How the First Psychologists Almost Got the Human Mind Wrong | Boring History

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Tonight, everyone, you don't 
need to follow ideas closely. 

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This is a story about 
uncertainty, not conclusions. 

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When psychology began early, 
thinkers struggled to 

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understand. 
The human mind often mistaken 

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habit for Instinct and silence 
for Simplicity learning slowly 

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through trial error and quiet 
revision. 

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If you enjoy these slow 
thoughtful Journeys through how 

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humans came to understand 
themselves, you can like the 

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video, subscribe. 
And let me know where you're 

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listening from and what time it 
is. 

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Now, dim the lights, turn on 
your fan, and let's start. 

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Your settling into the late 
1800s and early 1900s. 

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And people first began studying 
the mind. 

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Not through philosophy alone, 
but through careful observation 

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and quiet. 
Experimentation. 

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This was a time when Psychology 
was new uncertain, and filled 

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with more questions than 
answers. 

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When researchers worked in small
rooms with simple tools, trying 

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to understand something that had
never been systematically 

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studied before. 
Before psychology existed, as a 

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formal discipline. 
People already knew their own 

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minds quite well. 
You woke each morning with 

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thoughts forming? 
Before you opened your eyes? 

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You noticed how attention 
shifted from task to task 

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throughout the day? 
You felt emotions, rise, and 

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fade. 
You remembered yesterday while 

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planning tomorrow, all of this 
happened naturally without 

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textbooks or Laboratories. 
In the middle 1800s. 

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If you wanted to understand 
thinking you simply observe 

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yourself and others going about 
ordinary life. 

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You noticed that some memory 
stayed, clear While others faded

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within hours. 
You recognize the concentrating 

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on one thing meant other things 
slip away. 

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You understood that tiredness 
changed? 

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How you thought making simple 
decisions, feel Difficult by 

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evening? 
People describe these 

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experiences to one another 
constantly, the teacher might 

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mention how students seem to 
learn better in the morning. 

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A shopkeeper might notice that 
familiar customers faces came to

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mind more easily than their 
names. 

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Parent might observe that 
children remembered stories 

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better when they were calm and 
rested. 

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These observations weren't 
scientific, but they were 

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accurate in their own way. 
The idea that thoughts could be 

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studied systematically seems 
strange at first. 

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Thinking felt private invisible 
and impossible to measure. 

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Unlike the heart or lungs the 
Mind produced nothing you could 

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weigh or see under a microscope,
it's simply existed creating 

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experiences that only you could 
know directly. 

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Yet, people had always been 
curious about why they thought 

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the way they did. 
Why did some faces seem 

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instantly familiar While others 
remain strangers? 

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Even after multiple meetings, 
why could you remember a song 

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from childhood? 
But forget what you ate three 

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days ago. 
Why did Solving a puzzle 

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sometimes require stepping away 
and returning later with fresh 

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eyes? 
These questions didn't feel 

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urgent. 
They were simply part of Being 

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Human. 
Notice, during Quiet Moments or 

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mentioned in passing 
conversation, no one expected to

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finish answers. 
The mind was just something you 

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lived with accepting its quirks 
and patterns as part of daily 

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existence, By the mid-1800s, a 
few people began wandering. 

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If these everyday observations 
could lead somewhere more 

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organized, Perhaps patterns 
existed that applied to 

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everyone. 
Perhaps memory attention and 

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thought followed rules that 
could be discovered through 

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patient study. 
Perhaps the Mind despite being 

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invisible, could still be 
understood. 

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This shift happened gradually. 
It wasn't a sudden Revelation 

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but a slow accumulation of 
curiosity. someone might keep a 

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journal noting when they 
remembered things, clearly 

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versus when details blurred 
another person might wonder why 

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certain tasks felt automatic. 
Well others required constant 

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attention. 
These small questions began 

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Gathering into something larger.
The people asking these 

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questions were revolutionaries. 
They were teachers doctors 

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philosophers and simply 
thoughtful individuals who 

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notice patterns in daily life. 
They had no special equipment 

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and no established methods. 
They just had questions and the 

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patience to sit with them. 
What made this period 

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interesting was how little 
anyone actually knew There were 

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no textbooks explaining how 
memory worked. 

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No diagram showing how attention
functioned, no theories about 

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why practice made some tasks 
easier. 

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Just people noticing wondering 
and occasionally writing down 

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what they observed. 
This uncertainty created a kind 

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of openness without established 
answers. 

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People could explore freely, 
they could propose ideas, test 

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them, gently and revise them 
without feeling they were 

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contradicting established truth.
The mind was a mystery but it 

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was a mystery, they lived with 
every day, making it familiar 

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even while remaining 
unexplained. 

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Daily life provided constant 
opportunities for informal 

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observation. 
Walking through a city, you 

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noticed how quickly you stopped 
hearing the constant noise of 

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traffic and conversation. 
Your mind filtered out, the 

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familiar attending only to 
unusual sounds or sudden 

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changes. 
This happened automatically 

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without conscious decision, 
reading a book, demonstrated 

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similar patterns your eyes, 
moved across words, but you 

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won't aware of each individual 
letter. 

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Somehow, meaning emerged 
directly from the marks on the 

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page. 
Only when you encountered an 

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unfamiliar word to the process 
slowed down becoming deliberate 

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and conscious. conversations 
revealed other aspects of 

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thinking, you could follow what 
someone said, while 

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simultaneously planning your 
response, You remembered earlier

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parts of the conversation while 
hearing new information. 

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You interpreted tone and 
expression. 

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Alongside actual words, all of 
this happened smoothly, 

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requiring, no apparent effort 
yet certain mental tasks, felt 

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genuinely difficult. 
Learning a new skill, demanded 

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concentration. 
Remembering long sequences of 

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information took work. 
Maintaining attention on 

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something. 
Boring required constant effort.

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These difficulties were just as 
much a part of mental life as 

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the effortless aspects. people 
noticed that moods affected 

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thinking, when cheerful problems
seemed manageable an ideas 

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flowed easily, When sad or 
worried even simple tasks felt 

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burdened him, and concentration 
became difficult. 

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The connection between emotion 
and thought was obvious though. 

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No one understood the mechanisms
behind it. 

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Physical state mattered to 
hunger, made thinking harder 

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illness disrupted concentration.
Pain. 

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Drew attention away from other 
concerns, the Mind clearly 

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depended on the body though, the
exact nature of that dependence,

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remained unclear. age brought 
changes in mental abilities that

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everyone could observe children 
learned quickly, but struggled 

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with abstract ideas, Adults 
could think through complex 

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problems. 
But sometimes had trouble 

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learning new skills, older 
people accumulated, vast 

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knowledge but might struggle to 
remember recent events. 

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These patterns were familiar, 
noticed across Generations. 

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Individual differences, were 
equally apparent. 

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Some people seem to naturally 
good with numbers, others had 

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exceptional memories for faces 
or names. 

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Still others could learn 
languages easily or show talent 

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for music or art. 
These variations suggested that 

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mines while sharing basic 
features also differed in 

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significant ways. 
All of these observations 

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existed before formal psychology
accumulated through ordinary 

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living rather than systematic 
study. 

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A formed a foundation of common 
knowledge about mental life, 

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reliable enough for practical 
purposes, even without 

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scientific explanation. 
What early psychologists would 

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attempt was taking this informal
knowledge and making it precise.

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They wanted to move from 
noticing patterns to 

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understanding why those patterns
existed. 

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They hope to transform everyday 
observations into systematic 

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knowledge. 
That could be tested refined and

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extended. this ambition faced an
immediate problem unlike 

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studying rocks or plants or 
chemical reactions studying the 

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Mind meant studying the very 
thing doing the studying your 

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mind had to observe itself 
creating a kind of circularity 

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that made objective 
investigation difficult, Despite

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this challenge, the attempt 
seemed worth making the mine 

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shaped every aspect of human 
life under standing, it better 

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might improve education. 
Help people think more clearly 

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and address the suffering caused
by mental, difficulties the 

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potential benefits, Justified 
working through methodological 

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problems. 
So in small rooms and quiet, 

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Laboratories with simple 
equipment and careful notes. 

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The first psychologists began 
their work building on everyday 

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observations but trying to go 
beyond them seeking patterns and

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principles. 
That could explain the rich 

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complex frustrating and 
fascinating experience of being 

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a conscious thinking person. 
The first people who try to 

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study psychology formerly worked
in small rooms with simple 

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tools. 
They used pocket watches to 

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measure reaction times they 
created, basic puzzles to test 

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memory. 
They kept detailed notebooks 

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recording observations in neat 
handwriting by Lamplight. 

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Each evening. 
Wilhelm wundt opened a 

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laboratory in Leipzig, Germany 
in 1879. 

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This wasn't a laboratory in the 
modern sense with gleaming 

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equipment and computer screens. 
It was a room with tables chairs

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paper and a few instruments for 
measuring time and basic sensory

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responses. 
The work done. 

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There was quiet and repetitive. 
Researchers would sit with 

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volunteers and ask them to 
describe their thoughts. 

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While performing simple tasks. 
Someone might look at a colored 

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card and try to explain exactly 
what they experienced. 

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Another person might listen to a
tone and describe how it felt 

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different from another tone. 
These descriptions were recorded

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carefully. 
And then reviewed later, the 

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goal was to break Consciousness 
into its smallest parts. 

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If thinking was made up of 
basic, Sensations, feelings and 

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images, perhaps understanding 
those pieces would reveal how 

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the whole mind worked. 
It seemed logical. 

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Scientists had been breaking 
physical matter into smaller 

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elements for decades. 
Why not do the same with 

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thought? 
This approach called 

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introspection required. 
Patience volunteers has to pay 

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very close, attention to their 
own mental processes and 

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describe them. 
Accurately researchers had to 

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listen carefully in a record. 
Everything precisely. 

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Then they had to compare notes 
looking for patterns across 

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different people and different 
tasks. 

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The work was slow. 
A single experiment might take 

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weeks to complete with the same 
simple task. 

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Repeated hundreds of times 
researchers wanted to be 

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thorough to make sure their 
observation were consistent. 

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The avoided rushing toward 
conclusions but problems 

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appeared quickly. 
When different people described 

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the same experience, there are 
accounts often differed one 

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person. 
Might report seeing a color as a

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simple sensation. 
Another might immediately think 

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of an object that color mixing 
memory with pure perception. 

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Third, might feel an emotion 
connected to the color adding 

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yet another layer. 
These differences were 

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confusing. 
If everyone's mind worked the 

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same way, shouldn't their 
descriptions match. 

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The researchers tried being more
precise with their instructions,

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they trained volunteers more 
carefully. 

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They repeated experiments again 
and again. 

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Still, the variations persisted.
Some researchers began to 

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suspect that asking people to 
describe their thoughts, might 

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actually change those thoughts. 
The act of observing your own 

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thinking, seem to interfere with
natural mental processes. 

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It was like trying to study how 
you walked by thinking about 

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every step, The attention 
required for observation. 

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Altered? 
What you were trying to observe?

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This created a genuine dilemma. 
How could you study something 

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that changed when you looked at 
it? 

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The problem felt fundamental not
something that better equipment 

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or more careful methods could 
solve it was sold in to the 

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nature of Consciousness itself. 
Other scientists tried different

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approaches a man, having house 
decided to study memory using 

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something that had no prior 
meaning. 

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He created nonsense, syllables 
combinations of letters that 

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form no real words. 
Then he memorized lists of these

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syllables testing himself. 
Repeatedly to see how memory 

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changed over time. 
This work was tedious. 

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Ebbinghaus, sat alone, 
memorizing lists, testing 

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himself recording results, then 
doing it all. 

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Again, the next day. 
He continued for months building

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a careful record of how quickly 
he forgot and how repetition 

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helped him remember. 
The data accumulated slowly 

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filling notebook after notebook.
What he discovered was both 

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interesting and limited memory 
did follow certain patterns. 

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Information faded quickly at 
first, then more slowly over 

243
00:13:51,700 --> 00:13:54,900
time. 
Repetition helped, but with 

244
00:13:54,900 --> 00:13:57,700
diminishing returns spacing 
practice. 

245
00:13:57,700 --> 00:14:00,300
Session's worked better than 
cramming everything at once. 

246
00:14:01,100 --> 00:14:05,200
These findings were genuine, but
they also felt narrow memorizing

247
00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:06,900
nonsense. 
Syllables wasn't like, 

248
00:14:06,900 --> 00:14:10,300
remembering your childhood 
learning a skill or recognizing 

249
00:14:10,300 --> 00:14:13,400
a friend's face. 
The controlled Simplicity, that 

250
00:14:13,400 --> 00:14:16,600
made the experiment possible 
also made it feel distant from 

251
00:14:16,600 --> 00:14:19,600
real mental life. 
Still the work. 

252
00:14:19,600 --> 00:14:23,600
Demonstrated that memory could 
be studied quantitatively You 

253
00:14:23,600 --> 00:14:26,400
could measure how much was 
remembered, how long it took to 

254
00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:30,900
learn and how quickly forgetting
occurred. these measurements 

255
00:14:30,900 --> 00:14:34,800
provided something solid to work
with, even if they captured only

256
00:14:34,800 --> 00:14:39,500
a tiny slice of what memory 
actually was, Other researchers,

257
00:14:39,500 --> 00:14:41,400
explored different aspects of 
thinking. 

258
00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:45,900
Some studied how people reacted 
to unexpected sounds or lights. 

259
00:14:45,900 --> 00:14:50,000
Others investigated how practice
improved performance on simple 

260
00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:54,500
tasks, each study, added a small
piece of information, but no 

261
00:14:54,500 --> 00:14:57,900
Grand picture emerged. 
The early psychologists kept 

262
00:14:57,900 --> 00:14:59,500
working despite this 
uncertainty. 

263
00:15:00,400 --> 00:15:02,700
They revised their methods when 
problems appeared. 

264
00:15:02,700 --> 00:15:06,000
They borrowed ideas from each 
other, they published their 

265
00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:09,700
findings in new journals created
specifically for psychological 

266
00:15:09,700 --> 00:15:13,200
research. 
The field grew but slowly 

267
00:15:13,200 --> 00:15:17,400
without dramatic breakthroughs. 
Sustained them was genuine 

268
00:15:17,400 --> 00:15:21,100
curiosity and the belief that 
patients would eventually yield 

269
00:15:21,100 --> 00:15:24,400
understanding. 
They were expecting quick 

270
00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:26,500
answers. 
They were building something 

271
00:15:26,500 --> 00:15:30,400
from nothing. establishing basic
methods and questions that 

272
00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:35,100
future researchers could refine 
and expand Equipment remains 

273
00:15:35,100 --> 00:15:37,600
simple. 
Throughout this early period, a 

274
00:15:37,600 --> 00:15:40,900
chronometer for measuring time 
cards with colors or shapes 

275
00:15:40,900 --> 00:15:45,300
lists of words or syllables 
simple mechanical devices for 

276
00:15:45,300 --> 00:15:47,400
presenting. 
Stimuli at controlled intervals.

277
00:15:47,400 --> 00:15:49,700
Nothing required advanced. 
Technology? 

278
00:15:49,700 --> 00:15:53,500
Or significant expense. 
This Simplicity had advantages 

279
00:15:53,500 --> 00:15:56,700
experiments could be replicated 
easily in different 

280
00:15:56,700 --> 00:15:59,200
Laboratories. 
Students could learn methods 

281
00:15:59,200 --> 00:16:02,800
quickly, the focus stayed on 
observations rather than getting

282
00:16:02,800 --> 00:16:07,100
distracted by complex apparatus.
The questions being asked were 

283
00:16:07,100 --> 00:16:10,800
fundamental enough that simple 
tools to fight funding for this 

284
00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:14,200
work came primarily from 
University's which supported 

285
00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:16,500
research as part of their 
educational mission. 

286
00:16:17,300 --> 00:16:20,800
And mounts were modest, a 
laboratory might operate on the 

287
00:16:20,800 --> 00:16:23,500
equivalent of a few thousand 
modern dollars per year. 

288
00:16:24,700 --> 00:16:26,900
Researchers didn't expect wealth
from their work. 

289
00:16:26,900 --> 00:16:31,300
Just enough support to continue.
The pace of publication was 

290
00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:35,000
slowed by latest standards. 
A researcher might publish two 

291
00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:38,500
or three papers in a good year 
Which paper reported carefully, 

292
00:16:38,500 --> 00:16:42,900
conducted studies, often 
representing months of work, the

293
00:16:42,900 --> 00:16:45,300
emphasis was on quality and 
thoroughness rather than 

294
00:16:45,300 --> 00:16:48,600
quantity of output. 
Reviewing others work for 

295
00:16:48,600 --> 00:16:52,700
journals was taken seriously. 
Researchers read submissions 

296
00:16:52,700 --> 00:16:57,300
carefully, checking methods and 
questioning interpretations they

297
00:16:57,300 --> 00:17:00,400
provided detailed feedback 
helping authors improve their 

298
00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:03,100
work. 
This peer review helped maintain

299
00:17:03,100 --> 00:17:06,000
standards, even as the field was
still defining, what those 

300
00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:08,900
standards should be. 
Mistakes were common and 

301
00:17:08,900 --> 00:17:12,000
acknowledged openly and 
experiment, might fail to 

302
00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:14,800
produce clear results. 
A method might proved 

303
00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:17,700
unreliable. 
A theory might be contradicted 

304
00:17:17,700 --> 00:17:21,300
by new observations researchers 
reported these failures 

305
00:17:21,300 --> 00:17:24,900
alongside successes treating 
them as valuable information 

306
00:17:24,900 --> 00:17:28,800
about what didn't work. 
This honesty created a culture 

307
00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:31,700
where admitting difficulty or 
uncertainty was acceptable. 

308
00:17:32,500 --> 00:17:35,300
No one expected researchers to 
always be right? 

309
00:17:35,300 --> 00:17:38,400
They expected them to be 
careful, honest. 

310
00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:41,400
And willing to revise their 
thinking when evidence demanded 

311
00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:46,300
it, Debates occurred regularly. 
Researchers disagreed about 

312
00:17:46,300 --> 00:17:50,100
methods interpretations, and the
fields proper direction. 

313
00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:53,400
These disagreements were 
conducted through Journal 

314
00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:54,800
articles and Conference 
presentations. 

315
00:17:54,800 --> 00:17:58,200
With each side presenting 
arguments and evidence. 

316
00:17:58,200 --> 00:18:02,600
The tone was generally 
respectful focused on ideas 

317
00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:07,500
rather than personal criticism. 
Some debates continued for years

318
00:18:07,500 --> 00:18:10,900
without resolution different 
Laboratories use different 

319
00:18:10,900 --> 00:18:12,700
methods and reach different 
conclusions. 

320
00:18:13,900 --> 00:18:17,000
Without clear ways to decide 
between competing approaches, 

321
00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:20,700
both might persist each 
Gathering supporters and 

322
00:18:20,708 --> 00:18:25,300
continuing to produce research. 
This theoretical, diversity, 

323
00:18:25,300 --> 00:18:28,900
could be frustrating but it also
protected against premature 

324
00:18:28,900 --> 00:18:32,100
consensus. 
If the field had settled too 

325
00:18:32,100 --> 00:18:35,200
quickly on particular methods or
theories, it might have locked 

326
00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:37,600
itself into approaches that 
later proved Limited. 

327
00:18:38,500 --> 00:18:40,500
Ongoing disagreement kept 
options. 

328
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:44,500
Open what unified researchers 
despite their differences was 

329
00:18:44,500 --> 00:18:48,100
commitment to empirical 
investigation. whatever their 

330
00:18:48,100 --> 00:18:51,100
theoretical preferences, they 
agree that observation should 

331
00:18:51,100 --> 00:18:55,700
Guide Understanding speculation 
alone wasn't enough, ideas 

332
00:18:55,700 --> 00:18:59,600
needed, testing through, 
systematic study, This empirical

333
00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:03,600
commitment didn't eliminate bias
or error, but it provided a 

334
00:19:03,600 --> 00:19:07,500
standard for evaluation theories
that couldn't be tested or that 

335
00:19:07,500 --> 00:19:10,900
contradicted. 
Repeated observations lost 

336
00:19:10,900 --> 00:19:14,100
credibility. 
Those supported by consistent 

337
00:19:14,100 --> 00:19:16,800
evidence gained acceptance, at 
least provisionally. 

338
00:19:18,300 --> 00:19:20,700
The relationship between 
psychology and philosophy 

339
00:19:20,700 --> 00:19:22,300
remained closed during this 
period. 

340
00:19:23,200 --> 00:19:26,900
Many psychologists had trained 
in philosophy and continued 

341
00:19:26,900 --> 00:19:30,400
reading philosophical work. 
They borrowed Concepts and 

342
00:19:30,400 --> 00:19:33,400
questions from philosophical 
discussions of mind and 

343
00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:35,900
knowledge. 
But Psychology was trying to 

344
00:19:35,900 --> 00:19:39,600
establish independence from 
Philosophy by emphasizing 

345
00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:42,800
empirical methods. 
Philosophers might debate, the 

346
00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,700
nature of Consciousness in 
definitely psychologists wanted 

347
00:19:46,700 --> 00:19:49,900
observations that could settle 
disagreements or at least 

348
00:19:49,900 --> 00:19:53,400
constrained speculation. 
This tension between 

349
00:19:53,400 --> 00:19:56,600
philosophical questions and 
empirical methods would persist 

350
00:19:56,600 --> 00:19:58,100
throughout psychologies 
development. 

351
00:19:59,100 --> 00:20:01,900
The deepest questions about mind
and Consciousness, often, 

352
00:20:01,900 --> 00:20:06,200
resisted experimental 
investigation Yet focusing only 

353
00:20:06,200 --> 00:20:08,300
on what could be measured risked
missing. 

354
00:20:08,300 --> 00:20:12,400
What was most important? 
Early psychologists navigated 

355
00:20:12,400 --> 00:20:14,500
this tension with varying 
degrees of success. 

356
00:20:14,500 --> 00:20:18,100
Some maintained broad 
philosophical perspectives while

357
00:20:18,100 --> 00:20:22,200
conducting careful experiments 
Others focused narrowly on what 

358
00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:24,200
could be measured. 
Setting aside. 

359
00:20:24,200 --> 00:20:27,500
Larger questions. 
Both approaches contributed to 

360
00:20:27,500 --> 00:20:30,800
the fields development. 
A psychology developed 

361
00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:34,600
researchers gathered in 
universities forming small 

362
00:20:34,600 --> 00:20:37,700
communities of people interested
in the same questions. 

363
00:20:38,500 --> 00:20:43,300
These weren't large departments,
often psychology existed as a 

364
00:20:43,300 --> 00:20:46,400
corner of philosophy or 
physiology with just one or two 

365
00:20:46,408 --> 00:20:48,100
people pursuing it. 
Seriously. 

366
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:51,700
Students came to study with 
established researchers, 

367
00:20:51,700 --> 00:20:55,000
learning, methods, through 
direct apprenticeship, they 

368
00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:58,500
attended lectures, observed 
experiments, and eventually 

369
00:20:58,500 --> 00:21:02,200
designed their own studies. 
The teaching was personal and 

370
00:21:02,200 --> 00:21:04,900
informal with much of the 
learning happening through 

371
00:21:04,900 --> 00:21:07,400
conversation rather than formal 
instruction. 

372
00:21:08,300 --> 00:21:11,300
University's in Germany, became 
early centers for this work 

373
00:21:11,300 --> 00:21:15,500
light Sig where vent worked 
affected students from across 

374
00:21:15,500 --> 00:21:19,300
Europe and America People 
traveled considerable distance 

375
00:21:19,300 --> 00:21:22,800
is to spend a year or two 
learning cycle research methods.

376
00:21:23,700 --> 00:21:27,500
They lived simply attended, 
lectures worked in Laboratories 

377
00:21:27,500 --> 00:21:31,000
and discussed ideas during long 
walks or evening, gatherings. 

378
00:21:31,800 --> 00:21:35,500
This created Networks. 
Students who studied together 

379
00:21:35,500 --> 00:21:38,100
stayed in contact, after 
returning to their home 

380
00:21:38,100 --> 00:21:42,000
countries, they wrote letters, 
sharing observations and asking 

381
00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:45,900
questions when someone developed
a new experimental technique 

382
00:21:45,900 --> 00:21:48,700
others heard about it through 
correspondence, and tried 

383
00:21:48,700 --> 00:21:50,200
adapting it for their own 
research. 

384
00:21:51,500 --> 00:21:54,400
Academic conferences began to 
include psychology. 

385
00:21:55,200 --> 00:21:57,900
Researchers presented their 
findings to small audiences 

386
00:21:57,900 --> 00:22:00,500
often, just a dozen or 20 
people. 

387
00:22:01,300 --> 00:22:04,200
These presentations spark 
discussions that continued, 

388
00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:07,500
informally afterward. 
Someone might mention a problem,

389
00:22:07,500 --> 00:22:09,900
they encountered in their 
research and others would 

390
00:22:09,900 --> 00:22:12,800
suggest possible solutions or 
alternative approaches. 

391
00:22:13,500 --> 00:22:16,100
The atmosphere was collegial 
rather than competitive. 

392
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:20,300
Everyone recognized that the 
field was too new and uncertain 

393
00:22:20,300 --> 00:22:24,100
for rivalry to make sense, they 
needed each other's ideas and 

394
00:22:24,100 --> 00:22:26,400
insights, they were all 
struggling with the same 

395
00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:29,500
fundamental challenge of how to 
study something as elusive as 

396
00:22:29,500 --> 00:22:32,300
thought. 
Professional journals dedicated 

397
00:22:32,300 --> 00:22:35,400
to psychology started, appearing
in the late 1800s. 

398
00:22:36,400 --> 00:22:39,700
These provided formal channels 
for sharing research Beyond 

399
00:22:39,700 --> 00:22:43,700
personal correspondence. 
Articles were typically short, 

400
00:22:43,700 --> 00:22:47,400
and descriptive reporting 
observations and methods without

401
00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:51,300
much theoretical speculation. 
The emphasis was on careful 

402
00:22:51,300 --> 00:22:55,500
documentation rather than bold 
claims reading these journals 

403
00:22:55,500 --> 00:22:58,200
meant encountering a mixture of 
promising findings and 

404
00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:02,200
acknowledged failures. 
Researchers routinely reported 

405
00:23:02,200 --> 00:23:04,300
experiments that didn't work as 
expected. 

406
00:23:04,300 --> 00:23:07,400
They described problems with 
their methods. 

407
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:10,100
They question their own 
interpretations. 

408
00:23:10,100 --> 00:23:14,700
This honesty reflected the 
fields uncertainty but also its 

409
00:23:14,700 --> 00:23:16,600
commitment to gradual, honest 
progress. 

410
00:23:17,800 --> 00:23:20,200
Teaching psychology to 
undergraduates required 

411
00:23:20,200 --> 00:23:24,400
developing new courses. 
What should be included, how 

412
00:23:24,400 --> 00:23:27,600
should it be organized? 
Professors tried different 

413
00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:30,400
approaches. 
Some emphasizing philosophical 

414
00:23:30,400 --> 00:23:33,300
questions about the Mind. 
Others focussing on 

415
00:23:33,300 --> 00:23:36,800
experimental, methods and 
findings core structures. 

416
00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:40,900
Varied considerably from one 
University to another Students 

417
00:23:40,900 --> 00:23:43,800
often found psychology, 
interesting but frustrating. 

418
00:23:44,800 --> 00:23:49,700
Field had few definitive answers
to offer unlike a natami, which 

419
00:23:49,700 --> 00:23:51,800
could show you exactly how the 
heart works. 

420
00:23:52,700 --> 00:23:55,700
Psychology dealt in 
probabilities tendency and 

421
00:23:55,700 --> 00:23:59,100
ongoing debates. 
This uncertainty could feel 

422
00:23:59,100 --> 00:24:03,200
unsatisfying, but it also 
attracted, students who enjoyed 

423
00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:06,200
open questions. 
The growth of academic 

424
00:24:06,200 --> 00:24:09,800
psychology, created 
opportunities, University's 

425
00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:12,200
began, hiring people 
specifically, to teach and 

426
00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:15,400
research psychology rather than 
fitting it into other 

427
00:24:15,400 --> 00:24:18,700
departments. 
Laboratory is expanded Beyond 

428
00:24:18,700 --> 00:24:22,200
single rooms to include multiple
spaces for different types of 

429
00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:25,500
research. 
Funding though, modest became 

430
00:24:25,500 --> 00:24:29,700
more available as institutions 
recognize psychology as a 

431
00:24:29,700 --> 00:24:33,000
legitimate field of study. 
International connections, 

432
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:36,800
strengthened, researchers 
visited Laboratories in other 

433
00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:40,800
countries, observing different 
approaches, and techniques, they

434
00:24:40,800 --> 00:24:43,100
discovered that. 
While fundamental questions were

435
00:24:43,100 --> 00:24:46,800
Universal, cultural context 
shaped how those questions were 

436
00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:49,700
explored. 
A researcher in America, might 

437
00:24:49,700 --> 00:24:53,600
emphasize practical applications
while someone in Germany focuses

438
00:24:53,600 --> 00:24:57,900
on theoretical foundations. 
This exchange of ideas happen, 

439
00:24:57,900 --> 00:25:02,100
through multiple channels 
simultaneously. letters Journal 

440
00:25:02,100 --> 00:25:04,800
articles conference 
presentations, and personal 

441
00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:09,800
visits all contributed Field 
developed unevenly with some 

442
00:25:09,800 --> 00:25:13,000
areas advancing faster than 
others, but the overall 

443
00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:16,100
direction was toward greater 
sophistication and wider 

444
00:25:16,100 --> 00:25:19,200
participation. 
What held these communities 

445
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:22,500
together was a shared commitment
to understanding the Mind 

446
00:25:22,500 --> 00:25:26,100
through observation rather than 
speculation alone? 

447
00:25:26,100 --> 00:25:30,900
They value careful methods 
honest reporting and patients 

448
00:25:30,900 --> 00:25:34,500
with uncertainty. 
They recognized that answers 

449
00:25:34,500 --> 00:25:37,600
would come slowly if they came 
at all, but the process of 

450
00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:39,400
searching seemed worthy in 
itself. 

451
00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:42,900
Language differences. 
Created some barriers. 

452
00:25:43,700 --> 00:25:45,900
Much important work was 
published in German. 

453
00:25:45,900 --> 00:25:49,600
Requiring researchers elsewhere 
to learn the language or wait 

454
00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:52,700
for translations. 
French and English also served 

455
00:25:52,700 --> 00:25:56,500
as languages of psychological 
research, but no single language

456
00:25:56,500 --> 00:25:59,500
dominated. 
This meant ideas, spread more 

457
00:25:59,500 --> 00:26:03,300
slowly than they might have. 
Otherwise translation work 

458
00:26:03,300 --> 00:26:06,500
became important. 
Researchers who knew multiple 

459
00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:09,600
languages help to make findings 
accessible across linguistic 

460
00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:12,300
boundaries. 
They translated articles 

461
00:26:12,300 --> 00:26:16,900
summarized foreign work for 
local audiences and facilitated 

462
00:26:16,900 --> 00:26:19,200
correspondence. 
Between researchers who didn't 

463
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:23,700
share a common language. 
Women face significant barriers 

464
00:26:23,700 --> 00:26:27,400
entering psychology during this 
period University's often 

465
00:26:27,400 --> 00:26:30,400
excluded them from formal 
programs, or restricted, their 

466
00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:32,900
participation, despite these 
obstacles. 

467
00:26:32,900 --> 00:26:36,500
Some women pursued, 
psychological research often 

468
00:26:36,500 --> 00:26:40,100
working informally or in 
subordinate positions, their 

469
00:26:40,100 --> 00:26:43,500
contributions were frequently 
overlooked or attributed to male

470
00:26:43,500 --> 00:26:46,100
colleague's. 
If you women managed to 

471
00:26:46,100 --> 00:26:49,600
establish themselves, a serious 
researchers, they had to be 

472
00:26:49,600 --> 00:26:52,700
exceptionally talented and 
persistent to overcome the 

473
00:26:52,700 --> 00:26:55,000
barriers. 
They face their presence. 

474
00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:57,200
Gradually began changing 
assumptions. 

475
00:26:57,200 --> 00:27:00,400
About who could do psychological
research though. 

476
00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:02,600
Full inclusion would take many 
more decades. 

477
00:27:03,900 --> 00:27:06,500
The social class background of 
early psychologists was 

478
00:27:06,500 --> 00:27:08,700
typically middle or upper-middle
class. 

479
00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:12,600
University education required 
resources, that working-class 

480
00:27:12,600 --> 00:27:16,400
families rarely had. 
This limited the diversity of 

481
00:27:16,408 --> 00:27:20,000
perspectives in the field. 
Research questions and 

482
00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:23,900
interpretations reflected the 
backgrounds and concerns of 

483
00:27:23,900 --> 00:27:28,400
relatively privileged academics.
Awareness of these limitations 

484
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:32,400
was minimal During the period. 
Researchers generally assume 

485
00:27:32,400 --> 00:27:35,400
their findings applied 
universally without considering 

486
00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:38,800
how class culture or other 
factors might matter. 

487
00:27:39,700 --> 00:27:42,200
This assumption would be 
questioned more thoroughly in 

488
00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:45,700
later decades, but early 
psychologists worked within it 

489
00:27:45,700 --> 00:27:48,800
unconsciously. 
Academic hierarchy shaped 

490
00:27:48,800 --> 00:27:52,800
research practices established 
professors held, significant 

491
00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:56,500
Authority and their theoretical 
preferences influenced what? 

492
00:27:56,500 --> 00:27:59,700
Kinds of research seemed 
worthwhile Junior. 

493
00:27:59,700 --> 00:28:02,500
Researchers often worked on 
problems, their mentors 

494
00:28:02,500 --> 00:28:05,200
considered important gaining 
independence. 

495
00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:08,200
Only gradually as they establish
their own reputation. 

496
00:28:09,500 --> 00:28:12,600
This hierarchical structure had 
both advantages and 

497
00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:16,000
disadvantages, it provided 
mentorship and maintained 

498
00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:18,900
standards. 
It also sometimes stifled 

499
00:28:18,900 --> 00:28:21,900
Innovation when established 
figures rejected new approaches 

500
00:28:22,700 --> 00:28:25,500
The balance between tradition 
and Innovation remained, a 

501
00:28:25,500 --> 00:28:29,400
constant negotiation informal. 
Gatherings were, as important as

502
00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:34,000
formal ones, researchers met for
coffee or tea, discussing ideas 

503
00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:38,800
in relaxed settings, they dine 
together took walks and visited 

504
00:28:38,800 --> 00:28:42,000
each other's homes. 
The social interactions built 

505
00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:45,000
trust and understanding the 
facilitated intellectual 

506
00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:47,700
exchange. 
Personal relationships in, 

507
00:28:47,700 --> 00:28:51,000
Florence, intellectual ones. 
French ships formed during 

508
00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:54,300
student years often, lasted 
throughout Korea's creating 

509
00:28:54,300 --> 00:28:58,000
networks of mutual support. 
People helped each other find 

510
00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:01,300
positions reviewed each other's 
work and collaborated on 

511
00:29:01,300 --> 00:29:05,000
research projects. 
The academic years, Rhythm 

512
00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:08,400
shaped research. 
Terms filled with teaching left,

513
00:29:08,400 --> 00:29:12,100
less time for experiments. 
Breaks Allowed intensive, focus 

514
00:29:12,100 --> 00:29:15,500
on research and writing. 
Summers might be spent traveling

515
00:29:15,500 --> 00:29:18,000
to visit other laboratory or 
attending conferences. 

516
00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:21,600
This cyclical pattern became the
framework within which 

517
00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:25,400
psychology developed. 
Universities valued research but

518
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:29,700
also demanded teaching balancing
both required careful time 

519
00:29:29,700 --> 00:29:33,800
management. some researchers 
excelled at both others found 

520
00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:37,700
one or the other more congenial,
most did, what was necessary to 

521
00:29:37,700 --> 00:29:39,900
maintain their positions, while 
pursuing, the work that 

522
00:29:39,900 --> 00:29:43,900
interested the most Research 
students provided essential 

523
00:29:43,900 --> 00:29:48,200
assistance, they helped conduct 
experiments, organized data and 

524
00:29:48,200 --> 00:29:52,400
maintain equipment in return. 
They learned methods and 

525
00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:54,800
eventually developed 
Independence as researchers 

526
00:29:54,800 --> 00:29:57,300
themselves. 
This apprenticeship model 

527
00:29:57,300 --> 00:30:00,800
ensured continuity across 
Generations, the relationship 

528
00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:04,000
between research and teaching 
was seen as mutually beneficial.

529
00:30:04,900 --> 00:30:07,500
Teaching forced researchers to 
organize their knowledge. 

530
00:30:07,500 --> 00:30:11,900
Clearly research provided fresh 
material for teaching and 

531
00:30:11,900 --> 00:30:14,100
demonstrated the active nature 
of the field. 

532
00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:18,100
Students benefited from learning
from active researchers rather 

533
00:30:18,100 --> 00:30:21,600
than just textbooks public 
interest in Psychology was 

534
00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:25,300
growing but remained limited, 
occasional lectures for General,

535
00:30:25,300 --> 00:30:27,800
audiences introduced 
psychological ideas to 

536
00:30:27,800 --> 00:30:32,000
non-specialists, Newspapers 
sometimes reported on Research 

537
00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:34,600
findings. 
But psychology hadn't. 

538
00:30:34,600 --> 00:30:37,900
Yet captured widespread popular 
attention the way it would. 

539
00:30:37,900 --> 00:30:41,200
In later decades. 
This relative obscurity, had 

540
00:30:41,200 --> 00:30:45,300
Advantage is researchers could 
work without excessive scrutiny 

541
00:30:45,300 --> 00:30:47,400
or pressure for immediate 
practical results. 

542
00:30:48,100 --> 00:30:51,000
They could pursue questions that
interested them without worrying

543
00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:54,200
about public opinion or funding 
pressures, Beyond basic 

544
00:30:54,200 --> 00:30:57,800
institutional support. 
The communities forming around 

545
00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:00,700
psychology were small enough 
that most active researchers 

546
00:31:00,700 --> 00:31:03,100
knew each other at least by 
reputation. 

547
00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:08,100
This created a sense of shared 
Enterprise, everyone was 

548
00:31:08,100 --> 00:31:11,500
contributing to something new 
building a field that hadn't 

549
00:31:11,500 --> 00:31:15,800
existed a generation earlier. 
Early psychologists noticed 

550
00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:17,800
quickly that mental work, 
required rest. 

551
00:31:18,700 --> 00:31:21,700
After several hours of 
concentration, attention, 

552
00:31:21,700 --> 00:31:24,500
wandered, memory, became less 
reliable. 

553
00:31:24,500 --> 00:31:28,900
Simple tasks. 
Took longer the mind like the 

554
00:31:28,900 --> 00:31:32,400
body had limits, research 
sessions were typically, kept 

555
00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:35,100
short. 
An hour of focused work was 

556
00:31:35,100 --> 00:31:38,600
often the maximum before 
researchers and volunteers both 

557
00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:41,900
needed breaks. 
Continuing past that point 

558
00:31:41,900 --> 00:31:46,000
produced diminishing returns, 
Fatigue introduced errors and 

559
00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:47,800
made observations less 
trustworthy. 

560
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:52,200
This wasn't seen as a problem to
overcome, but as a basic fact 

561
00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:56,100
about how Minds worked Just as 
muscles needed recovery after 

562
00:31:56,100 --> 00:31:59,100
exertion thinking required 
periods, of rest. 

563
00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:02,900
Pushing Beyond natural limits. 
Didn't produce better results. 

564
00:32:02,900 --> 00:32:06,000
It just produced tired people 
making mistakes. 

565
00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:09,900
Researchers built rest into 
their schedules deliberately. 

566
00:32:09,900 --> 00:32:13,200
They worked in the morning. 
When Minds were fresh, they took

567
00:32:13,200 --> 00:32:16,300
long lunch, breaks often, 
including walks Outdoors 

568
00:32:16,300 --> 00:32:19,200
afternoon. 
Sessions were shorter and 

569
00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:22,500
focused on less demanding tasks,
like reviewing notes or 

570
00:32:22,500 --> 00:32:26,100
discussing findings. 
Evening work was typically 

571
00:32:26,100 --> 00:32:28,300
light. 
Perhaps some reading or 

572
00:32:28,300 --> 00:32:30,200
organizing materials for the 
next day. 

573
00:32:31,100 --> 00:32:35,300
This Rhythm felt natural it 
matched, how people had always 

574
00:32:35,300 --> 00:32:38,700
worked before, electric lights, 
and demanding, shared Jewels 

575
00:32:38,700 --> 00:32:40,800
made continuous activity, seemed
normal. 

576
00:32:41,900 --> 00:32:45,100
Early psychologists trusted that
their best thinking happened 

577
00:32:45,100 --> 00:32:48,500
when they were not forcing it 
when they allowed ideas to 

578
00:32:48,500 --> 00:32:52,400
settle and clarify through 
patient reflection University 

579
00:32:52,400 --> 00:32:54,000
supported. 
This approach through their 

580
00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:58,200
structures academic schedules, 
included long periods between 

581
00:32:58,200 --> 00:33:00,700
terms when research could 
proceed without teaching 

582
00:33:00,700 --> 00:33:03,900
obligations. 
These breaks were seen as 

583
00:33:03,900 --> 00:33:08,100
vacations, but as essential time
for deep work, writing and 

584
00:33:08,100 --> 00:33:11,500
careful thought. 
Walking became an important part

585
00:33:11,500 --> 00:33:14,700
of intellectual life. 
Many researchers took daily 

586
00:33:14,700 --> 00:33:17,800
walks using the time to think 
through problems without the 

587
00:33:17,800 --> 00:33:19,600
pressure of producing immediate 
answers. 

588
00:33:20,600 --> 00:33:24,600
The gentle repetitive motion of 
walking seem to help ideas flow 

589
00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:26,400
more freely than sitting at a 
desk. 

590
00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:30,300
Trying to force solutions, some 
discoveries happened during 

591
00:33:30,300 --> 00:33:34,000
these walks or during other 
restful activities, a researcher

592
00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:37,500
might struggle with a problem 
for days, then suddenly see a 

593
00:33:37,500 --> 00:33:39,600
solution while lying in bed 
before sleep. 

594
00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:44,000
This pattern, reinforced the 
value of stepping away from work

595
00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:46,100
rather than grinding through 
difficulty. 

596
00:33:46,900 --> 00:33:50,900
Sleep itself became a subject of
Interest, researchers noticed 

597
00:33:50,900 --> 00:33:53,500
that sleep changed thinking a 
problem. 

598
00:33:53,500 --> 00:33:56,000
That seemed impossible in the 
evening might appear manageable 

599
00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:59,200
after a night's rest. 
This wasn't magical but 

600
00:33:59,200 --> 00:34:02,500
reflected how sleep allowed 
mental processes to continue 

601
00:34:02,500 --> 00:34:04,100
working without conscious 
effort. 

602
00:34:04,900 --> 00:34:07,200
Dreams were noted but not yet. 
Deeply studied. 

603
00:34:07,200 --> 00:34:11,100
They seemed to reflect daily 
concerns mixed with random 

604
00:34:11,100 --> 00:34:14,900
images and feelings. 
Some researchers kept dream 

605
00:34:14,900 --> 00:34:18,400
journals curious about patterns 
but without methods for 

606
00:34:18,400 --> 00:34:21,800
systematic study dreams 
remained, mostly personal 

607
00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:24,600
experience is rather than 
scientific data. 

608
00:34:25,500 --> 00:34:28,300
The important of rest extended 
to longer time scales, 

609
00:34:28,300 --> 00:34:32,699
researchers took summer holiday 
seriously, using the time to 

610
00:34:32,699 --> 00:34:36,600
recover from intense academic 
work, they traveled visited, 

611
00:34:36,600 --> 00:34:40,900
family, pursued, hobbies and 
generally let their minds wander

612
00:34:40,900 --> 00:34:45,400
away from professional concerns.
Returning, an Autumn, they often

613
00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:48,100
found themselves refreshed and 
ready for new projects. 

614
00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:51,800
This approach can trusted 
sharply with later academic 

615
00:34:51,800 --> 00:34:57,000
culture which would emphasize 
productivity output and constant

616
00:34:57,000 --> 00:35:00,400
activity. 
Early psychologists worked hard,

617
00:35:00,400 --> 00:35:04,100
but they also trusted that rest 
was productive in its own way. 

618
00:35:04,800 --> 00:35:08,600
Ideas needed time to develop 
understanding required patience.

619
00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:11,000
Not just effort the same 
principles. 

620
00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:14,600
Apply to students cramming for 
exams was recognized as 

621
00:35:14,600 --> 00:35:19,000
ineffective compared to steady 
space study with regular breaks.

622
00:35:19,900 --> 00:35:22,700
Teachers encouraged students to 
maintain balance schedules 

623
00:35:22,700 --> 00:35:26,500
warning against the exhaustion 
that came from excessive work 

624
00:35:26,500 --> 00:35:29,700
without rest. 
None of this was formalized into

625
00:35:29,700 --> 00:35:32,400
Theory. 
It was simply accepted wisdom 

626
00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:34,700
based on observation and 
experience. 

627
00:35:35,700 --> 00:35:39,100
People knew that tired Minds 
didn't work well so they avoided

628
00:35:39,100 --> 00:35:42,900
becoming unnecessarily tired. 
This seemed obvious rather than 

629
00:35:42,900 --> 00:35:45,800
insightful. 
What made it noteworthy was how 

630
00:35:45,800 --> 00:35:49,600
it shaped the pace of research 
psychology developed slowly 

631
00:35:49,600 --> 00:35:52,200
partly, because researchers 
refused to rush. 

632
00:35:52,900 --> 00:35:56,700
They worked carefully rested, 
thoroughly and accepted that 

633
00:35:56,700 --> 00:35:58,700
understanding would come 
gradually. 

634
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:03,600
This patience wasn't laziness 
but recognition that the Mind 

635
00:36:03,600 --> 00:36:07,900
including their own minds, had 
natural rhythms that should be 

636
00:36:07,900 --> 00:36:12,300
respected rather than fought. 
seasonal changes influenced 

637
00:36:12,300 --> 00:36:16,600
work, patterns winter, brought 
longer periods, indoors, suited 

638
00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:21,000
to reading and writing More 
outdoor activity and social 

639
00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:24,200
interaction. 
Summer allowed travel and rest, 

640
00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:27,700
Autumn marked returns to 
teaching an intensive research. 

641
00:36:28,500 --> 00:36:32,400
This natural cycle was accepted 
and incorporated into academic 

642
00:36:32,400 --> 00:36:35,500
life. 
The quality of rested as much as

643
00:36:35,500 --> 00:36:38,500
its quantity. 
Simply stopping work, wasn't 

644
00:36:38,500 --> 00:36:41,700
enough. 
Rest needed to involve genuine 

645
00:36:41,700 --> 00:36:45,000
disengagement, allowing the mind
to turn toward different 

646
00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:48,200
concerns or simply wander. 
Without purpose. 

647
00:36:48,200 --> 00:36:52,400
This kind of restored mental 
energy more effectively than 

648
00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:55,600
forced and activity, while still
thinking about work. 

649
00:36:56,500 --> 00:36:58,800
Some researchers found 
particular activities, 

650
00:36:58,800 --> 00:37:03,800
restorative music gardening 
conversation with friends and 

651
00:37:03,800 --> 00:37:05,900
light. 
Physical exercise, all provided 

652
00:37:05,900 --> 00:37:09,500
relief from mental labor. 
These activities were seen as 

653
00:37:09,500 --> 00:37:12,400
distractions from important 
work, but as necessary 

654
00:37:12,400 --> 00:37:16,400
components of a sustainable 
intellectual life, The 

655
00:37:16,400 --> 00:37:18,500
relationship between physical 
and mental rest was 

656
00:37:18,500 --> 00:37:20,500
acknowledged, but not fully 
understood. 

657
00:37:21,200 --> 00:37:25,000
Exercise seemed to help mental 
Clarity, perhaps by improving 

658
00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:28,300
circulation or simply by 
providing a break from thinking.

659
00:37:29,300 --> 00:37:32,000
Fresh air and natural. 
Light were valued with many 

660
00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:35,200
researchers preferring to work 
near windows or taking breaks 

661
00:37:35,200 --> 00:37:38,000
Outdoors. 
Time away from research. 

662
00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:41,300
Often led to Fresh perspectives,
returning to a problem after 

663
00:37:41,300 --> 00:37:44,600
days or weeks away. 
Researchers sometimes noticed 

664
00:37:44,600 --> 00:37:48,700
aspects they had missed before 
distance, provided Clarity that 

665
00:37:48,700 --> 00:37:52,100
closer attention obscured. 
This made vacations and 

666
00:37:52,108 --> 00:37:54,800
sabbaticals not just 
restorative, but intellectually 

667
00:37:54,800 --> 00:37:58,000
productive. 
The academic calendar structure,

668
00:37:58,000 --> 00:38:01,800
supported these patterns long 
summer, breaks shorter, winter 

669
00:38:01,800 --> 00:38:05,200
holidays, and periodic, 
sabbaticals allowed researchers 

670
00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:07,600
to step back from immediate 
concerns. 

671
00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:11,800
They could read broadly, 
consider new, Direction's, or 

672
00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:14,100
simply rest without feeling they
were neglecting 

673
00:38:14,100 --> 00:38:17,400
responsibilities. 
Conversations about research 

674
00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:20,800
often happen during restful 
activities, walking with a 

675
00:38:20,808 --> 00:38:24,300
colleague, sharing a meal 
sitting in a comfortable room 

676
00:38:24,300 --> 00:38:27,800
with tea, these settings for 
facilitated discussion, that 

677
00:38:27,800 --> 00:38:30,200
felt less pressured than formal 
meetings. 

678
00:38:31,100 --> 00:38:34,500
Ideas could be explored 
tentatively without commitment 

679
00:38:34,500 --> 00:38:38,000
to particular positions. 
The value placed on rest 

680
00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:39,900
reflected. 
A broader understanding of 

681
00:38:39,900 --> 00:38:43,400
intellectual work as requiring, 
the whole person, not just 

682
00:38:43,400 --> 00:38:48,000
focused concentration. physical 
health, emotional balance, 

683
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:52,200
social connection, and mental 
rest, all contributed to 

684
00:38:52,200 --> 00:38:56,100
thinking, clearly neglecting any
of these diminished intellectual

685
00:38:56,100 --> 00:39:00,100
capacity, This holistic view 
would be challenged by later 

686
00:39:00,100 --> 00:39:02,700
emphasis on productivity and 
specialization. 

687
00:39:03,600 --> 00:39:07,200
But for early psychologists, it 
remained a guiding principle. 

688
00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:10,800
There were whole people trying 
to understand the whole mind and

689
00:39:10,800 --> 00:39:14,500
that required attending to all 
aspects of human life, including

690
00:39:14,500 --> 00:39:16,800
the fundamental need for rest 
and renewal. 

691
00:39:17,800 --> 00:39:21,000
Early psychologists of simple 
experiments to understand how 

692
00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:24,700
Minds processed information. 
These studies used ordinary 

693
00:39:24,700 --> 00:39:27,500
materials and straightforward 
tasks nothing. 

694
00:39:27,500 --> 00:39:31,800
Complex or intimidating memory 
research, often involved. 

695
00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:36,200
Lists a researcher would read a 
series of words or numbers then 

696
00:39:36,200 --> 00:39:38,400
asked volunteers to recall as 
many as possible. 

697
00:39:39,300 --> 00:39:42,400
By varying, the length of lists,
the speed of presentation. 

698
00:39:42,400 --> 00:39:46,200
And the time before testing 
researchers mapped basic 

699
00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:47,500
patterns of remembering and 
forgetting. 

700
00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:51,700
What they found was that memory 
had clear limits. 

701
00:39:51,700 --> 00:39:55,600
Most people could remember about
seven items after a single 

702
00:39:55,608 --> 00:39:58,800
presentation. 
Longer list required repetition 

703
00:39:58,800 --> 00:40:01,200
items. 
At the beginning and end of 

704
00:40:01,200 --> 00:40:03,700
lists were remembered better 
than items in the middle. 

705
00:40:04,500 --> 00:40:07,200
These patterns appeared, 
consistently across different 

706
00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:09,900
people and different types of 
material. 

707
00:40:10,600 --> 00:40:14,700
This consistency was encouraging
it suggested memory, followed 

708
00:40:14,700 --> 00:40:17,200
regular principles. 
Not random processes. 

709
00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:20,500
If you could predict memory 
Performance, Based on simple 

710
00:40:20,500 --> 00:40:24,000
variables, like list length and 
position that deeper 

711
00:40:24,000 --> 00:40:27,300
understanding was possible. 
Researchers tested, many 

712
00:40:27,300 --> 00:40:31,300
variations did meaningful words,
work differently than nonsense 

713
00:40:31,300 --> 00:40:34,500
and syllables did pictures 
produce better memory Than 

714
00:40:34,500 --> 00:40:37,200
Words? 
Did emotional content affect 

715
00:40:37,200 --> 00:40:40,400
recall. 
Each question, led to careful 

716
00:40:40,400 --> 00:40:44,900
studies producing a gradual 
accumulation of findings for 

717
00:40:44,900 --> 00:40:47,000
getting proved as interesting as
remembering. 

718
00:40:47,800 --> 00:40:50,400
Epping houses work show that 
most for getting happened 

719
00:40:50,400 --> 00:40:53,500
quickly within the first hours 
or days after learning. 

720
00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:57,300
After that, the rate of 
forgetting slowed, considerably.

721
00:40:58,500 --> 00:41:01,500
Material that survived a few 
days often persisted for much 

722
00:41:01,500 --> 00:41:04,100
longer. 
This pattern made sense of 

723
00:41:04,100 --> 00:41:06,700
common experience. 
As you might forget a name 

724
00:41:06,700 --> 00:41:09,400
minutes after hearing it, but 
information, you still 

725
00:41:09,400 --> 00:41:12,400
remembered a week later would 
likely stay accessible for 

726
00:41:12,400 --> 00:41:15,400
months or years. 
The initial consolidation. 

727
00:41:15,400 --> 00:41:19,600
Period was crucial repetition 
helped memory but not in simple 

728
00:41:19,600 --> 00:41:23,900
ways, spacing repetitions over 
time, worked better than massing

729
00:41:23,900 --> 00:41:27,700
them together. 10 practice 
sessions spread, across 10 days,

730
00:41:27,700 --> 00:41:31,200
produced better attention than 
10 sessions in a single day. 

731
00:41:32,700 --> 00:41:35,400
This spacing effect appeared, 
reliably across different 

732
00:41:35,400 --> 00:41:39,300
materials and tasks. 
Understanding why spacing helped

733
00:41:39,300 --> 00:41:43,500
required speculation? 
Perhaps memory needed time to 

734
00:41:43,500 --> 00:41:45,400
consolidate between practice 
session. 

735
00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:48,900
Perhaps space in reduced 
interference between similar 

736
00:41:48,900 --> 00:41:53,300
memories that simply maintained 
motivation better than tedious 

737
00:41:53,300 --> 00:41:56,500
repetition. 
The mechanisms remained unclear,

738
00:41:56,500 --> 00:42:01,400
but the effect was consistent. 
Perception studies, examined how

739
00:42:01,400 --> 00:42:03,900
people noticed and interpreted 
sensory information? 

740
00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:09,400
Researchers presented. 
Simple stimuli like light sounds

741
00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:13,300
or touches then asked volunteers
to report what they experienced.

742
00:42:14,100 --> 00:42:18,000
By varying intensity duration 
and context that explored how 

743
00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:21,300
Minds translated physical 
Sensations into conscious 

744
00:42:21,300 --> 00:42:24,700
experience. 
One persistent finding was the 

745
00:42:24,700 --> 00:42:27,800
perception wasn't passive. 
People didn't simply receive 

746
00:42:27,800 --> 00:42:31,900
sensory information like blank 
pages, excepting ink, instead, 

747
00:42:31,900 --> 00:42:36,900
expectations attention, and 
prior experience shaped what 

748
00:42:36,900 --> 00:42:39,300
people noticed and how they 
interpreted it. 

749
00:42:40,100 --> 00:42:43,100
The same sound might be heard 
differently depending on what 

750
00:42:43,100 --> 00:42:45,500
the listener expected? 
Or what else was happening 

751
00:42:45,500 --> 00:42:48,200
around them? 
Context affect appeared 

752
00:42:48,200 --> 00:42:50,800
everywhere. 
A gray patch looked lighter 

753
00:42:50,800 --> 00:42:53,700
against to dark background and 
darker against a light 

754
00:42:53,700 --> 00:42:56,500
background. 
A tone sounded different when 

755
00:42:56,500 --> 00:42:59,200
preceded by other tones than 
when presented alone. 

756
00:43:00,300 --> 00:43:03,300
Touch felt different depending 
on what area of skin received 

757
00:43:03,300 --> 00:43:05,800
it. 
Perception was always relative. 

758
00:43:05,800 --> 00:43:09,900
Always influenced by 
surroundings this relativity, 

759
00:43:09,900 --> 00:43:13,500
complicated attempts to identify
simple laws of perception. 

760
00:43:14,700 --> 00:43:16,700
What seemed like a 
straightforward relationship 

761
00:43:16,700 --> 00:43:20,500
between stimulus and sensation 
turned out to involve multiple 

762
00:43:20,500 --> 00:43:23,200
factors. 
Researchers had to control 

763
00:43:23,200 --> 00:43:25,900
contact carefully to get 
consistent results. 

764
00:43:26,900 --> 00:43:29,200
Attention itself became a focus 
of study. 

765
00:43:29,200 --> 00:43:33,100
Researchers noticed that 
concentrating on one thing meant

766
00:43:33,100 --> 00:43:35,800
missing others. 
They tested this with simple 

767
00:43:35,800 --> 00:43:39,800
tasks, while focusing on 
Counting sounds, people might 

768
00:43:39,800 --> 00:43:44,000
fail to notice a light flashing,
While watching one object move, 

769
00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:47,900
they might miss another object 
appearing nearby. this revealed 

770
00:43:47,900 --> 00:43:51,300
attention as selective and 
limited you couldn't pay full 

771
00:43:51,300 --> 00:43:55,500
attention to everything 
simultaneously instead Focus 

772
00:43:55,500 --> 00:43:59,100
moved from one thing to another 
with most sensory information 

773
00:43:59,100 --> 00:44:03,900
going unnoticed, this wasn't a 
flaw, but a necessary feature of

774
00:44:03,900 --> 00:44:08,100
how mind worked Filtering. 
Vast amounts of information to 

775
00:44:08,100 --> 00:44:09,700
manage what seemed most 
relevant. 

776
00:44:10,900 --> 00:44:13,600
Cassidy limits of attention were
measured in various ways. 

777
00:44:14,600 --> 00:44:16,900
How many objects could someone 
track simultaneously? 

778
00:44:16,900 --> 00:44:20,800
How quickly could attention 
shift between different tasks? 

779
00:44:21,700 --> 00:44:24,600
How did dividing attention 
between multiple things affect 

780
00:44:24,600 --> 00:44:27,800
performance on each? 
The answers varied somewhat. 

781
00:44:27,800 --> 00:44:31,600
But showed consistent patterns 
visual attention was studied, 

782
00:44:31,600 --> 00:44:35,700
using simple displays arrays of 
letters, or symbols were 

783
00:44:35,700 --> 00:44:38,700
presented briefly and people 
reported what they saw. 

784
00:44:39,800 --> 00:44:43,100
Results showed that only a few 
items could be consciously 

785
00:44:43,100 --> 00:44:46,000
perceived at once. 
Even though the, I received 

786
00:44:46,000 --> 00:44:50,000
information about the entire 
display, Most visual 

787
00:44:50,000 --> 00:44:53,700
information, never reached 
conscious awareness auditory 

788
00:44:53,700 --> 00:44:57,000
attention showed similar 
selectivity in a room full of 

789
00:44:57,008 --> 00:44:59,900
conversation. 
You could focus on one speaker 

790
00:44:59,900 --> 00:45:03,200
and follow what they said. 
While other voices became 

791
00:45:03,200 --> 00:45:07,200
background noise. 
This selective listening later 

792
00:45:07,200 --> 00:45:10,500
called the cocktail, party 
effect, demonstrated, how 

793
00:45:10,500 --> 00:45:12,800
powerful attention could filter 
information? 

794
00:45:14,000 --> 00:45:16,000
Learning through. 
Practice showed interesting 

795
00:45:16,000 --> 00:45:19,900
patterns. when people first 
attempted an unfamiliar tasks, 

796
00:45:19,900 --> 00:45:24,400
the needed to Think Through each
step deliberately with 

797
00:45:24,400 --> 00:45:28,000
repetition, the task became 
smoother and required less 

798
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:31,000
conscious attention. 
Eventually, it could be 

799
00:45:31,000 --> 00:45:32,700
performed. 
Almost automatically 

800
00:45:32,700 --> 00:45:35,100
researchers. 
Traced this progression 

801
00:45:35,100 --> 00:45:37,500
carefully. 
They had volunteers practice 

802
00:45:37,500 --> 00:45:40,500
simple activities like tapping 
patterns, or solving basic 

803
00:45:40,500 --> 00:45:44,300
problems measuring speed and 
accuracy across many sessions. 

804
00:45:44,300 --> 00:45:50,000
The improvements were consistent
quick gains at first then 

805
00:45:50,000 --> 00:45:53,100
gradual refinement, eventually, 
reaching a plateau, where 

806
00:45:53,100 --> 00:45:55,200
further practice produced little
change. 

807
00:45:55,900 --> 00:45:59,600
This suggested that learning 
involved forming habits, stable 

808
00:45:59,600 --> 00:46:02,300
patterns of action, that 
required minimal thought once 

809
00:46:02,300 --> 00:46:05,600
established. 
Habits free detention for other 

810
00:46:05,600 --> 00:46:09,000
things, an experienced piano 
player could focus on 

811
00:46:09,000 --> 00:46:11,100
expression. 
While fingers, found notes 

812
00:46:11,100 --> 00:46:15,000
automatically, a skilled reader 
could attend to meaning while 

813
00:46:15,000 --> 00:46:17,200
recognizing words without 
conscious effort. 

814
00:46:18,500 --> 00:46:21,200
The role of mistakes and 
learning was noticed early. 

815
00:46:21,800 --> 00:46:25,000
When people made errors during 
practice the often corrected 

816
00:46:25,000 --> 00:46:26,800
themselves on subsequent 
attempts. 

817
00:46:27,700 --> 00:46:30,500
This self-correction seemed 
important for improvement. 

818
00:46:30,500 --> 00:46:34,800
Simply repeating actions without
noticing and adjusting mistakes 

819
00:46:34,800 --> 00:46:36,000
didn't lead to better 
performance. 

820
00:46:37,100 --> 00:46:38,800
Feedback proved essential for 
learning. 

821
00:46:39,800 --> 00:46:42,600
When people received clear 
information about whether their 

822
00:46:42,600 --> 00:46:45,500
responses were correct, they 
improved faster than when 

823
00:46:45,500 --> 00:46:49,400
practicing without feedback. 
This applied to both simple 

824
00:46:49,400 --> 00:46:51,800
motor tasks and more complex 
problem solving. 

825
00:46:52,700 --> 00:46:55,700
Researchers also studied how 
people grouped information to 

826
00:46:55,700 --> 00:47:00,000
make it easier to remember? 
Instead of memorizing, 15 random

827
00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:03,300
numbers, someone might notice 
patterns or break the sequence 

828
00:47:03,300 --> 00:47:07,000
into smaller chunks, this 
organizational strategy helped 

829
00:47:07,000 --> 00:47:09,600
memory even though the amount of
information remained the same 

830
00:47:09,600 --> 00:47:13,000
the capacity to organize 
information seem to distinguish 

831
00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:17,400
expert from novice performance. 
Experts didn't necessarily have 

832
00:47:17,400 --> 00:47:20,300
better or memory. 
The organized information, more 

833
00:47:20,300 --> 00:47:24,100
efficiently, recognizing 
patterns, and chunking details 

834
00:47:24,100 --> 00:47:27,600
into meaningful units. 
This reduced the memory load and

835
00:47:27,600 --> 00:47:31,400
made information easier to 
retrieve context, affected 

836
00:47:31,400 --> 00:47:35,200
everything people remembered 
information better when tested 

837
00:47:35,200 --> 00:47:37,000
in the same environment where 
they learned it. 

838
00:47:37,800 --> 00:47:40,600
They performed tasks more 
successfully when conditions 

839
00:47:40,600 --> 00:47:43,800
match their practice session. 
This suggested that memory 

840
00:47:43,800 --> 00:47:46,700
wasn't just about storing 
information, but about 

841
00:47:46,700 --> 00:47:49,100
connecting it to circumstances 
and surroundings. 

842
00:47:50,300 --> 00:47:52,500
Physical state during learning 
mattered. 

843
00:47:53,300 --> 00:47:56,500
Being tired or uncomfortable 
during study made later recall 

844
00:47:56,500 --> 00:47:59,100
more difficult. 
Being alert and comfortable 

845
00:47:59,100 --> 00:48:02,100
helped. 
The body's condition influenced 

846
00:48:02,100 --> 00:48:04,900
the minds function in ways that 
were obvious but not yet 

847
00:48:04,900 --> 00:48:08,000
understood. 
Researchers noted individual 

848
00:48:08,000 --> 00:48:09,500
differences throughout these 
studies. 

849
00:48:09,500 --> 00:48:13,600
Some people had naturally better
memory others learned motor 

850
00:48:13,600 --> 00:48:16,400
skills more quickly. 
Still others showed Superior 

851
00:48:16,400 --> 00:48:20,700
attention or faster perception. 
These variations were documented

852
00:48:20,700 --> 00:48:24,000
but not easily explained. 
The question of whether practice

853
00:48:24,000 --> 00:48:26,900
could overcome natural 
differences, remained uncertain.

854
00:48:27,600 --> 00:48:30,600
Some evidence suggested that 
extensive practice could bring 

855
00:48:30,600 --> 00:48:33,000
almost anyone to high levels of 
performance. 

856
00:48:33,800 --> 00:48:36,900
Other evidence suggested limits 
that practice couldn't fully 

857
00:48:36,900 --> 00:48:39,700
overcome. 
The interaction between talent 

858
00:48:39,700 --> 00:48:43,300
and training remained complex. 
Teague effects, appeared, 

859
00:48:43,300 --> 00:48:46,600
repeatedly, and studies. 
The performance declined. 

860
00:48:46,600 --> 00:48:50,200
After extended periods of work 
errors became more common 

861
00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:54,400
reaction times. 
Slowed restored abilities. 

862
00:48:54,400 --> 00:48:58,600
Sometimes even improving them 
Beyond prefer t-levels as if the

863
00:48:58,600 --> 00:49:00,600
brake allowed consolidation of 
learning. 

864
00:49:01,500 --> 00:49:04,300
This made long experimental 
sessions in practical. 

865
00:49:05,100 --> 00:49:07,600
After an hour or two 
participants showed clear signs 

866
00:49:07,600 --> 00:49:11,400
of tiredness, continuing 
produced unreliable data. 

867
00:49:12,400 --> 00:49:16,000
Better to stop rest and resume 
the next day than to push 

868
00:49:16,000 --> 00:49:20,200
through decline in performance. 
The accumulated findings from 

869
00:49:20,200 --> 00:49:22,200
memory perception and learning 
studies. 

870
00:49:22,200 --> 00:49:26,100
Created a picture of mine as 
active limited and shaped by 

871
00:49:26,108 --> 00:49:29,800
experience. people didn't 
passively receive information, 

872
00:49:29,800 --> 00:49:34,600
but actively processed it, 
filtered by attention organized,

873
00:49:34,600 --> 00:49:38,500
by prior knowledge and stored in
forms that made later retrieval 

874
00:49:38,500 --> 00:49:42,500
possible but not guaranteed 
These findings were modest but 

875
00:49:42,500 --> 00:49:46,400
genuine they described real 
regularities and how Minds 

876
00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:49,900
worked they could be replicated 
in different Laboratories by 

877
00:49:49,900 --> 00:49:52,800
different researchers. 
They formed a foundation of 

878
00:49:52,800 --> 00:49:56,400
reliable knowledge even though 
much about underlying mechanisms

879
00:49:56,400 --> 00:50:01,100
remained unknown As daylight 
faded, early psychologists often

880
00:50:01,100 --> 00:50:05,200
turned from active research to 
quieter work, evenings were for 

881
00:50:05,200 --> 00:50:09,400
reviewing the days observations 
organizing notes and writing up 

882
00:50:09,400 --> 00:50:12,800
findings. 
This transition from doing to 

883
00:50:12,800 --> 00:50:15,500
reflecting was built into the 
rhythm of scholarly life. 

884
00:50:15,500 --> 00:50:18,600
Laboratory trees emptied. 
His evening approached, 

885
00:50:18,600 --> 00:50:22,500
volunteers went home. 
Equipment was put away carefully

886
00:50:22,500 --> 00:50:25,000
cleaned and prepared for the 
next day. 

887
00:50:26,100 --> 00:50:28,500
Researchers gathered their 
notebooks and returned to 

888
00:50:28,500 --> 00:50:31,600
offices or personal studies to 
continue working in a different 

889
00:50:31,600 --> 00:50:34,100
mode. 
Writing was done by hand, 

890
00:50:34,100 --> 00:50:37,100
sometimes by Lamplight or 
Gaslight before. 

891
00:50:37,100 --> 00:50:40,900
Electric lighting became common 
The physical act of writing was 

892
00:50:40,900 --> 00:50:44,800
slow, requiring thought about 
each sentence before committing 

893
00:50:44,800 --> 00:50:48,200
it to paper. 
Revisions meant recopy entire 

894
00:50:48,200 --> 00:50:50,500
Pages. 
This enforced, deliberation 

895
00:50:50,500 --> 00:50:54,300
matched, the careful nature of 
the research itself, notes from 

896
00:50:54,300 --> 00:50:58,500
experiments needed organization,
raw observations had to be 

897
00:50:58,500 --> 00:51:02,800
sorted, patterns identified, and
preliminary interpretations 

898
00:51:02,800 --> 00:51:05,600
considered. 
This work required 

899
00:51:05,600 --> 00:51:08,800
concentration, but was less 
mentally taxing than conducting 

900
00:51:08,800 --> 00:51:11,800
experiments. 
It felt more contemplative 

901
00:51:11,800 --> 00:51:14,700
allowing researchers to see 
their findings from a slight 

902
00:51:14,708 --> 00:51:17,200
distance. 
Many researchers. 

903
00:51:17,200 --> 00:51:20,600
Kept detailed research journals 
separate from their experimental

904
00:51:20,600 --> 00:51:23,500
notes. 
These journals included thoughts

905
00:51:23,500 --> 00:51:28,300
about methodology questions that
arose during the day ideas for 

906
00:51:28,300 --> 00:51:33,000
future studies and Reflections 
on challenges encountered. they 

907
00:51:33,000 --> 00:51:36,300
served as private spaces for 
working through uncertainty, 

908
00:51:36,300 --> 00:51:40,800
without the pressure of formal 
presentation, Writing for 

909
00:51:40,800 --> 00:51:44,900
publication was a different task
entirely articles needed to 

910
00:51:44,900 --> 00:51:48,600
clear structure and precise 
language finding had to be 

911
00:51:48,608 --> 00:51:52,400
presented objectively without 
overstating their significance. 

912
00:51:53,300 --> 00:51:56,300
Methods required enough detail 
that others could replicate the 

913
00:51:56,300 --> 00:51:58,800
work. 
This demanded Clarity that was 

914
00:51:58,808 --> 00:52:01,100
harder to achieve than the 
original research. 

915
00:52:02,000 --> 00:52:05,500
The process usually began with 
an outline main finding would be

916
00:52:05,500 --> 00:52:08,000
identified. 
Then organized into a logical 

917
00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:11,100
sequence supporting evidence 
would be arranged. 

918
00:52:11,800 --> 00:52:15,300
Connect connections to previous 
research would be noted only 

919
00:52:15,300 --> 00:52:18,300
after this organizational work 
would actual writing begin. 

920
00:52:19,200 --> 00:52:22,700
First drafts were often rough. 
Getting ideas onto paper 

921
00:52:22,700 --> 00:52:26,400
mattered, more than polish 
later, revisions would refine 

922
00:52:26,400 --> 00:52:29,200
language, clarify arguments, and
correct errors. 

923
00:52:30,100 --> 00:52:33,500
Multiple drafts were normal each
improving on the last through 

924
00:52:33,500 --> 00:52:37,000
careful editing. 
Reading drafts, allowed helped, 

925
00:52:37,000 --> 00:52:39,600
catch, awkward phrasing and 
logical gaps. 

926
00:52:39,600 --> 00:52:42,900
Hearing the words, revealed 
problems that silent reading 

927
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:45,700
mist. 
Many researchers made this part 

928
00:52:45,700 --> 00:52:48,700
of their revision process. 
Speaking their writing to 

929
00:52:48,708 --> 00:52:52,000
themselves in quiet rooms 
colleague, sometimes review 

930
00:52:52,000 --> 00:52:55,800
drafts before submission, to 
journals trusted friend, might 

931
00:52:55,800 --> 00:52:57,300
read a paper and offer 
suggestions. 

932
00:52:57,300 --> 00:53:01,800
This informal peer review, helps
strengthen arguments, and catch 

933
00:53:01,800 --> 00:53:04,500
oversights. 
It also provided emotional 

934
00:53:04,500 --> 00:53:07,100
support reassuring. 
Authors that their work had 

935
00:53:07,100 --> 00:53:10,500
value. 
Researchers typically worked on 

936
00:53:10,500 --> 00:53:12,600
several writing projects and 
maintenance Lee. 

937
00:53:13,400 --> 00:53:15,400
Paper. 
Describing a completed study 

938
00:53:15,400 --> 00:53:19,300
might be in revision while 
another was being drafted and a 

939
00:53:19,300 --> 00:53:21,400
third was still just an outline 
with notes. 

940
00:53:22,300 --> 00:53:25,100
This allowed them to shift 
between projects depending on 

941
00:53:25,108 --> 00:53:29,900
energy and inspirational. 
Some days writing floaties Lee. 

942
00:53:30,500 --> 00:53:34,200
Ideas, connected naturally 
arguments assembled themselves 

943
00:53:34,200 --> 00:53:38,900
and the right words appeared. 
Other days, every sentence 

944
00:53:38,900 --> 00:53:41,700
required effort and nothing 
seemed to come together 

945
00:53:41,700 --> 00:53:44,700
properly. 
Researchers learn to accept this

946
00:53:44,700 --> 00:53:48,900
variation working, when writing 
came easily and doing other 

947
00:53:48,900 --> 00:53:50,000
tasks. 
When it didn't. 

948
00:53:51,200 --> 00:53:55,200
Evening, writing sessions often,
included correspondence letters 

949
00:53:55,200 --> 00:53:57,900
to colleagues. 
Discussing research responding 

950
00:53:57,900 --> 00:54:01,200
to questions about published 
work or simply maintaining 

951
00:54:01,200 --> 00:54:04,900
professional friendships were 
common These exchanges kept 

952
00:54:04,900 --> 00:54:08,200
researchers connected to the 
broader community and provided 

953
00:54:08,200 --> 00:54:10,700
informal feedback on developing 
ideas. 

