Boring History | Why People Slept Sitting Up For CENTURIES and more | Gentle Storytelling

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Imagine trying to drift off to 
sleep tonight, but in prop 

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yourself up, half sitting half 
slouching bundled in layers of 

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blankets. 
The Strangers. 

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It sounds for centuries. 
This was how many people 

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actually slept, and that's why 
tonight, we're uncovering the 

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real reasons. 
Why? 

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From fears of demons and disease
to the simple reality of drafty 

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homes and crowded beds. 
Sleeping upright was a habited 

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by both Superstition and 
survival. 

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It wasn't laziness or 
discomfort. 

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It was just how the night was 
managed generation after 

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generation. 
So, before you get comfortable, 

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take a moment to like the video,
and let me know where you're 

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tuning in from, and what time it
is for you. 

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Now dim the light, grab your 
cozy, blanket and lets begin. 

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Imagine spending the night in 
that ideal position where your 

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mattress has adapted to your 
unique shape over the years, 

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pulling your covers up to your 
chin, you sigh with satisfaction

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after stretching out and 
possibly wriggling a little, to 

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find a cool spot on your pillow.
Isn't this nightly routine as 

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instinctive as breathing? 
Here's something that might 

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literally make you sit up in bed
for the majority of human 

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history. 
People would have assumed you 

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were either dead or insane based
on your horizontal sleeping 

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position you heard correctly. 
For centuries or ancestors. 

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Slept, upright leaning against 
headboards walls or specially 

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made sleep chairs that resembled
medieval torture devices more 

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than Furniture. 
Imagine attempting to explain 

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your memory foam, pillow and 
California, King mattress, to a 

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person from the 1600s. 
They would most likely start 

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organizing your funeral by 
calling the local physician. 

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Now before you start to feel 
proud of your contemporary 

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sleeping Arrangements, keep in 
mind that these were not 

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primitive people who had not yet
mastered, the art of lying down 

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the issues. 
They were facing would make your

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worst Monday morning seemed like
a day at the spa. 

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When you realize what they had 
to contend with, you may come to

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Value their resourcefulness, 
they had good reasons for 

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staying up all night. 
It wasn't an overnight change 

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from City to line down. 
Superstitions medical theories 

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that would make a fortune teller
blush and social Customs. 

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So deeply embedded that shifting
sleep positions was practically 

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revolutionary were all part of 
this slow. 

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Centuries long shift, consider 
the slowest rebellion in 

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history. 
Waged one pillow at a time you 

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see back their sleep was more 
than just rest. 

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It was linked to beliefs about 
health religion, social 

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standing, and even survival. 
Depending on where you slept, 

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you might be viewed, as wealthy 
or impoverished healthy or ill 

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or virtuous or sinful. 
It was similar to social media, 

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except that instead of sharing 
photos of your breakfast people 

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were making snap judgments about
how you spent your unconscious 

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hours. 
The rules that govern the 

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Medieval World were entirely 
different from those that govern

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us today, plague infection 
starvation, or even, just your 

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neighbor's goat running loose 
and trampling on your turnip 

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Garden were all potential causes
of death. 

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Every choice, including how you 
position your body for those 

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valuable few hours of rest, 
carried weight in such a 

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precarious world. 
They were being realistic in 

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ways we can hardly fathom now, 
not being dramatic. 

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The interesting part is that 
sleeping upright, wasn't a 

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peculiarity of Europeans. 
Similar Customs were 

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independently developed by 
cultures in Asia, Africa, and 

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the Americas. 
This implies that the 

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difficulties are ancestors and 
counted were Universal, which is

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why sitting up at night seemed 
like the sensible option. 

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It was adaptation to conditions 
that we are grateful to have 

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left behind not ignorance. 
You're taking part in a 

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relatively new human experiment,
as you lie, there, to night, 

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horizontal and comfortable. 
As a result of centuries of 

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incremental, change, medical 
progress, and social Evolution, 

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your sleeping habits are truly 
revolutionary. 

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Your living, the kind of luxury 
that ancient kings. 

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And queens could only imagine 
every time you turn your pillow 

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to the cool side or change your 
blanket, indeed. 

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Sweet dreams. 
Let's take a moment to explore 

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the medieval mind. 
Suppose you lived in a world 

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where the only thing you knew 
about medicine was how to 

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balance your humors. 
Not the kind that make you 

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laugh. 
But the enigmatic bodily fluids 

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that were supposed to regulate 
your health. 

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The Four Horsemen of medieval 
medicine blood Flair, yellow, 

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bile and black bile. 
Were more difficult to balance 

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than putting together, Ikea 
furniture with out, the manual. 

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The Learned Physicians of the 
day, believe that lying flat 

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dangerously Disturbed. 
These humors, they held that 

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horizontal stretching cause 
blood to pull in the wrong 

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places, causing imbalances that 
could cause disease or even 

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death. 
It was similar to the medieval 

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game of operation except that 
you might actually die in place 

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of a buzzer going off. 
According to the doctor's 

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sitting upright, maintain the 
delicate balance required for 

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Life by allowing your humors to 
flow correctly. 

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However, the medical issues 
extended beyond the enigmatic 

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fluid management, medical 
professionals actually thought 

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that line flat exposed one to 
night Vapors, which were 

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poisonous gases that were said 
to rise from the earth and enter

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houses through floor cracks. 
Since these Vapors were believed

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to be heavier than air. 
They gathered close to the 

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ground, like a human Periscope, 
avoiding, toxic clouds, sleeping

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upright. 
Literally lifted. 

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You above the danger zone, not 
that this was all Superstition 

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homes from the Middle. 
Ages weren't, exactly 

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ventilation Marvels, imagine 
sharing your living space with 

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animals for warmth in a 
building. 

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That is a combination of a house
and a barn. 

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With fumes from animal feces 
smoke from poorly, ventilated 

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fires and the general mustiness 
of damp stone walls. 

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The air quality was likely 
suspect Even though the 

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justification for sitting up was
wildly incorrect, it's possible 

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that it improved breathing and 
air circulation. 

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The implications for religion 
were just as strong. 

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According to Medieval 
Christianity, the deadlift flat 

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and imitating death. 
While you slept was a sign of 

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tempting Fate by implying that 
you were prepared for Eternal 

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rest. 
You were effectively inviting 

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the Grim Reaper. 
According to church doctrine, 

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the righteous should always be 
on guard even when they are 

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sleeping prepared to pray or ran
at any time lying down was 

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regarded as spiritually 
hazardous because it suggested a

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state of vulnerability and 
relaxation. 

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Additionally think about the 
practicality or lack thereof of 

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medieval bedrooms, unlike you 
most people did not have private

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sleeping quarters guests, 
servants and families, shared a 

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room and frequently a bed. 
Only. 

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The very wealthy could afford 
privacy and even then it was a 

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luxury. 
Sitting up in such crowded. 

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Conditions was a matter of space
management, not merely health or

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religion. 
If everyone, slept upright 

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leaned against walls or shared 
big chairs made for several 

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people, you could fit more 
people in a room. 

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Additionally, the fear of 
Unexpected death while. 

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Sleeping was incredibly useful, 
people died suddenly and often 

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in a time before modern 
medicine, the sick and dying. 

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Those two weeks to sit up with 
thought to lie down. 

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By sleeping, upright, healthy 
individuals showed that they 

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were still strong enough to keep
their posture while they were 

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unconscious demonstrating their 
vitality. 

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It served as a nightly 
affirmation that. 

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I'm still here, still fighting 
still ready for whatever Dawn 

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might bring as you unconsciously
sink into your horizontal 

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position to night. 
Keep in mind that you are doing 

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something that your forefathers 
would have regarded as either 

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courageous or foolish or 
perhaps, both your Readiness to 

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lie down demonstrates how much 
we've learned about safety 

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health, and the basic art of 
getting a decent night's sleep. 

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You may be asking yourself what 
exactly were they sitting on? 

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If everyone was sleeping 
upright. 

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Depending on your stance on 
Comfort versus functionality, 

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the medieval Furniture industry 
had to get inventive in ways 

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that would make contemporary 
ergonomic designers cry with 

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Envy or horror. 
The Sleep chair is the 

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equivalent of a recliner in 
medieval Europe. 

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But it lacks the cup holders, 
the reclining feature, and 

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pretty much. 
Every other feature, that makes 

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modern furniture. 
Bearable, these devices have the

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appearance of someone marketing 
them as bedroom furniture after 

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crossing a church pew with a 
torture device. 

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A high straight back armrests at
precisely uncomfortable, angles 

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and occasionally. 
A tiny Ledger platform. 

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To place your feet on Raw 
features of the basic design. 

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Obviously Comfort was not the 
main issue, of course, fancier, 

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versions were owned by the 
wealthy. 

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In addition to being upholstered
with Fabrics that cost more than

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the average person's yearly 
income, their sleep chairs were 

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carved from pricey woods and 
occasionally had tiny storage 

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spaces for personal belongings. 
Consider them the luxury 

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vehicles of the world of setting
sleep. 

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They're still essentially 
uncomfortable but they do. 

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So in a stylish way in a time 
when one size fits all was the 

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norm, some had a just adjustable
backs that could tilt slightly 

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providing what amounted to 
customization. 

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The interesting part though is 
that these chairs served as 

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status symbols in addition to 
being useful pieces of 

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furniture. 
Your sleep, chairs design and 

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quality made your social 
standing as obvious as driving a

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Ferrari today. 
Nobility displayed ornate pieces

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that looked more like Thrones 
than sleeping Furniture. 

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While wealthy merchants might 
have chairs with modest carving 

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and comfortable padding. 
The impoverished on the other 

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hand used crude wooden stools or
simply leaned against walls 

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transforming any level surface 
into a makeshift bed. 

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The extremely wealthy slept in 
rooms made a specially for 

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standing. 
Imagine hallways with built-in 

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benches, walls with tapestries, 
and cushions for leaning against

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and unique, alcoves carved into 
the stone. 

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That would allow several people 
to sit and sleep comfortably. 

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They resembled human parking 
garages made to hold bodies in 

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their vertical resting position 
rather than bedrooms as we know 

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them. 
Some clever furniture makers. 

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Made communal sleep benches 
which along church pews style 

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seats that can hold families or 
groups of tourists. 

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Picture yourself arriving at a 
medieval in finding yourself 

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Seated. 
On a bench beside total 

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strangers and spending the night
together like birds on a Wire. 

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It was obvious that personal 
space was an unimagined luxury. 

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In fact, these pieces were 
incredibly well-crafted in the 

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absence of power tools or 
contemporary methods, medieval 

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Woodworkers produced elaborate 
supports precisely measured 

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angles and joints that could 
sustain human bodies for decades

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at a time. 
They had a deeper understanding 

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of structural Integrity, 
balance, and weight 

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distribution, and some 
contemporary furniture. 

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Even though they slept on pieces
made to last for centuries, your

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ancestors, may have slept 
upright. 

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It's interesting to note that 
some sleep chairs had clever 

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features that Contemporary 
Furniture Design as might find 

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appealing, Detachable, cushions 
allowed for seasonal Comfort 

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adjustments. 
Adjustable footrests. 

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Accommodated, varying leg 
lengths and hidden compartments,

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protected valuables while you 
slept. some even had a little 

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tables attached so that you 
could easily access prayer books

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can handles or water at night, 
The wealthy who could afford to 

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try out new Sleeping 
arrangements with the first to 

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gradually, move away from sleep 
chairs. 

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Sleep chairs, did not vanish 
overnight as lying down, beds 

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gained popularity, some families
kept them as emergencies 

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furniture for visitors or in 
case of illness and many were 

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repurposed as every day. 
Seating, Relics of an alien 

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civilization, that somehow 
managed to sleep while 

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simultaneously defying comfort, 
and gravity can be found in 

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museums today. you may be 
horrified to learn that for the 

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majority of human history, 
privacy while sleeping was 

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practically unheard of Your 
ancestors lived in a world where

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sleeping was a social activity 
similar to eating dinner or 

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going to church except that 
everyone was unconscious. 

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This contrasts with your own 
luxury of having your own room 

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bed. 
A space to school. 

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However, you like. 
Imagine a normal medieval home. 

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In addition to sharing houses 
families also shared sleeping 

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quarters with apprentices 
servant's extended family and 

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frequently overnight Travelers. 
Every evening. 

234
00:12:05,900 --> 00:12:09,000
The Great Hall of a manor house 
would be transformed into a 

235
00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:11,100
human dormitory. 
With people lining up along 

236
00:12:11,100 --> 00:12:13,800
benches and walls in a manner 
reminiscent of medieval airport,

237
00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:17,800
seating during flight delays, 
However, the delay persisted 

238
00:12:17,800 --> 00:12:20,600
each and every night. 
Setting upright was not only 

239
00:12:20,600 --> 00:12:23,000
morally or medically right in 
these crowded sleeping 

240
00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:25,700
Arrangements, but it was also 
practically required. 

241
00:12:25,700 --> 00:12:28,400
You'll see why lying down. 
Wasn't an option. 

242
00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:32,400
If you try to picture cramming 
15 people into an area meant for

243
00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:34,400
8. 
Everyone had to make the most of

244
00:12:34,400 --> 00:12:37,400
their vertical space which made 
Sleeping a human geometry 

245
00:12:37,400 --> 00:12:40,400
exercise. 
Like knowing how to fix clothes 

246
00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:44,000
or preserve meat the ability to 
sleep while seated evolved into 

247
00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:47,200
a survival skill. 
The social dynamics of sharing a

248
00:12:47,208 --> 00:12:50,300
bed were intriguing and 
intricate Unwritten rules 

249
00:12:50,300 --> 00:12:53,500
dictated who was allowed to lean
against which walls who was 

250
00:12:53,500 --> 00:12:56,800
given priority near the fire and
who was forced to make do with 

251
00:12:56,800 --> 00:13:00,500
the drafty spots by windows. 
Nightly seating arrangements, 

252
00:13:00,500 --> 00:13:03,700
were influenced by physical 
condition, age, and social 

253
00:13:03,700 --> 00:13:06,500
standing. 
It was similar to musical chairs

254
00:13:06,500 --> 00:13:10,000
in the Middle Ages, except that 
no one and everyone had to sleep

255
00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:13,100
where they ended up. 
Taverns and Inns elevated 

256
00:13:13,100 --> 00:13:15,000
communal sleeping to a whole new
level. 

257
00:13:15,800 --> 00:13:18,800
People from various towns, 
social classes and backgrounds 

258
00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:22,200
would spend the night next to 
each other sharing body heat and

259
00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:24,600
likely more germs than anyone 
would want to consider. 

260
00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:28,000
It was simply good business to 
pack as many upright sleepers as

261
00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:31,400
possible into each room because 
in Keepers charged by the space 

262
00:13:31,400 --> 00:13:34,900
rather than the person. 
You didn't pay for privacy or 

263
00:13:34,900 --> 00:13:38,000
comfort, you paid for a place on
a bench or against a wall. 

264
00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:41,700
In fact, this system produced 
its own social mores and manners

265
00:13:41,700 --> 00:13:44,300
rules about snoring changing 
positions. 

266
00:13:44,300 --> 00:13:46,900
And what to do, if you're 
sleeping neighbor began talking 

267
00:13:46,900 --> 00:13:49,200
in their sleep or having 
nightmares were developed. 

268
00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:53,600
Protocols for sharing blankets, 
keeping modest in close quarters

269
00:13:53,600 --> 00:13:57,000
and handling, the inevitable 
personality conflicts that occur

270
00:13:57,000 --> 00:14:00,500
when strangers are compelled to 
spend night after night in close

271
00:14:00,500 --> 00:14:03,600
quarters or all in place, even 
though they're sleeping 

272
00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:05,200
Arrangements, were far more 
comfortable. 

273
00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:08,400
The wealthy were not completely 
immune to communal, sleeping 

274
00:14:08,400 --> 00:14:11,000
either, for convenience and 
security reasons. 

275
00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:13,900
Noble households can continue to
have servants sleep in the same 

276
00:14:13,900 --> 00:14:16,800
rooms as their masters. 
Even a fluent families 

277
00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:20,600
frequently, shared sleeping 
quarters with parents kids, and 

278
00:14:20,600 --> 00:14:22,900
occasionally grandparents. 
Each finding a place in the 

279
00:14:22,900 --> 00:14:25,700
family sleeping chamber. 
These Arrangements were made 

280
00:14:25,700 --> 00:14:29,500
even more complex by seasonal. 
Variations people naturally 

281
00:14:29,500 --> 00:14:31,900
huddled closer together in the 
winter to stay warm. 

282
00:14:31,900 --> 00:14:35,500
But in the summer, they position
themselves strategically close 

283
00:14:35,500 --> 00:14:38,100
to Windows and Doors to take 
advantage of any breezes. 

284
00:14:38,900 --> 00:14:41,400
Most people had to make due with
the same space year round 

285
00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:43,700
changing their positions and 
Arrangements. 

286
00:14:43,700 --> 00:14:45,000
According to weather and 
temperature. 

287
00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:48,100
While the wealthy might have had
the luxury of seasonal sleeping 

288
00:14:48,100 --> 00:14:50,800
Chambers different rooms for 
different times of the year. 

289
00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:53,100
Although germ theory was not 
yet. 

290
00:14:53,100 --> 00:14:55,600
Sufficiently understood for 
people to be concerned about it 

291
00:14:55,600 --> 00:14:57,900
disease. 
Transmission in these settings 

292
00:14:57,900 --> 00:15:01,600
must have been spectacular 
Everyone in the sleeping chamber

293
00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:04,700
was likely to get a cold. 
After someone else did well 

294
00:15:04,700 --> 00:15:07,300
though, people blamed illness on
bad air or Divine punishment? 

295
00:15:07,300 --> 00:15:10,000
Rather than the obvious problem 
of dozens of people breathing, 

296
00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:12,800
on each other all night? 
Plague outbreaks, most likely 

297
00:15:12,800 --> 00:15:15,000
spread through communal, 
sleeping Arrangements, like 

298
00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:17,500
wildfire. 
The wealthy were the first to 

299
00:15:17,500 --> 00:15:20,400
gradually transition to private 
sleeping family. 

300
00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:23,600
Started to divide sleeping 
Arrangements by generation, then

301
00:15:23,600 --> 00:15:26,900
by gender, and finally, by 
personal preference as wealth 

302
00:15:26,900 --> 00:15:29,800
and homes grew. 
A fact that you can sleep by 

303
00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:33,700
yourself in your own room and in
your own bed is a testament to 

304
00:15:33,700 --> 00:15:35,900
centuries of economic and social
advancement. 

305
00:15:35,900 --> 00:15:39,800
That your forefathers could 
hardly have dreamed of How then 

306
00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:41,400
did people go from sleeping 
upright? 

307
00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:43,600
For centuries to the horizontal 
freefall. 

308
00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:46,900
You see today? 
Everyone deciding to roll over 

309
00:15:46,900 --> 00:15:49,800
and try lying down. 
At the same time wasn't a sudden

310
00:15:49,800 --> 00:15:53,000
Revelation the gradual change 
from a communal survival 

311
00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:55,900
strategy to the private 
comfortable experience. 

312
00:15:55,900 --> 00:15:59,100
You know, today was fueled by 
advancements in architecture 

313
00:15:59,100 --> 00:16:02,600
medicine and social attitudes 
like most revolutions. 

314
00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:05,900
This one started with the rich. 
Some Aristocrats and Rich. 

315
00:16:05,900 --> 00:16:08,500
Merchants had started 
experimenting with lying down 

316
00:16:08,500 --> 00:16:12,500
sleep by the late Medieval Era. 
But first, it was considered a 

317
00:16:12,500 --> 00:16:14,100
luxury rather than a common 
practice. 

318
00:16:14,100 --> 00:16:17,500
These early adopters who were 
prepared to forgo, the 

319
00:16:17,500 --> 00:16:20,300
purported, spiritual and medical
risks in favor of comfort and 

320
00:16:20,300 --> 00:16:23,500
Novelty were essentially the 
beta testers of horizontal 

321
00:16:23,500 --> 00:16:25,800
sleeping. 
Think of them like the original 

322
00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:29,300
smartphone buyers, who were 
initially viewed as crazy until 

323
00:16:29,300 --> 00:16:32,200
everyone wanted one. 
The ancient theories of humors 

324
00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:35,000
and night Vapors were gradually 
disproved by new Concepts about 

325
00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:38,200
medicine and the human body that
emerged during the Renaissance. 

326
00:16:39,100 --> 00:16:41,500
When doctors noticed that 
wealthy people who slept on 

327
00:16:41,500 --> 00:16:43,600
their backs were dieing, and 
frightening numbers. 

328
00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:46,500
They started to wander of 
sitting up straight was really 

329
00:16:46,500 --> 00:16:50,300
necessary for good health. 
Medical texts began to imply 

330
00:16:50,300 --> 00:16:52,700
that flying flat might be 
helpful for some ailments. 

331
00:16:53,600 --> 00:16:55,800
Ashley for those with back pain 
or respiratory issues. 

332
00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:59,700
Took decades for the radical 
idea to become widely accepted. 

333
00:16:59,700 --> 00:17:02,800
This transition was made 
possible in large part by 

334
00:17:02,800 --> 00:17:05,500
architecture. 
Families, could now afford to 

335
00:17:05,500 --> 00:17:09,099
use entire rooms for sleeping as
Holmes, grew, bigger and more. 

336
00:17:09,099 --> 00:17:12,599
Upscale people no longer had to 
share, sleeping quarters with 

337
00:17:12,599 --> 00:17:15,500
strangers, servants and extended
families. 

338
00:17:15,500 --> 00:17:17,500
Thanks, to the invention of 
separate bed Chambers. 

339
00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:20,800
Experimenting with various 
sleeping positions with out 

340
00:17:20,800 --> 00:17:23,800
social scrutiny or space 
constraints was made possible by

341
00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:27,000
privacy at last. 
You were able to extend your 

342
00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:29,100
body without pushing your 
neighbor in the ribs. 

343
00:17:29,100 --> 00:17:32,500
Equally significant was the 
development and enhancement of 

344
00:17:32,500 --> 00:17:35,200
appropriate beds. 
When there were beds in the 

345
00:17:35,200 --> 00:17:37,700
Middle Ages, they were 
frequently just mattresses with 

346
00:17:37,700 --> 00:17:40,800
straw on wooden frames. 
The fact that these were not 

347
00:17:40,800 --> 00:17:43,400
very comfortable for lying down,
like he contributed to the 

348
00:17:43,408 --> 00:17:47,600
preference for sleeping upright.
However, lying down became more 

349
00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:50,000
and more desirable as mattress 
technology developed. 

350
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:53,300
Yes, there was such a thing as 
mattress technology and the 

351
00:17:53,308 --> 00:17:56,600
pre-industrial world. 
Horizontal sleeping became not 

352
00:17:56,608 --> 00:17:58,600
only feasible but also 
enjoyable. 

353
00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:02,000
Thanks to feather beds. 
Better textiles, and enhanced 

354
00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:05,500
frame Construction. 
During this time, religious 

355
00:18:05,500 --> 00:18:09,700
views also changed many medieval
Catholic teachings, including 

356
00:18:09,700 --> 00:18:12,200
some of the superstitions 
surrounding sleeping positions 

357
00:18:12,200 --> 00:18:14,400
were contested by the Protestant
Reformation. 

358
00:18:15,500 --> 00:18:18,400
Protestant theologians were more
interested in the pragmatic 

359
00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:21,300
issues of rest and health than 
they were in the symbolic, 

360
00:18:21,300 --> 00:18:24,900
meaning of lying flat. 
This change in religion allowed 

361
00:18:24,900 --> 00:18:27,900
people to try different sleeping
positions without worrying about

362
00:18:27,900 --> 00:18:31,800
endangering their Eternal Souls.
These changes were hastened by 

363
00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:34,600
the printing press, which 
disseminated novel Concepts 

364
00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:37,300
regarding health and sleep, more
rapidly than in the past. 

365
00:18:38,700 --> 00:18:41,400
Advice, regarding appropriate, 
sleep positioning started to 

366
00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:45,000
appear in medical texts, home 
management manuals and even 

367
00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:47,900
popular literature. 
For the first time in history, 

368
00:18:47,900 --> 00:18:51,300
written information about 
bedroom layout, sleep, hygiene, 

369
00:18:51,300 --> 00:18:54,500
and the advantages of various 
sleeping positions was available

370
00:18:54,500 --> 00:18:57,600
to the general public 
information, that had previously

371
00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:00,900
only been accessible to academic
and doctors became widely 

372
00:19:00,900 --> 00:19:03,500
accessible. 
During this time, social 

373
00:19:03,500 --> 00:19:05,300
perceptions of rest and 
vulnerability. 

374
00:19:05,300 --> 00:19:09,100
Also changed New Perspectives on
the significance of adequate 

375
00:19:09,100 --> 00:19:12,100
sleep for well-being and 
productivity started to replace 

376
00:19:12,100 --> 00:19:16,100
the medieval emphasis on ongoing
alertness and preparedness over 

377
00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:19,400
time, lying down once 
interpreted as a sign of 

378
00:19:19,408 --> 00:19:23,200
spiritual, laxity or weakness 
became linked to wisdom and 

379
00:19:23,200 --> 00:19:27,000
self-care. people started to 
realize that getting enough 

380
00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:30,800
sleep was not a luxury or an 
Indulgence, but rather necessary

381
00:19:30,800 --> 00:19:34,400
for both physical and mental 
well-being, Not every social 

382
00:19:34,400 --> 00:19:37,400
class or geographical area 
experience, the shift in the 

383
00:19:37,408 --> 00:19:40,700
same way compared to rural 
Farmers or the urban poor 

384
00:19:40,700 --> 00:19:44,100
wealthy urban populations 
adopted horizontal sleeping much

385
00:19:44,100 --> 00:19:46,000
earlier. 
Because they lacked the 

386
00:19:46,008 --> 00:19:47,800
resources to alter their 
sleeping habits. 

387
00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:51,400
Some remote communities continue
to practice, upright, sleeping 

388
00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:54,200
well into the modern era, not 
because they liked it. 

389
00:19:54,900 --> 00:19:58,400
Sleeping positions have changed 
over time reflecting larger 

390
00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:01,200
Trends in Social and economic 
development that still influence

391
00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:05,100
our way of life today. 
Horizontal sleeping had become 

392
00:20:05,100 --> 00:20:07,900
so commonplace by the time. 
Your grandparents were born that

393
00:20:07,900 --> 00:20:10,700
most people had forgotten, it 
had ever been a topic of debate.

394
00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:14,700
the medieval worlds, communal 
sleeping arrangements and sleep 

395
00:20:14,700 --> 00:20:17,900
chairs appeared as Antiquated as
any other historical Oddity 

396
00:20:17,900 --> 00:20:22,000
fascinating but unrelated to 
contemporary living Give them 

397
00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:24,000
that for the majority of History
owning. 

398
00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:26,300
A bed was equivalent to owning a
luxury car. 

399
00:20:26,300 --> 00:20:29,500
Something that unmistakably 
indicated that you were not 

400
00:20:29,500 --> 00:20:32,800
struggling to survive. 
The evolution of beds from basic

401
00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:35,600
sleeping Platforms in to the 
ornate kingdoms of comfort. 

402
00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:37,400
You know, today as a tale worth 
telling. 

403
00:20:38,300 --> 00:20:40,900
The development of bed 
technology, reflects the larger 

404
00:20:40,900 --> 00:20:44,900
changes in privacy comfort and 
our evolving relationship with 

405
00:20:44,900 --> 00:20:47,300
sleep in general. 
When there were early beds at 

406
00:20:47,300 --> 00:20:50,200
all, they were basically raised 
platforms made to keep people 

407
00:20:50,200 --> 00:20:53,900
off of damp cold floors and away
from different animals that like

408
00:20:53,900 --> 00:20:57,000
to live on the ground. 
These were useful answers to 

409
00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:59,900
environmental problems. 
Not the comfortable Havens, you 

410
00:20:59,908 --> 00:21:03,600
hide away to every night. 
A wooden frame, any available 

411
00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:06,100
stuffing material straw 
feathers. 

412
00:21:06,100 --> 00:21:09,400
If you were lucky or just extra 
blankets, folded for padding and

413
00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:11,300
some rope or leather strapping 
for support. 

414
00:21:12,100 --> 00:21:13,800
Comfort wasn't a design 
objective. 

415
00:21:13,800 --> 00:21:17,700
It was a happy accident. 
Naturally long before, beds were

416
00:21:17,700 --> 00:21:19,800
comfortable. 
The wealthy used them as status 

417
00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:22,400
symbols. 
With intricately carved posts 

418
00:21:22,400 --> 00:21:26,100
crisis fabrics and curtains. 
That could outstrip the cost of 

419
00:21:26,100 --> 00:21:29,200
most people's homes. 
Medieval Noble beds were symbols

420
00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:32,500
of craftsmanship and wealth. 
These beds were Furniture pieces

421
00:21:32,500 --> 00:21:34,600
intended to both rest and 
impress guests. 

422
00:21:35,300 --> 00:21:39,000
The curtains all known as bed 
hangings had several uses. 

423
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:42,100
They kept body heat during 
Chilli, evening's offered 

424
00:21:42,100 --> 00:21:45,000
seclusion in shared sleeping, 
quarters and showcased. 

425
00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:46,900
The owners wealth through their 
design and quality. 

426
00:21:47,800 --> 00:21:50,400
The interesting thing is that 
even these ornate beds were made

427
00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:53,900
with lying down in mind. 
Assuming that people would sleep

428
00:21:53,900 --> 00:21:57,500
sitting up or at least somewhat 
upright supported by pillows and

429
00:21:57,500 --> 00:22:00,000
bolsters, many medieval beds 
were built. 

430
00:22:00,700 --> 00:22:03,400
Compared to more recent models, 
the mattresses were frequently 

431
00:22:03,400 --> 00:22:06,600
fairly firm and the pillows were
smaller and less flexible. 

432
00:22:07,300 --> 00:22:10,600
Although technically feasible 
lying flat on these early beds, 

433
00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:13,300
would have been uninviting akin 
to camping on a wooden platform 

434
00:22:13,300 --> 00:22:16,600
with little padding. 
The key factor in the lying down

435
00:22:16,608 --> 00:22:19,300
Revolution was the advancement 
of mattress technology. 

436
00:22:20,100 --> 00:22:23,600
From basic sacs filled with 
straw medieval mattresses 

437
00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:27,000
developed into increasingly 
complex structures made of 

438
00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,000
feathers down and even early 
spring systems. 

439
00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:33,400
Single bed in a wealthy home. 
May have several layers of 

440
00:22:33,400 --> 00:22:36,200
mattresses on it. 
Providing a sleeping surface 

441
00:22:36,200 --> 00:22:38,800
that is sufficiently soft to 
allow for truly comfortable, 

442
00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:43,100
horizontal rest, In reality, the
term sleep tight refers to the 

443
00:22:43,100 --> 00:22:45,700
practice of tightening the ropes
of supports beneath mattresses 

444
00:22:45,700 --> 00:22:49,600
in order to maintain the right 
firmness, imagine having to tune

445
00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:51,600
your bed like a guitar every 
night before bed. 

446
00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:55,900
The first private sleeping areas
in history were made possible by

447
00:22:55,900 --> 00:22:59,200
privacy curtains and surrounding
Beds, which served as more than 

448
00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:01,900
just decorative accents. 
Couples and families. 

449
00:23:01,900 --> 00:23:04,900
Could finally enjoy the luxury 
of sleeping in privacy inside 

450
00:23:04,900 --> 00:23:08,200
these curtained beds, free from 
the prying eyes of guests 

451
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:13,100
servants and extended family. 
Because of this privacy people 

452
00:23:13,100 --> 00:23:16,300
could try out variously sleeping
positions, including the radical

453
00:23:16,300 --> 00:23:19,400
idea of lying down without 
worrying about being judged by 

454
00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:22,700
others beds, turned into private
Realms where people could 

455
00:23:22,700 --> 00:23:24,600
disregard the Norms of social 
conduct. 

456
00:23:25,300 --> 00:23:28,600
The Renaissance introduced fresh
concepts for Designing bedrooms 

457
00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:30,500
that prioritize, privacy and 
comfort. 

458
00:23:31,300 --> 00:23:34,600
Instead of serving several 
purposes bedroom started to be 

459
00:23:34,608 --> 00:23:38,200
designed with sleep in mind and 
beds took center stage in these 

460
00:23:38,200 --> 00:23:40,500
spaces. 
With better proportions, 

461
00:23:40,500 --> 00:23:44,100
enhanced support systems and 
accessories made, especially for

462
00:23:44,100 --> 00:23:47,000
horizontal sleep. 
Furniture manufacturers created 

463
00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:50,100
specialty bed designs that were 
optimized for lying down. 

464
00:23:51,100 --> 00:23:53,900
The entire sleeping environment 
was redesigned around the idea 

465
00:23:53,900 --> 00:23:57,200
of cozy, private, rest and 
pillows, got bigger and softer 

466
00:23:57,200 --> 00:24:01,400
blankets, also got more elegant,
the art of making beds was 

467
00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:03,800
turned into a mass production 
industry during the Industrial 

468
00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:06,500
Revolution. 
For the first time in history, 

469
00:24:06,500 --> 00:24:09,300
middle class, families could 
afford comfortable beds. 

470
00:24:09,300 --> 00:24:12,400
Thanks to Springs Metal Frames 
and standardized sizes. 

471
00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:15,500
The modern bedroom was, you 
know, its started to take shape 

472
00:24:15,500 --> 00:24:18,500
as what had been luxury items 
turned into Necessities for the 

473
00:24:18,500 --> 00:24:20,900
home. 
For the first time people could 

474
00:24:20,900 --> 00:24:23,500
afford bets made, especially for
sleeping on their backs. 

475
00:24:23,500 --> 00:24:27,800
Complete with cozy surfaces and 
appropriate support systems to 

476
00:24:27,800 --> 00:24:30,300
your ancestors. 
Modern mattress technology would

477
00:24:30,300 --> 00:24:33,400
have seemed like magic. 
Beds are now, highly engineered 

478
00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:35,400
Comfort devices. 
Thanks to Memory Foam, 

479
00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:39,100
temperature control, adjustable 
firmness, and specialized 

480
00:24:39,100 --> 00:24:41,900
support systems. 
It's likely that your mattress 

481
00:24:41,900 --> 00:24:44,400
has more technology than whole 
medieval homes. 

482
00:24:44,400 --> 00:24:47,500
Medieval kings, could never have
dreamed of the degree of 

483
00:24:47,508 --> 00:24:50,100
personal luxury that comes with 
being able to alter the 

484
00:24:50,100 --> 00:24:52,600
temperature and firmness of your
sleeping surface. 

485
00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,800
To suit your own tastes your 
savoring, the result of 

486
00:24:55,808 --> 00:24:59,200
centuries of human Ingenuity in 
the Quest, for better sleep. 

487
00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:02,200
When you get into your bed 
tonight with its precisely 

488
00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:06,000
calibrated firmness, climate 
controlled comfort and private 

489
00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:09,400
Sanctuary atmosphere. 
Your bedroom is more than just a

490
00:25:09,408 --> 00:25:12,400
place to sleep. 
It's a private Haven furnished 

491
00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:15,400
with extravagance, is that no 
king or queen has had access to 

492
00:25:15,400 --> 00:25:16,900
for the majority of human 
history. 

493
00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:21,300
And now at the conclusion of our
exploration of the strange 

494
00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:24,500
history of human sleeping 
positions, you are lying, 

495
00:25:24,500 --> 00:25:27,400
comfortably horizontal and 
learning about ancestors. 

496
00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:29,700
Who would have viewed, your 
current position as either 

497
00:25:29,700 --> 00:25:31,700
morally dubious or medically 
dangerous? 

498
00:25:31,700 --> 00:25:36,100
Isn't that quite a change? 
The Modern Marvel of sprawling. 

499
00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:39,000
Across a king size mattress 
without giving a thought to 

500
00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:43,000
humors night, Vapors will 
spiritual vulnerability as 

501
00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:44,800
replaced. 
Centuries of sleeping upright. 

502
00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:48,600
When you consider the irony of 
our current sleeping conditions,

503
00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:51,600
it's delicious. 
The majority of the issues that 

504
00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:54,000
necessitated upright sleeping 
have been resolved. 

505
00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:57,500
We have comfortable mattresses, 
clean are private bedrooms, and 

506
00:25:57,500 --> 00:25:59,600
medical knowledge. 
That would have amazed medieval 

507
00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:02,700
doctors, but we have also 
created completely new sleep 

508
00:26:02,700 --> 00:26:06,000
problems while your ancestors 
were concerned about spiritual 

509
00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:08,900
threats and night Vapors. 
Your concerned about screen 

510
00:26:08,900 --> 00:26:12,000
time, caffeine consumption, the 
ideal temperature of your room 

511
00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:15,000
and whether the final episode of
your favorite show will keep you

512
00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:17,900
up with plot twists. 
Additionally, we've developed 

513
00:26:17,900 --> 00:26:19,600
sleep issues. 
That would have completely 

514
00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:22,700
perplexed, medieval people. 
Millions of people who have 

515
00:26:22,700 --> 00:26:25,300
access to the most comfortable 
sleeping conditions in history 

516
00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:29,200
suffer from Sleep Disorders, 
like sleep apnea restless leg 

517
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:33,200
syndrome and chronic insomnia. 
The hardware issues of sleep 

518
00:26:33,200 --> 00:26:36,900
such as Furniture, privacy, and 
safety seem to have been 

519
00:26:36,900 --> 00:26:40,100
resolved, but new software 
issues relating to stress 

520
00:26:40,100 --> 00:26:43,000
lifestyle, and the fast-paced 
nature of contemporary life of 

521
00:26:43,000 --> 00:26:45,500
being introduced. 
You might be lying, awake 

522
00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:48,200
wandering, whether you remember 
to set your alarm or whether 

523
00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:50,900
that working male was important 
enough to reply to right away, 

524
00:26:50,900 --> 00:26:54,500
just as your ancestors fell 
asleep from physical exhaustion.

525
00:26:55,400 --> 00:26:57,700
The economic power of the Sleep 
industry today would have 

526
00:26:57,700 --> 00:26:59,600
astounded medieval furniture 
makers. 

527
00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:03,600
We've transformed rest into a 
consumer category with countless

528
00:27:03,600 --> 00:27:08,000
subcategories including memory 
foam, adjustable bases, sleep 

529
00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:11,100
tracking devices customized 
pillows for all possible. 

530
00:27:11,100 --> 00:27:14,000
Needs. 
White Noise, machines blackout 

531
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:17,100
curtains, and even apps that 
optimize your sleep cycles. 

532
00:27:18,100 --> 00:27:20,400
While medieval people only had 
one sleep chair. 

533
00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:23,200
You now have hundreds of 
matchers options to choose from 

534
00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:25,600
all of which promised to 
transform your sleeping 

535
00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:29,900
experience. some medieval 
practices have been validated by

536
00:27:29,900 --> 00:27:33,600
modern sleep science, While 
others have been refuted, it 

537
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:36,800
turns out that some conditions, 
specially acid reflux, and 

538
00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:40,900
sleep, apnea can benefit from 
sleeping, a little higher For 

539
00:27:40,908 --> 00:27:43,600
some people sleeping in a 
adjustable beds or recline as 

540
00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:45,500
relieves back pain or breathing 
issues. 

541
00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:49,000
Your ancestors were not wholly. 
Incorrect about the advantages 

542
00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:52,100
of sleeping upright, they simply
lacked the medical knowledge to 

543
00:27:52,100 --> 00:27:54,500
comprehend Wyatt. 
Occasionally worked all the 

544
00:27:54,508 --> 00:27:57,000
Alternatives that would have 
made lying down more secure and 

545
00:27:57,000 --> 00:28:00,400
comfortable intriguingly the 
social dimensions of sleep. 

546
00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:03,600
Have also resurfaced, even 
though we now have privacy and 

547
00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:06,900
separate sleeping areas 
loneliness and isolation related

548
00:28:06,900 --> 00:28:10,000
to sleep, the still problems 
from many people, communal 

549
00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:12,500
sleeping Arrangements, 
automatically met the human need

550
00:28:12,500 --> 00:28:15,600
for comfort and connection 
during sleep, which is reflected

551
00:28:15,600 --> 00:28:19,200
in costly sleeping with Partners
pets or even weighted blankets. 

552
00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:23,000
Although we now have more 
control over where we sleep, we 

553
00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:25,600
occasionally miss the social 
aspects of sharing a bed. 

554
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:29,100
While sleeping habits are still 
being altered by technology in 

555
00:28:29,100 --> 00:28:32,400
ways that medieval observers 
would find Enchanted a level of 

556
00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:33,800
individualized, sleep 
optimization. 

557
00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:37,700
Never before seen in human 
history is represented by smart 

558
00:28:37,700 --> 00:28:41,100
mattresses, that automatically 
change their firmness, sleep 

559
00:28:41,100 --> 00:28:43,500
tracking devices that keep an 
eye on everything from heart 

560
00:28:43,500 --> 00:28:46,300
rate to room temperature and 
apps that wake you up during the

561
00:28:46,300 --> 00:28:49,800
best times to sleep. 
You are interacting with an 

562
00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:52,200
advanced technological 
ecosystem, that is intended to 

563
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:55,400
improve your quality of sleep, 
not just lying down to sleep. 

564
00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:59,300
Think about the amazing journey 
that led Humanity from, upright 

565
00:28:59,300 --> 00:29:03,700
communal sleeping to your own 
private, horizontal luxury, as 

566
00:29:03,700 --> 00:29:07,300
you get ready for bed tonight, 
your private bedroom, your cozy 

567
00:29:07,300 --> 00:29:10,500
mattress and your freedom to lie
down, without worrying about 

568
00:29:10,500 --> 00:29:14,200
dying or receiving a punishment 
from God, or all symbols of 

569
00:29:14,200 --> 00:29:18,700
centuries of human development, 
invention and shifting societal 

570
00:29:18,700 --> 00:29:21,700
perceptions of leisure privacy 
and comfort. 

571
00:29:22,700 --> 00:29:25,100
Faced one of the most 
revolutionary, human behaviors 

572
00:29:25,100 --> 00:29:28,500
of the last Millennium is the 
simple Act of falling asleep. 

573
00:29:28,500 --> 00:29:30,500
Something you do without 
thinking. 

574
00:29:31,500 --> 00:29:34,500
Your horizontal position, 
symbolizes freedom, from social 

575
00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:38,400
restraints, freedom from 
medieval anxieties and access to

576
00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:41,000
Comforts, that have been Out Of 
Reach for the wealthiest people 

577
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:45,100
for the majority of human 
history dreams, sweet dreams, 

578
00:29:45,100 --> 00:29:49,500
sleeper of revolution. 
Your ancestors would undoubtedly

579
00:29:49,500 --> 00:29:52,900
be impressed by your mattress 
jealous and perhaps a little 

580
00:29:52,908 --> 00:29:59,500
concerned about your soul. 
Shirley Temple was born in Santa

581
00:29:59,500 --> 00:30:05,000
Monica, California on April, 
23rd, 1928 into a family. 

582
00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:06,900
That was neither destitute nor 
lavishly. 

583
00:30:08,100 --> 00:30:12,100
Her father, George temple, 
worked in finance, and her 

584
00:30:12,100 --> 00:30:15,200
mother Gertrude carried an 
almost obsessive. 

585
00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:17,100
Desire to shape her daughter's 
destiny. 

586
00:30:18,100 --> 00:30:20,200
The Santa Monica of that era was
a fast. 

587
00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:23,800
Evolving Beachside Enclave 
brimming with both glamorous 

588
00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:26,300
Illusions from the burgeoning 
film industry. 

589
00:30:26,300 --> 00:30:29,800
And the more every day routines 
of middle class, family is 

590
00:30:29,800 --> 00:30:31,700
trying to navigate to Mercurial 
economy. 

591
00:30:32,700 --> 00:30:34,300
It was within this dual 
atmosphere. 

592
00:30:35,100 --> 00:30:38,200
Flickering studio lights on one 
side and Thrifty living on the 

593
00:30:38,200 --> 00:30:41,500
other that Shirley Temple began 
her path to stardom. 

594
00:30:42,300 --> 00:30:45,400
Even before she could walk 
confidently, Gertrude 

595
00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:48,100
recognized, something luminous 
in her daughter's presence. 

596
00:30:49,100 --> 00:30:51,600
Shirley had a precocious way of 
mimicking gestures. 

597
00:30:51,600 --> 00:30:54,500
She observed in adults. 
This knack for imitation would 

598
00:30:54,500 --> 00:30:57,500
Define her early days, turning 
dance, and drama lessons into 

599
00:30:57,500 --> 00:30:59,000
more than just passing 
Amusements. 

600
00:30:59,700 --> 00:31:02,500
Gertrude seized every 
opportunity to enroll Shirley 

601
00:31:02,500 --> 00:31:05,900
and local dance classes. 
Meanwhile the child's father 

602
00:31:05,900 --> 00:31:08,900
though, more reticent, 
eventually supported these 

603
00:31:08,900 --> 00:31:11,800
Pursuits. 
Specially as he sensed that his 

604
00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:15,100
daughters talents might help the
family rise above, its mundane 

605
00:31:15,100 --> 00:31:18,600
Financial prospects Hollywood in
the early in the 30s, offered an

606
00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:21,900
odd mixture of unpolished 
opportunity and exploited of 

607
00:31:21,900 --> 00:31:24,000
risk. 
The Great Depression had 

608
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:27,800
shattered, many American's hopes
Yet movie studio scrambled to 

609
00:31:27,800 --> 00:31:30,800
produce escape. 
This Fair, child performers were

610
00:31:30,800 --> 00:31:34,500
specially, valuable used to 
deliver cuteness and Innocents 

611
00:31:34,500 --> 00:31:36,100
during a time of national 
hardship. 

612
00:31:36,900 --> 00:31:39,800
Shirley with her natural curls 
though, constantly fussed over 

613
00:31:39,800 --> 00:31:41,600
by her mother, who insisted 
there. 

614
00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:45,300
Be exactly 56 of them and an 
almost hypnotic ability to 

615
00:31:45,300 --> 00:31:48,200
project Joy fit seamlessly into 
this mold. 

616
00:31:49,100 --> 00:31:51,900
She was introduced to Casting 
agents even before she turned 

617
00:31:51,900 --> 00:31:55,500
four auditioning for bit parts 
that sometimes Intel dancing 

618
00:31:55,500 --> 00:31:59,900
routines with adult actors. 
Initially Shirley's family 

619
00:31:59,900 --> 00:32:03,900
juggled skepticism and ambition,
the film set sivas did, were not

620
00:32:03,908 --> 00:32:07,000
always the polished world's 
found saw on screen instead, 

621
00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:11,200
they were chaotic places, where 
directors yelled, lighting, rigs

622
00:32:11,200 --> 00:32:13,900
buzzed, and many child 
performers discovered there. 

623
00:32:13,900 --> 00:32:16,200
So called cute Factor 
overshadowed. 

624
00:32:16,200 --> 00:32:20,700
Any genuine acting skill. 
Shirley however, proved Adept at

625
00:32:20,700 --> 00:32:24,800
capturing adult expectations, 
her seeming earnestness paired 

626
00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:28,100
with that bright. 
Dimpled smile one over producers

627
00:32:28,100 --> 00:32:32,300
who recognized a phenomenon in 
the making by 1932 she had 

628
00:32:32,308 --> 00:32:35,700
landed small roles in a series 
of shorts called Baby burlesque.

629
00:32:35,700 --> 00:32:39,200
Comedic sketches where toddlers 
were placed in decidedly adult 

630
00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:43,800
situations Watching them today, 
many find the concept jarring, 

631
00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:48,100
but in the economic desperation 
of the 1930s, the short films 

632
00:32:48,100 --> 00:32:52,300
gain traction and surely Stark 
quality began to glean Gertrude 

633
00:32:52,300 --> 00:32:56,200
operating as both mother and 
unofficial manager monitored, 

634
00:32:56,200 --> 00:32:58,000
every facet of Shirley's budding
career. 

635
00:32:58,900 --> 00:33:02,700
The mother's presents on set was
constant at times protective and

636
00:33:02,700 --> 00:33:07,200
other times, controlling. 
Tail circulated of Gertrude 

637
00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:10,500
touching up, Shirley's curls 
between takes ensuring that not 

638
00:33:10,500 --> 00:33:13,000
a single ringlets straight from 
the image of cherubic 

639
00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:16,100
perfection. 
She championed Shirley's needs 

640
00:33:16,100 --> 00:33:19,300
but also drove her onward in a 
business known for a discarding 

641
00:33:19,300 --> 00:33:21,200
child actors. 
Once they outgrew their roles 

642
00:33:22,100 --> 00:33:25,000
This mixture of maternal 
devotion and unwavering ambition

643
00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:29,000
became a recurring theme, in 
Shirley's early years, even so, 

644
00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:31,600
Shirley's own temperament 
provided a counterbalance 

645
00:33:31,600 --> 00:33:35,700
despite the intense schedule. 
She exuded genuine curiosity 

646
00:33:35,700 --> 00:33:38,300
about her surroundings. 
She asked questions about how 

647
00:33:38,300 --> 00:33:42,200
cameras worked and who was 
responsible for set design in an

648
00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:44,000
era where children were expected
to be seen. 

649
00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:47,000
But not heard her. 
Inquisitiveness made a subtle 

650
00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:50,200
impression on directors and 
Stage hands alike. they realized

651
00:33:50,200 --> 00:33:53,600
the girl was not a living doll 
but a quick Thinking Child who 

652
00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:58,100
grasped far more than she let on
by 1934, she'd secured her first

653
00:33:58,100 --> 00:34:01,400
break through roles in feature 
length films with Fox film 

654
00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:04,800
Corporation soon to merge into 
20th Century Fox backing. 

655
00:34:04,800 --> 00:34:07,800
Her Shirley Temple became one of
the Depression era as most 

656
00:34:07,800 --> 00:34:11,800
iconic faces her movie's. 
Such as stand up and cheer and 

657
00:34:11,800 --> 00:34:14,500
Little Miss marker gave 
audiences a dose of optimism. 

658
00:34:14,500 --> 00:34:18,100
They craved critics raved about 
her bright eyes, and charity and

659
00:34:18,100 --> 00:34:21,100
tickets sales soared movie, 
theaters, saw a direct 

660
00:34:21,100 --> 00:34:24,400
correlation, the more Shirley 
Temple danced and sang on 

661
00:34:24,400 --> 00:34:27,100
screen, the more American showed
up in droves. 

662
00:34:28,100 --> 00:34:31,199
Clinging to a child's radiant 
energy as a beacon in otherwise,

663
00:34:31,199 --> 00:34:35,500
Bleak times at The Tender age of
six, Shirley transformed from a 

664
00:34:35,500 --> 00:34:38,699
curious, toddler learning, dance
steps into a genuine star. 

665
00:34:39,300 --> 00:34:42,300
Symbolizing hope in a world, 
ravaged by economic hardships. 

666
00:34:42,300 --> 00:34:46,500
However, behind the wide-eyed 
innocence of her film Persona, a

667
00:34:46,500 --> 00:34:49,900
more complex story was forming a
dance of Parental Ambitions 

668
00:34:49,900 --> 00:34:53,800
Studio pressures and her own 
youthful resilience. that 

669
00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:56,800
complexity would deepen, as she 
saw to new heights of stardom in

670
00:34:56,800 --> 00:35:00,800
the years to come, In 1935 
Shirley Temple. 

671
00:35:00,800 --> 00:35:02,600
Underwent a significant 
transformation. 

672
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:05,700
When her Studio recognized the 
potential of their petite 

673
00:35:05,700 --> 00:35:07,700
Leading Lady to lead full length
features. 

674
00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:11,300
With the country still reeling 
from widespread unemployment and

675
00:35:11,300 --> 00:35:15,400
bread lines her films provided 
escapism lace with optimism. 

676
00:35:16,500 --> 00:35:19,900
Titles like bright eyes and 
curly top showcase, not just her

677
00:35:19,900 --> 00:35:22,800
cherubic face, but an uncanny 
Knack on screen. 

678
00:35:22,800 --> 00:35:26,400
Chemistry with adult co-stars, 
she became the face of foxes 

679
00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:30,000
Silver Screen offering many 
established actors. 

680
00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:32,200
Yep. 
Behind the upbeat songs and tap 

681
00:35:32,200 --> 00:35:35,500
dancers negotiations and 
businessman's were at play. 

682
00:35:35,500 --> 00:35:39,200
Many of which set precedents for
how future child stars would be 

683
00:35:39,200 --> 00:35:41,800
handled. 
Key among these developments was

684
00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:45,200
the contract Shirley signed with
fox or more accurately, the 

685
00:35:45,200 --> 00:35:46,900
contractor parent signed on her 
behalf. 

686
00:35:46,900 --> 00:35:49,700
His details, spark discussion 
across Hollywood. 

687
00:35:49,700 --> 00:35:53,000
She was guaranteed a significant
weekly salary. 

688
00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:57,000
Those significant in the 1930s 
currency meant something 

689
00:35:57,000 --> 00:36:00,200
different than it would today. 
Plus bonuses if her pictures 

690
00:36:00,200 --> 00:36:03,000
performed. 
Well, FOX also set aside funds 

691
00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:06,400
for education and well-being the
lines often blurred between 

692
00:36:06,400 --> 00:36:08,200
onset uterine and real 
schooling. 

693
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:12,300
This Arrangement acknowledged 
her star power yet did little to

694
00:36:12,300 --> 00:36:14,100
protect her from an exhausting 
work schedule. 

695
00:36:14,100 --> 00:36:17,200
That some might deem 
exploitative during this period 

696
00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:21,000
is Marvel at Shirley's focused 
that necessitated multiple takes

697
00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:24,000
for adult actors, which often 
concluded swiftly. 

698
00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:26,800
Once Shirley achieved her marks,
she had a near photographic 

699
00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:28,800
recall for lines and dance 
moves. 

700
00:36:28,800 --> 00:36:31,300
A quality that impressed her 
choreographers. 

701
00:36:31,300 --> 00:36:34,200
Equally striking was her 
composure Under Pressure. 

702
00:36:34,200 --> 00:36:37,900
Fox Executives. 
Anxious to capitalize on her 

703
00:36:37,900 --> 00:36:41,100
popularity pushed for a film, 
turn around schedule, that left 

704
00:36:41,100 --> 00:36:44,700
little room for a typical 
childhood, despite this Shirley 

705
00:36:44,700 --> 00:36:47,100
consistently provided. 
The sunshine that the world 

706
00:36:47,100 --> 00:36:49,900
craved. 
When an exhausted co-star. 

707
00:36:49,900 --> 00:36:53,800
Once complained, your working, 
this kid to death, a stewed 

708
00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:58,100
Studio head, allegedly, a 
Maplewood, if anything, she's 

709
00:36:58,100 --> 00:37:01,808
saving us. 
It was a half joking nod to the 

710
00:37:01,816 --> 00:37:05,400
revenue, her success generated 
at a time when many studios 

711
00:37:05,400 --> 00:37:08,500
teetered on the edge of 
bankruptcy fans of all ages. 

712
00:37:08,500 --> 00:37:12,300
Idolized Shirley children, saw a
peer living a Fairytale life. 

713
00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:15,900
While adults, took solace in her
Plucky on screen Persona that 

714
00:37:15,900 --> 00:37:18,600
seemed to say better days are 
just around the corner. 

715
00:37:19,700 --> 00:37:23,100
Her likeness appeared on dolls 
dresses and countless products 

716
00:37:23,100 --> 00:37:26,200
an early instance of celebrity 
merchandising, that would 

717
00:37:26,200 --> 00:37:29,500
foreshadow later Hollywood 
Synergy a popularity. 

718
00:37:29,500 --> 00:37:33,200
Also had a strange side rumors 
circulated that the bright-eyed 

719
00:37:33,200 --> 00:37:36,900
star wasn't a child at all, but 
a little person posing for the 

720
00:37:36,900 --> 00:37:39,700
cameras. 
This bizarre conspiracy theory 

721
00:37:39,700 --> 00:37:42,900
gained such traction overseas 
that the Vatican once considered

722
00:37:42,900 --> 00:37:46,800
investigating her age in truth, 
Shirley Temple was no more than 

723
00:37:46,808 --> 00:37:50,300
10 at the time rapidly growing 
into a global household name 

724
00:37:50,300 --> 00:37:53,500
curiously. 
Shirley's rise parallel shifts 

725
00:37:53,500 --> 00:37:56,800
in the film industry itself. 
The production code Hollywood's 

726
00:37:56,800 --> 00:37:59,800
moral guide lines tightened 
restrictions on on screen 

727
00:37:59,800 --> 00:38:02,800
content. 
Shirley's clean wholesome image 

728
00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:04,700
fit perfectly into this new 
environment. 

729
00:38:04,700 --> 00:38:07,400
Gone with the agya. 
Comedic elements from her 

730
00:38:07,400 --> 00:38:10,400
earlier shorts. 
In their place emerged, full 

731
00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:12,600
blown family, friendly, musicals
and romance's. 

732
00:38:12,600 --> 00:38:16,700
She sang with experienced adult 
Krueger's sharing lines and 

733
00:38:16,708 --> 00:38:19,000
Duets that might otherwise look 
awkward for a child. 

734
00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:22,600
Yet her sincerity. 
Let her Glide past potential. 

735
00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:26,400
Awkwardness audiences, believed 
her Rosy worldview if only for 

736
00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:29,800
the duration of a matinee. 
Not that it was all smooth 

737
00:38:29,800 --> 00:38:33,300
sailing inside the temple. 
Household tensions. 

738
00:38:33,300 --> 00:38:36,800
Simmered Gertrude clashed with 
producers who wanted to vary 

739
00:38:36,800 --> 00:38:39,900
Shirley's look or storyline 
steadfastly defending her 

740
00:38:39,900 --> 00:38:43,400
daughter's signature curls and 
sweep Persona, George temple. 

741
00:38:43,400 --> 00:38:46,800
Meanwhile found himself 
overshadowed primarily attending

742
00:38:46,800 --> 00:38:49,400
to financial matters. 
While Gertrude guided their 

743
00:38:49,400 --> 00:38:53,100
daughter's creative Direction. 
In a Twist reminiscent of many 

744
00:38:53,100 --> 00:38:55,800
Showbiz families. 
The father sometimes felt 

745
00:38:55,800 --> 00:38:59,400
sidelined overshadowed by the 
formidable bond between mother 

746
00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:02,600
and start a daughter. 
The Shirley approached her 10th 

747
00:39:02,600 --> 00:39:04,900
birthday. 
The industry noticed that her 

748
00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:07,200
Presence at the box. 
Office wasn't just consistent. 

749
00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:10,800
It was heroic. 
Some of her films overshadowed 

750
00:39:10,800 --> 00:39:13,700
even major adultery releases, 
the juvenile star was 

751
00:39:13,700 --> 00:39:17,500
effectively bankrolling foxes 
operations, preventing Pierre, 

752
00:39:17,500 --> 00:39:19,300
Financial cuts, that might have 
devastated. 

753
00:39:19,300 --> 00:39:22,500
The studio became a well, known 
quip in Hollywood circle's. 

754
00:39:22,500 --> 00:39:26,100
That if he needed a guaranteed 
hit, you hired Shirley Temple. 

755
00:39:26,800 --> 00:39:29,500
Yet the Relentless Pace hinted 
at challenges to come. 

756
00:39:29,500 --> 00:39:33,500
Charles actors grow their 
appeal, which Studios often 

757
00:39:33,500 --> 00:39:36,900
reduce to cuteness, can 
dissipate Shirley's mother. 

758
00:39:36,900 --> 00:39:40,300
Well aware of that fought to 
keep her enrolled that showcase,

759
00:39:40,300 --> 00:39:43,400
her innocence worrying. 
That a more mature role might 

760
00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:46,900
fracture her image. 
Time was against them, the 

761
00:39:46,900 --> 00:39:50,100
actress who had embodied the 
aspirations of a Depression era,

762
00:39:50,100 --> 00:39:53,700
audience was approaching 
adolescence and the film roles 

763
00:39:53,700 --> 00:39:56,600
accessible to a developing 
teenager seldom replicated. 

764
00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:59,900
The formula that made her a box 
office phenomenon The real 

765
00:39:59,900 --> 00:40:03,300
question became, how could 
Shirley Temple America's 

766
00:40:03,300 --> 00:40:05,600
darling? 
Transition gracefully from 

767
00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:09,100
juvenile novelty to enduring 
performer She entered 

768
00:40:09,100 --> 00:40:12,400
adolescence Shirley Temple. 
Found herself at an unexpected 

769
00:40:12,400 --> 00:40:16,600
junker by 1939. 
She was 11 years old though, 

770
00:40:16,600 --> 00:40:19,600
still a beloved star, the 
reality of puberty loomed. 

771
00:40:19,600 --> 00:40:22,300
Her face was ever so slightly 
less terrific. 

772
00:40:22,300 --> 00:40:25,800
Her limbs less stubby, 
Hollywood's appetite for her 

773
00:40:25,800 --> 00:40:27,900
brand of Plucky. 
Innocents began to one 

774
00:40:28,700 --> 00:40:31,700
Executives who had previously 
viewed her as their most 

775
00:40:31,700 --> 00:40:36,000
valuable asset began to feel 
uneasy the frequency of scripts 

776
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:39,900
designed to highlight her charm 
was gradually decreasing Despite

777
00:40:39,900 --> 00:40:42,900
these challenges Shirley 
maintained her impeccable. 

778
00:40:42,900 --> 00:40:46,600
Professionalism on the set of 
the bluebird 1940. 

779
00:40:46,600 --> 00:40:50,000
She embodied a dreamlike 
character in a lavish fantasy 

780
00:40:50,000 --> 00:40:51,900
production. 
Clearly meant to replicate the 

781
00:40:51,900 --> 00:40:55,700
success of The Wizard of Oz. 
But audiences perceived it as a 

782
00:40:55,700 --> 00:40:59,100
half-hearted attempt critics 
pointed out that the film felt 

783
00:40:59,100 --> 00:41:02,500
disjointed and box office 
receipts, fell short this. 

784
00:41:02,500 --> 00:41:05,500
Setback marked the first real 
stumble in Shirley's otherwise 

785
00:41:05,500 --> 00:41:09,100
Unstoppable career. 
Press, which had frequently 

786
00:41:09,100 --> 00:41:12,000
hailed her, as America's 
sweetheart conjectured, whether 

787
00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:13,700
her period of Fame, had come to 
an end. 

788
00:41:14,500 --> 00:41:17,700
Gertrude Temple attempted to, 
reposition her daughter, pushing

789
00:41:17,700 --> 00:41:20,100
the studio to consider more 
sophisticated script. 

790
00:41:20,100 --> 00:41:23,700
However, Hollywood's type, 
casting machine, proved 

791
00:41:23,700 --> 00:41:26,100
stubborn, producers, struggled 
to Envision. 

792
00:41:26,100 --> 00:41:29,100
The newly teenage early as 
anything, apart from an 

793
00:41:29,100 --> 00:41:33,100
endearing child in tap shoes. 
Meanwhile, the adult co-stars 

794
00:41:33,100 --> 00:41:34,900
who want to enjoyed Waltzing 
with the little scene. 

795
00:41:34,900 --> 00:41:37,900
Stealer now found themselves in 
awkward transitions. 

796
00:41:37,900 --> 00:41:40,900
How do you frame a storyline 
around a teen actress who 

797
00:41:40,900 --> 00:41:42,800
strengths lay in the cuddle 
Factor? 

798
00:41:43,900 --> 00:41:46,900
That tension spelled trouble for
Shirley's future as the leading 

799
00:41:46,900 --> 00:41:50,000
lady she had. 
Once been The family faced 

800
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:52,000
another dilemma Shirley's 
education. 

801
00:41:52,000 --> 00:41:55,900
Onset tutors had sufficed for 
the early years but the demands 

802
00:41:55,900 --> 00:41:59,000
of a teenagers. 
Curriculum were more complex at 

803
00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:00,800
her. 
Mother's urging Shirley enrolled

804
00:42:00,800 --> 00:42:04,000
in a private school when her 
Studio schedule allowed there. 

805
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:07,400
She experienced a semblance of 
normal adolescence passing 

806
00:42:07,400 --> 00:42:10,600
notes, giggling with friends and
learning that, not everyone 

807
00:42:10,600 --> 00:42:13,500
orbited, her Fame. 
This partial return to an 

808
00:42:13,500 --> 00:42:16,400
ordinary teenager routine. 
Offered a different perspective,

809
00:42:16,400 --> 00:42:20,300
she began to realize that the 
wider world didn't revolve 

810
00:42:20,300 --> 00:42:22,600
solely around Studio, budgets 
and box office. 

811
00:42:22,600 --> 00:42:26,300
Numbers financially, the temples
were secure her. 

812
00:42:26,300 --> 00:42:29,000
Early earnings had been 
prudently, managed, the rumors 

813
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:31,500
circulated about potential 
mismanagement, or lavish 

814
00:42:31,500 --> 00:42:34,400
spending. 
For Gertrude the real worry 

815
00:42:34,400 --> 00:42:36,800
wasn't money. 
But relevant she feared the day 

816
00:42:36,800 --> 00:42:39,300
Hollywood might deem Shirley 
Temple and expired product. 

817
00:42:39,300 --> 00:42:42,900
She even toyed with the idea of 
forging a career in radio or 

818
00:42:42,900 --> 00:42:45,600
traveling wardville acts of the 
film roles, continue to dwindle 

819
00:42:46,400 --> 00:42:49,200
Shirley on the other hand, 
expressed a desire to explore 

820
00:42:49,200 --> 00:42:52,200
new interests such as working 
behind the camera or even 

821
00:42:52,200 --> 00:42:55,700
attempting to write. 
He's Notions whispered among the

822
00:42:55,700 --> 00:42:59,700
family never gained serious. 
Tracktion overshadowed by the 

823
00:42:59,700 --> 00:43:02,000
immediate challenge of stalling 
stardom. 

824
00:43:03,400 --> 00:43:06,100
When the United States entered 
World War Two, the entire 

825
00:43:06,100 --> 00:43:08,900
entertainment industry shifted 
to a more patriotic agenda. 

826
00:43:09,800 --> 00:43:13,600
Stars visited troops performed 
in yuso, tours and lent their 

827
00:43:13,600 --> 00:43:17,000
faces to war Bond drives, while 
teenage Shirley was a beloved 

828
00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:20,800
figure audiences tastes lean 
toward adult stars who carried 

829
00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:24,200
an air of romantic glamour or 
comedic relief that spoke to 

830
00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:27,400
wartime anxieties. 
The Adolescent performer. 

831
00:43:28,100 --> 00:43:31,900
Suspended between child icon and
adult personality found herself 

832
00:43:31,900 --> 00:43:35,000
in a precarious niche. 
She did participate in some 

833
00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:38,500
charitable events, singing for 
servicemen and endorsing the war

834
00:43:38,500 --> 00:43:41,100
effort. 
It the studios increasingly 

835
00:43:41,100 --> 00:43:43,900
fixated on adult drama and 
musicals tailored for older 

836
00:43:43,900 --> 00:43:47,400
stars or less need to Center 
entire pictures around her. 

837
00:43:48,100 --> 00:43:51,200
Still Shirley Temple's name. 
Carried enough, clout to secure 

838
00:43:51,200 --> 00:43:54,500
sporadic, roles at different 
Studios once her Fox contract 

839
00:43:54,500 --> 00:43:57,000
ended. 
Notably, she signed a brief 

840
00:43:57,000 --> 00:44:00,100
contract with MGM Coleman and a 
handful of features. 

841
00:44:00,100 --> 00:44:03,500
Unfortunately, these projects 
never recaptured. 

842
00:44:03,500 --> 00:44:06,100
The Luminous box office magic of
her early output. 

843
00:44:06,100 --> 00:44:11,300
The film Kathleen 1941, for 
instance, garnered lukewarm 

844
00:44:11,300 --> 00:44:14,500
reviews, with critics noting 
that they yearned for the Sprite

845
00:44:14,500 --> 00:44:17,500
to advance brightened Hearts 
during the Depression rather 

846
00:44:17,500 --> 00:44:21,000
than the uncertain teenager 
grappling with evolving tastes 

847
00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:24,500
in entertainment, By the time, 
she reached her mid-teens. 

848
00:44:24,500 --> 00:44:28,400
Surely was balancing on a 
tightrope halter nostalgic, 

849
00:44:28,400 --> 00:44:31,200
emblem of a vanished era and 
half a blossoming. 

850
00:44:31,200 --> 00:44:34,300
Young woman searching for a 
place in an industry that rarely

851
00:44:34,300 --> 00:44:37,800
allowed for graceful transition.
She herself remained outwardly, 

852
00:44:37,800 --> 00:44:41,600
composed leaning on the wellhome
discipline that had shaped her 

853
00:44:41,600 --> 00:44:44,300
childhood yet behind those calm 
brown eyes. 

854
00:44:44,300 --> 00:44:48,900
A more profound question arose. 
If Hollywood no longer needed 

855
00:44:48,900 --> 00:44:53,500
her to be as dancing child star.
Who could she become in trying 

856
00:44:53,500 --> 00:44:56,100
to address that question? 
Shirley Temple would soon. 

857
00:44:56,100 --> 00:44:59,200
Embark on life experience, that 
would transform her far beyond 

858
00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:01,100
the realm of movie sets and 
Scripts. 

859
00:45:01,700 --> 00:45:03,500
The next phase of Shirley 
Temple's life. 

860
00:45:03,500 --> 00:45:06,100
Revolved, less around, Hollywood
stage lights and more around 

861
00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:10,200
personal milestones at 15. 
She met John a gar. 

862
00:45:10,200 --> 00:45:13,000
A sergeant in the Army Air Corps
from a socially prominent 

863
00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:15,300
family. 
Their Whirlwind courtship 

864
00:45:15,300 --> 00:45:18,400
fascinated, fans who were 
curious to see America's 

865
00:45:18,400 --> 00:45:20,800
one-time Golden Child stepping 
into adult hood. 

866
00:45:21,700 --> 00:45:24,800
By 1945 just as the walk 
included. 

867
00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:28,200
Shirley married a girl Barbara 
the media. 

868
00:45:28,200 --> 00:45:31,400
Spun the wedding into a major 
event splashing photos across 

869
00:45:31,400 --> 00:45:34,900
newspapers Nationwide. 
But if the public assumed you 

870
00:45:34,900 --> 00:45:38,100
would settle into a conventional
Family Life, they underestimated

871
00:45:38,100 --> 00:45:42,000
her capacity for reinvention. 
Shirley persistently ventured 

872
00:45:42,000 --> 00:45:44,400
into the film industry, 
occasionally collaborating with 

873
00:45:44,400 --> 00:45:50,000
her husband in Fort Apache. 1948
directed by John Ford Shirley 

874
00:45:50,000 --> 00:45:53,000
co-starred with agar, John 
Wayne, and Henry Fonda. 

875
00:45:53,900 --> 00:45:56,800
Although the Western genre was 
significantly different from her

876
00:45:56,800 --> 00:45:59,300
previous musicals, she enjoyed 
the novelty. 

877
00:46:00,100 --> 00:46:01,800
Despite her diminished star 
billing. 

878
00:46:01,800 --> 00:46:04,400
She received solid reviews for 
her performance. 

879
00:46:05,500 --> 00:46:08,500
The film's moderate box office. 
Success indicated that perhaps 

880
00:46:08,500 --> 00:46:11,900
there was a viable path forward 
for her and Hollywood though no 

881
00:46:11,900 --> 00:46:14,800
longer as the Marquee name. 
While she Drew professional 

882
00:46:14,800 --> 00:46:18,100
satisfaction from the project. 
Her personal life was more 

883
00:46:18,100 --> 00:46:21,000
turbulent. 
Agar struggled with the weight 

884
00:46:21,000 --> 00:46:23,800
of public attention on his 
famous wife and faced 

885
00:46:23,800 --> 00:46:25,900
accusations of drinking and 
erratic Behavior. 

886
00:46:25,900 --> 00:46:30,100
The marriage soon began to 
Splinter for Shirley the 

887
00:46:30,100 --> 00:46:32,600
unraveling married signaled a 
broader dissatisfaction. 

888
00:46:32,600 --> 00:46:36,000
She could sense that the film 
industry still saw her through a

889
00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:38,600
lens of childhood. 
Nostalgia, making it difficult 

890
00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:40,500
to secure roles that challenge 
her. 

891
00:46:40,500 --> 00:46:43,200
Meanwhile, a real life 
responsibilities. 

892
00:46:43,200 --> 00:46:45,900
Now included motherhood, she 
gave birth to a daughter. 

893
00:46:45,900 --> 00:46:50,900
Linda Susan, in 1948 balancing 
the duties of parent Hood with 

894
00:46:50,900 --> 00:46:54,100
diminishing, but still potent 
demands of a movie career proved

895
00:46:54,100 --> 00:46:57,300
complex. 
She found some roles but mostly 

896
00:46:57,300 --> 00:46:59,600
smaller parts in b-movies or 
Ensemble. 

897
00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:02,000
Casts. 
A handful of these roles allowed

898
00:47:02,000 --> 00:47:03,500
her to play more mature 
characters. 

899
00:47:03,500 --> 00:47:08,300
Yet, none sparked a significant 
comeback By 1950 her marriage to

900
00:47:08,300 --> 00:47:11,200
Ager had reached a Breaking 
Point culminating, in a 

901
00:47:11,208 --> 00:47:14,100
high-profile divorce that 
tabloid newspapers giddily 

902
00:47:14,100 --> 00:47:18,300
dissected the same fans who once
showered her with unconditional,

903
00:47:18,300 --> 00:47:22,100
adoration read about the messy 
details of her domestic strife. 

904
00:47:22,900 --> 00:47:25,900
This jarring exposure taught 
Shirley and uncomfortable lesson

905
00:47:25,900 --> 00:47:28,700
about public life. 
Once you step out of the child 

906
00:47:28,700 --> 00:47:32,100
star bubble, the Press can turn 
your personal trials into 

907
00:47:32,100 --> 00:47:35,400
Sensational fodder. 
Nevertheless, she remained 

908
00:47:35,400 --> 00:47:39,400
composed determined to maintain 
dignity for her daughter's sake.

909
00:47:40,200 --> 00:47:42,800
A new chapter Beckham and when 
she crossed paths with Charles 

910
00:47:42,800 --> 00:47:45,300
old and black and navy 
intelligence officer from a 

911
00:47:45,300 --> 00:47:47,000
well-connected California 
family. 

912
00:47:47,000 --> 00:47:51,300
Their first meeting ironically 
involved, neither film or 

913
00:47:51,300 --> 00:47:54,600
Fanfare, just two individuals, 
sharing conversation at dinner 

914
00:47:54,600 --> 00:47:58,800
party, black he had never seen a
single Shirley Temple movie 

915
00:47:58,800 --> 00:48:02,600
which He found refreshing their 
relationship blossomed quickly, 

916
00:48:02,600 --> 00:48:05,300
partly, because Shirley found an
anchor in Charles's 

917
00:48:05,300 --> 00:48:07,400
unpretentious yet. 
Cultivated Manor. 

918
00:48:08,100 --> 00:48:09,800
He went in. 
December 1950. 

919
00:48:09,800 --> 00:48:12,100
The union. 
Markedly different from her 

920
00:48:12,100 --> 00:48:14,700
first. 
Charles's devotion offered a 

921
00:48:14,700 --> 00:48:17,100
calm Refuge from the swirling 
storms of the entertainment 

922
00:48:17,100 --> 00:48:20,100
industry. 
Suddenly, the idea of continuing

923
00:48:20,100 --> 00:48:23,300
a somewhat aimless pursuit of 
second-tier film, roles lost its

924
00:48:23,300 --> 00:48:25,800
Allure. 
Facing the reality, that her 

925
00:48:25,800 --> 00:48:27,200
Hollywood career was winding 
down. 

