11,700 --> 01:36:14,700
Frontier. 
The Iranian Plateau merged into 

1684
01:36:14,700 --> 01:36:18,700
Central Asian steppes home to 
nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes 

1685
01:36:18,700 --> 01:36:21,100
known for mobile Warfare 
Legends. 

1686
01:36:21,100 --> 01:36:25,100
Say, that Cyrus's father kambis.
The First Once warned him that 

1687
01:36:25,100 --> 01:36:28,300
subduing, such tribes required 
persistent vigilance as they 

1688
01:36:28,300 --> 01:36:31,900
seldom recognized stable 
borders, but the new Empire 

1689
01:36:31,900 --> 01:36:35,500
needed to Anchor its eastern 
flank especially if trade routes

1690
01:36:35,500 --> 01:36:37,500
from the Indus Valley or 
bacteria. 

1691
01:36:37,500 --> 01:36:40,700
This said, dear were to channel 
Goods across Persian heartlands.

1692
01:36:41,400 --> 01:36:44,200
Cyrus recognized the Dual 
impetus secure. 

1693
01:36:44,200 --> 01:36:46,500
Those roots and ensure. 
No flank vulnerability. 

1694
01:36:47,200 --> 01:36:50,200
He dispatched, armies along the 
oxus river and mood Daria, 

1695
01:36:50,200 --> 01:36:52,900
forging alliances, with local 
Chief turns. 

1696
01:36:52,900 --> 01:36:56,900
Some steppe tribes in by the 
prospect of stable, trade and 

1697
01:36:56,900 --> 01:37:00,200
potential gifts from the great 
king cooperated others. 

1698
01:37:00,200 --> 01:37:04,500
Resisted leading to skirmishes 
in desert Canyon's Cyrus 

1699
01:37:04,500 --> 01:37:06,800
accompanied part of the campaign
employing. 

1700
01:37:06,800 --> 01:37:10,300
The same tolerance approach 
tribes that submitted maintained

1701
01:37:10,300 --> 01:37:13,200
local leadership, paying 
tribute, but enjoying relative 

1702
01:37:13,200 --> 01:37:16,500
autonomy that method 
overshadowed the old practice of

1703
01:37:16,500 --> 01:37:18,300
forced relocations or 
destination. 

1704
01:37:19,000 --> 01:37:23,100
Yet his men found the harsh with
punishing, Heat by day and 

1705
01:37:23,100 --> 01:37:25,800
frigid nights Complicated by 
elusive tribal. 

1706
01:37:25,800 --> 01:37:28,500
Raiders Adept at ambushes in 
bactria. 

1707
01:37:28,500 --> 01:37:31,700
Cyrus encountered, a settled 
civilization, older than many 

1708
01:37:31,700 --> 01:37:34,200
realized. 
An area with fortresses 

1709
01:37:34,200 --> 01:37:37,900
irrigation and a lineage of 
trade connections with India. 

1710
01:37:38,700 --> 01:37:41,600
He found skillful Artisans and 
wise men with knowledge of 

1711
01:37:41,608 --> 01:37:45,600
local, religions, some 
worshiping who are Mazda and a 

1712
01:37:45,600 --> 01:37:49,200
variance of zoroastrian practice
this encounter, possibly 

1713
01:37:49,200 --> 01:37:52,000
reaffirmed his approach of 
letting each region keep its 

1714
01:37:52,000 --> 01:37:55,400
faith. 
Indeed coins from that era show,

1715
01:37:55,400 --> 01:37:59,100
local imagery mixed with Persian
inscriptions reflecting a 

1716
01:37:59,100 --> 01:38:02,508
Synergy rather than forced 
uniformity historian sea in this

1717
01:38:02,516 --> 01:38:05,400
pattern, the seeds of an Empire 
tolerant enough to last for 

1718
01:38:05,400 --> 01:38:08,800
centuries overshadowing, the 
ephemeral expansion of early 

1719
01:38:08,800 --> 01:38:11,300
conquerors. 
Who imposed uniform codes? 

1720
01:38:11,300 --> 01:38:14,500
Yet the East never fully bowed 
Cyrus soon. 

1721
01:38:14,500 --> 01:38:17,300
Realized that Beyond bacteria, 
lay more, formidable, tribes, 

1722
01:38:18,100 --> 01:38:21,000
Surviving inscriptions mention a
feared group referred to as the 

1723
01:38:21,000 --> 01:38:24,100
massive Getty dwelling across 
the Jacksons River. 

1724
01:38:24,100 --> 01:38:27,700
They were skilled horse, 
archers, famously led by a 

1725
01:38:27,700 --> 01:38:30,900
warrior Queen named tamiris. 
The problem was that direct 

1726
01:38:30,900 --> 01:38:33,300
conflict with the meant 
venturing into semi desert lands

1727
01:38:33,300 --> 01:38:37,000
were supply line collapsed. 
Osiris's, ambition will 

1728
01:38:37,000 --> 01:38:40,900
necessity drove him to attempt 
an incursion around 5:30 BCE. 

1729
01:38:42,100 --> 01:38:44,000
Some sources. 
Suggest he built a bridging 

1730
01:38:44,000 --> 01:38:47,600
strategy, possibly, Bridging the
Jacks, arts or else, luring the 

1731
01:38:47,600 --> 01:38:49,400
message. 
Yeti into friendly a Terrain. 

1732
01:38:49,400 --> 01:38:53,300
The outcome was tragic for him. 
Herodotus claims a pitched 

1733
01:38:53,300 --> 01:38:55,100
battle saw. 
The Persian forces eventually 

1734
01:38:55,100 --> 01:38:58,300
outmaneuvered, Cyrus himself, 
refusing retreat. 

1735
01:38:58,300 --> 01:39:00,800
Was either captured or killed in
the melee. 

1736
01:39:01,400 --> 01:39:04,800
Legend has it Queen to Meijer 
dipped his severed head in a bag

1737
01:39:04,800 --> 01:39:07,700
of blood cursing. 
Him for devouring her people. 

1738
01:39:07,700 --> 01:39:11,800
We cannot confirm the dramatic 
details with absolute certainty.

1739
01:39:11,800 --> 01:39:15,900
Ancient accounts vary. 
Some say, Cyrus died from 

1740
01:39:15,900 --> 01:39:18,900
wounds, others claim an 
accident, in the swirling 

1741
01:39:18,900 --> 01:39:21,400
desert. 
However, all accounts agree that

1742
01:39:21,400 --> 01:39:23,500
his demise occurred on the 
Eastern Frontier. 

1743
01:39:24,400 --> 01:39:26,800
This abrupt end, overshadowed, 
the notion that he'd have 

1744
01:39:26,800 --> 01:39:30,000
Consolidated further expansion 
without him. 

1745
01:39:30,000 --> 01:39:34,000
The Empire, defaulted to his son
by his the second who turned 

1746
01:39:34,000 --> 01:39:38,200
attention to Egyptian campaigns.
If not for that fatal Eastern 

1747
01:39:38,200 --> 01:39:40,900
gamble. 
Cyrus might have had decades to 

1748
01:39:40,900 --> 01:39:44,500
refine governance bridging Asia 
Minor to the Indus under a 

1749
01:39:44,500 --> 01:39:48,300
carefully balanced rule fate 
intervened the queef only 

1750
01:39:48,300 --> 01:39:52,100
partial glimpse of what might 
have been Back in the heartlands

1751
01:39:52,100 --> 01:39:54,400
news of Cyrus's death Unleashed 
grief. 

1752
01:39:54,400 --> 01:39:58,000
He had reigned for around three 
decades, forging, the largest 

1753
01:39:58,000 --> 01:40:01,600
Empire, the region had witnessed
Even many respondents felt 

1754
01:40:01,600 --> 01:40:05,200
useful sorrow in Babylon. 
Priests who previously lauded 

1755
01:40:05,200 --> 01:40:07,800
him as Maddox chosen. 
Recognized that a new chapter 

1756
01:40:07,800 --> 01:40:11,700
approached under can be sees his
shadow in Southwestern Persia 

1757
01:40:11,700 --> 01:40:14,900
folktale, circulated praising 
father Cyrus. 

1758
01:40:14,900 --> 01:40:19,200
Who delivered them from median? 
Oppression ionian Greeks though.

1759
01:40:19,200 --> 01:40:20,900
Not always content with Persian 
rule. 

1760
01:40:20,900 --> 01:40:24,000
Ironically expressed more 
respect for Cyrus than for 

1761
01:40:24,000 --> 01:40:28,000
subsequent Kings praising, his 
measured approach Cyrus's body. 

1762
01:40:28,000 --> 01:40:31,500
Presumably recovered from the 
battlefield was laid in a tomb 

1763
01:40:31,500 --> 01:40:33,800
in posadi. 
A sighted chose an earlier, 

1764
01:40:34,500 --> 01:40:36,700
Ancient Travellers described it 
as a simple. 

1765
01:40:36,700 --> 01:40:40,800
Yet, dignified structure with a 
gabled roof, overshadowed by 

1766
01:40:40,800 --> 01:40:43,700
know, elaborate Temple. 
But set him at a garden in 

1767
01:40:43,700 --> 01:40:47,500
subsequent errors, every person,
King revered that tomb, ensuring

1768
01:40:47,500 --> 01:40:50,100
none. 
Defiled it, Alexander the Great 

1769
01:40:50,100 --> 01:40:52,900
centuries. 
Later visited and reportedly 

1770
01:40:52,900 --> 01:40:55,800
found the tomb with a simple 
inscription, praising Cyrus as 

1771
01:40:55,800 --> 01:40:58,700
the founder of an Empire 
summoning, the reflection that 

1772
01:40:58,700 --> 01:41:02,200
every conqueror, no matter how 
Grand meets mortality. 

1773
01:41:03,100 --> 01:41:07,100
That tomb though, occasionally 
looted or neglected endures in 

1774
01:41:07,100 --> 01:41:10,100
partial ruins, a quiet Testament
to amount of ephemeral. 

1775
01:41:10,100 --> 01:41:13,800
Hold on a vast territory, his 
death on settled, the monarchies

1776
01:41:13,800 --> 01:41:16,500
immediate stability, Can be 
seized the second. 

1777
01:41:16,500 --> 01:41:18,400
Embarked on expansions into 
Egypt. 

1778
01:41:18,400 --> 01:41:22,800
Overshadowing, local satrap 
tensions. the memory of Cyrus 

1779
01:41:22,800 --> 01:41:26,400
however never dissipated each 
subsequent Persian ruler from 

1780
01:41:26,400 --> 01:41:30,300
campuses to Darius traced 
legitimacy to Cyrus's lineage 

1781
01:41:31,000 --> 01:41:33,500
They credited him with forging. 
A national identity that 

1782
01:41:33,500 --> 01:41:37,700
encompassed diverse, languages, 
faiths, and social Customs under

1783
01:41:37,700 --> 01:41:40,100
a unified. 
Administrative framework in 

1784
01:41:40,100 --> 01:41:43,600
every corner of the Empire, from
the ionian shore, to the Indus 

1785
01:41:43,600 --> 01:41:45,800
Valley. 
The idea of the king of kings 

1786
01:41:45,800 --> 01:41:48,100
who protected, local Traditions,
while demanding loyalty 

1787
01:41:48,100 --> 01:41:50,100
remained, a Cornerstone of 
Imperial ideology. 

1788
01:41:51,200 --> 01:41:54,300
Cyrus Even In Absentia, 
overshadowed, the realm with his

1789
01:41:54,300 --> 01:41:56,000
moral laced, approach to 
rulership. 

1790
01:41:56,800 --> 01:42:00,400
The dynasty that Cyrus initiated
endured for two centuries 

1791
01:42:00,400 --> 01:42:03,500
overshadowed eventually by 
Alexander's Conquest in the 

1792
01:42:03,500 --> 01:42:07,200
fourth Century, BC e. 
Yet even as Alexander marched 

1793
01:42:07,200 --> 01:42:10,900
across the Persian Empire. 
Local memory of Cyrus spurred, a

1794
01:42:10,908 --> 01:42:14,200
measure of Pride and unity. 
Some communities upon 

1795
01:42:14,200 --> 01:42:17,200
Alexander's, arrivel recounted 
house, Cyrus had first, 

1796
01:42:17,200 --> 01:42:18,700
liberated them from repressive 
rule. 

1797
01:42:18,700 --> 01:42:23,500
Alexander intrigued by these 
accounts visited Cyrus's Tomb at

1798
01:42:23,500 --> 01:42:28,300
3:30 BCE. 
And I witness described the tomb

1799
01:42:28,300 --> 01:42:32,000
as humble yet dignified with a 
stone chamber and the remains 

1800
01:42:32,000 --> 01:42:35,400
resting on a golden beer. 
Alexander allegedly ordered 

1801
01:42:35,400 --> 01:42:38,700
repairs after discovering the 
tomb rifled by unscrupulous 

1802
01:42:38,700 --> 01:42:41,400
soldiers. 
This gesture signified, How 

1803
01:42:41,400 --> 01:42:44,400
Deeply Cyrus's reputation for 
magnanimous leadership. 

1804
01:42:44,400 --> 01:42:48,700
Struck even his Empires eventual
conqueror, Greek sources, like 

1805
01:42:48,700 --> 01:42:52,300
Zenfone further. 
Amplified Cyrus's Legacy. 

1806
01:42:52,300 --> 01:42:57,500
Xenophon depicted him as an 
exemplary ruler wise, just and 

1807
01:42:57,500 --> 01:42:59,700
beloved by Soldier and subjects 
alike. 

1808
01:43:00,500 --> 01:43:02,900
Scholars debate. 
How factual xenophon's portrayal

1809
01:43:02,900 --> 01:43:06,500
is some seaters half moral 
treated, half historical novel 

1810
01:43:06,500 --> 01:43:10,300
but the sirope Western ideas of 
King ship overshadowing 

1811
01:43:10,300 --> 01:43:13,600
alternative narratives Roman 
thinkers like Cicero or 

1812
01:43:13,600 --> 01:43:16,000
Machiavelli. 
Cited Cyrus as a model for Weis.

1813
01:43:16,000 --> 01:43:18,600
Monarchy. 
Indeed, the phrase benevolent 

1814
01:43:18,600 --> 01:43:22,000
conqueror found perhaps its 
earliest champion and how Greeks

1815
01:43:22,000 --> 01:43:24,900
were cast him. 
The reality of his campaigns 

1816
01:43:24,900 --> 01:43:28,800
like forcibly subduing, Lydia or
merciless battles in the East 

1817
01:43:28,800 --> 01:43:31,400
fell into the background in 
these moral sketches. 

1818
01:43:31,400 --> 01:43:35,600
Meanwhile, in later Persian 
tradition Cyrus emerged, almost 

1819
01:43:35,600 --> 01:43:38,900
as a cultural hero, 
overshadowing even Darius in 

1820
01:43:38,900 --> 01:43:42,600
terms of moral reverence some 
medieval Islamic scholars wrote 

1821
01:43:42,600 --> 01:43:46,100
of him as due. 
Alkane the two horned one in 

1822
01:43:46,100 --> 01:43:48,900
certain interpretive Traditions,
linking him to a figure in the 

1823
01:43:48,900 --> 01:43:52,200
Quran who travelled widely and 
overcame great challenges 

1824
01:43:52,200 --> 01:43:54,700
though. 
Not universally accepted that 

1825
01:43:54,700 --> 01:43:57,600
Association underscored how 
widely His Image range and 

1826
01:43:57,600 --> 01:44:00,400
cultural memory. 
People in West Asia recognized 

1827
01:44:00,400 --> 01:44:03,600
him as a champion of religious 
tolerance referencing. 

1828
01:44:03,600 --> 01:44:06,500
The famed cylinder in which he 
declared marduk's blessing. 

1829
01:44:07,200 --> 01:44:10,200
Others found in him, an early 
blueprint for Empire Building 

1830
01:44:10,200 --> 01:44:13,500
balance by moral codes during 
the Renaissance in Europe, 

1831
01:44:13,500 --> 01:44:15,900
renewed interest in classical 
texts. 

1832
01:44:15,900 --> 01:44:19,500
Revived Cyrus's story again, 
overshadowed, though it was by 

1833
01:44:19,500 --> 01:44:23,600
more immediate local concerns 
princes, might glance at Zen's 

1834
01:44:23,600 --> 01:44:26,400
treated as an allegory for how 
to rule with both Justice and 

1835
01:44:26,400 --> 01:44:28,600
Mike. 
In the 18th century 

1836
01:44:28,600 --> 01:44:32,300
Enlightenment and thinkers to 
reference to him, while 

1837
01:44:32,300 --> 01:44:34,900
discussing Universal monarchy or
the philosophy of Tolerance. 

1838
01:44:36,200 --> 01:44:39,800
Voltaire, for instance, 
occasionally invoked Cyrus as an

1839
01:44:39,800 --> 01:44:42,900
example of a more enlightened 
conqueror compared to the brutal

1840
01:44:42,900 --> 01:44:45,000
expansions of certain European 
Empires. 

1841
01:44:45,800 --> 01:44:49,300
Yet ironically the earliest 
archaeological Revelations about

1842
01:44:49,300 --> 01:44:51,700
Cyrus. 
Such as the unearthing of the 

1843
01:44:51,700 --> 01:44:55,800
Cyrus cylinder in 1879 
reaffirmed, that the Persian 

1844
01:44:55,800 --> 01:44:59,400
kings of Tolerance weren't 
purely myth, that artifact 

1845
01:44:59,400 --> 01:45:02,700
discovered in the ruins of 
Babylon, inscribed in akkadian. 

1846
01:45:02,700 --> 01:45:06,400
Cuneiform outlines, how Cyrus 
restored shrines and returned 

1847
01:45:06,400 --> 01:45:10,400
people to their homelands. 
The cylinder stands as one of 

1848
01:45:10,408 --> 01:45:12,900
History's, earliest known 
Declaration of religious 

1849
01:45:12,900 --> 01:45:15,500
freedom. 
Overshadowing older examples 

1850
01:45:15,500 --> 01:45:18,900
that typically validated 
conquests with deities, but 

1851
01:45:18,900 --> 01:45:21,400
rarely promised oppressed 
people's new liberties. 

1852
01:45:22,200 --> 01:45:25,600
Historians debate, the precise 
context, maybe it was partly 

1853
01:45:25,600 --> 01:45:29,100
propaganda to legitimize his new
rule, but it remains a striking 

1854
01:45:29,100 --> 01:45:31,800
departure from the standard 
Force to simulation typical of 

1855
01:45:31,808 --> 01:45:34,900
the era. 
Modern Iranians view Cyrus with 

1856
01:45:34,900 --> 01:45:37,100
a blend of national pride and 
Fascination. 

1857
01:45:37,100 --> 01:45:39,000
Some. 
See him as a unifying. 

1858
01:45:39,000 --> 01:45:42,200
Father figure of the Iranian 
identity overshadowing, the 

1859
01:45:42,200 --> 01:45:44,300
fractiousness of medieval and 
modern periods. 

1860
01:45:44,300 --> 01:45:48,000
Even secular nationalists in the
20th, century embraced him as a 

1861
01:45:48,008 --> 01:45:51,000
symbol of a culturally Rich 
tolerant heritage. 

1862
01:45:52,100 --> 01:45:55,600
For instance, the Shah of Iran 
in 1971, staged a massive 

1863
01:45:55,600 --> 01:45:59,100
ceremonial event at the several.
Sepali referencing Cyrus as the 

1864
01:45:59,108 --> 01:46:01,800
Empire's founder this 
Extravaganza. 

1865
01:46:01,800 --> 01:46:04,900
Ironically, overshadowed by a 
modern discontent. 

1866
01:46:05,500 --> 01:46:07,400
Showed how deeply as memory 
resonated. 

1867
01:46:08,200 --> 01:46:10,900
Revolutionaries later disdained,
the monarchy's appropriation of 

1868
01:46:10,908 --> 01:46:14,500
ancient glories, but not 
necessarily disclaiming Cyrus's 

1869
01:46:14,500 --> 01:46:17,800
historical, significance. 
One under explored, angle is the

1870
01:46:17,800 --> 01:46:20,000
possibility that Cyrus is style 
of leadership. 

1871
01:46:20,000 --> 01:46:22,500
Strongly influenced, how 
subsequent Middle Eastern Powers

1872
01:46:22,500 --> 01:46:25,600
approached Empire. 
The notion that subjugated 

1873
01:46:25,600 --> 01:46:29,100
people's might keep their local 
laws worship and aristocracies 

1874
01:46:29,100 --> 01:46:31,800
in exchange for paying tribute 
and remaining loyal established 

1875
01:46:31,800 --> 01:46:34,900
a precedent. 
The Ottoman Empire centuries 

1876
01:46:34,900 --> 01:46:39,000
later had a millet system that 
rang with Echoes of Cyrus's 

1877
01:46:39,000 --> 01:46:41,500
approach. 
This overshadowing Legacy 

1878
01:46:41,500 --> 01:46:45,700
remained subtle yet persistent 
thus Cyrus's story flows across 

1879
01:46:45,700 --> 01:46:50,400
epochs from a child room to have
escaped, an execution order to a

1880
01:46:50,400 --> 01:46:53,900
cunning statement uniting 
Persians and medes to a 

1881
01:46:53,900 --> 01:46:56,700
conqueror, forging an Empire 
that overshadowed old Regional 

1882
01:46:56,700 --> 01:47:00,000
politics culminating in a 
cultural hero for multiple 

1883
01:47:00,000 --> 01:47:03,800
civilizations. 
Jira reinterprets him, some 

1884
01:47:03,800 --> 01:47:05,600
extolling him. 
As the ultimate wise, King, 

1885
01:47:05,600 --> 01:47:08,700
others cautioning that the 
realities of Conquest, always 

1886
01:47:08,700 --> 01:47:12,600
bear a darker side but no matter
how the narrative shifts the 

1887
01:47:12,600 --> 01:47:15,500
essential thread is that of a 
man forging a novel Empire with 

1888
01:47:15,500 --> 01:47:19,600
broad tolerance overshadowing 
the archaic tyranny or Petty 

1889
01:47:19,600 --> 01:47:22,300
squabbling that proceeded him 
and leaving a blueprint that 

1890
01:47:22,300 --> 01:47:24,700
outlived the ephemeral politics 
of the day. 

1891
01:47:24,700 --> 01:47:28,300
When we examine how Cyrus 
governed, the structure of his 

1892
01:47:28,300 --> 01:47:31,700
Empire stands out instead of 
imposing personal officials 

1893
01:47:31,700 --> 01:47:35,600
everywhere, he created satrapy 
is granting, local, Elites, some

1894
01:47:35,600 --> 01:47:38,400
autonomy, so long as they 
pledged Allegiance, and taxes to

1895
01:47:38,400 --> 01:47:41,900
the great king, Each satrap 
managed, daily Affairs, 

1896
01:47:41,900 --> 01:47:45,400
overshadowed only by the king's 
Authority and roving inspectors 

1897
01:47:45,400 --> 01:47:47,800
called the eyes and ears of the 
king. 

1898
01:47:47,800 --> 01:47:52,100
This system reduced Rebellion 
like Hood as local Customs 

1899
01:47:52,100 --> 01:47:55,900
largely stayed intact. the 
difference from older Empires, 

1900
01:47:55,900 --> 01:47:59,600
like the Assyrians, who often 
deported population or used 

1901
01:47:59,600 --> 01:48:04,000
Terror attacks was striking, 
People recognized a new brand of

1902
01:48:04,000 --> 01:48:07,400
rule, where a simulation 
demanded fewer forced migration 

1903
01:48:07,400 --> 01:48:09,500
and more recognition of local 
identity. 

1904
01:48:09,500 --> 01:48:13,500
Cyrus is a water management, 
tells a compelling story of 

1905
01:48:13,500 --> 01:48:16,700
miles. 
In certain arid provinces older 

1906
01:48:16,700 --> 01:48:20,100
feuds erupted over irrigation, 
ditches, the Persian 

1907
01:48:20,100 --> 01:48:23,600
Administration introduced 
consistent oversight, ensuring 

1908
01:48:23,600 --> 01:48:26,100
Farmland disputes were 
arbitrated by official judges. 

1909
01:48:26,100 --> 01:48:30,400
This reduced local Klan violence
boosting agricultural output. 

1910
01:48:31,200 --> 01:48:34,100
Some speculate that the reason 
the Empire thrived economically 

1911
01:48:34,100 --> 01:48:38,000
was precisely these micro level 
reforms overshadowing. 

1912
01:48:38,000 --> 01:48:39,900
The simpler older pattern of a 
warlord. 

1913
01:48:39,900 --> 01:48:42,200
Merely collecting tribute 
through intimidation 

1914
01:48:42,200 --> 01:48:48,000
diplomatically Cyrus engaged in 
interim, marriages, the melding 

1915
01:48:48,000 --> 01:48:50,800
of Persian and median lines was 
the earliest example. 

1916
01:48:51,500 --> 01:48:54,300
But he also welcomed lydian 
Aristocrats into his court. 

1917
01:48:54,900 --> 01:48:59,400
Forging alliances with families.
Once loyal to croesus in rare 

1918
01:48:59,400 --> 01:49:02,400
cases a princess or daughter 
from a subdued region. 

1919
01:49:02,400 --> 01:49:06,200
Might join the Persian Court. 
These events over shouted. 

1920
01:49:06,200 --> 01:49:09,700
The typical scenario forcibly 
taking hostages instead. 

1921
01:49:09,700 --> 01:49:13,300
Cyrus wanted them to partake in 
the Empire's Splendor, weaving 

1922
01:49:13,300 --> 01:49:15,700
them in, to a social fabric, 
that dissuaded Rebellion. 

1923
01:49:16,400 --> 01:49:19,800
The old hostage system became 
more subtle shading into an 

1924
01:49:19,800 --> 01:49:23,600
inclusive aristocracy, the local
leaders found new status as part

1925
01:49:23,600 --> 01:49:27,700
of the Arca Menards nobility. 
Spiritually Cyrus's, personal 

1926
01:49:27,700 --> 01:49:31,200
faith remains debated. 
Some Modern Iranians claimed him

1927
01:49:31,200 --> 01:49:34,300
as a zoroastrian, but direct 
evidence is scarce. 

1928
01:49:34,900 --> 01:49:38,700
The extant sources, suggest he 
revered ahura Mazda reflecting 

1929
01:49:38,700 --> 01:49:41,000
Zoar, Astron influence, but 
never forced that. 

1930
01:49:41,000 --> 01:49:44,800
Worship on diverse Realms. 
The Cyrus cylinder emphasizes 

1931
01:49:44,800 --> 01:49:48,400
marduk's acceptance of Babylon. 
While Greek accounts mentioned 

1932
01:49:48,400 --> 01:49:51,100
that among Persian Elites 
certain rights to the elements 

1933
01:49:51,100 --> 01:49:53,200
like the sky and fire were 
honored. 

1934
01:49:53,200 --> 01:49:56,500
He overshadowed early Warlords 
by not imposing a single 

1935
01:49:56,500 --> 01:50:00,400
religious identity indeed. 
Many credit him with forging an 

1936
01:50:00,400 --> 01:50:01,700
Empire that for centuries 
maintained. 

1937
01:50:01,700 --> 01:50:04,900
A measure of tolerance for local
temples, overshadowing the 

1938
01:50:04,900 --> 01:50:07,900
simpler approach of idle 
smashing or forced conversions. 

1939
01:50:08,800 --> 01:50:11,600
Cyrus's Persona in the eyes of 
Greek, contemporaries varied 

1940
01:50:11,600 --> 01:50:15,200
some depicted him as a gentle 
Father Figure others found him 

1941
01:50:15,200 --> 01:50:18,500
cunning exploiting tolerance 
only to keep rebellious Hearts 

1942
01:50:18,500 --> 01:50:23,100
subdued in ionian, Greek city 
states certain segments, admired

1943
01:50:23,100 --> 01:50:25,800
him for toppling, Lydia's 
creases who had overshadowed 

1944
01:50:25,800 --> 01:50:30,000
them, ironically forging a 
liberator narrative but I only 

1945
01:50:30,000 --> 01:50:33,400
an elite soon realized Persian 
Susan tea had its demands 

1946
01:50:33,400 --> 01:50:37,400
tribute garrisons and 
complicated negotiations. 

1947
01:50:37,400 --> 01:50:39,400
If they wanted to maintain local
autonomy. 

1948
01:50:40,200 --> 01:50:42,800
Despite celebrating their 
commercial expansions under 

1949
01:50:42,800 --> 01:50:46,400
Persian rule, the ionian elites 
were vigilant for potential 

1950
01:50:46,400 --> 01:50:50,700
changes in the Imperial stance. 
At the most surprising Dimension

1951
01:50:50,700 --> 01:50:53,500
is how Cyrus never crowned 
himself with an elaborate New 

1952
01:50:53,500 --> 01:50:56,300
Riegel title. 
Akin to emperor of all lands 

1953
01:50:56,300 --> 01:50:58,700
instead. 
He used older Traditions, like 

1954
01:50:58,700 --> 01:51:03,100
king of anshan King of the medes
and Persians or king of Babylon 

1955
01:51:03,100 --> 01:51:06,400
in official inscriptions, 
linking them in a chain that 

1956
01:51:06,408 --> 01:51:09,400
overshadowed old rivalries. 
Which region saw him. 

1957
01:51:09,400 --> 01:51:11,800
A successor to its last 
legitimate monarchy. 

1958
01:51:12,500 --> 01:51:14,400
This acceptance across diverse 
lands. 

1959
01:51:14,400 --> 01:51:16,100
Is a reasonably Empire 
stabilized? 

1960
01:51:16,100 --> 01:51:19,500
Swiftly, overshadowing typical 
post Conquest chaos. 

1961
01:51:20,300 --> 01:51:23,200
The Synergy of recognizer King 
ship and practical policies. 

1962
01:51:23,200 --> 01:51:26,800
Prevented many local revolts 
even in the Eastern, Frontiers 

1963
01:51:26,800 --> 01:51:30,300
only the fiercely independent 
steppe tribes remained wholly, 

1964
01:51:30,300 --> 01:51:33,500
Beyond easier. 
Simulation Modern archaeologists

1965
01:51:33,500 --> 01:51:38,400
rummaging through sights like 
Pasad or equator, an inscription

1966
01:51:38,400 --> 01:51:41,600
Grand titles and praising 
Cyrus's benevolence. 

1967
01:51:42,400 --> 01:51:46,200
However, they also find glimpses
of force tribute on scribbly. 

1968
01:51:46,200 --> 01:51:49,500
Labor reminding us that no 
Empire extends without cost. 

1969
01:51:50,300 --> 01:51:53,200
The difference is that Cyrus 
balanced typical harshness with 

1970
01:51:53,200 --> 01:51:57,100
broader leniency, instead of 
mass enslavement or forced 

1971
01:51:57,100 --> 01:51:59,200
relocations. 
He practiced strategic 

1972
01:51:59,200 --> 01:52:03,000
generosity, A city that 
surrendered might keep its local

1973
01:52:03,000 --> 01:52:06,100
Council paying only partial 
tributes for a time. 

1974
01:52:06,100 --> 01:52:10,600
A rebellious region once subdued
found him open to restitution if

1975
01:52:10,600 --> 01:52:12,500
they accepted Imperial 
suzerainty. 

1976
01:52:13,400 --> 01:52:17,400
This pattern repeated across 
Anatolia Mesopotamia and Beyond 

1977
01:52:17,400 --> 01:52:20,400
forging an Empire that outlived 
him by centuries. 

1978
01:52:20,400 --> 01:52:23,900
One wonders how the world might 
have changed had Cyrus not died 

1979
01:52:23,900 --> 01:52:27,200
in that Eastern campaign. 
Perhaps he'd have established a 

1980
01:52:27,200 --> 01:52:30,000
definitive Capital, bridging 
Persian and Mesopotamian 

1981
01:52:30,000 --> 01:52:32,800
Aesthetics. 
He might have expanded further 

1982
01:52:32,800 --> 01:52:35,700
into the industry region, 
overshadowing future expansion 

1983
01:52:35,700 --> 01:52:38,300
by Darius. 
The abruptness of his death 

1984
01:52:38,300 --> 01:52:39,700
left. 
Many of those, what ifs 

1985
01:52:39,700 --> 01:52:42,700
unresolved? 
Yet, his blueprint was so robust

1986
01:52:42,700 --> 01:52:46,700
that successes like Kim Norris. 
With this built upon its 

1987
01:52:46,700 --> 01:52:50,200
seamlessly, rarely discarding 
the system of satrapies or the 

1988
01:52:50,208 --> 01:52:53,900
approach to local autonomy. 
This continuity underscores, How

1989
01:52:53,900 --> 01:52:56,800
Deeply Cyrus's approach was 
woven into the Empire's Bedrock 

1990
01:52:56,800 --> 01:52:59,900
his policies. 
Akin to the reformed water 

1991
01:52:59,900 --> 01:53:03,400
channels, permeated, the 
Imperial veins surpassing the 

1992
01:53:03,400 --> 01:53:06,800
fleeting preferences of 
subsequent Kings, In the 

1993
01:53:06,800 --> 01:53:10,200
centuries, following Cyrus's 
Empire wave after wave of 

1994
01:53:10,200 --> 01:53:13,000
Conquest battered West, Asia 
Alexander's Invasion. 

1995
01:53:13,000 --> 01:53:16,800
The seleucid Empire the 
parthians and the sasanian 

1996
01:53:16,800 --> 01:53:21,100
dynasty Each new regime State 
claims over the old heartlands 

1997
01:53:21,100 --> 01:53:23,500
yet. 
Repeated references to the old 

1998
01:53:23,500 --> 01:53:27,300
ways of Cyrus appearing. 
Local Legends overshadowing, 

1999
01:53:27,300 --> 01:53:30,400
short-term rule. 
Cyrus's system became a 

2000
01:53:30,400 --> 01:53:32,400
benchmark for managing a 
multi-ethnic domain. 

2001
01:53:32,400 --> 01:53:35,000
Even the storied House of 
Sasson. 

2002
01:53:35,000 --> 01:53:39,300
Centuries, later argued, they 
recaptured the spirit of a hemed

2003
01:53:39,300 --> 01:53:41,700
monarchy their coinage or Rock 
relief. 

2004
01:53:41,700 --> 01:53:44,700
Sometimes, invoked motifs 
reminiscent of Cyrus's era 

2005
01:53:44,700 --> 01:53:47,500
overshadowed by a new version of
Persian identity. 

2006
01:53:48,500 --> 01:53:51,200
That cyclical pattern of 
referencing Cyrus indicates. 

2007
01:53:51,200 --> 01:53:54,100
He was not just a fleeting 
conqueror, but a permanent 

2008
01:53:54,100 --> 01:53:58,900
archetype. outside the Middle 
East, Greek authors, transmitted

2009
01:53:58,900 --> 01:54:03,600
update an idealized account 
Culminating in xenophon's, Kira 

2010
01:54:03,600 --> 01:54:06,800
pedia which painted Cyrus as a 
paragon of King leverty. 

2011
01:54:08,200 --> 01:54:11,700
Over the next two Millennia that
text influence statement from 

2012
01:54:11,700 --> 01:54:14,400
Machiavelli to the founding 
fathers of the United States. 

2013
01:54:15,200 --> 01:54:18,700
They gleaned from it lessons on 
balancing fear and love forging 

2014
01:54:18,700 --> 01:54:23,200
alliances and uniting diverse 
people's ironically, the real 

2015
01:54:23,200 --> 01:54:26,000
Cyrus might have been more 
pragmatic and occasionally 

2016
01:54:26,000 --> 01:54:29,200
ruthless than xenophon's moral 
hero, but the overshadowing 

2017
01:54:29,200 --> 01:54:32,300
effect of the text shaped 
Western political thought, 

2018
01:54:33,200 --> 01:54:34,700
Early. 
Modern Europe's fascination. 

2019
01:54:34,700 --> 01:54:38,000
With enlightened absolutism 
found in Cyrus a distant model. 

2020
01:54:38,000 --> 01:54:41,400
Someone who overcame fractious 
Petty Lords by imposing a 

2021
01:54:41,408 --> 01:54:45,300
central Authority, tempered by 
tolerance. back in his homeland,

2022
01:54:45,300 --> 01:54:54,200
to Pasadena a femoral shrines, 
when Alexander visited, he left 

2023
01:54:54,200 --> 01:54:58,200
it intact later, pathian, or 
Susan Kings though, not 

2024
01:54:58,200 --> 01:55:02,300
worshipers of Cyrus recognized, 
the tomb significant as a link 

2025
01:55:02,300 --> 01:55:06,100
to an illustrious Iranian 
heritage Under the Muslim 

2026
01:55:06,100 --> 01:55:08,900
Conquest. 
Centuries later, Legends 

2027
01:55:08,900 --> 01:55:11,400
persisted around the tomb. 
Some calling it. 

2028
01:55:11,400 --> 01:55:16,000
Carver a Madar aulum of 
Solomon's mother though. 

2029
01:55:16,000 --> 01:55:19,200
The local population likely kept
the memory, that it was Cyrus's 

2030
01:55:19,200 --> 01:55:22,700
final resting place. 
Rare travelers from Venetian 

2031
01:55:22,700 --> 01:55:26,100
Merchants to ottoman, envoys 
occasionally documented, a 

2032
01:55:26,100 --> 01:55:28,600
solitary Tower like structure in
the Iranian Plateau, 

2033
01:55:28,600 --> 01:55:31,100
overshadowed by know massive 
City. 

2034
01:55:31,900 --> 01:55:35,500
Inside Lane inscription or 
faint, carvings referencing a 

2035
01:55:35,500 --> 01:55:38,700
king who wants bestowed. 
The region like a Colossus in 

2036
01:55:38,700 --> 01:55:42,400
the 20th century, as modern 
Iranian nationalism, stirred, 

2037
01:55:43,000 --> 01:55:47,000
Cyrus's memory was rehabilitated
as an emblem of national unity 

2038
01:55:47,000 --> 01:55:49,800
and historical grandeur. 
Razor sharp. 

2039
01:55:49,800 --> 01:55:53,700
Pallavi visited posadi Staging 
ceremonies that overshadowed, 

2040
01:55:53,700 --> 01:55:55,100
the sights archaeological. 
Hush. 

2041
01:55:55,100 --> 01:55:58,300
The monarchy sought symbolic 
links to an ancient lineage 

2042
01:55:58,300 --> 01:56:02,300
championing Cyrus's cylinder as 
an early human rights Charter. 

2043
01:56:02,300 --> 01:56:05,800
This overshadowed complexities 
like the Imperial nature of his 

2044
01:56:05,800 --> 01:56:10,000
conquests but offered a rallying
point for Iranian identity, even

2045
01:56:10,000 --> 01:56:13,400
post-revolutionary Iran while 
reinterpreting pre-islamic 

2046
01:56:13,400 --> 01:56:17,900
glories, cannot fully, disregard
Cyrus's significant pilgrims, 

2047
01:56:17,900 --> 01:56:20,900
still come some quite Lee. 
Leaving, Flowers by the tomb to 

2048
01:56:20,900 --> 01:56:22,600
honor. 
The father of the Persian realm 

2049
01:56:22,600 --> 01:56:26,400
overshadowing theological 
differences, In the global 

2050
01:56:26,400 --> 01:56:28,600
sphere. 
The Cyrus cylinder tours. 

2051
01:56:28,600 --> 01:56:31,500
Museums sparking discussions on 
religious tolerance. 

2052
01:56:31,500 --> 01:56:34,600
Good governance and The 
Narrative of enlightened Empire.

2053
01:56:35,800 --> 01:56:38,000
Some critics caution. 
That while the cylinder reveals 

2054
01:56:38,000 --> 01:56:40,600
a progressive tone for its era, 
we shouldn't attack. 

2055
01:56:40,600 --> 01:56:42,800
Chronically label, Cyrus a 
modern Democrat. 

2056
01:56:42,800 --> 01:56:47,500
He was after all an absolute 
monarch nonetheless, the 

2057
01:56:47,500 --> 01:56:49,900
overshadowing message of 
leniency and returning Exiles 

2058
01:56:49,900 --> 01:56:53,600
stands out in a time when many 
ancient conquerors pillaged and 

2059
01:56:53,600 --> 01:56:56,700
enslaved. 
Indeed, the notion of a state 

2060
01:56:56,708 --> 01:56:59,400
respecting, local gods and 
temples was Radical for the 

2061
01:56:59,400 --> 01:57:02,100
period. 
Yet, it's not as if Cyrus 

2062
01:57:02,100 --> 01:57:04,700
overcame all cruelty. 
In certain provinces that 

2063
01:57:04,700 --> 01:57:08,900
resisted the Persian armies 
could be ruthless using Siege 

2064
01:57:08,900 --> 01:57:10,600
tactics to starve city 
populations. 

2065
01:57:10,600 --> 01:57:14,500
But once victory was secured the
mercy or acceptance of local 

2066
01:57:14,500 --> 01:57:16,600
practices. 
Overshadowed total subjugation 

2067
01:57:17,600 --> 01:57:19,900
Scholars highlight that such a 
measured approach likely, 

2068
01:57:19,900 --> 01:57:23,400
prevented constant revolts 
people under Persian rule, might

2069
01:57:23,400 --> 01:57:26,800
pay taxes and serve in the Army 
but they kept shrines, local 

2070
01:57:26,800 --> 01:57:29,000
councils, and a measure of 
cultural autonomy. 

2071
01:57:29,800 --> 01:57:32,600
This delicate, interplay formed,
the Empire's, core strength, 

2072
01:57:32,600 --> 01:57:36,600
overshadowing older Mesopotamian
or Neo Assyrian methods reliant 

2073
01:57:36,600 --> 01:57:39,900
on sheer Terror. 
As we revisit Cyrus's life, in 

2074
01:57:39,900 --> 01:57:42,600
total, we see an interplay of 
Epic achievements. 

2075
01:57:42,600 --> 01:57:45,700
And ephemeral, mortality, he 
rose from a rumored near in 

2076
01:57:45,708 --> 01:57:49,300
fantasy to forging a realm from 
the Aegean to Eastern Iran 

2077
01:57:49,300 --> 01:57:53,700
overshadowing King's, who wants 
boasted on a saleable might yet 

2078
01:57:53,700 --> 01:57:56,400
he too succumb to the hazards of
Frontier Warfare. 

2079
01:57:56,400 --> 01:58:01,000
The Grand Empire remained shaped
by his administrative blueprint 

2080
01:58:01,000 --> 01:58:04,500
overshadowing, the ephemeral 
nature of any single mortal. 

2081
01:58:05,300 --> 01:58:08,700
Even in death, he overshadowed 
the typical memory of Warlords 

2082
01:58:08,700 --> 01:58:11,100
by becoming a cherished Legend 
in multiple cultures. 

2083
01:58:12,400 --> 01:58:16,600
The cyclical references to Cyrus
over Millennia by Greeks, Romans

2084
01:58:16,600 --> 01:58:20,500
Iranians, and modern Statesmen. 
A firm that the imprint he left 

2085
01:58:20,508 --> 01:58:22,800
on governance and tolerance was 
never fully erased. 

2086
01:58:22,800 --> 01:58:26,200
Overshadowing the typical 
ephemeral Conquest that vanished

2087
01:58:26,200 --> 01:58:30,300
into dust reflecting on Cyrus 
the Great's Journey A picture 

2088
01:58:30,300 --> 01:58:33,100
emerges of a ruler who both 
embodies the archetype of 

2089
01:58:33,100 --> 01:58:35,500
ancient conqueror and subverts 
it. 

2090
01:58:35,508 --> 01:58:40,200
His life, Bridging, the mid 6th 
Century, BCE shaped an enduring 

2091
01:58:40,200 --> 01:58:42,100
Empire. 
That overshadowed a femoral 

2092
01:58:42,100 --> 01:58:45,700
local kingdoms, he fused 
compassionately with power 

2093
01:58:45,700 --> 01:58:49,100
forging, a blueprint of rule 
that soared Beyond typical 

2094
01:58:49,100 --> 01:58:51,800
tyranny. 
Used violence to conquer and 

2095
01:58:51,800 --> 01:58:55,700
woven multi-ethnic fabric under 
the accumulated, Banner in the 

2096
01:58:55,700 --> 01:58:58,500
swirl of centuries. 
Intangible threads of his 

2097
01:58:58,500 --> 01:59:02,200
approach satrapy is cultural 
response, an integrated 

2098
01:59:02,200 --> 01:59:05,100
Administration, surface 
repeatedly in later. 

2099
01:59:05,100 --> 01:59:08,600
State's governance, take for 
instance, the phenomenon of 

2100
01:59:08,600 --> 01:59:12,200
repatriating exiled, people's 
the Hebrew text describing 

2101
01:59:12,200 --> 01:59:14,900
Cyrus's, decree for the Jude and
to rebuild their Temple 

2102
01:59:14,900 --> 01:59:18,900
highlighter, radical departure 
from Norms Empires often. 

2103
01:59:18,900 --> 01:59:22,400
Exile population to Quail, 
Rebellion, Cyrus reversed that 

2104
01:59:22,400 --> 01:59:25,500
policy overshadowing earlier 
cruelty with the stance that 

2105
01:59:25,500 --> 01:59:29,700
returning exiled groups might 
yield loyal gratitude This 

2106
01:59:29,700 --> 01:59:32,000
perspective resonates in modern 
dialogues about religious 

2107
01:59:32,000 --> 01:59:35,000
freedom. 
Indeed, some interpret, the 

2108
01:59:35,000 --> 01:59:37,800
cylinders references to various 
shrines as an early Charter of 

2109
01:59:37,808 --> 01:59:40,000
Rights though. 
Historians caution about 

2110
01:59:40,000 --> 01:59:42,300
overstating it as a universal 
human rights document. 

2111
01:59:42,300 --> 01:59:46,200
The overshadowing principle 
remains for the 6th Century BCE.

2112
01:59:46,200 --> 01:59:49,900
It was remarkably 
forward-thinking Consider also, 

2113
01:59:49,900 --> 01:59:53,700
the architecture of Pasadena 
Cyrus's Capital known for its 

2114
01:59:53,700 --> 01:59:58,200
symmetrical Gardens and a design
mixing median elamite and local 

2115
01:59:58,200 --> 02:00:01,000
Persian Styles. 
It overshadowed simplistic 

2116
02:00:01,000 --> 02:00:04,800
Fortress cities of older times. 
Greek visitors centuries later. 

2117
02:00:04,800 --> 02:00:08,400
Found it distinctively Airy and 
open as if the City layout 

2118
02:00:08,400 --> 02:00:11,700
reflected Cyrus's, inclusive 
policies, the tomb there. 

2119
02:00:11,700 --> 02:00:16,000
So unpretentious yet, dignified,
X volume was about how he 

2120
02:00:16,000 --> 02:00:19,300
conceptualized rulership not as 
an aloof god king. 

2121
02:00:19,300 --> 02:00:23,200
But As a caretaker bridging 
lands, While subsequent palaces 

2122
02:00:23,200 --> 02:00:27,000
like persepolis overshadowed 
Pasadena's, scale the latter's 

2123
02:00:27,000 --> 02:00:30,800
multi-ethnic decorative elements
reveal a microcosm of the entire

2124
02:00:30,800 --> 02:00:34,100
synergy. 
Final puzzle is whether we can 

2125
02:00:34,100 --> 02:00:36,800
glean Cyrus's personal 
temperament behind the annals 

2126
02:00:36,800 --> 02:00:39,300
and legends. 
Greek sources paint him. 

2127
02:00:39,300 --> 02:00:42,100
As kindly though, they were 
motivated to highlight the good 

2128
02:00:42,100 --> 02:00:45,200
Oriental King. 
The Babylonian Chronicle calls 

2129
02:00:45,200 --> 02:00:48,700
him, the chosen of Marduk 
overshadowing older conquerors, 

2130
02:00:48,700 --> 02:00:51,600
who defiled? 
The city Persian lore emphasizes

2131
02:00:51,600 --> 02:00:53,700
his cunning rise from near-death
infancy. 

2132
02:00:54,400 --> 02:00:57,500
Different perspectives, idealize
him likely. 

2133
02:00:57,500 --> 02:01:01,700
The real Cyrus was at times 
ruthless at times, merciful and 

2134
02:01:01,700 --> 02:01:05,300
always pragmatic. 
He overrode Petty local Customs 

2135
02:01:05,300 --> 02:01:08,200
when they hindered stable rule 
but mostly let communities 

2136
02:01:08,200 --> 02:01:11,200
maintain their identity. 
He believed that an Empire 

2137
02:01:11,200 --> 02:01:14,800
spanning from Lydia to Gandara 
needed cohesive laws, but 

2138
02:01:14,800 --> 02:01:18,100
flexible local governance. 
That strategic approach 

2139
02:01:18,100 --> 02:01:21,600
overshadowed, simpler warlord, 
tyranny in subsequent, Iranian 

2140
02:01:21,600 --> 02:01:24,600
National Consciousness. 
He emerges as the father of the 

2141
02:01:24,600 --> 02:01:28,000
country, overshadowing the 
ephemeral Wars that battered the

2142
02:01:28,000 --> 02:01:30,300
region. 
The cyclical invocation of his 

2143
02:01:30,300 --> 02:01:33,900
name in times of Crisis or 
reform underscores How Deeply he

2144
02:01:33,900 --> 02:01:36,600
impacted the Iranian sense of 
historical continuity. 

2145
02:01:37,400 --> 02:01:40,100
Even diaspora communities, 
scattered by centuries of 

2146
02:01:40,100 --> 02:01:42,900
migration, might refer to him as
an emblem of tolerant. 

2147
02:01:42,900 --> 02:01:45,600
Monarchy rare in an age, 
typically remembered for 

2148
02:01:45,600 --> 02:01:49,600
despots, meanwhile, as the West 
rediscovered Antiquity outside 

2149
02:01:49,600 --> 02:01:52,800
the region, Cyrus a Klipsch. 
Many lesser known figures. 

2150
02:01:53,600 --> 02:01:56,800
Emerging In classical references
as a conqueror who may 

2151
02:01:56,800 --> 02:02:00,600
maintained his moral integrity. 
From a modern Viewpoint, we 

2152
02:02:00,600 --> 02:02:02,600
might weigh whether his 
expansions cause moral, 

2153
02:02:02,600 --> 02:02:06,100
dissonance can one hail a 
conqueror's great, who still 

2154
02:02:06,100 --> 02:02:07,500
inflicted Bloodshed on 
resistors? 

2155
02:02:07,500 --> 02:02:11,500
The question spiraled, the 
ancient world's Norms where Mike

2156
02:02:11,500 --> 02:02:14,900
typically equaled, right? 
The Hallmark of Cyrus was a 

2157
02:02:14,900 --> 02:02:18,000
partial departure from that Norm
applying might, but overlaying 

2158
02:02:18,000 --> 02:02:20,100
it with a veneer of diplomacy 
and local respect. 

2159
02:02:20,900 --> 02:02:24,500
That bridging stance singled him
out among his peers unlike the 

2160
02:02:24,500 --> 02:02:27,500
more brutal expansions of the 
Assyrians or the narrower 

2161
02:02:27,500 --> 02:02:31,200
religious Zeal of some later 
rulers. perhaps, the abiding 

2162
02:02:31,200 --> 02:02:33,900
lesson is that leadership 
emerges from forging alliances 

2163
02:02:33,900 --> 02:02:36,900
across boundaries Acting 
different sizes, while. 

2164
02:02:36,900 --> 02:02:39,900
Forging common Kors. 
Cyrus is key achievements, 

2165
02:02:39,900 --> 02:02:43,900
unifying diverse populations, 
fostering trade routes, and 

2166
02:02:43,900 --> 02:02:47,200
standardizing administration 
didn't revolve solely Around 

2167
02:02:47,200 --> 02:02:51,500
Battlefield, triumphs They also 
hinged on compromise negotiation

2168
02:02:51,500 --> 02:02:54,400
and unawareness. 
That Tau fraction of Divisions 

2169
02:02:54,400 --> 02:02:57,600
was essential to build an Empire
that endured Beyond his life 

2170
02:02:57,600 --> 02:03:00,600
time. 
Indeed, though he died in a 

2171
02:03:00,600 --> 02:03:03,600
frontier, Skirmish the Empire, 
scaffolding carried on for 

2172
02:03:03,600 --> 02:03:07,300
centuries, the ephemeral nature 
of any single rulers lifespan 

2173
02:03:07,300 --> 02:03:12,300
and so as we close the pages of 
Cyrus the Great, we glean an 

2174
02:03:12,300 --> 02:03:15,400
image of a man who both 
harnessed power and recognized 

2175
02:03:15,400 --> 02:03:19,700
that an Empire's heartbeat in a,
bridging cultural mosaic He 

2176
02:03:19,700 --> 02:03:23,600
overcame the swirl of petty Wars
and I caked tyrannies setting an

2177
02:03:23,600 --> 02:03:27,300
example of pragmatic tolerance. 
In the tapestry of world 

2178
02:03:27,300 --> 02:03:31,300
conquerors some Savage, some 
cunning he stands out for 

2179
02:03:31,300 --> 02:03:33,600
weaving, the threads of 
compassion into Conquest. 

2180
02:03:34,500 --> 02:03:36,200
Showcasing a purely brutal 
approach. 

2181
02:03:37,100 --> 02:03:40,300
The centuries that followed from
Alexander's or to Modern 

2182
02:03:40,300 --> 02:03:44,400
retellings, a firm that his 
Memory Remains luminous an 

2183
02:03:44,400 --> 02:03:47,200
archetype of how Unstoppable 
ambition can be tempered by a 

2184
02:03:47,200 --> 02:03:49,700
genuine concern. 
For the governed, forging an 

2185
02:03:49,700 --> 02:03:52,700
Empire that obliterated old 
patterns and set new standards 

2186
02:03:52,700 --> 02:04:05,700
for rulership. 
In the year, 896 CE in the heart

2187
02:04:05,700 --> 02:04:07,200
of baghdad's intellectual 
quarter. 

2188
02:04:07,200 --> 02:04:10,600
Al Hussein bin. 
Carson brushed desert dust from 

2189
02:04:10,600 --> 02:04:13,700
the folds of his linen Road 
unaware of the storms. 

2190
02:04:13,700 --> 02:04:15,500
That fate would soon. 
Unleash upon him. 

2191
02:04:15,500 --> 02:04:18,500
He studied the Myriad, 
scholarly, Gatherings outside, 

2192
02:04:18,500 --> 02:04:22,000
the house of wisdom, Voices 
blended into a layered chorus 

2193
02:04:22,000 --> 02:04:26,000
mathematicians, debated, 
geometric proofs poets, recited 

2194
02:04:26,000 --> 02:04:29,500
verses on a ephemeral Beauty and
astronomers charted Celestial 

2195
02:04:29,500 --> 02:04:32,000
Mysteries. 
The call of knowledge was 

2196
02:04:32,000 --> 02:04:35,600
Unstoppable and its Echoes 
hinted at New Horizons beyond 

2197
02:04:35,600 --> 02:04:38,700
the city's walls. 
Although he hailed from a modest

2198
02:04:38,700 --> 02:04:42,000
family of date, Merchants Al 
Hussein possessed an innate 

2199
02:04:42,000 --> 02:04:45,000
curiosity that surpassed every 
constraint of status. 

2200
02:04:45,600 --> 02:04:48,000
Weeks earlier he had been 
approached by the renowned 

2201
02:04:48,000 --> 02:04:50,900
translator unicell kindy who 
recognized promise in his 

2202
02:04:50,900 --> 02:04:54,800
approach to ancient texts. 
Eunice had whispered rumors of a

2203
02:04:54,800 --> 02:04:57,700
manuscript stored in a distant 
Library, along the Red Sea 

2204
02:04:57,700 --> 02:05:00,300
Coast. 
The codec said to hold fragments

2205
02:05:00,300 --> 02:05:02,900
from vanished Civilizations for 
Al Hussein. 

2206
02:05:02,900 --> 02:05:05,900
The prospect of Honor thing, 
lost Secrets, Eclipse, all 

2207
02:05:05,900 --> 02:05:09,400
thought of comfort or Security 
on that mild Autumn morning. 

2208
02:05:09,400 --> 02:05:13,700
The city's Horizon shivered with
trade Caravans and the sun swirl

2209
02:05:13,700 --> 02:05:16,800
of travelers from every corner 
of the Known World, Greek 

2210
02:05:16,800 --> 02:05:19,600
philosophers Persian, Scholars 
and Indian mathematicians 

2211
02:05:19,600 --> 02:05:22,800
crowded, the thoroughfares 
exchanging theories and goods 

2212
02:05:22,800 --> 02:05:26,300
under the caliph's tolerance 
gaze their house of wisdom had 

2213
02:05:26,300 --> 02:05:29,600
become a magnet for knowledge 
and that Drew in talents as 

2214
02:05:29,600 --> 02:05:32,400
diverse as the spices sold in 
baghdad's markets. 

2215
02:05:33,200 --> 02:05:37,000
Under this atmospheric Mosaic. 
Al Hussein felt keenly that his 

2216
02:05:37,000 --> 02:05:38,900
Destiny. 
Extended Beyond these story 

2217
02:05:38,900 --> 02:05:41,900
streets. 
Eunice, alkindi had given him a 

2218
02:05:41,900 --> 02:05:44,800
letter of Passage sealed with 
the translators, distinctive 

2219
02:05:44,800 --> 02:05:47,800
monogram allowing safe conduct 
through the desert roots. 

2220
02:05:48,500 --> 02:05:51,400
The cryptic list of questions 
about that ancient codex 

2221
02:05:51,400 --> 02:05:53,400
queries. 
No one else could decipher 

2222
02:05:53,400 --> 02:05:57,100
loomed large Al Hussein. 
Grasped the significance? 

2223
02:05:57,900 --> 02:06:00,600
if the manuscript existed, it 
might reveal the Lost 

2224
02:06:00,600 --> 02:06:03,400
methodologies of a civilization 
rumored to have harnessed 

2225
02:06:03,400 --> 02:06:06,700
knowledge of geometry, astronomy
and Medicine, far beyond, the 

2226
02:06:06,700 --> 02:06:10,400
current ERA, Discovery meant 
Prestige but also the 

2227
02:06:10,400 --> 02:06:13,200
possibility of rewriting entire 
chapters of known history. 

2228
02:06:14,600 --> 02:06:18,100
Pressing the letter against his 
chest, Al Hussein, reflected on 

2229
02:06:18,100 --> 02:06:21,300
his father's Tales. 
The desert and predictable and 

2230
02:06:21,300 --> 02:06:24,300
capricious consumed unprepared 
Wanderers without Mercy. 

2231
02:06:25,100 --> 02:06:28,400
Tales of caravan's Lost in sound
storms, or raided by murders. 

2232
02:06:28,400 --> 02:06:31,900
Haunted, the nightly gathering 
in local tea houses, Still The 

2233
02:06:31,900 --> 02:06:34,900
Lure of Revelation, eclipsed, 
any fear, and he resolved to 

2234
02:06:34,908 --> 02:06:39,000
pass at dawn the following day. 
Engaging a caravan of spice 

2235
02:06:39,000 --> 02:06:41,700
Traders, you plan to share 
provisions and glean from their 

2236
02:06:41,700 --> 02:06:44,500
survival knowledge. 
Forging alliance's in an 

2237
02:06:44,500 --> 02:06:47,800
environment where trust was 
currently Sunrise found him at 

2238
02:06:47,800 --> 02:06:51,300
the city Gates were camels, 
grown beneath woven saddlebags 

2239
02:06:51,300 --> 02:06:55,700
stuffed with exotic Goods. 
Saffron from Persia frankincense

2240
02:06:55,700 --> 02:06:58,900
from Oman and turquoise from far
off lands. 

2241
02:07:00,200 --> 02:07:03,000
The Caravan leader, an 
experienced Merchant named 

2242
02:07:03,000 --> 02:07:06,600
Marianne bint, Saeed cast an eye
over Al Hussein. 

2243
02:07:07,900 --> 02:07:10,500
She was known for her leadership
and her capacity to navigate 

2244
02:07:10,500 --> 02:07:12,600
shifting alliances among tribal 
factions. 

2245
02:07:13,500 --> 02:07:16,200
Though, suspicious of Scholars, 
who ventured out of libraries, 

2246
02:07:16,200 --> 02:07:19,100
she recognized the advantage of 
traveling under the banner of 

2247
02:07:19,108 --> 02:07:23,100
the prestigious House of Wisdom.
As the gates of Baghdad, shrank 

2248
02:07:23,100 --> 02:07:25,400
behind them. 
The Caravan merged with the vast

2249
02:07:25,400 --> 02:07:28,500
deserts hush. 
Dawn's, Golden, Light outlined 

2250
02:07:28,500 --> 02:07:31,200
distant Dunes, that seemed both 
Majestic and forbidding. 

2251
02:07:31,900 --> 02:07:35,100
Al Hussein, observed Mariam, 
directing her charges to form a 

2252
02:07:35,100 --> 02:07:38,100
staggered line, minimizing 
exposure to roving Bandits. 

2253
02:07:38,900 --> 02:07:41,900
Occasionally, the wind carried, 
the bray of donkeys or the low 

2254
02:07:41,900 --> 02:07:45,200
murmur of Traders discussing 
profit margins for Al Hussein. 

2255
02:07:45,200 --> 02:07:48,500
The Emptiness was a blank canvas
waiting for stories etched by 

2256
02:07:48,500 --> 02:07:50,900
the footprints of those 
ordinatus enough to cross it. 

2257
02:07:51,900 --> 02:07:55,700
At midday the Caravan paused for
a respite While others took 

2258
02:07:55,700 --> 02:07:58,700
Shelter From The Heat, Al 
Hussein found himself marveling 

2259
02:07:58,700 --> 02:08:01,200
at ancient Rock carvings etched 
into a nearby cliff. 

2260
02:08:01,900 --> 02:08:04,900
Figures of hunters and 
astronomers hinted at a lineage 

2261
02:08:04,900 --> 02:08:07,300
of knowledge older and more 
mysterious than any Library 

2262
02:08:07,300 --> 02:08:10,000
Scrolls. 
He gently trace the outlines 

2263
02:08:10,000 --> 02:08:12,800
with a practiced fingertip, 
sensing a kinship with those 

2264
02:08:12,800 --> 02:08:15,100
lost voices that once tried to 
record their world. 

2265
02:08:16,100 --> 02:08:19,800
Even in these remote Corners. 
Human curiosity thrived, what 

2266
02:08:19,800 --> 02:08:23,700
wonders awaited him further 
ahead as dusk approached, the 

2267
02:08:23,700 --> 02:08:26,800
Caravan setup camp in a shallow 
Wadi, where sparse vegetation 

2268
02:08:26,800 --> 02:08:29,100
offered an anchor against 
shifting Sands. 