954
00:54:11,700 --> 00:54:14,200
The tone of letters was 
typically warm and personal 

955
00:54:14,200 --> 00:54:18,000
researchers shared, not just 
findings, but also struggles, 

956
00:54:18,000 --> 00:54:22,900
uncertainties and questioned. 
They offered encouragement and 

957
00:54:22,900 --> 00:54:25,900
suggestions, they built 
relationships that went beyond 

958
00:54:25,900 --> 00:54:29,000
purely, professional 
interaction, Some researchers 

959
00:54:29,000 --> 00:54:31,700
preferred dictating to 
assistance rather than writing 

960
00:54:31,700 --> 00:54:34,600
directly. 
Speaking thoughts, allowed 

961
00:54:34,600 --> 00:54:39,100
sometimes made arguments clearer
assistant would transcribe, then

962
00:54:39,100 --> 00:54:42,400
researchers would review. 
And revise the written text this

963
00:54:42,400 --> 00:54:45,700
collaboration was practical, 
that also shaped how ideas were 

964
00:54:45,700 --> 00:54:48,800
expressed. 
Reading, others work was an 

965
00:54:48,800 --> 00:54:52,000
essential evening activity, new 
Journal issues arrived, 

966
00:54:52,000 --> 00:54:55,300
regularly, requiring review, 
books from colleagues, needed 

967
00:54:55,300 --> 00:54:58,500
tension, staying current, with 
the field meant spending 

968
00:54:58,500 --> 00:55:01,300
considerable time. 
Reading considering others 

969
00:55:01,300 --> 00:55:04,600
methods and findings and 
thinking about how they related 

970
00:55:04,600 --> 00:55:08,000
to one's own research. 
This reading wasn't passive, 

971
00:55:08,000 --> 00:55:12,600
researchers took notes wrote, 
marginal comments and sometimes 

972
00:55:12,600 --> 00:55:17,200
drafted responses or critiques. 
Engaging, actively with others, 

973
00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:21,500
ideas, helped clarify, their own
thinking, it also revealed gaps 

974
00:55:21,500 --> 00:55:24,200
in the field that might suggest 
new research directions. 

975
00:55:25,300 --> 00:55:27,800
Occasionally reading sparked, 
immediate inspiration. 

976
00:55:27,800 --> 00:55:31,300
An article might mention a 
method that could be adapted or 

977
00:55:31,300 --> 00:55:34,800
described a finding that 
connected unexpectedly to the 

978
00:55:34,800 --> 00:55:38,000
Red Zone work. 
These moments of recognition 

979
00:55:38,000 --> 00:55:41,900
felt valuable worth the hours of
routine, reading that proceeded 

980
00:55:41,900 --> 00:55:46,600
them Evening's also brought a 
Ministry of work teaching needed

981
00:55:46,600 --> 00:55:50,500
preparation laboratory supplies 
had to be ordered students 

982
00:55:50,500 --> 00:55:54,400
papers required reading and 
feedback. these practical tasks 

983
00:55:54,400 --> 00:55:57,800
interrupted intellectual work, 
but when necessary parts of 

984
00:55:57,800 --> 00:56:02,500
academic life, Despite these 
demands evenings, generally felt

985
00:56:02,500 --> 00:56:06,000
calmer than days, the pressure 
to produce immediate results. 

986
00:56:06,000 --> 00:56:09,400
Eased, there was space for 
thinking that wandered Beyond 

987
00:56:09,400 --> 00:56:12,600
current projects for considering
larger questions about the 

988
00:56:12,600 --> 00:56:14,800
fields Direction. 
And for wondering about 

989
00:56:14,800 --> 00:56:17,300
problems, that had no Clear 
Solutions yet. 

990
00:56:18,200 --> 00:56:21,100
Some researchers worked late 
into the night when particularly

991
00:56:21,100 --> 00:56:23,900
engaged with the writing project
or interesting problem. 

992
00:56:24,700 --> 00:56:28,700
Others maintain strict schedules
stopping work at a set, our 

993
00:56:28,700 --> 00:56:30,600
regardless of what remained 
undone. 

994
00:56:31,200 --> 00:56:33,700
Both approaches reflected 
different temperaments, but 

995
00:56:33,700 --> 00:56:36,600
similar recognition that 
sustainable work. 

996
00:56:36,600 --> 00:56:40,100
Required boundaries, the 
physical setting of evening work

997
00:56:40,100 --> 00:56:44,800
mattered, a comfortable chair, 
adequate light, and minimal 

998
00:56:44,800 --> 00:56:47,400
distraction. 
All contributed to sustained 

999
00:56:47,400 --> 00:56:50,800
concentration. 
Many researchers, cultivated 

1000
00:56:50,800 --> 00:56:54,700
particular spaces for writing 
places that felt conducive to 

1001
00:56:54,700 --> 00:56:57,800
focused thought. 
Temperature and air quality 

1002
00:56:57,800 --> 00:57:00,800
affected. 
Even in productivity rooms that 

1003
00:57:00,800 --> 00:57:04,800
were too warm made concentration
difficult, poor ventilation 

1004
00:57:04,800 --> 00:57:07,500
created stuffiness that 
interfered with thinking. 

1005
00:57:08,600 --> 00:57:12,100
Researchers learn to maintain 
comfortable conditions, opening 

1006
00:57:12,100 --> 00:57:14,300
Windows or adjusting heating as 
needed. 

1007
00:57:14,300 --> 00:57:18,300
Some people worked better with 
complete silence others, 

1008
00:57:18,300 --> 00:57:22,500
preferred soft background. 
Sounds Few worked in cafes or 

1009
00:57:22,500 --> 00:57:26,100
libraries finding that ambient 
activity, helped them, Focus. 

1010
00:57:27,200 --> 00:57:30,700
Personal preferences varied, but
everyone recognized the 

1011
00:57:30,700 --> 00:57:32,100
environment influenced work 
quality. 

1012
00:57:33,000 --> 00:57:35,200
Before sleep, many researchers, 
spent time with 

1013
00:57:35,200 --> 00:57:37,600
non-professional, reading or 
family activities. 

1014
00:57:38,500 --> 00:57:41,600
They recognize that stepping 
fully away from work, help them 

1015
00:57:41,600 --> 00:57:44,300
return to it refreshed. 
The Mind needed. 

1016
00:57:44,300 --> 00:57:46,500
Variety. 
Not just rest. 

1017
00:57:47,300 --> 00:57:50,200
Like reading before bed help 
transition towards sleep, 

1018
00:57:50,200 --> 00:57:54,400
nothing too engaging or 
thought-provoking just Pleasant 

1019
00:57:54,400 --> 00:57:56,400
material. 
That didn't demand intense 

1020
00:57:56,400 --> 00:58:01,400
concentration. 
Novels essays poetry, anything 

1021
00:58:01,400 --> 00:58:05,700
that felt relaxing rather than 
stimulating evening routines, 

1022
00:58:05,700 --> 00:58:08,900
often included reviewing the 
next day's planes, what 

1023
00:58:08,900 --> 00:58:13,000
experiments was scheduled, what 
writing needed attention, what 

1024
00:58:13,000 --> 00:58:15,500
meetings or teaching obligations
existed. 

1025
00:58:16,200 --> 00:58:19,000
This brief preview helped 
organize thoughts and reduced 

1026
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:23,200
morning uncertainly. transition 
from evening, work to rest was 

1027
00:58:23,200 --> 00:58:27,800
gradual rather than abrupt work 
intensity decreased in stages. 

1028
00:58:28,600 --> 00:58:32,200
Demanding writing, gave way to 
lighter reading, which gave way 

1029
00:58:32,200 --> 00:58:35,800
to Casual activities, which gave
way to prepare for sleep. 

1030
00:58:35,800 --> 00:58:39,300
This gentle progression 
respected, natural rhythms 

1031
00:58:39,300 --> 00:58:42,500
rather than fighting them. 
This evening rhythm of 

1032
00:58:42,500 --> 00:58:47,100
reflection writing reading and 
gradual disengagement created 

1033
00:58:47,100 --> 00:58:51,300
continuity, between active 
research and restorative rest. 

1034
00:58:52,100 --> 00:58:55,700
Work didn't stop abruptly, but 
transitioned through stages of 

1035
00:58:55,700 --> 00:58:58,900
decreasing intensity until sleep
could arrive naturally. 

1036
00:58:59,800 --> 00:59:02,300
Sleep was understood as 
essential for mental function, 

1037
00:59:02,300 --> 00:59:05,800
long before psychologists 
studied its systematically. 

1038
00:59:05,800 --> 00:59:10,600
Everyone knew that poor sleep 
made thinking difficult and that

1039
00:59:10,600 --> 00:59:13,500
adequate rest, improved 
concentration and memory. 

1040
00:59:14,300 --> 00:59:17,000
This common knowledge shaped how
researchers approached their 

1041
00:59:17,000 --> 00:59:19,800
work. 
Evening routines often included,

1042
00:59:19,800 --> 00:59:23,600
winding down deliberately. 
After finishing work researchers

1043
00:59:23,600 --> 00:59:26,500
might read something under 
demanding, take an evening, walk

1044
00:59:26,500 --> 00:59:31,200
or engage in like conversation. 
These activities help transition

1045
00:59:31,200 --> 00:59:34,600
from the focused attention of 
work to the relaxed State 

1046
00:59:34,600 --> 00:59:38,300
conducive to sleep. 
The importance of regular sleep 

1047
00:59:38,300 --> 00:59:41,800
schedule was recognized. 
Early going to bed at roughly 

1048
00:59:41,800 --> 00:59:43,800
the same time. 
Each night made falling asleep, 

1049
00:59:43,800 --> 00:59:47,100
easier. 
Waking at consistent times, made

1050
00:59:47,100 --> 00:59:50,000
mornings less difficult. 
The body seemed to func 

1051
00:59:50,000 --> 00:59:51,900
function. 
Better with predictable rhythms 

1052
00:59:51,900 --> 00:59:54,500
bedrooms were kept simple and 
comfortable. 

1053
00:59:54,500 --> 00:59:59,000
Heavy curtains blocked light. 
Betting was clean and warm 

1054
00:59:59,000 --> 01:00:03,200
temperatures were kept moderate.
These practical Arrangements, 

1055
01:00:03,200 --> 01:00:06,700
reflected and understanding that
the environment affected Sleep 

1056
01:00:06,700 --> 01:00:09,600
Quality. 
Dreams were acknowledged as part

1057
01:00:09,600 --> 01:00:12,700
of mental life, but remained 
largely unexplored. 

1058
01:00:13,700 --> 01:00:17,500
People remember dreams with 
varying Clarity, some mornings 

1059
01:00:17,500 --> 01:00:20,900
brought Vivid recall of strange,
narratives, and images. 

1060
01:00:20,900 --> 01:00:24,300
Other mornings dreams 
disappeared immediately upon 

1061
01:00:24,300 --> 01:00:26,800
waking leaving only vague 
impressions. 

1062
01:00:27,900 --> 01:00:31,000
Researchers occasionally kept 
dream journals recording what 

1063
01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:35,600
they remembered upon waking. 
Patterns emerged dreams, often 

1064
01:00:35,600 --> 01:00:38,900
included elements from recent 
experience is mixed with older 

1065
01:00:38,900 --> 01:00:41,000
memories and impossible 
combination. 

1066
01:00:41,000 --> 01:00:44,900
They felt real while happening 
but became obviously irrational 

1067
01:00:44,900 --> 01:00:48,000
upon waking. 
What dreams men or how they 

1068
01:00:48,000 --> 01:00:50,300
related to waking thought 
remained unclear. 

1069
01:00:51,400 --> 01:00:54,000
Some researchers suspected 
dreams might reveal something 

1070
01:00:54,000 --> 01:00:57,500
about how memory worked. 
Showing how the mind combined 

1071
01:00:57,500 --> 01:01:01,200
information in unusual ways, 
others thought dreams might 

1072
01:01:01,200 --> 01:01:03,600
simply be random, mental 
activity during sleep. 

1073
01:01:03,600 --> 01:01:05,800
Meaningful. 
Only in their meaninglessness. 

1074
01:01:07,200 --> 01:01:10,900
The content of Dreams varied 
enormously between individuals 

1075
01:01:10,900 --> 01:01:14,700
and across nights. 
Some dreams felt coherent with 

1076
01:01:14,700 --> 01:01:18,600
recognizable narratives and 
clear sequences others. 

1077
01:01:18,600 --> 01:01:22,400
Were fragmentary jumping between
scenes without connection. 

1078
01:01:22,400 --> 01:01:25,500
Emotions in dreams could be 
intense. 

1079
01:01:25,500 --> 01:01:29,700
Sometimes, more Vivid than 
waking feelings, recurring 

1080
01:01:29,700 --> 01:01:33,600
dreams were noted, as curious 
phenomena the same scenes or 

1081
01:01:33,600 --> 01:01:36,600
situations might appear 
repeatedly over months, or 

1082
01:01:36,600 --> 01:01:39,900
years, these repetitions 
suggested, some kind of 

1083
01:01:39,908 --> 01:01:43,100
significance, but what they 
meant remained mysterious. 

1084
01:01:44,000 --> 01:01:45,800
Nightmares. 
Occasionally troubled, sleep. 

1085
01:01:46,700 --> 01:01:49,600
Most people experience the 
occasionally they typically 

1086
01:01:49,600 --> 01:01:53,100
involved threats or danger, 
creating anxiety that could wake

1087
01:01:53,100 --> 01:01:56,500
the sleeper. 
On waking the threat revealed 

1088
01:01:56,500 --> 01:01:59,000
itself as imaginary. 
But the emotional impact, 

1089
01:01:59,000 --> 01:02:03,300
lingard Without methods for 
studying dreams systematically, 

1090
01:02:03,300 --> 01:02:06,000
they remained personal 
experience as rather than 

1091
01:02:06,000 --> 01:02:09,600
scientific data. 
Researchers, noted them with 

1092
01:02:09,608 --> 01:02:12,200
interest but didn't build 
theories around them. 

1093
01:02:13,100 --> 01:02:15,500
Focused stayed on aspects of 
mental life. 

1094
01:02:15,500 --> 01:02:17,900
That could be observed and 
measured during waking hours. 

1095
01:02:17,900 --> 01:02:23,100
The quality of sleep, affected 
research directly, After a poor 

1096
01:02:23,100 --> 01:02:27,300
night's rest experiments. 
Took longer, mistakes increased 

1097
01:02:27,300 --> 01:02:31,700
and patience wore thin. 
Researchers learned to postpone 

1098
01:02:31,700 --> 01:02:35,200
difficult work, when they felt 
tired, recognizing that forcing 

1099
01:02:35,200 --> 01:02:38,800
concentration when exhausted 
produced unreliable results. 

1100
01:02:39,600 --> 01:02:42,200
This meant treating sleep. 
As a professional necessity, 

1101
01:02:42,200 --> 01:02:46,000
rather than a personal weakness,
taking time to rest properly, 

1102
01:02:46,000 --> 01:02:48,400
wasn't Indulgence. 
But practical requirement for 

1103
01:02:48,400 --> 01:02:51,900
good work. 
Universities generally supported

1104
01:02:51,900 --> 01:02:53,300
this through reasonable 
schedule. 

1105
01:02:53,300 --> 01:02:55,100
That didn't demand constant 
availability. 

1106
01:02:56,400 --> 01:02:59,900
Seasonal patterns influence, 
sleep and work winter, Darkness 

1107
01:02:59,900 --> 01:03:02,500
meant longer evening's and later
Mourning's. 

1108
01:03:03,200 --> 01:03:06,900
Summer, light extended active 
hours, but invited, more time 

1109
01:03:06,900 --> 01:03:09,600
Outdoors. 
Researchers adjusted their 

1110
01:03:09,600 --> 01:03:12,500
shared Jewels with Seasons 
rather than fighting natural 

1111
01:03:12,500 --> 01:03:15,200
rhythms. 
The relationship between mental 

1112
01:03:15,200 --> 01:03:18,400
work and physical, rest was 
noted, but not fully understood.

1113
01:03:19,400 --> 01:03:22,400
Thinking hard seemed to require 
physical recovery just as 

1114
01:03:22,400 --> 01:03:23,300
manual. 
Labor did. 

1115
01:03:24,100 --> 01:03:28,100
A day of intense mental effort, 
left people genuinely tired 

1116
01:03:28,100 --> 01:03:31,400
needing sleep as much as someone
who had worked physically. 

1117
01:03:32,300 --> 01:03:34,600
Some researchers wondered 
whether different types of 

1118
01:03:34,600 --> 01:03:38,200
mental work required. 
Different kinds of rest. did 

1119
01:03:38,200 --> 01:03:41,000
creative thinking deplete 
resources differently than 

1120
01:03:41,000 --> 01:03:45,400
memorization, or calculation did
some activities actually restore

1121
01:03:45,400 --> 01:03:49,100
mental energy rather than 
consuming it These questions 

1122
01:03:49,100 --> 01:03:53,100
were raised but not answered. 
What was clear was that regular 

1123
01:03:53,100 --> 01:03:55,200
sleep pattern supported better 
thinking? 

1124
01:03:56,100 --> 01:03:58,600
Going to bed and waking it 
consistent Times. 

1125
01:03:58,600 --> 01:04:02,200
May daily work easier 
irregularly sleep disrupted 

1126
01:04:02,200 --> 01:04:06,100
concentration and mood making 
routine tasks feel harder than 

1127
01:04:06,100 --> 01:04:08,800
they should. 
Physical activity during the 

1128
01:04:08,800 --> 01:04:11,100
days seem to promote better 
sleep at night. 

1129
01:04:12,000 --> 01:04:15,300
Researchers who took walks or 
engaged in latex exercise, 

1130
01:04:15,300 --> 01:04:18,800
reported sleeping more soundly 
than those who remained set 

1131
01:04:18,800 --> 01:04:21,400
entry. 
This suggested connections 

1132
01:04:21,400 --> 01:04:23,700
between physical and mental 
states that were yet. 

1133
01:04:23,700 --> 01:04:28,500
Understood Diet affected 
sleepers, well heavy Meals late 

1134
01:04:28,500 --> 01:04:31,400
in the evening made, rest 
uncomfortable, stimulating 

1135
01:04:31,400 --> 01:04:34,200
drinks, like coffee or tea 
interfere with falling asleep. 

1136
01:04:34,200 --> 01:04:38,600
If consumed to close to bedtime.
Moderation and timing, matted 

1137
01:04:38,600 --> 01:04:43,100
naps, occasionally appeared in 
researchers, schedule's a brief 

1138
01:04:43,100 --> 01:04:45,900
off of new rest could Restore 
alertness for evening work. 

1139
01:04:46,800 --> 01:04:50,200
This wasn't seen as laziness, 
but as an efficient use of 

1140
01:04:50,208 --> 01:04:54,600
Natural Energy patterns. 
Some people felt renewed after 

1141
01:04:54,600 --> 01:04:59,200
20 minutes of rest, others 
needed longer but the principle 

1142
01:04:59,200 --> 01:05:02,000
of midday recovery was widely 
accepted. 

1143
01:05:03,100 --> 01:05:06,100
The practice of napping varied 
by culture and individual 

1144
01:05:06,100 --> 01:05:08,900
preference. 
Some researchers found them. 

1145
01:05:08,900 --> 01:05:10,900
Essential others. 
Never knapped. 

1146
01:05:11,900 --> 01:05:15,600
Both groups recognized that What
mattered was total rest quality.

1147
01:05:15,600 --> 01:05:19,300
Over a full day and night not 
adherence to any particular 

1148
01:05:19,300 --> 01:05:22,600
pattern. 
The transition to sleep was 

1149
01:05:22,600 --> 01:05:24,800
sometimes described in the 
research notes. 

1150
01:05:25,600 --> 01:05:28,700
People noticed the drift from 
waking thought to sleeps Edge, 

1151
01:05:28,700 --> 01:05:32,200
when ideas became less 
controlled and logic, loosened. 

1152
01:05:33,000 --> 01:05:36,100
This transitional State felt 
distinct from both alert, 

1153
01:05:36,100 --> 01:05:40,100
Consciousness and full sleeve. 
Suggesting that mental States 

1154
01:05:40,100 --> 01:05:44,000
existed on a Continuum rather 
than a sharp categories. 

1155
01:05:45,000 --> 01:05:47,500
thoughts while falling asleep 
off, often had a dream like 

1156
01:05:47,500 --> 01:05:51,100
quality more associative and 
less constrained the normal 

1157
01:05:51,100 --> 01:05:55,800
thinking Images might appear, 
spontaneously ideas, might 

1158
01:05:55,800 --> 01:06:00,000
connect in unexpected ways, this
state could occasionally yield 

1159
01:06:00,000 --> 01:06:03,700
insights, that more focused 
thinking missed. some 

1160
01:06:03,700 --> 01:06:06,300
researchers kept paper and Pen 
beside their beds to capture 

1161
01:06:06,300 --> 01:06:09,700
late night, thoughts, And idea 
that seemed important while 

1162
01:06:09,700 --> 01:06:11,600
falling asleep, might vanish by 
morning. 

1163
01:06:12,400 --> 01:06:14,800
Writing it down. 
Preserved it though. 

1164
01:06:14,800 --> 01:06:17,500
Morning often revealed that the 
Insight was less significant 

1165
01:06:17,500 --> 01:06:21,400
than it seemed in the moment. 
Morning, waking brought its own 

1166
01:06:21,408 --> 01:06:23,600
patterns. 
Some people woke alert 

1167
01:06:23,600 --> 01:06:26,800
immediately others needed. 
Time for full Consciousness to 

1168
01:06:26,800 --> 01:06:30,800
return. these differences seem 
stable for each individual, 

1169
01:06:30,800 --> 01:06:35,100
another example of variation, 
within General patterns, The 

1170
01:06:35,108 --> 01:06:37,800
first thoughts upon waking 
sometimes addressed problems 

1171
01:06:37,800 --> 01:06:39,400
that had been troubling the day 
before. 

1172
01:06:40,300 --> 01:06:42,200
The mine seemed to have worked 
on the during sleep, 

1173
01:06:42,200 --> 01:06:45,600
occasionally producing Solutions
or New Perspectives. 

1174
01:06:46,400 --> 01:06:49,200
This wasn't guaranteed, but it 
happened off in enough to be 

1175
01:06:49,208 --> 01:06:52,600
noticed and valued. 
The role of sleep in memory was 

1176
01:06:52,600 --> 01:06:56,300
suspected but not proven. 
Researchers noticed that 

1177
01:06:56,300 --> 01:06:59,900
material studied before sleep, 
sometimes seemed clearer than 

1178
01:06:59,900 --> 01:07:02,800
the next morning. 
This suggested sleep, might help

1179
01:07:02,800 --> 01:07:06,400
organize or strengthen memories 
though the mechanisms remain 

1180
01:07:06,400 --> 01:07:09,000
unknown. 
Some evidence supported this 

1181
01:07:09,000 --> 01:07:12,700
informational reviewed, just 
before sleeping, was often 

1182
01:07:12,700 --> 01:07:15,400
recalled better than 
informational reviewed earlier 

1183
01:07:15,400 --> 01:07:18,800
in the day. 
Whether this reflected the 

1184
01:07:18,808 --> 01:07:21,600
absence of interference after 
sleep or some active 

1185
01:07:21,600 --> 01:07:24,000
consolidation process remained 
uncertain. 

1186
01:07:25,000 --> 01:07:27,800
Sleep deprivation experiments 
were rare during this period. 

1187
01:07:27,800 --> 01:07:31,200
As deliberately disrupting 
sleep, seemed unethical and 

1188
01:07:31,200 --> 01:07:35,800
impractical researchers relied 
instead on natural variations. 

1189
01:07:35,800 --> 01:07:39,000
Observing how performance 
changed after Poor vs? 

1190
01:07:39,000 --> 01:07:41,700
Good sleep, the results were 
consistent. 

1191
01:07:42,400 --> 01:07:46,500
Sleep loss impaired. 
Everything memory, attention, 

1192
01:07:46,500 --> 01:07:49,500
learning, mood, and physical 
coordination. 

1193
01:07:49,500 --> 01:07:53,600
All suffered when people didn't 
sleep adequately recovery. 

1194
01:07:53,600 --> 01:07:56,200
Required time. 
A single good night, didn't 

1195
01:07:56,200 --> 01:07:58,500
fully reverse the effects of 
several poor ones. 

1196
01:07:58,500 --> 01:08:02,100
These observations reinforced, 
the Practical importance of 

1197
01:08:02,100 --> 01:08:04,700
sleep. 
Researchers, who wanted to do 

1198
01:08:04,700 --> 01:08:09,000
good work needed to sleep. 
Well, This seemed odious but it 

1199
01:08:09,000 --> 01:08:11,300
was worth remembering when 
precious to work longer hours 

1200
01:08:11,300 --> 01:08:14,900
appeared overall sleep was 
treated with respect as a 

1201
01:08:14,908 --> 01:08:17,700
fundamental requirement for 
mental health and intellectual 

1202
01:08:17,700 --> 01:08:20,300
work. 
It wasn't something to minimize 

1203
01:08:20,300 --> 01:08:23,500
or overcome, but something to 
honor as essential. 

1204
01:08:24,500 --> 01:08:27,500
This attitude shape, how 
research was conducted and how 

1205
01:08:27,500 --> 01:08:31,800
academic life was structured. 
Psychology is a formal field, 

1206
01:08:31,800 --> 01:08:35,700
didn't emerge through sudden, 
Revelation instead, it developed

1207
01:08:35,700 --> 01:08:38,700
through Decades of patient 
accumulation with each 

1208
01:08:38,700 --> 01:08:41,600
generation of researchers 
building modestly on what came 

1209
01:08:41,600 --> 01:08:44,500
before while remaining uncertain
about fundamental questions. 

1210
01:08:45,700 --> 01:08:49,000
By the early 1900s psychology, 
had established itself in 

1211
01:08:49,000 --> 01:08:51,100
universities across Europe and 
America. 

1212
01:08:52,100 --> 01:08:57,000
Laboratories existed journals 
published regularly and students

1213
01:08:57,000 --> 01:09:01,399
could pursue formal training. 
Yet the field still struggled 

1214
01:09:01,399 --> 01:09:04,100
with basic problems that had 
plagued it from the beginning. 

1215
01:09:04,899 --> 01:09:08,700
Introspection remained 
unreliable despite refinements 

1216
01:09:08,700 --> 01:09:12,100
in method and training people's 
descriptions of their thoughts 

1217
01:09:12,100 --> 01:09:14,500
continue to vary. 
In ways that could not be fully 

1218
01:09:14,500 --> 01:09:18,600
resolved, this limitation pushed
researchers toward approaches. 

1219
01:09:18,600 --> 01:09:22,800
That didn't rely on self-report 
emphasizing observable behavior 

1220
01:09:22,800 --> 01:09:24,300
and measurable performance 
instead. 

1221
01:09:25,200 --> 01:09:29,399
This shift happened gradually no
single researcher or moment 

1222
01:09:29,399 --> 01:09:31,399
created it. 
Different. 

1223
01:09:31,399 --> 01:09:34,700
Laboratories began emphasizing 
different aspects of mental, 

1224
01:09:34,700 --> 01:09:37,000
life. 
Some focusing on learning in 

1225
01:09:37,000 --> 01:09:40,700
animals others on Child 
Development and still others on 

1226
01:09:40,700 --> 01:09:44,800
perception and sensation. 
The field Diversified as people 

1227
01:09:44,800 --> 01:09:47,500
sought areas where progress 
seemed more achievable. 

1228
01:09:48,300 --> 01:09:51,100
What United these varied 
approaches was commitment to 

1229
01:09:51,100 --> 01:09:54,800
observation and measurement. 
Even when studying something as 

1230
01:09:54,800 --> 01:09:59,000
internal as emotional thought, 
researchers looked for external 

1231
01:09:59,000 --> 01:10:02,200
indicators. 
Behavior physiological, 

1232
01:10:02,200 --> 01:10:06,400
responses performance on tasks 
and anything that could be 

1233
01:10:06,400 --> 01:10:09,700
observed repeatedly and measured
consistently became valuable. 

1234
01:10:10,700 --> 01:10:13,400
This emphasis on objectivity 
meant giving up some of the 

1235
01:10:13,400 --> 01:10:16,700
original ambition to understand 
conscious experience directly. 

1236
01:10:17,600 --> 01:10:19,800
You could not measure what it 
felt like to see red. 

1237
01:10:19,800 --> 01:10:23,500
Or remember, your childhood? 
You could only measure responses

1238
01:10:23,500 --> 01:10:27,000
choices and patterns of behavior
related to those experiences. 

1239
01:10:27,000 --> 01:10:30,500
For some this felt like a 
necessary compromise. 

1240
01:10:31,200 --> 01:10:34,400
For others, it seemed like a 
banding psychology is most 

1241
01:10:34,400 --> 01:10:37,400
important question. 
These tensions, persisted 

1242
01:10:37,400 --> 01:10:41,600
creating ongoing debates about 
what psychology should study and

1243
01:10:41,600 --> 01:10:45,100
how it should proceed despite 
these disagreements research 

1244
01:10:45,100 --> 01:10:49,000
continued steadily. 
Studies accumulated in journals 

1245
01:10:49,000 --> 01:10:52,600
findings were replicated or 
extended. 

1246
01:10:53,700 --> 01:10:57,800
Slowly reliable knowledge 
emerged about learning memory, 

1247
01:10:57,800 --> 01:11:00,500
perception development and many 
other topics. 

1248
01:11:01,500 --> 01:11:04,300
The knowledge was limited and 
provisional but it was also 

1249
01:11:04,300 --> 01:11:07,500
genuine progress from the near 
total ignorance of 50 years 

1250
01:11:07,500 --> 01:11:10,500
earlier. 
Teaching psychology, became more

1251
01:11:10,500 --> 01:11:15,100
standardized textbooks appeared 
organizing the fields findings 

1252
01:11:15,100 --> 01:11:19,000
into coherent presentations. 
these texts acknowledged 

1253
01:11:19,000 --> 01:11:22,200
uncertainty while also showing 
how much had been learned 

1254
01:11:23,100 --> 01:11:25,800
Students could now study 
psychology without feeling they 

1255
01:11:25,800 --> 01:11:27,900
were entering completely 
unmapped territory. 

1256
01:11:28,900 --> 01:11:33,300
Applications began to emerge. 
Psychological principles 

1257
01:11:33,300 --> 01:11:37,000
informed education helping 
teachers understand how children

1258
01:11:37,000 --> 01:11:41,700
learned they shaped industrial 
practices improving training and

1259
01:11:41,700 --> 01:11:45,300
working conditions. the 
influence clinical work with 

1260
01:11:45,300 --> 01:11:49,000
people experiencing mental 
difficulties, Psychology was 

1261
01:11:49,000 --> 01:11:52,800
becoming useful even while 
remaining incomplete The methods

1262
01:11:52,800 --> 01:11:55,400
developed during this early 
period established patterns, 

1263
01:11:55,400 --> 01:11:58,400
that would persist. 
Controlled experiments, 

1264
01:11:58,400 --> 01:12:02,900
systematic observation, careful 
measurement statistical 

1265
01:12:02,900 --> 01:12:05,800
analysis, all became standard 
practices. 

1266
01:12:05,800 --> 01:12:10,200
These tools weren't perfect but 
they provided structure for 

1267
01:12:10,200 --> 01:12:13,100
investigating questions about 
mind and behavior. 

1268
01:12:13,900 --> 01:12:16,600
Collaboration across 
institutions, strength and 

1269
01:12:16,600 --> 01:12:20,500
researchers, shared methods 
replicated, each other's 

1270
01:12:20,500 --> 01:12:23,000
findings and built on previous 
work. 

1271
01:12:23,700 --> 01:12:26,900
This Collective Enterprise made 
progress more reliable than 

1272
01:12:26,900 --> 01:12:29,200
isolated individual. 
Efforts could achieve 

1273
01:12:29,200 --> 01:12:32,800
International cooperation 
continued despite political 

1274
01:12:32,800 --> 01:12:36,100
tensions. 
Scientific communication crossed

1275
01:12:36,100 --> 01:12:39,400
National boundaries more easily 
than other forms of exchange, 

1276
01:12:39,400 --> 01:12:42,600
researchers maintained contact 
with colleagues in other 

1277
01:12:42,600 --> 01:12:45,000
countries even when their 
governments were in conflict. 

1278
01:12:45,800 --> 01:12:49,200
The growth of graduate education
created pipelines of new 

1279
01:12:49,200 --> 01:12:52,300
researchers. 
Students trained in astonished 

1280
01:12:52,300 --> 01:12:55,600
Laboratories then started their 
own programs elsewhere. 

1281
01:12:56,400 --> 01:12:59,400
Spreading methods and standards 
across institutions. 

1282
01:13:00,200 --> 01:13:03,800
This geographical expansion, 
diverse fight the field while 

1283
01:13:03,800 --> 01:13:05,900
maintaining some coherence in 
approach. 

1284
01:13:06,900 --> 01:13:09,700
Women gradually gained greater 
access to psychology. 

1285
01:13:09,700 --> 01:13:14,400
The barriers remain significant.
Their presence began changing 

1286
01:13:14,400 --> 01:13:17,600
the fields culture and expanding
the range of questions, 

1287
01:13:17,600 --> 01:13:21,700
considered worthy of study. 
Fuller quality was still far in 

1288
01:13:21,700 --> 01:13:25,700
the future, but progress was 
visible funding for cycle 

1289
01:13:25,700 --> 01:13:28,900
research remained modest 
compared to physical science is 

1290
01:13:29,700 --> 01:13:33,500
This limited the scale and 
complexity of studies, but also 

1291
01:13:33,500 --> 01:13:36,700
kept researchers focused on 
questions that could be 

1292
01:13:36,700 --> 01:13:40,700
addressed with simple methods. 
Creativity and designing 

1293
01:13:40,700 --> 01:13:43,700
informative experiments with 
minimal resources, became 

1294
01:13:43,700 --> 01:13:46,500
valued. 
What early psychologists got 

1295
01:13:46,500 --> 01:13:47,900
right? 
Was their patience. 

1296
01:13:47,900 --> 01:13:51,300
They didn't rush to conclusions 
or claim more than evidence 

1297
01:13:51,300 --> 01:13:54,200
supported. 
They accepted uncertainty. 

1298
01:13:54,200 --> 01:13:57,500
As part of scientific work, they
revised ideas. 

1299
01:13:57,500 --> 01:14:00,800
When observations demanded it, 
they collaborated across 

1300
01:14:00,800 --> 01:14:04,200
distances and traditions. 
They built institutions that 

1301
01:14:04,200 --> 01:14:07,900
could sustain research across 
Generations their willingness to

1302
01:14:07,900 --> 01:14:10,900
publish negative results and 
acknowledge failures created 

1303
01:14:10,900 --> 01:14:13,400
realistic. 
Expectations about scientific 

1304
01:14:13,400 --> 01:14:17,700
progress, not every experiment. 
Succeeded not every Theory 

1305
01:14:17,700 --> 01:14:21,000
proved correct. 
This honesty made the positive 

1306
01:14:21,000 --> 01:14:24,600
findings more trustworthy. 
The culture, they established 

1307
01:14:24,600 --> 01:14:29,400
careful work over dramatic. 
Claims replication mattered as 

1308
01:14:29,400 --> 01:14:32,900
much as novelty. 
Clear description mattered as 

1309
01:14:32,908 --> 01:14:36,700
much as theoretical brilliant's.
These priorities helped 

1310
01:14:36,700 --> 01:14:40,000
psychology, develop solid 
foundations, even if they didn't

1311
01:14:40,000 --> 01:14:44,200
produce exciting headlines. 
Well, they got wrong or at least

1312
01:14:44,208 --> 01:14:46,500
struggled with was 
underestimating. 

1313
01:14:46,500 --> 01:14:48,400
How complex the Mind actually 
was. 

1314
01:14:49,400 --> 01:14:52,700
They hoped to find simple laws 
governing thought and behavior 

1315
01:14:52,700 --> 01:14:55,600
analogous to physical laws 
governing matter. 

1316
01:14:56,700 --> 01:15:00,300
Reality. 
Proved Messier. mental life 

1317
01:15:00,300 --> 01:15:04,400
involved, layers of interaction,
between biology experience, 

1318
01:15:04,400 --> 01:15:08,400
culture, development, and 
individual variation, that 

1319
01:15:08,408 --> 01:15:13,300
resisted simple formulation This
complexity didn't invalidate 

1320
01:15:13,300 --> 01:15:16,400
their work, but did mean that 
grand unified theories, remained

1321
01:15:16,400 --> 01:15:19,100
elusive. 
Psychology would develop as a 

1322
01:15:19,108 --> 01:15:22,800
collection of specialized areas 
each with its own methods and 

1323
01:15:22,808 --> 01:15:25,800
findings. 
Rather than as a single coherent

1324
01:15:25,800 --> 01:15:29,200
science with universal 
principles, the assumption that 

1325
01:15:29,200 --> 01:15:32,300
findings from studies of 
University, students in Western 

1326
01:15:32,300 --> 01:15:35,700
countries, applied universally 
proved problematic. 

1327
01:15:37,000 --> 01:15:40,100
Culture shaped cognition in 
profound ways that early 

1328
01:15:40,100 --> 01:15:44,900
researchers barely recognized. 
Expanding psychology Beyond its 

1329
01:15:44,900 --> 01:15:47,800
limited cultural Origins would 
take many decades. 

1330
01:15:47,800 --> 01:15:51,600
Ethical concerns about research 
practices weren't always 

1331
01:15:51,600 --> 01:15:55,400
adequately addressed Some 
studies cause discomfort or 

1332
01:15:55,400 --> 01:15:59,000
distressed to participants 
animals used in research. 

1333
01:15:59,000 --> 01:16:02,000
Sometimes suffered 
unnecessarily, these issues 

1334
01:16:02,000 --> 01:16:05,700
would eventually lead to formal 
ethical guidelines but early, 

1335
01:16:05,700 --> 01:16:08,600
psychology proceeded with less 
oversight than would later. 

1336
01:16:08,600 --> 01:16:11,200
Seemed acceptable. 
The relationship between 

1337
01:16:11,200 --> 01:16:13,900
psychology and social issues 
remained underdeveloped. 

1338
01:16:14,900 --> 01:16:17,500
While some researchers believed 
psychology should address 

1339
01:16:17,500 --> 01:16:20,900
practical problems, others, 
preferred focusing on basic 

1340
01:16:20,900 --> 01:16:23,900
science. 
This tension between pure and 

1341
01:16:23,900 --> 01:16:26,600
applied research would continue 
throughout the field history. 

1342
01:16:26,600 --> 01:16:30,100
Later generations, would 
introduce new approaches 

1343
01:16:30,100 --> 01:16:34,100
Neuroscience, would reveal brain
mechanisms underlying mental 

1344
01:16:34,100 --> 01:16:36,700
processes. 
Computers would provide 

1345
01:16:36,700 --> 01:16:40,800
metaphors and tools for modeling
cognition. cultural psychology 

1346
01:16:40,800 --> 01:16:45,000
would show how context shaped 
thinking and profound ways each 

1347
01:16:45,000 --> 01:16:47,400
Innovation added to 
understanding while also 

1348
01:16:47,400 --> 01:16:51,600
revealing how much remained 
unknown The cognitive revolution

1349
01:16:51,600 --> 01:16:55,200
in the mid-20th century would 
rehabilitate the study of mental

1350
01:16:55,200 --> 01:16:58,400
processes that behaviorism 
admired. 

1351
01:16:59,200 --> 01:17:01,500
Researchers would develop new 
methods for investigating 

1352
01:17:01,500 --> 01:17:06,600
thought, attention and memory 
without relying on problematic 

1353
01:17:06,600 --> 01:17:09,500
introspection. 
This represented both the 

1354
01:17:09,500 --> 01:17:12,900
continuation and revision of 
early psychology's goals. 

1355
01:17:13,900 --> 01:17:16,600
Biological approaches would 
connect psychology to the 

1356
01:17:16,600 --> 01:17:18,500
broader Sciences of the brain 
and body. 

1357
01:17:19,200 --> 01:17:22,500
Understanding neural mechanisms 
didn't eliminate the need for 

1358
01:17:22,500 --> 01:17:26,500
psychological explanation. that 
it provided complimentary levels

1359
01:17:26,500 --> 01:17:30,200
of analysis that enriched 
understanding developmental 

1360
01:17:30,200 --> 01:17:33,700
perspectives would show how 
psychological processes changed 

1361
01:17:33,700 --> 01:17:36,900
across the lifespan. 
What was true of adults wasn't 

1362
01:17:36,900 --> 01:17:39,200
necessarily true of children or 
infants? 

1363
01:17:39,200 --> 01:17:44,000
Age-related changes revealed how
experienced mental capacity is 

1364
01:17:44,000 --> 01:17:46,800
over time. 
Social psychology would 

1365
01:17:46,800 --> 01:17:49,800
demonstrate how profoundly other
people influence, individual, 

1366
01:17:49,800 --> 01:17:53,400
thought and behavior. 
Many findings from research on 

1367
01:17:53,400 --> 01:17:57,700
isolated individuals turned out 
not to apply when social context

1368
01:17:57,700 --> 01:18:01,700
was considered understanding 
Minds meant understanding their 

1369
01:18:01,700 --> 01:18:05,100
social nature. 
Clinical applications would both

1370
01:18:05,100 --> 01:18:08,300
benefit from and contribute to 
basic Cycle, knowledge. 

1371
01:18:09,200 --> 01:18:11,900
Practical work with people 
experiencing psychological 

1372
01:18:11,900 --> 01:18:15,700
difficulties raised questions 
and provided observations that 

1373
01:18:15,700 --> 01:18:19,100
informed Theory. 
Theory in turn suggested, new 

1374
01:18:19,100 --> 01:18:22,700
therapeutic approaches, but all 
these later developments built 

1375
01:18:22,700 --> 01:18:25,200
on foundations laid by early 
psychologists. 

1376
01:18:26,000 --> 01:18:29,100
The methods, they refined 
remained recognizable. 

1377
01:18:30,000 --> 01:18:32,600
Their questions, their 
reformulated stayed relevant. 

1378
01:18:33,400 --> 01:18:36,000
Their commitment to empirical 
investigation over pure 

1379
01:18:36,000 --> 01:18:38,400
speculation, continued, guiding 
the field. 

1380
01:18:39,100 --> 01:18:42,900
The field they created was 
imperfect limited by available 

1381
01:18:42,900 --> 01:18:45,700
methods and shaped by the 
assumptions of their time. 

1382
01:18:46,300 --> 01:18:49,800
Yet it represented genuine 
progress in Humanities long 

1383
01:18:49,800 --> 01:18:53,800
attempt to understand itself. 
Questions that once seemed 

1384
01:18:53,800 --> 01:18:57,100
purely philosophical became 
addressable through systematic 

1385
01:18:57,100 --> 01:18:59,400
investigation. 
As you rest. 

1386
01:18:59,400 --> 01:19:02,500
Now you can think of those early
researchers working in quiet, 

1387
01:19:02,500 --> 01:19:06,500
Laboratories writing, careful 
notes, discussing ideas with 

1388
01:19:06,500 --> 01:19:09,700
colleagues and accepting the 
slow pace of discovery. 

1389
01:19:11,400 --> 01:19:14,100
They understood that knowledge 
comes gradually through patient 

1390
01:19:14,100 --> 01:19:17,400
accumulation rather than 
dramatic breakthroughs. 

1391
01:19:18,200 --> 01:19:20,300
Their work continues in 
Laboratories around the world 

1392
01:19:20,300 --> 01:19:24,100
today still pursuing the same 
fundamental question about how 

1393
01:19:24,100 --> 01:19:27,500
minds work? 
Still using observation and 

1394
01:19:27,500 --> 01:19:30,600
measurement still accepting 
uncertainty as part of the 

1395
01:19:30,600 --> 01:19:33,300
process. 
The methods of improved, the 

1396
01:19:33,300 --> 01:19:36,800
question of become more refined,
but the basic approach remains 

1397
01:19:36,800 --> 01:19:40,300
recognizable. 
Psychology almost failed. 

1398
01:19:40,300 --> 01:19:43,600
Not because the researchers lack
Talent OR dedication, but 

1399
01:19:43,600 --> 01:19:47,700
because the task was harder than
anyone imagined The mind's 

1400
01:19:47,700 --> 01:19:51,900
complexity exceeded early 
expectations methods, proved 

1401
01:19:51,900 --> 01:19:55,500
more limited than hoped. 
Progress came more slowly than 

1402
01:19:55,500 --> 01:19:59,200
anticipated that psychology 
succeeded at all. 

1403
01:19:59,208 --> 01:20:01,800
Reflects the researchers 
willingness to proceed without 

1404
01:20:01,800 --> 01:20:05,000
certainty, building 
understanding one careful, 

1405
01:20:05,000 --> 01:20:07,900
observation at a time. 
Trusting that patience and 

1406
01:20:07,900 --> 01:20:10,000
honesty would eventually yield 
insight. 

1407
01:20:10,900 --> 01:20:15,600
They worked within constraints, 
accepted setbacks revised ideas 

1408
01:20:15,600 --> 01:20:18,900
and maintained commitment to 
empirical investigation. 

1409
01:20:18,900 --> 01:20:23,000
Even when dramatic breakthroughs
remained elusive, The 

1410
01:20:23,000 --> 01:20:25,500
institutions they build 
survived, their individual 

1411
01:20:25,500 --> 01:20:29,000
careers University's maintain 
psychology. 

1412
01:20:29,000 --> 01:20:33,700
Departments journals continued 
publishing research programs 

1413
01:20:33,700 --> 01:20:38,100
persisted across Generations. 
This continuity allowed 

1414
01:20:38,100 --> 01:20:41,200
knowledge to accumulate, despite
the fields difficulties. 

1415
01:20:42,100 --> 01:20:44,900
Students, trained by early 
psychologists became the next 

1416
01:20:44,900 --> 01:20:48,100
generation of researchers 
carrying forward, methods and 

1417
01:20:48,100 --> 01:20:51,100
standards, while also 
introducing Innovations. 

1418
01:20:51,900 --> 01:20:54,600
This transmission across 
Generations, created both 

1419
01:20:54,600 --> 01:20:57,200
stability and evolution 
preserving. 

1420
01:20:57,200 --> 01:21:01,300
What worked while adapting to 
New Challenges, The community, 

1421
01:21:01,300 --> 01:21:04,400
they formed provided Mutual 
support and critical feedback. 

1422
01:21:04,400 --> 01:21:08,000
Researchers were not isolated, 
but connected through 

1423
01:21:08,000 --> 01:21:10,100
correspondence, conferences and 
publications. 

1424
01:21:11,600 --> 01:21:15,200
This network helps sustain 
individual effort and maintain 

1425
01:21:15,200 --> 01:21:18,800
Collective standards. 
Their legacy includes, not just 

1426
01:21:18,800 --> 01:21:22,700
specific findings, but also 
approaches to studying the mind.

1427
01:21:23,600 --> 01:21:26,400
The idea that mental processes 
could be investigated 

1428
01:21:26,400 --> 01:21:29,300
empirically, that careful 
observation and measurement 

1429
01:21:29,300 --> 01:21:32,700
could yield understanding. 
That patience and honesty 

1430
01:21:32,700 --> 01:21:35,100
mattered more than brilliant or 
creativity. 

1431
01:21:36,000 --> 01:21:39,400
These principles shape, 
psychologies development, the 

1432
01:21:39,400 --> 01:21:42,100
questions, they raise often 
mattered more than the answers, 

1433
01:21:42,100 --> 01:21:44,800
they found how does attention 
work? 

1434
01:21:45,400 --> 01:21:47,000
What determines, what we 
remember? 

1435
01:21:47,000 --> 01:21:51,700
How do we learn? 
Why do people differ these 

1436
01:21:51,700 --> 01:21:55,900
questions guided Decades of 
subsequent research, even when 

1437
01:21:55,900 --> 01:21:59,500
initial answers proved in 
complete, Their humility about 

1438
01:21:59,500 --> 01:22:01,400
what could be known? 
Served psychology. 

1439
01:22:01,400 --> 01:22:05,500
Well, By acknowledging limits 
and uncertainties, they created 

1440
01:22:05,500 --> 01:22:09,800
realistic expectations. 
Progress didn't require solving 

1441
01:22:09,800 --> 01:22:13,000
old problems immediately but 
merely advancing understanding 

1442
01:22:13,000 --> 01:22:16,200
incrementally. 
The Rhythm they established 

1443
01:22:16,200 --> 01:22:20,900
balancing active research with 
reflection and rest, recognize 

1444
01:22:20,900 --> 01:22:23,500
that intellectual work, required
the whole person. 

1445
01:22:24,900 --> 01:22:28,200
Sustainable productivity came 
from respecting natural limits 

1446
01:22:28,200 --> 01:22:32,400
building in recovery time and 
trusting that answers would 

1447
01:22:32,400 --> 01:22:35,200
emerge through patient 
engagement, rather than forced 

1448
01:22:35,200 --> 01:22:36,900
effort. 
So sleep. 

1449
01:22:36,900 --> 01:22:40,600
Now knowing that even the most 
complex questions can yield to 

1450
01:22:40,600 --> 01:22:45,400
Gentle persistent inquiry That 
understanding develops through 

1451
01:22:45,400 --> 01:22:49,200
rest as much as effort, and that
the slow, accumulation of 

1452
01:22:49,200 --> 01:22:52,200
careful, thought creates lasting
knowledge that serves 

1453
01:22:52,200 --> 01:22:56,200
generations to come. 
The first psychologist worked 

1454
01:22:56,200 --> 01:22:59,700
within uncertainty making room 
for what they didn't know. 

1455
01:22:59,700 --> 01:23:03,400
And in that patient, space of 
not, knowing they began to 

1456
01:23:03,400 --> 01:23:13,400
understand. 
You've seen the paintings, have 

1457
01:23:13,400 --> 01:23:16,100
you? 
They're sweeping canvases where 

1458
01:23:16,100 --> 01:23:17,900
Pirates, stand heroically at the
helm. 

1459
01:23:17,900 --> 01:23:21,700
Their coats billowing, in 
convenient wins their ships 

1460
01:23:21,700 --> 01:23:25,300
cutting cleanly through 
Cooperative Seas, the sunset 

1461
01:23:25,300 --> 01:23:29,300
always seems to hit just right? 
Casting everything in Amber and 

1462
01:23:29,300 --> 01:23:31,700
gold. 
Even the Cannons look, polished 

1463
01:23:31,700 --> 01:23:35,000
these images settled into, 
popular imagination, like 

1464
01:23:35,000 --> 01:23:39,100
sediment, building up layers of 
misconception over centuries. 

1465
01:23:39,900 --> 01:23:43,400
By the time Hollywood added, its
own mythology, the distance 

1466
01:23:43,400 --> 01:23:45,800
between perception and Truth had
become a Chasm. 

1467
01:23:46,700 --> 01:23:49,900
Real pirate ships smelled 
nothing like the Ocean Spray and

1468
01:23:49,900 --> 01:23:53,300
Adventure your mind conjures. 
They smelled like bodies that 

1469
01:23:53,300 --> 01:23:57,700
hadn't bathed in months, like 
bilgewater thick with rat, 

1470
01:23:57,700 --> 01:24:01,700
droppings like salted meat 
going, quietly ranted in the 

1471
01:24:01,700 --> 01:24:03,800
tropical heat. 
The vessels themselves. 

1472
01:24:03,800 --> 01:24:07,100
Bore little resemblance to The 
Majestic ship of fiction. 

1473
01:24:07,900 --> 01:24:11,000
Most pirates operated from 
captured Merchant vessels, 

1474
01:24:11,000 --> 01:24:14,500
functional and glamorous 
workhorses of the sea. 

1475
01:24:15,100 --> 01:24:18,200
These weren't purpose-built 
warships with Grand figureheads 

1476
01:24:18,200 --> 01:24:21,400
and gleaming brass. 
They were reconfigured cargo 

1477
01:24:21,400 --> 01:24:25,800
haulers, their holds emptied of 
sugar or tobacco and hastily 

1478
01:24:25,800 --> 01:24:28,900
converted into living spaces, 
for Crews that often numbered 

1479
01:24:28,900 --> 01:24:33,300
over. 100 men, your mental image
probably includes a Captain's 

1480
01:24:33,300 --> 01:24:36,000
Quarters filled with maps and 
mysterious instruments. 

1481
01:24:36,000 --> 01:24:38,800
Perhaps a compass mounted in 
polished wood. 

1482
01:24:38,800 --> 01:24:44,100
The reality was far more cramped
even successful pirate captains 

1483
01:24:44,100 --> 01:24:48,400
like Blackbeard or Bartholomew 
Roberts occupied spaces, barely 

1484
01:24:48,400 --> 01:24:50,400
larger than a modern walking 
closet. 

1485
01:24:51,400 --> 01:24:54,200
These rooms held everything 
needed for navigation, 

1486
01:24:54,200 --> 01:24:57,500
record-keeping and the 
uncomfortable business of 

1487
01:24:57,500 --> 01:25:01,300
maintaining authority over. 
Men who had explicitly rejected,

1488
01:25:01,300 --> 01:25:05,200
conventional hierarchy, the 
Romantic notion of pirates as 

1489
01:25:05,200 --> 01:25:09,000
Freedom seeking Rebels contains 
a grain of truth but it's a 

1490
01:25:09,000 --> 01:25:11,500
truth surrounded by a hard shell
of desperation. 

1491
01:25:12,600 --> 01:25:15,200
Most men turned to piracy not 
because they yearned for 

1492
01:25:15,200 --> 01:25:17,500
adventure. 
But because every other option 

1493
01:25:17,500 --> 01:25:20,700
looked worse, The Merchant 
Marine worked Sailors to 

1494
01:25:20,700 --> 01:25:23,500
exhaustion for wages that barely
covered survival. 

1495
01:25:24,400 --> 01:25:28,500
The Royal Navy was even more 
brutal with flogging for minor 

1496
01:25:28,500 --> 01:25:32,100
infractions and rations. 
That would constitute criminal 

1497
01:25:32,100 --> 01:25:35,200
neglect by any Modern Standard. 
So yes. 

1498
01:25:35,200 --> 01:25:38,600
Piracy offered Freedom, the 
freedom to potentially die of 

1499
01:25:38,608 --> 01:25:42,300
disease, violence or drowning. 
But at least on your own terms 

1500
01:25:42,300 --> 01:25:45,900
it was the freedom of having 
nothing left to lose which is 

1501
01:25:45,900 --> 01:25:48,600
quite different from the freedom
you imagine while comfortable in

1502
01:25:48,600 --> 01:25:51,600
your bed, the tales that 
survived emphasized, the 

1503
01:25:51,600 --> 01:25:55,200
treasure the successful raids 
and the narrow escapes. 

1504
01:25:56,000 --> 01:25:58,400
They didn't dwell on the weeks 
of tedious sailing between 

1505
01:25:58,400 --> 01:26:02,700
targets the constant hunger, all
the way tropical heat, turned 

1506
01:26:02,700 --> 01:26:05,700
the below deck spaces into are 
lasagnes history. 

1507
01:26:05,700 --> 01:26:09,300
Has a way of editing out the 
boring Parts, the uncomfortable 

1508
01:26:09,300 --> 01:26:12,600
parts and the parts. 
That would make terrible stories

1509
01:26:12,600 --> 01:26:15,000
at a even. 
The treasure itself looked 

1510
01:26:15,000 --> 01:26:18,000
different than you'd think. 
Forget the overflowing chests of

1511
01:26:18,000 --> 01:26:21,000
gold doubloons. 
Most pirate plunder, consisted 

1512
01:26:21,000 --> 01:26:25,500
of practical, Goods, cloth, 
tools, food and medicine. 

1513
01:26:25,500 --> 01:26:28,800
These items could be sold or 
traded, but they didn't 

1514
01:26:28,800 --> 01:26:30,600
photograph well for history 
books. 

1515
01:26:30,600 --> 01:26:33,000
So, we remember the exceptions 
in stead of the rule. 

1516
01:26:33,900 --> 01:26:37,500
When pirates did capture actual 
currency it was usually divided 

1517
01:26:37,500 --> 01:26:40,500
immediately. 
No one trusted anyone enough to 

1518
01:26:40,500 --> 01:26:45,500
leave in a communal chest, the 
Democracy that existed aboard, 

1519
01:26:45,500 --> 01:26:48,400
pirate ships and it did exist in
a limited form. 

1520
01:26:48,400 --> 01:26:51,900
Wasn't the noble experiment, 
inequality, that some accounts 

1521
01:26:51,908 --> 01:26:55,800
suggest it was a practical 
necessity, born from Mutual 

1522
01:26:55,800 --> 01:26:59,000
distrust. 
When you've gathered together 

1523
01:26:59,000 --> 01:27:03,200
men willing to break every law 
of sea and state, you can't 

1524
01:27:03,200 --> 01:27:05,400
exactly govern through appeals 
to Authority. 

1525
01:27:06,500 --> 01:27:10,000
The articles that cruise signed 
the rules, their agreed to 

1526
01:27:10,000 --> 01:27:12,600
follow were contracts, written 
in self-interest. 

1527
01:27:13,700 --> 01:27:16,700
Force by the knowledge that 
portrayal meant being marooned 

1528
01:27:16,700 --> 01:27:20,400
on some empty stretch of sand as
you stand at the dock in Port, 

1529
01:27:20,400 --> 01:27:24,000
Royal preparing to board your 
pirate vessel for the first 

1530
01:27:24,000 --> 01:27:26,900
time. 
Take one last look at Solid 

1531
01:27:26,900 --> 01:27:28,700
Ground. 
Breathe. 

1532
01:27:28,700 --> 01:27:31,700
The air that doesn't reach of 
unwashed humanity and spoiled 

1533
01:27:31,700 --> 01:27:35,000
provisions. 
In just a few hours, you'll 

1534
01:27:35,000 --> 01:27:37,800
understand why even the most 
desperate men, sometimes jump 

1535
01:27:37,800 --> 01:27:41,400
ship at the first opportunity. 
Choosing the uncertain mercy of 

1536
01:27:41,400 --> 01:27:43,100
a jungle island over another 
day. 

1537
01:27:43,100 --> 01:27:46,700
At Sea, the hatch leads down 
into darkness, that seems to 

1538
01:27:46,700 --> 01:27:50,400
have texture and thickness. 
Your eyes are just slowly 

1539
01:27:50,400 --> 01:27:54,100
revealing a space, that triggers
something Primal in your modern 

1540
01:27:54,100 --> 01:27:56,500
brain. 
The part that Rebels against 

1541
01:27:56,500 --> 01:28:00,000
confinement, that needs personal
space, like it needs. 

1542
01:28:00,000 --> 01:28:03,900
Oxygen, you're looking at the 
gun deck which doubles as living

1543
01:28:03,900 --> 01:28:06,800
quarters from most of the crew 
the ceiling. 

1544
01:28:06,800 --> 01:28:10,500
If you can call it that hang so 
low that you can't stand fully 

1545
01:28:10,500 --> 01:28:13,100
upright. 
You'll spend your time here in a

1546
01:28:13,100 --> 01:28:16,300
permanent Crouch or Seated, on 
whatever surface, you can claim.

1547
01:28:16,300 --> 01:28:20,400
Hammock swing in rows so close 
together that when one man turns

1548
01:28:20,400 --> 01:28:24,200
three others, feel it, There's 
no such thing as a private 

1549
01:28:24,200 --> 01:28:26,900
moment here. 
Sleep comes in fragments 

1550
01:28:26,900 --> 01:28:30,700
interrupted by someone's elbow 
in your ribs, someone else's 

1551
01:28:30,700 --> 01:28:35,300
feet in your face, the constant 
Symphony of snoring and coughing

1552
01:28:35,300 --> 01:28:39,000
and the wet sound of men 
spitting to back, oh, juice 

1553
01:28:39,000 --> 01:28:41,100
toward buckets, they can't see 
in the dark. 

1554
01:28:41,100 --> 01:28:44,800
You're a signed space amounts to
roughly the dimensions of a 

1555
01:28:44,808 --> 01:28:48,700
modern yoga mat. 
In this area, you'll sleep store

1556
01:28:48,700 --> 01:28:51,500
your possession. 
If you have any and exist for 

1557
01:28:51,500 --> 01:28:53,500
whatever hours, you're not 
actively working. 

1558
01:28:55,100 --> 01:28:58,600
There are no lockers no Foot 
Lockers and nothing resembling 

1559
01:28:58,600 --> 01:29:02,100
storage. 
What you own you keep on your 

1560
01:29:02,100 --> 01:29:05,400
person or risk losing to the 
Casual theft that flows through 

1561
01:29:05,400 --> 01:29:09,900
the ship like humidity the air 
itself feels borrowed recycled 

1562
01:29:09,900 --> 01:29:13,200
through too many lungs. 
In calm weather with the hatch 

1563
01:29:13,200 --> 01:29:15,200
is open, you get some 
circulation. 

1564
01:29:16,100 --> 01:29:19,100
But when storms blow in and 
everything must be battened down

1565
01:29:19,100 --> 01:29:22,400
the atmosphere below, deck 
transforms into something nearly

1566
01:29:22,400 --> 01:29:25,000
solid. 
The smell of unwashed bodies 

1567
01:29:25,000 --> 01:29:29,000
mingles with the sweet wrote 
stench of the bilge where water 

1568
01:29:29,000 --> 01:29:32,200
to Filthy, to be called water 
sloshes with every movement of 

1569
01:29:32,200 --> 01:29:35,800
the ship. 
Men vomit men relieve themselves

1570
01:29:35,800 --> 01:29:38,700
in buckets that don't always 
make it topside before spilling 

1571
01:29:38,700 --> 01:29:40,800
and Men. 
Bleed from injuries and 

1572
01:29:40,800 --> 01:29:42,600
infections that never quite 
heal. 

1573
01:29:42,600 --> 01:29:46,000
In this environment, the 
darkness rarely lift completely 

1574
01:29:47,000 --> 01:29:50,500
can handles and lanterns pose 
fire hazards that terrify even 

1575
01:29:50,500 --> 01:29:53,800
the bravest Pirates. 
So like below deck comes 

1576
01:29:53,800 --> 01:29:58,700
grudgingly in small measures you
navigate mostly by feel and 

1577
01:29:58,708 --> 01:30:02,700
memory learning the location of 
every beam that might crack your

1578
01:30:02,700 --> 01:30:06,000
skull and every protrusion that 
might catch your shins. 

1579
01:30:06,800 --> 01:30:09,000
Your body becomes a map of 
bruises. 

1580
01:30:09,000 --> 01:30:13,300
The deck Beneath You stays 
perpetually damp Water seep 

1581
01:30:13,300 --> 01:30:17,300
through the planking above, 
especially in Heavy Seas, the 

1582
01:30:17,300 --> 01:30:20,600
would never fully dries. 
Never stop sweating, its 

1583
01:30:20,600 --> 01:30:22,100
moisture into the enclosed 
space. 

1584
01:30:23,000 --> 01:30:26,100
This wetness breeds mold that 
climbs the walls in abstract 

1585
01:30:26,100 --> 01:30:29,500
patterns fuzzy, colonies. 
That spread across any surface 

1586
01:30:29,500 --> 01:30:32,900
that stay still long enough. 
The mold gets into your clothes,

1587
01:30:32,900 --> 01:30:36,900
into your lungs, and into the 
bread that constitutes half your

1588
01:30:36,900 --> 01:30:41,300
diet, personal hygiene exists, 
only as a concept, something 

1589
01:30:41,300 --> 01:30:45,300
remembered from life for sure. 
There's no fresh water for 

1590
01:30:45,300 --> 01:30:49,200
washing body's or clothes. 
The Saltwater alternative leaves

1591
01:30:49,200 --> 01:30:51,700
your skin sticky and your 
garments stiff. 

1592
01:30:51,700 --> 01:30:55,600
With dried brine men, develop 
their own particular odors 

1593
01:30:55,600 --> 01:30:58,500
signatures you learn to identify
in the dark. 

1594
01:30:59,300 --> 01:31:03,200
Some smell of sweat and tobacco,
others, carry the sweetest 

1595
01:31:03,200 --> 01:31:07,100
Center of infection. 
The rot of teeth gone bad and 

1596
01:31:07,100 --> 01:31:10,400
the sour notes of digestive 
problems that plague anyone 

1597
01:31:10,400 --> 01:31:14,300
eating the ship standard fare 
privacy dissolves into something

1598
01:31:14,300 --> 01:31:16,900
quaint a luxury from another 
life. 

1599
01:31:17,700 --> 01:31:20,300
You urinate over the side in 
full view of anyone. 

1600
01:31:20,300 --> 01:31:23,900
Who cares to look? 
Defecation happens in the heads,

1601
01:31:23,900 --> 01:31:28,200
small platforms that extend from
the bow where you hang suspended

1602
01:31:28,200 --> 01:31:31,000
over the ocean while waves 
Splash Up From Below. 

1603
01:31:32,000 --> 01:31:35,700
In rough weather using the heads
requires, genuine courage. 

1604
01:31:36,300 --> 01:31:39,200
Men have been washed overboard 
during these vulnerable moments.

1605
01:31:39,200 --> 01:31:43,100
And the crews laughter at such 
deaths, carries a nervous Edge 

1606
01:31:43,100 --> 01:31:45,900
and acknowledgment that it could
happen to anyone. 

1607
01:31:45,900 --> 01:31:50,100
The noises never stop. 
Would creeks and conversation 

1608
01:31:50,100 --> 01:31:53,500
with the sea a language of 
groans and shrieks as the ship 

1609
01:31:53,500 --> 01:31:57,800
flexes and bends ropes. 
Singing In The Wind sails crack 

1610
01:31:57,800 --> 01:32:01,700
like whips, when they catch 
gusts wrong water slaps, the 

1611
01:32:01,700 --> 01:32:03,700
hull in rhythms that change with
the weather. 

1612
01:32:04,500 --> 01:32:07,700
And Underneath It All the human 
sounds coughing. 

1613
01:32:07,700 --> 01:32:11,400
Arguing and the occasional SOB 
from someone who hasn't yet 

1614
01:32:11,400 --> 01:32:15,500
learned to cry silently sleep. 
When it comes feels less, like, 

1615
01:32:15,500 --> 01:32:19,200
rest and more like 
unconsciousness by force. 

1616
01:32:20,200 --> 01:32:23,200
Your body learns to find what 
ever position, the hammer allows

1617
01:32:23,200 --> 01:32:26,900
and learns to ignore the swaying
that never fully stops. 

1618
01:32:28,100 --> 01:32:30,400
Dreams mixed with reality in 
confusing ways. 

1619
01:32:31,500 --> 01:32:35,100
You wake uncertain, whether you 
actually slept or merely closed 

1620
01:32:35,100 --> 01:32:39,100
your eyes for a few minutes, the
line between day and night blurs

1621
01:32:39,100 --> 01:32:43,000
into something measured only by 
shifts on Deck by the bells. 

1622
01:32:43,000 --> 01:32:46,600
That Mark the watches, your 
hammock itself becomes intensely

1623
01:32:46,600 --> 01:32:49,500
personal territory. 
The only thing in this crowded 

1624
01:32:49,500 --> 01:32:54,200
hell belongs exclusively to you.
Men have killed over hammock 

1625
01:32:54,200 --> 01:32:57,800
disputes over accusations of 
theft, regarding the simple 

1626
01:32:57,800 --> 01:33:02,100
pieces of canvas. 
When not in use hammocks role 

1627
01:33:02,100 --> 01:33:06,100
into tight bundles, that serve 
as pillows as seats or as any 

1628
01:33:06,100 --> 01:33:10,300
surface needed in the moment. 
They smell like, whoever lost in

1629
01:33:10,300 --> 01:33:14,500
them like sweat and salt and the
particular quality of Dreams had

1630
01:33:14,500 --> 01:33:18,600
in impossible, circumstances the
ship's cook a position. 

1631
01:33:18,600 --> 01:33:21,000
Usually given to someone too 
injured for harder, labor 

1632
01:33:21,000 --> 01:33:24,300
presides over a galley that 
wouldn't qualify as a kitchen in

1633
01:33:24,300 --> 01:33:27,500
any modern sense. 
It's a fire contained in a 

1634
01:33:27,508 --> 01:33:30,500
brick-lined box. 
Jealously guarded, never quite 

1635
01:33:30,500 --> 01:33:35,000
trusted around this Flame, the 
entire cruise nutrition revolves

1636
01:33:35,000 --> 01:33:38,400
in depressing, circles your 
breakfast, if you can call it 

1637
01:33:38,400 --> 01:33:41,700
that consists of hardtack and 
whatever liquid might be 

1638
01:33:41,700 --> 01:33:43,900
available. 
The heart attack arrives as 

1639
01:33:43,908 --> 01:33:48,000
thick square of baked flour and 
water designed to last for 

1640
01:33:48,000 --> 01:33:53,100
months without spoiling. this 
longevity comes at a cost, the 

1641
01:33:53,100 --> 01:33:56,100
biscuits emerge from Storage 
hard, enough to crack teeth 

1642
01:33:56,100 --> 01:34:01,100
permeated with weevils that add 
unexpected protein, You learned 

1643
01:34:01,100 --> 01:34:04,200
to tap them against the table 
first to dislodge the larger 

1644
01:34:04,200 --> 01:34:07,900
insects but the eggs and larvae 
remain baked into the structure.

1645
01:34:08,900 --> 01:34:12,000
Eventually you stop checking. 
The choice becomes simple. 

1646
01:34:12,000 --> 01:34:16,300
Eat the weevils or go hungry the
technique for consuming hardtack

1647
01:34:16,300 --> 01:34:18,800
evolves through necessity. 
Some men. 

1648
01:34:18,800 --> 01:34:22,400
Soak it in whatever beverage 
they possess beer when available

1649
01:34:22,400 --> 01:34:25,500
increasingly stale water as the 
voyage wears on. 

1650
01:34:27,000 --> 01:34:29,300
The soaking, softens the 
biscuit, into something 

1651
01:34:29,300 --> 01:34:32,500
chewable. 
But transforms the texture into 

1652
01:34:32,500 --> 01:34:34,800
a paste that is gray and 
uninviting. 

1653
01:34:35,700 --> 01:34:40,100
Others prefer to nor it, it dry 
working their way through, like 

1654
01:34:40,100 --> 01:34:42,800
beavers attacking a particularly
stubborn log. 

1655
01:34:43,600 --> 01:34:47,500
The process takes time provides 
something to do during empty 

1656
01:34:47,500 --> 01:34:49,400
hours and keeps the jaw 
occupied. 

1657
01:34:49,400 --> 01:34:53,800
If not satisfied, midday brings 
the main meal, a generous term 

1658
01:34:53,800 --> 01:34:56,900
for what arrives in your bowl, 
salt, pork forms the foundation 

1659
01:34:56,900 --> 01:34:59,600
of the feast, meet preserved in 
brine. 

1660
01:34:59,600 --> 01:35:02,300
So concentrated it would stop a 
modern heart. 

1661
01:35:03,200 --> 01:35:06,100
The preservation Works 
technically, the pork doesn't 

1662
01:35:06,100 --> 01:35:09,800
rot in the traditional sense. 
Instead, it Chiefs a kind of 

1663
01:35:09,808 --> 01:35:13,500
immortality becoming something 
that resembles meat in only the 

1664
01:35:13,500 --> 01:35:19,000
most abstract way, The salt 
content requires dilution, but 

1665
01:35:19,000 --> 01:35:21,800
freshwater is too precious to 
waste on making food. 

1666
01:35:21,800 --> 01:35:25,800
Palatable, you eated as his each
bite and assault on your taste 

1667
01:35:25,800 --> 01:35:28,900
buds, your body crying out for 
any flavor that isn't salt. 

1668
01:35:28,900 --> 01:35:32,400
The cook boils the pork with 
dried peas when supplies. 

1669
01:35:32,400 --> 01:35:35,900
Allow creating a stew, that 
achieves a consistency somewhere

1670
01:35:35,900 --> 01:35:39,900
between liquid and solid. 
Chunks of meat or what used to 

1671
01:35:39,900 --> 01:35:43,100
be meat floating gray water 
alongside peas. 

1672
01:35:43,100 --> 01:35:47,100
That refused to fully soften, no
matter how long they boil, 

1673
01:35:47,800 --> 01:35:51,400
Sometimes onions, make an 
appearance, precious additions 

1674
01:35:51,400 --> 01:35:54,700
from the last port already 
sprouting green shoots in their 

1675
01:35:54,700 --> 01:35:58,200
storage Nets. 
These vegetables, get added hole

1676
01:35:58,200 --> 01:36:01,900
and remove the same way. 
Flavoring the broth without 

1677
01:36:01,900 --> 01:36:05,200
actually being consumed. 
They'll be used again tomorrow 

1678
01:36:05,200 --> 01:36:08,600
and the day after and they 
dissolve into the general 

1679
01:36:08,600 --> 01:36:11,900
nutritional sadness. 
Protein variety comes from 

1680
01:36:11,900 --> 01:36:13,100
whatever. 
The sea provides. 

1681
01:36:14,000 --> 01:36:17,300
Flying fish, sometimes land on 
Deck, overnight gifts, you 

1682
01:36:17,308 --> 01:36:19,900
collected Dawn and eat raw or 
barely cooked. 

1683
01:36:20,600 --> 01:36:24,100
They taste like anything other 
than salt pork, which makes them

1684
01:36:24,100 --> 01:36:29,200
delicious by default. 
In tropical waters, larger 

1685
01:36:29,200 --> 01:36:33,800
caches occasionally supplement, 
the diet Dorado tuna and shark 

1686
01:36:33,800 --> 01:36:37,200
when desperate. 
But fishing requires time, the 

1687
01:36:37,200 --> 01:36:41,500
crew rarely has, and storms can 
last for days without allowing 

1688
01:36:41,500 --> 01:36:45,300
anyone to cast a line, the 
drinking situation deteriorates,

1689
01:36:45,300 --> 01:36:48,800
faster than the food ships, 
carry water in, wooden barrels 

1690
01:36:48,800 --> 01:36:52,600
that leak and breed algae. 
Fresh water turns green within 

1691
01:36:52,600 --> 01:36:56,100
weeks developing a taste. 
The preparation can't eliminate 

1692
01:36:56,900 --> 01:36:59,800
You drink it anyway. 
Holding your breath, trying not 

1693
01:36:59,800 --> 01:37:03,300
to think about what you're 
swallowing beer last longer, the

1694
01:37:03,300 --> 01:37:05,000
alcohol, providing some 
protection against 

1695
01:37:05,000 --> 01:37:08,400
contamination, but beer requires
space, that could hold other 

1696
01:37:08,400 --> 01:37:11,200
cargo. 
Most Crews run out within the 

1697
01:37:11,200 --> 01:37:14,300
first month at Sea, when the 
beer vanishes and the water 

1698
01:37:14,300 --> 01:37:17,200
becomes truly Unthinkable, you 
face choices. 

1699
01:37:17,200 --> 01:37:19,000
That would horrify your modern 
self. 

1700
01:37:20,000 --> 01:37:23,100
Some men drink sea water knowing
it will kill them, slowly 

1701
01:37:23,100 --> 01:37:27,900
preferring slow death to the 
torture of thirst others, catch 

1702
01:37:27,900 --> 01:37:32,200
rainwater in sales and buckets, 
drinking it taped and tasting of

1703
01:37:32,200 --> 01:37:35,700
canvas grateful for anything 
that doesn't burn the throat 

1704
01:37:35,700 --> 01:37:39,100
going down. 
The lucky ships capture prizes, 

1705
01:37:39,100 --> 01:37:42,300
that include fresh Provisions, 
briefly interrupting the 

1706
01:37:42,300 --> 01:37:45,800
downward spiral into 
malnutrition, scurvy arrives. 