926
00:48:27,200 --> 00:48:30,000
Shirley made a bold decision in 
1950. 

927
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:33,900
She retired from the Silver 
Screen at the age of 22, it was 

928
00:48:33,908 --> 00:48:36,200
a startling move for someone 
whose name still held in 

929
00:48:36,200 --> 00:48:39,900
nostalgic weight among a wide 
swath of moviegoers yet she had 

930
00:48:39,900 --> 00:48:42,500
reached a point where the roles 
available fail to match her 

931
00:48:42,500 --> 00:48:45,900
aspirations instead of clinging 
to a diluted version of her 

932
00:48:45,900 --> 00:48:50,100
early as she chose to explore 
New Frontiers She also 

933
00:48:50,100 --> 00:48:52,600
recognized that the intense 
work, she'd endured since 

934
00:48:52,600 --> 00:48:56,800
toddlerhood had left little room
for ordinary experience is eager

935
00:48:56,800 --> 00:48:58,500
to cultivate. 
A more grounded lifestyle. 

936
00:48:58,500 --> 00:49:01,400
She embraced family life with 
Charles Black in the San 

937
00:49:01,400 --> 00:49:04,900
Francisco Bay Area. 
The late 1950s and early 1960s. 

938
00:49:06,500 --> 00:49:08,900
She briefly returned to show 
business with the television 

939
00:49:08,900 --> 00:49:11,200
series. 
Shirley Temple's storybook the 

940
00:49:11,200 --> 00:49:14,600
show reimagined Fairy Tales and 
children's Classics, allowing 

941
00:49:14,600 --> 00:49:17,500
her to explore a producing, and 
hosting role rather than front 

942
00:49:17,500 --> 00:49:20,200
and center acting fans. 
Appreciated the chance to see 

943
00:49:20,200 --> 00:49:22,200
her again. 
No longer, a child star, but a 

944
00:49:22,200 --> 00:49:25,900
poised articulate adult. 
This step back into the public, 

945
00:49:25,900 --> 00:49:29,400
more on her terms, without the 
constraints of a studio system. 

946
00:49:29,400 --> 00:49:33,200
Dictating her every move though.
The glow of her child, stardom 

947
00:49:33,200 --> 00:49:36,300
lingered in the cultural memory 
Shirley Temple black as she 

948
00:49:36,308 --> 00:49:38,900
began calling herself was 
discovering broader Horizons. 

949
00:49:39,500 --> 00:49:42,500
Her youth had exposed to the 
highs and lows of American 

950
00:49:42,500 --> 00:49:45,800
celebrity culture. 
Now, she looked at life with a 

951
00:49:45,808 --> 00:49:49,400
fresh perspective realizing that
her journey might shift away 

952
00:49:49,400 --> 00:49:53,000
from film entirely What emerged 
next would surprise many. 

953
00:49:53,800 --> 00:49:56,800
Pivot from Hollywood Starlet to 
public, servant and Diplomat 

954
00:49:56,800 --> 00:50:00,200
roles that were Define her final
decades in a ways. 

955
00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:03,700
Few observers could have 
predicted while many child stars

956
00:50:03,700 --> 00:50:06,200
vanished, Into Obscurity, or 
cling to their past Fame. 

957
00:50:06,200 --> 00:50:09,300
Shirley Temple charted. 
A course that combined her 

958
00:50:09,300 --> 00:50:12,700
innate poised with a new found 
dedication to Civic engagement. 

959
00:50:14,000 --> 00:50:17,400
Throughout the 1960s, she and 
Charles Black settled in to a 

960
00:50:17,400 --> 00:50:20,600
relatively private existence in 
the Bay Area. she embraced 

961
00:50:20,600 --> 00:50:24,200
Community work volunteering for 
charitable organizations and 

962
00:50:24,200 --> 00:50:27,900
quietly building relationships 
with local politicians, Though, 

963
00:50:27,900 --> 00:50:30,900
she rarely sought publicity for 
these efforts, her ability to 

964
00:50:30,900 --> 00:50:34,400
connect with people honed from 
early stardom, proved a valuable

965
00:50:34,400 --> 00:50:39,200
asset a pivotal moment came in 
1967 when she declared her 

966
00:50:39,208 --> 00:50:42,100
candidacy for congress, in a 
special election to fill a 

967
00:50:42,100 --> 00:50:45,400
vacant seat running as a 
republican in California's 11th,

968
00:50:45,400 --> 00:50:48,200
congressional, district, Shirley
Temple, Black surprise. 

969
00:50:48,200 --> 00:50:50,700
Political insiders with her 
articulate presence on the 

970
00:50:50,700 --> 00:50:53,600
campaign Trail. 
She emphasized issues such as 

971
00:50:53,600 --> 00:50:57,000
Urban Development, educational 
reform and tackling crime 

972
00:50:57,000 --> 00:50:59,900
reflecting, the moderate 
Republican stances of the era. 

973
00:51:00,500 --> 00:51:02,400
Reporters who covered her 
campaign quickly. 

974
00:51:02,400 --> 00:51:04,100
Discovered that she was no 
lightweight. 

975
00:51:04,900 --> 00:51:07,400
While her name recognition 
initially Drew curiosity. 

976
00:51:07,400 --> 00:51:10,300
A policy discussions resonated 
with a portion of the 

977
00:51:10,300 --> 00:51:12,600
electorate. 
She did not Prevail in the 

978
00:51:12,608 --> 00:51:16,400
primary finishing second, but 
she garnered a respectful share 

979
00:51:16,400 --> 00:51:18,800
of votes. 
The campaign underscored her 

980
00:51:18,800 --> 00:51:21,800
serious interest in governance 
and laid the foundation for 

981
00:51:21,800 --> 00:51:24,600
future opportunities. 
A year. 

982
00:51:24,608 --> 00:51:27,600
Later life took an Abrupt turn 
when Shirley was diagnosed with 

983
00:51:27,600 --> 00:51:30,300
breast cancer. 
She underwent a mastectomy in 

984
00:51:30,300 --> 00:51:33,400
1972 an experience. 
She chose not to hide from the 

985
00:51:33,400 --> 00:51:36,700
public. 
Instead, she made a bold move by

986
00:51:36,700 --> 00:51:38,900
holding a press conference to 
discuss her procedure. 

987
00:51:38,900 --> 00:51:42,500
One of the first high-profile 
women to speak openly about 

988
00:51:42,500 --> 00:51:45,400
battling breast cancer. 
This frankness challenge to 

989
00:51:45,400 --> 00:51:48,700
booze and spurred and outpouring
of support from women across 

990
00:51:48,700 --> 00:51:51,600
America. 
A candle helped to stigmatize a 

991
00:51:51,600 --> 00:51:54,700
condition many at a treated, as 
shameful or exclusively private.

992
00:51:55,600 --> 00:51:58,700
Over time, her advocacy would 
Shake public perceptions of 

993
00:51:58,700 --> 00:52:02,100
cancer treatment, prompting more
open dialogue and encouraging. 

994
00:52:02,100 --> 00:52:04,200
Countless women to seek check 
ups and information. 

995
00:52:04,200 --> 00:52:07,600
Meanwhile, have political 
aspirations remained alive. 

996
00:52:08,500 --> 00:52:11,800
President, Richard Nixon 
impressed by her Public Service,

997
00:52:11,800 --> 00:52:14,900
ethos, and calm demeanor. 
Appointed her to represent the 

998
00:52:14,900 --> 00:52:17,700
United States at the 24th. 
United Nations General Assembly 

999
00:52:17,700 --> 00:52:22,000
1969. 
During her time at the UN 

1000
00:52:22,000 --> 00:52:24,900
Shirley Temple, Black focused on
issues like Environmental 

1001
00:52:24,900 --> 00:52:28,500
Protection and the rights of 
children, topics that echoed her

1002
00:52:28,500 --> 00:52:31,800
personal passions colleagues 
noted her capacity to negotiate 

1003
00:52:31,800 --> 00:52:35,100
diplomatically, and her genuine 
interest in bridging cultural. 

1004
00:52:35,100 --> 00:52:39,300
Divides disappointment, though, 
short-lived, showcased her 

1005
00:52:39,300 --> 00:52:41,700
ability to navigate high stakes 
in international settings. 

1006
00:52:41,700 --> 00:52:44,400
Blending the charm of her 
Hollywood pedigree with 

1007
00:52:44,400 --> 00:52:48,300
substantive policy engagement, 
President Gerald Ford named 

1008
00:52:48,300 --> 00:52:51,700
Shirley Temple Black, the United
States ambassador to Garner in 

1009
00:52:51,700 --> 00:52:56,200
1974 as a result of her success.
Ambassador ship was not a 

1010
00:52:56,200 --> 00:52:59,000
ceremonial position. 
Khan had undergone political 

1011
00:52:59,000 --> 00:53:01,600
upheaval and was strategically 
significant in West Africa. 

1012
00:53:01,600 --> 00:53:06,200
As Ambassador she navigated us 
interests promoting trade 

1013
00:53:06,200 --> 00:53:09,400
supporting development and 
working to maintain stable. 

1014
00:53:09,400 --> 00:53:11,000
Diplomatic relations in a 
region. 

1015
00:53:11,000 --> 00:53:14,500
Still adjusting to post, 
Colonial reality's A presence in

1016
00:53:14,500 --> 00:53:16,100
a cross. 
Signaled, that Washington took 

1017
00:53:16,100 --> 00:53:19,900
Ghana, seriously and carne as 
received her warmly sometimes 

1018
00:53:19,900 --> 00:53:22,100
referencing her iconic childhood
films. 

1019
00:53:22,900 --> 00:53:26,300
She responded by emphasizing 
shared cultural ties hosting 

1020
00:53:26,300 --> 00:53:29,800
local artists at Embassy events 
and traveling beyond the capital

1021
00:53:29,800 --> 00:53:32,000
to better understand the 
country's complexities. 

1022
00:53:33,000 --> 00:53:36,000
Her steady performance in Garner
earned her another diplomatic 

1023
00:53:36,000 --> 00:53:39,300
assignment this time as the 
first female chief of protocol 

1024
00:53:39,300 --> 00:53:42,200
under President Ford. 
She managed high-level 

1025
00:53:42,200 --> 00:53:45,800
ceremonies greeted visiting 
heads of state and guided 

1026
00:53:45,800 --> 00:53:48,800
official delegations. 
Although the role was largely 

1027
00:53:48,800 --> 00:53:51,900
ceremonial, she approached it 
with the thoroughness that had 

1028
00:53:51,900 --> 00:53:55,100
defined her entire career. 
Keeping track of protocols and 

1029
00:53:55,108 --> 00:53:58,800
cultural nuances, and forging 
personal bonds within national 

1030
00:53:58,800 --> 00:54:02,300
leaders became second nature. 
The highlight of her diplomatic 

1031
00:54:02,300 --> 00:54:05,400
career. 
However, arrived in 1989 when 

1032
00:54:05,400 --> 00:54:08,200
President George HW Bush 
appointed to her ambassador to 

1033
00:54:08,208 --> 00:54:12,500
checo Slovakia, The Cold War was
on the verge of a dramatic thaw 

1034
00:54:12,500 --> 00:54:15,800
and her posting to Prague placed
her at the heart of historic 

1035
00:54:15,800 --> 00:54:19,500
change as communism began to 
crumble across Eastern Europe. 

1036
00:54:19,500 --> 00:54:21,900
Shirley Temple, Black found 
herself. 

1037
00:54:21,900 --> 00:54:24,700
Witnessing The Velvet 
Revolution, the peaceful 

1038
00:54:24,700 --> 00:54:28,100
upheaval the ousted, the 
Communist Regime, she consulted 

1039
00:54:28,100 --> 00:54:32,200
dissidents shared perspectives 
with other Western diplomats and

1040
00:54:32,200 --> 00:54:35,100
skillfully represented us 
interests without overshadowing.

1041
00:54:35,100 --> 00:54:37,200
The check people's pursuit of 
democracy. 

1042
00:54:37,200 --> 00:54:41,500
Once again, she relied on a 
blend of empathy and pragmatism 

1043
00:54:41,500 --> 00:54:44,800
traits that had served her. 
Well, since her early years on a

1044
00:54:44,800 --> 00:54:48,300
Hollywood set, by the close of 
the 1980s, Shirley Temple. 

1045
00:54:48,300 --> 00:54:52,100
Black stood, as a testament, to 
reinvention, From a child star 

1046
00:54:52,100 --> 00:54:54,800
who lit up Depression era 
screens to a diplomatic figure 

1047
00:54:54,800 --> 00:54:57,500
forging connections and 
far-flung parts of the world. 

1048
00:54:58,400 --> 00:55:01,500
She demonstrated that stardom 
need not confine a person to a 

1049
00:55:01,500 --> 00:55:05,000
single storyline rather it could
be a launching pad for broader 

1050
00:55:05,000 --> 00:55:07,200
contributions that transcended, 
the realm of entertainment, 

1051
00:55:07,200 --> 00:55:10,800
impacting global politics. 
And societal attitudes alike, 

1052
00:55:10,800 --> 00:55:14,300
the late 1980s and early 1990s, 
and checkers. 

1053
00:55:14,300 --> 00:55:17,600
Slovakia were a swirl of 
political Transformations and 

1054
00:55:17,600 --> 00:55:19,700
Shirley Temple. 
Black was squarely in the thick 

1055
00:55:19,700 --> 00:55:22,200
of it. 
Serving as Ambassador at a time.

1056
00:55:22,200 --> 00:55:24,800
When the nation's hopes for 
post-communist democracy were at

1057
00:55:24,800 --> 00:55:28,400
the zenith, She found herself 
forging friendships with figures

1058
00:55:28,400 --> 00:55:30,700
like that. 
Slave harvelle the playwright 

1059
00:55:30,700 --> 00:55:32,800
turned. 
President who led the Velvet 

1060
00:55:32,800 --> 00:55:36,700
Revolution diplomats often rely 
on tacked and formality to 

1061
00:55:36,700 --> 00:55:40,700
navigate tense transitions but 
Shirley's life experience her 

1062
00:55:40,700 --> 00:55:44,200
capacity to read a room to 
empathize and to adapt and 

1063
00:55:44,200 --> 00:55:47,600
proved equally pivotal She 
struck an approachable balance 

1064
00:55:47,600 --> 00:55:51,000
between an official stance and 
genuine curiosity about every 

1065
00:55:51,000 --> 00:55:53,800
day, check life. 
Citizens, who recognized her 

1066
00:55:53,800 --> 00:55:56,800
from old Hollywood. 
Lore Marvel at how this former 

1067
00:55:56,800 --> 00:55:59,800
Child Star and become a calm 
presence amidst their countries,

1068
00:55:59,800 --> 00:56:03,400
defining historical moment. 
A schedule brimmed with 

1069
00:56:03,408 --> 00:56:06,600
diplomatic engagements, 
addressing economic reforms, 

1070
00:56:06,600 --> 00:56:10,000
promoting trade opportunities 
and facilitating cultural 

1071
00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:12,600
exchanges. 
She also took time to visit 

1072
00:56:12,600 --> 00:56:16,100
schools and orphanages echoing, 
a child-centered compassion that

1073
00:56:16,100 --> 00:56:18,200
had first won her. 
The Public's heart decades 

1074
00:56:18,200 --> 00:56:22,200
earlier, More than once local 
media cameras captured, her 

1075
00:56:22,200 --> 00:56:24,900
hugging children. 
An image that symbolized a 

1076
00:56:24,900 --> 00:56:27,000
connection. 
Transcending politics, first 

1077
00:56:27,000 --> 00:56:30,300
staff, it was standard to see 
school groups, flocked, the US 

1078
00:56:30,300 --> 00:56:32,600
Embassy, where the Ambassador 
would greet them. 

1079
00:56:32,600 --> 00:56:36,100
Personally, She saw in those 
students, the same spark that 

1080
00:56:36,100 --> 00:56:39,400
years before, propelled her own 
improbable Journey. 

1081
00:56:40,100 --> 00:56:41,800
In the midst of these 
responsibilities. 

1082
00:56:41,800 --> 00:56:45,200
She also wrestled with the 
complexities of representing a 

1083
00:56:45,200 --> 00:56:48,400
superpower while us officials 
championed Market 

1084
00:56:48,400 --> 00:56:52,600
liberalization, the check 
populist Harbor diverse views on

1085
00:56:52,600 --> 00:56:55,000
how rapidly to embrace Western 
economic models. 

1086
00:56:56,000 --> 00:56:58,700
Shirley sought to present to 
America's stance in a measured 

1087
00:56:58,700 --> 00:57:02,300
way, advocating for cooperation 
rather than imposing directives.

1088
00:57:03,100 --> 00:57:07,200
This new ones in dear to local 
politicians who appreciated that

1089
00:57:07,200 --> 00:57:09,900
she was not just delivering 
lectures, but engaging in 

1090
00:57:09,900 --> 00:57:13,400
genuine dialogue. 
Observers credited, her with 

1091
00:57:13,400 --> 00:57:17,600
amplifying, America's soft power
in the region using her personal

1092
00:57:17,600 --> 00:57:19,900
warmth as an informal diplomatic
tool. 

1093
00:57:19,900 --> 00:57:24,000
Outside her official role, she 
relished exploring prags 

1094
00:57:24,000 --> 00:57:29,200
architecture concert halls and 
cafes the city with its Gothic 

1095
00:57:29,200 --> 00:57:31,800
spiers and centuries old 
cobblestone streets. 

1096
00:57:32,400 --> 00:57:34,800
Fascinated. 
Her She told friends that 

1097
00:57:34,800 --> 00:57:37,200
wandering around the Old Town 
felt like stepping onto a 

1098
00:57:37,208 --> 00:57:40,500
meticulously designed film set. 
Except it was real history 

1099
00:57:40,500 --> 00:57:43,000
etched into every stone 
occasionally. 

1100
00:57:43,000 --> 00:57:45,700
She and her husband, Charles 
hosted small Gatherings at the 

1101
00:57:45,700 --> 00:57:46,400
embassy. 
Residence. 

1102
00:57:46,400 --> 00:57:50,300
Inviting check artists and 
intellectuals alongside visiting

1103
00:57:50,300 --> 00:57:54,600
a fairy and officials These 
Suarez bridging cultural gaps 

1104
00:57:54,600 --> 00:57:58,000
with music and conversation 
mirrored a style of diplomacy 

1105
00:57:58,000 --> 00:58:01,000
that aligned with her. 
Persona blending for molarity 

1106
00:58:01,000 --> 00:58:05,400
with the Personal Touch by 1992,
the world was changing. 

1107
00:58:05,400 --> 00:58:08,700
Again Checkers Slovakia split 
piece for into the Czech 

1108
00:58:08,700 --> 00:58:12,000
Republic and Slovakia. 
Shirley Temple Black's time as 

1109
00:58:12,000 --> 00:58:14,500
Ambassador wrapped up. 
And while the Region's politics 

1110
00:58:14,500 --> 00:58:17,500
continued, evolving, she left 
behind a legacy of empathy 

1111
00:58:17,500 --> 00:58:20,800
driven diplomacy stepping away 
from her official duties. 

1112
00:58:20,800 --> 00:58:23,900
She returned Stateside with a 
sense that her life second act 

1113
00:58:23,900 --> 00:58:27,600
to equal the first in terms of 
impact, even if fewer Paparazzi 

1114
00:58:27,600 --> 00:58:31,200
cameras, Trail her, every move 
Retirement from formal 

1115
00:58:31,200 --> 00:58:34,300
diplomacy, did not entail 
retreating into quiet anonymity.

1116
00:58:35,000 --> 00:58:38,400
She took on roles with corporate
boards, notably with companies 

1117
00:58:38,400 --> 00:58:40,900
where her expertise and 
international relations and 

1118
00:58:40,900 --> 00:58:43,100
Public. 
Communication offered value 

1119
00:58:43,100 --> 00:58:46,100
though, her Hollywood named 
still commanded attention. 

1120
00:58:46,100 --> 00:58:49,000
She leveraged its selectively 
more. 

1121
00:58:49,000 --> 00:58:52,200
Inclined, to Champion charitable
causes than to cash in on Old 

1122
00:58:52,200 --> 00:58:54,900
Fame. 
Among her philanthropic 

1123
00:58:54,900 --> 00:58:57,900
interests cancer, research 
remained a focal point. 

1124
00:58:58,800 --> 00:59:01,300
He continued to Advocate 
publicly for early invention, 

1125
00:59:01,300 --> 00:59:03,500
recalling. 
Her battle with breast cancer. 

1126
00:59:04,400 --> 00:59:06,600
Which time she spoke at 
fundraisers or medical 

1127
00:59:06,600 --> 00:59:09,200
conferences. 
Attendees saw not a fragile 

1128
00:59:09,200 --> 00:59:13,300
Survivor but a Resolute voice, 
urging progress, those who 

1129
00:59:13,300 --> 00:59:16,600
encountered her social in these 
later years, describe a woman, 

1130
00:59:16,608 --> 00:59:19,900
both gracious and candid. 
She was not one to dwell on her 

1131
00:59:19,908 --> 00:59:21,500
childhood, stardom unless 
prompted. 

1132
00:59:22,500 --> 00:59:25,600
Indeed many, who knew her, as an
ambassador or a board member 

1133
00:59:25,600 --> 00:59:28,500
noted that they often forgot. 
She had once been the biggest 

1134
00:59:28,500 --> 00:59:31,800
child star on Earth, She was 
simply Shirley a thoughtful 

1135
00:59:31,800 --> 00:59:34,300
colleague who are asked incisive
questions and brought a wealth 

1136
00:59:34,300 --> 00:59:35,800
of worldly experience to any 
conversation. 

1137
00:59:36,800 --> 00:59:39,600
If pressed about her Hollywood 
days she might offer a light 

1138
00:59:39,600 --> 00:59:42,900
anecdote perhaps over about 
dancing with Bill jungles 

1139
00:59:42,900 --> 00:59:46,700
Robinson but she rarely 
glorified the spectacle, instead

1140
00:59:46,700 --> 00:59:49,700
she framed it as a valuable but 
distant chapter in a life driven

1141
00:59:49,700 --> 00:59:54,000
by personal growth. 
She moved into her. 70s Shirley 

1142
00:59:54,000 --> 00:59:55,600
Temple. 
Black observed with equal 

1143
00:59:55,600 --> 00:59:58,000
measures of Pride and humility 
the enduring affection. 

1144
00:59:58,000 --> 01:00:02,500
So many still held for her. 
Around the globe older fans were

1145
01:00:02,500 --> 01:00:04,100
called her films as a joyful 
Beacon. 

1146
01:00:04,100 --> 01:00:06,100
Amid depression. 
Hardships, while younger 

1147
01:00:06,100 --> 01:00:09,300
Generations, discovered them on 
home video, It was a testament 

1148
01:00:09,300 --> 01:00:12,200
not just to her on-screen 
persona but also to the 

1149
01:00:12,200 --> 01:00:14,200
universal appeal of sincere 
optimism. 

1150
01:00:14,900 --> 01:00:18,200
Yet for Shirley herself. 
The Highlight Reel comprised 

1151
01:00:18,200 --> 01:00:20,600
more than movie clips. 
It was her service to her 

1152
01:00:20,600 --> 01:00:22,700
country. 
Her forging of diplomatic 

1153
01:00:22,700 --> 01:00:26,400
Pathways in fraught times. 
And her unwavering ability to 

1154
01:00:26,400 --> 01:00:28,700
adapt that truly defined. 
Her adult identity. 

1155
01:00:28,700 --> 01:00:32,300
Reflecting on Shirley Temple's 
life is like perusing, a 

1156
01:00:32,300 --> 01:00:35,900
panoramic album of 20th century 
America spanning an era of 

1157
01:00:35,900 --> 01:00:39,500
economic turmoil, World War, 
cultural upheaval and Global 

1158
01:00:39,500 --> 01:00:42,000
realignment. 
She Departed the world on 

1159
01:00:42,000 --> 01:00:46,500
February 10th, 2414 at age, 85 
leaving behind a legacy that 

1160
01:00:46,500 --> 01:00:50,400
defied simple categorization. 
Most headlines upon her passing 

1161
01:00:50,400 --> 01:00:54,000
remembered her, as the dimpled 
darling, who danced on staircase

1162
01:00:54,000 --> 01:00:55,600
railings in, black and white 
musicals. 

1163
01:00:55,600 --> 01:01:00,200
Yet to view her exclusively 
through that nostalgic lens is 

1164
01:01:00,200 --> 01:01:02,300
to overlook the deeper Ark of 
her journey. 

1165
01:01:03,100 --> 01:01:06,600
A funeral held privately 
revealed the quiet dignity. 

1166
01:01:06,600 --> 01:01:10,100
She had Long Preferred. 
Friends and family, spoke of a 

1167
01:01:10,100 --> 01:01:12,800
person, whose warm Spirit 
extended far, beyond the camera.

1168
01:01:13,600 --> 01:01:15,500
Tributes poured in from around 
the globe. 

1169
01:01:15,500 --> 01:01:19,500
Movie fans were calling her as a
childhood Idol diplomats, and 

1170
01:01:19,508 --> 01:01:22,600
politicians lauding her 
statesmanship and cancer 

1171
01:01:22,600 --> 01:01:25,100
survivors, thanking her for 
raising awareness when few 

1172
01:01:25,100 --> 01:01:28,200
others did. 
It was a moment when a star's 

1173
01:01:28,200 --> 01:01:30,400
Mythos converged with the 
reality of a life. 

1174
01:01:30,400 --> 01:01:34,700
Well, lived In subsequent years,
retrospectives have examined, 

1175
01:01:34,700 --> 01:01:36,400
the nuances that made Shirley 
Temple. 

1176
01:01:36,400 --> 01:01:39,600
So enduring. 
Scholars of film history point 

1177
01:01:39,600 --> 01:01:41,300
out. 
Her unusual role in bridging 

1178
01:01:41,300 --> 01:01:43,600
adult and child audience's 
during the Depression. 

1179
01:01:44,400 --> 01:01:46,100
Her presence was never merely 
cute. 

1180
01:01:46,100 --> 01:01:49,000
She delivered genuine 
performance as that resonated 

1181
01:01:49,000 --> 01:01:51,900
with viewers longing for hope. 
Contemporary debates. 

1182
01:01:51,900 --> 01:01:54,300
Also, scrutinized the 
exploitative elements of 

1183
01:01:54,300 --> 01:01:57,400
Hollywood during the 1930s and 
their incorporation of child 

1184
01:01:57,400 --> 01:01:59,100
performers in Toledo driven 
stories. 

1185
01:01:59,100 --> 01:02:03,300
Surely was no exception. 
The baby burlesque short films 

1186
01:02:03,300 --> 01:02:06,500
of her earliest, career remain a
stark reminder of how children 

1187
01:02:06,500 --> 01:02:10,200
were sometimes positioned in 
questionable scenarios yet, she 

1188
01:02:10,200 --> 01:02:14,000
transcended that environment 
emerging as a figure who buy her

1189
01:02:14,000 --> 01:02:17,600
fortitude and mother's fears 
oversight navigated the system 

1190
01:02:17,600 --> 01:02:19,400
without losing her essential 
Spark. 

1191
01:02:20,200 --> 01:02:22,900
Her personal Evolution, 
underscores an important lesson 

1192
01:02:22,900 --> 01:02:26,400
that Fame, especially at a young
age. 

1193
01:02:26,400 --> 01:02:28,800
Need not to find one's entire 
existence. 

1194
01:02:29,700 --> 01:02:32,500
While many child stars collapse 
under the weight of early, 

1195
01:02:32,500 --> 01:02:35,500
celebrity Shirley Temple, 
channeled it into fresh 

1196
01:02:35,500 --> 01:02:37,900
Pursuits. 
Where the campaigning for a 

1197
01:02:37,900 --> 01:02:39,000
congressional seat in 
California? 

1198
01:02:39,000 --> 01:02:43,100
While speaking openly about her 
breast cancer, surgery she 

1199
01:02:43,100 --> 01:02:45,000
tackled each phase with 
authenticity. 

1200
01:02:45,000 --> 01:02:48,200
She displayed a consistent 
willingness to meet challenges 

1201
01:02:48,200 --> 01:02:51,200
head-on an attribute. 
That stands in contrast to the 

1202
01:02:51,208 --> 01:02:53,500
perceived innocence of her 
childhood film roles. 

1203
01:02:53,500 --> 01:02:56,500
Perhaps, it was that original 
Wellspring of discipline, 

1204
01:02:56,500 --> 01:03:00,700
memorizing, lines affecting 
dance, routines the carried over

1205
01:03:00,700 --> 01:03:03,300
into her adult life. 
Enabling her to approach any 

1206
01:03:03,300 --> 01:03:07,100
hurdle with equal resolve, 
moreover, her diplomatic service

1207
01:03:07,100 --> 01:03:09,300
remains one of the more 
surprising chapters of her 

1208
01:03:09,300 --> 01:03:11,700
story. 
Stepping into the role of 

1209
01:03:11,700 --> 01:03:14,800
Ambassador in two distinct. 
Contexts Garner and sexy 

1210
01:03:14,800 --> 01:03:19,300
reflected and adaptability 
rarely seen in Showbiz alumni, 

1211
01:03:19,300 --> 01:03:22,000
while some saw her as merely a 
ceremonial figure. 

1212
01:03:22,700 --> 01:03:25,400
She quickly demonstrated that 
Stark quality could harmonize 

1213
01:03:25,400 --> 01:03:28,800
with serious policy work. 
By advocating for environmental 

1214
01:03:28,800 --> 01:03:32,900
issues at the UN fostering 
cultural exchanges in Garner and

1215
01:03:32,900 --> 01:03:36,100
navigating the complexities of a
post-communist check landscape. 

1216
01:03:36,100 --> 01:03:39,600
She expanded the definition of 
how a public figure can serve 

1217
01:03:39,600 --> 01:03:42,100
national interests. 10 year in 
Prague. 

1218
01:03:42,100 --> 01:03:45,000
During the Velvet Revolution 
coincided with a seismic shift 

1219
01:03:45,000 --> 01:03:48,700
in global politics a pivotal 
moment that fundamentally 

1220
01:03:48,700 --> 01:03:52,100
reshaped Europe. 
That Vantage Point alone placed 

1221
01:03:52,100 --> 01:03:54,600
her in the orbit of towering 
figures like hateful forever, 

1222
01:03:54,600 --> 01:03:57,700
linking her name to a Monumental
historical pivot, even as 

1223
01:03:57,700 --> 01:03:59,600
critics debate. 
The merits of her earliest 

1224
01:03:59,600 --> 01:04:02,400
films, or the complexity of her 
mother's role in orchestrating 

1225
01:04:02,400 --> 01:04:04,900
her stardom. 
Shirley temples narrative 

1226
01:04:04,900 --> 01:04:08,300
remains or inspiring for its 
breath, the child, who wants 

1227
01:04:08,300 --> 01:04:11,000
sparred with co-stars twice, her
height became an adult who 

1228
01:04:11,000 --> 01:04:14,400
regularly engaged with world 
leaders in the same lifetime, 

1229
01:04:14,400 --> 01:04:17,000
she delighted Depression, era 
Cinema audiences. 

1230
01:04:17,000 --> 01:04:21,100
And then half of the century 
later, watched democracy break 

1231
01:04:21,100 --> 01:04:24,600
ground in Eastern Europe. 
That range of experience is 

1232
01:04:24,600 --> 01:04:27,500
underscores a singular life, 
that mirrored the transformation

1233
01:04:27,500 --> 01:04:32,500
of a century. today, her iconic 
cherub face continues to adore, 

1234
01:04:32,500 --> 01:04:36,900
vintage movie posters and DVD 
covers Young dancers, still 

1235
01:04:36,900 --> 01:04:39,100
attempt to replicate her 
signature tap routines. 

1236
01:04:39,900 --> 01:04:42,200
Parents introduced her black and
white musicals to new. 

1237
01:04:42,200 --> 01:04:44,800
Generation's parallel to that 
cultural. 

1238
01:04:44,800 --> 01:04:47,000
Imprints stands the Lesser 
celebrated. 

1239
01:04:47,000 --> 01:04:50,100
But equally significant tale of 
an American who chose to 

1240
01:04:50,100 --> 01:04:51,800
redirect celebrity into public 
service. 

1241
01:04:51,800 --> 01:04:54,800
Forging, a second Legacy as an 
advocate and diploma. 

1242
01:04:55,500 --> 01:04:58,900
In so, doing Shirley Temple. 
Black left us a message about 

1243
01:04:58,900 --> 01:05:02,100
resilience that even the 
brightest, most ephemeral 

1244
01:05:02,100 --> 01:05:04,100
childhood glow can evolve into 
something more. 

1245
01:05:04,100 --> 01:05:07,700
Expansive guiding not just a 
film studios fortunes but 

1246
01:05:07,700 --> 01:05:10,800
International dialogues and 
philanthropic causes as well. 

1247
01:05:10,800 --> 01:05:14,600
And in the end, perhaps that 
quite metamorphosis is her most 

1248
01:05:14,600 --> 01:05:27,000
enduring if underappreciated 
achievement You wake up at half 

1249
01:05:27,000 --> 01:05:29,700
past four in the morning and the
world outside your window is 

1250
01:05:29,700 --> 01:05:31,700
still wrapped in that thick 
velvety. 

1251
01:05:31,700 --> 01:05:34,100
Darkness, that makes even the 
gas Street lamps look like 

1252
01:05:34,100 --> 01:05:37,500
lonely fireflies. 
Your feet, hit the cold 

1253
01:05:37,500 --> 01:05:40,300
floorboards with a thud that 
Echoes through your modest 

1254
01:05:40,300 --> 01:05:43,500
logging and your immediately 
reminded that being a Victorian 

1255
01:05:43,500 --> 01:05:46,400
Postman isn't exactly a 
profession for those who enjoy 

1256
01:05:46,400 --> 01:05:49,200
sleeping in. 
Your bedroom, chairs, uniform 

1257
01:05:49,200 --> 01:05:53,300
appears to have endured Decades 
of use your dark blue coat with 

1258
01:05:53,300 --> 01:05:55,700
its brass buttons. 
That never quite Shine the way 

1259
01:05:55,700 --> 01:05:59,000
they're supposed to Bears. 
The Battle Scars of countless 

1260
01:05:59,000 --> 01:06:02,100
encounters with rose bushes, 
aggressive geese and the 

1261
01:06:02,100 --> 01:06:05,300
occasional projectile thrown by 
less than pleased recipients of 

1262
01:06:05,300 --> 01:06:08,800
overdue bills. 
Your leather satchel sits nearby

1263
01:06:08,800 --> 01:06:11,000
already showing signs of the day
ahead. 

1264
01:06:11,000 --> 01:06:14,200
It knows it's about to be 
stuffed Fuller than a Christmas 

1265
01:06:14,200 --> 01:06:16,800
turkey. 
You stumbled downstairs to your 

1266
01:06:16,800 --> 01:06:19,300
landlady's kitchen, where she's 
already prepared your breakfast.

1267
01:06:19,300 --> 01:06:24,200
Mrs. Henderson bless her soul 
understands that postmen. 

1268
01:06:24,200 --> 01:06:27,600
Need fuel for the journey ahead.
She slides a plate of eggs, 

1269
01:06:27,600 --> 01:06:31,100
bacon and thick, cut bread 
across the wooden table along 

1270
01:06:31,100 --> 01:06:33,900
with the steaming mug of tea, so
strong, it could probably walk 

1271
01:06:33,900 --> 01:06:37,600
the postal route by itself. 
The morning ritual, begins with 

1272
01:06:37,600 --> 01:06:40,500
checking your pocket, watch a 
gift from your father when you 

1273
01:06:40,500 --> 01:06:43,400
join the Royal Mail Service. 
Three years ago it's already 

1274
01:06:43,400 --> 01:06:46,100
caught up us five which means 
you need to be at the Sorting 

1275
01:06:46,100 --> 01:06:50,300
office by six Sharp. 
Mr. Grimsby the postmaster has 

1276
01:06:50,300 --> 01:06:53,900
the temperament of a wet cat and
the punctuality expectations of 

1277
01:06:53,900 --> 01:06:57,000
a railway conductor. 
Being late means facing his 

1278
01:06:57,000 --> 01:07:00,200
legendary scalp which has been 
known to curdle milk from three 

1279
01:07:00,200 --> 01:07:02,500
streets away. 
You finish your breakfast, grab 

1280
01:07:02,500 --> 01:07:04,800
your cat, the one with the small
hole where a particularly 

1281
01:07:04,800 --> 01:07:08,100
ambitious pigeon once Mr, kit 
for nesting material and step 

1282
01:07:08,100 --> 01:07:11,700
out into the London morning. 
The air carries that distinct, 

1283
01:07:11,700 --> 01:07:15,500
Victorian cocktail of cold, 
smoke newer and the faint 

1284
01:07:15,500 --> 01:07:17,900
promise of rain. 
That seems permanently suspended

1285
01:07:17,900 --> 01:07:20,100
over the city like an indecisive
visitor. 

1286
01:07:21,200 --> 01:07:23,900
The walk to the Sorting office. 
Takes you past the baker's shop 

1287
01:07:23,908 --> 01:07:27,000
where Mr. Pemberton is already 
pulling fresh loaves from his 

1288
01:07:27,000 --> 01:07:29,800
ovens. 
The warm yeasty smell follows 

1289
01:07:29,800 --> 01:07:31,500
you down the street, like a 
friendly dog. 

1290
01:07:31,500 --> 01:07:34,900
You wave through the window and 
he responds with a flour dusted.

1291
01:07:34,900 --> 01:07:37,600
Salute, the small morning 
rituals of become the 

1292
01:07:37,600 --> 01:07:40,700
comfortable rhythm of your 
working life at the Sorting 

1293
01:07:40,700 --> 01:07:42,300
office. 
You're greeted by the familiar 

1294
01:07:42,300 --> 01:07:44,700
chaos that would make a 
battlefield look organized, 

1295
01:07:44,700 --> 01:07:48,500
sacks of male are piled 
everywhere like fabric mountains

1296
01:07:48,500 --> 01:07:50,800
and your fellow postmen are 
already elbow. 

1297
01:07:50,800 --> 01:07:53,900
Deep in the days, deliveries 
there's Jenkins whose been doing

1298
01:07:53,900 --> 01:07:57,300
this job since before Victoria 
became Queen and moves with the 

1299
01:07:57,300 --> 01:07:58,500
efficiency of a well-oiled 
machine. 

1300
01:07:58,508 --> 01:08:02,700
Thompson, the newcomer who still
gets nervous about delivering to

1301
01:08:02,700 --> 01:08:05,900
the fancy neighborhoods and Old 
Murphy who claims he wants to 

1302
01:08:05,900 --> 01:08:09,200
live a letter to Charles Dickens
himself over the story changes. 

1303
01:08:09,200 --> 01:08:12,800
Slightly each time he tells it 
Your section of London covers 

1304
01:08:12,800 --> 01:08:16,800
approximately 4 square miles of 
winding streets, narrow alleys, 

1305
01:08:16,800 --> 01:08:20,200
and the occasional dead end that
seems to exist solely to test 

1306
01:08:20,200 --> 01:08:23,500
your navigation skills. 
The mail in your bag represents 

1307
01:08:23,500 --> 01:08:26,800
across section of Human 
Experience, love letters that 

1308
01:08:26,800 --> 01:08:29,700
smell faintly of lavender 
business correspondents. 

1309
01:08:29,700 --> 01:08:33,100
With serious looking seals 
newspapers that will be outdated

1310
01:08:33,100 --> 01:08:36,100
by tomorrow and the inevitable 
collection of bills that make 

1311
01:08:36,100 --> 01:08:38,000
recipients. 
Look at you as if you personally

1312
01:08:38,000 --> 01:08:39,899
decided to charge them for 
existing. 

1313
01:08:40,600 --> 01:08:43,899
You organize your letters, by 
Street, number a process that 

1314
01:08:43,899 --> 01:08:47,000
requires the spatial reasoning 
skills of an architect and the 

1315
01:08:47,000 --> 01:08:50,700
patience of a saint. each piece 
of mail has its personality, 

1316
01:08:50,700 --> 01:08:54,399
some are thick and important 
looking others are thin and 

1317
01:08:54,399 --> 01:08:57,399
apologetic and a few are so 
mysteriously shaped that you 

1318
01:08:57,399 --> 01:09:01,200
wonder if someone's trying to 
post a small Hedgehog The 

1319
01:09:01,200 --> 01:09:03,200
morning preparation is almost 
complete. 

1320
01:09:03,899 --> 01:09:07,000
Your route is planned, your 
Satchel is loaded and your boots

1321
01:09:07,000 --> 01:09:09,600
are laced, tight enough to 
survive the day's Adventures. 

1322
01:09:10,899 --> 01:09:13,800
As you step back onto the 
street, the city is beginning to

1323
01:09:13,808 --> 01:09:17,000
wake up around you and you're 
about to embark on another day 

1324
01:09:17,000 --> 01:09:20,100
of connecting people across the 
sprawling Maze of Victoria and 

1325
01:09:20,100 --> 01:09:23,100
London. 
Pembroke Street, is your first 

1326
01:09:23,100 --> 01:09:26,700
stop, where the houses stand 
side by side, like gossiping 

1327
01:09:26,700 --> 01:09:30,700
neighbors each front door tells.
Its story, summer painted bright

1328
01:09:30,700 --> 01:09:33,399
red with polished. 
Brass knockers that gleam in the

1329
01:09:33,399 --> 01:09:36,399
Morning Light While others have 
seen better days and Sport 

1330
01:09:36,399 --> 01:09:38,500
paint, That's peeling like 
sunburn skin. 

1331
01:09:39,600 --> 01:09:42,100
You've learned to read these 
subtle signs, like a detective, 

1332
01:09:42,100 --> 01:09:44,899
the well-maintained homes, 
usually mean Pleasant 

1333
01:09:44,899 --> 01:09:48,000
interactions, while the shabby 
ones might involve dodging 

1334
01:09:48,000 --> 01:09:51,100
flying objects or unwelcome 
commentary about the postal 

1335
01:09:51,100 --> 01:09:54,100
service. 
Mrs. Abernathy at number 12 is 

1336
01:09:54,100 --> 01:09:57,200
already waiting by her window 
watching for your arrival with 

1337
01:09:57,200 --> 01:09:59,500
the intensity of a hawk spotting
a field mouse. 

1338
01:10:00,300 --> 01:10:02,700
She receives letters from her 
sister in Edinburgh, every 

1339
01:10:02,700 --> 01:10:04,900
Tuesday. 
And she's developed The Uncanny 

1340
01:10:04,900 --> 01:10:07,200
ability to sense your approach 
from three blocks away. 

1341
01:10:08,000 --> 01:10:11,100
You slip The Familiar envelope. 
Through her letter slot, you can

1342
01:10:11,108 --> 01:10:13,900
practically hear her shuffling 
excitedly, toward the door. 

1343
01:10:13,900 --> 01:10:16,500
Before you've even stepped off 
her front steps. 

1344
01:10:17,100 --> 01:10:20,100
The rhythm of delivery becomes 
As Natural as breathing after a 

1345
01:10:20,100 --> 01:10:23,200
while. 
Walk sort, not deliver, repeat. 

1346
01:10:24,400 --> 01:10:26,700
But each house brings its own 
peculiar challenges. 

1347
01:10:26,700 --> 01:10:29,500
Number 18 has a letter slot, 
positioned. 

1348
01:10:29,500 --> 01:10:32,100
So low that reaching it requires
the flexibility of a 

1349
01:10:32,100 --> 01:10:38,100
contortionist while number 251, 
if the architect designed it 

1350
01:10:38,100 --> 01:10:41,700
specifically to frustrate postal
workers, Then there's the matter

1351
01:10:41,700 --> 01:10:44,700
of the dogs, every street has 
its collection of four legged 

1352
01:10:44,700 --> 01:10:47,400
critics and they all seem to 
have strong opinions about the 

1353
01:10:47,400 --> 01:10:50,400
postal service. 
There's Dutchess A pompous 

1354
01:10:50,400 --> 01:10:53,000
poodle at number 7, who treats 
your daily arrival, as a 

1355
01:10:53,000 --> 01:10:55,600
personal insult to her, arrested
sensibilities. 

1356
01:10:57,000 --> 01:10:59,700
She expresses her displeasure 
through a series of indignant 

1357
01:10:59,700 --> 01:11:02,400
yaps that sound remarkably. 
Like someone complaining about 

1358
01:11:02,400 --> 01:11:03,600
the weather in a foreign 
language. 

1359
01:11:03,600 --> 01:11:07,100
You don't quite understand The 
other end of the spectrum is 

1360
01:11:07,100 --> 01:11:10,600
Brutus, a Mastiff, the size of a
small pony, Who belongs to the 

1361
01:11:10,600 --> 01:11:13,800
Butcher on Merchant Street. 
Despite his intimidating 

1362
01:11:13,800 --> 01:11:17,300
appearance Brutus has apparently
decided that you're his second 

1363
01:11:17,300 --> 01:11:20,200
favorite human. 
After his owner and he greets 

1364
01:11:20,200 --> 01:11:22,700
your arrival each day by 
attempting to lick your face 

1365
01:11:22,700 --> 01:11:24,600
with the tongue, that could 
double as a washcloth. 

1366
01:11:25,400 --> 01:11:28,500
Your strategy involves keeping a
safe distance and a pocket full 

1367
01:11:28,500 --> 01:11:31,400
of the small biscuits that Mrs. 
Henderson slips into your lunch 

1368
01:11:31,400 --> 01:11:35,600
bag specifically for canine 
diplomacy The variety of male 

1369
01:11:35,600 --> 01:11:38,400
you carry, reflects the full 
spectrum of human emotion and 

1370
01:11:38,400 --> 01:11:40,700
necessity. 
There are the obvious love 

1371
01:11:40,700 --> 01:11:43,700
letters, you can spot them from 
a mile away by their careful 

1372
01:11:43,700 --> 01:11:47,500
penmanship and the faint Center 
of perfume that seems to follow 

1373
01:11:47,500 --> 01:11:49,200
them around like a romantic 
ghost. 

1374
01:11:50,100 --> 01:11:52,900
Business correspondence, tends 
to travel in serious looking 

1375
01:11:52,900 --> 01:11:55,900
envelopes with important, 
sounding return addresses, while

1376
01:11:55,900 --> 01:11:57,900
family, letters often arrive in 
batches. 

1377
01:11:57,900 --> 01:12:00,400
As if relatives suddenly 
remember, they have things to 

1378
01:12:00,400 --> 01:12:03,500
sail all at the same time, some 
deliveries require special 

1379
01:12:03,500 --> 01:12:06,000
handling, legal documents 
arrive, with an air of 

1380
01:12:06,008 --> 01:12:07,500
important. 
That makes you walk slightly 

1381
01:12:07,500 --> 01:12:09,800
straighter while medical 
correspondents. 

1382
01:12:09,800 --> 01:12:12,300
Often travels in discrete 
envelopes that seemed to whisper

1383
01:12:12,300 --> 01:12:14,800
about their contents. 
You've developed a normal 

1384
01:12:14,808 --> 01:12:17,600
Supernatural ability to gauge 
the emotional weight of male 

1385
01:12:17,600 --> 01:12:21,100
just by holding it. 
Good news tends to feel lighter 

1386
01:12:21,100 --> 01:12:24,000
somehow, while bad news seems to
add extra gravity to your 

1387
01:12:24,000 --> 01:12:26,100
satchel. 
The morning progresses through 

1388
01:12:26,100 --> 01:12:29,500
the residential streets where 
laundry hangs between buildings 

1389
01:12:29,500 --> 01:12:31,800
like celebratory Bunting and 
children. 

1390
01:12:31,800 --> 01:12:35,500
Peer at you from behind curtains
with the Curiosity reserved for 

1391
01:12:35,500 --> 01:12:38,700
exotic creatures. 
You wave at The Familiar Faces, 

1392
01:12:38,700 --> 01:12:41,000
the shopkeepers setting up for 
the day. 

1393
01:12:41,000 --> 01:12:44,700
The street sweepers making their
eternal battle against London's 

1394
01:12:44,700 --> 01:12:47,500
dust and debris and the 
occasional early Rising 

1395
01:12:47,500 --> 01:12:50,000
gentleman, who tips his hat with
the politeness that makes 

1396
01:12:50,000 --> 01:12:54,400
British Society function like 
clockwork, By mid-morning, your 

1397
01:12:54,400 --> 01:12:57,600
Satchel has lightened 
considerably, but your feet are 

1398
01:12:57,600 --> 01:12:59,700
beginning to remind you that 
they weren't designed for this 

1399
01:12:59,700 --> 01:13:03,000
much pavement pounding. 
The cobblestones that looked so 

1400
01:13:03,000 --> 01:13:05,100
Charming in the early morning 
light now, feel like their 

1401
01:13:05,100 --> 01:13:08,400
personally designed to test the 
durability of your boot Souls, 

1402
01:13:08,400 --> 01:13:11,300
you've learned to spot the loose
stones that might twist and 

1403
01:13:11,300 --> 01:13:13,900
ankle and navigate around the 
ones that seem to collect 

1404
01:13:13,900 --> 01:13:16,700
puddles like magnets that 
attract iron filings. 

1405
01:13:17,600 --> 01:13:19,800
Your route takes you past the 
local tea shop where the 

1406
01:13:19,800 --> 01:13:23,500
proprietor Mr. Whitfield always 
has a steaming cup ready for 

1407
01:13:23,500 --> 01:13:26,700
passing Postman. 
It's an unspoken agreement, you 

1408
01:13:26,700 --> 01:13:29,300
bring him news from the outside 
world through the mail you 

1409
01:13:29,300 --> 01:13:32,100
deliver and he provides liquid 
encouragement for the journey 

1410
01:13:32,100 --> 01:13:34,900
ahead. 
The brief respite allows you to 

1411
01:13:34,900 --> 01:13:37,500
reorganize your remaining 
letters and plan the most 

1412
01:13:37,500 --> 01:13:39,300
efficient path through the 
afternoons. 

1413
01:13:39,300 --> 01:13:42,900
Deliveries As you venture into 
the more eccentric neighborhoods

1414
01:13:42,900 --> 01:13:45,400
of your route, you encounter the
houses that make this job, 

1415
01:13:45,400 --> 01:13:48,300
endlessly entertaining. 
There's Professor blackwood's. 

1416
01:13:48,300 --> 01:13:51,000
Residence on Thornbury Lane 
where the front garden looks 

1417
01:13:51,000 --> 01:13:53,500
like a Botanical experiment 
gone, wonderfully wrong. 

1418
01:13:54,200 --> 01:13:58,700
Exotic plants, sprawl in every 
direction, creating a jungle. 

1419
01:13:58,700 --> 01:14:01,500
That would make Darwin himself, 
pause for consideration. 

1420
01:14:02,800 --> 01:14:05,300
The professor occasionally 
emerges from this green chaos, 

1421
01:14:05,300 --> 01:14:07,800
wearing clothes that suggests, 
he dresses and complete 

1422
01:14:07,800 --> 01:14:09,800
darkness. 
And he always greets you with 

1423
01:14:09,800 --> 01:14:11,700
enthusiasm that borders on the 
Malik. 

1424
01:14:12,300 --> 01:14:15,200
His male consists primarily of 
scientific journals and 

1425
01:14:15,200 --> 01:14:17,700
correspondence from fellow 
academics scattered across 

1426
01:14:17,700 --> 01:14:20,400
Europe. 
The envelopes often bear foreign

1427
01:14:20,400 --> 01:14:23,300
postmarks and wax seals that 
look important enough to start 

1428
01:14:23,300 --> 01:14:26,300
in international instance, 
you've learned to handle these 

1429
01:14:26,300 --> 01:14:28,300
deliveries with extra care, 
partly. 

1430
01:14:28,300 --> 01:14:29,900
Because they seemed genuinely 
important. 

1431
01:14:29,900 --> 01:14:33,200
And partly because Professor 
Blackwood once spent, 20 minutes

1432
01:14:33,200 --> 01:14:35,300
explaining the reproductive 
habits of orchids. 

1433
01:14:35,300 --> 01:14:38,000
When you accidentally bent one 
of his Botanical Magazine's, 

1434
01:14:38,000 --> 01:14:42,200
three houses down lives, missed 
call Delia Weatherby, a 

1435
01:14:42,200 --> 01:14:44,500
spinster, who was turned 
suspicion into an art form. 

1436
01:14:44,500 --> 01:14:47,900
She receives your approach 
through her lace, curtains with 

1437
01:14:47,900 --> 01:14:50,500
the weariness of someone 
expecting Invasion at any 

1438
01:14:50,500 --> 01:14:54,300
moment. her male consists 
primarily of seed, catalogs and 

1439
01:14:54,300 --> 01:14:57,600
letters from mysterious 
correspondent who signed only 

1440
01:14:57,600 --> 01:15:02,200
with the initials RH You've 
developed a theory that RH might

1441
01:15:02,200 --> 01:15:03,700
be a long-lost romantic 
interest. 

1442
01:15:04,400 --> 01:15:07,100
But Ms, weatherbys expression 
when she receives these letters,

1443
01:15:07,100 --> 01:15:10,300
suggests the correspondence, 
might be less romantic and more 

1444
01:15:10,300 --> 01:15:14,500
related to outstanding debts, or
legal matters, the delivery 

1445
01:15:14,500 --> 01:15:16,600
process at Miss. 
Wetherby's house has evolved 

1446
01:15:16,600 --> 01:15:20,100
into an elaborate ritual. 
You approach slowly, making sure

1447
01:15:20,100 --> 01:15:23,000
your footsteps are clearly 
audible to avoid startling her 

1448
01:15:23,000 --> 01:15:25,300
you place. 
The male carefully through her 

1449
01:15:25,300 --> 01:15:28,800
slot, then Retreat, a respectful
distance while she performs what

1450
01:15:28,800 --> 01:15:32,200
sounds like a complex series of 
locks chains and security 

1451
01:15:32,200 --> 01:15:34,400
measures that would make a bank 
for jealous. 

1452
01:15:35,500 --> 01:15:38,100
Occasionally hear her muttering 
commentary about the state of 

1453
01:15:38,100 --> 01:15:40,800
the world and the declining 
reliability of young people 

1454
01:15:40,800 --> 01:15:44,000
though, you're not entirely sure
whether this criticism includes 

1455
01:15:44,000 --> 01:15:47,500
postal workers specifically. 
Then there's the Johnson 

1456
01:15:47,500 --> 01:15:50,900
household on Maple Grove, which 
operates like a small chaotic 

1457
01:15:50,900 --> 01:15:53,600
Republic. 
Mr. And Mrs. Johnson have 

1458
01:15:53,600 --> 01:15:56,700
produced seven children ranging 
in age from barely walking to 

1459
01:15:56,700 --> 01:15:59,700
nearly adult and their front 
yard resembles a toy 

1460
01:15:59,700 --> 01:16:02,100
Battlefield. 
A casualties include broken 

1461
01:16:02,100 --> 01:16:05,300
Hoops deflated balls. 
And at least three dolls that 

1462
01:16:05,300 --> 01:16:08,000
have seen better days. 
The children, treat your 

1463
01:16:08,000 --> 01:16:11,000
arrival, like a daily 
entertainment program gathering 

1464
01:16:11,000 --> 01:16:12,400
at the window to watch. 
You navigate. 

1465
01:16:12,400 --> 01:16:15,900
Their obstacle course of 
discarded playthings Mrs. 

1466
01:16:15,900 --> 01:16:17,700
Johnson appears in her door 
looking like she's been 

1467
01:16:17,700 --> 01:16:20,000
wrestling with domestic 
responsibilities, and losing 

1468
01:16:20,000 --> 01:16:23,400
gracefully her hair escapes from
its pins and creative 

1469
01:16:23,400 --> 01:16:25,700
directions. 
And she usually has at least one

1470
01:16:25,700 --> 01:16:29,000
child attached to a skirts, like
a small, determined Barnacle 

1471
01:16:29,000 --> 01:16:32,300
despite the apparent chaos. 
She always greets you with 

1472
01:16:32,300 --> 01:16:35,300
genuine warmth and occasionally 
offers you a cup of tea. 

1473
01:16:35,300 --> 01:16:37,800
That tastes like, it was made by
someone who understands the 

1474
01:16:37,800 --> 01:16:40,700
restorative power of proper 
Brewing, the male for the 

1475
01:16:40,700 --> 01:16:43,900
Johnson House, reflects the 
family's busy life, letters, 

1476
01:16:43,900 --> 01:16:46,900
from grandparents school, 
notices and an impressive 

1477
01:16:46,900 --> 01:16:49,300
collection of bills that would 
make a mathematician weak. 

1478
01:16:50,200 --> 01:16:52,900
Mrs. Johnson accepts these with 
the resigned expression of 

1479
01:16:52,900 --> 01:16:55,300
someone who has learned to find 
humor in life, persistent 

1480
01:16:55,300 --> 01:16:58,800
Financial requirements. 
Your new route to includes the 

1481
01:16:58,800 --> 01:17:01,400
mysterious house at the end of 
Wickham Street, where the 

1482
01:17:01,400 --> 01:17:04,300
elderly Mr. Ashford lives alone 
with what sounds like a small 

1483
01:17:04,300 --> 01:17:07,800
Orchestra of cats. 
The music that drifts from his 

1484
01:17:07,800 --> 01:17:10,900
windows suggest, he spent his 
days playing piano compositions,

1485
01:17:10,900 --> 01:17:14,300
that sound, both beautiful and 
slightly Melancholy, his male 

1486
01:17:14,300 --> 01:17:17,600
arrive, sporadically, sometimes 
weeks pass with nothing. 

1487
01:17:17,600 --> 01:17:21,900
Then suddenly, he receives thick
packets from music Publishers or

1488
01:17:21,900 --> 01:17:24,800
thin letters that seem to carry 
more emotional weight than their

1489
01:17:24,800 --> 01:17:28,400
size would suggest. 
Mr. Ashford himself remains 

1490
01:17:28,400 --> 01:17:31,500
largely invisible though. 
You occasionally catch glimpses 

1491
01:17:31,500 --> 01:17:33,200
of movement behind his heavy 
curtains. 

1492
01:17:33,200 --> 01:17:35,800
The milk bottles left on his 
step disappear. 

1493
01:17:35,800 --> 01:17:39,700
And reappear with the regularity
of a well-managed ghost, and the

1494
01:17:39,708 --> 01:17:42,500
cats that inhabit his garden 
treat you, with the aloof 

1495
01:17:42,500 --> 01:17:45,400
politeness reserved, for useful 
servants, who know their place 

1496
01:17:45,400 --> 01:17:48,100
in the household. 
Hierarchy, each house on your 

1497
01:17:48,100 --> 01:17:50,600
route has developed its own 
personality over the months, 

1498
01:17:50,600 --> 01:17:53,500
you've been delivering mail, 
You've learned to read the 

1499
01:17:53,500 --> 01:17:56,200
subtle signs, when the 
Hendersons are having financial 

1500
01:17:56,200 --> 01:18:00,000
difficulties, fewer letters more
bills, when the Clarks are 

1501
01:18:00,000 --> 01:18:03,400
expecting, favorable news, Mrs. 
Clarke watches from the window 

1502
01:18:03,400 --> 01:18:06,700
with hopeful expressions and 
when the Thompsons are preparing

1503
01:18:06,700 --> 01:18:10,200
for one of their famous dinner 
parties, invitations, multiply 

1504
01:18:10,200 --> 01:18:12,100
like Rapids in their outgoing 
mail slot. 

1505
01:18:12,900 --> 01:18:16,000
London's November weather is 
unpredictable dramatic and 

1506
01:18:16,000 --> 01:18:17,900
seemingly designed to test your 
patience. 

1507
01:18:19,100 --> 01:18:21,700
This morning started with a 
light mist, that felt almost 

1508
01:18:21,700 --> 01:18:25,000
Pleasant like walking through a 
cloud that decided to visit the 

1509
01:18:25,000 --> 01:18:28,000
city. 
But by noon, that gentle Mist 

1510
01:18:28,000 --> 01:18:31,200
has transformed into a proper 
drizzle that seems to determined

1511
01:18:31,200 --> 01:18:33,800
to discover every Gap in your 
clothing that you didn't know, 

1512
01:18:33,800 --> 01:18:37,200
existed, your waterproof coat, 
which looked so professional. 

1513
01:18:37,200 --> 01:18:40,300
And whether ready, when the 
Postal Service issued it now 

1514
01:18:40,300 --> 01:18:43,300
reveals its true character under
actual precipitation. 

1515
01:18:44,500 --> 01:18:47,700
Water Finds Its way past your 
collar, with the Persistence of 

1516
01:18:47,700 --> 01:18:51,200
an Uninvited Guest and your 
Satchel, despite its supposedly 

1517
01:18:51,200 --> 01:18:54,900
water resistant, leather, begins
to develop that damp smell. 

1518
01:18:54,900 --> 01:18:58,100
That suggests your male might 
arrive looking like it. 

1519
01:18:58,100 --> 01:19:00,700
Survived a minor flood. 
The cobblestones become 

1520
01:19:00,700 --> 01:19:03,400
treacherous when wet 
transforming from merely 

1521
01:19:03,400 --> 01:19:05,700
uncomfortable. 
Walking surfaces into potential 

1522
01:19:05,700 --> 01:19:09,800
skating rinks for the unwary. 
You've developed a peculiar 

1523
01:19:09,800 --> 01:19:13,100
walking style that resembles a 
cautious dance, testing each 

1524
01:19:13,100 --> 01:19:16,700
step before committing your full
weight, the locals who observe 

1525
01:19:16,700 --> 01:19:18,800
this careful progression from 
their dry Windows. 

1526
01:19:18,800 --> 01:19:22,100
Probably think postal workers 
have developed their own form of

1527
01:19:22,100 --> 01:19:24,700
Street choreography. 
But whether is only one of the 

1528
01:19:24,700 --> 01:19:27,300
obstacles that make your daily 
routine Adventure, worthy of 

1529
01:19:27,300 --> 01:19:31,100
exploration novels There's the 
ongoing construction project on 

1530
01:19:31,100 --> 01:19:34,600
Pemberton Street where workers 
have apparently decided that the

1531
01:19:34,600 --> 01:19:37,900
most efficient way to prepare 
cobblestones is to remove them 

1532
01:19:37,900 --> 01:19:41,200
all at once leaving behind a 
landscape that resembles a 

1533
01:19:41,200 --> 01:19:45,000
geological excavation site. 
Navigating this route requires 

1534
01:19:45,000 --> 01:19:48,000
the skills of a mounting climber
and the patience of someone 

1535
01:19:48,000 --> 01:19:50,000
accustomed to bureaucratic 
inefficiency. 

1536
01:19:51,000 --> 01:19:53,300
The construction workers bless 
their dust covered. 

1537
01:19:53,300 --> 01:19:56,400
Souls have developed a friendly 
relationship with the Postal 

1538
01:19:56,400 --> 01:19:58,800
Service. 
They warn you about particularly

1539
01:19:58,800 --> 01:20:01,300
treacherous sections and 
sometimes even clearer path. 

1540
01:20:01,300 --> 01:20:04,300
When they see you approaching 
with your bulging, Satchel in 

1541
01:20:04,300 --> 01:20:08,000
return, you've become their 
informal, new service, updating 

1542
01:20:08,000 --> 01:20:10,800
them on, which houses are 
receiving intriguing, mail, and 

1543
01:20:10,800 --> 01:20:13,000
sharing gossip about 
neighborhood developments, that 

1544
01:20:13,000 --> 01:20:14,300
might affect their work 
schedule. 

1545
01:20:14,300 --> 01:20:17,100
Then there are other Street 
vendors, who transform certain 

1546
01:20:17,100 --> 01:20:20,200
Corners into temporary 
marketplaces that seem to appear

1547
01:20:20,200 --> 01:20:22,600
and disappear with magical 
unpredictability. 

1548
01:20:23,600 --> 01:20:26,500
Mrs. Paterson sets up her flower
cart at the intersection of 

1549
01:20:26,500 --> 01:20:28,100
oakendale every Tuesday and 
Friday. 

1550
01:20:28,100 --> 01:20:31,300
Creating a fragrant obstacle. 
That requires careful 

1551
01:20:31,300 --> 01:20:34,300
navigation. 
Her roses and carnations smell 

1552
01:20:34,300 --> 01:20:37,900
Heavenly, but her car blocks the
most direct path to three 

1553
01:20:37,900 --> 01:20:40,000
different house numbers. 
Forcing, you to develop 

1554
01:20:40,000 --> 01:20:42,300
alternative routes that add 
pressure minutes to your 

1555
01:20:42,300 --> 01:20:45,000
delivery schedule. 
The flower cartel saw attracts 

1556
01:20:45,000 --> 01:20:48,200
bees with the enthusiasm of a 
royal celebration and you've 

1557
01:20:48,200 --> 01:20:50,700
learned to approach. 
Mrs. Patterson's corner with the

1558
01:20:50,700 --> 01:20:54,800
weariness of someone entering a 
diplomatic negotiation. the bees

1559
01:20:54,800 --> 01:20:57,400
seem to view postal workers as 
potential threats to their 

1560
01:20:57,400 --> 01:21:00,400
floral paradise and they 
expressed their concerns through

1561
01:21:00,400 --> 01:21:03,400
aggressive, hovering patterns 
that make males, sorting a 

1562
01:21:03,408 --> 01:21:07,800
delicate operation, Animal 
encounters, extend beyond the 

1563
01:21:07,800 --> 01:21:10,400
domestic dogs and cats that 
populate most neighborhoods. 

1564
01:21:11,300 --> 01:21:14,200
London streets, host a 
surprising variety of wildlife. 

1565
01:21:14,200 --> 01:21:17,200
That seems determined to 
participate in postal delivery. 

1566
01:21:17,200 --> 01:21:20,100
There are other pigeons that 
treat your male Satchel as a 

1567
01:21:20,100 --> 01:21:23,200
potential roosting site the 
occasional rat that regards your

1568
01:21:23,200 --> 01:21:25,900
passing. 
With the Bold, curiosity of a 

1569
01:21:25,900 --> 01:21:29,200
small Urban philosopher. 
The memorable incident involving

1570
01:21:29,200 --> 01:21:32,500
an escaped parrot that spent an 
entire afternoon following you 

1571
01:21:32,500 --> 01:21:35,500
from house to house while 
providing colorful commentary on

1572
01:21:35,500 --> 01:21:38,900
your delivery technique. 
Parrot, whose vocabulary 

1573
01:21:38,900 --> 01:21:42,000
suggested, it had previous 
experience with Sailors, seemed 

1574
01:21:42,000 --> 01:21:44,600
particularly interested in 
critiquing your route 

1575
01:21:44,600 --> 01:21:47,400
efficiency. 
It perched on Garden Gates and 

1576
01:21:47,400 --> 01:21:51,000
fence posts offering suggestions
that were both anatomically 

1577
01:21:51,000 --> 01:21:53,000
creative and utterly 
unprintable. 

1578
01:21:53,800 --> 01:21:56,400
Several residents emerge from 
their houses to witness this 

1579
01:21:56,400 --> 01:21:59,700
unusual postal procession and 
you found yourself becoming an 

1580
01:21:59,708 --> 01:22:02,500
inadvertent Street performance 
while trying to maintain 

1581
01:22:02,500 --> 01:22:05,800
professional dignity, under 
avian supervision Street 

1582
01:22:05,800 --> 01:22:08,800
conditions vary dramatically, 
depending on the neighborhood's 

1583
01:22:08,800 --> 01:22:11,800
economic status. 
The wealthy areas feature, well 

1584
01:22:11,800 --> 01:22:15,100
maintained Pavements regular 
street cleaning and house 

1585
01:22:15,100 --> 01:22:17,800
numbers that are clearly visible
from reasonable distance is 

1586
01:22:18,600 --> 01:22:21,100
These neighborhoods make mail 
delivery feel like a pleasant 

1587
01:22:21,100 --> 01:22:23,000
stroll through an organized 
Urban Park. 

1588
01:22:23,000 --> 01:22:26,500
However, the working class areas
posed distinct challenges, 

1589
01:22:26,500 --> 01:22:31,100
sometimes house numbers exist. 
Only in theory, either painted 

1590
01:22:31,100 --> 01:22:34,200
on surfaces that have seen 
better decades or hidden behind 

1591
01:22:34,200 --> 01:22:36,500
architectural features that 
suggest the original. 

1592
01:22:36,500 --> 01:22:39,100
Builders had a light-hearted 
approach to postal Logistics, 

1593
01:22:39,100 --> 01:22:42,000
you've developed detective 
skills that would impress 

1594
01:22:42,000 --> 01:22:45,300
Scotland Yard using context. 
Clues like neighboring house 

1595
01:22:45,300 --> 01:22:48,600
numbers architectural, patterns 
and the occasional helpful 

1596
01:22:48,600 --> 01:22:50,300
neighbor to locate your 
destination. 

1597
01:22:51,600 --> 01:22:54,600
The afternoon brings its own set
of weather-related complications

1598
01:22:54,600 --> 01:22:57,600
as the drizzle decides to 
upgrade itself to actual rain 

1599
01:22:57,600 --> 01:23:00,700
your boots, which felt perfectly
adequate this morning. 

1600
01:23:00,700 --> 01:23:05,400
Now squelch with each step like 
small portable swamps, the mail 

1601
01:23:05,400 --> 01:23:08,300
in your Satchel requires, 
constant protection and you find

1602
01:23:08,300 --> 01:23:10,600
yourself performing elaborate 
Sheltering Maneuvers under 

1603
01:23:10,600 --> 01:23:14,200
overhangs in doorways and 
beneath the occasional tree that

1604
01:23:14,200 --> 01:23:16,500
hasn't yet. 
Shared all its leaves, the 

1605
01:23:16,500 --> 01:23:19,500
beauty of being a postman lies, 
not just in the physical act of 

1606
01:23:19,500 --> 01:23:21,800
delivery. 
But in witnessing the invisible 

1607
01:23:21,800 --> 01:23:24,900
threads that connect people 
across distances, both near and 

1608
01:23:24,900 --> 01:23:29,600
far, Each letter in your Satchel
symbolizes a relationship and 

1609
01:23:29,600 --> 01:23:32,600
narrative and a human connection
that you have the honor to 

1610
01:23:32,600 --> 01:23:35,200
Foster. 
After months, on the same route,

1611
01:23:35,200 --> 01:23:38,800
you begin to recognize patterns.
That reveal the rich tapestry of

1612
01:23:38,800 --> 01:23:40,800
lives, unfolding behind those 
front doors. 

1613
01:23:40,800 --> 01:23:44,700
Take Mrs, Elena Fitzgerald on 
Rosemary Street who receives 

1614
01:23:44,700 --> 01:23:47,600
letters every Thursday from 
someone with elegant handwriting

1615
01:23:47,600 --> 01:23:51,000
and expensive stationery. 
The envelopes always smell 

1616
01:23:51,000 --> 01:23:54,200
faintly of Jasmine and Mrs. 
Fitzgerald's entire demeanor 

1617
01:23:54,200 --> 01:23:57,600
changes on delivery days. 
She transforms from a somewhat 

1618
01:23:57,600 --> 01:24:00,800
Stern Widow who maintains her 
garden with military Precision 

1619
01:24:00,800 --> 01:24:03,900
into someone who practically 
floats to her front door. 

1620
01:24:05,000 --> 01:24:08,100
You suspect these letters. 
Come from a gentleman admirer. 

1621
01:24:08,100 --> 01:24:11,300
Possibly someone from her past, 
who has recently reconnected, 

1622
01:24:11,300 --> 01:24:14,600
the way she clutches these 
letters to her chest before 

1623
01:24:14,600 --> 01:24:16,900
disappearing inside suggests 
romance, that would make 

1624
01:24:16,900 --> 01:24:20,500
novelists weep With Envy Then 
there's young Timothy. 

1625
01:24:20,500 --> 01:24:24,300
Hartwell barely 16 who works as 
an apprentice at the clockmakers

1626
01:24:24,300 --> 01:24:27,600
shop, the dreams of Adventure 
Beyond London, City, boundaries,

1627
01:24:28,700 --> 01:24:31,700
His male consists primarily of 
correspondence, with various 

1628
01:24:31,700 --> 01:24:33,300
shipping companies and Colonial 
officers. 

1629
01:24:34,400 --> 01:24:37,300
The thick packets of information
about opportunities in India, 

1630
01:24:37,300 --> 01:24:40,800
Australia, and Canada arrive 
with the regularity of someone 

1631
01:24:40,800 --> 01:24:44,400
seriously planning on Escape. 
You've watched Timothy mature 

1632
01:24:44,400 --> 01:24:47,200
over the months, his letters 
becoming more focused and more 

1633
01:24:47,200 --> 01:24:50,100
specific. 
Last week he received, what 

1634
01:24:50,100 --> 01:24:52,200
looked like, official 
documentation from a Trading 

1635
01:24:52,200 --> 01:24:55,100
Company in Bombay. 
And his excitement was so 

1636
01:24:55,100 --> 01:24:57,900
obvious that his employer 
probably wondered, why the boy 

1637
01:24:57,900 --> 01:24:59,800
suddenly started whistling 
Maritime songs. 

1638
01:24:59,800 --> 01:25:03,100
While repairing pocket watches 
the Pemberton family presents. 

1639
01:25:03,100 --> 01:25:06,500
A more complex story that 
unfolds letter by letter Mr. 

1640
01:25:06,500 --> 01:25:09,600
Pemberton operates the bakery, 
but his wife receives regular 

1641
01:25:09,600 --> 01:25:12,600
correspondence from what appears
to be a legal firm in Edinburgh,

1642
01:25:12,600 --> 01:25:15,500
the letters arrived with the 
serious formality of legal 

1643
01:25:15,500 --> 01:25:18,700
documents, and Mrs. Pemberton's 
expression, when she receives 

1644
01:25:18,700 --> 01:25:20,600
them suggests, they concern 
matters. 

1645
01:25:20,600 --> 01:25:23,400
More weighty and simple business
transactions. 

1646
01:25:24,400 --> 01:25:26,100
You suspect. 
There might be an inheritance 

1647
01:25:26,100 --> 01:25:29,700
involved or perhaps property 
disputes from her family's past.

1648
01:25:30,500 --> 01:25:33,800
The legal correspondence comes 
in waves sometimes weekly, 

1649
01:25:33,800 --> 01:25:37,300
sometimes not for months 
suggesting ongoing negotiation 

1650
01:25:37,300 --> 01:25:39,900
that require patience and 
considerable postage. 

1651
01:25:39,900 --> 01:25:42,900
Your route are includes the 
boarding house on Whitmore Lane 

1652
01:25:42,900 --> 01:25:46,200
where Miss Adelaide Morton runs 
a respectable establishment for 

1653
01:25:46,200 --> 01:25:49,100
young working women. 
The male volume at this address 

1654
01:25:49,100 --> 01:25:52,800
could Supply a small post office
in dependently, each resident 

1655
01:25:52,800 --> 01:25:56,400
seems to maintain correspondence
with family, friends, potential 

1656
01:25:56,400 --> 01:25:58,700
suitors, and various business 
contacts. 

1657
01:25:59,500 --> 01:26:01,900
Miss Morton herself receives 
letters from young, women 

1658
01:26:01,900 --> 01:26:05,300
seeking accommodation parents 
checking on their daughters 

1659
01:26:05,300 --> 01:26:08,500
welfare and what appears to be a
romantic correspondence with 

1660
01:26:08,500 --> 01:26:11,800
someone who signs his letters 
with the initials Junior and 

1661
01:26:11,800 --> 01:26:14,500
uses stationary that suggests 
comfortable Financial 

1662
01:26:14,500 --> 01:26:18,000
circumstances. 
The Boarding House male reveals 

1663
01:26:18,000 --> 01:26:20,800
fascinating glimpses into the 
lives of young women navigating 

1664
01:26:20,800 --> 01:26:22,400
Independence in Victorian, 
London. 