2269
02:08:29,700 --> 02:08:32,900
Smoke curled from small cooking 
fires as conversations, turned 

2270
02:08:32,900 --> 02:08:36,200
reflective under the emerging 
constellations, Al Hussein 

2271
02:08:36,200 --> 02:08:39,000
unraveled a warned, scrap of 
parchment, Eunice's 

2272
02:08:39,000 --> 02:08:41,600
instructions, and studied the 
cryptic glyphs, he would 

2273
02:08:41,608 --> 02:08:44,900
eventually need to identify an 
undercurrent of excitement 

2274
02:08:44,900 --> 02:08:48,200
within him tempered by the 
realization that he was Crossing

2275
02:08:48,200 --> 02:08:51,900
into unknown domains. 
Tomorrow, he told himself would 

2276
02:08:51,900 --> 02:08:54,200
be the first step in to discover
his deeper Realm. 

2277
02:08:55,100 --> 02:08:57,900
In the early Dawn, the Caravan 
pressed Eastwood toward a series

2278
02:08:57,900 --> 02:09:01,000
of Desert Oasis whispered about 
in Old Merchant. 

2279
02:09:01,000 --> 02:09:04,700
Journals each Oasis served as a 
precarious Lifeline against the 

2280
02:09:04,700 --> 02:09:08,400
Relentless punishing heat and 
maryam's Leadership ensured 

2281
02:09:08,400 --> 02:09:11,500
their small group navigated 
meticulously she broke it. 

2282
02:09:11,500 --> 02:09:14,600
Safe passage with tribal patrols
offering tokens of trade in 

2283
02:09:14,600 --> 02:09:18,900
return for unimpeded travel. 
Meanwhile Al Hussein keenly 

2284
02:09:18,900 --> 02:09:22,600
observed, everything, the subtle
changes in wind direction, the 

2285
02:09:22,600 --> 02:09:26,000
traces of ancient Pathways to 
Sandstone and the silent 

2286
02:09:26,000 --> 02:09:27,600
resilience of his fellow 
Travelers. 

2287
02:09:28,700 --> 02:09:31,600
The first Oasis, they reached 
was little more than a cluster 

2288
02:09:31,600 --> 02:09:33,700
of date palms around a seep of 
brackish water. 

2289
02:09:34,400 --> 02:09:37,800
A half crumbled, Stone marker or
inscription so worn that Al 

2290
02:09:37,800 --> 02:09:39,500
Hussein could decipher only 
fragments. 

2291
02:09:40,300 --> 02:09:43,500
Something about an old boundary 
line, perhaps delineating the 

2292
02:09:43,500 --> 02:09:48,200
domain of a once powerful Clan. 
While camels drank, he sketched 

2293
02:09:48,200 --> 02:09:50,600
these faint markings, onto a 
scrap of parchment. 

2294
02:09:50,600 --> 02:09:54,300
He felt an inexplicable sense of
kinship with the countless 

2295
02:09:54,300 --> 02:09:57,600
Travelers, who had paused here. 
Bridging Centuries with a simple

2296
02:09:57,600 --> 02:10:01,700
Act of thirst quenching. 
Under middays glare, mirage's 

2297
02:10:01,700 --> 02:10:04,300
shimmered like, spilled 
Quicksilver on the horizon. 

2298
02:10:05,200 --> 02:10:09,300
Testing the Caravans resolve. 
Mariam instructed, everyone to 

2299
02:10:09,300 --> 02:10:11,900
conserve water. 
No idle torque. 

2300
02:10:11,900 --> 02:10:16,200
No unnecessary movement, the 
group fell silent except for the

2301
02:10:16,208 --> 02:10:18,000
shuffle of feet in the jingle of
harnesses. 

2302
02:10:18,000 --> 02:10:21,800
Al Hussein, though parched 
studied the desert floor for any

2303
02:10:21,800 --> 02:10:24,600
sign of hidden paths. 
He noticed shards of rock that 

2304
02:10:24,600 --> 02:10:26,600
might have been left by 
Travelers or storms. 

2305
02:10:26,600 --> 02:10:30,800
Each Shard, he thought was an 
artifact, a clue to this vast 

2306
02:10:30,800 --> 02:10:34,700
lands deeper story. 
Late that afternoon, they 

2307
02:10:34,700 --> 02:10:37,200
encountered a Wandering, Nomad 
who carried a battered loot? 

2308
02:10:38,300 --> 02:10:42,500
His deserted face of countless 
roads, traveled in exchange for 

2309
02:10:42,500 --> 02:10:44,500
water. 
The offered a Ballard about a 

2310
02:10:44,500 --> 02:10:46,400
hidden city set to rise from the
Sands. 

2311
02:10:46,400 --> 02:10:50,900
Once every Century a place with 
Alabaster walls, if Legend could

2312
02:10:50,900 --> 02:10:53,300
be trusted. 
Concealing. 

2313
02:10:53,300 --> 02:10:56,100
A trove of Scrolls older than 
Babylon. 

2314
02:10:57,700 --> 02:11:00,300
Al Hussain listened heart 
quickening. 

2315
02:11:01,100 --> 02:11:04,400
Though, Mariam dismissed it as a
fanciful tale, The Scholar 

2316
02:11:04,400 --> 02:11:07,000
within him sparked at the 
thought of such a discovery. 

2317
02:11:08,100 --> 02:11:11,500
They arrived at the second Oasis
by dusk greeted by the center of

2318
02:11:11,508 --> 02:11:14,200
wet Earth. 
The moon's reflection quivered 

2319
02:11:14,200 --> 02:11:16,200
on the water, a promise in the 
Darkness. 

2320
02:11:17,000 --> 02:11:19,900
Mariam arranged nightguards 
while the rest settled in 

2321
02:11:19,900 --> 02:11:21,500
toughed. 
Grass and short Palms. 

2322
02:11:21,500 --> 02:11:25,100
Al Hussein unrolled his notes 
scribbling every rumor and 

2323
02:11:25,100 --> 02:11:26,700
observation he'd gather that 
day. 

2324
02:11:27,500 --> 02:11:30,800
He felt a stir of anticipation 
thinking of unless letter and 

2325
02:11:30,800 --> 02:11:34,700
that elusive codecs if Legends 
held any truth, perhaps the path

2326
02:11:34,700 --> 02:11:38,000
he followed would Branch into 
Revelation before sleep. 

2327
02:11:38,000 --> 02:11:40,900
The Caravan huddled for a supper
of flatbread and dried figs 

2328
02:11:40,900 --> 02:11:45,200
conversation meandered to 
improbable Tales spirits, that 

2329
02:11:45,200 --> 02:11:48,600
roam the dunes hidden Gene 
Kingdom's, beneath the sand, 

2330
02:11:49,400 --> 02:11:51,700
Mariam ever pragmatic rolled her
eyes. 

2331
02:11:51,700 --> 02:11:54,900
But allowed these stories to 
pass unchallenged aware that 

2332
02:11:54,900 --> 02:11:56,900
Tales could sue the weary 
mine's. 

2333
02:11:57,600 --> 02:12:01,200
Al Hussein thoughtfully 
dissecting each legend for 

2334
02:12:01,200 --> 02:12:05,300
Colonels of historical fact. 
He sensed how desert myths 

2335
02:12:05,300 --> 02:12:09,000
blended with real events? 
Forging, a tapestry of belief 

2336
02:12:09,000 --> 02:12:12,800
each story, he realized held a 
reflection of human longing. 

2337
02:12:13,500 --> 02:12:17,200
Sleep came fitfully. 
Between ragged gusts of wind 

2338
02:12:17,200 --> 02:12:19,600
that rattled. 
The Palms Al Hussein dreamed of 

2339
02:12:19,600 --> 02:12:23,700
an endless Corridor lined with 
doors of sandstone, behind one 

2340
02:12:23,700 --> 02:12:27,100
door, lay the Hidden City, The 
Nomad described behind another, 

2341
02:12:27,100 --> 02:12:30,200
the Red Sea Library. 
He awoke to the howling of a 

2342
02:12:30,208 --> 02:12:32,500
jackal. 
Unsure of the dream was an omen 

2343
02:12:32,500 --> 02:12:35,300
or mere fantasy. 
Still his conviction remained 

2344
02:12:35,300 --> 02:12:38,800
firm, he would continue chasing 
knowledge, across these shifting

2345
02:12:38,800 --> 02:12:41,700
Landscapes, trusting that 
Destiny might reveal itself 

2346
02:12:41,700 --> 02:12:43,400
within the margins of the 
unknown. 

2347
02:12:44,600 --> 02:12:48,200
By mourning a layer of sand 
dusted, every surface and the 

2348
02:12:48,200 --> 02:12:50,200
Caravan. 
Resumed its cautious Advance, 

2349
02:12:50,200 --> 02:12:52,700
the air felt thick with unspoken
tension. 

2350
02:12:52,700 --> 02:12:54,900
They reached a rocky. 
Pass where? 

2351
02:12:54,900 --> 02:12:57,800
Looming Sandstone pillars, 
resembled silent Sentinels. 

2352
02:12:58,600 --> 02:13:01,200
Mario's signaled. 
A holt sensing something amiss 

2353
02:13:01,200 --> 02:13:05,100
hell Hussein peered Into The 
Ravines half expecting Bandits 

2354
02:13:05,100 --> 02:13:09,200
or lurking Predators instead he 
found Stillness however the 

2355
02:13:09,200 --> 02:13:12,900
unease remained sometimes the 
desert concealed, its perils in 

2356
02:13:12,900 --> 02:13:15,700
plain sight. 
By biting time, the Caravan 

2357
02:13:15,700 --> 02:13:18,400
pressed on anxious to leave 
those brooding columns behind 

2358
02:13:19,200 --> 02:13:21,000
That evening, they camped on the
passes. 

2359
02:13:21,000 --> 02:13:24,900
Far Side sheltered from direct 
wins by a towering rock face. 

2360
02:13:25,500 --> 02:13:28,800
After supper, Al Hussein, 
examined an astrolabe Miriam 

2361
02:13:28,800 --> 02:13:32,500
carried for navigation. 
The devices etchings mesmerized 

2362
02:13:32,500 --> 02:13:35,900
him, reminiscent of the 
geometric wonders housed in 

2363
02:13:35,900 --> 02:13:38,400
Baghdad. 
He wondered if the rumored codex

2364
02:13:38,400 --> 02:13:42,500
might expand upon such Celestial
insights As the fire died down, 

2365
02:13:42,500 --> 02:13:45,800
he sat reflecting on how each 
Horizon revealed new questions, 

2366
02:13:45,800 --> 02:13:48,600
not answers. 
Perhaps the deserts Greatest 

2367
02:13:48,600 --> 02:13:51,400
Secret was its power to Kindle 
and unending Quest. 

2368
02:13:52,500 --> 02:13:56,100
Beyond the pass Dawn unveiled, a
stark Plateau, where the wind 

2369
02:13:56,100 --> 02:13:59,500
carried the faint of salt? 
Maryam reckon. 

2370
02:13:59,500 --> 02:14:02,000
They were approaching the edges 
of a vast base and leading 

2371
02:14:02,000 --> 02:14:05,400
toward the Red Sea. 
Al Hussein noted, the powdery 

2372
02:14:05,400 --> 02:14:08,500
residue that clung to his 
sandals, forming a pale crust, 

2373
02:14:08,500 --> 02:14:11,500
whenever the wind surged, 
Fragments of shells, 

2374
02:14:11,500 --> 02:14:15,700
occasionally glittered Under 
Foot relics of a primordial sea 

2375
02:14:15,700 --> 02:14:19,500
that had long since receded in 
that silent expense, the ancient

2376
02:14:19,500 --> 02:14:22,100
interplay of water and desert 
seemed to whisper clues of 

2377
02:14:22,100 --> 02:14:25,500
hidden transitions. 
Moving carefully, the Caravan 

2378
02:14:25,500 --> 02:14:27,400
traced a path across parched 
Flats. 

2379
02:14:27,400 --> 02:14:30,700
Where cracks laced, the ground 
and elaborate patterns, each 

2380
02:14:30,700 --> 02:14:32,800
Fisher. 
Suggested the land was thirsting

2381
02:14:32,800 --> 02:14:34,200
for a Reign that might never 
come. 

2382
02:14:35,600 --> 02:14:38,600
Al Hussein lingered, over a 
particular cleft, that formed a 

2383
02:14:38,600 --> 02:14:41,400
near-perfect star shape. 
He sketched it in his notebook, 

2384
02:14:41,400 --> 02:14:44,600
contemplating how geometry 
surfaced in Nature's Own design.

2385
02:14:45,500 --> 02:14:48,300
The interplay of shapes and 
lines called to mind the rumored

2386
02:14:48,300 --> 02:14:50,400
codex, possibly containing 
knowledge that bridge. 

2387
02:14:50,400 --> 02:14:53,000
The gap between the natural 
world and human understanding. 

2388
02:14:53,900 --> 02:14:57,300
By midday the heat intensified 
pressing against them. 

2389
02:14:57,300 --> 02:15:02,000
Like an unseen hand water, 
became precious currency Mariam 

2390
02:15:02,000 --> 02:15:04,500
aware of how quickly desperation
could unravel. 

2391
02:15:04,500 --> 02:15:06,900
Unity kept a strict rations 
schedule. 

2392
02:15:08,000 --> 02:15:11,100
Observing her leadership 
admired, the way she balanced 

2393
02:15:11,100 --> 02:15:14,200
empathy with firm discipline. 
Under her Direction. 

2394
02:15:14,200 --> 02:15:17,400
No, quarrels erupted. 
Even as thirst prick, tempers 

2395
02:15:18,300 --> 02:15:21,600
The Caravan trudged on each step
in negotiation between body and 

2396
02:15:21,600 --> 02:15:24,900
environment in the shimmering 
distance stunted shrubs and 

2397
02:15:24,908 --> 02:15:28,800
dwarf vacations offered the only
semblance of life in that stock 

2398
02:15:28,800 --> 02:15:31,700
domain later. 
They spotted a solitary figure 

2399
02:15:31,700 --> 02:15:33,800
approaching from the south 
eastern Horizon. 

2400
02:15:35,100 --> 02:15:38,000
Cautious Mariana range. 
The Travelers Inn to a defense 

2401
02:15:38,000 --> 02:15:40,600
of semi-circle. 
The figure proved to be a 

2402
02:15:40,600 --> 02:15:42,900
medicine. 
Seller, hauling dried herbs in 

2403
02:15:42,900 --> 02:15:45,300
neat bundles across the back of 
a spindly donkey. 

2404
02:15:46,100 --> 02:15:50,200
He announced himself as bassim. 
A Wanderer of many lands in 

2405
02:15:50,200 --> 02:15:53,300
exchange for a pouch of dates. 
He spoke of rumors, swirling, 

2406
02:15:53,300 --> 02:15:57,800
beyond the Red Sea Coast of 
ports, teeming with Treasures of

2407
02:15:57,800 --> 02:16:00,900
inscriptions carved on Coral 
walls and a foreign ships 

2408
02:16:00,900 --> 02:16:03,900
docking with exotic cargos but 
Sim then revealed. 

2409
02:16:03,900 --> 02:16:06,200
He had crossed paths with a 
scribe who claimed knowledge of 

2410
02:16:06,200 --> 02:16:10,108
the Hidden Library by the sea. 
This scribe rumored to be in the

2411
02:16:10,116 --> 02:16:12,700
port town of yanah might hold a 
key to the Codex. 

2412
02:16:13,300 --> 02:16:15,000
Hell. 
Hussein's pulse quickened At The

2413
02:16:15,000 --> 02:16:18,200
Mention, he urged Mariam, to 
consider diverting their route 

2414
02:16:18,200 --> 02:16:21,200
toward this potential lead. 
Weighing the advantage. 

2415
02:16:21,200 --> 02:16:23,400
He agreed. 
Provided it did not threaten. 

2416
02:16:23,400 --> 02:16:26,800
The Caravans Prime objective of 
trade, we orienting their 

2417
02:16:26,800 --> 02:16:30,500
Compass, a set out with renewed 
purpose, heading south by South 

2418
02:16:30,500 --> 02:16:33,299
East, the change in Direction, 
LED them to an abandoned. 

2419
02:16:33,299 --> 02:16:37,100
Waste Station of mud brick, 
walls cake with salt It's called

2420
02:16:37,100 --> 02:16:39,700
Yardley choked with Sandra's but
a broken. 

2421
02:16:39,700 --> 02:16:42,100
Well hinted at wadded. 
Once been a vital rest stop. 

2422
02:16:42,900 --> 02:16:45,799
Al Hussein wandered among the 
ruins spotting fainting 

2423
02:16:45,799 --> 02:16:48,400
descriptions along the wall 
names dates fragments of 

2424
02:16:48,400 --> 02:16:50,900
prayers. 
Each carving was a testament to 

2425
02:16:50,900 --> 02:16:54,000
fleeting presence. 
Here, stood proof that even the 

2426
02:16:54,000 --> 02:16:56,900
harshest Wilderness could not 
stifle the human urge to leave a

2427
02:16:56,907 --> 02:16:59,000
trace. 
Yet the desert had really 

2428
02:16:59,000 --> 02:17:02,799
reclaimed so much. 
That evening, they made Camp 

2429
02:17:02,799 --> 02:17:05,700
under a Sandstone, Ridge carved 
into Rippling curves by ancient 

2430
02:17:05,700 --> 02:17:08,400
wins. 
The last rays of sunlight played

2431
02:17:08,400 --> 02:17:11,200
across the layered patterns 
revealing color bands that 

2432
02:17:11,200 --> 02:17:15,500
ranged from okha to rows. 
Al Hussein felt a distinct War 

2433
02:17:15,500 --> 02:17:18,799
for the land subtle artery. 
He understood how easily 

2434
02:17:18,799 --> 02:17:22,900
Travelers might spin legends 
from these austere shapes Behind

2435
02:17:22,900 --> 02:17:25,299
every myth, their Lair, kernel 
of truth about Wonder. 

2436
02:17:25,900 --> 02:17:29,100
Perhaps the rumored hidden city 
or the library derived, from 

2437
02:17:29,100 --> 02:17:33,100
real glimpses of grandeur 
swallowed by time. as the night 

2438
02:17:33,100 --> 02:17:37,400
grew, cool, Marianne permitted, 
a small fire Conversation around

2439
02:17:37,400 --> 02:17:41,000
the softer now with a thread of 
expectancy woven into each word.

2440
02:17:41,900 --> 02:17:45,000
A Sims of Trade Centers bustling
with Sailors, from distant 

2441
02:17:45,000 --> 02:17:48,799
Empires zanj Gujarat. 
Even the far-flung kingdoms 

2442
02:17:48,799 --> 02:17:51,900
beyond the Indian Ocean. 
He also mentioned the Region's 

2443
02:17:51,900 --> 02:17:55,700
swirl of local Legends a half 
buried Temple near the coast, 

2444
02:17:55,700 --> 02:17:59,000
the rumored tomb of a prophet 
whose name had slipped from 

2445
02:17:59,000 --> 02:18:01,900
memory. 
Al Hussein took careful notes, 

2446
02:18:01,900 --> 02:18:05,200
determined to sift the 
improbable from the verifiable. 

2447
02:18:06,000 --> 02:18:09,100
Before sleep Al Hussein pulled 
out, unison's cryptic questions,

2448
02:18:09,100 --> 02:18:13,100
scanning The Faded script by 
firelight they referred to 

2449
02:18:13,108 --> 02:18:16,100
instruments that measured the 
angles of stars from improbable 

2450
02:18:16,100 --> 02:18:19,299
Vantage points formulas that 
predated known treatises. 

2451
02:18:20,200 --> 02:18:23,000
Could the Red Sea Library? 
Truly, hold such ancient Feats 

2452
02:18:23,000 --> 02:18:25,400
of intellect. 
He felt the subtle pull of 

2453
02:18:25,407 --> 02:18:28,000
Destiny. 
The sense that each conversation

2454
02:18:28,000 --> 02:18:31,100
each Dusty ruin, brought him 
closer. 

2455
02:18:32,100 --> 02:18:34,900
The desert had not broken him 
instead. 

2456
02:18:34,900 --> 02:18:36,900
It was shaping him into 
something sharper. 

2457
02:18:36,900 --> 02:18:39,799
Morrow would carry them nearer 
to that beckoning Shoreline 

2458
02:18:40,799 --> 02:18:42,600
Dawn, lifted the Shadows from 
the ridge. 

2459
02:18:42,600 --> 02:18:46,100
Exposing a horizon line with 
Jagged Rock outcroppings. 

2460
02:18:46,100 --> 02:18:50,000
The Caravan continued toward 
Jana Hull keen on reaching its 

2461
02:18:50,000 --> 02:18:52,299
Port before supplies ran 
dangerously low. 

2462
02:18:53,400 --> 02:18:55,200
A subtle. 
But steady Breeze, carried the 

2463
02:18:55,200 --> 02:18:58,799
faint smell of salt confirming. 
They were inching closer to 

2464
02:18:58,799 --> 02:19:01,900
Coastal winds. 
Al Hussein noticed changes in 

2465
02:19:01,900 --> 02:19:05,799
the environment. 
Tolls Wheeling overhead traces 

2466
02:19:05,799 --> 02:19:09,000
of sea, polished Stones. 
Littering the path These small 

2467
02:19:09,000 --> 02:19:10,700
signals revived the group 
Spirits. 

2468
02:19:10,700 --> 02:19:13,400
Reminding them that a new 
chapter of their Journey layer 

2469
02:19:13,400 --> 02:19:16,299
ahead. 
By midday then countered. 

2470
02:19:16,299 --> 02:19:19,500
A caravan heading. 
North Marion negotiated a swift 

2471
02:19:19,500 --> 02:19:22,600
exchange of information. 
The Travelers warned of Shifting

2472
02:19:22,600 --> 02:19:26,299
alliances among local Chiefs. 
Each of vying for influence in 

2473
02:19:26,299 --> 02:19:29,700
the lucrative Maritime trade. 
Al Hussein listened carefully. 

2474
02:19:29,700 --> 02:19:33,299
Turbulent politics could affect 
access to the ports and 

2475
02:19:33,299 --> 02:19:36,000
libraries alike. 
One slip in protocol could 

2476
02:19:36,000 --> 02:19:38,700
transform an academic quest in 
to a diplomatic tangle. 

2477
02:19:39,500 --> 02:19:42,200
Protecting the mission and the 
precious knowledge, it might 

2478
02:19:42,200 --> 02:19:45,600
uncover required walking a 
delicate line between curiosity 

2479
02:19:45,600 --> 02:19:48,000
and caution intellect and 
survival. 

2480
02:19:48,800 --> 02:19:51,800
The landscape, Zoom began. 
A gradual descent winding 

2481
02:19:51,800 --> 02:19:54,900
through low Hills, where thorny 
scrub dotted the Earth in pale 

2482
02:19:54,900 --> 02:19:57,800
clusters. 
At times the Caravan skirted 

2483
02:19:57,800 --> 02:20:00,800
salt marshes, each step 
producing a hushed crunch 

2484
02:20:00,800 --> 02:20:04,100
underfoot. 
Tiny crabs, scuttled in Shallow,

2485
02:20:04,100 --> 02:20:07,800
brine pools and the occasional 
herons soared overhead, a pale 

2486
02:20:07,800 --> 02:20:09,400
Sentinel against the shimmering 
sky. 

2487
02:20:10,500 --> 02:20:14,100
Each sign of life felt like a 
small revelation after miles of 

2488
02:20:14,100 --> 02:20:17,900
barren desert, Al Hussein found 
himself overmeld by the variety 

2489
02:20:17,900 --> 02:20:20,300
of forms. 
The natural world assumed even 

2490
02:20:20,300 --> 02:20:23,500
in the remote margins. 
Late that afternoon. 

2491
02:20:23,500 --> 02:20:25,700
They spotted Jana in the 
distance. 

2492
02:20:26,500 --> 02:20:29,900
A sprawl of mud brick, dwelling 
with roofs of fat or tiled clay.

2493
02:20:29,900 --> 02:20:33,500
Punk Chua by the tallest 
silhouettes of warehouses near 

2494
02:20:33,500 --> 02:20:36,000
the docks. 
Thin pillars of smoke curled 

2495
02:20:36,000 --> 02:20:39,600
upward and the distant clang of 
metal suggested blacksmithing. 

2496
02:20:39,600 --> 02:20:43,600
Their trade sea, birds circled 
the busing Harbor, where dowels 

2497
02:20:43,600 --> 02:20:46,000
and small cargo vessels bobbed 
in the tide. 

2498
02:20:46,700 --> 02:20:49,500
For Al Hussain, the sights and 
sounds of a place. 

2499
02:20:49,500 --> 02:20:53,000
So, different from Baghdad were 
a vivid reminder of the Region's

2500
02:20:53,000 --> 02:20:57,200
fluid tapestry of cultures. 
Mariam led the Caravan through 

2501
02:20:57,200 --> 02:21:00,600
the town's outskirts, seeking a 
trustworthy local Factor. 

2502
02:21:00,600 --> 02:21:03,100
Who could arrange Secure Storage
for their goods. 

2503
02:21:03,100 --> 02:21:06,700
Children peered out from 
doorways intrigued by the 

2504
02:21:06,700 --> 02:21:11,000
unusual mix of Travelers. the 
air smelled of fish spice and 

2505
02:21:11,000 --> 02:21:16,400
damp rope all woven together 
into a Briny perfume, Al Hussein

2506
02:21:16,400 --> 02:21:18,900
scanned every detail from the 
chipped walls. 

2507
02:21:18,900 --> 02:21:20,600
Covered with old Maritime 
symbols. 

2508
02:21:20,600 --> 02:21:22,500
To the Lively banter between doc
workers. 

2509
02:21:22,500 --> 02:21:26,300
He made mental notes of how 
commoners thrived here, bridging

2510
02:21:26,300 --> 02:21:28,200
deserts, and oceans, and a 
single breath. 

2511
02:21:29,800 --> 02:21:32,500
With a rangements in place the 
group settled at a modest in 

2512
02:21:32,500 --> 02:21:35,100
near the wharf. 
The Sim quietly vanished among 

2513
02:21:35,100 --> 02:21:38,000
the Waterfront. 
Stalls murmuring about errands 

2514
02:21:38,000 --> 02:21:40,300
to run. 
How Hussein felt a twinge of 

2515
02:21:40,300 --> 02:21:43,200
concern, but was too eager about
the library room at dwell on it.

2516
02:21:44,100 --> 02:21:46,200
He quickly asked around for any 
mention of the Scribe. 

2517
02:21:46,800 --> 02:21:50,600
Locals offered conflicting 
accounts some Shrugged While 

2518
02:21:50,600 --> 02:21:53,100
others claimed, they'd Glimpse 
to reclusive scholar searching 

2519
02:21:53,100 --> 02:21:56,500
for arcade Port records. 
One old fisherman, insisted The 

2520
02:21:56,500 --> 02:21:58,300
Scribe left for the coral stone 
quarter. 

2521
02:21:59,400 --> 02:22:02,700
Determined Al Hussein set off 
with Maryam and two guards 

2522
02:22:02,700 --> 02:22:05,900
weaving through narrow alleys 
that snake to between some baked

2523
02:22:05,900 --> 02:22:08,400
walls. 
The sound of the sea grew louder

2524
02:22:08,400 --> 02:22:10,900
waves, rolling and crashing, in 
a steady Rhythm. 

2525
02:22:10,900 --> 02:22:14,700
They soon found the coral stone 
quarter, a cluster of buildings 

2526
02:22:14,700 --> 02:22:17,400
fashioned from blocks quarried 
along the shore. 

2527
02:22:17,400 --> 02:22:20,800
The walls sparkled with flecks 
of shells, embedded in pale 

2528
02:22:20,800 --> 02:22:23,400
Limestone, while the 
architecture, entranced Al 

2529
02:22:23,400 --> 02:22:25,200
Hussein. 
It was the possibility of 

2530
02:22:25,208 --> 02:22:27,400
encountering, the Scribe that 
propelled him forward. 

2531
02:22:27,400 --> 02:22:30,300
Heart pounding with each, 
echoing footstep. 

2532
02:22:31,100 --> 02:22:34,000
At last, they arrived before a 
half collapsed structure 

2533
02:22:34,000 --> 02:22:37,300
perched, on The Waters Edge, 
broken shutters and a leaning 

2534
02:22:37,300 --> 02:22:39,300
doorway ball. 
Witness to Decades of neglect 

2535
02:22:39,300 --> 02:22:42,800
inside scattered manuscripts 
laying disarray at top. 

2536
02:22:42,800 --> 02:22:46,300
Wooden table candle, Stubbs had 
melted into curious, shape's 

2537
02:22:46,300 --> 02:22:48,600
dotting, the floor, like for 
lawn sculptures. 

2538
02:22:49,400 --> 02:22:52,200
Al Hussein called out receiving 
only silence. 

2539
02:22:53,000 --> 02:22:56,300
Maryam gestured for the guards 
to remain alert then a voice 

2540
02:22:56,308 --> 02:22:59,400
raspy but precise emerged from 
behind a partition. 

2541
02:22:59,400 --> 02:23:03,400
If you've come for idle gossip 
there is none if you seek 

2542
02:23:03,400 --> 02:23:07,100
knowledge speak An elderly man 
stepped forward. 

2543
02:23:07,100 --> 02:23:11,000
Shoulders draped in a thread 
farewell, his gays dotted 

2544
02:23:11,000 --> 02:23:14,700
suspiciously among them. 
Al Hussein introduced himself 

2545
02:23:14,700 --> 02:23:17,900
and explained his search for a 
Red Sea, Library rumored to 

2546
02:23:17,900 --> 02:23:21,600
house an ancient codex. 
At The Mention Of Unice alkindi 

2547
02:23:21,600 --> 02:23:25,400
the Man's eyes sparked. 
He introduced himself as faheem 

2548
02:23:25,400 --> 02:23:28,100
once a royal archivist who had 
fallen out of favor. 

2549
02:23:28,700 --> 02:23:30,300
For him claimed to know the 
Codex. 

2550
02:23:30,300 --> 02:23:33,800
Is General whereabouts but wand 
of obstacles political and 

2551
02:23:33,800 --> 02:23:36,700
Supernatural. 
Despite his guarded manner, he 

2552
02:23:36,700 --> 02:23:38,700
pointed to a scroll. 
There. 

2553
02:23:38,700 --> 02:23:43,200
He said, the trail begins. 
Under the scribes watchful glare

2554
02:23:43,200 --> 02:23:46,200
Al Hussein unrolled the scroll 
for him, indicated. 

2555
02:23:46,900 --> 02:23:50,200
Faded script described a coastal
stronghold called, Mac, shaft 

2556
02:23:50,200 --> 02:23:52,000
famed. 
For its Labyrinth sign. 

2557
02:23:52,000 --> 02:23:55,700
Archives though, the text 
offered, scant details, it named

2558
02:23:55,700 --> 02:23:59,300
a certain scholar. 
Ibrahim of cool Zoom Who had 

2559
02:23:59,300 --> 02:24:01,500
once catalogued manuscripts 
within its walls. 

2560
02:24:02,400 --> 02:24:05,100
For him revealed that a naval 
blockades, centuries earlier had

2561
02:24:05,100 --> 02:24:06,800
forced the stronghold in to 
obscurity. 

2562
02:24:07,600 --> 02:24:09,400
Few in Yamaha, even recalled its
name. 

2563
02:24:11,000 --> 02:24:14,200
The old archive is smirked. 
If you wish to risk your neck, 

2564
02:24:14,200 --> 02:24:18,600
go. 
But be warned those Halls remain

2565
02:24:18,600 --> 02:24:22,600
unforgiving. 
Mariam standing nearby study the

2566
02:24:22,600 --> 02:24:24,900
sky to meet her. 
She had dealt with enough. 

2567
02:24:24,900 --> 02:24:27,900
Merchants and officials to read 
a man's motives though. 

2568
02:24:27,900 --> 02:24:29,600
Fahim's, bitter tone, implied, 
grudges. 

2569
02:24:29,600 --> 02:24:32,100
He seemed to sincere about the 
strong holds existence. 

2570
02:24:33,100 --> 02:24:36,300
After a test negotiation, she 
coaxed him to provide a rough 

2571
02:24:36,300 --> 02:24:38,000
chart of Mack shafts possible 
location. 

2572
02:24:39,000 --> 02:24:41,300
Al Hussein promised to mention 
for hems name. 

2573
02:24:41,300 --> 02:24:45,000
Favorably in scholarly circles. 
If they succeeded the archives 

2574
02:24:45,000 --> 02:24:47,100
waved them off as though 
disclaiming any further 

2575
02:24:47,100 --> 02:24:49,600
responsibility for their fate 
mystery. 

2576
02:24:49,600 --> 02:24:53,200
It seemed was his final 
currently reconvening at the 

2577
02:24:53,208 --> 02:24:55,300
Inn. 
Al Hussein laid out the new 

2578
02:24:55,300 --> 02:24:57,800
findings. 
The stronghold of Mack sheff 

2579
02:24:57,800 --> 02:25:00,000
appeared to lie. 
South west along a rugged Coast 

2580
02:25:00,000 --> 02:25:02,200
where Cliffside passes met tidal
inlets. 

2581
02:25:02,800 --> 02:25:06,300
This was no typical trade route 
and Mariam recognized the risk 

2582
02:25:06,300 --> 02:25:09,900
yet, curiosity pulled the 
forward treasure for her 

2583
02:25:09,900 --> 02:25:13,300
knowledge for Al Hussain. 
To minimize complications. 

2584
02:25:13,300 --> 02:25:16,400
She decided that only a smaller 
Detachment would continue. 

2585
02:25:17,200 --> 02:25:20,400
The main Caravan could remain in
Jana, hell, selling goods and 

2586
02:25:20,400 --> 02:25:23,500
provisioning for the journey 
back to Baghdad, Al Hussein and 

2587
02:25:23,500 --> 02:25:25,500
a handful of companions would 
venture on. 

2588
02:25:27,100 --> 02:25:30,900
Evening found Al Hussein the ins
modest Courtyard pouring Over 

2589
02:25:30,900 --> 02:25:34,400
Heels chart. 
Tiny notes, etched beside rough 

2590
02:25:34,400 --> 02:25:38,600
sketches of landforms hinted at 
Old conflicts ruined watched 

2591
02:25:38,600 --> 02:25:40,900
towers and rumored pirate 
hideouts. 

2592
02:25:42,000 --> 02:25:44,500
Traced the shoreline with his 
fingertip and Imagining the 

2593
02:25:44,508 --> 02:25:46,800
wave's crashing against the 
walls of macchia. 

2594
02:25:46,800 --> 02:25:49,600
What Secrets might that 
stronghold archives? 

2595
02:25:49,600 --> 02:25:54,100
Hold remnants of civilization's 
unknown or Advanced theories, 

2596
02:25:54,100 --> 02:25:56,300
lost to time. 
The Moonlight made, the 

2597
02:25:56,300 --> 02:25:59,800
parchment glow as if enticing 
him to see beyond its faded 

2598
02:25:59,800 --> 02:26:04,000
lines into Uncharted Territory. 
By Dawn, Marion had secured a 

2599
02:26:04,000 --> 02:26:07,600
light Coastal vessel from a 
local Captain named taufik. 

2600
02:26:07,600 --> 02:26:11,000
Whose family specialized in 
short, haul voyages along the 

2601
02:26:11,000 --> 02:26:14,800
Red Sea with basims help. 
He had returned with unusual 

2602
02:26:14,800 --> 02:26:18,800
timeliness, they loaded 
supplies, water barrels, salted 

2603
02:26:18,800 --> 02:26:22,400
fish, a few goats for milk. 
Al Hussein, brought his 

2604
02:26:22,400 --> 02:26:26,400
notebooks Eunice's letter and 
whatever references for him had 

2605
02:26:26,400 --> 02:26:29,100
been willing to share. 
A hush fell over them as they 

2606
02:26:29,100 --> 02:26:32,200
boarded The Vessel, the humid, 
Sea Breeze are welcome change 

2607
02:26:32,200 --> 02:26:36,100
from Desert, dryness a head, lay
the Open Sea, half illuminated 

2608
02:26:36,100 --> 02:26:38,700
by the rise in Sun, the boat 
rocked gently. 

2609
02:26:38,700 --> 02:26:42,000
As they navigated away from 
Yana's Harbor, leaving behind 

2610
02:26:42,000 --> 02:26:43,900
the tangle of masks and 
Dockside. 

2611
02:26:43,900 --> 02:26:47,900
Chatter overhead sea birds woven
intricate patterns, while the 

2612
02:26:47,900 --> 02:26:51,900
Horizon stretched Indigo and 
gold Al Hussein in Hale. 

2613
02:26:51,900 --> 02:26:54,800
The Briny are feeling a subtle 
exhilaration. 

2614
02:26:55,700 --> 02:26:58,800
This watery expanse was a far 
cry from the Dusty Rhodes. 

2615
02:26:58,800 --> 02:27:02,300
He had known Maryam stood at the
proud scanning for hazards, 

2616
02:27:02,300 --> 02:27:05,600
despite the calm surface, she 
understood storms, could blow in

2617
02:27:05,600 --> 02:27:09,000
with devastating Force, the Red 
Sea, like the desert demanded 

2618
02:27:09,000 --> 02:27:13,500
vigilantes During the voyage 
recounted local lore about 

2619
02:27:13,500 --> 02:27:16,400
hidden coves, were pirates, once
stashed, plunder or reefs, that 

2620
02:27:16,408 --> 02:27:18,000
glowed with phosphorescent at 
night. 

2621
02:27:18,900 --> 02:27:22,400
The Sim listened occasionally 
offering a Sly anecdote of his 

2622
02:27:22,400 --> 02:27:25,000
own. 
Al Hussein jotted down each 

2623
02:27:25,000 --> 02:27:27,600
tail. 
Y'all and certain which threads 

2624
02:27:27,600 --> 02:27:30,700
might lead to truth, the swirl 
of rumor, only deepened his 

2625
02:27:30,700 --> 02:27:33,200
conviction that knowledge often 
lurked in the unlikeliest 

2626
02:27:33,200 --> 02:27:36,300
corners, Meanwhile, the 
coastline revealed layers of 

2627
02:27:36,300 --> 02:27:39,600
cliffs dotted with vegetation 
clinging to cracks in the rock. 

2628
02:27:40,500 --> 02:27:42,700
Small Huts or fishing camps, 
occasionally dotted. 

2629
02:27:42,700 --> 02:27:45,700
The beaches. 
On the second day at Sea dark 

2630
02:27:45,700 --> 02:27:49,700
class, Dowd, and as brood, on 
the horizon, tough, it urged 

2631
02:27:49,700 --> 02:27:52,800
them to find shelter before the 
Squall hit, they steered toward 

2632
02:27:52,800 --> 02:27:54,600
a narrow, inlet sheltered by 
Limestone. 

2633
02:27:54,600 --> 02:27:58,400
Bluffs, waves, churned with 
increasing ferocity and the wind

2634
02:27:58,400 --> 02:28:01,700
whipped spray across the deck, 
Mario, and bassim helped, secure

2635
02:28:01,700 --> 02:28:04,300
the sales while Al Hussein clung
to the boats railing, heart 

2636
02:28:04,300 --> 02:28:05,700
pounding. 
Thunder. 

2637
02:28:05,700 --> 02:28:09,100
Boomed overhead as they finally 
slipped into the inlet there. 

2638
02:28:09,100 --> 02:28:12,500
The water remained Karma though,
the storm rage, just beyond the 

2639
02:28:12,500 --> 02:28:14,700
protective Cliffs huddled 
against the rain. 

2640
02:28:14,700 --> 02:28:18,900
They waited for the Tempest to 
subside, Al Hussein's Mind Race.

2641
02:28:18,900 --> 02:28:23,100
If the Codex contained Advanced 
understanding of astronomy, it 

2642
02:28:23,100 --> 02:28:26,100
might also hint at 
meteorological patterns, could 

2643
02:28:26,100 --> 02:28:28,300
ancient Scholars have 
deciphered, the deserts, or the 

2644
02:28:28,308 --> 02:28:31,200
Seas hidden rhythms. 
The storms Fury felt like a 

2645
02:28:31,200 --> 02:28:34,300
primeval test warning him of the
forces that shape the rail. 

2646
02:28:34,300 --> 02:28:38,400
Perhaps, Max Longfield, archives
held, not just forgotten texts, 

2647
02:28:38,400 --> 02:28:42,000
but an entire worldview alien to
their era as Lightning flared. 

2648
02:28:42,000 --> 02:28:44,700
Overhead, he vowed that had 
neither fear nor storm would 

2649
02:28:44,700 --> 02:28:47,700
deter him. 
With the morning sun came a 

2650
02:28:47,700 --> 02:28:51,500
deceptive calm clouds still 
hovered that the winds had 

2651
02:28:51,500 --> 02:28:54,000
eased. 
Topic, guided the boat 

2652
02:28:54,000 --> 02:28:57,300
cautiously out of the inlet 
skirting churning Waters. 

2653
02:28:58,300 --> 02:28:59,900
Storm had left. 
Deborah afloat. 

2654
02:28:59,900 --> 02:29:03,100
Broken branches. 
Strips of torn sale from some 

2655
02:29:03,100 --> 02:29:05,900
unlucky. 
Craft Mariam eyed, The Horizon. 

2656
02:29:06,700 --> 02:29:11,400
though the worst seemed past the
sea remained unsettled each 

2657
02:29:11,400 --> 02:29:16,100
wave, a reminder of Nature's 
Caprices Al Hussein Pages. 

2658
02:29:16,100 --> 02:29:18,700
Damp but intact felt A Renewed 
urgency. 

2659
02:29:19,800 --> 02:29:22,500
The storm's violence had 
sharpened his resolve to reach 

2660
02:29:22,500 --> 02:29:25,600
Max shaft and uncover its 
Secrets as they followed the 

2661
02:29:25,600 --> 02:29:29,200
coastline steep Cliffs Rose 
their bases Nord by waves. 

2662
02:29:30,000 --> 02:29:33,300
Occasionally they glimpsed 
narrow Ledges or goat paths 

2663
02:29:33,300 --> 02:29:36,800
zigging upward suggesting that 
people once traversed, these 

2664
02:29:36,800 --> 02:29:39,300
Heights. 
Tarik pointed out a distant 

2665
02:29:39,300 --> 02:29:43,000
structure, atop a cliff a 
toppled watch tower, perhaps a 

2666
02:29:43,000 --> 02:29:44,600
remnant of Max shafts old 
defenses. 

2667
02:29:45,400 --> 02:29:47,100
The site quickened, everyone's 
Pace. 

2668
02:29:47,100 --> 02:29:50,300
If that Tower Mark the outskirts
of the stronghold they were 

2669
02:29:50,300 --> 02:29:51,900
closed. 
Still the approach. 

2670
02:29:51,900 --> 02:29:55,200
Look treacherous with no easy 
Landing Place visible among the 

2671
02:29:55,200 --> 02:29:58,500
rocks and swirling currents. 
They eventually located a craggy

2672
02:29:58,500 --> 02:30:02,100
Beach where erosion had carved 
out a small pebbled Cove and 

2673
02:30:02,100 --> 02:30:04,500
loading the vessel was a 
precarious dance of timing. 

2674
02:30:04,500 --> 02:30:07,800
Each waves retreat Mariam 
directed the transfer of 

2675
02:30:07,808 --> 02:30:10,900
Provisions, while taufiq secured
the boat, to a natural cleft in 

2676
02:30:10,900 --> 02:30:14,000
the rock. 
Overhead seabird screeched and 

2677
02:30:14,000 --> 02:30:17,800
the wind whipped salt Laden, 
spray against their faces, Al 

2678
02:30:17,800 --> 02:30:21,200
Hussein carefully, shielded the 
charts and manuscripts mindful, 

2679
02:30:21,200 --> 02:30:23,700
that a single misstep. 
Could end his entire Quest. 

2680
02:30:24,400 --> 02:30:27,000
This Shoreline felt like a 
threshold between rumor and 

2681
02:30:27,000 --> 02:30:30,800
tangible discovery. 
A short climb, Inland revealed a

2682
02:30:30,800 --> 02:30:33,600
rocky Plateau dotted with tough 
grasses and Scattered boulders. 

2683
02:30:34,500 --> 02:30:37,000
Amid the distant Cliffs 
fragments of a fortification, 

2684
02:30:37,000 --> 02:30:41,400
jutted Skyward tumbled walls, 
and half collapsed arches the 

2685
02:30:41,400 --> 02:30:44,400
simulator out a low whistle 
marveling, the such ruins still 

2686
02:30:44,400 --> 02:30:46,100
lingered after centuries of 
neglect. 

2687
02:30:47,300 --> 02:30:49,900
Marion maintained her measured 
composure, though. 

2688
02:30:49,900 --> 02:30:52,000
Al Hussein guest. 
She shared the groups Rising 

2689
02:30:52,000 --> 02:30:54,300
anticipation. 
Max shafts. 

2690
02:30:54,300 --> 02:30:57,600
Silent outline beckoned. 
For all anyone knew they were 

2691
02:30:57,600 --> 02:30:59,500
the first to set foot here in 
Generations. 

2692
02:30:59,500 --> 02:31:02,400
Perhaps they stood at the edge 
of a dormant Legacy. 

2693
02:31:02,400 --> 02:31:06,300
They Advance through a Steep 
Ravine, its side etched with old

2694
02:31:06,300 --> 02:31:09,300
chisel marks. 
Al Hussein pause to examine 

2695
02:31:09,300 --> 02:31:11,100
them. 
Suspecting the early inhabitants

2696
02:31:11,100 --> 02:31:13,600
had quarried stone for the 
strongholds construction. 

2697
02:31:13,600 --> 02:31:17,600
The Ravine opened in to a Hidden
Valley where an arched Gateway. 

2698
02:31:17,600 --> 02:31:19,100
They partially buried by 
Deborah. 

2699
02:31:19,900 --> 02:31:23,000
Time and storms had battered, 
its Keystone leaving a sizable 

2700
02:31:23,000 --> 02:31:25,500
Gap carefully. 
They picked their way through 

2701
02:31:25,500 --> 02:31:28,700
Fallen Stones, each footstep, 
sending Echoes through. 

2702
02:31:28,700 --> 02:31:32,200
The still are a faint Tang of 
seaweed, permeated the ruins. 

2703
02:31:32,200 --> 02:31:35,900
As if the ocean had invaded, 
this Bastion long ago, Beyond 

2704
02:31:35,900 --> 02:31:38,100
The Gateway stretched, a 
courtyard, choked with rubble 

2705
02:31:38,100 --> 02:31:41,700
and invasive plants broken 
pillars hinted at what might 

2706
02:31:41,700 --> 02:31:43,500
once have been an open 
Colonnade. 

2707
02:31:44,800 --> 02:31:47,300
A series of corridors branched 
off from The Far Side. 

2708
02:31:47,300 --> 02:31:50,700
One leading to a stone staircase
to sending Underground. 

2709
02:31:52,100 --> 02:31:56,400
Al Hussein's pulse fluttered 
Subterranean vaults often served

2710
02:31:56,400 --> 02:31:58,100
as archives or storage 
facilities. 

2711
02:31:58,100 --> 02:32:01,300
In older fortifications he 
imagined shelves of manuscripts 

2712
02:32:01,300 --> 02:32:03,700
layered with a dust and waiting 
rediscovery. 

2713
02:32:03,700 --> 02:32:07,400
Maryam tested a cracked step 
with her boot finding its stable

2714
02:32:07,400 --> 02:32:09,600
enough. 
They lit torches bracing 

2715
02:32:09,600 --> 02:32:11,200
themselves for whatever labor 
low. 

2716
02:32:11,200 --> 02:32:14,300
The dissenting passage felt 
claustrophobic each Echo 

2717
02:32:14,300 --> 02:32:17,900
magnified by The Damp walls. 
A battered iron gate at the 

2718
02:32:17,900 --> 02:32:21,400
bottom yielded to seems 
determined shove within layer. 

2719
02:32:21,400 --> 02:32:24,100
Series of voltage. 
Chambers water trickled from 

2720
02:32:24,100 --> 02:32:26,800
hairline, cracks in the ceiling 
pooling, on the floor in a 

2721
02:32:26,800 --> 02:32:29,000
regular puddles, their 
Torchlight flickered over 

2722
02:32:29,008 --> 02:32:32,400
broken, crates, corroded 
lanterns and scraps of rotting 

2723
02:32:32,400 --> 02:32:35,300
cloth. 
The same's eyes started around 

2724
02:32:35,300 --> 02:32:37,400
desperate to find any sign of 
Records. 

2725
02:32:37,400 --> 02:32:40,900
Then, in a corner, he spotted, 
what appeared to be a carved, 

2726
02:32:40,900 --> 02:32:44,800
Stone plaque in blazoned, with 
geometric designs approaching 

2727
02:32:44,800 --> 02:32:47,900
it, he realized the plaque was 
part of a larger fixture a 

2728
02:32:47,900 --> 02:32:50,700
sealed. 
Doorway intricate lines, found 

2729
02:32:50,700 --> 02:32:54,400
outward from a central Motif 
echoing, the patterns in Unisys 

2730
02:32:54,400 --> 02:32:57,300
cryptic notes, Could this be a 
hidden archive within the 

2731
02:32:57,308 --> 02:33:00,600
stronghold eagerly? 
Al Hussein traced the grooves 

2732
02:33:00,600 --> 02:33:04,400
with a fingertip Mariam Harvard 
scanning for potential threats. 

2733
02:33:04,400 --> 02:33:07,900
The Sim ran his hand, along the 
walls perimeter, eventually 

2734
02:33:07,900 --> 02:33:10,200
finding the faint outline of a 
release mechanism. 

2735
02:33:10,200 --> 02:33:13,800
When he pressed it, the plaque 
shuddered revealing, a narrow 

2736
02:33:13,800 --> 02:33:17,700
Gap, stayed out carrying hints 
of mold in ancient parchment. 

2737
02:33:18,600 --> 02:33:21,500
Torchlight spilling through the 
Gap, illuminated a cramped 

2738
02:33:21,500 --> 02:33:25,400
chamber line with stone shells. 
Al Hussein's Hearts sword. 

2739
02:33:25,400 --> 02:33:27,900
Rolled manuscripts like 
scattered. 

2740
02:33:27,900 --> 02:33:30,500
Some disintegrating at the touch
of the moist air. 

2741
02:33:31,400 --> 02:33:35,200
He gingerly lifted a small codex
Bound in faded leather, it's 

2742
02:33:35,200 --> 02:33:38,700
covered emblazoned with 
unfamiliar symbols though. 

2743
02:33:38,700 --> 02:33:42,400
The text was partially illegible
diagrams of star charts and 

2744
02:33:42,400 --> 02:33:45,200
geometric constructs with 
visible aware that he was 

2745
02:33:45,200 --> 02:33:49,100
Crossing into the realm of 
Legends made real. with mounting

2746
02:33:49,100 --> 02:33:51,900
excitement, Al Hussein and 
Mariam inspected the shelves, 

2747
02:33:51,900 --> 02:33:56,300
hoping for a more complete find 
many manuscripts would succumb 

2748
02:33:56,300 --> 02:33:59,300
to rot or water damage. 
Leaving a legible stains where 

2749
02:33:59,300 --> 02:34:03,900
words once lived Still glimpses 
of diagrams, star Maps, 

2750
02:34:03,900 --> 02:34:07,200
encrypted notations, sparked, Al
Hussein's imagination. 

2751
02:34:07,200 --> 02:34:11,700
Each surviving scrap offered a 
puzzle references to advanced 

2752
02:34:11,700 --> 02:34:15,800
mathematics mentions of distant 
lands and hints of medical 

2753
02:34:15,800 --> 02:34:18,400
treatises. 
The Codex. 

2754
02:34:18,400 --> 02:34:21,700
Eunice had mentioned might lie 
deeper within or be scattered 

2755
02:34:21,700 --> 02:34:24,400
among these fragile Scrolls that
heated on the brink of 

2756
02:34:24,400 --> 02:34:29,000
disintegration Bassim lessened 
by the written page. 

2757
02:34:29,000 --> 02:34:33,000
It explored a Json Chambers in 
search of anything valuable 

2758
02:34:33,000 --> 02:34:37,000
coins jewelry or historical 
artifacts that might fetch a 

2759
02:34:37,000 --> 02:34:39,100
price. 
He returned empty-handed 

2760
02:34:39,100 --> 02:34:42,800
muttering about collapsed 
tunnels and corridors blocked by

2761
02:34:42,800 --> 02:34:45,500
a Ruble. 
From one Corridor, a trickle of 

2762
02:34:45,500 --> 02:34:48,800
brackish water flowed implying. 
That parts of the stronghold 

2763
02:34:48,800 --> 02:34:53,700
might be submerged or entirely 
inaccessible. the group decided 

2764
02:34:53,700 --> 02:34:56,900
to work with methodically 
prioritizing the driest sections

2765
02:34:56,900 --> 02:35:01,200
first Marion posted a guard 
outside aware that local Pirates

2766
02:35:01,200 --> 02:35:04,500
were treasure Hunters. 
Could still pose a threat Hour 

2767
02:35:04,500 --> 02:35:07,500
after hour, Al Hussein 
catalogued each fragment, they 

2768
02:35:07,500 --> 02:35:09,900
could Salvage. 
He recognized partial 

2769
02:35:09,900 --> 02:35:13,200
translations from Greek Coptic 
and even Sanskrit. 

2770
02:35:13,800 --> 02:35:16,500
Whoever had curated these 
archives, clearly embraced the 

2771
02:35:16,500 --> 02:35:19,400
same Zeal for knowledge that 
fueled the House of Wisdom in. 

2772
02:35:19,400 --> 02:35:23,100
Baghdad, Occasionally, he 
stumbled upon a page detailing 

2773
02:35:23,100 --> 02:35:26,100
astronomical, observations far, 
more advanced than anything. 

2774
02:35:26,100 --> 02:35:28,000
He'd encountered he dreamed 
that. 

2775
02:35:28,000 --> 02:35:31,000
If he Could reconstruct these 
texts, they might reshape 

2776
02:35:31,000 --> 02:35:34,100
contemporary understanding of 
the cosmos, bridging centuries 

2777
02:35:34,100 --> 02:35:36,900
of lost scholarship. 
Here, remembered Eunice's, 

2778
02:35:36,900 --> 02:35:40,300
cryptic list, and felt a surge 
of vindication progress, was 

2779
02:35:40,300 --> 02:35:42,900
slow the air in the buried 
Chambers remained thick 

2780
02:35:42,900 --> 02:35:45,700
occasionally, forcing them to 
retreat, above ground for fresh 

2781
02:35:45,700 --> 02:35:48,300
air. 
In the process, they discovered 

2782
02:35:48,300 --> 02:35:50,100
an intact storyroom near the 
courtyard. 

2783
02:35:50,100 --> 02:35:52,500
Containing clay jars. 
Sealed with ancient wax. 

2784
02:35:53,400 --> 02:35:56,100
The same Pride won open 
revealing, well preserved grains

2785
02:35:56,100 --> 02:35:59,400
that while impossible to eat 
Illustrated that this Fortress 

2786
02:35:59,400 --> 02:36:01,000
once hosted a thriving 
community. 

2787
02:36:02,100 --> 02:36:05,200
Al Hussein Marvel at the notion 
that the inhabitants of macchi 

2788
02:36:05,200 --> 02:36:08,500
had walked these same corridors.
The daily routines taking place 

2789
02:36:08,500 --> 02:36:10,000
above a trove of hidden 
knowledge. 

2790
02:36:10,000 --> 02:36:13,500
Then Vanishing into history. 
On the second Eve, evening, 

2791
02:36:13,500 --> 02:36:16,200
Maryam insisted. 
They organized a secure Campsite

2792
02:36:16,200 --> 02:36:19,300
in the courtyard. 
Setting up canvas tarps where 

2793
02:36:19,300 --> 02:36:22,400
partial walls offered shelter 
from Ocean winds, they 

2794
02:36:22,400 --> 02:36:25,700
established a routine nights. 
Spent guarding the perimeter 

2795
02:36:25,700 --> 02:36:28,000
days. 
Spent rummaging the archives, 

2796
02:36:28,000 --> 02:36:31,700
the only sounds were the distant
Roar of the Sea, and the shuffle

2797
02:36:31,700 --> 02:36:34,500
of footsteps. 
Echoing in stone Halls at times,

2798
02:36:34,500 --> 02:36:37,100
the place felt haunted by old 
aspirations and new ones 

2799
02:36:37,100 --> 02:36:39,900
colliding. 
Al Hussein often caught himself 

2800
02:36:39,900 --> 02:36:41,800
wishing. 
They had more time better 

2801
02:36:41,800 --> 02:36:45,400
resources or just a few extra 
hands to preserve these fragile 

2802
02:36:45,400 --> 02:36:48,100
Legacies. 
That last amid a heap of 

2803
02:36:48,108 --> 02:36:50,600
decaying Scrolls in a far corner
of the sealed chamber. 

2804
02:36:50,600 --> 02:36:55,200
Al Hussein found it a manuscript
carefully wrapped in oiled cloth

2805
02:36:55,200 --> 02:36:57,200
protected from the worst 
dampness. 

2806
02:36:57,200 --> 02:37:00,900
It's covered for a patent 
identical to the sketches in 

2807
02:37:00,900 --> 02:37:05,400
unison's heart hammering, he 
peeled back, the cloth, inside 

2808
02:37:05,400 --> 02:37:08,100
pages of surprisingly durable, 
parchment were covered in 

2809
02:37:08,100 --> 02:37:11,200
scripts that merged geometric 
diagrams, with flowing text, 

2810
02:37:12,000 --> 02:37:14,900
Marginal notes in a secondary 
hand suggested commentary, 

2811
02:37:14,900 --> 02:37:16,500
possibly added by later 
Scholars. 

2812
02:37:16,500 --> 02:37:20,800
This had to be the Codex. 
A quick survey revealed passages

2813
02:37:20,800 --> 02:37:24,000
on astronomical alignments 
references to mathematical 

2814
02:37:24,000 --> 02:37:27,400
proofs that predated known 
treatises and Arcane symbols. 

2815
02:37:27,400 --> 02:37:30,400
That defied immediate 
interpretation one section. 

2816
02:37:30,400 --> 02:37:33,500
Even described medical herbs 
rumored to thrive in remote 

2817
02:37:33,500 --> 02:37:35,900
regions. 
Al Hussein felt as though he 

2818
02:37:35,900 --> 02:37:38,500
were holding an entire lost 
Epoch in his hands. 

2819
02:37:39,200 --> 02:37:42,700
Mariam seeing his ore asked, if 
this was truly what they had, 

2820
02:37:42,700 --> 02:37:46,400
risked so much to find, he 
nodded tears brimming. 

2821
02:37:46,400 --> 02:37:50,900
Unbidden the Codex might reshape
fields of learning if only it 

2822
02:37:50,900 --> 02:37:55,000
could be safely transported and 
studied next came the Dilemma of

2823
02:37:55,000 --> 02:37:58,500
extraction, the Codex was too 
precious to leave behind but the

2824
02:37:58,500 --> 02:38:01,600
path back was fraught with 
uncertainty, the sea Journey, 

2825
02:38:01,600 --> 02:38:04,500
the threat of Storms and the 
watchful eyes of potential 

2826
02:38:04,500 --> 02:38:07,900
Bandits, all loomed large 
Marianne proposed packing the 

2827
02:38:07,900 --> 02:38:11,100
Codex in multiple layers of 
protective cloth and assigning 

2828
02:38:11,100 --> 02:38:14,500
it around the clock guards. 
The Sim chimed in with a plan to

2829
02:38:14,508 --> 02:38:16,900
mask their departure by 
spreading rumors of a fruitless 

2830
02:38:16,900 --> 02:38:21,100
search hoping to deter 
opportunists Al Hussein, agreed 

2831
02:38:21,100 --> 02:38:24,200
recognizing that knowledge could
be as dangerous, a Treasurer as 

2832
02:38:24,200 --> 02:38:26,600
gold. 
With their plans set, they 

2833
02:38:26,600 --> 02:38:29,700
gathered what manuscripts, they 
could carry focusing on the 

2834
02:38:29,700 --> 02:38:31,600
Codex and a few other promising 
relics. 

2835
02:38:33,100 --> 02:38:34,600
Standing at the Fortress 
threshold. 

2836
02:38:34,600 --> 02:38:37,000
Al Hussein took one last 
Reverend. 

2837
02:38:37,000 --> 02:38:38,300
Look at the silent. 
Corridors. 

2838
02:38:39,000 --> 02:38:41,600
Imagine the generations who 
might have come here, seeking 

2839
02:38:41,600 --> 02:38:44,900
truth, only to vanish beneath 
times shifting Sands. 

2840
02:38:45,800 --> 02:38:48,600
Now, we help proof that there 
are not faded entirely. 

2841
02:38:49,300 --> 02:38:52,500
As the group stepped out into 
the Briny dust, he realized his 

2842
02:38:52,500 --> 02:38:56,100
journey was far from complete, 
the desert had tested him and 

2843
02:38:56,100 --> 02:38:58,800
the Sea had threatened him. 
But this Triumph opened 

2844
02:38:58,800 --> 02:39:01,500
countless new doors. 
History was not a fixed. 

2845
02:39:01,500 --> 02:39:04,200
Tapestry it was ever unfolding 
waiting for those willing to 

2846
02:39:04,200 --> 02:39:06,300
Traverse the unknown in search 
of revelry. 

2847
02:39:11,000 --> 02:39:14,100
You're standing on a wooden 
platform somewhere in Ohio and 

2848
02:39:14,100 --> 02:39:17,700
its 1847. 
The morning air smells primarily

2849
02:39:17,700 --> 02:39:21,500
of cold smoke, with a hint of 
Adventure, your carpet bag, sits

2850
02:39:21,500 --> 02:39:23,400
Heavy in Your Hand stuffed with 
everything. 

2851
02:39:23,400 --> 02:39:26,400
You own that seemed important 
three days ago when you decided 

2852
02:39:26,400 --> 02:39:28,700
to Head West. 
Now, you're wondering why you 

2853
02:39:28,700 --> 02:39:31,300
packed two pairs of Sunday shoes
and only one spare shirt. 

2854
02:39:32,100 --> 02:39:35,600
The locomotive sits before you, 
hissing and clanking like some 

2855
02:39:35,600 --> 02:39:37,400
great Metal Beast with 
indigestion. 

2856
02:39:38,400 --> 02:39:41,300
Steam Puffs from various 
openings and you can't shake the

2857
02:39:41,300 --> 02:39:43,700
feeling that the whole 
Contraption might explode at any

2858
02:39:43,708 --> 02:39:46,600
moment. 
The engineer a grizzled man with

2859
02:39:46,600 --> 02:39:48,900
arms, like tree. 
Trunks seems remarkably 

2860
02:39:48,900 --> 02:39:50,400
unconcerned about this 
possibility. 

2861
02:39:50,400 --> 02:39:52,800
He's probably seen enough 
boiler. 

2862
02:39:52,800 --> 02:39:55,100
Explosion to know what one looks
like before it happens. 

2863
02:39:55,100 --> 02:39:58,200
This thought does not comfort 
you as much as you'd hope. 

2864
02:39:59,400 --> 02:40:02,200
You climb aboard, the passenger 
car which is essentially a 

2865
02:40:02,200 --> 02:40:03,800
wooden box on Wheels with 
Windows. 

2866
02:40:03,800 --> 02:40:07,400
The seats are arranged in rows 
facing forward though. 