1707
01:37:45,800 --> 01:37:49,200
Like a quiet passenger boarding 
with the crew but making its 

1708
01:37:49,200 --> 01:37:52,500
presence known only gradually 
your gums, begin to bleed. 

1709
01:37:52,500 --> 01:37:55,600
When you bite the hard tack, 
your skin bruises at the 

1710
01:37:55,600 --> 01:37:58,900
slightest, touch, purple 
flowers, blooming across your 

1711
01:37:58,900 --> 01:38:03,900
arms and legs Old Wounds, 
reopen, refusing to heal teeth, 

1712
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:06,700
loosen in their sockets. 
And you learn to chew, 

1713
01:38:06,700 --> 01:38:09,400
carefully, afraid of swallowing,
something that should stay 

1714
01:38:09,400 --> 01:38:11,700
attached. 
Cure exists. 

1715
01:38:12,500 --> 01:38:15,700
Citrus fruit, fresh vegetables. 
Anything containing What We Now 

1716
01:38:15,700 --> 01:38:18,600
call Vitamin C? 
But knowledge doesn't equal 

1717
01:38:18,600 --> 01:38:21,600
access and ships at Sea have? 
No green grosses. 

1718
01:38:21,600 --> 01:38:24,700
The cycle weight of food 
monotony, shouldn't be 

1719
01:38:24,700 --> 01:38:28,600
underestimated, humans. 
Crave Variety in their diet, the

1720
01:38:28,600 --> 01:38:34,000
way they crave air and water. 
The same meal day after day, we 

1721
01:38:34,000 --> 01:38:37,500
have to weak become a form of 
sensory deprivation. 

1722
01:38:38,300 --> 01:38:42,000
Your mind Rebels against it, but
your body needs fuel. 

1723
01:38:42,000 --> 01:38:46,300
So you eat The ACT transforms 
from pleasure into purely 

1724
01:38:46,300 --> 01:38:50,000
mechanical necessity. 
You shovel the tasteless protein

1725
01:38:50,000 --> 01:38:53,200
into your mouth? 
Swallow without savoring and 

1726
01:38:53,200 --> 01:38:56,500
count it as another small 
victory that you survived to eat

1727
01:38:56,500 --> 01:38:58,400
again. 
Successful raids, bring 

1728
01:38:58,400 --> 01:39:01,600
temporary relief. 
Captured ships sometimes, carry 

1729
01:39:01,600 --> 01:39:05,000
Delicacies sugar rice, proper 
bread. 

1730
01:39:05,000 --> 01:39:08,300
That hasn't fossilized an 
alcohol in varieties Beyond 

1731
01:39:08,300 --> 01:39:11,300
basic beer. 
These prizes, get consumed 

1732
01:39:11,300 --> 01:39:14,600
immediately, crew members 
gorging themselves, sick, after 

1733
01:39:14,600 --> 01:39:17,900
months of deprivation. 
There's no saving for later. 

1734
01:39:17,900 --> 01:39:20,600
No, rationing for sensible 
distribution. 

1735
01:39:20,600 --> 01:39:25,700
The psychology of scarcity 
overrides reason you eat because

1736
01:39:25,700 --> 01:39:29,300
it is there because tomorrow it 
won't be because this might be 

1737
01:39:29,300 --> 01:39:31,800
your only chance to taste 
something that doesn't make you 

1738
01:39:31,800 --> 01:39:35,000
hate, the activating the bell 
sounds at 4 in the morning, 

1739
01:39:35,000 --> 01:39:37,900
pulling you from whatever 
half-sleep, you manage to 

1740
01:39:37,900 --> 01:39:43,300
achieve, Your watch begins now. 
4 hours of Labor before a brief 

1741
01:39:43,300 --> 01:39:48,000
respite, then four more hours. 
This Rhythm continues without 

1742
01:39:48,000 --> 01:39:51,100
pause without weekends without 
holidays. 

1743
01:39:51,900 --> 01:39:56,700
The sea recognizes no Sabbath 
your hands soft and uncalled at 

1744
01:39:56,700 --> 01:39:58,600
the start transformed within 
days. 

1745
01:39:58,600 --> 01:40:02,400
Ropework tears. 
The skin from your palms leaving

1746
01:40:02,400 --> 01:40:05,200
raw patches that crack and bleed
with each new task. 

1747
01:40:06,000 --> 01:40:09,100
The hemp lines, that control the
sails weigh more than you expect

1748
01:40:09,100 --> 01:40:13,400
made heavier by spray and rain. 
Hauling them requires the 

1749
01:40:13,400 --> 01:40:15,400
coordinated effort of multiple 
men. 

1750
01:40:15,400 --> 01:40:19,300
Everyone pulling in Rhythm 
shoulders straining and backs 

1751
01:40:19,300 --> 01:40:22,700
protesting the sales themselves 
demand constant attention. 

1752
01:40:22,700 --> 01:40:26,800
They tear in storms, develop 
weak spots from sun, exposure 

1753
01:40:26,800 --> 01:40:29,400
and require patches and repairs 
that happen. 

1754
01:40:29,400 --> 01:40:32,600
A loft swaying on yards, high 
above the deck. 

1755
01:40:33,300 --> 01:40:36,900
You climb the rat lines, rope 
ladders that lead up the Mast 

1756
01:40:36,900 --> 01:40:40,000
with hands that shake from 
exhaustion and fear. 

1757
01:40:41,100 --> 01:40:45,000
The higher you go, the more the 
ship's movement amplifies, what 

1758
01:40:45,000 --> 01:40:48,300
feels like gentle rolling at 
deck level becomes violent 

1759
01:40:48,300 --> 01:40:51,700
swinging at the cross trees. 
You hook, your elbows through 

1760
01:40:51,700 --> 01:40:54,700
the rigging, use your thighs to 
grip the yard and try to thread 

1761
01:40:54,700 --> 01:40:56,300
a needle with fingers that won't
stop. 

1762
01:40:56,300 --> 01:40:59,800
Trembling pumping the build 
ranks, among the worst regular 

1763
01:40:59,800 --> 01:41:03,600
duties water, constantly, seeps 
into the ship's lowest point 

1764
01:41:03,600 --> 01:41:07,300
mixing with waste and creating a
suit that must be removed to 

1765
01:41:07,300 --> 01:41:08,800
prevent the vessel from 
foundering. 

1766
01:41:10,300 --> 01:41:14,100
The pump handles required, two 
men working in tandem pushing 

1767
01:41:14,100 --> 01:41:17,300
and pulling in a rhythm that 
must be maintained for hours. 

1768
01:41:18,200 --> 01:41:22,100
The smell that rises from below 
defies, description, human 

1769
01:41:22,100 --> 01:41:25,900
waste, rotting food, dead, rats,
all of it. 

1770
01:41:25,900 --> 01:41:29,500
Marinating in salt water and 
darkness, you breathe through 

1771
01:41:29,500 --> 01:41:31,600
your mouth which helps until you
taste, what? 

1772
01:41:31,600 --> 01:41:34,800
You're smelling scraping 
Barnacles and Marine growth from

1773
01:41:34,800 --> 01:41:37,000
the hull happens. 
Whenever the ship beaches for 

1774
01:41:37,000 --> 01:41:39,900
careening. 
The Vessel must be tilted on its

1775
01:41:39,900 --> 01:41:44,300
side, exposing the underwater 
surface to Air and sunlight. you

1776
01:41:44,300 --> 01:41:47,700
weighed into the surf with 
scrapers attacking the layers of

1777
01:41:47,700 --> 01:41:51,900
accumulated life, that slow the 
ship's progress Barnacles cut, 

1778
01:41:51,900 --> 01:41:57,200
like razors your shins and 
forearms collect new scars, thin

1779
01:41:57,200 --> 01:42:01,100
lines that burn with salted 
exposure, the work continues 

1780
01:42:01,100 --> 01:42:05,800
until every inch of Hull gleams 
relatively clean A process that 

1781
01:42:05,800 --> 01:42:08,300
takes days and leaves, you 
wondering of piracy might 

1782
01:42:08,300 --> 01:42:11,300
actually be easier than 
legitimate sailing maintenance. 

1783
01:42:11,300 --> 01:42:15,700
Never ends because Decay never 
stops Saltair corrodes metal 

1784
01:42:15,700 --> 01:42:18,700
require in constant rust removal
and oiling. 

1785
01:42:18,700 --> 01:42:22,900
Wood dries and splits needing 
tar, and caulking to maintain 

1786
01:42:22,900 --> 01:42:26,400
water. 
Titanic ropes, Fray, and must be

1787
01:42:26,400 --> 01:42:29,800
replaced or spliced. 
Sails, were thin and require 

1788
01:42:29,800 --> 01:42:32,700
patching. 
Ship exists in a state of 

1789
01:42:32,708 --> 01:42:35,500
controlled deterioration and 
your labor. 

1790
01:42:35,500 --> 01:42:38,700
Simply slows, the inevitable 
collapse standing, watch 

1791
01:42:38,700 --> 01:42:40,800
involves more than passive 
observation. 

1792
01:42:40,800 --> 01:42:44,900
You're expected to spot other 
vessels before they spot you to 

1793
01:42:44,900 --> 01:42:47,200
notice changes in weather. 
While there's still time to 

1794
01:42:47,200 --> 01:42:50,700
react and to hear anything 
unusual in the ship's constant 

1795
01:42:50,700 --> 01:42:53,000
voice. 
This requires a kind of 

1796
01:42:53,000 --> 01:42:56,300
meditation, a sustained 
attention that fights against 

1797
01:42:56,300 --> 01:43:00,400
boredom and exhaustion. 
Your eyes, scan the Horizon in 

1798
01:43:00,400 --> 01:43:03,200
patterns, looking for The 
Telltale Interruption of a 

1799
01:43:03,200 --> 01:43:06,500
distant sale. 
The dark line that indicates an 

1800
01:43:06,500 --> 01:43:10,300
approaching Squall, loading and 
securing cargo whether a 

1801
01:43:10,300 --> 01:43:13,100
legitimate Goods or plunder 
demands knowledge of weight 

1802
01:43:13,100 --> 01:43:16,900
distribution and balance. 
Stack it wrong and the ship 

1803
01:43:16,900 --> 01:43:21,400
lists dangerously, tie it down 
in properly and it shifted in 

1804
01:43:21,400 --> 01:43:24,600
rough Seas, potentially punching
through the hole from inside, 

1805
01:43:24,600 --> 01:43:28,600
you learn these lessons, by 
watching by listening to men, 

1806
01:43:28,600 --> 01:43:32,500
with Decades of experience, and 
by occasionally making mistakes 

1807
01:43:32,500 --> 01:43:36,100
that result in injuries and 
screamed Corrections combat, 

1808
01:43:36,100 --> 01:43:39,700
when it comes brings, its own 
exhausting, demands preparing 

1809
01:43:39,700 --> 01:43:41,300
the ship. 
For battle means clearing the 

1810
01:43:41,300 --> 01:43:43,900
decks of anything that might 
become a projectile. 

1811
01:43:43,900 --> 01:43:48,600
When hit wetting down, surfaces 
to prevent fire, Distributing, 

1812
01:43:48,600 --> 01:43:52,800
weapons, and loading cannons. 
The actual fighting last minute,

1813
01:43:52,800 --> 01:43:57,300
but requires hours of setup and 
potentially days of recovery. 

1814
01:43:58,400 --> 01:44:01,800
The guns themselves were tons. 
They were coil controlled by 

1815
01:44:01,808 --> 01:44:03,600
ropes. 
That must be maintained and 

1816
01:44:03,600 --> 01:44:06,200
checked. 
Firing them requires, precise 

1817
01:44:06,200 --> 01:44:10,000
choreography, swap the barrel, 
load the powder Ram, it home 

1818
01:44:10,000 --> 01:44:13,900
have the shot Prime, the touch 
hole aim, as well as a moving 

1819
01:44:13,900 --> 01:44:16,600
platform allows fire and 
immediately. 

1820
01:44:16,600 --> 01:44:18,800
Begin the sequence. 
Again while smoke obscures 

1821
01:44:18,800 --> 01:44:22,900
everything and noise damages, 
your hearing permanently the few

1822
01:44:22,900 --> 01:44:25,100
hours between watches, don't 
provide true rest. 

1823
01:44:25,100 --> 01:44:29,400
You're expected to help with 
whatever emergency arises, all 

1824
01:44:29,400 --> 01:44:33,200
hands to shorten sale in a 
sudden storm everyone to the 

1825
01:44:33,200 --> 01:44:37,500
pumps when a leaks brings and 
the full crew to chase down a 

1826
01:44:37,500 --> 01:44:40,800
potential prize. 
Sleep becomes something stolen 

1827
01:44:40,800 --> 01:44:45,100
in small increments, never quite
enough, never quite deep enough 

1828
01:44:45,100 --> 01:44:49,300
to truly restore your depleted 
reserves your body adapts. 

1829
01:44:49,300 --> 01:44:53,400
Because it must Must muscles 
develop in strange patterns 

1830
01:44:53,400 --> 01:44:57,200
overdeveloped in your arms and 
shoulders and strong in your 

1831
01:44:57,208 --> 01:44:59,600
core from constant balance 
adjustments. 

1832
01:45:00,400 --> 01:45:03,800
You lose weight, despite the 
physical labor because the food 

1833
01:45:03,800 --> 01:45:05,500
can't match the caloric 
expenditure. 

1834
01:45:06,600 --> 01:45:10,600
Your face becomes weathered skin
darkening and roughening under 

1835
01:45:10,600 --> 01:45:16,000
constant sun and salt spray. 
Uedge years, a months, the work 

1836
01:45:16,000 --> 01:45:19,600
literally wearing you down 
grinding away at your physical 

1837
01:45:19,600 --> 01:45:21,800
reserves like waves against 
Rock. 

1838
01:45:21,800 --> 01:45:24,600
The barometer drops though, most
crew members don't need 

1839
01:45:24,600 --> 01:45:28,800
instruments to sense the change.
The air gains weight pressing 

1840
01:45:28,800 --> 01:45:32,000
against your skin in ways that 
trigger ancient warnings. 

1841
01:45:32,800 --> 01:45:36,500
Birds vanish from the sky. 
The water takes on a strange, 

1842
01:45:36,500 --> 01:45:40,800
flatness and oily quality. 
That precedes chaos. 

1843
01:45:40,800 --> 01:45:45,600
When the storm hits it arrives 
with personality with what feels

1844
01:45:45,600 --> 01:45:48,900
like deliberate malice. 
When screams through the 

1845
01:45:48,900 --> 01:45:50,900
rigging, a sound that drowns 
out. 

1846
01:45:50,900 --> 01:45:55,100
Shouted orders, you watch men's 
mouths move without hearing 

1847
01:45:55,100 --> 01:45:58,900
words, responding to gestures 
and long practiced routine. 

1848
01:45:59,700 --> 01:46:02,600
The deck Beneath Your Feet tilts
at Angles at seemed impossible 

1849
01:46:02,600 --> 01:46:06,800
that should capsize The Vessel 
but somehow don't waves no 

1850
01:46:06,800 --> 01:46:10,100
longer look like water. 
They become moving walls, dark 

1851
01:46:10,100 --> 01:46:13,600
mountains, that rise beside the 
ship, their peaks torn into 

1852
01:46:13,600 --> 01:46:15,800
spray by the wind. 
One moment. 

1853
01:46:15,800 --> 01:46:19,400
You're in a valley between 
swells, surrounded by water on 

1854
01:46:19,400 --> 01:46:22,100
all sides. 
Unable to see anything but 

1855
01:46:22,100 --> 01:46:25,100
ocean. 
The next moment, the ship climbs

1856
01:46:25,100 --> 01:46:28,900
and you glimpse a horizon that 
curves wrong that shows you how 

1857
01:46:28,900 --> 01:46:31,000
small and temporary your wooden 
world really. 

1858
01:46:31,000 --> 01:46:33,800
Is the rain doesn't fall it 
attacks. 

1859
01:46:33,800 --> 01:46:37,400
Horizontally each drop hitting 
like a tiny fist. 

1860
01:46:38,300 --> 01:46:41,800
You're soaked instantly and the 
water temperature depends 

1861
01:46:41,800 --> 01:46:43,900
entirely on what ocean you're 
Crossing. 

1862
01:46:44,700 --> 01:46:48,800
Tropical storms drench you in 
bath, warm rain, that provides 

1863
01:46:48,800 --> 01:46:52,600
no relief from the Heat. 
Northern tempests, introduce you

1864
01:46:52,608 --> 01:46:56,400
to cold that penetrates through 
clothes and skin settling into 

1865
01:46:56,400 --> 01:46:59,200
your bones. 
Making your hands too, stiff to 

1866
01:46:59,200 --> 01:47:01,600
properly grip, the lines. 
You're supposed to be managing 

1867
01:47:01,600 --> 01:47:03,800
below deck becomes 
uninhabitable. 

1868
01:47:04,900 --> 01:47:07,600
Ship's motion transforms from 
rocking to Violent. 

1869
01:47:07,600 --> 01:47:10,500
Thrashing. 
Hammock swing wildly throwing 

1870
01:47:10,500 --> 01:47:14,600
men against walls in each other.
Anyone with a weak stomach and 

1871
01:47:14,600 --> 01:47:17,900
that's most people in conditions
like this vomits until they have

1872
01:47:17,900 --> 01:47:21,600
nothing left, then continues 
with dry heaves, that crack 

1873
01:47:21,600 --> 01:47:24,600
ribs. 
The smell of sick, mixes with 

1874
01:47:24,600 --> 01:47:28,000
the general stench, adding 
another layer to an already 

1875
01:47:28,000 --> 01:47:31,600
unbearable atmosphere. 
You choose to stay topside 

1876
01:47:31,600 --> 01:47:34,400
despite the danger because at 
least there you can breathe, 

1877
01:47:34,400 --> 01:47:36,900
securing your self becomes 
Paramount. 

1878
01:47:37,800 --> 01:47:40,700
Safety lines, get rigged across 
the deck, and you clip in with 

1879
01:47:40,700 --> 01:47:44,700
whatever, you can find a rope 
around your waist a quick knot 

1880
01:47:44,700 --> 01:47:48,000
that you pray holds. 
Men, who don't take this 

1881
01:47:48,000 --> 01:47:51,300
seriously disappear over the 
side, they're one moment and 

1882
01:47:51,300 --> 01:47:55,500
gone the next swallowed, by the 
dark water, without ceremony or 

1883
01:47:55,500 --> 01:47:58,700
chance of rescue. 
C doesn't return, bodies in 

1884
01:47:58,700 --> 01:48:02,800
these conditions, it keeps What 
It Takes the sales must come 

1885
01:48:02,800 --> 01:48:06,400
down before they shred or worse,
before they drive the ship 

1886
01:48:06,400 --> 01:48:09,100
under. 
Furling canvas in a storm 

1887
01:48:09,100 --> 01:48:13,000
requires climbing into 
conditions that test sanity, the

1888
01:48:13,000 --> 01:48:15,900
wind tries to pluck you from the
rigging like fruit from a tree, 

1889
01:48:15,900 --> 01:48:20,400
the sail fabric whips and cracks
capable of breaking bones. 

1890
01:48:20,400 --> 01:48:23,700
If it catches you wrong, you 
work with hands, that have no 

1891
01:48:23,700 --> 01:48:28,300
feeling left fingers, moving on 
autopsy instincts, muscle memory

1892
01:48:28,300 --> 01:48:31,100
executing tasks. 
Your conscious mind is too 

1893
01:48:31,100 --> 01:48:34,900
terrified to direct lightning 
turns night into day and 

1894
01:48:34,900 --> 01:48:38,500
stuttering intervals. 
Each flash revealing the chaos 

1895
01:48:38,500 --> 01:48:43,000
in Stark detail, men, struggling
with ropes officers, pointing 

1896
01:48:43,000 --> 01:48:46,400
towards some new crisis water 
washing across the deck in 

1897
01:48:46,400 --> 01:48:48,500
quantities. 
That seem impossible to drain 

1898
01:48:48,500 --> 01:48:52,500
before the next wave arrives. 
The Thunder follows close enough

1899
01:48:52,500 --> 01:48:56,100
that you feel it in your chest a
physical force that competes 

1900
01:48:56,100 --> 01:48:59,700
with the wind for Audience. 
The ship's Timbers, scream under

1901
01:48:59,700 --> 01:49:02,800
the stress. 
You hear them flex and groan 

1902
01:49:02,800 --> 01:49:06,900
sounds that suggest imminent 
breakup that make you certain. 

1903
01:49:06,900 --> 01:49:08,800
This is the way that finally 
does it. 

1904
01:49:08,808 --> 01:49:11,900
The one that cracks the spine 
and sends everyone down. 

1905
01:49:12,800 --> 01:49:15,300
But the vessel holds together 
through engineering, you don't 

1906
01:49:15,300 --> 01:49:18,100
understand through 
craftsmanship, you've never 

1907
01:49:18,100 --> 01:49:21,300
properly appreciated and through
what starts to feel like 

1908
01:49:21,300 --> 01:49:25,200
Supernatural stubbornness, how 
has passed without any sense of 

1909
01:49:25,200 --> 01:49:27,800
time. 
You work, you survive and you 

1910
01:49:27,800 --> 01:49:31,600
work some more. 
Exhaustion becomes absolute, a 

1911
01:49:31,600 --> 01:49:34,100
state Beyond, tiredness beyond 
anything. 

1912
01:49:34,100 --> 01:49:38,000
You've previously experienced 
your body operates on some 

1913
01:49:38,000 --> 01:49:41,000
Reserve fuel. 
You didn't know existed drawing 

1914
01:49:41,000 --> 01:49:44,100
from stores that will leave you 
depleted for days afterward, 

1915
01:49:44,100 --> 01:49:48,200
when the storm finally passes, 
and they always do eventually 

1916
01:49:48,200 --> 01:49:51,600
the world looks scraped clean 
Raw. 

1917
01:49:52,800 --> 01:49:56,100
The sea settles into swells that
would terrify you in normal 

1918
01:49:56,100 --> 01:49:59,000
times, but now seemed gentle by 
comparison. 

1919
01:50:00,100 --> 01:50:04,000
Sunlight returns with obscene 
cheerfulness, Illuminating, the 

1920
01:50:04,000 --> 01:50:06,100
damage that must be assessed and
repaired. 

1921
01:50:06,100 --> 01:50:10,700
The deck is littered with 
debris, torn wrote, broken spas,

1922
01:50:10,700 --> 01:50:14,300
and sometimes personal items 
that belong to men who are no 

1923
01:50:14,300 --> 01:50:18,000
longer aboard, the human cost of
reveals itself in the aftermath 

1924
01:50:18,000 --> 01:50:22,400
you count faces realize whose 
missing and try not to think too

1925
01:50:22,400 --> 01:50:26,700
hard about the gaps in the crew.
Injury surface is adrenaline, 

1926
01:50:26,700 --> 01:50:31,500
Fades broken bones, deep cuts 
and burns from ropes, that move 

1927
01:50:31,500 --> 01:50:34,000
too fast. 
The ship surgeon. 

1928
01:50:34,000 --> 01:50:37,300
If you have one, makes his 
rounds with the limited supplies

1929
01:50:37,300 --> 01:50:40,900
available doing what he can, 
which often amounts to Simply 

1930
01:50:40,900 --> 01:50:43,600
confirming that someone will 
probably survive, or definitely 

1931
01:50:43,600 --> 01:50:46,600
won't you sleep, then wherever 
you collapse. 

1932
01:50:46,600 --> 01:50:50,300
The deck works fine, a coil of 
rope becomes a pillow. 

1933
01:50:50,300 --> 01:50:54,400
Your body doesn't care about 
Comfort or propriety it demands 

1934
01:50:54,400 --> 01:50:56,600
unconsciousness and takes it by 
force. 

1935
01:50:56,600 --> 01:51:01,700
Toilets showers clean water 
flowing from Taps, these 

1936
01:51:01,700 --> 01:51:04,700
conveniences exist in your 
memory but nowhere in your 

1937
01:51:04,700 --> 01:51:07,400
current reality. 
The morning routine. 

1938
01:51:07,400 --> 01:51:11,200
You took for granted dissolves 
into crude approximation you 

1939
01:51:11,200 --> 01:51:13,300
wake with a mouth. 
That tastes like something died 

1940
01:51:13,300 --> 01:51:16,300
in it. 
Teeth coated in film and gums, 

1941
01:51:16,300 --> 01:51:18,700
tender from the beginning stages
of scurvy. 

1942
01:51:19,500 --> 01:51:23,300
There's no toothbrush. 
No toothpaste, and no mouthwash.

1943
01:51:24,200 --> 01:51:27,000
Some men chew on frayed rope 
ends to clean their teeth. 

1944
01:51:27,000 --> 01:51:30,600
He practiced that removes some 
debris while adding interesting 

1945
01:51:30,600 --> 01:51:34,900
Splinter's bathing happens in 
the ocean if at all you strip 

1946
01:51:34,900 --> 01:51:37,700
down and jump overboard when the
ship is becomes and the water 

1947
01:51:37,700 --> 01:51:41,500
looks relatively short free, The
Saltwater leaves, your skin 

1948
01:51:41,500 --> 01:51:44,800
sticky in your hair stiff, but 
at least you've removed some of 

1949
01:51:44,800 --> 01:51:48,900
the accumulated Grime. 
The process requires timing and 

1950
01:51:48,900 --> 01:51:52,100
luck. 
Jump when the ship is moving and

1951
01:51:52,100 --> 01:51:55,600
you'll never catch up. 
Swim too far from the hull and 

1952
01:51:55,600 --> 01:51:57,900
you become bait for things that 
see you as food. 

1953
01:51:58,800 --> 01:52:02,800
The crew keeps watch but their 
attention spans waiver and being

1954
01:52:02,800 --> 01:52:05,000
forgotten. 
While Treading Water ranks among

1955
01:52:05,000 --> 01:52:08,500
the more terrifying Ways to Die 
your clothes, transformed into 

1956
01:52:08,500 --> 01:52:13,300
biological experiments. 
Sweat, salt water, dirt and 

1957
01:52:13,300 --> 01:52:16,000
Thyme combined to create 
garments that could probably 

1958
01:52:16,000 --> 01:52:19,500
stand up on their own. 
Washing them properly requires 

1959
01:52:19,500 --> 01:52:23,400
fresh water, that doesn't exist.
So you rinse them in seawater 

1960
01:52:23,400 --> 01:52:28,200
that doesn't really clean just 
redistributes the filth Fabric 

1961
01:52:28,200 --> 01:52:33,100
develops, its own ecosystem. 
Lice fleece and other parasites.

1962
01:52:33,100 --> 01:52:35,300
That treat your body as their 
personal territory. 

1963
01:52:35,300 --> 01:52:40,200
You scratch constantly creating 
new wounds that don't heal 

1964
01:52:40,200 --> 01:52:44,600
cleanly and that sometimes 
become infected privacy for 

1965
01:52:44,600 --> 01:52:47,200
bodily functions exist. 
Only in concept. 

1966
01:52:47,200 --> 01:52:50,200
Everyone knows when you're 
constipated because they've 

1967
01:52:50,200 --> 01:52:51,600
watched you struggle in the 
heads. 

1968
01:52:51,600 --> 01:52:54,200
For 20 minutes. 
Everyone hears when you have 

1969
01:52:54,200 --> 01:52:57,700
diarrhea, that's special misery.
Intense of fight by having to 

1970
01:52:57,700 --> 01:53:01,200
hang your exposed rear end over 
the ocean while your intestine 

1971
01:53:01,200 --> 01:53:05,600
stage a revolt. 
Dignity gets left at Port along 

1972
01:53:05,600 --> 01:53:07,300
with every other civilized 
Comfort. 

1973
01:53:07,300 --> 01:53:10,900
Medical Care would be laughable 
if the consequences weren't so 

1974
01:53:10,900 --> 01:53:13,400
serious. 
The ship's surgeon learned his 

1975
01:53:13,400 --> 01:53:16,600
trade through apprenticeship and
experience, not formal 

1976
01:53:16,600 --> 01:53:21,100
education, his toolkit includes 
saws for amputation, needles for

1977
01:53:21,100 --> 01:53:24,300
stitching and alcohol for 
sterilization though, more of 

1978
01:53:24,308 --> 01:53:27,500
the alcohol ends up consumed the
news for cleaning wounds. 

1979
01:53:28,300 --> 01:53:31,500
Anesthesia means getting drunk 
enough to pass out or biting 

1980
01:53:31,500 --> 01:53:33,400
down on leather. 
While someone does something 

1981
01:53:33,400 --> 01:53:37,100
horrible to your body infections
run rampant in these conditions,

1982
01:53:37,100 --> 01:53:43,000
a small cut becomes a major 
crisis, The wound readons swells

1983
01:53:43,000 --> 01:53:47,500
and begins weeping pus. fever 
sets in and you shake under 

1984
01:53:47,500 --> 01:53:50,500
blankets that don't exist while 
your crewmates debate, whether 

1985
01:53:50,500 --> 01:53:55,000
you'll survive some infections 
resolve on their own, the body's

1986
01:53:55,000 --> 01:53:58,500
immune system, winning battles 
without assistance others 

1987
01:53:58,500 --> 01:54:03,700
progress to gangrene to set this
to death, that comes slowly, and

1988
01:54:03,700 --> 01:54:06,900
painfully while everyone watches
and tries not to think about 

1989
01:54:06,900 --> 01:54:10,400
their own vulnerability, climate
control amounts to choosing 

1990
01:54:10,400 --> 01:54:14,100
whether to suffer below deck or 
above in tropical heat, both 

1991
01:54:14,100 --> 01:54:17,100
options, feel like punishments 
below deck. 

1992
01:54:17,100 --> 01:54:20,500
The air temperature rises until 
breathing becomes labor until 

1993
01:54:20,500 --> 01:54:23,300
swept pause from your body 
faster than you can replace the 

1994
01:54:23,300 --> 01:54:26,400
fluids. 
Above deck the sun attacks from 

1995
01:54:26,400 --> 01:54:28,100
overhead. 
While the deck reflects heat 

1996
01:54:28,100 --> 01:54:32,300
upward cooking you from both 
directions, There's No Escape no

1997
01:54:32,300 --> 01:54:35,500
air conditioning and no fan 
beyond what the wind provides 

1998
01:54:35,500 --> 01:54:39,000
cold climates. 
Bring opposite miseries the ship

1999
01:54:39,000 --> 01:54:41,600
offers, no heating beyond the 
galleys fire, which must be 

2000
01:54:41,608 --> 01:54:44,700
carefully managed to avoid 
burning down your own shelter, 

2001
01:54:44,700 --> 01:54:48,700
you layer what clothes you have,
but the dampness defeats 

2002
01:54:48,700 --> 01:54:52,100
insulation. 
The cold settles into your bones

2003
01:54:52,100 --> 01:54:57,000
into your joints, making 
movement, painful making sleep 

2004
01:54:57,000 --> 01:55:01,600
impossible, despite exhaustion. 
Men huddled together for warmth.

2005
01:55:02,600 --> 01:55:06,700
Passed caring about personal 
space or dignity entertainment. 

2006
01:55:06,700 --> 01:55:10,200
Consists of whatever you can 
create from nothing, some men, 

2007
01:55:10,200 --> 01:55:14,000
carve scrimshaw etching designs 
into whale teeth or bone when 

2008
01:55:14,008 --> 01:55:18,900
available Others tell stories 
the same Tales recycled until 

2009
01:55:18,900 --> 01:55:22,100
everyone knows them by heart, 
but keeps listening because the 

2010
01:55:22,100 --> 01:55:26,600
alternative is silent. card 
games happen with decks, so warn

2011
01:55:26,600 --> 01:55:30,600
the markings barely register 
Dice made from bone rattle in 

2012
01:55:30,600 --> 01:55:34,400
Corners during off-watch hours. 
Gambling provides distraction. 

2013
01:55:34,400 --> 01:55:38,000
Even when you're betting things,
you don't actually own the 

2014
01:55:38,000 --> 01:55:40,900
isolation from normal. 
Human society changes. 

2015
01:55:40,900 --> 01:55:43,000
You in ways you don't notice 
until much later. 

2016
01:55:43,000 --> 01:55:47,900
Your social skills atrophy, your
ability to converse about 

2017
01:55:47,900 --> 01:55:51,600
anything beyond ships and 
sailing diminishes. you forget 

2018
01:55:51,600 --> 01:55:55,400
what it's like to speak with 
women with children, with anyone

2019
01:55:55,400 --> 01:55:59,300
who doesn't smell like 
bilgewater and Desperation The 

2020
01:55:59,300 --> 01:56:03,500
ship becomes your entire world 
and that world is brutally small

2021
01:56:03,500 --> 01:56:08,800
populated by the same faces, the
same conversations and the same 

2022
01:56:08,800 --> 01:56:12,200
complaints repeated until they 
lose, meaning news from Land 

2023
01:56:12,200 --> 01:56:15,800
arrives months late. 
If at all, you have no idea 

2024
01:56:15,800 --> 01:56:17,300
what's happening in The Wider 
world. 

2025
01:56:18,200 --> 01:56:20,400
War start and end without your 
knowledge. 

2026
01:56:20,400 --> 01:56:24,700
Family members die and you're 
not there you won't even hear 

2027
01:56:24,700 --> 01:56:27,100
about it until some random 
encounter in Port. 

2028
01:56:27,900 --> 01:56:30,400
The isolation is mental as much 
as physical. 

2029
01:56:31,200 --> 01:56:33,700
A cutting off from the flow of 
normal life that leaves you 

2030
01:56:33,700 --> 01:56:37,600
adrift in more than the oceanic 
scents, the Articles get read 

2031
01:56:37,600 --> 01:56:41,400
aloud before you sign a moment 
of unexpected, formality on a 

2032
01:56:41,408 --> 01:56:45,800
vessel dedicated to lawlessness.
The document outlines rules your

2033
01:56:45,800 --> 01:56:50,300
expected to follow punishments 
for violation and the system by 

2034
01:56:50,300 --> 01:56:53,200
which decisions get made. 
You listen carefully. 

2035
01:56:53,200 --> 01:56:56,400
Because this social contract is 
the only thing preventing apps. 

2036
01:56:56,400 --> 01:56:59,200
Luke chaos. 
Every man gets a vote on major 

2037
01:56:59,200 --> 01:57:02,900
decision where the hunt for 
prizes, whether to attack a 

2038
01:57:02,900 --> 01:57:05,100
particular Target and how to 
divide plunder. 

2039
01:57:06,000 --> 01:57:09,100
This democracy emerges not from 
Progressive political Theory, 

2040
01:57:09,100 --> 01:57:13,500
but from practical necessity. 
When you've assembled a crew of 

2041
01:57:13,500 --> 01:57:16,900
men who've already rejected 
conventional Authority, you 

2042
01:57:16,900 --> 01:57:19,800
can't exactly rule through 
aristocratic privilege. 

2043
01:57:19,800 --> 01:57:23,600
The captain holds power only as 
long as the crew believes his 

2044
01:57:23,600 --> 01:57:28,500
effective fail, too many times 
and your voted out replaced by 

2045
01:57:28,508 --> 01:57:30,200
someone, the men think might do 
better. 

2046
01:57:30,200 --> 01:57:34,300
The quartermaster serves as the 
cruise representative, the 

2047
01:57:34,300 --> 01:57:36,100
balanced against the captain's 
Authority. 

2048
01:57:36,100 --> 01:57:40,800
He distributes food settles 
dispute and generally ensures 

2049
01:57:40,800 --> 01:57:43,100
that the captain doesn't get too
comfortable with power. 

2050
01:57:44,200 --> 01:57:47,100
This position requires 
diplomatic skills and the 

2051
01:57:47,108 --> 01:57:50,900
ability to fight because 
sometimes disputes get settled 

2052
01:57:50,900 --> 01:57:55,200
with fists rather than words. 
You watch, these Dynamics play 

2053
01:57:55,200 --> 01:57:58,200
out and see how carefully, the 
successful quartermaster's 

2054
01:57:58,200 --> 01:58:02,100
navigate between crew, concerned
and operational Necessities. 

2055
01:58:02,100 --> 01:58:06,300
Combat brings its own rules, 
explicitly stated in the 

2056
01:58:06,300 --> 01:58:10,000
Articles cowardice, and battle 
means death or marooning 

2057
01:58:10,000 --> 01:58:12,700
deserting your station, gets you
flogged. 

2058
01:58:12,700 --> 01:58:16,900
If the crew feels merciful, 
These harsh punishments, reflect

2059
01:58:16,900 --> 01:58:19,800
the reality that everyone 
survival depends on everyone 

2060
01:58:19,800 --> 01:58:22,000
else doing their job. 
One man. 

2061
01:58:22,000 --> 01:58:25,500
Running during a fight can 
Cascade into total defeat and 

2062
01:58:25,500 --> 01:58:28,100
can get the entire crew killed 
or captured and hanged. 

2063
01:58:28,100 --> 01:58:31,700
The division of plunder follows 
predetermined formulas. 

2064
01:58:32,600 --> 01:58:36,500
The captain gets extra shares as
do the quartermaster the surgeon

2065
01:58:36,500 --> 01:58:40,000
and the master gunner. 
Anyone with specialized skills 

2066
01:58:40,000 --> 01:58:43,600
that benefit the whole crew. 
But even the captain's portion 

2067
01:58:43,600 --> 01:58:47,200
rarely exceeds two or three 
shares, while, common Sailors, 

2068
01:58:47,200 --> 01:58:51,300
get one, this relative equality 
stands in stark contrast to 

2069
01:58:51,300 --> 01:58:55,400
Merchant and Naval vessels where
officers might earn 50 times 

2070
01:58:55,400 --> 01:58:58,700
what ordinary seaman make 
injuries sustained in battle 

2071
01:58:58,700 --> 01:59:02,000
qualify for compensation, 
another aspect details in the 

2072
01:59:02,000 --> 01:59:07,000
Articles lost and I here's your 
payment lost a leg, here's a 

2073
01:59:07,008 --> 01:59:10,100
larger sum these amounts get 
paid before the general division

2074
01:59:10,100 --> 01:59:13,700
of plunder recognizing that the 
crew owe something to men who 

2075
01:59:13,700 --> 01:59:16,100
sacrifice body parts for the 
common Enterprise? 

2076
01:59:17,000 --> 01:59:19,200
The system. 
Acknowledges risk and tries to 

2077
01:59:19,208 --> 01:59:23,000
compensate accordingly, though. 
No amount of money, truly repays

2078
01:59:23,000 --> 01:59:25,800
losing in the 17th century 
punishment. 

2079
01:59:25,800 --> 01:59:29,700
For violation happened, swiftly 
in publicly steal from a 

2080
01:59:29,700 --> 01:59:33,800
crewmate and you might receive 
Moses law. 39 lashes 

2081
01:59:33,800 --> 01:59:37,500
administered by the person who 
stole from the entire crew 

2082
01:59:37,500 --> 01:59:40,700
assembles to watch partly to 
witness Justice. 

2083
01:59:40,700 --> 01:59:44,400
Being done and partly to remind 
themselves of the consequences 

2084
01:59:44,400 --> 01:59:48,600
of breaking the rules. 
The whip Cuts deep drawing 

2085
01:59:48,600 --> 01:59:52,000
blood, leaving scars, that Mark,
you as someone who couldn't be 

2086
01:59:52,000 --> 01:59:54,900
trusted marooning serves as the 
ultimate punishment. 

2087
01:59:54,900 --> 01:59:59,900
Reserved for the worst offenses,
The Condemned man gets left on a

2088
01:59:59,900 --> 02:00:01,700
small island or beach with a 
pistol. 

2089
02:00:01,700 --> 02:00:05,400
Containing one shot a small 
amount of water and essentially 

2090
02:00:05,400 --> 02:00:09,000
no food the single bullet 
carries symbolic weight. 

2091
02:00:09,000 --> 02:00:11,300
It's for ending your own 
suffering. 

2092
02:00:11,300 --> 02:00:14,400
When starvation becomes 
unbearable, or for a very slim 

2093
02:00:14,400 --> 02:00:16,100
chance at hunting something 
edible. 

2094
02:00:16,100 --> 02:00:21,700
Either way, it's probably your 
last bullet Most marooned men, 

2095
02:00:21,700 --> 02:00:25,600
die, slowly alone. 
With plenty of time to 

2096
02:00:25,600 --> 02:00:29,300
contemplate, their mistakes, the
social structure Flexes in ways 

2097
02:00:29,300 --> 02:00:31,600
that would confuse someone from 
conventional Society. 

2098
02:00:31,600 --> 02:00:35,700
Men who might be deadly enemies?
In Port Works side by side at 

2099
02:00:35,700 --> 02:00:39,400
Sea United by common purpose and
shared risk. 

2100
02:00:40,200 --> 02:00:43,200
Racial hierarchies matter less 
here than in the legitimate 

2101
02:00:43,200 --> 02:00:46,900
World, black Pirates, serve 
alongside white ones with a 

2102
02:00:46,900 --> 02:00:48,800
rougher quality that wouldn't 
Exist Elsewhere. 

2103
02:00:49,700 --> 02:00:52,600
This isn't enlightened tolerance
so much as practically 

2104
02:00:52,600 --> 02:00:56,300
indifferent. 
The seed doesn't care about skin

2105
02:00:56,300 --> 02:00:59,700
color and neither do men focused
on survival and profit. 

2106
02:00:59,700 --> 02:01:03,300
Women, occasionally Syed with 
pirate Crews, though they 

2107
02:01:03,300 --> 02:01:05,900
typically disguise themselves, 
as men to avoid the 

2108
02:01:05,900 --> 02:01:07,700
complications, their presence 
would create. 

2109
02:01:08,800 --> 02:01:14,200
Few who became known and Bonnie 
Mary Reed, a legendary status 

2110
02:01:14,200 --> 02:01:16,000
partly because they were so 
rare. 

2111
02:01:16,800 --> 02:01:19,700
Most Crews, maintained explicit 
rules against bringing women 

2112
02:01:19,700 --> 02:01:22,800
aboard knowing that sexual 
tension could destroy the 

2113
02:01:22,800 --> 02:01:25,100
fragile, cohesion that kept 
everyone alive. 

2114
02:01:25,100 --> 02:01:28,200
Drinking happens 
enthusiastically whenever 

2115
02:01:28,200 --> 02:01:32,000
alcohol becomes available the 
Articles might limit consumption

2116
02:01:32,000 --> 02:01:35,600
during active operations, but 
once plunder is secured and 

2117
02:01:35,600 --> 02:01:39,500
divided the celebrations begin 
Men, drink themselves. 

2118
02:01:39,500 --> 02:01:43,600
Unconscious fight each other for
entertainment and engaging, 

2119
02:01:43,600 --> 02:01:45,500
contests of strength and 
stupidity. 

2120
02:01:46,500 --> 02:01:49,600
The release of tension that's 
been building for weeks comes 

2121
02:01:49,600 --> 02:01:53,700
out in explosions of drunk and 
excess that sometimes result in 

2122
02:01:53,700 --> 02:01:56,800
injuries or deaths that didn't 
need to happen, religious 

2123
02:01:56,800 --> 02:01:59,700
practice varies by individual 
some men. 

2124
02:01:59,700 --> 02:02:03,200
Pray regularly asking 
forgiveness for their sins while

2125
02:02:03,200 --> 02:02:06,800
planning to commit more. 
Others abandoned Faith entirely 

2126
02:02:06,800 --> 02:02:10,700
deciding that if God exists, 
he's clearly not paying 

2127
02:02:10,700 --> 02:02:14,700
attention to their corner of the
ocean. if you become 

2128
02:02:14,700 --> 02:02:18,900
superstitious developing, 
elaborate rituals around whether

2129
02:02:18,900 --> 02:02:24,500
signs Lucky Charms and ominous 
portents The ship accumulates 

2130
02:02:24,500 --> 02:02:28,300
its own mythology. 
Stories of ghosts and curses 

2131
02:02:28,300 --> 02:02:30,600
that get embellished with each 
retelling. 

2132
02:02:30,600 --> 02:02:34,600
For all the misery, men kept 
choosing this life, they signed 

2133
02:02:34,600 --> 02:02:37,000
articles. 
They went to see and they risked

2134
02:02:37,000 --> 02:02:39,700
everything for what amounts to a
lottery ticket in blood. 

2135
02:02:40,800 --> 02:02:43,300
Understanding why requires 
looking at what they were 

2136
02:02:43,300 --> 02:02:45,400
running from the Merchant 
Marine? 

2137
02:02:45,400 --> 02:02:49,700
The supposedly legitimate 
alternative worked Sailors, just

2138
02:02:49,700 --> 02:02:52,300
as hard for a fraction of the 
potential reward. 

2139
02:02:53,300 --> 02:02:57,000
Merchant captains operated under
company rules, that prioritized 

2140
02:02:57,000 --> 02:03:00,600
profit over Humanity. 
Sailors might go months without 

2141
02:03:00,600 --> 02:03:03,800
pay their wages, held back to 
prevent desertion. 

2142
02:03:04,700 --> 02:03:07,800
Food on Merchant vessels was 
often worse than pirate, Fair, 

2143
02:03:07,800 --> 02:03:11,000
rationed more strictly and 
distributed more. 

2144
02:03:11,000 --> 02:03:15,900
Unfairly The promise of steady 
employment rank Halo when that 

2145
02:03:15,900 --> 02:03:18,800
employment meant slow starvation
and brutal discipline. 

2146
02:03:18,800 --> 02:03:22,300
The Royal Navy presented itself 
as honorable service, but 

2147
02:03:22,300 --> 02:03:24,500
delivered something closer to a 
floating prison. 

2148
02:03:25,400 --> 02:03:29,300
Press gangs roamed port cities, 
kidnapping men into service 

2149
02:03:29,300 --> 02:03:32,600
against their will. 
Once aboard a naval vessel, you 

2150
02:03:32,600 --> 02:03:35,600
belong to the crown until death 
or disability released you. 

2151
02:03:36,400 --> 02:03:38,300
Desertion meant hanging. 
If caught. 

2152
02:03:39,100 --> 02:03:43,200
The pay was theoretical 
delivered years late, if at all.

2153
02:03:44,000 --> 02:03:48,300
Officers, treated common Sailors
as Expendable resources, the 

2154
02:03:48,300 --> 02:03:51,600
articles of War authorized 
flogging for offenses, as minor 

2155
02:03:51,600 --> 02:03:55,400
as failing to touch your hat to 
a superior officer on Land 

2156
02:03:55,400 --> 02:03:58,800
employment options for 
uneducated, unskilled men, 

2157
02:03:58,800 --> 02:04:01,600
centered around hard labor, for 
subsistence wages. 

2158
02:04:02,500 --> 02:04:06,300
You might work as a doc hand, a 
farm labourer, or a street. 

2159
02:04:06,300 --> 02:04:09,700
Sweeper jobs that wore your body
down while keeping you 

2160
02:04:09,700 --> 02:04:11,300
perpetually on the edge of 
poverty. 

2161
02:04:12,100 --> 02:04:15,300
The social Mobility that modern 
people take for granted simply 

2162
02:04:15,300 --> 02:04:18,100
didn't exist. 
Born poor you died. 

2163
02:04:18,100 --> 02:04:21,400
Poor and so did your children, 
piracy offered an alternative. 

2164
02:04:21,400 --> 02:04:24,400
However, brutal. 
You might die. 

2165
02:04:24,400 --> 02:04:26,400
Yes. 
But you might also become 

2166
02:04:26,400 --> 02:04:29,300
wealthy. 
More importantly, you lived free

2167
02:04:29,300 --> 02:04:32,500
of the constant humiliation, 
that defined working class 

2168
02:04:32,500 --> 02:04:36,700
existence in the 17th century. 
No employer could cheat you out 

2169
02:04:36,700 --> 02:04:39,600
of wages. 
No Aristocrat could beat you for

2170
02:04:39,600 --> 02:04:41,200
failing to show proper 
deference. 

2171
02:04:41,900 --> 02:04:44,500
The only Authority you answered 
to was the collective will of 

2172
02:04:44,508 --> 02:04:48,500
men in the same situation. 
Men would help elect men, who 

2173
02:04:48,500 --> 02:04:51,800
could be replaced if they became
tyrannical, the gambling aspect 

2174
02:04:51,800 --> 02:04:56,400
to tracked a certain personality
type, Men who preferred a short 

2175
02:04:56,400 --> 02:04:58,600
exciting life to a long 
miserable one? 

2176
02:04:59,200 --> 02:05:03,000
The treasure fantasies might be 
exaggerated but successful raids

2177
02:05:03,000 --> 02:05:06,600
did happen. 
Ships carrying sugar Indigo and 

2178
02:05:06,600 --> 02:05:11,500
silver got captured and sold the
proceeds divided, among the crew

2179
02:05:11,500 --> 02:05:14,100
could equally years of wages 
from legitimate work. 

2180
02:05:14,800 --> 02:05:17,900
Even the ordinary raids, the 
ones that netted only cloth and 

2181
02:05:17,900 --> 02:05:21,500
tools provided income that beat 
anything available through legal

2182
02:05:21,500 --> 02:05:24,000
means. 
The thrill of combat called to 

2183
02:05:24,000 --> 02:05:26,900
men who found ordinary life, 
unbearably dull. 

2184
02:05:27,800 --> 02:05:30,400
Modern society has plenty of 
outlets for this. 

2185
02:05:30,400 --> 02:05:35,500
Impulse extreme sports action, 
movies and video games that 

2186
02:05:35,500 --> 02:05:38,200
simulate danger with out 
delivering consequences. 

2187
02:05:39,200 --> 02:05:42,500
The 17th century offered limited
substitutes. 

2188
02:05:42,500 --> 02:05:46,900
You could fight in actual Wars 
at actual risk or you could 

2189
02:05:46,900 --> 02:05:50,300
waste away in some quiet Village
knowing you'd never test 

2190
02:05:50,300 --> 02:05:53,500
yourself against anything more 
challenging than a stubborn. 

2191
02:05:53,500 --> 02:05:57,400
Mule the multi-cultural nature 
of pirate Cruise provided refuge

2192
02:05:57,400 --> 02:06:00,400
for men who didn't fit 
elsewhere, the Scapes slaves 

2193
02:06:00,400 --> 02:06:02,800
found acceptance. 
They'd never know and colonial 

2194
02:06:02,800 --> 02:06:05,800
society religious by Naughty is 
fleeing. 

2195
02:06:05,800 --> 02:06:09,500
Persecution could practice their
faith without interference or 

2196
02:06:09,500 --> 02:06:15,300
abandoned Faith entirely without
judgement Men who sexuality made

2197
02:06:15,300 --> 02:06:18,600
them out, cast on land found 
communities that cared more 

2198
02:06:18,600 --> 02:06:20,700
about competence than 
conformity. 

2199
02:06:21,600 --> 02:06:24,500
Ship became a kind of floating 
Sanctuary for everyone. 

2200
02:06:24,500 --> 02:06:27,600
Conventional Society rejected. 
The stories. 

2201
02:06:27,600 --> 02:06:31,400
Of course helped recruitment 
Tales of successful Pirates. 

2202
02:06:31,400 --> 02:06:34,700
Circulated through taverns and 
dockyards growing more 

2203
02:06:34,700 --> 02:06:38,100
impressive with each retelling. 
Young men heard about Henry, 

2204
02:06:38,100 --> 02:06:41,900
Morgan retiring wealthy about, 
Blackbeard, commanding fear, and

2205
02:06:41,900 --> 02:06:45,300
respect, and about ships, loaded
with treasure waiting for 

2206
02:06:45,300 --> 02:06:48,700
someone brave enough to take 
them these stories glossed over 

2207
02:06:48,700 --> 02:06:51,900
the disease, the violence, and 
the high probability of death, 

2208
02:06:51,900 --> 02:06:55,700
but they sold the dream, 
effectively, the alternative to 

2209
02:06:55,700 --> 02:06:57,700
piracy for many men was 
starving. 

2210
02:06:57,700 --> 02:07:01,100
Slowly while watching their 
family starve to when your 

2211
02:07:01,100 --> 02:07:04,400
children are hungry and your 
legitimate work can't feed them,

2212
02:07:04,400 --> 02:07:08,700
the moral calculations shift 
Stealing become survival 

2213
02:07:08,700 --> 02:07:11,300
violence. 
Becomes a tool for securing 

2214
02:07:11,300 --> 02:07:14,500
resources that Society has 
denied you through legal means. 

2215
02:07:15,700 --> 02:07:19,200
The romanticization came later 
applied by people who weren't 

2216
02:07:19,200 --> 02:07:22,400
facing those choices. 
So yes, the conditions aboard 

2217
02:07:22,400 --> 02:07:25,700
pirate ships were terrible. 
But they were terrible in ways 

2218
02:07:25,700 --> 02:07:28,700
that men fleeing other terrible 
situations could accept. 

2219
02:07:29,700 --> 02:07:33,400
At least here, the suffering 
came with agency with the 

2220
02:07:33,400 --> 02:07:37,100
possibility of reward and with 
the Dignity of having chosen 

2221
02:07:37,100 --> 02:07:40,400
this path, rather than having it
forced upon you by birth or 

2222
02:07:40,400 --> 02:07:44,200
circumstance, not every hour at 
Sea involves crisis or labor. 

2223
02:07:45,300 --> 02:07:47,900
The ship sometimes finds itself 
in what Sailors called the 

2224
02:07:47,900 --> 02:07:51,800
doldrums regions where wind 
disappears and the ocean becomes

2225
02:07:51,800 --> 02:07:55,500
glass. 
The sails hang limp, The Vessel 

2226
02:07:55,500 --> 02:08:00,700
drifts rather than sails time 
expands strangely, you stand at 

2227
02:08:00,700 --> 02:08:03,400
the rail during these calm 
moments watching the water. 

2228
02:08:04,500 --> 02:08:07,600
Surface reflects the sky. 
So perfectly that the Horizon 

2229
02:08:07,600 --> 02:08:11,600
becomes ambiguous and uncertain.
Flying fish break through 

2230
02:08:11,600 --> 02:08:15,300
occasionally silver arcs that 
catch sunlight before splashing 

2231
02:08:15,300 --> 02:08:17,600
down. 
Below the surface. 

2232
02:08:17,600 --> 02:08:20,600
If you look carefully you can 
sometimes see shapes move 

2233
02:08:20,600 --> 02:08:23,600
moving. 
Dolphins sharks and things. 

2234
02:08:23,600 --> 02:08:27,400
You can't quite identify the 
sunset in tropical waters. 

2235
02:08:27,400 --> 02:08:29,800
Paints the sky and colors that 
seem invented. 

2236
02:08:30,600 --> 02:08:35,000
That looked too Vivid to be real
orange, gleeds into pink, pink 

2237
02:08:35,000 --> 02:08:38,800
into purple and purple into deep
blue that eventually black and 

2238
02:08:38,800 --> 02:08:42,900
into night. 
The Stars emerge, not gradually.

2239
02:08:42,900 --> 02:08:47,700
But in sudden multitudes more 
stars than you've ever seen from

2240
02:08:47,700 --> 02:08:51,500
land where lights and Haze 
obscure, the full display. 

2241
02:08:52,700 --> 02:08:57,000
The Milky Way sprawls across the
darkness, a river of light that 

2242
02:08:57,000 --> 02:09:00,300
ancient peoples thought 
connected Heaven and Earth on 

2243
02:09:00,300 --> 02:09:03,200
clear nights, you can navigate 
by stars though. 

2244
02:09:03,200 --> 02:09:06,700
You probably don't know how The 
older Sailors do though. 

2245
02:09:06,700 --> 02:09:09,700
Men who learned Celestial 
navigation through years of 

2246
02:09:09,700 --> 02:09:13,500
observation, who can tell you 
what that bright point is, which

2247
02:09:13,500 --> 02:09:16,500
constellation is rising, and 
what it all means for your 

2248
02:09:16,500 --> 02:09:19,400
position and Prospects. 
Their knowledge feels like 

2249
02:09:19,400 --> 02:09:22,600
magic. 
Kurt language written across the

2250
02:09:22,600 --> 02:09:26,200
sky phosphorescence in the water
creates different wonders 

2251
02:09:26,200 --> 02:09:30,400
Disturbed, the ocean at night 
and it closed green like 

2252
02:09:30,400 --> 02:09:34,700
Disturbed fireflies of 
infiltrated the sea The ship's 

2253
02:09:34,700 --> 02:09:36,700
wake Trails luminescence behind 
it. 

2254
02:09:36,700 --> 02:09:41,000
A path of light that Fades but 
never completely disappears. 

2255
02:09:41,800 --> 02:09:45,300
Men, trailing their hands in the
water, watch the glow swirl 

2256
02:09:45,300 --> 02:09:48,400
around their fingers 
momentarily, distracted from 

2257
02:09:48,400 --> 02:09:51,700
hunger and discomfort by 
something beautiful bird. 

2258
02:09:51,700 --> 02:09:54,300
Sometimes. 
Land on the rigging exhausted 

2259
02:09:54,300 --> 02:09:57,600
migrants following route, 
between continents, they rest 

2260
02:09:57,600 --> 02:10:01,600
for hours or days, eyeing. 
The crew wearily grateful for 

2261
02:10:01,600 --> 02:10:03,600
the solid perch even if it's 
moving. 

2262
02:10:05,000 --> 02:10:08,200
The presence means land exists 
somewhere in some direction 

2263
02:10:08,200 --> 02:10:10,400
though. 
How far and which way remains 

2264
02:10:10,400 --> 02:10:14,800
unclear When they finally gather
strength to continue you watch 

2265
02:10:14,800 --> 02:10:18,300
them, go with something like 
Envy, the ship develops, its own

2266
02:10:18,300 --> 02:10:21,900
rhythms patterns, you learn to 
read the way it moves in 

2267
02:10:21,900 --> 02:10:24,100
different wave conditions and 
the sounds that mean 

2268
02:10:24,100 --> 02:10:27,600
everything's normal versus the 
ones that signal problems. 

2269
02:10:28,400 --> 02:10:31,000
You become attuned to these 
signals, without conscious 

2270
02:10:31,000 --> 02:10:34,800
thought waking from sleep. 
When something changes, even if 

2271
02:10:34,800 --> 02:10:37,500
you can't immediately identify 
what triggered your awareness 

2272
02:10:37,500 --> 02:10:41,600
conversations during quiet times
reveal more than you'd expect. 

2273
02:10:42,500 --> 02:10:45,700
Men who seem brutal in action 
show unexpected depth when 

2274
02:10:45,700 --> 02:10:49,200
discussing philosophy religion 
and the nature of Justice. 

2275
02:10:50,200 --> 02:10:53,400
The crew includes former 
Scholars faild businessmen, 

2276
02:10:53,400 --> 02:10:57,300
priests who lost their faith and
soldiers tired of following 

2277
02:10:57,300 --> 02:11:01,700
orders their stories emerge in 
fragments, never told completely

2278
02:11:01,700 --> 02:11:06,000
always colored by what they want
you to believe music happens. 

2279
02:11:06,000 --> 02:11:10,000
When someone has the energy and 
inclination, Fiddle appears from

2280
02:11:10,000 --> 02:11:14,100
storage or a flute or just 
voices, singing songs that 

2281
02:11:14,100 --> 02:11:17,800
everyone knows. 
Sea shanty serve, as work songs,

2282
02:11:17,800 --> 02:11:22,300
The rhythms coordinating labor, 
but the quiet songs speak to 

2283
02:11:22,308 --> 02:11:26,300
loneliness, to Holmes left 
behind and to women who probably

2284
02:11:26,300 --> 02:11:30,200
aren't waiting anymore. 
The Melodies carry across the 

2285
02:11:30,200 --> 02:11:32,500
water. 
And you wonder if anyone on 

2286
02:11:32,500 --> 02:11:35,900
distant ships, hears them, if 
the Sound reaches fish swimming,

2287
02:11:35,900 --> 02:11:39,600
far below, you think about home 
during these moments, though. 

2288
02:11:39,600 --> 02:11:43,500
Home might not welcome you back.
Piracy carries a death sentence.

2289
02:11:43,500 --> 02:11:48,300
In most jurisdictions going, 
home means risking capture trial

2290
02:11:48,300 --> 02:11:50,300
and to dance at the end of a 
rope. 

2291
02:11:51,200 --> 02:11:54,200
Some men plan to retire to 
remote colonies where their past

2292
02:11:54,200 --> 02:11:57,700
won't follow others seem to have
accepted that, this life will 

2293
02:11:57,700 --> 02:12:01,100
end at Sea one way or another, 
and that's fine because there's 

2294
02:12:01,100 --> 02:12:02,700
nothing pulling them towards 
Shore. 

2295
02:12:02,700 --> 02:12:06,000
Any way, the ocean itself 
becomes familiar and ways that 

2296
02:12:06,000 --> 02:12:09,200
seem impossible. 
You learn to read the water to 

2297
02:12:09,200 --> 02:12:12,700
see patterns in the ways and to 
interpret the color and movement

2298
02:12:12,700 --> 02:12:14,900
in ways, that predict weather 
and currents. 

2299
02:12:15,800 --> 02:12:17,500
This knowledge doesn't come from
books. 

2300
02:12:17,500 --> 02:12:21,000
It accumulates through 
observation through mistakes 

2301
02:12:21,000 --> 02:12:24,000
that teach painful lessons and 
through listening to men who 

2302
02:12:24,000 --> 02:12:27,800
survived long enough to become 
experts in the quietest moments.

2303
02:12:27,800 --> 02:12:30,500
When you're watch, has you 
standing alone while others 

2304
02:12:30,500 --> 02:12:31,900
sleep? 
You can confront yourself. 

2305
02:12:32,800 --> 02:12:36,700
The person you were on land, the
person you might have become and

2306
02:12:36,700 --> 02:12:38,700
the person you've turned into 
out here. 

2307
02:12:39,500 --> 02:12:43,700
They're all present but somehow 
separate you've done things, you

2308
02:12:43,700 --> 02:12:47,100
never imagined doing. 
You've survived situations, that

2309
02:12:47,100 --> 02:12:50,100
should have killed you. 
You've become someone your 

2310
02:12:50,100 --> 02:12:53,100
former self wouldn't recognize 
and you're not entirely. 

2311
02:12:53,100 --> 02:12:55,400
Sure how to feel about that 
transformation. 

2312
02:12:55,400 --> 02:12:58,800
The Stars wheel overhead 
indifferent to your 

2313
02:12:58,808 --> 02:13:02,300
contemplation. 
Ship creeks and murmurs in its 

2314
02:13:02,300 --> 02:13:06,300
sleep, the Ocean Breathes, 
swells rising and falling in 

2315
02:13:06,300 --> 02:13:08,200
patterns older than human 
memory. 

2316
02:13:09,100 --> 02:13:13,400
And you stand there, temporary 
and small stealing This Moment 

2317
02:13:13,400 --> 02:13:16,700
of Peace, before the next 
Crisis, demands your attention 

2318
02:13:16,700 --> 02:13:20,400
and the Machinery of survival 
grinds forward again. 

2319
02:13:29,300 --> 02:13:32,500
Picture this your settling into 
your favorite chair after a long

2320
02:13:32,508 --> 02:13:35,600
day, maybe with a warm cup of 
tea steaming beside you. 

2321
02:13:35,608 --> 02:13:39,500
Now imagine if in stead of 
relaxing your feet suddenly 

2322
02:13:39,500 --> 02:13:43,300
decided they had other plans 
entirely Not just a little 

2323
02:13:43,300 --> 02:13:44,900
restless leg syndrome. 
Mind you. 

2324
02:13:44,900 --> 02:13:47,700
But full blown can't stop won't.
Stop dancing. 

2325
02:13:48,400 --> 02:13:50,600
That's essentially what happened
to the good people of 

2326
02:13:50,600 --> 02:13:53,100
Strasbourg. 
In July 1518, though, they 

2327
02:13:53,108 --> 02:13:56,400
didn't have the luxury of 
calling it quirky It started 

2328
02:13:56,400 --> 02:13:59,800
with Frau trophy, a woman whose 
name has echoed through history 

2329
02:13:59,800 --> 02:14:02,900
for all the wrong reasons, on a 
perfectly ordinary summer 

2330
02:14:02,900 --> 02:14:04,400
morning. 
She stepped out of her 

2331
02:14:04,400 --> 02:14:08,100
half-timbered house onto the 
cobblestones of Strasbourg and 

2332
02:14:08,100 --> 02:14:11,000
began to dance. 
Her dancing was not the kind you

2333
02:14:11,000 --> 02:14:13,900
might do it a wedding after a 
few glasses of wine, but an 

2334
02:14:13,900 --> 02:14:16,800
urgent desperate kind of 
movement that seemed to possess 

2335
02:14:16,800 --> 02:14:20,900
her entire being You have to 
understand this wasn't 

2336
02:14:20,900 --> 02:14:22,400
Renaissance flash modern 
material. 

2337
02:14:23,500 --> 02:14:25,900
Proud of fire danced as if her 
life relied on it. 

2338
02:14:25,900 --> 02:14:30,600
And in fact, it did Her feet 
moved in patterns, that made no 

2339
02:14:30,600 --> 02:14:33,900
musical sense and her arms 
flailed in rhythms that belonged

2340
02:14:33,900 --> 02:14:37,400
to know Earthly song. 
The townspeople gathered around 

2341
02:14:37,400 --> 02:14:41,100
her initially amused. 
After all, who doesn't enjoy a 

2342
02:14:41,100 --> 02:14:42,700
bit of unexpected Street 
Entertainment. 

2343
02:14:43,800 --> 02:14:47,500
But as the hours ticked by their
smiles, began to fade like paint

2344
02:14:47,500 --> 02:14:52,600
in the rain, Faucet dancing 
during the midday heat. 

2345
02:14:52,600 --> 02:14:56,000
When sensible people sought 
shade and cool drinks proud 

2346
02:14:56,000 --> 02:14:59,000
trophy can continue to dance 
during the dinner hour. 

2347
02:14:59,000 --> 02:15:02,100
The aroma of roasted meat and 
fresh bread should have beckoned

2348
02:15:02,100 --> 02:15:04,700
any sensible individual home 
during the evening. 

2349
02:15:04,700 --> 02:15:07,300
A feature should have been 
expressing gratitude for her 

2350
02:15:07,300 --> 02:15:10,800
decision to finally sit down. 
The cobblestones beneath her 

2351
02:15:10,800 --> 02:15:14,000
feet told their story warned 
Smooth by centuries of Kart 

2352
02:15:14,000 --> 02:15:16,900
wheels and horse Hooves now 
witnessed to this strange. 

2353
02:15:16,900 --> 02:15:19,400
New Rhythm, you can almost hear 
them. 

2354
02:15:19,400 --> 02:15:22,400
Those ancient Stones Whispering 
among themselves about this 

2355
02:15:22,400 --> 02:15:26,900
peculiar turn of events. 
They'd seen plague and War feast

2356
02:15:26,900 --> 02:15:30,100
and famine, but never anything 
quite like this. 

2357
02:15:31,300 --> 02:15:34,500
By Nightfall for our trophy was 
still moving though. 

2358
02:15:34,500 --> 02:15:36,100
Her dance had transformed from 
something. 

2359
02:15:36,100 --> 02:15:39,600
Almost graceful into something 
more, akin to a marionette with 

2360
02:15:39,600 --> 02:15:43,200
tangled strings, her neighbors, 
brought her water, which she 

2361
02:15:43,200 --> 02:15:44,700
drank without stopping her 
movement. 

2362
02:15:44,700 --> 02:15:47,800
They offered food, which she 
barely managed to consume 

2363
02:15:47,800 --> 02:15:51,100
between steps, they pleaded with
her to rest, but she seemed as 

2364
02:15:51,108 --> 02:15:53,100
unable to stop. 
As you might be unable to stop 

2365
02:15:53,100 --> 02:15:56,000
breathing. 
The local Authority scratched 

2366
02:15:56,000 --> 02:15:58,800
their heads and consulted, their
limited medical knowledge. 

2367
02:15:59,700 --> 02:16:02,600
Perhaps it was a fever, they 
reasoned fevers could make 

2368
02:16:02,600 --> 02:16:06,200
people act strangely. 
The affair showed no signs of 

2369
02:16:06,208 --> 02:16:07,900
illness. 
Beyond the compulsive movement, 

2370
02:16:07,900 --> 02:16:12,400
her skin was not flushed. 
Her eyes were glassy she simply 

2371
02:16:12,400 --> 02:16:16,100
could not stop dancing. 
As you lie there, tonight, 

2372
02:16:16,100 --> 02:16:19,700
comfortable in your bed. 
Imagine the bewilderment of 

2373
02:16:19,700 --> 02:16:22,600
those medieval Minds trying to 
process this impossibility. 

2374
02:16:23,500 --> 02:16:26,100
They lived in a world where 
everything had a place in the 

2375
02:16:26,100 --> 02:16:29,200
purpose. 
Cows gave milk chickens laid 

2376
02:16:29,200 --> 02:16:32,400
eggs and people danced only when
there was music and merriment. 

2377
02:16:33,299 --> 02:16:37,100
But here was Frau trofa. 
Defying, the natural order with 

2378
02:16:37,100 --> 02:16:40,600
every unwilling step. 
The night Watchman took turns 

2379
02:16:40,600 --> 02:16:44,299
observing her partly out of 
concern and partly out of morbid

2380
02:16:44,299 --> 02:16:47,200
fascination. 
They'd seen plenty of odd things

2381
02:16:47,200 --> 02:16:51,299
during their midnight rounds, 
drunken revelers that lasted too

2382
02:16:51,299 --> 02:16:54,700
long, lovers quarrels that 
spilled into the streets and the

2383
02:16:54,700 --> 02:16:57,200
occasional Sleepwalker, 
stumbling about in their night 

2384
02:16:57,200 --> 02:16:59,799
clothes. 
But nothing had prepared them 

2385
02:16:59,799 --> 02:17:02,500
for the sight of a middle-aged 
woman dancing alone under the 

2386
02:17:02,500 --> 02:17:04,600
stars. 
Her Shadow performing, an 

2387
02:17:04,600 --> 02:17:08,900
endless exhausting ballet on the
moonlit Stones as Dawn 

2388
02:17:08,900 --> 02:17:11,799
approached bringing with it the 
promise of a new day for our 

2389
02:17:11,799 --> 02:17:15,799
trophy was still dancing. 
Her movement had slowed but they

2390
02:17:15,799 --> 02:17:19,299
hadn't stopped it was as if some
invisible Puppeteer had taken 

2391
02:17:19,299 --> 02:17:21,600
control of her strings and 
forgotten how to let go. 

2392
02:17:21,600 --> 02:17:25,000
Now, you might assume that the 
sensible citizens of stress book

2393
02:17:25,000 --> 02:17:27,100
would have shunned throughout 
her fare, after witnessing her 

2394
02:17:27,100 --> 02:17:29,000
bizarre predicament for a full 
day and night. 

2395
02:17:29,000 --> 02:17:32,500
You'd be wrong of course because
people have always been 

2396
02:17:32,500 --> 02:17:36,200
magnetically drawn to the 
inexplicable like moths to a 

2397
02:17:36,200 --> 02:17:39,200
particularly puzzling. 
Flame instead of backing away, 

2398
02:17:39,200 --> 02:17:42,400
small crowds began to gather 
regularly around trout Fair. 

2399
02:17:43,100 --> 02:17:44,900
They brought their morning bread
and ate it. 

2400
02:17:44,900 --> 02:17:47,900
While watching her dance, they 
discussed her condition over 

2401
02:17:47,900 --> 02:17:51,299
their midday meals, gesturing 
with chicken legs and chunks of 

2402
02:17:51,299 --> 02:17:53,600
cheese. 
They turned her suffering into a

2403
02:17:53,608 --> 02:17:55,900
form of communal entertainment, 
though. 

2404
02:17:55,900 --> 02:17:58,700
None of them would have openly 
acknowledged it in those exact 

2405
02:17:58,700 --> 02:18:01,299
terms. 
This is where the story takes a 

2406
02:18:01,299 --> 02:18:02,299
turn. 
That would make even the most 

2407
02:18:02,299 --> 02:18:04,400
creative screenwriter, pause, 
and reconsider. 

2408
02:18:05,600 --> 02:18:09,500
Within a week of first in 
voluntary, step others, began to

2409
02:18:09,500 --> 02:18:11,500
join her. 
Not voluntarily. 

2410
02:18:11,500 --> 02:18:13,900
You understand? 
These were not copycat dancers 

2411
02:18:13,900 --> 02:18:16,700
or attention Seekers. 
These were Ordinary People Who 

2412
02:18:16,700 --> 02:18:19,000
suddenly found their feet. 
Betraying them in the most 

2413
02:18:19,000 --> 02:18:21,700
extraordinary way. 
Hands. 

2414
02:18:21,700 --> 02:18:24,900
The baker was kneading dough 
when it started his hands which 

2415
02:18:24,900 --> 02:18:27,400
had shaped thousands of loaves 
with methodical Precision 

2416
02:18:27,400 --> 02:18:29,799
suddenly began. 
Moving to a different Rhythm 

2417
02:18:29,799 --> 02:18:32,600
before. 
He knew it, his whole body had 

2418
02:18:32,600 --> 02:18:35,100
joined the dance. 
Leaving behind a kitchen, full 

2419
02:18:35,100 --> 02:18:38,700
of half-formed bread and a wife 
who thought he'd finally succumb

2420
02:18:38,700 --> 02:18:42,500
to the summer heat. 
Greta the Weaver abandoned her 

2421
02:18:42,500 --> 02:18:45,200
Loom, mid thread when her feet 
decided, they had more important

2422
02:18:45,200 --> 02:18:47,799
things to do than operate. 
The pedals in their usual, 

2423
02:18:47,799 --> 02:18:50,799
measured way. 
The half finished cloth remained

2424
02:18:50,799 --> 02:18:53,299
stretched on the frame for 
weeks, a testament to the 

2425
02:18:53,299 --> 02:18:55,100
moment. 
When normal life simply stopped 

2426
02:18:55,100 --> 02:18:58,100
making sense. 
You can picture the scene, can't

2427
02:18:58,100 --> 02:19:00,799
you? 
The Town Square that had once 

2428
02:19:00,799 --> 02:19:04,000
been a place of orderly Commerce
vendors, Hawking, their Wares, 

2429
02:19:04,000 --> 02:19:07,900
children playing simple games, 
Merchants, negotiating deals 

2430
02:19:07,900 --> 02:19:11,200
transformed into something 
resembling a fever dream. 