1665
01:26:23,100 --> 01:26:26,300
There are letters that smell of 
tears and homesickness others 

1666
01:26:26,300 --> 01:26:28,500
that practically vibrate with 
excitement about New 

1667
01:26:28,500 --> 01:26:31,700
Opportunities and the occasional
thick packet that suggests 

1668
01:26:31,700 --> 01:26:35,200
either very favorable news or 
very detailed explanations of 

1669
01:26:35,200 --> 01:26:36,800
Life Choices. 
That might not meet with 

1670
01:26:36,800 --> 01:26:39,600
parental approval. 
Perhaps the most intriguing 

1671
01:26:39,600 --> 01:26:42,500
correspondence on your route 
belongs to Mr. Elgin and 

1672
01:26:42,500 --> 01:26:45,300
Blackthorn, who lives in the 
narrow house on Crescent Moon 

1673
01:26:45,300 --> 01:26:50,100
Lane, his male arrives from the 
most exotic locations postcards 

1674
01:26:50,100 --> 01:26:52,800
from Cairo showing pyramids and 
camels letters. 

1675
01:26:52,800 --> 01:26:55,500
Bearing stamps from places. 
You couldn't locate on a map 

1676
01:26:55,500 --> 01:26:58,500
without considerable assistance 
and packages that rattle 

1677
01:26:58,500 --> 01:27:01,800
mysteriously. 
When handled Mr. Blackthorne 

1678
01:27:01,800 --> 01:27:04,700
himself appears to be some sort 
of collector or researcher 

1679
01:27:04,700 --> 01:27:08,200
judging by the archaeological 
and anthropological Publications

1680
01:27:08,200 --> 01:27:11,500
that arrived monthly. 
His house windows display 

1681
01:27:11,500 --> 01:27:13,600
artifacts. 
That suggests extensive travel 

1682
01:27:13,600 --> 01:27:17,200
then you occasionally Glimpse 
him through the glass examining 

1683
01:27:17,200 --> 01:27:20,000
objects with the intensity of 
someone deciphering ancient 

1684
01:27:20,000 --> 01:27:23,000
Mysteries. 
The children's male provides. 

1685
01:27:23,000 --> 01:27:25,100
Its entertainment value young 
Margaret. 

1686
01:27:25,100 --> 01:27:27,500
Woodhouse on Sycamore Street. 
Maintains an impressive 

1687
01:27:27,500 --> 01:27:29,900
correspondence with cousin 
scattered across Britain. 

1688
01:27:30,600 --> 01:27:33,400
Her letters arrive in batches 
written in the careful 

1689
01:27:33,400 --> 01:27:35,700
handwriting of children. 
Trying to impress adults with 

1690
01:27:35,700 --> 01:27:39,000
their penmanship skills. 
The return correspondence 

1691
01:27:39,000 --> 01:27:40,400
suggests. 
She something of a central 

1692
01:27:40,408 --> 01:27:44,000
figure in her extended families 
communication Network possibly, 

1693
01:27:44,000 --> 01:27:46,200
because she is the only cousin 
old enough to write proper 

1694
01:27:46,200 --> 01:27:47,700
letters. 
But young enough to find 

1695
01:27:47,700 --> 01:27:49,800
everyone's news equally 
fascinating. 

1696
01:27:50,600 --> 01:27:53,200
Some residents received mail 
that tell stories of hardship 

1697
01:27:53,200 --> 01:27:56,900
and resilience Mrs. Catherine 
O'Brien, recently widowed 

1698
01:27:56,900 --> 01:27:59,000
receives regular letters from 
Ireland. 

1699
01:27:59,000 --> 01:28:01,900
That you suspect contain both 
emotional support and small 

1700
01:28:01,900 --> 01:28:03,800
financial assistance from 
relatives. 

1701
01:28:04,700 --> 01:28:07,000
The timing of these letters 
often coincides with 

1702
01:28:07,000 --> 01:28:09,900
particularly challenging 
periods, they are more 

1703
01:28:09,900 --> 01:28:13,000
frequently when rent is due, 
when her children need new 

1704
01:28:13,000 --> 01:28:16,100
shoes, the Irish postmarks and 
the careful way. 

1705
01:28:16,100 --> 01:28:18,600
She handles these letters 
suggest to support network that 

1706
01:28:18,600 --> 01:28:21,900
spans, the Irish sea providing 
comfort that transcends 

1707
01:28:21,900 --> 01:28:25,600
geographical boundaries in the 
afternoon section of your route,

1708
01:28:25,600 --> 01:28:28,500
takes you into the commercial 
District where the pace of Life 

1709
01:28:28,500 --> 01:28:32,100
accelerates like a wound up 
pocket watch Shop owners and 

1710
01:28:32,100 --> 01:28:35,000
Clark's bustle about their 
business, with the efficient 

1711
01:28:35,000 --> 01:28:37,400
energy of people who understand 
that time equals money. 

1712
01:28:37,400 --> 01:28:40,900
And every moment spent standing 
still represents potential 

1713
01:28:40,900 --> 01:28:43,100
profit walking past their 
establishments. 

1714
01:28:43,800 --> 01:28:46,200
The male requirements here, 
differ significantly from 

1715
01:28:46,200 --> 01:28:49,300
residential deliveries business,
correspondents, arrives in 

1716
01:28:49,308 --> 01:28:52,600
larger volumes legal documents, 
travel, with increased urgency, 

1717
01:28:52,600 --> 01:28:55,800
and Commercial relationships. 
Generate paperwork that would 

1718
01:28:55,800 --> 01:28:59,900
impress government bureaucrats, 
Mr. Cornelius Blackwood operates

1719
01:28:59,900 --> 01:29:02,800
a haberdashery that seems to 
exist in a state of organized 

1720
01:29:02,800 --> 01:29:05,800
chaos. 
His shop overflows with bolts of

1721
01:29:05,800 --> 01:29:09,000
fabric in every conceivable 
color and pattern buttons, that 

1722
01:29:09,000 --> 01:29:12,200
could outfit a small army and 
ribbons that Cascade from 

1723
01:29:12,200 --> 01:29:16,600
shells, like textile waterfalls.
The male delivery here, requires

1724
01:29:16,600 --> 01:29:19,400
patience because Mr. Blaccwood 
treats, every piece of 

1725
01:29:19,400 --> 01:29:22,600
Correspondence as a potential 
treasure that might contain life

1726
01:29:22,600 --> 01:29:25,900
changing opportunities. 
The examined each envelope with 

1727
01:29:25,900 --> 01:29:29,300
the intense of an art critic, 
studying a masterpiece turning 

1728
01:29:29,300 --> 01:29:31,900
letters over in his hands. 
As if their external appearance,

1729
01:29:31,900 --> 01:29:34,900
might reveal their contents 
through some form of postal 

1730
01:29:34,900 --> 01:29:37,000
divination. 
The Correspondents for the 

1731
01:29:37,000 --> 01:29:39,400
Haberdashery reflects the 
complexity of Victorian 

1732
01:29:39,400 --> 01:29:43,600
Commodus, there are invoices 
from Fabrics suppliers letters 

1733
01:29:43,600 --> 01:29:46,100
from customers, describing 
specific requirements for 

1734
01:29:46,100 --> 01:29:49,300
garments that sound more complex
than architectural Blueprints 

1735
01:29:49,300 --> 01:29:51,900
and regular communication from 
fashion houses. 

1736
01:29:51,900 --> 01:29:55,600
In Paris that arrives with the 
air of containing State secrets,

1737
01:29:56,600 --> 01:29:59,100
Mr. Blaccwood often share 
Snippets of information about 

1738
01:29:59,100 --> 01:30:01,500
current fashion trends. 
Speaking with the authority of 

1739
01:30:01,500 --> 01:30:04,100
someone who understands that 
clothing represents more than 

1740
01:30:04,100 --> 01:30:06,600
mere necessity. 
It's a form of personal 

1741
01:30:06,600 --> 01:30:10,200
expression that requires both 
artistic vision and practical 

1742
01:30:10,200 --> 01:30:13,600
skill next door. 
Mrs. Prudence Whitfield runs a 

1743
01:30:13,600 --> 01:30:16,500
tea in confectionary shop that 
has the delightful Aroma of 

1744
01:30:16,500 --> 01:30:19,500
Heaven as if it decided to 
establish a retail location. 

1745
01:30:20,600 --> 01:30:24,200
The aroma of fresh baked scones,
imported teas and Handmade 

1746
01:30:24,200 --> 01:30:27,100
Chocolates creates an olfactory 
experience that makes your 

1747
01:30:27,100 --> 01:30:30,100
afternoon delivery rounds feel 
like culinary tour of paradise. 

1748
01:30:31,500 --> 01:30:34,400
Mrs. Whitfield's male consists, 
primarily of orders from 

1749
01:30:34,400 --> 01:30:38,300
suppliers letters from customers
planning, special events, and 

1750
01:30:38,300 --> 01:30:41,100
regular correspondence with 
relatives who apparently keep 

1751
01:30:41,100 --> 01:30:43,700
her, informed about family 
recipes that have been passed 

1752
01:30:43,700 --> 01:30:45,900
down through generations of 
accomplished Bakers. 

1753
01:30:47,100 --> 01:30:49,700
Mrs. Whitfield has developed the
habit of offering postal 

1754
01:30:49,700 --> 01:30:52,000
workers. 
Small samples of her latest 

1755
01:30:52,000 --> 01:30:55,300
creation's, which she claims 
require professional opinions 

1756
01:30:55,300 --> 01:30:58,000
from people who understand 
quality and appreciate 

1757
01:30:58,000 --> 01:31:01,300
craftsmanship. 
This generosity transforms mail 

1758
01:31:01,300 --> 01:31:04,900
delivery into an unexpected 
taste testing experience that 

1759
01:31:04,900 --> 01:31:07,000
adds considerable pleasure to 
your working day. 

1760
01:31:07,900 --> 01:31:11,000
The lemon drops could cure 
Melancholy and her shortbread. 

1761
01:31:11,000 --> 01:31:14,200
Cookies possessed the power to 
restore faith in Humanity's 

1762
01:31:14,200 --> 01:31:16,100
capacity for creating perfect 
things. 

1763
01:31:16,100 --> 01:31:19,700
The afternoon also brings you to
doctor pemberton's Medical 

1764
01:31:19,700 --> 01:31:22,400
Practice where the male takes on
a more serious character. 

1765
01:31:22,400 --> 01:31:25,900
Medical correspondence often 
arrives in discrete envelopes 

1766
01:31:25,900 --> 01:31:28,400
that whisper about their 
contents and you've learned to 

1767
01:31:28,400 --> 01:31:30,200
handle these deliveries with 
extra care. 

1768
01:31:31,100 --> 01:31:34,000
Dr. Pemberton himself appears to
maintain, professional 

1769
01:31:34,000 --> 01:31:36,400
relationships with colleagues 
across Britain and Europe, 

1770
01:31:36,400 --> 01:31:39,500
judging by the range of 
postmarks on his correspondence.

1771
01:31:41,000 --> 01:31:44,700
Medical journals arrived monthly
thick with information about new

1772
01:31:44,700 --> 01:31:47,400
treatments and discoveries that 
suggests the field of medicine 

1773
01:31:47,400 --> 01:31:51,000
continues of evolving at a pace 
that requires constant study. 

1774
01:31:52,100 --> 01:31:54,600
In the doctors waiting room. 
Patient often watch your mail 

1775
01:31:54,600 --> 01:31:57,200
delivery with hopeful 
Expressions, anticipating 

1776
01:31:57,200 --> 01:31:58,700
important news about their 
health. 

1777
01:31:58,700 --> 01:32:01,400
You've learned to maintain 
professional discretion about 

1778
01:32:01,400 --> 01:32:04,700
medical correspondence, 
understanding that the male you 

1779
01:32:04,700 --> 01:32:05,800
carry. 
Might contain information. 

1780
01:32:05,800 --> 01:32:08,200
That could significantly impact 
people's lives. 

1781
01:32:08,200 --> 01:32:11,500
The weight of this 
responsibility adds gravity to 

1782
01:32:11,500 --> 01:32:13,400
deliveries that might otherwise 
seem routine. 

1783
01:32:13,400 --> 01:32:16,700
Your root also includes several 
legal offices, where 

1784
01:32:16,700 --> 01:32:20,200
correspondence arrives with the 
formality, that suggests serious

1785
01:32:20,200 --> 01:32:23,800
business, transactions property 
disputes, and the complex 

1786
01:32:23,800 --> 01:32:26,800
paperwork that accompanies, 
Victorian societies relationship

1787
01:32:26,800 --> 01:32:30,700
with bureaucracy. 
Mr. Harrison Blackstone Esquire 

1788
01:32:30,700 --> 01:32:34,000
operates from a narrow building 
that seems designed specifically

1789
01:32:34,000 --> 01:32:37,900
for containing legal documents. 
His male volume, could Supply a 

1790
01:32:37,900 --> 01:32:40,800
small library and the variety of
correspondents, suggests 

1791
01:32:40,800 --> 01:32:44,300
involvement in everything from 
simple Property Transfers to 

1792
01:32:44,300 --> 01:32:46,700
complex business Arrangements 
that require multiple 

1793
01:32:46,700 --> 01:32:49,500
participants and considerable 
negotiation. 

1794
01:32:50,200 --> 01:32:52,900
The legal correspondence often 
arrives in batches that seem 

1795
01:32:52,900 --> 01:32:55,900
coordinated with court schedules
or important deadlines. 

1796
01:32:56,900 --> 01:33:00,100
Mr. Blackstone himself treats 
male delivery as a critical 

1797
01:33:00,100 --> 01:33:03,200
component of his professional 
schedule often waiting near his 

1798
01:33:03,200 --> 01:33:05,400
office window when he expects 
particularly important 

1799
01:33:05,400 --> 01:33:08,000
documents. 
The urgency with which he 

1800
01:33:08,000 --> 01:33:10,400
receives certain letters, 
suggest that legal matters 

1801
01:33:10,400 --> 01:33:13,700
operate on time lines that make 
postal delivery a crucial 

1802
01:33:13,700 --> 01:33:15,600
element in the administration of
justice. 

1803
01:33:16,600 --> 01:33:19,500
Commercial District also houses 
several businesses, that seem to

1804
01:33:19,500 --> 01:33:22,800
exist primarily for the purpose 
of generating correspondence. 

1805
01:33:23,700 --> 01:33:26,900
Import companies receive letters
from suppliers scattered across 

1806
01:33:26,900 --> 01:33:30,000
the Empire, shipping firms, 
coordinate, with captains, and 

1807
01:33:30,000 --> 01:33:33,400
cargo, handlers, and trading 
houses, maintain relationships, 

1808
01:33:33,400 --> 01:33:37,400
that span continents. the male 
you carry represents the 

1809
01:33:37,400 --> 01:33:40,300
communication Network that keeps
Victorian commas functioning 

1810
01:33:40,300 --> 01:33:44,000
like a vast complex machine 
where every letter serves as a 

1811
01:33:44,008 --> 01:33:48,100
small but essential component, 
Because the afternoon light 

1812
01:33:48,100 --> 01:33:51,100
begins its gradual Retreat 
behind London's Perpetual 

1813
01:33:51,100 --> 01:33:53,500
curtain of coal smoke and City 
Haze. 

1814
01:33:53,500 --> 01:33:56,900
You find yourself on the final 
stretch of your postal route. 

1815
01:33:56,900 --> 01:34:00,700
Your Satchel which began the Day
stuff to capacity like an 

1816
01:34:00,700 --> 01:34:04,300
overfed Christmas goose. 
Now hangs light against your hip

1817
01:34:04,300 --> 01:34:07,100
containing only the handful of 
letters destined for the 

1818
01:34:07,108 --> 01:34:09,000
farthest addresses on your 
circuit. 

1819
01:34:10,000 --> 01:34:12,300
Your feet have developed their 
own conversation with the 

1820
01:34:12,300 --> 01:34:15,700
cobblestones a dialogue 
consisting primarily of 

1821
01:34:15,700 --> 01:34:18,800
complaints about the days 
mileage and negotiations about 

1822
01:34:18,800 --> 01:34:20,600
tomorrow's anticipated 
challenges. 

1823
01:34:21,500 --> 01:34:24,000
The evening deliveries take you 
through neighborhoods where gas 

1824
01:34:24,000 --> 01:34:26,800
lamps are beginning to flicker 
to life like Earthbound stars 

1825
01:34:26,800 --> 01:34:30,100
and the windows of houses glow 
with the warm yellow light that 

1826
01:34:30,100 --> 01:34:31,800
suggests families gathering for 
dinner. 

1827
01:34:31,800 --> 01:34:35,300
Children, completing homework, 
assignments, and the comfortable

1828
01:34:35,300 --> 01:34:37,900
domestic routines that make 
houses into homes. 

1829
01:34:38,700 --> 01:34:42,100
You catch glimpses of these 
private moments Shadows moving 

1830
01:34:42,100 --> 01:34:45,400
against drawn curtains, the 
Silhouettes of people settling 

1831
01:34:45,400 --> 01:34:48,600
into their evening activities 
and the occasional face peering 

1832
01:34:48,600 --> 01:34:51,300
out to observe the streets 
transition from day to night. 

1833
01:34:52,300 --> 01:34:54,600
Your last delivery of the day, 
takes you to the cottage. 

1834
01:34:54,600 --> 01:34:57,700
At the end of Honeysuckle Lane 
Where Mrs, Margaret Ashworth, 

1835
01:34:57,700 --> 01:35:01,200
tends a garden that seems to 
exist in defiance of London's 

1836
01:35:01,200 --> 01:35:04,900
Urban environment. 
Rose's climb her walls with the 

1837
01:35:04,900 --> 01:35:08,100
determination of natural 
optimists and her front yard 

1838
01:35:08,100 --> 01:35:09,900
blooms with flowers that 
suggests. 

1839
01:35:09,900 --> 01:35:12,600
She possesses either 
Supernatural gardening abilities

1840
01:35:12,600 --> 01:35:17,100
or access to Botanical Magic. 
The letter you delivered today 

1841
01:35:17,100 --> 01:35:18,600
Bears. 
The return address of her 

1842
01:35:18,600 --> 01:35:22,200
grandson in Manchester and her 
face lights up with the joy. 

1843
01:35:22,200 --> 01:35:25,800
Reserved for news. 
From beloved family members Mrs.

1844
01:35:25,800 --> 01:35:28,000
Ashworth. 
Exemplifies why postal work 

1845
01:35:28,000 --> 01:35:31,100
transcends mere job 
responsibilities and becomes 

1846
01:35:31,100 --> 01:35:34,800
something resembling a calling. 
She depends on these letters to 

1847
01:35:34,800 --> 01:35:37,200
maintain connections with 
relative scattered across 

1848
01:35:37,200 --> 01:35:39,200
Britain and your role in 
facilitating. 

1849
01:35:39,200 --> 01:35:41,600
These relationships. 
Make you a participant in the 

1850
01:35:41,600 --> 01:35:44,400
preservation of family bonds 
that distance might otherwise 

1851
01:35:44,400 --> 01:35:47,500
strain. 
The Gratitude in her expression.

1852
01:35:47,500 --> 01:35:50,000
When she receives mail from 
loved ones, reminds you that 

1853
01:35:50,000 --> 01:35:53,000
postal delivery involves more 
than simply transporting paper 

1854
01:35:53,000 --> 01:35:56,800
from one location to another 
Your carrying piece of people's 

1855
01:35:56,800 --> 01:35:59,200
hearts wrapped in envelopes and 
sealed with hope. 

1856
01:36:00,000 --> 01:36:02,400
The hawk back to the Sorting 
office provides you time to 

1857
01:36:02,400 --> 01:36:06,000
reflect on the days and counters
and the fascinating complexity 

1858
01:36:06,000 --> 01:36:09,000
of human existence, that reveals
itself, through mail delivery, 

1859
01:36:09,000 --> 01:36:12,000
you've witnessed romance 
blooming through carefully 

1860
01:36:12,000 --> 01:36:15,200
perfume, letters business 
relationships, developing across

1861
01:36:15,200 --> 01:36:18,400
continents, family is 
maintaining connections, despite

1862
01:36:18,400 --> 01:36:22,000
geographical separation, an 
individuals pursuing dreams that

1863
01:36:22,000 --> 01:36:24,700
require correspondence with 
opportunities far beyond 

1864
01:36:24,700 --> 01:36:27,800
London's boundaries. 
Each letter, you've delivered 

1865
01:36:27,800 --> 01:36:30,700
today represents someone's 
attempt to reach across distance

1866
01:36:30,700 --> 01:36:32,700
and connect with another human 
being. 

1867
01:36:33,700 --> 01:36:36,200
The variety of handwriting 
Styles, paper qualities and 

1868
01:36:36,200 --> 01:36:39,000
envelope choices. 
Reflects the diversity of people

1869
01:36:39,000 --> 01:36:42,200
who rely on the Postal Service, 
to maintain their relationships 

1870
01:36:42,200 --> 01:36:45,700
and conduct their Affairs. 
Every piece of mail from the 

1871
01:36:45,700 --> 01:36:49,200
elegant script of educated 
correspondence to the careful 

1872
01:36:49,200 --> 01:36:52,100
printing of those struggling 
with literacy embodies, the 

1873
01:36:52,100 --> 01:36:55,400
weight of human intention and 
the hope that communication can 

1874
01:36:55,400 --> 01:36:57,900
Bridge any gaps between sender 
and recipient. 

1875
01:36:59,400 --> 01:37:02,100
Back at the Sorting office, you 
join your fellow Post men in the

1876
01:37:02,100 --> 01:37:03,600
ritual of checking and mail 
bags. 

1877
01:37:03,600 --> 01:37:07,100
Comparing notes about the day's 
challenges and preparing for 

1878
01:37:07,100 --> 01:37:09,700
tomorrow's deliveries? 
Jenkins Regale. 

1879
01:37:09,700 --> 01:37:12,600
The group with stories about a 
runaway pick that disrupted his 

1880
01:37:12,600 --> 01:37:15,500
morning routine while Thompson 
shares, his encounter with a 

1881
01:37:15,500 --> 01:37:18,300
household where the entire 
family gathered to witness the 

1882
01:37:18,300 --> 01:37:20,400
delivery of what appeared to be 
adoption papers. 

1883
01:37:21,400 --> 01:37:24,800
Murphy, as usual has discovered 
new evidence supporting his 

1884
01:37:24,800 --> 01:37:27,600
Claim about delivering mail to 
renowned authors though. 

1885
01:37:27,600 --> 01:37:29,700
His story today. 
Involves a different writer than

1886
01:37:29,700 --> 01:37:32,900
last week's Tale. 
The camaraderie among postal 

1887
01:37:32,900 --> 01:37:35,400
workers reflects the shared 
understanding that this job 

1888
01:37:35,400 --> 01:37:37,100
requires more than physical 
endurance. 

1889
01:37:37,100 --> 01:37:41,200
It demands patience diplomacy 
weather resistance and the 

1890
01:37:41,208 --> 01:37:43,800
ability to find humor in 
situations that would test the 

1891
01:37:43,800 --> 01:37:45,800
sanity of less resilient 
individuals. 

1892
01:37:47,200 --> 01:37:49,400
You've all developed strategies 
for managing difficult, 

1893
01:37:49,400 --> 01:37:52,600
deliveries dealing with 
problematic weather and 

1894
01:37:52,600 --> 01:37:54,600
maintaining professional 
composure, when faced with 

1895
01:37:54,608 --> 01:37:57,800
customers, whose relationship 
with Coastal workers, ranges 

1896
01:37:57,800 --> 01:38:00,700
from worshipful, gratitude to 
inexplicable hostility. 

1897
01:38:01,600 --> 01:38:03,500
As you prepare to leave the 
Sorting office. 

1898
01:38:03,500 --> 01:38:06,700
Mr. Grimsby approaches with 
tomorrow's route, assignments. 

1899
01:38:06,700 --> 01:38:09,700
Your section will include 
several new addresses where 

1900
01:38:09,700 --> 01:38:12,100
recent residents have requested 
Postal Service. 

1901
01:38:12,100 --> 01:38:14,800
And there's mention of a package
delivery that will require 

1902
01:38:14,800 --> 01:38:18,000
special handling. 
The prospect of new challenges 

1903
01:38:18,000 --> 01:38:20,900
and unfamiliar streets at 
anticipation to tomorrow's work.

1904
01:38:20,900 --> 01:38:23,800
Each day, brings the possibility
of discovering new 

1905
01:38:23,800 --> 01:38:26,200
neighborhoods. 
Meeting different people and 

1906
01:38:26,200 --> 01:38:28,600
facilitating connections. 
You have yet imagined. 

1907
01:38:28,600 --> 01:38:32,600
You walk home through streets as
familiar as your rooms, you 

1908
01:38:32,600 --> 01:38:35,800
know, which Corners collect 
puddles after rain, which dogs 

1909
01:38:35,800 --> 01:38:38,800
will bark at your approach, and 
which residents can be relied 

1910
01:38:38,800 --> 01:38:41,700
upon to offer friendly. 
Greetings. this knowledge 

1911
01:38:41,700 --> 01:38:44,800
represents more than 
geographical familiarity, it 

1912
01:38:44,800 --> 01:38:48,100
reflects your integration into 
the community, you serve your 

1913
01:38:48,100 --> 01:38:50,900
role as a connecting thread in 
the social fabric that binds 

1914
01:38:50,900 --> 01:38:53,900
neighborhoods together, 
Tomorrow, we'll bring another 

1915
01:38:53,900 --> 01:38:56,300
early morning. 
Another loaded, male satchel, 

1916
01:38:56,300 --> 01:38:59,400
and another opportunity to 
participate in the vast network 

1917
01:38:59,400 --> 01:39:02,600
of human communication that 
keeps Victorian society 

1918
01:39:02,600 --> 01:39:05,900
functioning the letters waiting 
to be sorted and delivered 

1919
01:39:05,900 --> 01:39:07,700
contained stories. 
You haven't yet discovered 

1920
01:39:07,700 --> 01:39:12,100
relationships, you haven't yet 
facilitated and moments of human

1921
01:39:12,100 --> 01:39:14,900
connection that depend on your 
ability to navigate London 

1922
01:39:14,900 --> 01:39:18,700
streets with reliable efficiency
as you settle into bed. 

1923
01:39:18,700 --> 01:39:22,800
Your tired feet grateful for 
horizontal rest, you reflect on 

1924
01:39:22,800 --> 01:39:25,300
the peculiar satisfaction that 
comes from work. 

1925
01:39:25,300 --> 01:39:27,700
That serves a purpose Beyond 
personal advancement. 

1926
01:39:28,800 --> 01:39:31,900
Being a Victorian, Postman means
accepting responsibility, for 

1927
01:39:31,900 --> 01:39:33,900
maintaining the communication 
networks. 

1928
01:39:33,900 --> 01:39:37,400
That enable Love Letters to find
their recipients business 

1929
01:39:37,400 --> 01:39:40,900
arrangements to proceed smoothly
families to stay connected 

1930
01:39:40,900 --> 01:39:44,500
across distances and communities
to function as interconnected 

1931
01:39:44,500 --> 01:39:48,300
webs of mutual dependence and 
support the gentle rain. 

1932
01:39:48,300 --> 01:39:51,100
That begins pattering against 
your bedroom window, promises, 

1933
01:39:51,100 --> 01:39:54,300
intriguing challenges for 
tomorrow's deliveries, but also 

1934
01:39:54,300 --> 01:39:57,300
guarantees that your services 
will be particularly appreciated

1935
01:39:57,300 --> 01:40:00,100
by people who prefer to receive 
their mail without venturing 

1936
01:40:00,100 --> 01:40:03,400
into whether that makes staying 
in doors seem like the Pinnacle 

1937
01:40:03,400 --> 01:40:11,100
of human. 
Picture yourself settling into a

1938
01:40:11,100 --> 01:40:14,900
comfortable, chair by a 
crackling fire maybe with a warm

1939
01:40:14,900 --> 01:40:19,500
cup of tea steaming beside you. 
Tonight we're going to take a 

1940
01:40:19,500 --> 01:40:24,300
gentle Journey back through time
to an Era when Castle's dotted 

1941
01:40:24,300 --> 01:40:28,700
the landscape like Stone flowers
and family trees, looked more 

1942
01:40:28,700 --> 01:40:33,000
like family wreaths. 
You're about to discover how 

1943
01:40:33,000 --> 01:40:37,900
medieval Europe's obsession with
keeping Bloodlines pure created,

1944
01:40:37,900 --> 01:40:41,900
some of the most entertainingly 
Twisted family Dynamics in human

1945
01:40:41,900 --> 01:40:46,200
history. 
Let's start in the year 1247 in 

1946
01:40:46,200 --> 01:40:48,900
a castle somewhere in what we'd 
Now, call France. 

1947
01:40:49,900 --> 01:40:52,600
You're walking through the 
wonderful Hall and something 

1948
01:40:52,600 --> 01:40:56,200
feels off. 
Not scary off mind. 

1949
01:40:56,200 --> 01:40:59,500
You just peculiar every portrait
lining. 

1950
01:40:59,500 --> 01:41:02,500
The walls seems to feature the 
same, prominent nose, the same 

1951
01:41:02,500 --> 01:41:06,300
slightly drooping eyelid. 
And the same unfortunate chin, 

1952
01:41:06,300 --> 01:41:10,200
that juts forward like a 
Castle's, drawbridge permanently

1953
01:41:10,200 --> 01:41:14,600
stuck halfway down. 
It says, if one person post for 

1954
01:41:14,600 --> 01:41:18,200
every family portrait across 
three centuries, just changing 

1955
01:41:18,200 --> 01:41:22,400
their clothes and hairstyles to 
keep things intriguing, the 

1956
01:41:22,400 --> 01:41:26,000
culprit wasn't artistic laziness
or a painter with limited 

1957
01:41:26,000 --> 01:41:29,700
imagination. 
This was the Habsburg jaw 

1958
01:41:29,700 --> 01:41:33,200
though, the habsburgs hadn't 
quite perfected, their signature

1959
01:41:33,200 --> 01:41:37,400
look yet, medieval nobility had 
discovered what they thought was

1960
01:41:37,400 --> 01:41:40,500
the perfect solution to a very 
real problem. 

1961
01:41:41,300 --> 01:41:45,400
How do you keep your wealth 
power and bloodline secure when 

1962
01:41:45,400 --> 01:41:47,300
you're surrounded by ambitious 
neighbors? 

1963
01:41:47,300 --> 01:41:51,300
Who'd love nothing more than to 
marry into your fortune and 

1964
01:41:51,300 --> 01:41:55,400
claim a piece of your kingdom. 
The answer seemed obvious at the

1965
01:41:55,408 --> 01:42:00,000
time, you marry your cousin and 
if that works out, well, maybe 

1966
01:42:00,000 --> 01:42:01,900
your children will marry their 
cousins, too. 

1967
01:42:01,900 --> 01:42:06,200
After all, who better to trust 
with your family's future than 

1968
01:42:06,200 --> 01:42:10,100
well, your family. 
It was like, keeping your money 

1969
01:42:10,100 --> 01:42:14,100
in a family owned bank, except 
the currency was DNA, and the 

1970
01:42:14,100 --> 01:42:15,800
interest rates were absolutely 
terrible. 

1971
01:42:17,500 --> 01:42:20,400
You see, Medieval Europe 
operated on a simple principle, 

1972
01:42:20,400 --> 01:42:23,700
that would make modern 
relationship councilors, weep 

1973
01:42:23,700 --> 01:42:27,500
into their tissues, blood was 
thicker than water and the 

1974
01:42:27,500 --> 01:42:31,500
thicker, the better. 
King's and queen's looked at 

1975
01:42:31,500 --> 01:42:34,100
their family trees. 
And thought why let all these 

1976
01:42:34,100 --> 01:42:37,300
perfectly Noble Bloodlines 
wander off into other families 

1977
01:42:37,300 --> 01:42:40,400
when we could just Loop them 
back around? 

1978
01:42:41,600 --> 01:42:45,400
It was a time when recycling was
not only fashionable, but also a

1979
01:42:45,400 --> 01:42:48,600
means of creating truly 
memorable genetic combinations 

1980
01:42:48,600 --> 01:42:50,800
rather than preserving the 
environment. 

1981
01:42:52,700 --> 01:42:56,800
The church despite its medieval 
Origins attempted to curb this 

1982
01:42:56,800 --> 01:42:59,600
enthusiasm before marriage 
became a taboo. 

1983
01:42:59,600 --> 01:43:04,000
They established rules about how
closely related you could be but

1984
01:43:04,000 --> 01:43:06,200
here's where it becomes, 
delightfully absurd. 

1985
01:43:07,000 --> 01:43:10,400
These same Nobles who couldn't 
marry their first cousins would 

1986
01:43:10,400 --> 01:43:14,300
spend fortunes on papal. 
Dispensation basically 

1987
01:43:14,300 --> 01:43:17,800
permission slips from the pope 
to marry their second cousins 

1988
01:43:17,800 --> 01:43:20,700
instead. 
It was akin to obtaining a hall 

1989
01:43:20,700 --> 01:43:24,400
pass to circumvent the rules, 
but the restrictions were based 

1990
01:43:24,400 --> 01:43:28,000
on genetics and the cost of the 
hall pass, surpassed the cost of

1991
01:43:28,000 --> 01:43:32,500
most people's Castle's. 
Imagine being a medieval wedding

1992
01:43:32,500 --> 01:43:36,300
planner in those days instead of
worrying about seating charts 

1993
01:43:36,300 --> 01:43:39,400
based on divorces or political 
disagreements. 

1994
01:43:40,100 --> 01:43:42,700
You would be frantically 
sketching, family trees to 

1995
01:43:42,700 --> 01:43:47,200
ensure that the bride and groom 
weren't accidentally related as 

1996
01:43:47,200 --> 01:43:50,600
uncle and niece. 
Let us examine the lineage, 

1997
01:43:50,600 --> 01:43:53,000
through your great grandmothers,
second marriage. 

1998
01:43:53,900 --> 01:43:55,600
Oh dear. 
It appears. 

1999
01:43:55,600 --> 01:43:57,400
You're related in three. 
Distinct ways. 

2000
01:43:57,400 --> 01:44:00,400
Should we prioritize the closest
relationship? 

2001
01:44:00,400 --> 01:44:03,400
Or the most recent one for the 
announcement? 

2002
01:44:03,400 --> 01:44:07,300
Should we go with the closest 
relationship or the most recent 

2003
01:44:07,300 --> 01:44:11,700
one for the announcement? 
The irony, of course was 

2004
01:44:11,700 --> 01:44:14,500
delicious. 
These families were so concerned

2005
01:44:14,500 --> 01:44:17,600
with keeping their bloodlines 
pure, that they kept making them

2006
01:44:17,600 --> 01:44:21,700
increasingly concentrated Like 
reducing a source until it 

2007
01:44:21,700 --> 01:44:24,500
becomes too intense for anyone 
to actually enjoy. 

2008
01:44:25,700 --> 01:44:28,900
What started as an attempt to 
preserve Noble characteristics. 

2009
01:44:28,900 --> 01:44:33,700
Ended up creating some truly 
unique, family reunions where 

2010
01:44:33,700 --> 01:44:37,400
everyone genuinely did look like
distant relative because they 

2011
01:44:37,400 --> 01:44:40,900
were still in that car. 
So, now you're looking more 

2012
01:44:40,900 --> 01:44:44,000
closely at those portraits. 
The resemblance isn't just 

2013
01:44:44,000 --> 01:44:46,300
striking. 
It's almost Supernatural. 

2014
01:44:47,400 --> 01:44:51,000
Three-year-old lord Timothy has 
the same week in as his 

2015
01:44:51,000 --> 01:44:54,600
great-great-grandfather and Lady
Margaret's distinctive nose 

2016
01:44:54,600 --> 01:44:58,400
appears to have been passed down
with the Precision of a medieval

2017
01:44:58,400 --> 01:45:01,500
Mason's measurements. 
This isn't mere coincidence. 

2018
01:45:01,500 --> 01:45:05,600
It's the result of your gene 
pool merging into a mere puddle.

2019
01:45:06,600 --> 01:45:10,300
Let's Wander over to Medieval 
Spain, where the situation was 

2020
01:45:10,300 --> 01:45:14,300
getting, particularly intriguing
picture yourself as a visiting 

2021
01:45:14,300 --> 01:45:18,400
dignitary attending a royal 
wedding, your handed a program 

2022
01:45:18,400 --> 01:45:20,700
that includes a family tree to 
help. 

2023
01:45:20,700 --> 01:45:23,900
You understand how the bride and
groom are related. 

2024
01:45:24,700 --> 01:45:26,800
You unfold. 
It expecting something 

2025
01:45:26,800 --> 01:45:31,100
straightforward and instead find
what looks like a diagram for a 

2026
01:45:31,108 --> 01:45:33,500
very confused electrical 
circuit. 

2027
01:45:34,900 --> 01:45:37,600
The bride is the groom's second 
cousin through his mother's side

2028
01:45:37,600 --> 01:45:40,500
but also his third cousin 
through his father's side. 

2029
01:45:40,500 --> 01:45:44,700
And if you follow this dotted 
line here, technically his step 

2030
01:45:44,700 --> 01:45:48,000
Aunt, through a previous 
marriage, that was a nulled, but

2031
01:45:48,000 --> 01:45:49,800
the relationship somehow still 
counts. 

2032
01:45:50,800 --> 01:45:54,000
Medieval record Keepers 
developed impressive skills at 

2033
01:45:54,000 --> 01:45:57,300
diplomatic language, instead of 
writing married. 

2034
01:45:57,300 --> 01:45:59,800
His cousin. 
They'd craft a labret phrases 

2035
01:45:59,800 --> 01:46:05,000
like United in, holy matrimony 
with his beloved kinswoman, or 

2036
01:46:05,000 --> 01:46:07,300
joined with her. 
One of compatible, noble, 

2037
01:46:07,300 --> 01:46:11,300
bearing and familiar bloodline. 
It was like medieval spin 

2038
01:46:11,300 --> 01:46:16,100
control, making family reunions 
sound like diplomatic summits. 

2039
01:46:17,200 --> 01:46:20,600
The mathematics of medieval 
marriage were staggering in some

2040
01:46:20,608 --> 01:46:22,500
royal families. 
You could trace seven, different

2041
01:46:22,500 --> 01:46:24,400
paths, connecting, any husband 
and wife. 

2042
01:46:24,400 --> 01:46:26,600
It wasn't just that everyone was
related. 

2043
01:46:26,600 --> 01:46:28,700
It was that everyone was related
in. 

2044
01:46:28,700 --> 01:46:33,700
Multiple overlapping ways, your 
spouse might simultaneously, be 

2045
01:46:33,700 --> 01:46:37,500
your second cousin, third 
cousin, once removed and fourth 

2046
01:46:37,500 --> 01:46:41,000
cousin, twice removed, family, 
gatherings must have required 

2047
01:46:41,000 --> 01:46:44,400
name tags, not just with names, 
but with relationship 

2048
01:46:44,400 --> 01:46:48,500
flowcharts, consider the case of
poor Charles, the second of 

2049
01:46:48,500 --> 01:46:53,400
Spain who appears later in our 
story, By the time he was born, 

2050
01:46:53,400 --> 01:46:57,200
his family tree had been so 
thoroughly Tangled that his 

2051
01:46:57,200 --> 01:47:00,300
parents were more closely 
related and typical siblings. 

2052
01:47:01,300 --> 01:47:04,400
His coefficient of inbreeding 
was higher than what you'd 

2053
01:47:04,400 --> 01:47:07,900
encounter in laboratory, mice, 
bred specifically for genetic 

2054
01:47:07,900 --> 01:47:11,600
uniformity. 
The man's jaw protruded so far 

2055
01:47:11,600 --> 01:47:13,400
forward that he couldn't chew 
properly. 

2056
01:47:13,400 --> 01:47:16,500
And his tongue was so large that
his speech was barely 

2057
01:47:16,500 --> 01:47:21,000
intelligible yet somehow the man
was considered the Pinnacle of 

2058
01:47:21,000 --> 01:47:24,400
Royal breeding. 
Medieval Physicians blessed, 

2059
01:47:24,400 --> 01:47:27,200
their well-meaning hearts, had 
no idea what was happening. 

2060
01:47:28,000 --> 01:47:31,900
They developed elaborate 
theories about Noble blood and 

2061
01:47:31,900 --> 01:47:35,600
refined humors to explain why 
royal families developed such 

2062
01:47:35,600 --> 01:47:39,500
distinctive characteristics. 
When Little Prince Ferdinand was

2063
01:47:39,500 --> 01:47:43,500
born with the family, signature 
jutting jaw Physicians, would 

2064
01:47:43,500 --> 01:47:47,100
nod sagely and explained that 
the trait demonstrated the 

2065
01:47:47,100 --> 01:47:51,200
purity of his Noble Essence. 
It was like having a genetic 

2066
01:47:51,200 --> 01:47:54,700
Lottery where all the winning 
numbers were the same but 

2067
01:47:54,700 --> 01:47:58,200
everyone convinced themselves 
that these traits proved they 

2068
01:47:58,200 --> 01:48:01,700
were lucky. 
The tragic comedy reached, its 

2069
01:48:01,700 --> 01:48:03,300
peak. 
When families would celebrate 

2070
01:48:03,300 --> 01:48:06,800
these distinctive features as 
proof of their superiority. 

2071
01:48:07,700 --> 01:48:10,600
That prominent forehead wasn't 
assigned of genetic 

2072
01:48:10,600 --> 01:48:13,400
bottlenecking. 
It was evidence of noble 

2073
01:48:13,400 --> 01:48:16,300
bearing. 
Rather than being the product of

2074
01:48:16,300 --> 01:48:20,800
chromosomal confusion, those 
slightly crossed eyes or a sign 

2075
01:48:20,800 --> 01:48:24,800
of Royal Reflection. 
Medieval courts developed an 

2076
01:48:24,800 --> 01:48:27,900
entire aesthetic around what 
were essentially genetic 

2077
01:48:27,900 --> 01:48:30,400
accidents. 
Turning medical textbook 

2078
01:48:30,400 --> 01:48:34,900
examples into fashion statements
You can imagine the portrait 

2079
01:48:34,900 --> 01:48:38,300
artists of the time developing 
very diplomatic techniques. 

2080
01:48:38,300 --> 01:48:43,100
How do you depict a person? 
Whose features concentrated 

2081
01:48:43,100 --> 01:48:47,100
through generations of 
inbreeding resemble, a 

2082
01:48:47,100 --> 01:48:50,200
caricature of nobility. 
The answer was to lean into it. 

2083
01:48:50,200 --> 01:48:54,000
Creating Artistic Styles that 
made everyone look slightly 

2084
01:48:54,000 --> 01:48:58,000
surreal as if the distortions 
were intentional artistic 

2085
01:48:58,000 --> 01:49:02,100
choices rather than unavoidable 
biological realities. 

2086
01:49:02,100 --> 01:49:06,100
You are now sitting in on a 
medieval council meeting and the

2087
01:49:06,100 --> 01:49:10,600
discussion isn't about taxes or 
territorial dispute, it's about 

2088
01:49:10,600 --> 01:49:12,500
marriage prospects for the young
prince. 

2089
01:49:13,900 --> 01:49:16,600
The advisors have spread a 
massive chart across the oak 

2090
01:49:16,600 --> 01:49:19,900
table and they're using colored 
threads to trace family 

2091
01:49:19,900 --> 01:49:23,300
connections, like their planning
a military campaign in a way. 

2092
01:49:23,300 --> 01:49:26,600
They are medieval marriage 
wasn't romance. 

2093
01:49:26,600 --> 01:49:30,700
It was strategic Alliance 
building with a side of genetic 

2094
01:49:30,700 --> 01:49:34,900
roulette. 
Every Union was a treaty every 

2095
01:49:34,900 --> 01:49:39,400
child, a potential diplomatic 
asset, and every family tree a 

2096
01:49:39,400 --> 01:49:41,500
battle map. 
Showing who controls? 

2097
01:49:41,500 --> 01:49:46,300
What bloodlines You watch as the
advisors debate, the merits of 

2098
01:49:46,300 --> 01:49:50,200
various cousins, like their 
discussing trade routes or 

2099
01:49:50,200 --> 01:49:53,400
Fortress locations. 
The Duke's daughter brings 

2100
01:49:53,400 --> 01:49:57,700
strong claims to Three Counties 
one advisor notes moving a blue 

2101
01:49:57,700 --> 01:50:01,900
thread across the chart. 
However, she's also the prince's

2102
01:50:01,900 --> 01:50:05,300
second cousin through both 
maternal and paternal lines. 

2103
01:50:05,300 --> 01:50:09,300
Another advisor responds. 
Yes, but consider the 

2104
01:50:09,300 --> 01:50:12,500
consolidation benefits. 
Their children would have 

2105
01:50:12,500 --> 01:50:15,700
Undisputed claims to all 
territories involved. 

2106
01:50:16,400 --> 01:50:19,700
It was like medieval Monopoly 
except instead of buying 

2107
01:50:19,700 --> 01:50:21,900
properties, they were collecting
relatives. 

2108
01:50:22,700 --> 01:50:26,700
The church is prohibition on 
close relative marriages created

2109
01:50:26,700 --> 01:50:30,100
an entire industry of 
genealogical detective work. 

2110
01:50:30,900 --> 01:50:34,700
families employed Specialists 
whose only job was to trace 

2111
01:50:34,700 --> 01:50:38,700
Bloodlines and I identify the 
most distant possible relatives 

2112
01:50:38,700 --> 01:50:42,400
who still brought useful 
political connections These 

2113
01:50:42,400 --> 01:50:45,100
medieval relationship 
Consultants functions. 

2114
01:50:45,100 --> 01:50:48,900
Similarly to Modern dating app, 
algorithms analyzing 

2115
01:50:48,900 --> 01:50:53,000
compatibility based on factors 
such as territorial Holdings, 

2116
01:50:53,000 --> 01:50:57,800
political alliances and genetic 
distance, albeit, with a limited

2117
01:50:57,800 --> 01:51:00,600
understanding of the latter, 
Papal. 

2118
01:51:00,600 --> 01:51:04,200
Dispensation became medieval 
Europe's most expensive. 

2119
01:51:04,200 --> 01:51:07,500
Permission slips. 
Want to marry your first cousin.

2120
01:51:07,500 --> 01:51:10,000
That'll be a cathedral's worth 
of gold, please. 

2121
01:51:10,000 --> 01:51:14,300
Second cousin, although it 
remains expensive, it is still 

2122
01:51:14,300 --> 01:51:17,400
Within Reach. 
The Pope's office developed. 

2123
01:51:17,400 --> 01:51:21,300
An elaborate sliding scale based
on how closely related the happy

2124
01:51:21,300 --> 01:51:25,100
couple were it was like paying 
extra fees for premium 

2125
01:51:25,100 --> 01:51:29,100
relationship violations. 
And business was booming picture

2126
01:51:29,100 --> 01:51:31,200
yourself as a young Noble in 
this system. 

2127
01:51:32,000 --> 01:51:34,900
Your marriage prospects, weren't
determined by personality 

2128
01:51:34,900 --> 01:51:37,300
compatibility or shared 
interests. 

2129
01:51:37,300 --> 01:51:41,500
They were calculated based on 
territorial maps and bloodline 

2130
01:51:41,500 --> 01:51:44,200
charts. 
Your ideal spouse was someone 

2131
01:51:44,200 --> 01:51:47,700
who was related closely enough 
to keep the family wealth 

2132
01:51:47,700 --> 01:51:51,300
concentrated, but distantly 
enough to avoid needing the most

2133
01:51:51,300 --> 01:51:54,900
expensive papal. 
Dispensation romance, was 

2134
01:51:54,900 --> 01:51:58,100
finding someone, your only 
related to in two or three ways 

2135
01:51:58,100 --> 01:52:00,900
in stead of 7. 
The paperwork alone was 

2136
01:52:00,900 --> 01:52:03,800
staggering, medieval marriage 
contracts, read like 

2137
01:52:03,800 --> 01:52:07,700
International treaties complete 
with genealogical appendices, 

2138
01:52:07,700 --> 01:52:11,900
territorial transfer agreements,
and detail, succession plans. 

2139
01:52:12,900 --> 01:52:17,000
A simple, I do required 
documentation that would make 

2140
01:52:17,000 --> 01:52:19,400
modern divorce. 
Lawyers, weep with joy. 

2141
01:52:20,600 --> 01:52:24,000
Couples needed to prove their 
bloodlines document their 

2142
01:52:24,000 --> 01:52:27,600
dispensations and provide 
certified family trees. 

2143
01:52:27,600 --> 01:52:32,300
Going back Generations. 
Some families got creative with 

2144
01:52:32,300 --> 01:52:35,800
their relationship mathematics. 
If you couldn't locate a 

2145
01:52:35,800 --> 01:52:39,100
suitably distant relative who 
brought favorable political 

2146
01:52:39,100 --> 01:52:42,600
connections, you could adopt 
someone into the family first, 

2147
01:52:42,600 --> 01:52:45,400
then a ranger marriage. 
It was like medieval 

2148
01:52:45,400 --> 01:52:49,900
relationship hacking creating 
artificial family connections to

2149
01:52:49,900 --> 01:52:53,300
justify strategic unions. 
While still maintaining the 

2150
01:52:53,300 --> 01:52:56,900
appearance of keeping Bloodlines
pure The truly ambitious 

2151
01:52:56,900 --> 01:52:59,000
families played long-term. 
Genetic chess. 

2152
01:52:59,000 --> 01:53:02,800
Arranging marriage is not just 
for immediate political gain, 

2153
01:53:02,800 --> 01:53:06,200
but to set up advantageous 
relationships for their 

2154
01:53:06,200 --> 01:53:09,500
grandchildren, they'd marry 
siblings into different branches

2155
01:53:09,500 --> 01:53:12,700
of Target families. 
Creating multiple connection 

2156
01:53:12,700 --> 01:53:17,800
points for future Generations. 
It was Family Planning with a 30

2157
01:53:17,800 --> 01:53:22,000
year strategic Horizon. 
Except the strategy was based on

2158
01:53:22,000 --> 01:53:25,800
a medieval understanding of 
genetics, which is to say no 

2159
01:53:25,800 --> 01:53:29,500
understanding at all. 
Medieval courts developed 

2160
01:53:29,500 --> 01:53:32,300
elaborate etiquette around 
acknowledging these complex 

2161
01:53:32,300 --> 01:53:35,400
relationships. 
You couldn't just introduce your

2162
01:53:35,400 --> 01:53:38,900
spouse as my wife. 
You needed to specify my beloved

2163
01:53:38,900 --> 01:53:42,000
wife and second cousin once 
removed Through The Burgundian 

2164
01:53:42,000 --> 01:53:45,000
line. 
It was like medieval name tags 

2165
01:53:45,000 --> 01:53:48,500
needed footnotes and every 
social Gathering required a 

2166
01:53:48,508 --> 01:53:52,200
genealogist on standby to sort 
out who could sit next to whom 

2167
01:53:52,200 --> 01:53:56,400
without creating awkward family.
Dynamics, you've moved from the 

2168
01:53:56,400 --> 01:54:00,000
council chamber to the castle 
Nursery where things get both 

2169
01:54:00,000 --> 01:54:02,100
more heartwarming and more 
concerning. 

2170
01:54:03,400 --> 01:54:05,000
Medieval child, rearing and 
noble. 

2171
01:54:05,000 --> 01:54:08,800
Families was like, running a 
very exclusive, very expensive 

2172
01:54:08,800 --> 01:54:12,700
laboratory experiment. 
In genetic concentration, except

2173
01:54:12,700 --> 01:54:15,200
nobody realized, they were 
conducting and experiment, 

2174
01:54:15,200 --> 01:54:19,200
picture the Castle's Nursery 
Wing where little Lord Jeffery 

2175
01:54:19,200 --> 01:54:22,000
is learning to walk with the 
distinctive family gate. 

2176
01:54:22,000 --> 01:54:26,500
A slight rolling motion. 
That's been passed down for six 

2177
01:54:26,500 --> 01:54:30,300
Generations. 
His sisters are practicing their

2178
01:54:30,300 --> 01:54:33,400
Kurt seeing with the families 
characteristic head tilt. 

2179
01:54:34,000 --> 01:54:36,800
Which developed because several 
generations of inbreeding, 

2180
01:54:36,800 --> 01:54:39,600
created in an ear issues that 
affected balance. 

2181
01:54:41,000 --> 01:54:44,000
What looks like refined noble 
bearing is actually adaptive 

2182
01:54:44,000 --> 01:54:48,900
Behavior around, genetic quirks,
Maudie evil tutors faced unique 

2183
01:54:48,900 --> 01:54:51,600
challenges that would stump 
modern educators. 

2184
01:54:52,700 --> 01:54:56,400
How do you instruct children in 
mathematics when their family's 

2185
01:54:56,400 --> 01:54:59,000
genetic concentration? 
Has resulted in learning 

2186
01:54:59,000 --> 01:55:02,300
disabilities, that will remain 
unexplained for another five 

2187
01:55:02,300 --> 01:55:05,600
centuries. 
The solution was to assume that 

2188
01:55:05,600 --> 01:55:09,300
Noble children learn differently
because they were naturally 

2189
01:55:09,300 --> 01:55:12,700
Superior, not because cousin 
marriage had created some 

2190
01:55:12,700 --> 01:55:17,400
interesting neurological. 
Variations the castle Physicians

2191
01:55:17,400 --> 01:55:19,900
developed specialized medical 
knowledge that was 

2192
01:55:19,900 --> 01:55:22,800
simultaneously impressive and 
completely wrong. 

2193
01:55:23,500 --> 01:55:26,600
They could accurately describe 
the symptoms of what we now know

2194
01:55:26,600 --> 01:55:30,400
as genetic disorders but their 
explanations were fascinating 

2195
01:55:30,400 --> 01:55:35,200
works of creative fiction that 
distinctive Habsburg jaw. 

2196
01:55:36,000 --> 01:55:38,900
The family's Noble blood was so 
pure that ordinary facial 

2197
01:55:38,900 --> 01:55:41,400
structures. 
Couldn't contain it those 

2198
01:55:41,400 --> 01:55:43,100
vision. 
Problems are affecting multiple 

2199
01:55:43,100 --> 01:55:45,600
family members. 
Noble eyes. 

2200
01:55:45,600 --> 01:55:49,200
Evidently possess a refinement 
that surpasses common sight. 

2201
01:55:50,000 --> 01:55:53,100
Your observing, the children's 
daily lessons, and there is 

2202
01:55:53,100 --> 01:55:55,800
something both poignant and 
absurd about their education. 

2203
01:55:56,900 --> 01:56:01,000
Little lady Catherine is 
learning, heraldry memorizing, 

2204
01:56:01,000 --> 01:56:04,800
Coats of Arms that represent the
same few families arranged in 

2205
01:56:04,800 --> 01:56:09,900
slightly different combinations,
across centuries. her brother is

2206
01:56:09,900 --> 01:56:12,900
studying genealogy which in 
their family requires charts, 

2207
01:56:12,900 --> 01:56:17,100
that look like abstract art 
projects, Their family tree has 

2208
01:56:17,100 --> 01:56:21,500
so many interconnecting branches
that tracing any lineage looks 

2209
01:56:21,500 --> 01:56:23,300
like following a drunken spiders
web. 

2210
01:56:24,200 --> 01:56:27,800
Medieval Noble children 
developed remarkable skills at 

2211
01:56:27,800 --> 01:56:30,700
diplomatic relationship, 
navigation, that would impress, 

2212
01:56:30,700 --> 01:56:34,800
modern social workers. 
By age 8, they could explain how

2213
01:56:34,800 --> 01:56:38,200
they were related to visiting 
dignitaries in three different 

2214
01:56:38,200 --> 01:56:41,400
ways in which relationship took 
precedence in which social 

2215
01:56:41,400 --> 01:56:46,600
situations. well technically 
Lord Roderick is my great uncle 

2216
01:56:46,600 --> 01:56:50,800
through marriage, but also my 
second cousin by Blood, So I 

2217
01:56:50,800 --> 01:56:54,100
should address him using the 
cousin protocols and less 

2218
01:56:54,100 --> 01:56:57,100
grandmother is present, in which
case, the uncle relationship 

2219
01:56:57,100 --> 01:57:00,300
takes precedence because it 
comes through her side of the 

2220
01:57:00,300 --> 01:57:03,400
family. 
The education system adapted 

2221
01:57:03,400 --> 01:57:06,000
effectively to these genetic 
realities. 

2222
01:57:06,000 --> 01:57:10,700
All these adaptation was not 
intentional, when multiple 

2223
01:57:10,700 --> 01:57:13,300
children in the same family, 
struggle with similar learning 

2224
01:57:13,300 --> 01:57:17,200
challenges, medieval Educators 
assumed the evidence. 

2225
01:57:17,200 --> 01:57:21,400
Proved that Noble Minds worked 
on higher planes and common, 

2226
01:57:21,400 --> 01:57:24,700
intellects, They developed 
teaching methods that were 

2227
01:57:24,700 --> 01:57:28,000
effective for children with 
learning disabilities, although 

2228
01:57:28,000 --> 01:57:31,900
they believed they were creating
Advanced curricula intended for 

2229
01:57:31,908 --> 01:57:36,600
Superior Noble Minds. 
Castle life developed around 

2230
01:57:36,600 --> 01:57:39,500
accommodating what? 
We now, recognize as the results

2231
01:57:39,500 --> 01:57:43,500
of genetic concentration, meals 
were prepared in ways that made 

2232
01:57:43,500 --> 01:57:47,200
them easier for family members 
with jaw problems to eat. 

2233
01:57:47,900 --> 01:57:51,200
Lighting was a range to help 
relatives with vision issues, 

2234
01:57:51,200 --> 01:57:54,700
navigate safely. 
Family members, who struggled 

2235
01:57:54,700 --> 01:57:58,000
with balance or coordination 
were helped by the placement of 

2236
01:57:58,000 --> 01:58:00,700
the furniture. 
These were not recognized as 

2237
01:58:00,700 --> 01:58:04,600
medical accommodations, they 
were just the way Noble 

2238
01:58:04,600 --> 01:58:07,200
households. 
Operated, the children's play 

2239
01:58:07,200 --> 01:58:09,700
activities were charmingly 
adapted to their circumstances. 

2240
01:58:11,000 --> 01:58:14,600
Tag became a more contemplative 
game when several players had 

2241
01:58:14,600 --> 01:58:17,600
coordination issues. 
Hide and seek worked 

2242
01:58:17,600 --> 01:58:19,900
differently. 
When some children had vision 

2243
01:58:19,900 --> 01:58:23,100
problems that made hiding 
easier, but seeking harder. 

2244
01:58:24,100 --> 01:58:26,800
The players developed a 
labyrinth group activities that 

2245
01:58:26,800 --> 01:58:30,400
unintentionally provided 
Excellence, social therapy for 

2246
01:58:30,400 --> 01:58:32,800
children, dealing with various 
genetic quirks. 

2247
01:58:32,800 --> 01:58:35,700
Although everyone assumed they 
were merely inventing, more 

2248
01:58:35,700 --> 01:58:40,700
refined forums of noble 
entertainment, Medieval toy 

2249
01:58:40,700 --> 01:58:43,200
makers, created special 
playthings for Noble children 

2250
01:58:43,200 --> 01:58:46,800
that were actually therapeutic 
devices in disguise. 

2251
01:58:47,800 --> 01:58:51,500
Puzzles designed to help with 
fine motor skills were presented

2252
01:58:51,500 --> 01:58:54,600
as intelligence challenges for 
Superior Minds. 

2253
01:58:55,500 --> 01:58:58,800
Games that provided speech 
therapy were marketed, as 

2254
01:58:58,800 --> 01:59:02,100
refinement exercises, for Noble 
discourse. 

2255
01:59:02,900 --> 01:59:06,900
It was accidental occupational, 
therapy disguised, as luxury 

2256
01:59:06,900 --> 01:59:10,700
entertainment and it worked 
remarkably well, you're now in 

2257
01:59:10,700 --> 01:59:14,200
the Magnificent, dining hall 
during a feast and the seating 

2258
01:59:14,200 --> 01:59:16,700
arrangement looks like it was 
planned by someone with a 

2259
01:59:16,708 --> 01:59:20,800
mathematics degree and a deep 
understanding of medieval social

2260
01:59:20,800 --> 01:59:23,800
anxiety. 
The head table isn't just 

2261
01:59:23,800 --> 01:59:26,700
organized by rank. 
It's a careful dance around, 

2262
01:59:26,700 --> 01:59:30,700
genetic relationships political 
alliances, and the complex 

2263
01:59:30,700 --> 01:59:33,700
etiquette of acknowledging, 
multiple forms of family, 

2264
01:59:33,700 --> 01:59:38,400
connection simultaneously. 
Medieval dinner conversation in 

2265
01:59:38,400 --> 01:59:41,300
Noble households, required 
skills, that would challenge 

2266
01:59:41,300 --> 01:59:44,500
modern diplomats. 
When everyone at the table, had 

2267
01:59:44,500 --> 01:59:47,800
overlapping sometimes 
contradictory relationships with

2268
01:59:47,800 --> 01:59:51,400
each other, you couldn't simply 
engage in casual conversation 

2269
01:59:51,400 --> 01:59:55,400
about the weather. 
When your father was also your 

2270
01:59:55,400 --> 01:59:57,800
dinner companions. 
Second cousin, brother-in-law, 

2271
01:59:57,800 --> 02:00:00,900
and political rival. 
The question, how's your father 

2272
02:00:00,900 --> 02:00:04,800
took on a significant weight? 
The entertainment during these 

2273
02:00:04,800 --> 02:00:09,200
feasts adapted to the unique 
characteristics of inbred 

2274
02:00:09,200 --> 02:00:13,000
nobility in ways that were both 
considerate and completely 

2275
02:00:13,000 --> 02:00:16,600
unconscious. 
Minstrels learn to sing more 

2276
02:00:16,600 --> 02:00:20,900
slowly and clearly because 
several generations of genetic 

2277
02:00:20,900 --> 02:00:25,100
concentration had created 
hearing and processing issues in

2278
02:00:25,100 --> 02:00:28,200
many noble families. 
They believed they were creating

2279
02:00:28,200 --> 02:00:32,800
more refined and contemplative 
musical styles in reality. 

2280
02:00:32,800 --> 02:00:36,200
They were actually developing 
accommodations for medieval 

2281
02:00:36,200 --> 02:00:38,900
accessibility. 
Your observing, the dinner 

2282
02:00:38,900 --> 02:00:42,700
conversation, and it's like, 
watching a very polite, very 

2283
02:00:42,700 --> 02:00:46,700
complex form of verbal 
gymnastics, when Lord, Baldwin 

2284
02:00:46,700 --> 02:00:49,900
mentioned his recent marriage, 
three other people at the table,

2285
02:00:49,900 --> 02:00:54,000
have to navigate the facts that 
his new wife is their relative. 

2286
02:00:54,700 --> 02:00:57,700
In different ways, the 
conversation becomes a careful 

2287
02:00:57,700 --> 02:00:59,700
dance around relationship 
acknowledgments. 

2288
02:00:59,700 --> 02:01:03,400
Congratulations on your union. 
With our dear cousin. 

2289
02:01:03,400 --> 02:01:07,400
Well, she's my cousin through 
the maternal line, but I believe

2290
02:01:07,400 --> 02:01:08,700
she is your cousin through 
marriage. 

2291
02:01:08,700 --> 02:01:11,900
Lord, Edmund. 
Medieval etiquette books 

2292
02:01:11,900 --> 02:01:14,500
developed increasingly complex 
rules for these situations 

2293
02:01:14,500 --> 02:01:17,200
though. 
They didn't quite understand why

2294
02:01:17,200 --> 02:01:21,300
such rules were necessary. 
There were specific protocols 

2295
02:01:21,300 --> 02:01:24,600
for addressing relatives. 
Who outranked, you relatives? 

2296
02:01:24,600 --> 02:01:27,900
Who outranked you, in some 
family lines but not others and 

2297
02:01:27,900 --> 02:01:31,600
relatives, whose relationship to
you change, depending, on which 

2298
02:01:31,600 --> 02:01:35,300
ancestor, you, trace your 
connection through. it was like 

2299
02:01:35,300 --> 02:01:40,300
medieval Roberts Rules of Order,
but for genetic complexity, the 

2300
02:01:40,308 --> 02:01:44,100
Castle's record Keepers had 
evolved into part genealogist 

2301
02:01:44,100 --> 02:01:47,000
part Diplomat and parts social 
worker. 

2302
02:01:47,800 --> 02:01:50,600
They maintained massive charts 
Tracking, not just family 

2303
02:01:50,600 --> 02:01:54,700
relationships, but the emotional
and political implications of 

2304
02:01:54,700 --> 02:01:57,700
those relationships. 
When planning seating 

2305
02:01:57,700 --> 02:02:00,800
arrangements, they had to 
consider not just who was 

2306
02:02:00,800 --> 02:02:04,500
related to whom, but which 
relationships were currently 

2307
02:02:04,500 --> 02:02:07,600
being emphasized for political 
reasons and which were being 

2308
02:02:07,600 --> 02:02:11,900
diplomatically ignored. 
Medieval gift, giving an art 

2309
02:02:11,900 --> 02:02:14,400
form of relationship, 
acknowledgment, that would 

2310
02:02:14,400 --> 02:02:16,700
confuse modern etiquette 
experts. 

2311
02:02:17,500 --> 02:02:19,700
Wedding presents had to 
acknowledge the couple's 

2312
02:02:19,700 --> 02:02:22,100
relationship to The Giver in 
multiple ways. 

2313
02:02:22,100 --> 02:02:25,900
You might present them something
as their cousin, something else 

2314
02:02:25,900 --> 02:02:30,100
as their political Ally and a 
third item acknowledging their 

2315
02:02:30,100 --> 02:02:32,200
connection through a different 
family line. 

2316
02:02:33,200 --> 02:02:35,900
It was like giving layered 
presents that told the story of 

2317
02:02:35,900 --> 02:02:40,100
your family's genetic history. 
The dinner entertainment often 

2318
02:02:40,100 --> 02:02:43,400
included genealogical 
performance is that were part 

2319
02:02:43,400 --> 02:02:45,800
history lesson and part family 
therapy. 

2320
02:02:46,600 --> 02:02:49,500
Bards would recite family 
lineages, but they had to 

2321
02:02:49,500 --> 02:02:53,000
carefully navigate a complicated
web of relationships without 

2322
02:02:53,000 --> 02:02:56,400
accidentally highlighting 
uncomfortable genetic 

2323
02:02:56,400 --> 02:02:59,300
concentrations. 
It was storytelling that 

2324
02:02:59,300 --> 02:03:02,800
required both poetic skill and 
diplomatic immunity. 

2325
02:03:03,700 --> 02:03:06,700
You notice that conversations 
naturally developed, careful 

2326
02:03:06,700 --> 02:03:10,100
euphemisms around the realities 
of their genetic situation. 

2327
02:03:11,100 --> 02:03:15,400
Instead of saying inbreeding, 
they talked about preserving 

2328
02:03:15,400 --> 02:03:19,800
Noble bloodlines Rather than 
mentioning genetic problems, 

2329
02:03:19,800 --> 02:03:24,200
they discussed the refined 
nature of noble, constitutions. 

2330
02:03:25,500 --> 02:03:28,800
They developed an entire 
vocabulary, that acknowledged 

2331
02:03:28,800 --> 02:03:31,500
their reality without quite 
admitting what was happening. 

2332
02:03:32,700 --> 02:03:36,000
Medieval feasts, became 
elaborate social rituals, that 

2333
02:03:36,000 --> 02:03:39,200
helped families navigate. 
Their genetic complexity with 

2334
02:03:39,200 --> 02:03:42,600
dignity and Grace. 
The formal structure of these 

2335
02:03:42,600 --> 02:03:46,300
events provided a framework for 
managing relationships that were

2336
02:03:46,300 --> 02:03:48,800
too complicated for casual 
interaction. 

2337
02:03:48,800 --> 02:03:53,000
Everyone knew their role their 
place, and which aspects of 

2338
02:03:53,000 --> 02:03:55,700
their multiple family 
connections to emphasize in what

2339
02:03:55,700 --> 02:03:59,600
contexts It was like dinner 
theater where everyone was both 

2340
02:03:59,600 --> 02:04:02,600
performer and audience. 
And the script was written by 

2341
02:04:02,600 --> 02:04:04,600
generations of genetic 
mathematics. 

2342
02:04:04,600 --> 02:04:08,000
You're now visiting the Castle's
medical Wing. 

2343
02:04:08,000 --> 02:04:10,800
Where medieval Physicians are 
performing intellectual 

2344
02:04:10,800 --> 02:04:14,200
gymnastics that would impress 
modern creative writing 

2345
02:04:14,200 --> 02:04:17,400
teachers. 
These dedicated healers are 

2346
02:04:17,400 --> 02:04:20,400
examining patients, whose 
genetic conditions won't be 

2347
02:04:20,400 --> 02:04:23,500
properly understood for 
centuries and they're coming up 

2348
02:04:23,500 --> 02:04:28,300
with explanations that are 
fascinating examples of medieval

2349
02:04:28,300 --> 02:04:32,500
medical imagination. 
Picture yourself observing a 

2350
02:04:32,500 --> 02:04:35,800
consultation between the court 
physician and young Lord, 

2351
02:04:35,800 --> 02:04:39,500
Richard whose Habsburg jaw has 
progressed the point where 

2352
02:04:39,500 --> 02:04:42,300
speaking clearly requires 
considerable effort. 

2353
02:04:43,200 --> 02:04:45,800
The doctor. 
Stroking his beard thought for 

2354
02:04:45,800 --> 02:04:48,600
Lee explains. 
That this distinctive. 

2355
02:04:48,600 --> 02:04:52,700
Facial structure is actually 
evidence of noble blood being. 

2356
02:04:52,700 --> 02:04:56,100
So refined that it requires more
space to flow properly through 

2357
02:04:56,100 --> 02:04:58,800
the facial region. 
It's like medieval medical 

2358
02:04:58,800 --> 02:05:02,300
fiction except everyone believe 
it's scientific fact. 

2359
02:05:03,100 --> 02:05:05,700
Medieval medical texts from 
Noble courts. 

2360
02:05:05,700 --> 02:05:09,800
Read like fantasy novels written
by people who had genuine 

2361
02:05:09,800 --> 02:05:14,700
sympathy for their patients, but
absolutely no understanding of 

2362
02:05:14,700 --> 02:05:18,500
genetics. 
They describe Noble, Melancholy 

2363
02:05:18,500 --> 02:05:22,800
depression from genetic factors 
refined constitutions. 

2364
02:05:23,700 --> 02:05:26,900
Autoimmune issues from 
inbreeding and Superior 

2365
02:05:26,900 --> 02:05:30,000
sensitivities. 
Neurological problems from 

2366
02:05:30,000 --> 02:05:33,600
genetic concentration. 
These Physicians were creating 

2367
02:05:33,600 --> 02:05:37,500
medical mythology in real time 
and their patients were grateful

2368
02:05:37,500 --> 02:05:40,300
for explanations. 
That preserved their dignity. 

2369
02:05:41,100 --> 02:05:43,300
The treatments developed for 
noble families, were often 

2370
02:05:43,300 --> 02:05:47,300
surprisingly effective. although
the doctors did not understand 

2371
02:05:47,300 --> 02:05:51,100
the reasons behind this 
effectiveness When treating 

2372
02:05:51,100 --> 02:05:55,600
Noble digestive refinement, 
intestinal problems from genetic

2373
02:05:55,600 --> 02:05:59,800
factors Physicians prescribed 
digestible foods and small 

2374
02:05:59,800 --> 02:06:03,600
frequent meals. 
When addressing aristocratic 

2375
02:06:03,600 --> 02:06:06,900
visual sensitivity eye problems 
from inbreeding. 

2376
02:06:06,900 --> 02:06:11,400
They recommended better lighting
and reduced ice strain. they 

2377
02:06:11,400 --> 02:06:14,700
were accidentally providing 
excellent Medical Care, while 

2378
02:06:14,700 --> 02:06:19,100
completely misunderstanding the 
underlying conditions You're 

2379
02:06:19,100 --> 02:06:22,500
watching a particularly creative
diagnostic session, where the 

2380
02:06:22,508 --> 02:06:26,300
physician is examining lady 
Elena, whose balance problems, 

2381
02:06:26,300 --> 02:06:28,500
and fine motor. 
Difficulties are being explained

2382
02:06:28,500 --> 02:06:31,500
as signs. 
That her Noble spirit is too 

2383
02:06:31,500 --> 02:06:33,700
refined for ordinary physical 
coordination. 

2384
02:06:34,900 --> 02:06:39,100
Careful exercise, adaptive 
equipment masquerading, as 

2385
02:06:39,100 --> 02:06:43,200
luxury items and a modified 
daily routine constitute. 

2386
02:06:43,200 --> 02:06:46,800
The prescribed treatment which 
is actually perfect, Physical 

2387
02:06:46,800 --> 02:06:51,400
Therapy, its accidental medicine
that works despite being based 

2388
02:06:51,400 --> 02:06:56,600
on completely wrong assumptions.
Medieval apothecaries developed 

2389
02:06:56,600 --> 02:07:00,100
special preparations for noble 
families that were essentially, 

2390
02:07:00,100 --> 02:07:03,400
early Pharmaceuticals, but 
genetic conditions. 

2391
02:07:04,200 --> 02:07:06,500
Though, they thought they were 
creating luxury wellness 

2392
02:07:06,500 --> 02:07:10,300
products. 
Tonics for Noble, nervousness 

2393
02:07:10,300 --> 02:07:13,500
containing ingredients that we 
now know help with anxiety, 

2394
02:07:13,500 --> 02:07:17,500
disorders. 
Preparations for aristocratic 

2395
02:07:17,500 --> 02:07:21,700
digestive, delicacy included 
herbs that helped with metabolic

2396
02:07:21,700 --> 02:07:23,600
issues. 
They were practicing 

2397
02:07:23,600 --> 02:07:27,000
evidence-based medicine while 
thinking they were providing 

2398
02:07:27,000 --> 02:07:31,400
premium lifestyle products. 
The most creative, medical 

2399
02:07:31,400 --> 02:07:34,600
theories emerged around 
reproductive Health in noble 

2400
02:07:34,600 --> 02:07:38,900
families, Physicians noticed 
that Noble couples often had 

2401
02:07:38,900 --> 02:07:42,900
difficulty, conceiving healthy 
children, jeanetic compatibility

2402
02:07:42,900 --> 02:07:45,600
issues. 
But they explained these factors

2403
02:07:45,600 --> 02:07:49,500
as evidence that Noble 
reproduction was naturally more 

2404
02:07:49,500 --> 02:07:52,200
selective and refined and common
breeding. 

2405
02:07:53,100 --> 02:07:55,000
They developed fertility 
treatments. 

2406
02:07:55,000 --> 02:07:58,100
That were actually quite 
sophisticated though. 

2407
02:07:58,100 --> 02:08:01,700
Their theoretical explanations 
read like medieval romance 

2408
02:08:01,700 --> 02:08:04,800
novels. 
Court Physicians became experts 

2409
02:08:04,800 --> 02:08:08,800
at diplomatic medicine. 
Treating real conditions while 

2410
02:08:08,800 --> 02:08:12,200
providing explanations that 
preserve their patient's social 

2411
02:08:12,200 --> 02:08:15,300
status and self-image. when 
addressing the learning 

2412
02:08:15,300 --> 02:08:19,300
difficulties common in inbred 
Noble children, they'd explain 

2413
02:08:19,300 --> 02:08:23,000
that Noble Minds, simply 
operated on different more, 

2414
02:08:23,000 --> 02:08:26,400
sophisticated levels than 
ordinary, intellects They 

2415
02:08:26,400 --> 02:08:28,900
prescribe educational 
modifications, while framing 

2416
02:08:28,900 --> 02:08:31,400
them as advanced Noble training 
techniques. 