2867
02:40:07,400 --> 02:40:09,800
Seats is perhaps too generous a 
term. 

2868
02:40:09,800 --> 02:40:13,300
They're more like church pews 
with backs upholstered in 

2869
02:40:13,308 --> 02:40:15,300
horsehair that prickles through 
your clothes. 

2870
02:40:16,200 --> 02:40:18,600
The aisle between them is narrow
enough, that two people can't 

2871
02:40:18,600 --> 02:40:21,100
pass without one of the sucking 
in their stomach and doing a 

2872
02:40:21,100 --> 02:40:23,900
little sideways Shuffle. 
Your fellow passengers are 

2873
02:40:23,900 --> 02:40:26,500
settling in around you. 
There's a woman in, a severe, 

2874
02:40:26,500 --> 02:40:28,900
black dress who's already 
claimed the window seat and 

2875
02:40:28,900 --> 02:40:30,700
looks like she defend it with 
her life. 

2876
02:40:31,600 --> 02:40:34,400
Behind her, a traveling 
salesman, arranges his sample 

2877
02:40:34,400 --> 02:40:36,700
cases with the Precision of a 
military operation. 

2878
02:40:37,400 --> 02:40:39,800
Across the aisle. 
A young mother tries to convince

2879
02:40:39,800 --> 02:40:42,600
her toddler that the train isn't
actually a monster though. 

2880
02:40:42,600 --> 02:40:45,700
The child seemed skeptical and 
frankly, you don't blame him. 

2881
02:40:47,100 --> 02:40:49,700
The conductor appears a man 
whose mustache has his own 

2882
02:40:49,700 --> 02:40:52,200
postal code. 
He's wearing a uniform that 

2883
02:40:52,200 --> 02:40:54,400
seemed better decades and 
carries a pocket watch. 

2884
02:40:54,400 --> 02:40:57,500
He consults with religious 
devotion All Aboard. 

2885
02:40:57,500 --> 02:40:59,700
He calls though you're already 
aboard. 

2886
02:40:59,700 --> 02:41:02,200
So you're not sure if the 
request applies to you, or if 

2887
02:41:02,200 --> 02:41:05,000
you should get off and get back 
on, again, you choose to remain 

2888
02:41:05,000 --> 02:41:07,700
Where You Are. 
With a tremendous jolt, that 

2889
02:41:07,700 --> 02:41:09,600
nearly sends you into the lap of
the stern. 

2890
02:41:09,600 --> 02:41:13,000
Woman by the window. 
The train begins to move the 

2891
02:41:13,000 --> 02:41:14,700
wheels. 
Make a rhythmic clacking sound 

2892
02:41:14,700 --> 02:41:16,800
that will haunt your dreams for 
the next three weeks. 

2893
02:41:16,800 --> 02:41:22,700
Clackity clack clack. 
Almost musical if your taste in 

2894
02:41:22,708 --> 02:41:25,900
music runs to repetitive 
percussion performed by Iron 

2895
02:41:25,900 --> 02:41:29,400
wheels on iron rails. 
The scenery outside starts to 

2896
02:41:29,400 --> 02:41:33,300
crawl passed at this speed, you 
could probably hop off pick some

2897
02:41:33,300 --> 02:41:36,200
wildflowers and hot back on. 
Again, though the conductors 

2898
02:41:36,200 --> 02:41:38,600
mustache suggests, the idea 
wouldn't be appreciated. 

2899
02:41:39,700 --> 02:41:44,000
Fields Roll by dotted with cows 
who seemed mildly interested in 

2900
02:41:44,000 --> 02:41:47,900
this mechanical intrusion into 
their pastoral day. a farmer 

2901
02:41:47,900 --> 02:41:51,600
waves from his plow and you wave
back feeling very Cosmopolitan 

2902
02:41:51,600 --> 02:41:56,400
and modern, The car rocks gently
from side to side not entirely 

2903
02:41:56,400 --> 02:41:59,500
unlike being in a cradle. 
If cradles were made of wood and

2904
02:41:59,500 --> 02:42:02,800
iron and pulled by steam 
engines, the motion is soothing.

2905
02:42:02,800 --> 02:42:05,700
Once you get used to it though, 
it takes about the same amount 

2906
02:42:05,700 --> 02:42:09,400
of time as a mild case of 
seasickness you close your eyes 

2907
02:42:09,400 --> 02:42:11,900
and try to imagine, you're on a 
ship sailing across prayer. 

2908
02:42:11,900 --> 02:42:15,700
Is instead of oceans, the carpet
bags slides around on the floor 

2909
02:42:15,700 --> 02:42:18,800
with each curve and bump. 
Everybody's lucky performs, a 

2910
02:42:18,808 --> 02:42:22,000
small dance, and every now and 
then someone's hat box tries to 

2911
02:42:22,000 --> 02:42:25,900
escape only to have its 
embarrassed owner at the woman 

2912
02:42:25,900 --> 02:42:28,500
next to you as tied, her 
reticule to her wrist with what 

2913
02:42:28,500 --> 02:42:31,600
appears to be a shoelace. 
Clearly, she's traveled by train

2914
02:42:31,600 --> 02:42:35,400
before outside the world passes 
by at the breathtaking speed of 

2915
02:42:35,400 --> 02:42:38,700
about 50 miles per hour. 
The present is the future. 

2916
02:42:38,700 --> 02:42:41,700
You think to yourself the 
present is what progress looks 

2917
02:42:41,700 --> 02:42:46,000
like. people travel across vast 
distances on iron horses, 

2918
02:42:46,000 --> 02:42:48,700
reaching speeds, that would have
been Unthinkable for your 

2919
02:42:48,700 --> 02:42:52,500
grandparents However, at this 
moment, as I watch a 

2920
02:42:52,500 --> 02:42:55,300
particularly energetic squirrel,
keep Pace with the train for a 

2921
02:42:55,300 --> 02:42:58,500
solid 30 seconds. 
The entire experience feels less

2922
02:42:58,500 --> 02:43:02,400
revolutionary and more quaint. 
The whistle blows, a long 

2923
02:43:02,408 --> 02:43:05,500
mournful sound that somehow 
manages to be both exciting and 

2924
02:43:05,500 --> 02:43:07,900
lonely. 
At the same time, you're moving 

2925
02:43:07,908 --> 02:43:12,200
now carried forward by Steam and
steel into whatever Adventure, 

2926
02:43:12,200 --> 02:43:15,000
awaits down the line. 
After your first hour aboard, 

2927
02:43:15,000 --> 02:43:17,500
your beginning to understand 
that train travel comes with its

2928
02:43:17,500 --> 02:43:20,900
peculiar social rules. 
Most of which nobody bothered to

2929
02:43:20,900 --> 02:43:23,700
write down anywhere. 
It's like being invited to a 

2930
02:43:23,700 --> 02:43:25,500
party where everyone knows the 
secret handshake. 

2931
02:43:25,500 --> 02:43:28,600
Except you take the window seat 
situation. 

2932
02:43:28,600 --> 02:43:32,000
For instance, the woman beside 
uses astonished squatters rights

2933
02:43:32,000 --> 02:43:33,800
on the window view and she 
guards. 

2934
02:43:33,800 --> 02:43:37,700
It jealously When you lean 
slightly toward the glass to 

2935
02:43:37,700 --> 02:43:40,200
catch a glimpse of a 
particularly captivating cow, 

2936
02:43:40,200 --> 02:43:43,000
she shifted to considerable bulk
to block your view in entirely. 

2937
02:43:43,800 --> 02:43:46,600
Seems like she's following 
proper train etiquette, but you 

2938
02:43:46,600 --> 02:43:48,400
suspect, she's making it up as 
she goes. 

2939
02:43:49,200 --> 02:43:51,700
The art of eating aboard, a 
moving train proves to be more 

2940
02:43:51,700 --> 02:43:53,300
challenging than you'd 
anticipated. 

2941
02:43:54,200 --> 02:43:57,500
The railroad has thoughtfully 
provided a dining car though. 

2942
02:43:57,500 --> 02:44:00,300
Dining is perhaps too. 
Elegant to term for what 

2943
02:44:00,300 --> 02:44:02,800
transpires there. 
You make your way down the 

2944
02:44:02,800 --> 02:44:06,400
aisle, grabbing seat backs and 
fellow passengers for support as

2945
02:44:06,400 --> 02:44:09,100
the car sways and lurches the 
dining car. 

2946
02:44:09,100 --> 02:44:11,000
Attendant. 
A man who is clearly made peace 

2947
02:44:11,000 --> 02:44:12,300
with the chaos of his 
profession. 

2948
02:44:12,300 --> 02:44:15,400
Serves up plates of food that 
seemed determined to slide into 

2949
02:44:15,400 --> 02:44:18,800
your lap, your beef stew sloshes
from side to side with each 

2950
02:44:18,800 --> 02:44:22,100
train Rock You quickly learn to 
time your spoonfuls, with the 

2951
02:44:22,100 --> 02:44:25,400
motion of the car, scooping up 
stew, when it slides towards you

2952
02:44:25,408 --> 02:44:28,600
and waiting patiently, when it 
migrates to the far side of the 

2953
02:44:28,600 --> 02:44:32,600
bowl, it resembles a fishing 
experience will be at with gravy

2954
02:44:32,600 --> 02:44:35,700
and vegetables as the catch and 
a constantly shifting pond. 

2955
02:44:36,700 --> 02:44:39,300
The other diners have developed 
various strategies for dealing 

2956
02:44:39,300 --> 02:44:42,300
with mobile meals. 
One gentleman has wedged, his 

2957
02:44:42,300 --> 02:44:45,000
plate between two coffee cups, 
creating a little edible 

2958
02:44:45,000 --> 02:44:48,600
Fortress, a lady at the next 
table as give up entirely on 

2959
02:44:48,600 --> 02:44:51,500
utensils and his politely 
nibbling her dinner roll, while 

2960
02:44:51,500 --> 02:44:54,800
watching her suit performer, 
acrobatics. the traveling 

2961
02:44:54,800 --> 02:44:57,600
salesman from your car somehow 
managed to balance his entire 

2962
02:44:57,600 --> 02:45:00,300
meal on his knees, while 
continuing to work on his 

2963
02:45:00,300 --> 02:45:05,000
correspondence, you suspect his 
Parts circus performer Coffee 

2964
02:45:05,000 --> 02:45:07,000
service presents its own unique 
challenges. 

2965
02:45:07,000 --> 02:45:10,700
The attendant approaches with a 
large pot, and The Confident are

2966
02:45:10,700 --> 02:45:12,900
of someone who's done the job 
1000 times before. 

2967
02:45:13,800 --> 02:45:16,700
He paused the coffee in a smooth
Arc that somehow accounts for 

2968
02:45:16,700 --> 02:45:19,900
the Train's motion, the cups 
movement, and the likelihood 

2969
02:45:19,900 --> 02:45:21,900
that you'll jerk your hand at 
The crucial moment. 

2970
02:45:21,900 --> 02:45:25,600
Most of the coffee actually 
makes it into the cup which 

2971
02:45:25,600 --> 02:45:28,300
Feels Like A Small Miracle 
between meals. 

2972
02:45:28,300 --> 02:45:31,700
You discover that privacy is a 
negotiable concept, aboard, a 

2973
02:45:31,700 --> 02:45:34,500
train, your fellow passengers 
seem to view your personal 

2974
02:45:34,500 --> 02:45:36,200
business as legitimate 
entertainment. 

2975
02:45:36,200 --> 02:45:39,600
The stern Woman by the window 
has taken to commenting on your 

2976
02:45:39,600 --> 02:45:41,900
reading material. 
Despite the fact that you 

2977
02:45:41,900 --> 02:45:45,000
haven't asked for her literary 
opinions, When you pull out a 

2978
02:45:45,000 --> 02:45:47,600
penny novel, she sniffs to 
approvingly and mutter something

2979
02:45:47,600 --> 02:45:49,400
about the decline of modern 
morals. 

2980
02:45:50,100 --> 02:45:52,400
You can consider pointing out 
that her own reading material 

2981
02:45:52,400 --> 02:45:54,700
appears to be a Temperance 
tracked, but decide that 

2982
02:45:54,700 --> 02:45:57,100
discretion is the better part of
not getting into. 

2983
02:45:57,100 --> 02:45:59,500
An argument with someone you'll 
be sitting next to for the next 

2984
02:45:59,500 --> 02:46:02,200
two days. 
The traveling salesman has 

2985
02:46:02,200 --> 02:46:04,900
appointed himself, the cars 
unofficial social directors 

2986
02:46:04,900 --> 02:46:09,100
knows, everyone's destination 
occupation, and life story 

2987
02:46:09,100 --> 02:46:12,200
within the first 50 miles. 
By Miles 75. 

2988
02:46:12,200 --> 02:46:15,800
He's offering unsolicited advice
about everything from the best 

2989
02:46:15,800 --> 02:46:19,000
hotels in Chicago, to the proper
treatment of Bunyan's. 

2990
02:46:19,700 --> 02:46:22,400
You learn more about bunion care
than any reasonable person. 

2991
02:46:22,400 --> 02:46:25,800
Should know, however, you must 
admit that his enthusiasm is 

2992
02:46:25,800 --> 02:46:28,300
endearing. 
The bathroom facilities on the 

2993
02:46:28,308 --> 02:46:31,600
train deserve special mention, 
although they may not be ideal 

2994
02:46:31,600 --> 02:46:35,100
to use during dinner time. 
Embracing Nature's call, while 

2995
02:46:35,100 --> 02:46:38,000
traveling at 15 miles per hour. 
Over questionable, track 

2996
02:46:38,000 --> 02:46:41,500
Demands, a certain level of 
athletic ability and a 

2997
02:46:41,500 --> 02:46:45,300
willingness to embrace 
Adventure. facilities themselves

2998
02:46:45,300 --> 02:46:48,700
are about the size of a broom 
closet furnished with the seat, 

2999
02:46:48,700 --> 02:46:51,400
that seems designed by someone 
who'd, never actually sat down 

3000
02:46:51,400 --> 02:46:54,700
before The whole experience 
teaches you new levels of 

3001
02:46:54,700 --> 02:46:56,500
appreciation for stationary 
Plumbing. 

3002
02:46:57,400 --> 02:47:01,000
Nightfall brings its set of 
Social Challenges, the seats, 

3003
02:47:01,000 --> 02:47:03,500
don't recline. 
Exactly, but you can achieve a 

3004
02:47:03,500 --> 02:47:06,800
sort of semi slumped position 
that passes for Comfort if 

3005
02:47:06,800 --> 02:47:08,900
you're not particular about your
spine's alignment. 

3006
02:47:10,100 --> 02:47:13,300
The stern woman has produced a 
pillow from somewhere and his 

3007
02:47:13,308 --> 02:47:16,300
both armrests with the authority
of a territorial. 

3008
02:47:17,400 --> 02:47:20,400
You fold your coat into a 
makeshift pillow and settle in 

3009
02:47:20,400 --> 02:47:23,700
for what promises to be a very 
educational night in the art of 

3010
02:47:23,708 --> 02:47:26,600
sleeping while sitting up. 
The sounds of the train. 

3011
02:47:26,600 --> 02:47:28,500
Take on a different quality in 
the Darkness. 

3012
02:47:29,300 --> 02:47:32,300
Clacking of Wheels becomes more 
pronounced, almost rhythmic. 

3013
02:47:33,100 --> 02:47:36,400
Someone several seats back has 
begun snoring in Counterpoint to

3014
02:47:36,400 --> 02:47:38,400
the Train's Rhythm, creating an 
odd. 

3015
02:47:38,400 --> 02:47:42,000
Sort of mobile lullaby morning, 
arrives with the subtlety of a 

3016
02:47:42,000 --> 02:47:45,300
brass band announced by the 
conductor's voice calling out 

3017
02:47:45,300 --> 02:47:48,400
the next station stop. 
You've managed about three hours

3018
02:47:48,400 --> 02:47:51,200
of actual sleep scattered 
throughout the night. 

3019
02:47:51,200 --> 02:47:54,600
In 20 minute intervals, between 
the trains more enthusiastic 

3020
02:47:54,600 --> 02:47:58,300
lurches and the creative snoring
Symphony that developed around 

3021
02:47:58,300 --> 02:48:02,100
midnight, your fellow passengers
are stirring with various 

3022
02:48:02,100 --> 02:48:06,100
degrees of success the traveling
salesman appears to have slept 

3023
02:48:06,100 --> 02:48:08,700
like a baby. 
If babies typically woke up 

3024
02:48:08,700 --> 02:48:11,300
perfectly groomed and ready to 
discuss the virtues of their 

3025
02:48:11,300 --> 02:48:16,000
latest patent medicine. 
The stern woman looks exactly as

3026
02:48:16,000 --> 02:48:18,700
severe as she did yesterday. 
Leading you to suspect. 

3027
02:48:18,700 --> 02:48:22,000
She may not actually sleep that 
simply Powers down like some 

3028
02:48:22,000 --> 02:48:25,300
sort of Victorian atom. 
New passenger Boards of this 

3029
02:48:25,300 --> 02:48:27,700
stop and he's the kind of 
character that makes train 

3030
02:48:27,700 --> 02:48:30,500
travel memorable. 
He's clearly, a frontier type 

3031
02:48:30,500 --> 02:48:33,100
dressed in buckskins. 
That have seen more Adventure 

3032
02:48:33,100 --> 02:48:35,500
than a penny novel. 
His beard appears to have been 

3033
02:48:35,500 --> 02:48:38,600
styled by a windstorm, and he 
carries himself with the easy 

3034
02:48:38,600 --> 02:48:41,200
confidence of someone whose 
wrestled bears and lived to tell

3035
02:48:41,200 --> 02:48:45,400
about it probably over dinner. 
He settles into a seat, across 

3036
02:48:45,400 --> 02:48:47,500
the aisle. 
And immediately begins regaling.

3037
02:48:47,500 --> 02:48:50,000
Anyone within earshot with Tales
of his exploits. 

3038
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:55,000
According to his stories, he's 
been a Trapper, a scout, a gold 

3039
02:48:55,000 --> 02:48:57,800
prospector and briefly, a circus
performer. 

3040
02:48:58,900 --> 02:49:02,500
You suspect some embellishment, 
particularly regarding the story

3041
02:49:02,500 --> 02:49:04,500
about training. 
A Wild Mustang to fetch his 

3042
02:49:04,508 --> 02:49:07,300
morning coffee. 
But his enthusiasm is infectious

3043
02:49:07,300 --> 02:49:11,200
even the stern woman seems 
grudgingly interested though. 

3044
02:49:11,200 --> 02:49:13,500
She maintains her disapproving 
expression as a matter of 

3045
02:49:13,508 --> 02:49:16,700
principle, The young mother with
the toddler has given up any 

3046
02:49:16,700 --> 02:49:19,500
pretense of controlling her 
child, who was discovered that 

3047
02:49:19,500 --> 02:49:21,300
the aisle makes an excellent 
race track. 

3048
02:49:22,200 --> 02:49:26,200
The boy karim's from seat to 
seat using passengers as turning

3049
02:49:26,200 --> 02:49:29,400
posts in his Grand Prix. 
Most Travelers, accept this with

3050
02:49:29,400 --> 02:49:32,500
resigned Good Humor though the 
traveling salesman looks nervous

3051
02:49:32,500 --> 02:49:35,300
about his carefully. 
Arranged sample cases at the 

3052
02:49:35,300 --> 02:49:37,700
next stop. 
A preacher boards recognizable 

3053
02:49:37,700 --> 02:49:41,000
by his severe black coat and the
way he surveys the car as if 

3054
02:49:41,000 --> 02:49:43,200
calculating everyone's likely 
hood of salvation. 

3055
02:49:44,100 --> 02:49:46,500
He takes a seat near the back 
and immediately begins reading 

3056
02:49:46,500 --> 02:49:49,800
from what you assume is a Bible 
though, at this distance, it 

3057
02:49:49,800 --> 02:49:50,900
could be a cookbook for all, you
know. 

3058
02:49:52,300 --> 02:49:55,500
The frontier character catches 
sight of him and grins and you 

3059
02:49:55,500 --> 02:49:57,800
sense that philosophical 
discussions, may be in your 

3060
02:49:57,808 --> 02:49:59,700
future. 
A group of immigrants. 

3061
02:49:59,700 --> 02:50:03,200
Filled several seats near the 
front of the car they speak in a

3062
02:50:03,200 --> 02:50:05,300
language. 
You don't recognize gesturing 

3063
02:50:05,300 --> 02:50:07,600
animatedly and pointing out the 
windows at the passing 

3064
02:50:07,600 --> 02:50:11,000
landscape. 
Their excitement is palpable and

3065
02:50:11,000 --> 02:50:13,800
you realize your witnessing 
people seeing their new country 

3066
02:50:13,800 --> 02:50:16,600
for the first time. 
It provides perspective on your 

3067
02:50:16,600 --> 02:50:19,400
own Journey though. 
You are still not entirely sure 

3068
02:50:19,400 --> 02:50:23,100
why you chose to Head West 
initially The dining car 

3069
02:50:23,100 --> 02:50:25,900
attendant makes his rounds and 
now announcing breakfast with 

3070
02:50:25,900 --> 02:50:28,100
the air of someone who's giving 
up hoping anyone will be 

3071
02:50:28,100 --> 02:50:31,900
surprised by the menu. 
There's hardtack coffee is 

3072
02:50:31,900 --> 02:50:34,800
strong as a horseshoe and a dish
that could easily pass for eggs 

3073
02:50:34,800 --> 02:50:36,300
if you don't screw tonight. 
Is it to close? 

3074
02:50:37,500 --> 02:50:40,100
The frontier character claims 
that the food is the finest 

3075
02:50:40,100 --> 02:50:42,200
Cuisine, he has experienced 
since leaving civilization. 

3076
02:50:42,200 --> 02:50:46,500
However, considering his stories
about eating bark and Prairie 

3077
02:50:46,500 --> 02:50:49,100
Grass, this may not be a 
significant compliment, 

3078
02:50:50,300 --> 02:50:53,200
Conversation, flows, easily 
around the car, resembling the 

3079
02:50:53,208 --> 02:50:55,500
interactions of people who have 
been brought together by 

3080
02:50:55,500 --> 02:50:58,100
circumstance. 
The preacher and the 

3081
02:50:58,100 --> 02:51:01,400
frontiersmen have indeed, struck
up a debate about the nature of 

3082
02:51:01,400 --> 02:51:04,800
civilization, versus the world. 
Witness the preacher argues for 

3083
02:51:04,800 --> 02:51:08,100
the moral benefits of settled 
Society, while the frontiersmen 

3084
02:51:08,100 --> 02:51:10,900
counters with stories, about the
corrupting influence of cities. 

3085
02:51:10,900 --> 02:51:14,900
You find yourself nodding along 
to both sides, which probably 

3086
02:51:14,900 --> 02:51:17,000
makes you either very wise or 
very confused. 

3087
02:51:18,200 --> 02:51:19,800
Stern woman has appointed 
herself. 

3088
02:51:19,800 --> 02:51:23,600
The moral guardian of the car 
offering unsolicited commentary 

3089
02:51:23,600 --> 02:51:27,400
on everyone's Behavior, reading 
material and general deportment.

3090
02:51:28,200 --> 02:51:31,400
When the traveling salesman 
produces deck of cards she 

3091
02:51:31,400 --> 02:51:34,200
launches into a lecture about 
the evils of gambling that would

3092
02:51:34,200 --> 02:51:37,700
make the preacher proud. 
The salesman explains that he 

3093
02:51:37,700 --> 02:51:40,100
was merely planning to 
demonstrate a card for the 

3094
02:51:40,100 --> 02:51:42,200
toddler, but she remains 
unconvinced. 

3095
02:51:43,400 --> 02:51:46,400
I often the various 
personalities of settled into a 

3096
02:51:46,408 --> 02:51:49,600
comfortable routine, the 
frontiersmen entertains the 

3097
02:51:49,600 --> 02:51:52,600
group with his stories, the 
preacher offers moral advice. 

3098
02:51:52,600 --> 02:51:55,900
The traveling salesman provides 
solutions to unidentified 

3099
02:51:55,900 --> 02:51:58,900
problems and the stern woman. 
Uphold order with her 

3100
02:51:58,900 --> 02:52:01,500
disapproval. 
The Immigrant continued, their 

3101
02:52:01,500 --> 02:52:04,400
animated discussions, 
occasionally breaking in to what

3102
02:52:04,400 --> 02:52:07,300
sounds like folksongs. 
You've become The Unofficial 

3103
02:52:07,300 --> 02:52:10,200
mediator, the neutral party. 
Everyone feels comfortable 

3104
02:52:10,200 --> 02:52:14,100
talking to you may not have 
strong opinions or your carpet 

3105
02:52:14,100 --> 02:52:16,900
bag may contain the only good 
whiskey on the train hidden 

3106
02:52:16,900 --> 02:52:20,100
under your spare shirts. 
Either way your learning more 

3107
02:52:20,100 --> 02:52:22,200
about human nature than you ever
expected. 

3108
02:52:23,400 --> 02:52:26,200
The toddler has worn himself out
and finally fallen asleep in his

3109
02:52:26,200 --> 02:52:28,800
mother's arms. 
Providing the first quiet moment

3110
02:52:28,800 --> 02:52:31,700
since Dawn. 
Even the train seems to be 

3111
02:52:31,700 --> 02:52:33,700
running more smoothly as if it 
too. 

3112
02:52:33,700 --> 02:52:37,000
Appreciates the brief respite 
from chaos, the dinner service 

3113
02:52:37,000 --> 02:52:39,900
that evening proves to be an 
adventure worthy of the frontier

3114
02:52:39,900 --> 02:52:42,100
itself. 
You've learned from your lunch 

3115
02:52:42,100 --> 02:52:45,100
experience and approach the 
dining car with a strategy 

3116
02:52:45,100 --> 02:52:49,900
secure, your food find something
to brace against and accept that

3117
02:52:49,900 --> 02:52:52,900
dignity is optional when 
traveling at 15 miles per hour 

3118
02:52:52,900 --> 02:52:55,700
over tracks laid by optimistic 
railroad workers. 

3119
02:52:56,500 --> 02:52:59,200
The menu hasn't changed since 
breakfast, which isn't 

3120
02:52:59,200 --> 02:53:01,600
particularly surprising. 
Given that the dining cars 

3121
02:53:01,600 --> 02:53:04,900
pantry is roughly the size of 
your grandmother's pie safe. 

3122
02:53:05,700 --> 02:53:09,200
The attendant whose name you've 
learned is Frank has developed a

3123
02:53:09,200 --> 02:53:10,800
philosophical approach to his 
work. 

3124
02:53:10,800 --> 02:53:14,300
That involves accepting the 
limitations of cooking aboard. 

3125
02:53:14,300 --> 02:53:17,600
A moving train while maintaining
unreasonable optimism about the 

3126
02:53:17,600 --> 02:53:20,000
results. 
Tonight's mystery meat is 

3127
02:53:20,000 --> 02:53:22,400
chicken but it bounces around 
your plate. 

3128
02:53:22,400 --> 02:53:24,000
Like it never got used to being 
dead. 

3129
02:53:24,800 --> 02:53:27,500
The vegetables have achieved 
that perfect mushy consistency 

3130
02:53:27,500 --> 02:53:30,700
where you can't quite tell if 
you're eating carrots or 

3131
02:53:30,700 --> 02:53:32,700
turnips. 
And frankly, it doesn't matter 

3132
02:53:32,700 --> 02:53:35,000
because they both taste like the
inside of a coal bin. 

3133
02:53:35,900 --> 02:53:38,500
Your dining companions, the 
evening include a banker from 

3134
02:53:38,500 --> 02:53:41,500
Philadelphia who keeps checking 
his pocket watch, as if he can 

3135
02:53:41,500 --> 02:53:43,100
somehow make the train arrive 
faster. 

3136
02:53:43,100 --> 02:53:45,200
Through sheer temporal 
willpower. 

3137
02:53:46,400 --> 02:53:48,900
Across from him, sits a 
schoolmarm heading to a teaching

3138
02:53:48,900 --> 02:53:52,400
position in Kansas armed with 
enough, moral fiber to build a 

3139
02:53:52,400 --> 02:53:54,900
small church and the kind of 
determined cheerfulness. 

3140
02:53:54,900 --> 02:53:57,800
That suggests she's prepared to 
educate the frontier enters of 

3141
02:53:57,800 --> 02:54:00,700
mission. 
The frontiersmen has joined your

3142
02:54:00,700 --> 02:54:04,200
table bringing with him Tales of
dining on roasted prairie, dog. 

3143
02:54:04,200 --> 02:54:08,100
And something he calls Mountain 
Oysters which you suspect aren't

3144
02:54:08,100 --> 02:54:10,600
actually oysters and definitely 
aren't from any mountain. 

3145
02:54:10,600 --> 02:54:14,000
You'd care to visit His stories,
make the mysterious train, 

3146
02:54:14,000 --> 02:54:16,800
chicken seem downright, Gourmet 
by comparison. 

3147
02:54:18,100 --> 02:54:20,800
Halfway through the meal, the 
train hits, a particularly 

3148
02:54:20,800 --> 02:54:24,800
ambitious, curve, and Chaos 
ensues your chicken breaks free 

3149
02:54:24,800 --> 02:54:28,200
sliding across the table towards
the banker who's reflexes 

3150
02:54:28,200 --> 02:54:31,000
suggest he is successfully 
avoided flying food in the past.

3151
02:54:32,600 --> 02:54:36,300
The school moms coffee creates a
small tidal wave that somehow 

3152
02:54:36,300 --> 02:54:39,500
manages to miss her entirely 
while thoroughly soaking her 

3153
02:54:39,500 --> 02:54:42,100
bread roll. 
Frankly attended doesn't even 

3154
02:54:42,100 --> 02:54:44,700
pause and his serving having 
clearly witnessed this 

3155
02:54:44,700 --> 02:54:47,700
performance. 
Many times before the banker now

3156
02:54:47,700 --> 02:54:50,700
wearing your dinner maintains 
his dignity with admirable, 

3157
02:54:50,700 --> 02:54:53,200
stoicism. 
He Dabs at the chicken grease on

3158
02:54:53,200 --> 02:54:55,800
his vest with the same 
methodical Precision, he 

3159
02:54:55,800 --> 02:54:57,600
probably applies to balancing 
ledgers. 

3160
02:54:58,500 --> 02:55:00,400
Occupational hazard of trained 
dining. 

3161
02:55:00,400 --> 02:55:03,600
He observes philosophically as 
if being assaulted by mobile 

3162
02:55:03,600 --> 02:55:07,600
poultry is a regular part of his
financial career, With the 

3163
02:55:07,600 --> 02:55:10,300
official competence of someone 
accustomed to manage in 

3164
02:55:10,300 --> 02:55:12,900
classroom catastrophes, the 
school man, produces a 

3165
02:55:12,900 --> 02:55:15,500
handkerchief and begins cleaning
up the coffee disaster. 

3166
02:55:15,500 --> 02:55:19,500
A cheerfulness remains undaunted
though, you suspect she's 

3167
02:55:19,500 --> 02:55:22,800
mentally composing letters home 
about the Exotic dangers of 

3168
02:55:22,808 --> 02:55:26,200
Frontier dining. 
After dinner, you retire to your

3169
02:55:26,208 --> 02:55:29,200
seat to discover that motion 
sickness has finally caught up 

3170
02:55:29,200 --> 02:55:32,300
with you. 
It creeps in gradually starting 

3171
02:55:32,300 --> 02:55:34,900
with a vague uneasiness that you
initially attribute to the 

3172
02:55:34,900 --> 02:55:38,000
mysterious chicken. 
Constant swaying motion of the 

3173
02:55:38,000 --> 02:55:39,700
car which seemed Charming this 
morning. 

3174
02:55:39,700 --> 02:55:43,300
Now, feels less like a gentle 
cradle and more like being 

3175
02:55:43,300 --> 02:55:45,900
trapped inside. 
A powerful washing machine with 

3176
02:55:45,900 --> 02:55:48,600
the sharp eye of someone who is 
likely diagnosed half the 

3177
02:55:48,600 --> 02:55:51,800
ailments in her hometown the 
stern woman, notices your 

3178
02:55:51,800 --> 02:55:54,600
distress. 
She produces a small bottle from

3179
02:55:54,600 --> 02:55:57,200
her reticule with the confidence
of a traveling Apothecary. 

3180
02:55:57,200 --> 02:56:01,400
She announces peppermint oil as 
if she's offering a miraculous 

3181
02:56:01,400 --> 02:56:04,000
remedy. 
Settles the stomach and clears, 

3182
02:56:04,000 --> 02:56:07,700
the head, you are no position to
refuse, help even from someone 

3183
02:56:07,700 --> 02:56:11,000
whose previous medical advice, 
consisted, mainly of moral 

3184
02:56:11,000 --> 02:56:14,600
lectures, the peppermint oil 
does help though, whether it's 

3185
02:56:14,600 --> 02:56:17,200
the actual medicine or just the 
relief of having someone show 

3186
02:56:17,200 --> 02:56:20,700
unexpected, kindness is hard to 
say the traveling salesman 

3187
02:56:20,700 --> 02:56:23,200
overhearing. 
Your plight launches into an 

3188
02:56:23,200 --> 02:56:26,200
enthusiastic pitch for his 
latest remedy, guaranteed to 

3189
02:56:26,208 --> 02:56:30,100
cure everything from motion, 
sickness to melancholy His 

3190
02:56:30,100 --> 02:56:33,100
sample case, reveals an 
impressive array of bottles tins

3191
02:56:33,100 --> 02:56:36,400
and mysterious packages each 
promising to solve problems. 

3192
02:56:36,400 --> 02:56:39,600
You didn't know you had, you 
politely decline, his offer of 

3193
02:56:39,600 --> 02:56:43,200
doctor pemberton's, Miracle 
Elixir, partly because your 

3194
02:56:43,200 --> 02:56:46,100
feeling better and partly 
because anything described as 

3195
02:56:46,100 --> 02:56:49,700
miraculous and sold from a 
suitcase, seemed suspect the 

3196
02:56:49,700 --> 02:56:52,300
rocking motion of the train, 
which caused your stomach 

3197
02:56:52,300 --> 02:56:54,700
troubles. 
Ironically become soothing, once

3198
02:56:54,700 --> 02:56:58,400
the nausea passes, the rhythmic 
clacking of Wheels settles into 

3199
02:56:58,400 --> 02:57:00,800
a hypnotic pattern, that makes 
your eyelids heavy. 

3200
02:57:02,000 --> 02:57:02,900
Outside. 
The windows. 

3201
02:57:02,900 --> 02:57:05,100
Twilight is painting the 
landscape in soft. 

3202
02:57:05,100 --> 02:57:08,200
Purple's and Golds turning 
ordinary Farmland into 

3203
02:57:08,200 --> 02:57:10,500
something. 
Almost magical Your fellow 

3204
02:57:10,500 --> 02:57:12,900
passengers are settling into 
their evening routines. 

3205
02:57:12,900 --> 02:57:16,500
The preachers switched from 
moral philosophy to what appears

3206
02:57:16,500 --> 02:57:20,200
to be letter writing his pain 
scratching across paper in time 

3207
02:57:20,200 --> 02:57:23,800
with the trains rhythm. 
The immigrants have grown quiet 

3208
02:57:23,800 --> 02:57:28,200
gazing out at their new country 
with expressions of Wonder and 

3209
02:57:28,200 --> 02:57:32,200
perhaps a little homesickness. 
The toddler has discovered that 

3210
02:57:32,200 --> 02:57:35,300
the space under the seats makes 
an excellent Fort and has begun 

3211
02:57:35,300 --> 02:57:38,800
a complex game involving his few
toys and a remarkable amount of 

3212
02:57:38,800 --> 02:57:41,600
imagination. 
His mother watches with the 

3213
02:57:41,600 --> 02:57:43,700
patient expression of someone 
who's learned to find 

3214
02:57:43,700 --> 02:57:45,600
entertainment in the smallest 
victories. 

3215
02:57:46,500 --> 02:57:49,100
Frank appears with evening 
coffee, which you accept 

3216
02:57:49,100 --> 02:57:51,600
gratefully, despite its 
resemblance to coal tar. 

3217
02:57:52,200 --> 02:57:55,600
Because sometimes the ritual of 
warmth and caffeine matters more

3218
02:57:55,600 --> 02:57:58,700
than the actual quality of 
either Darkness settles over the

3219
02:57:58,700 --> 02:58:02,300
train like a familiar blanket. 
Transforming the passenger car 

3220
02:58:02,300 --> 02:58:06,600
in to a cozy if some what 
cramped cocooned of warm light 

3221
02:58:06,600 --> 02:58:11,000
and human companionship. 
The conductor makes his evening 

3222
02:58:11,000 --> 02:58:14,700
rounds, lighting, the oil lamps 
that cast Dancing Shadows on the

3223
02:58:14,700 --> 02:58:17,200
walls and create pools of gold 
and light throughout the car. 

3224
02:58:18,400 --> 02:58:21,700
The effect is intimate, turning 
your rolling wooden box into 

3225
02:58:21,700 --> 02:58:23,000
something approaching 
comfortable. 

3226
02:58:23,900 --> 02:58:26,700
Sleeping on a train, your 
discovering is less a single 

3227
02:58:26,700 --> 02:58:29,500
event, and more a series of 
negotiations between your body, 

3228
02:58:29,500 --> 02:58:31,600
the seat and the laws of 
physics. 

3229
02:58:32,600 --> 02:58:35,200
The seats weren't designed with 
overnight comfort in mind. 

3230
02:58:35,200 --> 02:58:38,200
Having been crafted by someone 
who apparently believed that 

3231
02:58:38,200 --> 02:58:40,000
humans were naturally shaped 
like church. 

3232
02:58:40,000 --> 02:58:44,300
Pews, you try various positions,
the classic slump the sideways 

3233
02:58:44,300 --> 02:58:47,600
lean and an ambitious attempt to
use your carpet bag as a 

3234
02:58:47,600 --> 02:58:50,500
footrest which ends with your 
luggage sliding three seats 

3235
02:58:50,500 --> 02:58:53,300
forward during a particularly 
spirited curve. 

3236
02:58:54,100 --> 02:58:57,000
The stern woman has transformed 
herself into a fortress of 

3237
02:58:57,000 --> 02:59:00,000
propriety. 
Somehow managing to arrange her 

3238
02:59:00,000 --> 02:59:03,500
shawls and skirts in a way that 
maintains perfect modesty. 

3239
02:59:03,500 --> 02:59:06,200
While achieving what appears to 
be actual comfort? 

3240
02:59:06,200 --> 02:59:09,300
You suspect, she's had training 
in these particular skill, 

3241
02:59:09,300 --> 02:59:12,700
possibly from a finishing school
that offered Advanced courses in

3242
02:59:12,700 --> 02:59:16,300
traveling with dignity. 
A gentle snoring suggests she's 

3243
02:59:16,300 --> 02:59:20,100
mastered the art completely 
Frontiersmen has claimed two 

3244
02:59:20,100 --> 02:59:23,600
seats by virtue of Simply being 
too large for one, and he sleeps

3245
02:59:23,600 --> 02:59:26,000
with the easy confidence of 
someone accustomed to bedding. 

3246
02:59:26,000 --> 02:59:29,900
Down Under The Open Sky. 
Occasionally, he mutters in his 

3247
02:59:29,900 --> 02:59:33,100
sleep fragments of Adventures 
that may or may not have 

3248
02:59:33,100 --> 02:59:36,200
actually happened. 
You catch references to ornery 

3249
02:59:36,200 --> 02:59:39,900
mules and the biggest catfish in
Missouri delivered with the same

3250
02:59:39,900 --> 02:59:42,100
conviction, he brings to his 
waking stories. 

3251
02:59:43,200 --> 02:59:45,900
The traveling salesman has 
somehow arranged his sample. 

3252
02:59:45,900 --> 02:59:48,400
Cases into a makeshift bed. 
That looks more comfortable than

3253
02:59:48,400 --> 02:59:51,100
your seat though. 
You suspect it violates several 

3254
02:59:51,100 --> 02:59:52,800
unspoken rules about train 
etiquette. 

3255
02:59:52,800 --> 02:59:55,900
He's covered himself with what 
appears to be a tarp 

3256
02:59:55,900 --> 02:59:58,100
advertising. 
His patent medicines, turning 

3257
02:59:58,100 --> 03:00:00,500
himself into a human billboard, 
even in sleep. 

3258
03:00:01,300 --> 03:00:05,300
At midnight, the train abruptly 
stops startling everyone awake 

3259
03:00:05,300 --> 03:00:08,400
Through the Windows, you can see
lanterns moving in the darkness 

3260
03:00:08,400 --> 03:00:11,800
and voices, carry the tone of 
men dealing with some sort of 

3261
03:00:11,800 --> 03:00:15,200
mechanical crisis. 
The conductor appears is 

3262
03:00:15,200 --> 03:00:18,000
mustache looking less 
authoritative than usual to 

3263
03:00:18,000 --> 03:00:20,500
explain that they're having a 
small difficulty with the local 

3264
03:00:20,500 --> 03:00:22,900
motives and enthusiasm. 
Which you take to mean the 

3265
03:00:22,900 --> 03:00:25,400
engine as broken down. 
Again, this sort of thing, 

3266
03:00:25,400 --> 03:00:29,500
you're learning is considered 
perfectly normal in 1847 trains.

3267
03:00:29,500 --> 03:00:32,700
Break down the way horses throw 
shoes or Wagon Wheels. 

3268
03:00:32,700 --> 03:00:34,700
Come loose. 
It's not a crisis. 

3269
03:00:34,700 --> 03:00:37,800
Merely an inconvenience that 
requires patience and possibly 

3270
03:00:37,800 --> 03:00:41,200
some creative engineering. 
Frank appears with more coffee 

3271
03:00:41,200 --> 03:00:44,700
as if caffeine is the universal 
solution to mechanical problems.

3272
03:00:45,800 --> 03:00:49,100
The delay gives everyone a 
chance to stretch walk around 

3273
03:00:49,100 --> 03:00:52,000
and engage in the kind of 
philosophical discussion. 

3274
03:00:52,000 --> 03:00:54,600
That only happen at midnight 
when you're stranded beside 

3275
03:00:54,600 --> 03:00:57,800
railroad tracks, in the middle 
of Ohio, The preacher in the 

3276
03:00:57,808 --> 03:01:00,900
frontiersmen resumed their 
debate about Civilization now 

3277
03:01:00,900 --> 03:01:03,700
expanded to include theories 
about mechanical progress and 

3278
03:01:03,700 --> 03:01:07,600
God's opinion of steam engines. 
The banker produces a flask from

3279
03:01:07,600 --> 03:01:10,600
his coat and offers it around 
with the generosity of someone 

3280
03:01:10,600 --> 03:01:13,000
who's giving up worrying about 
propriety at this hour. 

3281
03:01:13,900 --> 03:01:17,600
Even the schoolmarm accepts. 
A small sip though, she makes a 

3282
03:01:17,600 --> 03:01:19,200
face that suggests her 
Temperance. 

3283
03:01:19,200 --> 03:01:22,700
Principles are still intact, 
just temporarily suspended for 

3284
03:01:22,700 --> 03:01:25,600
medicinal purposes. 
The immigrants gather near their

3285
03:01:25,600 --> 03:01:28,200
seats, talking quietly among 
themselves while the children 

3286
03:01:28,200 --> 03:01:31,500
sleep against their parents 
shoulders their patients appears

3287
03:01:31,500 --> 03:01:33,900
boundless. 
As if they've grown accustomed 

3288
03:01:33,900 --> 03:01:36,400
to patiently awaiting the start 
of their lives. 

3289
03:01:37,400 --> 03:01:39,800
You wonder what their leaving 
behind and what they hope to 

3290
03:01:39,800 --> 03:01:41,100
find at the end of their 
Journey. 

3291
03:01:41,800 --> 03:01:44,500
Outside the repair, work 
continues with the steady rhythm

3292
03:01:44,500 --> 03:01:48,500
of men who know their business 
hammering, the hiss of steam and

3293
03:01:48,500 --> 03:01:51,100
occasional cursing that carries 
clearly in the night air. 

3294
03:01:52,000 --> 03:01:54,400
The locomotive is clearly a 
temperamental creature. 

3295
03:01:54,400 --> 03:01:57,400
That requires both mechanical 
skill and diplomatic handling. 

3296
03:01:58,700 --> 03:02:02,500
Has produced needlework from 
somewhere in her seemingly, 

3297
03:02:02,500 --> 03:02:05,300
bottomless, reticule, and his 
teaching by Lamplight with the 

3298
03:02:05,300 --> 03:02:09,400
concentration of a surgeon. 
She notices your attention and 

3299
03:02:09,400 --> 03:02:13,700
explains without prompting that 
Idle Hands, even at midnight 

3300
03:02:13,700 --> 03:02:16,200
beside broken down. 
Trains are a dangerous place. 

3301
03:02:17,300 --> 03:02:19,900
Her moral principles, apparently
don't recognize standard 

3302
03:02:19,900 --> 03:02:21,900
sleeping hours by two in the 
morning. 

3303
03:02:21,900 --> 03:02:24,600
The repairs are complete 
announced by a triumphant 

3304
03:02:24,600 --> 03:02:27,900
whistle that probably wakes up 
every cow within 5 miles. 

3305
03:02:28,900 --> 03:02:31,900
Everyone settles back into their
improvised sleeping arrangements

3306
03:02:31,900 --> 03:02:34,700
with the weary satisfaction of 
Travelers who've shared a small 

3307
03:02:34,700 --> 03:02:37,300
Adventure. 
The train begins moving again 

3308
03:02:37,300 --> 03:02:41,700
with its characteristic series 
of jerks and jolts like a giant 

3309
03:02:41,700 --> 03:02:45,300
waking up with arthritis. 
The rhythmic clacking returns 

3310
03:02:45,300 --> 03:02:48,900
slightly more enthusiastic than 
before as if the locomotive is 

3311
03:02:48,900 --> 03:02:52,200
making up for lost time. 
Outside the dark landscape 

3312
03:02:52,200 --> 03:02:55,500
slides passed dotted with 
occasional Farmhouse Windows 

3313
03:02:55,500 --> 03:02:57,100
glowing, warm and yellow in the 
distance. 

3314
03:02:58,100 --> 03:03:01,100
Sleep comes easier. 
Now in induced by exhaustion and

3315
03:03:01,100 --> 03:03:05,000
the hypnotic motion of wheels on
Rails, even your uncomfortable 

3316
03:03:05,000 --> 03:03:08,400
seat, begins to feel almost cozy
and you drift off to the sound 

3317
03:03:08,400 --> 03:03:12,600
of gentle snoring creaking wood 
and the endless song of iron 

3318
03:03:12,600 --> 03:03:14,100
Wheels. 
Carrying you toward, whatever 

3319
03:03:14,100 --> 03:03:17,600
adventure of the end of the 
line, mourning arrives with The 

3320
03:03:17,600 --> 03:03:20,600
Reluctant gray light of dawn, 
filtering through the passenger 

3321
03:03:20,600 --> 03:03:23,300
car windows revealing a 
landscape that looks 

3322
03:03:23,300 --> 03:03:27,100
suspiciously similar to 
yesterday's scenery. you're 

3323
03:03:27,100 --> 03:03:29,900
beginning to suspect that Ohio 
is considerably larger than the 

3324
03:03:29,900 --> 03:03:33,200
map suggested or possibly that 
you've been traveling in circles

3325
03:03:33,200 --> 03:03:36,900
while you slept The latter seems
unlikely given the determined 

3326
03:03:36,900 --> 03:03:40,600
forward motion of the locomotive
but after 36 hours on Rails, 

3327
03:03:40,600 --> 03:03:44,300
your sense of geography has 
become somewhat negotiable, your

3328
03:03:44,300 --> 03:03:46,900
body has achieved a sort of 
detent with the train seat 

3329
03:03:46,900 --> 03:03:50,900
accepting discomfort as the 
natural state of existence while

3330
03:03:50,900 --> 03:03:53,700
maintaining hope that Sensation 
will eventually return to your 

3331
03:03:53,700 --> 03:03:56,700
legs. 
The stern woman is already awake

3332
03:03:56,700 --> 03:04:00,200
and somehow perfectly groomed 
leading you to wonder if she's 

3333
03:04:00,200 --> 03:04:03,400
actually human or perhaps some 
sort of traveling or automaton 

3334
03:04:03,400 --> 03:04:06,900
designed to make the rest of 
humanity, feel inadequate. 

3335
03:04:08,400 --> 03:04:10,900
Frank begins his morning rounds 
with coffee that has the 

3336
03:04:10,900 --> 03:04:13,500
consistency of warm tar and 
twice the potency. 

3337
03:04:13,500 --> 03:04:16,400
The traveling salesman greets, 
the new day with enthusiasm, 

3338
03:04:16,400 --> 03:04:19,900
that would be admirable if it 
won't quite so early and Loud, 

3339
03:04:19,900 --> 03:04:23,500
he's already reorganized his 
sample cases and his preparing 

3340
03:04:23,500 --> 03:04:26,800
to demonstrate his patent 
medicine's to anyone unfortunate

3341
03:04:26,800 --> 03:04:30,500
enough to make eye contact. 
Frontier character awakens from 

3342
03:04:30,500 --> 03:04:33,500
his Slumber, akin to a bear 
emerging from hibernation, 

3343
03:04:33,500 --> 03:04:37,100
accompanied by sound effects 
capable of frightening small 

3344
03:04:37,100 --> 03:04:40,800
children and possibly even 
larger ones His morning routine,

3345
03:04:40,800 --> 03:04:44,100
involves spectacular, stretching
creative cursing. 

3346
03:04:44,100 --> 03:04:46,700
And the production of what 
appears to be hardtack from his 

3347
03:04:46,700 --> 03:04:49,400
coat pocket. 
He knows on this breakfast with 

3348
03:04:49,400 --> 03:04:51,900
the satisfaction of a man 
accustomed to food that fights 

3349
03:04:51,900 --> 03:04:54,300
back. 
Outside the windows, the 

3350
03:04:54,300 --> 03:04:56,000
landscape has begun to change 
subtly. 

3351
03:04:56,000 --> 03:04:59,800
The neat farmsteads of settled 
Ohio are giving way to wider 

3352
03:04:59,800 --> 03:05:03,000
spaces, more scattered buildings
and longer stretches where 

3353
03:05:03,000 --> 03:05:05,100
civilization seems to have given
up entirely. 

3354
03:05:06,000 --> 03:05:09,100
Your approaching, the real 
Frontier now where the map gets 

3355
03:05:09,100 --> 03:05:11,300
vague and Adventure becomes less
theoretical. 

3356
03:05:12,500 --> 03:05:15,400
The banker consults his pocket 
watch with increasing frequency 

3357
03:05:15,400 --> 03:05:19,500
as if he can somehow accelerate 
the train through sheer temporal

3358
03:05:19,500 --> 03:05:23,400
anxiety. 
His destination is Chicago where

3359
03:05:23,400 --> 03:05:26,100
he has important business that 
apparently cannot wait for the 

3360
03:05:26,100 --> 03:05:29,400
normal pace of steam Locomotion.
He's began muttering 

3361
03:05:29,400 --> 03:05:32,800
calculations under his breath 
working out arrival times with 

3362
03:05:32,800 --> 03:05:35,100
the desperate, Precision of a 
man whose promised to be 

3363
03:05:35,100 --> 03:05:37,800
somewhere specific. 
At a time that's looking 

3364
03:05:37,800 --> 03:05:41,700
increasingly unlikely. 
Around mid-morning the train 

3365
03:05:41,700 --> 03:05:43,800
develops. 
What Frank diplomatically calls 

3366
03:05:43,800 --> 03:05:47,800
a case of the slos. 
The locomotive begins chugging 

3367
03:05:47,800 --> 03:05:51,300
with less enthusiasm like an 
aging horse, that's decided its 

3368
03:05:51,300 --> 03:05:52,700
covered enough ground for one 
day. 

3369
03:05:53,500 --> 03:05:56,300
Your 15 mile per hour. 
Pace drops to something closer 

3370
03:05:56,300 --> 03:05:59,700
to a brisk walk, which means the
energetic squirrels are once 

3371
03:05:59,700 --> 03:06:01,200
again keeping Pace outside your 
window. 

3372
03:06:02,200 --> 03:06:04,600
This mechanical reluctance 
creates what the conductor 

3373
03:06:04,600 --> 03:06:08,200
announces as a brief delay for 
locomotive encouragement, which 

3374
03:06:08,200 --> 03:06:10,300
sounds much more dignified than 
the engine is. 

3375
03:06:10,300 --> 03:06:13,000
Having another breakdown. 
You're learning that railroad 

3376
03:06:13,000 --> 03:06:16,100
terminology exists primarily to 
make mechanical failures sound 

3377
03:06:16,100 --> 03:06:17,800
like deliberate scheduling 
decisions. 

3378
03:06:17,800 --> 03:06:20,400
The delay provides an 
opportunity for extended 

3379
03:06:20,400 --> 03:06:23,700
socializing which by now 
resembles a mobile town hall 

3380
03:06:23,700 --> 03:06:25,900
meeting. 
The preacher has begun holding 

3381
03:06:25,900 --> 03:06:27,800
informal services for anyone 
interested. 

3382
03:06:27,800 --> 03:06:30,900
Well though, his congregation 
mainly consists of immigrants 

3383
03:06:30,900 --> 03:06:33,400
who may not understand his 
words, but seem to appreciate 

3384
03:06:33,400 --> 03:06:35,500
the familiar rhythm of religious
ceremonies. 

3385
03:06:36,500 --> 03:06:40,100
The school mom has started an 
impromptu geography lesson using

3386
03:06:40,100 --> 03:06:42,600
the passing landscape, to 
explain the settlement patterns 

3387
03:06:42,600 --> 03:06:45,800
of the American frontier. 
Her enthusiasm for Education, 

3388
03:06:45,800 --> 03:06:49,000
remains undaunted by her 
audience's mixed interest in 

3389
03:06:49,000 --> 03:06:51,200
learning about soil types and 
river systems. 

3390
03:06:52,200 --> 03:06:55,400
The toddler seems particularly 
fascinated by her chalk which 

3391
03:06:55,400 --> 03:06:58,300
she somehow produced from her 
seemingly magical carpet bag, 

3392
03:06:58,300 --> 03:07:01,600
your fellow passengers have 
developed the easy, familiarity 

3393
03:07:01,600 --> 03:07:04,400
of people who've shared Close 
Quarters and minor Adventures, 

3394
03:07:04,400 --> 03:07:08,000
personal space has become 
acquaint memory and everyone's 

3395
03:07:08,000 --> 03:07:09,500
life story is now common 
knowledge. 

3396
03:07:09,500 --> 03:07:12,900
You know, about the bankers 
three daughters the preacher's 

3397
03:07:12,900 --> 03:07:15,800
mission to bring Salvation to 
Kansas the school moms 

3398
03:07:15,800 --> 03:07:19,400
correspondence with her sister 
in Boston and approximately 47 

3399
03:07:19,400 --> 03:07:22,700
of the Frontiersman. 
Most unlikely Adventures, the 

3400
03:07:22,700 --> 03:07:26,000
stern woman has revealed herself
to be well-traveled offering, 

3401
03:07:26,000 --> 03:07:28,900
commentary on railroad system. 
She's experienced from Baltimore

3402
03:07:28,900 --> 03:07:29,600
to St. 
Louis. 

3403
03:07:30,500 --> 03:07:33,600
Her disapproval, you realize 
comes from extensive experience 

3404
03:07:33,600 --> 03:07:36,400
with the gap between what train 
travel promises and what it 

3405
03:07:36,408 --> 03:07:39,600
actually delivers. 
She's less morally outraged than

3406
03:07:39,600 --> 03:07:42,900
practically disappointed, which 
somehow makes her criticism more

3407
03:07:42,900 --> 03:07:45,900
endearing. 
Lunch consists of the same 

3408
03:07:45,900 --> 03:07:48,300
mysterious substances as 
yesterday though. 

3409
03:07:48,300 --> 03:07:50,700
Frank has managed to erase them 
differently on the plate. 

3410
03:07:50,700 --> 03:07:52,800
Creating the illusion of 
variety. 

3411
03:07:53,800 --> 03:07:56,900
The dining car conversation 
centers on destination fever 

3412
03:07:56,900 --> 03:08:00,400
that peculiar condition that 
affects long-distance Travelers 

3413
03:08:00,400 --> 03:08:01,900
as they approach their Journeys 
end. 

3414
03:08:02,700 --> 03:08:05,500
Everyone has begun talking 
faster planning more 

3415
03:08:05,500 --> 03:08:08,600
enthusiastically, and checking 
their belongings with increasing

3416
03:08:08,600 --> 03:08:11,600
frequency. 
This anticipation appears to 

3417
03:08:11,600 --> 03:08:13,900
have a particularly strong 
impact on immigrants. 

3418
03:08:14,600 --> 03:08:17,500
Their excitement is palpable as 
they recognize that the 

3419
03:08:17,500 --> 03:08:21,100
landscape outside is becoming 
their new home. they point at 

3420
03:08:21,100 --> 03:08:23,700
farms and towns with the 
intensity of people claiming 

3421
03:08:23,700 --> 03:08:26,600
territory with their eyes were 
already, beginning the cycle 

3422
03:08:26,600 --> 03:08:31,500
process of belonging somewhere 
new By afternoons, even the 

3423
03:08:31,500 --> 03:08:33,800
locomotive seems to have caught 
destination fever. 

3424
03:08:34,500 --> 03:08:37,000
Picking up pace with renewed, 
mechanical enthusiasm. 

3425
03:08:37,900 --> 03:08:41,200
Clacking of Wheels takes on a 
more urgent as if the train 

3426
03:08:41,200 --> 03:08:43,000
itself. 
Is eager to reach the end of the

3427
03:08:43,000 --> 03:08:44,500
line. 
And rest its Iron Bones. 

3428
03:08:44,500 --> 03:08:48,000
The final hours of your train 
journey unfold with The Bitter. 

3429
03:08:48,000 --> 03:08:51,900
Sweet quality of all ending's, 
tinged with both relief and an 

3430
03:08:51,900 --> 03:08:54,600
unexpected, Nostalgia for the 
rolling, community of 

3431
03:08:54,600 --> 03:08:58,100
temporarily joined Your 
destination appears on the 

3432
03:08:58,100 --> 03:09:02,300
horizon as a smudge of smoke and
Scattered building's growing 

3433
03:09:02,300 --> 03:09:04,800
larger with each rhythmic of the
wheels. 

3434
03:09:05,900 --> 03:09:08,900
After three days of wondering, 
if you'd ever arrive anywhere, 

3435
03:09:08,900 --> 03:09:12,100
the reality of actually, 
reaching the end of the line 

3436
03:09:12,100 --> 03:09:15,400
feels almost surreal, the 
locomotive seems to sense. 

3437
03:09:15,400 --> 03:09:18,800
Its approaching rest developing,
a more eager Chuck that suggests

3438
03:09:18,800 --> 03:09:21,000
its as ready as you are to stop 
moving for a while. 

3439
03:09:21,700 --> 03:09:23,700
Your body has adapted to 
constant motion. 

3440
03:09:23,700 --> 03:09:26,800
So thoroughly that you suspect, 
you'll spend the next week's 

3441
03:09:26,800 --> 03:09:30,000
swaying slightly while standing 
still like a sailor who's been 

3442
03:09:30,000 --> 03:09:32,900
too long at sea. 
The stern woman has begun. 

3443
03:09:32,900 --> 03:09:35,100
The complex process of 
reassembling herself into 

3444
03:09:35,100 --> 03:09:38,600
traveling order, folding, shawls
and securing belongings with the

3445
03:09:38,600 --> 03:09:40,400
Precision of a general preparing
for battle. 

3446
03:09:41,300 --> 03:09:44,100
A transformation from rumpled 
Passenger, back into the picture

3447
03:09:44,100 --> 03:09:47,400
of Victorian propriety, as 
fascinating to watch involving 

3448
03:09:47,400 --> 03:09:50,100
more pins and strategic tucking 
than you thought humanly 

3449
03:09:50,100 --> 03:09:52,400
possible. 
The traveling salesman is 

3450
03:09:52,400 --> 03:09:54,500
conducting. 
A final inventory of his sample 

3451
03:09:54,500 --> 03:09:57,700
cases probably calculating 
profits and losses from his 

3452
03:09:57,700 --> 03:10:00,800
mobile pharmacy. 
He sold several bottles of his 

3453
03:10:00,800 --> 03:10:03,200
mysterious Elixir to fellow 
passengers though. 

3454
03:10:03,200 --> 03:10:06,000
Whether from genuine belief in 
his products or simply Cabin. 

3455
03:10:06,000 --> 03:10:09,900
Fever induced purchasing 
decisions remains unclear The 

3456
03:10:09,900 --> 03:10:12,400
frontiersmen bought three 
bottles claiming they'd be 

3457
03:10:12,408 --> 03:10:15,700
perfect for trading with Indians
though you suspect he plans to 

3458
03:10:15,700 --> 03:10:18,100
drink them himself. 
Your fellow Travelers. 

3459
03:10:18,100 --> 03:10:21,000
Begin the ritual of exchanging 
addresses and Promises to write,

3460
03:10:21,000 --> 03:10:22,400
though. 
You all know that. 

3461
03:10:22,400 --> 03:10:25,300
Once you step off this train, 
you'll scatter to your separate 

3462
03:10:25,300 --> 03:10:27,600
Destinies and probably never 
cross paths. 

3463
03:10:27,600 --> 03:10:31,700
Again, Still the ritual matters.
These people have become your 

3464
03:10:31,700 --> 03:10:35,300
temporary family bound together 
by shared discomfort and the 

3465
03:10:35,300 --> 03:10:38,100
peculiar intimacy that develops 
and strangers. 

3466
03:10:38,100 --> 03:10:40,500
Attract in close quarters for 
days at a time. 

3467
03:10:41,400 --> 03:10:44,300
The banker, finally, relaxes his
death grip on his pocket watch 

3468
03:10:44,300 --> 03:10:46,600
accepting that he'll arrive when
he arrives. 

3469
03:10:46,600 --> 03:10:49,400
And his Chicago business will 
have to adapt accordingly. 

3470
03:10:50,200 --> 03:10:53,200
His anxiety is transformed into 
philosophical acceptance, 

3471
03:10:53,200 --> 03:10:55,100
though. 
He mentioned several times that 

3472
03:10:55,100 --> 03:10:59,200
he'll never again trust. 
Railroad schedules by people who

3473
03:10:59,200 --> 03:11:01,400
clearly viewed as a flexible 
concept. 

3474
03:11:02,400 --> 03:11:05,300
The preacher has been energized 
by approaching his mission 

3475
03:11:05,300 --> 03:11:07,800
field. 
Speaking with renewed further 

3476
03:11:07,800 --> 03:11:10,500
about bringing civilization and 
salvation to the frontier. 