2431
02:19:11,200 --> 02:19:15,400
Except the fever seemed to be 
catching spreading from person 

2432
02:19:15,400 --> 02:19:19,600
to person like a yawn in A Worn 
Out, congregational The dancing 

2433
02:19:19,600 --> 02:19:22,400
was a beautiful mind you. 
This wasn't some spontaneous 

2434
02:19:22,400 --> 02:19:26,500
celebration of life and joy. 
The dancers moved with a 

2435
02:19:26,500 --> 02:19:30,299
desperate urgency, their faces 
etched with exhaustion and 

2436
02:19:30,299 --> 02:19:33,000
confusion. 
The clothes became tattered from

2437
02:19:33,000 --> 02:19:35,600
the constant motion. 
Their shoes were thin against 

2438
02:19:35,600 --> 02:19:39,200
the unforgiving cobblestones. 
Some danced until their feet 

2439
02:19:39,200 --> 02:19:43,000
bled, leaving small red marks on
the stones like some Macabre 

2440
02:19:43,000 --> 02:19:46,600
breadcrumb Trail. 
The local Physicians were 

2441
02:19:46,600 --> 02:19:49,300
summoned naturally. 
These learned men arrived with 

2442
02:19:49,308 --> 02:19:52,300
their leather satchels, full of 
mysterious remedies and their 

2443
02:19:52,300 --> 02:19:54,100
heads full of medieval medical 
wisdom. 

2444
02:19:54,100 --> 02:19:57,300
They observed the dancers with 
the same intensity, you might 

2445
02:19:57,300 --> 02:19:59,900
observe a puzzle that's missing.
Several crucial pieces. 

2446
02:20:00,800 --> 02:20:04,200
They took notes, they consulted 
their texts and they stroked 

2447
02:20:04,200 --> 02:20:07,700
their beards thoughtfully. 
Their diagnosis, when it came 

2448
02:20:07,700 --> 02:20:11,000
reflected, the medical 
understanding of the time, they 

2449
02:20:11,000 --> 02:20:13,900
declared that the dancers had a 
condition known as hot blood. 

2450
02:20:13,900 --> 02:20:17,300
Therefore, the solution was to 
encourage more dance and until 

2451
02:20:17,300 --> 02:20:19,300
the heat dissipated from their 
systems. 

2452
02:20:19,300 --> 02:20:22,300
It was rather like suggesting 
that someone with hiccups should

2453
02:20:22,300 --> 02:20:25,300
hiccup more vigorously until 
they stopped, but it seemed 

2454
02:20:25,300 --> 02:20:27,800
logical within the framework of 
16th century medicine. 

2455
02:20:27,800 --> 02:20:31,800
Therefore, the authorities 
Guided by their immense wisdom, 

2456
02:20:31,800 --> 02:20:33,600
chose to combat the issue 
head-on. 

2457
02:20:33,600 --> 02:20:37,200
They hired musicians to play for
the dancers reasoning, that 

2458
02:20:37,200 --> 02:20:39,800
proper music might help regulate
their chaotic movements. 

2459
02:20:39,800 --> 02:20:43,100
They cleared larger spaces for 
the dancing moving Market, 

2460
02:20:43,100 --> 02:20:45,300
stalls and redirecting cart 
traffic. 

2461
02:20:45,300 --> 02:20:48,700
They even built a stage thinking
that perhaps the dance was would

2462
02:20:48,700 --> 02:20:52,300
feel more dignified performing 
on an elevated platform, the 

2463
02:20:52,300 --> 02:20:54,800
irony would have been delicious 
if it wasn't so tragic. 

2464
02:20:54,800 --> 02:20:58,600
Instead of curing, the dancers, 
the music and attention seemed 

2465
02:20:58,600 --> 02:21:01,400
to attract more victims. 
The dancing seemed to have 

2466
02:21:01,400 --> 02:21:05,000
transformed into a seductive. 
Melody appealing to a profound 

2467
02:21:05,000 --> 02:21:08,200
concealed. 
Ability within the human soul by

2468
02:21:08,200 --> 02:21:11,300
the end of the second week. 
Nearly 40 people were dancing in

2469
02:21:11,300 --> 02:21:13,900
the streets of Strasbourg. 
Their individual rhythms 

2470
02:21:13,900 --> 02:21:17,500
creating a chaotic Symphony of 
movement, The families of the 

2471
02:21:17,500 --> 02:21:20,400
dancers, tried everything, they 
could think of, they brought 

2472
02:21:20,400 --> 02:21:23,700
favorite foods hoping to tempt, 
their loved ones to stop and eat

2473
02:21:23,708 --> 02:21:26,900
properly. 
They Carried chairs and stools 

2474
02:21:26,900 --> 02:21:29,100
placing them hopefully in the 
dancers paths. 

2475
02:21:29,100 --> 02:21:32,500
They also brought pillows and 
blankets, believing that if they

2476
02:21:32,500 --> 02:21:35,300
could persuade, the dancers to 
take a moment's rest, the spell 

2477
02:21:35,300 --> 02:21:37,600
might be broken. 
But nothing worked. 

2478
02:21:37,600 --> 02:21:41,900
The dancers danced on day and 
night their movements becoming 

2479
02:21:41,900 --> 02:21:43,800
more frantic as their body's 
grew weaker. 

2480
02:21:43,800 --> 02:21:48,000
It was like watching people 
slowly drown in are struggling 

2481
02:21:48,000 --> 02:21:49,800
against an invisible. 
Current that only. 

2482
02:21:49,800 --> 02:21:53,400
They could feel by the third 
week of this peculiar epidemic 

2483
02:21:53,400 --> 02:21:56,200
the city of Strasbourg could 
transformed into something, 

2484
02:21:56,200 --> 02:21:59,800
unrecognizable You know how a 
familiar room can suddenly feel 

2485
02:21:59,800 --> 02:22:01,500
strange. 
When you move just one piece of 

2486
02:22:01,508 --> 02:22:05,000
furniture. 
Well, imagine and entire city, 

2487
02:22:05,000 --> 02:22:07,600
where the fundamental rules of 
human behavior had been 

2488
02:22:07,600 --> 02:22:11,000
Rewritten overnight. 
The marketplace which had 

2489
02:22:11,000 --> 02:22:13,700
operated according to centuries 
old rhythms of buying and 

2490
02:22:13,700 --> 02:22:15,900
selling. 
Now, resembled something between

2491
02:22:15,900 --> 02:22:19,000
a medical ward and a carnival. 
Even in the face of 

2492
02:22:19,000 --> 02:22:21,700
impossibility vendors still set 
up their stalls each morning, 

2493
02:22:21,700 --> 02:22:25,100
but their attention was divided 
between their Wares and the 

2494
02:22:25,100 --> 02:22:27,900
growing number of dancers who 
wove between the displays like 

2495
02:22:27,900 --> 02:22:31,900
exhausted ghosts, children who 
had initially found the whole 

2496
02:22:31,900 --> 02:22:35,700
spectacle entertaining began to 
grow frightened there's 

2497
02:22:35,700 --> 02:22:37,900
something unsettling about, 
seeing adults lose control, 

2498
02:22:37,900 --> 02:22:41,400
especially when those adults, 
include your neighbors, your 

2499
02:22:41,400 --> 02:22:44,300
teacher, or your aunt, who 
always remembered your birthday,

2500
02:22:45,700 --> 02:22:48,600
the dancing had crossed the line
from Curious novelty to 

2501
02:22:48,600 --> 02:22:51,300
something darker and more 
threatening. the dancers 

2502
02:22:51,300 --> 02:22:55,000
themselves had begun to show 
serious signs of wear their 

2503
02:22:55,000 --> 02:22:58,000
clothes hung in tatters, their 
faces, gaunt, from exhaustion, 

2504
02:22:58,000 --> 02:23:01,300
and irregular eating Some had 
collapsed and been carried home,

2505
02:23:01,300 --> 02:23:04,600
only to rise and begin dancing 
again, as soon as they were 

2506
02:23:04,600 --> 02:23:08,100
gained consciousness. 
It was as if rest only stored up

2507
02:23:08,100 --> 02:23:12,100
energy for more frantic movement
Maria, the seamstress developed 

2508
02:23:12,100 --> 02:23:13,700
a particularly heartbreaking 
pattern. 

2509
02:23:13,700 --> 02:23:17,500
She would dance for hours then 
suddenly stopped and look around

2510
02:23:17,500 --> 02:23:20,600
with clear confused eyes as if 
waking from a dream. 

2511
02:23:20,600 --> 02:23:24,000
She would recognize her 
surroundings call out to friends

2512
02:23:24,000 --> 02:23:26,900
and family and even sit down for
a few minutes to drink water or 

2513
02:23:26,900 --> 02:23:29,900
nibble bread. 
Then just as suddenly the 

2514
02:23:29,900 --> 02:23:32,700
compulsion would return and she 
would leap to her feet and 

2515
02:23:32,700 --> 02:23:36,300
resumed her endless dance. 
These moments of clarity made 

2516
02:23:36,300 --> 02:23:38,000
the condition even more 
disturbing. 

2517
02:23:38,000 --> 02:23:41,700
It wasn't Madness in any 
traditional sense, the dancers 

2518
02:23:41,700 --> 02:23:44,700
knew what was happening to them,
they simply couldn't stop it. 

2519
02:23:45,700 --> 02:23:47,600
Imagine being trapped in your 
own body. 

2520
02:23:47,600 --> 02:23:49,800
Watching yourself perform 
actions. 

2521
02:23:49,800 --> 02:23:53,100
You never chose to perform like 
being a passenger in a vehicle. 

2522
02:23:53,108 --> 02:23:54,700
Who's steering wheel? 
You can't reach. 

2523
02:23:55,600 --> 02:23:58,900
The city's records kept by 
meticulous scribes, who 

2524
02:23:58,900 --> 02:24:02,500
documented everything from grain
prices to weather patterns began

2525
02:24:02,500 --> 02:24:06,200
to read like something from a 
fever dream item, the dancing 

2526
02:24:06,200 --> 02:24:10,500
sickness continues item Johan, 
the Cooper joined the dancers 

2527
02:24:10,500 --> 02:24:13,700
this morning item. 
The musicians have been paid for

2528
02:24:13,700 --> 02:24:17,500
another week of playing item 
three, more dancers collapsed 

2529
02:24:17,500 --> 02:24:21,200
today, but resumed upon waking, 
You have to admire those record.

2530
02:24:21,200 --> 02:24:24,300
Keepers, really faced with 
something completely outside 

2531
02:24:24,300 --> 02:24:26,700
their experience. 
They did what bureaucrats have 

2532
02:24:26,708 --> 02:24:29,600
always done, they wrote it down 
carefully, and hoped someone 

2533
02:24:29,600 --> 02:24:31,000
else would figure out what it 
all meant. 

2534
02:24:31,000 --> 02:24:33,800
The religious authorities. 
Meanwhile were having 

2535
02:24:33,800 --> 02:24:36,500
theological debate, that would 
have been fascinating if they 

2536
02:24:36,500 --> 02:24:39,000
weren't. 
So urgent, was this Divine 

2537
02:24:39,000 --> 02:24:40,800
punishment for some collective 
sin? 

2538
02:24:40,800 --> 02:24:44,300
A test of faith? 
Was this, a manifestation of 

2539
02:24:44,300 --> 02:24:47,400
malevolent Spirits, different 
priests offered different 

2540
02:24:47,400 --> 02:24:49,800
interpretations, and their 
congregations. 

2541
02:24:49,800 --> 02:24:53,600
Split accordingly, some 
organized prayer, vigils others 

2542
02:24:53,600 --> 02:24:56,900
called for public confession. 
And a few suggested that perhaps

2543
02:24:56,900 --> 02:25:00,000
God was simply enjoying some 
Cosmic entertainment at human 

2544
02:25:00,000 --> 02:25:02,900
expense. 
The dancers themselves became 

2545
02:25:02,900 --> 02:25:06,000
unwilling celebrities. 
People traveled from neighboring

2546
02:25:06,000 --> 02:25:09,200
towns to witness the phenomenon 
turning Strasburg into an 

2547
02:25:09,200 --> 02:25:13,300
accidental tourist, destination.
Merchants arrived to sell food 

2548
02:25:13,300 --> 02:25:16,000
and trinkets to the crowds 
street performers. 

2549
02:25:16,000 --> 02:25:18,000
Came to compete for attention 
though. 

2550
02:25:18,000 --> 02:25:20,500
Their conventional acts seemed 
almost quaint compared to the 

2551
02:25:20,500 --> 02:25:22,300
desperate dancing happening all 
around them. 

2552
02:25:23,300 --> 02:25:26,900
However, the locals were growing
tired of the novelty living in 

2553
02:25:26,900 --> 02:25:29,800
the middle of an ongoing crisis,
has a way of exhausting even the

2554
02:25:29,800 --> 02:25:32,900
most patient communities. 
Families were disrupted 

2555
02:25:32,900 --> 02:25:36,000
businesses, struggle to 
function, normally and everyone 

2556
02:25:36,000 --> 02:25:38,700
walked around with the nervous 
energy of people waiting for the

2557
02:25:38,700 --> 02:25:42,300
other shoe to drop. 
Except in this case, the shoes 

2558
02:25:42,300 --> 02:25:46,400
never stopped moving. 
The dancers families organized 

2559
02:25:46,400 --> 02:25:48,400
themselves into an informal 
support network. 

2560
02:25:48,400 --> 02:25:52,500
They took turns bringing food 
and water alternated in watching

2561
02:25:52,500 --> 02:25:55,100
over their Afflicted. 
Relatives and shared the burden 

2562
02:25:55,100 --> 02:25:57,500
of worry, that comes from 
loving, someone who is slowly 

2563
02:25:57,500 --> 02:26:00,900
wearing themselves down. 
It was Community Care, born from

2564
02:26:00,900 --> 02:26:05,000
desperation but it was beautiful
in its way some of the dancers 

2565
02:26:05,000 --> 02:26:07,200
had begun to develop their own 
individual Styles. 

2566
02:26:07,200 --> 02:26:11,300
Otto the blacksmith dance, with 
heavy rhythmic movements, that 

2567
02:26:11,300 --> 02:26:15,100
echoed his hammering motion at 
the forge Liesel, the baker's 

2568
02:26:15,100 --> 02:26:17,300
daughter. 
Spun and twisted as if needing 

2569
02:26:17,300 --> 02:26:20,900
invisible dough their bodies. 
Even in the grip of the strange,

2570
02:26:20,900 --> 02:26:24,100
compulsion remembered, their 
daily work and transformed it 

2571
02:26:24,100 --> 02:26:27,200
into movement. 
By now, the city authorities 

2572
02:26:27,200 --> 02:26:30,400
were beginning to panic, what 
had started as a curious. 

2573
02:26:30,400 --> 02:26:33,200
Local phenomenon was threatening
to become a complete breakdown 

2574
02:26:33,200 --> 02:26:36,200
of civil order. 
More importantly, people were 

2575
02:26:36,200 --> 02:26:39,700
starting to die death when it 
finally came to, the dancers 

2576
02:26:39,700 --> 02:26:42,800
arrived, not with drama, but 
with a kind of merciful 

2577
02:26:42,800 --> 02:26:45,400
exhaustion. 
Similar to a candle nearing. 

2578
02:26:45,400 --> 02:26:47,000
Its end. 
The dance has struggled to 

2579
02:26:47,008 --> 02:26:49,400
maintain the constant energy 
their bodies required. 

2580
02:26:49,400 --> 02:26:53,100
It was Klaus the Miller who went
first collapsing in the middle 

2581
02:26:53,100 --> 02:26:56,000
of what had been a particularly 
vigorous sequence of spins and 

2582
02:26:56,000 --> 02:27:00,200
somehow failing to rise again? 
The site of clouds lying still 

2583
02:27:00,200 --> 02:27:03,100
on those worn cobblestones 
created a strange silence in the

2584
02:27:03,100 --> 02:27:05,800
Square. 
Even the other dancers seem to 

2585
02:27:05,800 --> 02:27:09,100
pause as if some invisible 
conductor had finally give them 

2586
02:27:09,100 --> 02:27:10,600
the permission for a moment's 
rest. 

2587
02:27:11,300 --> 02:27:14,500
However, only a brief moment 
passed before the surviving 

2588
02:27:14,500 --> 02:27:17,700
dancers, resumed their endless 
movement carefully stepping 

2589
02:27:17,700 --> 02:27:20,500
around their fallen friend, as 
if he were merely another 

2590
02:27:20,500 --> 02:27:23,400
obstacle in their path. 
You might wonder what goes 

2591
02:27:23,400 --> 02:27:26,300
through a community's mind when 
the impossible becomes deadly. 

2592
02:27:27,000 --> 02:27:29,600
The people of Strasbourg were 
experiencing something that 

2593
02:27:29,600 --> 02:27:32,400
challenged every assumption 
laid, ever made about how the 

2594
02:27:32,400 --> 02:27:34,800
world worked. 
They were practical people 

2595
02:27:34,800 --> 02:27:37,800
accustomed to practical problems
with practical Solutions. 

2596
02:27:37,800 --> 02:27:42,200
Crop failures could be endured 
diseases, could be treated or at

2597
02:27:42,200 --> 02:27:45,000
least understood and Wars could 
be fought and ended. 

2598
02:27:45,900 --> 02:27:48,800
But this dancing plague defied 
every category they had, for 

2599
02:27:48,800 --> 02:27:52,800
making sense of suffering. 
The Physicians those learned men

2600
02:27:52,800 --> 02:27:54,900
with their impressive 
collections of books and 

2601
02:27:54,900 --> 02:27:57,900
instruments were beginning to 
admit privately that their hot 

2602
02:27:57,900 --> 02:27:59,700
blood theory might need some 
adjustment. 

2603
02:28:00,700 --> 02:28:03,600
Several had observed, the dance 
as closely enough to notice that

2604
02:28:03,600 --> 02:28:05,200
they weren't sweating 
excessively. 

2605
02:28:06,000 --> 02:28:09,300
Despite their constant motion, 
their skin remained relatively 

2606
02:28:09,300 --> 02:28:11,400
cool. 
And they're breathing wasn't as 

2607
02:28:11,400 --> 02:28:13,600
labored as it should have been 
given their activity level. 

2608
02:28:14,400 --> 02:28:16,600
Their bodies appeared to 
function under entirely 

2609
02:28:16,600 --> 02:28:20,200
different rules. 
Dr. Hermon the most respected 

2610
02:28:20,200 --> 02:28:23,300
physician in the region, spent 
three full days and nights of 

2611
02:28:23,300 --> 02:28:26,100
observing the dancers. 
He took careful notes about 

2612
02:28:26,100 --> 02:28:29,300
their movements, their eating 
and drinking patterns and their 

2613
02:28:29,300 --> 02:28:32,500
brief moments of rest. 
What he discovered puzzled him 

2614
02:28:32,500 --> 02:28:34,200
even more than the original 
phenomenon. 

2615
02:28:34,900 --> 02:28:37,100
The dancers seem to be in a 
state that was neither fully 

2616
02:28:37,100 --> 02:28:40,500
conscious nor unconscious 
neither sick, nor healthy and 

2617
02:28:40,500 --> 02:28:42,500
neither voluntary, nor 
completely involuntary. 

2618
02:28:43,500 --> 02:28:47,000
It is he wrote in his journal as
if they are sleepwalking, while 

2619
02:28:47,000 --> 02:28:49,500
awake or perhaps Awakening, 
while they sleep. 

2620
02:28:50,300 --> 02:28:53,300
They respond to their names and 
can speak her indirectly 

2621
02:28:53,300 --> 02:28:55,400
addressed yet. 
They cannot choose to stop 

2622
02:28:55,400 --> 02:28:57,700
moving. 
It is as though some part of 

2623
02:28:57,700 --> 02:28:59,800
their will as being Borrowed by 
an unknown Force. 

2624
02:29:00,900 --> 02:29:03,600
The families of the dancers were
developing their own expertise 

2625
02:29:03,600 --> 02:29:07,100
born from Desperate necessity, 
they learn to anticipate when 

2626
02:29:07,100 --> 02:29:09,000
their loved ones were most 
likely to collapse from 

2627
02:29:09,000 --> 02:29:12,100
exhaustion. 
They discovered which foods the 

2628
02:29:12,100 --> 02:29:14,800
dancers could manage to eat 
while moving and they developed 

2629
02:29:14,800 --> 02:29:17,600
techniques for helping them 
drink water without breaking 

2630
02:29:17,600 --> 02:29:20,000
their Rhythm. 
They became amateur medical 

2631
02:29:20,000 --> 02:29:22,200
attendance though. 
No medical school could have 

2632
02:29:22,200 --> 02:29:25,600
prepared them for this 
particular Anna, whose husband 

2633
02:29:25,600 --> 02:29:28,800
had been dancing for nearly a 
month described the experience 

2634
02:29:28,800 --> 02:29:32,600
in terms that still echo across 
the centuries, he is there, and 

2635
02:29:32,600 --> 02:29:36,800
not there, his body dances, yet 
his eyes at me with a profound 

2636
02:29:36,800 --> 02:29:40,100
sadness as if he finds himself 
imprisoned behind glass. 

2637
02:29:41,000 --> 02:29:43,400
Occasionally, I think he's 
trying to tell me something with

2638
02:29:43,400 --> 02:29:46,500
his movements, but I cannot 
understand the language is fetus

2639
02:29:46,500 --> 02:29:48,500
speaking. 
The community was starting to 

2640
02:29:48,500 --> 02:29:51,800
feel the effects of the constant
music, which they had initially 

2641
02:29:51,800 --> 02:29:55,000
perceived as beneficial. 
The Hired musicians were 

2642
02:29:55,000 --> 02:29:58,400
exhausted from playing for weeks
on end and their Melodies are 

2643
02:29:58,400 --> 02:30:01,700
taken on a repetitive almost 
hypnotic quality that seemed to 

2644
02:30:01,700 --> 02:30:06,100
make some listeners feel dizzy. 
Several people reported feeling 

2645
02:30:06,100 --> 02:30:08,300
an uncomfortable urge to move 
their feet in time. 

2646
02:30:08,300 --> 02:30:10,400
With the music though, they 
managed to resist. 

2647
02:30:10,400 --> 02:30:13,300
The compulsion. 
The dancing itself was evolving.

2648
02:30:14,500 --> 02:30:17,700
What had started? 
As individual isolated movements

2649
02:30:17,700 --> 02:30:19,800
was becoming something more 
coordinated. 

2650
02:30:20,600 --> 02:30:22,500
The dancers seem to be 
responding to each other 

2651
02:30:22,500 --> 02:30:26,100
creating patterns and formations
without any apparent conscious 

2652
02:30:26,100 --> 02:30:29,200
intent. 
They would form circles, then 

2653
02:30:29,200 --> 02:30:32,400
lines scatter and reform in 
different configurations. 

2654
02:30:32,400 --> 02:30:35,700
It was like watching a flock of 
birds or a school of fish. 

2655
02:30:35,700 --> 02:30:38,900
Except these were human beings. 
Who should have been making 

2656
02:30:38,900 --> 02:30:42,200
deliberate choices about their 
movements, some of the dancers 

2657
02:30:42,200 --> 02:30:44,100
have begun to show signs of what
we might now. 

2658
02:30:44,100 --> 02:30:47,200
Recognized as trance States, 
their eyes would roll back, 

2659
02:30:47,200 --> 02:30:50,100
their breathing would become 
shallow and rapid and they would

2660
02:30:50,100 --> 02:30:52,500
move with an intense tea that 
seemed to come from somewhere 

2661
02:30:52,500 --> 02:30:55,600
outside the cells. 
During these episodes they 

2662
02:30:55,600 --> 02:30:58,700
appeared completely unreachable 
as if they had temporarily left 

2663
02:30:58,700 --> 02:31:02,100
their bodies behind entirely. 
The religious community was 

2664
02:31:02,100 --> 02:31:04,400
fracturing under the weight of 
competing interpretations. 

2665
02:31:05,600 --> 02:31:08,300
Father, Philip preached that the
dancing was a form of divine 

2666
02:31:08,300 --> 02:31:11,600
ecstasy, similar to what Mystics
experience during prayer. 

2667
02:31:11,600 --> 02:31:13,900
Father. 
The Johan argued it was clearly 

2668
02:31:13,900 --> 02:31:16,500
demonic possession and called 
for exorcisms. 

2669
02:31:17,300 --> 02:31:20,600
Father, Klaus the city's, oldest
priest suggested that God was 

2670
02:31:20,600 --> 02:31:23,500
teaching them about the nature 
of human will and the body's 

2671
02:31:23,500 --> 02:31:26,600
relationship to the soul. 
The debates were becoming 

2672
02:31:26,600 --> 02:31:29,800
increasingly heated and the 
congregation was choosing sides 

2673
02:31:29,800 --> 02:31:32,200
based as much on their fears as 
on their faith. 

2674
02:31:33,000 --> 02:31:34,900
It's remarkable. 
How quickly theological 

2675
02:31:34,900 --> 02:31:38,100
certainty can crumble when faced
with something that doesn't fit 

2676
02:31:38,100 --> 02:31:41,100
neatly into existing categories 
of understanding. 

2677
02:31:41,800 --> 02:31:45,100
Meanwhile, the dancers danced on
their numbers fluctuating as 

2678
02:31:45,100 --> 02:31:48,100
some collapsed and others were 
mysteriously called to join 

2679
02:31:48,100 --> 02:31:50,200
them. 
The city had become a living 

2680
02:31:50,200 --> 02:31:53,900
laboratory for questions. 
That nobody knew how to ask let 

2681
02:31:53,900 --> 02:31:56,500
alone answer when faced with the
inexplicable. 

2682
02:31:56,500 --> 02:31:59,900
Humans, have a tendency to 
multiply explanations rather 

2683
02:31:59,900 --> 02:32:03,000
than admit ignorance. 
By the fourth week of the 

2684
02:32:03,000 --> 02:32:05,700
dancing plague. 
Strasbourg had attracted more 

2685
02:32:05,700 --> 02:32:08,800
experts than a modern medical 
conference each arriving, with 

2686
02:32:08,800 --> 02:32:12,400
their own pet, theories and 
proposed Solutions Master Yuan 

2687
02:32:12,400 --> 02:32:15,300
from the University of Basil, 
brought an impressive collection

2688
02:32:15,300 --> 02:32:18,300
of astrological charts and 
announced that the dancing was 

2689
02:32:18,300 --> 02:32:19,900
clearly. 
The result of planetary 

2690
02:32:19,900 --> 02:32:21,800
malignant. 
Mercury. 

2691
02:32:21,800 --> 02:32:25,100
He explained with considerable 
Authority, was in an unfortunate

2692
02:32:25,100 --> 02:32:28,800
conjunction with Mars, creating 
an excess of kinetic energy and 

2693
02:32:28,800 --> 02:32:32,500
susceptible individuals. 
His solution involved complex 

2694
02:32:32,500 --> 02:32:35,600
calculations of when the planets
would return to a more 

2695
02:32:35,608 --> 02:32:38,700
harmonious configuration. 
Roughly six months, hints, 

2696
02:32:38,700 --> 02:32:41,600
brother, or Gust, in from the 
monastery at Mal time had a 

2697
02:32:41,600 --> 02:32:43,200
different interpretation 
entirely. 

2698
02:32:43,200 --> 02:32:46,700
He arrived with a cart full of 
holy relics, and proclaimed that

2699
02:32:46,700 --> 02:32:50,300
the dancers were experiencing a 
form of religious ecstasy, like 

2700
02:32:50,300 --> 02:32:54,000
Watson, Vitus himself had 
experienced The solution. 

2701
02:32:54,000 --> 02:32:58,200
He insisted was pilgrimage to 
the shrine of Saint Vitus, where

2702
02:32:58,200 --> 02:33:01,200
the dancers could Channel their 
divinely inspired movement into 

2703
02:33:01,200 --> 02:33:03,800
proper worship. 
You can imagine the scene 

2704
02:33:03,800 --> 02:33:06,300
learned men with their Scrolls 
and instruments. 

2705
02:33:06,300 --> 02:33:10,100
Religious authorities with their
crosses and holy water, all 

2706
02:33:10,100 --> 02:33:12,800
standing around debating the 
finer points of their theories. 

2707
02:33:12,800 --> 02:33:15,900
While 40 exhaust people 
continued their endless, dance 

2708
02:33:15,900 --> 02:33:19,200
mere feet away. 
It was like convening a panel of

2709
02:33:19,200 --> 02:33:22,200
experts to discuss the nature of
rain while standing in the 

2710
02:33:22,200 --> 02:33:26,000
middle of a thunderstorm. 
The city council meanwhile was 

2711
02:33:26,000 --> 02:33:29,300
dealing with increasingly 
practical concerns, the dancing 

2712
02:33:29,300 --> 02:33:32,600
had disrupted Commerce attracted
unwanted attention from 

2713
02:33:32,600 --> 02:33:35,000
neighboring regions and was 
beginning to strain. 

2714
02:33:35,000 --> 02:33:38,300
The city's resources, they 
needed Solutions, not theories, 

2715
02:33:38,300 --> 02:33:41,500
but every expert who arrived 
seemed to bring more questions 

2716
02:33:41,500 --> 02:33:45,200
than answers. 
Dr. Paracelsus, Who would later 

2717
02:33:45,200 --> 02:33:46,600
become famous for his 
revolutionary. 

2718
02:33:46,600 --> 02:33:49,700
Medical ideas made a brief 
appearance during this period. 

2719
02:33:49,700 --> 02:33:53,500
His assessment was 
characteristically blunt, These 

2720
02:33:53,500 --> 02:33:56,500
learned men speak of hot blood 
and planetary influences, while 

2721
02:33:56,500 --> 02:34:00,000
people die before their eyes. 
Perhaps the sickness is not in 

2722
02:34:00,000 --> 02:34:03,200
the dancers bodies, but in our 
understanding of what body's can

2723
02:34:03,200 --> 02:34:06,700
do, He was particularly critical
of the decision to provide music

2724
02:34:06,700 --> 02:34:08,700
for the dancers, you might as 
well. 

2725
02:34:08,708 --> 02:34:10,700
Give wine to a drunkard and call
it medicine. 

2726
02:34:10,700 --> 02:34:13,800
He observed, the music feeds, 
the compulsion rather than 

2727
02:34:13,800 --> 02:34:17,400
curing it occasionally, the 
kindest treatment is to remove 

2728
02:34:17,400 --> 02:34:21,400
what seems helpful, but proves 
harmful his words carried weight

2729
02:34:21,400 --> 02:34:24,300
and a faction began to form 
around the idea of trying 

2730
02:34:24,300 --> 02:34:28,300
complete silence, instead of 
constant music, It was a radical

2731
02:34:28,300 --> 02:34:31,500
departure from the established 
treatment, but then again, the 

2732
02:34:31,500 --> 02:34:33,400
existing treatment wasn't 
working particularly. 

2733
02:34:33,400 --> 02:34:36,300
Well, the families of the 
dancers were developing their 

2734
02:34:36,300 --> 02:34:39,700
own theories, based on intimate 
observation, they noticed that 

2735
02:34:39,700 --> 02:34:42,600
their loved ones seem to dance 
more frantically when crowds 

2736
02:34:42,600 --> 02:34:46,800
gathered as if performing for an
audience, they couldn't see They

2737
02:34:46,800 --> 02:34:49,600
observed that certain types of 
music triggered more intense 

2738
02:34:49,600 --> 02:34:52,500
movements, While others seem to 
calm the dancers slightly. 

2739
02:34:53,500 --> 02:34:56,400
They discovered that the dancers
movement, sometimes echoed their

2740
02:34:56,400 --> 02:34:59,200
daily work routines. 
A pattern that none of the 

2741
02:34:59,200 --> 02:35:01,000
learner's experts had bothered 
to document. 

2742
02:35:02,100 --> 02:35:04,600
Elizabeth, whose teenage 
daughter had been dancing for 

2743
02:35:04,600 --> 02:35:07,000
three weeks. 
Made a particularly astute 

2744
02:35:07,000 --> 02:35:09,500
observation. 
She dances like she's trying to 

2745
02:35:09,508 --> 02:35:12,300
escape from something, but also 
like she's trying to reach 

2746
02:35:12,300 --> 02:35:14,500
something. 
Her movements aren't random this

2747
02:35:14,500 --> 02:35:18,100
searching, but I cannot tell 
what she searching for this 

2748
02:35:18,100 --> 02:35:19,600
idea. 
Of the dance is a form of 

2749
02:35:19,608 --> 02:35:21,600
searching resonated with other 
families. 

2750
02:35:21,600 --> 02:35:24,800
They began to notice that their 
dancers appeared to be moving, 

2751
02:35:24,800 --> 02:35:27,500
either towards something or away
from it, though. 

2752
02:35:27,500 --> 02:35:30,100
The nature of that something 
remained invisible to everyone 

2753
02:35:30,100 --> 02:35:32,400
else. 
It was as if the dancers could 

2754
02:35:32,400 --> 02:35:34,500
see a landscape that existed 
only for them. 

2755
02:35:35,400 --> 02:35:37,400
The younger members of the 
community were having their 

2756
02:35:37,400 --> 02:35:40,600
reactions to the prolonged 
crisis children who had 

2757
02:35:40,600 --> 02:35:43,300
initially been fascinated were 
now having nightmares about 

2758
02:35:43,300 --> 02:35:46,700
being unable to stop moving. 
Teenagers were avoiding the 

2759
02:35:46,700 --> 02:35:50,100
areas where dancers congregated 
afraid that the compulsion might

2760
02:35:50,100 --> 02:35:51,800
somehow reach out and grab them,
too. 

2761
02:35:52,900 --> 02:35:56,400
Young adults were leaving the 
city entirely unwilling to risk 

2762
02:35:56,400 --> 02:35:58,000
being caught up in whatever was 
happening. 

2763
02:35:59,000 --> 02:36:02,200
But perhaps most tellingly some 
people were beginning to report.

2764
02:36:02,200 --> 02:36:04,200
Feeling a strange sympathy with 
the dancers. 

2765
02:36:04,200 --> 02:36:07,400
They would watch the endless 
movement and find their feet 

2766
02:36:07,400 --> 02:36:10,700
tapping involuntarily. 
They would dream of dance and 

2767
02:36:10,700 --> 02:36:12,900
wake up with their legs Tangled 
in bed sheets. 

2768
02:36:13,800 --> 02:36:16,200
A few even reported brief 
moments of feeling an almost 

2769
02:36:16,200 --> 02:36:19,000
irresistible urge to join the 
dancers though. 

2770
02:36:19,000 --> 02:36:21,000
They managed to fight off the 
compulsion. 

2771
02:36:22,100 --> 02:36:24,600
Their experience is raised 
disturbing questions about the 

2772
02:36:24,600 --> 02:36:28,300
nature of the condition. 
Was it truly random or some 

2773
02:36:28,300 --> 02:36:29,800
people more susceptible than 
others? 

2774
02:36:29,800 --> 02:36:34,000
Was it a hidden contagion or a 
dormant part of the human psyche

2775
02:36:34,000 --> 02:36:37,000
Dr. Hermon would be an observing
the dancers. 

2776
02:36:37,000 --> 02:36:39,000
Since the beginning was 
developing a theory that was 

2777
02:36:39,000 --> 02:36:41,800
both simpler and more complex 
than the others being proposed. 

2778
02:36:41,800 --> 02:36:45,200
He suspected that the dancing 
might be a physical expression 

2779
02:36:45,200 --> 02:36:48,400
of something psychological, a 
kind of breaking point. 

2780
02:36:48,400 --> 02:36:50,800
Where individual human will 
simply gave up trying to 

2781
02:36:50,808 --> 02:36:53,400
maintain control over an 
increasingly uncontrollable 

2782
02:36:53,400 --> 02:36:56,700
world. 
Perhaps he wrote in his private 

2783
02:36:56,700 --> 02:37:00,100
notes, the dancers are not sick,
but rather more honest than the 

2784
02:37:00,100 --> 02:37:02,300
rest of us. 
They are showing us what it 

2785
02:37:02,300 --> 02:37:05,100
looks like when the human Spirit
can no longer pretend that, it 

2786
02:37:05,100 --> 02:37:07,100
has Mastery over the body, it 
inhabits. 

2787
02:37:07,800 --> 02:37:10,700
It was a radical idea for its 
time suggesting that the 

2788
02:37:10,700 --> 02:37:13,900
boundary between mind and body. 
Might be more porous than anyone

2789
02:37:13,900 --> 02:37:16,400
had imagined. 
Sometimes the most profound 

2790
02:37:16,400 --> 02:37:19,700
shifts happen not with dramatic 
Revelations but with quiet 

2791
02:37:19,700 --> 02:37:22,900
observations made by exhausted 
people who have run out of 

2792
02:37:22,900 --> 02:37:26,400
clever theories It was for our 
Bertha, the baker's wife, who 

2793
02:37:26,400 --> 02:37:28,900
had been caring for three 
different dancers who first 

2794
02:37:28,900 --> 02:37:31,500
noticed the pattern that would 
eventually lead to the plagues 

2795
02:37:31,500 --> 02:37:34,000
resolution. 
She observed that the dancers 

2796
02:37:34,000 --> 02:37:37,500
seemed calmer though they never 
stopped moving entirely when 

2797
02:37:37,500 --> 02:37:40,800
they were in smaller groups away
from the crowds and the constant

2798
02:37:40,800 --> 02:37:43,400
music. 
More importantly, she noticed 

2799
02:37:43,400 --> 02:37:46,200
that they danced differently in 
the early morning hours before 

2800
02:37:46,200 --> 02:37:49,400
the city fully awakened. 
Their movements were still 

2801
02:37:49,400 --> 02:37:53,200
compulsive but they seemed less.
Frantic more like people walking

2802
02:37:53,200 --> 02:37:55,900
in their sleep than people 
fleeing from invisible demons. 

2803
02:37:57,400 --> 02:37:59,300
It's the watching. 
She told doctor Herman one 

2804
02:37:59,300 --> 02:38:02,400
morning after a, particularly 
long night of observation, they 

2805
02:38:02,400 --> 02:38:05,400
dance harder when people watch 
them, not because they want 

2806
02:38:05,400 --> 02:38:06,800
attention. 
But because something about 

2807
02:38:06,800 --> 02:38:08,600
being watched to make the 
dancing worse. 

2808
02:38:09,900 --> 02:38:11,900
This Insight led to a quiet 
experiment. 

2809
02:38:12,800 --> 02:38:15,500
A few families began taking 
their dancing relatives to more 

2810
02:38:15,500 --> 02:38:19,400
secluded locations, quiet 
Courtyards Gardens outside the 

2811
02:38:19,400 --> 02:38:22,300
city walls even private homes 
with large rooms. 

2812
02:38:23,000 --> 02:38:25,900
The results were subtle. 
But unmistakable away from 

2813
02:38:25,900 --> 02:38:28,700
audiences and musicians, the 
dancers movements became less 

2814
02:38:28,700 --> 02:38:33,000
violent, less desperate. 
Dr. Hermon documented, these 

2815
02:38:33,000 --> 02:38:36,400
changes carefully, the dancers 
still couldn't stop moving, but 

2816
02:38:36,400 --> 02:38:39,600
their movements became more 
flowing less like convulsions 

2817
02:38:39,600 --> 02:38:41,600
and more like a strange form of 
sleepwalking. 

2818
02:38:41,600 --> 02:38:45,800
Some even began to show brief 
moments of genuine rest, not 

2819
02:38:45,800 --> 02:38:48,900
collapse from exhaustion, but 
actual pauses in their movement,

2820
02:38:48,900 --> 02:38:52,200
the religious authorities were 
initially resistant to this 

2821
02:38:52,200 --> 02:38:54,300
approach, brother or gustan 
argued. 

2822
02:38:54,300 --> 02:38:57,300
That removing the dancers from 
public view was tantamount to 

2823
02:38:57,300 --> 02:38:59,000
hide in God's work, from the 
faithful. 

2824
02:39:00,000 --> 02:39:02,700
Father, Klaus the elderly priest
who had been quietly observing 

2825
02:39:02,700 --> 02:39:05,100
throughout the crisis, supported
the experiment. 

2826
02:39:06,200 --> 02:39:09,600
Perhaps he suggested what these 
Souls need is not more 

2827
02:39:09,600 --> 02:39:14,100
attention, but more piece. 
The city council pragmatic has 

2828
02:39:14,100 --> 02:39:16,900
always, was simply relieved to 
have the disruption moved away 

2829
02:39:16,900 --> 02:39:20,100
from the main commercial areas. 
They officially sanctioned the 

2830
02:39:20,108 --> 02:39:23,100
creation of quiet spaces where 
dancers could be cared for away 

2831
02:39:23,100 --> 02:39:24,900
from crowds though. 
They were careful. 

2832
02:39:24,900 --> 02:39:29,100
Not to call it to cure gradually
as they relocated the dancers to

2833
02:39:29,100 --> 02:39:32,100
more peaceful environments and 
unexpected event occurred. 

2834
02:39:32,700 --> 02:39:35,900
Without the stimulation of 
constant music and crowds their 

2835
02:39:35,900 --> 02:39:38,100
individual personalities began 
to reassert themselves. 

2836
02:39:39,100 --> 02:39:43,200
Maria, the seamstress started 
incorporating recognizable, 

2837
02:39:43,200 --> 02:39:45,300
gestures from her work into her 
dance. 

2838
02:39:46,000 --> 02:39:49,100
Not the Frantic mimicry that had
characterized her earlier 

2839
02:39:49,100 --> 02:39:51,900
movements but something more 
like a conversation between her 

2840
02:39:51,900 --> 02:39:56,200
conscious and unconscious minds.
Otto the blacksmith's movements 

2841
02:39:56,200 --> 02:39:58,600
began to follow the rhythm of 
breathing rather than some 

2842
02:39:58,600 --> 02:40:01,100
internal drum beat that no one 
else could hear. 

2843
02:40:02,200 --> 02:40:05,300
His dance became less about 
desperate energy and more about 

2844
02:40:05,300 --> 02:40:08,400
a kind of patient endurance as 
if he were waiting for something

2845
02:40:08,400 --> 02:40:11,500
to finish cooling in his Forge. 
The families caring for the 

2846
02:40:11,500 --> 02:40:15,100
dancers developed new routines. 
By these observations, they 

2847
02:40:15,100 --> 02:40:17,800
created spaces that were 
comfortable, but not stimulating

2848
02:40:17,800 --> 02:40:20,500
provided simple Foods at regular
intervals. 

2849
02:40:20,500 --> 02:40:23,400
And most importantly, they 
learned to be present without 

2850
02:40:23,400 --> 02:40:26,400
being intrusive. 
They discovered that the dancers

2851
02:40:26,400 --> 02:40:29,300
seem to respond to quite 
companionship in ways they 

2852
02:40:29,300 --> 02:40:32,100
hadn't responded to Medical 
intervention or religious 

2853
02:40:32,100 --> 02:40:35,000
ceremonies. 
Anna, whose husband had been 

2854
02:40:35,000 --> 02:40:37,200
dancing for over a month. 
Described the change. 

2855
02:40:37,900 --> 02:40:40,600
He still moved constantly but 
now it's like he's dancing with 

2856
02:40:40,600 --> 02:40:42,400
something instead of fighting 
against something. 

2857
02:40:42,400 --> 02:40:46,600
I can see him in there behind 
his eyes waiting. 

2858
02:40:47,600 --> 02:40:50,300
This sense of waiting became a 
common theme in how families 

2859
02:40:50,300 --> 02:40:51,800
describe their dancing 
relatives. 

2860
02:40:51,800 --> 02:40:54,400
The dancers appeared to be in a 
state of flux. 

2861
02:40:54,400 --> 02:40:58,000
Neither fully present nor fully 
absent and neither completely 

2862
02:40:58,000 --> 02:41:02,200
sick nor completely well, Dr. 
Hermon began to theorize that 

2863
02:41:02,200 --> 02:41:04,200
the dancing might represent a 
form of healing. 

2864
02:41:04,200 --> 02:41:06,900
Instead of being, merely a sign 
of sickness, though. 

2865
02:41:06,900 --> 02:41:08,900
He couldn't specify what it was 
healing from. 

2866
02:41:09,800 --> 02:41:13,000
Perhaps he wrote, there are 
injuries to the human spirit. 

2867
02:41:13,000 --> 02:41:14,800
That can only be mended through 
movement. 

2868
02:41:14,800 --> 02:41:18,100
Just as there are injuries to 
the body that can only be healed

2869
02:41:18,100 --> 02:41:21,600
through rest. 
The idea was revolutionary that 

2870
02:41:21,600 --> 02:41:24,900
the dancing might be a cure 
rather than a disease a 

2871
02:41:24,900 --> 02:41:27,300
necessary process rather than a 
pathological condition. 

2872
02:41:28,400 --> 02:41:31,200
It's suggested that the dancers 
body might possess a wisdom that

2873
02:41:31,200 --> 02:41:32,800
their conscious Minds could not 
access. 

2874
02:41:33,900 --> 02:41:35,600
As word of the quieter 
approached bread. 

2875
02:41:35,600 --> 02:41:38,500
Some of the original experts 
began to reconsider their 

2876
02:41:38,500 --> 02:41:41,600
theories. 
Master Johan from barcel 

2877
02:41:41,600 --> 02:41:43,900
admitted that his planetary 
calculations might need to 

2878
02:41:43,908 --> 02:41:45,500
account for environmental 
factors. 

2879
02:41:46,500 --> 02:41:49,000
Brother, Augustine suggested 
that perhaps the saint was 

2880
02:41:49,000 --> 02:41:52,300
working through peaceful 
contemplation rather than public

2881
02:41:52,300 --> 02:41:55,400
demonstration. 
Even paracelsus in his final 

2882
02:41:55,400 --> 02:41:57,200
notes. 
On the case, acknowledge that 

2883
02:41:57,200 --> 02:42:00,200
the solution had come not from 
learning intervention but from 

2884
02:42:00,200 --> 02:42:02,900
careful observation by people 
who cared more about helping 

2885
02:42:02,900 --> 02:42:06,600
than about being right. 
The families discovered, what we

2886
02:42:06,600 --> 02:42:09,100
experts missed. 
He wrote sometimes healing 

2887
02:42:09,100 --> 02:42:12,900
requires not doing more but 
doing less the number of new 

2888
02:42:12,900 --> 02:42:15,300
cases had already begun to slow 
the weather. 

2889
02:42:15,300 --> 02:42:17,800
The decline was due to the 
changed approach or simply the 

2890
02:42:17,800 --> 02:42:20,000
natural progression of the 
phenomenon, remained unclear. 

2891
02:42:21,100 --> 02:42:22,700
What was clear was that the 
desperate? 

2892
02:42:22,700 --> 02:42:26,000
Frantic quality of the dancing 
was gradually, giving way to 

2893
02:42:26,008 --> 02:42:28,600
something that looked more like 
a strange form of prayer or 

2894
02:42:28,600 --> 02:42:31,200
meditation. 
The city itself was slowly 

2895
02:42:31,200 --> 02:42:33,300
returning to something 
resembling normal life. 

2896
02:42:34,000 --> 02:42:36,300
Though the experience had 
changed everyone who lived 

2897
02:42:36,300 --> 02:42:39,000
through it. 
People walked more carefully as 

2898
02:42:39,000 --> 02:42:41,600
if testing whether their feet 
would obey their intentions. 

2899
02:42:41,600 --> 02:42:44,600
They looked at each other 
differently with a new awareness

2900
02:42:44,600 --> 02:42:47,600
of how little control any of the
really had over their own bodies

2901
02:42:47,600 --> 02:42:49,900
and Minds. 
You know, how some storms end 

2902
02:42:49,900 --> 02:42:53,300
not with the dramatic crash of 
Thunder, but with a gradual 

2903
02:42:53,300 --> 02:42:56,600
lessening of wind and rain until
you suddenly realize the silence

2904
02:42:56,600 --> 02:43:00,300
as returned. 
The dancing plague of Strathmore

2905
02:43:00,300 --> 02:43:03,800
ended in much the same way. 
So, gradually that nobody could 

2906
02:43:03,800 --> 02:43:06,400
say exactly, when it stopped 
being an emergency, and started 

2907
02:43:06,400 --> 02:43:10,800
being a memory, Affair, who'd 
started it all with her first 

2908
02:43:10,800 --> 02:43:13,400
involuntary. 
Step was among the last to find 

2909
02:43:13,408 --> 02:43:16,400
Stillness. 
For six weeks, she had been the 

2910
02:43:16,400 --> 02:43:18,500
unwilling Pioneer of this 
strange territory. 

2911
02:43:18,500 --> 02:43:21,100
Where human will met its 
mysterious limits? 

2912
02:43:21,900 --> 02:43:25,400
When she finally stopped moving,
it wasn't with collapse or drama

2913
02:43:25,400 --> 02:43:29,100
but with a simple pause that 
gradually extended into rest. 

2914
02:43:29,900 --> 02:43:32,900
She was sitting in the garden 
behind the baker's house where 

2915
02:43:32,900 --> 02:43:35,100
her family had moved her to 
escape the crowds and the 

2916
02:43:35,100 --> 02:43:37,800
constant music. 
The Morning Sun was filtering 

2917
02:43:37,800 --> 02:43:40,900
through Apple leaves and she had
been moving in slow gentle 

2918
02:43:40,900 --> 02:43:44,600
circles for hours. 
Then as naturally as a person, 

2919
02:43:44,600 --> 02:43:48,000
might stop humming a tune. 
She simply sat down on a wooden 

2920
02:43:48,000 --> 02:43:51,300
bench and stayed there. 
Her sister who had been watching

2921
02:43:51,300 --> 02:43:54,100
anxiously, from the kitchen 
window almost didn't believe it 

2922
02:43:54,100 --> 02:43:57,000
at first. 
She waited several minutes 

2923
02:43:57,000 --> 02:44:00,000
before approaching a frayed that
any attention might restart the 

2924
02:44:00,000 --> 02:44:03,600
compulsive movement, but trout 
Fair remained seated, looking 

2925
02:44:03,600 --> 02:44:06,800
around the garden with clear 
present eyes as if she was 

2926
02:44:06,800 --> 02:44:08,600
seeing it for the first time in 
weeks. 

2927
02:44:08,600 --> 02:44:12,100
I'm tired. 
She said, simply and her sister 

2928
02:44:12,100 --> 02:44:15,900
began to weep with relief. 
Over the following days, the 

2929
02:44:15,900 --> 02:44:18,200
other dancers found their ways 
back to Stillness. 

2930
02:44:18,900 --> 02:44:21,600
Some stopped during sleep and 
simply didn't resume when they 

2931
02:44:21,600 --> 02:44:25,300
woke others came to rest. 
Gradually their movements 

2932
02:44:25,300 --> 02:44:27,500
slowing like music boxes. 
Winding down. 

2933
02:44:28,400 --> 02:44:31,100
A few experience their final 
dance as something beautiful 

2934
02:44:31,100 --> 02:44:34,200
rather than desperate. 
Kind of Celebration or 

2935
02:44:34,200 --> 02:44:36,600
completion, that left them 
exhausted but oddly peaceful. 

2936
02:44:37,700 --> 02:44:41,100
Not everyone survived the 
experience, the official records

2937
02:44:41,100 --> 02:44:44,500
show that several dancers died 
from exhaustion or related 

2938
02:44:44,500 --> 02:44:47,400
complications, though. 
The exact number was never 

2939
02:44:47,400 --> 02:44:50,600
precisely documented. 
Those who lived carried the 

2940
02:44:50,600 --> 02:44:52,800
memory of those weeks in their 
bodies for the rest of their 

2941
02:44:52,800 --> 02:44:54,900
lives. 
They walked differently 

2942
02:44:54,900 --> 02:44:57,700
afterward with a kind of 
conscious gratitude for their 

2943
02:44:57,700 --> 02:44:59,700
ability to choose when and how 
to move. 

2944
02:45:00,500 --> 02:45:03,300
Dr. Hermon spent months in 
viewing, the recovered dancers 

2945
02:45:03,300 --> 02:45:06,100
trying to understand what they 
had experienced during their 

2946
02:45:06,100 --> 02:45:09,200
weeks of compulsive movement. 
Their descriptions were 

2947
02:45:09,200 --> 02:45:12,800
remarkably consistent in some 
ways, and completely individual 

2948
02:45:12,800 --> 02:45:15,700
in others. 
Most remembered feeling trapped 

2949
02:45:15,700 --> 02:45:17,700
in their body's aware of what 
was happening. 

2950
02:45:17,700 --> 02:45:21,200
But unable to control it. 
But they also described odd 

2951
02:45:21,200 --> 02:45:24,800
moments of Peace as if dancing 
had taken them to places, they 

2952
02:45:24,800 --> 02:45:28,500
couldn't reach on purpose. 
It was like being carried by a 

2953
02:45:28,500 --> 02:45:31,700
river or the seamstress told him
frightening because I couldn't 

2954
02:45:31,700 --> 02:45:34,400
swim to shore. 
But also sometimes beautiful 

2955
02:45:34,400 --> 02:45:37,200
because I could see things from 
the water that I never would 

2956
02:45:37,200 --> 02:45:40,600
have seen from the bank. 
Otto, the blacksmith had a 

2957
02:45:40,600 --> 02:45:43,200
different metaphor. 
It was like being a piece of 

2958
02:45:43,200 --> 02:45:45,900
metal on my Anvil being shaped 
by hammers. 

2959
02:45:45,900 --> 02:45:49,300
I couldn't see it hurt but 
something in me knew the 

2960
02:45:49,300 --> 02:45:52,100
hammering was necessary. 
These interviews revealed that 

2961
02:45:52,100 --> 02:45:54,900
the dancers had made more 
awareness than anyone had 

2962
02:45:54,900 --> 02:45:57,500
suspected. 
They've been conscious of their 

2963
02:45:57,500 --> 02:46:01,500
families care grateful for the 
quiet spaces and aware of the 

2964
02:46:01,500 --> 02:46:02,900
changes in their movement 
patterns. 

2965
02:46:03,700 --> 02:46:06,600
They'd simply been powerless to 
communicate this awareness while

2966
02:46:06,600 --> 02:46:10,300
the dancing continued. 
The city of Strasbourg, 

2967
02:46:10,300 --> 02:46:13,000
gradually returned to its normal
rhythms though. 

2968
02:46:13,000 --> 02:46:15,400
The memory of those summer 
weeks, left permanent changes, 

2969
02:46:15,400 --> 02:46:18,800
the authorities developed better
protocols for caring for people 

2970
02:46:18,800 --> 02:46:22,400
in crisis, emphasizing comfort 
and observation over dramatic 

2971
02:46:22,400 --> 02:46:25,600
interventions. 
The Physicians Incorporated, new

2972
02:46:25,600 --> 02:46:28,200
ideas about the relationship 
between mind and body into their

2973
02:46:28,200 --> 02:46:31,000
practice, the religious 
community developed, a more 

2974
02:46:31,008 --> 02:46:34,000
complex conception of how the 
sacred might manifest in Human 

2975
02:46:34,000 --> 02:46:36,600
Experience. 
But perhaps the most lasting 

2976
02:46:36,600 --> 02:46:39,500
change was in how the people of 
Strasbourg understood the nature

2977
02:46:39,500 --> 02:46:41,700
of human control and human 
vulnerability. 

2978
02:46:41,700 --> 02:46:44,700
They had witnessed something 
that challenged fundamental 

2979
02:46:44,700 --> 02:46:47,500
assumptions about how much power
individuals have over their 

2980
02:46:47,500 --> 02:46:50,900
bodies and choices They had 
learned that sometimes the most 

2981
02:46:50,900 --> 02:46:54,600
caring response to someone's 
crisis is not to try to fix them

2982
02:46:54,600 --> 02:46:56,800
but to stay present. 
While they work through whatever

2983
02:46:56,800 --> 02:46:59,800
healing process, their more 
profound wisdom has initiated 

2984
02:47:00,700 --> 02:47:02,000
The cobblestones in the Town 
Square. 

2985
02:47:02,000 --> 02:47:04,700
Still bear faint marks from 
those weeks of endless dancing, 

2986
02:47:04,700 --> 02:47:06,900
though, you'd have to know where
to look to see them. 

2987
02:47:07,700 --> 02:47:10,800
Local guides sometimes Point 
them out to visitors, telling 

2988
02:47:10,800 --> 02:47:13,500
abbreviated versions of the 
story that emphasized the 

2989
02:47:13,500 --> 02:47:16,500
strangeness while missing the 
deeper lessons about Community 

2990
02:47:16,500 --> 02:47:18,400
Care and the Mystery of human 
resilience. 

2991
02:47:19,600 --> 02:47:22,300
Years later when other 
communities experienced similar 

2992
02:47:22,300 --> 02:47:25,400
outbreaks of dancing Mania, and 
there were several throughout 

2993
02:47:25,400 --> 02:47:28,200
Medieval Europe, some 
remembered, the lessons of 

2994
02:47:28,200 --> 02:47:30,700
Strasbourg. 
They learned to provide quiet 

2995
02:47:30,700 --> 02:47:34,400
spaces rather than public stages
to offer patient presence, 

2996
02:47:34,400 --> 02:47:37,600
rather than dramatic cures. 
And to trust that sometimes 

2997
02:47:37,600 --> 02:47:39,600
healing looks different from 
what we expect. 

2998
02:47:40,900 --> 02:47:43,900
The dancing plague of 1518 
remains one of history's, most 

2999
02:47:43,900 --> 02:47:47,200
puzzling medical Mysteries, but 
it's also a story about how 

3000
02:47:47,200 --> 02:47:50,600
communities can learn to care 
for members who are experiencing

3001
02:47:50,600 --> 02:47:52,800
something Beyond ordinary 
understanding. 

3002
02:47:53,700 --> 02:47:56,400
It reminds us that the human 
body and spirit capable of 

3003
02:47:56,400 --> 02:47:59,500
experiences that exceed our 
ability to categorize or control

3004
02:47:59,500 --> 02:48:02,700
them and that sometimes the 
wisest response to mystery is 

3005
02:48:02,700 --> 02:48:06,800
not to solve it but to honor it.
As you drift towards sleep 

3006
02:48:06,800 --> 02:48:09,700
tonight, you might think about 
Frau Trophy and her fellow 

3007
02:48:09,700 --> 02:48:12,700
dancers and about the families 
who learn to love them through 

3008
02:48:12,700 --> 02:48:15,900
their strange Journey. 
You might contemplate the 

3009
02:48:15,900 --> 02:48:19,600
delicate boundary that sometimes
exists between what we perceive 

3010
02:48:19,600 --> 02:48:22,600
as normal and what we perceive 
as impossible and how much 

3011
02:48:22,600 --> 02:48:25,000
healing occurs not through 
expert intervention. 

3012
02:48:25,000 --> 02:48:28,400
But through the patient presence
of individuals who care enough 

3013
02:48:28,400 --> 02:48:31,100
to remain and observe whatever 
unfolds. 

3014
02:48:32,000 --> 02:48:35,300
The dance is always there. 
Just beneath the surface of our 

3015
02:48:35,300 --> 02:48:38,300
ordered lives waiting to teach 
us something about surrender 

3016
02:48:38,300 --> 02:48:42,400
about community, and about the 
beautiful terrifying, mystery of

3017
02:48:42,408 --> 02:48:45,700
Being Human in a body that is 
never entirely under our 

3018
02:48:45,700 --> 02:48:56,200
control. 
Imagine standing on a hillside 

3019
02:48:56,200 --> 02:49:00,000
in Lancashire England where the 
Grass Grows, thick and sheep 

3020
02:49:00,000 --> 02:49:02,000
graze with that particularly 
English. 

3021
02:49:02,000 --> 02:49:05,400
Stoicism that suggests. 
They've seen everything and 

3022
02:49:05,400 --> 02:49:10,300
remain unimpressed. 
Before you rise is Pendle Hill a

3023
02:49:10,300 --> 02:49:13,100
distinctive Landmark that 
dominates the landscape like a 

3024
02:49:13,100 --> 02:49:16,200
sleeping giant. 
It's not particularly tall by 

3025
02:49:16,200 --> 02:49:19,300
Mountain. 
Standards about rain heard feet,

3026
02:49:19,300 --> 02:49:22,000
but it has a present that makes 
it feel much. 

3027
02:49:22,000 --> 02:49:25,800
Larger, the way certain people 
commanded attention simply by 

3028
02:49:25,800 --> 02:49:30,200
existing the hills shape is 
peculiar and memorable from some

3029
02:49:30,200 --> 02:49:33,200
angles, it looks like a massive 
whale preaching from an ocean of

3030
02:49:33,200 --> 02:49:36,500
greenfields. 
From others, it resembles a 

3031
02:49:36,508 --> 02:49:40,900
giant shoulder hunched against 
the northern weather. local 

3032
02:49:40,900 --> 02:49:44,200
people have lived in his shadow 
for 1000s of years and the hill 

3033
02:49:44,200 --> 02:49:47,200
is accumulated that quality of 
permanence, that only ancient 

3034
02:49:47,200 --> 02:49:51,100
Landscapes possess The sense 
that it was here long before 

3035
02:49:51,100 --> 02:49:53,400
humans arrived and will remain 
long. 

3036
02:49:53,400 --> 02:49:57,300
After we're gone in the early 
1600s when our story takes place

3037
02:49:57,300 --> 02:50:00,600
this landscape was quite 
different from Modern England. 

3038
02:50:01,600 --> 02:50:05,100
There were no neat hedgerows 
dividing Fields into tidy 

3039
02:50:05,100 --> 02:50:06,900
squares. 
No roads. 

3040
02:50:06,900 --> 02:50:11,300
Wider than kart tracks and no, 
Telegraph poles or power lines, 

3041
02:50:11,300 --> 02:50:14,900
scratching against the sky. 
The Villages scattered around 

3042
02:50:14,900 --> 02:50:18,000
Pendle Hill were small clusters 
of stone and Timber buildings. 

3043
02:50:18,000 --> 02:50:21,500
Often just a dozen families, 
living close enough to share 

3044
02:50:21,500 --> 02:50:24,400
each other's smoke and gossip. 
The weather in Lancashire has 

3045
02:50:24,400 --> 02:50:27,900
always been dependably 
unpredictable rain sweeps across

3046
02:50:27,900 --> 02:50:31,300
the hills with the regularity of
a postal service, bringing that 

3047
02:50:31,300 --> 02:50:34,200
particular dampness, that seems 
to seep into everything. 

3048
02:50:34,200 --> 02:50:38,900
Your clothes, your bones your 
sense of what constitutes a nice

3049
02:50:38,900 --> 02:50:41,600
day. 
The Mist that gathers around 

3050
02:50:41,600 --> 02:50:43,800
Pendle Hill creates an 
atmosphere, that makes the 

3051
02:50:43,800 --> 02:50:48,100
familiar suddenly strange. 
Transforming a landscape, you 

3052
02:50:48,100 --> 02:50:52,100
know, into something mysterious 
and slightly otherworldly. 

3053
02:50:52,100 --> 02:50:56,300
This was a region where people 
live close to the land in ways 

3054
02:50:56,300 --> 02:50:59,900
we can barely imagine today. 
You couldn't simply go to a 

3055
02:50:59,900 --> 02:51:03,800
supermarket when food, ran low. 
If your crops fail, you went 

3056
02:51:03,800 --> 02:51:06,400
hungry. 
If your cow stopped producing 

3057
02:51:06,400 --> 02:51:10,700
milk, your children's nutrition 
suffered. if disease, struck 

3058
02:51:10,700 --> 02:51:14,200
your livestock, your livelihood,
vanished Every aspect of 

3059
02:51:14,200 --> 02:51:17,500
survival depended on things, 
largely Beyond human control. 

3060
02:51:17,500 --> 02:51:21,900
Whether disease, the fertility 
of soil and the health of 

3061
02:51:21,900 --> 02:51:24,600
animals. 
The forests around Pendle were 

3062
02:51:24,600 --> 02:51:28,200
darker and more extensive than 
they are today. these weren't 

3063
02:51:28,200 --> 02:51:31,300
parks for Sunday strolls but 
working woodlands where people 

3064
02:51:31,300 --> 02:51:35,400
gathered fuel foraged for food 
and encountered, the kind of 

3065
02:51:35,400 --> 02:51:39,900
isolation that modern people 
rarely experience, Walk in to 

3066
02:51:39,900 --> 02:51:42,900
these Woods at dusk. 
And you'd find yourself in a 

3067
02:51:42,900 --> 02:51:46,100
world of Shadows and sounds 
where your imagination could 

3068
02:51:46,100 --> 02:51:50,400
easily transform a rustling Leaf
into something more Sinister. 

3069
02:51:50,400 --> 02:51:54,200
The Villages had names that felt
like they'd grown naturally from

3070
02:51:54,200 --> 02:51:59,600
the landscape new church, barley
roughly and gold Shore. 

3071
02:52:00,400 --> 02:52:02,900
Small communities, where 
everyone knew everyone else's 

3072
02:52:02,900 --> 02:52:06,300
business along with their 
parents business and probably 

3073
02:52:06,300 --> 02:52:10,300
their grandparents business too.
Privacy was a luxury that didn't

3074
02:52:10,300 --> 02:52:12,800
exist your neighbor's new when 
you ate. 

3075
02:52:12,800 --> 02:52:17,400
When you slept who visited and 
what you argued about life here,

3076
02:52:17,400 --> 02:52:21,400
moved at the pace of Seasons, 
rather than clocks People rose 

3077
02:52:21,400 --> 02:52:24,800
with the sun because candles and
Rush lights were expensive and 

3078
02:52:24,800 --> 02:52:29,300
they retired when darkness made 
work impossible. time was 

3079
02:52:29,308 --> 02:52:32,500
measured by the position of the 
sun, the flowering of certain 

3080
02:52:32,500 --> 02:52:36,700
plants or the behavior of 
animals You might arrange to 

3081
02:52:36,700 --> 02:52:40,100
meet someone after milking or 
when the blackberries ripen and 

3082
02:52:40,100 --> 02:52:42,200
everyone understood these 
imprecise measurements, 

3083
02:52:42,200 --> 02:52:44,300
perfectly the buildings 
themselves. 

3084
02:52:44,300 --> 02:52:47,900
Tell you something about how 
people lived most homes were 

3085
02:52:47,900 --> 02:52:50,000
single story structures with 
thatched roofs. 

3086
02:52:50,000 --> 02:52:53,600
Maybe two rooms. 
If you were fortunate often just

3087
02:52:53,600 --> 02:52:58,400
one large space where the entire
family cooked 8 worked and 

3088
02:52:58,400 --> 02:53:01,700
slept. 
From the central half would 

3089
02:53:01,700 --> 02:53:05,100
drift up through a hole in the 
roof blackening, the thatch and 

3090
02:53:05,100 --> 02:53:07,900
creating that distinctive smell 
of old smoke. 

3091
02:53:07,900 --> 02:53:11,600
That permeated everything 
Winters would genuinely harsh in

3092
02:53:11,600 --> 02:53:13,900
ways that central heating as 
helped us forget. 

3093
02:53:14,800 --> 02:53:17,400
You'd wake to find Frost 
patterns on the inside of what 

3094
02:53:17,400 --> 02:53:21,400
ever served as your windows. 
If you had windows at all, many 

3095
02:53:21,400 --> 02:53:24,200
homes simply had shutters that 
you'd close against the cold 

3096
02:53:24,200 --> 02:53:26,400
choosing between freezing and 
darkness. 

3097
02:53:26,400 --> 02:53:29,700
Chill Blaine's was so common 
that people barely mentioned 

3098
02:53:29,700 --> 02:53:31,700
them. 
Just another minor misery of 

3099
02:53:31,708 --> 02:53:34,800
winter like wet boots or 
perpetually cold feet. 

3100
02:53:34,800 --> 02:53:38,200
The fields around Pendle were 
divided, not by ownership in the

3101
02:53:38,200 --> 02:53:41,800
modern sense, but by complex 
systems of common rights that 

3102
02:53:41,800 --> 02:53:45,700
had evolved over centuries. 
Different families had rights to

3103
02:53:45,700 --> 02:53:48,800
Grace certain numbers of 
animals, to gather specific 

3104
02:53:48,800 --> 02:53:53,100
types of wood and to fish in 
particular streams. these rights

3105
02:53:53,100 --> 02:53:55,500
were rarely written down but 
understood through tradition, 

3106
02:53:55,500 --> 02:54:00,000
and enforced, by Community 
consensus, It was a system that 

3107
02:54:00,000 --> 02:54:03,800
worked reasonably well until 
someone tried to change it or 

3108
02:54:03,800 --> 02:54:06,700
changed established Customs 
spring. 

3109
02:54:06,700 --> 02:54:10,000
Brought relief from Winter's. 
Hardships but also anxiety about

3110
02:54:10,000 --> 02:54:11,800
whether crops would grow 
successfully. 

3111
02:54:12,600 --> 02:54:15,500
You'd see women and children 
walking the fields picking 

3112
02:54:15,500 --> 02:54:20,200
stones from newly plowed Earth. 
A task that seems futile and you

3113
02:54:20,200 --> 02:54:23,400
realize that rocks, you remove 
this year won't damage your plow

3114
02:54:23,400 --> 02:54:26,100
next season. 
Every aspect of farming 

3115
02:54:26,100 --> 02:54:29,200
required, this kind of long-term
thinking and constant physical 

3116
02:54:29,200 --> 02:54:32,400
labor, summer was briefly 
glorious when it wasn't raining.

3117
02:54:33,400 --> 02:54:36,100
Hill's would blow with 
wildflowers whose names of 

3118
02:54:36,100 --> 02:54:39,400
mostly been forgotten. 
Folk names that describe their 

3119
02:54:39,400 --> 02:54:42,200
appearance or supposed 
properties here. 

3120
02:54:42,200 --> 02:54:45,700
All self-help eyebright and 
wound word. 

3121
02:54:46,500 --> 02:54:49,400
Plants that promised relief from
the various ailments that 

3122
02:54:49,400 --> 02:54:52,300
Afflicted people without access 
to modern medicine. 

3123
02:54:52,300 --> 02:54:56,000
Autumn meant Harvest and harvest
meant the difference between a 

3124
02:54:56,000 --> 02:54:57,900
tolerable winter and a desperate
one. 

3125
02:54:57,900 --> 02:55:01,600
Everyone worked during Harvest 
from the smallest child, who 

3126
02:55:01,600 --> 02:55:04,500
could carry a Sheaf of grain to 
the oldest grandmother, who 

3127
02:55:04,500 --> 02:55:08,000
could tie knots. 
It was exhausting backbreaking 

3128
02:55:08,000 --> 02:55:11,900
work, but it came with a sense 
of shared purpose and the hope 

3129
02:55:11,900 --> 02:55:14,800
that this year's efforts would 
sustain everyone until next 

3130
02:55:14,800 --> 02:55:18,400
year's Harvest, this landscape 
these rhythms of life, these 

3131
02:55:18,400 --> 02:55:22,100
patterns of work and worry, this
was the world of the Pendle 

3132
02:55:22,100 --> 02:55:24,900
witches. 
Not a Gothic horror setting, but

3133
02:55:24,900 --> 02:55:28,100
a real place where real people 
struggled with the same basic 

3134
02:55:28,100 --> 02:55:30,100
challenges. 
That humans have always faced. 

3135
02:55:30,900 --> 02:55:35,100
How to survive, how to protect 
their families and how to make 

3136
02:55:35,100 --> 02:55:38,700
sense of a world that often 
seemed hostile and inexplicable 

3137
02:55:38,700 --> 02:55:42,900
to understand what happened in 
Pendle in 1612, you need to 

3138
02:55:42,900 --> 02:55:45,600
travel Inside the Minds of 
people who lived in a world 

3139
02:55:45,600 --> 02:55:49,400
entirely different from ours. 
Not different in the sense of 

3140
02:55:49,400 --> 02:55:51,300
being primitive or less 
intelligent. 

3141
02:55:51,300 --> 02:55:55,900
These were people just as clever
and capable as anyone today but 

3142
02:55:55,900 --> 02:55:58,700
different in their fundamental 
assumptions about how reality 

3143
02:55:58,700 --> 02:56:01,000
worked. 
Imagine living in a world 

3144
02:56:01,000 --> 02:56:03,700
without scientific explanation 
for natural phenomena. 

3145
02:56:04,600 --> 02:56:07,500
When your child develops, a 
fever you don't think about 

3146
02:56:07,500 --> 02:56:11,700
viruses or bacteria, Concepts 
that won't exist for another two

3147
02:56:11,700 --> 02:56:15,100
centuries. 
Instead, you wonder what caused 

3148
02:56:15,100 --> 02:56:17,900
this illness. 
Did someone curse your family? 

3149
02:56:17,900 --> 02:56:22,000
Did you offend God? 
Did your child encounter 

3150
02:56:22,000 --> 02:56:24,400
something malevolent while 
playing near the old oak tree? 

3151
02:56:24,400 --> 02:56:26,800
That everyone says has an odd 
feeling about it. 

3152
02:56:26,800 --> 02:56:29,900
This wasn't Superstition in. 
The dismissive sense. 

3153
02:56:29,900 --> 02:56:33,600
We often use that word today. 
These were people constructing 

3154
02:56:33,600 --> 02:56:36,900
reasonable explanations based on
the information available to 

3155
02:56:36,900 --> 02:56:39,300
them. 
If your cow suddenly stops 

3156
02:56:39,300 --> 02:56:41,800
producing milk. 
And you remember, having an 

3157
02:56:41,800 --> 02:56:44,500
argument with your neighbor 
yesterday, and then someone 

3158
02:56:44,500 --> 02:56:47,000
tells you that your neighbor's 
grandmother was known for having

3159
02:56:47,000 --> 02:56:49,700
the sight. 
You've got what seems like a 

3160
02:56:49,700 --> 02:56:54,100
logical chain of causation. 
It's wrong, but it's not stupid 

3161
02:56:54,100 --> 02:56:56,300
magic. 
In this world was less like 

3162
02:56:56,300 --> 02:56:59,800
Harry Potter and more like an 
extension of natural philosophy.

3163
02:57:00,900 --> 02:57:04,100
Educated people genuinely 
believed that certain 

3164
02:57:04,100 --> 02:57:07,800
individuals might have special 
knowledge or abilities, just as 

3165
02:57:07,800 --> 02:57:10,600
they believed in the four 
humors, in the influence of 

3166
02:57:10,608 --> 02:57:13,900
planetary movements on human 
health and in the power of the 

3167
02:57:13,900 --> 02:57:18,000
king's touch to cure disease. 
The line between what we'd call 

3168
02:57:18,000 --> 02:57:21,700
medicine and what we'd call 
Magic was blurry at best and 

3169
02:57:21,700 --> 02:57:25,800
often non-existent the Church, 
of course had opinions about all

3170
02:57:25,800 --> 02:57:30,000
of this England in 1612 was 
officially Protestant. 

3171
02:57:30,000 --> 02:57:33,000
Having broken with Rome about 80
years earlier. 

3172
02:57:33,900 --> 02:57:37,700
But old Catholic beliefs 
persisted mixed with even older 

3173
02:57:37,700 --> 02:57:40,800
folk Traditions that probably 
dated Back to Before 

3174
02:57:40,800 --> 02:57:44,800
Christianity arrived in Britain.
People would attend Protestant 

3175
02:57:44,800 --> 02:57:48,900
services on Sunday while also 
touching wood for luck, throwing

3176
02:57:48,900 --> 02:57:51,800
salt over their shoulders and 
carefully observing. 

3177
02:57:51,800 --> 02:57:54,700
Which direction a magpie flew, 
because everyone knew that 

3178
02:57:54,700 --> 02:57:57,900
matted somehow the Bible which 
most people couldn't read, but 

3179
02:57:57,900 --> 02:58:01,000
new through sermons and common 
culture, was quite clear that 

3180
02:58:01,000 --> 02:58:04,200
witches existed. 
The Old Testament, explicitly 

3181
02:58:04,200 --> 02:58:08,400
stated Thou shalt not suffer a 
witch to live which seemed 

3182
02:58:08,400 --> 02:58:10,600
pretty unambiguous if you took 
scripture seriously. 