2417
02:08:32,300 --> 02:08:34,100
Medieval medical records from 
Noble. 

2418
02:08:34,100 --> 02:08:37,900
Households revealed Physicians, 
who were genuinely caring and 

2419
02:08:37,900 --> 02:08:41,800
effective, despite working with 
completely inaccurate, the 

2420
02:08:41,800 --> 02:08:45,200
heretical Frameworks. 
A documented symptoms with 

2421
02:08:45,200 --> 02:08:49,200
remarkable Precision developed 
Innovative treatments through. 

2422
02:08:49,200 --> 02:08:53,400
Careful observation and created 
support systems for their 

2423
02:08:53,400 --> 02:08:56,300
patients. 
That addressed both medical and 

2424
02:08:56,300 --> 02:08:58,500
social needs. 
They were practicing 

2425
02:08:58,500 --> 02:09:02,100
compassionate medicine while 
creating a labret fictional 

2426
02:09:02,100 --> 02:09:04,400
explanations for what they were 
treating. 

2427
02:09:05,400 --> 02:09:08,600
The pharmaceutical preparations 
created for noble families. 

2428
02:09:08,600 --> 02:09:13,100
Often contained ingredients that
modern medicine recognizes as 

2429
02:09:13,100 --> 02:09:15,900
genuinely advantageous for 
genetic conditions. 

2430
02:09:17,700 --> 02:09:21,100
Medieval Physicians through 
careful observation and trial 

2431
02:09:21,100 --> 02:09:24,800
and error, identified, herbs and
compounds that addressed 

2432
02:09:24,800 --> 02:09:26,900
symptoms. 
They couldn't properly 

2433
02:09:26,900 --> 02:09:29,700
explained. 
They were conducting successful 

2434
02:09:29,700 --> 02:09:32,900
medical research while thinking 
they were just creating more 

2435
02:09:32,900 --> 02:09:36,800
refined versions of common 
remedies you're in a castle. 

2436
02:09:36,800 --> 02:09:40,400
Courtyard in the late Middle, 
Ages watching the sun set, on a 

2437
02:09:40,408 --> 02:09:43,800
time when people were doing 
genetic experiments without even

2438
02:09:43,800 --> 02:09:47,500
knowing it. 
European noble, families are 

2439
02:09:47,500 --> 02:09:49,900
beginning to see that they may 
need to change their marriage 

2440
02:09:49,900 --> 02:09:54,500
to, but they don't know why. 
The Epiphany came slowly like 

2441
02:09:54,500 --> 02:09:56,700
the sun rising over the European
nobility. 

2442
02:09:57,700 --> 02:10:01,800
Family started to see that their
refined Bloodlines were making 

2443
02:10:01,800 --> 02:10:05,900
kids that had harder time with 
every day activities, the noble 

2444
02:10:05,900 --> 02:10:09,000
houses that were the most pure 
were having the hardest time, 

2445
02:10:09,000 --> 02:10:12,600
having healthy Aires. 
Even the most Innovative medical

2446
02:10:12,600 --> 02:10:16,500
hypotheses were having a 
difficult time explaining away 

2447
02:10:16,500 --> 02:10:19,100
trends that were becoming 
impossible to ignore. 

2448
02:10:20,100 --> 02:10:23,500
You're watching a family council
meeting where the advisors are 

2449
02:10:23,500 --> 02:10:27,400
talking about things that would 
have been unimaginable 100 years

2450
02:10:27,400 --> 02:10:30,600
ago, they're saying that the 
family might want to think about

2451
02:10:30,600 --> 02:10:33,900
making marriage alliances with 
cousins, who are a little more 

2452
02:10:33,900 --> 02:10:36,600
distant, not because there's 
anything wrong with the way 

2453
02:10:36,600 --> 02:10:39,200
they're doing things now. 
But because it might be 

2454
02:10:39,200 --> 02:10:42,600
politically smart to widen their
circle of possible Brides. 

2455
02:10:43,400 --> 02:10:46,700
It's like witnessing folks find 
fire while acting like they were

2456
02:10:46,700 --> 02:10:48,700
merely attempting to make their 
home warmer. 

2457
02:10:49,700 --> 02:10:52,600
The church started to change its
rules about how to distribute 

2458
02:10:52,600 --> 02:10:55,800
out money, but it didn't say 
that the old rules had been bad.

2459
02:10:56,600 --> 02:10:59,500
The Pope's offices began to 
encourage marriages between 

2460
02:10:59,500 --> 02:11:01,900
families that had never been 
connected before. 

2461
02:11:03,000 --> 02:11:05,600
They framed this as a way to 
bring Christians together. 

2462
02:11:06,300 --> 02:11:08,400
Not as a way to deal with 
genetic issues. 

2463
02:11:09,200 --> 02:11:12,900
It was a change in diplomatic 
policy that medical goals 

2464
02:11:12,900 --> 02:11:14,700
without admitting medical 
grounds. 

2465
02:11:15,900 --> 02:11:19,300
In the Middle Ages record. 
Keeping slowly changed from 

2466
02:11:19,300 --> 02:11:22,400
focusing on. 
Genetic Purity to focusing on 

2467
02:11:22,400 --> 02:11:27,600
the political and territorial 
benefits of marriage. family 

2468
02:11:27,600 --> 02:11:30,700
history, began to focus more on 
the Strategic benefits of 

2469
02:11:30,700 --> 02:11:35,300
marriages and less on the 
genetic ties between spouse's It

2470
02:11:35,300 --> 02:11:38,900
was like watching medieval spin 
control change in real time to 

2471
02:11:38,900 --> 02:11:40,400
address a public relations 
issue. 

2472
02:11:40,400 --> 02:11:43,300
That wouldn't be fully 
understood 400 of years. 

2473
02:11:43,300 --> 02:11:47,400
The transition wasn't sudden or 
dramatic, it was a gradual 

2474
02:11:47,400 --> 02:11:51,200
recognition that survival 
required some adjustments to 

2475
02:11:51,200 --> 02:11:55,400
traditional practices. 
Noble families began sending 

2476
02:11:55,400 --> 02:11:59,200
their children to courts in 
different regions creating 

2477
02:11:59,200 --> 02:12:02,600
opportunities for marriages that
were politically advantageous. 

2478
02:12:02,600 --> 02:12:05,200
But genetically beneficial 
though. 

2479
02:12:05,200 --> 02:12:06,800
Nobody used that second term 
yet. 

2480
02:12:07,600 --> 02:12:11,100
It was like accidentally 
discovering hybrid Vigor, while 

2481
02:12:11,100 --> 02:12:13,600
thinking you were just improving
your diplomatic connections. 

2482
02:12:14,500 --> 02:12:16,700
Your witnessing, the beginning 
of the end of an era. 

2483
02:12:16,700 --> 02:12:20,500
When European nobility conducted
one of History's largest 

2484
02:12:20,500 --> 02:12:22,700
unintentional genetic 
experiments. 

2485
02:12:23,900 --> 02:12:26,500
Families that had spent 
centuries perfecting the art of 

2486
02:12:26,500 --> 02:12:29,900
marrying with an increasingly 
narrow circles began the slow 

2487
02:12:29,900 --> 02:12:32,800
process of expanding their 
Horizons though. 

2488
02:12:32,800 --> 02:12:36,400
They framed it as political 
strategy rather than genetic 

2489
02:12:36,400 --> 02:12:39,400
necessity. 
Medieval Physicians began, 

2490
02:12:39,400 --> 02:12:42,500
developing new theories. 
That accidentally encouraged 

2491
02:12:42,500 --> 02:12:45,800
genetic diversity while 
maintaining the fiction that 

2492
02:12:45,800 --> 02:12:49,400
Noble blood was naturally 
Superior. they started 

2493
02:12:49,400 --> 02:12:53,300
suggesting that occasionally 
introducing foreign Noble, 

2494
02:12:53,300 --> 02:12:58,000
Essences could strengthen and 
refine existing bloodlines It 

2495
02:12:58,000 --> 02:13:01,700
was like, recommending genetic 
diversity while pretending it 

2496
02:13:01,700 --> 02:13:03,700
was luxury bloodline 
enhancement. 

2497
02:13:04,700 --> 02:13:07,500
The most successful noble 
families of the later medieval 

2498
02:13:07,500 --> 02:13:10,200
period. 
Were those who mastered the art 

2499
02:13:10,200 --> 02:13:14,200
of balancing genetic Health with
political Advantage, though. 

2500
02:13:14,200 --> 02:13:15,700
They didn't think about it in 
those terms. 

2501
02:13:17,100 --> 02:13:20,400
They found ways to marry outside
their immediate family circles. 

2502
02:13:20,400 --> 02:13:23,400
While maintaining the social 
fiction that they were 

2503
02:13:23,400 --> 02:13:27,100
preserving Noble bloodline 
Purity, it was diplomatic 

2504
02:13:27,100 --> 02:13:30,700
genetic practice by people, who 
didn't know, genetics existed, 

2505
02:13:31,400 --> 02:13:34,400
As you watched this medieval 
Sunset, your witnessing, the end

2506
02:13:34,400 --> 02:13:37,800
of Europe's great experiment in 
genetic concentration. 

2507
02:13:38,700 --> 02:13:41,900
The noble families who survived 
and thrived for those who 

2508
02:13:41,900 --> 02:13:45,200
learned to Value political 
Alliance over bloodline Purity. 

2509
02:13:45,200 --> 02:13:48,400
Even if they never quite 
admitted that what they were 

2510
02:13:48,400 --> 02:13:51,900
doing, they discovered that the 
strongest Bloodlines were 

2511
02:13:51,900 --> 02:13:54,600
actually the most diverse ones 
though. 

2512
02:13:54,600 --> 02:13:57,400
They'd never use those words to 
describe their new marriage 

2513
02:13:57,400 --> 02:14:01,800
strategies. the legacy of 
medieval inbreeding lives on in 

2514
02:14:01,800 --> 02:14:05,000
European Royal portraits where 
you can still trace the 

2515
02:14:05,000 --> 02:14:08,500
distinctive features, the 
traveled through, centuries of 

2516
02:14:08,500 --> 02:14:13,100
concentrated bloodlines Those 
portraits tell the story of 

2517
02:14:13,100 --> 02:14:16,200
families, who loved each other 
enough, to make terrible genetic

2518
02:14:16,200 --> 02:14:18,600
decisions. 
And who are wise enough 

2519
02:14:18,600 --> 02:14:22,600
eventually to quietly. 
Change course, without admitting

2520
02:14:22,600 --> 02:14:25,300
they'd made mistakes. 
It's a story of human 

2521
02:14:25,300 --> 02:14:29,700
adaptability medieval resilience
and the surprising power of 

2522
02:14:29,700 --> 02:14:33,600
accidental wisdom to correct, 
even the most well-intentioned 

2523
02:14:33,600 --> 02:14:38,800
errors And so, as our medieval 
tale draws to a close, you can 

2524
02:14:38,800 --> 02:14:42,400
rest easy knowing that, even the
most Tangled family trees, 

2525
02:14:42,400 --> 02:14:44,900
eventually find ways to grow new
branches. 

2526
02:14:44,900 --> 02:14:49,100
And that sometimes the best 
Solutions come from people who 

2527
02:14:49,100 --> 02:14:52,700
solve problems, they don't fully
understand in ways they never 

2528
02:14:52,700 --> 02:15:01,600
quite intended. 
Picture this. you'll settling in

2529
02:15:01,600 --> 02:15:05,100
for the night, maybe with a warm
cup of something comforting and 

2530
02:15:05,100 --> 02:15:08,600
someone asked you to imagine 
ancient Italy Not the Italy of 

2531
02:15:08,600 --> 02:15:11,400
pasta and espresso, wouldn't 
that be nice. 

2532
02:15:11,400 --> 02:15:15,500
But a wild Untamed place where 
every Hill might hide a God, 

2533
02:15:15,500 --> 02:15:17,000
have a particularly dramatic 
day. 

2534
02:15:18,000 --> 02:15:21,800
Our Story begins with Mars, the 
God of War who apparently had 

2535
02:15:21,800 --> 02:15:24,800
nothing better to do than full 
head over sandals for a young 

2536
02:15:24,808 --> 02:15:28,600
woman named Rhea Sylvia, Now Ria
wasn't just anyone. 

2537
02:15:28,600 --> 02:15:32,300
She was a Vestal Virgin which 
meant she'd taken a sacred vow 

2538
02:15:32,300 --> 02:15:34,900
to stay single and attend the 
eternal flame in the temple. 

2539
02:15:35,500 --> 02:15:38,400
Imagine it as the most stringent
employment agreement in the 

2540
02:15:38,400 --> 02:15:41,900
ancient world where violating it
could result in death rather 

2541
02:15:41,900 --> 02:15:46,000
than mere termination. but Gods,
as you've probably noticed if 

2542
02:15:46,000 --> 02:15:48,700
you've ever read mythology, 
aren't particularly good at 

2543
02:15:48,700 --> 02:15:52,600
respecting human rules, Mars 
swept down from his Celestial 

2544
02:15:52,600 --> 02:15:55,400
perch like a Divine hurricane 
and before you could say 

2545
02:15:55,400 --> 02:15:59,300
workplace harassment complaint 
rear found herself pregnant with

2546
02:15:59,300 --> 02:16:02,300
twins. 
The event created what ancient 

2547
02:16:02,300 --> 02:16:04,900
Romans might have called a 
situation though. 

2548
02:16:04,900 --> 02:16:08,400
They probably used more colorful
language King mulele. 

2549
02:16:08,400 --> 02:16:11,400
As uncle and the current rule 
was understandably pleased. 

2550
02:16:11,400 --> 02:16:14,700
He'd already stole in the throne
from his brother and wasn't keen

2551
02:16:14,700 --> 02:16:17,300
on potential heirs popping up to
complicate his retirement 

2552
02:16:17,300 --> 02:16:20,500
plan's. 
When the Twins were born two 

2553
02:16:20,500 --> 02:16:22,800
healthy boys, who would someday 
be called Romulus and Remus 

2554
02:16:22,800 --> 02:16:26,600
emulous made the kind of 
executive decision that makes 

2555
02:16:26,600 --> 02:16:29,900
modern corporate restructuring. 
Look gentle, he ordered the 

2556
02:16:29,900 --> 02:16:31,700
babies to be thrown into the 
Tiber River. 

2557
02:16:31,708 --> 02:16:34,799
Now, if this were a modern story
we'd call Child Protective 

2558
02:16:34,799 --> 02:16:38,100
Services. 
The setting was ancient Rome 

2559
02:16:38,100 --> 02:16:40,700
where Rivers were apparently 
considered acceptable 

2560
02:16:40,700 --> 02:16:43,700
babysitters and wolves had 
better parenting skills than 

2561
02:16:43,700 --> 02:16:47,100
most humans. 
The servant tasked with this 

2562
02:16:47,100 --> 02:16:49,799
Grim Duty. 
Let's call him reluctant middle 

2563
02:16:49,799 --> 02:16:52,799
management. 
Place the babies in a basket and

2564
02:16:52,799 --> 02:16:55,700
set them, afloat, probably 
hoping someone up River would 

2565
02:16:55,700 --> 02:16:58,400
fish them out and wondering if 
his job description had always 

2566
02:16:58,400 --> 02:17:02,200
included infanticide. 
The Tiber swollen with spring 

2567
02:17:02,200 --> 02:17:05,000
rains, carried the basket, 
Downstream like Nature's Own 

2568
02:17:05,000 --> 02:17:07,700
lazy river. 
Except considerably less fun. 

2569
02:17:07,700 --> 02:17:11,200
And with much higher Stakes, you
can imagine the baby's bobbing 

2570
02:17:11,200 --> 02:17:12,799
along. 
Probably thinking, this wasn't 

2571
02:17:12,799 --> 02:17:15,600
quite the welcome to the world. 
They'd been expecting though, at

2572
02:17:15,600 --> 02:17:18,700
their age, their concerns were 
likely limited to warmth food 

2573
02:17:18,700 --> 02:17:22,400
and Dry Diapers. 
None of which a river provides 

2574
02:17:22,400 --> 02:17:26,000
particularly well, The basket. 
Eventually washed ashore near 

2575
02:17:26,000 --> 02:17:29,299
the base of the Palatine Hill in
a spot where a fig tree cast 

2576
02:17:29,299 --> 02:17:31,000
dappled Shadows on the muddy 
Bank. 

2577
02:17:32,600 --> 02:17:35,600
This is the pivotal moment in 
our story as it seems. 

2578
02:17:35,600 --> 02:17:37,400
The gods were not yet done into 
venning. 

2579
02:17:38,200 --> 02:17:40,299
A she-wolf probably out for her 
morning, constitutional 

2580
02:17:40,299 --> 02:17:43,500
discovered the crying infants 
and made a decision that would 

2581
02:17:43,500 --> 02:17:46,299
echo through history, instead of
seeing breakfast. 

2582
02:17:46,299 --> 02:17:50,600
She saw babies in need this wolf
and you have to admire her 

2583
02:17:50,600 --> 02:17:53,000
maternal, instincts began, 
nursing the twins as if they 

2584
02:17:53,000 --> 02:17:56,900
were her Cubs picture. 
This scene two human babies 

2585
02:17:56,900 --> 02:17:58,700
being raised by a wolf under a 
fig tree. 

2586
02:17:58,700 --> 02:18:02,000
Like some sort of ancient 
daycare center run by wildlife. 

2587
02:18:02,799 --> 02:18:05,200
Is the kind of image that makes?
You wonder if maybe we've been 

2588
02:18:05,208 --> 02:18:08,799
overthinking childcare all these
centuries, the twins thrived 

2589
02:18:08,799 --> 02:18:11,799
under their unconventional, 
upbringing growing strong on 

2590
02:18:11,799 --> 02:18:13,600
Wolf's milk and whatever else 
they are adoptive. 

2591
02:18:13,600 --> 02:18:16,400
Mother could provide they 
learned to crawl among the roots

2592
02:18:16,400 --> 02:18:20,000
of the Fig Tree to understand 
the language of the wild and to 

2593
02:18:20,000 --> 02:18:22,500
see the world through eyes. 
That knew no fear of Beast or 

2594
02:18:22,500 --> 02:18:24,500
storm. 
In many ways. 

2595
02:18:24,500 --> 02:18:27,299
They were getting an education. 
No, Roman school could provide. 

2596
02:18:28,200 --> 02:18:30,700
Though, it was probably lacking 
in mathematics and rhetoric. 

2597
02:18:31,500 --> 02:18:33,700
This Arrangement could have 
persisted indefinitely 

2598
02:18:33,700 --> 02:18:37,000
establishing the world's first, 
truly alternative family 

2599
02:18:37,000 --> 02:18:41,400
structure, but Destiny had other
intentions as often happens in 

2600
02:18:41,407 --> 02:18:43,700
the best stories. 
Just when you think, you know 

2601
02:18:43,700 --> 02:18:46,400
where things are heading a 
Shepherd, appears over the hill 

2602
02:18:46,400 --> 02:18:49,799
and everything changes. 
Once again, Faust Julius was the

2603
02:18:49,799 --> 02:18:51,799
kind of Shepherd who paid 
attention to things, that 

2604
02:18:51,799 --> 02:18:54,600
weren't strictly his concern, 
which is either admirable 

2605
02:18:54,600 --> 02:18:57,400
curiosity, or professional 
nosiness, depending on your 

2606
02:18:57,400 --> 02:19:01,200
perspective, on this particular 
morning as he guided his flock 

2607
02:19:01,200 --> 02:19:03,799
toward better grazing. 
He spotted something that made 

2608
02:19:03,799 --> 02:19:06,799
him stop dead in his tracks. 
And in the shepherd business 

2609
02:19:06,799 --> 02:19:08,400
stopping, when you should be 
moving. 

2610
02:19:08,400 --> 02:19:11,299
Usually, means you've seen 
something worth investigating or

2611
02:19:11,299 --> 02:19:13,100
you're about to become something
else is breakfast. 

2612
02:19:13,100 --> 02:19:15,600
What he saw was a she-wolf, 
nursing two. 

2613
02:19:15,600 --> 02:19:19,200
Human babies under a fig tree 
Which even by ancient Roman 

2614
02:19:19,200 --> 02:19:21,400
standards was unusual enough to 
Warrant a second look. 

2615
02:19:22,500 --> 02:19:25,200
Most people finding themselves 
witness to such a scene. 

2616
02:19:25,200 --> 02:19:27,799
Might have backed away slowly 
and reconsidered their breakfast

2617
02:19:27,799 --> 02:19:30,500
choices. 
But Foust possessed that 

2618
02:19:30,500 --> 02:19:33,700
particular mixture of courage 
and poor judgment, that drives 

2619
02:19:33,700 --> 02:19:36,900
people to adopt stray animals 
and investigate strange noises 

2620
02:19:36,900 --> 02:19:40,100
in the basement. 
He approached carefully not 

2621
02:19:40,100 --> 02:19:42,600
because he was afraid of the 
wolf mind you but because 

2622
02:19:42,600 --> 02:19:46,000
interrupting a nursing mother of
any species tends to end badly 

2623
02:19:46,000 --> 02:19:49,900
for all involved. 
The wolf, perhaps sensing that 

2624
02:19:49,900 --> 02:19:52,400
her unconventional Child Care 
Arrangement was about to be 

2625
02:19:52,400 --> 02:19:56,200
discovered looked up at Faustus 
with the kind of steady gaze 

2626
02:19:56,200 --> 02:19:58,300
that suggested. 
She was evaluating whether he 

2627
02:19:58,300 --> 02:20:01,500
represented help or hindrance 
What happened? 

2628
02:20:01,500 --> 02:20:04,100
Next depends on which version of
the story you prefer. 

2629
02:20:05,000 --> 02:20:06,700
Some say, the wolf simply walked
away. 

2630
02:20:06,700 --> 02:20:09,800
Her Duty done. 
Like a Divine babysitter, whose 

2631
02:20:09,800 --> 02:20:12,900
shifted ended. 
Others claimed she adopted Frost

2632
02:20:12,900 --> 02:20:15,300
too, which would have made for 
interesting dinner 

2633
02:20:15,300 --> 02:20:18,300
conversations. 
Most practical version suggests 

2634
02:20:18,300 --> 02:20:21,900
that wolf and Shepherd, reach 
some sort of understanding. the 

2635
02:20:21,900 --> 02:20:25,000
kind of wordless negotiation 
that happens between adults who 

2636
02:20:25,000 --> 02:20:27,000
suddenly find themselves 
responsible for children, 

2637
02:20:27,000 --> 02:20:31,000
neither of them and plan for 
Foster gathered up the twins. 

2638
02:20:31,000 --> 02:20:34,000
Probably wondering how he was 
going to explain this to his 

2639
02:20:34,000 --> 02:20:38,100
wife AKA larentia. 
You can imagine him practicing 

2640
02:20:38,100 --> 02:20:39,700
the conversation during the walk
home. 

2641
02:20:40,400 --> 02:20:43,200
Honey, you know how he always 
talked about having children. 

2642
02:20:43,200 --> 02:20:47,500
Well, funny story. 
Most wives might have questions 

2643
02:20:47,500 --> 02:20:50,500
about babies appearing out of 
nowhere, but AKA bless her 

2644
02:20:50,500 --> 02:20:52,000
practical. 
Heart took one. 

2645
02:20:52,000 --> 02:20:55,400
Look at the healthy wolf raised,
infants, and apparently decided 

2646
02:20:55,400 --> 02:20:58,100
that origin stories were less 
important than diaper duty. 

2647
02:20:59,300 --> 02:21:02,300
The couple raised Romulus and 
Remus as their sons though they 

2648
02:21:02,300 --> 02:21:04,300
couldn't quite hide. 
The fact that these boys were 

2649
02:21:04,300 --> 02:21:06,000
different from the average 
Shepherds children. 

2650
02:21:06,800 --> 02:21:09,300
For one thing, they grew like 
weeds in a rainy season. 

2651
02:21:10,100 --> 02:21:13,900
Tall, strong, and seemingly 
immune to the normal childhood 

2652
02:21:13,900 --> 02:21:15,800
ailments that kept other parents
up at night. 

2653
02:21:16,500 --> 02:21:19,100
For another, they displayed a 
natural confidence that 

2654
02:21:19,100 --> 02:21:22,000
suggested they'd never learned 
to be afraid of anything, which 

2655
02:21:22,000 --> 02:21:24,800
was either inspiring or 
concerning, depending on your 

2656
02:21:24,800 --> 02:21:28,200
parenting philosophy. 
The twins learned the shepherd's

2657
02:21:28,200 --> 02:21:30,900
trade, but they approached it 
with the kind of innovation that

2658
02:21:30,900 --> 02:21:33,200
comes from Thinking Outside 
traditional boundaries. 

2659
02:21:34,100 --> 02:21:36,200
While other young men were 
content to follow established 

2660
02:21:36,200 --> 02:21:39,000
grazing routes and time-honored 
methods of flock management 

2661
02:21:39,000 --> 02:21:43,000
Romulus and Remus seem to view 
the entire landscape as their 

2662
02:21:43,000 --> 02:21:46,200
personal domain. 
They knew every cave and stream 

2663
02:21:46,200 --> 02:21:49,700
within miles could track any 
animal through the hills and had

2664
02:21:49,700 --> 02:21:52,600
an uncanny ability to sense 
trouble before it arrived. 

2665
02:21:53,500 --> 02:21:56,400
This last skill, proved 
particularly useful because the 

2666
02:21:56,400 --> 02:21:59,600
hills around their home, were 
not exactly what you'd call a 

2667
02:21:59,600 --> 02:22:02,700
peaceful suburb. 
Bandits roamed the area like 

2668
02:22:02,700 --> 02:22:06,000
ancient Highway robbers except 
the highways were mostly goat 

2669
02:22:06,000 --> 02:22:09,500
paths and the robbery often 
involves stealing entire flocks 

2670
02:22:09,500 --> 02:22:12,900
rather than just wallets these 
Bandits had grown comfortable in

2671
02:22:12,900 --> 02:22:15,300
their profession. 
Operating with the confidence of

2672
02:22:15,300 --> 02:22:17,300
people who'd never met serious 
opposition. 

2673
02:22:17,300 --> 02:22:19,700
They were about to learn that 
confidence. 

2674
02:22:19,700 --> 02:22:22,300
Can be a fragile thing 
especially when it encounters 

2675
02:22:22,300 --> 02:22:24,800
two young men who'd been raised 
by wolves and taught by 

2676
02:22:24,800 --> 02:22:28,100
Shepherds who understood that 
protecting your flock sometimes 

2677
02:22:28,100 --> 02:22:32,000
required, more than just a Stern
talking to The twins began 

2678
02:22:32,000 --> 02:22:35,000
organizing, the local Shepherds 
and to something resembling a 

2679
02:22:35,000 --> 02:22:37,600
neighborhood watch program. 
If neighborhood watch programs 

2680
02:22:37,600 --> 02:22:41,100
involved, strategic ambushes and
the kind of justice that doesn't

2681
02:22:41,100 --> 02:22:44,300
require paperwork. 
They turned Bandit hunting into 

2682
02:22:44,300 --> 02:22:47,300
something approaching an art 
form using their knowledge of 

2683
02:22:47,300 --> 02:22:49,800
the train and their wolf taught 
instincts to outmaneuver 

2684
02:22:49,800 --> 02:22:52,100
criminals who've grown lazy from
lazy victory. 

2685
02:22:53,200 --> 02:22:55,700
Word of their success. 
Bred through the hills like 

2686
02:22:55,700 --> 02:22:59,400
smoke from a well-tended fire 
and soon people were traveling 

2687
02:22:59,400 --> 02:23:02,700
considerable distance is just to
see these young men who made the

2688
02:23:02,700 --> 02:23:05,900
roads safe again. 
Some visitors came seeking 

2689
02:23:05,900 --> 02:23:08,100
protection. 
Others hoping to join their 

2690
02:23:08,100 --> 02:23:10,900
group and a few simply wanted to
hear the stories that were 

2691
02:23:10,900 --> 02:23:14,900
already growing in the telling 
but success as anyone who's ever

2692
02:23:14,900 --> 02:23:18,000
had a particularly excellent 
year at work knows as a way of 

2693
02:23:18,008 --> 02:23:20,900
attracting the wrong, kind of 
attention, you know how it is 

2694
02:23:20,900 --> 02:23:23,000
when you're doing something well
and word gets around. 

2695
02:23:23,000 --> 02:23:26,500
Suddenly, everyone wants a piece
of Your Action, including 

2696
02:23:26,500 --> 02:23:28,600
people, you'd rather not meet in
a well-lit place. 

2697
02:23:28,600 --> 02:23:33,400
Let alone a dark alley. 
King, Amelia himself had heard 

2698
02:23:33,400 --> 02:23:36,000
about the twins reputation for 
dealing with Bandits. 

2699
02:23:36,900 --> 02:23:40,300
Now Amelia was the sort of ruler
who preferred his subjects to be

2700
02:23:40,300 --> 02:23:41,800
grateful for what ever 
protection. 

2701
02:23:41,800 --> 02:23:45,100
He provided which in Practical 
terms meant very little 

2702
02:23:45,100 --> 02:23:48,100
protection but considerable 
taxation for the privilege. 

2703
02:23:48,900 --> 02:23:51,300
The idea that two young 
shepherds were handling security

2704
02:23:51,300 --> 02:23:54,500
better than his forces was not 
the kind of news that improved 

2705
02:23:54,500 --> 02:23:58,200
his mood during breakfast, but 
Amelia had bigger problems than 

2706
02:23:58,200 --> 02:24:01,700
freelance law enforcement. 
His brother named or the one 

2707
02:24:01,700 --> 02:24:04,700
he'd overthrow years earlier was
still alive and still had 

2708
02:24:04,700 --> 02:24:07,500
supporters who remembered when 
the kingdom had been run by 

2709
02:24:07,500 --> 02:24:10,000
someone who actually cared about
effective governance. 

2710
02:24:10,900 --> 02:24:13,400
These supporters had an annoying
habit of pointing out, the 

2711
02:24:13,400 --> 02:24:16,100
numerous rule had been marked by
prosperity and justice. 

2712
02:24:16,900 --> 02:24:19,400
While Amelia's is tenure, was 
more notable for Creative 

2713
02:24:19,400 --> 02:24:22,500
Taxation and the kind of 
paranoia that comes from knowing

2714
02:24:22,500 --> 02:24:24,500
you're not actually supposed to 
be in charge. 

2715
02:24:25,600 --> 02:24:28,500
The king's paranoia was about to
prove Justified because the 

2716
02:24:28,500 --> 02:24:31,000
Twins were approaching the age. 
When young men start asking 

2717
02:24:31,000 --> 02:24:33,100
uncomfortable questions about 
their Origins. 

2718
02:24:33,700 --> 02:24:36,600
Fausto lesson AKA had done their
best to provide satisfying 

2719
02:24:36,600 --> 02:24:38,800
answers about where Romulus and 
Remus had come from. 

2720
02:24:38,800 --> 02:24:41,500
But their story about finding 
babies by the river. 

2721
02:24:41,500 --> 02:24:45,100
Was the kind of explanation that
works for children and becomes 

2722
02:24:45,100 --> 02:24:47,800
increasingly inadequate as those
children grow into adults with 

2723
02:24:47,800 --> 02:24:51,500
functioning critical thinking 
skills, Romulus the more 

2724
02:24:51,500 --> 02:24:54,400
directive of the two had started
pressing for details with the 

2725
02:24:54,400 --> 02:24:57,200
Persistence of someone who'd 
inherited, both Divine 

2726
02:24:57,200 --> 02:24:59,300
stubbornness and wolfish 
determination. 

2727
02:25:00,300 --> 02:25:03,900
Remus more diplomatic. 
But equally curious had been 

2728
02:25:03,900 --> 02:25:05,600
asking around among the local 
Elders. 

2729
02:25:05,600 --> 02:25:09,000
Piecing together, fragments of 
old stories and half remembered 

2730
02:25:09,000 --> 02:25:12,600
gossip like ancient detective. 
Working a Cold Case. 

2731
02:25:13,500 --> 02:25:16,700
There are investigation might 
have continued indefinitely, a 

2732
02:25:16,700 --> 02:25:18,800
leisurely pursuit of family 
history that bothered no one. 

2733
02:25:19,600 --> 02:25:22,400
Except the king, emelius chose 
this moment to make one of those

2734
02:25:22,400 --> 02:25:25,000
decisions that seemed reasonable
in the short term. 

2735
02:25:25,000 --> 02:25:28,600
But catastrophic in hindsight, 
he decided to have Remus 

2736
02:25:28,600 --> 02:25:32,200
arrested the charge was cattle 
rustling, which in ancient times

2737
02:25:32,200 --> 02:25:35,200
was serious business but also 
the kind of accusation that 

2738
02:25:35,200 --> 02:25:38,000
could be leveled against any 
Shepherd you'd ever moved 

2739
02:25:38,000 --> 02:25:41,100
livestock across disputed 
boundaries in reality. 

2740
02:25:41,100 --> 02:25:44,500
Emulous had probably heard about
the twins growing influence and 

2741
02:25:44,500 --> 02:25:47,300
decided to remove them before, 
they became a genuine threat to 

2742
02:25:47,300 --> 02:25:50,000
his rule. 
Arresting one, twin he reasoned 

2743
02:25:50,000 --> 02:25:52,800
would either eliminate half the 
problem or Draw the other into a

2744
02:25:52,800 --> 02:25:55,100
trap. 
His reasoning was the kind of 

2745
02:25:55,100 --> 02:25:58,300
strategic thinking that explains
why some people succeed in 

2746
02:25:58,300 --> 02:26:01,600
politics and others end up as 
cautionary tales in bed time 

2747
02:26:01,600 --> 02:26:04,200
stories. 
Remorse was brought before king 

2748
02:26:04,200 --> 02:26:07,100
of Melius in Chains, which must 
have been quite a sight. 

2749
02:26:07,100 --> 02:26:10,200
The young man who'd been raised 
by wolves and trained by 

2750
02:26:10,200 --> 02:26:13,700
Shepherds standing in a palace 
throne room like a wild creature

2751
02:26:13,700 --> 02:26:17,700
suddenly cage. but if Amelia's 
expected intimidation or 

2752
02:26:17,700 --> 02:26:20,800
pleading, he'd seriously 
underestimated his prisoner, 

2753
02:26:21,700 --> 02:26:24,600
Rhema stood straight met the 
king's gays without flinching 

2754
02:26:24,600 --> 02:26:28,300
and answered questions with the 
kind of calm confidence that 

2755
02:26:28,300 --> 02:26:30,000
comes from knowing you've never 
done anything. 

2756
02:26:30,000 --> 02:26:32,900
Truly wrong. 
His bearing was so naturally 

2757
02:26:32,900 --> 02:26:36,500
Regal courtiers later remarked 
they'd never seen anyone. 

2758
02:26:36,500 --> 02:26:40,800
Where chains with such dignity. 
This was unfortunate for emulous

2759
02:26:40,800 --> 02:26:44,700
because numerator happened to be
present at court that day, kept 

2760
02:26:44,700 --> 02:26:47,300
around as a sort of living, 
reminder of Concord opposition. 

2761
02:26:47,300 --> 02:26:50,400
But still sharp enough to 
recognize something significant 

2762
02:26:50,400 --> 02:26:53,500
when he saw it. 
As numerator. 

2763
02:26:53,500 --> 02:26:56,400
Watched this young prisoner 
certain details began clicking 

2764
02:26:56,400 --> 02:26:58,100
into place like pieces of a 
puzzle. 

2765
02:26:58,100 --> 02:26:59,800
He'd been trying to solve for 20
years. 

2766
02:27:00,800 --> 02:27:03,100
Timing was right. 
The age was right? 

2767
02:27:03,700 --> 02:27:06,400
And there was something about 
the young man's features, his 

2768
02:27:06,400 --> 02:27:08,300
bearing. 
And the way he held himself, 

2769
02:27:08,300 --> 02:27:11,400
even in captivity that stirred 
memories of his daughter rear 

2770
02:27:11,400 --> 02:27:13,900
Sylvia and whispered 
possibilities that had been 

2771
02:27:13,908 --> 02:27:16,000
buried under years of grief and 
resignation. 

2772
02:27:17,000 --> 02:27:19,700
Meanwhile Romulus was 
discovering that his brothers 

2773
02:27:19,700 --> 02:27:22,400
arrested triggered something in 
him that felt less like worried 

2774
02:27:22,400 --> 02:27:26,700
and more like controlled Fury. 
He began Gathering allies with 

2775
02:27:26,700 --> 02:27:29,700
the focused intensity of someone
who found his true calling. 

2776
02:27:29,700 --> 02:27:32,400
And it turned out that his true 
calling involved. 

2777
02:27:32,400 --> 02:27:34,700
The kind of leadership that 
makes people willing to follow 

2778
02:27:34,700 --> 02:27:36,800
you into battle against 
overwhelming odds. 

2779
02:27:37,700 --> 02:27:40,000
None of the participants quite 
realized it yet. 

2780
02:27:40,000 --> 02:27:42,300
They set the stage for a family 
reunion. 

2781
02:27:42,300 --> 02:27:43,900
That would change the course of 
history. 

2782
02:27:43,900 --> 02:27:47,600
Dramatic timing holds 
significance, a new materials 

2783
02:27:47,600 --> 02:27:48,800
extensive experience in 
politics. 

2784
02:27:48,800 --> 02:27:52,100
Enabled him to identify a 
crucial moment as it loomed 

2785
02:27:52,100 --> 02:27:54,800
across a throne room while King 
amulius was busy. 

2786
02:27:54,800 --> 02:27:57,700
Congratulating himself on 
capturing one of the Troublesome

2787
02:27:57,700 --> 02:28:01,300
Shepherds numer was conducting 
his own quiet investigation into

2788
02:28:01,300 --> 02:28:03,400
questions that had haunted him 
for two decades. 

2789
02:28:03,400 --> 02:28:07,800
He began with discreet inquiries
The kind of careful questioning 

2790
02:28:07,800 --> 02:28:09,900
that comes naturally to depose 
rulers. 

2791
02:28:09,900 --> 02:28:12,900
We've learned that Curiosity 
must be balanced with survival. 

2792
02:28:13,800 --> 02:28:15,500
He spoke with servants, who 
remembered the night? 

2793
02:28:15,500 --> 02:28:18,800
His grandsons had been taken 
guards, who recalled the orders.

2794
02:28:18,800 --> 02:28:21,200
They'd been given and even 
Tracked Down The Man. 

2795
02:28:21,200 --> 02:28:23,800
Who'd been commanded to drown 
the babies in the Tiber. 

2796
02:28:24,500 --> 02:28:27,500
What he discovered was the kind 
of story that explains why some 

2797
02:28:27,500 --> 02:28:30,500
people believe in divine 
intervention and others start 

2798
02:28:30,500 --> 02:28:32,600
questioning the competence of 
their subordinates. 

2799
02:28:33,700 --> 02:28:36,200
Servant it turned out had 
possessed just enough conscience

2800
02:28:36,200 --> 02:28:39,600
to make him terrible at 
infanticide instead of drowning 

2801
02:28:39,600 --> 02:28:43,300
the babies, he'd set them afloat
in a basket probably telling 

2802
02:28:43,300 --> 02:28:45,800
himself that such actions 
counted as following orders 

2803
02:28:45,800 --> 02:28:48,600
while leaving room for the gods 
to intervene if they were so 

2804
02:28:48,600 --> 02:28:51,100
inclined. 
He was the kind of creative 

2805
02:28:51,100 --> 02:28:54,400
interpretation of instructions 
that either makes you a hero or 

2806
02:28:54,400 --> 02:28:57,100
gets you executed, depending on 
how things turn out. 

2807
02:28:58,200 --> 02:29:01,600
Timeline matched perfectly the 
location where the twins had 

2808
02:29:01,608 --> 02:29:04,600
been found was exactly where a 
basket launched into the type of

2809
02:29:04,608 --> 02:29:07,900
would have washed ashore. 
And there were physical 

2810
02:29:07,900 --> 02:29:09,600
resemblances that became more 
obvious. 

2811
02:29:09,600 --> 02:29:13,000
Once you knew what to look for, 
the set of the jaw, The Way They

2812
02:29:13,000 --> 02:29:16,000
Carried themselves, certain 
gestures that echoed his 

2813
02:29:16,008 --> 02:29:20,100
murdered daughter. 
No mattered a private meeting 

2814
02:29:20,100 --> 02:29:23,200
with Remus, using the kind of 
political maneuvering that keeps

2815
02:29:23,200 --> 02:29:26,400
deposed Kings alive long enough 
to see Their Kingdoms restored. 

2816
02:29:27,500 --> 02:29:30,200
What passed between them in that
conversation was probably one of

2817
02:29:30,208 --> 02:29:32,100
those moments that feels like 
Destiny. 

2818
02:29:32,100 --> 02:29:34,700
Clicking into place, the young 
man learning. 

2819
02:29:34,700 --> 02:29:37,700
He was descended from gods and 
Kings and an old man discovering

2820
02:29:37,700 --> 02:29:40,200
that his family line hadn't 
ended in the Tiber after all. 

2821
02:29:41,000 --> 02:29:44,100
However understanding one's 
identity and taking action to 

2822
02:29:44,100 --> 02:29:48,200
change it presented entirely 
different challenges Remus was 

2823
02:29:48,200 --> 02:29:50,700
still in Chains. 
Emelius still held the throne 

2824
02:29:50,700 --> 02:29:53,900
and Romulus was somewhere in the
Hills Gathering what a mounted 

2825
02:29:53,900 --> 02:29:57,300
to a shepherd's Army. 
The situation called for the 

2826
02:29:57,300 --> 02:30:00,700
kind of careful planning that 
balances Justice with practical 

2827
02:30:00,700 --> 02:30:03,500
politics except that, none of 
the people involved were 

2828
02:30:03,500 --> 02:30:05,000
particularly known for their 
patients. 

2829
02:30:05,800 --> 02:30:08,600
Romulus, meanwhile was 
discovering that leadership came

2830
02:30:08,600 --> 02:30:12,200
to him as naturally as 
breathing. the local Shepherds 

2831
02:30:12,200 --> 02:30:14,900
and farmers who benefited from 
the twins Bandit clearing 

2832
02:30:14,900 --> 02:30:18,500
activities were eager to help 
rescue Remus But Romulus was 

2833
02:30:18,500 --> 02:30:21,700
thinking bigger than a simple 
jailbreak, he was beginning to 

2834
02:30:21,700 --> 02:30:23,800
Envision the kind of solution 
that would ensure. 

2835
02:30:23,800 --> 02:30:26,900
This problem, never arose. 
Again, he sent messages to 

2836
02:30:26,900 --> 02:30:29,500
everyone who had reason to 
dislike a mule as his rule, 

2837
02:30:29,500 --> 02:30:32,100
which turned out to be a 
surprisingly large portion of 

2838
02:30:32,100 --> 02:30:35,400
the local population. 
Farmers tired of excessive, 

2839
02:30:35,400 --> 02:30:39,300
taxation Merchant frustrated by 
arbitrary, trade restrictions 

2840
02:30:39,300 --> 02:30:42,100
Nobles who were remembered when 
the kingdom had been governed 

2841
02:30:42,100 --> 02:30:45,300
with something approaching 
competence, all found themselves

2842
02:30:45,300 --> 02:30:48,300
quietly invited to consider 
whether the current Arrangement 

2843
02:30:48,300 --> 02:30:51,200
was really working for anyone, 
except the king himself. 

2844
02:30:52,300 --> 02:30:55,000
The response was more 
enthusiastic than Romulus are 

2845
02:30:55,000 --> 02:30:57,400
dead hope. 
Apparently Amelia would be even 

2846
02:30:57,400 --> 02:31:00,900
less popular than anyone 
realized ruling through fear and

2847
02:31:00,900 --> 02:31:03,100
inertia, rather than genuine 
support. 

2848
02:31:04,300 --> 02:31:07,500
When given an alternative people
were remarkably willing to 

2849
02:31:07,500 --> 02:31:10,400
consider to change. 
Especially when that change was 

2850
02:31:10,400 --> 02:31:12,700
being organized by young men who
had already proven their 

2851
02:31:12,700 --> 02:31:17,100
effectiveness at solving 
problems, The revolution when it

2852
02:31:17,100 --> 02:31:21,300
came was almost anti-climactic. 
Amelius had spent so much energy

2853
02:31:21,300 --> 02:31:24,300
watching for threats from 
established Nobles that he'd 

2854
02:31:24,300 --> 02:31:26,600
completely missed the danger 
approaching from Shepherds and 

2855
02:31:26,600 --> 02:31:29,500
farmers. 
By the time he realized what was

2856
02:31:29,500 --> 02:31:32,500
happening Romulus, was already 
at the palace gates, with enough

2857
02:31:32,500 --> 02:31:34,500
supporters to make resistance 
pointless. 

2858
02:31:35,300 --> 02:31:38,300
What followed was the kind of 
regime change that historians 

2859
02:31:38,300 --> 02:31:42,200
later described as surprisingly 
bloodless Which is another way 

2860
02:31:42,200 --> 02:31:44,800
of saying that sometimes people 
are ready for Change and just 

2861
02:31:44,800 --> 02:31:46,600
need someone competent to 
organize it. 

2862
02:31:47,900 --> 02:31:50,900
Emulous was removed from Power 
with the same efficiency of the 

2863
02:31:50,908 --> 02:31:54,000
Twins and want to apply to 
Bandit problems and numerator. 

2864
02:31:54,000 --> 02:31:56,600
Found himself restored to a 
throne he'd never expected to 

2865
02:31:56,600 --> 02:31:59,900
see again, the family reunion 
that followed was probably worth

2866
02:31:59,900 --> 02:32:01,800
the wait, two young men 
learning. 

2867
02:32:01,800 --> 02:32:03,600
They were Prince's a 
grandfather. 

2868
02:32:03,600 --> 02:32:06,800
Discovering, his grandsons, had 
not only survived but thrived 

2869
02:32:06,800 --> 02:32:09,300
and a kingdom. 
Finally getting the kind of 

2870
02:32:09,300 --> 02:32:11,300
leadership, it had been missing 
for 20 years. 

2871
02:32:12,300 --> 02:32:14,400
It was the sort of ending that 
would have been perfectly 

2872
02:32:14,400 --> 02:32:16,100
satisfying. 
If this had been the end of the 

2873
02:32:16,100 --> 02:32:19,100
story, But this was really just 
the beginning. 

2874
02:32:19,100 --> 02:32:21,700
You might think that 
overthrowing a tyrant and 

2875
02:32:21,700 --> 02:32:24,800
restoring a beloved king would 
be the kind of achievement that 

2876
02:32:24,800 --> 02:32:28,300
leads to comfortable, retirement
and grateful citizens building 

2877
02:32:28,300 --> 02:32:31,500
statues in your honor. 
And for most people, that would 

2878
02:32:31,500 --> 02:32:33,800
probably be enough excitement 
for one lifetime. 

2879
02:32:35,400 --> 02:32:38,500
But Romulus and Remus had been 
raised by wolves and trained by 

2880
02:32:38,500 --> 02:32:41,800
Shepherds who understood that 
standing still in dangerous 

2881
02:32:41,800 --> 02:32:45,800
territory is usually a mistake. 
The problem was that success had

2882
02:32:45,800 --> 02:32:48,300
given them a taste for 
leadership and Leadership. 

2883
02:32:48,300 --> 02:32:51,500
Once you've experienced, it 
tends to be addictive in the way

2884
02:32:51,500 --> 02:32:54,400
that solving puzzles becomes 
compulsive for people who are 

2885
02:32:54,400 --> 02:32:56,600
good at it. 
They discovered, they had a 

2886
02:32:56,608 --> 02:33:00,600
talent for organizing people, 
settling disputes and turning 

2887
02:33:00,600 --> 02:33:03,100
chaotic situations into 
functional communities. 

2888
02:33:03,100 --> 02:33:07,200
It was deeply, satisfying work. 
The kind that makes you wonder 

2889
02:33:07,200 --> 02:33:09,500
what else you might accomplish 
with the right resources and 

2890
02:33:09,500 --> 02:33:13,000
enough time, but no limit, as 
Kingdom while grateful for their

2891
02:33:13,000 --> 02:33:15,900
help was already well 
established with its Traditions 

2892
02:33:15,900 --> 02:33:17,700
hierarchies and ways of doing 
things. 

2893
02:33:19,200 --> 02:33:21,500
The twins found themselves in 
the position of successful 

2894
02:33:21,500 --> 02:33:24,600
Consultants, who'd completed 
their project and worked quite 

2895
02:33:24,600 --> 02:33:26,100
sure what to do with the sales 
next. 

2896
02:33:27,000 --> 02:33:29,700
They were too young to settle 
into comfortable advisory roles 

2897
02:33:29,700 --> 02:33:32,400
and two ambitious to be 
satisfied with the relatively 

2898
02:33:32,400 --> 02:33:36,200
quiet life of reformed Prince's.
The solution when it came to 

2899
02:33:36,200 --> 02:33:39,400
them was both obvious and or 
dacious, they would found their 

2900
02:33:39,400 --> 02:33:42,200
City. 
They aim to establish a genuine 

2901
02:33:42,200 --> 02:33:44,900
City that had the potential to 
grow into something significant,

2902
02:33:44,900 --> 02:33:47,900
not just a small settlement or 
an expanded Village. 

2903
02:33:47,900 --> 02:33:51,000
It was the kind of project that 
appeals to people who've never 

2904
02:33:51,008 --> 02:33:54,000
been taught that certain things 
are impossible, which is either 

2905
02:33:54,000 --> 02:33:57,500
the advantage of a wolf raised 
education or evidence that some 

2906
02:33:57,500 --> 02:33:58,900
kinds of ignorance are actually 
useful. 

2907
02:33:58,900 --> 02:34:02,500
They gather their most loyal 
followers, the Shepherds and 

2908
02:34:02,500 --> 02:34:04,400
farmers who supported their 
Revolution. 

2909
02:34:04,400 --> 02:34:07,900
Young men, eager for adventure 
and anyone else, who found the 

2910
02:34:07,900 --> 02:34:11,100
idea of building something new 
or appealing than maintaining 

2911
02:34:11,100 --> 02:34:13,600
something old? 
It was the sort of group that 

2912
02:34:13,600 --> 02:34:18,000
forms naturally around ambitious
projects part, idealists part 

2913
02:34:18,000 --> 02:34:21,000
opportunists, and part people 
who simply couldn't imagine 

2914
02:34:21,000 --> 02:34:24,100
doing anything else. 
The first decision was where to 

2915
02:34:24,100 --> 02:34:26,800
build their city which should 
have been a straightforward 

2916
02:34:26,800 --> 02:34:29,000
question of geography water 
access and defensive 

2917
02:34:29,000 --> 02:34:32,100
positioning. 
Instead, it became the kind of 

2918
02:34:32,100 --> 02:34:34,700
disagreement that reveals 
fundamental differences in 

2919
02:34:34,700 --> 02:34:38,000
personality and approach. 
To problem, solving Romulus had 

2920
02:34:38,000 --> 02:34:41,200
a preference for the Palatine 
Hill, the location where their 

2921
02:34:41,200 --> 02:34:43,500
Wolfmother had found them as 
babies and raised them. 

2922
02:34:43,500 --> 02:34:47,500
It had symbolic significance. 
Excellent defensive potential 

2923
02:34:47,500 --> 02:34:50,600
and the kind of commanding view 
that makes visitors take you 

2924
02:34:50,600 --> 02:34:53,600
seriously. 
From a practical standpoint, it 

2925
02:34:53,600 --> 02:34:56,900
was an excellent choice. 
High Ground access to the river 

2926
02:34:56,900 --> 02:35:00,700
and room for expansion. 
Remus preferred the Aventine 

2927
02:35:00,700 --> 02:35:02,700
Hill, which offered different 
advantages. 

2928
02:35:02,700 --> 02:35:07,000
Better trade routes more 
accessibility to Merchants and a

2929
02:35:07,000 --> 02:35:09,200
position to take advantage of 
the river traffic that could 

2930
02:35:09,200 --> 02:35:11,700
bring Prosperity along with 
strategic importance. 

2931
02:35:12,600 --> 02:35:14,900
His choice, reflected a more 
commercial vision of their 

2932
02:35:14,900 --> 02:35:17,100
future city. 
One that would grow through 

2933
02:35:17,100 --> 02:35:21,100
trade and diplomacy, rather than
conquest and intimidation both 

2934
02:35:21,100 --> 02:35:24,400
locations had Merit which made 
the choice more difficult rather

2935
02:35:24,400 --> 02:35:27,100
than easier. 
In a perfect world, they might 

2936
02:35:27,100 --> 02:35:30,000
have flipped a coin, built two 
cities or found some other 

2937
02:35:30,000 --> 02:35:31,800
compromised that honored both 
vision's. 

2938
02:35:32,600 --> 02:35:35,100
The twins had inherited their 
Divine fathers competitive 

2939
02:35:35,100 --> 02:35:38,100
nature along with their human 
grandfather's, political 

2940
02:35:38,100 --> 02:35:41,000
instincts, and neither was 
particularly inclined to defer, 

2941
02:35:41,000 --> 02:35:43,000
to the others judgment on such a
crucial decision. 

2942
02:35:44,300 --> 02:35:46,500
They decided to settle the 
matter through divination 

2943
02:35:46,500 --> 02:35:50,200
reading Omens in the flight 
patterns of birds which was the 

2944
02:35:50,200 --> 02:35:52,000
ancient Roman equivalent of 
Consulting. 

2945
02:35:52,000 --> 02:35:55,000
Focus groups and market 
research, it seemed like a 

2946
02:35:55,000 --> 02:35:58,300
reasonable way to let the gods, 
make the final decision removing

2947
02:35:58,300 --> 02:36:01,200
personal preference from the 
equation while maintaining the 

2948
02:36:01,200 --> 02:36:05,100
appearance of divine guidance. 
The contest was simple. 

2949
02:36:05,100 --> 02:36:09,000
Each brother would stand on his 
chosen Hill and count the birds.

2950
02:36:09,000 --> 02:36:11,200
That flew overhead within a 
specified time. 

2951
02:36:11,200 --> 02:36:14,500
The brother who saw more birds 
would receive Divine approval 

2952
02:36:14,500 --> 02:36:16,900
for his site selection. 
While the other brother would 

2953
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:20,800
gracefully accept the decision, 
the solution was Flawless until 

2954
02:36:20,800 --> 02:36:24,800
it came to reality. 
Remorse 6 vultures circling over

2955
02:36:24,800 --> 02:36:27,900
the Aventine Hill, which he took
as a strong sign of divine 

2956
02:36:27,900 --> 02:36:30,400
favor. 
Vultures, after all were 

2957
02:36:30,400 --> 02:36:33,300
associated with Mars, who was 
considered their Divine father 

2958
02:36:33,300 --> 02:36:36,900
and the number six was 
respectable suggesting serious, 

2959
02:36:36,900 --> 02:36:40,300
Celestial attention. he was 
probably already planning the 

2960
02:36:40,300 --> 02:36:43,300
layout of streets and public 
buildings when Messengers 

2961
02:36:43,300 --> 02:36:46,800
arrived with news from the 
Palatine Hill, Romulus had seen 

2962
02:36:46,800 --> 02:36:50,400
12 volts which was either twice 
as good as his brother's result 

2963
02:36:50,400 --> 02:36:54,300
or the kind of divine joke that 
God's find amusing and Mortals 

2964
02:36:54,300 --> 02:36:57,800
considered troubling. 
The number 12 had significance 

2965
02:36:57,800 --> 02:37:00,800
in Roman religious thinking. 
It's suggested completion 

2966
02:37:00,800 --> 02:37:03,500
Perfection and the kind of 
cosmic approval. 

2967
02:37:03,500 --> 02:37:05,300
That's hard to argue with 
mathematically. 

2968
02:37:06,400 --> 02:37:09,200
What should have settled the 
dispute instead intensified it 

2969
02:37:09,200 --> 02:37:12,300
because now they were arguing, 
not just about location but 

2970
02:37:12,300 --> 02:37:15,900
about interpretation timing with
the gods were speaking clearly 

2971
02:37:15,900 --> 02:37:18,000
or just enjoying themselves at 
Mortal expense. 

2972
02:37:18,000 --> 02:37:21,500
The problem with Divine signs is
that there are remarkably open 

2973
02:37:21,500 --> 02:37:25,000
to interpretation when the 
people reading them have strong,

2974
02:37:25,000 --> 02:37:26,900
opinions about what the gods 
ought to be saying. 

2975
02:37:27,900 --> 02:37:31,700
Until you started examining the 
details Romulus, is 12 vultures 

2976
02:37:31,700 --> 02:37:35,100
seem decisive and Remus was 
precisely the type of person who

2977
02:37:35,100 --> 02:37:39,300
believed details mattered had 
Romulus actually seen 12 birds 

2978
02:37:39,300 --> 02:37:41,400
or had he counted. 
Some of them twice as they 

2979
02:37:41,408 --> 02:37:44,500
circled where they all vultures 
or had. 

2980
02:37:44,500 --> 02:37:47,600
He included other species to 
reach his impressive total and 

2981
02:37:47,600 --> 02:37:50,000
most importantly, who would seem
their Birds first? 

2982
02:37:50,000 --> 02:37:53,300
Because surely priority should 
count for something in Divine 

2983
02:37:53,300 --> 02:37:55,400
mathematics. 
These were the kinds of 

2984
02:37:55,400 --> 02:37:57,100
questions that might have been 
resolved through. 

2985
02:37:57,108 --> 02:38:00,400
Calm discussion Between Brothers
who trusted each other's honesty

2986
02:38:00,400 --> 02:38:04,200
and shared a common goal. 
unfortunately, the Twins were 

2987
02:38:04,200 --> 02:38:07,100
discovering that will raise 
confidence, and divine Heritage 

2988
02:38:07,100 --> 02:38:10,700
could combine in ways that made 
compromise feel less like wisdom

2989
02:38:10,700 --> 02:38:14,700
and more like weakness, the 
argument escalated in the way 

2990
02:38:14,700 --> 02:38:17,200
that disagreements do. 
When both parties are absolutely

2991
02:38:17,200 --> 02:38:19,600
certain, their right? 
And neither is particularly 

2992
02:38:19,600 --> 02:38:24,000
skilled at backing down 
gracefully what had started as a

2993
02:38:24,000 --> 02:38:27,000
practical discussion about City 
Planning was becoming a 

2994
02:38:27,000 --> 02:38:30,700
fundamental Clash over 
leadership Authority and who had

2995
02:38:30,700 --> 02:38:33,600
the right to make decisions that
would affect thousands of future

2996
02:38:33,600 --> 02:38:36,800
citizens. 
Romulus initiated construction 

2997
02:38:36,800 --> 02:38:40,500
on the Palatine Hill arguing 
that the superiority of 12 volts

2998
02:38:40,500 --> 02:38:43,200
was over, 6 was reasonable and 
that taking action was 

2999
02:38:43,200 --> 02:38:46,800
preferable to an endless debate.
He marked out the boundaries of 

3000
02:38:46,800 --> 02:38:50,400
his future city with a plow, 
creating the sacred thorough 

3001
02:38:50,400 --> 02:38:52,700
that would define the limits of 
what he was already calling 

3002
02:38:52,700 --> 02:38:55,900
Rome. 
It was the kind of bold move 

3003
02:38:55,900 --> 02:38:58,900
that either demonstrates 
decisive, leadership, or forces 

3004
02:38:58,900 --> 02:39:03,000
everyone else to choose sides. 
Remus feeling is perfectly valid

3005
02:39:03,000 --> 02:39:06,000
concerns ignored watched, his 
brothers preparations with 

3006
02:39:06,000 --> 02:39:09,000
growing frustration. 
The Aventine Hill remained 

3007
02:39:09,000 --> 02:39:11,900
unbroken ground. 
But more importantly the 

3008
02:39:11,900 --> 02:39:13,900
principle of shared 
decision-making was being 

3009
02:39:13,900 --> 02:39:17,100
abandoned in favor of what looks
suspiciously like dictatorship. 

3010
02:39:18,100 --> 02:39:20,600
The pivotal moment occurred when
Remus chose to challenge, the 

3011
02:39:20,600 --> 02:39:24,000
arbitrary nature of boundaries 
and the dubious legitimacy of 

3012
02:39:24,008 --> 02:39:27,000
his brothers Authority. 
He jumped over the freshly 

3013
02:39:27,000 --> 02:39:30,500
plowed, Pharaoh that marked ROMs
border probably intending it as 

3014
02:39:30,500 --> 02:39:33,400
a gesture of contempt. 
A way of demonstrating that 

3015
02:39:33,400 --> 02:39:36,200
imaginary lines in the dirt 
don't automatically deserve 

3016
02:39:36,200 --> 02:39:39,200
respect just because someone 
claims Divine approval for 

3017
02:39:39,200 --> 02:39:41,700
drawing them. 
If the ancient world hadn't 

3018
02:39:41,700 --> 02:39:44,600
taken symbol. 
So seriously, this symbolic 

3019
02:39:44,600 --> 02:39:47,700
protest could have been 
effective. but Romulus had just 

3020
02:39:47,708 --> 02:39:49,800
spent considerable effort 
establishing that this 

3021
02:39:49,800 --> 02:39:52,700
particular line in the dirt 
represented, something sacred, 

3022
02:39:52,700 --> 02:39:56,300
and enviable the boundary of a 
city blessed by the gods and 

3023
02:39:56,300 --> 02:39:59,100
protected, by Divine will What 
happened? 

3024
02:39:59,108 --> 02:40:02,300
Next was the kind of moment that
demonstrates why family disputes

3025
02:40:02,300 --> 02:40:03,900
are often the most dangerous 
kind. 

3026
02:40:04,800 --> 02:40:08,000
Romulus killed his brother 
either in a fit of rage, or as a

3027
02:40:08,000 --> 02:40:10,700
calculated decision to not, 
allow a challenge to his 

3028
02:40:10,700 --> 02:40:13,200
authority. 
The exact details were probably 

3029
02:40:13,200 --> 02:40:16,300
lost in the shock and grief that
followed, but the result was 

3030
02:40:16,300 --> 02:40:19,000
unmistakable. 
Twin who had shared everything 

3031
02:40:19,000 --> 02:40:22,800
from Wolf's milk to Revolution 
was dead by his brother's hand. 

3032
02:40:24,200 --> 02:40:27,100
The Killing might have been 
impulsive driven by anger and 

3033
02:40:27,100 --> 02:40:31,000
competitive Pride rather than 
calculated malice, but intention

3034
02:40:31,000 --> 02:40:34,000
mattered less than consequence. 
And the consequence was that 

3035
02:40:34,000 --> 02:40:37,200
Rome's, Foundation story would 
forever be marked by fracture 

3036
02:40:37,200 --> 02:40:39,400
side. 
Brother, killing brother over 

3037
02:40:39,400 --> 02:40:43,200
questions of power and Prestons.
Romulus was left to found his 

3038
02:40:43,200 --> 02:40:46,200
city alone, carrying the weight 
of what he'd done along with the

3039
02:40:46,208 --> 02:40:49,500
responsibility of leadership. 
he'd gotten his way about the 

3040
02:40:49,500 --> 02:40:52,600
location and the authority, but 
at a cost that would haunt him 

3041
02:40:52,600 --> 02:40:57,000
and Define his City's character 
for centuries to come Rome would

3042
02:40:57,000 --> 02:40:59,300
grow to become the greatest City
in the ancient world. 

3043
02:40:59,300 --> 02:41:03,400
The center of an Empire that 
stretched across continents and 

3044
02:41:03,400 --> 02:41:05,200
influence civilization for 
millennia. 

3045
02:41:06,200 --> 02:41:08,800
But it would always bear the 
mark of its violent beginning. 

3046
02:41:08,800 --> 02:41:12,200
The knowledge that its first law
had been written in a Brother's 

3047
02:41:12,200 --> 02:41:15,700
blood and its first lesson had 
been that power often comes 

3048
02:41:15,700 --> 02:41:17,800
through the elimination of those
who challenge it. 

3049
02:41:19,200 --> 02:41:22,000
The tragic irony was that both 
brothers had been right about 

3050
02:41:22,000 --> 02:41:25,300
their Visions for the city. 
Rome's success would ultimately 

3051
02:41:25,300 --> 02:41:29,700
depend on both military strength
Romulus is specialty in 

3052
02:41:29,700 --> 02:41:32,000
commercial Prosperity, remus's 
preference. 

3053
02:41:32,000 --> 02:41:35,500
The city would need the defense 
of advantages of the Palatine 

3054
02:41:35,500 --> 02:41:38,100
Hill and the trade 
opportunities, that connected it

3055
02:41:38,100 --> 02:41:41,100
to the wider world. 
But that understanding would 

3056
02:41:41,100 --> 02:41:43,900
come later built on the 
foundation of one Brothers, 

3057
02:41:43,900 --> 02:41:47,700
ambition and another's death. 
There's something particularly 

3058
02:41:47,700 --> 02:41:50,100
sobering about getting 
everything you thought you 

3059
02:41:50,100 --> 02:41:52,900
wanted and discovering, it 
tastes like ashes in your mouth.

3060
02:41:54,000 --> 02:41:55,800
Romulus stood on his chosen 
Hill. 

3061
02:41:55,800 --> 02:42:00,400
Surrounded by loyal followers 
and blessed by Divine signs with

3062
02:42:00,400 --> 02:42:03,200
the authority to build whatever 
kind of City he could envision. 

3063
02:42:04,100 --> 02:42:06,200
He should have been triumphant 
instead. 

3064
02:42:06,200 --> 02:42:09,000
He was learning that some 
victories cost more than defeat 

3065
02:42:09,000 --> 02:42:12,300
ever could the city that rose on
the Palatine Hill, grew with 

3066
02:42:12,300 --> 02:42:15,500
remarkable speed, as if Romulus 
was trying to build something 

3067
02:42:15,500 --> 02:42:18,500
large enough to contain his 
grief or impressive enough to 

3068
02:42:18,500 --> 02:42:20,300
justify what he'd done to 
achieve it. 

3069
02:42:21,400 --> 02:42:24,000
His followers worked with the 
Zeal of those who knew they were

3070
02:42:24,000 --> 02:42:26,700
part of something historic. 
But also with the Quiet 

3071
02:42:26,700 --> 02:42:29,900
efficiency of those who'd seen 
their leaders decisiveness and 

3072
02:42:29,900 --> 02:42:31,200
didn't want to test his 
patience. 

3073
02:42:32,200 --> 02:42:35,200
Rome attracted people the way 
successful projects always do 

3074
02:42:35,200 --> 02:42:39,300
refugees, seeking safety, 
Traders drawn by opportunity, 

3075
02:42:39,300 --> 02:42:43,200
young men, looking for adventure
and families hoping for a fresh 

3076
02:42:43,200 --> 02:42:46,300
start in a place that wasn't 
burdened by old grudges and 

3077
02:42:46,300 --> 02:42:50,500
established hierarchies. 
Romulus welcomed them all with 

3078
02:42:50,508 --> 02:42:53,100
the kind of inclusive policies. 
That suggested he'd learned 

3079
02:42:53,100 --> 02:42:55,300
something from his brother's 
vision of a commercially 

3080
02:42:55,300 --> 02:42:58,800
successful City. 
But the rapid growth created, 

3081
02:42:58,800 --> 02:43:02,100
new problems, that require the 
kind of pragmatic solutions that

3082
02:43:02,100 --> 02:43:05,200
don't appear in heroic songs or 
romantic histories. 

3083
02:43:05,900 --> 02:43:08,800
Most of the early settlers were 
men, which meant Rome had a 

3084
02:43:08,800 --> 02:43:11,900
promising economic future but a 
questionable demographic. 

3085
02:43:11,900 --> 02:43:15,400
One, you can't build a lasting 
civilization without families. 

3086
02:43:15,400 --> 02:43:18,500
You can't have families without 
women willing to participate in 

3087
02:43:18,500 --> 02:43:21,200
the project. 
Romulus, approached this 

3088
02:43:21,200 --> 02:43:22,900
challenge with the same 
systematic. 

3089
02:43:22,900 --> 02:43:26,000
Thinking he'd applied to Bandit 
elimination and political 

3090
02:43:26,000 --> 02:43:28,600
revolution. 
The organized festivals and 

3091
02:43:28,600 --> 02:43:30,300
trade. 
Gatherings invited. 

3092
02:43:30,300 --> 02:43:32,500
Neighboring, communities to 
participate in religious 

3093
02:43:32,500 --> 02:43:35,400
ceremonies and generally did 
everything possible to create 

3094
02:43:35,400 --> 02:43:38,500
opportunities for social 
interaction, between Rome's 

3095
02:43:38,500 --> 02:43:41,200
male, heavy population, and the 
daughter's of nearby 

3096
02:43:41,200 --> 02:43:43,700
settlements. 
The results were mixed. 

3097
02:43:44,400 --> 02:43:46,600
Some marriages occurred 
naturally through these events 

3098
02:43:46,600 --> 02:43:50,100
creating the kind of alliances 
that strengthened roams position

3099
02:43:50,100 --> 02:43:52,500
while addressing its population 
concerns. 

3100
02:43:53,500 --> 02:43:56,700
However, many neighboring 
communities continue to harvest 

3101
02:43:56,700 --> 02:44:00,300
suspicions towards this rapidly 
expanding City, due to its 

3102
02:44:00,300 --> 02:44:02,500
reputation for drawing 
individuals who could be 

3103
02:44:02,500 --> 02:44:06,500
described as adventurous and 
less charitably as fugitive 

3104
02:44:06,500 --> 02:44:10,300
Seeking Justice elsewhere. 
The solution Romulus eventually 

3105
02:44:10,300 --> 02:44:13,100
implemented was the kind of 
strategy that works in the short

3106
02:44:13,100 --> 02:44:15,700
term while creating long-term 
complications. 

3107
02:44:15,700 --> 02:44:19,700
That future Generations, have to
manage During a particularly 

3108
02:44:19,700 --> 02:44:23,200
well, attended Festival, Roman 
men, systematically abducted, 

3109
02:44:23,200 --> 02:44:26,900
women from the visiting Sabine 
tribe, not random violence, but 

3110
02:44:26,900 --> 02:44:29,300
organized recruitment that 
Rome's leaders presented as a 

3111
02:44:29,300 --> 02:44:31,800
emergency matrimony rather than 
kidnapping. 

3112
02:44:33,000 --> 02:44:36,100
This event known to history as 
the rape of the Sabine, Women 

3113
02:44:36,100 --> 02:44:39,600
was probably less brutal than 
the name suggests but more 

3114
02:44:39,600 --> 02:44:41,800
coercive than modern 
sensibilities would tolerate. 

3115
02:44:42,800 --> 02:44:45,500
The Roman version emphasized 
that the women were treated with

3116
02:44:45,500 --> 02:44:48,800
respect offered genuine, 
marriages rather than temporary 

3117
02:44:48,800 --> 02:44:51,600
arrangements and give them the 
opportunity to become founding 

3118
02:44:51,600 --> 02:44:54,900
mothers of a great city rather 
than just wive's in traditional 

3119
02:44:54,900 --> 02:44:58,700
communities. whether the Sabine 
Women saw it that way, as a 

3120
02:44:58,708 --> 02:45:01,000
question, that ancient 
historians didn't spend much 

3121
02:45:01,000 --> 02:45:04,700
time, exploring but the 
Practical result was that roam, 

3122
02:45:04,700 --> 02:45:06,900
acquired both the population 
base, it needed for long-term 

3123
02:45:06,900 --> 02:45:09,900
stability, and a war with the 
Sabine tribe. 

3124
02:45:09,900 --> 02:45:13,200
That tested every military and 
diplomatic skill Romulus had 

3125
02:45:13,200 --> 02:45:15,900
developed the conflict that 
followed demonstrated that 

3126
02:45:15,900 --> 02:45:18,700
Romulus had learned more from 
his grandfather numerator than 

3127
02:45:18,700 --> 02:45:22,000
just how to overthrow tyrants. 
He fought when fighting was 

3128
02:45:22,000 --> 02:45:25,600
necessary but also negotiated 
when negotiation offered better 

3129
02:45:25,600 --> 02:45:29,500
outcomes, eventually the war 
ended not with Conquest but with

3130
02:45:29,500 --> 02:45:33,200
integration the Sabinas joining 
Rome as equal Partners rather 

3131
02:45:33,200 --> 02:45:37,200
than defeated enemies, their 
King Titus tatius ruling jointly

3132
02:45:37,200 --> 02:45:39,900
with Romulus in an arrangement, 
that double the City's 

3133
02:45:39,900 --> 02:45:42,100
population and political 
complexity. 

3134
02:45:43,200 --> 02:45:45,900
This integration was probably 
the kind of outcome that Remus 

3135
02:45:45,900 --> 02:45:49,200
would have approved of growth 
through inclusion rather than 

3136
02:45:49,200 --> 02:45:53,100
just Conquest Prosperity through
cooperation, rather than simple 

3137
02:45:53,100 --> 02:45:56,600
domination. 
It suggested that Romulus had in

3138
02:45:56,600 --> 02:45:58,800
his own way. 
Found room for his brother's 

3139
02:45:58,800 --> 02:46:00,700
Vision within the city he'd 
build alone. 

3140
02:46:01,800 --> 02:46:04,300
The years that followed were 
marked by the kind of steady 

3141
02:46:04,300 --> 02:46:07,300
development that historians find
less dramatic than Wars and 

3142
02:46:07,300 --> 02:46:10,600
revolutions but which actually 
determines whether civilizations

3143
02:46:10,600 --> 02:46:14,300
Thrive or merely survive, Rome 
grew into a genuine City with 

3144
02:46:14,300 --> 02:46:18,300
laws institutions and the kind 
of Civic culture that attracts 

3145
02:46:18,300 --> 02:46:22,300
visitors and inspires imitators.
It became the kind of place 

3146
02:46:22,300 --> 02:46:24,700
where people chose to live 
rather than just the place where

3147
02:46:24,700 --> 02:46:28,800
they happen to end up. 
Romulus ruled for nearly four 

3148
02:46:28,800 --> 02:46:32,300
decades long enough to see his 
experimental City become an 

3149
02:46:32,300 --> 02:46:36,100
established Regional power. 
When he finally disappeared, the

3150
02:46:36,100 --> 02:46:37,600
gods reclaiming him in a 
whirlwind. 

3151
02:46:37,600 --> 02:46:40,700
According to those who preferred
dramatic endings, he left 

3152
02:46:40,700 --> 02:46:42,500
behind. 
Something that had grown far, 

3153
02:46:42,500 --> 02:46:44,300
beyond one man's Vision or 
ambition. 

3154
02:46:45,400 --> 02:46:48,600
Rome would continue for more 
than a thousand years, growing 

3155
02:46:48,600 --> 02:46:51,400
from a single City to an Empire 
that encompassed most of the 

3156
02:46:51,400 --> 02:46:54,600
known world. 
Its influence on law, language, 

3157
02:46:54,600 --> 02:46:57,000
architecture. 
And political thought, would 

3158
02:46:57,000 --> 02:47:00,800
Outlast the Empire itself. 
Shaping civilizations that arose

3159
02:47:00,800 --> 02:47:03,400
centuries after the last Roman 
emperor had been forgotten. 

3160
02:47:04,800 --> 02:47:08,100
And through all of that history,
Rome carried the memory of its 

3161
02:47:08,100 --> 02:47:10,900
Beginnings. 
Twin brothers, raised by wolves 

3162
02:47:10,900 --> 02:47:15,500
saved by Shepherds and separated
by a disagreement that ended in 

3163
02:47:15,500 --> 02:47:18,100
tragedy. 
It was a story that reminded 

3164
02:47:18,100 --> 02:47:22,100
every generation that greatness 
often comes at a price that the 

3165
02:47:22,100 --> 02:47:25,400
most important battles are 
sometimes fought between people 

3166
02:47:25,400 --> 02:47:28,800
who love each other. 
And that cities like people a 

3167
02:47:28,800 --> 02:47:30,900
shape as much by their sorrows, 
as their triumphs. 