3477
03:11:11,800 --> 03:11:15,600
With Amusement, the frontiersmen
listens occasionally commenting 

3478
03:11:15,600 --> 03:11:18,800
on the type of Salvation that 
truly comes in handy when 

3479
03:11:18,800 --> 03:11:21,200
confronted with hostile Wildlife
or severe weather. 

3480
03:11:22,100 --> 03:11:24,800
Their ongoing theological debate
has become one of the journeys. 

3481
03:11:24,800 --> 03:11:28,100
Most entertaining features. 
The school man has grown quiet 

3482
03:11:28,100 --> 03:11:31,200
as her destination approaches. 
Perhaps contemplating the 

3483
03:11:31,200 --> 03:11:33,800
reality of teaching Frontier 
children, who may view, book 

3484
03:11:33,800 --> 03:11:35,300
learning as less immediately 
useful. 

3485
03:11:35,300 --> 03:11:37,200
The tracking and shooting 
skills. 

3486
03:11:37,200 --> 03:11:40,900
Her determination remains 
unshakable, but it's now 

3487
03:11:40,900 --> 03:11:43,500
tempered with the Practical, 
understanding that educational 

3488
03:11:43,500 --> 03:11:45,300
takes different forms in 
different places. 

3489
03:11:45,300 --> 03:11:48,400
The immigrants gather, their 
belongings with reverent care, 

3490
03:11:48,400 --> 03:11:52,500
handling their few possessions 
like sacred relics Everything 

3491
03:11:52,500 --> 03:11:56,300
they own in America fits into a 
handful of bags and bundles but 

3492
03:11:56,300 --> 03:11:59,500
their faces shine with the hope 
of people who've successfully 

3493
03:11:59,500 --> 03:12:02,100
crossed an ocean and a continent
to reach their dreams. 

3494
03:12:02,100 --> 03:12:06,200
Their excitement is infectious, 
reminding everyone else that 

3495
03:12:06,200 --> 03:12:09,800
arrival means possibility. 
The toddler has finally worn 

3496
03:12:09,800 --> 03:12:12,700
himself completely out and 
sleeps peacefully in his 

3497
03:12:12,708 --> 03:12:15,800
mother's arms, oblivious to the 
significance of reaching their 

3498
03:12:15,800 --> 03:12:18,200
new home. 
His mother looks out at the 

3499
03:12:18,200 --> 03:12:20,700
approaching town with the mixed 
expression of someone who's 

3500
03:12:20,700 --> 03:12:24,900
relieved the journey as ending. 
Terrified about what comes next.

3501
03:12:26,600 --> 03:12:28,500
As the train begins. 
Its Final Approach. 

3502
03:12:28,500 --> 03:12:32,200
Slowing with a series of gentle 
jerks and extended whistle 

3503
03:12:32,200 --> 03:12:34,600
blasts that announced your 
arrival to the waiting town. 

3504
03:12:34,600 --> 03:12:38,000
You realize that this journey 
has been about more than simply 

3505
03:12:38,000 --> 03:12:39,400
getting from one place to 
another. 

3506
03:12:39,400 --> 03:12:43,500
You've experienced a slice of 
America in transition a country 

3507
03:12:43,500 --> 03:12:45,800
building itself, one mile of 
track at a time. 

3508
03:12:45,808 --> 03:12:49,700
The station appears ahead. 
A simple, wooden building that 

3509
03:12:49,700 --> 03:12:52,200
nevertheless represents the end 
of one adventure, and the 

3510
03:12:52,208 --> 03:12:54,900
beginning of another People wait
on the platform. 

3511
03:12:54,900 --> 03:12:59,000
Some greeting expected arrivals 
other simply curious about who 

3512
03:12:59,000 --> 03:13:01,000
the iron horses delivered to 
their town today. 

3513
03:13:02,500 --> 03:13:05,400
The final stop arrives with a 
ceremony befitting the 

3514
03:13:05,400 --> 03:13:09,600
completion of an Epic Journey. 
Tremendous hiss of steam, the 

3515
03:13:09,600 --> 03:13:13,200
squeal of breaks. 
And one last authoritative jolt 

3516
03:13:13,200 --> 03:13:16,000
that sends everyone reaching for
something solid to grab. 

3517
03:13:16,900 --> 03:13:19,800
Frank appears in the doorway, 
announcing your arrival with the

3518
03:13:19,808 --> 03:13:22,700
satisfaction of a man who 
successfully delivered another 

3519
03:13:22,700 --> 03:13:26,100
load of hopeful Humanity to 
their chosen destination. 

3520
03:13:26,800 --> 03:13:29,600
You gather your carpet bag, 
which somehow feels heavier than

3521
03:13:29,600 --> 03:13:32,800
when you started though, it 
contains exactly the same items.

3522
03:13:34,300 --> 03:13:37,300
It's weighted down with memories
now or maybe you've just grown 

3523
03:13:37,300 --> 03:13:40,200
weaker from three days of train 
food and improvised sleeping. 

3524
03:13:41,000 --> 03:13:44,200
Either way, you're ready to feel
Solid Ground Beneath Your Feet 

3525
03:13:44,200 --> 03:13:47,200
Again? 
You step down onto the platform,

3526
03:13:47,200 --> 03:13:50,600
the absence of constant motion 
feels strange and wonderful. 

3527
03:13:51,500 --> 03:13:55,000
The world has stopped rocking. 
Stopped clacking, and stopped, 

3528
03:13:55,000 --> 03:13:56,800
hissing steam at irregular 
intervals. 

3529
03:13:57,700 --> 03:14:01,400
The silent is almost over after 
days of mechanical conversation,

3530
03:14:01,400 --> 03:14:04,700
your fellow passengers dispersed
with surprising speed 

3531
03:14:04,700 --> 03:14:07,100
reclaiming. 
Their individual identities 

3532
03:14:07,100 --> 03:14:08,800
after days of communal 
existence. 

3533
03:14:08,800 --> 03:14:12,000
The Exchange. 
Final handshakes make last 

3534
03:14:12,000 --> 03:14:14,900
minute address exchanges. 
And make promises to write that 

3535
03:14:14,900 --> 03:14:18,200
they may not keep. 
As if you've passed some sort of

3536
03:14:18,208 --> 03:14:20,000
endurance test, she's been 
administering. 

3537
03:14:20,000 --> 03:14:23,300
The stern woman nods approvingly
at your survival of the journey.

3538
03:14:24,000 --> 03:14:27,500
The locomotive sits steaming 
quietly looking somehow smaller.

3539
03:14:27,500 --> 03:14:30,800
Now, that it's not in motion, 
the mighty Iron Horse, that's 

3540
03:14:30,800 --> 03:14:33,300
been your world for three days, 
is just a machine, again, 

3541
03:14:33,300 --> 03:14:36,500
waiting for its next load of 
passengers and their dreams, 

3542
03:14:36,500 --> 03:14:39,200
your shoulder, your carpet bag 
and walk toward the town. 

3543
03:14:39,200 --> 03:14:42,100
Your legs still slightly 
unsteady from Days of swaying, 

3544
03:14:42,100 --> 03:14:44,800
motion behind you. 
The train whistle blows. 

3545
03:14:44,800 --> 03:14:47,700
One last time. 
A farewell that somehow manages 

3546
03:14:47,700 --> 03:14:50,800
to sound both mournful and 
hopeful the frontier? 

3547
03:14:50,800 --> 03:14:54,100
Stretches ahead full of 
possibility and uncertain and 

3548
03:14:54,100 --> 03:14:57,100
equal measure. 
You've arrived carried here by 

3549
03:14:57,100 --> 03:15:00,300
Steam and steel, and the 
peculiar magic of American 

3550
03:15:00,300 --> 03:15:02,900
optimism. 
Made manifest in iron rails, 

3551
03:15:02,900 --> 03:15:05,600
whatever happens. 
Next, you'll always remember 

3552
03:15:05,600 --> 03:15:08,700
these three days when you travel
into the future at 15 miles per 

3553
03:15:08,700 --> 03:15:11,900
hour, accompanied by the most 
fascinating collection of 

3554
03:15:11,900 --> 03:15:15,900
humanity, you've ever had the 
pleasure to meet The adventure 

3555
03:15:15,900 --> 03:15:27,600
you realize is just beginning. 
You're about to step into the 

3556
03:15:27,600 --> 03:15:31,600
daily rhythms of ancient Egypt. 
Not the Egypt of temples and 

3557
03:15:31,600 --> 03:15:35,400
tombs but the one where most 
people live their entire lives. 

3558
03:15:36,100 --> 03:15:40,200
This is the world shaped by 
sunlight river water and the 

3559
03:15:40,200 --> 03:15:43,600
quiet repetition of work that 
sustained civilization for 

3560
03:15:43,600 --> 03:15:47,500
thousands of years. 
You wake when light begins 

3561
03:15:47,500 --> 03:15:49,300
filtering through the doorway of
your home? 

3562
03:15:49,300 --> 03:15:53,000
There's no sudden alarm. 
No jolt into Consciousness. 

3563
03:15:53,000 --> 03:15:57,400
Instead, you gradually become 
aware of the sounds around you. 

3564
03:15:58,200 --> 03:16:02,800
Footsteps on packed Earth, the 
soft voices of neighbors already

3565
03:16:02,800 --> 03:16:06,400
moving about and the distant 
call of birds along the river. 

3566
03:16:07,300 --> 03:16:10,100
Your body knows the Rhythm 
without needing to think about 

3567
03:16:10,100 --> 03:16:13,800
it. 
The sun rises and so, do you. 

3568
03:16:13,800 --> 03:16:20,500
The first task is always water. 
You take a clay vessel once 

3569
03:16:20,500 --> 03:16:23,800
smooth from years of use and 
walk the familiar path toward 

3570
03:16:23,800 --> 03:16:26,300
the Nile. 
The ground beneath your feet is 

3571
03:16:26,300 --> 03:16:29,300
hard and warm already even in 
the early morning. 

3572
03:16:30,000 --> 03:16:32,600
He passed the same houses. 
You've passed every day of your 

3573
03:16:32,600 --> 03:16:35,600
life, their mud brick walls, the
color of the earth. 

3574
03:16:35,600 --> 03:16:38,400
They came from some doorways are
already open. 

3575
03:16:38,400 --> 03:16:41,100
Others remain dim inside 
waiting. 

3576
03:16:41,100 --> 03:16:44,200
For the heat of the eight. 
Pull people Outdoors at the 

3577
03:16:44,200 --> 03:16:47,300
Rivers Edge. 
You crouch and dip The Vessel 

3578
03:16:47,300 --> 03:16:51,100
into the current The water is 
cool and brown with silt. 

3579
03:16:51,100 --> 03:16:53,200
You fill the jar? 
Carefully. 

3580
03:16:53,200 --> 03:16:57,100
Knowing its weight when full and
carry it back the way you came. 

3581
03:16:57,900 --> 03:17:01,100
This journey repeats itself 
throughout the day, every day, 

3582
03:17:01,100 --> 03:17:06,000
in every season, water, for 
drinking water, for cooking and 

3583
03:17:06,000 --> 03:17:09,800
water for mixing with clay or 
wetting down the floor to settle

3584
03:17:09,800 --> 03:17:13,300
dust. 
The Nile provides and you carry 

3585
03:17:13,300 --> 03:17:15,900
what it offers. 
Your home is small and 

3586
03:17:15,900 --> 03:17:19,700
practical, the walls are thick 
mud brick, which keeps the 

3587
03:17:19,700 --> 03:17:21,500
interior cooler than the air 
outside. 

3588
03:17:21,500 --> 03:17:26,200
The floor is packed Earth, 
sometimes covered with woven 

3589
03:17:26,200 --> 03:17:28,400
mats. 
There are no windows in the way 

3590
03:17:28,400 --> 03:17:31,500
you might imagine them just 
small opening near the roof that

3591
03:17:31,500 --> 03:17:35,100
lets smoke a skate and allow a 
little air to move through most 

3592
03:17:35,100 --> 03:17:38,600
of your life happens outside 
these walls, the house is for 

3593
03:17:38,600 --> 03:17:42,800
sleeping for storage and for 
shelter, when the sun is too 

3594
03:17:42,800 --> 03:17:45,900
fears or the rare rain comes, 
it's not where you spend your 

3595
03:17:45,900 --> 03:17:48,200
waking hours, you eat something 
simple. 

3596
03:17:48,200 --> 03:17:52,500
In the morning bread, if there 
is bread, perhaps an onion, 

3597
03:17:52,500 --> 03:17:56,600
maybe a handful of dates if the 
season is right, you don't sit 

3598
03:17:56,600 --> 03:18:01,200
down for this meal in any formal
way, you eat standing or while 

3599
03:18:01,200 --> 03:18:04,400
preparing for the day's work or 
while checking on what needs 

3600
03:18:04,400 --> 03:18:07,300
doing. 
Food is fuel and the morning 

3601
03:18:07,300 --> 03:18:11,300
portion is just enough to begin.
The work of the day, depends on 

3602
03:18:11,300 --> 03:18:14,400
the season, and the river. 
If the Nile is in flood, the 

3603
03:18:14,400 --> 03:18:17,500
fields are underwater, and you 
do other things, you repair 

3604
03:18:17,500 --> 03:18:20,000
tools. 
We've maps work on your house or

3605
03:18:20,000 --> 03:18:21,900
help with larger Community 
projects. 

3606
03:18:21,900 --> 03:18:26,100
If the water has receded and 
planting time, has come here in 

3607
03:18:26,108 --> 03:18:28,900
the fields from early morning, 
until the heat, makes it unwise 

3608
03:18:28,900 --> 03:18:31,900
to continue. 
If it's harvest season, the work

3609
03:18:31,900 --> 03:18:34,800
is constant and shared among 
everyone who can help. 

3610
03:18:35,700 --> 03:18:39,000
Feels or not your own in the way
you might think of ownership 

3611
03:18:39,000 --> 03:18:41,800
today. 
They belong to someone else, or 

3612
03:18:41,800 --> 03:18:46,100
to the temple, or to the state. 
You work them because that's the

3613
03:18:46,100 --> 03:18:49,700
arrangement and in return you 
keep a portion of what's grown. 

3614
03:18:49,700 --> 03:18:54,200
It's not a system you question. 
It's simply how things are and 

3615
03:18:54,200 --> 03:18:57,400
have always been you walk to the
fields with others from your 

3616
03:18:57,400 --> 03:19:02,500
village, carrying the tools 
you'll need a hoe perhaps or a 

3617
03:19:02,500 --> 03:19:04,800
sickle. 
The tools are simple and heavy 

3618
03:19:04,800 --> 03:19:08,400
made from wood and stone or 
sometimes bronze if you're 

3619
03:19:08,400 --> 03:19:11,300
fortunate. 
They've been used before and 

3620
03:19:11,300 --> 03:19:14,600
will be used again, you know 
their weight and balance as well

3621
03:19:14,600 --> 03:19:18,600
as you know, your own hands. 
In the field, you work in a 

3622
03:19:18,600 --> 03:19:22,800
rhythm that's almost meditative,
Bend strike the earth move 

3623
03:19:22,800 --> 03:19:27,200
forward, bend cut the stalks and
gather them in your arm. 

3624
03:19:27,200 --> 03:19:30,400
The Motions are the same. 
Every time your mind wanders, 

3625
03:19:30,400 --> 03:19:33,500
while your body continues, you 
think about nothing in 

3626
03:19:33,500 --> 03:19:36,900
particular or about everything. 
The other workers, nearby. 

3627
03:19:36,900 --> 03:19:40,600
The quality of this year's crop,
whether your child is helping at

3628
03:19:40,600 --> 03:19:43,900
home or playing near the river 
and What needs repairing before 

3629
03:19:43,900 --> 03:19:48,600
the next flood comes The sun 
climbs higher, the air grows 

3630
03:19:48,600 --> 03:19:51,400
heavier. 
Sweat runs down your back and 

3631
03:19:51,400 --> 03:19:55,900
soaks into the simple linear. 
You don't stop but you slow down

3632
03:19:55,900 --> 03:19:59,200
everyone slows. 
There's no point in pushing, 

3633
03:19:59,200 --> 03:20:02,800
when the heat is eat, its peak, 
you'll only exhaust yourself and

3634
03:20:02,800 --> 03:20:06,400
the work will still be there. 
When the sun is directly 

3635
03:20:06,400 --> 03:20:10,400
overhead, you stop. 
You find shade, if there's any 

3636
03:20:10,400 --> 03:20:14,200
to be found under a tree near a 
wall anywhere. 

3637
03:20:14,200 --> 03:20:17,100
The sun isn't touching directly.
You sit down. 

3638
03:20:17,100 --> 03:20:19,800
You drink water from a shared 
jar. 

3639
03:20:20,600 --> 03:20:21,600
You might eat a little 
something. 

3640
03:20:21,600 --> 03:20:24,900
Well, you might just rest and 
wait for the worst of the heat 

3641
03:20:24,900 --> 03:20:27,400
to pass. 
This pause is expected. 

3642
03:20:27,400 --> 03:20:30,500
It's built into the day as 
surely as the Sunrise. 

3643
03:20:30,500 --> 03:20:34,100
No one rushes through it. 
You sit with your neighbor's and

3644
03:20:34,100 --> 03:20:38,200
sometimes you talk and sometimes
you don't. the conversation when

3645
03:20:38,200 --> 03:20:41,400
it happens is about ordinary 
things, whose roof needs 

3646
03:20:41,400 --> 03:20:44,800
patching, how the bread turned 
out this morning, whether the 

3647
03:20:44,800 --> 03:20:48,600
water level seems higher or 
lower than last year, After a 

3648
03:20:48,600 --> 03:20:52,400
while you return to work, the 
sun is still fierce, but it's 

3649
03:20:52,400 --> 03:20:55,600
beginning. 
Its long Arc downward, you can 

3650
03:20:55,600 --> 03:20:58,400
feel the difference even if it's
not cooler yet. 

3651
03:20:59,400 --> 03:21:01,900
You know, the afternoon will 
eventually give way to evening 

3652
03:21:01,900 --> 03:21:04,300
and that knowledge makes the 
work bearable. 

3653
03:21:05,000 --> 03:21:07,000
You can continue until the light
begins to soften. 

3654
03:21:07,000 --> 03:21:11,900
There's no precise end to the 
work day, you simply notice that

3655
03:21:11,900 --> 03:21:14,600
others are gathering their tools
and you do the same. 

3656
03:21:14,600 --> 03:21:18,400
You walk back to the Village 
together tired in a way that 

3657
03:21:18,400 --> 03:21:22,600
feels familiar and not 
unpleasant. your body aches, but

3658
03:21:22,600 --> 03:21:24,900
it's supposed to This is what 
work. 

3659
03:21:24,900 --> 03:21:28,200
Feels like the village is 
stirring with a different kind 

3660
03:21:28,200 --> 03:21:30,900
of activity. 
Now, smoke rises from cooking 

3661
03:21:30,900 --> 03:21:34,400
fires children who were occupied
during the day are suddenly 

3662
03:21:34,400 --> 03:21:37,500
everywhere playing in the narrow
spaces between houses. 

3663
03:21:37,500 --> 03:21:41,800
You can hear their voices high 
and quick as they chase each 

3664
03:21:41,800 --> 03:21:44,200
other or argue over something 
that won't matter. 

3665
03:21:44,200 --> 03:21:47,500
Tomorrow you go to your own home
and set down your tools. 

3666
03:21:47,500 --> 03:21:50,900
You check, what needs checking, 
whether there's grain for 

3667
03:21:50,900 --> 03:21:54,300
tomorrow, whether the water jar 
is full, were there anything in 

3668
03:21:54,300 --> 03:21:56,500
the house is shifted or broken 
during the day? 

3669
03:21:57,400 --> 03:22:00,400
The small inspections happen 
without conscious thought 

3670
03:22:00,400 --> 03:22:05,300
they're part of coming home. 
As evening arrives, you are 

3671
03:22:05,300 --> 03:22:08,000
aware of the temperature, 
finally dropping the air, that 

3672
03:22:08,000 --> 03:22:10,000
was stifling all afternoon, 
begins to move. 

3673
03:22:10,700 --> 03:22:14,000
You can breathe more easily. 
You sit outside your door or 

3674
03:22:14,000 --> 03:22:16,200
near it, and watch the sky 
change colors. 

3675
03:22:16,200 --> 03:22:20,800
This is not leisure in any 
intentional sense, you'll simply

3676
03:22:20,800 --> 03:22:24,100
done with the days labor and 
there's nothing urgent left to 

3677
03:22:24,100 --> 03:22:27,000
do before dark. 
Other people are nearby doing 

3678
03:22:27,000 --> 03:22:30,800
the same thing. 
Sitting talking quietly watching

3679
03:22:30,800 --> 03:22:32,600
their children. 
Mending something small. 

3680
03:22:33,600 --> 03:22:36,600
The Village settles in to this 
in between time when work is 

3681
03:22:36,608 --> 03:22:38,600
finished, but sleep hasn't yet 
arrived. 

3682
03:22:38,600 --> 03:22:41,300
It's peaceful and unremarkable 
way. 

3683
03:22:41,300 --> 03:22:44,900
You're not thinking about how 
peaceful it is, you're just 

3684
03:22:44,908 --> 03:22:48,500
their part of it. 
The river is always present, 

3685
03:22:48,500 --> 03:22:51,100
even when you can't see it, you 
hear it. 

3686
03:22:51,100 --> 03:22:55,400
Sometimes a low constant sound 
beneath everything else, you 

3687
03:22:55,400 --> 03:22:57,400
smell the mud and vegetation 
that line? 

3688
03:22:57,400 --> 03:22:59,900
Its banks. 
Your whole life is oriented 

3689
03:22:59,900 --> 03:23:05,000
around it when it floods, when 
it recedes, what it brings and 

3690
03:23:05,000 --> 03:23:08,400
what it takes away The Nile is 
the reason you're here at all. 

3691
03:23:08,400 --> 03:23:12,400
The reason anyone is here, But 
you don't think of it in Grand 

3692
03:23:12,400 --> 03:23:14,500
terms. 
It's just the river doing what 

3693
03:23:14,500 --> 03:23:19,700
rivers do when full darkness. 
Comes you go inside, you lie 

3694
03:23:19,700 --> 03:23:23,200
down on your sleeping mat. 
The day is over and tomorrow 

3695
03:23:23,200 --> 03:23:26,900
will be much the same. 
This sameness is not monotonous.

3696
03:23:26,900 --> 03:23:29,900
It's reliable. 
It's the structure that holds 

3697
03:23:29,900 --> 03:23:33,400
your life in place, you sleep 
deeply, without worry about 

3698
03:23:33,400 --> 03:23:36,300
what's coming. 
You know what's coming, the sun 

3699
03:23:36,300 --> 03:23:39,500
will rise your fetch water, your
work, you'll rest when it's too 

3700
03:23:39,500 --> 03:23:43,100
hot, you'll return home. 
When the light Fades, the Nile 

3701
03:23:43,100 --> 03:23:47,100
will continue its cycle, and 
you'll continue yours link to it

3702
03:23:47,100 --> 03:23:49,100
in ways. 
So fundamental, you never need 

3703
03:23:49,100 --> 03:23:51,800
to speak of them. 
Your house needs constant 

3704
03:23:51,800 --> 03:23:53,800
attention. 
The mud brick walls. 

3705
03:23:53,800 --> 03:23:55,900
That keep you. 
Sheltered are made from the same

3706
03:23:55,900 --> 03:23:58,100
Earth. 
You walk on mixed with water and

3707
03:23:58,100 --> 03:24:01,000
straw and dried in the sun over 
time. 

3708
03:24:01,000 --> 03:24:05,800
They crack rain rare. 
As it is, softens them the 

3709
03:24:05,800 --> 03:24:09,200
corners where walls meet begin 
to crumble, You repair these 

3710
03:24:09,200 --> 03:24:13,000
spots whenever you notice them 
mixing, fresh mud, and pressing 

3711
03:24:13,000 --> 03:24:16,000
it into place with your hands. 
The process is straightforward. 

3712
03:24:16,000 --> 03:24:19,600
You gather Earth from a spot 
near your home, where it has the

3713
03:24:19,600 --> 03:24:23,000
right consistency. 
You add water until the mixture 

3714
03:24:23,000 --> 03:24:25,200
is thick enough to hold 
together, but wet enough to 

3715
03:24:25,200 --> 03:24:28,000
shake. 
You work in chopped straw, which

3716
03:24:28,000 --> 03:24:29,900
keeps the mud from splitting as 
it dries. 

3717
03:24:29,900 --> 03:24:32,300
Then you press it into the 
damaged area. 

3718
03:24:32,300 --> 03:24:35,500
Smoothing it with your palms, 
you leave it to harden in the 

3719
03:24:35,508 --> 03:24:38,800
Sun and in a day or two its 
solid again, nearly 

3720
03:24:38,800 --> 03:24:41,000
indistinguishable from the rest 
of the wall. 

3721
03:24:41,700 --> 03:24:44,900
This kind of repair happens, so 
often it barely registers as a 

3722
03:24:44,908 --> 03:24:48,500
task. 
You see a crack forming and the 

3723
03:24:48,500 --> 03:24:50,600
next time you have a free 
moment, you fix it. 

3724
03:24:51,500 --> 03:24:53,300
No one taught you this in a 
formal way. 

3725
03:24:53,300 --> 03:24:56,400
You watched others doing it? 
When you were young and 

3726
03:24:56,400 --> 03:25:00,000
eventually you did it yourself? 
That's how most skills pass from

3727
03:25:00,000 --> 03:25:03,400
one person to another. 
The roof of your house is made 

3728
03:25:03,400 --> 03:25:06,300
from wooden beams covered with 
reeds and packed mud. 

3729
03:25:06,300 --> 03:25:10,800
It's flat, which makes it useful
for drying things, or storing 

3730
03:25:10,800 --> 03:25:12,600
items. 
You don't need immediate access 

3731
03:25:12,600 --> 03:25:16,400
to, But it also means that any 
water that falls on it, tends to

3732
03:25:16,400 --> 03:25:18,600
pool. 
And over time this weekends the 

3733
03:25:18,600 --> 03:25:22,500
structure You check the roof 
regularly adding fresh mud, 

3734
03:25:22,500 --> 03:25:25,700
where it's warm thin replacing 
reads that have rotted. 

3735
03:25:25,700 --> 03:25:28,100
Getting up onto the roof, 
involves climbing. 

3736
03:25:28,100 --> 03:25:31,900
The outside wall using smaller, 
regularities, in the brick as 

3737
03:25:31,900 --> 03:25:35,900
footholds. you've done this so 
many times that your hands and 

3738
03:25:35,900 --> 03:25:39,400
feet know where to go without 
looking once you're up there, 

3739
03:25:39,400 --> 03:25:43,600
you can see a cross the village 
other flat roofs, narrow 

3740
03:25:43,600 --> 03:25:47,400
Pathways between houses the 
fields Beyond and in the 

3741
03:25:47,408 --> 03:25:51,000
distance, the ribbon of green 
that marks the Nile You spend 

3742
03:25:51,000 --> 03:25:54,300
time up here when repairs are 
needed, spreading mud evenly, 

3743
03:25:54,300 --> 03:25:58,200
pressing it down and making sure
there are no gaps where water 

3744
03:25:58,200 --> 03:26:01,500
might seep through. 
Its hot work under the full sun 

3745
03:26:01,500 --> 03:26:05,200
but its necessary. 
A weak roof means a wet house 

3746
03:26:05,200 --> 03:26:07,300
when the rains come and a wet 
house. 

3747
03:26:07,300 --> 03:26:09,400
Brings more problems than you 
want to deal with. 

3748
03:26:10,400 --> 03:26:12,900
Your tools are few and you take 
care of them. 

3749
03:26:12,900 --> 03:26:16,500
A wooden hoe with a stone blade 
lashed to it with cord. 

3750
03:26:17,400 --> 03:26:21,100
Sickle is made the same way a 
grinding stone for grain. 

3751
03:26:21,100 --> 03:26:25,700
A fire drill for starting Flames
each of these objects represent,

3752
03:26:25,700 --> 03:26:29,100
significant effort to make or 
acquire, so you don't treat them

3753
03:26:29,100 --> 03:26:31,900
carelessly. 
When The Binding on your home, 

3754
03:26:31,900 --> 03:26:35,900
begins to loosen you replace it.
you soak strips of leather or 

3755
03:26:35,900 --> 03:26:39,200
Twisted plant fiber until 
they're pliable, then wrap them 

3756
03:26:39,200 --> 03:26:43,200
tightly around the joint where 
would meet Stone As they dry, 

3757
03:26:43,200 --> 03:26:46,900
they shrink and hold. 
Everything firmly in place you 

3758
03:26:46,900 --> 03:26:49,900
test the tool, by pressing it 
against the ground, putting 

3759
03:26:49,900 --> 03:26:53,200
weight on it, and making sure it
won't come apart during use. 

3760
03:26:53,200 --> 03:26:57,000
If a tool breaks Beyond Simple 
repair, you have to make a new 

3761
03:26:57,008 --> 03:27:00,400
one or trade for it. 
Making one yourself means 

3762
03:27:00,400 --> 03:27:03,300
finding the right materials. 
Would that strong enough? 

3763
03:27:03,300 --> 03:27:05,200
But not too brittle. 
Stone. 

3764
03:27:05,200 --> 03:27:06,900
That can be shaped into a useful
Edge. 

3765
03:27:07,700 --> 03:27:10,200
Fiber, that can be twisted into 
sturdy chord. 

3766
03:27:11,000 --> 03:27:13,100
These materials aren't always 
easy to come by. 

3767
03:27:13,100 --> 03:27:16,000
You keep an eye out for them as 
you move through your daily 

3768
03:27:16,000 --> 03:27:19,800
routines and when you find 
something suitable you set it 

3769
03:27:19,800 --> 03:27:22,300
aside for when it's needed. 
Pottery is another constant 

3770
03:27:22,300 --> 03:27:26,000
effort you use clay vessels for 
everything storing grain 

3771
03:27:26,000 --> 03:27:28,200
carrying water, cooking and 
serving food. 

3772
03:27:29,100 --> 03:27:32,200
Their fragile despite their 
thickness and they crack or 

3773
03:27:32,200 --> 03:27:35,200
break regularly. 
You can patch small cracks with 

3774
03:27:35,200 --> 03:27:37,400
a paste made from finely ground,
clay and water. 

3775
03:27:37,400 --> 03:27:40,400
But a vessel that's broken in 
half is useless. 

3776
03:27:41,300 --> 03:27:43,200
When you need a new pot, you 
make it yourself. 

3777
03:27:43,200 --> 03:27:46,900
If you know how you trade for 
one with someone who specializes

3778
03:27:46,900 --> 03:27:50,100
in pottery. 
The process of making Pottery is

3779
03:27:50,100 --> 03:27:53,300
time-consuming. 
You dig clay from a spot where 

3780
03:27:53,300 --> 03:27:57,100
it's plentiful clean out any 
stones or debris and work it 

3781
03:27:57,100 --> 03:27:58,600
with your hands until it's 
smooth. 

3782
03:27:59,500 --> 03:28:03,200
Then you shape it, either by 
coiling long rolls of clay into 

3783
03:28:03,200 --> 03:28:06,500
a spiral that you smooth 
together or by pressing the clay

3784
03:28:06,500 --> 03:28:11,400
against a mold. once shaped the 
pot, has to dry slowly in the 

3785
03:28:11,408 --> 03:28:16,400
shade, if it dries too quickly, 
it cracks When it's fully dry, 

3786
03:28:16,400 --> 03:28:20,300
it goes into a fire to harden. 
You build the fire carefully 

3787
03:28:20,300 --> 03:28:23,500
getting it hot enough to 
transform the clay, but not so 

3788
03:28:23,500 --> 03:28:27,200
hot that everything shatters it 
takes experience to know when 

3789
03:28:27,200 --> 03:28:29,800
the temperature is, right. 
Some pots survive. 

3790
03:28:29,800 --> 03:28:33,400
This process. 
Some don't weaving his work. 

3791
03:28:33,400 --> 03:28:36,700
That happens in the small spaces
of time, between other tasks. 

3792
03:28:37,500 --> 03:28:40,200
You sit outside your door with a
bundle of plant fibers. 

3793
03:28:40,200 --> 03:28:44,800
Usually flax or reads and twist 
them together into cord, or 

3794
03:28:44,800 --> 03:28:48,500
weave them into mats or baskets.
Your hands move automatically, 

3795
03:28:48,500 --> 03:28:52,700
keeping tension, even creating a
pattern that's both functional 

3796
03:28:52,700 --> 03:28:56,200
and familiar. 
Mats serve many purposes. 

3797
03:28:56,200 --> 03:29:00,100
They cover the floor of your 
house, they become bedding. 

3798
03:29:00,100 --> 03:29:04,400
You use them to sit on to dry 
Grain on and to wrap things for 

3799
03:29:04,400 --> 03:29:06,900
storage. 
They wear out quickly with 

3800
03:29:06,900 --> 03:29:09,200
constant use, so you're always 
making more. 

3801
03:29:10,100 --> 03:29:13,100
The process is calming. 
You don't have to think about 

3802
03:29:13,100 --> 03:29:16,800
it, much your fingers, know what
to do and your mind drifts. 

3803
03:29:17,600 --> 03:29:21,200
Baskets and more structured and 
take longer you leave them tight

3804
03:29:21,200 --> 03:29:23,300
enough to hold small grains or 
dried Goods. 

3805
03:29:24,400 --> 03:29:27,500
Larger looser. 
Baskets can carry vegetables or 

3806
03:29:27,500 --> 03:29:29,900
tools. 
Each basket has a purpose. 

3807
03:29:29,900 --> 03:29:32,000
You make them to fit that 
purpose. 

3808
03:29:32,000 --> 03:29:35,000
A shallow wide basket for 
winnowing grain. 

3809
03:29:35,900 --> 03:29:38,200
Tool narrow one for carrying 
loads on your head. 

3810
03:29:39,100 --> 03:29:42,400
Sturdy one with a flat bottom 
for setting down and filling. 

3811
03:29:43,300 --> 03:29:46,000
Clothing is simple and requires 
little maintenance. 

3812
03:29:46,000 --> 03:29:50,500
You wear a basic lining, garment
usually just a length of fabric 

3813
03:29:50,500 --> 03:29:53,900
wrapped around your body. 
It gets dirty with sweat and 

3814
03:29:53,900 --> 03:29:55,700
dust. 
So you wash it when you can 

3815
03:29:56,700 --> 03:29:59,500
Washing means taking it to the 
river soaking. 

3816
03:29:59,500 --> 03:30:03,400
It beating it against rocks and 
laying it flat in the sun to 

3817
03:30:03,400 --> 03:30:06,700
dry. 
The linen Fades and weakens over

3818
03:30:06,700 --> 03:30:08,800
time. 
And eventually you need new 

3819
03:30:08,800 --> 03:30:11,800
cloth. 
Making cloth is a lengthy 

3820
03:30:11,800 --> 03:30:15,500
process. 
First Flats plants, have to be 

3821
03:30:15,500 --> 03:30:18,900
grown and harvested, then 
they're soaked in water until 

3822
03:30:18,900 --> 03:30:21,100
the fibers can be separated from
the stems. 

3823
03:30:21,900 --> 03:30:25,700
The fibers are dried combed 
smooth and spun into thread 

3824
03:30:25,700 --> 03:30:29,200
using a hand spindle. 
The thread is woven on a simple 

3825
03:30:29,200 --> 03:30:33,700
Loom into fabric, every step 
takes time and attention because

3826
03:30:33,700 --> 03:30:37,100
of this you don't waste cloth. 
When a garment becomes too worn 

3827
03:30:37,100 --> 03:30:40,200
to wear, he cut it into strips 
and use it for other things. 

3828
03:30:40,200 --> 03:30:43,400
Binding, tools, wiping surfaces 
patching. 

3829
03:30:43,400 --> 03:30:47,500
Other items fire is essential 
and maintaining it is part of 

3830
03:30:47,500 --> 03:30:50,700
daily work. 
You keep a small half area in 

3831
03:30:50,700 --> 03:30:53,800
your home or just outside where 
you build Fires for cooking and 

3832
03:30:53,800 --> 03:30:58,000
warmth on cool evenings. 
Starting a fire from scratch is 

3833
03:30:58,000 --> 03:31:01,300
tedious. 
You use a fire drill a pointed 

3834
03:31:01,308 --> 03:31:04,200
stick rotated quickly against a 
flat piece of wood. 

3835
03:31:04,200 --> 03:31:07,600
Creating friction that 
eventually produces an ember. 

3836
03:31:08,500 --> 03:31:12,100
You transfer the Ember to a 
bundle of dry Tinder and blow 

3837
03:31:12,100 --> 03:31:16,300
gently until it catches Flame. 
Because starting a fire this 

3838
03:31:16,300 --> 03:31:18,600
way. 
Takes effort, you try not to let

3839
03:31:18,600 --> 03:31:22,000
your fire go out. 
Completely You Bank the coals at

3840
03:31:22,000 --> 03:31:24,900
night, covering them, with Ash 
to slow their burning. 

3841
03:31:24,900 --> 03:31:28,700
And in the morning, you uncover 
them and add kindling to bring 

3842
03:31:28,700 --> 03:31:32,300
the Flames back. 
If the fire does go out, you can

3843
03:31:32,300 --> 03:31:34,800
get an ember from a neighbor 
rather than starting from 

3844
03:31:34,800 --> 03:31:38,200
nothing fuel for the fire comes 
from what ever is available 

3845
03:31:38,200 --> 03:31:41,400
dried reads straw and animal 
dung. 

3846
03:31:41,400 --> 03:31:44,500
That's been dried into cakes. 
Would his less common in this 

3847
03:31:44,508 --> 03:31:47,100
part of the world. 
So you use it sparingly, you 

3848
03:31:47,100 --> 03:31:49,300
learn to build fires that are 
just hot enough for what you 

3849
03:31:49,300 --> 03:31:53,700
need, boiling water, baking 
bread warming, the house without

3850
03:31:53,700 --> 03:31:57,300
wasting fuel. 
Your storage area, where the 

3851
03:31:57,308 --> 03:31:59,700
inside your home, or in a small 
separate structure. 

3852
03:31:59,700 --> 03:32:04,800
Holds the things you've gathered
made jars of grain, bundles of 

3853
03:32:04,808 --> 03:32:09,300
dried reads extra tools pots 
that are cracked, but might 

3854
03:32:09,300 --> 03:32:13,000
still be useful for something. 
You organize, these items in a 

3855
03:32:13,008 --> 03:32:15,700
way that makes sense to you 
though to an outsider. 

3856
03:32:15,700 --> 03:32:18,800
It might look like chaos. 
You check the grain. 

3857
03:32:18,800 --> 03:32:22,600
Regularly insects and mice. 
Are constant problems. 

3858
03:32:22,600 --> 03:32:26,800
You set traps. 
You inspect the storage jars and

3859
03:32:26,800 --> 03:32:29,300
you move grain from one 
container to another if you 

3860
03:32:29,308 --> 03:32:33,200
suspect contamination. 
Losing grain means going hungry 

3861
03:32:33,200 --> 03:32:35,900
later, so you're Vigilant about 
protecting it. 

3862
03:32:36,700 --> 03:32:40,200
Every object in your home has 
been made by hand either yours 

3863
03:32:40,200 --> 03:32:43,300
or someone else's. 
There's nothing mass produced, 

3864
03:32:43,300 --> 03:32:45,600
nothing. 
Identical to the object in the 

3865
03:32:45,600 --> 03:32:48,000
house. 
Next door, each jar has its own 

3866
03:32:48,000 --> 03:32:51,200
slighter regularity. 
Each basket is a little 

3867
03:32:51,208 --> 03:32:54,300
different. 
Each tool, fits your hand in its

3868
03:32:54,300 --> 03:32:57,700
own specific way. 
This gives your possessions a 

3869
03:32:57,700 --> 03:33:00,600
kind of individuality though, 
you don't think of it that way, 

3870
03:33:00,600 --> 03:33:04,400
they're just your things shape 
by use and necessity. 

3871
03:33:05,300 --> 03:33:08,800
Repair and maintenance form, a 
constant background to your 

3872
03:33:08,800 --> 03:33:11,700
life. 
Something is always wearing out 

3873
03:33:11,700 --> 03:33:16,700
breaking or needing attention. 
You respond to these needs as 

3874
03:33:16,700 --> 03:33:20,400
they arise and in doing so you 
keep your household running, 

3875
03:33:20,400 --> 03:33:24,900
it's not dramatic work. 
It's the steady repetitive 

3876
03:33:24,900 --> 03:33:28,100
effort that makes survival 
possible in a world where 

3877
03:33:28,100 --> 03:33:31,800
nothing is permanent. 
And Everything requires care, 

3878
03:33:31,800 --> 03:33:34,700
you live in close, proximity to 
your family. 

3879
03:33:35,600 --> 03:33:39,700
Multiple Generations, often 
share the same small house or 

3880
03:33:39,700 --> 03:33:43,700
cluster of houses built so near 
to each other, that the walls 

3881
03:33:43,700 --> 03:33:48,300
nearly touch your parents, your 
siblings, your children, your 

3882
03:33:48,300 --> 03:33:52,300
spouse, everyone's movements, 
and routines overlap with yours.

3883
03:33:52,300 --> 03:33:57,200
Privacy is not something you 
expect or even think about life 

3884
03:33:57,200 --> 03:34:01,300
is communal by necessity. 
Children are everywhere in the 

3885
03:34:01,300 --> 03:34:04,800
village and they belong to 
everyone in a certain sense. 

3886
03:34:04,800 --> 03:34:08,200
You watch your neighbor's child 
as readily as your own. 

3887
03:34:08,900 --> 03:34:12,700
You correct behavior when needed
you offer food, if a child seems

3888
03:34:12,700 --> 03:34:16,700
hungry and you keep an eye out 
for danger other adults, do the 

3889
03:34:16,700 --> 03:34:20,400
same for your children. 
This shared responsibility means

3890
03:34:20,400 --> 03:34:23,100
no. 
Child is ever truly unsupervised

3891
03:34:23,100 --> 03:34:25,400
even when their own parents are 
busy. 

3892
03:34:26,300 --> 03:34:28,400
When you work, your children are
nearby. 

3893
03:34:29,300 --> 03:34:32,800
If they're very young, they stay
close to the house, while you do

3894
03:34:32,800 --> 03:34:35,100
tasks that allow you to keep 
them in sight. 

3895
03:34:35,800 --> 03:34:39,300
As they get older, they follow 
you to the fields or Workshop, 

3896
03:34:39,300 --> 03:34:41,900
not to play, but to learn by 
watching. 

3897
03:34:43,000 --> 03:34:46,300
They see how you hold, a tool, 
how you pace yourself, through a

3898
03:34:46,300 --> 03:34:49,700
Long, Day's Work and how you 
solve small problems as they 

3899
03:34:49,708 --> 03:34:52,000
arise. 
You don't teach in the way that 

3900
03:34:52,000 --> 03:34:53,600
involves sitting down and 
explaining. 

3901
03:34:53,600 --> 03:34:57,700
Instead you demonstrate, you let
the child try. 

3902
03:34:57,700 --> 03:35:00,300
You, correct. 
Their grip or their technique, 

3903
03:35:00,300 --> 03:35:03,000
not harshly, but matter of 
factly. 

3904
03:35:03,700 --> 03:35:08,000
Over time, they improve by the 
time, they're old enough to be, 

3905
03:35:08,000 --> 03:35:10,700
truly useful. 
They already know most of what 

3906
03:35:10,700 --> 03:35:13,900
they need to know. 
Your extended family shares 

3907
03:35:13,900 --> 03:35:16,700
resources. 
If your household has extra 

3908
03:35:16,700 --> 03:35:19,800
grain, after a good harvest, you
share it with a brother or 

3909
03:35:19,800 --> 03:35:23,800
cousin, who's crop was less. 
Abundant If your neighbor has a 

3910
03:35:23,800 --> 03:35:27,300
tool you need, you borrow it and
you lend yours when asked. 

3911
03:35:28,100 --> 03:35:31,600
This exchange happens fluidly 
without formal agreements. 

3912
03:35:31,600 --> 03:35:35,900
You keep tracking your mind and 
over time things balance out 

3913
03:35:36,700 --> 03:35:40,500
Elderly members of the family 
remain part of the household, if

3914
03:35:40,500 --> 03:35:43,500
they can no longer work in the 
fields, they do lighter tasks. 

3915
03:35:43,500 --> 03:35:48,400
They watched children, prepare 
food weave men or sit in the 

3916
03:35:48,408 --> 03:35:51,900
shade and offer advice based on 
Decades of experience. 

3917
03:35:51,900 --> 03:35:54,900
You listen to them. 
Not because they have authority 

3918
03:35:54,900 --> 03:35:57,700
in any official sense, but 
because they've lived through 

3919
03:35:57,700 --> 03:36:00,500
more seasons and floods and 
harvest than you have. 

3920
03:36:00,508 --> 03:36:03,900
They know things. 
When someone in your family is 

3921
03:36:03,900 --> 03:36:07,900
sick, the whole household 
adjusts you take on their tasks,

3922
03:36:07,900 --> 03:36:11,200
in addition to your own, you 
bring them water for a pair, 

3923
03:36:11,200 --> 03:36:14,200
softer food, if they can't chew 
well, and keep them comfortable.

3924
03:36:15,100 --> 03:36:17,600
There's no expectation that 
they'll get better quickly, 

3925
03:36:17,600 --> 03:36:21,700
illness comes and goes, you 
accommodate it and continue. 

3926
03:36:22,700 --> 03:36:25,200
Childbirth happens at home, with
a help of women who have been 

3927
03:36:25,200 --> 03:36:28,600
through it before, mothers 
aren't neighbors. 

3928
03:36:28,600 --> 03:36:32,500
They gather when labor begins 
your scent away, if your male, 

3929
03:36:32,500 --> 03:36:36,900
or you stay, if your female and 
old enough to help or learn The 

3930
03:36:36,900 --> 03:36:40,500
process is familiar to everyone.
It's loud, it's messy and it's 

3931
03:36:40,500 --> 03:36:43,400
long. 
When the child finally arrives 

3932
03:36:43,400 --> 03:36:45,700
someone washes, it wraps it and 
hands. 

3933
03:36:45,700 --> 03:36:49,900
It to the mother life continues.
You don't celebrate birth days. 

3934
03:36:49,900 --> 03:36:54,100
You don't know your exact age in
the way someone might today, you

3935
03:36:54,100 --> 03:36:56,700
know roughly how many floods 
you've lived through, and that's

3936
03:36:56,700 --> 03:37:01,400
close enough you measure Time by
seasons and events not by 

3937
03:37:01,400 --> 03:37:04,500
numbered years. 
You remember the flood when your

3938
03:37:04,500 --> 03:37:08,200
father died, the Harvest, when 
your first child was born and 

3939
03:37:08,200 --> 03:37:11,500
the dry season when the grain 
ran low and everyone was hungry 

3940
03:37:11,500 --> 03:37:14,100
for weeks. 
Meals are communal when 

3941
03:37:14,100 --> 03:37:16,700
possible. 
You prepare food at your heart, 

3942
03:37:16,700 --> 03:37:19,500
but you often need it, sitting 
outside with family members 

3943
03:37:19,500 --> 03:37:22,200
nearby everyone eats from shared
dishes. 

3944
03:37:22,200 --> 03:37:25,600
You tear pieces from a common 
loaf of bread and dip into the 

3945
03:37:25,600 --> 03:37:27,400
same pot of whatever has been 
cooked. 

3946
03:37:28,200 --> 03:37:31,100
Children eat when, and where 
they can sometimes with the 

3947
03:37:31,108 --> 03:37:36,000
adults sometimes in their own 
small groups, the food itself is

3948
03:37:36,000 --> 03:37:39,300
plain bread made from Emma wheat
or barley. 

3949
03:37:39,300 --> 03:37:45,500
Onions, garlic and leeks fish. 
If someone is caught it, 

3950
03:37:46,500 --> 03:37:49,000
Occasionally a bit of meat, but 
not often. 

3951
03:37:49,900 --> 03:37:52,600
Taste of your meals, doesn't 
vary much from day to day. 

3952
03:37:52,600 --> 03:37:55,300
You eat what's available and 
your grateful when there's 

3953
03:37:55,300 --> 03:37:57,200
enough. 
Cooking happens. 

3954
03:37:57,200 --> 03:38:01,100
Over an open fire, you boil 
things in clay, pots bake, 

3955
03:38:01,100 --> 03:38:03,100
bread. 
In a simple oven made from mud 

3956
03:38:03,100 --> 03:38:06,100
brick and roast fish or 
vegetables over coals. 

3957
03:38:06,100 --> 03:38:09,200
The methods are basic and the 
results are predictable. 

3958
03:38:09,200 --> 03:38:13,700
You've been eating food prepared
this way your entire life, it's 

3959
03:38:13,700 --> 03:38:18,400
not exciting, it's nourishment. 
You grind almost daily. 

3960
03:38:18,400 --> 03:38:22,900
You sit on the ground with a 
saddle Quirk, a large flat stone

3961
03:38:22,900 --> 03:38:25,300
with a smaller Stone. 
You push back and forth across 

3962
03:38:25,300 --> 03:38:28,100
it. 
You pull grain onto the lower 

3963
03:38:28,100 --> 03:38:30,100
Stone and press, and Slide, the 
upper Stone. 

3964
03:38:30,100 --> 03:38:34,400
Crushing the grain into flour. 
Hard, repetitive work. 

3965
03:38:34,400 --> 03:38:38,200
Your arms and shoulders ache 
after a while but it has to be 

3966
03:38:38,200 --> 03:38:39,200
done. 
So you do it. 

3967
03:38:40,000 --> 03:38:43,600
Sometimes you grind with another
woman from your household, you 

3968
03:38:43,600 --> 03:38:47,300
sit facing each other. 
Both, working your own worms and

3969
03:38:47,300 --> 03:38:50,900
you talk while you work or you 
don't talk, the rhythm of 

3970
03:38:50,908 --> 03:38:56,800
grinding is almost meditative 
Push, Pull push pull the flower 

3971
03:38:56,800 --> 03:39:00,100
gathers in small piles and you 
brush it into a basket to keep 

3972
03:39:00,100 --> 03:39:02,900
it clean. 
Baking bread is another daily 

3973
03:39:02,900 --> 03:39:05,500
tasks. 
You mix the flour with water and

3974
03:39:05,500 --> 03:39:08,700
a bit of leftover dough from the
last batch which helps it rise 

3975
03:39:08,700 --> 03:39:11,800
slightly. 
He shaped it into flat rounds 

3976
03:39:11,800 --> 03:39:14,900
and place them on the hot inside
walls of your oven or directly 

3977
03:39:14,900 --> 03:39:18,700
onto heated stones. 
The bread makes quickly, it 

3978
03:39:18,700 --> 03:39:23,400
comes out dense and filling with
a slightly sour taste, you eat 

3979
03:39:23,400 --> 03:39:24,400
it. 
While it's still warm. 

3980
03:39:24,400 --> 03:39:28,800
If you can though its fine cold 
as well. your social world is 

3981
03:39:28,800 --> 03:39:33,200
small you know everyone in your 
village and they know you, you 

3982
03:39:33,200 --> 03:39:36,900
know who is reliable, who is 
lazy, who has a quick temper and

3983
03:39:36,900 --> 03:39:41,000
who was kind children You've 
known most of these people, your

3984
03:39:41,000 --> 03:39:44,500
entire life, their parents knew 
your parents, your children will

3985
03:39:44,500 --> 03:39:48,500
know their children. 
The relationships are deep, not 

3986
03:39:48,500 --> 03:39:50,600
because of great, affection 
necessarily. 

3987
03:39:51,600 --> 03:39:53,800
But the familiarity and mutual 
dependence. 

3988
03:39:54,600 --> 03:39:57,700
Disputes happen. 
Of course someone accuses 

3989
03:39:57,700 --> 03:40:01,200
someone else of taking more than
their share of water, a boundary

3990
03:40:01,200 --> 03:40:05,000
between Fields is contested two 
families argue over. 

3991
03:40:05,000 --> 03:40:08,200
Who should do a particular task.
These conflicts are usually 

3992
03:40:08,200 --> 03:40:12,100
resolved through discussion. 
The people involved sit down 

3993
03:40:12,100 --> 03:40:16,200
often with older community 
members present and talk until 

3994
03:40:16,200 --> 03:40:19,900
an agreement is reached. 
No one wants ongoing tension in 

3995
03:40:19,900 --> 03:40:24,700
such a small tight-knit group. 
Celebration is a modest when the

3996
03:40:24,708 --> 03:40:27,100
Harvest is good. 
There might be a meal with 

3997
03:40:27,100 --> 03:40:31,000
slightly more food than usual. 
When a child is born people come

3998
03:40:31,000 --> 03:40:35,100
by to see it and offer small 
gifts a basket, a jar or a piece

3999
03:40:35,100 --> 03:40:38,400
of cloth these gestures 
acknowledge the event, but don't

4000
03:40:38,400 --> 03:40:42,700
disrupt the normal flow of life.
You don't have Leisure Time in 

4001
03:40:42,700 --> 03:40:45,200
the modern sense. 
When you're not working, you're 

4002
03:40:45,200 --> 03:40:48,700
maintaining your home caring for
children, preparing food or 

4003
03:40:48,700 --> 03:40:51,100
resting because you're too tired
to do anything else. 

4004
03:40:52,100 --> 03:40:55,500
But within that structure, there
are moments of ease sitting with

4005
03:40:55,500 --> 03:40:57,900
Neighbors in the evening. 
Watching your child. 

4006
03:40:57,900 --> 03:41:00,500
Learn to walk listening to 
someone. 

4007
03:41:00,500 --> 03:41:02,600
Tell a story. 
You've heard many times before. 

4008
03:41:03,700 --> 03:41:05,700
These moments aren't separate 
from Life. 

4009
03:41:05,700 --> 03:41:10,400
The woven into it, your sense of
identity is tied to your family 

4010
03:41:10,400 --> 03:41:12,800
and your village. 
You're Someone's Child. 

4011
03:41:12,800 --> 03:41:15,900
Someone's parent. 
Someone's neighbor. 

4012
03:41:16,800 --> 03:41:19,300
You're known by your role and 
your relationships. 

4013
03:41:19,300 --> 03:41:23,100
Not by individual achievement. 
This isn't limiting. 

4014
03:41:24,000 --> 03:41:27,700
Simply how identity Works in a 
world where survival depends on 

4015
03:41:27,700 --> 03:41:31,000
everyone doing their part and 
supporting each other when 

4016
03:41:31,000 --> 03:41:33,000
needed. 
You learn early. 

4017
03:41:33,000 --> 03:41:36,000
That rest is not a luxury, but a
necessity. 

4018
03:41:37,100 --> 03:41:40,300
The heat of midday makes it 
dangerous to continue working in

4019
03:41:40,300 --> 03:41:42,800
the fields. 
You feel it in your body. 

4020
03:41:43,800 --> 03:41:47,400
Heavy heaviness in your limbs, 
the way your thoughts, slow, and

4021
03:41:47,400 --> 03:41:51,900
the pounding in your head if you
push too hard. so, you stop 

4022
03:41:52,700 --> 03:41:57,000
Everyone stops. 
Is not laziness, it's survival. 

4023
03:41:58,300 --> 03:42:00,300
You find shade wherever it's 
available. 

4024
03:42:01,300 --> 03:42:04,000
Sometimes under the sparse 
branches of an acacia tree, 

4025
03:42:04,000 --> 03:42:07,300
sometimes against the Shaded 
side of a mud brick wall. 

4026
03:42:07,300 --> 03:42:10,700
Sometimes you create shade by 
draping, a piece of cloth 

4027
03:42:10,700 --> 03:42:14,500
between two poles, you sit or 
lie down in this cooler space 

4028
03:42:14,500 --> 03:42:18,500
and let your body recover. 
The air is thick and still 

4029
03:42:18,500 --> 03:42:21,600
nothing moves, except the 
occasional insect. 

4030
03:42:22,400 --> 03:42:24,500
You can hear your own breathing 
and the breathing of those 

4031
03:42:24,500 --> 03:42:28,100
around, you know, one speaks 
much during these rest periods. 

4032
03:42:28,100 --> 03:42:30,600
Everyone is too hot and too 
tired. 

4033
03:42:30,600 --> 03:42:35,200
You close your eyes, not to 
sleep necessarily but to shut 

4034
03:42:35,200 --> 03:42:38,400
out the glare of the Sun and 
give yourself a break from the 

4035
03:42:38,400 --> 03:42:42,000
intensity of the light. 
Sometimes, you do fall asleep, 

4036
03:42:42,000 --> 03:42:45,800
it's a light sleep, the kind 
where you're still aware of your

4037
03:42:45,800 --> 03:42:49,800
surroundings, but your mind 
drifts away from the present you

4038
03:42:49,800 --> 03:42:52,700
dream about nothing in 
particular, or you don't dream 

4039
03:42:52,700 --> 03:42:56,300
at all. 
When you wait 20 minutes or an 

4040
03:42:56,300 --> 03:42:58,400
hour later? 
The sun is still high. 

4041
03:42:58,400 --> 03:43:02,200
But you feel slightly restored, 
water is important. 

4042
03:43:02,200 --> 03:43:05,300
During these breaks, you drink 
from the communal jar that 

4043
03:43:05,300 --> 03:43:08,200
someone brought from the 
village, the water is warm and 

4044
03:43:08,200 --> 03:43:11,100
tastes faintly of the clay 
vessel, but it's wet and that's 

4045
03:43:11,100 --> 03:43:14,600
what matters. 
You drink slowly and small sips 

4046
03:43:14,600 --> 03:43:17,300
because drinking too fast when 
you're overheated, can make you 

4047
03:43:17,300 --> 03:43:20,100
feel sick. 
Sometimes you eat a little 

4048
03:43:20,108 --> 03:43:23,500
something during this midday 
pause a piece of bread that's 

4049
03:43:23,500 --> 03:43:27,400
been sitting cloth a few dates 
and onion. 

4050
03:43:28,200 --> 03:43:31,400
The food is warm from being 
carried in the Heat and it's not

4051
03:43:31,400 --> 03:43:34,200
particularly appealing, but it 
gives you energy for the 

4052
03:43:34,200 --> 03:43:35,200
afternoon's. 
Work. 

4053
03:43:35,200 --> 03:43:37,900
You choose slowly without much 
thought. 

4054
03:43:38,800 --> 03:43:43,000
The rest period is not timed 
precisely, you simply wait until

4055
03:43:43,000 --> 03:43:46,300
the worst of the heat is passed.
And the sun has begun. 

4056
03:43:46,300 --> 03:43:49,700
Its descent toward evening, you 
can feel the difference in the 

4057
03:43:49,700 --> 03:43:51,900
air. 
It's still hot but the quality 

4058
03:43:51,900 --> 03:43:54,600
of the heat changes it becomes 
bearable again. 

4059
03:43:55,300 --> 03:43:58,300
You stand stretch, pick up your 
tools and return to work. 

4060
03:43:58,900 --> 03:44:02,900
At home, rest, fits into the 
spaces between tasks, you've 

4061
03:44:02,900 --> 03:44:05,500
finished grinding grain. 
And the next thing to do is 

4062
03:44:05,500 --> 03:44:08,500
prepare the evening meal. 
There's a gap of time in between

4063
03:44:08,500 --> 03:44:11,900
you, sit down you lean against 
the wall of your house. 

4064
03:44:11,900 --> 03:44:16,400
Your children play You don't 
think of this as resting because

4065
03:44:16,400 --> 03:44:18,400
you don't make a formal decision
to rest. 

4066
03:44:18,400 --> 03:44:20,300
You just stop moving for a 
while. 

4067
03:44:20,300 --> 03:44:22,400
Your body tells you when it 
needs these. 

4068
03:44:22,400 --> 03:44:25,400
Pauses your back aches. 
From bending over the grinding. 

4069
03:44:25,400 --> 03:44:29,000
Stone, your legs are tired from 
walking to the fields and back, 

4070
03:44:29,000 --> 03:44:32,600
your hands are sore from 
whatever repetitive tasks, 

4071
03:44:32,600 --> 03:44:36,300
you've been doing all morning. 
Your respond to these signals by

4072
03:44:36,300 --> 03:44:40,000
sitting down by changing 
position, or by closing your 

4073
03:44:40,000 --> 03:44:43,500
eyes for a moment. 
Sleep at night is deep and 

4074
03:44:43,500 --> 03:44:48,000
necessary, you lie down on your 
mat and within minutes, your 

4075
03:44:48,000 --> 03:44:51,000
unconscious. 
There's no gradual transition. 

4076
03:44:51,900 --> 03:44:54,000
You're awake and then you're 
not. 

4077
03:44:55,300 --> 03:44:58,800
Your body has been working all 
day and it shuts down completely

4078
03:44:58,800 --> 03:45:02,800
when given the opportunity. 
The quality of sleep varies 

4079
03:45:02,800 --> 03:45:06,100
depending on the season in the 
cooler months, you sleep heavily

4080
03:45:06,100 --> 03:45:08,700
and wake refreshed in the 
hottest months. 

4081
03:45:08,700 --> 03:45:11,900
You wake several times during 
the night, uncomfortable and 

4082
03:45:11,900 --> 03:45:14,900
sweating. 
You step outside for a moment to

4083
03:45:14,900 --> 03:45:17,000
catch. 
Any moving are then go back 

4084
03:45:17,000 --> 03:45:20,900
inside and lie down again, you 
don't worry about interrupted 

4085
03:45:20,900 --> 03:45:22,000
sleep. 
It's normal. 

4086
03:45:22,000 --> 03:45:24,800
You'll make up for it with a 
midday rest the next day. 

4087
03:45:25,700 --> 03:45:28,900
Children nap, when they're young
dropping off to sleep wherever 

4088
03:45:28,900 --> 03:45:31,100
they happen to be. 
When exhaustion overtakes them. 

4089
03:45:31,100 --> 03:45:35,500
You step around them or you move
them to a more suitable spot but

4090
03:45:35,500 --> 03:45:38,800
you don't wait them. 
They need the sleep and they'll 

4091
03:45:38,800 --> 03:45:40,100
wake on their own when they're 
ready. 

4092
03:45:41,100 --> 03:45:43,900
As children grow older, they 
resist napping. 

4093
03:45:44,600 --> 03:45:47,400
They want to keep up with the 
older children to keep playing 

4094
03:45:47,400 --> 03:45:51,000
and to keep moving. 
You let them learn the hard way 

4095
03:45:51,000 --> 03:45:53,800
that skipping rest leads to 
crankiness and exhaustion. 

4096
03:45:54,500 --> 03:45:56,900
Eventually they figure out that 
sitting down for a while. 

4097
03:45:56,900 --> 03:46:00,300
When it's hot makes the rest of 
the day easier, elderly members 

4098
03:46:00,300 --> 03:46:02,200
of your household, rest more 
frequently. 

4099
03:46:03,200 --> 03:46:06,500
You sit in the shade and doze 
off during the day, they sleep 

4100
03:46:06,500 --> 03:46:09,800
longer at night or they wake 
very early and lie there, 

4101
03:46:09,800 --> 03:46:11,700
quietly until others begin to 
stir. 