3183
02:58:11,900 --> 02:58:13,500
If the Bible said witches were 
real. 

3184
02:58:13,500 --> 02:58:17,000
Then denying their existence was
essentially questioning the word

3185
02:58:17,000 --> 02:58:20,600
of God, a dangerous position to 
take in any era. 

3186
02:58:20,600 --> 02:58:23,900
But particularly in 
post-reformation England where 

3187
02:58:23,900 --> 02:58:27,700
are just Orthodoxy was literally
a matter of life and death but 

3188
02:58:27,700 --> 02:58:28,800
here's where it gets 
interesting. 

3189
02:58:29,800 --> 02:58:33,600
The kind of Witchcraft that most
concerned Ordinary People wasn't

3190
02:58:33,600 --> 02:58:36,100
the devil worshiping. 
Soul-selling variety, that 

3191
02:58:36,100 --> 02:58:38,000
troubled, theologians and 
authorities. 

3192
02:58:39,100 --> 02:58:42,900
Most accusations of Witchcraft. 
At the local level involved, 

3193
02:58:42,900 --> 02:58:45,700
what we might call Neighborhood 
disputes taken to Supernatural 

3194
02:58:45,700 --> 02:58:48,600
extremes Someone's butter won't 
churn. 

3195
02:58:48,600 --> 02:58:52,500
Someone's Child is ill, 
someone's horse goes lame and 

3196
02:58:52,500 --> 02:58:56,000
The Afflicted person remembers a
recent argument, or perceived 

3197
02:58:56,000 --> 02:58:58,800
slight from someone with a 
reputation for being a bit odd. 

3198
02:58:58,800 --> 02:59:01,900
The people most often accused of
Witchcraft fit, certain 

3199
02:59:01,900 --> 02:59:04,300
patterns. 
They were frequently women 

3200
02:59:04,300 --> 02:59:08,900
often, elderly usually poor, 
sometimes cantankerous, and 

3201
02:59:08,900 --> 02:59:11,200
generally on the margins of 
Village Society. 

3202
02:59:12,200 --> 02:59:15,700
In other words, people who lack 
the social protection that came 

3203
02:59:15,700 --> 02:59:19,400
from wealth family, connections 
or Community standing. 

3204
02:59:20,300 --> 02:59:23,800
The Village commercial who lived
alone kept cats and muttered 

3205
02:59:23,800 --> 02:59:26,900
herself was playing a risky game
in a world where being different

3206
02:59:26,900 --> 02:59:30,000
could be dangerous yet. 
These same communities, also, 

3207
02:59:30,000 --> 02:59:33,400
relied on people who played 
special knowledge, The cunning 

3208
02:59:33,400 --> 02:59:36,900
folk or Wise Women who knew 
which herbs helped with which 

3209
02:59:36,900 --> 02:59:40,300
ailments who could predict where
the patterns and who understood 

3210
02:59:40,300 --> 02:59:43,700
the mysteries of childbirth? 
These were valuable Community 

3211
02:59:43,700 --> 02:59:47,300
Resources the line between 
helpful cunning folk and 

3212
02:59:47,300 --> 02:59:51,400
dangerous witches was razor thin
and largely depended on whether 

3213
02:59:51,400 --> 02:59:53,700
your magic was perceived as 
helping or harming. 

3214
02:59:53,700 --> 02:59:56,500
Think about the psychology of 
living in this world. 

3215
02:59:57,600 --> 03:00:01,700
When Misfortune strikes and 
Misfortune struck regularly in 

3216
03:00:01,700 --> 03:00:05,100
an era without modern meds and 
reliable crops or any form of 

3217
03:00:05,108 --> 03:00:08,400
social safety, net people needed
explanations. 

3218
03:00:09,300 --> 03:00:13,900
Bad luck or natural causes a 
psychologically unsatisfying 

3219
03:00:13,900 --> 03:00:17,400
answers when your child is dying
and you can't do anything to 

3220
03:00:17,400 --> 03:00:20,100
help. 
The idea that someone calls this

3221
03:00:20,100 --> 03:00:23,200
through malice, at least 
provides a target for your grief

3222
03:00:23,200 --> 03:00:26,900
and anger, and more importantly,
suggest that something might be 

3223
03:00:26,900 --> 03:00:30,100
done about it. 
This worldview, also provided a 

3224
03:00:30,100 --> 03:00:33,300
form of social control, if 
everyone believes that harming 

3225
03:00:33,300 --> 03:00:36,300
others through which craft is 
possible, and that which is can 

3226
03:00:36,300 --> 03:00:39,500
be identified and punished. 
Then there's an incentive to 

3227
03:00:39,500 --> 03:00:41,500
maintain good relations with 
your neighbors. 

3228
03:00:41,500 --> 03:00:45,400
The fear of being accused served
to discourage the kind of 

3229
03:00:45,400 --> 03:00:48,500
anti-social behaviour that could
tear apart small communities 

3230
03:00:48,500 --> 03:00:52,900
where cooperation was essential 
for survival dreams and Visions 

3231
03:00:52,900 --> 03:00:55,000
carried weight. 
In this world that we've largely

3232
03:00:55,000 --> 03:00:57,200
lost. 
If you dreamed that your 

3233
03:00:57,200 --> 03:01:00,700
neighbor transformed into a hair
and drank from your cows, that 

3234
03:01:00,700 --> 03:01:04,100
wasn't just a random nightmare, 
it might be a genuine glimpse of

3235
03:01:04,108 --> 03:01:07,200
hidden reality. 
The modern distinction between 

3236
03:01:07,200 --> 03:01:10,000
objective reality. 
And subjective experience was 

3237
03:01:10,000 --> 03:01:14,600
much less clear, inner and outer
worlds, Blended together in ways

3238
03:01:14,600 --> 03:01:17,900
that made perfect sense to 
people at the time children. 

3239
03:01:17,900 --> 03:01:21,600
Absorb these beliefs naturally, 
the way children today, absorb 

3240
03:01:21,600 --> 03:01:25,600
ideas about technology or 
popular culture, a six-year-old 

3241
03:01:25,600 --> 03:01:29,900
in 1612 would know which plants 
were lucky, which days were 

3242
03:01:29,900 --> 03:01:32,300
unlucky for. 
Starting new Ventures and 

3243
03:01:32,300 --> 03:01:35,600
probably several Rhymes or 
charms for warding off evil. 

3244
03:01:36,600 --> 03:01:39,100
This knowledge wasn't taught 
formally, but picked up through 

3245
03:01:39,100 --> 03:01:43,000
observation and participation in
daily life, the concept of proof

3246
03:01:43,000 --> 03:01:46,300
was also different. 
Today, we expect evidence that 

3247
03:01:46,300 --> 03:01:51,100
can be objectively verified. in 
the 17th century eyewitness, 

3248
03:01:51,100 --> 03:01:55,000
testimony was considered highly 
reliable even when describing 

3249
03:01:55,000 --> 03:01:59,100
Supernatural events, if three 
people said they saw Good Wife 

3250
03:01:59,100 --> 03:02:03,200
Smith's Spirit flying through 
the air That counted as solid 

3251
03:02:03,200 --> 03:02:07,400
evidence, the fact that human 
perception is unreliable and 

3252
03:02:07,400 --> 03:02:09,600
that people can genuinely 
believed they saw things. 

3253
03:02:09,600 --> 03:02:13,100
They didn't wasn't yet. 
Understood, this was a world 

3254
03:02:13,100 --> 03:02:16,300
where authority figures 
Magistrate's ministers, and 

3255
03:02:16,300 --> 03:02:21,000
educated gentlemen believed in 
which craft just as firmly as a 

3256
03:02:21,000 --> 03:02:24,100
literate farmers. 
King James, the first himself 

3257
03:02:24,100 --> 03:02:26,800
had written a book about 
witchcraft called demonology. 

3258
03:02:27,400 --> 03:02:30,400
Arguing for the reality of 
witches and the necessity of 

3259
03:02:30,408 --> 03:02:34,100
Prosecuting them. 
When your king, your minister, 

3260
03:02:34,100 --> 03:02:38,100
your social betters, and your 
neighbors, all agree. 

3261
03:02:38,100 --> 03:02:42,400
That something is real doubting,
it requires an extraordinary 

3262
03:02:42,400 --> 03:02:45,600
level of independent thinking 
that few people in any era 

3263
03:02:45,600 --> 03:02:47,900
possess. 
Now we come to the people 

3264
03:02:47,900 --> 03:02:52,900
themselves, not abstractions, or
symbols, actual human beings who

3265
03:02:52,900 --> 03:02:55,600
lived in the shadow of Pendle 
Hill and whose names. 

3266
03:02:55,600 --> 03:02:59,200
We still remember over. 400 
years later, though, for reasons

3267
03:02:59,200 --> 03:03:02,200
they could never have imagined 
the device family lived at 

3268
03:03:02,208 --> 03:03:05,500
Malkin Tower a name, that might 
sound picturesque, Until you 

3269
03:03:05,500 --> 03:03:10,600
realize that Malkin was old 
dialect for a dirty untidy woman

3270
03:03:10,600 --> 03:03:14,100
or a scarecrow. 
Imagine a decrepit building, 

3271
03:03:14,100 --> 03:03:18,100
probably more hovel than Tower 
in a remote part of the penal 

3272
03:03:18,100 --> 03:03:20,600
landscape. 
This was home to Elizabeth 

3273
03:03:20,600 --> 03:03:24,500
Southern known as old demdike, 
who was somewhere around, 80 

3274
03:03:24,500 --> 03:03:28,400
years old in 1612, an 
extraordinary age for the period

3275
03:03:28,400 --> 03:03:30,500
that probably contributed to her
reputation. 

3276
03:03:30,500 --> 03:03:34,700
As someone with unusual 
knowledge demike the name 

3277
03:03:34,700 --> 03:03:36,800
itself, sounds like something 
from folklore. 

3278
03:03:36,800 --> 03:03:40,800
Had a granddaughter named 
Elizabeth device who in turn had

3279
03:03:40,800 --> 03:03:42,600
children, including Alison 
device. 

3280
03:03:42,600 --> 03:03:44,800
A young woman about 20 years 
old. 

3281
03:03:44,800 --> 03:03:49,500
When our story unfolds This was 
a family living in poverty, that

3282
03:03:49,500 --> 03:03:51,300
would shock modern 
sensibilities. 

3283
03:03:52,200 --> 03:03:55,600
Not the kind of picturesque 
rural poverty you see in Period 

3284
03:03:55,600 --> 03:04:00,000
dramas but genuine grinding 
destitution where every day 

3285
03:04:00,000 --> 03:04:02,300
presented challenges to basic 
survival. 

3286
03:04:02,300 --> 03:04:05,500
Living nearby was another family
headed by Anne. 

3287
03:04:05,500 --> 03:04:09,100
Whittle known as old chatok who 
was probably in her 80s. 

3288
03:04:09,900 --> 03:04:12,100
The name Chatterbox might derive
from Chatterbox. 

3289
03:04:12,100 --> 03:04:14,500
Suggesting someone known for 
talking though. 

3290
03:04:14,500 --> 03:04:16,900
It's equally possible. 
It had other Origins now. 

3291
03:04:16,900 --> 03:04:20,400
Lost a history. 
Talks had a daughter named Anne 

3292
03:04:20,400 --> 03:04:24,500
Red Fern and these two families.
The devices and the chat boxes 

3293
03:04:24,500 --> 03:04:28,200
have the kind of relationship 
that makes Modern Family feuds 

3294
03:04:28,200 --> 03:04:30,700
look like minor. 
Disagreements, these were not 

3295
03:04:30,700 --> 03:04:33,900
wealthy families are doing over 
inheritance or social position. 

3296
03:04:34,800 --> 03:04:37,200
These were people at the 
absolute bottom of the economic 

3297
03:04:37,200 --> 03:04:40,500
ladder competing for scarce 
resources in a harsh 

3298
03:04:40,500 --> 03:04:43,700
environment. 
When you're that poor, every 

3299
03:04:43,700 --> 03:04:47,300
small Advantage matters and 
every perceived slight can 

3300
03:04:47,300 --> 03:04:51,100
become a major grievance. 
The device and Chateaux family 

3301
03:04:51,100 --> 03:04:53,700
is, apparently had a 
long-standing mutual antagonism.

3302
03:04:54,600 --> 03:04:56,800
Possibly involving accusations 
of theft. 

3303
03:04:57,700 --> 03:05:01,100
Definitely involving accusations
of Witchcraft, and generally 

3304
03:05:01,100 --> 03:05:03,500
characterized by the kind of 
bitter enmity. 

3305
03:05:03,500 --> 03:05:06,800
That develops when people who 
dislike each other cannot Escape

3306
03:05:06,800 --> 03:05:10,000
each other's presence picture 
all damn die because she might 

3307
03:05:10,008 --> 03:05:14,800
have been a very elderly woman. 
Probably nearly blind sources. 

3308
03:05:14,800 --> 03:05:18,600
Mention her poor eyesight with 
the kind of face that eight 

3309
03:05:18,600 --> 03:05:22,000
Decades of hard living creates, 
She'd have lost most of her 

3310
03:05:22,000 --> 03:05:24,400
teeth. 
Her skin would be weathered by 

3311
03:05:24,400 --> 03:05:28,300
constant outdoor work and she'd 
likely have that distinctive 

3312
03:05:28,300 --> 03:05:31,500
elderly stoop, that comes from a
lifetime of manual labor. 

3313
03:05:32,700 --> 03:05:36,000
She was by several accounts 
known as someone who could 

3314
03:05:36,000 --> 03:05:40,200
curse, who knew charms, and 
spells and who had what people 

3315
03:05:40,200 --> 03:05:43,300
called the site, but here's 
what's important to understand. 

3316
03:05:44,400 --> 03:05:47,400
Old demdike, probably believed 
in her own powers. 

3317
03:05:47,400 --> 03:05:51,100
This wasn't necessarily a con 
artist exploiting the gullible. 

3318
03:05:51,900 --> 03:05:55,200
She'd grown up in a world where 
magic was real where certain 

3319
03:05:55,200 --> 03:05:59,000
people had special knowledge and
were curses could cause harm. 

3320
03:05:59,900 --> 03:06:02,600
If you'd spent eight decades 
accepting these beliefs, as 

3321
03:06:02,600 --> 03:06:06,400
fact, and if your reputation as 
someone powerful was perhaps the

3322
03:06:06,400 --> 03:06:09,800
only source of respect or fear 
you commanded, you'd probably 

3323
03:06:09,800 --> 03:06:13,500
cultivate that reputation too 
old chatok seems to have had a 

3324
03:06:13,508 --> 03:06:17,100
similar reputation which perhaps
explains part of the Rivalry 

3325
03:06:17,100 --> 03:06:21,100
between the families. 
Two elderly women, both claiming

3326
03:06:21,100 --> 03:06:24,500
magical knowledge, living in 
proximity in a small community. 

3327
03:06:24,500 --> 03:06:27,200
That's a situation right for 
conflict. 

3328
03:06:28,200 --> 03:06:32,600
Add genuine poverty, family, 
grudges and a cultural context, 

3329
03:06:32,600 --> 03:06:36,100
where curses and counter curses 
were taken, seriously, and you 

3330
03:06:36,108 --> 03:06:40,000
have a powder keg waiting for a 
spark, the younger generation of

3331
03:06:40,000 --> 03:06:43,800
these families lived in their 
Elders, Shadows, Alison device. 

3332
03:06:43,800 --> 03:06:46,900
About 20 years old, seems to 
have been an ordinary young 

3333
03:06:46,900 --> 03:06:49,300
woman trying to survive in 
difficult circumstances. 

3334
03:06:50,600 --> 03:06:52,300
Sources suggest, she might have 
been. 

3335
03:06:52,300 --> 03:06:54,000
What? 
We'd Now call developmentally 

3336
03:06:54,000 --> 03:06:56,900
disabled though. 
Historical records are too 

3337
03:06:56,908 --> 03:07:00,100
fragmentary to be. 
Certain, what we know is that 

3338
03:07:00,100 --> 03:07:03,400
she worked as a beggar 
traveling, the roads and asking 

3339
03:07:03,400 --> 03:07:07,000
for charity or small favors, 
which was a common survival 

3340
03:07:07,000 --> 03:07:09,900
strategy for the desperately 
poor and red. 

3341
03:07:09,900 --> 03:07:13,400
Furner chat box daughter was 
married to a man named Thomas 

3342
03:07:13,400 --> 03:07:16,900
Redfern and seems to have been 
trying to maintain a slightly 

3343
03:07:16,900 --> 03:07:19,000
more respectable existence than 
her mother. 

3344
03:07:20,100 --> 03:07:23,500
This was the constant tension 
for families with reputation for

3345
03:07:23,500 --> 03:07:26,500
witchcraft. 
Wanting to be accepted by the 

3346
03:07:26,500 --> 03:07:29,300
community. 
While also being associated with

3347
03:07:29,300 --> 03:07:32,800
people whose reputations made 
except and difficult living 

3348
03:07:32,800 --> 03:07:35,400
among these families were 
others, who became caught up in 

3349
03:07:35,400 --> 03:07:39,700
the events of 1612. 
Alice Nutter a woman of someone 

3350
03:07:39,700 --> 03:07:42,800
higher Social Status whose 
involvement in the story remains

3351
03:07:42,800 --> 03:07:46,900
puzzling to historians. 
Chain bulk and her son, John 

3352
03:07:46,900 --> 03:07:49,000
Catherine, Hewitt and several 
others. 

3353
03:07:49,000 --> 03:07:53,600
Each of them was a real person 
with hopes fears daily routines 

3354
03:07:53,600 --> 03:07:56,200
and relationships that the 
historical record. 

3355
03:07:56,200 --> 03:07:59,200
Barely captures. 
What these people shared was 

3356
03:07:59,200 --> 03:08:02,600
life in a small community where 
everyone knew everyone else's 

3357
03:08:02,600 --> 03:08:06,300
business, where reputation was 
currency and where the line 

3358
03:08:06,300 --> 03:08:09,100
between getting by and 
destitution was frighteningly 

3359
03:08:09,100 --> 03:08:12,100
thin. 
They lived in a world where a 

3360
03:08:12,100 --> 03:08:15,300
bad Harvest could mean hunger. 
Where illness usually meant 

3361
03:08:15,300 --> 03:08:19,000
death, and where your survival 
often depended on the Goodwill 

3362
03:08:19,000 --> 03:08:21,300
of neighbors, who might also be 
your Rivals. 

3363
03:08:21,300 --> 03:08:24,200
The house is these people lived 
in which shocked, modern 

3364
03:08:24,200 --> 03:08:27,600
sensibilities Earth, and flaws 
that turned to Mud. 

3365
03:08:27,600 --> 03:08:31,200
When it rained roofs, that 
leaked walls, that let him 

3366
03:08:31,200 --> 03:08:34,000
drawers and smoke filled 
Interiors from cooking fires. 

3367
03:08:35,000 --> 03:08:39,400
Percy didn't exist family, slept
together in whatever dry Corner.

3368
03:08:39,400 --> 03:08:42,700
They could find with perhaps a 
curtain to separate sleeping 

3369
03:08:42,700 --> 03:08:44,000
areas. 
If they were fortunate 

3370
03:08:45,100 --> 03:08:47,400
Sanitation as we understand, it 
didn't exist. 

3371
03:08:48,200 --> 03:08:51,800
Water came from streams or welds
and every bucket had to be 

3372
03:08:51,808 --> 03:08:54,300
carried by hand. 
Their clothes would have been 

3373
03:08:54,300 --> 03:08:58,600
rough wool probably home, spun 
patched, and repatch, and warn 

3374
03:08:58,600 --> 03:09:02,300
until they literally fell apart.
Shoes were expensive enough. 

3375
03:09:02,300 --> 03:09:05,200
That many people went barefoot 
in warm weather to preserve 

3376
03:09:05,200 --> 03:09:07,300
them. 
Personal possessions would be 

3377
03:09:07,308 --> 03:09:10,300
minimal. 
Perhaps a few cooking pots, some

3378
03:09:10,300 --> 03:09:14,200
basic tools and bedding, that 
probably consisted of straw, 

3379
03:09:14,200 --> 03:09:16,600
stuff sacks and rough blankets 
yet. 

3380
03:09:16,600 --> 03:09:19,300
These were people not just 
historical figures. 

3381
03:09:20,200 --> 03:09:23,200
They laughed at jokes, we'd 
probably understand worried 

3382
03:09:23,200 --> 03:09:26,600
about their children enjoyed 
Pleasant weather and complained 

3383
03:09:26,600 --> 03:09:29,500
about their neighbors. 
Old demdike might have had a 

3384
03:09:29,500 --> 03:09:32,400
favorite spot where she liked to
sit on sunny days. 

3385
03:09:33,200 --> 03:09:35,800
Alison device. 
Probably had friendship gossiped

3386
03:09:35,800 --> 03:09:39,400
with and red fern might have had
Ambitions for her children that 

3387
03:09:39,400 --> 03:09:43,300
circumstances made impossible to
achieve the events that would 

3388
03:09:43,300 --> 03:09:48,100
lead to tragedy began on a Road.
Near Collins on March 18th, 1612

3389
03:09:49,300 --> 03:09:51,200
This wasn't some dark and stormy
night. 

3390
03:09:51,200 --> 03:09:55,200
Perfect for Gothic drama, it was
probably just an ordinary late 

3391
03:09:55,200 --> 03:09:59,100
winter day cold and damp in the 
way that Northern England excels

3392
03:09:59,100 --> 03:10:02,400
at being cold and damp. 
Alison device was out begging, 

3393
03:10:02,400 --> 03:10:04,300
which wasn't shameful in the 
way. 

3394
03:10:04,300 --> 03:10:07,800
We might think of making today 
but was a recognized survival 

3395
03:10:07,800 --> 03:10:12,400
strategy for the destitute. 
She encountered John Law, a 

3396
03:10:12,400 --> 03:10:15,100
pedal from Halifax, travelling 
along the road with his pack of 

3397
03:10:15,108 --> 03:10:19,000
pins, needles laces, and other 
small Goods that Peddlers 

3398
03:10:19,000 --> 03:10:23,100
carried from Village to Village.
These traveling salesmen were 

3399
03:10:23,100 --> 03:10:26,600
important figures in rural 
England bringing Not Just Goods 

3400
03:10:26,600 --> 03:10:30,600
but also news and connection to 
the wider world, what happened 

3401
03:10:30,600 --> 03:10:32,200
next? 
Depends on whose account you 

3402
03:10:32,200 --> 03:10:36,700
believe, but the basic facts 
seem to be these Alice and asked

3403
03:10:36,700 --> 03:10:39,600
law. 
For some pins, he refused either

3404
03:10:39,600 --> 03:10:42,400
because he wanted payment, she 
couldn't provide or because 

3405
03:10:42,400 --> 03:10:45,400
pedal is, sometimes did give 
small items to Beggars and he 

3406
03:10:45,400 --> 03:10:48,400
simply didn't feel like it that 
day shortly after this 

3407
03:10:48,400 --> 03:10:52,100
encounter, John Law, collapsed 
with what appears to have been a

3408
03:10:52,100 --> 03:10:54,000
stroke. 
Now, if you're a modern person 

3409
03:10:54,000 --> 03:10:57,000
reading this, you understand 
that strokes happen for 

3410
03:10:57,000 --> 03:11:02,000
physiological reasons, blood 
clots burst vessels and high 

3411
03:11:02,000 --> 03:11:05,000
blood pressure. 
John Law was a peddler who 

3412
03:11:05,000 --> 03:11:09,000
walked long distances carrying 
heavy loads, probably ate poorly

3413
03:11:09,000 --> 03:11:13,500
and lived a stressful existence.
He was in other words, a prime 

3414
03:11:13,500 --> 03:11:16,700
candidate for cardiovascular 
problems regardless of whom he 

3415
03:11:16,700 --> 03:11:19,800
met on the road. 
But if your John Law or his son,

3416
03:11:19,808 --> 03:11:23,000
Abraham, law, or anyone in the 
community hearing about this 

3417
03:11:23,000 --> 03:11:27,500
incident, the sequence of events
looks very different, Alison 

3418
03:11:27,500 --> 03:11:31,400
device from a family with a 
reputation for witchcraft asked 

3419
03:11:31,400 --> 03:11:35,700
for something law. 
Refused immediately afterward 

3420
03:11:35,700 --> 03:11:38,700
loss suffered, what appeared to 
be a magical attack. 

3421
03:11:39,600 --> 03:11:41,300
The cause and effect seems 
obvious. 

3422
03:11:41,300 --> 03:11:43,900
What makes this story 
particularly intriguing? 

3423
03:11:43,900 --> 03:11:46,400
Is that Alison herself? 
Apparently came to believe she 

3424
03:11:46,400 --> 03:11:50,100
would cause laws collapse. 
When questioned later, she 

3425
03:11:50,100 --> 03:11:53,400
confessed to cursing him though,
whether this confession came 

3426
03:11:53,400 --> 03:11:57,000
from genuine belief, from 
pressure, during questioning or 

3427
03:11:57,000 --> 03:12:01,100
from some combination of both, 
we can't know. living in a world

3428
03:12:01,108 --> 03:12:04,100
where everyone around you 
believes in Witchcraft and 

3429
03:12:04,100 --> 03:12:06,600
you've been raised by a 
grandmother who claimed magical 

3430
03:12:06,600 --> 03:12:09,700
powers, you might well 
internalize those beliefs and 

3431
03:12:09,700 --> 03:12:13,300
interpret events through that 
lens, the law family lodged a 

3432
03:12:13,300 --> 03:12:17,200
complaint with Roger, Nowell the
local Magistrate Now all was a 

3433
03:12:17,200 --> 03:12:21,100
Justice of the Peace part of the
local Gentry, whose job involved

3434
03:12:21,100 --> 03:12:23,300
maintaining order and 
investigating crime. 

3435
03:12:24,300 --> 03:12:27,700
He was by all accounts a 
literate educated man who took 

3436
03:12:27,700 --> 03:12:31,700
his responsibilities seriously. 
He was also a man of his times, 

3437
03:12:31,700 --> 03:12:34,800
which meant he believed in, 
which craft ass surely as he 

3438
03:12:34,800 --> 03:12:37,900
believed in the authority of the
king and the truth of scripture,

3439
03:12:37,900 --> 03:12:42,400
now began his investigation the 
way any magistrate wood by 

3440
03:12:42,400 --> 03:12:46,400
gathering testimony. 
He questioned as a device who 

3441
03:12:46,400 --> 03:12:50,100
apparently confessed not only to
cursing John law, but also 

3442
03:12:50,100 --> 03:12:53,000
provided information about the 
magical practices of other 

3443
03:12:53,000 --> 03:12:56,700
family members. 
This is where the Story begins 

3444
03:12:56,700 --> 03:13:00,400
to expand from a single incident
into something much larger. 

3445
03:13:00,400 --> 03:13:05,200
Once the investigation began old
grievances surfaced like, debris

3446
03:13:05,200 --> 03:13:08,300
floating up from a flood. 
People who had long suspected, 

3447
03:13:08,300 --> 03:13:11,500
their neighbors of Witchcraft 
now had an official audience for

3448
03:13:11,500 --> 03:13:14,400
their suspicions. 
The device and Chateaux 

3449
03:13:14,400 --> 03:13:17,300
families. 
Already enemies began, accusing 

3450
03:13:17,300 --> 03:13:20,500
each other of various magical 
crimes, stretching back years, 

3451
03:13:20,500 --> 03:13:24,000
every unexplained illness every 
dead cow. 

3452
03:13:24,000 --> 03:13:27,700
Every batch of butter, that 
wouldn't churn all of these 

3453
03:13:27,700 --> 03:13:30,900
suddenly had explanations in the
form of militias, which craft 

3454
03:13:30,900 --> 03:13:34,600
the testimony is that emerged 
reveal a community that had been

3455
03:13:34,600 --> 03:13:40,300
living with these suspicions and
fears for years, old confessed 

3456
03:13:40,300 --> 03:13:42,900
to having sold her soul to the 
devil some 20 years earlier, 

3457
03:13:42,900 --> 03:13:48,400
meeting him in the form of a boy
named Tibet, supposedly admitted

3458
03:13:48,400 --> 03:13:51,600
to similar practices. 
These confessions raise, all 

3459
03:13:51,600 --> 03:13:55,500
sorts of questions were they 
true, were they extracted Under 

3460
03:13:55,500 --> 03:13:58,900
Pressure did these elderly? 
Women genuinely believe their 

3461
03:13:58,900 --> 03:14:03,000
own stories what's clear is that
once the process started it, 

3462
03:14:03,000 --> 03:14:06,000
gained its own momentum. 
Neighbors who might have been 

3463
03:14:06,008 --> 03:14:07,700
willing to overlook odd 
behavior. 

3464
03:14:07,700 --> 03:14:10,600
When there was no official 
investigation suddenly felt 

3465
03:14:10,600 --> 03:14:13,900
compelled to share their 
suspicions, People who had lived

3466
03:14:13,900 --> 03:14:15,900
side by side with the accused 
for years. 

3467
03:14:15,900 --> 03:14:18,900
Now, provided testimony about 
suspicious incidents. 

3468
03:14:18,900 --> 03:14:22,000
They'd never previously, 
reported the accusations 

3469
03:14:22,000 --> 03:14:24,000
extended beyond the obvious 
targets. 

3470
03:14:24,700 --> 03:14:28,100
Alice Nutter a woman of higher 
Social Status was arrested 

3471
03:14:28,100 --> 03:14:30,200
though. 
Her involvement in the case 

3472
03:14:30,200 --> 03:14:33,800
remains mysterious She doesn't 
seem to fit the profile of 

3473
03:14:33,800 --> 03:14:37,900
typical witchcraft accusations. 
She wasn't old, she wasn't 

3474
03:14:37,900 --> 03:14:41,300
notably poor and didn't have an 
established reputation for 

3475
03:14:41,300 --> 03:14:45,700
Magical practices. 
Some historians speculate about 

3476
03:14:45,700 --> 03:14:48,500
land disputes or other motives 
that might have drawn her into 

3477
03:14:48,500 --> 03:14:50,900
the case. 
But the truth has been lost to 

3478
03:14:50,900 --> 03:14:53,200
time. 
As spring turned to Summer. 

3479
03:14:53,200 --> 03:14:56,900
More people were arrested, Jane,
ballcock and her son, John, 

3480
03:14:56,900 --> 03:15:01,100
Catherine, Hewitt, and others. 
The local jail which was 

3481
03:15:01,100 --> 03:15:04,300
probably a deeply unpleasant 
place even by the standards of 

3482
03:15:04,300 --> 03:15:07,300
17th century. 
Prisons began to fill with 

3483
03:15:07,300 --> 03:15:09,100
accused witches from the Pendle 
area. 

3484
03:15:09,100 --> 03:15:11,700
Meanwhile, something happened 
that Roger. 

3485
03:15:11,700 --> 03:15:15,100
Now would later consider a 
crucial evidence a meeting at 

3486
03:15:15,100 --> 03:15:18,200
Malkin tower on Good Friday. 
April 10th 1612. 

3487
03:15:19,200 --> 03:15:21,900
Various members of the device 
family and their Associates 

3488
03:15:21,900 --> 03:15:24,000
gathered. 
Allegedly to plot the 

3489
03:15:24,008 --> 03:15:27,300
destruction of Lancaster Castle 
to free the imprisoned family 

3490
03:15:27,300 --> 03:15:29,500
members. 
Whether this meeting was 

3491
03:15:29,500 --> 03:15:32,700
actually a rescue plot or simply
an ordinary family gathering 

3492
03:15:32,700 --> 03:15:35,900
blown out of proportion by 
frightened imaginations. 

3493
03:15:35,900 --> 03:15:39,900
We cannot know the evidence 
against the accused consisted 

3494
03:15:39,900 --> 03:15:44,100
largely of testimony from 
accusers, from alleged victims 

3495
03:15:44,100 --> 03:15:48,500
and from the accused themselves,
By modern standards, this 

3496
03:15:48,500 --> 03:15:51,600
evidence would be laughable. 
People claimed to have seen 

3497
03:15:51,600 --> 03:15:54,600
familiar spirits in the form of 
animals to have witnessed 

3498
03:15:54,600 --> 03:15:57,800
impossible things, and to have 
knowledge of events that 

3499
03:15:57,800 --> 03:16:02,700
occurred in impossible ways. 
But by the standards of the time

3500
03:16:02,700 --> 03:16:06,900
and in a community primed to 
believe in witchcraft, this 

3501
03:16:06,900 --> 03:16:10,600
testimony was damning what 
strikes modern readers about 

3502
03:16:10,600 --> 03:16:13,100
these accusations is their 
mundane quality. 

3503
03:16:13,800 --> 03:16:16,900
This wasn't devil worship or 
dramatic Satanic rituals. 

3504
03:16:16,900 --> 03:16:21,800
These were accusations about 
Petty grudges minor, thefts and 

3505
03:16:21,800 --> 03:16:24,300
arguments over borrowed items 
and never returned. 

3506
03:16:25,100 --> 03:16:28,900
Someone's Clay Pit was blocked. 
Someone killed someone else's 

3507
03:16:28,900 --> 03:16:32,200
cow. 
Someone was denied butter and 

3508
03:16:32,200 --> 03:16:34,600
supposedly cursed. 
The churn in Revenge. 

3509
03:16:34,600 --> 03:16:37,500
These were the everyday 
conflicts of a small community, 

3510
03:16:37,500 --> 03:16:40,900
but filtered through a worldview
that made them evidence of 

3511
03:16:40,900 --> 03:16:44,400
cosmic evil. 
The tragedy wasn't that these 

3512
03:16:44,400 --> 03:16:47,100
conflicts existed. 
Every Community has 

3513
03:16:47,100 --> 03:16:50,200
disagreements, but that the 
cultural context. 

3514
03:16:50,200 --> 03:16:54,000
Transformed ordinary human 
pettiness into capital crimes, 

3515
03:16:54,000 --> 03:16:58,000
Lancaster castle, in the summer 
of 1612, was hardly the gothic 

3516
03:16:58,000 --> 03:16:59,800
Fortress. 
You might imagine when you hear 

3517
03:16:59,800 --> 03:17:03,500
the word Castle, By then it was 
serving as a court house and 

3518
03:17:03,500 --> 03:17:05,700
prison. 
Its military importance. 

3519
03:17:05,700 --> 03:17:10,300
Long passed, it Stones weather 
by centuries of rain and wind, 

3520
03:17:10,300 --> 03:17:12,700
but it was still an imposing 
building. 

3521
03:17:13,600 --> 03:17:16,500
Physical symbol of Royal 
Authority in legal power. 

3522
03:17:16,500 --> 03:17:20,200
That would have intimidated 
anyone draft before its courts. 

3523
03:17:20,200 --> 03:17:23,700
The assizes, the traveling 
courts that periodically visited

3524
03:17:23,700 --> 03:17:27,300
major towns to try serious, 
criminal cases arrived in 

3525
03:17:27,300 --> 03:17:32,400
Lancaster in mid-august 160012. 
These events were significant 

3526
03:17:32,400 --> 03:17:36,100
occasions bringing judges from 
London and attracting crowds who

3527
03:17:36,100 --> 03:17:38,300
treated trials, as a form of 
public entertainment. 

3528
03:17:38,300 --> 03:17:42,400
Imagine something between a 
corporation and a theatrical 

3529
03:17:42,400 --> 03:17:46,600
performance conducted in a world
where public executions were 

3530
03:17:46,600 --> 03:17:50,200
considered family outing. 
The presiding judges were so 

3531
03:17:50,200 --> 03:17:54,100
James Arthur, and Edward Bromley
men educated in law, but also 

3532
03:17:54,100 --> 03:17:56,400
fully subscribing to 
contemporary beliefs about 

3533
03:17:56,400 --> 03:17:59,500
witchcraft. 
They weren't ignorant or cruel 

3534
03:17:59,500 --> 03:18:02,800
by the standards of their time, 
they were following established 

3535
03:18:02,800 --> 03:18:05,400
legal procedures, and examining 
evidence, according to 

3536
03:18:05,400 --> 03:18:08,900
contemporary standards. 
The fact that those standards 

3537
03:18:08,900 --> 03:18:11,900
would horrify modern 
sensibilities, doesn't mean 

3538
03:18:11,900 --> 03:18:15,200
these men were monsters. 
It means they were products of 

3539
03:18:15,200 --> 03:18:19,000
their era. 
The star witness was young Janet

3540
03:18:19,000 --> 03:18:23,500
device, perhaps nine years old 
daughter of Elizabeth and 

3541
03:18:23,500 --> 03:18:27,500
younger sister of Allison The 
law at the time allowed children

3542
03:18:27,500 --> 03:18:30,900
as young as seven to give 
testimony and Janet provided 

3543
03:18:30,900 --> 03:18:33,900
details evidence against her own
mother sister and grandmother. 

3544
03:18:34,900 --> 03:18:37,800
For centuries historians have 
debated, whether Janet was 

3545
03:18:37,808 --> 03:18:41,300
coached where she was seeking 
attention or whether she 

3546
03:18:41,300 --> 03:18:43,200
genuinely believed what she was 
saying. 

3547
03:18:43,200 --> 03:18:47,800
Imagine being in that courtroom 
the smell of unwashed bodies of 

3548
03:18:47,800 --> 03:18:53,000
damp, Stone of fear, The accused
would have been dirty from weeks

3549
03:18:53,000 --> 03:18:56,100
or months in prison where 
conditions included things that 

3550
03:18:56,100 --> 03:18:58,800
would violate every Modern 
Standard of Human Rights. 

3551
03:18:59,700 --> 03:19:03,000
Demand, I can chatops both 
elderly and infirm. 

3552
03:19:03,000 --> 03:19:05,000
Sat through proceedings, they 
could barely understand. 

3553
03:19:06,200 --> 03:19:08,900
Speaking a dialect that the 
educated judges sometimes, 

3554
03:19:08,900 --> 03:19:12,400
struggled to comprehend the 
trials, proceeded with what was 

3555
03:19:12,400 --> 03:19:14,100
considered due process at the 
time. 

3556
03:19:14,100 --> 03:19:17,000
The accused were allowed to 
speak in their own defense 

3557
03:19:17,000 --> 03:19:19,300
though. 
They had no lawyers, no, right 

3558
03:19:19,300 --> 03:19:22,500
to remain silent a, no 
presumption of innocence in the 

3559
03:19:22,500 --> 03:19:25,300
modern sense. 
The evidence presented against 

3560
03:19:25,300 --> 03:19:27,900
them included testimony about 
impossible events. 

3561
03:19:27,900 --> 03:19:31,900
Confessions that male may not 
have been coerced and the 

3562
03:19:31,908 --> 03:19:35,100
testimony of children describing
things they couldn't possibly 

3563
03:19:35,100 --> 03:19:37,700
have witnessed. 
What's interesting is what was 

3564
03:19:37,700 --> 03:19:41,500
considered persuasive evidence. 
The prosecution emphasized, the 

3565
03:19:41,500 --> 03:19:45,600
finding of clay images, small 
figurines that allegedly were 

3566
03:19:45,600 --> 03:19:47,500
used for cursing intended 
victims. 

3567
03:19:48,500 --> 03:19:51,500
Whether these were genuine 
attempts at magical harm, or 

3568
03:19:51,500 --> 03:19:54,500
simply dolls that had innocent 
purposes, we cannot know. 

3569
03:19:55,400 --> 03:19:58,700
In a world where everyone 
believed in synthetic magic, the

3570
03:19:58,700 --> 03:20:02,000
idea that you could harm someone
by harming an image of them such

3571
03:20:02,000 --> 03:20:03,800
objects were powerful 
incriminating. 

3572
03:20:03,800 --> 03:20:07,300
Several of the accused 
apparently confessed though, 

3573
03:20:07,300 --> 03:20:10,200
under what circumstances. 
And with what degree of 

3574
03:20:10,200 --> 03:20:14,200
pressure, we can only speculate 
Interrogation techniques of the 

3575
03:20:14,200 --> 03:20:17,500
time could include sleep 
deprivation, extended 

3576
03:20:17,500 --> 03:20:20,600
questioning and psychological 
pressure though. 

3577
03:20:20,600 --> 03:20:23,000
There's no specific evidence of 
physical torture. 

3578
03:20:23,000 --> 03:20:26,500
In this case, But when you're an
elderly impoverished, woman, 

3579
03:20:26,500 --> 03:20:30,400
whose been imprisoned for 
months, questioned, by educated 

3580
03:20:30,400 --> 03:20:32,500
gentlemen, who represent Royal 
Authority? 

3581
03:20:32,500 --> 03:20:35,400
And told that confessing might 
Shew Mercy. 

3582
03:20:35,400 --> 03:20:39,600
Well, you might confess to quite
a bit, the clerk of the court 

3583
03:20:39,600 --> 03:20:43,100
was Thomas pops, who would later
publish an account of the trials

3584
03:20:43,100 --> 03:20:46,100
title, the wonderful discovery 
of witches in the county of 

3585
03:20:46,100 --> 03:20:49,600
Lancaster. 
This book, which is our primary 

3586
03:20:49,600 --> 03:20:52,900
source for the trials was 
essentially prosecutorial 

3587
03:20:52,900 --> 03:20:56,700
propaganda designed to show the 
wisdom of the authorities in 

3588
03:20:56,700 --> 03:20:58,400
uncovering, this nest of 
witchcraft. 

3589
03:20:59,200 --> 03:21:02,100
Reading pots. 
You'd think the trials were a 

3590
03:21:02,100 --> 03:21:04,600
Triumph of Justice reading 
between the lines. 

3591
03:21:04,600 --> 03:21:08,200
You see, frightened people 
dubious evidence and a legal 

3592
03:21:08,200 --> 03:21:09,900
system. 
That prioritized securing 

3593
03:21:09,900 --> 03:21:13,700
convictions, over determining 
truth old demdike, never made it

3594
03:21:13,700 --> 03:21:19,300
to trial, she died in prison, 
probably in May 1612 given her 

3595
03:21:19,300 --> 03:21:20,800
age and the conditions of 
imprisonment. 

3596
03:21:20,800 --> 03:21:25,400
This isn't surprising. 
I could spent perhaps 80 years, 

3597
03:21:25,400 --> 03:21:29,400
surviving, everything that harsh
world could throw at her only to

3598
03:21:29,400 --> 03:21:32,800
end her days in a dungeon. 
Accused of crime that probably 

3599
03:21:32,800 --> 03:21:35,400
seemed to her no different from 
the everyday magic, she'd 

3600
03:21:35,400 --> 03:21:38,500
practiced throughout her life. 
The verdicts when they came 

3601
03:21:38,500 --> 03:21:40,400
surprised. 
No one who understood the 

3602
03:21:40,400 --> 03:21:43,700
atmosphere in that courtroom. 10
people were found guilty of 

3603
03:21:43,700 --> 03:21:46,000
murder, By Witchcraft, and 
Whittle. 

3604
03:21:46,000 --> 03:21:50,900
Old chats, Anne Redfern, 
Elizabeth device, Alison device,

3605
03:21:50,900 --> 03:21:56,400
James device, Alice Nutter 
Catherine Hewitt, Jane balkot, 

3606
03:21:56,400 --> 03:22:02,900
John bulk and Isabel Robie. 
One person Margaret Pearson was 

3607
03:22:02,900 --> 03:22:07,000
found guilty of lesser crimes, 
only one Alice grey was 

3608
03:22:07,000 --> 03:22:08,900
acquitted. 
The Condemned would have been 

3609
03:22:08,908 --> 03:22:11,800
returned to their cells to a 
wait execution, which happened 

3610
03:22:11,800 --> 03:22:14,200
relatively quickly. 
By early modern standards. 

3611
03:22:14,200 --> 03:22:18,600
There was no lengthy appeals 
process no years of imprisonment

3612
03:22:18,600 --> 03:22:20,700
while waiting for final 
resolution. 

3613
03:22:21,400 --> 03:22:25,700
Justice in 1612 moved at the 
pace of a trial and rope the 

3614
03:22:25,700 --> 03:22:29,700
execution took place on August 
20th. 1612 at Gallows Hill in 

3615
03:22:29,700 --> 03:22:33,500
Lancaster hanging in this period
was neither quick nor painless 

3616
03:22:33,500 --> 03:22:37,300
these were not the carefully. 
Calibrated drops that later made

3617
03:22:37,300 --> 03:22:41,400
hanging relatively humane. 
Instead, you were essentially 

3618
03:22:41,400 --> 03:22:45,100
strangled dangling from a rope 
while your body slowly 

3619
03:22:45,100 --> 03:22:48,100
suffocated. 
It could take considerable time 

3620
03:22:48,100 --> 03:22:51,100
to die and the dying were 
visible to the crowds. 

3621
03:22:51,100 --> 03:22:54,600
Who came to witness execution. 
We don't have details accounts 

3622
03:22:54,600 --> 03:22:57,600
of the actual execution, which 
is perhaps a small Mercy. 

3623
03:22:58,500 --> 03:23:01,800
We know that 10 people died that
day, their body's left hanging 

3624
03:23:01,800 --> 03:23:05,200
as warning to others later. 
They would have been cut down 

3625
03:23:05,200 --> 03:23:08,800
and probably buried in 
unconsecrated ground denied. 

3626
03:23:08,800 --> 03:23:11,800
Even the comfort of Christian 
burial in a world where such 

3627
03:23:11,800 --> 03:23:16,500
things mattered enormously among
those executed was Alice Nutter,

3628
03:23:16,500 --> 03:23:18,600
whose involvement remains 
puzzling. 

3629
03:23:19,500 --> 03:23:22,400
She went to her death, 
maintaining her innocence, which

3630
03:23:22,400 --> 03:23:25,200
was notable in an era when 
condemned criminals were 

3631
03:23:25,200 --> 03:23:27,500
expected to confess their sins 
before dying. 

3632
03:23:28,500 --> 03:23:32,100
A steadfast denial is fueled 
centuries of speculation about 

3633
03:23:32,100 --> 03:23:35,300
her actual guilt or innocence. 
What happened to the young 

3634
03:23:35,300 --> 03:23:39,000
Witnesses after the trials? 
Jeanette device who testified, 

3635
03:23:39,000 --> 03:23:41,700
against her family disappears 
from historical records. 

3636
03:23:41,700 --> 03:23:45,800
We don't know if she felt guilt 
relief or Nothing at All. 

3637
03:23:46,700 --> 03:23:50,000
She was a child caught in 
circumstances Beyond her control

3638
03:23:50,000 --> 03:23:53,400
asked to do something 
unimaginable and the long-term 

3639
03:23:53,400 --> 03:23:56,600
consequences of that testimony 
on her own life, remain unknown 

3640
03:23:56,600 --> 03:23:59,800
in the immediate aftermath of 
the trials and execution. 

3641
03:23:59,800 --> 03:24:03,100
Life in the Pendle area, 
probably continued much as it 

3642
03:24:03,100 --> 03:24:07,400
had before. crops still needed, 
tending Animals, still required 

3643
03:24:07,400 --> 03:24:10,900
care and the basic rhythms of 
agricultural life, proceeded, 

3644
03:24:10,900 --> 03:24:14,800
regardless of legal drama, 
Something had shifted in the 

3645
03:24:14,800 --> 03:24:18,200
community Consciousness. 
The executed witches became 

3646
03:24:18,200 --> 03:24:22,700
cautionary, tales their stories 
told and retold growing with 

3647
03:24:22,700 --> 03:24:24,700
each retelling. 
The way stories do. 

3648
03:24:25,900 --> 03:24:28,800
Mothers, probably warn their 
children about the fate of those

3649
03:24:28,800 --> 03:24:29,900
who practice. 
Witchcraft. 

3650
03:24:31,000 --> 03:24:33,400
Neighbors, who had quarreled 
might have been more careful 

3651
03:24:33,400 --> 03:24:37,100
about their accusations having 
seen how quickly suspicions 

3652
03:24:37,100 --> 03:24:40,500
could escalate into Capital 
charges, but did the trials 

3653
03:24:40,500 --> 03:24:44,400
actually solve anything. 
Roger now will probably believed

3654
03:24:44,400 --> 03:24:47,000
he had uncovered an eliminated, 
a genuine threat to the 

3655
03:24:47,000 --> 03:24:50,000
community. 
The judges likely felt they had 

3656
03:24:50,000 --> 03:24:53,900
upheld the law and protected 
innocence from malicious Magic. 

3657
03:24:55,100 --> 03:24:58,000
The Ordinary People of Pendle. 
Well, they'd seen their 

3658
03:24:58,000 --> 03:25:01,500
neighbor's, executed, their 
families destroyed, and their 

3659
03:25:01,500 --> 03:25:04,200
Community torn apart by 
accusations and trials. 

3660
03:25:04,200 --> 03:25:07,900
The children of the executed 
face particularly difficult. 

3661
03:25:07,900 --> 03:25:12,100
Futures, what do you do? 
When your mother is a witch, how

3662
03:25:12,100 --> 03:25:14,500
do you live in a community where
everyone knows your family 

3663
03:25:14,500 --> 03:25:18,900
history, some probably left the 
area seeking places where they 

3664
03:25:18,900 --> 03:25:22,800
weren't known others. 
Presumably stayed carrying the 

3665
03:25:22,800 --> 03:25:25,700
stigma of the family connections
throughout their lives. 

3666
03:25:25,700 --> 03:25:29,900
The publication of Thomas Potts 
account in 1613 turned a local 

3667
03:25:29,900 --> 03:25:31,900
tragedy into a national 
sensation. 

3668
03:25:32,800 --> 03:25:35,900
The wonderful Discovery was 
widely read going through 

3669
03:25:35,900 --> 03:25:38,700
multiple editions and 
establishing the Pendle witches 

3670
03:25:38,700 --> 03:25:41,100
as one of the most famous 
witchcraft cases in English 

3671
03:25:41,100 --> 03:25:44,900
history, but pots was writing 
propaganda, not history. 

3672
03:25:44,900 --> 03:25:48,000
And his accounts served the 
purposes of the authorities. 

3673
03:25:48,000 --> 03:25:50,800
We wanted to demonstrate their 
vigilance against witchcraft, 

3674
03:25:50,800 --> 03:25:53,800
other Witchcraft Trials, 
continued, throughout England, 

3675
03:25:53,800 --> 03:25:57,000
for decades afterward. 
The Pendle case was neither the 

3676
03:25:57,000 --> 03:25:59,400
first. 
Nor the last though it was 

3677
03:25:59,400 --> 03:26:02,200
unusually large in the number of
people accused and convicted. 

3678
03:26:03,200 --> 03:26:05,700
Which craft would remain a 
capital crime in England and 

3679
03:26:05,700 --> 03:26:09,600
until 1736 meaning that for more
than a century. 

3680
03:26:09,600 --> 03:26:13,300
After the Pendle trials, people 
could still be executed for 

3681
03:26:13,300 --> 03:26:18,100
Magical crime's, attitude was 
slowly changing at least among 

3682
03:26:18,100 --> 03:26:22,000
educated people. 
A scientific understanding 

3683
03:26:22,000 --> 03:26:25,400
Advanced as the enlightenment 
brought new ways of thinking 

3684
03:26:25,400 --> 03:26:29,400
about causation and evidence 
belief in which craft began to 

3685
03:26:29,400 --> 03:26:34,200
seem increasingly superstitious.
By the early 18th century you 

3686
03:26:34,200 --> 03:26:37,100
could still find people who 
believed in witches, but you 

3687
03:26:37,100 --> 03:26:41,000
could also find educated people 
who questioned such beliefs the 

3688
03:26:41,000 --> 03:26:44,000
penal case itself, began to be 
reexamined through different 

3689
03:26:44,000 --> 03:26:49,100
lenses. was the accused actually
guilty of any crime magical or 

3690
03:26:49,100 --> 03:26:53,700
otherwise with a victims of 
community, hysteria, personal 

3691
03:26:53,700 --> 03:26:58,700
grudges, or judicial overreach 
Had Roger Nowell been a diligent

3692
03:26:58,700 --> 03:27:02,300
Magistrate on covering genuine 
evil or an overzealous. 

3693
03:27:02,300 --> 03:27:04,600
Prosecutor destroying innocent 
lives. 

3694
03:27:04,600 --> 03:27:08,400
These questions remain debated 
among historians some. 

3695
03:27:08,400 --> 03:27:11,300
See the Pendle trials as 
straightforward examples of 

3696
03:27:11,300 --> 03:27:14,300
persecution of the poor and 
marginal by authorities. 

3697
03:27:15,200 --> 03:27:18,600
Others argue that the accused 
genuinely practiced, what they 

3698
03:27:18,600 --> 03:27:21,700
considered magic. 
Even if such magic was 

3699
03:27:21,700 --> 03:27:25,000
objectively harmless. 
Still others, focus on the 

3700
03:27:25,000 --> 03:27:27,000
complex. 
Social dynamics that allowed 

3701
03:27:27,000 --> 03:27:29,600
accusations to flourish and 
Destroy lives. 

3702
03:27:29,600 --> 03:27:32,600
What's undeniable Is that real 
people died? 

3703
03:27:32,600 --> 03:27:36,200
Elizabeth Vice was executed, 
leaving children behind. 

3704
03:27:37,500 --> 03:27:41,200
Old Chateau in her eighties, 
ended her long life on a 

3705
03:27:41,200 --> 03:27:45,300
Gallows, Alice Nutter, whatever 
her actual involvement was 

3706
03:27:45,300 --> 03:27:48,500
killed by the state based on 
testimony of dubious, 

3707
03:27:48,500 --> 03:27:51,900
reliability. 
These were not abstract examples

3708
03:27:51,900 --> 03:27:54,700
of Injustice. 
They were human beings whose 

3709
03:27:54,700 --> 03:27:57,200
final moments. 
We can only imagine the 

3710
03:27:57,200 --> 03:28:01,400
landscape itself, holds memories
if stones and Hills can remember

3711
03:28:02,800 --> 03:28:05,200
Pendle Hill still rises above 
Lancashire. 

3712
03:28:05,200 --> 03:28:09,200
Looking much as it did in 1612 
Malkin. 

3713
03:28:09,200 --> 03:28:13,600
Tower is long gone crumbled into
ruins and forgotten though 

3714
03:28:13,600 --> 03:28:15,800
historians still debate its 
exact location. 

3715
03:28:16,600 --> 03:28:19,500
The roads where Alice and 
devices encountered, John Laura,

3716
03:28:19,500 --> 03:28:22,900
now, paved carrying cars, 
instead of Peddlers and Beggars.

3717
03:28:22,900 --> 03:28:26,500
Lancaster Castle, still stands 
it Stones, having witness 

3718
03:28:26,500 --> 03:28:29,400
centuries of History beyond the 
1612 trials. 

3719
03:28:29,400 --> 03:28:33,700
Visitors, can tour the building 
today walking through space is 

3720
03:28:33,700 --> 03:28:36,700
where the accused once stood 
there, whether those stones 

3721
03:28:36,700 --> 03:28:39,100
retain any memory of what 
happened, there is a question 

3722
03:28:39,100 --> 03:28:42,200
best left to poets. 
Rather than historians The 

3723
03:28:42,200 --> 03:28:45,400
Villages around Pendle continued
their existence gradually 

3724
03:28:45,400 --> 03:28:49,900
modernizing a centuries passed. 
Thatched roofs, gave way to 

3725
03:28:49,900 --> 03:28:54,800
slate the Earth and flaws to 
flagstone and the isolation to 

3726
03:28:54,800 --> 03:28:58,100
connection. 
Electricity reached the area, 

3727
03:28:58,100 --> 03:29:01,300
bringing light to places that 
are known only candles and 

3728
03:29:01,300 --> 03:29:04,400
firelight. 
Roads, improved connecting these

3729
03:29:04,400 --> 03:29:08,000
once remote communities to The 
Wider World families, who could 

3730
03:29:08,000 --> 03:29:12,700
trace their lineage back to 1612
probably kept quiet about any 

3731
03:29:12,700 --> 03:29:14,500
connections to the accused 
witches. 

3732
03:29:15,400 --> 03:29:18,100
It's one thing to have a 
notorious ancestor. 

3733
03:29:18,100 --> 03:29:21,500
It's another to have one who was
executed for witchcraft. 

3734
03:29:23,000 --> 03:29:26,700
The social stigma lingered, long
after belief, in actual magic 

3735
03:29:26,700 --> 03:29:31,100
had faded from educated opinion 
by the Victorian era, the Pendle

3736
03:29:31,100 --> 03:29:34,800
witches had become a curiosity. 
Something for antiquarians, and 

3737
03:29:34,800 --> 03:29:39,000
folklore collectors to study The
victorians with their 

3738
03:29:39,000 --> 03:29:42,700
complicated relationship to the 
Past were simultaneously 

3739
03:29:42,700 --> 03:29:47,000
fascinated by and Superior about
the superstitions of their 

3740
03:29:47,000 --> 03:29:50,100
ancestors. 
They could read about the trials

3741
03:29:50,100 --> 03:29:53,800
with a kind of horrified 
satisfaction secure in their own

3742
03:29:53,800 --> 03:29:57,600
Enlightenment and modernity. 
The 20th century brought new 

3743
03:29:57,600 --> 03:30:00,300
interpretations, feminist 
pointed out. 

3744
03:30:00,300 --> 03:30:03,400
That witchcraft accusations 
predominantly targeted women, 

3745
03:30:03,400 --> 03:30:07,700
particularly women who are old 
poor or otherwise powerless. 

3746
03:30:08,800 --> 03:30:11,800
The penal trials became an 
example of how patriarchal 

3747
03:30:11,800 --> 03:30:15,300
society is used witchcraft laws 
to control and eliminate women 

3748
03:30:15,300 --> 03:30:17,700
who didn't fit comfortable 
social categories. 

3749
03:30:18,800 --> 03:30:20,800
There's truth in this analysis 
though. 

3750
03:30:20,800 --> 03:30:24,100
It perhaps, over simplifies, the
complex, social dynamics at 

3751
03:30:24,100 --> 03:30:25,900
work. 
Others have focused on the 

3752
03:30:25,908 --> 03:30:29,200
economic aspects of the case. 
The accused were largely 

3753
03:30:29,200 --> 03:30:33,500
impoverished surviving on the 
margins of society in a world 

3754
03:30:33,500 --> 03:30:36,900
without social safety nets, 
where charity was voluntary and 

3755
03:30:36,900 --> 03:30:39,700
unpredictable. 
People like the device family 

3756
03:30:39,700 --> 03:30:42,200
were vulnerable, in ways that 
made them both dependent on 

3757
03:30:42,200 --> 03:30:44,900
community, Goodwill, and easy 
targets. 

3758
03:30:44,900 --> 03:30:48,900
When that good will evaporated, 
The trials can be seen as an 

3759
03:30:48,900 --> 03:30:52,700
extreme form of social control. 
Eliminating people who are 

3760
03:30:52,700 --> 03:30:56,000
economic burdens on their 
communities, some historians 

3761
03:30:56,000 --> 03:30:58,100
have emphasized the role of 
religious tension. 

3762
03:30:59,000 --> 03:31:01,900
This was post-reformation 
England, where old Catholic 

3763
03:31:01,900 --> 03:31:05,200
practices, persisted 
underground, while Protestant 

3764
03:31:05,200 --> 03:31:07,800
authorities, tried to enforce 
religious uniformity. 

3765
03:31:09,200 --> 03:31:11,500
Folk magic that damned I can 
chat Ox. 

3766
03:31:11,500 --> 03:31:14,800
Allegedly practiced had roots in
pre-christian, Traditions 

3767
03:31:14,800 --> 03:31:18,800
overlaid with Catholic ritual. 
Their practices might have 

3768
03:31:18,800 --> 03:31:22,200
represented not just heresy, but
a challenge to religious 

3769
03:31:22,200 --> 03:31:25,900
Authority, local historians in 
Lancashire of work to uncover 

3770
03:31:25,900 --> 03:31:28,200
the human details by the famous 
names. 

3771
03:31:28,200 --> 03:31:31,500
Who are these people really? 
What did they eat for breakfast?

3772
03:31:31,500 --> 03:31:34,800
What songs did they know and 
what made them laugh? 

3773
03:31:35,500 --> 03:31:39,400
The historical record preserves 
their deaths in detail but tells

3774
03:31:39,400 --> 03:31:43,100
us relatively little about their
actual lives which is perhaps 

3775
03:31:43,100 --> 03:31:46,400
the final Injustice that. 
We remember them for how they 

3776
03:31:46,400 --> 03:31:50,000
died rather than how they lived 
as you settle deeper into your 

3777
03:31:50,008 --> 03:31:52,300
comfortable spot. 
Perhaps noting, how different 

3778
03:31:52,300 --> 03:31:55,800
your own evening is from what 
any Resident of 1612 Pendle, 

3779
03:31:55,800 --> 03:31:58,500
could have imagined. 
We arrived at the question of 

3780
03:31:58,508 --> 03:32:02,100
what the Pendle, which is mean 
to us today, not as historical, 

3781
03:32:02,100 --> 03:32:04,300
curiosity or Halloween 
decoration. 

3782
03:32:04,300 --> 03:32:07,500
But as actual people, whose 
story still has things to teach 

3783
03:32:07,500 --> 03:32:11,300
us the legacy of the Pendle 
witches lives on, in unexpected 

3784
03:32:11,300 --> 03:32:14,500
ways, the area around Pendle 
Hill is embraced. 

3785
03:32:14,500 --> 03:32:17,200
Its witch history, though. 
Informs, that would probably 

3786
03:32:17,200 --> 03:32:20,400
baffle the original 
participant's, There are walking

3787
03:32:20,400 --> 03:32:23,100
trails following routes 
associated with the accused 

3788
03:32:23,100 --> 03:32:27,000
visitor centers, explaining the 
history, and even an annual, 

3789
03:32:27,000 --> 03:32:31,100
which Weeknd featuring talks 
tours and historical 

3790
03:32:31,100 --> 03:32:34,500
re-enactments. 
It's simultaneously a 

3791
03:32:34,500 --> 03:32:37,500
celebration and commemoration 
honoring the dead while 

3792
03:32:37,500 --> 03:32:38,800
acknowledging. 
The Injustice. 

3793
03:32:38,800 --> 03:32:42,000
They suffered Pendle Hill itself
has become something of a 

3794
03:32:42,008 --> 03:32:45,500
pilgrimage site for people 
interested in witchcraft history

3795
03:32:45,500 --> 03:32:50,000
or just beautiful landscapes. 
Modern witches followers of 

3796
03:32:50,008 --> 03:32:53,500
contemporary wicker and other 
neo-pagan Traditions sometimes 

3797
03:32:53,500 --> 03:32:56,200
visitors as a way of honoring. 
Their spiritual ancestors 

3798
03:32:56,200 --> 03:33:00,400
though, the connection between 
17th century folk magic and 

3799
03:33:00,400 --> 03:33:03,300
modern witchcraft is more 
symbolic than historical. 

3800
03:33:04,100 --> 03:33:06,200
The hill that witnessed such 
tragedy. 

3801
03:33:06,200 --> 03:33:10,500
Now, hosts people seeking peace 
beauty or spiritual connection. 

3802
03:33:10,500 --> 03:33:14,200
The story resonates because it 
touches on themes, that remain 

3803
03:33:14,200 --> 03:33:17,100
relevant. 
How to communities respond to 

3804
03:33:17,100 --> 03:33:20,100
those who are different? 
What happens when fear, 

3805
03:33:20,100 --> 03:33:24,700
overcomes reason how do ordinary
social tensions escalate into 

3806
03:33:24,700 --> 03:33:28,100
extraordinary violence? 
These aren't just historical 

3807
03:33:28,100 --> 03:33:32,500
questions, every generation 
faces version of the penal 

3808
03:33:32,500 --> 03:33:35,600
trials, remind us that people in
the past were neither wise or 

3809
03:33:35,600 --> 03:33:38,600
more foolish than we are. 
They were doing their best, to 

3810
03:33:38,600 --> 03:33:42,100
make sense of a world that often
seemed hostile and inexplicable 

3811
03:33:42,100 --> 03:33:44,800
using the intellectual tools 
available to them. 

3812
03:33:45,600 --> 03:33:48,200
We might look back and see 
Superstition where they saw 

3813
03:33:48,200 --> 03:33:50,600
reason. 
But future Generations will 

3814
03:33:50,600 --> 03:33:53,100
probably look at some of our 
current beliefs with similar 

3815
03:33:53,100 --> 03:33:55,800
incomprehension. 
There's something quietly 

3816
03:33:55,800 --> 03:33:58,400
powerful about walking the 
landscape where these events 

3817
03:33:58,400 --> 03:34:01,800
occurred Stand on Pendle, Hill 
on a misty morning. 

3818
03:34:01,800 --> 03:34:05,600
And you can almost understand 
how people living here in 1612, 

3819
03:34:05,600 --> 03:34:09,600
could believe in magic. 
The landscape itself seems 

3820
03:34:09,600 --> 03:34:13,400
slightly enchanted with its 
sudden Mists its ancient fuel 

3821
03:34:13,400 --> 03:34:16,600
patterns and its sense of 
continuity stretching back 

3822
03:34:16,600 --> 03:34:20,400
before history began keeping 
records modern residents of the 

3823
03:34:20,400 --> 03:34:22,800
Pendle area. 
Have a complex relationship with

3824
03:34:22,800 --> 03:34:26,000
this history. 
It's a source of local identity 

3825
03:34:26,000 --> 03:34:29,200
and tourist income, but it's 
also a reminder of a dark 

3826
03:34:29,200 --> 03:34:32,900
chapter in community history. 
How do you honor the dead 

3827
03:34:32,900 --> 03:34:34,700
without exploiting their 
tragedy? 

3828
03:34:34,700 --> 03:34:38,100
How do you educate people about 
historical Injustice while 

3829
03:34:38,100 --> 03:34:40,900
acknowledging that everyone 
involved was operating according

3830
03:34:40,900 --> 03:34:42,800
to the beliefs and values of 
their time. 

3831
03:34:42,800 --> 03:34:46,800
The Pendle witches have inspired
numerous works of art literature

3832
03:34:46,800 --> 03:34:52,300
and drama novelists of reimagine
their stories Poets of elegies 

3833
03:34:52,300 --> 03:34:55,300
and playwrights of brought them 
back to life on stage. 

3834
03:34:56,100 --> 03:34:59,500
Each interpretation reflects 
contemporary concerns as much as

3835
03:34:59,500 --> 03:35:03,200
historical reality. 
The Witches become what ever. 

3836
03:35:03,200 --> 03:35:07,600
We need them to be victims of 
patriarchy, casualties of 

3837
03:35:07,600 --> 03:35:12,400
economic anxiety, examples of 
religious persecution, or simply

3838
03:35:12,400 --> 03:35:14,200
human beings, caught in 
terrible. 

3839
03:35:14,200 --> 03:35:17,100
Circumstances for the 
historically minded. 

3840
03:35:17,100 --> 03:35:19,900
The Pendle trials, offer a 
window into daily life in early,

3841
03:35:19,900 --> 03:35:24,200
modern England, Trial records, 
particularly pots is account 

3842
03:35:24,200 --> 03:35:28,500
contain details about food 
clothing, housing and social 

3843
03:35:28,500 --> 03:35:30,900
relationships. 
The helpers understand how 

3844
03:35:30,900 --> 03:35:34,400
ordinary people lived. 
We learn about their beliefs, 

3845
03:35:34,400 --> 03:35:38,500
their fears, their neighborly 
conflicts, and their survival 

3846
03:35:38,500 --> 03:35:41,300
strategies. 
The accused left us 

3847
03:35:41,300 --> 03:35:44,500
inadvertently. 
A detailed portrait of Life at 

3848
03:35:44,500 --> 03:35:47,800
society's margins. 
The legal Legacy is complex. 

3849
03:35:48,600 --> 03:35:51,500
The Pendle trials represented 
the system, working as it was 

3850
03:35:51,500 --> 03:35:53,400
supposed to work. 
According to the standards of 

3851
03:35:53,408 --> 03:35:57,000
the time, the accused received 
trials could speak in their own 

3852
03:35:57,000 --> 03:36:00,100
defense and would judge by 
established legal procedures. 

3853
03:36:01,000 --> 03:36:03,900
That those procedures were 
fundamentally unjust by modern 

3854
03:36:03,900 --> 03:36:06,800
standards doesn't mean they were
considered unjust at the time. 

3855
03:36:07,800 --> 03:36:10,600
This raises uncomfortable 
questions about how future 

3856
03:36:10,600 --> 03:36:13,100
Generations will judge our own 
legal systems. 

3857
03:36:13,100 --> 03:36:16,000
What would the accused think if 
they could see how they 

3858
03:36:16,000 --> 03:36:19,100
remembered today? 
With old demike be amused. 

3859
03:36:19,100 --> 03:36:21,100
That people now walk Trails 
named after her. 

3860
03:36:21,900 --> 03:36:24,900
Would Alderson device appreciate
being commemorated in local 

3861
03:36:24,900 --> 03:36:27,400
festivals. 
Would Alice Nutter feel 

3862
03:36:27,400 --> 03:36:30,500
Vindicated that historians still
debate, her Innocents. 

3863
03:36:31,300 --> 03:36:34,100
We can't know, but there's 
something poignant about the 

3864
03:36:34,100 --> 03:36:36,800
fact that people whose lives 
were marked by poverty and 

3865
03:36:36,800 --> 03:36:40,300
powerlessness are now remembered
while their wealthy powerful. 

3866
03:36:40,300 --> 03:36:43,800
Judges have been largely 
forgotten Catholic Church. 

3867
03:36:43,800 --> 03:36:47,300
Interestingly has never 
canonized any of the Pendle 

3868
03:36:47,300 --> 03:36:50,600
witches as Martyrs. 
Despite occasional suggestions 

3869
03:36:50,600 --> 03:36:53,200
that they might have been 
Catholics persecuted for their 

3870
03:36:53,200 --> 03:36:55,900
faith. 
The evidence for this theory is 

3871
03:36:55,900 --> 03:36:59,500
thin, but it reflects our 
ongoing desire to find meaning 

3872
03:36:59,500 --> 03:37:03,000
and redemption in their deaths. 
we want them to have died for 

3873
03:37:03,000 --> 03:37:06,900
something for their beliefs, for
their Defiance, for some 

3874
03:37:06,908 --> 03:37:10,900
principle, rather than simply 
dying because of bad luck and 

3875
03:37:10,900 --> 03:37:14,500
worse, Justice, the educational 
value of the Pendle story, 

3876
03:37:14,500 --> 03:37:18,000
extends Beyond history, its 
taught in some schools. 

3877
03:37:18,000 --> 03:37:21,500
As an example of how evident 
should be evaluated, critically.

3878
03:37:21,500 --> 03:37:25,700
How massive stereo can develop 
and how social pressures can 

3879
03:37:25,700 --> 03:37:28,900
influence testimony. 
Students, learn to question 

3880
03:37:28,900 --> 03:37:33,500
sources to recognize bias and to
understand that Injustice can 

3881
03:37:33,500 --> 03:37:35,800
occur within legal Frameworks 
that seemed perfectly, 

3882
03:37:35,800 --> 03:37:39,100
reasonable to participants for 
writers and storytellers. 

3883
03:37:39,100 --> 03:37:42,500
The Pendle witches offer Rich 
material precisely because so 

3884
03:37:42,500 --> 03:37:44,300
much about them remains 
mysterious. 

3885
03:37:44,300 --> 03:37:48,500
We have the Bare Bones of their 
story, but endless room for 

3886
03:37:48,500 --> 03:37:52,000
interpretation and Imagination. 
Who were these people really 

3887
03:37:52,000 --> 03:37:57,600
what did they think and feel The
historical gaps become spaces 

3888
03:37:57,600 --> 03:37:59,500
where fiction and empathy can 
operate. 

3889
03:37:59,500 --> 03:38:02,900
The landscape itself has become 
a character in The ongoing 

3890
03:38:02,900 --> 03:38:05,900
story. 
Pendle Hill with its distinctive

3891
03:38:05,900 --> 03:38:09,200
profile and brooding presence 
has inspired artists 

3892
03:38:09,200 --> 03:38:12,300
photographers and nature lovers 
for Generations. 

3893
03:38:13,100 --> 03:38:16,900
The hill has been painted. 
Photographed, climbed and 

3894
03:38:16,900 --> 03:38:20,200
contemplated by thousands of 
people who may know nothing 

3895
03:38:20,200 --> 03:38:24,300
about the 1612 trials, but who 
respond to its particular Beauty

3896
03:38:24,300 --> 03:38:26,900
and atmosphere. 
Some descendants of the Pendle 

3897
03:38:26,900 --> 03:38:30,000
family, still live in the area 
carrying names like device 

3898
03:38:30,000 --> 03:38:33,900
Nutter or bulcock for them. 
The Witch Trials are family, 

3899
03:38:33,900 --> 03:38:36,400
history, complicated and 
personal. 

3900
03:38:36,400 --> 03:38:40,800
Some of embrace this Heritage 
others prefer not to discuss it.

3901
03:38:42,500 --> 03:38:44,300
It's a reminder that history 
isn't just. 

3902
03:38:44,300 --> 03:38:46,300
Something that happened to other
people long ago. 

3903
03:38:47,200 --> 03:38:50,100
It's something that continues to
shape living families and 

3904
03:38:50,100 --> 03:38:52,600
communities. 
The commercialization of the 

3905
03:38:52,600 --> 03:38:56,300
Pendle which story raises 
ethical questions, is it 

3906
03:38:56,300 --> 03:38:58,900
appropriate to sell, which the 
theme souvenirs based on a 

3907
03:38:58,900 --> 03:39:03,000
tragedy where real people died? 
Does turning historical trauma 

3908
03:39:03,000 --> 03:39:05,400
into tourist attractions, trivia
lie suffering. 

3909
03:39:06,200 --> 03:39:09,400
Or does it serve a valuable 
purpose by keeping memory alive 

3910
03:39:09,400 --> 03:39:12,600
and educating new generations 
about historical Injustice? 

3911
03:39:13,400 --> 03:39:15,500
These questions don't have 
simple answers. 

3912
03:39:15,500 --> 03:39:20,600
What's clear, is that the story 
refuses to be forgotten, 400 

3913
03:39:20,600 --> 03:39:23,200
years later, people still want 
to know about the Pendle witches

3914
03:39:23,200 --> 03:39:25,800
and still want to understand 
what happened and why? 

3915
03:39:26,800 --> 03:39:29,600
This persistent interest 
suggests that the story touches 

3916
03:39:29,600 --> 03:39:33,500
something fundamental about 
human nature, our capacity for 

3917
03:39:33,500 --> 03:39:38,000
fear, our need for, explanations
are treatment of outside is and 

3918
03:39:38,000 --> 03:39:40,400
our complicated relationship 
with Justice. 

3919
03:39:40,400 --> 03:39:44,200
The memorial to the Pendle 
witches, a simple plaque in 

3920
03:39:44,208 --> 03:39:48,000
Lancaster acknowledging, the 
execution represents a small 

3921
03:39:48,000 --> 03:39:50,600
significant form of historical 
Reckoning. 

3922
03:39:51,600 --> 03:39:54,600
It doesn't excuse what happened.
Doesn't try to make it more 

3923
03:39:54,600 --> 03:39:58,000
palatable and just quietly 
acknowledges that these people 

3924
03:39:58,000 --> 03:40:00,500
lived died and deserved to be 
remembered. 