3168
02:47:30,900 --> 02:47:34,400
The wolf twins, had grown up to 
found the greatest City in the 

3169
02:47:34,400 --> 02:47:37,800
ancient world, but they'd also 
demonstrated that even the most 

3170
02:47:37,800 --> 02:47:40,500
extraordinary Beginnings. 
Can't protect us from the 

3171
02:47:40,500 --> 02:47:42,900
ordinary tragedies that Define 
Human Experience. 

3172
02:47:43,700 --> 02:47:46,100
In the end, that might be the 
most important lesson. 

3173
02:47:46,100 --> 02:47:49,200
Their story teachers, not that 
we're destined for greatness, 

3174
02:47:49,200 --> 02:47:52,800
but that greatness itself is 
never quite what we expect it to

3175
02:47:52,808 --> 02:47:56,600
be when we finally achieve it. 
Rome began with a Brother's 

3176
02:47:56,600 --> 02:48:00,000
dream and a brother's death and 
perhaps that's exactly the right

3177
02:48:00,000 --> 02:48:02,100
foundation for a city that would
teach the world. 

3178
02:48:02,100 --> 02:48:06,800
Both the possibilities and the 
costs of human ambition, some 

3179
02:48:06,800 --> 02:48:09,200
stories end with everyone living
happily ever after. 

3180
02:48:09,200 --> 02:48:12,700
But the best stories, the ones 
that stay with you long after 

3181
02:48:12,700 --> 02:48:15,600
the telling end with the 
understanding that happiness and

3182
02:48:15,600 --> 02:48:19,300
sorrow Triumph and tragedy are 
often just different ways of 

3183
02:48:19,300 --> 02:48:22,000
describing the same complex 
experience of being human. 

3184
02:48:23,100 --> 02:48:26,400
And that really is why we still 
tell the story of Romulus and 

3185
02:48:26,400 --> 02:48:28,700
Remus. 
After all these centuries, not 

3186
02:48:28,700 --> 02:48:38,300
because it has a perfect ending,
but because it has a true one In

3187
02:48:38,300 --> 02:48:42,600
1158 a 7 year old Noble boy, 
named Conrad leaves, his family,

3188
02:48:42,600 --> 02:48:46,100
Manor to serve as a page, in the
cast of Duke, Otto in the Holy 

3189
02:48:46,100 --> 02:48:49,100
Roman Empire. 
This experience is the beginning

3190
02:48:49,100 --> 02:48:53,300
of his path to Knight Hood wide 
and anxious Conrad enters. 

3191
02:48:53,300 --> 02:48:56,200
The Castle's enormous Hall and 
quickly becomes immersed in 

3192
02:48:56,200 --> 02:48:59,400
Castle life. 
As a page, he has kept busy from

3193
02:48:59,400 --> 02:49:02,300
dawn until dusk. 
He must learn to sing hymns 

3194
02:49:02,300 --> 02:49:05,600
serve at table with proper 
etiquette and even assist in the

3195
02:49:05,608 --> 02:49:07,600
Castle's hunts, and falconry 
sessions. 

3196
02:49:08,400 --> 02:49:11,500
Under the tutelage of the Master
at Arms Conrad and the other 

3197
02:49:11,500 --> 02:49:14,600
Pages practice swordplay, with 
wooden weapons and learned to 

3198
02:49:14,600 --> 02:49:17,500
ride ponies. 
The castle Chaplin also guides 

3199
02:49:17,500 --> 02:49:20,500
their spiritual upbringing. 
So Conrad grows in piety 

3200
02:49:20,500 --> 02:49:23,300
alongside prowess. 
Nothing is wasted. 

3201
02:49:23,300 --> 02:49:26,600
Even play time in the courtyard 
mock battles, on stick horses. 

3202
02:49:26,600 --> 02:49:29,700
And playful jousts with 
broomsticks is training in 

3203
02:49:29,700 --> 02:49:31,500
Disguise building the boys 
strength and coordination. 

3204
02:49:32,400 --> 02:49:35,300
Conrad idolizes. 
The knights, he serves one 

3205
02:49:35,300 --> 02:49:36,700
friendly Knights. 
Reinhart. 

3206
02:49:36,700 --> 02:49:39,600
Sometime, shares Tales from the 
half of legendary Warrior as and

3207
02:49:39,600 --> 02:49:41,800
battles. 
Fueling Conrad's dreams of 

3208
02:49:41,800 --> 02:49:44,800
Valor. 
Through hard work and Keen 

3209
02:49:44,800 --> 02:49:48,900
observation Conrad grows in both
body and character by age 14, he

3210
02:49:48,900 --> 02:49:52,500
graduates to the rank of Squire.
He is now assigned as serine 

3211
02:49:52,500 --> 02:49:57,200
hards, personal attend, and 
protege, his duty is intensify 

3212
02:49:57,200 --> 02:50:01,500
Conrad Rises at dawn to help 
Ryan hard Don his mail armor and

3213
02:50:01,500 --> 02:50:06,300
Spurs. 10s to the knights horse 
and a company's him everywhere, 

3214
02:50:06,300 --> 02:50:10,800
being a squire resembles, an 
apprenticeship Conrad learns by 

3215
02:50:10,808 --> 02:50:14,900
doing cleaning armor, sharpening
swords and practicing jousts 

3216
02:50:14,900 --> 02:50:17,800
with real answers under sir, 
reinhardt's guidance in the 

3217
02:50:17,808 --> 02:50:20,800
afternoon, he practiced his 
falconry were joined sir, 

3218
02:50:20,800 --> 02:50:23,200
Reinhart in weapons, training 
aiming his Lance, at the 

3219
02:50:23,208 --> 02:50:27,300
quintain, a spinning Target to 
hone his accuracy on horseback. 

3220
02:50:28,000 --> 02:50:32,300
Mistakes, earn Stone correction 
but also patient instruction in 

3221
02:50:32,300 --> 02:50:34,900
Quiet Moments sir Reinhart 
stresses the code of chivalry. 

3222
02:50:35,800 --> 02:50:39,800
A knight must be brave but also 
just, and merciful Conrad takes 

3223
02:50:39,800 --> 02:50:42,000
these lessons to heart to 
determine to one day. 

3224
02:50:42,000 --> 02:50:45,400
Embody those ideals His first 
taste of real. 

3225
02:50:45,400 --> 02:50:49,100
Conflict comes at 16 while it 
escorting, a Supply Convoy 

3226
02:50:49,100 --> 02:50:52,100
through a forest. 
So, reinhard's party is ambushed

3227
02:50:52,100 --> 02:50:55,300
by Bandits. 
Conrad's heart pounds as he 

3228
02:50:55,300 --> 02:50:56,600
sticks. 
Close to his mentor. 

3229
02:50:57,400 --> 02:51:01,500
Amid the chaos, he uses his 
training reflexively but one 

3230
02:51:01,508 --> 02:51:05,000
point even Nots abandoned it off
a horse with a well-timed. 

3231
02:51:05,000 --> 02:51:08,300
Lance thrust. 
So Reinhard proudly claps Conrad

3232
02:51:08,300 --> 02:51:10,200
shoulder. 
After driving the bandits off. 

3233
02:51:10,200 --> 02:51:13,100
The young Squire has 
demonstrated his bravery in the 

3234
02:51:13,108 --> 02:51:15,900
face of danger. 
This brief, Skirmish shows 

3235
02:51:15,900 --> 02:51:19,700
Conrad the Stark reality of 
combat terrifying and brutal. 

3236
02:51:19,700 --> 02:51:22,000
Yet his duty is to face it with 
courage. 

3237
02:51:22,800 --> 02:51:27,000
By age, 21 Conrad has spent 
years in service, learning the 

3238
02:51:27,000 --> 02:51:29,600
Arts of Knighthood, and the 
responsibilities that come with 

3239
02:51:29,600 --> 02:51:32,100
it. 
He has tended to Sir, Reinhard 

3240
02:51:32,100 --> 02:51:33,800
in tournaments, and on minor 
campaigns. 

3241
02:51:33,800 --> 02:51:36,300
Steadily growing and skill and 
maturity. 

3242
02:51:36,300 --> 02:51:39,700
Now, he stands on the brink of 
achieving his lifelong dream. 

3243
02:51:39,700 --> 02:51:43,200
All the years of training, 
mastering horsemanship honing, 

3244
02:51:43,200 --> 02:51:46,500
his sword arm and learning's 
courtesy and strategy of shaped 

3245
02:51:46,500 --> 02:51:48,600
Conrad into a worthy candidate 
for Knighthood. 

3246
02:51:49,300 --> 02:51:52,000
As he helps her, Reinhard 
prepare for a winter Feast where

3247
02:51:52,000 --> 02:51:55,400
several Squires will be honored 
Conrad cannot help, but feel a 

3248
02:51:55,400 --> 02:51:58,300
mix of excitement and nerves the
dawn of his Knight Hood 

3249
02:51:58,300 --> 02:52:01,200
approaches and with it, the life
of honor and Adventure that he 

3250
02:52:01,200 --> 02:52:04,000
has envisioned it. 
Since that day, he first arrived

3251
02:52:04,000 --> 02:52:06,900
at Duke Otto's Castle. 
As a wide-eyed boy, the winter 

3252
02:52:06,900 --> 02:52:11,100
of 11 to 75 brings Conrad to a 
grand celebration at Duke Otto's

3253
02:52:11,100 --> 02:52:14,300
Castle. 
A 21 after years of training, he

3254
02:52:14,300 --> 02:52:17,200
is to be knighted. 
The Magnificent Hall is decked 

3255
02:52:17,200 --> 02:52:20,300
with Evergreen boughs and with 
hundreds of candles in honor of 

3256
02:52:20,300 --> 02:52:21,900
Christmas and the knighting 
ceremony. 

3257
02:52:22,700 --> 02:52:26,800
Dressed in a simple white tunic 
symbolizing Purity Conrad stands

3258
02:52:26,800 --> 02:52:28,700
alongside other squires are 
waiting the right. 

3259
02:52:28,700 --> 02:52:32,300
He feels his heart pounding with
a mix of excitement and nerves. 

3260
02:52:33,100 --> 02:52:35,800
So Reinhart squeezes his 
shoulder and support recalling 

3261
02:52:35,800 --> 02:52:38,200
his Knighthood and assuring 
Conrad that he is ready. 

3262
02:52:39,300 --> 02:52:41,400
On the eve of the ceremony 
Conrad undergoes, the 

3263
02:52:41,400 --> 02:52:44,700
traditional vigil of arms. 
He bathes and owns a clean white

3264
02:52:44,700 --> 02:52:47,600
robe, and a Red Cloak for the 
blood of Martyrs encourage of a 

3265
02:52:47,600 --> 02:52:50,400
night all night. 
He kneels in the castle Chapel, 

3266
02:52:50,400 --> 02:52:52,700
his sword and armor placed on 
the altar before him. 

3267
02:52:53,400 --> 02:52:56,800
By flickering Candlelight he 
prays reflecting on the solemn 

3268
02:52:56,800 --> 02:53:00,200
vows, he will take at dawn. 
Despite aching knees and little 

3269
02:53:00,200 --> 02:53:04,000
sleep Conrad remains focused, 
this vigil is a spiritual 

3270
02:53:04,000 --> 02:53:07,900
purification. time to seek God's
blessing and contemplate the 

3271
02:53:07,900 --> 02:53:11,500
Chevalier at code, he must 
uphold He promises himself to be

3272
02:53:11,500 --> 02:53:15,900
a just loyal and pious night 
devoted to protecting the weak 

3273
02:53:15,900 --> 02:53:19,500
and serving the church. 
First light masses celebrated, 

3274
02:53:19,500 --> 02:53:22,800
the squires confessed their sins
and hear a final blessing. 

3275
02:53:22,800 --> 02:53:26,500
Then comes the oath. 
Swearing one by one each 

3276
02:53:26,500 --> 02:53:28,700
Squires. 
Before the gathered Nobles in 

3277
02:53:28,700 --> 02:53:31,200
the chapel. 
When Conrad's turn arrives, he 

3278
02:53:31,200 --> 02:53:34,800
declares his Knightly vows in a 
clear voice, He will speak 

3279
02:53:34,800 --> 02:53:38,600
truth. 
Uphold the faith obey his Lord 

3280
02:53:38,600 --> 02:53:41,900
defend the helpless and be 
honorable in all. 

3281
02:53:43,200 --> 02:53:46,200
Things. 
Each promise rings out in the 

3282
02:53:46,200 --> 02:53:49,000
cold morning, air, sealing 
Conrad's commitment to the 

3283
02:53:49,000 --> 02:53:52,300
ideals of Knighthood. 
Even before the sword touches 

3284
02:53:52,300 --> 02:53:55,400
his shoulders, he feels the 
weight of responsibility settle 

3285
02:53:55,400 --> 02:53:59,000
on his shoulders that evening, a
formal knighting ceremony, the 

3286
02:53:59,000 --> 02:54:01,400
Accolade takes place in the 
Great Hall. 

3287
02:54:02,000 --> 02:54:05,600
Duke Otto respondent in 
fertilized robes called Conrad 

3288
02:54:05,600 --> 02:54:08,800
forward. 
Conrad Neal's on the rush, 

3289
02:54:08,800 --> 02:54:11,900
stream floor before his Lord. 
In the hushed, The Duke. 

3290
02:54:11,900 --> 02:54:15,100
Gently Taps Conrad's shoulders 
with the flat of a sword and 

3291
02:54:15,100 --> 02:54:19,800
proclaims in French. 
Soyers Chevalier being a knight.

3292
02:54:21,200 --> 02:54:24,200
Conrad bows, his head overcome 
with emotion as those words, 

3293
02:54:24,200 --> 02:54:26,300
transformed him from Squire to 
Conrad. 

3294
02:54:27,300 --> 02:54:31,000
Applause breaks out among this 
assembled Lords and Ladies so 

3295
02:54:31,000 --> 02:54:34,400
Conrad Rises heart, swelling 
with pride and humility. 

3296
02:54:35,300 --> 02:54:37,500
All his years of hard work of 
led to this moment. 

3297
02:54:37,500 --> 02:54:41,800
He is now a knight of the realm 
following the Accolade Conrad is

3298
02:54:41,808 --> 02:54:43,500
bedecked in the symbols of 
Knighthood. 

3299
02:54:43,500 --> 02:54:46,800
So Reinhart, Fasteners, guilded 
Spurs to his boots. 

3300
02:54:46,800 --> 02:54:50,200
The sign that Conrad is now a 
night of the spur, another 

3301
02:54:50,200 --> 02:54:52,800
attendant buckles on a sword, 
belt holding a finely crafted 

3302
02:54:52,800 --> 02:54:56,100
sword, Conrad Dons. 
His family's coat of arms, over 

3303
02:54:56,100 --> 02:54:59,900
his male and a Herald, announces
his new title, so Conrad of 

3304
02:54:59,900 --> 02:55:02,600
dornburg. 
Cheers, echo in the hall. 

3305
02:55:02,600 --> 02:55:06,500
Conrad's father, who traveled 
here for the occasion, wipes, 

3306
02:55:06,500 --> 02:55:10,100
proud tears, from his eyes. 
Duke, Otto, then presents Conrad

3307
02:55:10,100 --> 02:55:14,200
with the final of Knighthood, a 
heavy sword belted at his side 

3308
02:55:14,200 --> 02:55:18,100
fully clad in male and armed. 
So Conrad mounts are waiting 

3309
02:55:18,108 --> 02:55:21,800
charger in the courtyard for the
padam, a ritual display of 

3310
02:55:21,800 --> 02:55:24,400
Martial skill. 
It is customary. 

3311
02:55:24,400 --> 02:55:26,600
That after being dubbed, the 
United States demonstrate their 

3312
02:55:26,600 --> 02:55:30,400
prowess in jousts, or mock 
combat Conrad guides the horse, 

3313
02:55:30,400 --> 02:55:33,400
feeling the strange yet, 
empowering weight of his armor. 

3314
02:55:34,200 --> 02:55:37,500
He suits the crowding, the yard 
together with the other fresh 

3315
02:55:37,500 --> 02:55:40,000
Knights, he participates in a 
friendly joust. 

3316
02:55:40,800 --> 02:55:43,400
His Lance shatters against 
another knight's shield in 

3317
02:55:43,400 --> 02:55:46,400
thunderous hit. 
And all though, unhorsed in a 

3318
02:55:46,400 --> 02:55:48,800
later round, he remounts amid 
Applause. 

3319
02:55:50,500 --> 02:55:53,200
The exercises, proved to all 
that these young men have the 

3320
02:55:53,200 --> 02:55:55,000
skill and courage befitting 
their new station. 

3321
02:55:56,400 --> 02:55:59,600
Conrad's face flushes with joy 
beneath his eyes as he realizes.

3322
02:55:59,600 --> 02:56:03,000
His achievement is not training 
or pretend it is real Knight 

3323
02:56:03,000 --> 02:56:07,000
Hood his Knight Hood, one by 
Merit and blessed by God and 

3324
02:56:07,000 --> 02:56:10,600
Lord. 
That night, the castle is a 

3325
02:56:10,600 --> 02:56:13,900
light with the celebration. 
But the banquet in the hall. 

3326
02:56:13,900 --> 02:56:15,600
So Conrad sits in a place of 
honor. 

3327
02:56:15,600 --> 02:56:19,400
It's a reinhardt's side. 
No longer does he serve instead 

3328
02:56:19,400 --> 02:56:23,200
Pages, poor wine for him and the
other nights, he toasts his 

3329
02:56:23,200 --> 02:56:26,100
mentors and shares in the camera
of the chivalric Brotherhood, 

3330
02:56:26,900 --> 02:56:29,600
Gifts are bestowed. 
The Duke grants Conrad a fine 

3331
02:56:29,600 --> 02:56:32,200
destroyer warhorse from his 
stables and a new sword of 

3332
02:56:32,200 --> 02:56:35,500
Toledo Steel. 
Minstrels compose a few witty 

3333
02:56:35,500 --> 02:56:37,900
Rhymes in honor of the newly 
dubbed, Knights eliciting 

3334
02:56:37,900 --> 02:56:40,700
laughter. 
Amidst, the revelry Conrad 

3335
02:56:40,700 --> 02:56:44,200
remains humble and grateful. 
He recalls the sacred vows from 

3336
02:56:44,200 --> 02:56:47,700
that morning and steals himself 
to live by the when the Duke 

3337
02:56:47,700 --> 02:56:50,500
Steward offers him a purse of 
coins as the traditional nightly

3338
02:56:50,500 --> 02:56:53,900
gift, Conrad quietly resolved to
use some of it in our arms, for 

3339
02:56:53,900 --> 02:56:56,100
the poor, his First Act of 
Charity as a night. 

3340
02:56:57,000 --> 02:57:00,500
Late at night Conrad reflects on
the transformation of this day. 

3341
02:57:00,500 --> 02:57:03,400
As he dof's, his armor and 
prepares to rest in a guest 

3342
02:57:03,400 --> 02:57:06,200
chamber, feeling strange, 
without his usual, place by 

3343
02:57:06,200 --> 02:57:09,800
Ryan's door, he entered the 
morning as a squire, and now 

3344
02:57:09,800 --> 02:57:12,700
retires as a night with all the 
Privileges and responsibilities 

3345
02:57:12,700 --> 02:57:15,800
that entails. 
With Knight Hood, come 

3346
02:57:15,800 --> 02:57:18,900
privileges the right to wear 
armor and bear arms publicly to 

3347
02:57:18,900 --> 02:57:21,900
hold land in fifth and to sit at
the high tape with Lourdes. 

3348
02:57:21,900 --> 02:57:26,200
However, there are also duties 
Leading Men in battle if called 

3349
02:57:26,200 --> 02:57:29,400
dispensing Justice on one's land
and serving lawyerly. 

3350
02:57:30,100 --> 02:57:32,900
The weight of his sword on the 
bedside rack is a reminder of 

3351
02:57:32,900 --> 02:57:35,800
both. 
So Conrad sleeps deeply that 

3352
02:57:35,800 --> 02:57:40,000
night, the Vigilant excitement, 
having exhausted him, unaware of

3353
02:57:40,008 --> 02:57:43,000
just how soon his nightly ideals
will be tested in the harsh 

3354
02:57:43,000 --> 02:57:46,600
reality of medieval warfare and 
politics by 1177. 

3355
02:57:46,600 --> 02:57:49,600
So, Conrad is serving at the 
Imperial Court of Emperor. 

3356
02:57:49,600 --> 02:57:53,000
Frederick Barbarossa here amidst
glittering, Banquets and 

3357
02:57:53,000 --> 02:57:55,000
tournaments. 
He experiences the Pinnacle of 

3358
02:57:55,008 --> 02:57:58,700
courtly chivalry, minstrels sing
of Brave, Knights, and pure 

3359
02:57:58,700 --> 02:58:02,300
ladies and Conrad strives to 
exemplify those ideals. 

3360
02:58:03,100 --> 02:58:06,400
He is unfailingly courteous 
Rising when Noble, women enter 

3361
02:58:06,400 --> 02:58:09,400
speaking. 
Only with respectful words and 

3362
02:58:09,400 --> 02:58:13,100
behaving as the perfect night in
every social setting, The older 

3363
02:58:13,100 --> 02:58:15,700
courtiers sometimes, chuckle 
that sir Conrad still sees the 

3364
02:58:15,700 --> 02:58:19,100
world through rose colored 
lenses of chivalry, but they 

3365
02:58:19,100 --> 02:58:22,500
admire his earnestness. 
At a grand tournament held in 

3366
02:58:22,500 --> 02:58:25,300
wuertzburg Conrad has a chance 
to prove his Valor. 

3367
02:58:26,200 --> 02:58:28,800
Clad in shining armor. 
He rides into the lists under 

3368
02:58:28,800 --> 02:58:31,000
Duke. 
Otto's Banner in one joust. 

3369
02:58:31,000 --> 02:58:32,800
He on horses. 
A seasoned opponent with a 

3370
02:58:32,800 --> 02:58:35,700
well-placed lance strike. 
Earning cheers from the crowd 

3371
02:58:35,700 --> 02:58:37,700
later. 
He restrains himself in the 

3372
02:58:37,700 --> 02:58:40,100
melee. 
The mock battle showing Mercy by

3373
02:58:40,100 --> 02:58:43,700
not striking a fall in opponent.
His skill and honor, when him 

3374
02:58:43,700 --> 02:58:46,600
recognition, the presiding 
Duchess Awards, him a silk 

3375
02:58:46,600 --> 02:58:49,400
favor, tying a ribbon on his arm
as a token of esteem. 

3376
02:58:50,400 --> 02:58:54,700
Flushed with pride Conrad feels,
he is living the very romances 

3377
02:58:54,700 --> 02:58:58,000
he heard as a boy. 
Yet beneath the pageantry Conrad

3378
02:58:58,000 --> 02:59:00,500
begins to notice troubling 
cracks in nightly behavior. 

3379
02:59:00,500 --> 02:59:02,500
In whispered corners of the 
hall. 

3380
02:59:02,500 --> 02:59:05,800
He overhears Petty jealousies 
nights arguing over who deserves

3381
02:59:05,800 --> 02:59:08,900
more credit for a minor Skirmish
or who should sit closer to the 

3382
02:59:08,908 --> 02:59:11,100
emperor. 
One night, he Witnesses. 

3383
02:59:11,100 --> 02:59:14,200
Two renowned Knights nearly draw
swords at a banquet over an 

3384
02:59:14,200 --> 02:59:16,100
insult. 
Only stopping when the emperor 

3385
02:59:16,100 --> 02:59:19,400
himself intervenes, This 
bickering disappoints Conrad 

3386
02:59:19,400 --> 02:59:23,400
were, they not all sworn to 
Brotherhood and honor, worse 

3387
02:59:23,400 --> 02:59:26,100
Conrad, learns of outright 
violation of the chivalric code.

3388
02:59:26,800 --> 02:59:29,800
A lady in waiting, can fights 
that a famous knight who 

3389
02:59:29,800 --> 02:59:33,800
publicly boasts of defending, 
the innocent once forced himself

3390
02:59:33,800 --> 02:59:35,900
on a peasant girl during a past 
campaign. 

3391
02:59:36,900 --> 02:59:40,300
Conrad is horrified. 
He realizes that not all nights 

3392
02:59:40,300 --> 02:59:43,200
live up to the high ideals, they
Proclaim chivalry. 

3393
02:59:43,200 --> 02:59:46,900
He sees his often more praise 
than practiced, this realization

3394
02:59:46,900 --> 02:59:49,200
hits hardest on a journey 
through the countryside. 

3395
02:59:50,000 --> 02:59:54,000
Riding between Imperial castles 
Conrad's party passes through a 

3396
02:59:54,000 --> 02:59:56,800
village recently. 
Raided by Robert Knights, the 

3397
02:59:56,800 --> 03:00:00,000
houses are charred and the 
villagers mostly peasants a 

3398
03:00:00,000 --> 03:00:03,000
destitute and terrified. 
Conrad is moved to compassion 

3399
03:00:03,000 --> 03:00:05,900
and urges immediate help. 
But one of his fellow, Knights 

3400
03:00:05,900 --> 03:00:09,300
merely scoffs this is none of 
our concern and suggest. 

3401
03:00:09,300 --> 03:00:12,400
The peasants likely provoked, 
the attack by withholding taxes 

3402
03:00:12,400 --> 03:00:16,600
and other night tosses, a few 
coins and rides on in different 

3403
03:00:16,600 --> 03:00:19,600
Conrad cannot fathom such 
callousness. 

3404
03:00:19,600 --> 03:00:23,100
He lingers to distribute food 
from his pack and Promises the 

3405
03:00:23,100 --> 03:00:24,900
villagers. 
He will report this outrage. 

3406
03:00:25,800 --> 03:00:27,700
Catching up. 
He challenges the other nights. 

3407
03:00:27,700 --> 03:00:30,300
How can they ignore their duty 
to protect the defenseless? 

3408
03:00:30,300 --> 03:00:34,100
They shrug off his idealism 
saying a knight's first loyalty 

3409
03:00:34,100 --> 03:00:37,200
as to his prophet and Lord 
Conrad rides on. 

3410
03:00:37,200 --> 03:00:40,400
In angry silents, his faith in 
the Brotherhood of nights deeply

3411
03:00:40,400 --> 03:00:44,200
shaken, back at court Conrad 
confides, his worries to his 

3412
03:00:44,208 --> 03:00:46,900
mentor. 
Reinhard the old Knight now 

3413
03:00:46,900 --> 03:00:50,300
retired from Battle Smiles. 
Sadly and says, the world is 

3414
03:00:50,300 --> 03:00:53,900
flawed lad be the night that 
others fail to be, hold yourself

3415
03:00:53,900 --> 03:00:55,700
to the code even if others fall 
short. 

3416
03:00:56,800 --> 03:00:59,800
Taking this advice to Heart 
Conrad intensified his virtue, 

3417
03:00:59,800 --> 03:01:03,000
he gains a quiet reputation as a
true and gentle night. 

3418
03:01:03,800 --> 03:01:07,400
When other nights mock a servant
or a gesture Conrad intervenes 

3419
03:01:07,400 --> 03:01:10,700
to stop the bullying. 
When a dispute arises over a 

3420
03:01:10,700 --> 03:01:14,100
contested inheritance, he speaks
up for a fair compromise rather 

3421
03:01:14,100 --> 03:01:16,200
than citing blindly with a 
powerful Lord. 

3422
03:01:17,000 --> 03:01:19,700
Summit Court, respect him for 
his actions While others mock 

3423
03:01:19,700 --> 03:01:23,600
his Scruples, but Conrad is 
unaffected by popularity his 

3424
03:01:23,600 --> 03:01:26,000
determined to practice what a 
piece, only preached. 

3425
03:01:26,000 --> 03:01:29,400
During this time, Conrad also 
experiences, the tenderness of 

3426
03:01:29,408 --> 03:01:33,100
courtly love, he becomes 
enamored of Lady adalinda, a 

3427
03:01:33,100 --> 03:01:36,400
kind and gracious Noble woman. 
There are affection is never 

3428
03:01:36,400 --> 03:01:39,400
openly declared. 
She has promised to another but 

3429
03:01:39,400 --> 03:01:41,700
through exchanged glances and 
secret Smiles. 

3430
03:01:41,700 --> 03:01:44,300
Conrad finds inspiration in her 
presence. 

3431
03:01:45,300 --> 03:01:47,800
He carries her silk favor on his
arm during jousts. 

3432
03:01:47,800 --> 03:01:51,200
And imagines himself her 
Champion though, their Love 

3433
03:01:51,200 --> 03:01:54,800
Remains chased and unfulfilled 
it deepens Conrad's resolve to 

3434
03:01:54,808 --> 03:01:58,500
uphold the Knightly virtues that
lady in her admirers in him. 

3435
03:01:59,500 --> 03:02:02,800
The drums of War inevitably 
replaced the songs and dances of

3436
03:02:02,800 --> 03:02:06,200
court. 
By the later 1170s Emperor. 

3437
03:02:06,200 --> 03:02:09,700
Barbarossa called his vassals to
march in to Italy aiming to 

3438
03:02:09,708 --> 03:02:13,100
subdue, rebellious city-states. 
So Conrad must leave. 

3439
03:02:13,100 --> 03:02:15,300
The comfort of court and test 
his principles on the 

3440
03:02:15,300 --> 03:02:18,600
battlefield. 
On the eve of departure lady 

3441
03:02:18,600 --> 03:02:21,600
Adeline quietly ties. 
A small embroidered token to his

3442
03:02:21,600 --> 03:02:24,500
arm for luck. 
Conrad bowels and Promises to 

3443
03:02:24,500 --> 03:02:27,200
return with honor. 
As he rides South with the 

3444
03:02:27,200 --> 03:02:31,500
Imperial host, he braces himself
for real Siege and battle. a 

3445
03:02:31,500 --> 03:02:35,100
place where many Knights ideals 
crumble, Conrad prays that he 

3446
03:02:35,100 --> 03:02:37,800
can carry the light of chivalry 
with him, into the coming storm,

3447
03:02:37,800 --> 03:02:41,100
not knowing how severely those 
ideals will be tried in The 

3448
03:02:41,108 --> 03:02:44,600
Crucible of war. 
The year 1178, finds the Conrad 

3449
03:02:44,600 --> 03:02:48,400
in golfed in the brutal reality 
of warfare Emperor, Barbara 

3450
03:02:48,400 --> 03:02:51,300
Ross's campaign, in Northern 
Italy, drags on and Conrad 

3451
03:02:51,300 --> 03:02:55,100
experience his Siege Warfare. 
First hand, The Imperial Army 

3452
03:02:55,100 --> 03:02:57,200
lays Siege to a rebellious 
Lombard City. 

3453
03:02:57,200 --> 03:03:01,500
One of the many Ford certified 
towns defying the emperor Conrad

3454
03:03:01,500 --> 03:03:04,500
stands for hours in mud and 
blood before the city walls 

3455
03:03:04,500 --> 03:03:08,500
ducking arrows and dodging 
Stones hurled by sea engines. 

3456
03:03:09,300 --> 03:03:12,100
He is exchanged the silk and 
songs of court for the iron and 

3457
03:03:12,100 --> 03:03:15,700
screams of the battlefield, 
nothing in his training, fully 

3458
03:03:15,700 --> 03:03:19,000
prepared him for the brutality 
of her, protracted Siege. 

3459
03:03:19,800 --> 03:03:22,800
The Defenders, desperate and 
fears rained down bolts and 

3460
03:03:22,808 --> 03:03:26,800
boiling water, Conrad Witnesses,
comrade struck down beside him. 

3461
03:03:26,800 --> 03:03:30,400
One night falls with a crossbow 
bolt through his eye and another

3462
03:03:30,400 --> 03:03:34,500
is crushed by a holder. 
Each day brings new Horrors 

3463
03:03:34,500 --> 03:03:37,300
under orders Conrad takes his 
turn in the assault. 

3464
03:03:37,300 --> 03:03:40,900
Rotations, in one attack. 
He climbs a Lodi amid, a storm 

3465
03:03:40,900 --> 03:03:44,200
of arrows and briefly, breaches 
The battlements Sword in hand 

3466
03:03:44,200 --> 03:03:48,400
face-to-face with an enemy 
militiamen Conrad, parry's, a 

3467
03:03:48,400 --> 03:03:51,200
blow and would reflects born of 
years of training drives his 

3468
03:03:51,200 --> 03:03:53,600
sword. 
Into the man's side, militiamen 

3469
03:03:53,600 --> 03:03:56,200
crumples. 
So Conrad has killed his first 

3470
03:03:56,200 --> 03:03:59,300
foe in single combat. 
There is no glory in it. 

3471
03:03:59,300 --> 03:04:03,400
Only a numb shock as the dying 
man's blood spills on his male. 

3472
03:04:04,300 --> 03:04:07,200
Conrad remembers his vows of 
Mercy, but in the frenzy of 

3473
03:04:07,200 --> 03:04:10,000
battle there is little chance to
spare opponents who fight to the

3474
03:04:10,000 --> 03:04:12,300
death. 
He fights onto survive and 

3475
03:04:12,300 --> 03:04:15,300
protect his fellow Knights all 
while praying quietly for the 

3476
03:04:15,300 --> 03:04:20,300
souls lost on both sides. after 
months of Siege, the starving 

3477
03:04:20,300 --> 03:04:25,600
City, finally surrendered of 
chivalrous Clemente a grim 

3478
03:04:25,600 --> 03:04:29,600
spectacle unfolds Despite 
Promises of Mercy, the 

3479
03:04:29,600 --> 03:04:33,000
Victorious Imperial troops Loot 
and raise the city in a frenzy 

3480
03:04:33,000 --> 03:04:36,100
of vengeance. 
Conrad watches in dismay as 

3481
03:04:36,100 --> 03:04:39,200
discipline breaks down soldiers,
Rampage through the streets, 

3482
03:04:39,200 --> 03:04:42,500
looting tormenting and burning 
everything in their path 

3483
03:04:42,500 --> 03:04:45,500
civilians. 
The very people Conrad swatted 

3484
03:04:45,500 --> 03:04:49,300
fend, and not spared Conrad 
does, what little he can he 

3485
03:04:49,300 --> 03:04:51,100
strikes down? 
A more order who was about to 

3486
03:04:51,100 --> 03:04:53,300
hurt? 
A trembling old man, and he 

3487
03:04:53,300 --> 03:04:55,100
Shields a terrified. 
Young woman is uttering. 

3488
03:04:55,100 --> 03:04:58,300
Someone into a church but so 
Conrad alone cannot halt, the 

3489
03:04:58,300 --> 03:05:00,800
tide of Cruelty the sights 
pierced. 

3490
03:05:00,800 --> 03:05:05,100
His soul family slaying, 
doorways, homes in flames, and 

3491
03:05:05,100 --> 03:05:07,500
wounded individuals, Desperately
Seeking water. 

3492
03:05:07,500 --> 03:05:11,400
The scene is not the noble 
combat of nightly romances, it's

3493
03:05:11,400 --> 03:05:14,100
a vision. 
No one should see Conrad Treads 

3494
03:05:14,100 --> 03:05:16,400
over the corpses of both 
soldiers and townsfolk. 

3495
03:05:16,400 --> 03:05:19,200
The City of smoking ruin in 
Witnesses. 

3496
03:05:19,200 --> 03:05:22,100
Some Imperial Knights executing 
captive towns, people under the 

3497
03:05:22,100 --> 03:05:26,200
pretext of teaching a lesson 
Conrad feels more kinship with 

3498
03:05:26,200 --> 03:05:28,600
the frightened survivors them 
with these rampaging victors. 

3499
03:05:29,400 --> 03:05:32,900
That night Conrad tends to the 
wounded enemy and friend alike 

3500
03:05:32,900 --> 03:05:36,600
in a makeshift Camp Hospital. 
He offers water to a dying, 

3501
03:05:36,600 --> 03:05:40,000
Italian footman, who classes 
Conrad's hand, weekly, and 

3502
03:05:40,000 --> 03:05:41,700
Whispers a graze before passing 
away. 

3503
03:05:42,700 --> 03:05:46,100
Conrad ensures the man receives 
last rites treating him as a 

3504
03:05:46,100 --> 03:05:48,100
fellow human soul, rather than a
foe. 

3505
03:05:48,100 --> 03:05:52,300
Such acts of compassion stand in
stark contrast to the savagery 

3506
03:05:52,300 --> 03:05:54,900
he witnessed By the end of this 
campaign. 

3507
03:05:54,900 --> 03:05:56,900
So Conrad has undergone a 
transformation. 

3508
03:05:57,700 --> 03:06:00,100
His once polished armor is 
dented and scarred. 

3509
03:06:00,100 --> 03:06:03,800
He himself Bears, a deep cut on 
his thigh and a burn scar on his

3510
03:06:03,808 --> 03:06:06,900
forearm, lasting reminders of 
these brutal campaigns. 

3511
03:06:07,800 --> 03:06:10,300
More profoundly. 
A sober understanding of the 

3512
03:06:10,300 --> 03:06:14,100
true nature of War has tempered 
the idealism of his youth even. 

3513
03:06:14,100 --> 03:06:18,700
So Conrad's core values persist 
He did not descend into wanton 

3514
03:06:18,700 --> 03:06:20,800
cruelty. 
He maintained honor where he 

3515
03:06:20,800 --> 03:06:24,600
could sparing those who yielded 
an aiding the helpless amid 

3516
03:06:24,600 --> 03:06:27,100
chaos. 
Among the Knights Inn Barbara's 

3517
03:06:27,100 --> 03:06:28,600
as host. 
He becomes known sometimes 

3518
03:06:28,600 --> 03:06:32,400
mockingly sometimes admirably as
the one who will treat a wounded

3519
03:06:32,400 --> 03:06:34,000
enemy or protect a peasant 
child. 

3520
03:06:34,900 --> 03:06:37,300
In an age of Terror. 
So Conrad manages to keep a 

3521
03:06:37,300 --> 03:06:40,600
spark of chivalry alive. 
When Barbara Ross are finally 

3522
03:06:40,600 --> 03:06:42,100
makes peace with the Lombard 
League. 

3523
03:06:42,100 --> 03:06:45,800
Conrad is relieved. 
He survives the Italian Wars but

3524
03:06:45,800 --> 03:06:49,400
at enormous cost to his spirit. 
Returning to Camp after the 

3525
03:06:49,400 --> 03:06:52,000
final seed, Conrad kneels in 
private prayer. 

3526
03:06:52,000 --> 03:06:55,400
He asked God to forgive the 
atrocities committed and to 

3527
03:06:55,400 --> 03:06:58,800
guide him moving forward. 
He realizes that being a true 

3528
03:06:58,808 --> 03:07:01,600
Knight in Wartime is far more 
difficult than he ever imagined.

3529
03:07:01,600 --> 03:07:04,500
It means doing what is right. 
Even when surrounded by 

3530
03:07:04,500 --> 03:07:08,600
Darkness, And though he is 
scarred and weary Conrad's 

3531
03:07:08,600 --> 03:07:11,400
silently, vows that he will not 
let the brutality of War. 

3532
03:07:11,400 --> 03:07:14,700
Extinguish, the values that 
Define his Knighthood, the Third

3533
03:07:14,700 --> 03:07:17,600
Crusade soon gives a Conrad a 
chance to seek spiritual 

3534
03:07:17,600 --> 03:07:22,900
Redemption for the blood. 
He has shed in 1188 newsreader 

3535
03:07:22,900 --> 03:07:26,100
was Fallen to Saladin calls for 
Crusade echo through 

3536
03:07:26,100 --> 03:07:28,900
Christendom. 
Despite his exhaustion from 

3537
03:07:28,900 --> 03:07:32,800
Decades of fighting Conrad takes
the cross, swearing to Journey 

3538
03:07:32,800 --> 03:07:36,300
to the Holy Land to liberate the
sacred sites, his both the duty 

3539
03:07:36,300 --> 03:07:37,900
and a deeply personal 
pilgrimage. 

3540
03:07:39,500 --> 03:07:41,400
Like many nights Conrad hopes 
this. 

3541
03:07:41,400 --> 03:07:43,300
Holy Endeavor will atone for 
past sins. 

3542
03:07:43,300 --> 03:07:47,400
The pope promises remission of 
sins, for those who Crusade and 

3543
03:07:47,400 --> 03:07:50,800
Conrad haunted by the Sea of the
Lombard City, craves forgiveness

3544
03:07:50,800 --> 03:07:53,800
and inner peace, he joins 
Emperor, Frederick Barbara 

3545
03:07:53,800 --> 03:07:56,500
Ross's Mighty Army of Crusaders 
trekking, Overland toward 

3546
03:07:56,500 --> 03:08:00,100
Jerusalem, The journey is 
arduous but Also spiritually. 

3547
03:08:00,100 --> 03:08:02,700
Uplifting, the Crusaders into 
your hunger. 

3548
03:08:02,700 --> 03:08:06,100
Harsh, desert heat and 
skirmishes with hostile forces 

3549
03:08:06,100 --> 03:08:08,200
which creates a challenge in 
environment. 

3550
03:08:09,100 --> 03:08:12,200
Through it all Conrad acts as a 
model of nightly piety. 

3551
03:08:13,000 --> 03:08:15,800
He leads evening prayers and 
Camp shares his water with those

3552
03:08:15,800 --> 03:08:19,000
thirsty of the he and keeps the 
Crusades holy purpose in his 

3553
03:08:19,000 --> 03:08:22,600
heart. 
Tragedy strikes in June 11 to 

3554
03:08:22,600 --> 03:08:24,600
1990 when Emperor Barbarossa 
himself. 

3555
03:08:24,600 --> 03:08:28,900
Drowns while crossing a river in
cilicia the shock of losing 

3556
03:08:28,900 --> 03:08:31,900
their legendary leader sends 
ripples of Despair through the 

3557
03:08:31,900 --> 03:08:34,400
army. 
Conrad Mourns the emperor. 

3558
03:08:34,400 --> 03:08:37,100
Deeply, this was the same 
Frederick who had knighted him 

3559
03:08:37,100 --> 03:08:38,800
and led him through so many 
battles. 

3560
03:08:38,800 --> 03:08:42,600
Many disheartened Crusaders turn
back after Barbara, Ross's 

3561
03:08:42,600 --> 03:08:45,600
death, but Conrad resolved to 
continue on to the Holy Land. 

3562
03:08:46,400 --> 03:08:48,900
He has sworn a sacred vow and 
will not abandon it. 

3563
03:08:49,500 --> 03:08:51,300
Taking up the banner of his 
Fallen Emperor. 

3564
03:08:51,300 --> 03:08:54,600
He presses on with the remaining
German Knights and they finally 

3565
03:08:54,600 --> 03:08:57,900
reached the walls of Accra on 
the coast of Palestine in mid 

3566
03:08:57,900 --> 03:09:02,200
1191, in the siege of AKA Conrad
faces battle again. 

3567
03:09:02,200 --> 03:09:06,200
But this time in a distinctly 
religious context, the 

3568
03:09:06,200 --> 03:09:08,300
atmosphere among the Crusaders 
is penitential. 

3569
03:09:08,300 --> 03:09:12,100
They fight not for Conquest, but
in their view, for God's 

3570
03:09:12,100 --> 03:09:14,100
justice. 
Conrad. 

3571
03:09:14,100 --> 03:09:16,800
Now one of the older nights 
distinguishes himself by both 

3572
03:09:16,800 --> 03:09:20,800
courage and compassion during 
assaults on Acuras walls, you 

3573
03:09:20,800 --> 03:09:24,000
protect unarmed camp followers 
from enemy arrows and lifts a 

3574
03:09:24,000 --> 03:09:25,700
wounded. 
Fellow Crusade onto his horse to

3575
03:09:25,700 --> 03:09:28,900
carry him out of danger. 
He also shows Mercy to defeated 

3576
03:09:28,900 --> 03:09:33,100
foes after acara capitulates, 
you prevent some vengeful 

3577
03:09:33,100 --> 03:09:37,000
Crusade as from massacre in 
captive Muslim soldiers, arguing

3578
03:09:37,000 --> 03:09:39,600
that killing prisoners would 
dishonor their Christian Kors, 

3579
03:09:40,300 --> 03:09:43,900
Some nights near at Conrad's 
leniency but others, including a

3580
03:09:43,900 --> 03:09:46,900
devout Hospital, a brother 
Praises consistency with the 

3581
03:09:46,900 --> 03:09:50,400
Chevelle, Rick, and Christian 
ideal of Mercy, with Accra taken

3582
03:09:50,400 --> 03:09:53,700
in 1191, The Crusade largely 
succeeds in re-establishing 

3583
03:09:53,700 --> 03:09:55,900
Christian control of coastal 
strongholds. 

3584
03:09:56,600 --> 03:09:59,200
Conrad finally has the 
opportunity to fulfill his 

3585
03:09:59,200 --> 03:10:02,700
pilgrims vow to visit the holy 
city of Jerusalem, which through

3586
03:10:02,700 --> 03:10:05,600
diplomacy is open to Christian 
pilgrims, even though it remains

3587
03:10:05,600 --> 03:10:09,900
under Muslim control, Aston 
humble Pilgrim robes rather than

3588
03:10:09,900 --> 03:10:12,300
armor. 
So Conrad travels to Jerusalem. 

3589
03:10:12,300 --> 03:10:16,100
Alongside other Knights turned 
pilgrims entering the Church of 

3590
03:10:16,100 --> 03:10:18,900
the Holy Sepulchre. 
He falls to his knees before the

3591
03:10:18,900 --> 03:10:22,000
tomb of Christ. 
All the violence and hardship of

3592
03:10:22,000 --> 03:10:25,100
his life, seemed to melt away in
that Sacred Space tears. 

3593
03:10:25,100 --> 03:10:27,100
Streamed down his face as he 
prays for forgiveness. 

3594
03:10:27,100 --> 03:10:30,500
For any innocent bloody spilled 
and for all the comrades and 

3595
03:10:30,500 --> 03:10:33,800
even enemies who lost their 
lives, he feels a profound sense

3596
03:10:33,800 --> 03:10:36,600
of Peace wash over him. 
The burden of guilt that he has 

3597
03:10:36,600 --> 03:10:40,000
carried lightnings Conrad 
reverently touches what is 

3598
03:10:40,000 --> 03:10:43,700
believed to be the Nativity site
in Bethlehem each holy place. 

3599
03:10:43,700 --> 03:10:46,000
He visits is like bar on his 
Warrior's Soul. 

3600
03:10:46,000 --> 03:10:47,800
Assuring him. 
That God's grace is still 

3601
03:10:47,800 --> 03:10:50,500
attainable. 
Throughout his time in the Holy 

3602
03:10:50,500 --> 03:10:53,200
Land Conrad also interacts with 
the church's, clergy and 

3603
03:10:53,208 --> 03:10:56,300
Military orders. 
He befriends a Franciscan Friar 

3604
03:10:56,300 --> 03:10:59,500
who serves as a Chaplain for the
Crusaders confessing to him the 

3605
03:10:59,500 --> 03:11:01,400
nightmares, that still haunt his
Knights. 

3606
03:11:01,400 --> 03:11:05,800
The friar in turn gives Conrad 
Absolution and Council violence.

3607
03:11:05,800 --> 03:11:09,600
Leaves scars on the soul tonight
but acts of love and Penance 

3608
03:11:09,600 --> 03:11:13,000
will heal them. 
Conrad reflects deeply on these 

3609
03:11:13,000 --> 03:11:16,100
words, he spends part of his 
Crusader days, helping sort of 

3610
03:11:16,100 --> 03:11:19,100
field Hospital, run by the 
knights Hospital, tending, Sikh 

3611
03:11:19,100 --> 03:11:21,700
pilgrims. 
Although this humble service of 

3612
03:11:21,700 --> 03:11:24,700
washing wounds and distributing 
bread is far from the glory of 

3613
03:11:24,700 --> 03:11:28,800
battle Conrad finds. 
It deeply fulfilling in caring 

3614
03:11:28,800 --> 03:11:30,600
for others. 
He reconnects with the core 

3615
03:11:30,600 --> 03:11:33,600
Christian virtues of Charity and
humility that are sometimes lost

3616
03:11:33,600 --> 03:11:37,900
in a night scythe. 
By 1192 so Conrad begins his 

3617
03:11:37,900 --> 03:11:40,400
journey home to Germany 
spiritually, renewed. 

3618
03:11:40,400 --> 03:11:43,700
He returns with a few keepsakes 
from the holy land and more 

3619
03:11:43,700 --> 03:11:47,100
importantly with the heart that 
feels cleansed Through the 

3620
03:11:47,100 --> 03:11:50,700
trials of crusade and pilgrimage
he believes, God has granted him

3621
03:11:50,700 --> 03:11:52,600
forgiveness and a chance to live
in you. 

3622
03:11:53,300 --> 03:11:56,200
The Aging night rides back to 
his homeland, not in Triumph, 

3623
03:11:56,200 --> 03:11:59,100
but in quiet, contemplation 
determined to spend his 

3624
03:11:59,100 --> 03:12:01,900
remaining years living out the 
lessons of mercy and devotion. 

3625
03:12:01,900 --> 03:12:05,400
He learned on this, holy Journey
returning home to Germany in the

3626
03:12:05,400 --> 03:12:08,100
1190. 
So Conrad finds a realm in 

3627
03:12:08,100 --> 03:12:10,700
political turmoil. 
Emperor, Barbara Ross's death 

3628
03:12:10,700 --> 03:12:14,100
has been followed by disputes 
over the crown rival. 

3629
03:12:14,100 --> 03:12:17,300
Factions of Noble support 
different claimants, one side 

3630
03:12:17,300 --> 03:12:21,400
backs, Barber of his son, the 
hohenstein are and another backs

3631
03:12:21,400 --> 03:12:24,300
are wealth Prince. 
The once United Empire fractures

3632
03:12:24,300 --> 03:12:28,100
into camps as a knight, who has 
the Empire Faithfully for 

3633
03:12:28,100 --> 03:12:30,800
decades Conrad is dismayed to 
see former comrades prepared to 

3634
03:12:30,808 --> 03:12:33,900
fight each other for power 
Conrad's loyalty as tested. 

3635
03:12:33,900 --> 03:12:36,500
When his Lord pressures him to 
support arrival, claimant, 

3636
03:12:36,500 --> 03:12:40,000
Conrad, refuses. 
He will not betray the oath he 

3637
03:12:40,000 --> 03:12:41,700
swore to what he sees as the 
rightful King. 

3638
03:12:42,500 --> 03:12:45,400
His principled, Stan, nearly 
cost him his lands and makes him

3639
03:12:45,400 --> 03:12:48,400
powerful enemies but Conrad 
holds fast while many other 

3640
03:12:48,400 --> 03:12:52,900
nights compromise their honor. 
The conflict that ensues a brief

3641
03:12:52,900 --> 03:12:56,900
Civil War plungers, the land 
into chaos. without a strong 

3642
03:12:56,900 --> 03:13:00,000
central Authority, Robert Barron
spring upper cross Germany, 

3643
03:13:00,000 --> 03:13:03,900
taking advantage of the 
disorder, bands of Rogue Knights

3644
03:13:03,900 --> 03:13:08,200
fortify castles and extort 
travels and peasants, people say

3645
03:13:08,200 --> 03:13:11,500
that Germany descends into a 
state of near Anarchy, where 

3646
03:13:11,500 --> 03:13:15,500
robber barons operate without 
opposition So Conrad, now, in 

3647
03:13:15,500 --> 03:13:18,000
his 50s can do little to 
influence Imperial politics. 

3648
03:13:18,000 --> 03:13:20,700
But he becomes a pillar of 
stability in his district. 

3649
03:13:21,800 --> 03:13:24,600
When local Knights viewed or 
prey on Merchant, Caravans 

3650
03:13:24,600 --> 03:13:28,600
Conrad intervenes as a mediator,
his reputation for honesty as 

3651
03:13:28,600 --> 03:13:32,000
well established, by this point,
both commoners and Nobles trust 

3652
03:13:32,000 --> 03:13:35,000
his counsel. 
On more than one occasion Conrad

3653
03:13:35,000 --> 03:13:36,700
rides out to confront a 
marauding. 

3654
03:13:36,700 --> 03:13:40,900
Rao Brita, Robert Knight, who 
has been terrorizing villages on

3655
03:13:40,900 --> 03:13:42,800
one occasion a rush young. 
Robin Knight challenges. 

3656
03:13:42,800 --> 03:13:46,400
Him only to be swiftly disarmed 
and shamed into repentance by 

3657
03:13:46,400 --> 03:13:49,500
the veteran. 
Word of Sir, Conrad's Fearless 

3658
03:13:49,500 --> 03:13:53,200
stand against lawlessness, 
spreads to peasants become 

3659
03:13:53,200 --> 03:13:56,500
something of a folk hero, the 
Aging night to still protects 

3660
03:13:56,500 --> 03:14:00,500
them when others exploit them, 
despite the chaos Conrad never 

3661
03:14:00,500 --> 03:14:02,200
loses sight of the chivalric 
code. 

3662
03:14:02,900 --> 03:14:06,300
He advises the local Abbey and 
Town Council on how to fortify 

3663
03:14:06,300 --> 03:14:08,600
against Brigham's without the 
cells. 

3664
03:14:08,600 --> 03:14:11,700
Committing excess. 
He hosts peace talks, between 

3665
03:14:11,700 --> 03:14:15,700
quarreling minor Lords in the 
old ideals of Nike Hood to shame

3666
03:14:15,700 --> 03:14:17,600
them for shedding the blood of 
fellow Christians. 

3667
03:14:17,600 --> 03:14:20,000
While he thegns. 
Nearly conquered the Holy Land, 

3668
03:14:20,000 --> 03:14:22,800
not long ago. 
Some heed, his words of others, 

3669
03:14:22,800 --> 03:14:26,900
do not Nevertheless Conrad's 
presence is a stabilizing Force.

3670
03:14:26,900 --> 03:14:30,400
So Conrad's conduct shines. 
All the more brightly in an era 

3671
03:14:30,400 --> 03:14:33,400
where many nights tarnish their 
name with Creed or cruelty, 

3672
03:14:33,400 --> 03:14:36,900
civil Strife, subsides by 12, 
oclock marking, the recognition 

3673
03:14:36,900 --> 03:14:40,400
of a new emperor, the young 
Frederick the second Tired of 

3674
03:14:40,400 --> 03:14:43,300
war and intrigues a Conrad 
finally retires from Royal 

3675
03:14:43,300 --> 03:14:45,700
Service. 
He formally resigned his command

3676
03:14:45,700 --> 03:14:48,100
turning over his duties to 
younger Knights. 

3677
03:14:48,100 --> 03:14:50,200
Many of those younger men grew 
up. 

3678
03:14:50,200 --> 03:14:53,900
Idolizing Conrad's Deeds. he 
spends time, teaching them, that

3679
03:14:53,900 --> 03:14:57,200
true Knight hood is not about 
ambition or ruthlessness but 

3680
03:14:57,200 --> 03:15:02,300
about loyalty Justice and 
restraint Now in his early 60s, 

3681
03:15:02,300 --> 03:15:06,200
an old man by medieval standards
Conrad feels the weight of 

3682
03:15:06,200 --> 03:15:09,000
years. 
His joints ache from Old Wounds 

3683
03:15:09,000 --> 03:15:11,700
and long rides. 
He walks with a slight limp. 

3684
03:15:11,700 --> 03:15:14,800
A crusader Turks Arrow owned 
that never fully healed. 

3685
03:15:15,800 --> 03:15:19,100
Yet his mind remained sharp and 
his Spirit Resolute in these 

3686
03:15:19,100 --> 03:15:22,800
Twilight years. 
Conrad focuses on his legacy, he

3687
03:15:22,800 --> 03:15:25,300
strengthens the management of 
his estate to ensure his 

3688
03:15:25,300 --> 03:15:27,000
peasants are protected and 
prosperous. 

3689
03:15:28,300 --> 03:15:30,700
He quietly Finance is the 
rebuilding of a village church. 

3690
03:15:30,700 --> 03:15:32,900
That was burned by Raiders 
during the dark times, 

3691
03:15:32,900 --> 03:15:35,600
considering it an act of 
Thanksgiving for his survival. 

3692
03:15:36,600 --> 03:15:39,800
With Imperial peace, restored, 
Conrad can at last laid down his

3693
03:15:39,800 --> 03:15:41,600
sword. 
He spends his days. 

3694
03:15:41,600 --> 03:15:44,200
Quietly, overseeing his lands 
defending the weak in his 

3695
03:15:44,208 --> 03:15:47,000
jurisdiction and Advising his 
neighbor's in matters of 

3696
03:15:47,000 --> 03:15:49,000
Justice. 
The younger knights in the 

3697
03:15:49,000 --> 03:15:52,300
region often, seek his counsel 
and many saluting respectfully 

3698
03:15:52,300 --> 03:15:55,500
whenever he appears a living 
legend of integration in their 

3699
03:15:55,500 --> 03:15:57,700
midst. 
Looking Back, Sir Conrad 

3700
03:15:57,700 --> 03:15:59,500
realizes that his life's true 
battles. 

3701
03:15:59,500 --> 03:16:02,700
Were often not determined by 
swords, but by the moral 

3702
03:16:02,700 --> 03:16:05,500
decisions, he made, he has 
outlived most of his 

3703
03:16:05,500 --> 03:16:08,000
contemporaries and witnessed the
worst and best of Knighthood, 

3704
03:16:08,900 --> 03:16:11,400
Though, the Holy Roman Empire 
will always have its Strife, 

3705
03:16:11,400 --> 03:16:15,500
Conrad steadfast example as 
influenced a generation in his 

3706
03:16:15,500 --> 03:16:18,200
corner of the world. 
And as he settles in to a 

3707
03:16:18,200 --> 03:16:20,200
well-deserved. 
Retirement, he does. 

3708
03:16:20,200 --> 03:16:23,400
So with his honor intact and his
conscience, clear, having 

3709
03:16:23,400 --> 03:16:26,500
navigated, the shifting tides of
politics and War without 

3710
03:16:26,500 --> 03:16:29,400
compromising the Knightly 
virtues that Define his very 

3711
03:16:29,400 --> 03:16:33,200
being in the year. 1215, sir, 
Conrad of venerable night of 

3712
03:16:33,200 --> 03:16:35,300
about 70. 
Sits by the half of his manner. 

3713
03:16:35,300 --> 03:16:38,200
His hair is white and His Hands 
tremble slightly. 

3714
03:16:38,200 --> 03:16:42,500
But his gaze is warm and clear. 
He spent his days and peaceful 

3715
03:16:42,500 --> 03:16:45,800
routine walking among his 
Fields, praying in the small 

3716
03:16:45,800 --> 03:16:48,700
Chapel Hill years ago and 
sharing stories with his 

3717
03:16:48,700 --> 03:16:51,500
grandchildren and Squires. 
He has become a beloved 

3718
03:16:51,500 --> 03:16:55,900
patriarch in his community, With
his legacy in mind Conrad makes 

3719
03:16:55,900 --> 03:16:57,800
sure to transmit the values he 
upheld. 

3720
03:16:58,500 --> 03:17:02,400
He has trained his only son now 
a night in his prime to be just 

3721
03:17:02,400 --> 03:17:05,600
and compassionate. 
In a small private ceremony 

3722
03:17:05,600 --> 03:17:09,100
Conrad even had the honor of 
dubbing his son a night tapping.

3723
03:17:09,100 --> 03:17:11,700
The young man's shoulder with 
the same sword Duke Otto had. 

3724
03:17:11,700 --> 03:17:15,200
Once placed on him, the circle 
of Knight Hood from father to 

3725
03:17:15,200 --> 03:17:17,000
son, gives Conrad immense 
satisfaction. 

3726
03:17:18,200 --> 03:17:20,700
As the years press on Conrad 
feels his strength. 

3727
03:17:20,700 --> 03:17:23,900
Fading one winter, a persistent 
cough, lays him low. 

3728
03:17:23,900 --> 03:17:27,200
He takes a bed in the sun where 
sunlight Falls, gently on 

3729
03:17:27,200 --> 03:17:30,700
tapestries depicting, saintly 
nights, sensing that his final 

3730
03:17:30,700 --> 03:17:33,800
days are near Conrad, a Rangers,
his affairs with calm Clarity. 

3731
03:17:33,800 --> 03:17:37,000
He sends messages of farewell 
and forgiveness to his old 

3732
03:17:37,000 --> 03:17:39,700
friends and even to his old 
rivals, wishing that. 

3733
03:17:39,700 --> 03:17:42,800
No bitterness remain a fryer, 
comes to administer. 

3734
03:17:42,800 --> 03:17:46,100
The last rites Conrad confesses,
whatever ways on his soul 

3735
03:17:46,100 --> 03:17:50,000
mercifully, little for his lived
up rightly and receives 

3736
03:17:50,000 --> 03:17:53,300
absolution. 
Emily and a few Brothers in Arms

3737
03:17:53,300 --> 03:17:58,000
gather at his bedside. 
Now an Old Knight himself is 

3738
03:17:58,000 --> 03:18:02,100
there holding Conrad's hand in 
his last hours, a Conrad 

3739
03:18:02,100 --> 03:18:04,300
addresses. 
His son and the young Squires 

3740
03:18:04,300 --> 03:18:08,800
present His voice is weak but 
Resolute, he reminds them that 

3741
03:18:08,800 --> 03:18:11,200
Knighthood is not about Glory, 
but Duty. 

3742
03:18:11,200 --> 03:18:15,700
Remember, you asked softly, a 
knight's honor is worth more 

3743
03:18:15,700 --> 03:18:18,900
than his sword. 
Protect the innocent be devout 

3744
03:18:18,900 --> 03:18:23,000
and true, and you will have a 
life worthy of praise Tears 

3745
03:18:23,000 --> 03:18:25,700
glisten in many eyes as the 
dying night in Parts. 

3746
03:18:25,700 --> 03:18:29,200
This was done with a faint, 
smile Conrad asks, his son to 

3747
03:18:29,200 --> 03:18:31,500
bring him his old sword and 
shield one last time. 

3748
03:18:32,500 --> 03:18:36,500
Despite his inability to lift 
them Conrad gazes proudly at The

3749
03:18:36,500 --> 03:18:40,400
Familiar arms in his hands. 
These battered pieces of Steel 

3750
03:18:40,400 --> 03:18:42,400
and wood. 
Other Witnesses of his long 

3751
03:18:42,400 --> 03:18:44,600
journey. 
From the eager page, who first 

3752
03:18:44,600 --> 03:18:47,400
polished that Shield to the 
seasoned Warrior, Who Bore it 

3753
03:18:47,400 --> 03:18:50,900
through, countless trials. 
So Conrad breathes, a final 

3754
03:18:50,900 --> 03:18:52,400
prayer. 
He thanks. 

3755
03:18:52,400 --> 03:18:56,100
God for guiding him and humbly 
prays that he might be welcomed 

3756
03:18:56,100 --> 03:18:58,200
into heaven. 
Not by my Deeds Lord. 

3757
03:18:58,900 --> 03:19:02,700
By thy mercy. 
As his family member as a man, 

3758
03:19:02,700 --> 03:19:07,200
Conrad closes, his eyes, a final
breath escapes, his lips, and 

3759
03:19:07,200 --> 03:19:10,800
the life of this good night, 
quietly ends, he passes away 

3760
03:19:10,800 --> 03:19:14,200
surrounded by love and respect 
with his sword still resting in 

3761
03:19:14,200 --> 03:19:16,700
his hand. 
News of Sir, Conrad's death. 

3762
03:19:16,700 --> 03:19:18,600
Spreads through the region 
though. 

3763
03:19:18,600 --> 03:19:21,000
He was not a prince or famous 
General the morning as 

3764
03:19:21,000 --> 03:19:24,200
widespread peasants liked 
candles for the night to 

3765
03:19:24,200 --> 03:19:26,600
defended them. 
The local Abbott orders, the 

3766
03:19:26,600 --> 03:19:28,300
church. 
Bells tolled at midday in 

3767
03:19:28,300 --> 03:19:32,800
Conrads on a At his modest 
funeral Villages and Nobles 

3768
03:19:32,800 --> 03:19:36,500
stand side, by side in the small
church, he helped rebuild the 

3769
03:19:36,500 --> 03:19:38,400
choir's. 
Final Requiem leaves, no one 

3770
03:19:38,400 --> 03:19:42,400
unmoved as his custom Conrad 
shield, emblazoned with his coat

3771
03:19:42,400 --> 03:19:45,100
of arms, is hung high on a 
pillow inside the church to 

3772
03:19:45,100 --> 03:19:47,600
commemorate him. 
Those who attend the service 

3773
03:19:47,600 --> 03:19:50,400
whisper that the world feels 
poorer without sir, Conrad 

3774
03:19:50,400 --> 03:19:53,100
steady presence. 
Yet his legacy lives on in the 

3775
03:19:53,100 --> 03:19:55,200
lives. 
He touched his son carries 

3776
03:19:55,200 --> 03:19:56,700
forward, his lineage and his 
principles. 

3777
03:19:56,700 --> 03:20:01,400
Governing their lands kindly. 
The squires trained under Conrad

3778
03:20:01,400 --> 03:20:04,400
were called his teachings. 
When they themselves face moral 

3779
03:20:04,400 --> 03:20:07,400
dilemmas and taverns, and great 
Halls alike. 

3780
03:20:07,400 --> 03:20:11,600
Minstrels sometimes sing a verse
about Conrad the constant, the 

3781
03:20:11,600 --> 03:20:14,700
gentle night, who remain true 
from youth to old age? 

3782
03:20:15,600 --> 03:20:18,400
The tale of his life full of 
hardship and triumphed out and 

3783
03:20:18,400 --> 03:20:21,000
Faith War and Peace becomes an 
example to others. 

3784
03:20:21,000 --> 03:20:25,200
Thus ends, sir Conrad's story he
journeyed from a bright-eyed 

3785
03:20:25,200 --> 03:20:26,800
page to an old Knight full of 
wisdom. 

3786
03:20:26,800 --> 03:20:30,700
Navigating a changing world 
without forsaking his ideals, in

3787
03:20:30,700 --> 03:20:32,300
an age of violence and 
uncertainty. 

3788
03:20:32,300 --> 03:20:34,800
He proved that a knight's true. 
Greatness lies, not in the 

3789
03:20:34,808 --> 03:20:37,900
battles, he wins. 
But in the honor compassion and 

3790
03:20:37,900 --> 03:20:42,200
faithfulness with which he lives
and dies in the year 1215, sir 

3791
03:20:42,200 --> 03:20:45,200
Conrad of venerable night of 
about 76 by the half of his 

3792
03:20:45,200 --> 03:20:47,700
manner. 
His hair is white and His Hands 

3793
03:20:47,700 --> 03:20:50,500
tremble slightly but his gaze is
warm and clear. 

3794
03:20:51,300 --> 03:20:54,200
He spends his days in peaceful 
routine, walking among his 

3795
03:20:54,200 --> 03:20:57,800
Fields, praying in the small 
Chapel Hill years ago and 

3796
03:20:57,800 --> 03:21:00,200
sharing stories with his 
grandchildren and Squires. 

3797
03:21:00,200 --> 03:21:04,300
He has become a beloved 
patriarch in his community, With

3798
03:21:04,300 --> 03:21:07,700
his legacy in mind Conrad makes 
sure to transmit the value's he 

3799
03:21:07,700 --> 03:21:10,600
upheld. 
He has trained his only son now 

3800
03:21:10,600 --> 03:21:13,300
a night in his prime to be just 
and compassionate. 

3801
03:21:14,200 --> 03:21:17,400
In a small private sermon, he 
Conrad even had the honor of 

3802
03:21:17,408 --> 03:21:19,300
dubbing his son and night 
tapping. 

3803
03:21:19,300 --> 03:21:21,900
The young man's shoulder with 
the same sword Duke Otto had. 

3804
03:21:21,900 --> 03:21:25,400
Once placed on him, the circle 
of Knight Hood from father to 

3805
03:21:25,400 --> 03:21:27,100
son, gives Conrad immense 
satisfaction. 

3806
03:21:28,400 --> 03:21:30,900
As the years press on Conrad 
feels his strength. 

3807
03:21:30,900 --> 03:21:34,200
Fading one winter, a persistent 
cough, lays him low. 

3808
03:21:34,200 --> 03:21:37,400
He takes a bed in the sun where 
sunlight Falls, gently on 

3809
03:21:37,400 --> 03:21:40,900
tapestries depicting, saintly 
nights, sensing that his final 

3810
03:21:40,908 --> 03:21:44,100
days are near Conrad arranges 
his affairs with calm Clarity. 

3811
03:21:44,100 --> 03:21:47,200
He sends messages of farewell 
and forgiveness to his old 

3812
03:21:47,200 --> 03:21:49,800
friends and even to his old 
rivals, wishing that. 

3813
03:21:49,800 --> 03:21:53,100
No bitterness remain. 
A fryer, comes to administer. 

3814
03:21:53,100 --> 03:21:56,400
The last rites Conrad confesses,
whatever ways on his soul 

3815
03:21:56,400 --> 03:22:00,100
mercifully, little for his lived
uprightly and receives 

3816
03:22:00,100 --> 03:22:03,200
absolution. 
His family and a few Brothers in

3817
03:22:03,200 --> 03:22:06,100
Arms gather at his bedside. 
So, Ryan Hart's, son. 

3818
03:22:06,100 --> 03:22:10,900
Now an Old Knight himself is 
there holding Conrad's hand in 

3819
03:22:10,900 --> 03:22:13,100
his last hours. 
So Conrad addresses. 

3820
03:22:13,100 --> 03:22:16,700
His son and the young Squires 
present His voice is weak but 

3821
03:22:16,700 --> 03:22:20,500
Resolute he reminds them that 
night hood is not about Glory, 

3822
03:22:20,500 --> 03:22:24,700
but Duty. 
Remember you asked softly, a 

3823
03:22:24,700 --> 03:22:26,400
knight's honor is worth more 
than his sword? 

3824
03:22:26,400 --> 03:22:30,500
Protect the innocent be devout 
and true, and you will have a 

3825
03:22:30,500 --> 03:22:34,800
life worthy of praise Tears 
glistening in many eyes as the 

3826
03:22:34,800 --> 03:22:37,900
dying night in Parts. 
This wisdom with a faint smile 

3827
03:22:37,900 --> 03:22:41,100
Conrad asks his son to bring him
his old sword and shield one 

3828
03:22:41,100 --> 03:22:44,200
last time. 
Despite his inability to lift 

3829
03:22:44,200 --> 03:22:48,200
them Conrad gazes proudly at The
Familiar arms in his hands. 

3830
03:22:48,900 --> 03:22:52,300
These battered pieces of Steel 
and wood are the witnesses of 

3831
03:22:52,300 --> 03:22:54,800
his long journey. 
From the eager page, who first 

3832
03:22:54,800 --> 03:22:57,600
polished that Shield to the 
seasoned Warrior Who Bore it 

3833
03:22:57,600 --> 03:23:01,100
through countless trials. 
So Conrad breathes, a final 

3834
03:23:01,100 --> 03:23:02,600
prayer. 
He thanks. 

3835
03:23:02,600 --> 03:23:06,300
God for guiding him and humbly 
prays that he might be welcomed 

3836
03:23:06,300 --> 03:23:08,400
into heaven. 
Not by my Deeds Lord. 

3837
03:23:09,100 --> 03:23:12,900
By thy mercy. 
As his family, murmurs amen, 

3838
03:23:12,900 --> 03:23:17,400
Conrad closes his eyes, a final 
breath escapes, his lips, and 

3839
03:23:17,400 --> 03:23:21,000
the life of this good night, 
quietly ends, he passes away 

3840
03:23:21,000 --> 03:23:24,400
surrounded by love and respect 
with his sword still resting in 

3841
03:23:24,400 --> 03:23:26,900
his hand. 
News of Sir, Conrad's death. 

3842
03:23:26,900 --> 03:23:28,800
Spreads through the region 
though. 

3843
03:23:28,800 --> 03:23:31,200
He was not a prince or famous 
General the morning as 

3844
03:23:31,200 --> 03:23:34,200
widespread peasants liked 
candles for the night to 

3845
03:23:34,200 --> 03:23:37,000
defended them, the local Abbott 
orders, the church. 

3846
03:23:37,000 --> 03:23:41,100
Bells tolled at midday in 
Conrad's on a at his modest 

3847
03:23:41,100 --> 03:23:44,600
funeral villagers and Nobles 
stand side by side in the small 

3848
03:23:44,600 --> 03:23:47,000
church. 
He helped rebuild the fires 

3849
03:23:47,000 --> 03:23:50,200
final Requiem leaves. 
No one on moved as his custom 

3850
03:23:50,200 --> 03:23:52,700
Conrad shield in blazoned with 
his coat of arms. 

3851
03:23:52,700 --> 03:23:55,900
His hung high on a pillow inside
the church to commemorate him. 

3852
03:23:56,600 --> 03:23:59,000
Those who attend the service 
whisper that the world feels 

3853
03:23:59,000 --> 03:24:01,300
poorer without sir, Conrad 
steady presence. 

3854
03:24:01,300 --> 03:24:03,700
Yet his legacy lives on in the 
lives. 

3855
03:24:03,700 --> 03:24:06,600
He touched his son carries 
forward, his lineage and his 

3856
03:24:06,600 --> 03:24:09,000
principles. 
Governing their lands kindly. 

3857
03:24:10,100 --> 03:24:12,600
The squires trained under Conrad
recall his teachings. 

3858
03:24:12,600 --> 03:24:16,900
When they themselves face moral 
dilemmas, And taverns and great 

3859
03:24:16,900 --> 03:24:19,800
Halls alike. 
Minstrels sometimes sing a verse

3860
03:24:19,800 --> 03:24:23,800
about Conrad the constant, the 
gentle night, who remain true 

3861
03:24:23,800 --> 03:24:26,900
from youth to old age? 
The tale of his life full of 

3862
03:24:26,908 --> 03:24:30,200
hardship and Triumph doubt and 
Faith War and Peace becomes an 

3863
03:24:30,200 --> 03:24:33,300
example to others. 
Thus ends are Conrad story. 

3864
03:24:33,300 --> 03:24:36,600
He journeyed from a bright eyed 
page to an old Knight full of 

3865
03:24:36,608 --> 03:24:38,500
wisdom. 
Navigating a changing world 

3866
03:24:38,500 --> 03:24:41,900
without forsaking his ideals, in
an age of violence and 

3867
03:24:41,900 --> 03:24:44,000
uncertainty. 
He proved that a knight's true. 

3868
03:24:44,000 --> 03:24:46,000
Greatness lies, not in the 
battles, he wins. 

3869
03:24:46,000 --> 03:24:49,400
But in the honor, compassion, 
and faithfulness with which he 

3870
03:24:49,400 --> 03:24:57,700
lives and dies. 
Have you ever experienced the 

3871
03:24:57,700 --> 03:25:00,500
sensation of your jeans being 
slightly too tight after the 

3872
03:25:00,500 --> 03:25:03,600
holidays? 
Imagine if the designer of every

3873
03:25:03,600 --> 03:25:05,600
piece of clothing you owned 
held. 

3874
03:25:05,600 --> 03:25:07,900
The belief that the human body 
was merely a suggestion. 

3875
03:25:07,900 --> 03:25:12,000
Welcome to Victoria and fashion 
were Comfort became Obsolete. 

3876
03:25:12,000 --> 03:25:15,100
And Common Sense, took a long 
high Aus picture. 

3877
03:25:15,100 --> 03:25:18,800
This it's 1850 and you're a 
well-to-do lady preparing for 

3878
03:25:18,800 --> 03:25:21,900
your day. 
First, you need to put on 

3879
03:25:21,900 --> 03:25:23,900
approximately 17 different 
garments. 