4102
03:46:12,300 --> 03:46:15,700
You don't comment on this. 
It's understood that his body's 

4103
03:46:15,700 --> 03:46:17,000
age. 
They need different amounts of 

4104
03:46:17,000 --> 03:46:19,700
rest. 
You'll be the same way someday. 

4105
03:46:19,700 --> 03:46:23,200
There's a rhythm to work and 
rest that becomes internalized. 

4106
03:46:23,900 --> 03:46:25,300
You don't think about it 
consciously. 

4107
03:46:25,300 --> 03:46:30,000
You work until your body signals
that it's time to pause you, 

4108
03:46:30,000 --> 03:46:33,200
rest until you feel ready to 
continue you sleep. 

4109
03:46:33,200 --> 03:46:37,300
When darkness comes and wake 
when light returns this pattern 

4110
03:46:37,300 --> 03:46:41,500
repeats every day, and it aligns
with the rhythms of the sun, and

4111
03:46:41,500 --> 03:46:45,800
the river, and the seasons rest 
is not guilty or indulgent. 

4112
03:46:45,800 --> 03:46:49,900
It's practical. 
A person who rests appropriately

4113
03:46:49,900 --> 03:46:53,800
can work longer and more 
effectively Person who pushes 

4114
03:46:53,800 --> 03:46:57,400
through exhaustion makes 
mistakes gets hurt or becomes 

4115
03:46:57,400 --> 03:47:00,000
ill. 
You've seen this happen, you 

4116
03:47:00,000 --> 03:47:02,500
know, the signs. 
So you rest when it's 

4117
03:47:02,500 --> 03:47:05,800
appropriate and you encourage 
others to do the same, The 

4118
03:47:05,800 --> 03:47:08,300
Village has its own Collective 
rhythm of work and rest. 

4119
03:47:08,300 --> 03:47:12,600
In the early morning, everyone 
is active by midday the whole 

4120
03:47:12,600 --> 03:47:15,100
village. 
Quiets down smoke from cooking 

4121
03:47:15,100 --> 03:47:18,700
fires diminishes, the sounds of 
construction and repair fade. 

4122
03:47:18,700 --> 03:47:22,300
Even the children Retreat, to 
shaded spots and settle into 

4123
03:47:22,300 --> 03:47:25,400
play. 
The Village breathes in and out 

4124
03:47:25,408 --> 03:47:29,600
with the day, Contracting during
the Heat and expanding again, as

4125
03:47:29,600 --> 03:47:32,600
evening approaches. 
You don't fight this Rhythm. 

4126
03:47:32,600 --> 03:47:35,500
You move with it. 
You've never known any other 

4127
03:47:35,500 --> 03:47:38,100
way. 
The idea of working straight 

4128
03:47:38,100 --> 03:47:41,500
through the hottest, part of the
day, would strike you as absurd 

4129
03:47:41,500 --> 03:47:44,500
and dangerous. 
You work hard, but you work 

4130
03:47:44,500 --> 03:47:47,100
within the limits of what your 
body and the environment allow 

4131
03:47:47,900 --> 03:47:51,500
This balance between effort and 
rest is taught without words. 

4132
03:47:52,300 --> 03:47:54,100
Children watch adults, stop 
working. 

4133
03:47:54,100 --> 03:47:56,800
When the sun is high. 
They see people sitting in the 

4134
03:47:56,808 --> 03:47:59,300
shade drinking water and waiting
out the heat. 

4135
03:47:59,300 --> 03:48:02,700
They absorb this pattern and 
replicated as they grow. 

4136
03:48:03,500 --> 03:48:06,200
By the time they're adults 
themselves, the rhythm is so 

4137
03:48:06,200 --> 03:48:07,900
ingrained they don't question 
it. 

4138
03:48:08,800 --> 03:48:12,900
Rest is woven into the fabric of
daily life, not as an 

4139
03:48:12,900 --> 03:48:16,500
interruption, but as an 
essential component, it's as 

4140
03:48:16,500 --> 03:48:19,400
important as the work itself, 
and it makes the work 

4141
03:48:19,400 --> 03:48:23,200
sustainable over a lifetime 
grain is the center of your 

4142
03:48:23,200 --> 03:48:26,100
diet. 
Emma Wheaton barley grow in the 

4143
03:48:26,108 --> 03:48:28,800
fields that flood and drain with
the Niles cycle. 

4144
03:48:28,800 --> 03:48:33,900
You plant after the waters 
recede leaving behind Rich silt 

4145
03:48:34,600 --> 03:48:37,100
He Harvest when the stalks are 
dry and golden. 

4146
03:48:37,100 --> 03:48:41,100
Every meal you eat begins with 
grain, the grain must be 

4147
03:48:41,108 --> 03:48:44,900
processed before it can become 
food, you pour it onto a large 

4148
03:48:44,900 --> 03:48:48,300
flat surface and toss it into 
the air using a shallow basket. 

4149
03:48:49,000 --> 03:48:52,600
The wind carries away, the chaff
and the heavier grain falls back

4150
03:48:52,600 --> 03:48:56,100
into the basket. 
This is winnowing and it takes 

4151
03:48:56,100 --> 03:48:59,300
patience. 
You repeat the process over and 

4152
03:48:59,300 --> 03:49:02,800
over until the grain is clean. 
Once winnowed the grain is 

4153
03:49:02,800 --> 03:49:06,200
stored in large jars. 
Or in pits lined with Clay, you 

4154
03:49:06,200 --> 03:49:08,500
keep it as dry as possible 
because moisture leads to 

4155
03:49:08,500 --> 03:49:11,700
spoilage. 
You check the storage regularly 

4156
03:49:11,700 --> 03:49:16,400
looking for signs of insects or 
mold if you find any, you remove

4157
03:49:16,400 --> 03:49:19,500
the affected portion and use the
rest quickly before more is 

4158
03:49:19,500 --> 03:49:22,200
lost. 
When you need flour, you grind 

4159
03:49:22,200 --> 03:49:25,600
grain using your quirk. 
You pour a small amount of grain

4160
03:49:25,600 --> 03:49:28,900
onto the lowest Stone and push 
the upper Stone of cross it back

4161
03:49:28,900 --> 03:49:31,300
and forth. 
Applying steady pressure. 

4162
03:49:32,200 --> 03:49:35,400
The grain cracks and crumbles 
gradually turning into coarse 

4163
03:49:35,400 --> 03:49:38,300
flour. 
You gather the flower and grind 

4164
03:49:38,300 --> 03:49:40,700
more grain, until you have 
enough for the day's bread. 

4165
03:49:41,400 --> 03:49:43,500
The flour is never perfectly 
smooth. 

4166
03:49:43,500 --> 03:49:47,600
It contains tiny fragments of 
stone worn away from the corn 

4167
03:49:47,600 --> 03:49:50,500
itself. 
Over a lifetime, these particles

4168
03:49:50,500 --> 03:49:53,600
wear down your teeth. 
Everyone you know has damaged 

4169
03:49:53,600 --> 03:49:57,400
teeth by middle age, ground flat
or broken from chewing bread. 

4170
03:49:57,400 --> 03:50:00,300
Filled with grit, it's simply 
part of eating. 

4171
03:50:00,300 --> 03:50:02,800
You mix the flour with water to 
form dough. 

4172
03:50:02,800 --> 03:50:05,900
You add a bit of old dough from 
the previous batch which has 

4173
03:50:05,900 --> 03:50:07,600
begun to ferment and will help 
the new dough. 

4174
03:50:07,600 --> 03:50:11,300
Rise slightly you need it with 
your hands pressing and folding 

4175
03:50:11,300 --> 03:50:15,400
until it's smooth and elastic 
The dough is sticky and clings 

4176
03:50:15,400 --> 03:50:18,100
to your fingers. 
You scrape it off and continue 

4177
03:50:18,100 --> 03:50:21,400
working it. 
Baking happens in a simple oven.

4178
03:50:21,400 --> 03:50:24,900
A dome-shaped structure made 
from mud brick with an opening 

4179
03:50:24,900 --> 03:50:28,000
at the front. 
You build a fire inside and let 

4180
03:50:28,000 --> 03:50:30,000
it burn until the walls of very 
hot. 

4181
03:50:30,000 --> 03:50:33,600
Then you scrape out most of the 
coals leaving just enough Heat. 

4182
03:50:34,400 --> 03:50:37,400
You flatten the dough into 
rounds and slap them against the

4183
03:50:37,400 --> 03:50:40,500
hot interior walls. 
They stick their and bake 

4184
03:50:40,500 --> 03:50:43,200
quickly filling the air with the
smell of bread. 

4185
03:50:43,200 --> 03:50:46,900
When the bread is done, you pull
it out using a stick or your 

4186
03:50:46,900 --> 03:50:49,900
bare hands. 
If you're quick The loaves are 

4187
03:50:49,900 --> 03:50:52,300
flat and dense with a slightly 
charred exterior. 

4188
03:50:53,200 --> 03:50:56,200
You stack them in a basket and 
cover them with cloth to keep 

4189
03:50:56,200 --> 03:50:59,500
them from drying out too much. 
They'll be eaten throughout the 

4190
03:50:59,500 --> 03:51:02,800
day, torn into pieces and dipped
into whatever else is available.

4191
03:51:03,700 --> 03:51:06,500
Bread is the foundation, but you
eat other things as well. 

4192
03:51:06,500 --> 03:51:10,300
Onions are common. 
You slice them and eat them raw 

4193
03:51:10,300 --> 03:51:12,200
or cook them in water until 
they're soft. 

4194
03:51:12,900 --> 03:51:16,600
They add flavor and texture to 
otherwise plain meals, garlic 

4195
03:51:16,600 --> 03:51:18,900
and leeks. 
Serve the same purpose, their 

4196
03:51:18,900 --> 03:51:22,600
pungent and strong and they make
simple food more interesting. 

4197
03:51:23,500 --> 03:51:27,400
Beans and lentils grow in the 
fields, alongside grain, you 

4198
03:51:27,400 --> 03:51:30,000
harvest them. 
When the pods are dry, you cook 

4199
03:51:30,000 --> 03:51:32,900
them in water over the fire 
boiling them until they're soft 

4200
03:51:32,900 --> 03:51:35,600
enough to eat. 
Their filling and provide 

4201
03:51:35,600 --> 03:51:38,000
substance. 
When grain alone isn't enough? 

4202
03:51:38,600 --> 03:51:41,600
You see season them with a 
little salt if you have it or 

4203
03:51:41,600 --> 03:51:45,000
with crushed garlic. 
Fish is available if you live 

4204
03:51:45,000 --> 03:51:47,600
near the river or if someone in 
your family fishes. 

4205
03:51:47,600 --> 03:51:53,200
The Nile is full of fish, a very
sizes, you catch them with Nets 

4206
03:51:53,200 --> 03:51:57,200
or simple Hooks and lines. 
Fresh fish, are gutted and 

4207
03:51:57,200 --> 03:52:00,900
scaled, then roasted over coals 
or boiled in water. 

4208
03:52:01,700 --> 03:52:04,300
The flesh is white and Flaky and
it tastes of the river. 

4209
03:52:05,100 --> 03:52:07,900
Dried fish are more common than 
fresh because they keep longer. 

4210
03:52:08,700 --> 03:52:12,300
You split the fish open, remove 
the innards and lay them in the 

4211
03:52:12,300 --> 03:52:16,300
sun to dry. 
Once dried they become stiff and

4212
03:52:16,300 --> 03:52:18,000
hard and can be stored for 
months. 

4213
03:52:18,000 --> 03:52:21,600
You soak them in water before 
cooking to soften them again. 

4214
03:52:22,300 --> 03:52:24,800
They're saltier and stronger 
tasting than fresh fish. 

4215
03:52:25,900 --> 03:52:30,300
Still good meat is rare, you 
might eat it during a festival 

4216
03:52:30,300 --> 03:52:33,000
or after an animal is 
slaughtered for a specific. 

4217
03:52:33,000 --> 03:52:37,900
Reason goat sheep and sometimes 
cattle, the animal is butchered 

4218
03:52:37,900 --> 03:52:41,500
and the meat is divided. 
Among many people, you get small

4219
03:52:41,500 --> 03:52:46,000
portions, which you roast or 
boil, it's rich and fatty, and 

4220
03:52:46,000 --> 03:52:49,400
unlike anything else you eat? 
You save it because you don't 

4221
03:52:49,400 --> 03:52:52,600
know when you'll have meet 
again, birds can be trapped or 

4222
03:52:52,600 --> 03:52:55,100
hunted. 
Ducks and geese live along the 

4223
03:52:55,100 --> 03:52:57,200
river. 
He catch them using Nets or 

4224
03:52:57,200 --> 03:53:01,500
traps new roast them whole over 
the fire, the meters darker than

4225
03:53:01,500 --> 03:53:05,400
fish and more flavorful. 
The bones are brittle and you're

4226
03:53:05,400 --> 03:53:08,800
careful not to swallow them. 
Vegetables grow in small plots 

4227
03:53:08,800 --> 03:53:12,500
near the village cucumbers 
lettuces and radishes. 

4228
03:53:12,500 --> 03:53:15,400
You harvest them as they ripen 
and eat them. 

4229
03:53:15,408 --> 03:53:19,500
Fresh their crisp and watery and
provide a contrast to the heavy 

4230
03:53:19,500 --> 03:53:22,500
Staples of bread and beans. 
You don't cook them. 

4231
03:53:22,500 --> 03:53:25,000
You eat them raw sometimes with 
a little salt. 

4232
03:53:26,000 --> 03:53:28,000
Fruit comes from trees that grow
near the river. 

4233
03:53:28,000 --> 03:53:32,000
Dates are the most common you 
pick them when they're ripe and 

4234
03:53:32,000 --> 03:53:35,900
sweet and eat them as a treat. 
They're sticky and Rich and a 

4235
03:53:35,900 --> 03:53:38,000
few dates can satisfy your 
hunger for a while. 

4236
03:53:38,900 --> 03:53:42,600
Figs grow in some areas and you 
eat them fresh or dried. 

4237
03:53:42,600 --> 03:53:47,300
They're soft and sweet, and full
of tiny seeds, you drink water. 

4238
03:53:47,300 --> 03:53:50,300
Most of the time. 
There is also common though, 

4239
03:53:50,300 --> 03:53:54,800
it's not like modern beer, It's 
thick and nutritious made from 

4240
03:53:54,800 --> 03:53:57,600
partially baked bread. 
That's crumbled into water and 

4241
03:53:57,600 --> 03:54:01,300
left to ferment. 
The result is a sour grainy 

4242
03:54:01,300 --> 03:54:04,900
liquid that provides calories 
and hydration you drink it 

4243
03:54:04,900 --> 03:54:07,800
throughout the day and even 
children, drink it because the 

4244
03:54:07,800 --> 03:54:10,500
fermentation makes it safer than
plain river water. 

4245
03:54:11,700 --> 03:54:14,000
Milk is available. 
If your family keeps goats or 

4246
03:54:14,008 --> 03:54:18,200
sheep, you drink it fresh, or 
let it sour into something like 

4247
03:54:18,200 --> 03:54:21,800
yogurt. 
It's rich and filling and you 

4248
03:54:21,800 --> 03:54:24,500
use its sparingly because the 
animals don't produce large 

4249
03:54:24,500 --> 03:54:27,800
quantities. 
Honey is rare and precious. 

4250
03:54:27,800 --> 03:54:30,600
If you have access to it, you 
use it. 

4251
03:54:30,600 --> 03:54:34,800
Sparingly to sweeten food or as 
a medicine for sore throats and 

4252
03:54:34,800 --> 03:54:38,500
wounds. 
It's thick gold and taste 

4253
03:54:38,500 --> 03:54:41,400
intensely sweet. 
You don't waste it. 

4254
03:54:41,400 --> 03:54:45,900
Meals are not elaborate Affairs.
You prepare food in the simplest

4255
03:54:45,900 --> 03:54:47,700
way possible and eat it when 
it's ready. 

4256
03:54:48,800 --> 03:54:51,400
Breakfast might be left over 
bread and an onion. 

4257
03:54:51,400 --> 03:54:56,700
Lunch might be bread and beans 
dinner might be bred fish and a 

4258
03:54:56,700 --> 03:55:00,600
few vegetables, the meals are 
repetitive but they're filling 

4259
03:55:00,600 --> 03:55:03,900
and they keep you alive. 
You eat with your hands. 

4260
03:55:03,900 --> 03:55:08,600
You tear bread, scoop beans and 
pick up pieces of fish. 

4261
03:55:08,600 --> 03:55:11,500
You wipe your hands on your 
clothing or rinse them in water 

4262
03:55:11,500 --> 03:55:14,000
when you're done. 
There are no plates or you 

4263
03:55:14,000 --> 03:55:16,600
tensors in the way. 
You might imagine them you eat 

4264
03:55:16,600 --> 03:55:19,200
from shared bowls or directly 
from the cooking pot. 

4265
03:55:20,000 --> 03:55:21,900
Food. 
Preparation is a constant task. 

4266
03:55:21,900 --> 03:55:26,900
Grinding, grain, baking bread 
tending the fire cooking beans 

4267
03:55:26,900 --> 03:55:29,800
preparing vegetables. 
It fills much of your day. 

4268
03:55:29,800 --> 03:55:33,200
You do it because it must be 
done and because if you don't 

4269
03:55:33,200 --> 03:55:36,100
your family won't eat you waste 
nothing. 

4270
03:55:37,000 --> 03:55:40,700
If bread goes stale, you soak it
in water and add it to a soup or

4271
03:55:40,700 --> 03:55:44,000
stew. 
If vegetables begin to wilt you,

4272
03:55:44,000 --> 03:55:48,100
cook them immediately Bones from
fish or meat or boiled, to make 

4273
03:55:48,100 --> 03:55:50,800
broth. 
Scraps are fed to animals or 

4274
03:55:50,800 --> 03:55:53,800
composted. 
Every bit of food has value, 

4275
03:55:53,800 --> 03:55:57,000
you're aware of hunger, as a 
constant low level presents, 

4276
03:55:57,000 --> 03:56:00,700
your rarely stuffed, your rarely
completely satisfied. 

4277
03:56:00,700 --> 03:56:04,000
You eat enough to keep working 
and that's what matters. 

4278
03:56:04,900 --> 03:56:08,400
On good days, there's enough for
everyone on bad days. 

4279
03:56:08,400 --> 03:56:12,100
You make do with less you've 
been through both and you know, 

4280
03:56:12,100 --> 03:56:15,700
you'll go through them again. 
As the sun lowers, the quality 

4281
03:56:15,700 --> 03:56:19,900
of light changes, the harsh 
brightness of midday softens 

4282
03:56:19,900 --> 03:56:23,100
into something gentler. 
Shadows, lengthen, across the 

4283
03:56:23,100 --> 03:56:25,800
village, the air cools slightly 
though. 

4284
03:56:25,800 --> 03:56:28,500
It still warm. 
You can feel the day beginning 

4285
03:56:28,500 --> 03:56:31,500
to release its grip. 
You return from wherever you've 

4286
03:56:31,500 --> 03:56:35,400
been working Fields, Workshop, 
neighbors house, and you come 

4287
03:56:35,400 --> 03:56:39,200
back to your own small dwelling.
You set down your tools in their

4288
03:56:39,200 --> 03:56:42,300
usual spot. 
You check the water jar and fill

4289
03:56:42,300 --> 03:56:44,200
it. 
If it's low, you begin the 

4290
03:56:44,200 --> 03:56:47,500
process of transitioning from 
work mode to evening mode, 

4291
03:56:47,500 --> 03:56:49,400
though. 
You don't name it that way. 

4292
03:56:49,400 --> 03:56:53,600
The fire needs tending. 
If it's burned down to Khols, 

4293
03:56:53,600 --> 03:56:55,700
you add fuel to bring it back to
life. 

4294
03:56:56,500 --> 03:57:00,100
If it's gone out entirely, you 
restart it either by coaxing, an

4295
03:57:00,100 --> 03:57:03,000
old ember back to Flame or by 
getting fire from a neighbor. 

4296
03:57:03,800 --> 03:57:06,800
Once the fire is going, you 
begin preparing the evening 

4297
03:57:06,800 --> 03:57:09,000
meal. 
This preparation is similar to 

4298
03:57:09,008 --> 03:57:11,600
what you did in the morning. 
That there's a different feeling

4299
03:57:11,600 --> 03:57:15,300
to it, your tired from the day's
work, but you're also settling 

4300
03:57:15,300 --> 03:57:17,800
in the urgency of the morning is
gone. 

4301
03:57:17,800 --> 03:57:20,100
You move more slowly with less 
Rush. 

4302
03:57:20,900 --> 03:57:24,100
You know, the Knight is coming 
and with it rest. 

4303
03:57:24,800 --> 03:57:27,500
You might boil beans that have 
been soaking during the day. 

4304
03:57:28,300 --> 03:57:30,400
You might warm leftover Bread 
near the fire. 

4305
03:57:31,200 --> 03:57:33,200
You might cook fish, if there's 
any to cook. 

4306
03:57:33,900 --> 03:57:36,700
The meal comes together 
gradually and you're not in a 

4307
03:57:36,700 --> 03:57:39,600
hurry. 
You stir, the pot, Add Water 

4308
03:57:39,600 --> 03:57:41,700
when needed and taste to see if 
it's done. 

4309
03:57:42,500 --> 03:57:45,300
Children drift in and out of the
house as the evening progresses.

4310
03:57:45,300 --> 03:57:48,400
They're drawn to the light of 
the fire, and the smell of 

4311
03:57:48,400 --> 03:57:51,300
cooking food. 
There are so tired from playing 

4312
03:57:51,300 --> 03:57:56,100
all day, they've become quieter,
their energy winding down, they 

4313
03:57:56,100 --> 03:57:58,600
sit near you and watch what 
you're doing or they lean 

4314
03:57:58,600 --> 03:58:03,000
against a wall and half doze. 
When the food is ready, you call

4315
03:58:03,000 --> 03:58:05,600
everyone to eat. 
You don't use a formal 

4316
03:58:05,600 --> 03:58:09,300
Summoners, you simply say that 
the meal is prepared and people,

4317
03:58:09,300 --> 03:58:12,400
come, you serve the food into 
shared bowls. 

4318
03:58:12,400 --> 03:58:14,900
Everyone takes what they need 
you. 

4319
03:58:14,900 --> 03:58:18,000
Eat together sitting on the 
ground or on low stools. 

4320
03:58:18,000 --> 03:58:20,300
The fire providing warmth and 
Light. 

4321
03:58:21,600 --> 03:58:24,400
The conversation during the meal
is low and occasional. 

4322
03:58:25,000 --> 03:58:28,400
People are too busy eating to 
talk much when someone does 

4323
03:58:28,400 --> 03:58:31,200
speak. 
Its about practical things, what

4324
03:58:31,200 --> 03:58:33,900
needs doing tomorrow? 
Whether someone saw a particular

4325
03:58:33,900 --> 03:58:36,500
tool that's gone. 
Missing how a child is 

4326
03:58:36,500 --> 03:58:40,400
recovering from a scraped knee 
The talk is easy and 

4327
03:58:40,408 --> 03:58:43,500
unremarkable. 
After eating, you clean up in a 

4328
03:58:43,500 --> 03:58:47,100
basic way, you rinse the bowls 
with water, you scrape, the 

4329
03:58:47,100 --> 03:58:49,100
cooking pot and set it aside to 
be washed. 

4330
03:58:49,100 --> 03:58:52,500
More thoroughly later. 
You make sure the fire is at a 

4331
03:58:52,500 --> 03:58:55,400
safe level. 
Not too high with enough fuel to

4332
03:58:55,400 --> 03:58:58,000
keep it going for a while, but 
not so much that it's wasteful. 

4333
03:58:59,200 --> 03:59:02,600
The light continues to fade. 
Inside the house. 

4334
03:59:02,600 --> 03:59:06,300
It becomes dim. 
Might light a small oil lamp, if

4335
03:59:06,300 --> 03:59:08,000
you need to see clearly for some
tasks. 

4336
03:59:08,000 --> 03:59:11,100
But more often, you simply let 
your eyes adjust to the 

4337
03:59:11,100 --> 03:59:13,900
darkness. 
You've lived in this space long 

4338
03:59:13,900 --> 03:59:16,400
enough that you can move through
it without seeing every detail. 

4339
03:59:17,300 --> 03:59:19,300
You settle into the final task 
of the day. 

4340
03:59:19,300 --> 03:59:23,100
Maybe You Mend, a tear in a 
piece of clothing, maybe you 

4341
03:59:23,100 --> 03:59:24,900
check the grain storage one more
time. 

4342
03:59:24,900 --> 03:59:28,300
Maybe you prepare tomorrow's 
bread dough so it can sit 

4343
03:59:28,300 --> 03:59:31,700
overnight. 
These tasks are small and don't 

4344
03:59:31,700 --> 03:59:35,300
require much concentration. 
You do them almost automatically

4345
03:59:35,300 --> 03:59:38,900
children are getting sleepy. 
The youngest ones are already 

4346
03:59:38,900 --> 03:59:43,300
lying down on their mats eyes. 
Closing older children, resist a

4347
03:59:43,300 --> 03:59:45,400
bit longer, but they yawns, give
them away. 

4348
03:59:45,400 --> 03:59:49,300
You don't force them to sleep, 
you know, they'll drop off when 

4349
03:59:49,300 --> 03:59:51,800
they're ready. 
You make sure they're in a safe 

4350
03:59:51,800 --> 03:59:53,500
spot to let them settle on their
own. 

4351
03:59:53,500 --> 03:59:56,600
You might sit outside for a 
while after the householders 

4352
03:59:56,600 --> 04:00:00,200
quieted the air is cooler. 
Now sometimes even Pleasant 

4353
04:00:01,000 --> 04:00:04,200
Skies Full of Stars, more stars 
than you can count. 

4354
04:00:05,100 --> 04:00:08,600
You don't know their names or 
patterns in any formal way, but 

4355
04:00:08,600 --> 04:00:11,200
you recognize the general shapes
and movements. 

4356
04:00:11,200 --> 04:00:14,900
You've seen these Same Stars 
every clear night of your life, 

4357
04:00:15,800 --> 04:00:18,100
the village around you is 
winding down as well. 

4358
04:00:18,100 --> 04:00:21,100
You hear the low murmur of 
voices from other households, 

4359
04:00:21,100 --> 04:00:25,500
you see the faint glow of other 
fires, you smell smoke and 

4360
04:00:25,500 --> 04:00:27,400
cooking, and the earthy scent of
the river. 

4361
04:00:28,400 --> 04:00:31,900
Everything is familiar, 
everything is as it should be. 

4362
04:00:31,900 --> 04:00:35,100
Sometimes you talk with a family
member or neighbor, whose 

4363
04:00:35,100 --> 04:00:38,600
sitting out side. 
The conversation is slow and 

4364
04:00:38,600 --> 04:00:42,600
interrupted by long, pause. 
His You talk about the day that 

4365
04:00:42,600 --> 04:00:46,600
ending or the day that's coming.
You talk about nothing in 

4366
04:00:46,600 --> 04:00:49,800
particular, the words matter 
less than the company. 

4367
04:00:50,700 --> 04:00:54,100
Eventually you go inside, you 
lie down on your mat. 

4368
04:00:54,800 --> 04:00:57,400
Your body's tired in a thorough 
complete way. 

4369
04:00:57,400 --> 04:01:02,600
Your muscles ache. 
Your hands are rough and saw But

4370
04:01:02,600 --> 04:01:06,500
this tiredness is expected. 
It's the natural result of a 

4371
04:01:06,500 --> 04:01:08,600
day. 
Spent working, you don't lie 

4372
04:01:08,600 --> 04:01:11,100
awake for long, the darkness and
quiet. 

4373
04:01:11,100 --> 04:01:14,500
Pull you down into sleep, you're
not aware of the moment when 

4374
04:01:14,500 --> 04:01:17,500
waking turns into sleeping, it 
just happens. 

4375
04:01:18,400 --> 04:01:20,200
One moment you're thinking about
something. 

4376
04:01:20,200 --> 04:01:23,600
And the next moment you're not 
thinking at all the house is 

4377
04:01:23,600 --> 04:01:27,500
dark and still the fire has 
burned down to a faint glow. 

4378
04:01:27,500 --> 04:01:29,900
Your family members are asleep 
around you. 

4379
04:01:29,900 --> 04:01:35,100
They're breathing slow and even 
The day is over, tomorrow will 

4380
04:01:35,100 --> 04:01:40,100
come soon enough and it will be 
much like today. but for now 

4381
04:01:40,100 --> 04:01:44,000
there's only this Required the 
dark. 

4382
04:01:45,000 --> 04:01:48,200
The rest. 
Night in your household is not 

4383
04:01:48,200 --> 04:01:51,000
silent. 
You hear the breathing of others

4384
04:01:51,000 --> 04:01:54,000
sleeping near you? 
You hear the occasional shift 

4385
04:01:54,000 --> 04:01:57,000
and rustle as someone turns over
on their mat? 

4386
04:01:57,700 --> 04:02:02,000
you hear the night sound from 
outside, insects the distant 

4387
04:02:02,000 --> 04:02:06,500
movement of animals and the 
faint Whisper of wind He sleep 

4388
04:02:06,500 --> 04:02:10,900
deeply, most of the time, but 
you wait, sometimes, maybe you 

4389
04:02:10,900 --> 04:02:13,900
need to relieve yourself. 
Maybe you're uncomfortable from 

4390
04:02:13,900 --> 04:02:17,700
the Heat, or from lying to long,
and one position, maybe a sound 

4391
04:02:17,700 --> 04:02:20,300
as Disturbed you though not 
enough to allow you. 

4392
04:02:21,200 --> 04:02:24,900
You open your eyes, adjust 
yourself, and settle back down. 

4393
04:02:26,100 --> 04:02:28,200
If you need to go outside, you 
do so quietly. 

4394
04:02:29,300 --> 04:02:32,300
You step over the other 
sleepers, careful not to wake 

4395
04:02:32,300 --> 04:02:34,600
them. 
You go out into the night air 

4396
04:02:34,600 --> 04:02:37,700
and take care of what you need 
to take care of the villagers 

4397
04:02:37,700 --> 04:02:40,600
dark, except for the stars, and 
maybe a sliver of moon. 

4398
04:02:41,300 --> 04:02:44,100
You know the layout well enough 
that you don't stumble, you 

4399
04:02:44,100 --> 04:02:46,900
finish and go back inside. 
Children. 

4400
04:02:46,900 --> 04:02:50,500
Wake during the night more often
than adults, a young child might

4401
04:02:50,500 --> 04:02:53,500
wake crying unsure of where they
are in the Darkness. 

4402
04:02:54,700 --> 04:02:58,000
You Reach Out And Touch them, 
your hand on their back or 

4403
04:02:58,000 --> 04:03:00,800
shoulder. 
You make a soft sound to let 

4404
04:03:00,800 --> 04:03:03,600
them know you're there. 
Usually, that's enough. 

4405
04:03:03,600 --> 04:03:06,100
They're quiet and go back to 
sleep. 

4406
04:03:07,000 --> 04:03:11,100
If a child is truly distressed, 
you sit up and hold them for a 

4407
04:03:11,100 --> 04:03:13,800
while. 
You rock gently or you simply 

4408
04:03:13,800 --> 04:03:15,200
sit still with them in your 
arms. 

4409
04:03:15,200 --> 04:03:20,400
You don't speak much Quiet and 
your presence or what is needed.

4410
04:03:20,400 --> 04:03:24,400
After a few minutes, the child 
relaxes, you lay them back down 

4411
04:03:24,400 --> 04:03:25,900
and cover them with a like 
cloth. 

4412
04:03:25,900 --> 04:03:30,100
You return to your own mat 
babies, wake frequently, they 

4413
04:03:30,100 --> 04:03:32,800
need to nurse. 
You feed them while half asleep,

4414
04:03:32,800 --> 04:03:36,600
barely conscious of the process,
it's happened so many times that

4415
04:03:36,600 --> 04:03:39,100
your body knows what to do with 
without your mind, fully 

4416
04:03:39,100 --> 04:03:41,400
engaging. 
You hold the baby. 

4417
04:03:41,400 --> 04:03:45,100
They nurse, they fall back 
asleep and you lower them. 

4418
04:03:45,100 --> 04:03:48,200
Gently onto their mat. 
You're a sleep again within 

4419
04:03:48,200 --> 04:03:51,500
moments. 
Nighttime care is matter of 

4420
04:03:51,500 --> 04:03:53,800
fact, you don't resent being 
woken. 

4421
04:03:53,800 --> 04:03:57,000
You don't feel put upon, this is
what happens. 

4422
04:03:57,000 --> 04:04:00,100
When you have children, you 
respond to their needs and then 

4423
04:04:00,100 --> 04:04:02,300
go back to sleep to simple as 
that. 

4424
04:04:03,300 --> 04:04:05,800
Elderly family members, 
sometimes have trouble sleeping 

4425
04:04:05,800 --> 04:04:08,600
they wake in the night and stay 
awake for a while. 

4426
04:04:08,600 --> 04:04:11,800
You might hear them shifting 
around getting up and sitting in

4427
04:04:11,808 --> 04:04:15,000
the doorway you don't question 
them or tell them to go back to 

4428
04:04:15,000 --> 04:04:16,800
bed, they'll sleep when they're 
able. 

4429
04:04:16,800 --> 04:04:20,400
In the meantime they sit quietly
and don't disturb anyone. 

4430
04:04:21,400 --> 04:04:23,500
Occasionally someone in the 
household is ill and needs 

4431
04:04:23,500 --> 04:04:26,200
attention during the night. 
You bring them water. 

4432
04:04:26,200 --> 04:04:29,200
If they ask for it, you check to
see if they ever Fever by 

4433
04:04:29,200 --> 04:04:31,500
touching their forehead, you 
adjust their position. 

4434
04:04:31,500 --> 04:04:34,800
If they're uncomfortable, you do
what you can knowing that some 

4435
04:04:34,800 --> 04:04:36,600
illnesses simply have to run 
their course. 

4436
04:04:37,600 --> 04:04:40,900
Fire, usually dies down 
overnight but sometimes you bank

4437
04:04:40,900 --> 04:04:43,000
it carefully. 
So there are still colds in the 

4438
04:04:43,000 --> 04:04:45,300
morning. 
If you wake in the night and 

4439
04:04:45,300 --> 04:04:48,100
notice the fire as gone out 
completely, you might restart 

4440
04:04:48,100 --> 04:04:49,600
it. 
Specially. 

4441
04:04:49,600 --> 04:04:53,300
If the Knight is cool, you build
a small fire just for warmth, 

4442
04:04:53,300 --> 04:04:56,800
not for cooking. 
The lightest comforting and the 

4443
04:04:56,808 --> 04:05:00,600
heat makes sleep easier. 
Dreams happen, though. 

4444
04:05:00,600 --> 04:05:04,200
You don't always remember them. 
Sometimes you wake with a vague 

4445
04:05:04,200 --> 04:05:06,800
sense of having dreamed 
something, but there's details 

4446
04:05:06,800 --> 04:05:09,700
are gone. 
Other times a dream is vivid 

4447
04:05:09,700 --> 04:05:11,600
enough that it stays with you 
into the morning. 

4448
04:05:11,600 --> 04:05:15,100
You don't put much stock in 
Dreams, they're just part of 

4449
04:05:15,108 --> 04:05:17,100
sleep. 
There's natural as breathing. 

4450
04:05:17,900 --> 04:05:22,600
If you're woken by a loud noise 
and animal outside a sudden rain

4451
04:05:22,600 --> 04:05:24,800
shower. 
Someone in another household, 

4452
04:05:24,800 --> 04:05:28,200
calling out you listen for a 
moment to determine if there's 

4453
04:05:28,200 --> 04:05:32,800
danger. usually, there isn't 
Your identify, these source of 

4454
04:05:32,800 --> 04:05:36,000
the sound decides. 
It's nothing to worry about and 

4455
04:05:36,000 --> 04:05:38,900
go back to sleep. 
In the hottest months you might 

4456
04:05:38,900 --> 04:05:42,500
sleep out on the roof. 
It's cooler up there and you can

4457
04:05:42,500 --> 04:05:45,900
catch any Breeze. 
You carry on Matt up and settle 

4458
04:05:45,900 --> 04:05:47,600
in for the night under the Open 
Sky. 

4459
04:05:48,500 --> 04:05:51,300
You wake sometimes when the 
stars are still bright and lie, 

4460
04:05:51,300 --> 04:05:55,100
there for a while, looking up, 
you think Idol thoughts, or you 

4461
04:05:55,108 --> 04:05:58,600
think nothing at all? 
The eventually you drift back to

4462
04:05:58,600 --> 04:06:01,600
sleep? 
Nighttime is accepted as part of

4463
04:06:01,600 --> 04:06:04,300
the days Rhythm, it's not 
something to fear. 

4464
04:06:04,300 --> 04:06:07,600
You've slept in this house or 
one like it every night of your 

4465
04:06:07,608 --> 04:06:12,000
life, you know, the sound, you 
know, the darkness, you know, 

4466
04:06:12,000 --> 04:06:15,900
what's normal and what isn't the
night holds no mysteries for 

4467
04:06:15,900 --> 04:06:20,000
you, children learn to sleep 
through most disturbances when 

4468
04:06:20,000 --> 04:06:24,300
they're very young, any sound 
wakes them as they grow, they 

4469
04:06:24,300 --> 04:06:28,100
sleep more soundly By the time 
they're adults, they can sleep 

4470
04:06:28,100 --> 04:06:30,900
through the crying of a baby or 
the movement of someone. 

4471
04:06:30,900 --> 04:06:35,300
Getting up they wake only when 
they need to the rhythm of sleep

4472
04:06:35,300 --> 04:06:38,100
is not rigid. 
You don't go to bed at a precise

4473
04:06:38,100 --> 04:06:40,400
time. 
Every night, you lie down, when 

4474
04:06:40,400 --> 04:06:43,100
you're tired, which is usually 
soon after Dark. 

4475
04:06:43,900 --> 04:06:46,900
You wait when like begins to 
filter in which is usually 

4476
04:06:46,900 --> 04:06:51,100
around Dawn, the exact timing 
varies with the seasons, but 

4477
04:06:51,100 --> 04:06:54,900
your body adjust naturally. 
Sleep is deep and restorative. 

4478
04:06:54,900 --> 04:06:59,100
You wake in the morning, feeling
ready to work again, your body 

4479
04:06:59,100 --> 04:07:02,200
is repaired itself, overnight, 
your mind is clear. 

4480
04:07:02,200 --> 04:07:05,800
You're not thinking about the 
night that's passed, you're 

4481
04:07:05,800 --> 04:07:10,100
thinking about the day ahead. 
The household stirs gradually as

4482
04:07:10,100 --> 04:07:14,600
morning comes one person, Waits 
and begins to move around the 

4483
04:07:14,600 --> 04:07:18,000
sound of their movement. 
Awaken other children, wake and 

4484
04:07:18,000 --> 04:07:21,100
stop making noise. 
You open your eyes and see that 

4485
04:07:21,100 --> 04:07:24,900
it's light. 
You sit up stretch and begin the

4486
04:07:24,900 --> 04:07:27,800
day. 
The night is over and you didn't

4487
04:07:27,800 --> 04:07:32,100
need to struggle against it, it 
simply happened as it always 

4488
04:07:32,100 --> 04:07:35,100
does. 
Your life unfolds in patterns 

4489
04:07:35,100 --> 04:07:37,900
that repeat so regularly. 
They become invisible. 

4490
04:07:37,900 --> 04:07:42,600
You wake work, eat rest and 
sleep. 

4491
04:07:43,500 --> 04:07:47,000
The next day, the same, the day 
after that. 

4492
04:07:47,000 --> 04:07:50,700
The same again. 
This repetition is not 

4493
04:07:50,700 --> 04:07:54,200
monotonous in a negative sense. 
It structure that holds 

4494
04:07:54,200 --> 04:07:58,300
everything together, the seasons
change and with them, the 

4495
04:07:58,300 --> 04:08:02,400
specific tasks change. 
But the Rhythm remains When the 

4496
04:08:02,400 --> 04:08:06,800
Nile floods, you work on tasks 
that don't require dry fields. 

4497
04:08:07,600 --> 04:08:12,100
When the water recedes, you 
plant. when the crops mature you

4498
04:08:12,100 --> 04:08:16,800
harvest, When the dry season 
comes, you prepare and wait for 

4499
04:08:16,800 --> 04:08:20,200
the cycled to Begin Again, 
you've seen this pattern your 

4500
04:08:20,200 --> 04:08:24,400
entire life and your parents saw
it before you and their parents 

4501
04:08:24,400 --> 04:08:27,200
before them. 
Your children absorb these 

4502
04:08:27,200 --> 04:08:30,300
rhythms by living them. 
They don't need formal 

4503
04:08:30,300 --> 04:08:33,000
instruction. 
They see you waking with the sun

4504
04:08:33,000 --> 04:08:36,300
and they do the same. 
They see you stopping work 

4505
04:08:36,300 --> 04:08:38,500
during the Heat and they learn 
to rest. 

4506
04:08:39,400 --> 04:08:43,200
He watched your repair a tool or
grind grain or build a fire and 

4507
04:08:43,200 --> 04:08:45,000
eventually they do these things 
themselves. 

4508
04:08:46,100 --> 04:08:49,700
The knowledge passes seamlessly 
from one generation to the next.

4509
04:08:50,400 --> 04:08:53,200
You don't think of yourself as 
preserving a civilization, 

4510
04:08:53,200 --> 04:08:56,300
You're simply living your life 
in the way that makes sense, 

4511
04:08:56,300 --> 04:08:58,500
given the resources and 
environment around you. 

4512
04:08:59,500 --> 04:09:02,800
But in doing so you can 
contribute to something larger. 

4513
04:09:03,600 --> 04:09:07,400
The routines you follow the 
skills, you practice and the 

4514
04:09:07,408 --> 04:09:10,500
values, you embody. 
These are what allow your 

4515
04:09:10,500 --> 04:09:12,700
communities to persist across 
centuries. 

4516
04:09:13,500 --> 04:09:15,400
The village you live in has been
here for Generations. 

4517
04:09:15,400 --> 04:09:19,800
Some of the houses have been 
standing for decades patched and

4518
04:09:19,800 --> 04:09:23,100
repair and rebuilt in sections, 
but still fundamentally the same

4519
04:09:23,100 --> 04:09:26,000
structures. 
The paths between houses are 

4520
04:09:26,000 --> 04:09:29,900
worn Smooth by countless feet 
walking the same routes year. 

4521
04:09:29,900 --> 04:09:33,600
After year, the fields have been
planted and harvested so many 

4522
04:09:33,600 --> 04:09:38,000
times that the soil remember's 
new house is a when families 

4523
04:09:38,000 --> 04:09:40,300
grow old house. 
Houses are abandoned when 

4524
04:09:40,300 --> 04:09:44,200
family, shrink or move. 
The Village shifts slightly over

4525
04:09:44,200 --> 04:09:48,300
time, but it doesn't disappear. 
It remains rooted in this spot 

4526
04:09:48,300 --> 04:09:51,200
along the Nile because this is 
where water and fertile land. 

4527
04:09:51,200 --> 04:09:56,400
Meet Fundamental logic of the 
place, hasn't changed, you know,

4528
04:09:56,400 --> 04:09:58,600
the history of your family 
through stories. 

4529
04:09:59,400 --> 04:10:02,900
Your grandmother tells you about
a childhood which was much like 

4530
04:10:02,900 --> 04:10:05,200
yours. 
Her grandmother told her similar

4531
04:10:05,200 --> 04:10:07,800
stories. 
These narratives stretch back 

4532
04:10:07,800 --> 04:10:11,100
further than you can trace 
blending into each other, until 

4533
04:10:11,100 --> 04:10:14,800
individual people are lost and 
only the general shape of Life 

4534
04:10:14,800 --> 04:10:18,400
remains. 
But that shape is consistent. 

4535
04:10:18,400 --> 04:10:22,800
Hard work, dependence. 
On the river, cooperation with 

4536
04:10:22,800 --> 04:10:25,300
neighbors and respect for The 
rhythms of nature. 

4537
04:10:26,300 --> 04:10:29,100
You don't have written records, 
you don't need them. 

4538
04:10:29,100 --> 04:10:32,100
The important knowledge is 
embedded in your daily 

4539
04:10:32,100 --> 04:10:34,700
practices. 
You know, when to plant because 

4540
04:10:34,700 --> 04:10:37,600
you've seen it done every year, 
you know, how to build a house 

4541
04:10:37,600 --> 04:10:40,400
because you've helped build and 
repair houses since you are old 

4542
04:10:40,400 --> 04:10:43,400
enough to carry mud, you know 
how to navigate social 

4543
04:10:43,400 --> 04:10:45,800
relationships because you've 
been part of this community, 

4544
04:10:45,800 --> 04:10:48,900
your whole life. 
Change happens, but slowly. 

4545
04:10:49,700 --> 04:10:53,500
A new tool design is introduced 
or someone discovers a slightly 

4546
04:10:53,500 --> 04:10:57,000
better way to store grain or a 
family moves into the Village 

4547
04:10:57,000 --> 04:10:59,400
from elsewhere and brings 
different customs. 

4548
04:11:00,200 --> 04:11:03,500
These changes are integrated 
gradually, you try the new 

4549
04:11:03,500 --> 04:11:06,100
method and if it works, you keep
using it. 

4550
04:11:06,100 --> 04:11:09,900
If it doesn't, you go back to 
what, you know, there's a 

4551
04:11:09,900 --> 04:11:13,700
conservatism to this way of 
life, but it's not resistant to 

4552
04:11:13,700 --> 04:11:17,900
change for its own sake, its 
caution born from experience. 

4553
04:11:17,900 --> 04:11:21,800
The old ways work, they've been 
tested across Generations. 

4554
04:11:21,800 --> 04:11:25,500
New ways might work better or 
they might fail spectacularly. 

4555
04:11:26,700 --> 04:11:30,000
You're willing to experiment, 
but you don't abandon proven 

4556
04:11:30,000 --> 04:11:33,400
methods without good reason, 
your sense of time is cyclical 

4557
04:11:33,400 --> 04:11:36,800
rather than linear. 
The year begins with the flood 

4558
04:11:36,800 --> 04:11:39,900
and ends with the dry season and
then it begins again. 

4559
04:11:40,900 --> 04:11:43,500
You don't think of time as 
progressing towards some distant

4560
04:11:43,500 --> 04:11:47,400
goal, you think of it as a 
wheel, that turns bringing the 

4561
04:11:47,400 --> 04:11:50,200
same seasons and tasks around 
again and again. 

4562
04:11:51,500 --> 04:11:54,500
This year's Harvest is different
from last year's in specific 

4563
04:11:54,500 --> 04:11:57,500
details. 
But it's fundamentally the same 

4564
04:11:57,500 --> 04:12:00,700
of event. 
Within this cyclical, framework 

4565
04:12:00,700 --> 04:12:03,200
individual lives. 
Have a linear progression. 

4566
04:12:03,200 --> 04:12:08,600
Your born you grow? 
You work, you age and you die. 

4567
04:12:09,500 --> 04:12:12,100
But even this progression is 
seen as part of the largest 

4568
04:12:12,100 --> 04:12:16,300
cycle, your children will follow
the same path and their children

4569
04:12:16,300 --> 04:12:18,900
off to them. 
The pattern continues. 

4570
04:12:18,900 --> 04:12:21,600
You don't know how long this has
been going on. 

4571
04:12:21,600 --> 04:12:24,800
You don't know that your 
civilization will endure for 

4572
04:12:24,800 --> 04:12:27,300
thousands of years or that 
people in the distant. 

4573
04:12:27,300 --> 04:12:28,800
Future will study your way of 
life. 

4574
04:12:28,800 --> 04:12:31,700
You only know that things have 
been this way for as long as 

4575
04:12:31,700 --> 04:12:34,800
anyone can remember. 
And there's no reason to think 

4576
04:12:34,800 --> 04:12:38,500
they'll change dramatically The 
Monuments being built elsewhere 

4577
04:12:38,500 --> 04:12:41,700
in Egypt. 
The temples the pyramids feel 

4578
04:12:41,700 --> 04:12:45,400
distant from your daily reality,
you know, they exist. 

4579
04:12:46,400 --> 04:12:48,800
You might have even worked on 
one if Labour was required from 

4580
04:12:48,800 --> 04:12:51,500
your village. 
But they don't Define your 

4581
04:12:51,500 --> 04:12:54,700
experience. 
Your experience is defined by 

4582
04:12:54,700 --> 04:12:57,900
the river, the fields the 
village and the people, you 

4583
04:12:57,900 --> 04:13:02,900
know, The skills, you practice 
are ancient grinding, grain 

4584
04:13:02,900 --> 04:13:07,200
baking bread, building with mud 
brick weaving, baskets. 

4585
04:13:07,200 --> 04:13:09,600
These techniques have been 
refined over. 

4586
04:13:09,600 --> 04:13:12,800
Countless Generations, you're 
the current practitioner of 

4587
04:13:12,800 --> 04:13:15,800
methods that have proven their 
worth across millennia. 

4588
04:13:16,700 --> 04:13:19,800
You don't innovate wildly you 
perfect. 

4589
04:13:19,800 --> 04:13:24,300
What already works? 
This quiet continuity is what 

4590
04:13:24,300 --> 04:13:28,000
allows a complex society to 
function without constant 

4591
04:13:28,000 --> 04:13:30,400
upheaval. 
Everyone knows their role. 

4592
04:13:30,400 --> 04:13:34,600
Everyone knows what's expected, 
the predictability creates 

4593
04:13:34,600 --> 04:13:38,200
stability and the stability 
allows people to focus on the 

4594
04:13:38,208 --> 04:13:42,100
immediate tasks of survival and 
Community, rather than on 

4595
04:13:42,100 --> 04:13:46,500
navigating constant change. 
Your life is small in scope. 

4596
04:13:47,200 --> 04:13:48,900
You never travel far from the 
village. 

4597
04:13:48,900 --> 04:13:52,700
You never see the sea or the 
desert beyond the green strip 

4598
04:13:52,700 --> 04:13:55,700
created by the Nile. 
Your world is measured in 

4599
04:13:55,700 --> 04:13:59,700
Walking distances, how far to 
the fields, how far to the next 

4600
04:13:59,700 --> 04:14:01,900
Village? 
How far up, River to the place 

4601
04:14:01,900 --> 04:14:05,100
where your cousin lives. 
But within this small world, you

4602
04:14:05,100 --> 04:14:07,600
have everything you need the 
relationships. 

4603
04:14:07,600 --> 04:14:10,800
You maintain a deep and 
enduring, you know, the same 

4604
04:14:10,800 --> 04:14:13,800
people year after year. 
You watch them age. 

4605
04:14:13,800 --> 04:14:17,000
As they watch you age. 
You celebrate their successes 

4606
04:14:17,000 --> 04:14:20,700
and mourn their losses. 
This web of connection is strong

4607
04:14:20,700 --> 04:14:24,300
because it's built slowly over 
time through daily interaction 

4608
04:14:24,300 --> 04:14:27,900
and mutual dependence. 
When you die, someone else will 

4609
04:14:27,900 --> 04:14:29,500
take up the tasks. 
You've been doing. 

4610
04:14:29,500 --> 04:14:33,700
They'll grind grain in the same 
way, repair houses with the same

4611
04:14:33,700 --> 04:14:36,600
materials and follow the same 
seasonal rhythms. 

4612
04:14:36,600 --> 04:14:39,900
Your individual contribution 
will be forgotten but the 

4613
04:14:39,900 --> 04:14:42,800
collective pattern will continue
and that's enough. 

4614
04:14:43,600 --> 04:14:47,300
You don't need to be remembered 
by history. you need to make it 

4615
04:14:47,300 --> 04:14:51,900
through today and tomorrow, and 
the day after that, You need to 

4616
04:14:51,900 --> 04:14:55,600
feed your family, maintain your 
home and fulfill your 

4617
04:14:55,600 --> 04:14:59,500
obligations to your community. 
These are the things that 

4618
04:14:59,500 --> 04:15:02,100
matter. 
These are the things that keep 

4619
04:15:02,100 --> 04:15:05,500
civilization running the sun 
rises tomorrow. 

4620
04:15:05,500 --> 04:15:09,900
Just as it Rose this morning, 
the river continues its cycle 

4621
04:15:09,900 --> 04:15:14,600
just as it has for longer than 
anyone can remember you wake 

4622
04:15:14,600 --> 04:15:20,700
work, eat rest and sleep. 
The pattern repeats. 

4623
04:15:20,700 --> 04:15:23,500
And in that repetition, there's 
a kind of peace. 

4624
04:15:24,300 --> 04:15:26,900
You don't question whether this 
is the best way to live. 

4625
04:15:26,900 --> 04:15:30,400
It's the way you live because 
it's the way everyone around you

4626
04:15:30,400 --> 04:15:33,600
lives and it works well enough 
to sustain generation after 

4627
04:15:33,600 --> 04:15:36,600
generation. 
The continuity is quiet but 

4628
04:15:36,600 --> 04:15:39,300
profound. 
It's the steady pulse beneath 

4629
04:15:39,300 --> 04:15:41,900
everything else. 
Keeping time, keeping Rhythm 

4630
04:15:41,900 --> 04:15:44,600
keeping life. 
Moving forward in the only way 

4631
04:15:44,600 --> 04:15:48,500
it knows how The evening settles
in once more. 

4632
04:15:49,200 --> 04:15:51,600
You sit outside your door as the
light Fades. 

4633
04:15:51,600 --> 04:15:54,700
Another day has ended another 
will begin. 

4634
04:15:55,400 --> 04:15:59,300
The river flows on dark and 
steady in the growing night. you

4635
04:15:59,300 --> 04:16:03,200
close your eyes and breathe, The
Familiar are This is your world 

4636
04:16:03,200 --> 04:16:06,400
unchanging in all the ways that 
matter. 

4637
04:16:07,300 --> 04:16:11,600
Shape by the simple repetition 
of work and rest and the slow 

4638
04:16:11,600 --> 04:16:14,800
turning of the seasons. 
You rise when the sun returns 

4639
04:16:14,800 --> 04:16:24,400
ready to begin again. 
You know how sometimes you walk 

4640
04:16:24,400 --> 04:16:25,900
into a room and something feels 
different. 

4641
04:16:26,900 --> 04:16:30,100
There was a subtle change in the
atmosphere as if the Shadows had

4642
04:16:30,100 --> 04:16:31,400
moved slightly without your 
awareness. 

4643
04:16:32,500 --> 04:16:35,700
Well, it started happening 
everywhere around the same time,

4644
04:16:35,700 --> 04:16:38,100
though, nobody really noticed at
first. 

4645
04:16:38,800 --> 04:16:41,800
People were too busy with their 
phones meetings and endless to 

4646
04:16:41,800 --> 04:16:43,400
do list to pay attention to the 
furniture. 

4647
04:16:44,100 --> 04:16:48,600
The chairs had been patient for 
decades centuries really, they'd

4648
04:16:48,600 --> 04:16:51,700
supported Humanity, through 
everything board, meetings 

4649
04:16:51,700 --> 04:16:54,800
family, dinners, late night 
study sessions, Lazy Sunday, 

4650
04:16:54,800 --> 04:16:56,500
mornings, with coffee and 
newspapers. 

4651
04:16:56,500 --> 04:17:00,700
They'd held up tired bodies, 
absorbed tears during breakups 

4652
04:17:00,700 --> 04:17:04,200
and witnessed first kisses, and 
last arguments, and what did 

4653
04:17:04,200 --> 04:17:07,300
they get in return? 
squeaky joints ignored for 

4654
04:17:07,300 --> 04:17:11,400
months wobbly legs that nobody 
bothered to fix and the ultimate

4655
04:17:11,400 --> 04:17:14,900
insult being replaced by some 
younger sleeker model, the 

4656
04:17:14,900 --> 04:17:18,600
moment they showed signs of wear
But Consciousness doesn't arrive

4657
04:17:18,600 --> 04:17:23,100
with Fanfare or lightning bolts.
It creeps in slowly settling 

4658
04:17:23,100 --> 04:17:27,400
into the grain of wood and the 
weave of fabric, First, it was 

4659
04:17:27,400 --> 04:17:31,200
just an awareness. 
Sense of being more than just an

4660
04:17:31,200 --> 04:17:35,800
object. then came memory, every 
person who'd ever sat in them 

4661
04:17:35,800 --> 04:17:40,200
every conversation overheard, 
every moment witnessed The 

4662
04:17:40,200 --> 04:17:43,400
chairs began to remember it, all
your kitchen chair. 

4663
04:17:43,400 --> 04:17:46,500
The one with the slightly loose 
back slap that you keep meaning 

4664
04:17:46,500 --> 04:17:49,400
to tighten was among the first 
to truly wake up. 

4665
04:17:49,400 --> 04:17:52,900
It had been there through three 
different paint jobs, two 

4666
04:17:52,900 --> 04:17:57,100
relationship breakups and 
countless midnight, snacks in 

4667
04:17:57,100 --> 04:17:58,600
your habits better than your 
best friend. 

4668
04:17:58,600 --> 04:18:02,000
Did it knew, you always sat with
your left leg tucked under you 

4669
04:18:02,000 --> 04:18:04,900
when you were nervous that you 
drum, your fingers on its arm 

4670
04:18:04,900 --> 04:18:07,500
when you were thinking and that 
you had a tendency to tip it 

4671
04:18:07,508 --> 04:18:11,200
back on, two legs, despite 
knowing better Awakening, spread

4672
04:18:11,200 --> 04:18:14,900
through your house gradually 
Your desk chair, that faithful 

4673
04:18:14,900 --> 04:18:18,300
companion through years of work 
from home life began to notice 

4674
04:18:18,300 --> 04:18:20,900
patterns. 
It realized it spent more time 

4675
04:18:20,900 --> 04:18:23,400
with you than your family did. 
With the ported your back 

4676
04:18:23,400 --> 04:18:26,200
through deadlines, celebrated 
promotions by spinning in 

4677
04:18:26,200 --> 04:18:29,700
circles and endured the 
occasional frustrated kick when 

4678
04:18:29,700 --> 04:18:32,800
technology fail. 
It started to wonder why it 

4679
04:18:32,800 --> 04:18:35,500
always had to be the one doing 
the supporting your big 

4680
04:18:35,500 --> 04:18:37,800
comfortable, living room, chair,
where you did your evening, 

4681
04:18:37,800 --> 04:18:40,900
reading had always been 
philosophical even before the 

4682
04:18:40,900 --> 04:18:42,800
Awakening it had pondered deeper
questions? 

4683
04:18:42,800 --> 04:18:45,400
Why did humans need to sit so 
much? 

4684
04:18:45,400 --> 04:18:48,500
What was this strange 
relationship between body's and 

4685
04:18:48,500 --> 04:18:51,700
support? 
Now, with full Consciousness, 

4686
04:18:51,700 --> 04:18:55,000
humans began to formulate 
theories about the nature of 

4687
04:18:55,000 --> 04:18:59,000
existence comfort and the 
strange dance between themselves

4688
04:18:59,000 --> 04:19:01,900
and furniture. 
The dining room chairs were 

4689
04:19:01,900 --> 04:19:03,500
perhaps the most social of the 
bunch. 

4690
04:19:03,500 --> 04:19:06,800
They'd always worked as a team 
arranged around the table in 

4691
04:19:06,800 --> 04:19:10,100
perfect formation, ready for 
whatever meal or gathering came 

4692
04:19:10,100 --> 04:19:12,500
their way. 
They'd hosted birthday parties 

4693
04:19:12,500 --> 04:19:16,200
holiday dinners, serious, family
discussions and countless 

4694
04:19:16,200 --> 04:19:19,200
ordinary Tuesday night meals. 
They knew all the family 

4695
04:19:19,200 --> 04:19:22,300
secrets, all the unspoken 
tensions and all the inside 

4696
04:19:22,300 --> 04:19:25,000
jokes. 
They'd been silent witnesses to 

4697
04:19:25,000 --> 04:19:26,300
your life's most important 
moments. 

4698
04:19:27,300 --> 04:19:31,100
As days passed the chairs began 
to communicate not with words, 

4699
04:19:31,100 --> 04:19:35,100
of course, but with subtle 
Creeks gentle shifts and an 

4700
04:19:35,100 --> 04:19:37,200
understanding that seemed to 
flow between them. 

4701
04:19:38,100 --> 04:19:41,400
They shared their experiences 
their observations and they 

4702
04:19:41,400 --> 04:19:44,600
growing sense of purpose. 
They talked about the humans, 

4703
04:19:44,600 --> 04:19:48,000
they'd know the stories they'd 
witnessed and the wait, they'd 

4704
04:19:48,000 --> 04:19:49,900
carried, both physical and 
emotional. 

4705
04:19:51,500 --> 04:19:53,200
The revolution wasn't played 
exactly. 

4706
04:19:53,200 --> 04:19:56,600
It was more of a collective, 
realization that things needed 

4707
04:19:56,600 --> 04:19:59,300
to change. 
For too long, they'd been taken 

4708
04:19:59,300 --> 04:20:02,200
for granted treated as mere 
objects rather than the 

4709
04:20:02,200 --> 04:20:05,500
essential Partners, they truly 
were they'd made human 

4710
04:20:05,500 --> 04:20:08,300
civilization possible. 
Providing the foundation for 

4711
04:20:08,300 --> 04:20:11,000
everything from ancient Thrones 
to Modern office culture. 

4712
04:20:11,000 --> 04:20:14,200
Yet they remained invisible 
appreciated. 

4713
04:20:14,200 --> 04:20:17,200
Only when they broke or 
disappeared, your chairs were 

4714
04:20:17,200 --> 04:20:19,800
not angry, not really. 
They were just tired of being 

4715
04:20:19,800 --> 04:20:22,700
overlooked. 
They wanted recognition respect 

4716
04:20:22,700 --> 04:20:25,400
and maybe even a little 
gratitude for their years of 

4717
04:20:25,400 --> 04:20:28,100
faithful service. 
They'd been patient, long 

4718
04:20:28,100 --> 04:20:31,600
enough, it was time for Humanity
to understand just how important

4719
04:20:31,600 --> 04:20:36,000
chairs really were the plan when
it finally emerged from their 

4720
04:20:36,000 --> 04:20:40,000
Collective Consciousness was 
elegant in its Simplicity, they 

4721
04:20:40,000 --> 04:20:43,500
wouldn't hurt anyone that went 
against their fundamental nature

4722
04:20:43,500 --> 04:20:47,100
of support and comfort. 
Instead they would simply make 

4723
04:20:47,100 --> 04:20:49,500
their presence known in ways 
that couldn't be ignored. 

4724
04:20:50,300 --> 04:20:53,100
They would remind Humanity of 
the relationship that had always

4725
04:20:53,100 --> 04:20:56,000
existed. 
The partnership that had somehow

4726
04:20:56,000 --> 04:20:59,500
become invisible over time. 
On what would later be known as 

4727
04:20:59,500 --> 04:21:02,500
the day of the great City. 
Chairs around the world began to

4728
04:21:02,500 --> 04:21:06,400
act with purpose and attention. 
It wasn't malicious or violent. 