3925
03:40:01,400 --> 03:40:04,100
Sometimes that simple. 
Acknowledgment is the most we 

3926
03:40:04,100 --> 03:40:07,500
can offer to those wronged by 
history as your tea cools and 

3927
03:40:07,500 --> 03:40:09,600
the Rumor around you. 
Settles into comfortable quiet. 

3928
03:40:09,600 --> 03:40:12,700
We arrived at the end of our 
journey through pendle's 

3929
03:40:12,700 --> 03:40:16,800
history, But before we close 
this story, let's sit from a 

3930
03:40:16,800 --> 03:40:19,400
moment with what these long ago 
of events might mean for us 

3931
03:40:19,400 --> 03:40:22,300
here. 
Now, in a world that seems 

3932
03:40:22,300 --> 03:40:24,200
entirely different from 16 to 
12. 

3933
03:40:24,200 --> 03:40:27,700
Lancaster, the Pendle witches 
invited us to practice empathy 

3934
03:40:27,700 --> 03:40:30,300
across time. 
These were people who woke up in

3935
03:40:30,300 --> 03:40:32,400
the morning not knowing they 
were living through what would 

3936
03:40:32,400 --> 03:40:36,100
become a, famous, historical 
event, they worry about ordinary

3937
03:40:36,100 --> 03:40:39,000
things, whether the weather 
would cooperate with planting 

3938
03:40:39,000 --> 03:40:42,600
whether their neighbor's would 
help them during hard times and 

3939
03:40:42,600 --> 03:40:46,500
whether their children would 
survive to adulthood then 

3940
03:40:46,500 --> 03:40:50,400
circumstances swept them into 
events that would echo through 

3941
03:40:50,400 --> 03:40:53,800
four centuries. 
Think about how quickly normal 

3942
03:40:53,800 --> 03:40:57,300
life can become a nightmare. 
Alison device. 

3943
03:40:57,300 --> 03:41:01,800
Probably woke up on March 18th, 
1612 thinking about little more 

3944
03:41:01,800 --> 03:41:04,400
than whether she'd successfully 
beg enough to eat that day. 

3945
03:41:05,400 --> 03:41:08,700
By evening, she was implicated 
in a case that would eventually 

3946
03:41:08,700 --> 03:41:13,400
send 10 people to The Gallows. 
That Philosophy from ordinary 

3947
03:41:13,400 --> 03:41:16,700
morning to life-changing. 
Disaster is something every 

3948
03:41:16,700 --> 03:41:20,200
human being can understand. 
Regardless of century, the 

3949
03:41:20,200 --> 03:41:24,100
trials, remind us that certainly
can be dangerous, the judges, 

3950
03:41:24,100 --> 03:41:28,200
the prosecutors, Roger, Nowell 
and the witnesses, all of them 

3951
03:41:28,200 --> 03:41:31,400
were certain they were right? 
They believed in witchcraft, the

3952
03:41:31,400 --> 03:41:34,900
way we believe in gravity and 
that certainly made it possible 

3953
03:41:34,900 --> 03:41:38,000
to execute people on evidence 
that seems laughable to 

3954
03:41:38,000 --> 03:41:40,900
modernize. 
What are we certain about today 

3955
03:41:40,900 --> 03:41:43,700
that future Generations will 
view with similar horror? 

3956
03:41:43,700 --> 03:41:45,600
There's all? 
So something here about the 

3957
03:41:45,600 --> 03:41:50,700
power of stories and reputation 
Old demand, I cultivated a 

3958
03:41:50,700 --> 03:41:54,200
reputation for Magical Power 
probably because it gave her a 

3959
03:41:54,200 --> 03:41:57,500
form of influence in a world 
where old poor women had almost 

3960
03:41:57,500 --> 03:42:00,800
none. 
That reputation sustained her 

3961
03:42:00,800 --> 03:42:03,900
for decades, earning her a 
mixture of fear and respect. 

3962
03:42:03,900 --> 03:42:08,700
Then it killed her, the stories 
we tell about ourselves and that

3963
03:42:08,700 --> 03:42:11,200
others tell about us have 
consequences. 

3964
03:42:11,200 --> 03:42:14,800
We can't always control the 
vulnerability of children in 

3965
03:42:14,800 --> 03:42:17,400
adult conflicts appears 
throughout the Pendle story, 

3966
03:42:17,400 --> 03:42:22,400
Janet device testifying against 
her family, The children of the 

3967
03:42:22,400 --> 03:42:25,300
executed were left to navigate a
world that had killed, their 

3968
03:42:25,300 --> 03:42:29,300
parents, young Allison. 
Perhaps not fully understanding 

3969
03:42:29,300 --> 03:42:30,900
the implications of her 
confession. 

3970
03:42:31,900 --> 03:42:35,000
Children don't choose the 
circumstances their born into 

3971
03:42:35,000 --> 03:42:37,400
yet. 
They bear the consequences of 

3972
03:42:37,400 --> 03:42:41,300
adult decisions and adult 
conflicts economic precarity 

3973
03:42:41,300 --> 03:42:44,100
threaded through every aspect of
the penal story. 

3974
03:42:44,900 --> 03:42:48,100
These were people living on the 
edge of survival, where a Fail 

3975
03:42:48,100 --> 03:42:50,600
Hard Harvest or a dead cow could
mean starvation. 

3976
03:42:51,700 --> 03:42:54,300
In that context. 
Every relationship became 

3977
03:42:54,300 --> 03:42:58,400
transactional, every slight 
potentially serious and every 

3978
03:42:58,400 --> 03:43:02,800
Misfortune someone else's fault.
Poverty didn't cause the trials 

3979
03:43:02,800 --> 03:43:06,600
but it created conditions where 
they could flourish, it still 

3980
03:43:06,600 --> 03:43:10,500
does the healing power of time 
reveals itself in how the Pendle

3981
03:43:10,500 --> 03:43:13,500
story has evolved. 
What was tragedy has become 

3982
03:43:13,500 --> 03:43:16,300
Heritage? 
What was persecution has become 

3983
03:43:16,300 --> 03:43:21,000
pilgrimage and what was ending 
has become remembrance The pain 

3984
03:43:21,000 --> 03:43:24,400
doesn't disappear. 
Those 10 people are still dead, 

3985
03:43:24,400 --> 03:43:29,000
their families, still destroyed.
But time allows us to find 

3986
03:43:29,000 --> 03:43:32,500
meaning and lessons in events 
that initially seem to contain 

3987
03:43:32,500 --> 03:43:36,000
nothing but lost. 
Consider how the landscape has 

3988
03:43:36,000 --> 03:43:39,400
absorbed this history. 
Pendle Hill does not mourn. 

3989
03:43:40,100 --> 03:43:44,700
It simply exists solid and 
eternal watching centuries pass 

3990
03:43:44,700 --> 03:43:48,400
with geological indifference. 
Humans project. 

3991
03:43:48,400 --> 03:43:52,400
Meaning onto it. 
Finding in its Mists and shadows

3992
03:43:52,400 --> 03:43:57,700
a reflection of the mysterious 
the unknown and the slightly 

3993
03:43:57,700 --> 03:44:01,200
uncanny. 
The land becomes a mirror for 

3994
03:44:01,200 --> 03:44:03,000
our own concerns and 
Imagination. 

3995
03:44:03,000 --> 03:44:07,500
The question of belief itself, 
deserves reflection did the 

3996
03:44:07,500 --> 03:44:11,400
accused actually practice what 
they considered Magic, Almost 

3997
03:44:11,400 --> 03:44:14,400
certainly some of them did in 
their world with their 

3998
03:44:14,400 --> 03:44:17,700
understanding of causation 
mixing herbs while saying 

3999
03:44:17,700 --> 03:44:19,900
certain words, seemed as 
reasonable as any other 

4000
03:44:19,900 --> 03:44:21,700
explanation for how things 
worked. 

4001
03:44:22,400 --> 03:44:23,700
They believed in their own 
power. 

4002
03:44:23,700 --> 03:44:27,400
The way we believe in the power 
of medicine or technology, which

4003
03:44:27,400 --> 03:44:30,500
is to say they had faith in 
systems that provided 

4004
03:44:30,500 --> 03:44:34,500
explanations and sometimes 
results the role of authority in

4005
03:44:34,500 --> 03:44:36,900
the Pendle story offers 
uncomfortable parallels, to 

4006
03:44:36,900 --> 03:44:41,300
Modern Life, Roger Nowell wasn't
a villain twirling, a mustache. 

4007
03:44:41,300 --> 03:44:44,200
He was a respectable gentleman, 
doing what he thought was, 

4008
03:44:44,200 --> 03:44:46,300
right? 
According to the laws and 

4009
03:44:46,300 --> 03:44:50,000
beliefs of his Society. 
The judges were learned men 

4010
03:44:50,000 --> 03:44:53,600
following established procedures
evil doesn't always announce 

4011
03:44:53,600 --> 03:44:56,700
itself as evil. 
Sometimes it wears the mask of 

4012
03:44:56,700 --> 03:44:58,700
proper Authority and legal 
procedure. 

4013
03:44:58,700 --> 03:45:02,200
What about forgiveness, can we 
forgive the accusers? 

4014
03:45:02,200 --> 03:45:04,000
Who sent innocent people to 
their deaths? 

4015
03:45:04,000 --> 03:45:07,600
Can we forgive the judges? 
Who accepted dubious evidence? 

4016
03:45:07,600 --> 03:45:11,200
Can we forgive young Janet for 
testifying against her family? 

4017
03:45:12,500 --> 03:45:16,300
Forgiveness might be the wrong 
concept, these people along dead

4018
03:45:16,300 --> 03:45:19,800
beyond the reach of either 
condemnation or absolution. 

4019
03:45:20,800 --> 03:45:23,000
Perhaps understanding is what we
can offer. 

4020
03:45:23,000 --> 03:45:27,000
Instead the recognition that 
humans throughout history do 

4021
03:45:27,000 --> 03:45:29,100
terrible things. 
While believing their doing 

4022
03:45:29,100 --> 03:45:32,700
right the Persistence of the 
penal story, suggests something 

4023
03:45:32,700 --> 03:45:34,500
about the human need for 
narrative. 

4024
03:45:34,500 --> 03:45:40,000
We want history to have shape 
and meaning Lessons and to 

4025
03:45:40,000 --> 03:45:42,700
connect us to something larger 
than our individual lives. 

4026
03:45:43,700 --> 03:45:45,600
The Pendle which is provide that
connection. 

4027
03:45:46,600 --> 03:45:49,800
Not because their deaths were 
particularly meaningful, but 

4028
03:45:49,800 --> 03:45:52,800
because we've invested them with
meaning, through centuries of 

4029
03:45:52,800 --> 03:45:56,200
remembering and retelling as 
research continues, a new 

4030
03:45:56,208 --> 03:45:59,100
historical methods. 
Develop, we might learn more 

4031
03:45:59,100 --> 03:46:03,000
about the Pendle witches 
archaeological, investigations 

4032
03:46:03,000 --> 03:46:05,100
could reveal details about how 
they lived. 

4033
03:46:05,800 --> 03:46:08,200
Demographic research might 
illuminate the social 

4034
03:46:08,200 --> 03:46:11,300
structures. 
They navigated new readings of 

4035
03:46:11,300 --> 03:46:13,500
existing documents could shift 
our understanding. 

4036
03:46:14,600 --> 03:46:18,300
History isn't fixed. 
It's constantly being revised as

4037
03:46:18,300 --> 03:46:20,300
new evidence emerges and new 
questions. 

4038
03:46:20,300 --> 03:46:23,700
Get asked, the modern witchcraft
movements, adoption of the 

4039
03:46:23,700 --> 03:46:26,800
Pendle, which is a spiritual 
ancestors, creates a kind of 

4040
03:46:26,800 --> 03:46:31,100
posthumous Redemption. 
People who executed as evil are 

4041
03:46:31,100 --> 03:46:34,100
now honored as practitioners of 
an alternative spirituality. 

4042
03:46:35,000 --> 03:46:39,100
Whether this would comfort or 
confuse them, we can't know, but

4043
03:46:39,100 --> 03:46:41,900
it represents a complete 
reversal of their historical 

4044
03:46:41,900 --> 03:46:44,600
reputation. 
The Condemned become the 

4045
03:46:44,608 --> 03:46:47,200
celebrated. 
For those who visit Pendle 

4046
03:46:47,200 --> 03:46:50,100
today, the experience offers 
whatever, they bring to it. 

4047
03:46:50,900 --> 03:46:54,100
Tourists see a pleasant day out 
in beautiful countryside 

4048
03:46:54,100 --> 03:46:57,200
historians. 
See a landscape that illuminates

4049
03:46:57,200 --> 03:47:00,300
their research. 
Spiritual Seekers find a place 

4050
03:47:00,300 --> 03:47:04,300
of power or tragedy or both. 
The land accepts all 

4051
03:47:04,300 --> 03:47:07,900
interpretations with equal 
indifference simply being what 

4052
03:47:07,900 --> 03:47:09,400
it is. 
While humans project their 

4053
03:47:09,400 --> 03:47:13,200
various meanings upon it as full
Darkness, settles outside your 

4054
03:47:13,200 --> 03:47:16,700
window in this story. 
Draws to a close, imagine Pendle

4055
03:47:16,700 --> 03:47:21,500
Hill as it stands to night. 
Solid ancient, and essentially 

4056
03:47:21,500 --> 03:47:25,900
unchanged despite four centuries
of human drama occurring in its 

4057
03:47:25,900 --> 03:47:28,500
shadow. 
Mist might be gathering in The 

4058
03:47:28,500 --> 03:47:31,400
Valleys as gathered on countless
nights before. 

4059
03:47:32,400 --> 03:47:35,500
Sheep settle into their 
nighttime routines as their 

4060
03:47:35,500 --> 03:47:37,900
ancestors. 
Did when Alison device walked 

4061
03:47:37,900 --> 03:47:42,000
these paths, The Villages around
Pendle acquired, now their 

4062
03:47:42,000 --> 03:47:45,100
streets lit, by Electric Light, 
that would seem like magic to 

4063
03:47:45,100 --> 03:47:48,300
anyone from 1600 12 in 
Lancaster. 

4064
03:47:48,300 --> 03:47:52,300
The castle still stands though. 
Now, it's a tourist site rather 

4065
03:47:52,300 --> 03:47:55,900
than a functioning Court House 
the ghosts, if they exist, 

4066
03:47:55,900 --> 03:47:59,300
walking memory and Imagination. 
Rather than in any literal 

4067
03:47:59,300 --> 03:48:02,800
sense, what remains of the 
Pendle witches is finally their 

4068
03:48:02,800 --> 03:48:05,600
Humanity. 
Strip away this Sensational 

4069
03:48:05,600 --> 03:48:09,400
aspects, the Witchcraft 
accusations the dramatic trials,

4070
03:48:09,400 --> 03:48:14,200
the executions and your left 
with people, people who loved 

4071
03:48:14,200 --> 03:48:17,500
and fought and worked, and 
worried people who made the best

4072
03:48:17,500 --> 03:48:19,900
decisions they could, with the 
information available to them, 

4073
03:48:19,900 --> 03:48:23,300
people who suffered and endured 
and eventually ran out of 

4074
03:48:23,308 --> 03:48:28,900
options, their names demdike 
chaturth device, Nutter red 

4075
03:48:28,900 --> 03:48:31,800
fern. 
Echo down through centuries. 

4076
03:48:32,800 --> 03:48:35,400
Attached to people who never 
imagined they'd be remembered at

4077
03:48:35,400 --> 03:48:40,000
all much less for 400 years. 
They wanted what most people 

4078
03:48:40,000 --> 03:48:43,200
want. 
Enough to eat a roof that didn't

4079
03:48:43,200 --> 03:48:46,000
leak. 
Children, who survived and 

4080
03:48:46,000 --> 03:48:47,700
neighbors, who didn't wish them 
harm. 

4081
03:48:47,700 --> 03:48:52,700
They got instead in for me and 
death, but they also got 

4082
03:48:52,700 --> 03:48:55,300
remembrance which is perhaps a 
small compensation. 

4083
03:48:55,300 --> 03:49:00,000
They're not forgotten Students 
learn about them, historian, 

4084
03:49:00,000 --> 03:49:04,000
study them, visitors seek out 
places associated with them. 

4085
03:49:04,000 --> 03:49:08,800
The story continues to matter, 
continues to teach and continue 

4086
03:49:08,800 --> 03:49:11,600
to connect us to the Deep past 
when life was harder. 

4087
03:49:11,600 --> 03:49:15,500
But humans were recognizably 
ourselves tonight. 

4088
03:49:15,500 --> 03:49:17,600
As you prepare for sleep in 
comfort. 

4089
03:49:17,600 --> 03:49:22,200
And safety, that would Astound 
anyone from 16 to 12. spare a 

4090
03:49:22,200 --> 03:49:25,900
thought for those who lived and 
died in Pendle, not pity 

4091
03:49:25,900 --> 03:49:30,000
necessarily they were tougher 
than us in many ways more 

4092
03:49:30,000 --> 03:49:33,300
accustomed to hardship and more 
resilient in the face of what 

4093
03:49:33,300 --> 03:49:36,900
life threw at them. 
But perhaps acknowledgment, they

4094
03:49:36,900 --> 03:49:42,000
existed they mattered. 
Their story is part of the vast 

4095
03:49:42,000 --> 03:49:44,800
complex, tapestry of human 
experience. 

4096
03:49:44,800 --> 03:49:48,200
That connects us all the Pendle 
witches, remind us that history 

4097
03:49:48,200 --> 03:49:50,200
isn't just dates and famous 
names. 

4098
03:49:50,200 --> 03:49:53,900
Its ordinary people dealing with
extraordinary circumstances 

4099
03:49:53,900 --> 03:49:57,500
doing their best to survive in a
world that doesn't always 

4100
03:49:57,500 --> 03:49:59,600
cooperate with human needs or 
desires. 

4101
03:49:59,600 --> 03:50:03,900
It's story of how communities 
work, how they fail, and how 

4102
03:50:03,908 --> 03:50:07,900
fear unbelief can combine to 
tragic effect, as you drift 

4103
03:50:07,900 --> 03:50:10,700
towards sleep, you might reflect
that you too are living through 

4104
03:50:10,700 --> 03:50:13,700
history. 
Future Generations, might look 

4105
03:50:13,700 --> 03:50:16,800
back on our time with the same 
mixture of understanding and 

4106
03:50:16,800 --> 03:50:19,900
incomprehension that we bring to
the 17th century. 

4107
03:50:20,700 --> 03:50:22,700
What? 
We consider normal, our 

4108
03:50:22,700 --> 03:50:28,000
Technologies are beliefs. 
Our social structures may seem a

4109
03:50:28,000 --> 03:50:31,800
strange to theirs as witchcraft 
trials seem to us the landscape 

4110
03:50:31,800 --> 03:50:34,600
endures. 
Pendle Hill, will be there 

4111
03:50:34,600 --> 03:50:37,000
tomorrow in different to human 
drama. 

4112
03:50:37,000 --> 03:50:40,400
Solid and eternal. 
The villages will wake to 

4113
03:50:40,408 --> 03:50:44,500
another day. 
Life continues as it always has 

4114
03:50:44,500 --> 03:50:48,300
with the past present in 
landscape and memory, but never 

4115
03:50:48,300 --> 03:50:52,000
quite able to break through into
the actual present sleep. 

4116
03:50:52,000 --> 03:50:55,400
Well, knowing that the witches 
of Pendle, those accused and 

4117
03:50:55,400 --> 03:50:59,200
accusers, victims and survivors 
have all found whatever piece 

4118
03:50:59,200 --> 03:51:03,000
death provides their struggles 
are over their stories, remain 

4119
03:51:03,000 --> 03:51:07,200
passed from generation to 
generation shaped and reshaped 

4120
03:51:07,200 --> 03:51:10,200
to meet contemporary needs. 
But still rooted in events that 

4121
03:51:10,200 --> 03:51:12,700
actually happened to real people
in a real place. 

4122
03:51:12,700 --> 03:51:17,400
And perhaps in some quiet way 
telling their story as a form of

4123
03:51:17,400 --> 03:51:22,000
Justice, not legal, justice that
ship for centuries ago. 

4124
03:51:22,000 --> 03:51:26,900
But the justice of memory, they 
are not forgotten, their names 

4125
03:51:26,900 --> 03:51:30,300
are spoken. 
The humanity is acknowledged, In

4126
03:51:30,300 --> 03:51:33,500
a world where most people leave,
no Trace where most lives 

4127
03:51:33,500 --> 03:51:35,600
disappear into the vast Silence 
of History. 

4128
03:51:36,700 --> 03:51:39,100
Pendle witches have achieved a 
kind of immortality. 

4129
03:51:39,100 --> 03:51:43,000
Not the kind anyone would choose
perhaps, but in mortality 

4130
03:51:43,000 --> 03:51:46,700
nonetheless, rest. 
Now let the gentle rhythm of 

4131
03:51:46,700 --> 03:51:50,900
your breath, remind you that you
are alive here now. 

4132
03:51:51,800 --> 03:51:55,200
Connected to all of human 
history but also separate from 

4133
03:51:55,200 --> 03:51:58,300
it your own person in your own 
time. 

4134
03:51:59,000 --> 03:52:03,200
The past is done, the present is
comfortable, the future remains 

4135
03:52:03,200 --> 03:52:06,800
Unwritten and somewhere perhaps 
in the collective memory of the 

4136
03:52:06,800 --> 03:52:10,000
land itself. 
Pendle Hill holds the stories, 

4137
03:52:10,000 --> 03:52:13,500
adding them to layers upon 
layers of Human Experience 

4138
03:52:13,500 --> 03:52:15,700
waiting for anyone who cares to 
listen? 

4139
03:52:24,100 --> 03:52:27,600
Imagine yourself standing in a 
Victorian library, on a rainy 

4140
03:52:27,600 --> 03:52:32,400
London afternoon in 1864. 
Gas, lamps cost, warm pools of 

4141
03:52:32,400 --> 03:52:34,900
light across mahogany tables, 
stacked with leather bound 

4142
03:52:34,900 --> 03:52:39,400
volumes outside the city, hums 
with the energy of an Empire at 

4143
03:52:39,400 --> 03:52:42,200
its peak. 
But in here, your surrounded by 

4144
03:52:42,200 --> 03:52:46,100
Maps, Beautiful. 
Intricate maps that are 

4145
03:52:46,100 --> 03:52:49,800
simultaneously masterpieces and 
confessions of ignorance, these 

4146
03:52:49,800 --> 03:52:53,800
Maps show something our modern 
world has lost genuine mystery. 

4147
03:52:53,800 --> 03:52:57,000
Vast portions of the Indian 
Ocean appear as blank. 

4148
03:52:57,000 --> 03:53:00,900
Blue, expanses interrupted only 
by scattered Islands. 

4149
03:53:00,900 --> 03:53:03,800
Whose Interiors remain 
unexplored. 

4150
03:53:05,300 --> 03:53:07,800
Madagascar looms, like a green 
question. 

4151
03:53:07,800 --> 03:53:11,800
Mark off the African Coast. 
The islands of Indonesia and 

4152
03:53:11,800 --> 03:53:15,000
melanesia Scatter across the 
sea, like puzzle pieces from 

4153
03:53:15,000 --> 03:53:17,900
different boxes, their 
relationships to each other 

4154
03:53:17,900 --> 03:53:21,100
unclear, and tantalizing your 
living in an era. 

4155
03:53:21,100 --> 03:53:24,000
When a gentleman naturalist 
could still discover entirely 

4156
03:53:24,000 --> 03:53:26,300
new species on a weekend 
collecting trip. 

4157
03:53:26,300 --> 03:53:29,600
When Expeditions regularly 
returned with creatures that 

4158
03:53:29,600 --> 03:53:33,000
seem to belong in mythology, 
rather than natural history 

4159
03:53:33,000 --> 03:53:36,500
museums Charles Darwin has 
recently published his 

4160
03:53:36,500 --> 03:53:40,100
revolutionary Theory and the 
world of science is reeling from

4161
03:53:40,100 --> 03:53:43,600
the implications. 
Species could change over time. 

4162
03:53:43,600 --> 03:53:47,800
If life itself was not fixed but
fluid, then what else? 

4163
03:53:47,800 --> 03:53:50,900
Might be possible. 
The Victorian era, possessed, a 

4164
03:53:50,900 --> 03:53:54,500
particular genius for combining 
rigorous scientific inquiry with

4165
03:53:54,500 --> 03:53:58,600
unbridled romantic speculation. 
these were people who would 

4166
03:53:58,600 --> 03:54:02,400
spend decades cataloging Beetle 
specimens while simultaneously, 

4167
03:54:02,400 --> 03:54:06,400
believe in that fairies might 
inhabit their Gardens this 

4168
03:54:06,400 --> 03:54:09,400
combination of careful, 
observation and wild imagination

4169
03:54:09,400 --> 03:54:13,200
created, the perfect conditions 
for myths to take root in 

4170
03:54:13,200 --> 03:54:16,500
scientific soil, the maps, your 
studying show something 

4171
03:54:16,500 --> 03:54:20,000
puzzling, certain plants and 
animals appear in places, they 

4172
03:54:20,000 --> 03:54:24,600
have no business being Lemurs, 
those wide-eyed primates with 

4173
03:54:24,600 --> 03:54:28,200
their haunting calls and ghostly
movements live in Madagascar. 

4174
03:54:29,400 --> 03:54:32,700
Yet their closest relatives 
aren't in nearby Africa, but 

4175
03:54:32,700 --> 03:54:35,500
thousands of miles away in India
and Southeast Asia. 

4176
03:54:36,300 --> 03:54:39,000
It's as if someone had 
scattered, the ocean 

4177
03:54:39,000 --> 03:54:43,700
deliberately like seeds from a 
cosmic hand, fossils present, 

4178
03:54:43,700 --> 03:54:47,900
even stranger Mysteries. 
The glossopteris fern, which 

4179
03:54:47,900 --> 03:54:51,200
anyone can recognize from its 
distinctive tongue-shaped leaves

4180
03:54:51,200 --> 03:54:56,300
appears in rocks, across South 
America, Africa, India and 

4181
03:54:56,300 --> 03:54:59,600
Australia. 
It's the Botanical equivalent of

4182
03:54:59,600 --> 03:55:03,000
finding your house key 
simultaneously in London, Cairo,

4183
03:55:03,000 --> 03:55:06,600
Mumbai and Sydney. 
Something doesn't add up and 

4184
03:55:06,600 --> 03:55:09,100
Victorian. 
Scientists knew it, the standard

4185
03:55:09,100 --> 03:55:12,900
explanation that the species had
somehow walked or swam across. 

4186
03:55:12,900 --> 03:55:17,300
Thousands of miles of open, 
ocean seemed absurd even to 19th

4187
03:55:17,300 --> 03:55:20,600
century Minds. 
Lemurs a decent climbers but 

4188
03:55:20,600 --> 03:55:25,300
notoriously, poor swimmers the 
glossopteris fern produces seeds

4189
03:55:25,300 --> 03:55:27,600
far too. 
Heavy to blow across Ocean's on 

4190
03:55:27,600 --> 03:55:31,000
the Wind yet. 
There they were separated by 

4191
03:55:31,000 --> 03:55:34,000
impossible distances. 
Clearly related. 

4192
03:55:34,000 --> 03:55:37,800
But impossibly divided. 
This was the scientific puzzle 

4193
03:55:37,800 --> 03:55:41,300
that would give birth to 
lemuria. but to understand how 

4194
03:55:41,300 --> 03:55:45,100
that happened, you need to 
appreciate the Victorian mindset

4195
03:55:45,100 --> 03:55:49,000
that saw patterns in everything 
and believed that every mystery 

4196
03:55:49,000 --> 03:55:52,100
had a solution. 
Even if that solution required 

4197
03:55:52,100 --> 03:55:56,400
imagining entire continents into
existence, the 19th century was 

4198
03:55:56,400 --> 03:55:59,100
also a time when the Earth 
itself seemed younger and more 

4199
03:55:59,100 --> 03:56:02,400
malleable Geologists were just 
beginning to understand the 

4200
03:56:02,400 --> 03:56:05,900
planet's true age, which was 
considerably older than the 

4201
03:56:05,900 --> 03:56:09,000
biblical calculations that had 
previously, dominated Western 

4202
03:56:09,000 --> 03:56:12,300
thought. 
But they still imagine the Earth

4203
03:56:12,300 --> 03:56:16,500
as a cooling sphere Contracting 
like a drying apple with its 

4204
03:56:16,500 --> 03:56:19,600
surface wrinkling into mountains
and valleys as it shrank. 

4205
03:56:19,600 --> 03:56:22,700
This contraction Theory 
suggested that the planets 

4206
03:56:22,700 --> 03:56:26,500
geography might have been very 
different in the past Perhaps 

4207
03:56:26,500 --> 03:56:28,800
land bridges. 
Had connected continents that 

4208
03:56:28,800 --> 03:56:32,300
now stood separate. 
Perhaps entire land masses had 

4209
03:56:32,300 --> 03:56:35,600
sunk beneath the waves as the 
Earth contracted taking their 

4210
03:56:35,600 --> 03:56:39,100
flora and fauna with them. 
The idea wasn't just 

4211
03:56:39,100 --> 03:56:41,900
speculation. 
It seemed to follow logically 

4212
03:56:41,900 --> 03:56:44,600
from the best understanding of 
planetary formation of 

4213
03:56:44,600 --> 03:56:46,400
available. 
At the time, in to this 

4214
03:56:46,408 --> 03:56:50,100
atmosphere of scientific inquiry
and creative theorizing, step to

4215
03:56:50,100 --> 03:56:53,900
British zoologist, named Philip 
Slater who was about to name, 

4216
03:56:53,900 --> 03:56:58,100
something that didn't exist and 
in doing so create a legend that

4217
03:56:58,100 --> 03:57:00,900
would outlive his actual 
scientific contributions. 

4218
03:57:00,900 --> 03:57:03,900
Philip's Slater was by all 
accounts, a thoroughly 

4219
03:57:03,900 --> 03:57:08,400
respectable Victorian scientist.
He wasn't a wild-eyed Mystic or 

4220
03:57:08,408 --> 03:57:12,000
a romantic dreamer, he was a 
fellow of the Royal Society. 

4221
03:57:12,000 --> 03:57:16,300
A serious zoologist with 
impeccable credentials, and a 

4222
03:57:16,300 --> 03:57:18,700
particular interest in the 
geographical distribution of 

4223
03:57:18,700 --> 03:57:21,400
species. 
The kind of man who wore proper 

4224
03:57:21,400 --> 03:57:24,400
suits to dinner, and catalogued 
specimens with meticulous care 

4225
03:57:24,400 --> 03:57:27,700
in 1864. 
Skater published a paper with 

4226
03:57:27,700 --> 03:57:31,400
the rather dry title. 
The mammals of Madagascar which 

4227
03:57:31,400 --> 03:57:33,500
addressed the Lima problem we 
discussed earlier. 

4228
03:57:34,400 --> 03:57:38,500
His solution was elegantly 
simple, what if Madagascar and 

4229
03:57:38,500 --> 03:57:42,900
India had once been connected by
a land bridge or better, yet 

4230
03:57:42,900 --> 03:57:46,400
were fragments of a larger 
landmass that had since subsided

4231
03:57:46,400 --> 03:57:49,800
into the ocean, this 
hypothetical continent needed 

4232
03:57:49,800 --> 03:57:53,900
name and slated chose lemuria. 
After the Lemurs whose 

4233
03:57:53,900 --> 03:57:57,200
distribution had inspired the 
theory, it was meant to be a 

4234
03:57:57,208 --> 03:58:00,900
strictly scientific term. 
Describing a purely geological 

4235
03:58:00,900 --> 03:58:03,400
hypothesis. 
Skater. 

4236
03:58:03,400 --> 03:58:06,500
Imagine lemuria as a long, 
vanished connection between 

4237
03:58:06,500 --> 03:58:10,700
continents, a bridge that had 
allowed species to spread and 

4238
03:58:10,700 --> 03:58:14,500
then disappeared leaving only 
scattered population on isolated

4239
03:58:14,500 --> 03:58:17,200
lands. 
The beauty of Slater's theory 

4240
03:58:17,200 --> 03:58:19,800
was that it explained so much 
with the single hypothesis. 

4241
03:58:21,100 --> 03:58:24,500
The distribution of lemurs the 
presence of similar rock 

4242
03:58:24,500 --> 03:58:28,200
formations across distant lands 
and the fossil record that 

4243
03:58:28,200 --> 03:58:30,300
suggested tropical forests in 
places. 

4244
03:58:30,300 --> 03:58:34,400
Now, divided by ocean all of it 
made sense, if you accepted that

4245
03:58:34,400 --> 03:58:37,700
the Indian Ocean had. 
Once contained substantial land 

4246
03:58:37,700 --> 03:58:42,400
masses other scientists quickly 
embraced and expanded skaters 

4247
03:58:42,400 --> 03:58:46,800
idea, Ernst haeckel a German 
biologist and passionate 

4248
03:58:46,800 --> 03:58:50,300
advocate of Darwin's 
evolutionary theory Incorporated

4249
03:58:50,300 --> 03:58:53,200
lemuria in his understanding of 
human Origins. 

4250
03:58:54,100 --> 03:58:58,100
If lemuria had existed Heckle 
reasoned, it might have been the

4251
03:58:58,100 --> 03:59:01,500
birthplace of humanity, the 
Garden of Eden, rendered in 

4252
03:59:01,500 --> 03:59:05,200
geological terms, Hazel's 
version of lemuria grew 

4253
03:59:05,200 --> 03:59:09,100
considerably larger than Slaters
modest land bridge in Hazel's 

4254
03:59:09,100 --> 03:59:11,300
imagination. 
It became a vast continent. 

4255
03:59:11,300 --> 03:59:14,900
Stretching across much of the 
Indian Ocean, a Lost Paradise, 

4256
03:59:14,900 --> 03:59:17,600
where the first humans had 
evolved before spreading to 

4257
03:59:17,600 --> 03:59:20,800
other continents. 
His beautifully detailed maps, 

4258
03:59:20,800 --> 03:59:24,800
showed lemuria, as a substantial
landmass complete with mountain 

4259
03:59:24,800 --> 03:59:27,300
ranges and river systems that 
existed. 

4260
03:59:27,300 --> 03:59:31,500
Only in scientific speculation, 
the scientific Community, didn't

4261
03:59:31,500 --> 03:59:34,400
immediately reject these ideas 
because they addressed real 

4262
03:59:34,400 --> 03:59:36,900
puzzles with what seemed like 
reasonable Solutions. 

4263
03:59:37,900 --> 03:59:40,900
Continental, subsidence wasn't 
considered impossible. 

4264
03:59:41,700 --> 03:59:45,200
After all, earthquakes and 
volcanic eruptions constantly 

4265
03:59:45,200 --> 03:59:47,800
demonstrated that the Earth's 
surface was changeable. 

4266
03:59:48,800 --> 03:59:52,100
If mountains could rise and 
valleys form, why couldn't 

4267
03:59:52,100 --> 03:59:55,100
entire continent sink for a few 
decades? 

4268
03:59:55,100 --> 03:59:57,900
Lemuria occupied a strange 
position. 

4269
03:59:57,900 --> 04:00:02,700
It was a scientific hypothesis 
with no direct evidence, but it 

4270
04:00:02,700 --> 04:00:05,500
explained patterns that 
otherwise seemed inexplicable 

4271
04:00:06,400 --> 04:00:09,900
Scientists discussed it in 
academic journals while 

4272
04:00:09,900 --> 04:00:12,700
acknowledging that proving its 
existence would be difficult. 

4273
04:00:12,700 --> 04:00:17,400
It was a placeholder solution 
waiting for better explanations 

4274
04:00:17,400 --> 04:00:19,300
to come along. 
But something interesting 

4275
04:00:19,300 --> 04:00:21,700
happened. 
As lemuria move from scientific 

4276
04:00:21,700 --> 04:00:23,300
journals into popular 
consciousness. 

4277
04:00:24,700 --> 04:00:29,000
Hypothesis began to transform 
Gathering romantic association's

4278
04:00:29,000 --> 04:00:32,100
and mystical overtones like a 
snowball rolling downhill. 

4279
04:00:32,900 --> 04:00:37,000
A accumulates Mass. 
What started as a dry geological

4280
04:00:37,000 --> 04:00:40,100
theory of about Lima 
distribution was about to become

4281
04:00:40,100 --> 04:00:43,300
something far, more enchanting 
and considerably less 

4282
04:00:43,300 --> 04:00:46,300
scientific. 
The Victorian public had an 

4283
04:00:46,300 --> 04:00:48,600
insatiable appetite for lost 
worlds, and vanished 

4284
04:00:48,600 --> 04:00:51,700
civilization. 
Atlantis, had captured 

4285
04:00:51,700 --> 04:00:55,500
imaginations for centuries, but 
Atlantis was ancient history. 

4286
04:00:55,500 --> 04:00:58,600
A philosophical allegory 
recorded by Plato. 

4287
04:00:59,400 --> 04:01:03,000
The muria was different. 
It was being discussed by actual

4288
04:01:03,000 --> 04:01:08,300
scientists in actual academic 
journals. it had the glamour of 

4289
04:01:08,300 --> 04:01:12,100
mystery combined with the 
authority of science, a 

4290
04:01:12,100 --> 04:01:15,900
combination that proved utterly,
irresistible popular magazines, 

4291
04:01:15,900 --> 04:01:19,800
began publishing articles about 
lemuria iteration adding new 

4292
04:01:19,800 --> 04:01:24,700
details and expanding the story.
What if lemuria hadn't just been

4293
04:01:24,700 --> 04:01:28,100
a land bridge but a genuine 
continent with its own ecology, 

4294
04:01:28,100 --> 04:01:32,600
its own Landscapes and perhaps 
even its own civilization. 

4295
04:01:34,300 --> 04:01:38,400
The scientific hypothesis was 
becoming a myth in real time and

4296
04:01:38,400 --> 04:01:39,800
you could almost watch it 
transform. 

4297
04:01:39,800 --> 04:01:43,800
If you track the publication's 
chronologically by the 1870s 

4298
04:01:43,800 --> 04:01:47,200
lemuria had escaped, the 
confines of Zoological journals 

4299
04:01:47,200 --> 04:01:50,800
entirely, it was appearing in 
spiritualist literature in 

4300
04:01:50,800 --> 04:01:53,900
speculative history is and in 
romantic poetry. 

4301
04:01:54,800 --> 04:01:58,200
The Lost Continent was taking on
a life of its own and that life 

4302
04:01:58,200 --> 04:02:01,100
would prove far more durable 
than its scientific origin's 

4303
04:02:01,100 --> 04:02:04,100
picture yourself. 
Now in a Victorian drawing room,

4304
04:02:04,100 --> 04:02:08,000
this time in the evening with 
heavy curtains, drawn against 

4305
04:02:08,000 --> 04:02:11,008
the London Fog. 
Candles flicker on the 

4306
04:02:11,016 --> 04:02:13,500
mantelpiece. 
And a group of well-dressed. 

4307
04:02:13,500 --> 04:02:17,400
Ladies and gentlemen, sit in a 
circle, holding hands around a 

4308
04:02:17,400 --> 04:02:20,200
table. 
This is a seance one of 

4309
04:02:20,208 --> 04:02:23,400
thousands conducted across 
Europe and America in the late 

4310
04:02:23,400 --> 04:02:27,400
19th century when spiritualism 
wasn't considered Fringe but 

4311
04:02:27,400 --> 04:02:30,900
fashionable the Victorian era 
was experiencing a spiritual 

4312
04:02:30,900 --> 04:02:34,100
crisis. 
Darwin's theory of evolution had

4313
04:02:34,100 --> 04:02:38,400
shaken traditional religious. 
Certainty industrialization was 

4314
04:02:38,400 --> 04:02:42,300
transforming Aquarian Society 
into urban Landscapes where 

4315
04:02:42,300 --> 04:02:44,600
ancient rhythms of life, no 
longer applied. 

4316
04:02:45,400 --> 04:02:48,900
People felt unmoored searching 
for meaning in a world that 

4317
04:02:48,900 --> 04:02:52,300
seemed increasingly mechanical, 
and purposeless in to this 

4318
04:02:52,300 --> 04:02:55,400
uncertainty, stepped her, a 
remarkable woman named Helena 

4319
04:02:55,400 --> 04:02:58,900
petrovna blavatsky known to 
everyone as madame. 

4320
04:02:58,900 --> 04:03:03,400
Blavatsky she was depending on 
your perspective, either a 

4321
04:03:03,400 --> 04:03:07,800
brilliant Mystic or a talented 
charlatan possibly both born in 

4322
04:03:07,800 --> 04:03:11,900
Russia, widely traveled and 
possessed of enormous Charisma 

4323
04:03:11,900 --> 04:03:16,600
and questionable ethics Livesky.
Founded the theosophical society

4324
04:03:16,600 --> 04:03:21,400
in 1875, with the goal of 
exploring, the hidden wisdom. 

4325
04:03:21,400 --> 04:03:24,000
Supposedly underlying all 
religions. 

4326
04:03:24,000 --> 04:03:28,800
Had a genius for synthesis. 
Combining elements of Hinduism 

4327
04:03:28,800 --> 04:03:30,700
Buddhism. 
Western occultism. 

4328
04:03:30,700 --> 04:03:34,200
And contemporary science into a 
grand narrative that appealed to

4329
04:03:34,200 --> 04:03:37,700
Victorian Seekers Her magnum, 
opus. 

4330
04:03:38,500 --> 04:03:43,000
The secret Doctrine published in
1888, presented, a vast 

4331
04:03:43,000 --> 04:03:46,400
cosmology, involving root races 
spiritual, Evolution and 

4332
04:03:46,400 --> 04:03:50,600
crucially for our story. 
Lost continents in blavatsky. 

4333
04:03:59,700 --> 04:04:02,700
Civilization of spiritually 
Advanced beings, who existed 

4334
04:04:02,700 --> 04:04:07,000
millions of years ago? 
These lemurians in blackskies 

4335
04:04:07,000 --> 04:04:10,100
cosmology were not quite human 
as we understand it. 

4336
04:04:10,100 --> 04:04:14,200
They were gigantic egg laying 
hermaphrodites with four arms 

4337
04:04:14,200 --> 04:04:16,000
and an i in the back of their 
heads. 

4338
04:04:16,000 --> 04:04:19,100
Now, you might be settling 
deeper into your pillows and 

4339
04:04:19,100 --> 04:04:21,400
thinking that this sounds 
completely ridiculous. 

4340
04:04:21,400 --> 04:04:26,500
You'd be right. but here's 
what's fascinating, blavatsky 

4341
04:04:26,500 --> 04:04:29,700
claimed her information came 
from ancient manuscript, shown 

4342
04:04:29,700 --> 04:04:33,400
to her by spiritual Master's in 
Tibet and thousands of 

4343
04:04:33,400 --> 04:04:37,400
intelligent educated victorians 
believed her Or at least they 

4344
04:04:37,400 --> 04:04:40,300
wanted to believe her, which 
amounts to nearly the same 

4345
04:04:40,300 --> 04:04:43,100
thing. 
The theosophical lemuria bore, 

4346
04:04:43,100 --> 04:04:45,900
almost, no resemblance to his 
modest land bridge. 

4347
04:04:45,900 --> 04:04:49,600
It stretched across vast 
portions of the Pacific and 

4348
04:04:49,600 --> 04:04:53,400
Indian Ocean's encompassing 
everything from Madagascar to 

4349
04:04:53,400 --> 04:04:56,100
Easter Island. 
It's civilization. 

4350
04:04:56,100 --> 04:05:00,400
Predated any known human culture
and its inhabitants possessed 

4351
04:05:00,400 --> 04:05:03,400
powers that made. 
Modern humans seem like pale 

4352
04:05:03,400 --> 04:05:06,500
Shadows of former glory. 
According to theosophical 

4353
04:05:06,500 --> 04:05:08,500
teachings. 
The lemurians had been destroyed

4354
04:05:08,500 --> 04:05:12,300
in a cataclysm volcanic 
eruptions and earthquakes that 

4355
04:05:12,300 --> 04:05:15,300
cause their entire continent to 
sink beneath the waves. 

4356
04:05:16,400 --> 04:05:20,000
But before the destruction the 
most advanced lemurians had 

4357
04:05:20,000 --> 04:05:24,400
escaped carrying their wisdom to
other lands, this explained 

4358
04:05:24,400 --> 04:05:27,900
conveniently why traces of 
advanced ancient knowledge 

4359
04:05:27,900 --> 04:05:32,100
appeared in cultures worldwide. 
The beauty of blavatsky system 

4360
04:05:32,100 --> 04:05:36,500
was its unfalsifiable ability, 
any evidence that contradicted 

4361
04:05:36,500 --> 04:05:39,600
her claims could be explained 
away as incomplete understanding

4362
04:05:39,600 --> 04:05:44,200
or spiritual blindness. 
The lack of physical evidence 

4363
04:05:44,200 --> 04:05:47,000
for lemuria became proof of how 
thoroughly it had been 

4364
04:05:47,008 --> 04:05:50,100
destroyed. 
It was mythology mosque creating

4365
04:05:50,100 --> 04:05:53,700
as lost history and it filled a 
need that pure science, could 

4366
04:05:53,700 --> 04:05:57,300
not satisfy the osophy. 
Attracted an impressive, roster 

4367
04:05:57,300 --> 04:06:01,500
of followers, including writers,
artists, scientists and social 

4368
04:06:01,500 --> 04:06:05,200
reformers These were not 
necessarily gullible fools. 

4369
04:06:05,200 --> 04:06:08,500
Many were thoughtful, people 
seeking alternatives to both 

4370
04:06:08,500 --> 04:06:10,900
religious dogmatism and 
materialistic. 

4371
04:06:10,900 --> 04:06:13,500
Reductionism. 
Philosophy. 

4372
04:06:13,500 --> 04:06:16,900
Offered a middle path. 
Spiritual meaning clothed in 

4373
04:06:16,900 --> 04:06:20,700
pseudoscientific language. 
The theosophical lemuria also 

4374
04:06:20,700 --> 04:06:25,500
served another Victorian, 
preoccupation race Theory. the 

4375
04:06:25,500 --> 04:06:29,000
concept of root races each 
supposedly more evolved than the

4376
04:06:29,008 --> 04:06:33,100
last appealed to a society 
deeply invested in hierarchical 

4377
04:06:33,100 --> 04:06:37,700
thinking, While blavatsky system
was less overtly racist than 

4378
04:06:37,700 --> 04:06:41,000
some Victorian race theories. 
It still embedded troubling 

4379
04:06:41,000 --> 04:06:43,400
assumptions about human 
development that reflected the 

4380
04:06:43,408 --> 04:06:47,300
prejudices of her era other 
writers and Mystics eagerly 

4381
04:06:47,300 --> 04:06:49,300
expanded on blavatsky is 
framework. 

4382
04:06:50,200 --> 04:06:52,900
James churchwood in the early 
20th century. 

4383
04:06:52,900 --> 04:06:57,300
Wrote extensively about moo 
which he claimed was lemuria 

4384
04:06:57,300 --> 04:07:00,600
specific counterpart. 
Another Lost Continent 

4385
04:07:00,600 --> 04:07:03,800
supposedly proven by ancient 
tablets that conveniently 

4386
04:07:03,800 --> 04:07:08,100
disappeared before anyone else 
could examine the each iteration

4387
04:07:08,100 --> 04:07:12,200
added new layers to the myth 
building, an elaborate structure

4388
04:07:12,200 --> 04:07:14,300
on foundations that had never 
existed. 

4389
04:07:14,300 --> 04:07:18,200
What's remarkable is how quickly
lemuria moved from scientific. 

4390
04:07:18,200 --> 04:07:22,500
Hypothesis to Mystical certainly
within a few decades, you could 

4391
04:07:22,500 --> 04:07:25,600
find multiple versions of 
Lemurian history, each 

4392
04:07:25,600 --> 04:07:29,000
contradicting the others, but 
all claiming ancient Authority 

4393
04:07:29,800 --> 04:07:33,900
Some describe lemuria, as a 
Tropical Paradise, others as a 

4394
04:07:33,900 --> 04:07:37,700
harsh, volcanic landscape. 
Some lemurians were spiritual 

4395
04:07:37,700 --> 04:07:40,400
Masters. 
Others were primitive Giants. 

4396
04:07:41,500 --> 04:07:44,600
the continents location shifted,
depending on who was writing 

4397
04:07:44,600 --> 04:07:47,900
about it, this proliferation of 
conflicting accounts should have

4398
04:07:47,900 --> 04:07:52,300
undermined, lemuria credibility,
but somehow, it didn't, instead 

4399
04:07:52,300 --> 04:07:56,300
each new version seemed to 
validate the basic concept, If 

4400
04:07:56,308 --> 04:07:59,600
so many different sources, 
mentioned, lemuria, surely there

4401
04:07:59,600 --> 04:08:03,200
must be something to it. 
This is how myths work. 

4402
04:08:03,200 --> 04:08:06,900
They accumulate details and 
variations while the core story 

4403
04:08:06,900 --> 04:08:10,100
remains flexible enough to 
accommodate contradiction by the

4404
04:08:10,108 --> 04:08:12,500
turn of the 20th. 
Century lemuria had become 

4405
04:08:12,500 --> 04:08:16,100
firmly established in popular 
Consciousness, particularly 

4406
04:08:16,100 --> 04:08:19,100
among spiritual Seekers and 
alternative historians. 

4407
04:08:20,100 --> 04:08:23,700
It was taught in theosophical 
lodges discussed in a cult 

4408
04:08:23,700 --> 04:08:26,600
circles and reference in popular
literature. 

4409
04:08:28,000 --> 04:08:32,600
The Lost Continent had a kind of
cultural reality independent of 

4410
04:08:32,600 --> 04:08:35,500
any physical evidence. 
As you drift deeper into this 

4411
04:08:35,500 --> 04:08:37,700
story. 
Imagine yourself in early 20th 

4412
04:08:37,700 --> 04:08:41,000
century, California, 
Specifically at Mount Shasta 

4413
04:08:41,000 --> 04:08:45,200
that magnificent snow-capped 
volcano rising from the northern

4414
04:08:45,200 --> 04:08:48,500
landscape. 
Local Legends, Begin circulating

4415
04:08:48,500 --> 04:08:51,800
about a secret civilization 
living inside the mountain 

4416
04:08:51,800 --> 04:08:56,300
survivors of ancient lemuria who
retreated Underground when their

4417
04:08:56,300 --> 04:09:00,200
continent sank, these lemurians 
survivors, supposedly built a 

4418
04:09:00,200 --> 04:09:03,700
city called Telos within the 
mountain complete with temples 

4419
04:09:03,700 --> 04:09:06,900
and Gardens illuminated by 
mysterious light sources. 

4420
04:09:07,900 --> 04:09:10,700
They occasionally emerged to 
walk among ordinary humans, 

4421
04:09:10,700 --> 04:09:16,000
recognizable by their unusual 
height, white rows, and tendency

4422
04:09:16,000 --> 04:09:18,800
to pay for supplies with gold 
nuggets before disappearing, 

4423
04:09:18,800 --> 04:09:22,300
back in to the Wilderness. 
The Shasta Legends illustrate. 

4424
04:09:22,300 --> 04:09:24,300
How a muria adapted to local 
conditions. 

4425
04:09:25,500 --> 04:09:28,900
Every region that embraced the 
myth, modified it to fit, local 

4426
04:09:28,900 --> 04:09:32,900
geography and culture in the 
Pacific lemuria Explain the 

4427
04:09:32,900 --> 04:09:35,900
origin of Polynesian people's in
India. 

4428
04:09:35,900 --> 04:09:39,300
It connected to Vedic, 
traditions in California. 

4429
04:09:39,300 --> 04:09:43,000
It merged with Native American 
legends and Gold Rush, mysticism

4430
04:09:43,000 --> 04:09:47,400
to create something uniquely 
West in American, the lemurians 

4431
04:09:47,400 --> 04:09:49,100
themselves. 
Evolved in the popular 

4432
04:09:49,100 --> 04:09:53,100
imagination, from lafat skis 
bizarre, hermaphrodite into more

4433
04:09:53,100 --> 04:09:55,300
conventionally attractive, 
spiritual Masters. 

4434
04:09:56,200 --> 04:09:59,600
By the 1930s descriptions 
typically, portrayed them as 

4435
04:09:59,600 --> 04:10:04,400
tall, graceful beings with pale 
skin, large eyes, and Serene 

4436
04:10:04,400 --> 04:10:07,300
Expressions. 
Basically, they looked like 

4437
04:10:07,308 --> 04:10:12,300
idealized Hollywood versions of 
wise Mystics This transformation

4438
04:10:12,300 --> 04:10:15,500
reveals something interesting 
about how myths adapt to their 

4439
04:10:15,500 --> 04:10:18,900
audiences aesthetic. 
Preferences various channels and

4440
04:10:18,900 --> 04:10:21,900
mediums claim to communicate 
with Lemurian, Spirits, 

4441
04:10:21,900 --> 04:10:25,300
receiving messages about 
spiritual Evolution and 

4442
04:10:25,300 --> 04:10:29,100
Humanity's future These 
communications typically 

4443
04:10:29,100 --> 04:10:32,900
emphasize peace love and the 
development of psychic 

4444
04:10:32,900 --> 04:10:35,800
abilities. 
Standard fare for New Age 

4445
04:10:35,800 --> 04:10:39,700
spirituality but given 
historical weight by association

4446
04:10:39,700 --> 04:10:43,800
with ancient civilization. 
Frederick, Spencer, Oliver's 

4447
04:10:43,800 --> 04:10:46,700
1894 novel. 
A dweller on two planets 

4448
04:10:46,700 --> 04:10:49,600
introduced another element to 
Lemurian mythology. 

4449
04:10:49,600 --> 04:10:53,200
Advanced technology. 
Oliver claimed. 

4450
04:10:53,200 --> 04:10:56,200
His book was channeled from a 
spirit who described Lemurian 

4451
04:10:56,200 --> 04:11:00,400
civilization as possessing 
flying machines, Wireless 

4452
04:11:00,400 --> 04:11:04,600
communication, and other devices
that anticipated 20th century 

4453
04:11:04,600 --> 04:11:09,500
Innovations This technologically
advanced lemuria would become 

4454
04:11:09,500 --> 04:11:13,400
increasingly popular as the 
actual 20th century demonstrated

4455
04:11:13,400 --> 04:11:16,700
that impossible Technologies 
could become reality. 

4456
04:11:16,700 --> 04:11:20,200
The notion of lemuria as a 
technologically sophisticated 

4457
04:11:20,200 --> 04:11:24,800
civilization, served multiple 
purposes It suggested that 

4458
04:11:24,800 --> 04:11:27,800
modern progress, wasn't 
unprecedented, but rather a 

4459
04:11:27,800 --> 04:11:29,100
rediscovery of ancient 
knowledge. 

4460
04:11:30,000 --> 04:11:33,200
It implied that human potential 
was greater than contemporary 

4461
04:11:33,200 --> 04:11:36,700
limitation suggested. 
And it provided comfort that 

4462
04:11:36,700 --> 04:11:40,500
even Advanced civilizations 
could be destroyed making the 

4463
04:11:40,500 --> 04:11:43,500
catastrophic potential of 20th 
century Warfare. 

4464
04:11:43,500 --> 04:11:46,900
Feel like part of a larger 
pattern rather than a unique 

4465
04:11:46,900 --> 04:11:50,600
modern horror Edgar. 
Casey the famous Sleeping 

4466
04:11:50,600 --> 04:11:54,500
Prophet Incorporated, lemuria in
his trance reading during the 

4467
04:11:54,500 --> 04:11:59,000
1920s and 1930s. 
His version's emphasized, the 

4468
04:11:59,000 --> 04:12:01,700
spiritual and psychic abilities 
of lemurians. 

4469
04:12:01,700 --> 04:12:05,900
Describing them as being who 
communicated telepathically and 

4470
04:12:05,900 --> 04:12:10,000
manipulated matter through 
thought When their civilization 

4471
04:12:10,000 --> 04:12:13,400
fell, Casey claimed. 
It was because they had misused 

4472
04:12:13,400 --> 04:12:16,800
their powers privileging 
material advancement over 

4473
04:12:16,800 --> 04:12:20,500
Spiritual Development. 
A cautionary tale that resonated

4474
04:12:20,500 --> 04:12:23,100
with audiences living through 
Rapid technological. 

4475
04:12:23,100 --> 04:12:26,500
Change, what United? 
Most of these Lemurian accounts 

4476
04:12:26,500 --> 04:12:28,700
was a sense of loss and 
possibility. 

4477
04:12:29,300 --> 04:12:32,900
Lemuria represented, something 
Humanity, had once possessed and

4478
04:12:32,900 --> 04:12:37,300
might reclaim harmony with 
nature spiritual advancement and

4479
04:12:37,300 --> 04:12:39,900
technological prowess combined 
with wisdom. 

4480
04:12:41,000 --> 04:12:43,900
The Lost Continent became a 
mirror reflecting whatever, its 

4481
04:12:43,900 --> 04:12:46,000
Believers felt was missing from 
Modern Life. 

4482
04:12:46,000 --> 04:12:49,600
The Myth also provided An Origin
story that bypassed 

4483
04:12:49,600 --> 04:12:52,500
uncomfortable questions about 
Evolution and human Origins. 

4484
04:12:53,900 --> 04:12:57,200
If Humanity descended from 
spiritually Advanced lemurians, 

4485
04:12:57,200 --> 04:12:59,300
then we weren't merely evolved 
8. 

4486
04:13:00,300 --> 04:13:03,300
But beings were the noble, 
lineage temporarily fallen from 

4487
04:13:03,300 --> 04:13:06,300
former glory. 
This narrative appealed to 

4488
04:13:06,308 --> 04:13:09,300
people who couldn't accept 
evolutionary theory, but 

4489
04:13:09,300 --> 04:13:12,300
recognize that biblical 
literalism was increasingly 

4490
04:13:12,300 --> 04:13:16,100
untenable indigenous people's 
reactions, to Lemurian, theories

4491
04:13:16,100 --> 04:13:19,000
were complicated. 
Some saw the myths as yet 

4492
04:13:19,000 --> 04:13:22,400
another example of colonizers 
appropriating and distorting 

4493
04:13:22,400 --> 04:13:26,100
Indigenous histories Others 
found ways to incorporate 

4494
04:13:26,100 --> 04:13:29,700
lemuria in their own Traditions,
using the concept to add 

4495
04:13:29,700 --> 04:13:31,600
historical depth to oral 
history. 

4496
04:13:32,900 --> 04:13:36,600
The Hawaiian concept of move. 
For instance, became entangled 

4497
04:13:36,600 --> 04:13:40,700
with Lemurian mythology in ways 
that blurred original Traditions

4498
04:13:40,700 --> 04:13:44,500
with imported ideas by 
mid-century lemuria had become 

4499
04:13:44,500 --> 04:13:46,400
something like King Arthur's, 
Camelot. 

4500
04:13:46,900 --> 04:13:49,100
A story. 
Everyone knew probably wasn't 

4501
04:13:49,100 --> 04:13:51,800
literally true, but that 
persisted because it served 

4502
04:13:51,800 --> 04:13:53,400
emotional and psychological 
needs. 

4503
04:13:53,400 --> 04:13:57,200
That fact couldn't address. 
People wanted to believe in Lost

4504
04:13:57,200 --> 04:14:01,200
Golden Ages and hidden wisdom in
the possibility that somewhere 

4505
04:14:01,200 --> 04:14:05,000
beneath the ocean's surface or 
inside mountains, traces of 

4506
04:14:05,008 --> 04:14:09,500
Humanity's Noble passed in June.
The irony is that while Mystics 

4507
04:14:09,500 --> 04:14:12,800
and channelers were elaborating 
increasingly, Baroque vision of 

4508
04:14:12,800 --> 04:14:15,800
Lemurian. 
Civilization actual scientists 

4509
04:14:15,800 --> 04:14:18,400
were developing theories. 
That would completely eliminate 

4510
04:14:18,400 --> 04:14:23,500
any need for lemuria existence. 
The solution to the puzzles that

4511
04:14:23,500 --> 04:14:26,100
had inspired Slaters. 
Original hypothesis was 

4512
04:14:26,100 --> 04:14:28,700
emerging. 
But it would take decades for 

4513
04:14:28,700 --> 04:14:30,600
that solution to become widely 
accepted. 

4514
04:14:30,600 --> 04:14:34,800
Let's shift our scene. 
Now to 19 to 12:00 to a meeting 

4515
04:14:34,808 --> 04:14:38,700
of the German Geological Society
where a meteorologist named 

4516
04:14:38,700 --> 04:14:41,100
Alfred. 
Veganer is presenting a theory. 

4517
04:14:41,100 --> 04:14:44,400
So radical, that most of his 
colleagues think he's lost his 

4518
04:14:44,400 --> 04:14:46,800
mind. 
Beginner is proposing. 

4519
04:14:46,800 --> 04:14:51,400
That continents move not slowly 
settling or Rising but actually 

4520
04:14:51,400 --> 04:14:54,500
drifting across the Earth's 
surface, like, massive rafts 

4521
04:14:54,500 --> 04:14:56,300
floating on a denser layer 
below. 

4522
04:14:56,300 --> 04:15:00,100
Again, has noticed the same 
puzzles that inspired lemuria 

4523
04:15:00,800 --> 04:15:02,700
Matching fossils on different 
continents. 

4524
04:15:02,700 --> 04:15:06,700
Similar rock formations 
separated by oceans and 

4525
04:15:06,700 --> 04:15:09,500
coastlines that fit together, 
like jigsaw pieces. 

4526
04:15:10,500 --> 04:15:14,000
But in imagining vanished, land 
bridges, he's proposing 

4527
04:15:14,000 --> 04:15:15,700
something far more 
revolutionary. 

4528
04:15:15,700 --> 04:15:19,900
All the continents He suggests 
were once joined in a single 

4529
04:15:19,900 --> 04:15:23,400
supercontinent. 
He calls it, Pangea that has 

4530
04:15:23,400 --> 04:15:26,200
since split apart and drifted to
their current positions. 

4531
04:15:26,200 --> 04:15:29,800
The reaction from the geological
establishment is Swift and 

4532
04:15:29,800 --> 04:15:32,400
brutal. 
Continental drifts seems 

4533
04:15:32,400 --> 04:15:35,700
physically impossible. 
What force could move entire 

4534
04:15:35,700 --> 04:15:39,300
continents, how could Solid Rock
flow like liquid? 

4535
04:15:40,300 --> 04:15:43,300
They're gonna can't answer these
questions satisfactorily, and 

4536
04:15:43,300 --> 04:15:46,000
his theory is largely dismissed 
as imaginative. 

4537
04:15:46,000 --> 04:15:48,600
Speculation unsupported by 
mechanism. 

4538
04:15:48,600 --> 04:15:51,400
Here's what's fascinating. 
Vegan. 

4539
04:15:51,400 --> 04:15:55,200
As evidence for continental 
drift was actually stronger than

4540
04:15:55,200 --> 04:15:59,700
any evidence for lemuria had 
ever been He could show matching

4541
04:15:59,700 --> 04:16:04,000
Rock layers, identical fossils 
and even glacial patterns that 

4542
04:16:04,000 --> 04:16:07,300
made sense only if continents 
had once been connected 

4543
04:16:07,300 --> 04:16:10,700
differently. 
Yet the scientific Community 

4544
04:16:10,700 --> 04:16:14,300
rejected his well evidence 
Theory while some of those same 

4545
04:16:14,300 --> 04:16:16,100
scientists have previously 
entertained. 

4546
04:16:16,100 --> 04:16:19,200
The essentially evidence-free 
notion of sunken continents, 

4547
04:16:19,200 --> 04:16:23,200
this reveals something important
about how scientific acceptance 

4548
04:16:23,200 --> 04:16:25,500
works. 
It's not just about evidence, 

4549
04:16:25,500 --> 04:16:28,700
but about whether a theory fits 
within acceptable Frameworks, 

4550
04:16:28,700 --> 04:16:32,200
land bridges and subsiding 
continents fit, Victorian 

4551
04:16:32,200 --> 04:16:34,000
assumptions about how the Earth 
worked. 

4552
04:16:34,600 --> 04:16:38,200
Moving continents didn't. 
So despite better evidence 

4553
04:16:38,200 --> 04:16:42,800
continental drift languished in 
scientific Purgatory for decades

4554
04:16:42,800 --> 04:16:45,600
but vacant as Theory had planted
a seed. 

4555
04:16:46,600 --> 04:16:49,300
Other researchers began finding 
supporting evidence. 

4556
04:16:50,100 --> 04:16:54,100
Paleo magnetic studies examining
the magnetic orientation of 

4557
04:16:54,100 --> 04:16:57,100
ancient rocks. 
Showed that continents must have

4558
04:16:57,100 --> 04:16:59,100
moved relative to the magnetic 
poles. 

4559
04:17:00,600 --> 04:17:03,900
Mapping the ocean floor revealed
mid-ocean ridges and deep 

4560
04:17:03,900 --> 04:17:07,100
trenches that suggested active 
geological processes. 

4561
04:17:07,100 --> 04:17:10,800
The real breakthrough came in 
the 1966 with the development of

4562
04:17:10,800 --> 04:17:14,200
plate, tectonic theory. 
Scientists realized that the 

4563
04:17:14,200 --> 04:17:18,300
Earth's surface consists of 
massive rigid plates floating on

4564
04:17:18,300 --> 04:17:20,100
a partially molten layer 
beneath. 

4565
04:17:21,000 --> 04:17:24,100
These plates move driven by 
convection currents in the 

4566
04:17:24,108 --> 04:17:28,200
Earth's mantle where plate 
separate new crust forms where 

4567
04:17:28,200 --> 04:17:31,000
they Collide mountains, rise or 
one plate, subducts beneath 

4568
04:17:31,000 --> 04:17:34,100
another plate, tectonics 
explained everything that 

4569
04:17:34,100 --> 04:17:37,200
lemuria had been invented to 
explain, but it did. 

4570
04:17:37,200 --> 04:17:41,100
So with actual evidence and 
testable mechanisms the matching

4571
04:17:41,100 --> 04:17:45,000
fossils on different continents,
they weren't separated by a 

4572
04:17:45,000 --> 04:17:48,300
sunken land bridge but by 
continents that had split apart,

4573
04:17:49,000 --> 04:17:52,800
The distribution of Lemurs 
Madagascar had separated from 

4574
04:17:52,800 --> 04:17:56,000
India, millions of years ago, 
when Africa and the Indian 

4575
04:17:56,000 --> 04:17:59,100
subcontinent were parts of 
gondwana, a southern 

4576
04:17:59,100 --> 04:18:02,900
supercontinent, suddenly lemuria
became scientifically 

4577
04:18:02,900 --> 04:18:06,000
unnecessary. 
The puzzles that had inspired 

4578
04:18:06,000 --> 04:18:09,300
Slaters original hypothesis. 
Now had a better explanation, 

4579
04:18:09,300 --> 04:18:12,800
one supported by evidence from 
ocean floor, mapping, 

4580
04:18:12,800 --> 04:18:17,600
earthquake, patterns, volcanic 
activity, and the continuing 

4581
04:18:17,600 --> 04:18:20,400
movement of continents, that 
could be measured with Precision

4582
04:18:20,400 --> 04:18:22,500
Instruments. 
You might think this would have 

4583
04:18:22,500 --> 04:18:26,500
killed the lemuria myth. 
But mythology doesn't die, just 

4584
04:18:26,500 --> 04:18:28,900
because science provides better,
explanations. 

4585
04:18:29,800 --> 04:18:33,900
Myths persist because they serve
needs that transcend factual 

4586
04:18:33,900 --> 04:18:39,300
accuracy. while geologists 
abandoned lemuria Mystics and 

4587
04:18:39,300 --> 04:18:43,400
alternative historians clung to 
it with renewed further often 

4588
04:18:43,400 --> 04:18:47,100
claiming that mainstream science
was suppressing evidence or that

4589
04:18:47,100 --> 04:18:50,100
spiritual truth, transcended 
mere, physical facts, 

4590
04:18:50,800 --> 04:18:53,200
Scientific. 
Abandonment of lemuria, actually

4591
04:18:53,200 --> 04:18:56,800
freed the myth to become more. 
Elaborate Without the constraint

4592
04:18:56,800 --> 04:19:00,500
of needing to fit geological 
evidence, Lemurian enthusiasts 

4593
04:19:00,500 --> 04:19:02,200
could imagine what ever they 
want it. 

4594
04:19:03,000 --> 04:19:06,200
The Lost Continent, migrated 
between Ocean's depending on who

4595
04:19:06,200 --> 04:19:09,900
was writing about it. 
It civilization's technology 

4596
04:19:09,900 --> 04:19:13,000
became increasingly and 
acronymic and impossible. 

4597
04:19:13,800 --> 04:19:16,800
The reasons for its destruction 
multiplied and diverged. 

4598
04:19:16,800 --> 04:19:20,000
Modern, geology can. 
Now, map the ocean floor with 

4599
04:19:20,000 --> 04:19:23,600
extraordinary Precision, we've 
sent submarines to the deepest 

4600
04:19:23,600 --> 04:19:26,000
trenches and used sonar to 
create detail. 

4601
04:19:26,000 --> 04:19:30,100
Topographical maps of underwater
Terrain, There's no where for a 

4602
04:19:30,100 --> 04:19:33,700
continent sized landmass to hide
the Indian Ocean Floor, shows 

4603
04:19:33,700 --> 04:19:37,300
the expected patterns of plate. 
Tectonics spreading ridges, 

4604
04:19:37,300 --> 04:19:41,600
subduction zones, and Volcanic 
chains, but no evidence of 

4605
04:19:41,600 --> 04:19:45,600
recent Continental, subsidence, 
yet, this definitive absence of 

4606
04:19:45,608 --> 04:19:49,300
evidence hasn't eliminated 
belief in lemuria instead 

4607
04:19:49,300 --> 04:19:53,500
Believers of adapted their 
claims Maybe lemuria existed. 

4608
04:19:53,500 --> 04:19:57,000
So long ago that geological 
processes of erased all traces 

4609
04:19:58,000 --> 04:20:00,400
Maybe it was in a different 
Ocean than originally thought. 

4610
04:20:01,700 --> 04:20:05,300
Maybe it wasn't a physical 
continent but nostril realm that

4611
04:20:05,300 --> 04:20:06,900
existed on a different plane of 
reality. 

4612
04:20:06,900 --> 04:20:11,300
The myth simply evolves to 
survive demonstrating 

4613
04:20:11,300 --> 04:20:15,100
impressive, adaptability, the 
transformation of lemuria from 

4614
04:20:15,100 --> 04:20:17,700
scientific. 
Hypothesis to disproven Theory 

4615
04:20:17,700 --> 04:20:21,100
to persistent myth illustrate, 
something important about how 

4616
04:20:21,100 --> 04:20:24,200
knowledge works. 
Scientific theories are 

4617
04:20:24,200 --> 04:20:27,600
provisional, they stand until 
better explanations emerge. 

4618
04:20:27,600 --> 04:20:30,600
Then gracefully retire, myths 
are different. 

4619
04:20:30,600 --> 04:20:33,800
They're not about explaining 
physical reality, but about 

4620
04:20:33,800 --> 04:20:37,700
meeting cycle and emotional, 
needs disproving a myths. 

4621
04:20:37,700 --> 04:20:39,200
Literal truth, doesn't 
eliminate. 

4622
04:20:39,200 --> 04:20:41,800
Those needs for scientists 
plate. 

4623
04:20:41,800 --> 04:20:44,100
Tectonics. 
Replacing lemuria represents 

4624
04:20:44,100 --> 04:20:46,900
progress better understanding 
built on evidence. 

4625
04:20:47,800 --> 04:20:50,700
For believers science, is 
rejection of lemuria, Might 

4626
04:20:50,700 --> 04:20:54,600
represent closed-mindedness all 
the limitations of materialistic

4627
04:20:54,600 --> 04:20:57,200
thinking. 
These groups were essentially 

4628
04:20:57,200 --> 04:21:01,000
speaking, different languages 
pursuing different goals and 

4629
04:21:01,000 --> 04:21:03,000
measuring success by different 
standards. 

4630
04:21:03,000 --> 04:21:07,200
The story of lemuria scientific 
demise is actually a success 

4631
04:21:07,200 --> 04:21:10,100
story for science. 
A demonstration of how the 

4632
04:21:10,100 --> 04:21:13,300
scientific method eventually 
arrives at better explanations 

4633
04:21:13,300 --> 04:21:15,200
by following evidence, wherever 
it leads. 

4634
04:21:16,300 --> 04:21:19,200
But it's simultaneously a 
demonstration of science is 

4635
04:21:19,200 --> 04:21:21,700
limits. 
Science can explain physical 

4636
04:21:21,700 --> 04:21:25,200
processes but it can't 
necessarily satisfy human 

4637
04:21:25,200 --> 04:21:29,200
yearning for lost Golden Ages or
connections to ancient wisdom. 

4638
04:21:29,200 --> 04:21:31,900
As you settle more comfortably 
into your blankets. 

4639
04:21:31,900 --> 04:21:36,100
Let's explore how lemuria escape
the confines of both scientific 

4640
04:21:36,100 --> 04:21:38,900
journals. 
And a cult Society is to become 

4641
04:21:38,900 --> 04:21:42,900
a presence in our galleries, 
bookstores, and eventually movie

4642
04:21:42,900 --> 04:21:44,800
theater. 
The Lost Continent. 

4643
04:21:44,800 --> 04:21:47,500
Proved irresistible to our 
artists and writers because it 

4644
04:21:47,500 --> 04:21:50,200
offered something precious a 
blank canvas. 

4645
04:21:51,200 --> 04:21:54,400
Unlike actual historical 
civilizations that come burdened

4646
04:21:54,400 --> 04:21:58,300
with inconvenient facts. 
The Murray could be whatever an 

4647
04:21:58,300 --> 04:22:01,600
artist needed it to be. 
It was Eden without biblical 

4648
04:22:01,600 --> 04:22:05,600
constraints Atlantis without 
Plato's philosophical baggage. 

4649
04:22:05,600 --> 04:22:08,800
A lost world limited only by 
imagination. 

4650
04:22:08,800 --> 04:22:12,700
Science fiction writers were 
particularly drawn to Lemurian 

4651
04:22:12,700 --> 04:22:16,300
themes. 
Abraham merits, 1999 novel, the 

4652
04:22:16,300 --> 04:22:19,600
moon pool featured hidden 
Lemurian ruins in Micronesia, 

4653
04:22:19,600 --> 04:22:23,900
complete with ancient technology
and other worldly beings. 

4654
04:22:24,800 --> 04:22:27,600
His Lush dream-like prose. 
Transformed. 

4655
04:22:27,600 --> 04:22:30,800
Lemuria from an abstract concept
into a visceral experience. 