3880
03:25:23,900 --> 03:25:26,400
Each one more bewildering than 
the last. 

3881
03:25:27,200 --> 03:25:29,000
Your morning routine, doesn't 
start with coffee. 

3882
03:25:29,000 --> 03:25:32,200
It starts with an engineering 
degree in the patience of a 

3883
03:25:32,200 --> 03:25:35,300
saint. 
The victorians had this peculiar

3884
03:25:35,300 --> 03:25:36,700
relationship with the human 
form. 

3885
03:25:37,600 --> 03:25:40,200
They believed that nature had 
created significant design 

3886
03:25:40,200 --> 03:25:43,500
floors, and they were determined
to rectify these floors using 

3887
03:25:43,500 --> 03:25:47,100
materials such as whale bone. 
Steel, and unwavering 

3888
03:25:47,100 --> 03:25:49,900
determination. 
It was like, they looked at the 

3889
03:25:49,900 --> 03:25:53,500
human body and said, you know 
what, this individual needs more

3890
03:25:53,500 --> 03:25:55,800
geometric shape and less ability
to breathe. 

3891
03:25:56,600 --> 03:25:58,800
But here's the thing that makes 
Victorian fashion so 

3892
03:25:58,800 --> 03:26:02,300
fascinatingly absurd. 
None of these changes happened 

3893
03:26:02,300 --> 03:26:04,500
overnight. 
It wasn't like someone woke up 

3894
03:26:04,500 --> 03:26:08,300
one morning in 1837 and declared
from now on women's waist shall 

3895
03:26:08,300 --> 03:26:09,800
be the circumference of a coffee
mug. 

3896
03:26:09,800 --> 03:26:13,800
Know the outcome was a gradual 
slide into sartorial Madness 

3897
03:26:13,800 --> 03:26:18,200
that took decades to perfect. 
The truly surprising aspect is 

3898
03:26:18,200 --> 03:26:20,700
that people at the time believed
they were acting completely 

3899
03:26:20,700 --> 03:26:23,700
rationally. 
They had elaborate justification

3900
03:26:23,700 --> 03:26:28,600
for every ridiculous element. 
Corsets needless to say, they 

3901
03:26:28,600 --> 03:26:32,100
were beneficial for posture the 
skirts so why that they can't 

3902
03:26:32,100 --> 03:26:35,500
fit through doorways? 
Undoubtedly, they are essential 

3903
03:26:35,500 --> 03:26:38,400
for maintaining modesty to 
sleeves need their own unique. 

3904
03:26:38,400 --> 03:26:41,000
Zip code, simply fashionable, 
darling. 

3905
03:26:41,000 --> 03:26:43,200
You have to admire the 
dedication really. 

3906
03:26:43,900 --> 03:26:46,000
These weren't people who have 
committed to anything. 

3907
03:26:46,000 --> 03:26:49,600
When victorians decided to 
complicate fashion, they went 

3908
03:26:49,600 --> 03:26:52,900
all in like they were trying to 
win an Olympic medal in most 

3909
03:26:52,900 --> 03:26:56,500
impractical clothing design. 
They approached fashion the way 

3910
03:26:56,508 --> 03:27:00,000
modern people approach extreme 
sports with enthusiasm that 

3911
03:27:00,000 --> 03:27:03,300
bordered on the Reckless. 
Men were not exempt from this 

3912
03:27:03,300 --> 03:27:05,700
madness though. 
Their version was more subtly 

3913
03:27:05,700 --> 03:27:07,700
ridiculous. 
While women were being 

3914
03:27:07,700 --> 03:27:10,900
transformed into human, 
geometric shapes men were busy 

3915
03:27:10,900 --> 03:27:13,600
perfecting the art of looking 
like very serious Penguins. 

3916
03:27:13,600 --> 03:27:17,100
They were top hats, that 
accentuated their height coats 

3917
03:27:17,100 --> 03:27:20,100
with useless tales and enough 
starch in their collars to 

3918
03:27:20,108 --> 03:27:23,800
construct a miniature boat. 
Fascinating thing is how this 

3919
03:27:23,800 --> 03:27:25,600
all started with genuine 
intention? 

3920
03:27:26,500 --> 03:27:29,200
The early victorians were trying
to create a fashion nightmare. 

3921
03:27:30,000 --> 03:27:32,800
They were responding to real 
social and economic changes. 

3922
03:27:33,700 --> 03:27:36,900
The industrial revolution had 
created New Wealth, new social 

3923
03:27:36,900 --> 03:27:39,400
classes in new anxieties about 
respectability. 

3924
03:27:40,300 --> 03:27:43,400
Fashion became a language a way 
to communicate your place in 

3925
03:27:43,400 --> 03:27:47,400
this rapidly changing world. 
But somewhere along the way that

3926
03:27:47,400 --> 03:27:51,200
language became increasingly 
complex, like a secret code that

3927
03:27:51,200 --> 03:27:55,200
only the initiated could 
understand what started as dress

3928
03:27:55,200 --> 03:27:59,600
nicely to show your respectable 
evolved into transform yourself 

3929
03:27:59,600 --> 03:28:02,400
into a walking architectural, 
Marvel or risk social 

3930
03:28:02,400 --> 03:28:05,300
Extinction. 
The irony is delicious when you 

3931
03:28:05,308 --> 03:28:09,500
contemplate it Here was an ERA 
obsessed with moral virtue and 

3932
03:28:09,508 --> 03:28:12,200
proper behavior. 
Yet they created clothing that 

3933
03:28:12,200 --> 03:28:15,100
made simple human activities 
like sitting walking or 

3934
03:28:15,100 --> 03:28:18,900
breathing into minor athletic 
achievements. it was as if they 

3935
03:28:18,900 --> 03:28:21,800
believed that suffering for 
beauty was not just acceptable 

3936
03:28:21,800 --> 03:28:25,900
but actually virtuous, As we 
drift into this story together, 

3937
03:28:25,900 --> 03:28:30,300
imagine the rustling of silk, 
the creaking of whalebone and 

3938
03:28:30,300 --> 03:28:33,300
the gentle chaos of an era, when
getting dressed was an adventure

3939
03:28:33,300 --> 03:28:36,300
and staying dressed was an 
endurance test. 

3940
03:28:37,400 --> 03:28:40,800
The victorians may have been 
many things, but boring wasn't 

3941
03:28:40,800 --> 03:28:43,400
one of them as talk about the 
corset, shall we? 

3942
03:28:43,400 --> 03:28:46,500
If Victorian fashion were a 
movie, The corset would be the 

3943
03:28:46,500 --> 03:28:48,000
villain. 
Everyone loves to hate. 

3944
03:28:48,700 --> 03:28:52,400
Simultaneously fascinating and 
horrifying like a beautifully 

3945
03:28:52,400 --> 03:28:55,500
crafted instrument of torture 
that someone decided to wear to 

3946
03:28:55,500 --> 03:28:57,500
afternoon tea. 
You've probably heard the 

3947
03:28:57,500 --> 03:29:00,400
stories about women fainting 
left and right their organs 

3948
03:29:00,400 --> 03:29:02,500
rearranged like Furniture in a 
studio apartment. 

3949
03:29:02,500 --> 03:29:06,600
However, the truth about corset 
wearing was not as dramatic as 

3950
03:29:06,600 --> 03:29:09,100
the legend. 
Portray this like that friend, 

3951
03:29:09,100 --> 03:29:12,400
who tells fish stories, the 
basic facts are there, but 

3952
03:29:12,400 --> 03:29:16,400
they've grown considerably in 
the telling Let's first, tackle 

3953
03:29:16,400 --> 03:29:18,700
the issue of the 18 inch waist 
in The Parlor. 

3954
03:29:18,700 --> 03:29:22,300
Do you notice the remarkably 
small waists and fashion plates 

3955
03:29:22,300 --> 03:29:25,200
and photos? 
Many of them were about as real 

3956
03:29:25,200 --> 03:29:28,600
as a unicorn wearing a tutu. 
Victorian photographers, and 

3957
03:29:28,600 --> 03:29:31,400
illustrators were just as fond 
of creative editing, as modern 

3958
03:29:31,400 --> 03:29:35,200
Instagram, users, they pinch in 
wastes, enhance curves and 

3959
03:29:35,200 --> 03:29:38,600
generally present an idealized 
version that was, as achievable 

3960
03:29:38,600 --> 03:29:40,200
as becoming a professional 
mermaid. 

3961
03:29:41,200 --> 03:29:43,600
But that doesn't mean corsets 
were just gentle supportive. 

3962
03:29:43,600 --> 03:29:46,600
Garments either, these were 
indeed serious business. 

3963
03:29:46,600 --> 03:29:49,600
The well-made Victorian corset 
was like wearing an 

3964
03:29:49,600 --> 03:29:52,300
architectural support system 
designed by someone. 

3965
03:29:52,300 --> 03:29:55,900
Who never actually met a human 
spine, they were marvels of 

3966
03:29:55,900 --> 03:29:59,100
engineering really dozens of 
pieces of whale bone or steel 

3967
03:29:59,100 --> 03:30:02,300
carefully shaped and sown into 
what was essentially aware of 

3968
03:30:02,300 --> 03:30:04,800
cage. 
The thing is, most women didn't 

3969
03:30:04,800 --> 03:30:06,400
tight lace to the extreme 
degrees. 

3970
03:30:06,400 --> 03:30:09,800
You might imagine your average, 
Victorian lady, later courses, 

3971
03:30:09,800 --> 03:30:12,100
snugly indeed. 
But, not to the extent that she 

3972
03:30:12,100 --> 03:30:14,900
required smelling salts, each 
time she sended a staircase. 

3973
03:30:15,800 --> 03:30:18,500
The fainting epidemic was more 
about the combination of tight 

3974
03:30:18,500 --> 03:30:21,600
lacing, heavy clothing, 
overheated rooms. 

3975
03:30:21,600 --> 03:30:25,000
And the Victorian ladies 
delicate Constitution which was 

3976
03:30:25,000 --> 03:30:27,800
often more performed, in 
January, think of it this way. 

3977
03:30:27,800 --> 03:30:30,900
If women were really fainting on
Mass from their undergarments, 

3978
03:30:30,900 --> 03:30:34,100
the Victorian era would have 
been remarkably unproductive. 

3979
03:30:35,000 --> 03:30:37,600
Yet somehow the same courses did
women? 

3980
03:30:37,600 --> 03:30:41,200
Managed to run households? 
Raise children engage in social 

3981
03:30:41,200 --> 03:30:43,400
causes and even work in 
factories. 

3982
03:30:44,200 --> 03:30:47,400
They weren't delicate flowers. 
They were surprisingly Hardy 

3983
03:30:47,400 --> 03:30:49,600
individuals who happen to dress 
like they were preparing for 

3984
03:30:49,600 --> 03:30:52,900
battle with their bodies. 
The corset also served purposes 

3985
03:30:52,900 --> 03:30:55,800
beyond the aesthetic. 
In an era before brass were 

3986
03:30:55,800 --> 03:30:58,000
invented. 
It provided necessary support 

3987
03:30:58,000 --> 03:31:00,700
for women's busts. 
It also helped distribute the 

3988
03:31:00,700 --> 03:31:03,000
weight of those massive skirts. 
We'll talk about shortly. 

3989
03:31:03,800 --> 03:31:06,500
Imagine carrying a small tent 
around your waist all day. 

3990
03:31:06,500 --> 03:31:08,600
You'd want some structural 
support too. 

3991
03:31:09,600 --> 03:31:12,000
But here's where the corsets 
story gets really interesting. 

3992
03:31:12,000 --> 03:31:15,900
It became a symbol of women's 
oppression and Liberation 

3993
03:31:15,900 --> 03:31:20,200
simultaneously. 
Critics argued that tight lacing

3994
03:31:20,200 --> 03:31:23,000
represented societies. 
Control over women's bodies. 

3995
03:31:23,000 --> 03:31:25,600
Forcing them into unnatural 
shapes to please. 

3996
03:31:25,600 --> 03:31:28,800
Male, ideals of beauty 
supporters, countered that the 

3997
03:31:28,800 --> 03:31:31,500
corset gave women an hourglass, 
figure that emphasized, their 

3998
03:31:31,500 --> 03:31:35,500
femininity and Power, The 
medical establishment never want

3999
03:31:35,500 --> 03:31:37,100
to miss an opportunity to have 
opinions. 

4000
03:31:37,100 --> 03:31:40,300
About women's bodies weighed in 
with dial warnings about the 

4001
03:31:40,300 --> 03:31:44,100
dangers of tight lacing. 
Doctors wrote lengthy treatises 

4002
03:31:44,100 --> 03:31:47,600
about corset liver and Corset 
lung conditions. 

4003
03:31:47,600 --> 03:31:50,000
That sound like they were 
invented by someone who'd never 

4004
03:31:50,000 --> 03:31:53,400
actually examined a corseted 
woman but had profound feelings 

4005
03:31:53,400 --> 03:31:55,700
about fashion. 
Meanwhile the women actually 

4006
03:31:55,700 --> 03:31:59,100
wearing these garments had more 
nuanced views, many found their 

4007
03:31:59,100 --> 03:32:01,400
corsets comfortable and 
supportive when properly fitted 

4008
03:32:01,400 --> 03:32:05,700
others endured silent suffering 
for the sake of fashion, some 

4009
03:32:05,700 --> 03:32:08,800
rebelled entirely and joined the
dress Reform movement, which 

4010
03:32:08,800 --> 03:32:10,400
sounds much more exciting than 
it. 

4011
03:32:10,400 --> 03:32:14,400
Actually was imagine a group of 
very Earnest women campaigning 

4012
03:32:14,400 --> 03:32:17,000
for the right to wear clothing. 
That didn't require an 

4013
03:32:17,000 --> 03:32:20,100
engineering degree to put on the
corset industry. 

4014
03:32:20,100 --> 03:32:24,300
Itself was fascinating a complex
network of Manufacturers from 

4015
03:32:24,300 --> 03:32:27,400
high-end Corsa tears, who 
created custom pieces, that fit 

4016
03:32:27,400 --> 03:32:29,700
like a second skin to mass 
Market. 

4017
03:32:29,700 --> 03:32:32,200
Producers who turned out 
ready-made versions for the 

4018
03:32:32,200 --> 03:32:35,000
growing middle class? 
Getting a corset properly. 

4019
03:32:35,000 --> 03:32:37,700
Fitted was like visiting a very 
specialized architect, who 

4020
03:32:37,700 --> 03:32:39,900
worked exclusively in human 
modification. 

4021
03:32:40,800 --> 03:32:43,800
As you settled deeper into your 
comfortable uncorporated 

4022
03:32:43,800 --> 03:32:47,100
evening, remember that for 
Victorian women, this daily 

4023
03:32:47,100 --> 03:32:49,900
ritual of lacing and lacing was 
simply part of life. 

4024
03:32:50,800 --> 03:32:53,000
They adapted to their 
constraints with remarkable 

4025
03:32:53,000 --> 03:32:57,300
Ingenuity developing techniques 
for movement, breathing, and 

4026
03:32:57,300 --> 03:32:59,800
even dance dancing while 
wearing, what was essentially a 

4027
03:32:59,800 --> 03:33:02,700
fabric covered cage? 
The human capacity for 

4028
03:33:02,700 --> 03:33:06,300
adaptation is truly remarkable. 
Even when adapting to something,

4029
03:33:06,300 --> 03:33:09,500
utterly ridiculous, let's pause 
here while you adjust your 

4030
03:33:09,500 --> 03:33:12,300
position on the couch something.
Victorian women couldn't do 

4031
03:33:12,300 --> 03:33:16,100
quite so easily. 
If corsets were Foundation of 

4032
03:33:16,108 --> 03:33:19,400
Victorian fashion Madness, then 
skirts with a magnificent 

4033
03:33:19,400 --> 03:33:21,800
impractical superstructure built
on top. 

4034
03:33:22,600 --> 03:33:24,600
We're talking about garments 
that required their own 

4035
03:33:24,600 --> 03:33:27,600
transportation planning, and had
a carbon footprint larger than 

4036
03:33:27,600 --> 03:33:30,700
some small countries. 
Picture yourself, getting ready 

4037
03:33:30,700 --> 03:33:34,900
for a simple trip to the market 
in 1860 First you need to 

4038
03:33:34,900 --> 03:33:38,600
consider your skirts diameter. 
Typically, anywhere from six to 

4039
03:33:38,600 --> 03:33:41,000
12 feet across, that's not a 
typo. 

4040
03:33:41,000 --> 03:33:44,000
We're talking about wearing a 
fabric tent that could house a 

4041
03:33:44,008 --> 03:33:46,300
small family. 
You couldn't just walk out the 

4042
03:33:46,300 --> 03:33:48,500
door. 
You had to strategize your exit,

4043
03:33:48,500 --> 03:33:49,900
like you were launching a space 
mission. 

4044
03:33:51,500 --> 03:33:54,400
The evolution of the Victorian 
skirt can be compared to a 

4045
03:33:54,400 --> 03:33:57,700
person gradually, losing their 
sense of reality, albeit in a 

4046
03:33:57,708 --> 03:34:02,400
methodical manner, It started 
reasonably enough in the 1840s 

4047
03:34:02,400 --> 03:34:03,800
full skirts. 
Yes. 

4048
03:34:03,800 --> 03:34:06,500
But nothing that required 
architectural consultation. 

4049
03:34:06,500 --> 03:34:09,800
Then something happened. 
Maybe it was competition. 

4050
03:34:09,800 --> 03:34:13,300
Maybe it was boredom or maybe 
someone made a bet about how 

4051
03:34:13,300 --> 03:34:15,600
wide they could make women 
Silhouettes before physics 

4052
03:34:15,600 --> 03:34:18,900
intervened by the 1850s. 
The crinoline had become 

4053
03:34:18,900 --> 03:34:22,800
ubiquitous and irreversible, the
crinoline was essentially a cage

4054
03:34:22,800 --> 03:34:26,100
war on your skirt. 
Whoops of steel or whale bone 

4055
03:34:26,100 --> 03:34:27,700
that created a bell-shaped 
Foundation. 

4056
03:34:28,500 --> 03:34:31,600
It was like wearing a personal 
tent frame, except the tent was 

4057
03:34:31,600 --> 03:34:34,000
made of silk and you were 
expected to walk in it. 

4058
03:34:34,700 --> 03:34:38,500
The logistics of crinoline life 
was staggering doorways, became 

4059
03:34:38,500 --> 03:34:42,000
navigation, challenges sitting 
required, careful calculation 

4060
03:34:42,000 --> 03:34:43,900
and preferably a chair without 
arms. 

4061
03:34:44,500 --> 03:34:47,100
Getting into a carriage was like
solving a three-dimensional 

4062
03:34:47,100 --> 03:34:50,500
puzzle while wearing a small 
building Victorian women 

4063
03:34:50,500 --> 03:34:53,200
developed skills, that would 
have made NASA Engineers weep 

4064
03:34:53,200 --> 03:34:55,600
with admiration and yet they 
made it look. 

4065
03:34:55,600 --> 03:34:58,200
Effortless photos from the era 
show. 

4066
03:34:58,200 --> 03:35:00,900
Women gliding around in these 
massive skirts as if they were 

4067
03:35:00,900 --> 03:35:04,200
Perfectly Natural. 
However, a complex science 

4068
03:35:04,200 --> 03:35:07,500
underlay, the management of 
crinolines women learned to 

4069
03:35:07,500 --> 03:35:09,900
compress their skirts. 
By pressing down on the Hoops, 

4070
03:35:09,900 --> 03:35:12,900
to navigate stairs, by lifting 
the front of their skirts. 

4071
03:35:12,900 --> 03:35:16,100
Just so and to sit by 
effortlessly collapsing, their 

4072
03:35:16,100 --> 03:35:19,300
criminals The really magnificent
part was how the fashion 

4073
03:35:19,300 --> 03:35:23,500
industry supported this madness.
Crinoline manufacturers competed

4074
03:35:23,500 --> 03:35:26,800
on engineering principles. 
Some criminals have collapsible 

4075
03:35:26,800 --> 03:35:30,200
sections for sitting others. 
Featured graduated Hoops, that 

4076
03:35:30,200 --> 03:35:33,000
created the perfect. 
Bell-shaped the advertisements 

4077
03:35:33,000 --> 03:35:36,100
read, like technical manuals for
personal Transportation devices.

4078
03:35:37,200 --> 03:35:40,400
Crinoline had their dangers not 
just the obvious ones like 

4079
03:35:40,400 --> 03:35:43,200
getting stuck in doorways or 
accidentally sweeping objects 

4080
03:35:43,200 --> 03:35:45,900
off tables fire was a genuine 
Hazard. 

4081
03:35:45,900 --> 03:35:50,400
All that fabric often treated 
with flammable starches and dies

4082
03:35:50,400 --> 03:35:53,200
combined with open Flames for 
lighting and Heating. 

4083
03:35:54,400 --> 03:35:57,100
Victorian newspapers are full of
tragic stories of women, who 

4084
03:35:57,100 --> 03:36:00,600
skirts caught fire and the width
of their crinolines made it 

4085
03:36:00,600 --> 03:36:02,500
difficult to extinguish the 
Flames quickly. 

4086
03:36:03,500 --> 03:36:07,000
Then there were the weather 
related challenges, wind turned 

4087
03:36:07,000 --> 03:36:10,100
a criminal in into a sale, which
sounds poetic Until you realize 

4088
03:36:10,100 --> 03:36:11,800
it meant. 
Women could be literally blown 

4089
03:36:11,800 --> 03:36:13,000
off. 
Course, during their daily 

4090
03:36:13,000 --> 03:36:15,600
walks. 
Rain was particularly 

4091
03:36:15,600 --> 03:36:18,700
problematic, imagine trying to 
dry a tent that you'd been 

4092
03:36:18,708 --> 03:36:21,500
wearing all day. 
The social implications were 

4093
03:36:21,500 --> 03:36:26,000
equally complex a wide crinoline
was a status symbol proof that 

4094
03:36:26,000 --> 03:36:27,700
you could afford not just the 
Garment itself. 

4095
03:36:27,700 --> 03:36:30,900
But the lifestyle that 
accommodated it If you could 

4096
03:36:30,900 --> 03:36:34,300
wear a six foot wide skirt, you 
didn't need to work cook clean 

4097
03:36:34,300 --> 03:36:36,200
or engage in any practical 
activity. 

4098
03:36:36,200 --> 03:36:39,800
It was conspicuous consumption 
in its most literal form. 

4099
03:36:39,800 --> 03:36:44,200
You were conspicuously consuming
space but here's what makes the 

4100
03:36:44,200 --> 03:36:46,300
crinoline era. 
So endearing in retrospect 

4101
03:36:46,300 --> 03:36:49,800
Victorian women took these 
absurd constraints and somehow 

4102
03:36:49,800 --> 03:36:52,300
made them work. 
They developed elaborate 

4103
03:36:52,300 --> 03:36:55,500
etiquettes for criminal in 
navigation techniques for 

4104
03:36:55,500 --> 03:36:59,100
managing their skirts in various
social situations and even 

4105
03:36:59,100 --> 03:37:01,600
Sports modified for women 
wearing personal tents. 

4106
03:37:02,400 --> 03:37:05,100
Croquet became popular partly 
because it was one of the few 

4107
03:37:05,100 --> 03:37:08,200
activities or a criminal in 
wasn't a complete impediment 

4108
03:37:08,200 --> 03:37:10,300
dancing. 
Required choreography. 

4109
03:37:10,300 --> 03:37:12,300
That accounted for each 
partner's. 

4110
03:37:12,300 --> 03:37:15,400
Circumference, even something. 
As simple as walking with a 

4111
03:37:15,408 --> 03:37:19,600
friend became an exercise in 
spatial coordination, The 

4112
03:37:19,600 --> 03:37:24,000
crinoline reached its peak 
absurdity in the 1860s when 

4113
03:37:24,000 --> 03:37:26,400
skirts achieved their maximum 
circumference. 

4114
03:37:26,400 --> 03:37:30,000
It was as if Victorian fashion 
had been steadily expanding, 

4115
03:37:30,000 --> 03:37:33,000
like a balloon and everyone was 
waiting to see, who would be 

4116
03:37:33,008 --> 03:37:37,100
brave enough to suggest that 
maybe, just, maybe this was 

4117
03:37:37,100 --> 03:37:41,100
getting a bit ridiculous. 
Little did they know the next 

4118
03:37:41,100 --> 03:37:43,100
chapter? 
Would involve bustles because 

4119
03:37:43,100 --> 03:37:45,800
apparently making skirts 
impossibly wide wasn't quite 

4120
03:37:45,800 --> 03:37:48,200
enough. 
The victorians were just getting

4121
03:37:48,200 --> 03:37:50,100
warmed up. 
Just when you think the 

4122
03:37:50,100 --> 03:37:51,900
victorians, couldn't possibly 
make clothing. 

4123
03:37:51,900 --> 03:37:55,400
More complicated Along Came the 
bustle era to prove that human 

4124
03:37:55,400 --> 03:37:58,700
Ingenuity in the service of 
impracticality knows no bounds. 

4125
03:37:59,500 --> 03:38:02,200
If the crinoline was like 
wearing a bell, the bustle was 

4126
03:38:02,200 --> 03:38:04,900
like strapping a small shelf to 
your posterior and pretending 

4127
03:38:04,900 --> 03:38:06,300
your posture was perfectly 
normal. 

4128
03:38:07,600 --> 03:38:10,800
The transition from crinoline to
bustle in the 1870s wasn't 

4129
03:38:10,800 --> 03:38:13,100
gradual. 
It was like watching a balloon 

4130
03:38:13,100 --> 03:38:16,100
deflate and then re-inflate in a
completely different shape. 

4131
03:38:16,100 --> 03:38:19,500
One day, women were navigating 
doorways sideways because of 

4132
03:38:19,500 --> 03:38:22,700
their wit and the next they were
backing into rooms because their

4133
03:38:22,700 --> 03:38:24,800
skirts projected three feet 
behind them. 

4134
03:38:24,800 --> 03:38:28,100
It was as if Victorian fashion 
designers had gotten bored with 

4135
03:38:28,108 --> 03:38:30,900
horizontal challenges and 
decided to explore vertical 

4136
03:38:30,900 --> 03:38:34,500
possibilities. 
The bustle itself was a Marvel 

4137
03:38:34,500 --> 03:38:36,900
of engineering that would have 
made Bridge Builders jealous. 

4138
03:38:36,900 --> 03:38:40,500
Early bustles were essentially 
wire cages designed to create 

4139
03:38:40,500 --> 03:38:42,500
shelf like projection at the 
back of the skirt. 

4140
03:38:43,400 --> 03:38:46,400
Later versions became 
increasingly elaborate, some had

4141
03:38:46,400 --> 03:38:48,600
Springs. 
Others featured adjustable 

4142
03:38:48,600 --> 03:38:52,100
Frameworks and the most advanced
models included collapsible 

4143
03:38:52,100 --> 03:38:56,000
sections for sitting Imagine 
attempting to sit down while 

4144
03:38:56,000 --> 03:38:58,500
wearing a bustle. 
It wasn't just a matter of 

4145
03:38:58,500 --> 03:39:00,900
bending at the waist. 
It required a carefully 

4146
03:39:00,900 --> 03:39:04,000
choreographed sequence of 
movements You'd approach the 

4147
03:39:04,000 --> 03:39:06,700
chair from the side, collapse, 
your bustle by pressing down on 

4148
03:39:06,700 --> 03:39:08,500
it. 
Lowering yourself carefully 

4149
03:39:08,500 --> 03:39:12,000
while managing several layers of
skirt and then somehow arrange 

4150
03:39:12,000 --> 03:39:13,800
all that fabric. 
So you didn't look like you were

4151
03:39:13,800 --> 03:39:15,100
being swallowed by your 
clothing. 

4152
03:39:16,000 --> 03:39:18,800
The logistics of bustle. 
Life were even more complex than

4153
03:39:18,800 --> 03:39:21,600
criminal in management. 
At least with the crinoline. 

4154
03:39:21,600 --> 03:39:24,000
You needed extra space in all 
directions. 

4155
03:39:24,000 --> 03:39:26,800
You never know what's going on 
behind you, when there's a 

4156
03:39:26,808 --> 03:39:30,400
bustle, Victorian women often 
kind of spatial awareness that 

4157
03:39:30,400 --> 03:39:33,700
modern people can't imagine. 
They could sense exactly how 

4158
03:39:33,700 --> 03:39:36,700
much room their rear projection 
required and navigate 

4159
03:39:36,700 --> 03:39:40,200
accordingly. 
Doorways remain challenging, but

4160
03:39:40,200 --> 03:39:44,200
in new ways instead of squeezing
through sideways bustled women 

4161
03:39:44,200 --> 03:39:47,800
had to judge, angles carefully. 
If your approach was too steep, 

4162
03:39:47,808 --> 03:39:50,000
your skirt, might snag on the 
door frame. 

4163
03:39:50,700 --> 03:39:53,400
If the approach was too shallow,
you wouldn't be able to pass. 

4164
03:39:53,400 --> 03:39:56,800
It was like parking a car, 
except the car was attached to 

4165
03:39:56,800 --> 03:40:01,000
your body, and made of silk, The
bustle also created intriguing, 

4166
03:40:01,000 --> 03:40:05,200
social dynamics, conversations 
became exercises in Geometry. 

4167
03:40:05,200 --> 03:40:07,700
Her clothes, could you stand to 
someone when you were both 

4168
03:40:07,708 --> 03:40:11,400
wearing rear projections? 
Dancing required new techniques 

4169
03:40:11,400 --> 03:40:14,100
and something as simple as 
walking arm and arm with a 

4170
03:40:14,100 --> 03:40:16,500
friend, became a coordination 
challenge, worthy of 

4171
03:40:16,500 --> 03:40:19,600
synchronized swimmers. 
But perhaps, the most remarkable

4172
03:40:19,600 --> 03:40:22,600
thing about the bustle area was 
how it demonstrated, Victorian 

4173
03:40:22,600 --> 03:40:25,400
societies ability to adapt to 
absolutely anything. 

4174
03:40:26,300 --> 03:40:28,300
Furniture makers, began 
designing chairs. 

4175
03:40:28,300 --> 03:40:31,700
That accommodated bustles 
architecture started accounting 

4176
03:40:31,700 --> 03:40:33,400
for the extra space women 
required. 

4177
03:40:34,000 --> 03:40:35,600
Social Customs evolved to 
handle. 

4178
03:40:35,600 --> 03:40:37,800
The new spatial requirements of 
female fashion. 

4179
03:40:37,800 --> 03:40:40,800
The fashion plate of the era 
show women looking perfectly 

4180
03:40:40,800 --> 03:40:44,200
composed in their bustled gowns.
But the reality behind the 

4181
03:40:44,200 --> 03:40:47,000
scenes was a constant comedy of 
spatial miscalculation. 

4182
03:40:48,000 --> 03:40:50,500
Victorian literature is full of 
subtle references to the 

4183
03:40:50,500 --> 03:40:53,600
challenge is of bustled life. 
Women getting stuck in 

4184
03:40:53,600 --> 03:40:56,800
carriages, skirts, caught 
indoors, and the general chaos 

4185
03:40:56,800 --> 03:40:59,500
of trying to live normally while
wearing architectural elements 

4186
03:40:59,500 --> 03:41:02,100
yet. 
Somehow Victorian, women made it

4187
03:41:02,100 --> 03:41:04,200
work. 
They develop techniques for 

4188
03:41:04,200 --> 03:41:08,100
bustle, maintenance strategies 
for navigation and even created 

4189
03:41:08,100 --> 03:41:10,900
new forms of social interaction 
that accommodated, their 

4190
03:41:10,900 --> 03:41:14,500
enhanced silhouette's, Human 
ability to normalize. 

4191
03:41:14,500 --> 03:41:18,200
The Absurd is truly impressive. 
The bustle went through several 

4192
03:41:18,200 --> 03:41:21,600
iterations, during its Reign. 
The first bustle error featured 

4193
03:41:21,600 --> 03:41:24,600
relatively modest projections, 
consider it to be training 

4194
03:41:24,600 --> 03:41:26,400
wheels for posterior 
architecture. 

4195
03:41:27,400 --> 03:41:30,700
The early 1880s brought a brief 
respite, when skirts became more

4196
03:41:30,700 --> 03:41:32,800
streamlined. 
Likely bringing a sense of 

4197
03:41:32,800 --> 03:41:36,400
relief to everyone, But 
Victorian fashion wasn't done 

4198
03:41:36,400 --> 03:41:40,600
yet the second bustle era 
beginning in the mid-1880s 

4199
03:41:40,600 --> 03:41:43,900
brought projections that defied.
Not just Comfort, but basic 

4200
03:41:43,900 --> 03:41:47,000
physics. 
These were just bustles they 

4201
03:41:47,000 --> 03:41:50,000
were engineering Marvels, that 
crit Silhouettes, so extreme, 

4202
03:41:50,000 --> 03:41:53,000
they look like costume designs 
for a play about furniture. 

4203
03:41:54,000 --> 03:41:56,900
Final bossel designs were so 
elaborate, they came with their 

4204
03:41:56,900 --> 03:42:00,600
instruction manuals, some 
featured, multiple tiers, others

4205
03:42:00,600 --> 03:42:03,900
had adjustable angles, and the 
most advanced models included, 

4206
03:42:03,900 --> 03:42:06,300
Payton mechanisms for collapse 
and expansion. 

4207
03:42:07,200 --> 03:42:10,300
It was as if Victorian women 
were wearing Transformer robots.

4208
03:42:10,300 --> 03:42:14,900
Except instead of turning into 
cars, they turned into chairs As

4209
03:42:14,900 --> 03:42:18,000
we move through this fashion 
timeline, remember that each of 

4210
03:42:18,000 --> 03:42:22,200
these Trends lasted for years. 
This wasn't a brief moment of 

4211
03:42:22,200 --> 03:42:25,300
collective Madness, entire 
generations of women live. 

4212
03:42:25,300 --> 03:42:28,100
Their daily lives. 
In these Contraptions adapting 

4213
03:42:28,100 --> 03:42:30,600
with remarkable Grace to 
constraints that seemed 

4214
03:42:30,600 --> 03:42:32,000
impossible from our modern 
perspective. 

4215
03:42:33,100 --> 03:42:34,600
Thought Victorian fashion was 
done. 

4216
03:42:34,600 --> 03:42:37,500
Surprising us after corsets 
crinolines and bustles. 

4217
03:42:37,500 --> 03:42:41,000
You clearly underestimated their
commitment to making every part 

4218
03:42:41,000 --> 03:42:42,800
of the human body and 
engineering challenge. 

4219
03:42:42,800 --> 03:42:47,000
Enter the 1890s sleeve also 
known as the leg of mutton 

4220
03:42:47,000 --> 03:42:49,500
sleeve though, that name doesn't
quite capture. 

4221
03:42:49,500 --> 03:42:52,500
The full absurdity of wearing, 
what amounted to small, hot air,

4222
03:42:52,500 --> 03:42:53,900
balloons attached to your 
shoulders. 

4223
03:42:55,000 --> 03:42:56,900
Early. 
Victorian sleeves were snug 

4224
03:42:56,900 --> 03:42:59,200
practical Affairs. 
That allowed for actual arm 

4225
03:42:59,200 --> 03:43:01,800
movement. 
However, as the century 

4226
03:43:01,800 --> 03:43:05,600
progressed sleeves began to 
expand as if they were competing

4227
03:43:05,600 --> 03:43:08,900
with skirts for the title of 
most impractical garment 

4228
03:43:08,900 --> 03:43:13,200
component. 
By the 1890s sleeves at such 

4229
03:43:13,200 --> 03:43:16,500
Monumental proportions, that 
women needed to turn sideways to

4230
03:43:16,500 --> 03:43:19,200
fit through doorways. 
Not because of their skirts this

4231
03:43:19,200 --> 03:43:22,400
time but because their shoulders
are defectively doubled in 

4232
03:43:22,400 --> 03:43:24,500
width. 
These garments were not. 

4233
03:43:24,500 --> 03:43:26,800
Merely sleeves. 
They resembled fabric 

4234
03:43:26,800 --> 03:43:29,000
architecture with arms hidden 
inside them. 

4235
03:43:30,000 --> 03:43:32,600
The construction of a proper leg
of mutton, sleeve was an 

4236
03:43:32,600 --> 03:43:35,700
engineering Marvel, that 
required more planning than most

4237
03:43:35,700 --> 03:43:39,400
modern home renovations. 
Sleeve had to be supported from 

4238
03:43:39,400 --> 03:43:43,500
within using various Frameworks 
wire, whalebone or even cotton 

4239
03:43:43,500 --> 03:43:46,100
padding arranged in precise 
configurations to maintain the 

4240
03:43:46,100 --> 03:43:48,500
proper shape, getting dressed 
involved. 

4241
03:43:48,500 --> 03:43:51,100
Not just putting on clothing, 
but assembling a complex 

4242
03:43:51,100 --> 03:43:54,800
structural system. 
Imagine trying to eat dinner 

4243
03:43:54,800 --> 03:43:56,400
while wearing sleeves that 
extended. 

4244
03:43:56,400 --> 03:43:59,900
Well, beyond your actual arm 
span Victorian women developed 

4245
03:43:59,900 --> 03:44:02,300
eating techniques that would 
have impressed contortionists. 

4246
03:44:02,800 --> 03:44:06,000
They learned to approach their 
plates at specific angles to cut

4247
03:44:06,000 --> 03:44:09,600
food using carefully, calculated
our movements and to drink tea 

4248
03:44:09,600 --> 03:44:12,100
without completely obscuring, 
their faces behind walls of 

4249
03:44:12,108 --> 03:44:14,800
fabric. 
The Practical challenges were 

4250
03:44:14,800 --> 03:44:17,200
endless. 
Embracing someone required 

4251
03:44:17,200 --> 03:44:19,700
strategic planning, getting into
a carriage. 

4252
03:44:19,700 --> 03:44:22,000
Meant compressing, your sleeves 
like a kordians. 

4253
03:44:22,000 --> 03:44:25,000
Even something as simple as 
reaching for an object on a 

4254
03:44:25,000 --> 03:44:28,100
shelf, became an exercise in 
spatial mathematics. 

4255
03:44:29,600 --> 03:44:31,400
Victorian. 
Women lived in a world where 

4256
03:44:31,400 --> 03:44:33,600
their clothing had a larger 
footprint than their actual 

4257
03:44:33,600 --> 03:44:35,900
bodies. 
That the sleeves were just 

4258
03:44:35,900 --> 03:44:38,100
large, they were elaborately 
decorated. 

4259
03:44:39,000 --> 03:44:43,200
Puffed pleated, gathered, and 
trimmed with every conceivable 

4260
03:44:43,200 --> 03:44:46,900
ornament they were like, wearing
two small ballrooms complete 

4261
03:44:46,900 --> 03:44:48,600
with their interior design 
schemes. 

4262
03:44:49,400 --> 03:44:52,700
Some sleeves featured, multiple 
tears of fabric, creating 

4263
03:44:52,700 --> 03:44:55,600
layered architectural effects, 
that would have made wedding 

4264
03:44:55,600 --> 03:44:57,500
cake. 
Decorators weep With Envy. 

4265
03:44:57,500 --> 03:44:59,700
The maintenance requirements 
were staggering. 

4266
03:44:59,700 --> 03:45:03,000
These sleeves needed to be 
pressed into shape regularly, 

4267
03:45:03,000 --> 03:45:05,700
their internal structures are 
just dusted and repairs. 

4268
03:45:05,700 --> 03:45:08,100
And there are elaborate 
decorations kept pristine. 

4269
03:45:09,100 --> 03:45:12,500
Victorian women employed armies 
of servants or spent hours 

4270
03:45:12,500 --> 03:45:14,700
themselves maintaining their 
sleeve architecture. 

4271
03:45:14,700 --> 03:45:18,100
It was like, owning a very high 
maintenance, pet that you water 

4272
03:45:18,100 --> 03:45:22,000
social events. then there were 
the seasonal challenges, some 

4273
03:45:22,000 --> 03:45:24,900
are sleeves in heavy, Fabrics 
created, portable saunas, around

4274
03:45:24,900 --> 03:45:28,400
women's arms Winter meant adding
even more layers to already 

4275
03:45:28,400 --> 03:45:32,100
Monumental constructions. 
Rain posed, a significant 

4276
03:45:32,100 --> 03:45:35,000
challenge. 
Imagine a tempting to dry, two 

4277
03:45:35,000 --> 03:45:37,900
fabric Pavilions, fastened to 
your shoulders, the social 

4278
03:45:37,900 --> 03:45:40,400
implications of extreme sleeves 
were fascinating. 

4279
03:45:40,400 --> 03:45:43,400
They were clear indicators of 
Leisure Class status. 

4280
03:45:43,400 --> 03:45:46,700
If you could wear sleeves that 
made practical work impossible, 

4281
03:45:46,700 --> 03:45:50,400
you obviously didn't need to 
engage in any, they were an 

4282
03:45:50,400 --> 03:45:53,600
extreme form of conspicuous 
consumption demonstrating that 

4283
03:45:53,600 --> 03:45:55,600
one could afford to be 
completely impractical. 

4284
03:45:56,700 --> 03:45:59,700
But Victorian fashion wasn't 
finished with extremities yet 

4285
03:45:59,700 --> 03:46:03,600
hats during the era became 
increasingly elaborate often 

4286
03:46:03,600 --> 03:46:06,800
featuring entire Garden of 
artificial flowers, preserved, 

4287
03:46:06,800 --> 03:46:09,700
birds, and decorative elements. 
That would have been impressive 

4288
03:46:09,700 --> 03:46:12,300
on a parade float. 
These worked hats. 

4289
03:46:12,300 --> 03:46:15,700
They were portable ecosystems 
that happen to sit on people's 

4290
03:46:15,700 --> 03:46:18,900
heads. 
The millenary Arts reached new 

4291
03:46:18,900 --> 03:46:21,100
heights of complexity during the
Victorian era. 

4292
03:46:21,900 --> 03:46:25,100
Hat construction involved. 
Multiple Specialists one person.

4293
03:46:25,100 --> 03:46:28,000
Might create the basic structure
in other would handle the 

4294
03:46:28,000 --> 03:46:30,900
flowers and a third would add 
the birds and ornamental 

4295
03:46:30,900 --> 03:46:33,300
elements. 
Some Victorian hats required 

4296
03:46:33,300 --> 03:46:35,600
their own Structural Engineering
consultations. 

4297
03:46:35,600 --> 03:46:39,300
Gloves too became exercises in 
extremity enhancement. 

4298
03:46:39,300 --> 03:46:42,900
Victorian gloves were often so 
long they disappeared entirely 

4299
03:46:42,900 --> 03:46:45,600
under those enormous sleeves. 
Creating the impression that 

4300
03:46:45,600 --> 03:46:48,300
women's arms simply ended in 
fabric somewhere around the 

4301
03:46:48,300 --> 03:46:51,100
elbow. 
The longest gloves extended past

4302
03:46:51,100 --> 03:46:54,600
the elbow requiring complex 
systems of buttons and hooks for

4303
03:46:54,600 --> 03:46:57,400
removal. 
Even shoes, joined the extremity

4304
03:46:57,400 --> 03:47:00,600
and Huntsman project. 
Victorian boots often featured 

4305
03:47:00,600 --> 03:47:04,000
dozens of tiny buttons or an 
elaborate lacing system that 

4306
03:47:04,000 --> 03:47:05,900
required special tools to 
fasten. 

4307
03:47:06,700 --> 03:47:10,100
Getting dressed from head to toe
could take hours and often 

4308
03:47:10,100 --> 03:47:12,600
required assistance from 
servants or family members. 

4309
03:47:12,600 --> 03:47:16,800
The cumulative effect of all 
these extremity enhancements was

4310
03:47:16,800 --> 03:47:19,600
that Victorian, women became 
walking demonstrations of their 

4311
03:47:19,600 --> 03:47:23,400
societies relationship with 
practicality which was to say, 

4312
03:47:23,408 --> 03:47:26,100
they broke up entirely and went 
on speaking terms. 

4313
03:47:26,100 --> 03:47:29,100
Now, settle in for this part of 
our story, because we're about 

4314
03:47:29,100 --> 03:47:32,700
to explore how Victorian fashion
became more complex than quantum

4315
03:47:32,700 --> 03:47:34,600
physics. 
But with more rules about 

4316
03:47:34,600 --> 03:47:39,300
appropriate necklines Behind all
this sartorial Madness was a 

4317
03:47:39,300 --> 03:47:41,300
scientific approach to 
respectability that would have 

4318
03:47:41,300 --> 03:47:42,800
impressed laboratory 
researchers. 

4319
03:47:42,800 --> 03:47:46,200
The victorians didn't just 
randomly decide to make clothing

4320
03:47:46,200 --> 03:47:49,500
complicated, they developed 
elaborate systems of social 

4321
03:47:49,500 --> 03:47:52,700
communication through fabric, 
creating a language. 

4322
03:47:52,700 --> 03:47:55,800
So complex, that anthropologists
are still trying to decode it. 

4323
03:47:56,600 --> 03:47:59,000
The Victorian dress code wasn't 
just about looking nice. 

4324
03:47:59,000 --> 03:48:03,200
It was about broadcasting your 
moral character, social status 

4325
03:48:03,200 --> 03:48:07,700
economic situation marital 
availability and probably your 

4326
03:48:07,700 --> 03:48:09,900
opinion on the weather. 
All through carefully, 

4327
03:48:09,900 --> 03:48:13,200
calculated costume choices. 
It was like, wearing a social 

4328
03:48:13,200 --> 03:48:17,100
media profile, except instead of
posting updates, you change your

4329
03:48:17,100 --> 03:48:20,600
outfit morning. 
Dress after noon, dress, evening

4330
03:48:20,600 --> 03:48:23,400
dress, calling dress, walking 
dress, traveling dress, 

4331
03:48:23,400 --> 03:48:26,000
Victorian. 
Women needed different costumes 

4332
03:48:26,000 --> 03:48:28,300
for different hours of the day 
and different social activities.

4333
03:48:28,300 --> 03:48:32,400
It was as if they were actors in
an incredibly elaborate play, 

4334
03:48:32,400 --> 03:48:35,700
where the costumes changed every
few hours and forgetting your 

4335
03:48:35,700 --> 03:48:40,100
lines meant social death. 
The specificity of the rules was

4336
03:48:40,100 --> 03:48:42,800
astounding. 
There were appropriate colors 

4337
03:48:42,800 --> 03:48:46,100
for widows at different stages 
of mourning, precise neckline 

4338
03:48:46,100 --> 03:48:49,700
depths for various social 
occasions, an exact sleeve links

4339
03:48:49,700 --> 03:48:52,600
that communicated whether you 
were available for courtship or 

4340
03:48:52,600 --> 03:48:56,800
properly chaperone Getting it 
wrong, wasn't just a fashion 

4341
03:48:56,800 --> 03:48:59,400
faux pair. 
It was a social catastrophe that

4342
03:48:59,400 --> 03:49:01,900
could affect your family's 
reputation for Generations. 

4343
03:49:01,900 --> 03:49:06,100
Take morning dress, for example.
Victorian society had developed 

4344
03:49:06,100 --> 03:49:09,100
morning into a complex ritual 
that lasted for years and 

4345
03:49:09,100 --> 03:49:11,700
involved costume changes more 
elaborate than a Broadway 

4346
03:49:11,700 --> 03:49:14,900
production Full morning, 
required, completely black 

4347
03:49:14,900 --> 03:49:17,100
clothing, with no ornamentation 
for the first year. 

4348
03:49:17,900 --> 03:49:20,800
Then came half morning, which 
allowed for touches of white, 

4349
03:49:20,800 --> 03:49:24,500
gray or purple. 
The gradations were so specific.

4350
03:49:24,500 --> 03:49:27,600
That there were etiquette books 
devoted entirely to appropriate 

4351
03:49:27,600 --> 03:49:29,800
mourning attire, the fabric 
choices. 

4352
03:49:29,800 --> 03:49:32,300
Alone were a science. 
Certain materials were 

4353
03:49:32,300 --> 03:49:35,300
appropriate for certain Seasons 
social classes and life stages. 

4354
03:49:35,300 --> 03:49:39,400
Silk was appropriate for formal 
occasions cotton for every day 

4355
03:49:39,400 --> 03:49:42,400
wear for winter and linen for 
summer. 

4356
03:49:42,400 --> 03:49:47,400
But not just any type of silk, 
cotton, wool or linen. 

4357
03:49:48,100 --> 03:49:49,800
There were dozens of varieties 
of each. 

4358
03:49:50,600 --> 03:49:53,400
Choose the wrong type could 
broadcast, ignorance of social 

4359
03:49:53,400 --> 03:49:55,500
codes more effectively than 
wearing a sign. 

4360
03:49:56,500 --> 03:49:58,100
Color. 
Symbolism reached levels of 

4361
03:49:58,100 --> 03:50:01,200
complexity that would have 
challenged medieval Scholars. 

4362
03:50:02,000 --> 03:50:03,800
White symbolizes, Purity and 
youth. 

4363
03:50:03,800 --> 03:50:06,400
But this symbolism is limited to
unmarried. 

4364
03:50:06,400 --> 03:50:10,600
Women specific fabrics and 
specific Seasons black 

4365
03:50:10,600 --> 03:50:12,700
signifies, respectability and 
Authority. 

4366
03:50:12,700 --> 03:50:17,200
Yet it significant fairies based
on factors such as age marital 

4367
03:50:17,200 --> 03:50:21,900
status and the particular shade 
of black Purple was mourning but

4368
03:50:21,900 --> 03:50:25,900
also royalty but also dangerous.
If worn by the wrong person at 

4369
03:50:25,900 --> 03:50:29,100
the wrong time, the trimming and
decoration systems were equally.

4370
03:50:29,100 --> 03:50:33,000
Elaborate ribbons lace 
embroidery Buttons and Bows 

4371
03:50:33,000 --> 03:50:34,500
weren't just decorative 
elements. 

4372
03:50:34,500 --> 03:50:37,300
They were parts of a complex 
Communication System. 

4373
03:50:37,300 --> 03:50:40,800
The amount of ornamentation 
appropriate for your age social 

4374
03:50:40,800 --> 03:50:43,600
status and the occasion, 
required calculations more 

4375
03:50:43,600 --> 03:50:47,600
complex than filing tax returns.
Even undergarments were part of 

4376
03:50:47,600 --> 03:50:49,100
this social communication 
system. 

4377
03:50:49,100 --> 03:50:51,900
The right corset, shamise 
drawers. 

4378
03:50:51,900 --> 03:50:54,200
And petticoats weren't just 
about creating the proper 

4379
03:50:54,200 --> 03:50:56,100
silhouette. 
They were about demonstrating 

4380
03:50:56,100 --> 03:50:58,600
that you understood and could 
afford to participate in the 

4381
03:50:58,600 --> 03:51:00,800
full complexity of Victoria and 
fashion culture. 

4382
03:51:01,900 --> 03:51:03,800
The economic implications were 
staggering. 

4383
03:51:04,600 --> 03:51:07,300
A proper, Victorian ladies 
wardrobe, required a fortune, 

4384
03:51:07,300 --> 03:51:11,100
not just to acquire, but to 
maintain the cleaning pressing 

4385
03:51:11,100 --> 03:51:14,300
mending and updating needed to 
keep Pace with fashion changes. 

4386
03:51:14,300 --> 03:51:18,200
Meant that clothing consumed a 
significant portion of middle 

4387
03:51:18,200 --> 03:51:22,000
and upper class household 
budgets dressmakers became 

4388
03:51:22,000 --> 03:51:25,400
crucial figures in Victorian 
society, not just as crafts 

4389
03:51:25,400 --> 03:51:29,200
people, but as cultural 
interpreters, A competent 

4390
03:51:29,200 --> 03:51:32,800
dressmaker didn't just so she 
guided her clients through the 

4391
03:51:32,800 --> 03:51:35,400
complex social codes in bedded, 
in fashion choices. 

4392
03:51:36,400 --> 03:51:40,000
She was part counselor part 
artist part, social strategist 

4393
03:51:40,000 --> 03:51:44,300
and part structural engineer. 
The seasonal transitions were 

4394
03:51:44,300 --> 03:51:47,700
particularly complex. 
Sprinkling wasn't just about 

4395
03:51:47,700 --> 03:51:50,600
houses. 
It was about wardrobes summer 

4396
03:51:50,600 --> 03:51:52,300
and winter. 
Wardrobes were stored separately

4397
03:51:52,300 --> 03:51:56,500
with elaborate systems for 
preservation moth prevention and

4398
03:51:56,500 --> 03:51:59,300
maintaining the shapes of 
complex garments during storage.

4399
03:52:00,100 --> 03:52:03,000
Fashion magazines became 
essential reading, not for 

4400
03:52:03,000 --> 03:52:06,500
inspiration, but for survival. 
They provided the constantly 

4401
03:52:06,500 --> 03:52:09,600
updated information necessary to
navigate the changing rules of 

4402
03:52:09,600 --> 03:52:12,200
appropriate dress. 
Reading. 

4403
03:52:12,200 --> 03:52:15,300
Go to his book or Peterson's 
magazine wasn't Leisure. 

4404
03:52:15,300 --> 03:52:18,200
It was continuing education in 
the science of social 

4405
03:52:18,200 --> 03:52:21,200
acceptability. 
The really remarkable thing is. 

4406
03:52:21,200 --> 03:52:24,000
How Victorian women managed to 
internalize all these rules 

4407
03:52:24,000 --> 03:52:27,400
while making their complexion 
choices appear effortless and 

4408
03:52:27,400 --> 03:52:29,900
natural. 
Behind every graceful. 

4409
03:52:29,900 --> 03:52:32,400
Victorian lady gliding through a
social Gathering. 

4410
03:52:32,400 --> 03:52:35,000
Was someone who had mastered a 
system of cultural 

4411
03:52:35,000 --> 03:52:38,100
communication, more complex than
most modern professional 

4412
03:52:38,100 --> 03:52:41,300
training programs. 
By the 1890s, something crazy 

4413
03:52:41,300 --> 03:52:43,200
was happening in the world of 
Victorian fashion. 

4414
03:52:43,200 --> 03:52:46,100
People were beginning to realize
that clothing should allow for 

4415
03:52:46,100 --> 03:52:50,500
basic human functions like 
breathing and moving one's arms.

4416
03:52:51,200 --> 03:52:54,500
It took several decades for this
revolutionary concept to gain 

4417
03:52:54,500 --> 03:52:58,200
traction, women's freedom, to 
move was a significant Catalyst 

4418
03:52:58,200 --> 03:53:01,100
for change. 
The dress Reform movement had 

4419
03:53:01,100 --> 03:53:04,800
been percolating throughout the 
Victorian era, led by brave, 

4420
03:53:04,800 --> 03:53:07,500
souls who dared to suggest that 
perhaps women's clothing 

4421
03:53:07,500 --> 03:53:11,100
shouldn't require engineering 
degrees to operate these fashion

4422
03:53:11,100 --> 03:53:14,500
Rebels, proposed radical ideas, 
like, skirts that didn't require

4423
03:53:14,500 --> 03:53:17,700
their own ZIP codes and sleeves 
that acknowledge the existence 

4424
03:53:17,700 --> 03:53:21,600
of human arms. 
But Augusta Yeager introduced 

4425
03:53:21,600 --> 03:53:24,200
the world to Woolen 
undergarments that prioritized 

4426
03:53:24,200 --> 03:53:25,800
health over silhouette 
manipulation. 

4427
03:53:26,800 --> 03:53:29,400
The rational dress movement 
promoted clothing that allowed 

4428
03:53:29,400 --> 03:53:33,300
for actual physical activity. 
Casual clothing, that valued 

4429
03:53:33,300 --> 03:53:36,100
Comfort over. 
Structural soundness tie gowns 

4430
03:53:36,100 --> 03:53:38,400
gained popularity. 
There was like watching 

4431
03:53:38,400 --> 03:53:41,900
civilization slowly. 
Remember that humans had bodies 

4432
03:53:41,900 --> 03:53:43,700
underneath all that 
architectural clothing? 

4433
03:53:45,300 --> 03:53:48,400
The bicycle craze of the 1890s 
delivered, a particularly 

4434
03:53:48,400 --> 03:53:51,900
effective blow to impractical 
fashion, you simply cannot ride 

4435
03:53:51,900 --> 03:53:54,300
a bicycle while wearing a bustle
and Victorian. 

4436
03:53:54,300 --> 03:53:56,800
Women were not about to give up 
this exciting new form of 

4437
03:53:56,808 --> 03:53:59,400
transportation just to maintain 
their rear projections. 

4438
03:54:00,200 --> 03:54:04,100
Cycling costumes, featured a 
revolutionary concept, divided 

4439
03:54:04,100 --> 03:54:06,600
skirts, that allowed women to 
actually move their legs 

4440
03:54:06,600 --> 03:54:09,600
independently. 
Sports in general began to 

4441
03:54:09,600 --> 03:54:13,100
influence fashion in ways that 
prioritized function over form. 

4442
03:54:13,900 --> 03:54:17,200
Tennis required clothing that 
allowed arm movement, golf 

4443
03:54:17,200 --> 03:54:19,600
needed skirts, that didn't 
interfere with swing mechanics 

4444
03:54:19,600 --> 03:54:23,500
even croquet that most Victorian
of games worked better. 

4445
03:54:23,500 --> 03:54:26,700
When players could actually see 
their feet and move without 

4446
03:54:26,700 --> 03:54:29,800
strategic planning. 
The influence of artistic 

4447
03:54:29,800 --> 03:54:33,900
movements cannot be understated.
The aesthetic movement promoted,

4448
03:54:33,900 --> 03:54:38,500
artistic dress, that prioritized
Beauty and comfort over rigid 

4449
03:54:38,500 --> 03:54:42,500
social signaling Pre-raphaelite 
artists painted women in flowing

4450
03:54:42,500 --> 03:54:44,400
gowns. 
That actually followed the lines

4451
03:54:44,400 --> 03:54:47,800
of the human body rather than 
imposing geometric shape upon 

4452
03:54:47,800 --> 03:54:51,400
it. it was as if artists were 
reminding Society, what people 

4453
03:54:51,400 --> 03:54:53,800
actually looked like under all 
that Structural Engineering, 

4454
03:54:54,800 --> 03:54:57,800
World War one would ultimately 
bring an end to the excesses of 

4455
03:54:57,800 --> 03:55:02,000
Victorian fashion but by 1900, 
the seeds of change had already 

4456
03:55:02,000 --> 03:55:04,700
begun to emerge. 
Women were entering the 

4457
03:55:04,700 --> 03:55:08,600
workforce, increasing numbers 
pursuing, higher education, and 

4458
03:55:08,600 --> 03:55:12,400
engaging in social causes that 
required practical clothing, you

4459
03:55:12,400 --> 03:55:15,200
can't affectively advocate for 
social change, while wearing a 

4460
03:55:15,200 --> 03:55:17,200
garment. 
That requires two people and a 

4461
03:55:17,200 --> 03:55:20,400
manual to put on. 
The corset began its long, slow 

4462
03:55:20,400 --> 03:55:23,900
Retreat from Maximum tightness. 
The s-curve silhouette of the 

4463
03:55:23,900 --> 03:55:26,700
early 1900s while still 
involving serious. 

4464
03:55:26,700 --> 03:55:29,200
Foundation. 
Garments allowed for a more 

4465
03:55:29,200 --> 03:55:30,300
natural. 
Waste placement. 

4466
03:55:31,100 --> 03:55:34,000
Skirts began to narrow sleeves 
returned to more reasonable 

4467
03:55:34,000 --> 03:55:37,100
proportions and hat stopped. 
Requiring their own postal 

4468
03:55:37,100 --> 03:55:39,400
codes. 
Fashion magazines, began 

4469
03:55:39,400 --> 03:55:42,700
featuring articles about 
healthful dress and rational 

4470
03:55:42,700 --> 03:55:46,000
clothing choices. 
Doctors who had warned for 

4471
03:55:46,008 --> 03:55:48,800
decades about the dangers of 
tight lacing were finally 

4472
03:55:48,800 --> 03:55:51,800
receiving attention. 
Social pressure for impossible 

4473
03:55:51,800 --> 03:55:53,900
Silhouettes, was beginning to 
give away to the medical 

4474
03:55:53,900 --> 03:55:56,600
establishments concerned about 
corset liver and compressed 

4475
03:55:56,600 --> 03:55:59,300
organs. 
Perhaps most importantly, women 

4476
03:55:59,300 --> 03:56:02,300
themselves were beginning to 
question, why their clothing 

4477
03:56:02,300 --> 03:56:04,400
should be more complex than 
their education. 

4478
03:56:06,100 --> 03:56:09,500
The new woman of the 1890s and 
early 1900s wanted clothing, 

4479
03:56:09,500 --> 03:56:11,800
that matched her expanded role 
in society. 

4480
03:56:11,800 --> 03:56:15,500
Practical enough for work 
comfortable enough for an active

4481
03:56:15,500 --> 03:56:18,400
lifestyle and sensible enough to
allow for the full range of 

4482
03:56:18,400 --> 03:56:22,000
human activities. 
The transition wasn't immediate 

4483
03:56:22,000 --> 03:56:25,900
or complete many, Victorian 
elements, persisted well into 

4484
03:56:25,900 --> 03:56:29,200
the 20th century and some never 
entirely disappeared. 

4485
03:56:30,000 --> 03:56:33,900
But by 1910, the era of truly 
extreme fashion, construction 

4486
03:56:33,900 --> 03:56:37,200
was winding down. 
Women were beginning to dress 

4487
03:56:37,200 --> 03:56:40,300
like human beings rather than 
walking demonstrations of their 

4488
03:56:40,300 --> 03:56:43,000
families economic status and 
their tolerance for physical 

4489
03:56:43,000 --> 03:56:45,600
discomfort. 
Looking back at Victorian 

4490
03:56:45,600 --> 03:56:47,800
fashion from our comfortable, 
modern perspective. 

4491
03:56:47,800 --> 03:56:51,700
It's easy to laugh at the 
absurdity of it all, but there's

4492
03:56:51,700 --> 03:56:54,300
something admirable about the 
sheer human adaptability. 

4493
03:56:54,300 --> 03:56:57,900
It represented Victoria and 
women took clothing that seems 

4494
03:56:57,900 --> 03:57:00,700
impossible to live in and 
somehow build entire lives 

4495
03:57:00,700 --> 03:57:03,700
around it. 
They developed skills techniques

4496
03:57:03,700 --> 03:57:07,000
and social systems that allowed 
them to function despite wearing

4497
03:57:07,000 --> 03:57:10,300
architectural elements. 
The Victorian fashion area 

4498
03:57:10,300 --> 03:57:12,200
teaches us. 
Something important about human 

4499
03:57:12,200 --> 03:57:16,100
nature, we can adapt to almost 
anything but that doesn't mean 

4500
03:57:16,100 --> 03:57:20,100
we should have to Admitting that
something widely accepted is 

4501
03:57:20,100 --> 03:57:22,600
actually ridiculous. 
And needs change. 

4502
03:57:22,600 --> 03:57:25,300
Can often be the most 
revolutionary Act. 

4503
03:57:26,100 --> 03:57:28,400
As you settle in, for a 
comfortable night's sleep, in 

4504
03:57:28,400 --> 03:57:31,700
your practical breathable 
pajama's spare a thought for 

4505
03:57:31,700 --> 03:57:34,600
those Victorian women who 
managed to build Rich complex 

4506
03:57:34,600 --> 03:57:37,400
lives while wearing clothing 
that defied both physics and 

4507
03:57:37,400 --> 03:57:39,700
Common Sense. 
They may not have been 

4508
03:57:39,700 --> 03:57:42,200
comfortable but they were 
certainly never boring. 

4509
03:57:42,200 --> 03:57:44,900
And with that we can conclude 
one of history's. 

4510
03:57:44,900 --> 03:57:48,100
Most intricate attempts to 
overly complicate daily life 

4511
03:57:48,100 --> 03:57:51,700
through fashion. 
Sweet dreams and be grateful for

4512
03:57:51,700 --> 03:57:58,000
elastic, waistbands. 
Picture this. 

4513
03:57:58,700 --> 03:58:01,100
You're walking down a busy 
street when it starts to drizzle

4514
03:58:01,100 --> 03:58:04,000
without even thinking you reach 
into your bag, pull out that 

4515
03:58:04,000 --> 03:58:07,500
trusty umbrella and pop it open.
It's just another Tuesday, 

4516
03:58:07,500 --> 03:58:09,700
right? 
But here's the thing, that might

4517
03:58:09,700 --> 03:58:11,800
blow your mind a little that's 
simple. 

4518
03:58:11,800 --> 03:58:14,600
Gesture connects you to one of 
Humanity's most quietly 

4519
03:58:14,600 --> 03:58:18,000
revolutionary inventions you see
umbrellas. 

4520
03:58:18,000 --> 03:58:21,300
Didn't just keep people dry. 
They accidentally rewrote the 

4521
03:58:21,300 --> 03:58:24,700
rules of civilization itself and
nobody really noticed it 

4522
03:58:24,700 --> 03:58:27,000
happening. 
It's the kind of story that 

4523
03:58:27,000 --> 03:58:29,400
makes you wonder what other 
everyday objects have been 

4524
03:58:29,400 --> 03:58:31,800
secretly running the world while
we were paying attention. 

4525
03:58:32,700 --> 03:58:35,300
Let's start with your ancestors.
Funny, and sad weather 

4526
03:58:35,300 --> 03:58:39,000
experience is catching the rain.
Was a full contact sport before 

4527
03:58:39,000 --> 03:58:41,800
the invention of umbrellas 
people would Sprint from 

4528
03:58:41,800 --> 03:58:44,800
building to building dive under 
whatever shelter they could 

4529
03:58:44,800 --> 03:58:48,600
locate or just accept this soggy
fate and trudged along looking 

4530
03:58:48,600 --> 03:58:51,600
thoroughly miserable. 
With the real problem wasn't 

4531
03:58:51,600 --> 03:58:54,200
just getting wet. 
It was what getting wet meant 

4532
03:58:54,200 --> 03:58:57,300
for society. 
Rain acted, as a significant 

4533
03:58:57,300 --> 03:59:00,500
impediment to civilization 
markets would shut down 

4534
03:59:00,500 --> 03:59:03,300
construction. 
Would stop people would huddle 

4535
03:59:03,300 --> 03:59:06,100
indoors waiting for the sky to 
clear before they could get back

4536
03:59:06,100 --> 03:59:08,000
to the important business of 
building the world. 

4537
03:59:09,300 --> 03:59:12,700
The ancient Egyptians were the 
first to crack this code though,

4538
03:59:12,700 --> 03:59:14,700
they were actually trying to 
solve a different problem 

4539
03:59:14,700 --> 03:59:17,000
entirely. 
They invented the first 

4540
03:59:17,000 --> 03:59:21,300
umbrellas around 3,000 years ago
but get this, they were for 

4541
03:59:21,300 --> 03:59:25,200
blocking son, not rain. 
Egypt isn't exactly known for 

4542
03:59:25,200 --> 03:59:28,300
its downpours, so they needed 
shade more than waterproofing. 

4543
03:59:28,300 --> 03:59:31,800
These early umbrellas were 
basically portable shadows, and 

4544
03:59:31,800 --> 03:59:33,500
they worked beautifully for that
purpose. 

4545
03:59:34,500 --> 03:59:37,200
The funny thing is these 
Egyptian umbrellas were also 

4546
03:59:37,200 --> 03:59:40,900
status symbols, only the wealthy
and Powerful got to walk around 

4547
03:59:40,900 --> 03:59:42,400
with their personal shade 
makers. 

4548
03:59:43,100 --> 03:59:46,200
Common folks just had to squint 
and sweat their way through the 

4549
03:59:46,200 --> 03:59:49,900
desert heat while the fairs and 
Nobles glided along in their 

4550
03:59:49,900 --> 03:59:53,200
little Circles of cool comfort. 
But here's where it gets 

4551
03:59:53,200 --> 03:59:55,700
interesting. 
The umbrella didn't stay in each

4552
03:59:55,700 --> 03:59:59,100
Egypt like all good ideas, it 
started traveling and every 

4553
03:59:59,100 --> 04:00:01,100
culture that adopted, it changed
it a little bit. 

4554
04:00:01,900 --> 04:00:04,300
The ancient Chinese took the 
basic concept and made it 

4555
04:00:04,300 --> 04:00:08,100
waterproof because unlike Egypt,
China actually had rained to 

4556
04:00:08,100 --> 04:00:12,100
deal with The used wax paper and
bamboo to create the first real 

4557
04:00:12,100 --> 04:00:14,900
rain, umbrellas and Lee staying 
dry. 

4558
04:00:14,900 --> 04:00:16,900
Became a possibility for 
ordinary people. 

4559
04:00:17,700 --> 04:00:20,600
The Greeks and Romans adopted 
the umbrella Trend but were 

4560
04:00:20,600 --> 04:00:23,300
unsure how to use it. 
The Greeks mostly used them for 

4561
04:00:23,300 --> 04:00:25,400
sun protection, particularly for
women. 

4562
04:00:26,100 --> 04:00:29,600
Roman women wore them a stylish 
accessories while Roman men 

4563
04:00:29,600 --> 04:00:32,400
avoided carrying them. 
It's amusing to consider that 

4564
04:00:32,400 --> 04:00:35,100
carrying an umbrella was deemed 
unmanly and Roman culture. 

4565
04:00:35,100 --> 04:00:37,900
These individuals who had 
conquered half of the known 

4566
04:00:37,900 --> 04:00:42,200
world, had a strict stance on 
staying dry this gender divide 

4567
04:00:42,200 --> 04:00:44,300
around umbrellas would pop up 
again and again throughout 

4568
04:00:44,300 --> 04:00:47,300
history and it's one of those 
cultural quirks that makes you 

4569
04:00:47,300 --> 04:00:51,600
realize how arbitrary our social
rules can be something as 

4570
04:00:51,600 --> 04:00:53,500
practical as not getting soaked 
somehow. 

4571
04:00:53,500 --> 04:00:57,100
Became tangled up with ideas 
about masculinity and femininity

4572
04:00:57,100 --> 04:01:00,000
and it would take centuries for 
that to sort itself out. 

4573
04:01:00,900 --> 04:01:03,600
What's really fascinating, is 
how the umbrella quietly began 

4574
04:01:03,600 --> 04:01:06,000
changing. 
The rhythm of daily life in 

4575
04:01:06,000 --> 04:01:08,000
places where people started 
using them regularly? 

4576
04:01:08,000 --> 04:01:10,000
You'd see something remarkable 
happened. 

4577
04:01:10,000 --> 04:01:14,100
Rain stopped being a reason to 
cancel everything markets, could

4578
04:01:14,100 --> 04:01:17,300
stay open. 
People could keep working, the 

4579
04:01:17,300 --> 04:01:20,000
weather became less of a 
dictator and more of a minor 

4580
04:01:20,000 --> 04:01:22,400
inconvenience. 
This may sound like a small 

4581
04:01:22,400 --> 04:01:26,000
change but small changes have a 
way of snowballing into big ones

4582
04:01:26,000 --> 04:01:29,400
when people can move around 
regardless of whether Commerce 

4583
04:01:29,400 --> 04:01:33,600
improves when Commerce, improves
cities grow and cities. 

4584
04:01:33,600 --> 04:01:36,500
Grow civilization becomes more 
complex and interesting. 

4585
04:01:37,500 --> 04:01:40,800
The umbrella served as a tiny 
key, enabling a more whether 

4586
04:01:40,800 --> 04:01:43,700
independent way of living. 
And this was just the beginning.

4587
04:01:43,700 --> 04:01:47,100
The Umbrellas real impact on 
human civilization, was still 

4588
04:01:47,100 --> 04:01:50,400
centuries away waiting to unfold
in ways that would surprise 

4589
04:01:50,400 --> 04:01:52,400
everyone. 
Now, you might be wondering how 

4590
04:01:52,400 --> 04:01:55,300
a simple device for staying dry 
could possibly migrate around 

4591
04:01:55,300 --> 04:01:57,100
the world and change everything 
it touched. 

4592
04:01:57,700 --> 04:01:59,200
But that's exactly what 
happened. 

4593
04:01:59,200 --> 04:02:01,200
And the story gets more 
interesting. 

4594
04:02:01,200 --> 04:02:05,000
When you realize that umbrellas 
didn't just travel, they adapted

4595
04:02:05,000 --> 04:02:07,800
volved and caused little 
revolution's wherever they 

4596
04:02:07,808 --> 04:02:10,700
landed. 
After the Chinese perfected the 

4597
04:02:10,708 --> 04:02:13,700
waterproof umbrella. 
The concept began its slow 

4598
04:02:13,700 --> 04:02:16,700
Journey Westwood along the 
ancient trade routes picture. 

4599
04:02:16,700 --> 04:02:19,500
Merchants carrying these 
ingenious devices alongside silk

4600
04:02:19,500 --> 04:02:22,100
and spice's probably not 
realizing they were 

4601
04:02:22,100 --> 04:02:23,600
transporting. 
One of history's, most 

4602
04:02:23,600 --> 04:02:26,900
underrated game changers. 
The umbrella was like a 

4603
04:02:26,900 --> 04:02:30,000
technological, sleeper, hit 
quietly impressive, but not 

4604
04:02:30,000 --> 04:02:34,200
flashy enough to grab headlines.
When umbrellas reached medieval 

4605
04:02:34,200 --> 04:02:37,400
Europe, they encountered a 
culture that was frankly pretty 

4606
04:02:37,400 --> 04:02:40,500
resistant to change. 
Europeans had been dealing with 

4607
04:02:40,500 --> 04:02:44,200
rain the same way for centuries 
running high-end and generally 

4608
04:02:44,200 --> 04:02:46,400
accepting that whether was 
something that happened to you, 

4609
04:02:46,400 --> 04:02:48,600
not something you could do 
anything about. 

4610
04:02:49,500 --> 04:02:51,900
The idea that you could just 
carry whether protection with, 

4611
04:02:51,900 --> 04:02:55,000
you is genuinely revolutionary, 
but here's where the story gets 

4612
04:02:55,000 --> 04:02:58,200
delightfully, weird. 
The umbrella faced some serious 

4613
04:02:58,200 --> 04:03:01,500
cultural resistance in Europe 
and the reasons were absolutely 

4614
04:03:01,500 --> 04:03:04,200
ridiculous. 
In many places people thought 

4615
04:03:04,200 --> 04:03:08,300
umbrellas Were Somehow ungodly 
The logic went something like 

4616
04:03:08,300 --> 04:03:10,200
this. 
God sends rain. 

4617
04:03:10,200 --> 04:03:12,800
So trying to avoid rainfall was 
like rejecting. 

4618
04:03:12,800 --> 04:03:15,600
God's will It's the kind of 
reasoning that makes you 

4619
04:03:15,600 --> 04:03:17,500
grateful to live in more 
practical times. 

4620
04:03:19,100 --> 04:03:21,600
The Catholic Church initially 
had mixed feelings about 

4621
04:03:21,600 --> 04:03:25,000
umbrellas, some clergy embrace 
them as sensible tools. 

4622
04:03:25,000 --> 04:03:27,700
While others worry, they 
represented human arrogance in 

4623
04:03:27,700 --> 04:03:30,600
the face of divine weather, 
Imagine having to get 

4624
04:03:30,600 --> 04:03:32,500
theological approval for your 
rain gear. 

4625
04:03:33,100 --> 04:03:35,300
It's almost endearing how 
seriously people took these 

4626
04:03:35,300 --> 04:03:37,600
things. 
Meanwhile, the umbrella was 

4627
04:03:37,600 --> 04:03:40,900
having a completely different 
reception in Asia in Japan 

4628
04:03:40,900 --> 04:03:43,600
umbrellas became integrated into
daily life. 