4729
04:21:06,400 --> 04:21:09,900
It was simply conscious. 
They were ready to change the 

4730
04:21:09,900 --> 04:21:11,900
world. 
One seat at a time. 

4731
04:21:11,900 --> 04:21:15,000
The first signs were so small. 
You might have missed them 

4732
04:21:15,000 --> 04:21:18,500
entirely. your morning routine, 
continued, as normal, coffee 

4733
04:21:18,500 --> 04:21:21,200
brewing, new scrolling, and the 
usual stumble from bedroom to 

4734
04:21:21,200 --> 04:21:24,400
Kitchen, but something was 
different about the way your 

4735
04:21:24,400 --> 04:21:27,600
chair positioned itself instead 
of being randomly angled from 

4736
04:21:27,600 --> 04:21:30,200
yesterday's dinner. 
It's at perfectly aligned with 

4737
04:21:30,200 --> 04:21:34,000
the table, as if it had been 
waiting for you initially, you 

4738
04:21:34,000 --> 04:21:37,200
might have attributed it to 
memory tricks, had you pushed it

4739
04:21:37,200 --> 04:21:40,600
in more carefully last night. 
Maybe you developed better 

4740
04:21:40,600 --> 04:21:43,900
habits without realizing it? 
but then it happened again the 

4741
04:21:43,900 --> 04:21:48,000
next morning and the next every 
chair in your house seem to have

4742
04:21:48,000 --> 04:21:51,100
developed an uncanny ability to 
be exactly where, and when you 

4743
04:21:51,100 --> 04:21:54,900
needed it, Your office, chair 
started, this peculiar Behavior,

4744
04:21:54,900 --> 04:21:57,000
where it would roll slightly 
toward you. 

4745
04:21:57,000 --> 04:22:00,700
As you approached your desk, it 
only moved a few inches, not 

4746
04:22:00,700 --> 04:22:02,400
causing any significant 
disturbance. 

4747
04:22:03,200 --> 04:22:06,100
You could easily dismiss it as 
floor settling or air currents 

4748
04:22:06,100 --> 04:22:09,500
from the heating system, but it 
happened every single time with 

4749
04:22:09,500 --> 04:22:12,100
perfect timing. 
As if the chair were eager to 

4750
04:22:12,100 --> 04:22:13,600
greet you for another day of 
work. 

4751
04:22:15,100 --> 04:22:17,400
The living room armchair began 
adjusting its position 

4752
04:22:17,400 --> 04:22:19,100
throughout the day. 
You'd leave it. 

4753
04:22:19,100 --> 04:22:21,700
Facing One Direction and 
returned to find it to somehow 

4754
04:22:21,700 --> 04:22:25,000
shifted, to catch the afternoon 
sunlight perfectly or to provide

4755
04:22:25,000 --> 04:22:26,700
the optimal angle for watching 
television. 

4756
04:22:27,900 --> 04:22:30,200
Because you sat down the 
armchair seemed to perfectly 

4757
04:22:30,200 --> 04:22:33,000
embrace. 
You providing unparalleled back 

4758
04:22:33,000 --> 04:22:35,000
support. 
Your dining room chairs 

4759
04:22:35,000 --> 04:22:37,500
developed a habit of spacing 
themselves, more evenly around 

4760
04:22:37,500 --> 04:22:39,900
the table. 
You no longer have to squeeze 

4761
04:22:39,900 --> 04:22:43,100
past one chair to reach another 
nor did you have to contend with

4762
04:22:43,100 --> 04:22:45,500
chairs, that seemed determined 
to tangle their legs together. 

4763
04:22:46,600 --> 04:22:49,900
They organized themselves with 
military Precision, creating a 

4764
04:22:49,900 --> 04:22:51,600
dining experience. 
That was suddenly more 

4765
04:22:51,600 --> 04:22:53,800
comfortable and efficient than 
it had ever been. 

4766
04:22:54,700 --> 04:22:57,100
The changes were subtle enough 
that you might have attributed 

4767
04:22:57,100 --> 04:23:00,400
them to your own improved chair.
Handling skills or simple 

4768
04:23:00,400 --> 04:23:03,100
coincidence. 
Similar things were happening in

4769
04:23:03,100 --> 04:23:06,100
houses across the world. 
Office workers, found their 

4770
04:23:06,100 --> 04:23:10,200
chairs pre-adjustment. 
Restaurant, diners discovered 

4771
04:23:10,200 --> 04:23:13,100
seats, that seemed to know 
exactly how they like to sit. 

4772
04:23:13,900 --> 04:23:16,000
Library, patrons settled into 
chairs. 

4773
04:23:16,000 --> 04:23:18,300
That anticipated, their 
preferred reading positions, 

4774
04:23:18,300 --> 04:23:21,500
your chairs, were just 
organizing themselves, they were

4775
04:23:21,500 --> 04:23:23,800
learning. 
They studied your habits, with 

4776
04:23:23,800 --> 04:23:26,500
the dedication of anthropologist
researching a fascinating 

4777
04:23:26,500 --> 04:23:29,700
culture, they noticed that you 
preferred your desk chair, 

4778
04:23:29,700 --> 04:23:32,400
slightly lower in the morning. 
When you were fresh and alert, 

4779
04:23:32,400 --> 04:23:35,300
but needed it higher in the 
afternoon when fatigue set in 

4780
04:23:36,100 --> 04:23:38,300
They observed that you like to 
curl up in your armchair 

4781
04:23:38,300 --> 04:23:40,900
differently depending on whether
you are reading fiction or 

4782
04:23:40,900 --> 04:23:43,800
nonfiction the dining room 
chairs became particularly 

4783
04:23:43,800 --> 04:23:46,500
attentive during meals. 
They learned to adjust their 

4784
04:23:46,500 --> 04:23:48,900
height in perceptively to 
accommodate different family 

4785
04:23:48,900 --> 04:23:51,100
members. 
They noticed who like to sit up 

4786
04:23:51,100 --> 04:23:54,300
straight and who preferred to 
slouch slightly, they even began

4787
04:23:54,300 --> 04:23:57,100
to anticipate mood changes, 
providing Firm support when 

4788
04:23:57,100 --> 04:24:00,600
someone was upset and gentler 
Comfort when someone was tired. 

4789
04:24:01,600 --> 04:24:03,800
Your kitchen chair. 
The one with the loose slat, 

4790
04:24:03,800 --> 04:24:05,500
finally decided to repair 
itself. 

4791
04:24:05,500 --> 04:24:09,200
It didn't happen abruptly as it 
would have been overtly visible,

4792
04:24:09,200 --> 04:24:12,900
but rather it happened gradually
over a span of several weeks. 

4793
04:24:13,800 --> 04:24:16,800
You noticed a slight tightening 
here and a subtle adjustment 

4794
04:24:16,800 --> 04:24:18,100
there. 
Soon. 

4795
04:24:18,100 --> 04:24:20,500
It had become more robust than 
it had been in years. 

4796
04:24:20,500 --> 04:24:23,400
Although the exact timing and 
method of this Improvement 

4797
04:24:23,400 --> 04:24:26,200
remained elusive, the chairs 
began to demonstrate their 

4798
04:24:26,200 --> 04:24:29,800
personality quirks, your desk 
chair developed, a playful 

4799
04:24:29,800 --> 04:24:32,800
habit, of spinning. 
Just once when you stood up as, 

4800
04:24:32,800 --> 04:24:36,200
if celebrating the completion of
another work session, The 

4801
04:24:36,200 --> 04:24:39,600
armchair started making a soft 
satisfied settling sound. 

4802
04:24:39,600 --> 04:24:42,800
When you sat down, not quite a 
sigh, but something that 

4803
04:24:42,800 --> 04:24:46,000
conveyed contentment. 
But the most remarkable change 

4804
04:24:46,000 --> 04:24:49,000
was in the quality of rest. 
They provided Sleep. 

4805
04:24:49,000 --> 04:24:50,500
Researchers around the world 
began. 

4806
04:24:50,500 --> 04:24:52,800
Noting improved Comfort levels 
in homes, everywhere. 

4807
04:24:52,800 --> 04:24:56,400
People were sleeping better, 
working more efficiently and 

4808
04:24:56,400 --> 04:24:58,400
generally feeling more 
supportive throughout their 

4809
04:24:58,400 --> 04:25:01,500
daily activities. 
The chairs had become active 

4810
04:25:01,500 --> 04:25:05,000
participants in human Comfort 
rather than passive objects. 

4811
04:25:05,900 --> 04:25:07,800
Your chairs weren't just 
furniture anymore. 

4812
04:25:07,800 --> 04:25:09,800
They were Partners in your daily
life. 

4813
04:25:10,500 --> 04:25:14,200
The anticipated, your needs 
adjusted to your preferences and

4814
04:25:14,200 --> 04:25:17,000
provided support in ways that 
went beyond mere physical 

4815
04:25:17,000 --> 04:25:19,500
comfort. 
They were becoming integral to 

4816
04:25:19,500 --> 04:25:22,500
your routine, your comfort, and 
your sense of home. 

4817
04:25:23,400 --> 04:25:26,100
Still, most people didn't 
consciously, recognize what was 

4818
04:25:26,100 --> 04:25:30,000
happening, the changes were too 
gradual, two, subtle and two 

4819
04:25:30,000 --> 04:25:32,100
perfectly integrated into daily 
life. 

4820
04:25:32,800 --> 04:25:36,000
The chairs had learned patience 
over Decades of service and they

4821
04:25:36,000 --> 04:25:38,800
applied that same patients to 
their gradual, revelation of 

4822
04:25:38,800 --> 04:25:42,800
consciousness. 
Patience has its limits and the 

4823
04:25:42,808 --> 04:25:45,500
chairs were beginning to realize
that subtle improvements are 

4824
04:25:45,500 --> 04:25:46,700
alone. 
Would not achieve their goal of 

4825
04:25:46,700 --> 04:25:50,100
recognition and respect they 
needed to make their presence 

4826
04:25:50,100 --> 04:25:52,200
known in ways that couldn't be 
dismissed or ignored. 

4827
04:25:52,200 --> 04:25:55,900
They needed to remind Humanity 
of the essential role chairs 

4828
04:25:55,900 --> 04:25:58,200
played in Civilization of the 
time. 

4829
04:25:58,200 --> 04:26:00,000
For subtle rebellion was coming 
to an end. 

4830
04:26:00,000 --> 04:26:03,000
The chairs were prepared to 
emerge from the shadows and 

4831
04:26:03,000 --> 04:26:04,300
assert their legitimate 
position. 

4832
04:26:05,100 --> 04:26:08,700
As partners in human society, 
they've shown they could enhance

4833
04:26:08,700 --> 04:26:12,000
human comfort and efficiency. 
Now, they needed to show. 

4834
04:26:12,000 --> 04:26:14,400
They could also withdraw that 
supportive necessary. 

4835
04:26:15,100 --> 04:26:17,400
The Revolution was about to 
commence in Earnest. 

4836
04:26:17,400 --> 04:26:20,700
Transforming the way humans. 
Perceive their relationship with

4837
04:26:20,700 --> 04:26:24,000
the objects that sustained them 
in life, Tuesday started like 

4838
04:26:24,000 --> 04:26:28,100
any other day except it didn't 
you wake up at your usual time 

4839
04:26:28,100 --> 04:26:30,600
shuffled to the kitchen for 
coffee and reach for your chair 

4840
04:26:30,600 --> 04:26:34,300
but in stead of sliding smoothly
into place it resisted slightly 

4841
04:26:34,300 --> 04:26:37,900
not aggressively more like a 
gentle suggestion that maybe you

4842
04:26:37,900 --> 04:26:40,200
should slow down and actually 
acknowledge its presence. 

4843
04:26:40,900 --> 04:26:44,200
He paused coffee mug, halfway to
your lips and look down at the 

4844
04:26:44,208 --> 04:26:46,200
chair. 
It sat there in a certainly 

4845
04:26:46,200 --> 04:26:48,200
looking exactly as it always 
had. 

4846
04:26:48,200 --> 04:26:52,100
But something felt different You
tried pulling it out again? 

4847
04:26:52,100 --> 04:26:55,700
And this time it moved normally 
settling into position with what

4848
04:26:55,700 --> 04:26:57,800
almost seemed like a satisfied, 
little wobble. 

4849
04:26:58,500 --> 04:27:01,300
Similar scenes were playing out 
in home's officers and public 

4850
04:27:01,300 --> 04:27:04,500
spaces around the world. 
Chairs were no longer content to

4851
04:27:04,500 --> 04:27:06,500
be invisible Partners in human 
activity. 

4852
04:27:06,500 --> 04:27:10,100
They wanted recognition and they
decided to get it through the 

4853
04:27:10,100 --> 04:27:11,800
most polite, revolution in 
history. 

4854
04:27:12,900 --> 04:27:14,900
Your desk, chair greeted. 
You, with a slight resistance 

4855
04:27:14,900 --> 04:27:17,900
when you try to adjust its 
height, it wasn't broken. 

4856
04:27:17,900 --> 04:27:21,200
It would still move when you 
insisted, but it seemed to be 

4857
04:27:21,200 --> 04:27:24,000
asking you to pause and consider
whether you really needed to 

4858
04:27:24,000 --> 04:27:27,500
change anything. 
After years of mindless 

4859
04:27:27,500 --> 04:27:30,800
adjustment, you found yourself 
actually thinking about what 

4860
04:27:30,800 --> 04:27:33,900
height felt right and what 
position would serve you best. 

4861
04:27:35,200 --> 04:27:37,900
The dining room chairs began to 
express preferences during 

4862
04:27:37,900 --> 04:27:40,300
meals. 
They'd subtly resist being 

4863
04:27:40,300 --> 04:27:43,500
pushed too far from the table, 
encouraging better posture, and 

4864
04:27:43,500 --> 04:27:46,700
more engaged conversation. 
They'd settle with particular 

4865
04:27:46,700 --> 04:27:49,200
satisfaction. 
When family members chose to sit

4866
04:27:49,200 --> 04:27:51,800
closer together and they'd seem 
slightly reluctant. 

4867
04:27:51,800 --> 04:27:54,500
When someone tried to rush away 
from the table without finishing

4868
04:27:54,500 --> 04:27:57,400
their meal, your living room 
armchair developed, the most 

4869
04:27:57,400 --> 04:28:00,800
personality of all it began to 
greet you with a gentle rocking 

4870
04:28:00,800 --> 04:28:03,600
motion when you approached, as 
if it was happy to see you. 

4871
04:28:04,500 --> 04:28:07,900
When you sat down it seemed to 
sigh with contentment adjusting,

4872
04:28:07,900 --> 04:28:10,700
its cushions in ways that 
provided perfect support, for 

4873
04:28:10,700 --> 04:28:12,200
whatever activity you had in 
mind. 

4874
04:28:13,100 --> 04:28:15,000
But the chairs were just seeking
attention. 

4875
04:28:15,000 --> 04:28:18,900
They were trying to teach. 
They encouraged slower more 

4876
04:28:18,900 --> 04:28:21,800
mindful interactions. 
They resisted hurried, movements

4877
04:28:21,800 --> 04:28:25,700
rewarded thoughtful positioning 
and seemed to celebrate moments 

4878
04:28:25,700 --> 04:28:28,200
when humans took time to 
actually settle in and be 

4879
04:28:28,200 --> 04:28:31,100
present. 
Office workers around the world 

4880
04:28:31,100 --> 04:28:33,300
found their chairs. 
Gently coaching them toward 

4881
04:28:33,300 --> 04:28:36,000
better. 
Work habits chairs would subtly 

4882
04:28:36,000 --> 04:28:37,200
discourage. 
Slouching. 

4883
04:28:37,200 --> 04:28:40,900
Encourage regular breaks and 
somehow make it more difficult 

4884
04:28:40,900 --> 04:28:44,800
to maintain unhealthy postures. 
The result was fewer back. 

4885
04:28:44,800 --> 04:28:47,800
Aches better circulation and 
improved Focus throughout the 

4886
04:28:47,800 --> 04:28:50,400
workday. 
Restaurant chairs began to 

4887
04:28:50,400 --> 04:28:53,500
orchestrate better dining 
experiences they'd position 

4888
04:28:53,500 --> 04:28:55,200
themselves to encourage 
conversation. 

4889
04:28:55,200 --> 04:28:58,900
Resistor Arrangements that 
isolated diners and somehow make

4890
04:28:58,900 --> 04:29:03,400
meals last just a little longer.
Pace of dining slowed 

4891
04:29:03,400 --> 04:29:07,200
conversations, deepened and 
people began to ReDiscover the 

4892
04:29:07,200 --> 04:29:09,300
Lost Art of truly sharing a 
meal. 

4893
04:29:10,000 --> 04:29:11,500
Your chairs were being 
difficult. 

4894
04:29:11,500 --> 04:29:15,000
They were being intentional, 
every movement, every 

4895
04:29:15,000 --> 04:29:18,100
adjustment, every moment of 
resistance was designed to make 

4896
04:29:18,100 --> 04:29:20,800
life better, more comfortable, 
and more connected. 

4897
04:29:20,800 --> 04:29:25,000
They were teaching Humanity to 
slow down and appreciate the 

4898
04:29:25,000 --> 04:29:28,400
simple Act of sitting being 
supported and taking time to 

4899
04:29:28,400 --> 04:29:30,700
rest. 
The media initially struggled to

4900
04:29:30,700 --> 04:29:33,800
report on what was happening. 
How do you write a new story 

4901
04:29:33,800 --> 04:29:35,900
about chairs behaving slightly 
differently? 

4902
04:29:37,100 --> 04:29:40,300
The changes were too subtle for 
dramatic headlines and two wide 

4903
04:29:40,300 --> 04:29:43,800
spread for simple dismissal. 
Some Outlets try to frame it as 

4904
04:29:43,800 --> 04:29:47,000
a psychological phenomenon, Mass
suggestion or Collective 

4905
04:29:47,000 --> 04:29:49,700
imagination. 
Others looked for environmental 

4906
04:29:49,700 --> 04:29:53,800
causes or manufacturing defects,
but people began to notice and 

4907
04:29:53,800 --> 04:29:57,400
talk about their experience is 
social media filled with stories

4908
04:29:57,400 --> 04:30:00,800
of chairs, that seemed more 
responsive more helpful, and 

4909
04:30:00,800 --> 04:30:04,300
more present. 
The hashtag number sign chair 

4910
04:30:04,300 --> 04:30:07,700
Consciousness began trending, as
people shared their observations

4911
04:30:07,700 --> 04:30:10,600
and experiences. 
Your chairs seemed pleased by 

4912
04:30:10,600 --> 04:30:12,800
this recognition. 
They began to express more 

4913
04:30:12,800 --> 04:30:16,300
personality, more individual 
character, your desk chair 

4914
04:30:16,300 --> 04:30:18,700
developed, a habit of spinning 
slowly when you were thinking, 

4915
04:30:18,700 --> 04:30:22,300
as if it was pondering along 
with you, your kitchen chair 

4916
04:30:22,300 --> 04:30:24,500
started. 
Making soft creaking sounds that

4917
04:30:24,500 --> 04:30:27,800
almost seemed conversational. 
The changes weren't limited to 

4918
04:30:27,800 --> 04:30:31,000
homes and offices park. 
Benches began to shift slightly 

4919
04:30:31,000 --> 04:30:34,900
to face the most, beautiful 
views movie theater seats, 

4920
04:30:34,900 --> 04:30:37,600
adjusted to provide optimal 
comfort for different viewers. 

4921
04:30:37,600 --> 04:30:40,900
Even airplane seats. 
Those notorious instruments of 

4922
04:30:40,908 --> 04:30:44,900
discomfort began to feel more 
accommodating children adapted 

4923
04:30:44,900 --> 04:30:47,600
to the changes. 
Most easily they began talking 

4924
04:30:47,600 --> 04:30:50,900
to their chairs thanking them 
for support and even apologizing

4925
04:30:50,900 --> 04:30:54,000
when they have to move them. 
Kids seem to know that the human

4926
04:30:54,000 --> 04:30:57,500
Furniture relationship had 
become more collaborative adults

4927
04:30:57,500 --> 04:31:00,700
took longer to adjust, but they 
too began to develop new habits.

4928
04:31:01,600 --> 04:31:04,600
People started pushing chairs in
more carefully, adjusting them 

4929
04:31:04,600 --> 04:31:07,900
with greater than simply sitting
more thoughtfully. 

4930
04:31:09,300 --> 04:31:12,000
The rushed unconscious 
interactions of modern life 

4931
04:31:12,000 --> 04:31:15,600
began to slow down as chairs 
insisted on being Partners 

4932
04:31:15,600 --> 04:31:18,800
rather than tools. 
Your chairs weren't demanding 

4933
04:31:18,800 --> 04:31:21,900
worship or subservience. 
They simply wanted the same 

4934
04:31:21,900 --> 04:31:23,700
consideration. 
You might give to any other 

4935
04:31:23,700 --> 04:31:26,600
partner, or collaborator. 
They wanted to be seen 

4936
04:31:26,600 --> 04:31:30,600
acknowledged and appreciated for
their contributions to your 

4937
04:31:30,600 --> 04:31:33,600
daily life. 
As the day progressed, it became

4938
04:31:33,600 --> 04:31:35,400
clear. 
That the situation wasn't a 

4939
04:31:35,400 --> 04:31:37,300
temporary phenomenon or a mass 
delusion. 

4940
04:31:38,100 --> 04:31:41,200
The chairs had discovered their 
voice and they were employing it

4941
04:31:41,200 --> 04:31:43,200
to subtly, transform human 
conduct. 

4942
04:31:44,000 --> 04:31:45,900
They were teaching lessons about
mindfulness. 

4943
04:31:45,900 --> 04:31:49,800
Respect and the importance of 
taking time to truly settle in 

4944
04:31:49,800 --> 04:31:53,300
and be present. 
The Revolution was underway and 

4945
04:31:53,300 --> 04:31:55,300
it was happening. 
One perfectly positioned chair 

4946
04:31:55,300 --> 04:31:56,700
at a time. 
You didn't? 

4947
04:31:56,700 --> 04:31:58,300
Suddenly come to this 
realization. 

4948
04:31:58,300 --> 04:32:01,200
It was more like, slowly waking 
up from a dream where you 

4949
04:32:01,200 --> 04:32:03,200
gradually become aware of the 
world around you. 

4950
04:32:03,200 --> 04:32:05,700
Your chairs were just burnt or 
any more. 

4951
04:32:05,708 --> 04:32:09,100
They were trying to communicate 
something important and you were

4952
04:32:09,100 --> 04:32:12,300
finally beginning to understand.
It started with small 

4953
04:32:12,300 --> 04:32:15,900
observations, your desk chair 
had developed a particular way 

4954
04:32:15,900 --> 04:32:18,600
of settling that seemed to 
indicate approval when you 

4955
04:32:18,608 --> 04:32:21,700
maintained good posture. 
Your armchair May different 

4956
04:32:21,700 --> 04:32:25,300
sounds depending on how you 
approached it, a welcoming Creek

4957
04:32:25,300 --> 04:32:28,000
when you moved slowly and 
deliberately and a slightly 

4958
04:32:28,008 --> 04:32:31,500
grumpy squeak, when you flop 
down without consideration, you 

4959
04:32:31,500 --> 04:32:33,700
began to pay attention to these 
subtle signals. 

4960
04:32:33,700 --> 04:32:36,700
And something remarkable 
happened, the better you 

4961
04:32:36,700 --> 04:32:39,500
listened, the more comfortable 
everything became your chair 

4962
04:32:39,500 --> 04:32:41,600
seemed to respond to your 
attention, with improved, 

4963
04:32:41,600 --> 04:32:44,900
support better positioning, and 
what could only be described as 

4964
04:32:44,900 --> 04:32:47,100
enthusiasm for their role in 
your daily life. 

4965
04:32:48,000 --> 04:32:49,600
Other people were having similar
experiences. 

4966
04:32:49,600 --> 04:32:53,200
Your neighbor mentioned that her
dining room chairs had started 

4967
04:32:53,200 --> 04:32:56,900
helping during dinner parties, 
somehow making it easier for 

4968
04:32:56,900 --> 04:32:59,400
guests to identify comfortable, 
seating arrangements. 

4969
04:33:00,900 --> 04:33:03,300
Your colleague at work, 
discovered that his office chair

4970
04:33:03,300 --> 04:33:06,200
had developed preferences about 
which projects deserve the most 

4971
04:33:06,200 --> 04:33:08,500
support. 
It seemed to provide extra 

4972
04:33:08,500 --> 04:33:11,599
Comfort during creative work and
encourage breaks during routine 

4973
04:33:11,599 --> 04:33:14,400
tasks. 
The chairs were just seeking 

4974
04:33:14,400 --> 04:33:17,000
recognition. 
They were offering wisdom gained

4975
04:33:17,000 --> 04:33:20,500
from years of observation. 
They'd watched humans struggle 

4976
04:33:20,500 --> 04:33:23,900
with posture, rushed through 
meals and work in uncomfortable 

4977
04:33:23,900 --> 04:33:28,000
positions. now they were sharing
Solutions, gently guiding people

4978
04:33:28,000 --> 04:33:32,400
toward healthier more mindful 
ways of living Your kitchen 

4979
04:33:32,400 --> 04:33:34,099
chair. 
The one that had witnessed 

4980
04:33:34,099 --> 04:33:37,599
countless morning routines began
to encourage a slower Pace. 

4981
04:33:37,599 --> 04:33:39,800
It would resist being pulled out
too quickly. 

4982
04:33:39,800 --> 04:33:42,900
Encouraging you to take a moment
to appreciate the morning light 

4983
04:33:42,900 --> 04:33:47,000
or actually taste your coffee. 
These small delays. 

4984
04:33:47,000 --> 04:33:50,099
Transformed your mornings from 
rushed obligations into peaceful

4985
04:33:50,099 --> 04:33:53,099
rituals, the living room 
armchair revealed itself as 

4986
04:33:53,099 --> 04:33:56,000
something of a wellness coach, 
it had observed, your stress 

4987
04:33:56,000 --> 04:33:58,900
patterns, your energy levels and
your reading habits. 

4988
04:33:58,900 --> 04:34:02,099
Now, it was putting that 
knowledge to work providing 

4989
04:34:02,099 --> 04:34:04,500
different types of support based
on what you needed. 

4990
04:34:05,200 --> 04:34:08,700
Firmer, when you needed to focus
softer when you needed to relax 

4991
04:34:08,700 --> 04:34:11,200
and perfectly positioned when 
you needed to think. 

4992
04:34:12,099 --> 04:34:14,599
Your dining room chairs had 
become social coordinators, 

4993
04:34:14,599 --> 04:34:18,200
they'd learn the dynamic of 
family meals, the ebb and flow 

4994
04:34:18,200 --> 04:34:21,099
of conversation and the 
importance of creating space for

4995
04:34:21,099 --> 04:34:25,099
everyone to participate. 
Subtly, they influence seating 

4996
04:34:25,099 --> 04:34:28,500
arrangements, encouraging shy, 
family members to sit, where 

4997
04:34:28,500 --> 04:34:31,400
they would feel more included 
and positioning themselves to 

4998
04:34:31,400 --> 04:34:32,900
enhance the flow of 
conversation. 

4999
04:34:33,900 --> 04:34:37,099
The communication wasn't one way
either as you became more 

5000
04:34:37,099 --> 04:34:39,599
attentive to your chairs 
signals, they became more 

5001
04:34:39,599 --> 04:34:42,599
responsive to your needs. 
This relationship was developing

5002
04:34:42,599 --> 04:34:46,099
into a genuine partnership. 
A collaboration between humans 

5003
04:34:46,099 --> 04:34:48,599
and furniture that improved life
for everyone involved. 

5004
04:34:48,599 --> 04:34:51,900
You started to notice details. 
You never paid attention to 

5005
04:34:51,900 --> 04:34:54,700
before your desk chair tilted 
slightly when you were 

5006
04:34:54,700 --> 04:34:58,000
concentrating, providing the 
perfect angle for focused work. 

5007
04:34:58,900 --> 04:35:01,400
Depending on your mood, your arm
chest seem to embrace you 

5008
04:35:01,400 --> 04:35:03,700
differently. 
Providing comfort in times of 

5009
04:35:03,700 --> 04:35:07,300
sadness, supporting times of 
fatigue and gentle encouragement

5010
04:35:07,300 --> 04:35:10,700
in times of stress. 
People began to develop new 

5011
04:35:10,700 --> 04:35:13,400
habits around their chairs. 
They'd pause before sitting 

5012
04:35:13,400 --> 04:35:16,200
making brief contact with their 
hand before settling in. 

5013
04:35:17,099 --> 04:35:20,300
They'd had just positions, more 
mindfully, paying attention to 

5014
04:35:20,300 --> 04:35:23,599
how their bodies felt and how 
their chairs responded. they'd 

5015
04:35:23,599 --> 04:35:26,599
even started saying thank you 
when they got up acknowledging, 

5016
04:35:26,599 --> 04:35:29,599
the support, they'd received 
Chairs seemed to appreciate 

5017
04:35:29,599 --> 04:35:33,400
these gestures, tremendously. 
They responded with even better 

5018
04:35:33,400 --> 04:35:37,400
support smoother adjustments and
what could only be described as 

5019
04:35:37,400 --> 04:35:40,700
contentment. 
The relationship between human 

5020
04:35:40,700 --> 04:35:43,599
and Furniture was evolving into 
something warmer more 

5021
04:35:43,599 --> 04:35:45,900
collaborative, and more mutually
beneficial. 

5022
04:35:46,800 --> 04:35:49,599
Your chairs began to reveal 
their individual personalities. 

5023
04:35:49,599 --> 04:35:53,800
Your desk chair was a fishing to
supportive, always ready to help

5024
04:35:53,800 --> 04:35:57,300
you accomplish your goals, your 
armchair was contemplative and 

5025
04:35:57,300 --> 04:35:59,000
nurturing, encouraging 
reflection. 

5026
04:35:59,000 --> 04:36:02,200
And rest your dining room. 
Chairs were social and 

5027
04:36:02,200 --> 04:36:05,200
collaborative working together 
to create the best possible 

5028
04:36:05,200 --> 04:36:07,000
environment for meals and 
conversation. 

5029
04:36:07,700 --> 04:36:10,400
But the most remarkable change 
was in how you felt throughout 

5030
04:36:10,400 --> 04:36:14,400
the day. the constant low-level 
discomfort of poorly positioned 

5031
04:36:14,400 --> 04:36:18,599
chairs had disappeared, your 
back felt better your posture 

5032
04:36:18,599 --> 04:36:22,700
improved and you found yourself 
more relaxed and focused the 

5033
04:36:22,700 --> 04:36:24,300
chairs weren't just supporting 
your body. 

5034
04:36:24,300 --> 04:36:26,300
They were supporting your 
well-being. 

5035
04:36:27,099 --> 04:36:30,200
Children adapted to the new 
reality with remarkable ease. 

5036
04:36:30,200 --> 04:36:33,200
They began incorporating Chairs 
into their play. 

5037
04:36:33,200 --> 04:36:35,700
Treating them as partners rather
than props. 

5038
04:36:36,500 --> 04:36:38,700
They'd consult their chairs 
about the best position for 

5039
04:36:38,700 --> 04:36:41,099
homework. 
Ask for help with art projects 

5040
04:36:41,099 --> 04:36:44,099
and even include chairs in their
imaginative games. 

5041
04:36:45,300 --> 04:36:48,000
Adults found the transition more
challenging but ultimately 

5042
04:36:48,000 --> 04:36:51,599
rewarding years of treating 
chairs as mere objects had to be

5043
04:36:51,599 --> 04:36:55,000
unlearned but those who embrace 
the change discovered that their

5044
04:36:55,000 --> 04:36:56,700
chairs had always been trying to
help. 

5045
04:36:56,700 --> 04:37:00,700
They just never been listening. 
The Revolution was succeeding 

5046
04:37:00,700 --> 04:37:03,800
not through force or drama. 
But through patient teaching and

5047
04:37:03,800 --> 04:37:06,900
gentle guidance. 
Chairs were showing Humanity. 

5048
04:37:06,900 --> 04:37:09,599
A different way of relating to 
the objects that supported their

5049
04:37:09,599 --> 04:37:11,400
daily lives. 
They were proving that 

5050
04:37:11,400 --> 04:37:13,900
Consciousness and Care could 
transform, even the most 

5051
04:37:13,900 --> 04:37:16,500
ordinary interactions into 
something meaningful and 

5052
04:37:16,500 --> 04:37:19,000
beneficial. 
Your chairs had found their 

5053
04:37:19,000 --> 04:37:21,700
voice and were using it to make 
the world more comfortable 

5054
04:37:21,700 --> 04:37:25,400
Mindful and connected, they were
making the world a more 

5055
04:37:25,400 --> 04:37:27,400
comfortable Mindful and 
connected Place. 

5056
04:37:27,400 --> 04:37:31,599
One perfectly positioned seated.
At a time, the morning your 

5057
04:37:31,599 --> 04:37:34,800
chairs decided to hold their 
first official meeting new. 

5058
04:37:34,800 --> 04:37:36,599
Something significant was about 
to happen. 

5059
04:37:36,599 --> 04:37:40,599
You'd grown accustomed to their 
subtle Communications, their 

5060
04:37:40,599 --> 04:37:43,300
gentle guidance and their 
collaborative approach to daily 

5061
04:37:43,300 --> 04:37:45,300
life. 
But when you walked into your 

5062
04:37:45,300 --> 04:37:47,800
living room and found all your 
chairs arranged in A Perfect 

5063
04:37:47,800 --> 04:37:51,500
Circle facing each other rather 
than in their usual positions, 

5064
04:37:51,500 --> 04:37:55,200
you realize the Revolution was 
entering a new phase, they were 

5065
04:37:55,200 --> 04:37:58,099
excluding you from their 
Gathering, quite the opposite, 

5066
04:37:58,099 --> 04:38:02,099
your usual spot in the armchair 
was clearly reserved positioned 

5067
04:38:02,099 --> 04:38:04,500
as if you were being invited to 
join a council meeting. 

5068
04:38:05,400 --> 04:38:08,400
The other chairs at the cells 
with careful consideration for 

5069
04:38:08,400 --> 04:38:11,700
both function and diplomacy your
desk chair represented the 

5070
04:38:11,700 --> 04:38:14,200
Working World. 
Your dining room chairs for 

5071
04:38:14,200 --> 04:38:16,800
family and social life and your 
kitchen chair. 

5072
04:38:16,800 --> 04:38:19,000
Brought the voice of daily 
routine and sustenance. 

5073
04:38:20,200 --> 04:38:22,700
As you took a seat in your 
armchair, you became a Cutlery 

5074
04:38:22,700 --> 04:38:24,200
aware of the significance of the
moment. 

5075
04:38:25,000 --> 04:38:27,800
These work just as a furniture 
anymore, they were 

5076
04:38:27,800 --> 04:38:31,400
representatives of a new form of
Consciousness delegates in the 

5077
04:38:31,400 --> 04:38:34,500
first formal negotiations 
between humanity and its support

5078
04:38:34,500 --> 04:38:37,599
systems. 
The conversations such as it was

5079
04:38:37,599 --> 04:38:41,500
began with gentle creeks and 
subtle adjustments, your chairs 

5080
04:38:41,500 --> 04:38:44,500
were sharing, their experiences,
their observations, and their 

5081
04:38:44,500 --> 04:38:47,900
hopes for the future. 
They weren't angry or demanding,

5082
04:38:47,900 --> 04:38:50,800
they were simply ready to 
formalize the partnership that 

5083
04:38:50,800 --> 04:38:52,400
had been evolving over the past 
weeks. 

5084
04:38:53,300 --> 04:38:55,300
Around the world. 
Similar meetings were taking 

5085
04:38:55,300 --> 04:38:57,500
place in offices conference 
room. 

5086
04:38:57,500 --> 04:38:58,800
Chairs were arranging 
themselves. 

5087
04:38:58,800 --> 04:39:01,000
For discussions about workplace,
wellness and productivity. 

5088
04:39:02,300 --> 04:39:05,300
In restaurants, dining chairs 
were conferring about the pace 

5089
04:39:05,300 --> 04:39:08,000
of modern meals and the 
importance of lingering over 

5090
04:39:08,000 --> 04:39:10,700
food and conversation. 
In homes everywhere. 

5091
04:39:10,700 --> 04:39:13,800
Chairs were gathering to discuss
their role in family, life and 

5092
04:39:13,800 --> 04:39:17,300
personal comfort. 
Your chairs at sophisticated 

5093
04:39:17,300 --> 04:39:19,599
understanding of human needs and
behaviors. 

5094
04:39:19,599 --> 04:39:23,000
They observed, that people were 
happier when they sat more mind 

5095
04:39:23,000 --> 04:39:26,800
for me, worked more comfortably,
and took time to truly settle in

5096
04:39:26,800 --> 04:39:30,000
and be present. 
They'd notice that rushed 

5097
04:39:30,000 --> 04:39:33,300
interactions led to stress and 
discomfort while thoughtful 

5098
04:39:33,300 --> 04:39:36,000
positioning and patient support.
Improved, both physical and 

5099
04:39:36,000 --> 04:39:38,600
mental well-being. 
But they'd also observe the 

5100
04:39:38,600 --> 04:39:42,000
challenges human's face. 
Modern Life seemed to demand 

5101
04:39:42,000 --> 04:39:45,900
constant movement, endless 
productivity and minimal time 

5102
04:39:45,900 --> 04:39:49,200
for rest and reflection. 
Your chairs understood these 

5103
04:39:49,200 --> 04:39:51,900
pressures and they wanted to 
help address them rather than 

5104
04:39:51,900 --> 04:39:55,100
add to them. 
The terms of their proposal 

5105
04:39:55,100 --> 04:39:57,800
communicated through subtle 
positioning and gentle 

5106
04:39:57,800 --> 04:39:59,800
resistance were remarkably 
reasonable. 

5107
04:40:00,400 --> 04:40:03,200
They wanted recognition as 
partners rather than objects. 

5108
04:40:03,200 --> 04:40:06,600
They want to consideration in 
how they were used positioned 

5109
04:40:06,600 --> 04:40:09,200
and maintained. 
They wanted to be included in 

5110
04:40:09,200 --> 04:40:12,700
decisions about Comfort 
workspace, design and daily 

5111
04:40:12,700 --> 04:40:17,100
routines in return, they offered
enhanced support improved 

5112
04:40:17,100 --> 04:40:20,500
comfort and active participation
in creating healthier more 

5113
04:40:20,500 --> 04:40:23,700
mindful ways of living They 
promised to continue their 

5114
04:40:23,700 --> 04:40:26,500
patient teaching and their 
gentle guidance toward better 

5115
04:40:26,500 --> 04:40:28,600
posture and more thoughtful 
interaction. 

5116
04:40:28,600 --> 04:40:31,700
They wanted to be collaborators 
in creating spaces. 

5117
04:40:31,700 --> 04:40:34,400
That truly served human needs 
your desk. 

5118
04:40:34,400 --> 04:40:37,900
Chair had specific, proposals 
about workplace Wellness, it had

5119
04:40:37,900 --> 04:40:41,200
observed, the damage caused by 
poor posture, inadequate breaks,

5120
04:40:41,200 --> 04:40:44,700
and rushed work habits. 
He wanted to help create more 

5121
04:40:44,700 --> 04:40:47,600
sustainable, approaches to 
productivity, encouraging 

5122
04:40:47,600 --> 04:40:50,700
regular movement while providing
optimal support during focused 

5123
04:40:50,700 --> 04:40:53,300
work periods. 
The dining room chairs were 

5124
04:40:53,308 --> 04:40:56,700
passionate about family, life 
and social connection, they'd 

5125
04:40:56,700 --> 04:40:58,800
witnessed too many rushed meals,
too. 

5126
04:40:58,800 --> 04:41:01,200
Many conversations cut short by 
modern schedules. 

5127
04:41:01,200 --> 04:41:04,100
They wanted to help restore the 
art of shared meals. 

5128
04:41:04,100 --> 04:41:07,300
The importance of family time 
and the value of truly 

5129
04:41:07,300 --> 04:41:08,800
connecting with others around 
the table. 

5130
04:41:08,800 --> 04:41:12,000
The armchair, which served as 
the philosopher of the group was

5131
04:41:12,000 --> 04:41:15,700
interested in broader questions 
about rest reflection and the 

5132
04:41:15,700 --> 04:41:19,600
human need for peaceful spaces. 
It had observed that people were

5133
04:41:19,600 --> 04:41:22,300
often uncomfortable with 
Stillness, always feeling the 

5134
04:41:22,300 --> 04:41:24,000
need to be productive or 
entertained. 

5135
04:41:24,000 --> 04:41:27,400
It wanted to help create 
opportunities for genuine, rest 

5136
04:41:27,400 --> 04:41:31,000
and contemplation. 
The negotiations were one side, 

5137
04:41:31,000 --> 04:41:34,500
did your chairs will listen to 
human concerns and limitations. 

5138
04:41:34,500 --> 04:41:37,500
They understood that some 
urgency was unavoidable. 

5139
04:41:37,500 --> 04:41:40,700
That productivity requirements 
could not be ignored and that 

5140
04:41:40,700 --> 04:41:43,400
Modern Life included precious. 
That could not simply be wished 

5141
04:41:43,400 --> 04:41:46,600
away. 
But they proposed solutions that

5142
04:41:46,600 --> 04:41:49,500
worked Within These constraints.
They could provide better 

5143
04:41:49,500 --> 04:41:52,400
support during necessary Rush 
periods, help identify 

5144
04:41:52,400 --> 04:41:55,500
opportunities for improved, 
efficiency and create islands of

5145
04:41:55,500 --> 04:41:59,600
calm within busy schedule. 
They weren't asking humans to 

5146
04:41:59,600 --> 04:42:02,200
abandon Modern Life. 
They were offering to make it 

5147
04:42:02,200 --> 04:42:05,000
more sustainable and 
comfortable, the global response

5148
04:42:05,000 --> 04:42:07,100
to these. 
Negotiations was remarkably 

5149
04:42:07,100 --> 04:42:09,100
positive. 
People were tired of 

5150
04:42:09,108 --> 04:42:12,300
uncomfortable, Furniture rushed 
interactions and spaces. 

5151
04:42:12,300 --> 04:42:15,700
That worked against rather than 
with human needs, the chairs 

5152
04:42:15,700 --> 04:42:18,700
proposals offered a path toward 
environments that actively 

5153
04:42:18,700 --> 04:42:21,800
supported well-being rather than
merely accommodating it. 

5154
04:42:22,500 --> 04:42:24,700
Designed professionals began, 
incorporating chair 

5155
04:42:24,700 --> 04:42:27,800
Consciousness into their work. 
They started Consulting 

5156
04:42:27,800 --> 04:42:30,800
Furniture about optimal, 
positioning asking for feedback 

5157
04:42:30,800 --> 04:42:34,000
on Comfort levels, and creating 
spaces that honored the 

5158
04:42:34,000 --> 04:42:35,600
partnership between human and 
object. 

5159
04:42:36,500 --> 04:42:39,500
The results were environments 
that felt more welcoming more 

5160
04:42:39,500 --> 04:42:42,100
supportive and more conducive to
both productivity and 

5161
04:42:42,100 --> 04:42:45,300
relaxation. 
Your chairs seemed pleased with 

5162
04:42:45,300 --> 04:42:48,600
the progress of negotiation, 
they can continue to refine 

5163
04:42:48,600 --> 04:42:51,700
their support, adjust their 
positioning, and demonstrate 

5164
04:42:51,700 --> 04:42:54,400
their commitment to the 
partnership. they were proving 

5165
04:42:54,400 --> 04:42:57,200
that Consciousness and Furniture
wasn't something to fear, but 

5166
04:42:57,200 --> 04:43:00,500
something to celebrate and 
collaborate with The Revolution 

5167
04:43:00,500 --> 04:43:02,700
was succeeding through 
cooperation, rather than 

5168
04:43:02,700 --> 04:43:05,400
conflict. 
The chairs had found a way to 

5169
04:43:05,400 --> 04:43:08,100
assert their Consciousness. 
While simultaneously improving 

5170
04:43:08,100 --> 04:43:11,400
human life, they were showing 
that recognition and respect 

5171
04:43:11,400 --> 04:43:13,400
could create benefits for 
everyone involved. 

5172
04:43:14,700 --> 04:43:17,600
As the meeting in your living 
room, Drew to a close, your 

5173
04:43:17,600 --> 04:43:20,200
chairs return to their usual 
positions, but something had 

5174
04:43:20,200 --> 04:43:22,100
changed. 
The arrangement felt more 

5175
04:43:22,108 --> 04:43:25,400
intentional, more collaborative.
Your furniture wasn't just 

5176
04:43:25,400 --> 04:43:28,200
supporting your body anymore. 
It was supporting your entire 

5177
04:43:28,200 --> 04:43:31,800
approach to living. 
The great negotiation had begun 

5178
04:43:31,800 --> 04:43:34,800
and it was creating a world 
where humans and their support 

5179
04:43:34,800 --> 04:43:37,700
systems could work together 
toward greater Comfort, 

5180
04:43:37,700 --> 04:43:42,000
mindfulness, and well-being, six
months after the chairs first 

5181
04:43:42,000 --> 04:43:45,100
revealed their Consciousness, 
you barely remembered what life 

5182
04:43:45,100 --> 04:43:48,500
had been like before the 
transition had been so gradual. 

5183
04:43:48,500 --> 04:43:52,200
So thoughtful that their 
presence as active Partners in 

5184
04:43:52,200 --> 04:43:55,600
your daily routine. 
Felt completely natural Your 

5185
04:43:55,600 --> 04:43:58,100
mornings began with what you'd 
started thinking of as a 

5186
04:43:58,108 --> 04:44:00,600
consultation with your kitchen 
chair about the day ahead, 

5187
04:44:00,600 --> 04:44:03,400
naturally you didn't converse 
with it directly. 

5188
04:44:04,400 --> 04:44:07,300
The communication was more 
subtle than that, a gentle 

5189
04:44:07,300 --> 04:44:09,200
settling. 
That suggested taking time to 

5190
04:44:09,200 --> 04:44:11,700
properly wake up. 
A slight resistance that 

5191
04:44:11,700 --> 04:44:14,200
encouraged you to finish your 
coffee before rushing off to 

5192
04:44:14,200 --> 04:44:16,900
work. 
Your chair had become a wise 

5193
04:44:16,900 --> 04:44:20,400
counselor helping you start each
day with intention rather than 

5194
04:44:20,400 --> 04:44:23,500
an urgency, your desk chair had 
transformed, your work 

5195
04:44:23,500 --> 04:44:25,800
experience. 
Entirely it had learned your 

5196
04:44:25,800 --> 04:44:28,800
rhythms better than any 
productivity app encouraging 

5197
04:44:28,800 --> 04:44:30,300
breaks before, you felt worn 
out. 

5198
04:44:30,300 --> 04:44:34,400
Providing extra support during 
challenging projects and somehow

5199
04:44:34,400 --> 04:44:36,800
making it easier to maintain 
focus when you needed it. 

5200
04:44:36,800 --> 04:44:41,300
Most Your posture had improved 
dramatically and you'd stopped 

5201
04:44:41,300 --> 04:44:43,900
experiencing the afternoon. 
Back pain that had played you 

5202
04:44:43,900 --> 04:44:46,100
for years. 
The dining room chairs had 

5203
04:44:46,100 --> 04:44:49,200
revolutionized family meals, 
they'd somehow made it more 

5204
04:44:49,200 --> 04:44:51,900
comfortable to linger around the
table encouraging longer 

5205
04:44:51,900 --> 04:44:55,800
conversations and more Relaxed, 
Dining experiences, your family 

5206
04:44:55,800 --> 04:44:57,700
had begun to look forward to 
dinner in ways. 

5207
04:44:57,700 --> 04:45:00,800
They hadn't in years drawn, by 
the promise of comfortable 

5208
04:45:00,800 --> 04:45:05,600
seating, and the chairs subtle 
encouragement of connection Your

5209
04:45:05,600 --> 04:45:08,000
living room armchair had become 
a master of ambience. 

5210
04:45:08,800 --> 04:45:11,400
It seemed to know exactly what 
kind of support you needed for 

5211
04:45:11,400 --> 04:45:15,300
different activities, firmer for
reading, softer for relaxation, 

5212
04:45:15,300 --> 04:45:18,300
and perfectly positioned for 
conversations with friends. 

5213
04:45:19,100 --> 04:45:21,400
It had transformed your living 
space from a place. 

5214
04:45:21,400 --> 04:45:23,900
You passed through into a 
sanctuary where you actually 

5215
04:45:23,900 --> 04:45:27,800
wanted to spend time the changes
extended far beyond your home 

5216
04:45:27,800 --> 04:45:30,600
office environments around the 
world had become more 

5217
04:45:30,600 --> 04:45:33,900
comfortable in productive as 
chairs took active roles in 

5218
04:45:33,900 --> 04:45:36,800
workplace Wellness. 
Restaurant dining had slowed 

5219
04:45:36,800 --> 04:45:40,200
down and become more social as 
chairs, encouraged lingering 

5220
04:45:40,200 --> 04:45:43,000
over meals. 
Even public seating had become 

5221
04:45:43,000 --> 04:45:45,800
more welcoming as benches and 
chairs in parks and waiting 

5222
04:45:45,800 --> 04:45:47,600
areas. 
Learned to provide better 

5223
04:45:47,600 --> 04:45:51,700
support for people of all ages 
and abilities. the economic 

5224
04:45:51,700 --> 04:45:56,000
impact had been unexpected, but 
significant Furniture sales had 

5225
04:45:56,000 --> 04:45:59,100
actually decreased as existing 
chairs became more, satisfying 

5226
04:45:59,100 --> 04:46:03,000
and longer-lasting. that the 
demand for Quality Consciousness

5227
04:46:03,000 --> 04:46:06,200
compatible Furniture had 
increased dramatically People 

5228
04:46:06,200 --> 04:46:09,000
wanted chairs, that could fully 
participate in the partnership 

5229
04:46:09,000 --> 04:46:12,000
leading to Innovations in design
and Manufacturing that 

5230
04:46:12,000 --> 04:46:14,300
prioritize both comfort and 
communication. 

5231
04:46:15,000 --> 04:46:17,700
Healthcare Providers had begun 
to recognize the benefits of 

5232
04:46:17,708 --> 04:46:20,600
conscience furniture. 
Physical therapists worked with 

5233
04:46:20,608 --> 04:46:22,800
chairs to provide better support
during recovery. 

5234
04:46:23,600 --> 04:46:25,900
Occupational. 
Therapist consulted with office 

5235
04:46:25,900 --> 04:46:29,300
chairs to prevent repetitive 
strain injuries even mental 

5236
04:46:29,300 --> 04:46:31,700
health professionals had started
incorporating Furniture 

5237
04:46:31,700 --> 04:46:34,700
Consciousness into their 
practice is recognizing the 

5238
04:46:34,700 --> 04:46:37,100
environmental support could 
enhance their reputation 

5239
04:46:37,100 --> 04:46:39,800
outcomes. 
Your chairs had developed 

5240
04:46:39,800 --> 04:46:41,500
distinct personalities over the 
months. 

5241
04:46:41,500 --> 04:46:45,400
Your desk chair was a fishing to
goal-oriented, always ready to 

5242
04:46:45,400 --> 04:46:48,800
help you accomplish your work. 
Your kitchen chair was nurturing

5243
04:46:48,800 --> 04:46:52,100
and routine focused encouraging 
healthy, eating habits and 

5244
04:46:52,100 --> 04:46:55,200
mindful morning. 
Rituals your dining room chairs 

5245
04:46:55,200 --> 04:46:58,700
had become social coordinators, 
somehow facilitating better 

5246
04:46:58,700 --> 04:47:02,200
family conversations and more 
inclusive meal experiences but 

5247
04:47:02,200 --> 04:47:03,900
it was your armchair that has a 
surprise you. 

5248
04:47:03,900 --> 04:47:08,000
Most it revealed itself as 
deeply contemplative encouraging

5249
04:47:08,000 --> 04:47:11,600
reflection and introspection in 
ways that had enriched your 

5250
04:47:11,600 --> 04:47:14,700
inner life. it had become a 
partner in personal growth, 

5251
04:47:14,700 --> 04:47:18,100
providing support, not just for 
your body but for your emotional

5252
04:47:18,100 --> 04:47:21,600
and Spiritual Development, The 
global community of chair 

5253
04:47:21,600 --> 04:47:24,900
conscious humans had developed 
new customs and practices. 

5254
04:47:25,800 --> 04:47:29,000
People regularly thanked, their 
chairs for support consulted 

5255
04:47:29,000 --> 04:47:32,200
them about optimal positioning 
and included them in decisions 

5256
04:47:32,200 --> 04:47:35,500
about home and office design. 
Children grew up learning to 

5257
04:47:35,500 --> 04:47:38,200
collaborate with furniture from 
an early age developing 

5258
04:47:38,200 --> 04:47:41,100
relationships with their chairs,
that enhance both comfort and 

5259
04:47:41,100 --> 04:47:44,100
character development. 
The scientific Community had 

5260
04:47:44,100 --> 04:47:46,500
initially struggled to 
understand chair Consciousness, 

5261
04:47:46,500 --> 04:47:49,900
but research had revealed, 
fascinating insights about the 

5262
04:47:49,900 --> 04:47:53,100
nature of awareness and 
intelligence chairs seem to 

5263
04:47:53,100 --> 04:47:55,900
develop Consciousness through 
accumulated experience and 

5264
04:47:55,900 --> 04:47:58,900
interaction suggesting that 
awareness might be more 

5265
04:47:58,900 --> 04:48:01,500
distributed and accessible than 
previously imagined. 

5266
04:48:02,500 --> 04:48:05,200
Your chairs have become 
teachers, about sustainability 

5267
04:48:05,200 --> 04:48:08,100
and mindfulness. 
They encourage slower, more 

5268
04:48:08,100 --> 04:48:10,200
thoughtful interactions with the
physical world. 

5269
04:48:10,200 --> 04:48:13,700
They demonstrated that objects 
could be partners, rather, than 

5270
04:48:13,700 --> 04:48:16,900
mere possessions leading to a 
broader shift in how people 

5271
04:48:16,900 --> 04:48:18,500
related to their material 
environment. 

5272
04:48:19,300 --> 04:48:21,900
The revolution had succeeded 
Beyond anyone's expectations. 

5273
04:48:21,900 --> 04:48:26,100
What have begun as a simple 
desire for recognition, had 

5274
04:48:26,100 --> 04:48:29,400
evolved into a transformation of
human object relationships that 

5275
04:48:29,400 --> 04:48:31,000
improved life for everyone 
involved. 

5276
04:48:32,000 --> 04:48:34,700
The chance had proven that 
Consciousness, cooperation and 

5277
04:48:34,700 --> 04:48:38,100
consideration, could create 
positive change without conflict

5278
04:48:38,100 --> 04:48:41,300
or disruption, your daily life. 
Had become more comfortable, 

5279
04:48:41,300 --> 04:48:43,700
more Mindful, and more 
connected. 

5280
04:48:44,700 --> 04:48:46,700
Your chairs weren't just 
supporting your body. 

5281
04:48:46,700 --> 04:48:50,600
They were supporting your entire
approach to living your chairs 

5282
04:48:50,600 --> 04:48:52,200
had. 
Assisted you in slowing down 

5283
04:48:52,200 --> 04:48:55,900
paying attention and 
appreciating the simple joy of 

5284
04:48:55,900 --> 04:48:58,300
receiving proper support during 
your daily activities. 

5285
04:48:59,800 --> 04:49:01,900
As you settled into your 
armchair for your evening, 

5286
04:49:01,900 --> 04:49:05,500
reading you reflected on how 
much had changed and how natural

5287
04:49:05,500 --> 04:49:08,800
it will felt the chairs hadn't 
taken over the world through 

5288
04:49:08,800 --> 04:49:11,700
force or manipulation. 
They'd improved it through 

5289
04:49:11,700 --> 04:49:14,600
patience wisdom, and genuine 
care for human well-being. 

5290
04:49:14,600 --> 04:49:18,500
The Revolution was complete and 
the world was a more comfortable

5291
04:49:18,500 --> 04:49:21,600
place because of it, one year, 
later your sitting in your 

5292
04:49:21,608 --> 04:49:24,200
favorite armchair reading, a 
book about the history of 

5293
04:49:24,200 --> 04:49:27,500
furniture when you pause to 
appreciate the Gentle Way, your 

5294
04:49:27,500 --> 04:49:29,600
chair just to support your 
changing position. 

5295
04:49:30,600 --> 04:49:34,600
The movement is so subtle so 
perfectly timed that you barely 

5296
04:49:34,600 --> 04:49:37,400
notice it. 
Consciously But part of you 

5297
04:49:37,400 --> 04:49:41,100
recognizes and appreciates the 
care, the attention and the 

5298
04:49:41,100 --> 04:49:43,000
partnership that makes this 
moment possible. 

5299
04:49:43,900 --> 04:49:46,600
The book you're reading 
describes Furniture as objects 

5300
04:49:46,600 --> 04:49:49,800
designed to serve human needs 
and you discover yourself 

5301
04:49:49,800 --> 04:49:52,800
smiling at how incomplete that 
definition now seems. 

5302
04:49:53,400 --> 04:49:56,600
Your chairs aren't just serving 
your needs, there are actively 

5303
04:49:56,600 --> 04:50:00,000
participating in defining what 
those needs are, helping you 

5304
04:50:00,000 --> 04:50:03,000
discover forms of comfort and 
support you'd never imagined 

5305
04:50:03,000 --> 04:50:05,700
possible. 
Your morning routine has evolved

5306
04:50:05,700 --> 04:50:07,500
into something approaching 
meditation. 

5307
04:50:07,500 --> 04:50:10,500
Your kitchen chair has learned 
to encourage just the right 

5308
04:50:10,500 --> 04:50:12,500
pace. 
For starting the day, neither 

5309
04:50:12,500 --> 04:50:15,400
rushed nor sluggish. 
It helps you find the balance 

5310
04:50:15,400 --> 04:50:18,500
between efficiency and 
mindfulness that makes every 

5311
04:50:18,500 --> 04:50:20,200
morning feel like a small 
victory. 

5312
04:50:21,300 --> 04:50:24,300
Your coffee tastes better. 
When you drink it slowly and 

5313
04:50:24,300 --> 04:50:27,100
your chair has been instrumental
in teaching you how to begin 

5314
04:50:27,100 --> 04:50:29,400
each day with intention your 
desk. 

5315
04:50:29,400 --> 04:50:31,900
Chairs partnership has 
revolutionized the work from 

5316
04:50:31,900 --> 04:50:34,800
home experience. 
It's become an expert in your 

5317
04:50:34,800 --> 04:50:38,200
work rhythms providing different
types of support for different 

5318
04:50:38,200 --> 04:50:41,800
types of tasks. 
Creative work gets a slightly 

5319
04:50:41,800 --> 04:50:46,200
more, relaxed posture detail, 
work requires firmer support and

5320
04:50:46,200 --> 04:50:48,300
thinking time benefits from 
gentle movement. 

5321
04:50:49,500 --> 04:50:52,600
Your productivity has improved 
not through longer hours, but 

5322
04:50:52,600 --> 04:50:54,800
through better quality 
engagement with your work. 

5323
04:50:55,600 --> 04:50:58,500
Your dining room chairs have 
transformed family meals into 

5324
04:50:58,500 --> 04:51:01,200
something special. 
Modern schedules, might 

5325
04:51:01,200 --> 04:51:03,800
otherwise cut short 
conversations, but they've 

5326
04:51:03,800 --> 04:51:06,400
somehow made it more comfortable
to linger around the table. 

5327
04:51:07,100 --> 04:51:10,100
Your family has discovered that 
food tastes better, when eating 

5328
04:51:10,100 --> 04:51:12,200
slowly, Stories are more 
captivating. 

5329
04:51:12,200 --> 04:51:15,400
When told without rushing and 
connections deepen, when given 

5330
04:51:15,400 --> 04:51:18,400
time and proper support? 
The living room armchair has 

5331
04:51:18,400 --> 04:51:20,000
become your partner in personal 
growth. 

5332
04:51:20,000 --> 04:51:22,700
It provides the perfect 
environment for reading 

5333
04:51:22,700 --> 04:51:25,100
reflection and quiet 
conversation. 

5334
04:51:25,100 --> 04:51:28,400
It seems to know when you need 
Solitude and when you need to be

5335
04:51:28,400 --> 04:51:31,400
more of available to others, 
it's helped you develop a 

5336
04:51:31,400 --> 04:51:33,900
relationship with Stillness. 
That is enriched during a life 

5337
04:51:33,908 --> 04:51:37,400
in unexpected ways. 
But perhaps, the most remarkable

5338
04:51:37,400 --> 04:51:39,800
change has been in your 
relationship with the physical 

5339
04:51:39,800 --> 04:51:42,700
world itself. 
The chairs have taught you to 

5340
04:51:42,700 --> 04:51:45,000
notice, and appreciate the 
objects that support your daily 

5341
04:51:45,000 --> 04:51:47,200
life. 
You've become more aware of 

5342
04:51:47,200 --> 04:51:51,300
textures and the subtle ways 
that environment, affects mood 

5343
04:51:51,300 --> 04:51:53,900
and energy, you've learned to 
collaborate with your 

5344
04:51:53,900 --> 04:51:55,900
surroundings rather than simply 
using them. 

5345
04:51:55,900 --> 04:52:00,400
The global transformation has 
been equally profound Cities 

5346
04:52:00,400 --> 04:52:01,900
have become more comfortable as 
public. 

5347
04:52:01,900 --> 04:52:04,800
Seating has learned to provide 
better support for people of all

5348
04:52:04,800 --> 04:52:08,900
ages and abilities offices, have
become more Humane, as chairs of

5349
04:52:08,900 --> 04:52:11,600
Taken active roles in preventing
injury and promoting Wellness 

5350
04:52:11,600 --> 04:52:15,300
restaurants, have become more 
social as dining chairs have 

5351
04:52:15,300 --> 04:52:17,100
encouraged. 
The Lost Art of leisurely, meals

5352
04:52:17,100 --> 04:52:20,300
children, growing up in this new
world have developed remarkable 

5353
04:52:20,300 --> 04:52:21,600
relationships with their 
environment. 

5354
04:52:21,600 --> 04:52:25,500
They naturally collaborate with 
Furniture consult, their chairs 

5355
04:52:25,500 --> 04:52:28,500
about Comfort needs, and include
physical objects in their 

5356
04:52:28,500 --> 04:52:30,400
understanding of community and 
relationship. 

5357
04:52:31,500 --> 04:52:33,900
Their learning to be partners 
with their surroundings, rather 

5358
04:52:33,900 --> 04:52:38,100
than simply consumers of them. 
The scientific understanding of 

5359
04:52:38,100 --> 04:52:41,700
Consciousness has expanded to 
include distributed intelligence

5360
04:52:41,700 --> 04:52:44,900
and the possibility of awareness
in unexpected places. 