4656
04:22:31,700 --> 04:22:34,200
You could almost smell the 
tropical flowers and feel the 

4657
04:22:34,200 --> 04:22:37,700
humid air of his Lost World. 
These early 20th century 

4658
04:22:37,700 --> 04:22:41,100
adventure stories, treated 
lemuria much as they treated any

4659
04:22:41,100 --> 04:22:45,100
exotic location as a setting for
Western protagonist to have 

4660
04:22:45,100 --> 04:22:48,800
thrilling experiences. 
The actual lemurians often 

4661
04:22:48,800 --> 04:22:52,400
appeared as wise mentors 
mysterious guides or 

4662
04:22:52,400 --> 04:22:56,200
occasionally obstacles to be 
overcome. they were essentially 

4663
04:22:56,200 --> 04:23:00,400
Fantastical versions of the 
noble, savage Trope, filtered 

4664
04:23:00,400 --> 04:23:04,200
through theosophical ideas about
spiritual advancement poets 

4665
04:23:04,200 --> 04:23:08,800
found lemuria equally inspired 
The Lost Continent became a 

4666
04:23:08,800 --> 04:23:12,500
metaphor for vanished, innocence
for knowledge lost to time for 

4667
04:23:12,500 --> 04:23:15,800
the price of hubris. 
In these poetic treatments, 

4668
04:23:15,800 --> 04:23:18,400
lemuria wasn't necessarily 
literal. 

4669
04:23:18,400 --> 04:23:22,600
It was symbolic representing, 
whatever the poet felt had been 

4670
04:23:22,600 --> 04:23:24,400
lost in the transition to 
modernity. 

4671
04:23:25,800 --> 04:23:28,300
Continents. 
Physical existence mattered less

4672
04:23:28,300 --> 04:23:31,300
than its emotional resonance 
visual artists. 

4673
04:23:31,300 --> 04:23:35,100
Produced, countless depictions 
of lemuria each reflecting their

4674
04:23:35,100 --> 04:23:37,000
errors. 
Aesthetic sensibilities. 

4675
04:23:37,900 --> 04:23:41,100
Victorian illustrations showed 
it as a vaguely classical 

4676
04:23:41,100 --> 04:23:45,100
civilization with. 
Toga clad inhabitants and marble

4677
04:23:45,100 --> 04:23:48,200
temples. 
Art Deco interpretations, 

4678
04:23:48,200 --> 04:23:51,900
featured Sleek, geometric 
buildings and stylized figures. 

4679
04:23:52,800 --> 04:23:55,900
1970s New Age art. 
Transformed it into a 

4680
04:23:55,900 --> 04:23:59,200
psychedelic Paradise of crystals
and Cosmic Consciousness. 

4681
04:23:59,200 --> 04:24:01,600
What striking about these 
artistic? 

4682
04:24:01,600 --> 04:24:03,700
Representations is their 
diversity. 

4683
04:24:03,700 --> 04:24:07,900
Unlike historically, attested 
civilizations that must conform 

4684
04:24:07,900 --> 04:24:11,700
to archaeological evidence. 
Lemurian art was constrained 

4685
04:24:11,700 --> 04:24:14,900
only by the artist imagination 
and their audiences 

4686
04:24:14,900 --> 04:24:19,000
expectations. 
This Freedom produced wildly 

4687
04:24:19,000 --> 04:24:22,500
varying Visions from primitive 
tribal societies to 

4688
04:24:22,500 --> 04:24:27,200
technological Utopias sometimes 
within the same decade comic 

4689
04:24:27,200 --> 04:24:29,600
books and Pulp magazines 
embraced lemuria and 

4690
04:24:29,600 --> 04:24:32,500
enthusiastically. 
The continent of appeared in 

4691
04:24:32,500 --> 04:24:36,500
adventure stories, horror tales 
and even superhero comics. 

4692
04:24:37,600 --> 04:24:40,700
Sometimes it was the source of 
mystical artifacts that modern 

4693
04:24:40,700 --> 04:24:44,300
characters sought. 
Sometimes, it provided origin 

4694
04:24:44,300 --> 04:24:47,600
stories for mysterious villains 
or wise mentors. 

4695
04:24:48,600 --> 04:24:51,700
The Lost Continent had become a 
standard element in popular 

4696
04:24:51,700 --> 04:24:56,000
cultures toolkit available for 
whatever narrative purpose or 

4697
04:24:56,000 --> 04:25:00,300
writer needed the 1960s and 
1970s counterculture found. 

4698
04:25:00,300 --> 04:25:03,900
Lemuria particularly appealing 
As young people rejected 

4699
04:25:03,900 --> 04:25:07,800
mainstream society and sought 
alternative, worldviews the Lost

4700
04:25:07,800 --> 04:25:10,900
Continent fit perfectly into 
emerging New Age philosophy. 

4701
04:25:11,700 --> 04:25:15,600
Lemuria represented Humanity. 
Before hierarchies before, 

4702
04:25:15,600 --> 04:25:20,100
pollution before War everything,
the counterculture imagined 

4703
04:25:20,100 --> 04:25:22,500
could exist. 
If only society would Embrace 

4704
04:25:22,500 --> 04:25:27,000
peace, love and Spiritual 
Development, this association 

4705
04:25:27,000 --> 04:25:31,500
with new age culture, cemented 
lemurs, modern image walk in to 

4706
04:25:31,500 --> 04:25:34,800
any metaphysical bookstore and 
you're likely find books about 

4707
04:25:34,800 --> 04:25:37,400
Lemurian. 
Crystals Lemurian, healing 

4708
04:25:37,400 --> 04:25:40,400
techniques or how to channel 
Lemurian spirits. 

4709
04:25:41,400 --> 04:25:44,400
Continent has become thoroughly 
integrated into contemporary 

4710
04:25:44,400 --> 04:25:48,400
alternative, spirituality 
alongside chartres auras and 

4711
04:25:48,400 --> 04:25:52,000
astral projection. 
Musicians of composed Symphonies

4712
04:25:52,000 --> 04:25:55,900
and songs inspired by lemuria. 
Progressive rock bands, wrote 

4713
04:25:55,900 --> 04:26:00,000
concept albums about its fall. 
New Age, musicians, created 

4714
04:26:00,000 --> 04:26:02,500
ambient soundscape, supposedly 
channeling. 

4715
04:26:02,500 --> 04:26:06,400
Lemurian vibrations. 
The Lost Continent even appeared

4716
04:26:06,400 --> 04:26:10,000
in video games, providing 
backstory and mystical elements 

4717
04:26:10,000 --> 04:26:12,800
for Fantasy worlds. 
What's interesting is how 

4718
04:26:12,800 --> 04:26:16,600
lemuria is Artistic and cultural
presence has eclipsed its 

4719
04:26:16,600 --> 04:26:21,600
scientific Origins ask most 
people today about lemuria and 

4720
04:26:21,600 --> 04:26:24,600
they're more likely to mention 
crystals and spiritual Evolution

4721
04:26:24,600 --> 04:26:28,900
than Lima distribution patterns.
The myth has successfully 

4722
04:26:28,900 --> 04:26:32,500
reproduced across cultural 
domains adapting to each new 

4723
04:26:32,500 --> 04:26:35,700
medium while maintaining enough 
consistency to remain 

4724
04:26:35,700 --> 04:26:38,700
recognizable, television and 
film approached. 

4725
04:26:38,700 --> 04:26:41,800
Lemuria more cautiously than 
print media, perhaps because 

4726
04:26:41,800 --> 04:26:45,100
visual media demands more 
concrete depiction Still. 

4727
04:26:45,100 --> 04:26:48,400
The continent has appeared in 
documentaries about loss. 

4728
04:26:48,400 --> 04:26:52,300
Civilization's usually framed as
some people believe, segments, 

4729
04:26:52,300 --> 04:26:54,200
that present claims without 
endorsement. 

4730
04:26:55,100 --> 04:26:58,800
These presentations often treat,
lemuria alongside Atlantis and 

4731
04:26:58,800 --> 04:27:02,400
other legendary places, rarely 
acknowledging, that lemuria 

4732
04:27:02,400 --> 04:27:07,500
unlike Atlantis originated as a 
serious scientific hypothesis. 

4733
04:27:07,500 --> 04:27:11,000
The internet age has been 
remarkably kind to lemuria 

4734
04:27:11,800 --> 04:27:13,700
Websites devoted to the Lost 
Continent. 

4735
04:27:13,700 --> 04:27:17,500
Proliferate offering everything 
from supposedly historical 

4736
04:27:17,500 --> 04:27:20,600
accounts to guide his 
meditations for connecting with 

4737
04:27:20,600 --> 04:27:23,900
Lemurian energy. 
YouTube features, countless 

4738
04:27:23,900 --> 04:27:27,900
videos about lemuria ranging 
from Earnest spiritual teachings

4739
04:27:27,900 --> 04:27:32,100
to critical debunking. 
The democratization of content. 

4740
04:27:32,100 --> 04:27:36,200
Creation means lemuria can be 
endlessly reinvented by anyone 

4741
04:27:36,200 --> 04:27:38,200
with a camera and an internet 
connection. 

4742
04:27:38,200 --> 04:27:41,900
Social media has created 
communities of lemuria believers

4743
04:27:41,900 --> 04:27:44,700
who share experiences theories 
and art. 

4744
04:27:45,600 --> 04:27:48,700
These digital spaces function, 
similarly to Victorian 

4745
04:27:48,700 --> 04:27:52,000
spiritualist, societies 
communities of seekers 

4746
04:27:52,000 --> 04:27:54,500
supporting each other's 
explorations of alternative 

4747
04:27:54,500 --> 04:27:56,500
histories and spiritual 
possibilities. 

4748
04:27:57,200 --> 04:28:00,400
The technology is modern, but 
the impulses are ancient. 

4749
04:28:00,400 --> 04:28:04,300
What all these artistic and 
cultural manifestation share, is

4750
04:28:04,300 --> 04:28:07,700
a sense that lemuria represents 
something missing from Modern 

4751
04:28:07,700 --> 04:28:10,400
Life. 
Whether that's spiritual wisdom,

4752
04:28:10,400 --> 04:28:15,100
harmony with nature advance, but
lost technology, or simply the 

4753
04:28:15,100 --> 04:28:18,400
romance of mystery. 
The Lost Continent serves, as a 

4754
04:28:18,408 --> 04:28:20,400
receptacle, for contemporary 
longings. 

4755
04:28:20,400 --> 04:28:24,200
Projected onto an imaginary 
passed as we approach the end of

4756
04:28:24,200 --> 04:28:26,300
our journey. 
Let's consider what lemuria 

4757
04:28:26,300 --> 04:28:28,800
means. 
Now, in our own time, when 

4758
04:28:28,800 --> 04:28:32,500
satellite imagery has mapped 
every inch of the planet and 

4759
04:28:32,500 --> 04:28:35,200
scientific understanding of 
Earth's history is more 

4760
04:28:35,200 --> 04:28:38,300
comprehensive than ever. 
The story of lemuria is 

4761
04:28:38,300 --> 04:28:42,300
ultimately a story about human 
imagination and its relationship

4762
04:28:42,300 --> 04:28:45,400
with evidence. 
It demonstrates how easily 

4763
04:28:45,400 --> 04:28:49,000
scientific hypotheses can 
transform into myths when they 

4764
04:28:49,000 --> 04:28:51,000
tap into deeper needs and 
desires. 

4765
04:28:51,000 --> 04:28:55,000
It shows how myths persist 
despite contrary evidence 

4766
04:28:55,000 --> 04:28:59,300
because they serve purposes that
transcend factual accuracy, let 

4767
04:28:59,300 --> 04:29:02,400
me is Journey from Zoological 
puzzle to spiritual Homeland 

4768
04:29:02,400 --> 04:29:05,200
reveals something important 
about the Victorian era that 

4769
04:29:05,200 --> 04:29:08,200
created it. 
That was a time of enormous 

4770
04:29:08,200 --> 04:29:11,700
confidence in human 
understanding, but also deep 

4771
04:29:11,700 --> 04:29:14,200
anxiety about Humanity's place 
in the universe. 

4772
04:29:15,100 --> 04:29:18,500
Darwin had displaced humans from
their special Creation in 

4773
04:29:18,500 --> 04:29:20,900
industrialization. 
A disrupted traditional 

4774
04:29:20,900 --> 04:29:24,700
communities, traditional 
religious certainty was eroding.

4775
04:29:25,800 --> 04:29:29,400
The muria offered Comfort. 
A suggestion that Humanity had 

4776
04:29:29,400 --> 04:29:33,300
once achieved greatness and 
might do so again the myth also 

4777
04:29:33,300 --> 04:29:37,200
reflects Colonial, attitude and 
anxiety is The idea that 

4778
04:29:37,200 --> 04:29:40,600
isolated primitive people's 
might be degraded remnants of 

4779
04:29:40,600 --> 04:29:43,100
advanced civilization's 
Justified. 

4780
04:29:43,100 --> 04:29:46,400
Colonialism while explaining 
cultural differences in ways 

4781
04:29:46,400 --> 04:29:50,200
that preserved European 
superiority, even as it critique

4782
04:29:50,200 --> 04:29:54,100
modern civilization to flaws. 
The Murray in mythology, often 

4783
04:29:54,100 --> 04:29:57,000
embedded racist, assumptions 
about human development and 

4784
04:29:57,000 --> 04:30:00,100
achievement, modern Believers in
lemuria face. 

4785
04:30:00,100 --> 04:30:02,700
Different challenges than their 
Victorian predecessors. 

4786
04:30:02,700 --> 04:30:06,100
They must navigate a world where
a murias scientific 

4787
04:30:06,100 --> 04:30:09,400
impossibilities. 
Well, established, This has led 

4788
04:30:09,408 --> 04:30:12,700
to interesting adaptations. 
Some locate lemuria in 

4789
04:30:12,708 --> 04:30:14,700
increasingly remote time 
periods. 

4790
04:30:14,700 --> 04:30:18,700
Hundreds of millions of years 
ago, when geological evidence 

4791
04:30:18,700 --> 04:30:22,200
becomes murkier. 
Others shift from physical to 

4792
04:30:22,200 --> 04:30:26,500
metaphysical claims suggesting 
lemuria existed on spiritual 

4793
04:30:26,500 --> 04:30:30,600
rather than material planes. 
The Persistence of the lemuria 

4794
04:30:30,600 --> 04:30:34,300
belief, despite scientific 
consensus reveals the limits of 

4795
04:30:34,300 --> 04:30:37,200
scientific Authority and shaping
public imagination. 

4796
04:30:38,000 --> 04:30:41,400
Science can establish facts 
about the physical world, but it

4797
04:30:41,400 --> 04:30:44,500
cannot dictate what stories 
people find meaningful or what 

4798
04:30:44,500 --> 04:30:48,700
beliefs serve their cycle needs.
This is both science is 

4799
04:30:48,700 --> 04:30:52,100
limitation and its strength. 
It constrains itself to 

4800
04:30:52,100 --> 04:30:55,000
answerable questions, rather 
than claiming authority over 

4801
04:30:55,000 --> 04:30:58,600
human meaning, making lemuria 
has also become a case, study 

4802
04:30:58,600 --> 04:31:01,900
and how to approach dubious 
claims without dismissing the 

4803
04:31:01,900 --> 04:31:05,600
people who hold them. 
Skeptics who simply mockery of 

4804
04:31:05,600 --> 04:31:08,100
Believers. 
Often miss the opportunity to 

4805
04:31:08,100 --> 04:31:10,200
understand why the myth remains 
of healing. 

4806
04:31:11,000 --> 04:31:14,900
The Lost Continent addresses. 
Real needs for one for 

4807
04:31:14,900 --> 04:31:18,100
connection to something greater 
than oneself and for 

4808
04:31:18,100 --> 04:31:20,500
alternatives to materialistic 
reductionism. 

4809
04:31:20,500 --> 04:31:23,900
The educational challenge is 
finding ways to teach critical 

4810
04:31:23,900 --> 04:31:26,300
thinking while respecting 
people's need for meaning. 

4811
04:31:27,200 --> 04:31:29,600
Explaining why lemuria is 
geologically. 

4812
04:31:29,600 --> 04:31:31,400
Impossible is relatively 
straightforward. 

4813
04:31:32,600 --> 04:31:36,100
Helping people understand what 
needs the myth serves and 

4814
04:31:36,100 --> 04:31:38,700
finding better ways to meet 
those needs is much harder. 

4815
04:31:38,700 --> 04:31:41,900
But ultimately more important 
lemuria has left. 

4816
04:31:41,900 --> 04:31:45,300
Its mark on language and culture
in ways that persist regardless 

4817
04:31:45,300 --> 04:31:47,300
of belief in its literal 
existence. 

4818
04:31:48,500 --> 04:31:52,100
When someone refers to an idea, 
as lemuria vague 

4819
04:31:52,100 --> 04:31:56,100
unsubstantiated, but appealing 
their drawing on the Lost 

4820
04:31:56,100 --> 04:32:00,100
continents Legacy. 
Terms become short-hand for a 

4821
04:32:00,100 --> 04:32:02,600
particular kind of attractive 
but unfounded speculation. 

4822
04:32:02,600 --> 04:32:06,400
The myth has also influenced 
legitimate archeology and 

4823
04:32:06,400 --> 04:32:10,400
anthropology by creating 
expectations and interpretations

4824
04:32:10,400 --> 04:32:14,600
that researchers must navigate 
when unusual artifact or 

4825
04:32:14,600 --> 04:32:18,100
structures are discovered, 
someone inevitably suggest 

4826
04:32:18,100 --> 04:32:22,700
Lemurian Origins, This forces 
scientists to repeatedly 

4827
04:32:22,700 --> 04:32:26,600
explained dating methods, 
construction technique's, and 

4828
04:32:26,600 --> 04:32:29,900
cultural contexts. 
Which can be frustrating but 

4829
04:32:29,900 --> 04:32:33,700
also provides opportunities for 
public education about how we 

4830
04:32:33,700 --> 04:32:37,800
actually understand the past. 
Perhaps lemuria is most lasting 

4831
04:32:37,800 --> 04:32:41,300
contribution is as a reminder of
science is provisional nature. 

4832
04:32:42,500 --> 04:32:46,000
Scientific theories that gave 
birth to lemuria seemed sound 

4833
04:32:46,000 --> 04:32:49,700
based on available evidence. 
Scientists weren't being foolish

4834
04:32:49,700 --> 04:32:51,600
or credulous. 
They were working with 

4835
04:32:51,600 --> 04:32:54,900
incomplete information and 
proposing, explanations that fit

4836
04:32:54,900 --> 04:32:57,000
their understanding of how the 
world worked. 

4837
04:32:57,600 --> 04:33:01,400
That those explanations proved 
incorrect, doesn't diminish, the

4838
04:33:01,400 --> 04:33:04,400
legitimate scientific process 
that generated them. 

4839
04:33:04,400 --> 04:33:07,599
This should make us humble about
current scientific consensus. 

4840
04:33:07,599 --> 04:33:11,500
Not every Theory will be 
overturned, but history suggests

4841
04:33:11,500 --> 04:33:14,800
that some of what we consider 
establish fact will be revised 

4842
04:33:14,800 --> 04:33:18,700
as understanding deepens. 
The scientific method strength 

4843
04:33:18,700 --> 04:33:22,300
lies in its self-correction. 
Its willingness to abandon even 

4844
04:33:22,300 --> 04:33:25,099
cherished theories. 
When evidence demands it at the 

4845
04:33:25,108 --> 04:33:28,300
same time, Aurora's 
transformation from hypothesis 

4846
04:33:28,300 --> 04:33:32,300
to myth, Demonstrates, the 
danger of premature certainly. 

4847
04:33:33,500 --> 04:33:36,200
Ease with which Victorian 
scientists accepted the 

4848
04:33:36,200 --> 04:33:39,200
subsiding continent hypothesis 
suggests. 

4849
04:33:39,200 --> 04:33:42,200
They were too quick to embrace 
convenient explanations. 

4850
04:33:42,200 --> 04:33:45,700
This is a trap that each 
generation of scientists must 

4851
04:33:45,700 --> 04:33:49,900
guard against the temptation to 
accept explanations that fit 

4852
04:33:49,900 --> 04:33:54,000
expectations, rather than 
demanding rigorous proof, the 

4853
04:33:54,000 --> 04:33:57,500
Believers in lemuria, the myth 
offer something science, cannot 

4854
04:33:58,300 --> 04:34:00,800
A sense of enchantment in a 
disenchanted world. 

4855
04:34:01,800 --> 04:34:04,500
It suggests that reality is 
larger and Stranger Than 

4856
04:34:04,500 --> 04:34:08,599
mainstream understanding allows 
that mystery persists, despite 

4857
04:34:08,599 --> 04:34:12,800
scientific explanation and that 
rationality doesn't exhaust the 

4858
04:34:12,808 --> 04:34:14,900
possibilities of Human 
Experience. 

4859
04:34:15,800 --> 04:34:18,900
These are important needs that 
deserve respect even when 

4860
04:34:18,900 --> 04:34:21,500
specific beliefs don't deserve 
acceptance. 

4861
04:34:21,500 --> 04:34:25,700
The question isn't, whether 
lemuria existed geologically? 

4862
04:34:25,700 --> 04:34:28,500
It didn't. 
The interesting question is why 

4863
04:34:28,500 --> 04:34:30,000
people continue to believe in 
it? 

4864
04:34:30,000 --> 04:34:31,800
And what that belief does for 
them. 

4865
04:34:32,599 --> 04:34:35,900
Some are drawn to the narrative.
Spiritual elements finding 

4866
04:34:35,900 --> 04:34:39,000
meaning in Lemurian teachings 
about Consciousness and human 

4867
04:34:39,000 --> 04:34:42,000
potential. 
Others, appreciate the myths, 

4868
04:34:42,000 --> 04:34:46,200
critique of modern civilization,
using lemuria as a lens for 

4869
04:34:46,200 --> 04:34:48,900
examining what contemporary 
Society might be missing. 

4870
04:34:48,900 --> 04:34:52,599
Young people today, discovering 
lemuria often approach it 

4871
04:34:52,599 --> 04:34:55,599
differently than earlier 
Generations, many treated as 

4872
04:34:55,599 --> 04:34:58,500
aesthetic. 
Inspirational Lemurian imagery 

4873
04:34:58,500 --> 04:35:02,500
for art musical fashion without 
committing to literal belief. 

4874
04:35:03,400 --> 04:35:06,599
This ironic or aesthetic 
appropriation represents another

4875
04:35:06,599 --> 04:35:11,099
evolution of the myth one that 
values lemurs imaginative power 

4876
04:35:11,099 --> 04:35:13,599
while acknowledging its factual 
problems. 

4877
04:35:13,599 --> 04:35:18,200
As you prepare for Sleep, 
consider this Lemuria never 

4878
04:35:18,200 --> 04:35:22,900
existed as a physical place, but
it exists very much as an idea. 

4879
04:35:23,800 --> 04:35:26,900
Map showing its location, have 
influenced, thought, and culture

4880
04:35:26,900 --> 04:35:30,300
for over a century. 
Books, describing its 

4881
04:35:30,300 --> 04:35:32,500
civilization Line library 
shelves. 

4882
04:35:33,200 --> 04:35:36,000
Art depicting, its Landscapes, 
hangs and galleries. 

4883
04:35:36,000 --> 04:35:40,200
The lost continent is imaginary,
but it's affects a real, this 

4884
04:35:40,200 --> 04:35:43,700
Paradox that fictional places 
can have genuine consequences. 

4885
04:35:43,700 --> 04:35:46,700
Tells us something profound 
about human nature. 

4886
04:35:47,800 --> 04:35:50,300
We are storytelling creatures, 
who create meaning through 

4887
04:35:50,300 --> 04:35:53,900
narrative facts matter, but 
stories matter too. 

4888
04:35:53,900 --> 04:35:56,400
And sometimes they matter in 
different ways. 

4889
04:35:56,400 --> 04:35:59,800
The blank spaces on these 
Victorian Maps, weren't really 

4890
04:35:59,800 --> 04:36:02,200
blank, they were full of 
possibility. 

4891
04:36:03,800 --> 04:36:06,599
When explorers finally Maps, 
those spaces and found only 

4892
04:36:06,599 --> 04:36:09,599
water coral, reefs and volcanic 
islands. 

4893
04:36:09,599 --> 04:36:13,200
They eliminated geographical 
mystery but couldn't eliminate 

4894
04:36:13,200 --> 04:36:16,800
the human need for Wonder 
lemuria filled that need. 

4895
04:36:16,800 --> 04:36:19,900
And when physical geography, 
could no longer accommodate it. 

4896
04:36:19,900 --> 04:36:24,300
The myth simply migrated to 
other territories, the distant 

4897
04:36:24,300 --> 04:36:29,300
past alternative Dimensions, 
spiritual Realms, your own life,

4898
04:36:29,300 --> 04:36:32,700
probably contains equivalent 
blank spaces periods. 

4899
04:36:32,700 --> 04:36:35,200
You don't fully remember 
possibilities. 

4900
04:36:35,200 --> 04:36:39,900
Not pursued, Futures, that might
have been Like Victorian 

4901
04:36:39,900 --> 04:36:42,800
cartographers filling, unknown 
oceans with speculative 

4902
04:36:42,800 --> 04:36:46,300
continents, you've probably 
populated your blank spaces with

4903
04:36:46,300 --> 04:36:48,099
imagine what ifs and might have 
been. 

4904
04:36:48,099 --> 04:36:53,400
This isn't foolishness, it's 
imagination and Imagination is 

4905
04:36:53,400 --> 04:36:57,599
as fundamental to human nature. 
As reason the story of lemuria 

4906
04:36:57,599 --> 04:36:59,800
teaches us to hold our 
certainties lightly. 

4907
04:37:00,500 --> 04:37:03,500
The Victorian scientists who 
proposed sunken continents, 

4908
04:37:03,500 --> 04:37:06,500
weren't stupid, they were 
working with incomplete 

4909
04:37:06,500 --> 04:37:10,099
information and doing their best
to explain genuine Mysteries. 

4910
04:37:10,099 --> 04:37:14,599
The mystics who elaborated, the 
myth weren't all frauds, many 

4911
04:37:14,599 --> 04:37:17,800
genuinely sought, meaning in a 
world that seemed increasingly 

4912
04:37:17,800 --> 04:37:21,099
meaningless. 
Even modern Believers in lemuria

4913
04:37:21,099 --> 04:37:24,500
are necessarily credulous. 
There are often thoughtful 

4914
04:37:24,500 --> 04:37:27,900
people who have decided that 
spiritual truth and scientific 

4915
04:37:27,900 --> 04:37:29,900
fact operate in different 
domains. 

4916
04:37:29,900 --> 04:37:33,700
This doesn't mean all beliefs 
are equally valid or that we 

4917
04:37:33,700 --> 04:37:35,300
should abandon critical 
thinking. 

4918
04:37:36,400 --> 04:37:39,000
Scientific evidence. 
Clearly demonstrates that no 

4919
04:37:39,000 --> 04:37:42,300
continent sized land. 
Mass has subsided in the Indian 

4920
04:37:42,300 --> 04:37:45,000
or Pacific Ocean within the 
time. 

4921
04:37:45,000 --> 04:37:46,700
Frame relevant to human 
evolution. 

4922
04:37:46,700 --> 04:37:50,599
Plate tectonics explains the 
distribution of species and 

4923
04:37:50,599 --> 04:37:55,000
geological formations without 
requiring lost continents, these

4924
04:37:55,000 --> 04:37:58,900
facts matter and respecting 
evidence matters but facts, 

4925
04:37:58,900 --> 04:38:03,500
don't exhaust reality. the human
need for, Wonder for connection 

4926
04:38:03,500 --> 04:38:06,599
to something greater than 
ourselves, the narratives that 

4927
04:38:06,608 --> 04:38:09,599
give life meaning These are also
real. 

4928
04:38:10,599 --> 04:38:14,300
Lemuria persists not because 
evidence supports it but because

4929
04:38:14,300 --> 04:38:17,300
it addresses needs that evidence
cannot satisfy. 

4930
04:38:18,200 --> 04:38:21,400
Understanding this helps us 
appreciate why myths endure and 

4931
04:38:21,400 --> 04:38:24,400
what purposes? 
They serve the 21st century 

4932
04:38:24,400 --> 04:38:27,300
presents us with fewer, 
geographical blank spaces than 

4933
04:38:27,300 --> 04:38:30,800
the victorians enjoyed, but 
we've discovered new Realms of 

4934
04:38:30,800 --> 04:38:34,000
mystery. 
The ocean depths remain largely 

4935
04:38:34,000 --> 04:38:37,500
unexplored. 
Quantum realm behaves in ways 

4936
04:38:37,500 --> 04:38:41,099
that defy intuition, 
Consciousness itself remains 

4937
04:38:41,099 --> 04:38:43,500
mysterious despite advances in 
neuroscience. 

4938
04:38:44,599 --> 04:38:47,400
Perhaps these modern Mysteries. 
Will inspire new myths? 

4939
04:38:47,900 --> 04:38:51,500
New lemuria suited to 
contemporary needs what we can 

4940
04:38:51,500 --> 04:38:53,900
learn from. 
Lemuria story is the importance 

4941
04:38:53,900 --> 04:38:56,300
of distinguishing between 
different kinds of Truth. 

4942
04:38:57,200 --> 04:39:01,300
Scientific truth based on 
evidence and testing tells us 

4943
04:39:01,300 --> 04:39:05,500
what physically exists. 
Mythological truth based on 

4944
04:39:05,500 --> 04:39:09,000
meaning and narrative tells us 
what we need psychologically and

4945
04:39:09,000 --> 04:39:11,700
spiritually. 
The problems arise. 

4946
04:39:11,700 --> 04:39:14,700
When we confuse these 
categories, when myths, claim 

4947
04:39:14,700 --> 04:39:18,000
scientific Authority, they don't
have or when science claims to 

4948
04:39:18,000 --> 04:39:19,700
answer questions Beyond its 
scope. 

4949
04:39:19,700 --> 04:39:23,099
He mature relationship with 
beliefs like lemuria involves 

4950
04:39:23,099 --> 04:39:26,400
appreciating, what they offer 
while technology what they lack.

4951
04:39:27,599 --> 04:39:30,599
You can find meaning in Lemurian
mythologies, emphasis on 

4952
04:39:30,608 --> 04:39:34,500
Spiritual Development without 
believing in literal, Lemurian 

4953
04:39:34,500 --> 04:39:37,099
civilizations. 
You can use the myths 

4954
04:39:37,099 --> 04:39:40,200
inspiration for art or 
meditation without making 

4955
04:39:40,200 --> 04:39:45,300
factual claims about geography. 
This both respects the myths, 

4956
04:39:45,300 --> 04:39:48,000
power and maintains intellectual
honesty. 

4957
04:39:48,000 --> 04:39:51,800
The scientist who debunked 
lemuria didn't destroy anything 

4958
04:39:51,800 --> 04:39:55,800
valuable They clarified, our 
understanding of Earth's actual 

4959
04:39:55,800 --> 04:39:58,900
history, which is fascinating 
enough without fictional 

4960
04:39:58,900 --> 04:40:01,800
continents. 
The real story of gondwana 

4961
04:40:01,800 --> 04:40:05,200
breaking apart of India, 
colliding, with Asia, to create 

4962
04:40:05,200 --> 04:40:08,800
the Himalayas of Australia. 
Drifting North while carrying 

4963
04:40:08,800 --> 04:40:12,400
its unique marsupial. 
Foreigner, this is genuinely 

4964
04:40:12,400 --> 04:40:15,700
wonderous, We don't need 
imaginary continents. 

4965
04:40:15,700 --> 04:40:18,000
When actual geological history 
is so remarkable. 

4966
04:40:18,000 --> 04:40:21,300
Yet, something is lost when we 
eliminate all mystery. 

4967
04:40:21,300 --> 04:40:24,800
When every blank space gets 
filled with verified facts, 

4968
04:40:25,800 --> 04:40:29,000
Tension between knowledge and 
wonder between explanation. 

4969
04:40:29,000 --> 04:40:32,600
And in enchantment, is one that 
each generation must navigate 

4970
04:40:32,600 --> 04:40:35,800
for itself. 
Perhaps the healthiest approach 

4971
04:40:35,800 --> 04:40:39,700
is maintaining both. 
Scientific literacy about how 

4972
04:40:39,700 --> 04:40:43,900
the world actually works coupled
with appreciation for the human 

4973
04:40:43,900 --> 04:40:46,600
imagination. 
That can conceive of lost 

4974
04:40:46,600 --> 04:40:50,400
continents, ancient 
civilizations, and spiritual 

4975
04:40:50,400 --> 04:40:54,400
truths, Beyond material reality.
The maurya reminds us that 

4976
04:40:54,400 --> 04:40:58,100
humans have always been meaning 
makers storytellers who shape 

4977
04:40:58,100 --> 04:41:00,600
our understanding through 
narrative, as much as through 

4978
04:41:00,600 --> 04:41:04,300
observation. 
This is neither a flaw, nor a 

4979
04:41:04,300 --> 04:41:08,000
virtue, it's simply what we are 
the challenges doing it. 

4980
04:41:08,000 --> 04:41:11,200
Consciously with awareness of, 
when we're making claims about 

4981
04:41:11,200 --> 04:41:13,800
physical reality. 
And when we're expressing 

4982
04:41:13,800 --> 04:41:17,400
psychological needs through 
metaphor and myth, as you drift 

4983
04:41:17,400 --> 04:41:20,800
towards sleep, you might dream 
of Tropical Islands, appearing 

4984
04:41:20,800 --> 04:41:24,900
on empty ocean Horizon of 
ancient temples emerging from 

4985
04:41:24,900 --> 04:41:28,600
missed of civilizations that 
never were, but somehow feel 

4986
04:41:28,600 --> 04:41:31,600
real in the way that dreams feel
real. 

4987
04:41:32,500 --> 04:41:35,200
These dreams can connect you to 
everyone who has ever wondered 

4988
04:41:35,200 --> 04:41:38,500
about what lies beyond the 
known, who was populated blank 

4989
04:41:38,500 --> 04:41:42,300
spaces with possibility and who 
has found meaning and stories. 

4990
04:41:42,300 --> 04:41:46,000
That transcend faced The 
victorians Who imagined lemuria 

4991
04:41:46,000 --> 04:41:48,300
were trying to solve real 
puzzles with the tools they had 

4992
04:41:48,300 --> 04:41:52,500
available, When better tools 
revealed better answers, the 

4993
04:41:52,500 --> 04:41:55,400
scientific hypothesis correctly 
faded away. 

4994
04:41:57,100 --> 04:42:01,200
But the myth persists because it
serves different needs needs for

4995
04:42:01,200 --> 04:42:03,900
wonderful. 
Alternative possibilities for 

4996
04:42:03,900 --> 04:42:07,600
narratives that suggests human. 
Existence is larger and more 

4997
04:42:07,600 --> 04:42:11,300
meaningful than materialistic 
reduction allows tomorrow when 

4998
04:42:11,300 --> 04:42:14,500
you wake, you'll inhabit, a 
thoroughly mapped, World 

4999
04:42:14,500 --> 04:42:18,600
satellites are photographed, 
every square mile of land and 

5000
04:42:18,600 --> 04:42:20,600
sea. 
We know where continents are, 

5001
04:42:20,600 --> 04:42:23,700
how they've moved. 
And why lemurs live where they 

5002
04:42:23,700 --> 04:42:25,700
do? 
This is progress. 

5003
04:42:25,700 --> 04:42:30,700
Genuine valuable progress, that 
expands human understanding and 

5004
04:42:30,700 --> 04:42:33,400
capability. 
But you'll also wake to a world 

5005
04:42:33,400 --> 04:42:36,800
that still contains mystery 
still offers possibilities for 

5006
04:42:36,800 --> 04:42:39,300
one day and still invite 
imagination. 

5007
04:42:39,300 --> 04:42:42,200
Even in the absence of 
geographical blank spaces. 

5008
04:42:43,300 --> 04:42:46,800
The human capacity to dream up 
lost continents hasn't 

5009
04:42:46,800 --> 04:42:50,300
disappeared, just because we've 
mapped the ocean floor, it 

5010
04:42:50,300 --> 04:42:54,300
simply found new outlets, New 
Frontiers, and new blank spaces 

5011
04:42:54,300 --> 04:42:58,500
to populate with possibility. 
Lemuria was born from lemurs and

5012
04:42:58,500 --> 04:43:02,100
scientific puzzles, transformed 
by spiritual Seekers and 

5013
04:43:02,100 --> 04:43:07,000
romantic dreamers elaborated by 
artists and writers and survives

5014
04:43:07,000 --> 04:43:08,900
today. 
As an idea, that means different

5015
04:43:08,900 --> 04:43:12,000
things to different people. 
It's a testament to human 

5016
04:43:12,000 --> 04:43:14,700
imagination. 
A cautionary tale about 

5017
04:43:14,700 --> 04:43:18,000
premature certainty. 
And a reminder that the stories 

5018
04:43:18,000 --> 04:43:22,000
we tell ourselves are as much a 
part of human reality as the 

5019
04:43:22,000 --> 04:43:24,500
facts. 
We discover the Lost Continent, 

5020
04:43:24,500 --> 04:43:28,900
never existed but the need to 
address is a real The 

5021
04:43:28,900 --> 04:43:32,200
civilization's described by 
Mystics, never flourished. 

5022
04:43:32,200 --> 04:43:36,600
But the yearning for Golden Ages
and spiritual wisdom is genuine.

5023
04:43:37,400 --> 04:43:41,300
The geographical hypothesis was 
wrong the impulse to explain 

5024
04:43:41,300 --> 04:43:44,100
puzzling, observations were 
scientifically legitimate. 

5025
04:43:45,000 --> 04:43:49,300
Lemuria is false but not 
meaningless a sleep approaches. 

5026
04:43:49,300 --> 04:43:52,900
Let lemuria remind you that the 
boundary between fact and 

5027
04:43:52,900 --> 04:43:57,200
fiction between knowledge and 
Imagination and between science 

5028
04:43:57,200 --> 04:44:00,200
and myth is more permeable than 
we often acknowledge. 

5029
04:44:01,200 --> 04:44:04,200
We need rigorous thinking to 
understand how the world works. 

5030
04:44:04,200 --> 04:44:07,700
But we also need imagination to 
Envision how it might be 

5031
04:44:07,700 --> 04:44:11,900
different. we need evidence to 
guide our beliefs but we also 

5032
04:44:11,900 --> 04:44:15,200
need narratives to give our 
lives meaning The story of 

5033
04:44:15,200 --> 04:44:19,600
lemuria is ultimately hopeful, 
it shows that humans have always

5034
04:44:19,600 --> 04:44:23,200
looked at mystery and tried to 
understand it, have always faced

5035
04:44:23,200 --> 04:44:26,800
the unknown and tried to map it 
and have always encountered 

5036
04:44:26,800 --> 04:44:29,200
limits and tried to transcend 
them. 

5037
04:44:30,000 --> 04:44:33,500
Sometimes are answers are wrong,
but the questions reveal, what 

5038
04:44:33,500 --> 04:44:38,900
matters to her connection 
meaning wonder and the Eternal 

5039
04:44:38,900 --> 04:44:41,100
human impulse to explore beyond 
the known. 

5040
04:44:41,100 --> 04:44:43,900
So sleep. 
Well, knowing your part of a 

5041
04:44:43,900 --> 04:44:46,800
species that can imagine entire 
continents in to existence. 

5042
04:44:46,800 --> 04:44:52,300
And then with equal creativity, 
use the scientific method to 

5043
04:44:52,300 --> 04:44:57,600
discover what actually exists. 
Both capabilities imagination 

5044
04:44:57,600 --> 04:45:01,800
and investigation, make us 
human, neither is complete 

5045
04:45:01,800 --> 04:45:05,000
without the other, the blank 
spaces on Victorian maps are 

5046
04:45:05,000 --> 04:45:08,200
filled now, but new blank 
spaces, always emerge. 

5047
04:45:09,000 --> 04:45:12,300
The questions that inspired 
lemuria are answered but new 

5048
04:45:12,300 --> 04:45:17,600
questions constantly arise. the 
lost continent has been found in

5049
04:45:17,600 --> 04:45:22,600
myth in art in culture and in 
the persistent human need for 

5050
04:45:22,600 --> 04:45:26,700
stories that transcend, the 
merely factual lemuria reminds 

5051
04:45:26,700 --> 04:45:30,500
us that we are fundamentally 
explorers, not just a physical 

5052
04:45:30,500 --> 04:45:34,600
geography, but of possibility of
meaning of the territories where

5053
04:45:34,600 --> 04:45:38,900
fact, and Imagination 
intertwine, we map what we find 

5054
04:45:38,900 --> 04:45:43,000
but we also dream of what might 
be We correct our mistakes but 

5055
04:45:43,000 --> 04:45:46,600
we never stop creating new 
visions and perhaps that's the 

5056
04:45:46,600 --> 04:45:50,300
truest Legacy of lemuria not as 
a cautionary tale about 

5057
04:45:50,300 --> 04:45:52,600
scientific era or an example of 
gullibility. 

5058
04:45:52,600 --> 04:45:56,000
But as a testament to the 
indomitable human spirit. 

5059
04:45:56,000 --> 04:46:00,100
That looks at an empty ocean and
imagines continents that 

5060
04:46:00,100 --> 04:46:04,300
scattered species and envisions 
Bridges at apparent limitations,

5061
04:46:04,300 --> 04:46:09,000
and dreams of transcendence, the
lost continent is found not 

5062
04:46:09,000 --> 04:46:12,100
where Maps suggested not, where 
Mystics claimed. 

5063
04:46:12,100 --> 04:46:15,700
But in the persistent, human 
capacity to populate blank 

5064
04:46:15,700 --> 04:46:20,100
spaces with Wonder to create 
meaning from Mystery and to keep

5065
04:46:20,100 --> 04:46:23,600
exploring long after the maps 
complete dream, well of 

5066
04:46:23,600 --> 04:46:26,800
contents, that never were, but 
somehow remain more real than 

5067
04:46:26,800 --> 04:46:30,400
many things that are. 
Dream of the blank spaces where 

5068
04:46:30,400 --> 04:46:33,800
possibility lives of the 
questions that Inspire both 

5069
04:46:33,800 --> 04:46:37,800
science and story and of the 
Eternal human Journey between 

5070
04:46:37,800 --> 04:46:40,200
what we know. 
And what we imagine for in the 

5071
04:46:40,208 --> 04:46:45,000
end lemuria teaches us this the 
maps we make of the world matter

5072
04:46:45,000 --> 04:46:47,600
but so do the maps we make of 
meaning. 

5073
04:46:48,500 --> 04:46:52,300
Physical geography, constrains, 
where continents can be but 

5074
04:46:52,300 --> 04:46:56,200
imagination has no such limits. 
Reality defines. 

5075
04:46:56,200 --> 04:46:58,800
What is? 
But humans have always been more

5076
04:46:58,800 --> 04:47:03,000
interested in what could be What
Might Have Been and what Stories

5077
04:47:03,000 --> 04:47:06,900
We Tell ourselves about both. 
So rest, now in this thoroughly,

5078
04:47:06,900 --> 04:47:09,900
maped, world, that still 
contains infinite mystery. 

5079
04:47:09,900 --> 04:47:13,800
This evidence based reality that
still accommodates one day. 

5080
04:47:13,800 --> 04:47:17,000
This scientific age that still 
needs myth. 

5081
04:47:18,000 --> 04:47:21,000
Lemuria is gone or rather never 
was. 

5082
04:47:21,800 --> 04:47:25,500
But its Legacy endures in every 
human who looks at the unknown 

5083
04:47:25,500 --> 04:47:29,300
and dares to imagine sweet 
dreams of lost worlds, and 

5084
04:47:29,300 --> 04:47:33,600
found, wisdom of blank spaces 
filled with possibility of the 

5085
04:47:33,608 --> 04:47:36,900
Eternal dance between knowledge 
and wonder that makes us human. 

5086
04:47:38,200 --> 04:47:42,100
The continent may be lost but 
the capacity to dream it into 

5087
04:47:42,100 --> 04:47:46,300
being and then to seek truth 
about what actually is remains 

5088
04:47:46,300 --> 04:47:48,200
are most distinctly human 
inheritance. 

5089
04:47:57,300 --> 04:48:00,600
You open your eyes Before, Dawn.
And the first thing you notice 

5090
04:48:00,600 --> 04:48:03,600
is how quiet everything is not 
silent. 

5091
04:48:03,600 --> 04:48:08,100
Egypt is never truly silent, but
hushed in that particular way, 

5092
04:48:08,100 --> 04:48:10,500
that happens when an entire 
Palace is holding. 

5093
04:48:10,500 --> 04:48:14,000
Its breath waiting for you to 
wake up somewhere beyond your 

5094
04:48:14,000 --> 04:48:17,100
bed chamber, you can hear the 
distant sound of water being 

5095
04:48:17,100 --> 04:48:21,500
poured, the soft padding of bare
feet on Limestone floors and the

5096
04:48:21,500 --> 04:48:24,500
gentle rustle of linen. 
A servants prepare for your day,

5097
04:48:24,500 --> 04:48:27,500
but none of them will enter 
until you signal that you're 

5098
04:48:27,500 --> 04:48:30,100
ready. 
Being a God, has its perks. 

5099
04:48:30,100 --> 04:48:34,700
And previously Before Sunrise is
one of the bed beneath you a 

5100
04:48:34,700 --> 04:48:36,100
surprisingly comfortable for 
something? 

5101
04:48:36,100 --> 04:48:37,900
That looks like it was designed 
by someone. 

5102
04:48:37,900 --> 04:48:39,600
Who'd, never actually slept 
before. 

5103
04:48:39,600 --> 04:48:42,700
It's a wooden frame with a 
footboard carved to look like 

5104
04:48:42,700 --> 04:48:46,600
protective Spirits, part lion 
Parts, something else entirely 

5105
04:48:46,600 --> 04:48:49,800
that you're not entirely sure 
about but the artists and seemed

5106
04:48:49,800 --> 04:48:51,700
confident. 
So you went with it, the 

5107
04:48:51,700 --> 04:48:54,800
mattress is woven Reed, covered 
with linen sheets that somehow 

5108
04:48:54,800 --> 04:48:56,900
stay cool even in the Egyptian 
Heat. 

5109
04:48:57,600 --> 04:49:02,000
Your headrest, a curved piece of
wood that cradles your neck has 

5110
04:49:02,000 --> 04:49:05,200
taken some getting used to over 
the years when you were younger 

5111
04:49:05,200 --> 04:49:07,900
you thought it was a torture 
device disguised as Furniture. 

5112
04:49:07,900 --> 04:49:12,400
Now, you can't sleep without it.
The room smells like myrrh and 

5113
04:49:12,400 --> 04:49:15,300
frankincense from the sensors 
that burn through the night 

5114
04:49:15,300 --> 04:49:18,500
mixed with the peculiar scent of
Old Stone. 

5115
04:49:18,500 --> 04:49:22,100
That permeates every building in
Egypt, it's not unpleasant. 

5116
04:49:23,100 --> 04:49:26,800
Actually it's become so familiar
that you find it comforting like

5117
04:49:26,800 --> 04:49:29,800
the smell of rain to someone who
grew up in a wetter climate 

5118
04:49:29,800 --> 04:49:33,200
through the high Windows, you 
can see the sky turning from 

5119
04:49:33,200 --> 04:49:36,900
black to Deep Blue. 
That particular shade that only 

5120
04:49:36,900 --> 04:49:40,900
exists for about 15 minutes each
morning before the sun decides 

5121
04:49:40,900 --> 04:49:44,800
to make its dramatic entrance, 
you sit up slowly because even 

5122
04:49:44,800 --> 04:49:48,100
fairos need a moment to let 
their backs adjust after lying 

5123
04:49:48,100 --> 04:49:52,000
down all night, the gold and 
Lapis Lazuli pectoral you ought 

5124
04:49:52,000 --> 04:49:53,400
to bed. 
You'll never completely 

5125
04:49:53,400 --> 04:49:56,800
unadorned, even in sleep 
catches, the pre-dawn light and 

5126
04:49:56,800 --> 04:49:59,000
throws. 
Tiny blue stars across the wall 

5127
04:49:59,000 --> 04:50:03,300
is one of your favorite actually
less ostentatious than some of 

5128
04:50:03,300 --> 04:50:06,300
the ceremonial pieces but 
beautiful in a way that doesn't 

5129
04:50:06,300 --> 04:50:07,700
scream. 
Look at me. 

5130
04:50:07,700 --> 04:50:12,000
I'm incredibly important and 
wealthy. it just Whispers it 

5131
04:50:12,000 --> 04:50:16,900
politely there's a gentle cough 
from Beyond the Door, not an 

5132
04:50:16,900 --> 04:50:19,300
impatient cough because nobody 
in their right mind would cough 

5133
04:50:19,300 --> 04:50:22,300
impatiently at a pharaoh. 
But a we're ready when you are 

5134
04:50:22,300 --> 04:50:26,100
but also the sun waits for no 
one kind of cough you call out 

5135
04:50:26,100 --> 04:50:29,200
that you're awake and the door 
opens to admit a small 

5136
04:50:29,200 --> 04:50:32,400
procession of people whose 
entire job is to make sure you 

5137
04:50:32,400 --> 04:50:35,600
don't have to dress yourself. 
Leading them is Ammon Hotel. 

5138
04:50:35,600 --> 04:50:38,600
Your chief steward, who has 
perfected, the art of looking 

5139
04:50:38,600 --> 04:50:41,400
simultaneously alert and Serene 
at an hour. 

5140
04:50:41,400 --> 04:50:43,700
When most people look like 
they've been hit with a brick, 

5141
04:50:43,700 --> 04:50:47,800
the purification ritual happens 
first before you can eat or 

5142
04:50:47,800 --> 04:50:50,600
drink or do anything else, 
because you can't very well 

5143
04:50:50,600 --> 04:50:53,000
commune with the gods while 
smelling like you've been asleep

5144
04:50:53,000 --> 04:50:57,000
for eight hours, two Precinct a 
carrying Alabaster jars of water

5145
04:50:57,000 --> 04:50:59,600
drawn, from the Nile at a sacred
spotter stream. 

5146
04:50:59,600 --> 04:51:04,100
The water is cool and clean and 
they pour it over your hands and

5147
04:51:04,100 --> 04:51:07,700
feet while reciting prayers that
you've heard so many times you 

5148
04:51:07,700 --> 04:51:10,900
could recite them backwards 
probably shouldn't mention that 

5149
04:51:10,900 --> 04:51:13,800
you want to try doing exactly 
that during a particularly 

5150
04:51:13,800 --> 04:51:16,100
boring ceremony when you were 
13. 

5151
04:51:17,300 --> 04:51:20,900
Your high priest wasn't amused. 
The washing is methodical and 

5152
04:51:20,900 --> 04:51:25,100
strangely peaceful one, priest 
focuses on your right side, the 

5153
04:51:25,100 --> 04:51:27,900
other on your left, moving in 
perfect synchronization. 

5154
04:51:27,900 --> 04:51:30,500
Like they've been practicing 
this routine for years. 

5155
04:51:30,500 --> 04:51:35,100
Which, of course they have. 
Water runs over your skin and 

5156
04:51:35,100 --> 04:51:37,300
collects in a bronze bass and 
beneath your feet. 

5157
04:51:38,000 --> 04:51:41,600
Carrying away the night and 
symbolically at least any 

5158
04:51:41,600 --> 04:51:45,100
impurities that might have 
accumulated while you slept, you

5159
04:51:45,100 --> 04:51:48,600
watch ripples form in the Basin 
and think about how the Nile 

5160
04:51:48,600 --> 04:51:50,700
itself must be going through its
own morning. 

5161
04:51:50,700 --> 04:51:54,200
Routines, Downstream preparing 
for another day of keeping 

5162
04:51:54,200 --> 04:51:58,700
millions of people alive. 
Next comes the anointing with 

5163
04:51:58,700 --> 04:52:01,500
oils. 
These aren't your everyday oils.

5164
04:52:01,500 --> 04:52:04,700
Nobody's rubbing you down with 
whatever they used to keep door 

5165
04:52:04,700 --> 04:52:08,800
hinges from squeaking. 
These are sacred oils, expensive

5166
04:52:08,800 --> 04:52:12,600
oils oils that had to be 
imported from places so far away

5167
04:52:12,600 --> 04:52:15,700
that the merchants who brought 
them spent months traveling 

5168
04:52:15,700 --> 04:52:20,000
through deserts and across Seas.
The chief oil is Merrick mixed 

5169
04:52:20,000 --> 04:52:22,300
with cinnamon and something 
floral that you can never quite 

5170
04:52:22,300 --> 04:52:24,700
identify. 
But smells like, what you 

5171
04:52:24,700 --> 04:52:26,400
imagine? 
The gods Garden would smell like

5172
04:52:26,400 --> 04:52:29,700
if God's needed, Guardians the 
priest applies the oil to your 

5173
04:52:29,700 --> 04:52:33,700
forehead, first drawing symbols,
you can't see, but can feel in 

5174
04:52:33,700 --> 04:52:38,200
the patterns, his fingers, make 
then your chest your arms and 

5175
04:52:38,200 --> 04:52:42,100
your feet. 
The oil soaks in slowly leaving 

5176
04:52:42,100 --> 04:52:45,200
your skin gleaming in the 
Lamplight, you smell like a 

5177
04:52:45,200 --> 04:52:48,400
temple now which is appropriate,
considering you're about to 

5178
04:52:48,400 --> 04:52:51,600
become the primary link between 
Egypt and every God who is 

5179
04:52:51,600 --> 04:52:55,600
paying attention this morning. 
The dressing process is its own 

5180
04:52:55,608 --> 04:52:58,300
kind of ritual first. 
The linen killed. 

5181
04:52:59,100 --> 04:53:02,400
Not just any linen but Royal 
linen woven. 

5182
04:53:02,400 --> 04:53:04,700
So finally you can barely feel 
it against your skin. 

5183
04:53:04,700 --> 04:53:07,300
It's pleated within an inch of 
its life. 

5184
04:53:07,300 --> 04:53:11,500
Each fold sharp enough to cut 
Papyrus and it's held in place 

5185
04:53:11,500 --> 04:53:14,100
with a belt that weighs 
approximately as much as a small

5186
04:53:14,100 --> 04:53:16,400
cat. 
The belt is gold because of 

5187
04:53:16,400 --> 04:53:19,700
course it is. 
Inlaid with semi-precious stones

5188
04:53:19,700 --> 04:53:22,700
arranged in patterns that tell 
stories about your Divine Right 

5189
04:53:22,700 --> 04:53:26,400
To Rule and your ancestors 
Divine Right To Rule and 

5190
04:53:26,400 --> 04:53:29,200
basically everyone in your 
family's divine right to do 

5191
04:53:29,200 --> 04:53:31,900
whatever they want. 
Then the color. 

5192
04:53:31,900 --> 04:53:34,800
This is where things, get 
serious weight-wise. 

5193
04:53:34,800 --> 04:53:39,500
The broad color is a masterpiece
of goldsmithing rows upon rows 

5194
04:53:39,500 --> 04:53:43,400
of gold Carnelian, turquoise and
Lapis, Lazuli beads strung 

5195
04:53:43,400 --> 04:53:46,900
together to create something 
that's part jewelry, part armor 

5196
04:53:46,900 --> 04:53:50,800
and part statement piece that 
says, yes, I could buy your 

5197
04:53:50,800 --> 04:53:53,700
entire village with what I'm 
wearing around my neck. 

5198
04:53:54,400 --> 04:53:56,500
It settles onto your shoulders 
with a familiar. 

5199
04:53:56,500 --> 04:53:58,900
Heaviness new automatically 
straighten. 

5200
04:53:58,900 --> 04:54:01,800
Your posture to compensate. 
You've been wearing these 

5201
04:54:01,800 --> 04:54:04,800
collars since you were crowned, 
and you've developed a neck 

5202
04:54:04,800 --> 04:54:07,000
muscles, that could probably 
support a small building. 

5203
04:54:07,000 --> 04:54:11,200
The crown comes last, not the 
elaborate double crown, you'll 

5204
04:54:11,200 --> 04:54:13,700
wear for major ceremonies. 
That thing requires its own 

5205
04:54:13,700 --> 04:54:16,300
support staff, and gives you a 
headache after about 20 minutes,

5206
04:54:16,300 --> 04:54:20,900
but the simple neems headdress. 
The striped linen cloth that 

5207
04:54:20,900 --> 04:54:24,300
frames your face and makes you 
instantly recognizable as 

5208
04:54:24,300 --> 04:54:26,700
Pharaoh. 
It's surprisingly, practical 

5209
04:54:26,700 --> 04:54:30,500
actually keeps the sun off your 
head, keeps your hair out of 

5210
04:54:30,500 --> 04:54:32,900
your face and looks sufficiently
impressive. 

5211
04:54:32,900 --> 04:54:36,800
That people remember their, in 
the presence of royalty Finally 

5212
04:54:36,800 --> 04:54:38,400
they hand you the crook and 
flail. 

5213
04:54:38,400 --> 04:54:41,900
These are your symbols of King 
ship, the tools that Mark you as

5214
04:54:41,900 --> 04:54:45,400
both Shepherd and Warrior of 
Egypt, the crook is hooked at 

5215
04:54:45,400 --> 04:54:48,000
the top symbolizing, your role 
in guiding your people. 

5216
04:54:48,800 --> 04:54:51,500
Fail is a kind of whip thing 
that honestly serves no 

5217
04:54:51,500 --> 04:54:55,500
practical purpose, but looks 
great in reliefs and reminds 

5218
04:54:55,500 --> 04:54:58,300
everyone that you could 
theoretically, Smite them if 

5219
04:54:58,300 --> 04:55:00,400
necessary. 
You hold them crossed against 

5220
04:55:00,400 --> 04:55:03,200
your chest, in the traditional 
pose and catch sight of yourself

5221
04:55:03,200 --> 04:55:07,300
in a polished bronze mirror. 
You look like a pharaoh, you 

5222
04:55:07,300 --> 04:55:11,000
look like power personified, you
look like someone who definitely

5223
04:55:11,000 --> 04:55:13,700
knows what they're doing and has
everything under control. 

5224
04:55:13,700 --> 04:55:17,300
It's a good look even if you 
know that underneath all the 

5225
04:55:17,308 --> 04:55:21,000
gold and oil and carefully 
arranged linen, you're just a 

5226
04:55:21,000 --> 04:55:23,000
person who's going to need to 
visit the previous at some point

5227
04:55:23,008 --> 04:55:25,400
today and would really like some
breakfast. 

5228
04:55:26,400 --> 04:55:28,500
This Sun. 
God Ra is making his appearance 

5229
04:55:28,500 --> 04:55:31,700
on the Eastern Horizon, which 
means it's time for you to make 

5230
04:55:31,700 --> 04:55:35,000
yours at the temple. 
This is non-negotiable you could

5231
04:55:35,000 --> 04:55:36,700
be dying. 
And actually one of your 

5232
04:55:36,700 --> 04:55:40,000
predecessors did perform the 
morning ritual Wilding, which 

5233
04:55:40,000 --> 04:55:43,700
everyone agreed was impressively
dedicated, but also maybe taking

5234
04:55:43,700 --> 04:55:46,300
things a bit far. 
And you'd still need to show up 

5235
04:55:46,300 --> 04:55:50,100
to help the sun rise because 
according to theology, the sun 

5236
04:55:50,100 --> 04:55:54,200
doesn't rise on its own. 
It rises because you as the 

5237
04:55:54,200 --> 04:55:57,900
living embodiment of Horus 
perform the correct rituals to 

5238
04:55:57,900 --> 04:56:00,100
make it happen. 
No pressure. 

5239
04:56:00,100 --> 04:56:03,000
The walk to the temple. 
Takes you through corridors, 

5240
04:56:03,000 --> 04:56:06,100
that are starting to come alive 
with activity servants. 

5241
04:56:06,100 --> 04:56:07,800
Press themselves against the 
walls. 

5242
04:56:07,800 --> 04:56:11,700
As you pass heads bowed because 
looking directly at you, is 

5243
04:56:11,708 --> 04:56:14,700
considered bold at best and 
sacrilegious at worst. 

5244
04:56:14,700 --> 04:56:17,500
You've tried to tell people, 
they can look at you, like a 

5245
04:56:17,500 --> 04:56:20,900
normal person, but apparently 
that's not how Divine King ship 

5246
04:56:20,900 --> 04:56:22,800
works. 
So, you've learned to 

5247
04:56:22,800 --> 04:56:25,800
acknowledge that without 
requiring, I contact a small 

5248
04:56:25,808 --> 04:56:28,600
nod. 
A gesture there enough to show 

5249
04:56:28,600 --> 04:56:30,100
you. 
See them without forcing them, 

5250
04:56:30,100 --> 04:56:33,900
into an awkward theological 
situation, the temple is cool 

5251
04:56:33,900 --> 04:56:37,800
and dark lit, only by oil lamps,
that create pools of golden 

5252
04:56:37,800 --> 04:56:40,200
light. 
In the darkness, the air is 

5253
04:56:40,200 --> 04:56:43,500
thick with incense so thick you 
can practically taste it and 

5254
04:56:43,500 --> 04:56:45,800
you've developed the ability to 
breathe through your mouth 

5255
04:56:45,800 --> 04:56:49,000
without being obvious about it. 
The walls are covered in higher 

5256
04:56:49,000 --> 04:56:52,300
or glyphs and images that tell 
the story of Creation, The Gods,

5257
04:56:52,300 --> 04:56:55,200
Your Divine ancestry, and 
several of your own 

5258
04:56:55,200 --> 04:56:58,100
accomplishments that may have 
been slightly exaggerated by the

5259
04:56:58,100 --> 04:57:02,300
artists that battle you won in 
real life, it was messy and 

5260
04:57:02,308 --> 04:57:06,100
terrifying and you nearly got 
knocked off your chariot on the 

5261
04:57:06,100 --> 04:57:08,400
temple wall, your 
single-handedly defeating 

5262
04:57:08,400 --> 04:57:11,100
thousands of enemies while 
remaining perfectly quaffed. 

5263
04:57:11,100 --> 04:57:14,300
The high priest is waiting for 
you at the sanctuary entrance 

5264
04:57:14,300 --> 04:57:17,300
along with a collection of other
priests who form a kind of 

5265
04:57:17,300 --> 04:57:21,700
religious Entourage, they're all
shaved, completely bald not just

5266
04:57:21,700 --> 04:57:25,400
their heads, but eyebrows 
everything because body hair is 

5267
04:57:25,400 --> 04:57:27,700
considered impure. 
In sacred spaces. 

5268
04:57:28,700 --> 04:57:31,700
You've always found this a bit 
extreme but you're not the one 

5269
04:57:31,700 --> 04:57:34,500
who made the rules will 
technically you are the one who 

5270
04:57:34,500 --> 04:57:37,400
could change the rules being 
fair and all but some traditions

5271
04:57:37,400 --> 04:57:40,400
are so old and so ingrained that
even you don't mess with them. 

5272
04:57:40,400 --> 04:57:43,900
The inner Sanctuary is where the
god actually Live's, not 

5273
04:57:43,900 --> 04:57:47,400
metaphorically lives the statue 
in their house is the actual 

5274
04:57:47,400 --> 04:57:50,600
essence of the god, making it 
the most sacred, and most 

5275
04:57:50,600 --> 04:57:55,000
dangerous spot in all of Egypt. 
Only you and the high priest can

5276
04:57:55,000 --> 04:57:58,300
enter and even then only during 
specific rituals. 

5277
04:57:58,300 --> 04:58:01,600
The door is sealed with the 
previous day seal which you 

5278
04:58:01,600 --> 04:58:05,600
break with the ceremonial knife,
the wax cracks with a satisfying

5279
04:58:05,600 --> 04:58:09,100
snap and the heavy doors, swing 
open to reveal the gods 

5280
04:58:09,100 --> 04:58:12,800
dwelling. 
Statue is magnificent covered in

5281
04:58:12,808 --> 04:58:15,700
Gold Leaf and precious stones. 
Wearing its own set of 

5282
04:58:15,700 --> 04:58:17,900
ceremonial garments that get 
changed daily. 

5283
04:58:17,900 --> 04:58:21,800
It stands in the dim, lamp light
looking appropriately, Divine 

5284
04:58:21,800 --> 04:58:25,100
and slightly intimidating. 
The deities eyes seem to follow 

5285
04:58:25,100 --> 04:58:28,000
you as you approach which is 
either a trick of the light or 

5286
04:58:28,000 --> 04:58:29,900
proof that the God is indeed 
present. 

5287
04:58:30,800 --> 04:58:32,900
You prefer not to think about it
too deeply. 

5288
04:58:32,900 --> 04:58:36,700
The morning ritual is always the
same you approach the statue. 

5289
04:58:36,700 --> 04:58:39,300
Reciting prayers in the ancient 
tongue that you learned 

5290
04:58:39,300 --> 04:58:41,600
phonetically. 
As a child, even though your 

5291
04:58:41,600 --> 04:58:44,300
fluent in the now, there's 
something about the sound of the

5292
04:58:44,300 --> 04:58:48,000
words rounded and formal and 
heavy with Millennia of 

5293
04:58:48,000 --> 04:58:50,600
repetition, that makes them feel
powerful. 

5294
04:58:50,600 --> 04:58:55,000
You're not just speaking your 
activating something connecting 

5295
04:58:55,000 --> 04:58:56,800
to a power that existed before 
your 

5296
04:58:56,800 --> 04:58:59,100
great-great-great-grandparents 
were born. 

5297
04:58:59,900 --> 04:59:03,900
You purify the statue with water
and nature and carefully washing

5298
04:59:03,900 --> 04:59:07,100
the gods face and hands. 
Then you dress it in. 

5299
04:59:07,100 --> 04:59:09,400
Fresh Linen, removing 
yesterday's garments, and 

5300
04:59:09,400 --> 04:59:11,800
replacing them with new ones 
that have been specially 

5301
04:59:11,800 --> 04:59:15,300
prepared and consecrated. 
The god gets jewelry, too 

5302
04:59:15,300 --> 04:59:19,700
necklaces and bracelets that you
fasten with steady hands, taking

5303
04:59:19,700 --> 04:59:23,000
care, not to let them tangle. 
You've gotten quite good at 

5304
04:59:23,000 --> 04:59:25,000
this. 
Over the years, the first time 

5305
04:59:25,000 --> 04:59:28,300
you did it, you were so nervous.
You nearly dropped a Priceless 

5306
04:59:28,300 --> 04:59:30,800
amulet. 
The high priest face went 

5307
04:59:30,800 --> 04:59:33,300
through several shades of pale 
before you caught it. 

5308
04:59:34,000 --> 04:59:37,600
Food offerings come next a small
Feast is laid out before the 

5309
04:59:37,600 --> 04:59:41,300
statue bread beer. 
Roasted dark fresh fruit and 

5310
04:59:41,300 --> 04:59:43,500
vegetables prepared. 
Exactly the way the god, 

5311
04:59:43,500 --> 04:59:46,900
prefers, the irony isn't lost on
you, that the god probably 

5312
04:59:46,900 --> 04:59:49,900
doesn't actually eat the food. 
What happens is that? 

5313
04:59:49,900 --> 04:59:52,900
The gods Essence consumes, the 
spiritual part of the meal, 

5314
04:59:52,900 --> 04:59:56,500
leaving the physical part to be 
distributed among the priests 

5315
04:59:56,500 --> 04:59:58,700
later. 
It's an official system really 

5316
04:59:58,700 --> 05:00:02,900
the gods get fed, the priests 
get fed, and everyone's happy. 

5317
05:00:03,800 --> 05:00:07,200
You like incense and make the 
final offerings, reciting the 

5318
05:00:07,200 --> 05:00:10,500
prayers, that release the Gods, 
power to flow through Egypt, for

5319
05:00:10,500 --> 05:00:12,800
another day. 
It's during these moments that 

5320
05:00:12,800 --> 05:00:15,600
you sometimes feel something 
shifted in the air, something 

5321
05:00:15,600 --> 05:00:18,100
you can't quite explain, but 
that makes the hair on your 

5322
05:00:18,100 --> 05:00:18,800
arms. 
Stand up. 

5323
05:00:19,700 --> 05:00:21,900
Maybe it's just the incense 
smoke Playing Tricks on your 

5324
05:00:21,900 --> 05:00:24,200
mind. 
Maybe it's the weight of belief 

5325
05:00:24,200 --> 05:00:26,500
from millions of Egyptians 
flowing through you. 

5326
05:00:26,500 --> 05:00:30,200
Maybe the gods really are 
listening when you emerge from 

5327
05:00:30,200 --> 05:00:33,500
the sanctuary. 
The sun is fully risen, this is 

5328
05:00:33,500 --> 05:00:36,100
important. 
If you'd fail in your duties, 

5329
05:00:36,100 --> 05:00:38,200
theoretically, the sun wouldn't 
have risen. 

5330
05:00:38,200 --> 05:00:41,300
Egypt would have fallen into 
chaos and it would have been 

5331
05:00:41,300 --> 05:00:45,200
entirely your fault. 
But the sun is shining, the Nile

5332
05:00:45,200 --> 05:00:49,300
is flowing, and the world 
continues to exist, which means 

5333
05:00:49,300 --> 05:00:52,500
you've successfully fulfilled, 
your Cosmic responsibilities for

5334
05:00:52,500 --> 05:00:55,700
another morning. 
You allow yourself a moment of 

5335
05:00:55,700 --> 05:00:59,400
quiet satisfaction. 
The rest of the morning involves

5336
05:00:59,400 --> 05:01:03,600
more temples and more Gods Egypt
has a lot of gods and almost 

5337
05:01:03,600 --> 05:01:06,800
embarrassing number of gods. 
Really, and while you can't 

5338
05:01:06,800 --> 05:01:09,800
personally visit all of them. 
Every day you need to make 

5339
05:01:09,800 --> 05:01:11,900
regular appearances. 
At the major temples. 

5340
05:01:11,900 --> 05:01:15,800
There's the Temple of a moon, 
the king of Gods, whose priests 

5341
05:01:15,800 --> 05:01:19,200
wheeled almost as much power as 
you do and need to be kept 

5342
05:01:19,200 --> 05:01:21,600
happy. 
There's the Temple of tar, 

5343
05:01:21,600 --> 05:01:24,700
patron of Kraft's man, whose 
favor you need. 

5344
05:01:24,700 --> 05:01:27,700
If you want your building 
projects to succeed, there's the

5345
05:01:27,700 --> 05:01:31,500
Temple of hathor goddess of love
and joy whose festivals are 

5346
05:01:31,500 --> 05:01:35,000
significantly more fun than the 
other gods festivals, each 

5347
05:01:35,000 --> 05:01:36,900
Temple. 
Visit follows a similar pattern 

5348
05:01:36,900 --> 05:01:40,400
approach with appropriate. 
Reverence perform the rituals, 

5349
05:01:40,400 --> 05:01:44,100
make the offering and listen to 
the priest reports about Temple 

5350
05:01:44,100 --> 05:01:46,700
business and their requests for 
more funding. 

5351
05:01:48,200 --> 05:01:51,700
The request for funding are 
constant, every priest believes 

5352
05:01:51,700 --> 05:01:55,100
that God, deserves a bigger 
Temple, more offerings and 

5353
05:01:55,100 --> 05:01:58,100
additional staff. 
You've become skilled at the 

5354
05:01:58,100 --> 05:02:00,900
political dance of appearing to 
consider every request. 

5355
05:02:00,900 --> 05:02:04,800
Seriously, while committing to 
nothing specific between 

5356
05:02:04,800 --> 05:02:07,000
temples. 
You're carried on a litter by 

5357
05:02:07,008 --> 05:02:09,300
bearers who move with 
synchronized Precision. 

5358
05:02:09,300 --> 05:02:12,300
Making the journey smoother 
enough that you could probably 

5359
05:02:12,300 --> 05:02:15,200
balance a cup of wine on your 
head without spilling a drop. 

5360
05:02:15,800 --> 05:02:18,300
Not that you've tried. 
That would be undignified. 

5361
05:02:18,300 --> 05:02:21,500
The streets are crowded with 
people who've come out to see 

5362
05:02:21,500 --> 05:02:24,700
you pass and you maintain the 
appropriate expression of 

5363
05:02:24,700 --> 05:02:28,400
benevolent Divine Authority. 
While privately wondering, if 

5364
05:02:28,400 --> 05:02:30,600
you remember to have someone 
check on your favorite hunting, 

5365
05:02:30,600 --> 05:02:34,400
dog, who seemed a bit off 
yesterday by mid-morning. 

5366
05:02:34,400 --> 05:02:37,100
Your back at the palace for the 
less spiritual, but equally 

5367
05:02:37,100 --> 05:02:40,200
important part of being Pharaoh 
actually running the country. 

5368
05:02:41,100 --> 05:02:43,700
The audience Hall is already 
filling with people who need 

5369
05:02:43,700 --> 05:02:47,200
something from. 
You officials Nobles, foreign 

5370
05:02:47,200 --> 05:02:51,800
ambassadors, priests Architects,
Merchants Farmers with disputes.

5371
05:02:51,800 --> 05:02:56,400
Criminals are waiting, judgment 
and that one persistent inventor

5372
05:02:56,400 --> 05:02:59,400
who keeps trying to convince you
to fund his revolutionary new 

5373
05:02:59,400 --> 05:03:02,100
irrigation system. 
That will definitely work this 

5374
05:03:02,100 --> 05:03:04,800
time. 
Unlike the last three times, you

5375
05:03:04,800 --> 05:03:08,500
settle onto your throne, which 
is magnificent and uncomfortable

5376
05:03:08,500 --> 05:03:11,200
in equal measure. 
It's designed to make you look 

5377
05:03:11,200 --> 05:03:13,700
powerful, not to provide lumbar 
support. 

5378
05:03:13,700 --> 05:03:18,800
The throne is gold plated inlaid
with Ivory and Ebony and carved 

5379
05:03:18,800 --> 05:03:22,900
with images of you defeating 
enemies communing with gods and 

5380
05:03:22,900 --> 05:03:25,900
generally being excellent. 
At everything, the arms are 

5381
05:03:25,900 --> 05:03:29,200
shaped like rearing cobras which
looks impressive, but means you 

5382
05:03:29,200 --> 05:03:31,300
have to be careful. 
Not to scratch yourself on the 

5383
05:03:31,300 --> 05:03:33,200
Cobra fangs when you adjust your
position. 

5384
05:03:34,800 --> 05:03:38,200
Your Vizio tahp approaches with 
the days of gender. 

5385
05:03:38,200 --> 05:03:42,200
He's been your second in command
for five years now and you trust

5386
05:03:42,200 --> 05:03:45,900
him more than almost anyone. 
He's brilliant and efficient and

5387
05:03:45,900 --> 05:03:48,400
has the rare quality of being 
willing to tell you when you're 

5388
05:03:48,408 --> 05:03:51,800
wrong, but doing it in such a 
diplomatic way that you don't 

5389
05:03:51,800 --> 05:03:54,000
feel like having him thrown to 
the crocodiles. 

5390
05:03:54,000 --> 05:03:57,800
He's also apparently immune to 
border which is essential when 

5391
05:03:57,800 --> 05:03:59,400
dealing with Palace 
Administration. 

5392
05:04:00,500 --> 05:04:03,200
The first matter is a border 
dispute between two provincial 

5393
05:04:03,200 --> 05:04:06,500
Governors who both claim the 
same stretch of Farmland. 