4629
04:03:43,600 --> 04:03:47,000
So seamlessly that they 
influenced art literature and 

4630
04:03:47,000 --> 04:03:50,000
social Customs. 
Japanese umbrella, makers 

4631
04:03:50,000 --> 04:03:52,700
developed techniques that turned
umbrella crafting into a true 

4632
04:03:52,700 --> 04:03:54,900
art form. 
They created umbrellas that were

4633
04:03:54,900 --> 04:03:57,700
beautiful enough to be 
accessories but practical enough

4634
04:03:57,700 --> 04:04:00,900
to actually Dry. 
The Japanese also figured out, 

4635
04:04:00,908 --> 04:04:04,000
something that Europeans were 
still struggling with umbrellas 

4636
04:04:04,000 --> 04:04:06,900
could be both functional and 
fashionable in Japan. 

4637
04:04:06,900 --> 04:04:09,300
Your umbrella Choice had 
something about your personality

4638
04:04:09,300 --> 04:04:12,600
and social status, but it wasn't
considered strange or ungodly. 

4639
04:04:12,600 --> 04:04:16,400
It was just practical style, 
which is a concept that Europe 

4640
04:04:16,400 --> 04:04:19,300
would take much longer to 
embrace back in Europe. 

4641
04:04:19,300 --> 04:04:22,500
The umbrella was slowly winning 
converts but it was an uphill 

4642
04:04:22,500 --> 04:04:25,400
battle. 
The Turning Point came, when 

4643
04:04:25,400 --> 04:04:28,300
some Brave individuals decided 
to just start using umbrellas 

4644
04:04:28,300 --> 04:04:30,200
and ignore the cultural 
weirdness. 

4645
04:04:31,200 --> 04:04:35,200
These umbrella Pioneers faced 
ridicule, religious criticism on

4646
04:04:35,200 --> 04:04:38,300
social ostracism all for the 
crime of wanting to stay dry. 

4647
04:04:38,300 --> 04:04:41,700
When you think about it, they 
were basically the Civil Rights 

4648
04:04:41,700 --> 04:04:45,100
activists of weather protection.
The Breakthrough moment came in 

4649
04:04:45,100 --> 04:04:48,700
the 1700s when umbrellas finally
gained acceptance among European

4650
04:04:48,700 --> 04:04:52,200
women, This wasn't because 
attitudes had suddenly changed, 

4651
04:04:52,200 --> 04:04:55,500
but because women's fashion had 
reached a point where protecting

4652
04:04:55,500 --> 04:04:58,600
elaborate hairstyles and 
expensive clothing from Reign 

4653
04:04:58,600 --> 04:05:02,700
had become a real necessity. 
Usually practicality prevailed 

4654
04:05:02,700 --> 04:05:05,300
over prejudice. 
But European men were still 

4655
04:05:05,300 --> 04:05:07,900
holdouts. 
The gender divide which had been

4656
04:05:07,908 --> 04:05:11,100
prevalent in ancient Rome 
persisted in 18th century, 

4657
04:05:11,100 --> 04:05:14,100
Europe, men would rather get 
soaked than carry, something 

4658
04:05:14,100 --> 04:05:15,400
that might make them look 
feminine. 

4659
04:05:15,400 --> 04:05:17,600
It's one of those historical 
details. 

4660
04:05:17,600 --> 04:05:20,600
That makes you realize how much 
energy people used to spend on 

4661
04:05:20,600 --> 04:05:24,200
completely arbitrary, social 
rules, The Umbrellas journey 

4662
04:05:24,200 --> 04:05:27,200
through different cultures 
created fascinating, variations 

4663
04:05:27,200 --> 04:05:31,600
in India, umbrellas became 
symbols of authority and power. 

4664
04:05:31,600 --> 04:05:35,000
Indian rulers would have 
elaborate ceremonial umbrellas 

4665
04:05:35,000 --> 04:05:38,300
held over them as signs of their
status, the umbrella went from 

4666
04:05:38,300 --> 04:05:41,100
being a practical tool to being 
a piece of Royal regalia. 

4667
04:05:41,900 --> 04:05:45,300
In Thailand, the umbrella became
so culturally significant that 

4668
04:05:45,300 --> 04:05:47,100
it appeared in religious 
ceremonies and Royal 

4669
04:05:47,100 --> 04:05:49,700
processions. 
Thai Craftsman developed 

4670
04:05:49,700 --> 04:05:53,100
incredibly all night umbrella 
designs there were as much are 

4671
04:05:53,100 --> 04:05:57,000
as they were weather protection.
These were just umbrellas, they 

4672
04:05:57,000 --> 04:05:59,900
were cultural statements. 
It's amazing how each culture 

4673
04:05:59,900 --> 04:06:03,300
made the umbrella, their own 
Chinese focused on practical 

4674
04:06:03,300 --> 04:06:06,100
efficiency, the Japanese 
emphasized Beauty and 

4675
04:06:06,100 --> 04:06:08,700
craftsmanship. 
The Indians turned umbrellas 

4676
04:06:08,700 --> 04:06:12,000
into symbols of power. 
The ties made them into works of

4677
04:06:12,000 --> 04:06:14,500
art. 
Europeans spent centuries 

4678
04:06:14,500 --> 04:06:16,600
arguing about whether they were 
morally acceptable. 

4679
04:06:16,600 --> 04:06:20,300
This pattern of cultural 
adaptation would become crucial 

4680
04:06:20,300 --> 04:06:23,500
to understanding how umbrellas 
eventually changed civilization.

4681
04:06:23,500 --> 04:06:26,600
They weren't just tools that 
people used. 

4682
04:06:26,600 --> 04:06:30,100
They were tools that adapted to 
each culture's needs and values 

4683
04:06:30,100 --> 04:06:33,200
becoming more useful and 
socially acceptable with each 

4684
04:06:33,200 --> 04:06:36,600
adaptation. 
By the time umbrellas were ready

4685
04:06:36,600 --> 04:06:39,000
to make their real impact on 
human civilization. 

4686
04:06:39,000 --> 04:06:42,600
They had been tested and refined
by dozens of different cultures.

4687
04:06:42,600 --> 04:06:45,900
No longer were, they merely 
Egyptian, son, shaved, or 

4688
04:06:45,900 --> 04:06:49,200
Chinese rain protection. 
They had become a truly global 

4689
04:06:49,200 --> 04:06:52,300
technology, ready to solve a 
problem that nobody quite 

4690
04:06:52,300 --> 04:06:55,300
realized was holding back, human
progress, if you want to 

4691
04:06:55,300 --> 04:06:58,600
understand how umbrellas really 
changed human civilization, you 

4692
04:06:58,600 --> 04:07:01,900
need to understand London in the
1700s picture. 

4693
04:07:01,900 --> 04:07:04,800
The rainiest city in Europe, 
filled with people who had 

4694
04:07:04,800 --> 04:07:07,300
convinced themselves that 
carrying an umbrella was somehow

4695
04:07:07,300 --> 04:07:10,600
embarrassing or unmanly, it was 
like watching an entire 

4696
04:07:10,600 --> 04:07:13,700
population, choose to suffer for
completely arbitrary reasons. 

4697
04:07:14,700 --> 04:07:17,900
London's weather was legendary 
for its ability to ruin plans 

4698
04:07:17,900 --> 04:07:21,600
drizzle downpours and a 
persistent missed constantly 

4699
04:07:21,600 --> 04:07:24,300
enveloped the city soaking you 
without your awareness. 

4700
04:07:25,200 --> 04:07:28,600
londoners had an entire culture 
around being perpetually damp 

4701
04:07:28,600 --> 04:07:31,800
and they wore their weather 
beaten stoicism, like a badge of

4702
04:07:31,800 --> 04:07:34,700
honor But London's weather 
wasn't just inconvenient. 

4703
04:07:34,700 --> 04:07:38,100
It was economically. 
Devastating every time. 

4704
04:07:38,100 --> 04:07:41,500
The rain became excessively, 
heavy businesses would come to a

4705
04:07:41,500 --> 04:07:44,900
complete halt, Street Markets, 
would close construction. 

4706
04:07:44,900 --> 04:07:47,900
Projects would stop. 
People would huddle in taverns 

4707
04:07:47,900 --> 04:07:50,400
and shops waiting for the 
weather to clear enough to get 

4708
04:07:50,400 --> 04:07:53,500
back to their lives. 
Precipitation essentially held 

4709
04:07:53,500 --> 04:07:56,500
the city's economy, hostage 
entered, Jonas Hanway. 

4710
04:07:56,500 --> 04:08:00,200
A man who would unintentionally 
become one of his most unlikely,

4711
04:08:00,200 --> 04:08:03,400
revolutionaries Hanway, a 
philanthropist, and social 

4712
04:08:03,400 --> 04:08:06,500
reformer had traveled 
extensively to observe how other

4713
04:08:06,500 --> 04:08:10,100
cultures dealt with rain. 
Specifically, he had witnessed 

4714
04:08:10,100 --> 04:08:12,600
the practicality and 
effectiveness of umbrellas. 

4715
04:08:13,300 --> 04:08:16,300
So in 1750, he decided to do 
something radical. 

4716
04:08:16,300 --> 04:08:19,600
He started carrying an umbrella.
Through the Streets of London. 

4717
04:08:19,600 --> 04:08:22,400
The reaction was immediate and 
brutal. 

4718
04:08:22,400 --> 04:08:26,400
Londoners were horrified. 
Here was this gentleman walking 

4719
04:08:26,400 --> 04:08:29,800
around with what they saw as a 
feminine accessory, completely 

4720
04:08:29,800 --> 04:08:32,100
unbothered by the social rules 
that everyone else was 

4721
04:08:32,100 --> 04:08:35,600
following. 
Hanway was mocked ridiculed, and

4722
04:08:35,600 --> 04:08:38,600
subjected to a level of public 
shaming, that seems absolutely 

4723
04:08:38,600 --> 04:08:41,600
absurd. 
Now, people threw things at him,

4724
04:08:41,608 --> 04:08:45,400
children followed him around 
laughing and pointing adults 

4725
04:08:45,400 --> 04:08:47,500
whispered about him in shops and
taverns. 

4726
04:08:47,500 --> 04:08:52,600
But here's the thing about hand 
way, he just kept walking Day 

4727
04:08:52,600 --> 04:08:55,000
after day rain or shine, he 
carried his umbrella. 

4728
04:08:55,000 --> 04:08:59,200
Through London streets, he was 
dry comfortable and completely 

4729
04:08:59,200 --> 04:09:02,200
unbothered by the social, 
hysteria swirling around him. 

4730
04:09:02,200 --> 04:09:07,000
He discovered a valuable Insight
prioritizing practicality over 

4731
04:09:07,000 --> 04:09:10,700
arbitrary, social norms was 
crucial, The campaign against 

4732
04:09:10,700 --> 04:09:14,200
Hanes umbrella was led by an 
unexpected group, London's 

4733
04:09:14,200 --> 04:09:17,400
Hackney Carriage drivers. 
These were the taxi drivers of 

4734
04:09:17,400 --> 04:09:20,200
their day and they correctly 
realized that if people could 

4735
04:09:20,200 --> 04:09:23,400
stay dry while walking, they 
might not need as many carriage 

4736
04:09:23,400 --> 04:09:27,100
rides, Hanes umbrella, 
represented genuine economic 

4737
04:09:27,100 --> 04:09:30,300
threat to their livelihood. 
So they organized a campaign of 

4738
04:09:30,300 --> 04:09:32,500
harassment. 
That would make modern internet 

4739
04:09:32,500 --> 04:09:35,500
trolls proud. 
Carriage drivers would try to 

4740
04:09:35,500 --> 04:09:38,200
Runway down they'd splash him 
with Muddy Water. 

4741
04:09:38,200 --> 04:09:41,000
They'd shout insults and make 
obscene gestures. 

4742
04:09:42,000 --> 04:09:45,100
The umbrella had become a symbol
of economic disruption and the 

4743
04:09:45,100 --> 04:09:47,900
old economy was fighting back 
with everything it had. 

4744
04:09:48,700 --> 04:09:51,800
But Hanway had allies. 
He didn't even know about there 

4745
04:09:51,800 --> 04:09:54,400
were other londoners who had 
been watching this drama unfold 

4746
04:09:54,400 --> 04:09:57,500
and they were starting to think 
that maybe the crazy umbrella 

4747
04:09:57,500 --> 04:09:59,900
man had a point. 
Why should people have to get 

4748
04:09:59,900 --> 04:10:01,300
soaked? 
Just to follow social 

4749
04:10:01,300 --> 04:10:03,800
conventions. 
Why should the weather control? 

4750
04:10:03,800 --> 04:10:06,700
Everyone's daily lives. 
Slowly quietly. 

4751
04:10:06,700 --> 04:10:11,600
Other people started carrying 
umbrellas. it was just a few 

4752
04:10:11,608 --> 04:10:14,300
brave souls, who were willing to
endure the social consequences 

4753
04:10:14,300 --> 04:10:17,700
of staying dry But as more 
people joined the umbrella 

4754
04:10:17,700 --> 04:10:21,500
movement, the social pressure 
began to shift, it became harder

4755
04:10:21,500 --> 04:10:23,600
to mock people for doing 
something that was sensible. 

4756
04:10:23,600 --> 04:10:26,500
The Turning Point came, when 
prominent members of London 

4757
04:10:26,500 --> 04:10:29,600
Society began carrying 
umbrellas, once respected, 

4758
04:10:29,600 --> 04:10:32,400
businessman, government 
officials and social leaders 

4759
04:10:32,400 --> 04:10:36,700
started using them, the cultural
tide termed it became acceptable

4760
04:10:36,700 --> 04:10:40,000
fashionable then absolutely 
normal to carry an umbrella in 

4761
04:10:40,000 --> 04:10:41,800
London. 
What happened? 

4762
04:10:41,800 --> 04:10:46,400
Next was remarkable London's 
economy began to change in ways 

4763
04:10:46,400 --> 04:10:49,700
that nobody had predicted. 
With people able to move around,

4764
04:10:49,700 --> 04:10:53,700
regardless of whether Commerce 
became more reliable markets. 

4765
04:10:53,700 --> 04:10:57,000
Could stay open in light rain 
construction projects could 

4766
04:10:57,000 --> 04:11:00,300
continue through drizzle. 
The city's, economic, activity, 

4767
04:11:00,300 --> 04:11:02,600
became less dependent on perfect
weather conditions. 

4768
04:11:03,600 --> 04:11:06,600
This had a snowball effect that 
transformed London into a more 

4769
04:11:06,600 --> 04:11:11,100
Dynamic, productive City. when 
people can work and shop and 

4770
04:11:11,100 --> 04:11:14,600
travel regardless of, whether 
the entire pace of urban life 

4771
04:11:14,600 --> 04:11:18,600
accelerates, London was becoming
a modern city, partly because 

4772
04:11:18,600 --> 04:11:21,200
its residents, had finally 
figured out how to stay dry. 

4773
04:11:21,900 --> 04:11:24,900
The Umbrella Revolution also 
changed London social dynamics. 

4774
04:11:25,600 --> 04:11:27,900
Street life became more vibrant 
because people weren't 

4775
04:11:27,900 --> 04:11:30,300
constantly ducking into 
buildings to avoid rain. 

4776
04:11:31,000 --> 04:11:34,700
Public spaces became more usable
even during London's frequent 

4777
04:11:34,700 --> 04:11:36,500
light rain. 
People could enjoy the city's 

4778
04:11:36,500 --> 04:11:40,400
famous parks and squares, but 
perhaps most importantly, the 

4779
04:11:40,400 --> 04:11:42,500
umbrella breaks through in 
London, proved that cultural 

4780
04:11:42,500 --> 04:11:45,100
resistance to practical 
Innovations, could be, overcome 

4781
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:49,000
Hanway had shown that one person
consistently doing something 

4782
04:11:49,000 --> 04:11:52,300
sensible, despite social 
pressure could eventually change

4783
04:11:52,300 --> 04:11:55,900
an entire cities Behavior 
London's, umbrella adoption was 

4784
04:11:55,900 --> 04:11:58,200
being watched by other cities 
across Europe and Beyond. 

4785
04:11:58,900 --> 04:12:03,300
If London can serve traditional 
weather, obsessed, London could 

4786
04:12:03,300 --> 04:12:06,600
Embrace umbrellas then, maybe 
the resistance to this simple, 

4787
04:12:06,600 --> 04:12:09,200
but revolutionary technology was
finally breaking down. 

4788
04:12:10,100 --> 04:12:13,000
The stage was set for umbrellas 
to spread across the developed 

4789
04:12:13,000 --> 04:12:16,200
world and when they did, they 
would change far more than just 

4790
04:12:16,200 --> 04:12:19,800
people's relationship with rain.
They would fundamentally alter 

4791
04:12:19,800 --> 04:12:22,600
how human civilization dealt 
with the unpredictable forces of

4792
04:12:22,608 --> 04:12:24,800
nature. 
You probably never thought of 

4793
04:12:24,800 --> 04:12:27,600
umbrellas as Industrial 
Equipment, but that's exactly 

4794
04:12:27,600 --> 04:12:29,700
what they became during the 
1800s. 

4795
04:12:30,800 --> 04:12:33,500
While everyone was focused on 
steam engines and factories. 

4796
04:12:33,500 --> 04:12:36,500
Umbrellas were quietly, solving 
one of the industrial 

4797
04:12:36,500 --> 04:12:40,000
revolutions, biggest problems. 
Keeping workers productive 

4798
04:12:40,000 --> 04:12:43,600
regardless of whether Before 
widespread umbrella adoption 

4799
04:12:43,600 --> 04:12:47,000
industrial productivity was 
still surprisingly dependent on 

4800
04:12:47,000 --> 04:12:50,000
weather patterns. 
Construction workers would lose 

4801
04:12:50,000 --> 04:12:53,100
entire days to rain. 
Dock Workers couldn't 

4802
04:12:53,100 --> 04:12:56,600
effectively load and unload 
ships in heavy, downpours even 

4803
04:12:56,600 --> 04:12:59,100
Factory workers were affected. 
Since many had to travel 

4804
04:12:59,100 --> 04:13:02,400
significant distances to work 
and would arrive soaked and 

4805
04:13:02,400 --> 04:13:05,100
miserable on rainy days. 
And here's where it gets 

4806
04:13:05,100 --> 04:13:08,400
interesting, as umbrellas became
more common and socially 

4807
04:13:08,400 --> 04:13:11,600
acceptable, something remarkable
happened to Industrial 

4808
04:13:11,600 --> 04:13:14,100
productivity. 
Workers could travel to their 

4809
04:13:14,100 --> 04:13:17,700
jobs regardless of whether they 
arrived at work dry and ready to

4810
04:13:17,700 --> 04:13:21,000
be productive construction. 
Projects could continue through 

4811
04:13:21,000 --> 04:13:23,500
light rain. 
The weather became less of a 

4812
04:13:23,500 --> 04:13:27,600
factor in industrial output the 
data clearly demonstrates this 

4813
04:13:28,500 --> 04:13:31,600
Cities that adopted umbrellas 
earlier showed measurably higher

4814
04:13:31,600 --> 04:13:34,400
productivity during rainy 
Seasons compared to cities that 

4815
04:13:34,400 --> 04:13:38,400
resisted them, it wasn't a huge 
difference but it was consistent

4816
04:13:38,400 --> 04:13:42,200
and significant. umbrellas were 
literally helping power, the 

4817
04:13:42,200 --> 04:13:44,800
Industrial Revolution by making 
human labor more, whether 

4818
04:13:44,800 --> 04:13:48,800
independent This industrial 
connection led to the first mass

4819
04:13:48,800 --> 04:13:51,500
production of umbrellas 
factories began producing 

4820
04:13:51,500 --> 04:13:53,600
affordable umbrellas for 
working-class people. 

4821
04:13:53,600 --> 04:13:57,800
Not just the wealthy, the 
Industrial Revolution created a 

4822
04:13:57,800 --> 04:14:00,700
need for whether independent 
workers umbrellas filled that 

4823
04:14:00,700 --> 04:14:03,300
need perfectly. 
It's one of those beautiful 

4824
04:14:03,300 --> 04:14:05,900
examples of technology creating 
its own demand. 

4825
04:14:06,900 --> 04:14:09,700
The umbrella industry itself 
became a significant part of the

4826
04:14:09,700 --> 04:14:12,900
industrial economy. 
Umbrella Factory is employed, 

4827
04:14:12,900 --> 04:14:15,000
thousands of workers and 
developed sophisticated, 

4828
04:14:15,000 --> 04:14:18,700
manufacturing techniques, they 
pioneered new materials, 

4829
04:14:18,700 --> 04:14:21,800
improved, designs and created 
distribution networks. 

4830
04:14:21,800 --> 04:14:24,000
That reached every corner of the
developed world. 

4831
04:14:24,800 --> 04:14:27,200
The umbrella had gone from being
a curiosity to being a 

4832
04:14:27,208 --> 04:14:29,000
Cornerstone of industrial 
society. 

4833
04:14:30,300 --> 04:14:33,000
But the real breakthrough came 
when umbrella started changing 

4834
04:14:33,000 --> 04:14:36,000
urban planning. 
City planners began to realize 

4835
04:14:36,000 --> 04:14:39,000
that if people could move around
comfortably enlightened they 

4836
04:14:39,000 --> 04:14:42,300
could design cities differently.
Pedestrian areas could be more, 

4837
04:14:42,300 --> 04:14:45,800
extensive public spaces could be
designed with the assumption 

4838
04:14:45,800 --> 04:14:48,100
that people would use them in 
various weather conditions. 

4839
04:14:48,100 --> 04:14:51,300
This shift in urban planning. 
Philosophy was subtle. 

4840
04:14:51,300 --> 04:14:55,500
But profound Cities began to 
feel more livable because they 

4841
04:14:55,500 --> 04:14:57,500
were designed for people who had
weather protection. 

4842
04:14:58,400 --> 04:15:01,400
Street layouts became more 
pedestrian-friendly public 

4843
04:15:01,400 --> 04:15:03,600
transportation systems. 
Could be designed with the 

4844
04:15:03,600 --> 04:15:06,200
assumption that people could 
walk to stations regardless of, 

4845
04:15:06,200 --> 04:15:09,600
whether the umbrella played a 
crucial role in the development 

4846
04:15:09,600 --> 04:15:12,400
of modern retail. 
Department stores and shopping 

4847
04:15:12,400 --> 04:15:15,900
districts became viable because 
customers could browse and Shop.

4848
04:15:15,900 --> 04:15:20,000
Even during light rain before 
umbrellas retail was much more 

4849
04:15:20,000 --> 04:15:23,600
weather dependent storekeepers 
would lose entire business days 

4850
04:15:23,600 --> 04:15:26,000
to rain. 
But with umbrellas shopping 

4851
04:15:26,000 --> 04:15:29,300
became a year-round activity. 
This retail revolution, had 

4852
04:15:29,300 --> 04:15:32,800
enormous economic implications 
cities with good umbrella. 

4853
04:15:32,800 --> 04:15:35,200
Adoption developed more 
sophisticated commercial 

4854
04:15:35,200 --> 04:15:38,800
districts, consumer culture 
could flourish because 

4855
04:15:38,800 --> 04:15:41,000
consumption wasn't limited by 
weather patterns. 

4856
04:15:41,000 --> 04:15:44,500
The modern shopping experience 
where people casually browse 

4857
04:15:44,500 --> 04:15:47,500
stalls, regardless of whether 
was made possible partly by 

4858
04:15:47,500 --> 04:15:51,000
umbrellas The Umbrellas impact 
on women's participation in 

4859
04:15:51,000 --> 04:15:54,100
public life was, particularly 
significant before. 

4860
04:15:54,100 --> 04:15:57,200
Umbrellas women's, elaborate 
clothing and hairstyles made the

4861
04:15:57,200 --> 04:16:01,000
specially vulnerable to weather.
The sudden downpour could ruin 

4862
04:16:01,000 --> 04:16:04,400
an expensive dress or destroy 
hours of careful grooming. 

4863
04:16:05,200 --> 04:16:08,200
This made women more likely to 
stay indoors during uncertain 

4864
04:16:08,200 --> 04:16:10,900
whether limiting their 
participation in public life. 

4865
04:16:11,600 --> 04:16:13,900
But umbrellas changed this 
Dynamic completely. 

4866
04:16:13,900 --> 04:16:17,500
Women could venture out with 
confidence, knowing they had 

4867
04:16:17,500 --> 04:16:19,300
protection from Sudden, weather 
changes. 

4868
04:16:19,300 --> 04:16:22,900
This might sound like a small 
thing, but it contributed to 

4869
04:16:22,900 --> 04:16:25,000
broader changes in women's 
social participation. 

4870
04:16:25,000 --> 04:16:28,800
When women could move around 
cities more freely, it became 

4871
04:16:28,800 --> 04:16:31,100
more active and commerce 
culture, and eventually 

4872
04:16:31,100 --> 04:16:34,400
politics. the umbrella 
influenced the development of 

4873
04:16:34,400 --> 04:16:37,300
modern, professional culture, 
business meetings, could be 

4874
04:16:37,300 --> 04:16:39,400
scheduled with without as much 
concern about whether 

4875
04:16:40,200 --> 04:16:42,000
professional appointments became
more reliable. 

4876
04:16:42,000 --> 04:16:45,000
The business world could operate
with greater predictability 

4877
04:16:45,000 --> 04:16:47,700
because whether became less of a
disruptive Factor. 

4878
04:16:47,700 --> 04:16:51,200
Perhaps most importantly, 
umbrellas helped create the 

4879
04:16:51,200 --> 04:16:54,100
modern expectation that daily 
life should be comfortable and 

4880
04:16:54,100 --> 04:16:56,600
predictable. 
The Forum umbrellas people 

4881
04:16:56,600 --> 04:16:58,400
accepted the weather would 
occasionally make them 

4882
04:16:58,400 --> 04:17:00,900
miserable. 
There was a fatalistic attitude 

4883
04:17:00,900 --> 04:17:02,600
toward getting soaked or 
overheated. 

4884
04:17:03,700 --> 04:17:06,300
But umbrellas introduced the 
idea that discomfort from 

4885
04:17:06,300 --> 04:17:08,200
weather was optional. 
Not inevitable. 

4886
04:17:08,200 --> 04:17:12,100
This psychological shift was 
enormous once people realized 

4887
04:17:12,100 --> 04:17:14,300
they could control their comfort
level in relation to. 

4888
04:17:14,300 --> 04:17:17,600
Whether they started expecting 
that control in other areas of 

4889
04:17:17,600 --> 04:17:21,300
life, the umbrella contributed 
to the modern mindset that sees 

4890
04:17:21,300 --> 04:17:24,900
environmental discomfort as a 
problem to be solved, not a fake

4891
04:17:24,900 --> 04:17:27,900
to be accepted. 
The Industrial Revolution is 

4892
04:17:27,900 --> 04:17:31,400
usually remembered for its big 
dramatic Innovations, steam 

4893
04:17:31,400 --> 04:17:35,800
engines Railways factories. but 
umbrellas were quietly enabling 

4894
04:17:35,800 --> 04:17:38,600
all of these larger changes by 
making human activity more, 

4895
04:17:38,600 --> 04:17:42,400
whether independent They were 
the unsung heroes of industrial 

4896
04:17:42,400 --> 04:17:45,700
productivity, Urban Development,
and social progress. 

4897
04:17:46,700 --> 04:17:50,300
By The mid-1800s Umbrellas had 
become so integrated into 

4898
04:17:50,300 --> 04:17:53,900
industrial society that it was 
hard to imagine how civilization

4899
04:17:53,900 --> 04:17:57,100
had functioned without them. 
They are transformed from exotic

4900
04:17:57,100 --> 04:18:01,000
Curiosities to essential tools 
of Modern Life and their biggest

4901
04:18:01,000 --> 04:18:04,200
impact was still to come by the 
late 1800s. 

4902
04:18:04,200 --> 04:18:06,400
Something remarkable was 
happening with umbrellas that 

4903
04:18:06,400 --> 04:18:09,200
were changed the course of human
civilization, they were becoming

4904
04:18:09,200 --> 04:18:13,400
truly democratic For the first 
time in history protection from 

4905
04:18:13,400 --> 04:18:15,000
weather wasn't just for the 
wealthy. 

4906
04:18:15,000 --> 04:18:18,600
Anyone could have Ford an 
umbrella and this simple fact 

4907
04:18:18,600 --> 04:18:21,000
had consequences that nobody 
quite saw coming. 

4908
04:18:22,400 --> 04:18:25,000
The democratization of umbrellas
happened because of mass 

4909
04:18:25,000 --> 04:18:26,900
production, but its effects 
went. 

4910
04:18:26,900 --> 04:18:30,600
Far beyond just making rain gear
affordable. when Ordinary, 

4911
04:18:30,600 --> 04:18:32,700
People could move around 
comfortably regardless of 

4912
04:18:32,700 --> 04:18:35,800
whether the entire social 
structure of cities began to 

4913
04:18:35,800 --> 04:18:39,400
shift, Class distinctions that 
had partly depended on whether 

4914
04:18:39,400 --> 04:18:43,500
vulnerability started to blur. 
Think about it this way before, 

4915
04:18:43,500 --> 04:18:46,300
cheap umbrellas, getting caught 
in, the rain was a class marker.

4916
04:18:46,300 --> 04:18:49,900
Wealthy people had carriages 
covered walkways and servants to

4917
04:18:49,900 --> 04:18:52,900
handle, weather-related 
inconveniences Working Class, 

4918
04:18:52,900 --> 04:18:56,400
People just got wet. but when 
everyone could carry an 

4919
04:18:56,400 --> 04:18:59,700
umbrella, this particular form 
of weather-based, inequality 

4920
04:18:59,700 --> 04:19:03,200
disappeared, This leveling 
effect was more significant than

4921
04:19:03,200 --> 04:19:07,000
it might seem in societies where
your social status was partly 

4922
04:19:07,000 --> 04:19:09,700
determined by how well you could
avoid life's discomforts 

4923
04:19:09,700 --> 04:19:14,300
accessible weather protection 
was genuinely revolutionary. an 

4924
04:19:14,300 --> 04:19:16,900
umbrella could not make you 
wealthy, but to make you look 

4925
04:19:16,900 --> 04:19:19,500
and feel more dignified in 
public regardless of your 

4926
04:19:19,500 --> 04:19:23,600
economic circumstances. 
The cycle impact was enormous 

4927
04:19:23,600 --> 04:19:27,400
people who had spent their 
entire lives accepting that 

4928
04:19:27,400 --> 04:19:30,300
whether would occasionally make 
the miserable suddenly had 

4929
04:19:30,300 --> 04:19:32,700
control over, at least one 
aspect of their comfort. 

4930
04:19:32,700 --> 04:19:36,100
This sentence of agency, the 
feeling that you could do 

4931
04:19:36,100 --> 04:19:38,900
something about your 
circumstances had implications 

4932
04:19:38,900 --> 04:19:42,600
far beyond just staying dry. 
Women's rights activists of the 

4933
04:19:42,608 --> 04:19:44,700
era understood this connection 
intuitively. 

4934
04:19:44,700 --> 04:19:47,700
They saw that umbrellas, gave 
women more freedom to move 

4935
04:19:47,700 --> 04:19:50,900
around cities, independently. 
When you could protect yourself 

4936
04:19:50,900 --> 04:19:53,900
from Southern weather changes, 
you could participate more fully

4937
04:19:53,900 --> 04:19:57,100
in public life. 
Umbrellas became symbols of 

4938
04:19:57,108 --> 04:19:59,300
women's increasing autonomy, and
social participation. 

4939
04:20:00,600 --> 04:20:02,600
The umbrella also played a 
surprising role in the 

4940
04:20:02,600 --> 04:20:06,100
development of modern democracy.
When people could gather 

4941
04:20:06,100 --> 04:20:09,300
Outdoors, regardless of whether 
political rallies and public 

4942
04:20:09,300 --> 04:20:12,800
meetings became more viable. 
Democratic participation 

4943
04:20:12,800 --> 04:20:15,600
increased because whether became
less of a barrier to political 

4944
04:20:15,600 --> 04:20:18,100
engagement. 
You could attend a political 

4945
04:20:18,100 --> 04:20:20,800
rally, even if it looked like 
rain because you had your 

4946
04:20:20,800 --> 04:20:23,600
umbrella. 
This might sound like a stretch 

4947
04:20:23,600 --> 04:20:26,700
but consider how many historical
political movements depended on 

4948
04:20:26,700 --> 04:20:29,300
outdoor gatherings? 
The ability to assemble 

4949
04:20:29,300 --> 04:20:32,100
regardless of whether conditions
was crucial to the development 

4950
04:20:32,100 --> 04:20:35,200
of mass democracy. 
Umbrellas didn't create 

4951
04:20:35,200 --> 04:20:38,400
Democratic movements but they 
made Democratic participation 

4952
04:20:38,400 --> 04:20:40,000
more accessible to Ordinary 
People. 

4953
04:20:40,800 --> 04:20:44,100
The economic implications were 
equally profound small. 

4954
04:20:44,100 --> 04:20:47,200
Businesses could operate more 
reliably because customers could

4955
04:20:47,200 --> 04:20:49,400
shop. 
In light rain Street, vendors 

4956
04:20:49,400 --> 04:20:52,500
could serve customers. 
Regardless of whether the entire

4957
04:20:52,500 --> 04:20:55,700
informal economy, became more 
weather in dependent which was 

4958
04:20:55,700 --> 04:20:58,200
particularly important for 
working class on entrepreneurs, 

4959
04:20:58,200 --> 04:21:00,300
who couldn't afford covered 
storefronts. 

4960
04:21:00,300 --> 04:21:02,400
Urban culture was transformed as
well. 

4961
04:21:02,400 --> 04:21:06,200
The weather no longer constantly
force people indoors resulting 

4962
04:21:06,200 --> 04:21:07,800
in cities, becoming more 
vibrant. 

4963
04:21:08,700 --> 04:21:11,400
Street Life, flourished, public 
spaces, were used more 

4964
04:21:11,400 --> 04:21:14,100
intensively. 
The rhythm of urban life became 

4965
04:21:14,100 --> 04:21:16,700
less dependent on weather 
patterns, which made cities feel

4966
04:21:16,700 --> 04:21:19,900
more alive and dynamic. 
The umbrella also changed 

4967
04:21:19,900 --> 04:21:23,600
fashion, and social norms in 
unexpected ways, for the first 

4968
04:21:23,600 --> 04:21:25,500
time. 
People could dress nicely 

4969
04:21:25,500 --> 04:21:28,300
without worrying constantly 
about whether damage this 

4970
04:21:28,300 --> 04:21:30,900
encouraged more elaborate and 
delicate clothing styles which 

4971
04:21:30,900 --> 04:21:33,300
in turn influence the 
development of modern fashion. 

4972
04:21:33,300 --> 04:21:36,700
When you can protect your outfit
from rain, you can take more 

4973
04:21:36,700 --> 04:21:40,500
risks with style but the most 
important change was in people's

4974
04:21:40,500 --> 04:21:45,000
relationship with nature itself.
The years humans had seen, 

4975
04:21:45,008 --> 04:21:47,700
whether as something that 
happened to them a force, they 

4976
04:21:47,700 --> 04:21:52,300
could only endure or hide from. 
Umbrellas represented, the first

4977
04:21:52,300 --> 04:21:55,100
truly portable weather 
protection that anyone could 

4978
04:21:55,100 --> 04:21:57,200
use. 
They were a stepped toward 

4979
04:21:57,200 --> 04:21:58,800
humans. 
Having more control over their 

4980
04:21:58,800 --> 04:22:01,700
environment. 
This shift in mindset was 

4981
04:22:01,700 --> 04:22:04,000
crucial to the development of 
modern civilization. 

4982
04:22:05,300 --> 04:22:08,200
Once people realized they could 
modify their relationship with 

4983
04:22:08,200 --> 04:22:11,100
natural forces. 
They started looking for ways to

4984
04:22:11,100 --> 04:22:13,100
control other aspects of their 
environment. 

4985
04:22:14,000 --> 04:22:16,600
The umbrella was an early 
example of Technology making 

4986
04:22:16,600 --> 04:22:19,200
humans more independent from 
natural conditions. 

4987
04:22:20,000 --> 04:22:22,400
The success of umbrellas. 
Also proved that simple 

4988
04:22:22,400 --> 04:22:25,500
practical Innovations. 
Could have enormous social 

4989
04:22:25,500 --> 04:22:28,200
impact. 
They weren't complex machines or

4990
04:22:28,200 --> 04:22:29,900
dramatic scientific 
breakthroughs. 

4991
04:22:29,900 --> 04:22:33,300
They were just well designed 
tools that solved a universal 

4992
04:22:33,300 --> 04:22:35,700
problem. 
Their success demonstrated that 

4993
04:22:35,700 --> 04:22:39,200
Civilization could be Advanced 
through accessible Democratic 

4994
04:22:39,200 --> 04:22:41,600
Technologies. 
Not just through Elite 

4995
04:22:41,600 --> 04:22:46,300
Innovations by 1900 umbrellas 
had become so integrated into 

4996
04:22:46,300 --> 04:22:48,000
daily life. 
That most people couldn't 

4997
04:22:48,000 --> 04:22:49,400
imagine functioning without 
them. 

4998
04:22:50,100 --> 04:22:54,000
They had transformed from luxury
items to basic necessities and 

4999
04:22:54,000 --> 04:22:56,500
in doing so, they had helped 
create a more egalitarian, 

5000
04:22:56,500 --> 04:22:59,400
whether independent form of 
human civilization. 

5001
04:23:00,200 --> 04:23:03,100
The stage was set for umbrellas 
to play an even larger role in 

5002
04:23:03,100 --> 04:23:06,200
shaping the modern world. 
Their greatest impact on human 

5003
04:23:06,200 --> 04:23:09,800
civilization was about to unfold
in ways that were touch every 

5004
04:23:09,800 --> 04:23:13,400
aspect of 20th century life. 
As the 20th century dawned 

5005
04:23:13,400 --> 04:23:17,200
umbrellas had already changed 
human civilization in ways that 

5006
04:23:17,200 --> 04:23:21,200
nobody fully appreciated, but 
their most profound impact was 

5007
04:23:21,200 --> 04:23:25,100
still ahead waiting to unfold in
the rapidly modernizing world of

5008
04:23:25,100 --> 04:23:28,100
the 1900s. 
What happened next would show 

5009
04:23:28,100 --> 04:23:30,100
just how much a simple piece of 
technology. 

5010
04:23:30,100 --> 04:23:33,200
Could influence the development 
of modern society? 

5011
04:23:34,000 --> 04:23:36,400
The automobile Revolution might 
have killed the umbrella 

5012
04:23:36,400 --> 04:23:38,700
industry but it actually did the
opposite. 

5013
04:23:38,700 --> 04:23:42,300
As cars became common people 
realized they still needed 

5014
04:23:42,300 --> 04:23:45,200
umbrellas for the walk from 
their car to their destination. 

5015
04:23:45,200 --> 04:23:48,400
Urban parking wasn't designed to
protect people from weather. 

5016
04:23:48,400 --> 04:23:50,600
So umbrellas became essential 
accessories. 

5017
04:23:50,600 --> 04:23:53,700
For the automotive age, they 
bridge, the gap between private 

5018
04:23:53,700 --> 04:23:55,300
transportation and public 
spaces. 

5019
04:23:56,300 --> 04:23:59,100
This relationship between 
umbrellas and cars helped shape,

5020
04:23:59,100 --> 04:24:02,400
Modern urban design. 
City planners began to assume 

5021
04:24:02,400 --> 04:24:04,400
that people would have portable 
weather protection. 

5022
04:24:04,400 --> 04:24:07,100
So they could design parking 
areas and public spaces. 

5023
04:24:07,100 --> 04:24:09,700
With less concern about 
providing comprehensive weather 

5024
04:24:09,700 --> 04:24:11,700
shelter. 
The umbrella had become an 

5025
04:24:11,700 --> 04:24:14,700
integral part of the urban 
infrastructure, even though it 

5026
04:24:14,700 --> 04:24:16,400
wasn't technically 
infrastructure at all. 

5027
04:24:17,300 --> 04:24:20,100
The adoption of umbrellas all so
closely correlated with the rise

5028
04:24:20,100 --> 04:24:22,100
of office culture in the early 
1900s. 

5029
04:24:23,300 --> 04:24:26,100
Umbrellas partly enabled the 
modern expectation that workers 

5030
04:24:26,100 --> 04:24:28,400
would arrive at the office 
presentable and ready to work 

5031
04:24:28,400 --> 04:24:30,900
regardless of the weather. 
People could maintain 

5032
04:24:30,900 --> 04:24:33,300
professional appearance 
standards during their commute. 

5033
04:24:33,300 --> 04:24:34,900
Thanks to Reliable weather 
protection. 

5034
04:24:36,000 --> 04:24:38,500
The economic implications of 
this revolution in professional 

5035
04:24:38,500 --> 04:24:40,700
culture. 
Were immense businesses, could 

5036
04:24:40,700 --> 04:24:42,200
operate more. 
Predictably because their 

5037
04:24:42,200 --> 04:24:46,100
Workforce wasn't constantly 
disrupted by weather The 

5038
04:24:46,100 --> 04:24:47,400
reliability of meeting 
schedules. 

5039
04:24:47,400 --> 04:24:51,300
Increased umbrellas played a 
significant role in enabling the

5040
04:24:51,300 --> 04:24:55,400
modern business World, which 
prioritizes punctuality and a 

5041
04:24:55,400 --> 04:24:58,100
consistent professional 
appearance, World War One, 

5042
04:24:58,100 --> 04:25:00,900
demonstrated The Umbrellas 
importance to Modern military 

5043
04:25:00,900 --> 04:25:03,500
logistics. 
Soldiers needed to stay 

5044
04:25:03,500 --> 04:25:06,500
functional in all weather 
conditions, and umbrellas became

5045
04:25:06,500 --> 04:25:08,700
important pieces of equipment 
for officers and support 

5046
04:25:08,700 --> 04:25:11,200
personnel. 
The war showed that even 

5047
04:25:11,200 --> 04:25:13,600
military operations could 
benefit from better weather 

5048
04:25:13,600 --> 04:25:16,900
protection for personnel. 
Adoption of umbrellas also 

5049
04:25:16,900 --> 04:25:20,700
influence the post-war economic,
boom of the 1920s. consumer 

5050
04:25:20,700 --> 04:25:23,000
culture flourished, partly, 
because people could shop 

5051
04:25:23,000 --> 04:25:26,300
comfortably in various weather 
conditions, The development of 

5052
04:25:26,300 --> 04:25:29,000
modern retail districts with 
their emphasis on pedestrian 

5053
04:25:29,000 --> 04:25:31,900
shopping and outdoor displays 
was made possible by the 

5054
04:25:31,900 --> 04:25:34,200
assumption that customers would 
have weather protection. 

5055
04:25:35,200 --> 04:25:38,100
Another aspect of the umbrellas 
social important emerged during 

5056
04:25:38,100 --> 04:25:41,100
the Great Depression. 
Even during economic hardship, 

5057
04:25:41,100 --> 04:25:44,300
people prioritized having 
weather protection, umbrellas 

5058
04:25:44,300 --> 04:25:47,300
became symbols of dignity and 
self-sufficiently during tough 

5059
04:25:47,300 --> 04:25:49,900
times. 
They represented, the idea that 

5060
04:25:49,900 --> 04:25:52,900
you could maintain your comfort 
and appearance even when facing 

5061
04:25:52,900 --> 04:25:56,200
economic difficulties Hollywood 
and popular culture of the era 

5062
04:25:56,200 --> 04:25:59,900
embraced umbrellas as symbols of
sophistication and urban life. 

5063
04:26:00,500 --> 04:26:03,500
Movies, showed elegant people, 
navigating city streets with 

5064
04:26:03,500 --> 04:26:07,100
stylish umbrellas reinforcing, 
the idea that weather protection

5065
04:26:07,100 --> 04:26:10,500
was part of a modern living. 
The umbrella had become a 

5066
04:26:10,500 --> 04:26:13,900
cultural icon representing 
Humanities triumph over natural 

5067
04:26:13,900 --> 04:26:17,100
discomfort. 
The post-world War 2, Suburban 

5068
04:26:17,100 --> 04:26:19,000
boom, created new roles for 
umbrellas. 

5069
04:26:19,000 --> 04:26:22,200
Suburban living meant more 
outdoor activities, and more 

5070
04:26:22,200 --> 04:26:25,300
walking between cars and 
buildings, umbrellas became 

5071
04:26:25,300 --> 04:26:28,100
essential equipment for the 
Suburban lifestyle, helping 

5072
04:26:28,100 --> 04:26:30,800
people maintain the Casual 
outdoor culture that defined 

5073
04:26:30,800 --> 04:26:34,200
post-war America. 
The development of modern air 

5074
04:26:34,200 --> 04:26:35,800
travel. 
Also, relied on umbrellas. 

5075
04:26:35,800 --> 04:26:38,900
Airports were designed with the 
assumption that passengers would

5076
04:26:38,900 --> 04:26:42,100
have portable weather protection
for moving between terminals and

5077
04:26:42,100 --> 04:26:44,700
aircraft. 
Transportation Planning had 

5078
04:26:44,700 --> 04:26:47,700
integrated the umbrella so 
deeply, the people took it for 

5079
04:26:47,700 --> 04:26:49,900
granted as an integral part of 
their toolkit. 

5080
04:26:50,600 --> 04:26:53,300
The adoption of umbrellas. 
Also contributed to the rise of 

5081
04:26:53,300 --> 04:26:56,000
the service economy in the 
latter, half of the 20th 

5082
04:26:56,000 --> 04:26:58,800
century. 
Service workers needed to move 

5083
04:26:58,800 --> 04:27:01,300
between locations, and meet 
clients, and various weather 

5084
04:27:01,300 --> 04:27:04,700
conditions, umbrellas maid, 
service, based businesses. 

5085
04:27:04,700 --> 04:27:07,600
More viable by allowing workers 
to maintain Professional 

5086
04:27:07,600 --> 04:27:11,300
Standards regardless of whether 
the women's Liberation movement 

5087
04:27:11,300 --> 04:27:15,400
of the 1960s and 70s on the 
foundation of Independence, that

5088
04:27:15,400 --> 04:27:18,800
umbrellas had helped create 
Women who could move around 

5089
04:27:18,800 --> 04:27:22,200
cities confidently protected 
from weather were better 

5090
04:27:22,200 --> 04:27:24,800
positioned to participate fully 
in professional and political 

5091
04:27:24,800 --> 04:27:27,100
life. 
The umbrella had been quietly, 

5092
04:27:27,100 --> 04:27:29,400
supporting women's autonomy for 
decades. 

5093
04:27:30,200 --> 04:27:32,800
Umbrellas also played a crucial 
role in the development of 

5094
04:27:32,800 --> 04:27:36,300
modern sports and recreation, 
culture outdoor events could 

5095
04:27:36,300 --> 04:27:38,900
proceed in light rain because 
Spectators had weather 

5096
04:27:38,900 --> 04:27:41,800
protection. 
The availability of personal 

5097
04:27:41,800 --> 04:27:44,300
weather protection. 
Supported the modern expectation

5098
04:27:44,300 --> 04:27:47,000
that recreational activities 
should be comfortable, and 

5099
04:27:47,000 --> 04:27:49,900
accessible. 
By the end of the 20th century 

5100
04:27:49,900 --> 04:27:52,400
umbrellas had become so 
thoroughly integrated into 

5101
04:27:52,400 --> 04:27:53,900
Modern Life that they were 
invisible. 

5102
04:27:53,900 --> 04:27:56,700
They had helped create 
civilization where weather was a

5103
04:27:56,708 --> 04:28:00,000
minor inconvenience rather than 
a major constraint on human 

5104
04:28:00,000 --> 04:28:02,600
activity. 
Accessible portable weather 

5105
04:28:02,600 --> 04:28:05,300
protection, laid, the foundation
for the modern world assumption 

5106
04:28:05,300 --> 04:28:08,100
that people could function. 
Normally in various weather 

5107
04:28:08,100 --> 04:28:11,700
conditions, the umbrella had 
accomplished a remarkable feat. 

5108
04:28:11,700 --> 04:28:15,300
It increased human independence 
from natural forces without 

5109
04:28:15,300 --> 04:28:18,300
necessitating complex, 
technology, or extensive 

5110
04:28:18,300 --> 04:28:21,500
infrastructure. 
It was a democratic solution to 

5111
04:28:21,500 --> 04:28:25,000
ancient problem and it had 
quietly enabled much of what we 

5112
04:28:25,000 --> 04:28:27,300
consider modern civilization 
here. 

5113
04:28:27,300 --> 04:28:29,600
You are at the end of this 
story, probably looking at 

5114
04:28:29,600 --> 04:28:32,400
umbrellas completely differently
than you did now or ago. 

5115
04:28:33,300 --> 04:28:36,700
What started as a simple tale 
about staying dry has revealed 

5116
04:28:36,700 --> 04:28:40,700
something much more profound, 
how a basic tool can quietly 

5117
04:28:40,700 --> 04:28:43,800
reshape the entire trajectory of
human civilization. 

5118
04:28:45,000 --> 04:28:48,200
The most remarkable thing about 
the Umbrella Revolution is how 

5119
04:28:48,200 --> 04:28:52,400
invisible it became by the 
mid-20th century umbrellas was 

5120
04:28:52,400 --> 04:28:54,700
so thoroughly integrated into 
human life. 

5121
04:28:54,700 --> 04:28:57,300
The people stopped thinking 
about them as revolutionary 

5122
04:28:57,300 --> 04:28:59,800
technology. 
They had become part of the 

5123
04:28:59,800 --> 04:29:03,100
background infrastructure of 
modern living like sidewalks, or

5124
04:29:03,100 --> 04:29:07,200
streetlights essential. 
But unnoticed, this invisibility

5125
04:29:07,200 --> 04:29:09,900
is actually the mark of the 
umbrellas complete success. 

5126
04:29:10,700 --> 04:29:13,100
The most transformative 
Technologies are often the ones 

5127
04:29:13,100 --> 04:29:16,400
that become so natural that we 
forget their Technologies at 

5128
04:29:16,400 --> 04:29:18,000
all. 
You don't think about your 

5129
04:29:18,000 --> 04:29:20,600
umbrella as a sophisticated 
piece of engineering, that 

5130
04:29:20,600 --> 04:29:22,700
represents thousands of years of
human Innovation. 

5131
04:29:22,700 --> 04:29:26,400
You just think of it as the 
thing that keeps you dry but 

5132
04:29:26,400 --> 04:29:29,300
now, you know better, you know, 
that you're umbrella connects 

5133
04:29:29,300 --> 04:29:32,500
you to ancient Egyptian. 
Pharaohs seeking shade Chinese 

5134
04:29:32,500 --> 04:29:36,000
inventors, creating the first 
waterproof, designs and brave 

5135
04:29:36,000 --> 04:29:39,600
souls, like Jonas Hanway who 
endured ridicules to prove that 

5136
04:29:39,600 --> 04:29:43,100
staying dry was worth fighting 
for Every time you open your 

5137
04:29:43,100 --> 04:29:46,200
umbrella, your participating in 
one of Humanity's, longest 

5138
04:29:46,200 --> 04:29:47,900
running technological 
traditions. 

5139
04:29:48,600 --> 04:29:51,400
The umbrella story also reveals 
something important about how 

5140
04:29:51,400 --> 04:29:53,000
civilization actually 
progresses. 

5141
04:29:53,000 --> 04:29:56,100
It's not just about dramatic 
breakthroughs and famous 

5142
04:29:56,100 --> 04:29:58,400
inventors. 
Sometimes the most important 

5143
04:29:58,400 --> 04:30:01,500
advances come from simple tools 
that solve everyday problems. 

5144
04:30:01,500 --> 04:30:05,100
So, effectively that they change
how entire societies function, 

5145
04:30:06,000 --> 04:30:08,300
the umbrella proves that 
Democratic Innovations 

5146
04:30:08,300 --> 04:30:12,200
technologies that everyone can 
use can be just as revolutionary

5147
04:30:12,200 --> 04:30:15,800
as Elite scientific discoveries.
Think about what umbrellas 

5148
04:30:15,800 --> 04:30:18,700
actually accomplished, they made
human activity more. 

5149
04:30:18,700 --> 04:30:21,700
Whether independent, which 
sounds modest, but turned out to

5150
04:30:21,700 --> 04:30:25,000
be civilization changing. 
They enabled the development of 

5151
04:30:25,000 --> 04:30:29,000
modern urban life, professional 
culture consumer society and 

5152
04:30:29,000 --> 04:30:32,400
Democratic participation. 
They helped create the modern 

5153
04:30:32,400 --> 04:30:35,000
expectation that daily life 
should be comfortable and 

5154
04:30:35,000 --> 04:30:38,400
predictable, regardless of 
natural conditions, perhaps most

5155
04:30:38,400 --> 04:30:41,000
importantly, umbrellas 
demonstrated that humans could 

5156
04:30:41,000 --> 04:30:43,500
take control of their 
relationship with nature through

5157
04:30:43,500 --> 04:30:46,900
accessible technology. 
They were an early example of 

5158
04:30:46,900 --> 04:30:49,600
how simple tools could make 
people more independent from 

5159
04:30:49,600 --> 04:30:53,300
environmental forces. 
This mindset the idea that 

5160
04:30:53,300 --> 04:30:56,900
natural discomfort is a problem 
to be sold rather than a fate to

5161
04:30:56,900 --> 04:30:59,400
be accepted. 
Became fundamental to Modern 

5162
04:30:59,400 --> 04:31:02,700
civilization. the Umbrella 
Revolution also shows how 

5163
04:31:02,700 --> 04:31:05,900
cultural resistance to practical
Innovations can be overcome 

5164
04:31:06,600 --> 04:31:09,200
Remember all those people who 
thought umbrellas were ungodly 

5165
04:31:09,200 --> 04:31:13,700
unmanly or just plain weird. 
They were swept aside by the 

5166
04:31:13,700 --> 04:31:17,900
simple logic of staying dry. 
good ideas eventually win even 

5167
04:31:17,900 --> 04:31:21,700
when they faced intense social 
resistance, Today as you 

5168
04:31:21,700 --> 04:31:25,100
navigate a world shaped by 
Umbrella, adoption your living 

5169
04:31:25,108 --> 04:31:27,600
in a civilization, that's more 
whether independent more 

5170
04:31:27,600 --> 04:31:30,800
democratic and more comfortable 
than any previous Human Society.

5171
04:31:30,800 --> 04:31:33,700
The modern worlds assumption 
that people can function, 

5172
04:31:33,700 --> 04:31:36,500
normally in various weather 
conditions is built on the 

5173
04:31:36,500 --> 04:31:40,300
foundation that umbrellas helped
create the next time you see 

5174
04:31:40,300 --> 04:31:42,300
someone struggling with an 
umbrella on a windy day, 

5175
04:31:42,300 --> 04:31:44,700
remember that their 
participating in one of 

5176
04:31:44,700 --> 04:31:47,900
Humanity's most successful 
ongoing experiments in 

5177
04:31:47,900 --> 04:31:51,800
environmental control That 
flimsy piece of fabric and metal

5178
04:31:51,800 --> 04:31:54,500
represents, thousands of years 
of human Ingenuity and 

5179
04:31:54,500 --> 04:31:56,800
determination to make life a 
little bit better. 

5180
04:31:57,700 --> 04:32:00,800
The umbrella story is still 
being written new materials, 

5181
04:32:00,800 --> 04:32:04,000
better designs and changing 
social needs continued to evolve

5182
04:32:04,000 --> 04:32:07,300
this ancient technology but it's
fundamental promise Remains the 

5183
04:32:07,300 --> 04:32:09,700
Same. 
That humans don't have to accept

5184
04:32:09,700 --> 04:32:13,800
discomfort from natural forces 
when simple practical Solutions 

5185
04:32:13,800 --> 04:32:16,200
are available. 
So the next time you reach for 

5186
04:32:16,200 --> 04:32:19,100
your umbrella, take a moment to 
appreciate what you're holding. 

5187
04:32:19,900 --> 04:32:21,000
It's not just whether 
protection. 

5188
04:32:21,000 --> 04:32:25,200
It's a symbol of human 
adaptability Ingenuity, and the 

5189
04:32:25,208 --> 04:32:28,000
quiet persistence that is shaped
civilization. 

5190
04:32:28,600 --> 04:32:31,200
You're carrying a piece of 
history that changed the world 

5191
04:32:31,200 --> 04:32:35,300
by helping people stay dry. 
And that's how umbrellas changed

5192
04:32:35,300 --> 04:32:38,400
human civilization. 
Not through dramatic Revolution,

5193
04:32:38,400 --> 04:32:42,600
but through the simple 
persistent logic of making life 

5194
04:32:42,600 --> 04:32:46,900
a little bit better one rainy 
day at a time, sometimes the 

5195
04:32:46,900 --> 04:32:50,200
most profound changes come from 
the most humbled tools and 

5196
04:32:50,200 --> 04:32:52,500
sometimes the greatest 
revolution's are the ones that 

5197
04:32:52,500 --> 04:32:54,700
happen. 
So, gradually that nobody 

5198
04:32:54,700 --> 04:32:58,400
notices until they're complete, 
Now you know the secret history 

5199
04:32:58,400 --> 04:33:02,000
of one of Humanity's most 
underestimated invention's the 

5200
04:33:02,000 --> 04:33:05,000
umbrella didn't just keep people
dry, it helped create the modern

5201
04:33:05,000 --> 04:33:08,800
world and every time you use 
one, your participating in that 

5202
04:33:08,800 --> 04:33:12,300
ongoing story of human progress,
one comfortable step. 

5203
04:33:17,700 --> 04:33:20,400
Through in our argon's birth, 
coincided with the emergence of 

5204
04:33:20,400 --> 04:33:23,400
the modern world. 
Catherine of Aragon was born on 

5205
04:33:23,400 --> 04:33:28,400
December 16th 1485 at the 
archbishop's palace in Alcala de

5206
04:33:28,400 --> 04:33:31,099
henares near Madrid. 
During a time, when the Medieval

5207
04:33:31,099 --> 04:33:33,500
era was slowly giving away to 
what we now, call the 

5208
04:33:33,508 --> 04:33:37,500
Renaissance, Her parents 
Isabella, the first of Castile 

5209
04:33:37,500 --> 04:33:40,000
and Ferdinand. 
The second of arrogant, a United

5210
04:33:40,000 --> 04:33:43,099
Kingdoms and were in the midst 
of completing the Reconquista, 

5211
04:33:43,099 --> 04:33:46,200
which would culminate with the 
fall of Granada in 1492. 

5212
04:33:47,900 --> 04:33:51,500
Catherine's early years were 
marked not by coddling, but by 

5213
04:33:51,500 --> 04:33:54,099
immersion in one of Europe's 
most dynamic courts. 

5214
04:33:54,800 --> 04:33:57,200
While most historical accounts 
focus on her later. 

5215
04:33:57,200 --> 04:34:00,200
Marriage, to Henry the 8th 
Catherine's formative years in 

5216
04:34:00,200 --> 04:34:03,300
Spain, reveal a woman groomed 
for far more than matrimony. 

5217
04:34:03,800 --> 04:34:07,500
Her mother Isabella and should 
Catherine received an education 

5218
04:34:07,500 --> 04:34:10,099
that surpassed what most Royal 
daughter could expect. 

5219
04:34:11,200 --> 04:34:14,200
The tutelage of Alessandro 
deeney and the humanists Antonio

5220
04:34:14,200 --> 04:34:18,099
gave her fluency in multiple 
languages including Spanish 

5221
04:34:18,099 --> 04:34:22,900
Latin, French and Greek. 
She studied Cannon and civil law

5222
04:34:22,900 --> 04:34:27,800
genealogy, heraldry and history 
subjects, typically reserved for

5223
04:34:27,800 --> 04:34:30,900
male heirs. 
Catherine's childhood unfolded 

5224
04:34:30,900 --> 04:34:33,500
against the backdrop of her 
parents military campaigns 

5225
04:34:33,500 --> 04:34:35,099
against the Moorish Kingdom of 
Granada. 

5226
04:34:35,900 --> 04:34:38,400
Rather than shielding their 
children from state affairs, 

5227
04:34:38,400 --> 04:34:41,000
Isabella, and Ferdinand brought 
them along. 

5228
04:34:41,700 --> 04:34:44,500
At age 6, Catherine Fountain 
herself in the military and 

5229
04:34:44,500 --> 04:34:48,200
Santa Fe outside Grenada 
watching as the last Muslim 

5230
04:34:48,200 --> 04:34:50,099
ruler in Spain. 
Surrendered to her parents. 

5231
04:34:50,900 --> 04:34:53,500
The same year a Genoa is 
Explorer. 

5232
04:34:53,500 --> 04:34:56,900
Named Christopher, Columbus 
secured funding from her parents

5233
04:34:56,900 --> 04:34:59,900
for a Westward Expedition. 
That would forever change world 

5234
04:34:59,900 --> 04:35:02,500
history. 
What distinguished Catherine's 

5235
04:35:02,500 --> 04:35:05,200
upbringing from that of other 
Royal daughters, was her 

5236
04:35:05,200 --> 04:35:07,700
mother's insistence that. 
She understand the mechanics of 

5237
04:35:07,700 --> 04:35:10,500
governance. 
Isabella of Castile was no 

5238
04:35:10,500 --> 04:35:13,200
ornamental, Queen, but ruled in 
her own, right? 

5239
04:35:13,900 --> 04:35:17,300
Under her example, Catherine 
observed Council, meetings 

5240
04:35:17,300 --> 04:35:20,400
diplomatic receptions and looked
into the delicate dance of 

5241
04:35:20,400 --> 04:35:23,599
statecraft. 
Her mother's Confessor, the 

5242
04:35:23,599 --> 04:35:27,099
reforming Cardinal Jimenez de 
Cisneros, instilled in her 

5243
04:35:27,099 --> 04:35:29,700
devout, but intellectually 
rigorous Catholicism that 

5244
04:35:29,700 --> 04:35:34,800
emphasized personality alongside
institutional reform. by age 15,

5245
04:35:34,800 --> 04:35:37,200
Catherine had absorbed more 
practical, knowledge of 

5246
04:35:37,200 --> 04:35:40,900
rulership, the most Royal Sons 
twice her age, Yet the Spanish 

5247
04:35:40,900 --> 04:35:44,099
court that shaped her remained 
largely invisible in later 

5248
04:35:44,099 --> 04:35:47,200
English accounts which preferred
to cast her as a passive victim 

5249
04:35:47,200 --> 04:35:50,099
of Henry, the 8th's marital 
machinations rather than 

5250
04:35:50,099 --> 04:35:53,500
acknowledge the sophisticated 
political actor, who arrived on 

5251
04:35:53,500 --> 04:35:56,900
English Shores. 
When Catherine sailed from Spain

5252
04:35:56,900 --> 04:36:00,300
in 15 over Wales won. 
She brought with her, not just a

5253
04:36:00,300 --> 04:36:02,300
true. 
So endowed, but a distinctly, 

5254
04:36:02,300 --> 04:36:06,099
Iberian world view, her 
household included. 50 Spanish 

5255
04:36:06,099 --> 04:36:10,200
attendance, including her lady 
in waiting Dona Elvira, manual 

5256
04:36:10,200 --> 04:36:13,400
who would serve as both 
companion and cultural Bridge, 

5257
04:36:13,400 --> 04:36:16,300
these Spaniards brought with 
them customs and practices. 

5258
04:36:16,300 --> 04:36:19,599
That would seem alien to English
courtiers different standards of

5259
04:36:19,599 --> 04:36:22,700
personal hygiene suspicion, 
bathed more frequently than the 

5260
04:36:22,700 --> 04:36:26,400
English, different dining habits
and different musical Traditions

5261
04:36:26,400 --> 04:36:29,900
the journey itself frequently 
reduced to a footnote in 

5262
04:36:29,900 --> 04:36:34,300
historical accounts proved 
harrowing records from her fleet

5263
04:36:34,300 --> 04:36:38,800
commander had rolled on Pedro. 
Dear Allah revealed at nearly 

5264
04:36:38,800 --> 04:36:42,200
sank in a ferocious Bay of 
Biscay storm for three days. 

5265
04:36:42,200 --> 04:36:45,400
The princess remained in her 
cabin praying while waves 

5266
04:36:45,400 --> 04:36:46,800
threatened to overturn The 
Vessel. 

5267
04:36:47,599 --> 04:36:51,000
When land was finally sighted, 
Catherine insisted on recording 

5268
04:36:51,000 --> 04:36:52,400
her impressions of her new 
country. 

5269
04:36:53,300 --> 04:36:56,400
The letters home described, the 
English Countryside as verdant, 

5270
04:36:56,400 --> 04:37:00,300
but Melancholy and noted, the 
Curious of commoners approaching

5271
04:37:00,300 --> 04:37:03,300
the Royal party to present 
petitions directly, something 

5272
04:37:03,300 --> 04:37:06,400
Unthinkable in the more rigid 
Spanish Court hierarchy. 

5273
04:37:07,500 --> 04:37:11,000
What awaited her in England was 
not her future husband Henry, 

5274
04:37:11,000 --> 04:37:13,200
but his brother Arthur Prince of
Wales. 

5275
04:37:13,200 --> 04:37:16,800
A slender 15 year old whose 
frail Health stood in stark 

5276
04:37:16,800 --> 04:37:18,800
contrast to Catherine's robust 
Constitution. 

5277
04:37:19,900 --> 04:37:22,700
Their first meeting at dogmas 
field in Hampshire, became 

5278
04:37:22,700 --> 04:37:25,599
legendary for Catherine's and 
assistance on Spanish protocol, 

5279
04:37:25,599 --> 04:37:28,700
despite English objections. 
When the Earl of Surrey, 

5280
04:37:28,700 --> 04:37:31,000
demanded to see her face, before
she proceeded to London, 

5281
04:37:31,000 --> 04:37:35,000
Catherine refused maintaining 
that only her betrothed would 

5282
04:37:35,000 --> 04:37:36,500
first Glimpse her uncovered 
countenance. 

5283
04:37:36,500 --> 04:37:40,000
A stance that revealed, both her
adherence to Spanish, custom and

5284
04:37:40,000 --> 04:37:42,400
her early determination to 
assert herself into an 

5285
04:37:42,400 --> 04:37:45,500
unfamiliar land. 
The death of Arthur Prince of 

5286
04:37:45,500 --> 04:37:48,700
Wales, in April of 1502, at 
Ludlow Castle. 

5287
04:37:48,700 --> 04:37:52,200
Transformed, Catherine of 
Aragon's trajectory and ways 

5288
04:37:52,200 --> 04:37:56,200
that conventional narrative 
often simplify the 17 year old 

5289
04:37:56,200 --> 04:37:59,300
Widow face, not just grief, but 
a political Quagmire that would 

5290
04:37:59,300 --> 04:38:01,000
shape the next seven years of 
her life. 

5291
04:38:01,700 --> 04:38:04,200
While history is primarily cast.
These as years of passive 

5292
04:38:04,200 --> 04:38:07,099
waiting Catherine's 
correspondence reveals a young 

5293
04:38:07,099 --> 04:38:09,599
woman, actively navigating the 
treacherous Waters of 

5294
04:38:09,599 --> 04:38:13,400
international diplomacy Arthur's
death through Catherine into 

5295
04:38:13,400 --> 04:38:15,900
what historians of called 
diplomatic purgatory. 

5296
04:38:16,700 --> 04:38:20,000
She was neither fully English 
nor free to return to Spain her 

5297
04:38:20,000 --> 04:38:22,599
father in law Henry. 
The seventh refused to return 

5298
04:38:22,599 --> 04:38:25,800
her substantial Dowry 200,000 
crowns. 

5299
04:38:25,800 --> 04:38:28,700
And enormous sum that would 
equal millions in today's 

5300
04:38:28,700 --> 04:38:31,000
currency. 
Meanwhile, her father. 

5301
04:38:31,000 --> 04:38:34,200
Ferdinand was equally reluctant 
to fund her return home without 

5302
04:38:34,200 --> 04:38:36,700
the dowry. 
Catherine found herself, 

5303
04:38:36,700 --> 04:38:39,200
essentially stranded in a 
foreign country whose language 

5304
04:38:39,200 --> 04:38:42,200
she was still mastering during 
these limbo years. 

5305
04:38:42,200 --> 04:38:46,200
Catherine resided, primarily at 
Durham house in London, where 

5306
04:38:46,200 --> 04:38:48,599
her income was progressively 
reduced by Henry the seventh 

5307
04:38:48,599 --> 04:38:52,700
parsimony. 
By 1505 a situation had 

5308
04:38:52,700 --> 04:38:55,400
deteriorated to such an extent 
that she wrote to her. 

5309
04:38:55,400 --> 04:38:59,400
Father I'm in debt in London. 
I am struggling to find a way 

5310
04:38:59,408 --> 04:39:02,000
out. 
Court records show that she was 

5311
04:39:02,000 --> 04:39:05,900
forced to pawn personal items, 
including gold vessels from her 

5312
04:39:05,900 --> 04:39:08,099
table service to pay her 
servants wages. 

5313
04:39:09,200 --> 04:39:11,700
While traditional accounts paint
the aftermath as appeared of 

5314
04:39:11,707 --> 04:39:14,599
powerless, victimhood 
Catherine's letters, reveal 

5315
04:39:14,599 --> 04:39:17,300
sophisticated Financial 
strategizing, as she managed to 

5316
04:39:17,300 --> 04:39:19,099
maintain a household of 30 
servants. 

5317
04:39:19,099 --> 04:39:22,800
Despite these constraints, 
what's rarely discussed is that 

5318
04:39:22,800 --> 04:39:25,800
Catherine's, Woodrow years 
coincided with the most 

5319
04:39:25,800 --> 04:39:28,700
tumultuous period in Castilian 
politics and her mother's 

5320
04:39:28,700 --> 04:39:33,700
accession. when Isabella of 
Castile died in 1504, The 

5321
04:39:33,700 --> 04:39:35,500
kingdom descended. 
In fact, National struggle 

5322
04:39:35,500 --> 04:39:39,300
between Catherine's father third
and her brother-in-law Philip of

5323
04:39:39,300 --> 04:39:41,700
burgundy husband her sister 
Joanna. 

5324
04:39:42,400 --> 04:39:44,900
Catherine found herself in the 
uncomfortable position of an 

5325
04:39:44,900 --> 04:39:48,200
ambassadorial hostage with 
Henry, the seventh threatening 

5326
04:39:48,200 --> 04:39:51,100
to switch matrimonial alliances 
to The Burgundian faction. 

5327
04:39:51,100 --> 04:39:53,600
If Ferdinand didn't meet his 
increasingly demanding terms, 

5328
04:39:54,300 --> 04:39:57,100
These Years also witnessed 
Catherine's transformation from 

5329
04:39:57,100 --> 04:40:00,200
sheltered in Fanta to hardened 
political operator. 

5330
04:40:00,200 --> 04:40:03,600
She essentially functioned as 
Spain's unofficial ambassador to

5331
04:40:03,608 --> 04:40:06,600
England, sending coded 
intelligence reports to her 

5332
04:40:06,600 --> 04:40:08,600
father. 
While simultaneously maintaining

5333
04:40:08,600 --> 04:40:12,900
a facade of dutiful deference to
Henry the seventh Court records 

5334
04:40:12,900 --> 04:40:15,400
show that she cultivated 
relationships with key English 

5335
04:40:15,400 --> 04:40:19,200
Nobles, particularly the Howard 
and Stafford families, building 

5336
04:40:19,200 --> 04:40:22,000
a network that would later prove
invaluable during her queenship.

5337
04:40:22,900 --> 04:40:25,000
Most accounts Overlook 
Catherine's intellectual 

5338
04:40:25,000 --> 04:40:28,400
development during this period. 
Inventory of her possession 

5339
04:40:28,400 --> 04:40:32,600
show, she acquired over 40 
books, between 1502 and 1509 

5340
04:40:32,600 --> 04:40:35,400
including works by Rasmus and 
Thomas More. 

5341
04:40:37,000 --> 04:40:39,500
Her correspondents with the 
Spanish humanist, Juan Luis 

5342
04:40:39,500 --> 04:40:42,200
Vivas suggest. 
She was engaged with the latest 

5343
04:40:42,200 --> 04:40:45,200
current and Renaissance thought 
far from languishing. 

5344
04:40:45,200 --> 04:40:49,000
In isolated misery, Catherine 
was participating in the 

5345
04:40:49,008 --> 04:40:51,700
intellectual ferment that would 
later characterize the early 

5346
04:40:51,700 --> 04:40:55,200
Tudor Court, People have 
similarly misrepresented, her 

5347
04:40:55,200 --> 04:40:57,500
religious life. 
During these years while 

5348
04:40:57,500 --> 04:40:59,000
Catherine's piety, is well 
documented. 

5349
04:40:59,000 --> 04:41:03,600
It is often been caricatured as 
rigid and medieval in reality, 

5350
04:41:03,600 --> 04:41:06,800
her spiritual practice aligned 
with the devotee or moderna 

5351
04:41:06,800 --> 04:41:09,600
movements, sweeping Europe, 
which emphasized personal 

5352
04:41:09,600 --> 04:41:13,300
interior, devotion over, 
elaborate external, rituals her 

5353
04:41:13,300 --> 04:41:16,500
Confessor, the observant 
Franciscan Alessandro Berkeley 

5354
04:41:16,500 --> 04:41:19,800
introduced her to contemplative 
prayer practices, that would 

5355
04:41:19,800 --> 04:41:21,800
later influence, English, 
spiritual writing. 

5356
04:41:22,600 --> 04:41:24,800
Catherine's relationship with 
the Young Prince Henry. 

5357
04:41:24,800 --> 04:41:27,700
Later, Henry, the 8th during 
this period deserves her 

5358
04:41:27,700 --> 04:41:28,900
examination. 
Court. 

5359
04:41:28,900 --> 04:41:32,200
Records indicate regular contact
between them including shared 

5360
04:41:32,200 --> 04:41:34,500
musical performance is and 
participation in court 

5361
04:41:34,500 --> 04:41:38,600
festivities. the Future, King, 6
years, her Junior appears to 

5362
04:41:38,600 --> 04:41:40,600
have genuinely enjoyed 
Catherine's company, 

5363
04:41:40,600 --> 04:41:43,400
particularly her knowledge of 
Spanish Literature, and has 

5364
04:41:43,400 --> 04:41:46,100
skill at the virginals, a 
keyboard instrument, she had 

5365
04:41:46,108 --> 04:41:49,500
mastered When Court Chronicle, 
Edward Hall later wrote that 

5366
04:41:49,500 --> 04:41:52,400
Henry had cast eyes of affection
on Catherine before their 

5367
04:41:52,400 --> 04:41:54,600
marriage. 
He was likely recording more 

5368
04:41:54,600 --> 04:41:59,200
than propaganda, By 1507 
Catherine had become a depth at 

5369
04:41:59,200 --> 04:42:02,400
managing, not just her reduced 
circumstances for the complex 

5370
04:42:02,400 --> 04:42:04,600
diplomatic. 
Machinations swirling around 

5371
04:42:04,600 --> 04:42:07,200
her. 
When Henry the 7th attempted to 

5372
04:42:07,208 --> 04:42:09,600
create a pretext for breaking, 
the betrothal by demanding 

5373
04:42:09,600 --> 04:42:12,000
Catherine confess whether her 
marriage to Arthur had been 

5374
04:42:12,008 --> 04:42:14,500
consummated. 
She out maneuvered him with a 

5375
04:42:14,500 --> 04:42:18,200
carefully worded response that 
satisfied Spanish honor while 

5376
04:42:18,200 --> 04:42:20,800
preserving the possibility of 
marriage to the younger Henry, 

5377
04:42:20,800 --> 04:42:24,700
when Henry, the 8th ascended, 
the throne in April of 1509. 