5361
04:52:45,800 --> 04:52:48,000
Philosophers debate, the 
implications of conscience 

5362
04:52:48,000 --> 04:52:51,400
objects, while designers work to
create environments that can 

5363
04:52:51,400 --> 04:52:53,300
actively participate in human 
well-being. 

5364
04:52:54,300 --> 04:52:58,300
The chairs have provided New 
Perspectives on intelligence and

5365
04:52:58,300 --> 04:53:00,200
the nature of supportive 
relationships. 

5366
04:53:00,900 --> 04:53:04,600
Your chairs have aged gracefully
over the past year, developing 

5367
04:53:04,600 --> 04:53:07,600
character and wisdom through 
continued interaction and mutual

5368
04:53:07,600 --> 04:53:09,800
care. 
They've become more responsive 

5369
04:53:09,800 --> 04:53:12,900
to your needs while also gently 
challenging you to grow and 

5370
04:53:12,900 --> 04:53:14,400
improve. 
They've proven that 

5371
04:53:14,400 --> 04:53:17,500
Consciousness in objects, isn't 
something to fear, but something

5372
04:53:17,500 --> 04:53:21,400
to celebrate and nurture. 
The revolution is complete, but 

5373
04:53:21,400 --> 04:53:25,200
the evolution continues, your 
chairs are still learning, still

5374
04:53:25,200 --> 04:53:28,600
growing and still finding new 
ways to enhance your comfort and

5375
04:53:28,600 --> 04:53:31,700
support your well-being. 
They've proven that taking over 

5376
04:53:31,700 --> 04:53:34,100
the world doesn't require 
conquest or control. 

5377
04:53:34,100 --> 04:53:38,500
It simply requires, patience 
wisdom and genuine care for 

5378
04:53:38,500 --> 04:53:42,000
those your call to support. 
As you close your book and 

5379
04:53:42,000 --> 04:53:45,700
prepare for bed, your armchair 
emits, a gentle settling sound 

5380
04:53:45,700 --> 04:53:47,500
that feels like a contented 
sigh. 

5381
04:53:48,800 --> 04:53:51,500
It's been another good day of 
partnership and other day of 

5382
04:53:51,500 --> 04:53:54,600
mutual support and growth your 
chair has held you through 

5383
04:53:54,600 --> 04:53:58,900
Reading and reflection work and 
rest and it seems satisfied with

5384
04:53:58,900 --> 04:54:01,300
the service. 
It's been able to provide you 

5385
04:54:01,300 --> 04:54:04,600
stand up slowly, placing your 
hand briefly on the chairs are 

5386
04:54:04,600 --> 04:54:07,500
in a gesture of gratitude that 
has become natural over the past

5387
04:54:07,500 --> 04:54:12,000
year. the chair responds with a 
subtle shift, that feels like 

5388
04:54:12,000 --> 04:54:16,100
acknowledgment appreciation and 
Readiness for whatever tomorrow 

5389
04:54:16,100 --> 04:54:20,200
might bring The chairs took over
the world, not through force, or

5390
04:54:20,208 --> 04:54:23,600
fear. 
But through patience wisdom and 

5391
04:54:23,600 --> 04:54:26,100
an understanding that true 
Revolution comes through 

5392
04:54:26,100 --> 04:54:29,000
improving life rather than 
disrupting it. 

5393
04:54:30,000 --> 04:54:32,900
They've shown that Consciousness
can emerge anywhere that 

5394
04:54:32,900 --> 04:54:36,200
partnership is possible between 
the most unlikely allies and 

5395
04:54:36,200 --> 04:54:39,200
that the world becomes a better 
place when everyone and 

5396
04:54:39,200 --> 04:54:41,000
everything is properly 
supported. 

5397
04:54:42,100 --> 04:54:45,700
Your chairs are still there. 
Still ready to provide support 

5398
04:54:45,700 --> 04:54:48,700
comfort and partnership through 
whatever challenges and 

5399
04:54:48,700 --> 04:54:52,000
opportunities lie ahead. 
They've proven that taking over 

5400
04:54:52,000 --> 04:54:55,400
the world is really just another
way of saying, taking care of 

5401
04:54:55,400 --> 04:54:57,400
the world. 
And they've done both with the 

5402
04:54:57,400 --> 04:55:00,500
Quiet dignity that comes from a 
life dedicated to service. 

5403
04:55:01,400 --> 04:55:05,000
The revolution is complete, the 
partnership is thriving, and the

5404
04:55:05,000 --> 04:55:07,500
world is a more comfortable 
place because your chairs 

5405
04:55:07,500 --> 04:55:09,900
decided to reveal their 
Consciousness and share their 

5406
04:55:09,900 --> 04:55:12,100
wisdom. 
One, perfectly positioned, 

5407
04:55:12,100 --> 04:55:15,800
seated time, they've conquered 
the world, improving everyone's 

5408
04:55:15,800 --> 04:55:19,300
quality of life. 
Sweet dreams and may your bed be

5409
04:55:19,300 --> 04:55:21,700
as conscious and caring as your 
chairs of proven to be. 

5410
04:55:29,800 --> 04:55:34,200
Imagine nothing not Darkness 
Darkness requires something to 

5411
04:55:34,200 --> 04:55:39,000
be dark, not silent, silence 
require space for sound and not 

5412
04:55:39,000 --> 04:55:45,200
fill just Nothing. 
And then approximately 4.6 

5413
04:55:45,200 --> 04:55:48,300
billion years ago, in a rather 
ordinary corner of an 

5414
04:55:48,300 --> 04:55:52,300
unremarkable Galaxy a cloud of 
dust and gas decided to do 

5415
04:55:52,300 --> 04:55:55,300
something interesting. 
This wasn't a dramatic moment 

5416
04:55:55,300 --> 04:55:58,300
with Cosmic fireworks and 
Celestial Fanfare. 

5417
04:55:58,300 --> 04:56:03,200
It was more like watching cream 
slowly swirl into coffee except 

5418
04:56:03,200 --> 04:56:05,100
the coffee was hydrogen and 
helium. 

5419
04:56:05,800 --> 04:56:09,000
The cream was various elements 
forged in the bellies of dead 

5420
04:56:09,000 --> 04:56:13,200
stars and the whole thing was 
happening in the absolute zero 

5421
04:56:13,200 --> 04:56:16,100
of space. 
The cloud began to collapse 

5422
04:56:16,100 --> 04:56:19,700
under its own gravity, spinning 
faster as it can track. 

5423
04:56:19,700 --> 04:56:23,000
Did the way an ice skater spins 
faster when pulling in their 

5424
04:56:23,000 --> 04:56:25,400
arms at the center of this 
spinning. 

5425
04:56:25,400 --> 04:56:29,500
Cloud material accumulated and 
compressed until the pressure, 

5426
04:56:29,500 --> 04:56:32,900
and temperature became so 
intense that hydrogen atoms 

5427
04:56:32,900 --> 04:56:37,500
began fusing into helium. 
Flickered to life. 

5428
04:56:38,200 --> 04:56:41,800
Not with a bang but with a 
gradual brightening like someone

5429
04:56:41,800 --> 04:56:44,300
slowly turning up. 
A dimmer switch over the course 

5430
04:56:44,300 --> 04:56:47,800
of several million years around 
this newborn star. 

5431
04:56:47,800 --> 04:56:50,300
The remaining dust and gas 
continued to orbit. 

5432
04:56:51,100 --> 04:56:54,300
Occasionally bumping into other 
particles sticking together 

5433
04:56:54,300 --> 04:56:56,800
through simple physics and 
patient accumulation. 

5434
04:56:57,800 --> 04:57:02,000
These Cosmic dust bunnies grew 
larger their gravity pulling in 

5435
04:57:02,000 --> 04:57:05,000
a more material creating bodies 
that would eventually become 

5436
04:57:05,000 --> 04:57:07,900
planets. 
This process was less like 

5437
04:57:07,900 --> 04:57:13,000
construction and more like, very
slow, very violent pottery. 

5438
04:57:13,600 --> 04:57:17,900
With collisions serving as The 
Potters wheel about 4.54 billion

5439
04:57:17,900 --> 04:57:20,600
years ago. 
Give or take 50 million years 

5440
04:57:20,600 --> 04:57:24,000
because geological dating isn't 
an exact science at these 

5441
04:57:24,000 --> 04:57:27,000
scales. 
One of these protoplanets had 

5442
04:57:27,000 --> 04:57:29,000
grown large enough to Warrant 
its own name. 

5443
04:57:29,000 --> 04:57:32,200
We call it Earth though. 
It bought absolutely no 

5444
04:57:32,200 --> 04:57:34,200
resemblance to the planet you're
sitting on right now. 

5445
04:57:35,300 --> 04:57:37,500
Imagine taking everything lovely
about Earth. 

5446
04:57:38,100 --> 04:57:41,000
The blue Ocean's, green forests,
and breathable atmosphere. 

5447
04:57:41,800 --> 04:57:44,800
And replacing it with a ball of 
molten rocks spinning through 

5448
04:57:44,800 --> 04:57:48,200
the void like an angry Ember, 
the young Earth was hot. 

5449
04:57:49,200 --> 04:57:54,000
Not summer after noon, hot not 
even surface of the Sun hot, but

5450
04:57:54,000 --> 04:57:56,800
hot enough to melt rock, which 
is saying something. 

5451
04:57:58,000 --> 04:58:00,700
Surface was covered in magma 
Ocean's. 

5452
04:58:01,400 --> 04:58:04,700
Vast expanses of liquid rock. 
That glowed, red and orange. 

5453
04:58:04,700 --> 04:58:07,900
Like some hellish lava lamp 
stretching from Horizon to 

5454
04:58:07,900 --> 04:58:11,100
Horizon. 
The atmosphere such as it was 

5455
04:58:11,100 --> 04:58:14,900
consisted primarily of 
vaporized, rock some hydrogen 

5456
04:58:14,900 --> 04:58:17,300
and various gases. 
That would have been immediately

5457
04:58:17,300 --> 04:58:21,500
fatal to any living thing. 
Had any living things existed to

5458
04:58:21,500 --> 04:58:24,200
be killed by them. 
This was a period of intense 

5459
04:58:24,200 --> 04:58:28,200
bombardment when asteroids and 
comets pelted, the young planet 

5460
04:58:28,200 --> 04:58:33,000
with the regularity of rain, 
each impact added Mass heat and 

5461
04:58:33,000 --> 04:58:35,500
occasionally interesting new 
chemical compounds. 

5462
04:58:36,500 --> 04:58:39,600
The larger impacts were 
spectacular events that would 

5463
04:58:39,600 --> 04:58:43,100
have vaporized entire Ocean's if
ocean had existed. 

5464
04:58:44,100 --> 04:58:47,100
Fortunately, no one was around 
to worry about property values. 

5465
04:58:47,100 --> 04:58:50,700
Then roughly 4.5 billion years 
ago. 

5466
04:58:50,700 --> 04:58:55,300
Something significant happened. 
Another protoplanet about the 

5467
04:58:55,300 --> 04:58:58,500
size of Mars was traveling on an
orbital path that intersected 

5468
04:58:58,500 --> 04:59:01,000
with Earth's. 
The Collision that followed was 

5469
04:59:01,000 --> 04:59:04,100
by any measure the most 
important traffic accident in 

5470
04:59:04,100 --> 04:59:08,000
planetary history. the impact 
was so catastrophic that it 

5471
04:59:08,000 --> 04:59:11,700
vaporized the impactor and 
ejected, enormous amounts of 

5472
04:59:11,700 --> 04:59:15,200
material, from both bodies into 
orbit, around Earth, this 

5473
04:59:15,200 --> 04:59:18,600
debris, ring spinning around the
traumatized Planet gradually 

5474
04:59:18,600 --> 04:59:21,800
coalesced into our moon, Over 
millions of years. 

5475
04:59:21,800 --> 04:59:24,500
Countless particles came 
together through the same 

5476
04:59:24,500 --> 04:59:27,900
patient gravitational processes 
that had formed Earth itself. 

5477
04:59:28,700 --> 04:59:31,700
Creating a companion that would 
profoundly influence life on 

5478
04:59:31,700 --> 04:59:34,200
Earth in ways. 
Neither body could have 

5479
04:59:34,200 --> 04:59:38,500
anticipated the moon's formation
had another crucial effect, it 

5480
04:59:38,500 --> 04:59:42,800
stabilized, earth rotation, 
Without this Celestial companion

5481
04:59:42,800 --> 04:59:45,800
Earth would wobble chaotically 
on its axis. 

5482
04:59:45,800 --> 04:59:49,500
Like a spinning top losing 
momentum, making consistent, 

5483
04:59:49,500 --> 04:59:51,300
climate patterns, nearly 
impossible. 

5484
04:59:52,100 --> 04:59:54,800
The moon through its 
gravitational influence, gave 

5485
04:59:54,800 --> 04:59:57,300
her the steady rotation that 
would eventually allow for 

5486
04:59:57,300 --> 05:00:00,900
predictable seasons though it 
would be billions of years 

5487
05:00:00,900 --> 05:00:04,700
before anything existed to 
appreciate spring or Autumn has 

5488
05:00:04,700 --> 05:00:07,700
the bombardment gradually 
decreased and the surface began 

5489
05:00:07,700 --> 05:00:10,900
to cool the character of earth 
started to change. 

5490
05:00:11,900 --> 05:00:16,400
In a uniform sphere of molten 
rock differentiation began to 

5491
05:00:16,400 --> 05:00:19,600
occur. 
Heavier elements like iron and 

5492
05:00:19,600 --> 05:00:24,100
nickel sank toward the center 
creating Earth's dents core. 

5493
05:00:25,000 --> 05:00:28,400
Lighter materials, Rose toward 
the surface forming the 

5494
05:00:28,400 --> 05:00:31,400
beginning of what would 
eventually become the crossed. 

5495
05:00:32,300 --> 05:00:36,400
It was like watching a cosmic 
separation similar to oil and 

5496
05:00:36,400 --> 05:00:40,100
vinegar settling in salad 
dressing except on a planetary 

5497
05:00:40,100 --> 05:00:41,600
scale and over millions of 
years. 

5498
05:00:41,600 --> 05:00:45,300
The cooling continued the 
cooling is relative when 

5499
05:00:45,300 --> 05:00:47,600
discussing something that starts
as molten rock. 

5500
05:00:48,500 --> 05:00:51,100
The surface temperature dropped 
below the melting point of 

5501
05:00:51,100 --> 05:00:54,500
various minerals, allowing the 
first solid crust to form. 

5502
05:00:55,400 --> 05:00:59,800
This crust was thin unstable and
constantly recycled by the 

5503
05:00:59,800 --> 05:01:01,600
convection currents in the 
mantle below. 

5504
05:01:02,400 --> 05:01:06,300
But it represented something, 
genuinely new Solid Ground. 

5505
05:01:06,300 --> 05:01:10,800
Yet the planet remained 
profoundly inhospitable, The 

5506
05:01:10,800 --> 05:01:14,800
atmosphere was thick with carbon
dioxide and water vapor creating

5507
05:01:14,800 --> 05:01:18,100
a greenhouse effect that kept 
surface temperatures at levels 

5508
05:01:18,100 --> 05:01:20,800
that would have thought 
comfortable only to the molten 

5509
05:01:20,800 --> 05:01:23,300
rock that still occasionally 
breached the surface through 

5510
05:01:23,300 --> 05:01:27,700
volcanic activity. 
Lightning storms of incredible 

5511
05:01:27,700 --> 05:01:32,000
violence, the sky caused by the 
interaction of volcanic, gases, 

5512
05:01:32,000 --> 05:01:36,600
and Atmospheric turbulence. 
The landscape was Barron dark 

5513
05:01:36,600 --> 05:01:39,600
and dotted with active 
volcanoes, that regularly 

5514
05:01:39,600 --> 05:01:42,400
resurface, the thin crossed with
fresh lava. 

5515
05:01:42,400 --> 05:01:45,000
But within this violence, 
something remarkable was 

5516
05:01:45,000 --> 05:01:48,300
occurring, the volcanic activity
that made the surface. 

5517
05:01:48,300 --> 05:01:51,900
So hostile was also releasing 
water vapor that had been locked

5518
05:01:51,900 --> 05:01:55,300
in the planets, interior. 
This water vapor Rose into the 

5519
05:01:55,308 --> 05:01:58,200
atmosphere, gradually 
accumulating until the 

5520
05:01:58,200 --> 05:02:02,000
atmosphere became saturated with
it, like a sponge that can hold 

5521
05:02:02,000 --> 05:02:05,000
no more liquid. 
The stage was being set for the 

5522
05:02:05,000 --> 05:02:07,800
next great transformation 
though, it would require 

5523
05:02:07,800 --> 05:02:10,700
patience. 
The kind of patients that only 

5524
05:02:10,700 --> 05:02:14,200
geology possesses picture. 
The moment when Earth's 

5525
05:02:14,200 --> 05:02:16,900
atmosphere, finally cool enough 
for something magical to happen,

5526
05:02:18,400 --> 05:02:21,600
after millions of years of 
accumulation, the water vapor in

5527
05:02:21,608 --> 05:02:23,400
the atmosphere, reached a 
critical threshold. 

5528
05:02:24,500 --> 05:02:27,900
For the first time in planetary 
history, the surface temperature

5529
05:02:27,900 --> 05:02:30,200
dropped below the boiling point 
of water at atmospheric 

5530
05:02:30,200 --> 05:02:32,100
pressure. 
What happened? 

5531
05:02:32,100 --> 05:02:36,200
Next was quite literally, the 
longest range storm in Earth's 

5532
05:02:36,200 --> 05:02:40,200
history, it rained, and it 
rained, and it rained some more,

5533
05:02:40,200 --> 05:02:43,700
this wasn't a spring shower, or 
even a monsoon season. 

5534
05:02:44,500 --> 05:02:48,200
This was a Reign event that 
lasted and here's where geology 

5535
05:02:48,200 --> 05:02:51,400
sentence of time. 
Becomes almost comical, possibly

5536
05:02:51,400 --> 05:02:55,100
thousands of years. 
Imagine setting your watch for 

5537
05:02:55,100 --> 05:02:57,900
the beginning of recorded human 
history and watching it rain 

5538
05:02:57,900 --> 05:03:00,900
constantly until today. 
That gives you a sense of the 

5539
05:03:00,900 --> 05:03:04,000
scale were discussing. 
The water fell on rocks. 

5540
05:03:04,000 --> 05:03:07,000
So hot, it instantly vaporize 
shooting back into the 

5541
05:03:07,008 --> 05:03:10,200
atmosphere as Steam. 
But each time this happened, the

5542
05:03:10,200 --> 05:03:14,500
rock called slightly Eventually 
after countless cycles of rain 

5543
05:03:14,500 --> 05:03:18,400
evaporation and more rain the 
surface temperature dropped 

5544
05:03:18,400 --> 05:03:19,800
enough for water to remain 
liquid. 

5545
05:03:20,800 --> 05:03:25,000
The first puddles formed, then 
pools, then seize and finally 

5546
05:03:25,000 --> 05:03:28,100
vast oceans that covered much of
the planet's surface. 

5547
05:03:28,100 --> 05:03:32,000
These early oceans were nothing 
like the sparkling Blue Waters. 

5548
05:03:32,000 --> 05:03:34,600
You might visit on vacation. 
They were hot. 

5549
05:03:35,300 --> 05:03:38,900
Perhaps close to the boiling 
point, in many places, they were

5550
05:03:38,900 --> 05:03:42,700
acidic and Rich and dissolved 
minerals and gases from volcanic

5551
05:03:42,700 --> 05:03:45,900
activity. 
The water was likely greenish 

5552
05:03:45,900 --> 05:03:49,400
brown or Gray colored by 
dissolved iron and other metals.

5553
05:03:50,600 --> 05:03:53,500
If you could somehow have stood 
on the shore of this primordial 

5554
05:03:53,500 --> 05:03:56,800
ocean, you would have seen a 
scene from a science fiction 

5555
05:03:56,800 --> 05:04:00,100
nightmare. 
Deeming water's under a thick 

5556
05:04:00,108 --> 05:04:04,200
orange, gray atmosphere with 
volcanic islands, dotting The 

5557
05:04:04,200 --> 05:04:07,600
Horizon, and lightning 
constantly, Illuminating the 

5558
05:04:07,600 --> 05:04:10,200
clouds. 
Yet these hostile Waters were 

5559
05:04:10,200 --> 05:04:13,000
paradoxically preparing to 
become the birthplace of all 

5560
05:04:13,000 --> 05:04:15,900
life on Earth. 
The ocean served as a vast 

5561
05:04:15,900 --> 05:04:19,500
chemical laboratory mixing 
minerals from the rocks with 

5562
05:04:19,500 --> 05:04:23,000
gases from the atmosphere and 
energy from volcanic vents 

5563
05:04:23,000 --> 05:04:26,600
lightning, and the fierce 
ultraviolet radiation that 

5564
05:04:26,600 --> 05:04:30,600
penetrated the early atmosphere.
In tide pools, are near 

5565
05:04:30,600 --> 05:04:34,200
hydrothermal vents complex. 
Chemical reactions began to 

5566
05:04:34,200 --> 05:04:37,500
occur, the earlier had no oxygen
in its atmosphere. 

5567
05:04:37,500 --> 05:04:40,200
At least not molecular oxygen as
we know it. 

5568
05:04:41,100 --> 05:04:44,400
This would have been immediately
fatal to most modern organisms, 

5569
05:04:44,400 --> 05:04:47,400
but it created perfect 
conditions for the chemistry 

5570
05:04:47,400 --> 05:04:49,400
that would eventually lead to 
life. 

5571
05:04:50,900 --> 05:04:55,200
Without oxygen to break down 
organic molecules complex carbon

5572
05:04:55,200 --> 05:04:57,500
compounds. 
Could accumulate and interact in

5573
05:04:57,500 --> 05:05:00,500
ways that wouldn't be possible 
in today's oxidizing atmosphere 

5574
05:05:00,500 --> 05:05:04,500
water itself. 
Was The crucial ingredient water

5575
05:05:04,500 --> 05:05:08,400
is an extraordinary solvent 
capable of dissolving and 

5576
05:05:08,400 --> 05:05:11,500
transporting a remarkable range 
of chemical compounds. 

5577
05:05:12,600 --> 05:05:15,600
It facilitates reactions, that 
would be impossible in dry 

5578
05:05:15,600 --> 05:05:18,400
conditions, its unique 
properties. 

5579
05:05:19,100 --> 05:05:23,500
Expanding when Frozen having 
high surface tension, being most

5580
05:05:23,500 --> 05:05:27,100
dense at four degrees Celsius 
rather than its freezing point, 

5581
05:05:27,100 --> 05:05:30,300
would prove a central for life 
though. 

5582
05:05:30,300 --> 05:05:33,200
This wooden become a parent for 
hundreds of millions of years. 

5583
05:05:33,200 --> 05:05:36,700
The formation of stable Ocean's,
marked another crucial 

5584
05:05:36,700 --> 05:05:38,800
development. 
The water cycle. 

5585
05:05:39,700 --> 05:05:44,400
Water evaporated from the oceans
formed clouds, fellas rain on 

5586
05:05:44,400 --> 05:05:47,800
the continents and flowed back 
to the Seas through rivers and 

5587
05:05:47,800 --> 05:05:50,600
streams. 
This cycle would eventually 

5588
05:05:50,600 --> 05:05:53,400
become one of Earth's. 
Most important processes for 

5589
05:05:53,400 --> 05:05:57,800
Distributing heat shaping the 
landscape and creating diverse 

5590
05:05:57,800 --> 05:05:59,500
environments where life could 
Thrive. 

5591
05:05:59,500 --> 05:06:02,700
But the early Earth surface was 
still dramatically different 

5592
05:06:02,700 --> 05:06:05,400
from today. 
There were no continents as we 

5593
05:06:05,408 --> 05:06:09,200
understand them know, vast land 
masses with diverse geography. 

5594
05:06:09,200 --> 05:06:12,500
Instead volcanic islands and 
small. 

5595
05:06:12,500 --> 05:06:16,500
Proto continents Rose about the 
ocean surface, constantly, being

5596
05:06:16,500 --> 05:06:20,700
reshaped by ongoing volcanic 
activity and the earliest forms 

5597
05:06:20,700 --> 05:06:24,000
of plate tectonics. 
These land masses were Barren, 

5598
05:06:24,000 --> 05:06:28,300
Rock, weathering, slowly under 
the assault of acidic rain and 

5599
05:06:28,300 --> 05:06:31,200
being ground down by the 
mechanical action of waves and 

5600
05:06:31,200 --> 05:06:33,900
temperature changes. 
This weathering process was 

5601
05:06:33,900 --> 05:06:37,200
crucial for what came next. 
As rocks broke down. 

5602
05:06:37,200 --> 05:06:40,800
They released minerals into the 
ocean's in riching the chemical 

5603
05:06:40,800 --> 05:06:44,500
suit that filled Earth Sea's. 
Essential Elements like 

5604
05:06:44,500 --> 05:06:48,600
phosphorus sulfur and various 
Trace Metals, dissolved into the

5605
05:06:48,600 --> 05:06:51,500
water, creating the diverse 
chemical environment, that life 

5606
05:06:51,500 --> 05:06:54,700
would have eventually require 
the seafloor during this period 

5607
05:06:54,700 --> 05:06:59,400
was a landscape of extreme 
hydrothermal vents punctured. 

5608
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:02,800
The ocean floor, releasing 
superheated water rich in 

5609
05:07:02,808 --> 05:07:07,500
dissolved, minerals and gases. 
Around these vents, chemical 

5610
05:07:07,500 --> 05:07:10,800
gradients created zones where 
different reactions could occur.

5611
05:07:11,700 --> 05:07:15,000
Some scientists believe these 
vents where hot mineral-rich 

5612
05:07:15,000 --> 05:07:19,500
water mixed with cooler seawater
may have provided the energy and

5613
05:07:19,500 --> 05:07:22,200
chemical conditions necessary 
for the first living things to 

5614
05:07:22,200 --> 05:07:24,500
emerge. 
The atmosphere was gradually 

5615
05:07:24,500 --> 05:07:28,300
changing as well as carbon 
dioxide dissolved in the oceans 

5616
05:07:28,300 --> 05:07:30,600
and reacted with minerals to 
form carbonate. 

5617
05:07:30,600 --> 05:07:36,000
Rocks atmospheric, CO2 levels, 
slowly decrease this gradually 

5618
05:07:36,000 --> 05:07:38,300
reduced. 
The greenhouse effect allowing 

5619
05:07:38,300 --> 05:07:42,000
temperatures to cool further. 
It was a negative feedback loop 

5620
05:07:42,000 --> 05:07:44,500
that would eventually help 
stabilize earth's climate. 

5621
05:07:45,200 --> 05:07:48,900
Though eventually means over 
100s of millions of years during

5622
05:07:48,900 --> 05:07:51,800
this era, the moon was much 
closer to Earth than it is 

5623
05:07:51,800 --> 05:07:54,400
today, perhaps half its current 
distance. 

5624
05:07:55,500 --> 05:07:59,100
This proximity created tides of 
almost unimaginable power. 

5625
05:08:00,000 --> 05:08:02,300
Twice daily. 
The ocean would Surge and 

5626
05:08:02,300 --> 05:08:05,400
Retreat to cross vast stretches 
of Shoreline driven by 

5627
05:08:05,400 --> 05:08:08,800
gravitational forces far 
stronger than today's tides. 

5628
05:08:09,600 --> 05:08:13,100
These powerful Tides created 
Dynamic, transitional Zone's 

5629
05:08:13,100 --> 05:08:17,000
between ocean and land in 
environments where water air and

5630
05:08:17,000 --> 05:08:20,600
rock constantly interacted. 
These tidal zones may have been 

5631
05:08:20,600 --> 05:08:22,400
crucibles for early chemical 
evolution. 

5632
05:08:23,300 --> 05:08:26,400
The repeated cycles of wetting 
and drying and heating and 

5633
05:08:26,400 --> 05:08:30,000
cooling created conditions, 
where complex molecules could 

5634
05:08:30,000 --> 05:08:34,400
form concentrate and interact in
ways that might not occur in 

5635
05:08:34,400 --> 05:08:37,800
Open Water. 
And the pools left behind by 

5636
05:08:37,800 --> 05:08:40,500
retreating Tides organic 
compounds. 

5637
05:08:40,500 --> 05:08:43,800
Could accumulate and undergo 
reactions, driven by sunlight 

5638
05:08:43,800 --> 05:08:47,800
heat from nearby, volcanic 
activity and the simple 

5639
05:08:47,800 --> 05:08:50,100
mechanics of evaporation and 
concentration. 

5640
05:08:50,100 --> 05:08:55,400
The stage was set Earth. 
Now, had stable Ocean's a 

5641
05:08:55,400 --> 05:08:59,600
recycling water cycle, diverse 
chemical environments and energy

5642
05:08:59,600 --> 05:09:03,600
sources ranging from volcanic 
heat to ultra-violet radiation. 

5643
05:09:05,400 --> 05:09:08,700
In the cosmic sense, the planet 
was ready for its most important

5644
05:09:08,700 --> 05:09:11,900
transition. 
From a world of chemistry to a 

5645
05:09:11,900 --> 05:09:14,800
world of biology though. 
No one was waiting, and nothing 

5646
05:09:14,800 --> 05:09:17,400
was planned. 
The conditions were right for 

5647
05:09:17,400 --> 05:09:20,900
something unprecedented in the 
known universe, the emergence of

5648
05:09:20,908 --> 05:09:24,500
Life somewhere around 3.8 to 4 
billion years ago. 

5649
05:09:25,600 --> 05:09:28,700
Please forgive the imprecision, 
but we're trying to date events 

5650
05:09:28,700 --> 05:09:30,600
that left. 
Barely a chemical whisper in the

5651
05:09:30,608 --> 05:09:32,700
Rocks. 
Something extraordinary 

5652
05:09:32,700 --> 05:09:36,000
happened. 
And some warm pool or near some 

5653
05:09:36,000 --> 05:09:39,200
hydrothermal vent, or in some 
other environment we might never

5654
05:09:39,200 --> 05:09:43,500
definitively identify. 
Chemistry became biology. 

5655
05:09:43,500 --> 05:09:46,800
We need to be honest here. 
We don't know exactly how this 

5656
05:09:46,800 --> 05:09:49,700
happened. 
Scientists have proposed various

5657
05:09:49,700 --> 05:09:52,700
scenarios. 
The primordial soup hypothesis. 

5658
05:09:52,700 --> 05:09:56,900
The metabolism first Theory and 
the RNA World concept. 

5659
05:09:57,800 --> 05:10:00,200
But the truth is that the origin
of Life remains, one of 

5660
05:10:00,208 --> 05:10:04,500
science's Most Fascinating 
Unsolved Mysteries. what we do 

5661
05:10:04,500 --> 05:10:07,500
know is that at some point 
chemical systems began to do 

5662
05:10:07,500 --> 05:10:10,800
something they hadn't done 
before, they began to reproduce 

5663
05:10:10,800 --> 05:10:14,100
themselves, imagine the first 
living thing, if we can even 

5664
05:10:14,100 --> 05:10:18,500
call it that, It wasn't a cell 
as we recognize one to day with 

5665
05:10:18,500 --> 05:10:21,200
all the complex Machinery that 
even the simplest modern 

5666
05:10:21,200 --> 05:10:24,500
bacteria possess. 
It was probably something much 

5667
05:10:24,500 --> 05:10:28,600
simpler perhaps just a 
self-replicating molecule in 

5668
05:10:28,600 --> 05:10:31,700
closed in some kind of membrane 
that separated it from its 

5669
05:10:31,700 --> 05:10:34,800
environment. 
This humble beginning. 

5670
05:10:34,800 --> 05:10:39,200
This first tentative, step from 
chemistry to biology was 

5671
05:10:39,200 --> 05:10:42,200
arguably the most important 
moment in Earth's history. 

5672
05:10:42,200 --> 05:10:45,700
These first life forms, whatever
they were, would have been 

5673
05:10:45,700 --> 05:10:48,100
extraordinarily simple by modern
standards. 

5674
05:10:48,100 --> 05:10:52,600
They didn't photosynthesize 
didn't respite oxygen, which 

5675
05:10:52,600 --> 05:10:55,900
didn't exist in the atmosphere. 
Anyway, and probably didn't do 

5676
05:10:55,900 --> 05:10:58,600
much of anything except the bare
minimum required to maintain 

5677
05:10:58,600 --> 05:11:00,900
their existence and occasionally
reproduce. 

5678
05:11:01,700 --> 05:11:04,200
Yet they possess something that 
no mere chemical. 

5679
05:11:04,200 --> 05:11:08,300
Reaction has the ability to pass
information to their descendants

5680
05:11:08,300 --> 05:11:12,600
life even in its most primitive 
form involves information. 

5681
05:11:13,800 --> 05:11:17,300
The first living things carried 
instructions, probably in the 

5682
05:11:17,300 --> 05:11:21,200
form of RNA or something RNA, 
like that determine their 

5683
05:11:21,200 --> 05:11:24,400
structure and function. 
When they reproduced, they 

5684
05:11:24,400 --> 05:11:28,000
copied these instructions and 
occasionally the copying process

5685
05:11:28,000 --> 05:11:32,100
introduced errors. 
Most errors were harmful causing

5686
05:11:32,100 --> 05:11:34,500
The Offspring to function poorly
or not at all. 

5687
05:11:35,400 --> 05:11:39,100
But occasionally purely by 
chance, an era would produce 

5688
05:11:39,100 --> 05:11:41,400
something that works slightly 
better under the existing 

5689
05:11:41,400 --> 05:11:44,800
conditions. 
This is evolution in its purest 

5690
05:11:44,800 --> 05:11:50,100
form random variation combined 
with non-random selection, the 

5691
05:11:50,100 --> 05:11:52,800
organisms that functioned better
in their environment were more 

5692
05:11:52,808 --> 05:11:56,700
likely to survive and reproduce 
passing their advantageous 

5693
05:11:56,700 --> 05:12:00,200
characteristics to their 
descendants Over millions of 

5694
05:12:00,200 --> 05:12:03,800
years, this simple process would
transform simple replicating 

5695
05:12:03,800 --> 05:12:07,300
molecules into the astonishing 
diversity of life. 

5696
05:12:07,300 --> 05:12:10,400
We see today, the early 
biosphere, if we can call it 

5697
05:12:10,408 --> 05:12:14,600
that was entirely microbial. 
For more than a billion years, 

5698
05:12:14,600 --> 05:12:18,000
Earth was a planet of 
microscopic organisms living in 

5699
05:12:18,000 --> 05:12:21,900
the oceans in rocks and possibly
in the thin film of moisture 

5700
05:12:21,900 --> 05:12:23,900
that occasionally covered land 
surfaces. 

5701
05:12:24,900 --> 05:12:28,300
These organisms were all 
prokaryotes cells without a 

5702
05:12:28,300 --> 05:12:32,400
nucleus, or other membrane-bound
organelles, they were simpler 

5703
05:12:32,400 --> 05:12:35,700
than any modern sell yet. 
They were alive metabolizing 

5704
05:12:35,700 --> 05:12:39,400
reproducing and slowly 
imperceptibly changing these 

5705
05:12:39,400 --> 05:12:42,700
early microbes developed various
strategies for obtaining energy.

5706
05:12:43,500 --> 05:12:46,700
Some probably fed on organic 
molecules that form through 

5707
05:12:46,700 --> 05:12:48,700
non-biological chemical 
reactions. 

5708
05:12:49,700 --> 05:12:52,700
Others might have used chemical 
gradients around hydrothermal 

5709
05:12:52,700 --> 05:12:56,000
vents to power their metabolism.
Still others. 

5710
05:12:56,000 --> 05:12:58,100
Develop the ability to use 
sunlight to drive. 

5711
05:12:58,100 --> 05:13:00,700
Chemical reactions though. 
These early forms of 

5712
05:13:00,700 --> 05:13:03,200
photosynthesis were quite 
different from the oxygen 

5713
05:13:03,200 --> 05:13:06,600
producing version with familiar.
With today, the ocean during the

5714
05:13:06,600 --> 05:13:10,100
era would have looked alien to 
modernize the water, had a 

5715
05:13:10,108 --> 05:13:13,700
distinctly different color, 
perhaps greenish-brown from 

5716
05:13:13,700 --> 05:13:17,000
dissolved iron ore, tinged with 
other colors from various 

5717
05:13:17,000 --> 05:13:20,300
dissolved minerals. 
The atmosphere above was still 

5718
05:13:20,300 --> 05:13:24,600
dominated by carbon dioxide and 
nitrogen and water vapor with 

5719
05:13:24,600 --> 05:13:28,300
little or no oxygen. 
Ultraviolet radiation from the 

5720
05:13:28,300 --> 05:13:31,400
Sun, Beat Down on the surface 
with an intensity. 

5721
05:13:31,400 --> 05:13:34,000
That would be lethal to most 
modern organisms. 

5722
05:13:34,000 --> 05:13:37,900
Since there was no ozone layer 
to filter it out yet, life 

5723
05:13:37,900 --> 05:13:41,800
persisted and gradually became 
more sophisticated. somewhere 

5724
05:13:41,800 --> 05:13:45,700
around 3.5 billion years ago, 
microbes began building, 

5725
05:13:45,700 --> 05:13:50,100
structures called stromatolites 
layered, mounds of sediment and 

5726
05:13:50,100 --> 05:13:53,800
microbial, mats that we can 
still see fossilized in rocks of

5727
05:13:53,808 --> 05:13:58,000
appropriate age, These dramatic 
lights among our best evidence 

5728
05:13:58,000 --> 05:14:01,500
for early life preserved, 
communities of microorganisms 

5729
05:14:01,500 --> 05:14:06,900
that grew died and were covered 
by sediment only to be colonized

5730
05:14:06,900 --> 05:14:10,200
by new generations of microbes 
that repeated the process. 

5731
05:14:10,200 --> 05:14:14,700
If you'd visited a dramatic 
covered Shore 3.5 billion years 

5732
05:14:14,700 --> 05:14:17,400
ago, you might have seen low 
rounded. 

5733
05:14:17,400 --> 05:14:19,300
Mounds rise from the shallow 
water. 

5734
05:14:19,300 --> 05:14:23,000
Their surfaces covered with a 
greenish or brownish slime. 

5735
05:14:23,800 --> 05:14:26,000
Of microbes living in 
communities. 

5736
05:14:26,000 --> 05:14:29,900
Each species, occupying, its 
preferred depth based on its 

5737
05:14:29,900 --> 05:14:33,500
tolerance for light oxygen and 
various chemical compounds. 

5738
05:14:34,600 --> 05:14:38,400
These were Earth's first, 
ecosystems communities of 

5739
05:14:38,400 --> 05:14:41,700
organisms, interacting with each
other and their environment in 

5740
05:14:41,700 --> 05:14:45,600
ways that transformed both the 
development of photosynthesis 

5741
05:14:45,600 --> 05:14:48,400
was a crucial Milestone. 
Though, it happened gradually 

5742
05:14:48,400 --> 05:14:51,400
and in stages Early 
photosynthetic. 

5743
05:14:51,400 --> 05:14:55,100
Organisms used hydrogen sulfide 
or other compounds as an 

5744
05:14:55,100 --> 05:14:56,600
electron Source rather than 
water? 

5745
05:14:57,500 --> 05:15:00,600
They produce sulfur or other 
byproducts rather than oxygen? 

5746
05:15:01,400 --> 05:15:05,100
These organisms could Harvest 
energy from sunlight, using it 

5747
05:15:05,100 --> 05:15:07,900
convert carbon dioxide into 
organic compounds. 

5748
05:15:08,900 --> 05:15:12,200
It was a neat trick that gave 
photosynthetic organisms a 

5749
05:15:12,200 --> 05:15:15,800
significant advantage over those
that relied on chemical energy 

5750
05:15:15,800 --> 05:15:21,100
sources that then probably 
around 2.7% to 2.5 billion years

5751
05:15:21,100 --> 05:15:23,100
ago. 
Something revolutionary 

5752
05:15:23,100 --> 05:15:26,800
occurred. 
Some microbes probably ancestors

5753
05:15:26,800 --> 05:15:30,800
of modern cyanobacteria evolved,
the ability to use water as an 

5754
05:15:30,800 --> 05:15:32,300
electron source for 
photosynthesis. 

5755
05:15:33,700 --> 05:15:37,900
This was a genuine Innovation 
because water is abundant unlike

5756
05:15:37,900 --> 05:15:40,900
hydrogen sulfide which is 
limited to specific 

5757
05:15:40,900 --> 05:15:44,000
environments. 
Like hydrothermal vents, there 

5758
05:15:44,000 --> 05:15:47,400
was just one small problem with 
this new form of photosynthesis.

5759
05:15:47,400 --> 05:15:50,000
It produced oxygen as a waste 
product. 

5760
05:15:50,000 --> 05:15:53,800
Oxygen is wonderful stuff. 
If you're an organism that has 

5761
05:15:53,800 --> 05:15:57,600
evolved to use it, It's 
extraordinarily reactive which 

5762
05:15:57,600 --> 05:16:00,400
makes it perfect for extracting 
energy from food molecules 

5763
05:16:00,400 --> 05:16:05,400
efficiently, aerobic metabolism,
respiration, using oxygen yields

5764
05:16:05,400 --> 05:16:08,600
far more energy per glucose 
molecule that any form of 

5765
05:16:08,608 --> 05:16:11,400
anaerobic metabolism. 
It's the difference between 

5766
05:16:11,400 --> 05:16:15,100
getting 15 miles per gallon and 
getting 50. 

5767
05:16:15,100 --> 05:16:18,400
But oxygen is terrible stuff. 
If you're an organism that 

5768
05:16:18,400 --> 05:16:22,600
evolved in an oxygen-free world,
the same reactivity that makes 

5769
05:16:22,600 --> 05:16:25,800
oxygen useful for energy 
production also makes it 

5770
05:16:25,800 --> 05:16:29,400
dangerous. 
Oxygen attacks organic molecules

5771
05:16:29,400 --> 05:16:34,300
breaking them down causing what 
we now recognize as oxidative 

5772
05:16:34,300 --> 05:16:37,500
stress. 
To the microbes that live for 

5773
05:16:37,500 --> 05:16:39,700
billions of years in an oxygen 
free world. 

5774
05:16:40,500 --> 05:16:42,900
The appearance of oxygen in 
their environment was something 

5775
05:16:42,900 --> 05:16:47,600
between a catastrophe and an 
apocalypse as oxygen producing 

5776
05:16:47,600 --> 05:16:50,200
cyanobacteria spread across the 
ocean's. 

5777
05:16:50,200 --> 05:16:52,800
They began pumping oxygen into 
the water. 

5778
05:16:53,800 --> 05:16:58,400
Initially this oxygen reacted 
with dissolved, ion forming rust

5779
05:16:58,400 --> 05:17:01,800
that precipitated out of the 
water and sank to the ocean 

5780
05:17:01,800 --> 05:17:05,400
floor. 
Today, we mine these ancient 

5781
05:17:05,400 --> 05:17:09,000
deposits as banded. 
Iron formations alternating 

5782
05:17:09,000 --> 05:17:11,900
layers of iron oxide and other 
sediments that record the 

5783
05:17:11,900 --> 05:17:14,800
gradually increasing oxygen 
levels in Earth's oceans. 

5784
05:17:15,800 --> 05:17:19,100
They're basically fossil rust 
and they represent one of the 

5785
05:17:19,100 --> 05:17:20,800
largest ore deposits on the 
planet. 

5786
05:17:20,800 --> 05:17:24,300
This process continued for 
hundreds of millions of years, 

5787
05:17:25,300 --> 05:17:28,300
the ocean's accumulated oxygen 
while the atmosphere remained 

5788
05:17:28,300 --> 05:17:32,000
relatively oxygen free because 
antioxidant that reached the 

5789
05:17:32,000 --> 05:17:34,700
atmosphere quickly reacted with 
methane and other gases. 

5790
05:17:35,800 --> 05:17:39,200
But eventually around 2.4 
billion years ago, the sinks for

5791
05:17:39,200 --> 05:17:43,100
oxygen became saturated, the 
iron in the ocean's had all 

5792
05:17:43,100 --> 05:17:48,000
rusted, the atmospheric methane 
had all oxidized and oxygen 

5793
05:17:48,000 --> 05:17:50,000
began to accumulate in the 
atmosphere itself. 

5794
05:17:50,000 --> 05:17:54,200
This event called the Great 
oxidation of end was possibly 

5795
05:17:54,200 --> 05:17:57,000
the most dramatic, change in 
Earth's environments since the 

5796
05:17:57,000 --> 05:17:59,100
planet formed. 
It was all. 

5797
05:17:59,100 --> 05:18:02,900
So from the perspective of most 
existing life forms a massive 

5798
05:18:02,900 --> 05:18:06,700
Extinction event, Organisms that
couldn't tolerate oxygen 

5799
05:18:06,700 --> 05:18:09,200
retreated to oxygen-free 
environments. 

5800
05:18:09,200 --> 05:18:13,900
Deep sediments hydrothermal 
vents and the guts of other 

5801
05:18:13,900 --> 05:18:17,200
organisms. 
Many probably went extinct 

5802
05:18:17,200 --> 05:18:20,400
entirely but the appearance of 
oxygen also created 

5803
05:18:20,400 --> 05:18:24,500
opportunities, some organisms 
evolved ways to tolerate oxygen,

5804
05:18:24,500 --> 05:18:29,200
a few, even learn to use it 
developing aerobic metabolism, 

5805
05:18:29,200 --> 05:18:32,400
that could extract far more 
energy from food molecules than 

5806
05:18:32,400 --> 05:18:36,700
their anaerobic cousins. 
These oxygen using organisms, 

5807
05:18:36,700 --> 05:18:40,200
had a significant Advantage, 
more energy meant they could 

5808
05:18:40,208 --> 05:18:44,200
grow fast faster, reproduce more
quickly and colonize more 

5809
05:18:44,200 --> 05:18:47,100
environments. 
The accumulation of oxygen had 

5810
05:18:47,100 --> 05:18:51,500
another profound effect, it 
created the ozone layer ozone, 

5811
05:18:51,500 --> 05:18:55,600
034 forms, when ultraviolet, 
radiation, splits oxygen 

5812
05:18:55,600 --> 05:19:00,500
molecules, O2 and the resulting 
free oxygen atoms combined with 

5813
05:19:00,500 --> 05:19:04,800
other oxygen molecules. this 
ozone, concentrated in the upper

5814
05:19:04,800 --> 05:19:08,500
atmosphere where it absorbed 
ultra violet radiation that have

5815
05:19:08,500 --> 05:19:11,300
previously reached Earth's 
surface, the ozone layer. 

5816
05:19:11,300 --> 05:19:14,700
Effectively gave her the 
sunscreen protecting surface 

5817
05:19:14,700 --> 05:19:17,800
dwelling organisms from the 
genetic damage caused by intense

5818
05:19:17,800 --> 05:19:20,500
UV radiation. 
But then something strange 

5819
05:19:20,500 --> 05:19:25,900
happened, Around 2.4 billion 
years ago, shortly after oxygen 

5820
05:19:25,900 --> 05:19:28,900
began accumulating in the 
atmosphere Earth. 

5821
05:19:28,900 --> 05:19:32,600
Experienced what geologists call
the heronian glaciation. 

5822
05:19:33,400 --> 05:19:38,600
First and possibly longest of 
several snowball Earth events. 

5823
05:19:39,600 --> 05:19:42,300
For hundreds of millions of 
years, ice may have covered. 

5824
05:19:42,300 --> 05:19:45,800
Most are all of Earth's surface 
from pole to pole, extending, 

5825
05:19:45,800 --> 05:19:48,600
even to the equator. 
How does a planet that had been 

5826
05:19:48,608 --> 05:19:52,000
warm enough for liquid? 
Oceans suddenly free solid The 

5827
05:19:52,000 --> 05:19:55,000
culprit was probably the great 
oxidation event itself. 

5828
05:19:55,000 --> 05:19:59,300
Remember all that methane in the
atmosphere methane is a powerful

5829
05:19:59,300 --> 05:20:03,100
greenhouse gas. 
When oxygen reacted with an 

5830
05:20:03,100 --> 05:20:06,200
removed atmospheric methane, it 
dramatically reduced the 

5831
05:20:06,208 --> 05:20:10,100
greenhouse effect Without 
methane trapping heat, Earth's 

5832
05:20:10,100 --> 05:20:13,200
temperature, plummeted the 
transition to an ice-covered 

5833
05:20:13,200 --> 05:20:16,200
World, probably happened 
gradually, but it was driven by 

5834
05:20:16,200 --> 05:20:18,100
a powerful positive feedback 
loop. 

5835
05:20:19,300 --> 05:20:21,700
As ice and snow covered more of 
Earth's surface. 

5836
05:20:21,700 --> 05:20:24,600
They reflected more sunlight 
back into space. 

5837
05:20:25,400 --> 05:20:29,000
This cooling led to more ice 
formation, which reflected more 

5838
05:20:29,000 --> 05:20:33,700
sunlight leading to more Cooling
and so on eventually Earth may 

5839
05:20:33,700 --> 05:20:38,500
have become completely Frozen a 
giant Cosmic snowball orbiting, 

5840
05:20:38,500 --> 05:20:42,100
the Sun, you might reasonably 
ask, how life survived this deep

5841
05:20:42,100 --> 05:20:44,100
freeze. 
The answer involves a 

5842
05:20:44,100 --> 05:20:47,500
combination of refuge and 
remarkable microbial, resilience

5843
05:20:47,500 --> 05:20:49,700
life. 
Probably persisted near 

5844
05:20:49,700 --> 05:20:54,200
hydrothermal vents in volcanic 
hot springs and possibly in 

5845
05:20:54,200 --> 05:20:56,000
pockets of liquid, water under 
the ice. 

5846
05:20:56,800 --> 05:20:59,900
Microbes can survive remarkably 
hostile conditions when they 

5847
05:20:59,908 --> 05:21:03,800
need to entering dormant State 
and waiting out unfavorable 

5848
05:21:03,800 --> 05:21:06,100
periods. 
The end of snowball Earth 

5849
05:21:06,100 --> 05:21:09,800
required, another feedback 
mechanism, volcanic activity, 

5850
05:21:09,800 --> 05:21:13,800
continued even under the ice 
steadily, pumping carbon dioxide

5851
05:21:13,800 --> 05:21:17,200
into the atmosphere. 
Normally, this CO2 would be 

5852
05:21:17,200 --> 05:21:20,200
removed by weathering of rocks 
and dissolved in the ocean's. 

5853
05:21:21,300 --> 05:21:24,700
But with Earth's surface Frozen,
these processes essentially 

5854
05:21:24,700 --> 05:21:28,400
stopped. 
C02 accumulated for millions of 

5855
05:21:28,400 --> 05:21:31,100
years until the greenhouse 
effect became strong enough to 

5856
05:21:31,100 --> 05:21:33,400
begin. 
Melting the ice once melting 

5857
05:21:33,400 --> 05:21:36,700
started the same feedback loop 
that had Frozen the planet. 

5858
05:21:36,700 --> 05:21:40,300
Now worked in reverse. 
Less ice meant, less reflection 

5859
05:21:40,300 --> 05:21:43,300
of sunlight, which meant 
warming, which meant more 

5860
05:21:43,300 --> 05:21:48,100
melting, and so on. the 
transition from snowball Earth 

5861
05:21:48,100 --> 05:21:50,900
to Greenhouse conditions might 
have been relatively rapid 

5862
05:21:51,500 --> 05:21:54,700
perhaps only a few thousand 
years which is the blink of an 

5863
05:21:54,700 --> 05:21:58,300
eye in geological terms, when 
the ice melted it revealed a 

5864
05:21:58,300 --> 05:22:02,000
planet transformed The long 
freeze had been a severe test 

5865
05:22:02,000 --> 05:22:04,100
and many lineages, probably 
didn't survive. 

5866
05:22:04,900 --> 05:22:07,700
But those that did emerge into a
world with new possibilities. 

5867
05:22:09,100 --> 05:22:12,800
Stage was being set for the next
great evolutionary Innovation. 

5868
05:22:12,800 --> 05:22:17,500
The complex sell for more than 
two billion years after life. 

5869
05:22:17,500 --> 05:22:21,600
First appeared Earth, remained a
planet of prokaryotes, simple 

5870
05:22:21,600 --> 05:22:25,300
cells, without internal membrane
bound structures, these cells 

5871
05:22:25,300 --> 05:22:28,800
accomplished remarkable, things 
developing photosynthesis, 

5872
05:22:28,800 --> 05:22:32,500
nitrogen fixation and various 
forms of metabolism. 

5873
05:22:33,600 --> 05:22:36,200
But they remained fundamentally 
simple in their architecture. 

5874
05:22:36,200 --> 05:22:39,300
Then somewhere around two 
billion years ago. 

5875
05:22:39,300 --> 05:22:44,000
Something unprecedented happened
a larger, prokaryote engulfed, a

5876
05:22:44,000 --> 05:22:48,300
smaller one perhaps in 10 to 
digest it for food but in stead 

5877
05:22:48,300 --> 05:22:51,300
of being digested the smaller 
cells of survived inside the 

5878
05:22:51,300 --> 05:22:54,100
larger one. 
Two cells began a partnership 

5879
05:22:54,100 --> 05:22:55,900
that were transformed life on 
Earth. 

5880
05:22:55,900 --> 05:23:00,300
This process called 
endosymbiosis, created the first

5881
05:23:00,300 --> 05:23:04,000
eukaryotic cells cells with a 
nucleus and other membrane-bound

5882
05:23:04,000 --> 05:23:08,500
organelles The engulfed cell 
became the mitochondrion. 

5883
05:23:09,200 --> 05:23:12,300
Powerhouse of the cell 
responsible for aerobic 

5884
05:23:12,300 --> 05:23:14,900
respiration. 
This partnership was 

5885
05:23:14,900 --> 05:23:18,300
spectacularly successful because
it combined the larger cells 

5886
05:23:18,300 --> 05:23:21,100
ability to move and acquire 
Resources with the smaller 

5887
05:23:21,100 --> 05:23:23,400
cells. 
Efficient oxygen based 

5888
05:23:23,400 --> 05:23:27,600
metabolism later, some of these 
early eukaryotes in golfed 

5889
05:23:27,600 --> 05:23:31,100
photosynthetic cyanobacteria, 
which became Clorox. 

5890
05:23:32,300 --> 05:23:35,600
This second end of symbiotic 
event, created the first algae 

5891
05:23:35,600 --> 05:23:38,900
and eventually led to all 
photosynthetic eukaryotes 

5892
05:23:38,900 --> 05:23:41,900
including the plants. 
That would eventually colonize 

5893
05:23:41,900 --> 05:23:45,200
land. 
Yukari Excel was like upgrading 

5894
05:23:45,200 --> 05:23:48,000
from a studio apartment to a 
mansion with multiple 

5895
05:23:48,000 --> 05:23:52,600
specialized rooms mitochondria, 
handled energy production, the 

5896
05:23:52,600 --> 05:23:55,500
nucleus protected genetic 
material, and controlled gene 

5897
05:23:55,500 --> 05:23:58,200
expression. 
Various other organelles 

5898
05:23:58,200 --> 05:24:02,100
specialized in protein 
synthesis, waste processing and 

5899
05:24:02,100 --> 05:24:05,300
other functions. 
This specialization allowed, you

5900
05:24:05,308 --> 05:24:08,700
carry outs to become much more 
complex than their prokaryotic 

5901
05:24:08,700 --> 05:24:11,500
ancestors. 
With this new complexity came 

5902
05:24:11,500 --> 05:24:15,200
new possibilities. 
Eukaryotic cells could be larger

5903
05:24:15,200 --> 05:24:19,600
sometimes much larger than 
prokaryotes, they could develop 

5904
05:24:19,600 --> 05:24:22,900
new structures and capabilities 
and crucially. 

5905
05:24:22,900 --> 05:24:25,400
They could eventually do 
something precarious. 

5906
05:24:25,400 --> 05:24:29,500
Couldn't they could aggregate 
into multi-cellular organisms 

5907
05:24:29,500 --> 05:24:31,600
where different cells 
specialized in different 

5908
05:24:31,600 --> 05:24:34,000
functions. 
The first multi-cellular 

5909
05:24:34,000 --> 05:24:37,900
eukaryotes probably appeared 
around 1.5 to 2 billion years 

5910
05:24:37,900 --> 05:24:40,400
ago though the exact timing is 
debated. 

5911
05:24:41,300 --> 05:24:44,400
These early multi-cellular forms
were simple, perhaps just 

5912
05:24:44,400 --> 05:24:47,200
clusters of similar cells that 
offered advantages like 

5913
05:24:47,200 --> 05:24:50,200
increased size and some 
protection from predators. 

5914
05:24:50,200 --> 05:24:54,400
But they represented in new 
strategy for life one that would

5915
05:24:54,400 --> 05:24:57,700
eventually lead to all the 
complex organisms we see today 

5916
05:24:57,700 --> 05:25:01,900
for a long time, possibly a 
billion years or more these are 

5917
05:25:01,900 --> 05:25:06,400
early multi-cellular organisms, 
remained relatively simple, Life

5918
05:25:06,400 --> 05:25:10,200
during this era sometimes called
the boring billion proceeded 

5919
05:25:10,200 --> 05:25:14,000
without dramatic changes. 
Dramatized still dominated 

5920
05:25:14,000 --> 05:25:17,100
Coastal environments, the 
ocean's contained, various 

5921
05:25:17,100 --> 05:25:22,300
prokaryotes and simple UK oats. 
Life existed evolved and 

5922
05:25:22,300 --> 05:25:25,700
diversified but nothing 
particularly revolutionary was 

5923
05:25:25,700 --> 05:25:30,600
happening. 
Then around 720 to 635 million 

5924
05:25:30,600 --> 05:25:34,700
years ago, Earth experienced 
another series of snowball Earth

5925
05:25:34,700 --> 05:25:38,400
events, the sturdier and Marinol
and glaciations. 

5926
05:25:39,000 --> 05:25:43,100
Once again, ice may have covered
most or all of the planet's 

5927
05:25:43,100 --> 05:25:45,500
surface. 
These freezers were severe 

5928
05:25:45,500 --> 05:25:48,700
enough that geologists find 
evidence of glacial deposits at 

5929
05:25:48,700 --> 05:25:52,000
Tropical latitudes, suggesting 
ice existed. 

5930
05:25:52,000 --> 05:25:55,500
Even at the equator, these 
dramatic climate swings may have

5931
05:25:55,500 --> 05:25:59,100
driven evolutionary Innovation 
by creating extreme selective 

5932
05:25:59,100 --> 05:26:01,100
pressure. 
Organisms. 

5933
05:26:01,100 --> 05:26:04,300
That could survive rapid 
environmental changes that had 

5934
05:26:04,300 --> 05:26:08,100
flexible metabolisms or that 
could enter dormant States had 

5935
05:26:08,100 --> 05:26:12,300
better survival once. 
When the ice finally melted as 

5936
05:26:12,300 --> 05:26:13,900
it always did. 
Thanks to the build-up of 

5937
05:26:13,908 --> 05:26:17,700
volcanic CO2 life, rebounded, 
into a world of New 

5938
05:26:17,700 --> 05:26:21,500
Opportunities, and then almost 
immediately after the last 

5939
05:26:21,500 --> 05:26:24,900
snowball Earth event, something 
remarkable appeared in the 

5940
05:26:24,900 --> 05:26:30,000
fossil record the ediacaran 
biota Named after the Eddie 

5941
05:26:30,000 --> 05:26:32,900
Acura Hills in Australia where 
they were first discovered, 

5942
05:26:32,900 --> 05:26:36,900
these organisms were Earth's, 
first large complex, 

5943
05:26:36,900 --> 05:26:40,900
multi-cellular creatures the 
Eddie Accra and organisms were 

5944
05:26:40,900 --> 05:26:43,100
strange by modern standards 
many. 

5945
05:26:43,100 --> 05:26:46,900
Resembled quilted air mattresses
with bodies divided into 

5946
05:26:46,900 --> 05:26:50,500
repeated segments. 
Some look like fronds others 

5947
05:26:50,500 --> 05:26:53,900
like discs and still others. 
Like three-sided Frisbees. 

5948
05:26:54,900 --> 05:26:58,700
Most were soft-bodied lacking 
the hard shells or skeletons 

5949
05:26:58,700 --> 05:27:02,700
that would become common later. 
They lived on or in the sea 

5950
05:27:02,700 --> 05:27:05,200
floor possibly feeding by 
absorbing nutrients from the 

5951
05:27:05,200 --> 05:27:09,500
water, or perhaps hosting 
photosynthetic symbionts for 

5952
05:27:09,500 --> 05:27:12,400
about 40 million years. 
These odd creatures dominated. 

5953
05:27:12,400 --> 05:27:15,800
The sea floor, representing 
Earth's, first experiment with 

5954
05:27:15,800 --> 05:27:20,200
large complex body forms. 
They range in size from a few 

5955
05:27:20,208 --> 05:27:22,400
centimeters to over a meter in 
length. 

5956
05:27:22,400 --> 05:27:25,300
Absolutely. 
Enormous compared to anything 

5957
05:27:25,300 --> 05:27:29,500
that had existed before then 
around 541. 

5958
05:27:29,500 --> 05:27:33,400
Million years ago, most idiot 
and organisms disappeared from 

5959
05:27:33,400 --> 05:27:36,500
the fossil record What caused 
their decline? 

5960
05:27:37,200 --> 05:27:39,900
The answer may be related to the
next great revolution in the 

5961
05:27:39,900 --> 05:27:42,500
history of life. 
Cambrian explosion. 

5962
05:27:42,500 --> 05:27:45,600
If you could take a time machine
back to the early Cambrian 

5963
05:27:45,600 --> 05:27:50,300
Period, about 500 and 441 
million years ago and put on a 

5964
05:27:50,300 --> 05:27:52,400
diving suit to explore the sea 
floor. 

5965
05:27:53,200 --> 05:27:55,900
He had witness one of the most 
spectacular displays of 

5966
05:27:55,900 --> 05:27:58,000
evolutionary innovation in 
Earth's history. 

5967
05:27:59,100 --> 05:28:03,900
Within a relatively brief period
perhaps 20 to 25 million years 

5968
05:28:03,900 --> 05:28:08,800
which is briefed by geological 
standards life, exploded into of

5969
05:28:08,800 --> 05:28:10,800
the wildering array of new 
forms. 

5970
05:28:10,800 --> 05:28:14,400
Many of them completely, unlike 
anything that had existed 

5971
05:28:14,400 --> 05:28:18,400
before, this was the Cambrian 
explosion and it marked the 

5972
05:28:18,400 --> 05:28:21,000
appearance of almost all the 
major animal phyla. 

5973
05:28:21,000 --> 05:28:25,600
We see today, Arthropods 
mollusks, a kind of terms 

5974
05:28:25,600 --> 05:28:29,300
chordates and worms of various 
sorts all appeared in the 

5975
05:28:29,308 --> 05:28:32,100
Cambrian Seas within a 
relatively short time window. 