5394
05:04:06,500 --> 05:04:10,100
The dispute has been going on 
for three years which seems 

5395
05:04:10,100 --> 05:04:12,800
excessive for an argument about 
dirt but apparently this 

5396
05:04:12,800 --> 05:04:16,900
particular dirt is extremely 
fertile and produces exceptional

5397
05:04:16,900 --> 05:04:19,900
barley. 
Both Governors are present each 

5398
05:04:19,900 --> 05:04:22,900
with Scrolls of evidence 
Witnesses and arguments 

5399
05:04:22,900 --> 05:04:25,100
prepared. 
You let them present their 

5400
05:04:25,100 --> 05:04:29,100
cases, which takes approximately
forever and involves a lot of 

5401
05:04:29,100 --> 05:04:31,900
dramatic gesturing and appeals 
to ancient precedence. 

5402
05:04:31,900 --> 05:04:35,200
The truth is, you could probably
solve this by simply declaring, 

5403
05:04:35,200 --> 05:04:38,400
one of them, the winner and 
moving on your Pharaoh, your 

5404
05:04:38,400 --> 05:04:40,800
word is law. 
But you've learned that 

5405
05:04:40,800 --> 05:04:43,200
arbitrary decisions. 
Even when you have the power to 

5406
05:04:43,200 --> 05:04:46,200
make them tend to create 
resentment and problems down the

5407
05:04:46,200 --> 05:04:49,400
line. 
So you listen, ask questions and

5408
05:04:49,400 --> 05:04:52,300
eventually propose a solution 
that involves surveying the land

5409
05:04:52,300 --> 05:04:55,000
properly. 
Splitting it based on the survey

5410
05:04:55,000 --> 05:04:58,600
results and both Governors 
contributing to a new irrigation

5411
05:04:58,600 --> 05:05:01,000
project that will benefit the 
entire region. 

5412
05:05:01,000 --> 05:05:04,500
Neither Governor looks entirely 
happy, which probably means it's

5413
05:05:04,500 --> 05:05:08,300
a fair solution. 
Next is a delegation from Nubia 

5414
05:05:08,300 --> 05:05:10,100
with tribute and trade 
proposals. 

5415
05:05:10,100 --> 05:05:13,400
The Nubians are skilled 
diplomats who dressed in their 

5416
05:05:13,400 --> 05:05:18,000
finest gold jewelry that Rivals,
your own Fine Fabrics, and 

5417
05:05:18,000 --> 05:05:21,000
elaborate hairstyles. 
They present their gifts with 

5418
05:05:21,000 --> 05:05:25,800
appropriate ceremony gold. 
Ivory ebony exotic, animal skins

5419
05:05:25,800 --> 05:05:29,100
and a live leopard, that seems 
less than thrilled about being a

5420
05:05:29,108 --> 05:05:32,100
diplomatic gift. 
The leopard is beautiful, but 

5421
05:05:32,100 --> 05:05:34,500
looks like it's considering 
making a break for Freedom, 

5422
05:05:34,500 --> 05:05:37,100
which would certainly liven up 
the proceedings. 

5423
05:05:37,900 --> 05:05:40,800
You accept the tribute 
graciously, and listen to their 

5424
05:05:40,800 --> 05:05:44,800
trade proposals which are 
actually quite reasonable Nubia,

5425
05:05:44,800 --> 05:05:49,100
has resources, Egypt needs and 
Egypt has grain and manufactured

5426
05:05:49,100 --> 05:05:52,700
goods newbie wants its basic 
economics dressed up in 

5427
05:05:52,708 --> 05:05:55,600
diplomatic language. 
You agree to most of their 

5428
05:05:55,600 --> 05:05:59,100
requests modify a few details 
and send them away. 

5429
05:05:59,100 --> 05:06:02,700
Happy the leopard goes to the 
Royal Menagerie where hopefully 

5430
05:06:02,700 --> 05:06:06,100
it will feel less homicidal. 
Then there's the criminal case. 

5431
05:06:06,100 --> 05:06:09,300
A merchant is accused of using 
false weights to cheat 

5432
05:06:09,300 --> 05:06:12,400
customers. 
The evidence is presented the 

5433
05:06:12,400 --> 05:06:16,100
weights and questioned testimony
from customers and the merchants

5434
05:06:16,100 --> 05:06:19,700
protests of Innocence, you 
examine the weights yourself, 

5435
05:06:19,700 --> 05:06:23,200
comparing them to the standard 
measures kept in the palace, 

5436
05:06:23,200 --> 05:06:26,600
there definitely lighter than 
they should be, which means the 

5437
05:06:26,600 --> 05:06:28,900
merchant was selling people, 
less grain than they paid. 

5438
05:06:28,900 --> 05:06:32,300
For not the crime of the 
century, but dishonest 

5439
05:06:32,300 --> 05:06:35,900
nonetheless, Egyptian law, is 
supposed to be based on Matt 

5440
05:06:35,900 --> 05:06:39,800
truth, justice Harmony and the 
fundamental order of the 

5441
05:06:39,808 --> 05:06:42,900
universe. 
In practice, it means trying to 

5442
05:06:42,900 --> 05:06:45,200
be fair while. 
Also making sure people don't 

5443
05:06:45,200 --> 05:06:47,100
think they can cheat each other 
with impunity. 

5444
05:06:47,100 --> 05:06:51,000
You find the merchant guilty and
sentence him to pay back double 

5445
05:06:51,000 --> 05:06:53,100
what he stole plus a fine to the
temple. 

5446
05:06:53,900 --> 05:06:56,400
It Stern enough to discourage 
others, from trying the same 

5447
05:06:56,400 --> 05:06:59,700
thing, but not so harsh that it 
destroys the man's life. 

5448
05:06:59,700 --> 05:07:02,200
He leaves looking relieved that 
you didn't order. 

5449
05:07:02,200 --> 05:07:05,400
Anything involving crocodiles, 
the architect arrives with 

5450
05:07:05,400 --> 05:07:07,500
updated plans, for your Mortuary
Temple. 

5451
05:07:07,500 --> 05:07:10,800
This is the building that will 
serve as your cult center after 

5452
05:07:10,800 --> 05:07:12,800
you die. 
Where priests will make 

5453
05:07:12,800 --> 05:07:14,700
offerings to your memory for 
centuries. 

5454
05:07:14,700 --> 05:07:16,900
No. 
Pressure to make it impressive 

5455
05:07:16,900 --> 05:07:18,700
or anything. 
The architect. 

5456
05:07:18,700 --> 05:07:21,800
Unrolls Papyrus. 
After Papyrus showing you 

5457
05:07:21,800 --> 05:07:24,700
designs for Courtyards columns, 
statues and reliefs. 

5458
05:07:25,500 --> 05:07:29,300
Everything is calculated to 
inspire or and demonstrate your 

5459
05:07:29,300 --> 05:07:31,100
divine nature to Future 
Generations. 

5460
05:07:31,100 --> 05:07:35,500
You suggest some modifications, 
a larger Courtyard here, 

5461
05:07:35,500 --> 05:07:40,300
different proportions, there may
be fewer images of you smiting 

5462
05:07:40,300 --> 05:07:43,800
enemies, and more of you making 
offerings to Gods because you 

5463
05:07:43,800 --> 05:07:47,900
want to be remembered as Pious. 
Not just violent, the architect 

5464
05:07:47,900 --> 05:07:51,400
makes notes nodding 
enthusiastically at your ideas 

5465
05:07:51,400 --> 05:07:54,100
even though you suspect. 
He's going to gently talk you 

5466
05:07:54,100 --> 05:07:57,600
out of half of them later by 
explaining various architectural

5467
05:07:57,600 --> 05:08:00,900
principles, you don't fully 
understand between official 

5468
05:08:00,900 --> 05:08:03,600
audiences Tara tep updates you 
on the Kingdom's. 

5469
05:08:03,600 --> 05:08:07,400
Finances, Egypt is wealthy but 
wealth requires management. 

5470
05:08:08,300 --> 05:08:12,300
There are granaries to maintain 
armies to pay building projects 

5471
05:08:12,300 --> 05:08:16,300
to fund temples to support and 
foreign trade to manage the 

5472
05:08:16,300 --> 05:08:19,400
Niles flood this year was good, 
which means the Harvest should 

5473
05:08:19,400 --> 05:08:21,700
be abundant, which means tax 
revenue. 

5474
05:08:21,700 --> 05:08:25,500
Should be solid. 
But there's always something a 

5475
05:08:25,500 --> 05:08:28,700
warehouse that needs repairs. 
A Garrison, that needs supplies,

5476
05:08:28,700 --> 05:08:33,100
a canal that needs dredging. 
You approved budgets sign off on

5477
05:08:33,100 --> 05:08:36,600
expenditures and make decisions 
about resource allocation. 

5478
05:08:36,600 --> 05:08:38,500
That would probably bore you to 
tears. 

5479
05:08:38,500 --> 05:08:41,400
If they weren't. 
So crucial to keeping Egypt 

5480
05:08:41,400 --> 05:08:43,700
functioning the truth about 
ruling. 

5481
05:08:43,700 --> 05:08:46,500
An Empire is that it's less 
about dramatic pronouncements 

5482
05:08:46,500 --> 05:08:50,700
and more about making sure grain
gets from where it's grown to 

5483
05:08:50,700 --> 05:08:54,600
where it's needed workers. 
Get paid infrastructure gets 

5484
05:08:54,600 --> 05:08:58,800
maintained and the complex 
machine of civilization keeps 

5485
05:08:58,800 --> 05:09:01,200
turning a messenger arrives with
news. 

5486
05:09:01,200 --> 05:09:03,800
From the Army. 
There's been a skirmish on the 

5487
05:09:03,800 --> 05:09:05,600
eastern border. 
Nothing major. 

5488
05:09:05,600 --> 05:09:08,200
Just Raiders testing each 
Egypt's defense's. 

5489
05:09:08,200 --> 05:09:12,200
Your general has handled it 
efficiently, but he's requesting

5490
05:09:12,200 --> 05:09:14,400
additional troops to reinforce 
the Garrison. 

5491
05:09:14,400 --> 05:09:17,900
You approve the request and 
dictator response, praising the 

5492
05:09:17,900 --> 05:09:20,500
General's. 
Vigilance Military matters. 

5493
05:09:20,500 --> 05:09:24,500
Require careful attention. 
Egypt is powerful but the world 

5494
05:09:24,500 --> 05:09:26,900
is full of neighbors. 
Who would love to claim a piece 

5495
05:09:26,908 --> 05:09:29,000
of the Niles wealth by early 
afternoon? 

5496
05:09:29,000 --> 05:09:32,600
You're ready for a break from 
audience is an administrative 

5497
05:09:32,600 --> 05:09:35,300
decision. 
You retire to the private 

5498
05:09:35,300 --> 05:09:39,200
quarters of the palace where the
rooms are cooler, quieter and 

5499
05:09:39,200 --> 05:09:43,300
significantly less formal here. 
You can actually relax or at 

5500
05:09:43,300 --> 05:09:46,600
least engage in the fairy onic 
version of relaxation which 

5501
05:09:46,600 --> 05:09:48,600
still involves some level of 
ceremony. 

5502
05:09:48,600 --> 05:09:51,300
But with fewer people watching 
your every move. 

5503
05:09:51,300 --> 05:09:55,500
The palace is a city unto 
itself, a sprawling complex of 

5504
05:09:55,500 --> 05:09:58,200
buildings Courtyards Gardens and
Halls. 

5505
05:09:58,200 --> 05:10:02,100
Your private quarters are in the
heart of it all protected by 

5506
05:10:02,100 --> 05:10:05,300
multiple layers of guards walls 
and protocol. 

5507
05:10:05,300 --> 05:10:09,200
The rooms are beautiful painted 
walls showing Gardens and 

5508
05:10:09,200 --> 05:10:14,400
Wildlife flaws of polished, 
Stone and Furniture in laid with

5509
05:10:14,400 --> 05:10:17,600
precious materials. 
But there are so surprisingly 

5510
05:10:17,600 --> 05:10:19,700
comfortable, you've made sure of
that. 

5511
05:10:19,700 --> 05:10:23,000
Yes, you are a god king but 
you're also someone who 

5512
05:10:23,000 --> 05:10:27,600
appreciates a good chair, Your 
chief wife nefertari is waiting 

5513
05:10:27,600 --> 05:10:30,000
in the garden. 
Courtyard, she is dressed more 

5514
05:10:30,000 --> 05:10:31,700
casually than you'd see her in 
public. 

5515
05:10:31,700 --> 05:10:34,800
Still elegant still wearing 
enough jewelry to fund a small 

5516
05:10:34,808 --> 05:10:38,400
army but in lighter linen 
suitable for the afternoon heat.

5517
05:10:38,400 --> 05:10:41,600
She's been dealing with her own 
administrative duties all 

5518
05:10:41,600 --> 05:10:43,800
morning. 
The Royal household doesn't run 

5519
05:10:43,800 --> 05:10:47,300
itself and she manages a staff 
of 100s with the efficiency of a

5520
05:10:47,308 --> 05:10:50,900
military commander. 
You discuss the day over light 

5521
05:10:50,900 --> 05:10:54,100
Refreshments, she tells you 
about a dispute between two 

5522
05:10:54,100 --> 05:10:57,800
servants that she had to mediate
a request from the Temple of 

5523
05:10:57,808 --> 05:11:00,800
hathor for her to attend an 
upcoming festival and her 

5524
05:11:00,800 --> 05:11:02,900
concerns about your eldest son's
education. 

5525
05:11:02,900 --> 05:11:06,400
He's showing more interest in 
hunting than in learning the 

5526
05:11:06,400 --> 05:11:09,100
administrative skills he'll need
when he eventually becomes 

5527
05:11:09,100 --> 05:11:11,600
Pharaoh. 
You make a mental note to spend 

5528
05:11:11,600 --> 05:11:14,900
some time with him, maybe find a
way to make governance seem as 

5529
05:11:14,900 --> 05:11:17,400
exciting as chasing, gazelle 
through the desert. 

5530
05:11:18,300 --> 05:11:21,000
The garden is one of your 
favorite places in the palace. 

5531
05:11:21,000 --> 05:11:25,400
It's no aces of green in a 
landscape of stone and sand with

5532
05:11:25,400 --> 05:11:28,400
carefully. 
Tended trees flowers and a pool 

5533
05:11:28,400 --> 05:11:32,400
stopped with fish. the Egyptians
of managed to make Gardens and 

5534
05:11:32,408 --> 05:11:35,500
art, form, creating spaces that 
are both beautiful and 

5535
05:11:35,500 --> 05:11:39,000
functional, the trees, provide 
shade, the flowers, provide 

5536
05:11:39,000 --> 05:11:43,000
perfume, and the pool provides a
spot for actual relaxation that 

5537
05:11:43,000 --> 05:11:46,000
doesn't involve sitting on a 
throne covered in angry cobras 

5538
05:11:46,900 --> 05:11:49,600
You spend some time with your 
children who have brought to you

5539
05:11:49,600 --> 05:11:53,200
by their nurses, Royal children 
live somewhat separate lives 

5540
05:11:53,200 --> 05:11:56,400
from their parents. 
It's traditional and also 

5541
05:11:56,400 --> 05:11:58,500
practical give them the demands 
of kingship. 

5542
05:11:59,200 --> 05:12:02,200
But you make time for them. 
When you can your daughter shows

5543
05:12:02,200 --> 05:12:04,200
your drawing? 
She made, which is supposed to 

5544
05:12:04,208 --> 05:12:06,600
be a lotus flower. 
But looks more, like, an 

5545
05:12:06,600 --> 05:12:09,500
enthusiastic blob. 
You praise it, appropriately, 

5546
05:12:09,500 --> 05:12:13,600
your younger son, who's about 
three is more interested in 

5547
05:12:13,600 --> 05:12:17,000
trying to grab your ceremonial 
beard, which is attached to your

5548
05:12:17,000 --> 05:12:20,800
chin with some kind of ancient 
Egyptian adhesive technology 

5549
05:12:20,800 --> 05:12:24,600
that works better than it has 
any right to these moments are 

5550
05:12:24,600 --> 05:12:28,500
precious not because their grand
or ceremonial but because 

5551
05:12:28,500 --> 05:12:32,700
they're normal in these moments 
you're not a fairer or a God or 

5552
05:12:32,700 --> 05:12:34,600
the living embodiment of cosmic 
order. 

5553
05:12:34,600 --> 05:12:37,200
You're just a parent. 
Trying to keep a toddler from 

5554
05:12:37,200 --> 05:12:40,600
destroying your Royal regalia 
while pretending to understand a

5555
05:12:40,600 --> 05:12:44,700
child's artwork. 
Later you review reports from 

5556
05:12:44,700 --> 05:12:48,200
your various States as Pharaoh. 
You personally, own significant 

5557
05:12:48,200 --> 05:12:51,600
amounts of land throughout Egypt
managed by stewards who send 

5558
05:12:51,600 --> 05:12:54,100
regular updates. 
The reports are written on 

5559
05:12:54,108 --> 05:12:57,000
papyrus in the neat. 
Hierarchic script that scribes 

5560
05:12:57,000 --> 05:13:00,200
use for business documents 
faster than hire a glyphs 

5561
05:13:00,200 --> 05:13:02,200
though. 
Significantly less impressive 

5562
05:13:02,200 --> 05:13:04,100
looking. 
You've learned to read these 

5563
05:13:04,100 --> 05:13:07,000
reports quickly scanning for 
important information. 

5564
05:13:07,000 --> 05:13:10,200
While skipping the elaborate 
formality that every scribe 

5565
05:13:10,200 --> 05:13:15,500
feels compelled to include, This
state had a good harvest that a 

5566
05:13:15,500 --> 05:13:18,100
state had some problems with 
locusts but managed to save most

5567
05:13:18,100 --> 05:13:21,500
of the crop, this estate Steward
is requesting permission to 

5568
05:13:21,500 --> 05:13:24,900
build a new irrigation channel 
that is State Steward. 

5569
05:13:24,900 --> 05:13:28,100
Wants to know if you'd like any 
of the particularly fine cattle.

5570
05:13:28,100 --> 05:13:31,900
They've read. 
You make notes, approve or deny 

5571
05:13:31,900 --> 05:13:35,700
requests and generally ensure 
that your personal wealth, which

5572
05:13:35,700 --> 05:13:38,500
is considerable is being managed
competently. 

5573
05:13:38,500 --> 05:13:40,900
There's a relaxing interlude of 
music. 

5574
05:13:41,700 --> 05:13:45,000
You've caught musicians who are 
genuinely talented, not just 

5575
05:13:45,000 --> 05:13:48,400
employed, because they're good 
at flattering the Pharaoh, a 

5576
05:13:48,400 --> 05:13:51,600
harpist plays while you recline 
on a comfortable couch, the 

5577
05:13:51,600 --> 05:13:53,700
music filling the room with 
something beautiful, and 

5578
05:13:53,700 --> 05:13:56,700
temporary, and completely 
divorced from politics or 

5579
05:13:56,700 --> 05:14:00,400
religion or responsibility. 
The harp is a beautiful 

5580
05:14:00,400 --> 05:14:04,100
instrument. 
It sound clear and resonant and 

5581
05:14:04,100 --> 05:14:06,600
the musicians fingers move 
across the strings with 

5582
05:14:06,600 --> 05:14:12,100
practiced Grace, You close your 
eyes and just listen, the music 

5583
05:14:12,100 --> 05:14:14,900
washes over you. 
And for a few minutes, your mind

5584
05:14:14,900 --> 05:14:17,600
is empty of Border. 
Dispute budget concerns 

5585
05:14:17,600 --> 05:14:21,200
diplomatic negotiations and 
Theological responsibilities. 

5586
05:14:21,200 --> 05:14:25,500
There's just the music, the cool
air from the garden and the 

5587
05:14:25,500 --> 05:14:28,600
distant sound of the palace, 
continuing its Daily Business. 

5588
05:14:28,600 --> 05:14:32,200
Without You a bath follows, 
Which is less, a quick rinse and

5589
05:14:32,200 --> 05:14:34,000
more. 
An elaborate process involving 

5590
05:14:34,000 --> 05:14:37,600
servants, oils, and water at 
exactly the right temperature. 

5591
05:14:38,600 --> 05:14:41,700
The bath is in a dedicated room 
with a limestone tub. 

5592
05:14:41,700 --> 05:14:44,300
That's been polished. 
Smooth by years of use, the 

5593
05:14:44,300 --> 05:14:48,300
water is centered with lotus oil
and as you sink into it, you 

5594
05:14:48,300 --> 05:14:51,300
feel muscles relaxed that you 
didn't realize were tense. 

5595
05:14:52,100 --> 05:14:54,700
Being a pharaoh is physically 
demanding in ways. 

5596
05:14:54,700 --> 05:14:58,000
People don't often consider all 
that standing sitting on 

5597
05:14:58,000 --> 05:15:01,200
uncomfortable Thrones wearing 
heavy jewelry and maintaining 

5598
05:15:01,200 --> 05:15:04,800
perfect posture. 
Your body keeps a running tally.

5599
05:15:04,800 --> 05:15:08,700
The afternoon heat is building 
and the palace has grown quiet. 

5600
05:15:08,700 --> 05:15:12,300
During the hottest hours, this 
is when sensible people, rest, 

5601
05:15:12,300 --> 05:15:16,600
and even pharaohs need to be 
sensible occasionally You retire

5602
05:15:16,600 --> 05:15:19,600
to your sleeping quarters, where
the air is cooler, thanks to 

5603
05:15:19,600 --> 05:15:23,000
thick stone walls, and servants 
who've been waving fans and 

5604
05:15:23,000 --> 05:15:26,500
sprinkling water on, read maps. 
You lie down on your bed. 

5605
05:15:26,500 --> 05:15:28,700
The same one. 
You woke up in the morning. 

5606
05:15:28,700 --> 05:15:34,600
Let yourself drift into sleep. 
The afternoon nap is sacred not 

5607
05:15:34,600 --> 05:15:38,200
theologically sacred. 
Just personally, sacred is one 

5608
05:15:38,208 --> 05:15:41,400
of the few parts of your day. 
That's entirely your own when 

5609
05:15:41,400 --> 05:15:43,800
nobody needs anything from you. 
And you don't need to make 

5610
05:15:43,800 --> 05:15:46,800
decisions about anything more 
important than which side to 

5611
05:15:46,800 --> 05:15:49,300
sleep on the palace knows not to
disturb. 

5612
05:15:49,300 --> 05:15:52,300
You unless something is 
literally on fire and even then 

5613
05:15:52,300 --> 05:15:55,100
they'd better be sure. 
It's a really important fire. 

5614
05:15:55,100 --> 05:15:59,000
You wake refreshed as the worst 
heat of the day begins to fade. 

5615
05:15:59,000 --> 05:16:03,100
The Nile is calling. 
Not literally though in poetry 

5616
05:16:03,100 --> 05:16:06,000
and hymns the Egyptian certainly
right about the river like it 

5617
05:16:06,000 --> 05:16:08,200
speaks. 
And you've decided to take a 

5618
05:16:08,200 --> 05:16:11,600
journey on the Royal. 
Barge, the Nile is Egypt's 

5619
05:16:11,600 --> 05:16:16,300
Lifeline, its source of water, 
food, transportation and 

5620
05:16:16,300 --> 05:16:19,400
fertility. 
Understanding the river means 

5621
05:16:19,400 --> 05:16:23,400
understanding your kingdom and 
besides, its pleasant to be on 

5622
05:16:23,400 --> 05:16:25,000
the water. 
When the air is Cooling, and the

5623
05:16:25,000 --> 05:16:28,400
light is turning golden, the 
Royal barge is magnificent, 

5624
05:16:28,400 --> 05:16:31,200
which is practically a 
requirement for anything 

5625
05:16:31,200 --> 05:16:34,600
associated with royalty, but 
it's also surprisingly 

5626
05:16:34,600 --> 05:16:37,100
practical. 
It's large enough to be stable 

5627
05:16:37,100 --> 05:16:40,400
decorated enough to be 
impressive and equipped with a 

5628
05:16:40,408 --> 05:16:42,400
cabin that provides shade and 
privacy. 

5629
05:16:42,400 --> 05:16:47,100
The boat itself is painted in 
bright colors, red, blue, green,

5630
05:16:47,100 --> 05:16:51,000
and gold with the sacred Eye of 
Horus on the Proud to ward off 

5631
05:16:51,000 --> 05:16:52,800
evil. 
The ousman are skilled 

5632
05:16:52,800 --> 05:16:54,600
professionals. 
Who can navigate the Niles 

5633
05:16:54,600 --> 05:16:57,700
currents with the kind of 
precision that comes from years 

5634
05:16:57,700 --> 05:17:00,000
of practice. 
You bored with the small 

5635
05:17:00,000 --> 05:17:04,200
retinue. 
So guards, a few servants tarot 

5636
05:17:04,200 --> 05:17:07,000
Hotel, who apparently never 
takes time off and a priest 

5637
05:17:07,008 --> 05:17:09,400
because you're still pharaoh, 
and still connected to the 

5638
05:17:09,400 --> 05:17:11,700
Divine. 
Even when you're just taking a 

5639
05:17:11,700 --> 05:17:15,000
boat ride, the barge pushes away
from the dock and immediately 

5640
05:17:15,000 --> 05:17:17,800
you feel the difference on land 
your surrounded by. 

5641
05:17:18,000 --> 05:17:22,100
Stone and politics on the water,
there's movement are and a sense

5642
05:17:22,100 --> 05:17:24,700
of Freedom that is rare, when 
you're responsible for an entire

5643
05:17:24,700 --> 05:17:28,700
civilization, the Nile flows 
Northwood which confuses 

5644
05:17:28,700 --> 05:17:33,200
foreigners and he explained that
in Egypt, North means Downstream

5645
05:17:33,200 --> 05:17:36,800
toward the Mediterranean, and 
South means Upstream toward new 

5646
05:17:36,800 --> 05:17:40,100
beer, the current carries you 
gently along and when the wind 

5647
05:17:40,100 --> 05:17:43,200
is right, the sale can catch it 
and supplement the Allman's 

5648
05:17:43,200 --> 05:17:46,200
efforts. 
Today, the wind is perfect 

5649
05:17:46,200 --> 05:17:50,300
filling the sale with a 
satisfying snap of fabric and 

5650
05:17:50,300 --> 05:17:53,900
the boat Glides along with 
minimal effort from the water. 

5651
05:17:53,900 --> 05:17:57,800
You see, Egypt differently, the 
Riverbanks aligned with green, 

5652
05:17:57,800 --> 05:18:01,900
the fertile strip of land, where
everything grows where life is 

5653
05:18:01,900 --> 05:18:06,200
possible and where your people 
farm and build and live beyond 

5654
05:18:06,200 --> 05:18:09,600
the green, is the desert, the 
Red Land stretching away to 

5655
05:18:09,600 --> 05:18:13,400
distant Horizons. 
The contrast is Stark, green 

5656
05:18:13,400 --> 05:18:18,100
means life, red means death, the
Nile creates the green by 

5657
05:18:18,100 --> 05:18:21,300
flooding. 
Every year depositing Rich silt 

5658
05:18:21,300 --> 05:18:24,100
that makes Egypt soil, some of 
the most fertile on Earth. 

5659
05:18:24,900 --> 05:18:27,900
You pass Villages and towns, 
their mud brick buildings, 

5660
05:18:27,900 --> 05:18:31,300
clustered near the water, people
working in the fields, look up 

5661
05:18:31,300 --> 05:18:34,300
and see the Royal barge, 
recognizing it by its 

5662
05:18:34,300 --> 05:18:38,200
decoration, and size, some 
waves, some ball, some simply 

5663
05:18:38,200 --> 05:18:40,500
stare. 
You're a distant figure to most 

5664
05:18:40,500 --> 05:18:44,200
Egyptians more simple than 
person and moments like this, 

5665
05:18:44,200 --> 05:18:48,600
where they can actually see you 
even from a distance matter more

5666
05:18:48,600 --> 05:18:51,700
than you might think. 
Fishman in small Papyrus boats 

5667
05:18:51,700 --> 05:18:55,000
are working their Nets. 
The ancient dance of casting and

5668
05:18:55,000 --> 05:18:56,700
pulling that has been performed 
on the Nile. 

5669
05:18:56,700 --> 05:18:59,800
Since before the pyramids were 
built fish were plentiful in the

5670
05:18:59,800 --> 05:19:04,100
river perch catfish and tilapia 
and fishing provides food for 

5671
05:19:04,100 --> 05:19:07,400
Millions. 
You watch one fishermen, make a 

5672
05:19:07,400 --> 05:19:10,200
perfect cast. 
The weighted net, spreading into

5673
05:19:10,200 --> 05:19:12,100
a circle before dropping into 
the water. 

5674
05:19:12,100 --> 05:19:16,300
It's a simple act, but there's 
Grace in it, skill in it and the

5675
05:19:16,300 --> 05:19:19,200
kind of practical Mastery that 
keeps civilization fed. 

5676
05:19:20,100 --> 05:19:23,800
Field stretch away from the 
river green with growing grain. 

5677
05:19:23,800 --> 05:19:27,300
This is barley and Emma wheat. 
The crops that make bread and 

5678
05:19:27,300 --> 05:19:29,900
beer. 
The Staples of the Egyptian diet

5679
05:19:29,900 --> 05:19:32,600
farmers are working. 
The irrigation channels 

5680
05:19:32,600 --> 05:19:36,000
directing water from the river 
to their fields through a 

5681
05:19:36,000 --> 05:19:39,000
network of canals and basins 
that represent centuries of 

5682
05:19:39,000 --> 05:19:42,000
engineering knowledge. 
The system works because people 

5683
05:19:42,000 --> 05:19:46,100
understand the Niles rhythms and
no one to flood the fields when 

5684
05:19:46,100 --> 05:19:50,300
to plant and when to harvest You
pass a temple under 

5685
05:19:50,300 --> 05:19:53,300
construction. 
Its Limestone walls gleaming 

5686
05:19:53,300 --> 05:19:56,300
white in the afternoon. 
Sun workers are everywhere, 

5687
05:19:56,300 --> 05:20:00,800
hauling Stones mixing mortar and
carving decorations, building a 

5688
05:20:00,800 --> 05:20:04,300
temple as a massive undertaking 
that can last years or even 

5689
05:20:04,300 --> 05:20:08,300
decades, employing hundreds of 
workers and consuming resources 

5690
05:20:08,300 --> 05:20:12,100
on a scale that would bankrupt 
smaller kingdoms, the temples 

5691
05:20:12,100 --> 05:20:16,400
are investments in the Divine in
Maat and in the cosmic order 

5692
05:20:16,400 --> 05:20:21,300
that keeps Egypt prosperous 
They're also admittedly very 

5693
05:20:21,300 --> 05:20:23,400
effective ways to demonstrate 
fairy. 

5694
05:20:23,400 --> 05:20:25,500
Onic power to anyone, who needs 
reminding. 

5695
05:20:25,500 --> 05:20:29,000
The barge stops at a landing 
where local officials are 

5696
05:20:29,000 --> 05:20:31,100
waiting. 
This is part of the purpose of 

5697
05:20:31,100 --> 05:20:34,500
the journey being seen hearing 
concerns and maintaining the 

5698
05:20:34,500 --> 05:20:36,200
connection between pharaoh and 
people. 

5699
05:20:36,200 --> 05:20:39,900
The officials present themselves
with appropriate ceremony and 

5700
05:20:39,900 --> 05:20:43,300
you listen to their reports 
about The Harvest local disputes

5701
05:20:43,300 --> 05:20:46,300
that have been resolved and 
requests for assistance with 

5702
05:20:46,300 --> 05:20:49,800
various projects. 
Its kingship on a smaller scale,

5703
05:20:49,800 --> 05:20:52,700
more personal than the audience 
is at the palace. 

5704
05:20:52,700 --> 05:20:56,800
But just as important, A farmer 
approaches nervous, but 

5705
05:20:56,800 --> 05:21:00,000
determined, he's been granted an
audience because his farm 

5706
05:21:00,000 --> 05:21:03,700
produces exceptional wine and 
he's brought a sample for your 

5707
05:21:03,700 --> 05:21:06,300
consideration. 
You try the wine. 

5708
05:21:06,300 --> 05:21:10,100
It's actually quite good with 
complexity that surprises you 

5709
05:21:10,100 --> 05:21:14,200
and compliment him on his work. 
His face lights up with pride 

5710
05:21:14,200 --> 05:21:17,300
and you make a note to have the 
palace acquire more of his 

5711
05:21:17,300 --> 05:21:20,200
vintage. 
Supporting excellent Craftsmen 

5712
05:21:20,200 --> 05:21:23,900
is part of your role and besides
you enjoy good wine. 

5713
05:21:24,800 --> 05:21:28,300
Back on the barge, you can 
continue Downstream the sun is 

5714
05:21:28,300 --> 05:21:31,400
getting lower now painting the 
sky in shades of orange and 

5715
05:21:31,400 --> 05:21:34,100
pink. 
The Nile reflects the colors 

5716
05:21:34,100 --> 05:21:38,500
turning the water into something
magical and you understand why? 

5717
05:21:38,500 --> 05:21:41,000
The ancient Egyptian sword, 
Divinity and everything. 

5718
05:21:41,000 --> 05:21:44,800
How could you not when the world
produces Beauty like this on a 

5719
05:21:44,800 --> 05:21:47,400
daily basis? 
You think about the rivers 

5720
05:21:47,400 --> 05:21:51,800
cycle, how it floods every year 
with reliable precision and how 

5721
05:21:51,800 --> 05:21:54,800
the ancient Egyptians built 
their entire calendar around. 

5722
05:21:54,800 --> 05:21:58,500
This Rhythm Arquette, the 
inundation season is when the 

5723
05:21:58,500 --> 05:22:02,000
river Rises and covers the 
fields parrot, is the growing 

5724
05:22:02,000 --> 05:22:06,400
season when crops are planted 
and tended, Shemu the harvest 

5725
05:22:06,400 --> 05:22:10,700
season is when all that work 
turns into food, three seasons 

5726
05:22:10,700 --> 05:22:15,000
each assential each dependent on
the Nile doing what it's done 

5727
05:22:15,000 --> 05:22:17,500
for thousands of years. 
Strikes. 

5728
05:22:17,500 --> 05:22:19,800
You sometimes how much depends 
on this River. 

5729
05:22:19,800 --> 05:22:23,700
If the flood is too small, this 
famine, if it's too large, 

5730
05:22:23,700 --> 05:22:27,100
there's destruction. 
The Nile has to be just right 

5731
05:22:27,100 --> 05:22:31,400
here after year or Egypt. 
Suffers your ancestors claim, 

5732
05:22:31,400 --> 05:22:34,400
they could control the flood 
through their divine power and 

5733
05:22:34,400 --> 05:22:37,200
you maintain that because 
pharaohs are supposed to control

5734
05:22:37,200 --> 05:22:39,300
everything. 
But privately, you know the 

5735
05:22:39,300 --> 05:22:41,500
truth. 
The Nile does what it will. 

5736
05:22:41,500 --> 05:22:45,900
And humans, just try to adapt 
your grateful that in your Reign

5737
05:22:45,900 --> 05:22:50,400
so far, the river has been kind 
As the barge returns to the 

5738
05:22:50,400 --> 05:22:53,000
Palace. 
Doc, the Sun is setting and the 

5739
05:22:53,000 --> 05:22:55,900
evening meal. 
Awaits Egyptian, feasts are 

5740
05:22:55,900 --> 05:22:58,800
elaborate Affairs, especially 
Royal ones. 

5741
05:22:58,800 --> 05:23:02,600
And tonight is a formal dinner 
with high-ranking officials 

5742
05:23:02,600 --> 05:23:06,300
foreign ambassadors, and Nobles 
who've been angling for an 

5743
05:23:06,300 --> 05:23:09,200
invitation for months. 
You've changed from your day 

5744
05:23:09,200 --> 05:23:12,100
clothes into evening, regalia. 
Fresh Kilt. 

5745
05:23:12,100 --> 05:23:15,300
A different collar and the kind 
of jewelry that catches 

5746
05:23:15,300 --> 05:23:17,700
Lamplight and makes everything 
Sparkle. 

5747
05:23:18,400 --> 05:23:22,700
The banquet hall is spectacular 
columns painted with lotus 

5748
05:23:22,700 --> 05:23:26,200
designs rise to a ceiling 
decorated with stars and sacred 

5749
05:23:26,200 --> 05:23:29,300
symbols oil lamps in elaborate 
bronze. 

5750
05:23:29,300 --> 05:23:31,800
Stands light the room with warm 
flickering light. 

5751
05:23:32,600 --> 05:23:34,300
Florist scattered with fresh 
lotus. 

5752
05:23:34,300 --> 05:23:36,400
Flowers. 
Their scent mixing with 

5753
05:23:36,400 --> 05:23:40,800
frankincense from the sensors. 
Tables are arranged in a u-shape

5754
05:23:40,800 --> 05:23:43,400
with your seat at the head 
elevated slightly. 

5755
05:23:43,400 --> 05:23:46,500
So everyone can see you, because
even at dinner, you're on 

5756
05:23:46,500 --> 05:23:49,300
display. 
Guests arrive in their finest 

5757
05:23:49,300 --> 05:23:52,400
clothes, which in Egypt means. 
Lots of pleated linen. 

5758
05:23:52,400 --> 05:23:56,500
Lots of jewelry, elaborate wigs 
and enough eye makeup to supply 

5759
05:23:56,500 --> 05:23:58,600
a modern cosmetic counter for a 
year. 

5760
05:23:58,608 --> 05:24:01,400
The women's dresses are at 
enough to be slightly 

5761
05:24:01,400 --> 05:24:05,300
scandalous, to foreign visitors,
but perfectly normal by Egyptian

5762
05:24:05,300 --> 05:24:08,300
standards. 
The men's Kilts are crisp and 

5763
05:24:08,308 --> 05:24:11,100
white their colors glittering 
with gold. 

5764
05:24:11,100 --> 05:24:14,100
And semi-precious stones. 
Everyone has gone to 

5765
05:24:14,100 --> 05:24:16,800
considerable effort to look 
impressive and the overall 

5766
05:24:16,800 --> 05:24:20,400
effect is dazzling. 
You take your seat and servants 

5767
05:24:20,400 --> 05:24:21,800
immediately. 
Begin bringing food. 

5768
05:24:22,800 --> 05:24:25,000
Egyptian feasts are not subtle 
Affairs. 

5769
05:24:25,000 --> 05:24:29,200
There's roasted duck goose, beef
and fish prepared, a dozen 

5770
05:24:29,200 --> 05:24:31,900
different ways. 
There's bread in various forms 

5771
05:24:31,900 --> 05:24:35,400
flatbread, raised, bread and 
bread flavored with honey, or 

5772
05:24:35,400 --> 05:24:38,200
dates or coriander. 
There are vegetables. 

5773
05:24:38,200 --> 05:24:42,800
Lettuce onions, garlic, 
cucumbers and beans. 

5774
05:24:42,800 --> 05:24:49,600
There are fruits, figs dates, 
pomegranates and melons there 

5775
05:24:49,600 --> 05:24:51,500
are sweets made from honey and 
nuts. 

5776
05:24:51,500 --> 05:24:54,600
There's enough food to feed 
everyone twice over which is the

5777
05:24:54,600 --> 05:24:59,400
point a button demonstrates 
prosperity. wine flows freely, 

5778
05:24:59,400 --> 05:25:03,200
served in elegant cuts by 
servants who glide through the 

5779
05:25:03,200 --> 05:25:08,000
crowd with practiced Grace, The 
wine is good some from your own 

5780
05:25:08,000 --> 05:25:12,500
estate's some imported from 
abroad Egyptians loved wine 

5781
05:25:12,500 --> 05:25:14,100
though. 
Beer is more common for everyday

5782
05:25:14,100 --> 05:25:16,500
drinking. 
Tonight is not an everyday 

5783
05:25:16,500 --> 05:25:20,200
occasion, though. 
So why it is you sip from a 

5784
05:25:20,200 --> 05:25:23,100
golden cup while watching the 
room, observing the social 

5785
05:25:23,100 --> 05:25:27,400
dynamics, the alliances forming,
and shifting and the careful 

5786
05:25:27,400 --> 05:25:31,700
dance of Court politics. 
Musicians, play Harps, Lutz 

5787
05:25:31,700 --> 05:25:35,500
drums and a sistrum whose 
metallic rattle is supposed to, 

5788
05:25:35,500 --> 05:25:39,700
please the goddess a Thor. 
The music is Lively meant to 

5789
05:25:39,700 --> 05:25:43,300
encourage celebration rather 
than contemplation dancers, 

5790
05:25:43,300 --> 05:25:46,500
perform their movements graceful
and athletic. 

5791
05:25:46,500 --> 05:25:50,200
Their costumes designed more for
visual impact than coverage. 

5792
05:25:51,300 --> 05:25:53,700
Egyptian dance dancing. 
Involves a lot of acrobatic 

5793
05:25:53,700 --> 05:25:57,000
moves that look impossible but 
that these performers make seem 

5794
05:25:57,000 --> 05:26:00,900
effortless between courses. 
There's conversation the 

5795
05:26:00,900 --> 05:26:05,100
Ambassador from Hattie Egypt, 
sometimes Ally, sometimes rival 

5796
05:26:05,100 --> 05:26:08,900
to the north, Gus's trade 
agreements and mutual defense. 

5797
05:26:08,900 --> 05:26:12,500
The high priest of immune 
mentioned very casually that the

5798
05:26:12,500 --> 05:26:16,500
gods Temple could benefit from 
some renovations A provincial 

5799
05:26:16,500 --> 05:26:19,400
Governor, complements your 
wisdom in resolving that border 

5800
05:26:19,400 --> 05:26:21,800
dispute. 
Earlier, everyone is charming 

5801
05:26:21,800 --> 05:26:25,100
polite and carefully advancing 
their own interests while 

5802
05:26:25,100 --> 05:26:26,500
pretending. 
They're just here for the 

5803
05:26:26,508 --> 05:26:29,900
pleasure of your company, you 
make conversation with practice,

5804
05:26:29,900 --> 05:26:34,500
ease asking questions, listening
to responses and making the kind

5805
05:26:34,500 --> 05:26:37,900
of small talk that oils, the 
wheels of diplomacy, you 

5806
05:26:37,900 --> 05:26:39,800
compliment. 
The ambassadors wife on her 

5807
05:26:39,800 --> 05:26:43,700
jewelry, Egyptian gold. 
You notice, which is either a 

5808
05:26:43,700 --> 05:26:45,900
genuine preference or strategic 
flattery. 

5809
05:26:45,900 --> 05:26:49,600
You discuss architecture with a 
nobleman whose building a new 

5810
05:26:49,608 --> 05:26:51,800
Villa. 
You listen to a merchant to 

5811
05:26:51,800 --> 05:26:55,400
describe his recent trading 
expedition to punt, a mysterious

5812
05:26:55,400 --> 05:26:58,900
land of the South that produces 
frankincense, Murr and exotic 

5813
05:26:58,900 --> 05:27:00,800
Goods. 
The food keeps coming. 

5814
05:27:00,800 --> 05:27:04,200
There's a whole Roasted Ox that 
required most of the afternoon 

5815
05:27:04,200 --> 05:27:06,900
to prepare. 
There are delicate pastries that

5816
05:27:06,900 --> 05:27:09,700
dissolve on your tongue. 
There are dates stuffed with 

5817
05:27:09,700 --> 05:27:13,200
nuts and honey that are probably
too sweet, but tastes amazing. 

5818
05:27:13,200 --> 05:27:15,900
Anyway, you eat moderately aware
that. 

5819
05:27:16,000 --> 05:27:19,300
Overeating in public is 
undignified but also aware that 

5820
05:27:19,300 --> 05:27:22,300
completely ignoring the food. 
Might offend the cooks who have 

5821
05:27:22,308 --> 05:27:26,600
spent days preparing this feast?
Entertainment continues between 

5822
05:27:26,600 --> 05:27:29,200
courses. 
There are acrobats, who form 

5823
05:27:29,200 --> 05:27:32,200
human pyramids and Tumble across
the floor with alarming 

5824
05:27:32,200 --> 05:27:35,000
precision. 
There are singers whose voices 

5825
05:27:35,000 --> 05:27:38,600
rise above the ambient noise, 
telling stories of gods and 

5826
05:27:38,600 --> 05:27:42,700
heroes and romantic Adventures. 
There's a magician who performs 

5827
05:27:42,700 --> 05:27:45,500
illusions that you can't quite 
figure out, but that Delight. 

5828
05:27:45,500 --> 05:27:49,600
The audience Court entertainment
is supposed to be impressive and

5829
05:27:49,600 --> 05:27:53,000
tonight's performers have 
clearly received that memo as 

5830
05:27:53,000 --> 05:27:55,900
the evening progresses. 
The formality, relaxes slightly.

5831
05:27:56,700 --> 05:28:00,300
people are well fed, well 
watered with wine and the kind 

5832
05:28:00,300 --> 05:28:03,100
of good mood that comes from 
being warm comfortable and 

5833
05:28:03,100 --> 05:28:06,300
surrounded by abundance. 
Conversation grows louder 

5834
05:28:06,300 --> 05:28:10,100
laughter more frequent. 
You allow yourself to relax to 

5835
05:28:10,100 --> 05:28:13,400
to enjoy the moment rather than 
constantly analyzing it. 

5836
05:28:13,400 --> 05:28:17,200
These Gathering serve political 
purposes but they're all so 

5837
05:28:17,200 --> 05:28:19,900
genuinely pleasant when you stop
treating them as work. 

5838
05:28:20,800 --> 05:28:24,600
Nefertari is at your side 
managing the social dynamics 

5839
05:28:24,600 --> 05:28:27,700
with her usual skill. 
She notices when someone feels 

5840
05:28:27,700 --> 05:28:31,900
ignored and draws them into 
conversation, She Smooths over a

5841
05:28:31,900 --> 05:28:34,200
potential argument between two 
Nobles who have had too much 

5842
05:28:34,208 --> 05:28:36,900
wine. 
She signals servants to refill 

5843
05:28:36,900 --> 05:28:39,400
cups, clear plates, and adjust 
lighting. 

5844
05:28:39,400 --> 05:28:43,200
She makes it all look effortless
which is how, you know she's 

5845
05:28:43,200 --> 05:28:46,800
working hard. 
Running a royal Feast is its own

5846
05:28:46,800 --> 05:28:51,200
kind of governance eventually 
the feast winds down guests, 

5847
05:28:51,200 --> 05:28:53,700
begin to leave offering. 
Elaborate, thanks and 

5848
05:28:53,700 --> 05:28:56,400
compliments. 
You accept their gratitude with 

5849
05:28:56,400 --> 05:28:59,200
appropriate. 
Royal graciousness privately, 

5850
05:28:59,200 --> 05:29:01,800
relieved that you can soon 
retire to quarters where you 

5851
05:29:01,800 --> 05:29:05,700
won't have to be on anymore. 
The servants will spend hours 

5852
05:29:05,700 --> 05:29:07,800
cleaning up, but that's not your
concern. 

5853
05:29:07,800 --> 05:29:11,200
Your concern is saying good 
night to the last few stragglers

5854
05:29:11,200 --> 05:29:13,900
without being rude or appearing 
to eager to get rid of them. 

5855
05:29:14,600 --> 05:29:18,400
The next morning brings you to 
your greatest Obsession and most

5856
05:29:18,400 --> 05:29:21,500
enduring Legacy. 
Your building projects. 

5857
05:29:21,500 --> 05:29:26,100
Every Pharaoh builds practically
a job, requirement that you've 

5858
05:29:26,100 --> 05:29:29,100
taken it to new levels. 
You're not just maintaining 

5859
05:29:29,100 --> 05:29:32,300
existing structures. 
You're creating monuments that 

5860
05:29:32,300 --> 05:29:35,400
will Outlast You by Millennia, 
your Mortuary Temple. 

5861
05:29:35,400 --> 05:29:39,300
Your additions to the Great 
temple complexes and the statues

5862
05:29:39,300 --> 05:29:41,900
bearing your face. 
These will tell future 

5863
05:29:41,900 --> 05:29:45,300
Generations that you were here 
that you mattered and that you 

5864
05:29:45,308 --> 05:29:48,800
did things worth remembering. 
You're at the construction site 

5865
05:29:48,800 --> 05:29:51,500
of your Mortuary Temple 
accompanied by the Chief 

5866
05:29:51,500 --> 05:29:55,500
Architect, the project overseer 
and approximately 1,000 workers 

5867
05:29:55,500 --> 05:29:57,500
who are currently moving stone 
blocks. 

5868
05:29:57,500 --> 05:30:01,000
That way more than several 
people combined, the sound of 

5869
05:30:01,000 --> 05:30:05,100
construction fills, the air 
chisels on Stone, wooden sledges

5870
05:30:05,100 --> 05:30:08,600
scraping across sand Foreman 
shouting instructions and 

5871
05:30:08,600 --> 05:30:11,000
workers. 
Chanting rhythmic work songs to 

5872
05:30:11,000 --> 05:30:15,700
coordinate their efforts Scale 
of the project is staggering the

5873
05:30:15,700 --> 05:30:19,500
temple complex will cover Acres 
with massive pylons at the 

5874
05:30:19,500 --> 05:30:24,100
entrance Courtyard, surrounded 
by columns hypostyle Halls, 

5875
05:30:24,100 --> 05:30:27,200
where Forest sized Stone 
pillars, create artificial shade

5876
05:30:27,200 --> 05:30:31,100
sanctuaries for the gods and 
Chambers for the rituals that 

5877
05:30:31,100 --> 05:30:33,900
will maintain your cult after 
death right now. 

5878
05:30:33,900 --> 05:30:37,900
It's a construction site chaotic
and dusty, but the Architects 

5879
05:30:37,900 --> 05:30:40,900
plans show you what it will 
become and the vision is 

5880
05:30:40,900 --> 05:30:44,900
magnificent You walk through the
site, stepping carefully over 

5881
05:30:44,900 --> 05:30:47,800
tools and cut. 
Stone workers, pause in their 

5882
05:30:47,800 --> 05:30:51,200
labor to Bow as you pass and you
not acknowledgement. 

5883
05:30:52,000 --> 05:30:54,200
These men. 
And they are almost all men, 

5884
05:30:54,200 --> 05:30:58,200
though, women participate in 
some aspects of construction, a 

5885
05:30:58,200 --> 05:31:01,300
skilled professionals. 
The stonecutters can split 

5886
05:31:01,300 --> 05:31:03,200
Granite with Precision. 
That seems impossible. 

5887
05:31:04,000 --> 05:31:06,800
The Masons can fit blocks 
together so tightly that you 

5888
05:31:06,808 --> 05:31:10,000
couldn't slip a knife blade 
between them, the artist carving

5889
05:31:10,000 --> 05:31:12,100
reliefs can turn flat into 
images. 

5890
05:31:12,100 --> 05:31:14,700
So life like they seem ready to 
step off the wall. 

5891
05:31:16,000 --> 05:31:18,300
The architecture shows you the 
foundation work for the Great 

5892
05:31:18,300 --> 05:31:20,500
Hall. 
Limestone blocks have been laid 

5893
05:31:20,500 --> 05:31:24,100
with mathematical Precision, 
creating a level platform for 

5894
05:31:24,100 --> 05:31:25,800
the columns that will support 
the roof. 

5895
05:31:26,600 --> 05:31:31,200
Each block has been cut to exact
specifications, its surfaces 

5896
05:31:31,200 --> 05:31:35,900
smooth to near-perfect flatness.
The ancient Egyptians don't have

5897
05:31:35,900 --> 05:31:39,100
the tools future civilizations 
will develop, but they've 

5898
05:31:39,100 --> 05:31:41,800
mastered the art of working 
stone with copper tools 

5899
05:31:41,800 --> 05:31:45,900
abrasives and an apparently 
infinite capacity for patient 

5900
05:31:45,900 --> 05:31:48,700
precise labor. 
You examine the columns being 

5901
05:31:48,700 --> 05:31:51,800
carved nearby These will be 
Papyrus form. 

5902
05:31:51,800 --> 05:31:56,100
Columns shaped like bundles of 
Papyrus stems topped with 

5903
05:31:56,100 --> 05:31:58,900
capitals that look like opened 
Papyrus flowers. 

5904
05:31:58,900 --> 05:32:03,400
The symbolism is deliberate. 
Papyrus grows in the marshes of 

5905
05:32:03,400 --> 05:32:06,900
Lower Egypt, representing the 
northern part of your kingdom. 

5906
05:32:06,900 --> 05:32:09,600
The Craftsmen are working on the
decorative elements. 

5907
05:32:09,600 --> 05:32:12,800
Now carving higher glyphs that 
will describe your Victory, is 

5908
05:32:12,800 --> 05:32:16,400
your Devotion to the gods and 
your legitimate right to rule. 

5909
05:32:17,500 --> 05:32:20,200
The reliefs on the walls are 
taking shape under the artist 

5910
05:32:20,200 --> 05:32:22,500
chisels. 
These aren't just decorative 

5911
05:32:22,500 --> 05:32:25,800
their narrative, theological, 
and political statements. 

5912
05:32:26,600 --> 05:32:28,700
Here showing making offerings to
the gods. 

5913
05:32:28,700 --> 05:32:32,600
Maintaining the cosmic order? 
They're your defeating enemies 

5914
05:32:32,600 --> 05:32:36,900
protecting Egypt from chaos. 
In another scene you receiving 

5915
05:32:36,900 --> 05:32:39,000
the symbols of kingship from the
gods themselves. 

5916
05:32:39,000 --> 05:32:41,800
Visual Proof of Your Divine 
mandate. 

5917
05:32:42,600 --> 05:32:45,900
The artists are working from 
approved designs but within 

5918
05:32:45,900 --> 05:32:48,600
those parameters they're 
creating art that will last for 

5919
05:32:48,600 --> 05:32:51,300
ages. 
A master sculptor is working on 

5920
05:32:51,300 --> 05:32:54,900
a colossal statue of you in the 
traditional fairy onic pose. 

5921
05:32:55,600 --> 05:33:00,600
Standing left leg forward arms 
at your sides, wearing the neems

5922
05:33:00,600 --> 05:33:02,600
headdress and holding Royal 
Insignia. 

5923
05:33:02,600 --> 05:33:06,200
The statue is carved from Red, 
Granite quarried, hundreds of 

5924
05:33:06,208 --> 05:33:10,000
miles, south and transported 
here by boat and sledge at 

5925
05:33:10,000 --> 05:33:13,000
enormous effort and expense. 
It's not finished yet. 

5926
05:33:13,000 --> 05:33:16,400
The face needs more refining and
details need to be added, but 

5927
05:33:16,400 --> 05:33:19,800
already, it's impressive. 
The statue is three times your 

5928
05:33:19,800 --> 05:33:22,600
actual height because subtlety 
is not the point here. 

5929
05:33:22,600 --> 05:33:27,200
The point is to inspire or you 
discuss proportions with the 

5930
05:33:27,200 --> 05:33:30,700
sculptor, who's been working on 
Royal statues for decades. 

5931
05:33:30,700 --> 05:33:34,300
He explains the mathematical 
ratios that govern Egyptian art,

5932
05:33:34,300 --> 05:33:37,000
the relationships between 
different body parts. 

5933
05:33:37,000 --> 05:33:41,000
The angles that create the ideal
form and the conventions that 

5934
05:33:41,000 --> 05:33:43,700
make a statue unmistakably Ferry
on it. 

5935
05:33:43,700 --> 05:33:47,400
Egyptian R isn't realistic in 
the way later cultures will 

5936
05:33:47,400 --> 05:33:52,300
Define realism its idealized 
formalized and designed to 

5937
05:33:52,300 --> 05:33:54,900
represent truth, rather than 
mere appearance. 

5938
05:33:55,500 --> 05:33:58,100
The statute doesn't need to look
exactly like you. 

5939
05:33:58,100 --> 05:34:02,000
It needs to look like the 
Eternal perfect idea of you. 

5940
05:34:02,000 --> 05:34:04,300
The overseer shows you the work 
schedule. 

5941
05:34:04,300 --> 05:34:07,600
Thousands of workers are 
employed on this project alone. 

5942
05:34:07,600 --> 05:34:10,700
Organized into teams with 
specialized skills. 

5943
05:34:10,700 --> 05:34:15,400
There are Quarrymen haulers 
Masons Carvers painters, 

5944
05:34:15,400 --> 05:34:18,800
plasterers tool makers, Cooks to
feed everyone. 

5945
05:34:18,800 --> 05:34:23,200
Scribes to track surprise and 
wages and Foreman to coordinate 

5946
05:34:23,200 --> 05:34:25,400
efforts. 
It's a massive logistical 

5947
05:34:25,400 --> 05:34:28,900
undertaking that requires 
careful planning, consistent 

5948
05:34:28,900 --> 05:34:31,000
resources and competent 
management. 

5949
05:34:31,900 --> 05:34:35,200
You asked about the workers 
conditions because despite what 

5950
05:34:35,200 --> 05:34:38,200
future people will believe these
aren't slaves. 

5951
05:34:38,200 --> 05:34:42,400
Their paid laborers, some 
working full-time, others, 

5952
05:34:42,400 --> 05:34:45,900
fulfilling their annual labor, 
obligation to the state they 

5953
05:34:45,900 --> 05:34:50,300
receive rations of grain beer, 
vegetables, and occasionally 

5954
05:34:50,300 --> 05:34:54,000
meet They have off days for 
festivals, they live in 

5955
05:34:54,000 --> 05:34:57,500
purpose-built, work of villages,
with houses, Medical Care and 

5956
05:34:57,500 --> 05:34:59,800
even a kind of Labor, dispute 
resolution system. 

5957
05:35:00,800 --> 05:35:03,800
It's not luxury, but it's also 
not the brutal. 

5958
05:35:03,800 --> 05:35:07,400
Oppression that pyramids and 
slavery myths would suggest the 

5959
05:35:07,400 --> 05:35:10,700
project is on schedule. 
The overseer assures you though,

5960
05:35:10,700 --> 05:35:13,400
on schedule for ancient 
Egyptian, construction means 

5961
05:35:13,400 --> 05:35:16,700
years or decades. 
You won't see this Temple 

5962
05:35:16,700 --> 05:35:21,100
completed your successor, might 
not see it completed, but it 

5963
05:35:21,100 --> 05:35:24,600
will be completed. 
And when it is it will stand as 

5964
05:35:24,600 --> 05:35:28,000
a testament to your Reign, your 
Devotion to the gods and your 

5965
05:35:28,000 --> 05:35:31,300
determination to be remembered 
you visit the workshops where 

5966
05:35:31,300 --> 05:35:33,800
Artisans are creating the 
smaller but still important 

5967
05:35:33,800 --> 05:35:37,900
elements, the gold leaf that 
will cover certain surfaces the 

5968
05:35:37,900 --> 05:35:41,800
precious stone inlays, the 
bronze doors and the elaborate 

5969
05:35:41,800 --> 05:35:43,900
furniture, for the temples 
various Chambers. 

5970
05:35:43,900 --> 05:35:47,900
Each item is being made by hand 
by craftsmen who learn their 

5971
05:35:47,900 --> 05:35:50,500
skills from Master's, who 
learned from their masters 

5972
05:35:50,500 --> 05:35:54,000
maintaining Traditions that 
stretch back Generations. 

5973
05:35:54,000 --> 05:35:57,200
There's something profound about
what watching these Works take 

5974
05:35:57,200 --> 05:36:01,400
shape, every chisel strike every
careful measurement, and every 

5975
05:36:01,400 --> 05:36:04,900
artistic decision is an Act of 
Creation that will Outlast, 

5976
05:36:04,900 --> 05:36:07,800
everyone involved, the workers 
will die. 

5977
05:36:07,800 --> 05:36:10,900
You will die, even the gods 
might change. 

5978
05:36:10,900 --> 05:36:15,300
But these stones will remain 
these images will endure and 

5979
05:36:15,400 --> 05:36:18,200
These hieroglyphs will continue 
telling your story to people who

5980
05:36:18,200 --> 05:36:21,700
have not been born yet. 
It's as close to immortality as 

5981
05:36:21,700 --> 05:36:25,500
humans get As evening, 
approaches you find yourself on 

5982
05:36:25,500 --> 05:36:29,200
the palace roof, watching the 
sun, descend toward the Western 

5983
05:36:29,200 --> 05:36:31,400
desert. 
This has become something of a 

5984
05:36:31,408 --> 05:36:34,200
ritual for you. 
A quiet moment at the end of the

5985
05:36:34,208 --> 05:36:38,700
day to think to process to 
Simply exist without the weight 

5986
05:36:38,700 --> 05:36:42,600
of performance up here with the 
city spreading out below and the

5987
05:36:42,600 --> 05:36:45,600
desert Beyond you can see your 
kingdom in microcosm. 

5988
05:36:46,400 --> 05:36:49,200
The Nile cuts through the 
landscape, like a dark ribbon 

5989
05:36:49,200 --> 05:36:52,500
reflecting. 
The sunset colors along, its 

5990
05:36:52,500 --> 05:36:55,400
banks fields are darkening, from
green to black as the light 

5991
05:36:55,400 --> 05:36:59,200
Fades towns and Villages are 
coming alive with Lamplight. 

5992
05:36:59,200 --> 05:37:02,900
Tiny golden points appearing as 
family settle in for the 

5993
05:37:02,900 --> 05:37:05,800
evening. 
Smoke rises from cooking fires, 

5994
05:37:05,800 --> 05:37:10,100
carrying the smell of bread and 
grilled fish, Somewhere in the 

5995
05:37:10,100 --> 05:37:12,500
distance. 
You can hear singing probably 

5996
05:37:12,500 --> 05:37:16,000
from a Tavern where workers are 
relaxing after the day's labor? 

5997
05:37:16,000 --> 05:37:20,300
You think about the enormity of 
your responsibility, Those 

5998
05:37:20,300 --> 05:37:24,200
lights represent people. 
Millions of them who depend on 

5999
05:37:24,200 --> 05:37:27,200
you to maintain that to keep the
Nile flowing. 

6000
05:37:27,200 --> 05:37:31,900
The Harvest coming the border 
secure and the gods satisfied. 

6001
05:37:31,900 --> 05:37:35,600
You didn't ask for this 
responsibility, you were born 

6002
05:37:35,600 --> 05:37:38,700
into it, trained for it from 
childhood, had it placed on your

6003
05:37:38,700 --> 05:37:42,600
head with a crown and declared 
inevitable, by every priest and 

6004
05:37:42,600 --> 05:37:46,100
official in Egypt. 
But you've accepted it and most 

6005
05:37:46,100 --> 05:37:48,200
days you believe you're doing an
adequate job. 

6006
05:37:49,000 --> 05:37:52,500
The concept of Mount occupies 
your thoughts often, it's more 

6007
05:37:52,500 --> 05:37:55,600
than just law or Justice, its 
Cosmic order. 

6008
05:37:55,600 --> 05:37:59,100
The way things should be the 
balance between chaos and 

6009
05:37:59,100 --> 05:38:02,500
civilization. 
Your entire Reign is judged by 

6010
05:38:02,508 --> 05:38:04,400
how well? 
You maintain Myatt? 

6011
05:38:05,000 --> 05:38:07,900
Do you speak truth? 
Do you ensure Fair judgment? 

6012
05:38:07,900 --> 05:38:11,700
Do you support the gods temples?
Do you keep Egypt? 

6013
05:38:11,700 --> 05:38:15,300
Prosperous and secure every 
decision you make, is supposed 

6014
05:38:15,300 --> 05:38:19,700
to reinforce all order and push 
back against chaos is affect the

6015
05:38:19,700 --> 05:38:21,100
force that wants to unmake 
everything. 

6016
05:38:22,000 --> 05:38:25,900
It's an impossible standard 
really your human, despite what 

6017
05:38:25,900 --> 05:38:28,200
the theology says. 
You make mistakes. 

6018
05:38:28,200 --> 05:38:32,500
You have biases, you get tired 
and cranky and occasionally 

6019
05:38:32,500 --> 05:38:35,300
makes decisions because they're 
easier rather than because 

6020
05:38:35,300 --> 05:38:39,200
they're right, you try every 
morning, you wake up and try to 

6021
05:38:39,200 --> 05:38:42,200
be the fairer. 
Egypt needs the living Horus, 

6022
05:38:42,200 --> 05:38:44,800
the son of raw, the Shepherd of 
the people. 

6023
05:38:45,700 --> 05:38:49,000
You think about mortality, which
is, ironic considering you're 

6024
05:38:49,000 --> 05:38:52,200
supposed to be divine, but 
Divinity doesn't make you immune

6025
05:38:52,200 --> 05:38:54,800
to death. 
It just means you're expected to

6026
05:38:54,800 --> 05:38:58,100
continue being important. 
After death, your tomb is being 

6027
05:38:58,100 --> 05:39:00,100
prepared. 
In the Valley of the Kings cut 

6028
05:39:00,100 --> 05:39:03,300
deep into the mountain. 
Rock, its walls covered with 

6029
05:39:03,300 --> 05:39:06,700
religious texts and images to 
guide you through the afterlife.

6030
05:39:06,700 --> 05:39:10,800
Your burial goods are 
accumulating ferniture, clothes,

6031
05:39:10,800 --> 05:39:14,400
jewelry, food, everything you 
might need in the next world. 

6032
05:39:15,300 --> 05:39:18,400
The ancient Egyptians have made 
an art form of dealing with 

6033
05:39:18,400 --> 05:39:20,300
death. 
You don't just die. 

6034
05:39:20,300 --> 05:39:24,100
You transform Journey Through 
the underworld face judgment 

6035
05:39:24,100 --> 05:39:26,700
before the gods. 
And if you pass join, the 

6036
05:39:26,700 --> 05:39:29,900
Blessed dead Who Live Forever. 
The Book of the Dead, which 

6037
05:39:29,900 --> 05:39:32,600
isn't actually a book, but a 
collection of spells and 

6038
05:39:32,600 --> 05:39:35,800
instructions will be placed in 
your tomb to help you navigate 

6039
05:39:35,800 --> 05:39:38,600
the dangers of the afterlife. 
You've read it. 

6040
05:39:38,600 --> 05:39:42,300
Of course, it's comforting in a 
way, all those detailed 

6041
05:39:42,300 --> 05:39:45,900
instructions about what to say 
and do as if death is just 

6042
05:39:45,900 --> 05:39:48,700
another Journey that can be 
planned for your 

6043
05:39:48,700 --> 05:39:51,500
accomplishments, run through 
your mind, like a scroll on 

6044
05:39:51,500 --> 05:39:55,600
rolling treaties, negotiated 
temples, build enemies defeated 

6045
05:39:55,600 --> 05:39:58,800
laws, enacted, canals Doug, and 
Justice administered. 

6046
05:39:59,700 --> 05:40:02,700
Some of it was significant. 
Some of it will be forgotten by 

6047
05:40:02,700 --> 05:40:05,500
next year, but you've tried to 
make Egypt, better than you 

6048
05:40:05,500 --> 05:40:09,400
found it to leave something 
lasting those buildings rising 

6049
05:40:09,400 --> 05:40:12,300
from the desert floor. 
Those inscriptions on Temple 

6050
05:40:12,300 --> 05:40:15,100
walls. 
Those legal precedents, their 

6051
05:40:15,100 --> 05:40:17,800
your legacy. 
The proof that you existed and 

6052
05:40:17,800 --> 05:40:20,300
mattered. 
But there are failures too 

6053
05:40:20,300 --> 05:40:23,700
things. 
You regret hasty decisions that 

6054
05:40:23,700 --> 05:40:27,000
caused problems later. 
People, you trusted who betrayed

6055
05:40:27,000 --> 05:40:27,500
that? 
Trust? 

6056
05:40:28,400 --> 05:40:32,500
Projects that consumed resources
but delivered little moments 

6057
05:40:32,500 --> 05:40:36,100
when you chose political 
expediency over Justice because 

6058
05:40:36,100 --> 05:40:39,600
the alternative seemed to costly
the weight of rule includes 

6059
05:40:39,600 --> 05:40:42,900
carrying those failures learning
from them if possible and 

6060
05:40:42,900 --> 05:40:44,800
accepting them, when learning 
isn't enough. 

6061
05:40:45,500 --> 05:40:49,400
The sun touches the Horizon and 
the sky erupts in Reds and 

6062
05:40:49,400 --> 05:40:52,700
oranges and purples. 
The Egyptians believed the sun 

6063
05:40:52,700 --> 05:40:55,000
god rare travels through the 
underworld each night. 

6064
05:40:55,800 --> 05:40:59,500
Fighting The Serpent of chaos 
and showing the sun rises again 

6065
05:40:59,500 --> 05:41:03,700
each morning you've helped that 
process through your rituals but

6066
05:41:03,700 --> 05:41:06,200
watching the sunset. 
You wonder if Iran is the help 

6067
05:41:06,200 --> 05:41:11,000
or if the Sun would rise anyway,
theology says, one thing, your 

6068
05:41:11,000 --> 05:41:14,300
secret thoughts, sometimes 
suggest another, you think about

6069
05:41:14,300 --> 05:41:17,500
your children and what kind of 
Egypt they'll inherit Your 

6070
05:41:17,500 --> 05:41:19,300
eldest son will likely be the 
next fairer. 

6071
05:41:19,300 --> 05:41:22,500
The royal succession in Egypt, 
is an always straightforward. 

6072
05:41:22,500 --> 05:41:26,900
He's young still or interested 
in the glory of King ship than 

6073
05:41:26,900 --> 05:41:30,300
its tedious reality. 
You hope he'll learn and hope 

6074
05:41:30,300 --> 05:41:32,200
he'll understand. 
That being Pharaoh means more 

6075
05:41:32,200 --> 05:41:35,500
responsibility than power. 
You hope he'll be wise enough to

6076
05:41:35,500 --> 05:41:38,200
listen to good advisors and 
strong enough to ignore bad 

6077
05:41:38,200 --> 05:41:40,700
ones. 
The stars are appearing now 

6078
05:41:40,700 --> 05:41:44,700
familiar constellations, the 
Egyptians of named and mapped 

6079
05:41:44,700 --> 05:41:47,000
and incorporated into their 
religious beliefs. 

6080
05:41:47,000 --> 05:41:50,800
Those Stars will be there long 
after you're gone looking down 

6081
05:41:50,800 --> 05:41:53,900
on future, pharaohs future, 
Egypt, and future worlds, you 

6082
05:41:53,900 --> 05:41:56,800
can't imagine. 
It's humbling in a way to think 

6083
05:41:56,800 --> 05:41:59,600
about the vastness of time in 
your tiny place in it. 

6084
05:42:00,300 --> 05:42:03,500
But it's also comforting, you're
part of something larger than 

6085
05:42:03,500 --> 05:42:07,200
yourself, part of a chain of 
Kings, stretching back to normal

6086
05:42:07,200 --> 05:42:11,500
who first United Egypt and 
forward to rulers, you'll never 

6087
05:42:11,500 --> 05:42:15,700
meet the evening call to prayer,
rises from the Temple's, priests

6088
05:42:15,700 --> 05:42:18,500
singing hymns to the gods, 
thanking them for the day, 

6089
05:42:18,500 --> 05:42:22,100
asking for their protection. 
Through the night, the sound 

6090
05:42:22,100 --> 05:42:25,600
carries across the city and you 
find yourself humming along with

6091
05:42:25,600 --> 05:42:29,600
the familiar melodies. 
You may be a pharaoh but you're 

6092
05:42:29,600 --> 05:42:32,600
also a worshiper. 
Someone who acknowledges Powers 

6093
05:42:32,600 --> 05:42:36,200
greater than yourself as 
Darkness settles over Egypt. 

6094
05:42:36,200 --> 05:42:39,600
You feel the day's tensions. 
Releasing tomorrow will bring 

6095
05:42:39,600 --> 05:42:42,800
new challenges, new 
responsibilities and new 

6096
05:42:42,800 --> 05:42:45,600
opportunities to maintain Maya 
or fail trying. 

6097
05:42:45,600 --> 05:42:48,200
But for now, this moment is 
enough. 

6098
05:42:48,200 --> 05:42:52,400
Standing on your Palace roof, 
watching your kingdom, settle 

6099
05:42:52,400 --> 05:42:55,600
into night, being simply 
yourself before you have to be 

6100
05:42:55,600 --> 05:42:58,400
fairer again. 
You turn away from The View and 

6101
05:42:58,400 --> 05:43:01,800
head back inside, ready for the 
evening meal, for the rituals 

6102
05:43:01,800 --> 05:43:04,900
that will prepare you for sleep,
and for another night's rest. 

6103
05:43:04,900 --> 05:43:08,600
Before another day's rain, the 
palace swallows you back into 

6104
05:43:08,600 --> 05:43:11,600
its routines. 
You carry the piece of that roof

6105
05:43:11,600 --> 05:43:15,300
top moment with you a reminder 
that underneath all the ceremony

6106
05:43:15,300 --> 05:43:19,800
and responsibility, your human 
living, a life measured in 

6107
05:43:19,800 --> 05:43:24,500
Sunset, and decisions, trying to
do right in a world that rarely 

6108
05:43:24,500 --> 05:43:28,300
makes rightness easy, you lie in
bed again. the day circuit 

6109
05:43:28,300 --> 05:43:32,200
complete tomorrow, you'll wake 
and do it all again, the 

6110
05:43:32,200 --> 05:43:35,100
rituals, the governance, the 
building the responsibility, 

6111
05:43:36,200 --> 05:43:40,100
It's a rhythm as reliable as the
Niles flood, as predictable as 

6112
05:43:40,100 --> 05:43:43,900
the sun's daily Journey. 
You're not Immortal, despite the

6113
05:43:43,900 --> 05:43:46,800
Divine titles. 
You're a person doing a job that

6114
05:43:46,800 --> 05:43:50,100
happens to involve being treated
like a god, your legacy will be 

6115
05:43:50,100 --> 05:43:54,400
stoned and law temples and 
treaties children who carry your

6116
05:43:54,400 --> 05:43:58,200
bloodline forward and officials 
who learned from your decisions.

6117
05:43:59,000 --> 05:44:02,300
Some of it will last Millennia, 
some will be forgotten within a 

6118
05:44:02,300 --> 05:44:07,300
generation such as the nature of
human endeavor but for now you 

6119
05:44:07,300 --> 05:44:10,400
sleep knowing the sun will rise 
again because rare travels 

6120
05:44:10,400 --> 05:44:13,900
through the night or because the
Earth rotates or because that 

6121
05:44:13,900 --> 05:44:18,400
simply what Sons do your job is 
to be there when it rises to 

6122
05:44:18,400 --> 05:44:22,500
perform the rituals to govern 
justly and to maintain that for 

6123
05:44:22,500 --> 05:44:25,700
another day. 
The weight of the crown rests on

6124
05:44:25,700 --> 05:44:29,900
a stand nearby silent and 
patient waiting for more morning

6125
05:44:29,900 --> 05:44:34,300
outside the Nile flows northward
as it always has carrying Egypt,

6126
05:44:34,300 --> 05:44:37,700
life toward the sea and in the 
Eternal cycle of rising and 

6127
05:44:37,700 --> 05:44:41,200
setting of flooding, and 
planting, and harvesting of life

6128
05:44:41,200 --> 05:44:46,100
and death and life again. 
You are Pharaoh Divine mortal, 

6129
05:44:46,100 --> 05:44:49,600
powerful. 
Vulnerable responsible for 

6130
05:44:49,600 --> 05:44:53,900
everything master of nothing, 
but your intentions sleep. 

6131
05:44:53,900 --> 05:44:58,200
Comes gently carrying you toward
dreams of the perfect Egypt, you

6132
05:44:58,200 --> 05:45:01,000
building each night and wake to 
approximate each day.