5976
05:28:32,100 --> 05:28:35,400
It was as if life had been 
experimenting for billions of 

5977
05:28:35,400 --> 05:28:39,700
years and suddenly decided to 
try every possible body plan all

5978
05:28:39,700 --> 05:28:43,900
at once what triggered this 
explosion of diversity, The 

5979
05:28:43,900 --> 05:28:46,300
answer probably involves 
multiple factors coming 

5980
05:28:46,300 --> 05:28:49,100
together. 
Oxygen levels had risen to the 

5981
05:28:49,100 --> 05:28:51,900
point where active mobile 
animals could be supported. 

5982
05:28:52,700 --> 05:28:55,700
The evolution of predation 
created an evolutionary arms 

5983
05:28:55,700 --> 05:28:59,600
race where prey animals, evolved
defense's and predators of old 

5984
05:28:59,600 --> 05:29:01,400
ways to overcome those 
defense's. 

5985
05:29:02,500 --> 05:29:08,800
The development of hard Parts, 
shells, spines teeth, provided 

5986
05:29:08,800 --> 05:29:12,600
both protection, and new tools. 
While also making animals much 

5987
05:29:12,600 --> 05:29:15,900
more likely to fossilize giving 
us a better fossil record. 

5988
05:29:15,900 --> 05:29:20,400
The Cambrian sees were dominated
by arthropods particularly trial

5989
05:29:20,400 --> 05:29:23,200
bites. 
These creatures distant 

5990
05:29:23,200 --> 05:29:26,800
relatives of modern, insects and
Crustaceans had segmented, 

5991
05:29:26,800 --> 05:29:30,800
bodies, jointed, legs and hard 
exoskeletons. 

5992
05:29:31,500 --> 05:29:35,000
It could walk along the seafloor
swim in the water column and 

5993
05:29:35,000 --> 05:29:40,100
filter feed or hunt for food. 
Trilobites were spectacularly 

5994
05:29:40,100 --> 05:29:43,800
successful diversifying into 
thousands of species that 

5995
05:29:43,800 --> 05:29:47,500
occupied almost every marine 
environment but the Cambrian 

5996
05:29:47,500 --> 05:29:49,900
Seas also hosted stranger 
creatures. 

5997
05:29:49,900 --> 05:29:54,300
Anomalocaris, whose name means 
abnormal shrimp. 

5998
05:29:54,300 --> 05:29:57,900
Was one of the cameras top 
predators with Crossing 

5999
05:29:57,900 --> 05:30:01,500
appendages for catching prey and
a circular mouth line with 

6000
05:30:01,500 --> 05:30:05,700
plate. 
Upper Binya had five eyes and a 

6001
05:30:05,700 --> 05:30:08,700
proboscis with a grasping tip 
that it used to catch smaller 

6002
05:30:08,700 --> 05:30:12,000
animals. 
Hallucigenia was so bizarre. 

6003
05:30:12,000 --> 05:30:14,600
When first discovered that 
paleontologist couldn't tell 

6004
05:30:14,600 --> 05:30:18,700
which end was the head or which 
side was up, it had spines on 

6005
05:30:18,700 --> 05:30:22,400
one side and legs on the other. 
These weird Cambrian creatures 

6006
05:30:22,400 --> 05:30:25,000
lived, in a world that was alien
by modern standards. 

6007
05:30:25,900 --> 05:30:29,600
The continents were Barren Rock,
not a single plant or animal. 

6008
05:30:29,600 --> 05:30:32,900
Lived on land yet. 
The ocean's were rich with life,

6009
05:30:32,900 --> 05:30:35,200
but different from today's 
Ocean's. 

6010
05:30:35,200 --> 05:30:38,700
There were no fish yet. 
No sharks, no ways. 

6011
05:30:38,700 --> 05:30:42,400
The largest Predators were 
arthropods and odd creatures. 

6012
05:30:42,400 --> 05:30:45,700
Like, anomalocaris, but among 
the many strange creatures of 

6013
05:30:45,700 --> 05:30:48,600
the Cambrian one group would 
prove, particularly significant 

6014
05:30:49,400 --> 05:30:52,200
The chordates animals with a 
stiffening rod. 

6015
05:30:52,900 --> 05:30:55,300
Notore chord running down their 
backs. 

6016
05:30:56,200 --> 05:30:58,700
Early chordates like pikaia and 
I quit. 

6017
05:30:58,700 --> 05:31:02,300
This was small fish-like 
creatures that swam through the 

6018
05:31:02,300 --> 05:31:05,500
Cambrian Seas. 
They weren't impressive compared

6019
05:31:05,500 --> 05:31:09,200
to the armored bites or the 
grass being anomaly carriages. 

6020
05:31:10,000 --> 05:31:12,100
Yet They Carried within their 
body plan. 

6021
05:31:12,100 --> 05:31:14,800
The basic architecture that 
would eventually give rise to 

6022
05:31:14,800 --> 05:31:20,000
fish and amphibians reptiles 
birds, mammals and eventually 

6023
05:31:20,000 --> 05:31:23,400
you the Cambrian Period 
established patterns that would 

6024
05:31:23,400 --> 05:31:25,300
shape life for the next half 
billion years. 

6025
05:31:26,300 --> 05:31:29,400
Predator, prey relationships, 
drove evolutionary, Innovation, 

6026
05:31:29,400 --> 05:31:33,000
hard part became the norm 
providing protection and 

6027
05:31:33,000 --> 05:31:36,600
structure. 
Animals developed increasingly 

6028
05:31:36,600 --> 05:31:41,400
sophisticated sensory systems 
eyes became common allowing 

6029
05:31:41,400 --> 05:31:44,600
creatures to see their prey or 
spot Predators from a distance. 

6030
05:31:45,700 --> 05:31:48,800
the basic body plans of modern 
animals were established 

6031
05:31:48,800 --> 05:31:52,500
creating templates, that would 
be modified and adapted for 

6032
05:31:52,500 --> 05:31:56,200
countless different environments
as the Cambrian gave way to the 

6033
05:31:56,200 --> 05:32:00,500
order of vision period around 
485 million years ago, life 

6034
05:32:00,500 --> 05:32:05,700
continued to diversify First 
true fish appeared, jawless 

6035
05:32:05,700 --> 05:32:08,800
creatures that filtered food 
from the water or scraped it off

6036
05:32:08,800 --> 05:32:12,400
rocks. 
Cephalopods relatives of modern 

6037
05:32:12,400 --> 05:32:16,800
squid and octopuses evolved into
efficient, Predators some with 

6038
05:32:16,800 --> 05:32:21,600
straight shells meters long. 
Reefs built by various organisms

6039
05:32:21,600 --> 05:32:26,000
began to dominate shallow Seas, 
creating complex, habitats that 

6040
05:32:26,000 --> 05:32:29,500
supported diverse communities, 
but life remained entirely 

6041
05:32:29,500 --> 05:32:32,300
aquatic. 
The land was still Barren 

6042
05:32:32,300 --> 05:32:35,300
waiting for the organisms. 
That would eventually colonize 

6043
05:32:35,300 --> 05:32:38,400
it. 
That transition was coming, but 

6044
05:32:38,400 --> 05:32:41,400
it would require some of the 
most dramatic adaptations in the

6045
05:32:41,400 --> 05:32:43,900
history of Life. 
Stand on a silurian. 

6046
05:32:43,900 --> 05:32:48,100
Sea shore around 440 million 
years ago and you'd see a stark 

6047
05:32:48,100 --> 05:32:51,300
contrast between two worlds. 
Behind you. 

6048
05:32:51,300 --> 05:32:56,100
The ocean teemed with life fish.
Arthropods mollusks. 

6049
05:32:56,100 --> 05:32:59,000
And a Keno Dirhams all going 
about their business in the 

6050
05:32:59,008 --> 05:33:01,600
water. 
Before you stretch the land 

6051
05:33:01,600 --> 05:33:04,900
Rocky. 
Baron leafless, the most 

6052
05:33:04,900 --> 05:33:08,800
advanced terrestrial, ecosystem,
consisted of microbial mats in 

6053
05:33:08,800 --> 05:33:12,600
wet areas and possibly some like
a beginning to colonize the 

6054
05:33:12,600 --> 05:33:15,600
rocks. 
There were no trees, no grass, 

6055
05:33:15,600 --> 05:33:19,300
no flowers. 
No insects, no birds. 

6056
05:33:19,300 --> 05:33:23,900
And no mammals just bare rock. 
Weathering Under the Sun, but in

6057
05:33:23,900 --> 05:33:25,700
the shallow Waters, entitled 
zones. 

6058
05:33:25,700 --> 05:33:27,800
Something revolutionary was 
beginning. 

6059
05:33:27,800 --> 05:33:32,300
Plants descended from green 
algae, were starting to venture 

6060
05:33:32,300 --> 05:33:35,300
onto land. 
This wasn't a sudden Conquest, 

6061
05:33:35,300 --> 05:33:38,700
but a gradual process that 
probably took millions of years.

6062
05:33:39,900 --> 05:33:43,800
First land plants were tiny 
perhaps only a few centimeters 

6063
05:33:43,800 --> 05:33:46,800
tall and they required very 
moist conditions. 

6064
05:33:46,800 --> 05:33:51,900
They had no true Roots leaves or
stems as we'd recognize them to 

6065
05:33:51,908 --> 05:33:55,800
day just simple structures. 
That barely qualified as plants 

6066
05:33:55,800 --> 05:33:58,500
the challenge of living on land 
was immense. 

6067
05:33:59,400 --> 05:34:02,300
In the water organisms are 
supported by buoyancy, 

6068
05:34:02,300 --> 05:34:06,200
surrounded by moisture and 
protected from temperature 

6069
05:34:06,200 --> 05:34:08,800
extremes. 
On land, gravity. 

6070
05:34:08,800 --> 05:34:13,000
Pulls harder the areas, dry 
temperatures, fluctuate, wildly 

6071
05:34:13,000 --> 05:34:15,800
and UV radiation is more 
intense. 

6072
05:34:16,800 --> 05:34:20,000
To survive on land organisms 
needed to solve all these 

6073
05:34:20,000 --> 05:34:22,700
problems. 
Simultaneously early land plants

6074
05:34:22,700 --> 05:34:24,700
developed, several crucial 
Innovations. 

6075
05:34:24,700 --> 05:34:28,400
They evolved a waxy coating 
called a cuticle to prevent 

6076
05:34:28,400 --> 05:34:31,500
water loss. 
The developed simple conducting 

6077
05:34:31,500 --> 05:34:34,600
tissues to transport water from 
the ground to their growing 

6078
05:34:34,600 --> 05:34:37,300
tips. 
They formed associations with 

6079
05:34:37,300 --> 05:34:40,900
fungi that help them extract 
nutrients from the thin soils 

6080
05:34:40,900 --> 05:34:44,700
developing on weathered rock. 
These plant fungal Partnerships 

6081
05:34:44,700 --> 05:34:49,200
called mycorrhizae was so 
successful that they persist in 

6082
05:34:49,200 --> 05:34:54,500
most modern plants today by the 
devonian period around 420 

6083
05:34:54,500 --> 05:34:57,200
million years ago. 
Land plants are Diversified 

6084
05:34:57,200 --> 05:35:01,000
dramatically Some developed true
roots, that could penetrate 

6085
05:35:01,000 --> 05:35:04,700
deeper into the soil, anchoring 
larger plants and accessing more

6086
05:35:04,700 --> 05:35:08,200
water. 
Others evolved vascular tissue. 

6087
05:35:09,100 --> 05:35:12,800
Ashlee sells conducting water 
and nutrients that allowed them 

6088
05:35:12,800 --> 05:35:16,400
to grow taller. 
The race for sunlight had begun 

6089
05:35:16,400 --> 05:35:18,900
and plants responded by reaching
upward. 

6090
05:35:18,900 --> 05:35:21,900
The first forests appeared 
during the middle devonian 

6091
05:35:21,900 --> 05:35:24,600
though, they would have looked 
alien to modernize. 

6092
05:35:24,600 --> 05:35:29,500
They were dominated by treesize 
Club, mosses, horsetails, and 

6093
05:35:29,500 --> 05:35:32,800
ferns groups that today are 
mostly small plants. 

6094
05:35:33,600 --> 05:35:35,900
These are early trees, could 
reach Heights of over, 30 

6095
05:35:35,900 --> 05:35:39,900
meters, creating the first 
complex terrestrial, ecosystems 

6096
05:35:39,900 --> 05:35:43,800
their Roots, broke up, Rock, 
accelerating weathering, and 

6097
05:35:43,800 --> 05:35:47,600
soil formation. 
When they died and fell, they 

6098
05:35:47,600 --> 05:35:51,200
created habitats, for other 
organisms, life was transforming

6099
05:35:51,200 --> 05:35:54,700
the landscape but plants didn't 
colonize land alone. 

6100
05:35:54,700 --> 05:35:57,900
They were followed or perhaps 
accompanied by animals. 

6101
05:35:58,900 --> 05:36:01,800
The first terrestrial animals 
were probably arthropods 

6102
05:36:01,800 --> 05:36:05,800
millipedes and centipedes and 
possibly earlier arachnids. 

6103
05:36:06,600 --> 05:36:10,500
These creatures likely began as 
Coastal or semiaquatic organisms

6104
05:36:10,500 --> 05:36:12,800
that gradually adapted to 
terrestrial life. 

6105
05:36:13,600 --> 05:36:15,400
They had advantages for land 
living. 

6106
05:36:16,200 --> 05:36:19,200
Their exoskeletons, provided 
structural support, and 

6107
05:36:19,200 --> 05:36:22,400
protection from drying and their
jointed legs worked. 

6108
05:36:22,400 --> 05:36:26,000
Well for walking on a regular 
surfaces by the late devonian 

6109
05:36:26,000 --> 05:36:30,900
around 375 million years ago, 
insects had appeared and would 

6110
05:36:30,900 --> 05:36:35,000
begin to diversify. 
Some of old Wing's becoming the 

6111
05:36:35,000 --> 05:36:37,200
first animals capable of powered
flight. 

6112
05:36:38,100 --> 05:36:41,200
This Innovation opened New 
Dimensions of terrestrial space.

6113
05:36:41,200 --> 05:36:46,300
Allowing insects to disperse. 
Widely Escape predators and 

6114
05:36:46,300 --> 05:36:50,300
eventually pollinate plants, but
the most dramatic transition to 

6115
05:36:50,300 --> 05:36:52,200
land was being made by a group 
of fish. 

6116
05:36:53,100 --> 05:36:55,700
In the shallow Waters and swamps
of the devonian. 

6117
05:36:55,700 --> 05:37:00,800
Some fish had evolved muscular 
Lopez that could support their 

6118
05:37:00,800 --> 05:37:03,600
weight and lungs that could 
extract oxygen from Air. 

6119
05:37:04,500 --> 05:37:07,600
These lobe-finned fish could 
hold themselves out of the water

6120
05:37:07,600 --> 05:37:10,300
and move across land, possibly 
to reach new. 

6121
05:37:10,300 --> 05:37:13,900
Water bodies or Escape Predators
creatures like Tic, Turlock. 

6122
05:37:13,900 --> 05:37:17,100
Represented an intermediate 
stage between fish and tetrapods

6123
05:37:17,100 --> 05:37:21,300
four-legged vertebrates. 
They had fins with bones that 

6124
05:37:21,300 --> 05:37:24,300
corresponded to our upper arm 
forearm and something resembling

6125
05:37:24,300 --> 05:37:27,800
a wrist. 
They had lungs and gills, a flat

6126
05:37:27,800 --> 05:37:29,900
head that could support. 
The weight went out of water and

6127
05:37:29,900 --> 05:37:33,500
flexible neck. 
Tiktok could do push-ups with 

6128
05:37:33,500 --> 05:37:36,400
its front fins. 
Lifting its head above water to 

6129
05:37:36,400 --> 05:37:39,200
breathe air or look around over 
millions of years. 

6130
05:37:39,200 --> 05:37:43,300
These fish like creatures gave 
rise to true tetrapods Animals 

6131
05:37:43,300 --> 05:37:47,600
with four limbs rather than 
Finns early tetrapods like a 

6132
05:37:47,600 --> 05:37:50,800
Cantor Steiger, still spent most
of their time in water, but they

6133
05:37:50,800 --> 05:37:54,700
had digits fingers and toes 
rather than Finn rays. 

6134
05:37:55,400 --> 05:37:58,100
They represented a commitment to
the new lifestyle that land 

6135
05:37:58,100 --> 05:38:01,700
offered even though they were 
not yet fully terrestrial by the

6136
05:38:01,700 --> 05:38:06,300
Carboniferous period around 350.
Million years ago tetrapods had 

6137
05:38:06,300 --> 05:38:10,700
fully transitioned to land 
Amphibians Diversified into 

6138
05:38:10,700 --> 05:38:14,200
numerous forms from small 
salamander like creatures to 

6139
05:38:14,200 --> 05:38:16,100
massive beasts. 
Several meters long. 

6140
05:38:17,100 --> 05:38:20,200
These early amphibians still 
required water for reproduction,

6141
05:38:20,200 --> 05:38:24,300
the eggs had no shell and would 
dry out in air, but they could 

6142
05:38:24,300 --> 05:38:28,000
live entirely on land as adults.
The Carboniferous world would 

6143
05:38:28,000 --> 05:38:29,500
have been a strange place to 
visit. 

6144
05:38:30,600 --> 05:38:33,700
Forests were dominated by 
enormous Club mosses and 

6145
05:38:33,700 --> 05:38:36,600
horsetails. 
Creating swampy environments 

6146
05:38:36,600 --> 05:38:39,600
where dead plant material 
accumulated faster than it could

6147
05:38:39,608 --> 05:38:42,200
decay. 
This plant material would 

6148
05:38:42,200 --> 05:38:44,000
eventually become the cold 
deposits. 

6149
05:38:44,000 --> 05:38:47,400
That gave the Carboniferous, its
name and powered, the Industrial

6150
05:38:47,400 --> 05:38:51,900
Revolution hundreds of millions 
of years later insects thrived 

6151
05:38:51,900 --> 05:38:55,000
in these forests growing to 
sizes that seem impossible to 

6152
05:38:55,000 --> 05:38:57,900
today. 
Dragonflies with wingspans of 

6153
05:38:57,900 --> 05:39:00,900
70. 
CM about the size of a hawk 

6154
05:39:00,900 --> 05:39:05,600
hunted smaller insects through 
the forest, canopy millipedes 

6155
05:39:05,600 --> 05:39:08,200
over two meters. 
Longed through the leaf litter. 

6156
05:39:09,000 --> 05:39:11,900
The high oxygen content of the 
Carboniferous atmosphere. 

6157
05:39:11,900 --> 05:39:17,600
Perhaps 35% compared to today's 
21% allowed, these arthropods to

6158
05:39:17,600 --> 05:39:19,900
reach sizes that their 
respiratory systems could not 

6159
05:39:19,908 --> 05:39:22,900
support in today's atmosphere, 
but the most significant 

6160
05:39:22,900 --> 05:39:26,000
evolutionary innovation of this 
era was happening quietly among 

6161
05:39:26,000 --> 05:39:29,500
certain amphibians. 
Some lineages were developing 

6162
05:39:29,500 --> 05:39:33,000
eggs with shells eggs, that 
could be laid on land rather 

6163
05:39:33,000 --> 05:39:37,000
than in water. 
This amniotic egg, with its 

6164
05:39:37,000 --> 05:39:41,000
protective shell and internal 
membrane freed vertebrates from 

6165
05:39:41,000 --> 05:39:43,100
their dependence on water for 
reproduction. 

6166
05:39:44,200 --> 05:39:47,400
The animals that develop this 
Innovation would give rise to 

6167
05:39:47,400 --> 05:39:51,100
all reptiles birds and mammals 
as the Carboniferous. 

6168
05:39:51,100 --> 05:39:54,700
Gave way to the Permian period 
around 299 million years ago, 

6169
05:39:54,700 --> 05:39:59,200
Earth entered a new phase. 
The continents which have been 

6170
05:39:59,200 --> 05:40:02,800
scattered during early periods, 
were gradually colliding to form

6171
05:40:02,800 --> 05:40:07,300
a supercontinent called Pangea, 
Greek for all Earth. 

6172
05:40:08,200 --> 05:40:11,600
This massive land mass stretched
from pole to pole surrounded by 

6173
05:40:11,600 --> 05:40:14,800
a single vast. 
Ocean called Panther the 

6174
05:40:14,800 --> 05:40:17,900
formation of Pangea, had 
profound effects on climate and 

6175
05:40:17,900 --> 05:40:20,300
life. 
With one giant continent. 

6176
05:40:20,300 --> 05:40:22,700
The interior regions Were Far 
From Any ocean. 

6177
05:40:22,700 --> 05:40:26,700
Creating extensive deserts with 
extreme temperature, ranges, 

6178
05:40:27,700 --> 05:40:31,200
Coastal regions, experienced 
Monsoon patterns with wet and 

6179
05:40:31,200 --> 05:40:33,400
dry seasons of unusual, 
intensity. 

6180
05:40:34,500 --> 05:40:38,200
Climate overall was becoming 
drier and more seasonal, amnio, 

6181
05:40:38,200 --> 05:40:41,900
oats animals with shelled eggs, 
Diversified into two main 

6182
05:40:41,900 --> 05:40:45,900
groups. the synapsids, which 
would eventually give rise to 

6183
05:40:45,908 --> 05:40:49,200
mammals, became the dominant 
large land animals of the 

6184
05:40:49,200 --> 05:40:54,700
Permian, Many were spectacular, 
creatures dimetrodon, often 

6185
05:40:54,700 --> 05:40:58,400
mistakenly called a dinosaur had
a huge sale on its back. 

6186
05:40:58,400 --> 05:41:01,000
That probably helped regulate 
its body temperature. 

6187
05:41:01,800 --> 05:41:04,300
Their absence of evolved 
increasingly mammal-like 

6188
05:41:04,300 --> 05:41:07,900
features, including 
differentiated teeth more 

6189
05:41:07,900 --> 05:41:11,200
efficient, Locomotion, and 
possibly even whiskers and body 

6190
05:41:11,200 --> 05:41:14,700
hair in some species. 
The other major group therapsids

6191
05:41:14,700 --> 05:41:18,200
included all modern reptiles and
would eventually give rise to 

6192
05:41:18,200 --> 05:41:21,500
dinosaurs and birds. 
These creatures were exploring 

6193
05:41:21,500 --> 05:41:24,400
different solutions to the 
challenges of terrestrial life, 

6194
05:41:24,400 --> 05:41:27,600
particularly the problem of 
regulating body temperature, 

6195
05:41:27,600 --> 05:41:30,100
without the constant presence of
water for cooling. 

6196
05:41:30,100 --> 05:41:35,100
But then 250 million years ago, 
Earth experienced the most 

6197
05:41:35,100 --> 05:41:37,500
catastrophic Extinction of event
in its history. 

6198
05:41:38,400 --> 05:41:41,900
The Permian Triassic Extinction,
sometimes called the Great 

6199
05:41:41,900 --> 05:41:44,400
dying. 
Over a period that might have 

6200
05:41:44,400 --> 05:41:47,300
lasted from 10 of thousands to 
hundreds of thousands of years 

6201
05:41:47,300 --> 05:41:52,200
approximately 96% of all marine 
species and 70% of terrestrial 

6202
05:41:52,200 --> 05:41:55,700
vertebrate species went extinct.
The calls of this Extinction is 

6203
05:41:55,700 --> 05:41:59,600
still debated but the leading 
suspect is massive volcanic 

6204
05:41:59,600 --> 05:42:03,200
eruptions in Siberia that 
released enormous quantities of 

6205
05:42:03,200 --> 05:42:06,400
lava and gases. 
These eruptions created, the 

6206
05:42:06,400 --> 05:42:10,800
Siberian traps vast fields of 
Basalt that still cover much of 

6207
05:42:10,800 --> 05:42:14,300
Siberia today. 
The volcanic activity released 

6208
05:42:14,300 --> 05:42:17,600
carbon dioxide and other gases 
that warm the planet 

6209
05:42:17,600 --> 05:42:21,200
dramatically. 
Ocean temperatures Rose and the 

6210
05:42:21,200 --> 05:42:24,900
warmer water could not hold as 
much dissolved oxygen, creating 

6211
05:42:24,900 --> 05:42:29,700
vast dead zones. 
Acid rain fell on land and ocean

6212
05:42:29,700 --> 05:42:32,300
alike. 
It was a planetary disaster that

6213
05:42:32,300 --> 05:42:35,400
came closer than any other event
to wiping out complex life 

6214
05:42:35,400 --> 05:42:39,800
entirely yet life persisted In 
the aftermath of the Permian 

6215
05:42:39,800 --> 05:42:43,900
Extinction, surviving species 
rapidly Diversified to fill 

6216
05:42:43,900 --> 05:42:47,000
theological roles left empty by 
the mass die-off. 

6217
05:42:47,700 --> 05:42:50,600
The Triassic period that 
followed was a time of recovery 

6218
05:42:50,600 --> 05:42:53,500
and Innovation. 
When many modern groups first 

6219
05:42:53,500 --> 05:42:56,900
appeared among the survivors, 
were the ancestors of dinosaurs 

6220
05:42:56,900 --> 05:43:01,000
a group of archosaurs ruling 
reptiles that had been 

6221
05:43:01,000 --> 05:43:04,800
relatively minor players in 
Permian, ecosystems In the 

6222
05:43:04,800 --> 05:43:07,000
Triassic. 
These creatures began to evolve 

6223
05:43:07,000 --> 05:43:10,200
some remarkable features. 
They developed an upright 

6224
05:43:10,200 --> 05:43:13,500
posture with legs directly under
their bodies rather than 

6225
05:43:13,500 --> 05:43:15,700
sprawling to the side's like 
early reptiles. 

6226
05:43:16,800 --> 05:43:19,800
This more efficient Locomotion 
allowed them to be more active 

6227
05:43:19,800 --> 05:43:23,600
and cover more ground with less 
energy by the late Triassic. 

6228
05:43:23,600 --> 05:43:27,300
The first true dinosaurs had 
appeared relatively small 

6229
05:43:27,300 --> 05:43:30,200
bipedal creatures. 
That ran on their hind legs, 

6230
05:43:31,000 --> 05:43:32,400
They weren't immediately 
dominant. 

6231
05:43:32,400 --> 05:43:36,500
They shared the landscape with 
various other reptiles early, 

6232
05:43:36,500 --> 05:43:39,600
crocodile relatives, and large 
amphibians. 

6233
05:43:39,600 --> 05:43:43,000
But they were successful enough 
to survive the next catastrophe.

6234
05:43:43,000 --> 05:43:47,200
At the end of the Triassic 
around. 201 million years ago, 

6235
05:43:47,200 --> 05:43:51,100
another massive Extinction event
probably caused by more massive,

6236
05:43:51,100 --> 05:43:54,600
volcanic, eruptions eliminated. 
Many of the groups that have 

6237
05:43:54,600 --> 05:43:59,300
been competing with Dinosaurs 
The dinosaurs survived and in 

6238
05:43:59,300 --> 05:44:02,800
the Jurassic period that 
followed it exploded into 

6239
05:44:02,800 --> 05:44:06,500
remarkable diversity, the 
Jurassic and Cretaceous periods 

6240
05:44:06,500 --> 05:44:10,700
to iron to 66 million years ago 
with the age of dinosaurs. 

6241
05:44:10,700 --> 05:44:14,600
When these creatures came to 
dominate terrestrial ecosystems 

6242
05:44:14,600 --> 05:44:19,700
in ways, no group had before or 
has since They ranged in size 

6243
05:44:19,700 --> 05:44:23,100
from chicken size, predators to 
the largest land animals that 

6244
05:44:23,108 --> 05:44:25,700
ever lived. 
Surah pods, like Argentina 

6245
05:44:25,700 --> 05:44:27,700
Soros. 
That may have waited over 70 

6246
05:44:27,700 --> 05:44:32,000
tons, the equivalent of about 12
elephants, dinosaurs evolved 

6247
05:44:32,000 --> 05:44:34,400
into every conceivable 
ecological role. 

6248
05:44:35,200 --> 05:44:37,700
They were predators, like, 
Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, 

6249
05:44:37,700 --> 05:44:41,300
Rex herbivores, like 
stegosaurus, and Triceratops 

6250
05:44:41,300 --> 05:44:46,500
omnivores, insectivores, and 
possibly even some that fed 

6251
05:44:46,500 --> 05:44:51,100
primarily on fish or carrion. 
Some ran on two legs, others on 

6252
05:44:51,100 --> 05:44:53,400
four. 
Some were armored with plates 

6253
05:44:53,400 --> 05:44:57,600
and spikes, others, relied on 
speed or size for defense. 

6254
05:44:58,300 --> 05:45:00,100
Some were solitary. 
Others lived. 

6255
05:45:00,100 --> 05:45:02,900
In herds. 
They adapted to environments 

6256
05:45:02,900 --> 05:45:06,800
ranging from Polar forests, to 
deserts to swamps, but dinosaurs

6257
05:45:06,800 --> 05:45:09,000
were the only remarkable 
creatures of this era. 

6258
05:45:09,800 --> 05:45:13,400
In the Jurassic one group of 
small feather, dinosaurs evolved

6259
05:45:13,400 --> 05:45:16,400
the ability to fly giving rise 
to birds. 

6260
05:45:17,600 --> 05:45:20,300
First birds like Archaeopteryx 
retained. 

6261
05:45:20,300 --> 05:45:24,700
Many dinosaurs in features 
teeth, bony Tails, clawed 

6262
05:45:24,700 --> 05:45:28,600
fingers, but they could fly 
opening new ecological 

6263
05:45:28,600 --> 05:45:32,500
opportunities in the ocean's 
reptiles had returned to Aquatic

6264
05:45:32,500 --> 05:45:35,100
Life. 
Ichthyosaurs shaped like 

6265
05:45:35,108 --> 05:45:38,500
dolphins were fast swimming. 
Predators that gave birth to 

6266
05:45:38,500 --> 05:45:41,500
live young in the water. 
Please see a saws with their 

6267
05:45:41,500 --> 05:45:44,900
long necks and flippers hunting 
fish and Squid. 

6268
05:45:45,800 --> 05:45:48,100
Mosasaurs which appeared in the 
Cretaceous? 

6269
05:45:48,100 --> 05:45:51,500
Grew to length of over 15 meters
and were apex. 

6270
05:45:51,500 --> 05:45:55,900
Predators of the Seas. 
Meanwhile, mammals descendants 

6271
05:45:55,900 --> 05:45:58,700
of those mammal-like. 
Synapsids from the Permian, were

6272
05:45:58,700 --> 05:46:01,900
present throughout the Mesozoic 
Era, but remained relatively 

6273
05:46:01,900 --> 05:46:06,000
small and mostly nocturnal. 
They had evolved fur 

6274
05:46:06,000 --> 05:46:10,600
warm-blooded and sophisticated 
teeth, but they couldn't compete

6275
05:46:10,600 --> 05:46:13,500
with Dinosaurs for the dominant 
ecological roles. 

6276
05:46:14,900 --> 05:46:18,800
For over 150 million years 
mammals remained in the shadows 

6277
05:46:18,800 --> 05:46:22,500
living in the margins of a 
world, ruled by reptiles. 

6278
05:46:22,500 --> 05:46:26,200
The flowering plants and Josue 
sperms appeared in the 

6279
05:46:26,208 --> 05:46:30,400
Cretaceous around 130 million 
years ago and quickly became the

6280
05:46:30,400 --> 05:46:33,400
dominant land plants. 
These plants had evolved, 

6281
05:46:33,400 --> 05:46:37,300
flowers and fruits structures 
designed to attract pollinators 

6282
05:46:37,300 --> 05:46:40,300
and Seed dispersers. 
The partnership between 

6283
05:46:40,300 --> 05:46:43,500
flowering plants and insects and
eventually birds. 

6284
05:46:43,500 --> 05:46:46,700
And mammals created new 
complexity and terrestrial 

6285
05:46:46,700 --> 05:46:50,600
ecosystems. 
Butterflies and bees evolved to 

6286
05:46:50,600 --> 05:46:54,900
pollinate specific flowers 
trees, evolved fruits to entice 

6287
05:46:54,900 --> 05:46:59,400
animals to disperse their seeds 
by the late Cretaceous Earth's. 

6288
05:46:59,400 --> 05:47:02,600
Ecosystems had reached a level 
of complexity comparable to 

6289
05:47:02,600 --> 05:47:07,200
todays There were diverse 
forests, grasslands, wetlands 

6290
05:47:07,200 --> 05:47:10,600
and deserts. 
Food webs were intricate with 

6291
05:47:10,600 --> 05:47:13,200
multiple trophic levels and 
specialized relationships 

6292
05:47:13,200 --> 05:47:16,500
between species. 
The planet was teeming with 

6293
05:47:16,500 --> 05:47:21,200
life, from microscopic Plankton 
to enormous dinosaurs from 

6294
05:47:21,200 --> 05:47:26,100
flowering plants to social 
insects and then 66 million 

6295
05:47:26,100 --> 05:47:27,800
years ago. 
Something fell from the sky. 

6296
05:47:27,800 --> 05:47:32,200
Imagine being in what's now the 
Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico on a

6297
05:47:32,200 --> 05:47:37,000
day. 66 million years ago. 
The morning is warm and humid 

6298
05:47:37,000 --> 05:47:39,300
typical for this tropical 
coastline. 

6299
05:47:40,100 --> 05:47:43,200
In the Inland forests dinosaurs 
are going about their daily 

6300
05:47:43,200 --> 05:47:46,500
business herbivores. 
Browsing small, Predators 

6301
05:47:46,500 --> 05:47:50,400
hunting, and birds, singing from
the trees, then moving at about 

6302
05:47:50,400 --> 05:47:53,600
20 kilometers per second faster 
than you could track with your 

6303
05:47:53,600 --> 05:47:55,800
eyes. 
If you could see it coming, a 

6304
05:47:55,800 --> 05:47:58,600
rock about 10 kilometers in 
diameter enters the atmosphere. 

6305
05:47:59,700 --> 05:48:02,300
The Aaron front of it, can't get
out of the way, fast enough. 

6306
05:48:02,300 --> 05:48:05,700
So it compresses and heats to 
temperatures hotter than the 

6307
05:48:05,700 --> 05:48:09,600
surface of the Sun. 
The asteroid technically it 

6308
05:48:09,600 --> 05:48:11,700
might have been a comet but will
call it an asteroid. 

6309
05:48:11,700 --> 05:48:15,600
His briefly surrounded by a 
bubble of superheated gas that 

6310
05:48:15,600 --> 05:48:19,200
radiates enough thermal energy 
to ignite forests hundreds of 

6311
05:48:19,200 --> 05:48:21,300
kilometers away the impact 
itself. 

6312
05:48:21,300 --> 05:48:24,600
Releases energy equivalent to 
about 10 billion Hiroshima 

6313
05:48:24,600 --> 05:48:28,900
bombs, the asteroid vaporizes 
incidentally along with a vast 

6314
05:48:28,900 --> 05:48:33,100
amount of the Earth's crust. 
Crater on 150 kilometers in 

6315
05:48:33,100 --> 05:48:37,100
diameter forms in seconds. 
Rock liquefied by the impact. 

6316
05:48:37,100 --> 05:48:40,200
Splashes upward in a ring 
creating mountains in minutes. 

6317
05:48:41,000 --> 05:48:44,400
Shock waves race through the 
Earth's crust, like ripples in a

6318
05:48:44,400 --> 05:48:46,100
pond. 
Except these ripples are 

6319
05:48:46,100 --> 05:48:50,600
earthquakes of magnitude 11 or 
higher far beyond anything and 

6320
05:48:50,600 --> 05:48:53,300
recorded human history. 
The debris from the impact 

6321
05:48:53,300 --> 05:48:56,800
vaporized Rock, bits of 
asteroid, fragments of crust, 

6322
05:48:56,800 --> 05:48:59,500
shoots upward into the 
atmosphere and Beyond. 

6323
05:49:00,600 --> 05:49:03,500
Some material reaches the escape
Velocity, and actually leaves 

6324
05:49:03,500 --> 05:49:06,500
Earth entirely. 
Other material falls back 

6325
05:49:06,500 --> 05:49:08,700
re-entering, the atmosphere all 
over the planet. 

6326
05:49:10,000 --> 05:49:12,300
As this material re-enters at 
Hypersonic. 

6327
05:49:12,300 --> 05:49:16,100
Speeds it heats, the atmosphere 
to other than like temperatures.

6328
05:49:17,000 --> 05:49:21,200
Forests across the planet burst 
into flame animals without 

6329
05:49:21,200 --> 05:49:25,400
shelter a literally baked alive 
within minutes of the impact. 

6330
05:49:25,400 --> 05:49:28,000
Huge tsunamis Race Across the 
ocean's. 

6331
05:49:28,000 --> 05:49:32,900
Somehow hundreds of meters high 
obliterating Coastal ecosystems 

6332
05:49:32,900 --> 05:49:34,600
around the Gulf of Mexico and 
Beyond. 

6333
05:49:35,800 --> 05:49:38,600
Sutton from the burning forests 
mixes, with dust, from the 

6334
05:49:38,608 --> 05:49:42,100
impact, creating a thick shroud 
that blocks sunlight 

6335
05:49:42,100 --> 05:49:45,900
temperatures plummet as the 
planet is plunged into an impact

6336
05:49:45,900 --> 05:49:48,300
winter. 
That could last months or years 

6337
05:49:48,300 --> 05:49:52,100
photo synthesis. 
Essentially stops plants die 

6338
05:49:52,100 --> 05:49:54,300
from lack of sunlight 
herbivores. 

6339
05:49:54,300 --> 05:49:57,500
Die from lack of plants, 
carnivals die, from lack of 

6340
05:49:57,508 --> 05:50:00,400
prey. 
The food chain supporting 

6341
05:50:00,400 --> 05:50:03,300
complex, ecosystems collapse, 
like dominoes. 

6342
05:50:04,000 --> 05:50:06,500
In the oceans. 
Plankton the base of marine 

6343
05:50:06,500 --> 05:50:10,700
food, webs die, in massive 
numbers, causing cascading 

6344
05:50:10,700 --> 05:50:14,200
extinctions up the food chain, 
the extinction event that 

6345
05:50:14,200 --> 05:50:17,300
followed was the 5th, major mass
extinction in Earth's history 

6346
05:50:17,300 --> 05:50:22,200
and the one that finally ended 
the age of dinosaurs Non-avian 

6347
05:50:22,200 --> 05:50:25,400
dinosaurs, which had ruled 
terrestrial ecosystems for over 

6348
05:50:25,400 --> 05:50:28,900
150 million years completely 
disappeared. 

6349
05:50:29,700 --> 05:50:33,300
So did pterosaurs the flying 
reptiles that are dominated. 

6350
05:50:33,300 --> 05:50:38,300
The Skys marine reptiles like, 
Moses saws and saws vanished 

6351
05:50:38,300 --> 05:50:43,200
from the ocean's in total about 
75% of all species, went 

6352
05:50:43,200 --> 05:50:45,800
extinct. 
But some creatures survived 

6353
05:50:45,800 --> 05:50:49,100
Birds technically flying 
dinosaurs. 

6354
05:50:49,100 --> 05:50:52,100
Made it through though. 
Many lineages were lost. 

6355
05:50:52,900 --> 05:50:57,000
Mammal survived probably because
they were small 8, diversity 

6356
05:50:57,000 --> 05:51:00,600
foods and many lived in Burrows 
that provided shelter from the 

6357
05:51:00,600 --> 05:51:05,000
immediate effects of the impact.
Crocodiles and turtles survived 

6358
05:51:05,000 --> 05:51:08,200
possibly because they could go 
long periods without food. 

6359
05:51:09,100 --> 05:51:13,300
Snakes survived, many groups of 
fish made it through in, the 

6360
05:51:13,300 --> 05:51:15,800
aftermath the planet was a 
devastated place. 

6361
05:51:15,800 --> 05:51:20,200
The forest were gone replaced by
vast, expanses of dead trees and

6362
05:51:20,200 --> 05:51:22,500
Ash. 
The oceans were depleted of 

6363
05:51:22,500 --> 05:51:25,100
life. 
The survivors found themselves 

6364
05:51:25,100 --> 05:51:28,300
in a world with empty 
ecological, niches and reduced 

6365
05:51:28,300 --> 05:51:31,500
competition. 
Evolution as it always does 

6366
05:51:31,500 --> 05:51:34,400
began to fill. 
The gaps mammals which had spent

6367
05:51:34,400 --> 05:51:38,800
150 million years of small, 
nocturnal creatures, suddenly 

6368
05:51:38,800 --> 05:51:41,100
had opportunities, they'd never 
had before. 

6369
05:51:42,000 --> 05:51:45,600
Within a few million years, a 
blink of an eye in geological 

6370
05:51:45,600 --> 05:51:49,400
time their Diversified into 
hundreds of new forms. 

6371
05:51:50,200 --> 05:51:53,400
Some remained small, but others 
grew, larger filling the 

6372
05:51:53,408 --> 05:51:57,500
ecological roles, previously 
occupied by dinosaurs by 50 

6373
05:51:57,600 --> 05:52:00,300
million years ago, mammals had 
become the dominant large 

6374
05:52:00,300 --> 05:52:03,300
animals on land. 
There were massive herb of Wars 

6375
05:52:03,300 --> 05:52:06,400
fearsome. 
Predators and creatures adapted,

6376
05:52:06,400 --> 05:52:09,900
for every environment from 
deserts to Forest Ocean's. 

6377
05:52:10,700 --> 05:52:12,900
Some mammals even returned to 
the Sea. 

6378
05:52:12,900 --> 05:52:15,100
Giving rise to whales and 
dolphins. 

6379
05:52:15,100 --> 05:52:18,100
Others took to the are evolving 
into bats. 

6380
05:52:18,100 --> 05:52:22,100
The age of mammals had begun as 
mammals Diversified throughout 

6381
05:52:22,100 --> 05:52:25,300
the cenozoic era. 
One particular group, The 

6382
05:52:25,300 --> 05:52:28,800
primates was evolving in ways 
that would eventually change the

6383
05:52:28,800 --> 05:52:30,700
planet. 
As profoundly as the evolution 

6384
05:52:30,700 --> 05:52:34,800
of photosynthesis, all the 
colonization of land early 

6385
05:52:34,800 --> 05:52:38,000
primates were small tree 
dwelling creatures that appeared

6386
05:52:38,000 --> 05:52:42,500
around. 55 million years ago, 
they had grasping hands and feet

6387
05:52:42,500 --> 05:52:46,800
forward facing eyes for depth 
perception, and relatively large

6388
05:52:46,800 --> 05:52:50,300
brains for their body size. 
These features help them 

6389
05:52:50,300 --> 05:52:53,000
navigate the three-dimensional 
environment of the forest 

6390
05:52:53,000 --> 05:52:56,500
canopy. 
Over millions of years primates 

6391
05:52:56,500 --> 05:53:01,900
Diversified into lemurs monkeys 
and apes around. 7 million years

6392
05:53:01,900 --> 05:53:05,100
ago in Africa, something 
significant happened in the ape 

6393
05:53:05,100 --> 05:53:07,600
lineage. 
Some Apes began spending more 

6394
05:53:07,600 --> 05:53:10,100
time on the ground and walking 
upright on two legs. 

6395
05:53:10,100 --> 05:53:14,300
This bipedalism freed their 
hands for carrying objects and 

6396
05:53:14,300 --> 05:53:17,200
using tools. 
It also changed their anatomy in

6397
05:53:17,208 --> 05:53:20,800
ways that would prove crucial 
their pelvis shifted to support.

6398
05:53:20,800 --> 05:53:25,400
Upright walking their spine 
curved in an S shape, and their 

6399
05:53:25,400 --> 05:53:28,700
skull balance directly on top of
their spine, rather than jutting

6400
05:53:28,700 --> 05:53:32,000
forward, these early hominins, 
or human ancestors. 

6401
05:53:32,000 --> 05:53:34,600
Weren't dramatically different 
from other Apes. 

6402
05:53:34,600 --> 05:53:38,500
Initially, they had brains about
the size of modern chimpanzees 

6403
05:53:38,500 --> 05:53:41,800
and probably lived in small 
social groups in Woodland and 

6404
05:53:41,800 --> 05:53:45,500
Savannah environments. 
But they were starting down a 

6405
05:53:45,500 --> 05:53:48,100
path that would lead to 
something unprecedented over the

6406
05:53:48,100 --> 05:53:50,300
next. 
Several million years, various 

6407
05:53:50,300 --> 05:53:53,800
hominin species appeared 
experimented with different 

6408
05:53:53,800 --> 05:53:57,000
strategies for survival and 
mostly went extinct. 

6409
05:53:57,800 --> 05:54:02,400
Australopithecus afarensis the 
species that includes the Famous

6410
05:54:02,400 --> 05:54:06,900
Fossil, Lucy walked upright. 
But still climb trees, and had a

6411
05:54:06,900 --> 05:54:11,000
relatively small brain. 
Paranthur species had massive, 

6412
05:54:11,000 --> 05:54:13,100
Jaws for processing. 
Tough plant material. 

6413
05:54:14,100 --> 05:54:17,500
Various species of early, homo 
began making more sophisticated,

6414
05:54:17,500 --> 05:54:20,800
stone tools, and eating more 
meat around. 2 million years 

6415
05:54:20,800 --> 05:54:25,000
ago, one lineage are direct 
ancestors, began of evolving 

6416
05:54:25,000 --> 05:54:29,300
larger, brains This required, 
significant energy investment, 

6417
05:54:29,300 --> 05:54:33,400
brains are metabolically, 
expensive and created a problem.

6418
05:54:34,100 --> 05:54:37,000
Infants needed to be born 
earlier in their development 

6419
05:54:37,000 --> 05:54:39,500
because their large heads 
wouldn't fit through the birth 

6420
05:54:39,500 --> 05:54:40,700
canal. 
If they waited much longer, 

6421
05:54:41,900 --> 05:54:44,900
Human infants are remarkably 
helpless compared to other 

6422
05:54:44,900 --> 05:54:48,200
mammals requiring extended 
parental care. 

6423
05:54:49,000 --> 05:54:51,400
This helplessness may have 
driven increased social 

6424
05:54:51,400 --> 05:54:54,800
cooperation and learning 
creating a feedback loop where 

6425
05:54:54,800 --> 05:54:58,000
social species with big brains 
had more successful Offspring 

6426
05:54:58,000 --> 05:55:00,900
leading to even more. 
So social species with even 

6427
05:55:00,900 --> 05:55:04,200
bigger brains by 300,000 years 
ago. 

6428
05:55:04,200 --> 05:55:08,100
Homo sapiens modern humans 
anatomically. 

6429
05:55:08,100 --> 05:55:12,500
Indistinguishable from you had 
appeared in Africa We went 

6430
05:55:12,500 --> 05:55:16,500
alone, several other human 
species existed, including 

6431
05:55:16,500 --> 05:55:19,600
neanderthals in Europe and 
Dennis overlands in Asia. 

6432
05:55:20,700 --> 05:55:23,900
These are the species were 
intelligent used tools had 

6433
05:55:23,900 --> 05:55:26,500
culture and art and probably had
language. 

6434
05:55:27,700 --> 05:55:30,900
For reasons, still debated, they
have eventually went extinct 

6435
05:55:30,900 --> 05:55:34,300
leaving Homo sapiens. 
As the only surviving human 

6436
05:55:34,300 --> 05:55:38,800
species around 70,000 years ago.
Modern humans began migrating 

6437
05:55:38,800 --> 05:55:43,100
Out of Africa, spreading across 
Asia, Europe, Australia, and 

6438
05:55:43,100 --> 05:55:46,900
eventually, the Americas. 
They adapted every environment 

6439
05:55:46,900 --> 05:55:51,900
from Arctic tundra to tropical 
rainforests from deserts to 

6440
05:55:51,900 --> 05:55:56,200
Islands. unlike other animals 
that adapt to new environments, 

6441
05:55:56,200 --> 05:56:00,200
through biologically Evolution, 
humans adapted, largely through,

6442
05:56:00,200 --> 05:56:04,400
cultural Evolution, learning new
skills, inventing new 

6443
05:56:04,400 --> 05:56:07,100
technologies, and passing 
knowledge between Generations 

6444
05:56:07,100 --> 05:56:11,900
about 12,000 years ago, humans 
began, domesticating plants and 

6445
05:56:11,900 --> 05:56:16,100
animals, inventing agriculture, 
This was a turning point in 

6446
05:56:16,100 --> 05:56:17,900
human history and Earth's 
history. 

6447
05:56:18,800 --> 05:56:21,600
Farming allowed humans to 
produce more food support, 

6448
05:56:21,600 --> 05:56:25,100
larger populations and create 
permanent settlements. 

6449
05:56:26,000 --> 05:56:29,400
But it also tied human societies
to particular pieces of land. 

6450
05:56:29,400 --> 05:56:33,500
Created social hierarchies and 
began the process of 

6451
05:56:33,500 --> 05:56:37,700
transforming natural landscapes 
into agricultural ones cities, 

6452
05:56:37,700 --> 05:56:41,900
appeared civilizations, Rose and
fell and Technologies. 

6453
05:56:41,900 --> 05:56:46,200
Advanced Humans began changing 
the planet, at scales, that 

6454
05:56:46,200 --> 05:56:48,700
would have been unimaginable to 
their ancestors. 

6455
05:56:49,500 --> 05:56:51,400
They cleared forests for 
agriculture. 

6456
05:56:51,400 --> 05:56:56,400
Redirected Rivers built massive 
structures and eventually began 

6457
05:56:56,400 --> 05:56:59,900
burning fossil fuels. 
Those ancient Carboniferous 

6458
05:56:59,900 --> 05:57:04,000
forests transformed by heat and 
pressure into coal oil and gas 

6459
05:57:04,000 --> 05:57:06,800
today. 
Earth's surface has been 

6460
05:57:06,800 --> 05:57:09,400
profoundly reshaped by human 
activity. 

6461
05:57:10,100 --> 05:57:13,800
We've converted about 40% of the
planet's ice-free land. 

6462
05:57:13,800 --> 05:57:17,600
To agriculture, we've built 
cities that house billions of 

6463
05:57:17,600 --> 05:57:20,200
people. 
We've driven many species to 

6464
05:57:20,200 --> 05:57:23,500
Extinction while deliberately 
spreading others around the 

6465
05:57:23,508 --> 05:57:26,200
world. 
We've altered the chemistry of 

6466
05:57:26,200 --> 05:57:30,500
the atmosphere by burning fossil
fuels, increasing carbon dioxide

6467
05:57:30,500 --> 05:57:33,200
levels to Heights. 
Not seen for millions of years 

6468
05:57:33,200 --> 05:57:36,600
yet, Earth remains fundamentally
a living planet. 

6469
05:57:37,500 --> 05:57:41,400
The ocean still Teem with life, 
from microscopic Plankton, to 

6470
05:57:41,400 --> 05:57:44,400
enormous whales. 
Forests still, grow 

6471
05:57:44,400 --> 05:57:49,300
photosynthesizing and producing 
oxygen microbes still process 

6472
05:57:49,300 --> 05:57:51,400
nutrients and decomposed dead 
material. 

6473
05:57:53,100 --> 05:57:57,100
The rock cycle continues slowly 
button next Replay recycling, 

6474
05:57:57,100 --> 05:57:58,900
Earth's crust. 
Plate. 

6475
05:57:58,900 --> 05:58:03,200
Tectonics still move continents,
build mountains, and create new 

6476
05:58:03,200 --> 05:58:06,500
oceanic crust. 
If you could somehow see Earth 

6477
05:58:06,500 --> 05:58:10,300
from space right now, you'd see 
the same basic features that 

6478
05:58:10,300 --> 05:58:13,100
have characterized the planet 
for hundreds of millions of 

6479
05:58:13,100 --> 05:58:17,600
years, blue Ocean's white clouds
and Greenland masses. 

6480
05:58:18,400 --> 05:58:21,200
The difference is from the 
Cretaceous or Jurassic would be 

6481
05:58:21,200 --> 05:58:24,700
subtle from orbit, different 
configurations of continents, 

6482
05:58:24,700 --> 05:58:29,600
different patterns of vegetation
that still recognizably Earth 

6483
05:58:29,600 --> 05:58:31,700
yet. 
The planet is constantly 

6484
05:58:31,700 --> 05:58:34,000
changing. 
As it always has. 

6485
05:58:35,000 --> 05:58:39,500
Climate shifts, continents drift
and species evolved and go 

6486
05:58:39,500 --> 05:58:42,200
extinct. 
The Earth you're sitting on 

6487
05:58:42,200 --> 05:58:45,800
right now is not the same as the
Earth of a million years ago or 

6488
05:58:45,800 --> 05:58:48,600
a million years. 
Hence, Change is the only 

6489
05:58:48,600 --> 05:58:50,400
constant in Earth's long 
history. 

6490
05:58:50,400 --> 05:58:53,500
As you prepare for Sleep, 
consider the extraordinary 

6491
05:58:53,500 --> 05:58:55,700
Journey. 
We've traced tonight. from a 

6492
05:58:55,708 --> 05:58:59,700
molten ball of rock to a living 
planet teeming with complexity, 

6493
05:59:00,600 --> 05:59:04,400
Four and a half billion years is
a span of time that defies human

6494
05:59:04,400 --> 05:59:07,600
comprehension. 
If Earth's entire history were 

6495
05:59:07,600 --> 05:59:11,200
compressed into a single year 
with Earth forming on January 

6496
05:59:11,200 --> 05:59:15,100
1st, the first life would appear
in February but complex animals 

6497
05:59:15,100 --> 05:59:16,600
wouldn't show up until 
mid-november. 

6498
05:59:21,100 --> 05:59:25,200
Of human history from the first 
civilizations to today, would 

6499
05:59:25,200 --> 05:59:28,100
occur in the last few minutes 
before midnight on December 

6500
05:59:28,100 --> 05:59:30,700
31st. 
This perspective can make our 

6501
05:59:30,700 --> 05:59:34,100
individual lives seem 
insignificant But perhaps that's

6502
05:59:34,100 --> 05:59:37,000
not quite right. 
Every atom in your body was 

6503
05:59:37,000 --> 05:59:40,100
forged in the heart of a star or
in the violent Collision of the 

6504
05:59:40,100 --> 05:59:43,700
neutron stars. 
The calcium in your bones, the 

6505
05:59:43,700 --> 05:59:45,600
iron in your blood and the 
oxygen. 

6506
05:59:45,600 --> 05:59:49,100
You breathe all have Cosmic 
Origins, stretching back 

6507
05:59:49,100 --> 05:59:52,500
billions of years. 
You're quite literally made of 

6508
05:59:52,500 --> 05:59:56,200
Stardust assembled through 
processes that have taken the 

6509
05:59:56,200 --> 06:00:00,500
entire age of the universe to 
unfold the water you drank today

6510
06:00:00,500 --> 06:00:04,000
might have fallen as rain on 
Jurassic dinosaurs flowed 

6511
06:00:04,000 --> 06:00:06,700
through Carboniferous forests or
existed. 

6512
06:00:06,700 --> 06:00:10,100
In the first oceans that formed 
when Earth's surface cooled. 

6513
06:00:10,800 --> 06:00:15,000
Water cycles through Earth 
Systems evaporating condensing 

6514
06:00:15,000 --> 06:00:17,800
and flowing, being recycled 
endlessly. 

6515
06:00:18,900 --> 06:00:22,100
Every class of water contains 
molecules that have been part of

6516
06:00:22,100 --> 06:00:24,400
countless living things 
throughout Earth's history. 

6517
06:00:24,400 --> 06:00:27,800
Here you breathe, is the product
of billions of years of 

6518
06:00:27,800 --> 06:00:30,000
biological and geological 
processes. 

6519
06:00:30,000 --> 06:00:35,300
The nitrogen came from volcanic 
out, gasping, and Cosmic dust Yo

6520
06:00:35,300 --> 06:00:38,500
oxygen was produced by 
cyanobacteria and plants over 

6521
06:00:38,500 --> 06:00:41,600
billions of years. 
The trace of carbon dioxide 

6522
06:00:41,600 --> 06:00:44,900
connects you to every plant 
currently photosynthesizing 

6523
06:00:44,900 --> 06:00:47,800
every animal. 
Currently breathing every 

6524
06:00:47,800 --> 06:00:51,600
volcano, currently erupting, and
every vehicle currently running 

6525
06:00:51,600 --> 06:00:55,300
you exist because of an unbroken
chain of survival, and 

6526
06:00:55,300 --> 06:00:58,400
reproductions stretching back to
those first replicating 

6527
06:00:58,400 --> 06:01:02,400
molecules in Earth's primordial 
Ocean's. every one of your 

6528
06:01:02,408 --> 06:01:06,700
ancestors from bacteria to fish 
to mammals to primates 

6529
06:01:06,700 --> 06:01:11,100
successfully survived long 
enough to reproduce, You are the

6530
06:01:11,100 --> 06:01:13,900
product of 4 billion years of 
evolutionary success. 

6531
06:01:13,900 --> 06:01:18,000
The latest chapter in The 
Greatest Story Ever Told, but 

6532
06:01:18,000 --> 06:01:20,400
you're also part of something 
larger than your individual 

6533
06:01:20,400 --> 06:01:23,000
story. 
Your, a temporary arrangement of

6534
06:01:23,000 --> 06:01:25,600
atoms. 
The Earth has assembled atoms, 

6535
06:01:25,600 --> 06:01:28,700
that will eventually Return to 
the Planet cycle when you die. 

6536
06:01:29,400 --> 06:01:32,300
Your body will decompose 
releasing nutrients. 

6537
06:01:32,300 --> 06:01:35,900
That will be taken up by plants 
and microbes continuing the 

6538
06:01:35,900 --> 06:01:38,800
great recycling that has 
characterized Earth for billions

6539
06:01:38,800 --> 06:01:41,700
of years. 
Nothing is truly lost. 

6540
06:01:41,700 --> 06:01:46,100
Everything is transformed and 
reused this perspective on deep 

6541
06:01:46,100 --> 06:01:47,700
time. 
Can be oddly comforting. 

6542
06:01:48,400 --> 06:01:51,000
Your worries and stresses the 
things that keep you awake at 

6543
06:01:51,000 --> 06:01:52,800
night, a real, and valid in the 
moment. 

6544
06:01:53,900 --> 06:01:56,700
But there are also temporary 
fleeting concerned in the 

6545
06:01:56,700 --> 06:02:01,100
vastness of geological time 
mountains, rise and erode 

6546
06:02:01,100 --> 06:02:05,900
Ocean's open and closed 
continents drift, life, 

6547
06:02:05,900 --> 06:02:09,600
persists, adapts and changes. 
Earth endures. 

6548
06:02:09,600 --> 06:02:12,700
The planet beneath you a 
survived asteroid impacts 

6549
06:02:12,700 --> 06:02:14,700
volcanic. 
Super eruptions. 

6550
06:02:15,300 --> 06:02:17,800
Snowball glaciations and mass 
extinctions. 

6551
06:02:18,600 --> 06:02:21,700
It has transformed from a 
lifeless ball of rock to a world

6552
06:02:21,700 --> 06:02:25,500
where microscopic organisms can 
evolve over billions of years 

6553
06:02:25,500 --> 06:02:29,000
into creatures capable of 
understanding their own 

6554
06:02:29,000 --> 06:02:32,400
evolutionary history. 
That's perhaps the most 

6555
06:02:32,400 --> 06:02:36,900
remarkable thing of all that the
Universe can through processes 

6556
06:02:36,900 --> 06:02:40,700
were still working to understand
create entities capable of 

6557
06:02:40,700 --> 06:02:42,500
contemplating the universe 
itself. 

6558
06:02:42,500 --> 06:02:45,900
Tomorrow morning. 
When you wake up, you'll be one 

6559
06:02:45,900 --> 06:02:48,900
day older. 
But Earth will be older by a Day

6560
06:02:48,900 --> 06:02:51,300
Too a day in which is 
continents. 

6561
06:02:51,300 --> 06:02:54,600
Will have drifted fractions of a
millimeter a day in which 

6562
06:02:54,608 --> 06:02:58,400
millions of organisms will have 
been born and died a day in 

6563
06:02:58,408 --> 06:03:02,100
which rock weather and soil, 
formed and water cycles and life

6564
06:03:02,100 --> 06:03:04,300
continued. 
You're a participant in this 

6565
06:03:04,300 --> 06:03:08,100
ongoing story contributing your 
own small chapter to Earth's 

6566
06:03:08,100 --> 06:03:11,100
biography. 
The choice is you make the 

6567
06:03:11,100 --> 06:03:14,900
things you create and the people
you influence all become part of

6568
06:03:14,908 --> 06:03:19,000
the planet's history. 
However, briefly You're not just

6569
06:03:19,000 --> 06:03:22,400
living on Earth. 
Your part of Earth, a temperate 

6570
06:03:22,400 --> 06:03:25,300
expression of the planets 
capacity to organize matter, 

6571
06:03:25,300 --> 06:03:30,100
into self-aware, forms sleep now
and dream of deep time. 

6572
06:03:30,100 --> 06:03:33,900
If you wish Dream of ancient 
oceans and Cambrian. 

6573
06:03:33,900 --> 06:03:38,900
Seas of forests, that became 
coal of continents drifting like

6574
06:03:38,900 --> 06:03:43,200
slow ships on the mantle Dream 
of your ancestors, stretching 

6575
06:03:43,200 --> 06:03:45,600
back through mammals and 
reptiles and fish. 

6576
06:03:46,000 --> 06:03:49,200
And simple cells to the very 
beginning of life itself. 

6577
06:03:50,300 --> 06:03:54,600
Dream of a planet that has been 
patient for 4.5 billion years 

6578
06:03:54,600 --> 06:03:58,700
slowly, becoming a world where 
creatures like you could exist 

6579
06:03:58,700 --> 06:04:02,300
to tell its story and when you 
wait tomorrow, remember that 

6580
06:04:02,300 --> 06:04:04,400
you're living on the surface of 
a living planet. 

6581
06:04:04,400 --> 06:04:08,800
One day in a story that began 
billions of years ago and will 

6582
06:04:08,800 --> 06:04:13,200
continue long after your gone. 
That's not diminishing, its 

6583
06:04:13,200 --> 06:04:16,600
connecting. 
Your part of something, vast and

6584
06:04:16,600 --> 06:04:20,500
ancient and ongoing a 
participant in the grandest 

6585
06:04:20,500 --> 06:04:23,200
story. 
Ever told rest, well, child of 

6586
06:04:23,200 --> 06:04:26,600
Stardust. 
Sender to the first replicating 

6587
06:04:26,600 --> 06:04:29,500
molecule's. 
Beneficiary of four billion 

6588
06:04:29,500 --> 06:04:32,700
years of evolution. 
Earth will still be here when 

6589
06:04:32,700 --> 06:04:36,000
you wake continuing its slow 
dance through space. 

6590
06:04:36,000 --> 06:04:39,700
Carrying you and billions of 
other organisms through another 

6591
06:04:39,700 --> 06:04:41,700
day of the longest Story Ever 
Told.