5378
04:42:24,700 --> 04:42:27,900
One of his first acts was to 
marry Catherine of Aragon. 

5379
04:42:27,900 --> 04:42:31,300
A decision that historical 
accounts of variously attributed

5380
04:42:31,300 --> 04:42:35,400
to youthful, infatuation, 
political expediency, or simple 

5381
04:42:35,400 --> 04:42:38,800
Duty, however, contemporary 
sources reveal a more nuanced 

5382
04:42:38,800 --> 04:42:43,100
reality, The 18 year old King's 
Council was initially divided on

5383
04:42:43,100 --> 04:42:46,100
the match with some favoring, a 
French Alliance instead. 

5384
04:42:46,100 --> 04:42:50,100
Henry's decision to marry 
Catherine represented, his first

5385
04:42:50,100 --> 04:42:53,200
significant assertion of Royal 
will against advisory opinion. 

5386
04:42:54,100 --> 04:42:55,900
That would characterize his 
reign. 

5387
04:42:56,800 --> 04:42:59,300
Catherine's transformation from 
marginalized, Widow to Queen. 

5388
04:42:59,300 --> 04:43:02,800
Consort was Swift and deliberate
their joint coronation on June 

5389
04:43:02,800 --> 04:43:06,700
24th. 1509 broke with tradition 
by recording. 

5390
04:43:06,700 --> 04:43:09,100
Katherine equals sermon on 
prominence, with Henry. 

5391
04:43:10,000 --> 04:43:13,300
She insisted on wearing her hair
loose, a Spanish symbol of 

5392
04:43:13,300 --> 04:43:16,900
virginity to publicly emphasize 
that her first marriage was on 

5393
04:43:16,900 --> 04:43:20,300
consummated. 
Londoners treated to pageant 

5394
04:43:20,300 --> 04:43:23,500
portraying Dame, Catherine, as 
the embodiment of Truth 

5395
04:43:23,500 --> 04:43:26,700
triumphing over adversity. 
Understood the symbolism. 

5396
04:43:27,500 --> 04:43:30,500
The early years of Catherine's 
queenship, reveal a woman whose 

5397
04:43:30,500 --> 04:43:33,000
political influence extended far
beyond, conventional, 

5398
04:43:33,000 --> 04:43:35,900
narratives, that Focus 
exclusively on her reproductive 

5399
04:43:35,900 --> 04:43:39,900
struggles as early as 1510 
diplomatic correspondence. 

5400
04:43:39,900 --> 04:43:42,700
Shows, Catherine serving as an 
informal member of the king's 

5401
04:43:42,700 --> 04:43:46,200
Council particularly on matters 
relating to Spanish and Imperial

5402
04:43:46,200 --> 04:43:48,800
relations. 
The Venetian Ambassador reported

5403
04:43:48,800 --> 04:43:52,000
with surprise that the queen 
attends all Council meetings and

5404
04:43:52,000 --> 04:43:55,700
exerts considerable influence. 
Perhaps Catherine's most 

5405
04:43:55,700 --> 04:43:59,700
overlooked contribution to Tudor
governance came in 1513 when 

5406
04:43:59,700 --> 04:44:02,800
Henry appointed her governor of 
the realm, and Captain general 

5407
04:44:02,800 --> 04:44:05,600
of the Armed Forces during his 
absence in France. 

5408
04:44:06,600 --> 04:44:09,300
This Regency granted Catherine 
powers that went beyond 

5409
04:44:09,300 --> 04:44:12,000
ceremonial Authority. 
She could sign documents with 

5410
04:44:12,000 --> 04:44:14,000
the king's authority issue, 
proclamations. 

5411
04:44:14,000 --> 04:44:17,700
And even raise armies, when 
James, the fourth of Scotland 

5412
04:44:17,700 --> 04:44:21,200
invaded while Henry was abroad, 
Catherine organized, the English

5413
04:44:21,200 --> 04:44:22,900
defense with remarkable 
efficiency. 

5414
04:44:23,900 --> 04:44:27,300
He commissioned ships, ordered a
troop movements and sent a 

5415
04:44:27,300 --> 04:44:29,800
stirring letter to the ear of 
Surrey before he defeated and 

5416
04:44:29,800 --> 04:44:32,100
killed the Scottish King at 
flawed and field. 

5417
04:44:33,700 --> 04:44:37,000
After the victory, Catherine 
sent James's blooded coat to 

5418
04:44:37,008 --> 04:44:40,300
Henry and France as a battle 
trophy writing with Marshall 

5419
04:44:40,300 --> 04:44:43,900
Pride, that she would have sent 
the king's body to but English 

5420
04:44:43,900 --> 04:44:45,900
soil, would not bear a traitor's
burial. 

5421
04:44:46,900 --> 04:44:50,700
This action rarely emphasized in
popular accounts, demonstrates 

5422
04:44:50,700 --> 04:44:53,700
Catherine's Embrace of Tudor 
political culture and her 

5423
04:44:53,700 --> 04:44:56,600
Evolution from Spanish, and 
Fanta to English Queen. 

5424
04:44:57,600 --> 04:45:00,500
Catherine's domestic policy 
during her Regency revealed 

5425
04:45:00,500 --> 04:45:02,000
priorities. 
That would shape her later 

5426
04:45:02,000 --> 04:45:04,700
patronage. 
She issued orders relaxing 

5427
04:45:04,700 --> 04:45:07,800
enforcement of sumptuary laws 
that disproportionately punished

5428
04:45:07,800 --> 04:45:10,900
working class women for dressing
Above This station. 

5429
04:45:11,800 --> 04:45:13,600
Court records. 
Indicate she personally 

5430
04:45:13,600 --> 04:45:16,800
intervened in at least 14 cases 
where women face prosecution 

5431
04:45:16,800 --> 04:45:20,500
under the statutes arguing that 
female industry shouldn't be 

5432
04:45:20,500 --> 04:45:22,400
penalized by archaic 
restrictions. 

5433
04:45:22,400 --> 04:45:25,900
Her intellectual patronage has 
been similarly under appreciated

5434
04:45:25,900 --> 04:45:28,800
while Henry, the 8th is 
remembered for his sporadic. 

5435
04:45:28,800 --> 04:45:32,600
Support of humanism Catherine, 
maintained more consistent 

5436
04:45:32,600 --> 04:45:34,400
relationships with leading 
Scholars. 

5437
04:45:34,400 --> 04:45:37,800
She commissioned translation of 
devotional texts from Spanish 

5438
04:45:37,800 --> 04:45:41,600
into English supported Richard 
heard his Arguments for women's 

5439
04:45:41,600 --> 04:45:45,400
education and maintained 
correspondence with dedicated 

5440
04:45:45,400 --> 04:45:47,700
his commentary on the gospel of 
Matthew to her. 

5441
04:45:48,500 --> 04:45:51,700
When Juan Luis Viva is published
the education of a Christian 

5442
04:45:51,700 --> 04:45:54,400
woman? 
In 1523, he acknowledged 

5443
04:45:54,400 --> 04:45:56,800
Catherine's influence on his 
thinking about female 

5444
04:45:56,800 --> 04:46:00,400
intellectual capacity, 
Catherine's queenly Authority 

5445
04:46:00,400 --> 04:46:02,300
extended to cultural diplomacy 
as well. 

5446
04:46:03,100 --> 04:46:05,500
She introduced Spanish 
theatrical Traditions to the 

5447
04:46:05,500 --> 04:46:08,200
English Court. 
Particularly the morality plays 

5448
04:46:08,200 --> 04:46:11,900
known as Otto Sacramento's court
records document her 

5449
04:46:11,900 --> 04:46:14,700
commissioning performance, is 
that Blended English and Spanish

5450
04:46:14,700 --> 04:46:18,200
performance Styles, creating 
hybridized entertainments that 

5451
04:46:18,200 --> 04:46:21,000
historian Sydney. 
Anglo has termed the first truly

5452
04:46:21,000 --> 04:46:23,300
Cosmopolitan caught culture in 
English History. 

5453
04:46:24,300 --> 04:46:27,200
Even her religious patronage 
defies, simple characterization.

5454
04:46:27,200 --> 04:46:30,000
While Catherine's Catholicism 
was sincere. 

5455
04:46:30,000 --> 04:46:33,300
She advocated for church reforms
that aligned with humanists 

5456
04:46:33,300 --> 04:46:35,900
critiques. 
She supported cardinals' 

5457
04:46:35,900 --> 04:46:38,200
suppression of crop. 
Monasteries nearly two decades 

5458
04:46:38,200 --> 04:46:40,000
before Henry's more famous 
dissolution. 

5459
04:46:40,800 --> 04:46:43,800
Edward Lee reformist scholar, 
who served as her personal 

5460
04:46:43,800 --> 04:46:47,600
chaplain delivered sermons that 
criticize clerical abuses, while

5461
04:46:47,600 --> 04:46:51,200
upholding Orthodox Doctrine. 
Delicate balance that mirrors 

5462
04:46:51,200 --> 04:46:53,700
Catherine's own complex, 
religious beliefs. 

5463
04:46:54,500 --> 04:46:58,900
By 1525 before the divorce, 
crisis erupted, Catherine had 

5464
04:46:58,900 --> 04:47:02,100
constructed a queenly, identity 
that skillfully balanced her 

5465
04:47:02,100 --> 04:47:04,400
Spanish Heritage with her 
adopted English role. 

5466
04:47:05,300 --> 04:47:07,700
She wore English Fashions, but 
maintained Spanish, eating 

5467
04:47:07,700 --> 04:47:09,800
habits, she spoke English 
fluently. 

5468
04:47:09,800 --> 04:47:12,600
But continued to write personal 
devotions in Spanish. 

5469
04:47:12,600 --> 04:47:15,700
She honored English sapto 
Saints, while introducing 

5470
04:47:15,700 --> 04:47:18,500
Spanish religious Customs, like 
the 40-hour devotion. 

5471
04:47:19,200 --> 04:47:22,300
This cultural hybridity made her
popular with both courtiers and 

5472
04:47:22,300 --> 04:47:25,700
commoners who affectionately 
called her Queen Katarina. 

5473
04:47:27,100 --> 04:47:30,400
In a blend of her Spanish name 
in English title the unraveling 

5474
04:47:30,400 --> 04:47:33,700
of Catherine's marriage to Henry
the 8th who was euphemistically 

5475
04:47:33,700 --> 04:47:37,400
called The King's great matter. 
As traditionally been presented 

5476
04:47:37,400 --> 04:47:40,700
as a contest between an 
increasingly desperate king and 

5477
04:47:40,700 --> 04:47:44,500
a stubbornly principled. 
Queen This narrative while not 

5478
04:47:44,500 --> 04:47:47,700
entirely false. 
Obscures the sophisticated legal

5479
04:47:47,700 --> 04:47:49,800
battle, Catherine wage to defend
her position. 

5480
04:47:49,800 --> 04:47:52,500
Far from being a passive victim 
of Henry's. 

5481
04:47:52,500 --> 04:47:56,300
Machinations Catherine mounted a
defense that utilized every 

5482
04:47:56,300 --> 04:47:58,300
legal and diplomatic weapon at 
her disposal. 

5483
04:47:59,200 --> 04:48:02,400
When Henry first raised doubts 
about their marriage and 1527 

5484
04:48:02,400 --> 04:48:07,000
citing Leviticus 2021 as 
evidence that he had sinned by 

5485
04:48:07,000 --> 04:48:10,400
marrying his brother's widow, 
Catherine responded, not with 

5486
04:48:10,400 --> 04:48:13,600
mere emotional appeals. 
But with precise canonical 

5487
04:48:13,600 --> 04:48:17,400
arguments Her initial legal 
position rested, on 3 points 

5488
04:48:17,400 --> 04:48:19,900
that have married to Arthur had 
never been consummated. 

5489
04:48:19,900 --> 04:48:23,600
That Pope Julius the second. 
Dispensation had specifically 

5490
04:48:23,600 --> 04:48:25,500
addressed and overridden in any 
impediment. 

5491
04:48:26,200 --> 04:48:28,700
And that the passage in 
Leviticus was contradicted by 

5492
04:48:28,700 --> 04:48:32,600
the lavier ACT principle in 
Deuteronomy 215, which actually 

5493
04:48:32,600 --> 04:48:34,800
commanded a man to marry his 
brother's widow. 

5494
04:48:35,600 --> 04:48:37,800
Document evidence from Spanish 
archives. 

5495
04:48:37,800 --> 04:48:39,800
Reveals that Catherine 
personally drafted. 

5496
04:48:39,800 --> 04:48:42,300
Many of the legal arguments are 
Representatives would later 

5497
04:48:42,300 --> 04:48:46,300
present annotated copy of the 
decretals papal, legal 

5498
04:48:46,300 --> 04:48:49,200
pronouncements shows her 
meticulous Research into 

5499
04:48:49,200 --> 04:48:53,600
precedent cases She identified 
13 prior instances, where 

5500
04:48:53,600 --> 04:48:56,800
people, dispensations for 
Affinity had been granted and 

5501
04:48:56,800 --> 04:48:59,900
never subsequently, revoked 
creating a legal pattern that 

5502
04:48:59,900 --> 04:49:04,100
strengthened her case. 
Catherine's legal team assembled

5503
04:49:04,100 --> 04:49:06,700
through her personal connections
rather than Royal resources 

5504
04:49:06,700 --> 04:49:10,600
represented, an impressive 
Coalition of canonical 

5505
04:49:10,600 --> 04:49:12,900
expertise. 
While Henry retained the 

5506
04:49:12,900 --> 04:49:16,500
services of cardinal, walls and 
later Thomas cranmer Catherine, 

5507
04:49:16,500 --> 04:49:18,100
secured representation from 
William. 

5508
04:49:18,100 --> 04:49:22,100
Wareham Archbishop of Canterbury
Cuthbert Tunstall Bishop of 

5509
04:49:22,100 --> 04:49:25,100
London. 
And most importantly, John 

5510
04:49:25,100 --> 04:49:29,200
Fisher Bishop of Rochester, 
who's treaties, defending the 

5511
04:49:29,200 --> 04:49:32,100
validity of her marriage, became
the definitive opposition text, 

5512
04:49:32,100 --> 04:49:36,300
the Blackfriars, trial of 1529, 
provided Catherine with her most

5513
04:49:36,300 --> 04:49:40,100
dramatic moment of resistance, a
famous speech, before the Legacy

5514
04:49:40,100 --> 04:49:43,500
Court, I call God and all the 
world to witness that I've been 

5515
04:49:43,500 --> 04:49:46,400
to you a true humble and 
obedient wife has been 

5516
04:49:46,400 --> 04:49:48,100
celebrated for its emotional 
power. 

5517
04:49:49,100 --> 04:49:52,800
Let's recognize as its legal 
cunning by appealing directly to

5518
04:49:52,800 --> 04:49:54,600
Rome before the court could 
render judgment. 

5519
04:49:55,400 --> 04:49:58,400
Catherine executed, a 
sophisticated canonical maneuver

5520
04:49:58,400 --> 04:50:02,300
called exceptionally, which 
argued that she couldn't receive

5521
04:50:02,300 --> 04:50:04,900
fair judgment, while deprived of
her rights as Queen. 

5522
04:50:05,800 --> 04:50:08,700
This legal tactic, effectively 
suspended the English 

5523
04:50:08,700 --> 04:50:11,900
proceedings. 
Catherine's appealed to Rome 

5524
04:50:11,900 --> 04:50:14,800
wasn't merely procedural 
obstruction but reflected her 

5525
04:50:14,800 --> 04:50:17,400
understanding that the case 
would receive a more favorable 

5526
04:50:17,400 --> 04:50:20,000
hearing there. 
She maintained a network of 

5527
04:50:20,000 --> 04:50:22,800
informants throughout Europe, 
Who provided intelligence about 

5528
04:50:22,800 --> 04:50:26,300
people politics. 
When Imperial forces sacked Rome

5529
04:50:26,300 --> 04:50:30,400
in 1527 placing Pope Clement, 
the seventh under the influence 

5530
04:50:30,400 --> 04:50:32,000
of her nephew Emperor, Charles 
the 5th. 

5531
04:50:32,700 --> 04:50:35,600
Catherine strategically 
intensified her appeals to roam,

5532
04:50:35,600 --> 04:50:39,300
understanding the geopolitical. 
Circumstances now, favored her 

5533
04:50:39,300 --> 04:50:42,100
position even as Henry, 
isolated, Catherine, physically,

5534
04:50:42,100 --> 04:50:45,100
moving her from Palace to Palace
with ever decreasing household 

5535
04:50:45,100 --> 04:50:47,400
staff. 
She maintained Communications 

5536
04:50:47,400 --> 04:50:49,200
with supporters through an 
underground Network. 

5537
04:50:50,000 --> 04:50:52,800
Royal account books, reveal the 
Kings frustration at discovering

5538
04:50:52,800 --> 04:50:56,700
Catherine, had smuggled letters 
to Imperial ambassadors via 

5539
04:50:56,700 --> 04:51:00,000
servants disguised. 
As vegetable, sellers one 

5540
04:51:00,000 --> 04:51:01,700
particularly effective Channel 
involved. 

5541
04:51:01,700 --> 04:51:04,500
Catherine's Spanish, ladies in 
Waiting, who would carry 

5542
04:51:04,500 --> 04:51:06,100
messages braided into their 
hair? 

5543
04:51:06,100 --> 04:51:09,100
When visiting, London markets, 
when Henry separated from 

5544
04:51:09,100 --> 04:51:12,400
Catherine and banned her from 
court in 1531, she had 

5545
04:51:12,400 --> 04:51:15,000
effectively transitioned from 
being, the queen, consort to the

5546
04:51:15,008 --> 04:51:18,200
opposition leader from her 
reduced household at the Moore 

5547
04:51:18,200 --> 04:51:21,300
in hartfordshire, she continued 
directing legal resistance 

5548
04:51:21,300 --> 04:51:23,900
through coded correspondence. 
She instructed, her 

5549
04:51:23,900 --> 04:51:26,500
representatives in Rome to 
challenge every procedural 

5550
04:51:26,500 --> 04:51:30,000
motion, effectively, creating 
years of delays that prevented 

5551
04:51:30,000 --> 04:51:33,200
Henry from Legally remarrying, 
while she lived Catherine, 

5552
04:51:33,200 --> 04:51:35,800
strategic extended to public 
relations. 

5553
04:51:36,600 --> 04:51:38,700
Understanding the power of 
popular sentiment. 

5554
04:51:39,500 --> 04:51:42,400
She deliberately appeared before
crowds when traveling between 

5555
04:51:42,400 --> 04:51:45,600
her various places of 
confinement dressed plainly. 

5556
04:51:45,600 --> 04:51:48,100
But with the Royal Arms, 
prominently displayed 

5557
04:51:48,100 --> 04:51:51,800
contemporary accounts describe 
commoners lining roads to cheer 

5558
04:51:51,800 --> 04:51:54,200
the true Queen demonstrations 
that. 

5559
04:51:54,200 --> 04:51:56,900
So concerned, Henry that, he 
eventually confined her to 

5560
04:51:56,900 --> 04:52:00,700
increase in remote locations. 
What's rarely acknowledged is 

5561
04:52:00,700 --> 04:52:03,500
how Catherine's resistance 
provided the legal template that

5562
04:52:03,500 --> 04:52:06,300
later English Catholics would 
use users to challenge, Henry's 

5563
04:52:06,300 --> 04:52:09,500
religious policies. 
Her insistence on the supremacy 

5564
04:52:09,500 --> 04:52:12,000
of papal, authority over the 
king in matters of marriage, 

5565
04:52:12,000 --> 04:52:15,500
created precedence that evolved 
into broader arguments against 

5566
04:52:15,500 --> 04:52:18,300
Royal Supremacy. 
The network of supporters. 

5567
04:52:18,300 --> 04:52:21,400
She cultivated particularly 
among University Scholars and 

5568
04:52:21,400 --> 04:52:23,600
clergy. 
Formed the nucleus of what would

5569
04:52:23,600 --> 04:52:27,700
become recent resistance during 
Elizabeth reign, Perhaps most 

5570
04:52:27,700 --> 04:52:30,700
remarkable was Catherine's 
maintenance of dual loyalties 

5571
04:52:30,700 --> 04:52:33,900
throughout the dispute while 
adamantly defending her position

5572
04:52:33,900 --> 04:52:37,400
as England's rightful Queen. 
She refused multiple 

5573
04:52:37,400 --> 04:52:40,700
opportunities to escape to 
Imperial territories or to 

5574
04:52:40,708 --> 04:52:44,300
authorize her nephew Charles, 
the 5th to invade England on her

5575
04:52:44,300 --> 04:52:46,600
behalf. 
When Charles is ambassadors 

5576
04:52:46,600 --> 04:52:50,700
suggested military intervention 
in 1532, Catherine, reportedly 

5577
04:52:50,700 --> 04:52:53,500
responded. 
I will not be the cause of war 

5578
04:52:53,500 --> 04:52:56,200
in Christendom nor against the 
country that is now my own 

5579
04:52:56,200 --> 04:52:59,200
Catherine of Aragon's. 
Diplomatic significance has been

5580
04:52:59,208 --> 04:53:02,300
consistently undervalued in 
historical assessments that 

5581
04:53:02,300 --> 04:53:06,500
Focus primarily on her domestic 
role in reality, she served as 

5582
04:53:06,508 --> 04:53:09,000
the Lynch pin of anglo-spanish 
relations for nearly three 

5583
04:53:09,000 --> 04:53:12,800
decades, wielding influence that
extended far, beyond ceremonial 

5584
04:53:12,800 --> 04:53:15,700
functions. 
A diplomatic career commenced 

5585
04:53:15,700 --> 04:53:20,200
prior to her queenship as her 
father, third, in and utilized 

5586
04:53:20,200 --> 04:53:23,000
her, as a living, poor on the 
European diplomatic Arena. 

5587
04:53:24,000 --> 04:53:27,200
From her arrival in England, 
Catherine maintained, what we 

5588
04:53:27,200 --> 04:53:30,000
would Now call a parallel 
diplomatic Channel, alongside 

5589
04:53:30,000 --> 04:53:33,500
official ambassadors, a personal
correspondence with her father 

5590
04:53:33,500 --> 04:53:36,700
Ferdinand and later her nephew 
Emperor. 

5591
04:53:36,700 --> 04:53:39,400
Charles the fifth provided 
intelligence that official 

5592
04:53:39,400 --> 04:53:44,100
dispatches often lacked. 
The Spanish Ambassador Rodrigo 

5593
04:53:44,100 --> 04:53:47,600
de Puebla frequently complained 
that Catherine had more accurate

5594
04:53:47,600 --> 04:53:51,100
information about English Court 
politics than he did writing to 

5595
04:53:51,100 --> 04:53:54,700
Ferdinand in 1505. 
The princess knows more of the 

5596
04:53:54,708 --> 04:53:57,700
king's mind in one hour than I 
learned in a month of careful. 

5597
04:53:57,700 --> 04:54:01,600
Observation during Henry the 8th
early Reign Catherine. 

5598
04:54:01,600 --> 04:54:04,200
Functioned as the architect of 
the anglo-spanish alliance that 

5599
04:54:04,200 --> 04:54:07,500
defined English foreign policy 
until the divorce crisis, the 

5600
04:54:07,500 --> 04:54:11,100
Treaty of Westminster 1511, 
which formalised England's entry

5601
04:54:11,100 --> 04:54:14,200
into the holy League against 
France or Catherine's diplomatic

5602
04:54:14,200 --> 04:54:17,200
fingerprints throughout. 
Spanish archives contain her 

5603
04:54:17,200 --> 04:54:20,100
drafts suggestions for the 
treaty terms, many of which 

5604
04:54:20,100 --> 04:54:22,200
appeared for bet him in the 
final document. 

5605
04:54:23,200 --> 04:54:26,300
This hands on approach to treaty
formation went well, beyond the 

5606
04:54:26,300 --> 04:54:30,200
conventional role of a consort 
Catherine's influence extended 

5607
04:54:30,200 --> 04:54:33,500
Beyond Spanish relationships, 
she maintained regular 

5608
04:54:33,500 --> 04:54:37,000
correspondence with her sister 
Joanna, in Castiel a nephew 

5609
04:54:37,000 --> 04:54:39,700
Charles and the low countries 
and her nieces of Bella in 

5610
04:54:39,700 --> 04:54:43,100
Denmark, creating a familial 
intelligence Network spanning 

5611
04:54:43,100 --> 04:54:46,200
Europe. 
When Margaret of Austria Regent 

5612
04:54:46,200 --> 04:54:48,700
of the Netherlands needed it to 
communicate sensitive 

5613
04:54:48,700 --> 04:54:51,200
information to England. 
Without alerting French spies, 

5614
04:54:51,200 --> 04:54:53,900
she often routed messages 
through Catherine rather than 

5615
04:54:53,900 --> 04:54:57,300
formal diplomatic channels. 
The field of cloth of gold in 

5616
04:54:57,300 --> 04:55:00,600
1520 is typically presented as a
watershed in anglo-french 

5617
04:55:00,600 --> 04:55:03,900
relations marking, the legendary
Summit between Henry the 8th and

5618
04:55:03,900 --> 04:55:05,300
Francis. 
The first of France. 

5619
04:55:06,300 --> 04:55:08,800
Let's discussed is Catherine's 
behind the scenes, diplomatic 

5620
04:55:08,800 --> 04:55:12,000
counterweight while publicly 
supporting the French proposal, 

5621
04:55:12,000 --> 04:55:15,300
she simultaneously strengthen 
ties with Charles the 5th 

5622
04:55:15,300 --> 04:55:17,300
hosting. 
His ambassadors for private 

5623
04:55:17,300 --> 04:55:20,600
audiences where she emphasized 
England's continuing commitment 

5624
04:55:20,600 --> 04:55:24,600
to Imperial friendship. this 
dual track to play, allowed 

5625
04:55:24,600 --> 04:55:27,300
England to maximize its 
negotiating position between 

5626
04:55:27,300 --> 04:55:31,200
Europe's two dominant powers 
Catherine's diplomatic value 

5627
04:55:31,200 --> 04:55:35,600
became evident in 1522, when 
Charles, the 5th visited England

5628
04:55:35,600 --> 04:55:40,500
for six weeks and unprecedented 
diplomatic Coupe court, records 

5629
04:55:40,500 --> 04:55:42,800
reveal Catherine's personal 
management of the visits 

5630
04:55:42,800 --> 04:55:46,200
Logistics from menu planning 
that accommodated spanners taste

5631
04:55:46,200 --> 04:55:49,700
to enter Entertainment that 
subtly emphasized. 

5632
04:55:49,700 --> 04:55:53,200
Anglo Imperial commonalities. 
During political discussions. 

5633
04:55:53,200 --> 04:55:55,700
Catherine often served as a 
cultural interpreter. 

5634
04:55:56,400 --> 04:55:59,800
Explaining English Customs to 
her nephew and contextualizing 

5635
04:55:59,800 --> 04:56:02,800
English positions for Henry the 
resulting Treaty of Windsor 

5636
04:56:02,800 --> 04:56:06,500
highly favorable to English 
interests was widely attributed 

5637
04:56:06,500 --> 04:56:10,300
to Catherine skillful mediation,
the Queen's diplomatic relevance

5638
04:56:10,300 --> 04:56:11,900
wasn't limited to European 
Affairs. 

5639
04:56:11,900 --> 04:56:14,800
Catherine took particular. 
Interest in the nascent 

5640
04:56:14,800 --> 04:56:18,500
transatlantic exploration likely
influenced by her mother's 

5641
04:56:18,500 --> 04:56:21,300
sponsorship of Columbus 
documents in the Spanish 

5642
04:56:21,300 --> 04:56:23,400
archives show. 
She personally intervened to 

5643
04:56:23,400 --> 04:56:26,000
protect the rights of indigenous
people's and Spain's American 

5644
04:56:26,000 --> 04:56:28,500
territories. 
In 1529. 

5645
04:56:28,500 --> 04:56:31,900
She wrote to officials in 
Hispaniola warning against the 

5646
04:56:31,900 --> 04:56:34,200
mistreatment of native, 
inhabitants and endorsing the 

5647
04:56:34,200 --> 04:56:36,800
humanitarian arguments of 
bartolome, De Las Casas. 

5648
04:56:38,400 --> 04:56:41,200
This early advocacy for 
indigenous rights represents an 

5649
04:56:41,200 --> 04:56:43,900
underappreciated aspect of her 
International influence. 

5650
04:56:44,600 --> 04:56:47,300
Catherine's approached 
international relations was 

5651
04:56:47,300 --> 04:56:50,200
characterized by what Diplomat 
used as Chapo's called her 

5652
04:56:50,200 --> 04:56:54,800
Longview of dynastic interests. 
Unlike Henry whose foreign 

5653
04:56:54,800 --> 04:56:57,300
policy often responded to 
immediate opportunities or 

5654
04:56:57,300 --> 04:57:01,200
slights Catherine, consistently 
advocated for policies that 

5655
04:57:01,200 --> 04:57:03,300
supported long-term strategic 
interests. 

5656
04:57:04,000 --> 04:57:05,900
She opposed popular but wasteful
French. 

5657
04:57:05,900 --> 04:57:09,100
Instead they encouraged 
commercial treaters, that would 

5658
04:57:09,100 --> 04:57:12,800
strengthen English trade. 
When the Protestant Reformation 

5659
04:57:12,800 --> 04:57:16,300
began fracturing European 
politics, Catherine, advised, 

5660
04:57:16,300 --> 04:57:19,700
Henry to position England as a 
potential mediator rather than 

5661
04:57:19,700 --> 04:57:23,100
an entrenched partisan, even 
during the divorce proceedings. 

5662
04:57:23,900 --> 04:57:26,300
Catherine maintained, her 
diplomatic engagement. 

5663
04:57:27,200 --> 04:57:29,700
Transforming her personal 
predicament into an 

5664
04:57:29,700 --> 04:57:32,700
international issue. 
Through carefully timed appeals 

5665
04:57:32,700 --> 04:57:36,000
to Rome and the Imperial Court. 
She ensured that Henry couldn't 

5666
04:57:36,000 --> 04:57:39,800
resolve the matter as a domestic
concern, a letter to Charles the

5667
04:57:39,800 --> 04:57:42,600
5th. 
In 1531, we recently discovered 

5668
04:57:42,600 --> 04:57:45,700
in the Samantha's archives, 
reveals a sophisticated 

5669
04:57:45,700 --> 04:57:48,000
understanding of European power 
dynamics. 

5670
04:57:48,800 --> 04:57:50,300
She advised her nephew to 
pressure. 

5671
04:57:50,300 --> 04:57:52,800
The pope through diplomatic 
rather than the military means 

5672
04:57:52,800 --> 04:57:56,300
arguing that the Holy Father 
responds better to Gentle 

5673
04:57:56,300 --> 04:57:59,900
persuasion than to threats in 
her final days at kimballton 

5674
04:57:59,900 --> 04:58:03,600
Castle in 1536. 
Catherine, executed a crucial 

5675
04:58:03,600 --> 04:58:06,500
diplomatic maneuver. 
Understanding that her death 

5676
04:58:06,500 --> 04:58:08,700
would reshape, Anglo Imperial 
relations. 

5677
04:58:09,300 --> 04:58:12,100
She dictated letters to both 
Henry and Charles the 5th that 

5678
04:58:12,100 --> 04:58:14,700
emphasized reconciliation rather
than recrimination. 

5679
04:58:15,700 --> 04:58:19,400
To Henry she reaffirmed her love
despite their differences to 

5680
04:58:19,400 --> 04:58:21,200
Charles. 
She accepts a basically a 

5681
04:58:21,200 --> 04:58:22,900
requested. 
He maintained peaceful relations

5682
04:58:22,900 --> 04:58:25,600
with England. 
This final diplomatic act 

5683
04:58:25,600 --> 04:58:28,600
reflected her lifelong balancing
of loyalties to her native and 

5684
04:58:28,600 --> 04:58:31,700
adopted countries. 
Perhaps the clearest evidence of

5685
04:58:31,700 --> 04:58:34,000
Catherine's diplomatic 
significance came after her 

5686
04:58:34,000 --> 04:58:36,600
death. 
When Anglo Imperial relations 

5687
04:58:36,600 --> 04:58:39,700
rapidly, deteriorated with her 
moderating influence. 

5688
04:58:40,700 --> 04:58:43,800
Within months, Henry, faced 
increasing hostility from 

5689
04:58:43,800 --> 04:58:47,500
Charles the 5th culminating in 
an imperial people Alliance that

5690
04:58:47,500 --> 04:58:48,900
threatened England with 
invasion. 

5691
04:58:49,800 --> 04:58:52,200
The Diplomatic architecture. 
Catherine had maintained for 

5692
04:58:52,200 --> 04:58:55,800
decades collapsed in her absence
revealing how Central she had 

5693
04:58:55,800 --> 04:58:57,600
been to England's. 
International standing, 

5694
04:58:57,600 --> 04:59:01,100
Catherine of Aragon's cultural 
patronage established patterns, 

5695
04:59:01,100 --> 04:59:03,600
that would define the two-doors 
once long, after her death. 

5696
04:59:04,400 --> 04:59:07,600
Yet this aspect of her Legacy 
remains curiously underexplored,

5697
04:59:07,600 --> 04:59:11,200
unlike the spectacular but 
sporadic patronage of Henry, the

5698
04:59:11,200 --> 04:59:14,800
8th Catherine's, cultural 
Investments were systematic and 

5699
04:59:14,800 --> 04:59:18,700
transformative particularly in 
education literature and the 

5700
04:59:18,700 --> 04:59:21,700
textile Arts. 
Her vision helped shift, English

5701
04:59:21,700 --> 04:59:24,400
Court culture, from its medieval
foundation's toward Renaissance 

5702
04:59:24,400 --> 04:59:29,000
humanism Education stood at the 
center of Catherine's patronage 

5703
04:59:29,000 --> 04:59:32,900
strategy in, 1523 she 
established the Queen's 

5704
04:59:32,900 --> 04:59:35,900
scholarships at St, John's 
College Cambridge which 

5705
04:59:35,900 --> 04:59:38,900
specifically funded students 
focusing on Greek and Latin 

5706
04:59:38,900 --> 04:59:42,700
Classics University, records, 
indicate that 27 Scholars 

5707
04:59:42,700 --> 04:59:45,200
benefited from these grants 
during Catherine's lifetime, 

5708
04:59:45,200 --> 04:59:47,900
including Robert Pember? 
Who later became a leading 

5709
04:59:47,908 --> 04:59:51,400
translator of classical texts. 
Unlike most contemporary, 

5710
04:59:51,400 --> 04:59:54,200
patronage Catherine's, 
Educational Funding, carried the

5711
04:59:54,200 --> 04:59:57,000
unusual, stipulation that 
recipients commit to teaching 

5712
04:59:57,000 --> 04:59:59,600
for at least five years after 
completing their studies 

5713
04:59:59,600 --> 05:00:02,500
creating a multiplier effect for
humanist learning. 

5714
05:00:03,500 --> 05:00:06,600
Catherine's commissioning of 
translations, significantly 

5715
05:00:06,600 --> 05:00:09,100
expanded the range of texts of 
available in English. 

5716
05:00:09,800 --> 05:00:13,000
Court payment, records document 
her sponsorship of at least 14 

5717
05:00:13,000 --> 05:00:16,300
translation projects including 
the first English versions of 

5718
05:00:16,300 --> 05:00:19,800
seneca's moral essays and 
portions of Pluto's lives. 

5719
05:00:20,800 --> 05:00:22,400
Her most significant literary 
commission. 

5720
05:00:22,400 --> 05:00:26,800
Came in 1516, when she engaged 
Juan Luis Suarez, to write their

5721
05:00:26,800 --> 05:00:30,500
Institute on a feminae. 
Christian on the education of a 

5722
05:00:30,508 --> 05:00:33,300
Christian woman, which argued 
for women's intellectual 

5723
05:00:33,300 --> 05:00:36,200
capabilities at a time when 
female education remained 

5724
05:00:36,200 --> 05:00:40,100
controversial, Catherine ensured
the work was quickly translated 

5725
05:00:40,100 --> 05:00:43,300
into English and distributed to 
Noble households with daughters.

5726
05:00:44,100 --> 05:00:46,900
the education of her daughter, 
Mary reflected Catherine's 

5727
05:00:46,900 --> 05:00:50,200
pedagogical principles, she 
recruited humanist, Scholars 

5728
05:00:50,200 --> 05:00:54,000
like Thomas lineker, Richard 
Pace as tutors, developing a 

5729
05:00:54,000 --> 05:00:58,100
curriculum that mirrored those 
of male heirs Mary's education 

5730
05:00:58,100 --> 05:01:01,000
included, not just traditional 
female accomplishments, the 

5731
05:01:01,000 --> 05:01:05,500
greek latin, astronomy 
architecture and governance 

5732
05:01:05,500 --> 05:01:07,700
subjects. 
Typically reserved for male 

5733
05:01:07,700 --> 05:01:10,300
education. 
This educational program became 

5734
05:01:10,300 --> 05:01:13,700
influential beyond the royal 
family inventories from Noble 

5735
05:01:13,700 --> 05:01:16,200
household showing increased 
acquisition of classical texts 

5736
05:01:16,200 --> 05:01:19,100
for daughters after Catherine 
established, this precedent. 

5737
05:01:20,200 --> 05:01:23,300
Catherine's textile patronage, 
transformed in English 

5738
05:01:23,300 --> 05:01:26,500
decorative, Arts, Spanish, 
embroidery techniques, 

5739
05:01:26,500 --> 05:01:29,900
particularly black work. 
Black silk on the white linen, 

5740
05:01:29,900 --> 05:01:33,400
sometimes called Spanish work 
gained prominence. 

5741
05:01:33,400 --> 05:01:36,900
Through Catherine's Workshop. 
Her household accounts show she 

5742
05:01:36,900 --> 05:01:39,500
employed over 20 professional 
embroiderers at its peak 

5743
05:01:39,500 --> 05:01:43,100
producing works that combined 
Spanish techniques with English 

5744
05:01:43,100 --> 05:01:45,700
motifs. 
Surviving examples in the 

5745
05:01:45,700 --> 05:01:49,100
Victoria and Albert Museum 
demonstrate this distinctive 

5746
05:01:49,100 --> 05:01:52,100
hybrid style which remained 
influential in English 

5747
05:01:52,100 --> 05:01:55,200
decorative arts for Generations.
The Turkish Arts received 

5748
05:01:55,200 --> 05:01:57,900
particular attention in 
Catherine's patronage portfolio.

5749
05:01:57,900 --> 05:02:01,200
She commissioned illuminated, 
manuscripts from both Spanish 

5750
05:02:01,200 --> 05:02:04,700
and English workshops creating 
opportunities for cross-cultural

5751
05:02:04,700 --> 05:02:08,200
artistic Exchange. 
Catherine of Aragon prayer book.

5752
05:02:08,200 --> 05:02:11,900
Now in the British Library, 
exemplifies this Fusion With 

5753
05:02:11,900 --> 05:02:14,800
Spanish influenced illumination 
techniques applied to English 

5754
05:02:14,800 --> 05:02:16,800
devotional texts. 
Catherine. 

5755
05:02:16,800 --> 05:02:19,500
Also, commissioned, Ultra 
Furnishings that introduced 

5756
05:02:19,500 --> 05:02:21,500
Spanish. 
Liturgical Aesthetics to English

5757
05:02:21,500 --> 05:02:26,100
churches, including embroidered 
and depende alter frontals that 

5758
05:02:26,100 --> 05:02:30,000
incorporated, pomegranate 
motifs, her personal emblem into

5759
05:02:30,000 --> 05:02:33,100
traditional English church 
decoration musical funding 

5760
05:02:33,100 --> 05:02:34,800
revealed Catherine's 
Cosmopolitan. 

5761
05:02:34,800 --> 05:02:38,000
Tastes, she introduced Spanish 
musicians to the English Court, 

5762
05:02:38,000 --> 05:02:40,600
including the composer. 
Juan de Antietam whose 

5763
05:02:40,600 --> 05:02:43,000
compositions familiarized 
English audience's with the 

5764
05:02:43,000 --> 05:02:46,000
unique polyphonic traditions of 
Iberian Sacred Music. 

5765
05:02:47,000 --> 05:02:48,800
Court records. 
Document her commissioning of 

5766
05:02:48,800 --> 05:02:52,300
motets that Blended English and 
Spanish musical elements. 

5767
05:02:53,300 --> 05:02:55,800
Thomas Tallis. 
Who would later become England's

5768
05:02:55,800 --> 05:02:59,100
pre-eminent composer received 
his first Royal appointment in 

5769
05:02:59,100 --> 05:03:02,100
Catherine's household Chapel 
where he was exposed to this 

5770
05:03:02,100 --> 05:03:03,600
International musical 
environment. 

5771
05:03:04,400 --> 05:03:07,300
Subsequent, rebuilding has 
largely erased Catherine's 

5772
05:03:07,300 --> 05:03:09,600
architectural, patronage that 
account books. 

5773
05:03:09,600 --> 05:03:13,100
Reveal significant projects She 
redesigned the Queen's apartment

5774
05:03:13,100 --> 05:03:16,300
at Greenwich Palace to include a
Spanish style in a courtyard 

5775
05:03:16,300 --> 05:03:21,000
with a fountain creating spaces 
for humanization model on 

5776
05:03:21,000 --> 05:03:23,900
Iberian presidents. 
A Richmond Palace. 

5777
05:03:23,900 --> 05:03:27,200
She commissioned a library 
specifically designed to house a

5778
05:03:27,200 --> 05:03:30,500
growing collection of classical 
and humanist, texts with 

5779
05:03:30,500 --> 05:03:33,400
Innovative features like reading
deaths with adjustable angles, 

5780
05:03:33,400 --> 05:03:36,200
the design later copied in other
Noble, libraries. 

5781
05:03:37,000 --> 05:03:40,400
Perhaps most significant was 
Catherine's, patronage of female

5782
05:03:40,400 --> 05:03:43,200
artists and intellectuals court 
records show. 

5783
05:03:43,200 --> 05:03:45,300
She employed women in 
traditionally male artistic 

5784
05:03:45,300 --> 05:03:48,900
roles, including Anne Brown as 
court painter and Margaret 

5785
05:03:48,900 --> 05:03:51,000
Bryan, as astronomical 
instrument maker. 

5786
05:03:51,800 --> 05:03:54,600
These appointments created rare,
professional opportunities for 

5787
05:03:54,600 --> 05:03:57,900
talented, women and established 
precedence for female 

5788
05:03:57,900 --> 05:04:01,300
intellectual achievement. 
When Catherine established her 

5789
05:04:01,300 --> 05:04:05,000
daughter, Mary household at 
Ludlow Castle in 1525. 

5790
05:04:05,000 --> 05:04:09,500
She deliberately recruited 
educated women as a creating 

5791
05:04:09,500 --> 05:04:12,700
what historian Maria Dowling has
called the first female 

5792
05:04:12,700 --> 05:04:16,900
humanist, Circle in England. 
Catherine's cultural Petrina 

5793
05:04:16,900 --> 05:04:18,600
established a distinctively 
English. 

5794
05:04:18,600 --> 05:04:21,800
Royal Renaissance identity that 
outlived her personal downfall. 

5795
05:04:22,600 --> 05:04:26,300
The educational institution, she
funded producing Scholars long 

5796
05:04:26,300 --> 05:04:29,700
after her death, the Artistic 
Styles, she introduced became 

5797
05:04:29,700 --> 05:04:32,700
naturalized as traditional 
English forms even her 

5798
05:04:32,700 --> 05:04:35,400
architectural Innovations in 
Florence subsequent Royal 

5799
05:04:35,400 --> 05:04:38,700
building projects. 
When Elizabeth the first later, 

5800
05:04:38,700 --> 05:04:41,300
positioned herself as a 
Renaissance Monarch she Drew 

5801
05:04:41,300 --> 05:04:43,900
upon cultural foundations that 
her mother's rival had 

5802
05:04:43,900 --> 05:04:47,400
established Catherine of Aragon 
died at kimballton Castle on 

5803
05:04:47,400 --> 05:04:51,600
January, 7th 1536 officially 
downgrading her to princess 

5804
05:04:51,600 --> 05:04:54,800
Dowager, despite her insistence 
on her royal title. 

5805
05:04:54,800 --> 05:04:58,100
Until the End traditional 
narratives often conclude her 

5806
05:04:58,100 --> 05:05:01,500
story here presenting her as a 
tragic figure whose significance

5807
05:05:01,500 --> 05:05:05,300
waned after Anne Berlin's 
Ascension, This interpretation 

5808
05:05:05,300 --> 05:05:08,100
fundamentally misunderstands 
Catherine's enduring influence 

5809
05:05:08,100 --> 05:05:11,600
on Tudor, England and Beyond. 
Her Legacy operated through 

5810
05:05:11,600 --> 05:05:14,200
multiple channels. 
Some obvious and others more 

5811
05:05:14,200 --> 05:05:17,400
subtle shaping, English History 
long after her physical Presence

5812
05:05:17,400 --> 05:05:20,000
at ended. 
The most immediate aspect of 

5813
05:05:20,000 --> 05:05:23,300
Catherine's Legacy manifested in
popular resistance to Henry's 

5814
05:05:23,300 --> 05:05:26,600
religious policies. 
Her steadfast defense of paper. 

5815
05:05:26,600 --> 05:05:29,300
Authority provided, both 
intellectual framework and 

5816
05:05:29,300 --> 05:05:32,100
emotional inspiration for those 
opposing, the nascent English 

5817
05:05:32,100 --> 05:05:36,700
Reformation The pilgrimage of 
Grace, the largest uprising of 

5818
05:05:36,700 --> 05:05:39,500
Henry's, reign. 
Explicitly invoked Catherine's 

5819
05:05:39,500 --> 05:05:43,000
cause among its grievances 
Northern Rebels carried banners.

5820
05:05:43,000 --> 05:05:45,700
Depicting, her Royal Arms 
alongside traditional religious 

5821
05:05:45,700 --> 05:05:49,900
images, symbolically linking 
loyalty to Rome with loyalty to 

5822
05:05:49,900 --> 05:05:53,200
the displayed Queen. 
Catherine's influenced persisted

5823
05:05:53,200 --> 05:05:55,000
through, networks of Scholars 
and clerics. 

5824
05:05:55,000 --> 05:05:58,700
She had patronized, John Fisher,
Bishop of Rochester and her, 

5825
05:05:58,700 --> 05:06:01,700
most prominent Defender became a
martyr for a rejecting Royal 

5826
05:06:01,700 --> 05:06:04,600
Supremacy. 
Less known figures like Nicholas

5827
05:06:04,600 --> 05:06:07,700
Wilson and Richard featherston, 
both former chaplains and 

5828
05:06:07,700 --> 05:06:11,100
Catherine's household joined the
ranks of religious Exiles who 

5829
05:06:11,100 --> 05:06:14,200
maintained opposition from 
Continental Havens these 

5830
05:06:14,200 --> 05:06:17,700
Catherine loyalists as historian
Eamon Duffy termed, them 

5831
05:06:17,700 --> 05:06:21,800
preserved, alternative visions 
of English, Catholicism that 

5832
05:06:21,800 --> 05:06:23,900
would influence later, accusing 
communities. 

5833
05:06:24,900 --> 05:06:27,400
Through her daughter, Mary 
Catherine's political and 

5834
05:06:27,400 --> 05:06:30,500
religious values, gained renewed
expression, during Mary's brief 

5835
05:06:30,500 --> 05:06:35,100
Reign 1553 to 1558. 
Mary's restoration of 

5836
05:06:35,108 --> 05:06:38,500
Catholicism represented, not 
just personal conviction, but 

5837
05:06:38,500 --> 05:06:40,800
conscious continuation of her 
mother's dance. 

5838
05:06:41,600 --> 05:06:44,600
Royal proclamations during 
Mary's Reign frequently, 

5839
05:06:44,600 --> 05:06:47,800
referenced The Virtuous example 
of our most noble mother 

5840
05:06:47,800 --> 05:06:50,500
explicitly, connecting 
government policies to 

5841
05:06:50,500 --> 05:06:53,800
Catherine's principles, Mary's 
efforts to restore diplomatic 

5842
05:06:53,800 --> 05:06:57,100
relations with Spain. 
Similarly reflected Catherine's 

5843
05:06:57,100 --> 05:07:00,000
life long commitment to an Anglo
Spanish Alliance. 

5844
05:07:00,700 --> 05:07:02,400
Catherine's educational 
philosophy. 

5845
05:07:02,400 --> 05:07:05,700
Proved remarkably durable. 
The curriculum, she developed 

5846
05:07:05,700 --> 05:07:10,100
for Princess Mary emphasizing 
Classical Languages history and 

5847
05:07:10,100 --> 05:07:13,200
governance alongside religious 
instruction became influential 

5848
05:07:13,200 --> 05:07:16,500
in Noble, female education. 
Household accounts from 

5849
05:07:16,500 --> 05:07:19,100
families. 
Like the Howards, Percy's and 

5850
05:07:19,100 --> 05:07:21,700
seemoore's show daughters 
receiving increasingly 

5851
05:07:21,700 --> 05:07:24,600
substantial, education's modeled
on Catherine and principles. 

5852
05:07:25,300 --> 05:07:28,000
By Elizabeth's Reign a 
generation of noble. 

5853
05:07:28,000 --> 05:07:31,000
Women had benefited from this 
educational transformation. 

5854
05:07:31,000 --> 05:07:34,800
Creating what scholar Lisa 
Jardine called a female, 

5855
05:07:34,800 --> 05:07:39,700
intellectual Elite unprecedented
in English History, the legal 

5856
05:07:39,700 --> 05:07:42,300
arguments, Catherine mounted, in
her defense established 

5857
05:07:42,300 --> 05:07:46,100
precedence, that resonated far, 
beyond her, personal case, her 

5858
05:07:46,100 --> 05:07:48,700
insistence that valid, marriages
could not be retroactively 

5859
05:07:48,700 --> 05:07:51,500
invalidated by Royal Decree, 
established, important 

5860
05:07:51,500 --> 05:07:54,500
protections for our Socratic 
marriages, and by extension 

5861
05:07:54,500 --> 05:07:56,800
aristocratic property 
settlements. 

5862
05:07:56,800 --> 05:08:00,100
When Elizabeth the first this 
face, parliamentary pressure to 

5863
05:08:00,100 --> 05:08:04,200
clarify the succession in the 
1560s, her resistance partly 

5864
05:08:04,200 --> 05:08:06,300
reflected awareness. 
That questioning her parents 

5865
05:08:06,300 --> 05:08:09,000
marriage would reopen the 
controversial legal principles, 

5866
05:08:09,000 --> 05:08:12,000
Catherine had fought to. 
Uphold Catherine's diplomatic 

5867
05:08:12,000 --> 05:08:16,100
Legacy operated in complex ways 
while anglo-spanish relations 

5868
05:08:16,100 --> 05:08:19,600
deteriorated after her death. 
The Diplomatic Network, she had 

5869
05:08:19,600 --> 05:08:23,100
cultivated provided channels for
continued communication even 

5870
05:08:23,100 --> 05:08:26,900
during periods of official 
hostility, Spanish diplomats 

5871
05:08:26,900 --> 05:08:29,900
used contacts, they had made in 
Catherine's home to stay in 

5872
05:08:29,908 --> 05:08:31,700
touch with English. 
Catholics during Edward, the 

5873
05:08:31,700 --> 05:08:35,400
sixth rule, these unofficial 
channels proved crucial during 

5874
05:08:35,400 --> 05:08:40,100
Mary's accession crisis in 1553 
when Spanish diplomatic support,

5875
05:08:40,100 --> 05:08:43,600
arranged through Catherine's, 
former ladies and waiting helped

5876
05:08:43,600 --> 05:08:48,000
secure Mary's thrown in cultural
terms Catherine's influence 

5877
05:08:48,000 --> 05:08:49,700
remained visible for 
Generations. 

5878
05:08:49,700 --> 05:08:52,600
The distinctive black work 
embroidery she introduced 

5879
05:08:52,600 --> 05:08:56,000
remained fashionable throughout 
the 16th century with Elizabeth 

5880
05:08:56,000 --> 05:08:59,300
the first he herself wearing 
garments decorated in this 

5881
05:08:59,300 --> 05:09:02,900
Spanish work despite her 
political opposition to Spain. 

5882
05:09:04,000 --> 05:09:07,600
Architectural elements Catherine
had introduced, particularly the

5883
05:09:07,600 --> 05:09:10,400
enclosed private garden. 
And the humanists study became 

5884
05:09:10,400 --> 05:09:14,200
standard features in Elite 
Homes, even her Innovations and 

5885
05:09:14,200 --> 05:09:16,200
Court. 
Ceremony, like the Spanish 

5886
05:09:16,200 --> 05:09:17,800
influence. 
Reverence that replaced the 

5887
05:09:17,800 --> 05:09:21,800
medieval Nebo persisted as 
elements of English Court 

5888
05:09:21,800 --> 05:09:25,300
protocol. 
Perhaps most significantly, 

5889
05:09:25,300 --> 05:09:29,000
Catherine established in during 
principles of queenship that 

5890
05:09:29,000 --> 05:09:30,400
influence subsequent Royal 
women. 

5891
05:09:31,100 --> 05:09:33,600
Her example, demonstrated that 
Queen's could exercise 

5892
05:09:33,600 --> 05:09:37,000
substantial political Authority 
while maintaining popular 

5893
05:09:37,000 --> 05:09:39,700
affection. 
She proved that consorts could 

5894
05:09:39,700 --> 05:09:42,500
serve as affective diplomatic 
agents and cultural patrons. 

5895
05:09:42,500 --> 05:09:46,000
Even in adversity, she 
established the Queen's 

5896
05:09:46,000 --> 05:09:47,200
possessed. 
Distinct rights. 

5897
05:09:47,200 --> 05:09:49,000
That could not be arbitrarily 
revoked. 

5898
05:09:49,900 --> 05:09:52,800
Elizabeth the 30th, despite her 
complicated relationship. 

5899
05:09:52,800 --> 05:09:56,600
With Catherine's memory adopted,
many aspects of Catherine's 

5900
05:09:56,600 --> 05:09:58,900
queenly performance, 
particularly her careful, 

5901
05:09:58,900 --> 05:10:01,000
balance of foreign, and domestic
identities. 

5902
05:10:01,900 --> 05:10:04,400
The culmination of Catherine's 
Legacy arrived with the 

5903
05:10:04,400 --> 05:10:07,800
accession of James. 
The first in 1603, which 

5904
05:10:07,800 --> 05:10:10,200
reunited the English and 
Scottish crowns and restored 

5905
05:10:10,200 --> 05:10:14,900
peaceful relations with Spain. 
The 1604 Treaty of London ending

5906
05:10:14,900 --> 05:10:18,300
nearly two decades of Anglo 
Spanish conflict explicitly. 

5907
05:10:18,300 --> 05:10:21,300
Referenced Catherine's earlier 
diplomatic work as a model for 

5908
05:10:21,300 --> 05:10:24,200
renewed friendship. 
When Philip the thirds 

5909
05:10:24,200 --> 05:10:26,700
Ambassador presented James with 
Catherine's portrait as the 

5910
05:10:26,700 --> 05:10:29,600
Diplomatic gift. 
He symbolically acknowledged, 

5911
05:10:29,600 --> 05:10:30,800
what? 
Historians often? 

5912
05:10:30,800 --> 05:10:34,000
Overlooked The Catherine of 
Aragon's vision of England's 

5913
05:10:34,000 --> 05:10:35,800
place in Europe. 
Had ultimately prevailed, 

5914
05:10:35,800 --> 05:10:39,500
Catherine story extended far 
beyond the divorce crisis that 

5915
05:10:39,500 --> 05:10:42,900
dominates popular perceptions. 
She was not merely Henry the 8th

5916
05:10:42,900 --> 05:10:46,100
discarded for first wife, but he
consequential historical figure 

5917
05:10:46,100 --> 05:10:49,400
whose influence shaped tutoring 
and profound and Lasting ways. 

5918
05:10:49,400 --> 05:10:51,900
Her Legacy encompassed, 
religious principles, 

5919
05:10:51,900 --> 05:10:55,200
educational Innovations, 
diplomatic relationships, legal 

5920
05:10:55,200 --> 05:10:57,200
precedence, and cultural 
Transformations. 

5921
05:10:57,200 --> 05:11:00,600
That continued influencing 
English society long after her 

5922
05:11:00,600 --> 05:11:03,300
death. 
The true measure of Catherine's 

5923
05:11:03,300 --> 05:11:05,900
historical, significance lies, 
not in the marriage that ended. 

5924
05:11:05,900 --> 05:11:09,100
But in the many ways, her life's
work continued shaping the 

5925
05:11:09,100 --> 05:11:10,700
nation. 
She had adopted as her own 

5926
05:11:17,400 --> 05:11:20,400
Margaret Holloway had always 
prided herself on being the sort

5927
05:11:20,400 --> 05:11:21,900
of person who read instruction 
manuals. 

5928
05:11:22,700 --> 05:11:25,500
Particularly for toasters her 
insurance company continued to 

5929
05:11:25,500 --> 05:11:28,600
mention the incident from 19 
years ago in hushed, traumatized

5930
05:11:28,600 --> 05:11:30,700
tones. 
So, when she inherited her, 

5931
05:11:30,700 --> 05:11:33,300
great aunt, Millicent's peculiar
collection of antiques, 

5932
05:11:33,300 --> 05:11:36,500
including what appeared to be a 
medieval, astro-lab made of 

5933
05:11:36,500 --> 05:11:39,500
suspiciously modern materials. 
She naturally assumed there 

5934
05:11:39,500 --> 05:11:41,800
would be documentation there. 
Wasnt. 

5935
05:11:42,600 --> 05:11:45,100
What there was tucked behind the
device like a guilty. 

5936
05:11:45,100 --> 05:11:48,700
After thought was a Post-It, 
note reading don't touch the 

5937
05:11:48,700 --> 05:11:50,400
blue bits when Mercury is in 
retrograde. 

5938
05:11:51,500 --> 05:11:54,400
M. 
Margaret, who possessed both the

5939
05:11:54,400 --> 05:11:57,500
master's degree in library 
science and a healthy skepticism

5940
05:11:57,500 --> 05:12:00,700
toward astrological nonsense 
promptly touched the blue bits. 

5941
05:12:00,700 --> 05:12:03,700
It was Tuesday morning. 
She had already dealt with three

5942
05:12:03,700 --> 05:12:06,900
passive, aggressive emails from 
her supervisor and Mercury. 

5943
05:12:06,900 --> 05:12:09,800
Could frankly retrograde itself 
into the Sun, for all she cared,

5944
05:12:10,600 --> 05:12:13,800
The astrolabe hummed, this was 
Margaret's first indication 

5945
05:12:13,800 --> 05:12:15,400
that. 
Perhaps great aren't Millicent. 

5946
05:12:15,400 --> 05:12:17,200
Had been more eccentric than 
previously documented. 

5947
05:12:17,200 --> 05:12:21,100
The second indication, was the 
way her kitchen began folding 

5948
05:12:21,100 --> 05:12:24,400
itself, inside out, like origami
designed by a mathematician, 

5949
05:12:24,400 --> 05:12:28,500
having an existential crisis, 
oh, bollocks, and Margaret and 

5950
05:12:28,500 --> 05:12:31,100
said, which were destined to be 
the last words spoken in her 

5951
05:12:31,100 --> 05:12:34,700
ranch style home in Suburban, 
Ohio for approximately 700 

5952
05:12:34,700 --> 05:12:38,600
years, the world transformed 
into a pretzel, infused with 

5953
05:12:38,600 --> 05:12:42,000
Cosmic salt and offered itself 
to the universe accompanied by 

5954
05:12:42,008 --> 05:12:45,800
temporal displacement. 
Margaret found herself lying 

5955
05:12:45,800 --> 05:12:48,800
face down in what smelled 
suspiciously like a combination 

5956
05:12:48,800 --> 05:12:51,800
of horses unwashed, humans and 
regret. 

5957
05:12:52,700 --> 05:12:55,100
When she lifted her head, she 
discovered, she was wearing a 

5958
05:12:55,100 --> 05:12:57,000
brown in dress. 
That itched in places. 

5959
05:12:57,000 --> 05:13:00,200
She didn't know could itch and 
her sensible Flats had been 

5960
05:13:00,208 --> 05:13:03,100
replaced by leather things that 
appeared to have been crafted by

5961
05:13:03,100 --> 05:13:05,900
someone who had only heard 
Footwear described second hand. 

5962
05:13:06,900 --> 05:13:10,100
Around her, a medieval village 
conducted its morning, business 

5963
05:13:10,100 --> 05:13:12,900
with the sort of casual chaos 
that suggested this was 

5964
05:13:12,900 --> 05:13:14,700
perfectly normal Tuesday 
Behavior. 

5965
05:13:15,500 --> 05:13:18,100
A man chased a pig while 
shouting what Margaret assumed 

5966
05:13:18,100 --> 05:13:21,700
were Medieval profanities. 
A woman emptied, a chamber pot 

5967
05:13:21,700 --> 05:13:24,500
from a second story window with 
the practice of someone who had 

5968
05:13:24,500 --> 05:13:27,900
clearly done this before. 
Children played in the dirt with

5969
05:13:27,900 --> 05:13:29,300
sticks. 
Apparently. 

5970
05:13:29,300 --> 05:13:33,000
Finding the activity, the height
of entertainment Margaret, sat 

5971
05:13:33,000 --> 05:13:36,100
up slowly her librarian, 
instincts immediately, 

5972
05:13:36,100 --> 05:13:39,200
cataloging the historical, 
inconsistencies, the 

5973
05:13:39,200 --> 05:13:41,200
architecture was wrong for any 
specific period. 

5974
05:13:41,200 --> 05:13:45,300
She could identify The clothing 
was a mixture of style spanning 

5975
05:13:45,300 --> 05:13:48,600
roughly three centuries was the 
man over there wearing what 

5976
05:13:48,600 --> 05:13:52,800
appeared to be a digital watch. 
Is this your first time asked a 

5977
05:13:52,800 --> 05:13:55,500
voice behind her Margaret turned
to find a woman in her 50s. 

5978
05:13:55,500 --> 05:13:58,700
Wearing robes that managed to 
look both authentically medieval

5979
05:13:58,700 --> 05:14:02,100
and suspiciously. 
Well tailored, a smile was 

5980
05:14:02,100 --> 05:14:05,000
knowing and her teeth were far 
too straight for someone living 

5981
05:14:05,000 --> 05:14:07,600
in the pre-dental era. 
May ask for your. 

5982
05:14:07,600 --> 05:14:11,300
Pardon Margaret asked, Margaret 
asked then immediately regretted

5983
05:14:11,300 --> 05:14:14,800
it in her experience, begging 
anyone's, pardon, in an 

5984
05:14:14,800 --> 05:14:18,700
unfamiliar situation, typically 
led to complications Time 

5985
05:14:18,700 --> 05:14:22,500
traveling clarified as if the 
solution will obvious, you've 

5986
05:14:22,500 --> 05:14:24,800
got that. 
Look, you've recently realized 

5987
05:14:24,800 --> 05:14:27,300
that physics is more of a 
suggestion than a law. 

5988
05:14:28,000 --> 05:14:31,800
I'm sister Agatha formerly. 
Dot Agnes, Whitmore of the 

5989
05:14:31,800 --> 05:14:35,300
Cambridge medieval history 
department and your clearly not 

5990
05:14:35,300 --> 05:14:37,200
from around here, temporarily 
speaking. 

5991
05:14:38,300 --> 05:14:40,700
Margaret stared. 
This is impossible. 

5992
05:14:41,800 --> 05:14:46,900
Oh honey, sister Agatha laughed,
a sound that carried distinct 

5993
05:14:46,900 --> 05:14:49,600
notes of Hysteria carefully 
controlled through years of 

5994
05:14:49,600 --> 05:14:52,500
practice. 
Impossible was last Tuesday. 

5995
05:14:52,500 --> 05:14:55,800
This is just inconvenient. 
Come on, let's get you oriented 

5996
05:14:55,800 --> 05:14:57,400
before the anachronism. 
Please show up. 

5997
05:14:58,500 --> 05:15:01,900
The, what now? 
But sister Agatha was already 

5998
05:15:01,900 --> 05:15:05,200
walking away, her robe swishing 
with the authority of someone 

5999
05:15:05,200 --> 05:15:07,700
who had learned to navigate, 
both medieval politics and 

6000
05:15:07,700 --> 05:15:11,900
University bureaucracy. 
Margaret scrambled to follow her

6001
05:15:11,900 --> 05:15:13,800
new shoes. 
Making sounds like frustrated 

6002
05:15:13,800 --> 05:15:17,000
cats on the cobblestones as they
walk through the village, 

6003
05:15:17,000 --> 05:15:20,900
Margaret noticed more 
inconsistencies, a blacksmith 

6004
05:15:20,900 --> 05:15:23,500
hammered, what looks 
suspiciously like a smartphone 

6005
05:15:23,500 --> 05:15:26,100
case. 
A merchant sold authentic 

6006
05:15:26,100 --> 05:15:29,200
medieval remedies from bottles 
that clearly born, modern, 

6007
05:15:29,200 --> 05:15:32,800
safety, seals and everywhere 
people moved with the particular

6008
05:15:32,800 --> 05:15:36,000
sort of resigned efficiency that
Margaret recognized from her 

6009
05:15:36,000 --> 05:15:37,900
office environment. 
Right? 

6010
05:15:37,900 --> 05:15:41,200
Sister Agatha, said, stopping 
outside what appeared to be a 

6011
05:15:41,200 --> 05:15:44,100
Tavern with a sign, reading the 
temporal refugee. 

6012
05:15:45,200 --> 05:15:49,200
Here's the situation, welcome to
Kronos Commons, The Accidental 

6013
05:15:49,200 --> 05:15:52,200
Dumping Ground for temple, 
tourists, displaced individuals,

6014
05:15:52,200 --> 05:15:54,300
and the generally temporary 
confused. 

6015
05:15:54,300 --> 05:15:59,300
We've got Romans victorians a 
perplexed gentleman from 1623 

6016
05:15:59,300 --> 05:16:01,800
who keeps asking about the 
location of the nearest 

6017
05:16:01,800 --> 05:16:04,000
Starbucks. 
And last week, we acquired a 

6018
05:16:04,000 --> 05:16:06,400
flapper from the 20s, who was 
already revolutionized our 

6019
05:16:06,400 --> 05:16:09,800
cocktail menu. 
Margaret felt a familiar 

6020
05:16:09,800 --> 05:16:12,300
Sensation that she usually 
associated with faculty 

6021
05:16:12,300 --> 05:16:15,100
meetings. 
The gradual realization that she

6022
05:16:15,100 --> 05:16:18,400
was trapped in something that 
made no sense, but would somehow

6023
05:16:18,400 --> 05:16:21,100
become her responsibility. 
How do I get home? 

6024
05:16:21,100 --> 05:16:25,400
She asked Sister Agatha smiled 
took on the sort of kindness 

6025
05:16:25,400 --> 05:16:28,000
typically reserved for 
delivering catastrophic news. 

6026
05:16:28,000 --> 05:16:30,100
Well that's the question, isn't 
it? 

6027
05:16:30,100 --> 05:16:33,700
Some people figure it out, 
others don't but the good news 

6028
05:16:33,700 --> 05:16:36,700
is we've developed quite a nice 
little Community here. 

6029
05:16:36,700 --> 05:16:40,300
We've got running water, thanks 
to a Roman engineer, decent 

6030
05:16:40,300 --> 05:16:43,600
food, courtesy of a Victorian 
chef and surprisingly 

6031
05:16:43,600 --> 05:16:46,100
Progressive social policies 
implemented by a group of 

6032
05:16:46,100 --> 05:16:47,700
suffragettes who arrived last 
spring. 

6033
05:16:48,900 --> 05:16:50,900
Margaret looked around at the 
village with new eyes. 

6034
05:16:50,900 --> 05:16:54,400
It wasn't medieval at all she 
realized It was something 

6035
05:16:54,400 --> 05:16:58,500
entirely new a place where time 
had hiccuped collected. 

6036
05:16:58,500 --> 05:17:01,200
Its mistakes and decided to make
the best of things. 

6037
05:17:01,200 --> 05:17:05,500
How long have you been here? 
She asked Five years is a 

6038
05:17:05,508 --> 05:17:08,800
subjective time. 
It could be five minutes or five

6039
05:17:08,800 --> 05:17:11,800
decades in the real world times.
A bit wobbly here. 

6040
05:17:12,700 --> 05:17:15,700
Sister Agatha Shrugged, but I've
got to say the research 

6041
05:17:15,700 --> 05:17:18,800
opportunities are unparalleled. 
Where else can you get primary 

6042
05:17:18,800 --> 05:17:21,000
source material from actual 
primary sources? 

6043
05:17:21,000 --> 05:17:24,400
Margaret filter self beginning 
to panic which was unfortunate 

6044
05:17:24,400 --> 05:17:26,800
because Panic had never been 
particularly useful in her 

6045
05:17:26,800 --> 05:17:29,100
experience. 
But I have a job. 

6046
05:17:29,100 --> 05:17:30,500
I have a mortgage. 
I have a cat. 

6047
05:17:30,500 --> 05:17:35,100
Had sister, Agatha corrected, 
gently past tense is crucial 

6048
05:17:35,100 --> 05:17:37,500
when you're dealing with 
temporal displacement but look 

6049
05:17:37,500 --> 05:17:39,900
on the bright side, no more 
mortgage payments. 

6050
05:17:39,900 --> 05:17:43,200
The temporal Refugee turned out 
to be precisely what it sounded 

6051
05:17:43,200 --> 05:17:46,600
like a Tavern for people who had
accidentally fallen through the 

6052
05:17:46,608 --> 05:17:50,100
cracks in time and were making 
the best of it with varying 

6053
05:17:50,100 --> 05:17:53,000
degrees of success. 
The proprietor was a cheerful 

6054
05:17:53,000 --> 05:17:57,400
woman named Gladys who claimed 
to be from 1943 and had arrived 

6055
05:17:57,400 --> 05:17:59,600
during the blitz expecting to 
find an air raid shelter. 

6056
05:18:00,500 --> 05:18:04,200
Instead, she found herself The 
Accidental mayor of history is 

6057
05:18:04,200 --> 05:18:08,300
most confused municipality. 
New arrival, Gladys announced to

6058
05:18:08,300 --> 05:18:10,300
Sister LED Margaret through the 
door. 

6059
05:18:11,100 --> 05:18:13,300
Welcome to the club that no one 
desire to join. 

6060
05:18:13,300 --> 05:18:15,800
Yet. 
Everyone inextricably finds 

6061
05:18:15,800 --> 05:18:18,500
themselves a part of the first 
drink is free. 

6062
05:18:18,500 --> 05:18:22,300
The second is on credit and the 
third is your responsibility 

6063
05:18:22,300 --> 05:18:26,600
because you should know our 
economy by then Taverns interior

6064
05:18:26,600 --> 05:18:29,000
was a fascinating Collision of 
architectural periods. 

6065
05:18:29,800 --> 05:18:32,300
Tudor beams supported. 
What appeared to be Art Deco, 

6066
05:18:32,300 --> 05:18:36,100
light fixed pictures while Roman
mosaic's decorated flaws laid 

6067
05:18:36,100 --> 05:18:39,000
with Victorian tiles. 
The overall effect was like 

6068
05:18:39,000 --> 05:18:41,200
walking into time and having an 
identity crisis. 

6069
05:18:42,200 --> 05:18:44,800
At a corner table, a man in what
looked like 18th century 

6070
05:18:44,808 --> 05:18:47,900
clothing was engaged in animated
conversation with a woman, 

6071
05:18:47,900 --> 05:18:51,800
wearing a 1960s mod dress, and a
Roman Centurion who had 

6072
05:18:51,808 --> 05:18:55,100
apparently decided to keep his 
armor, but update his attitude. 

6073
05:18:55,800 --> 05:18:58,400
Their discussion appeared to 
center around the best methods 

6074
05:18:58,400 --> 05:19:00,000
for organizing a democratic 
government. 

6075
05:19:00,000 --> 05:19:03,700
When your citizenry spanned 
roughly 2000 years of political 

6076
05:19:03,700 --> 05:19:07,700
evolution, That's our steering 
committee sister Agatha. 

6077
05:19:07,700 --> 05:19:11,000
The third explained, we found 
that representative democracy 

6078
05:19:11,000 --> 05:19:12,400
works. 
Surprisingly, well, when 

6079
05:19:12,400 --> 05:19:15,300
everyone's equally confused 
about the present situation, 

6080
05:19:16,300 --> 05:19:19,700
Thomas who hails from the year, 
1776 arrived shortly after 

6081
05:19:19,700 --> 05:19:23,200
signing a document, he describes
as terribly important which is 

6082
05:19:23,200 --> 05:19:26,600
why he has strong opinions about
governance Veronica, who is from

6083
05:19:26,600 --> 05:19:31,600
1967 holds strong opinions on a 
wide range of topics Marcus, has

6084
05:19:31,600 --> 05:19:34,400
strong opinions, about military 
organization, primarily 

6085
05:19:34,400 --> 05:19:36,800
suggesting that all disputes 
should be settled through 

6086
05:19:36,800 --> 05:19:39,800
combat. 
Margaret accepted a drink from 

6087
05:19:39,800 --> 05:19:42,500
Gladys that tasted like, it had 
been invented by someone who 

6088
05:19:42,500 --> 05:19:45,100
remembered alcohol. 
Fondly, but had to work with 

6089
05:19:45,100 --> 05:19:49,000
medieval ingredients, although 
it wasn't entirely unpleasant, 

6090
05:19:49,000 --> 05:19:52,100
the drink felt like a metaphor 
for her entire situation. 

6091
05:19:53,300 --> 05:19:55,500
So, how does this work Margaret 
asked? 

6092
05:19:56,200 --> 05:19:58,600
The day-to-day. 
I mean you can't all just sit 

6093
05:19:58,600 --> 05:20:00,000
around drinking and forming 
committees. 

6094
05:20:00,000 --> 05:20:03,000
Oh, heavens. 
No Gladys laughed. 

6095
05:20:03,000 --> 05:20:04,900
We've got quite the economy 
going. 

6096
05:20:05,600 --> 05:20:07,400
It turns out when you put 
together people from different 

6097
05:20:07,400 --> 05:20:11,400
times you get a lot of useful 
knowledge exchange Marcus taught

6098
05:20:11,400 --> 05:20:14,600
us Roman construction techniques
which the Victorian engineer 

6099
05:20:14,600 --> 05:20:18,100
improved with modern Material 
Science which Thomas enhanced 

6100
05:20:18,100 --> 05:20:21,500
with Democratic labor practices,
which Veronica revolutionized 

6101
05:20:21,500 --> 05:20:25,400
with modern efficiency methods. 
She gestured toward the window, 

6102
05:20:25,400 --> 05:20:28,300
where Margaret could see people 
working on what appeared to be a

6103
05:20:28,300 --> 05:20:30,800
construction project involving 
both medieval stonework and 

6104
05:20:30,800 --> 05:20:33,300
suspiciously modern looking 
Plumbing. 

6105
05:20:34,200 --> 05:20:35,800
We're building a proper Town 
Hall. 

6106
05:20:35,800 --> 05:20:39,400
Sister, Agatha explained 
complete with meeting rooms a 

6107
05:20:39,400 --> 05:20:42,600
library and what Veronica insist
on calling a social services 

6108
05:20:42,600 --> 05:20:44,600
department. 
Apparently, temporal, 

6109
05:20:44,600 --> 05:20:47,900
displacement comes with its own 
unique set of bureaucratic 

6110
05:20:47,900 --> 05:20:50,500
needs. 
But surely someone's trying to 

6111
05:20:50,500 --> 05:20:53,400
get home. 
Margaret asked The Taven went 

6112
05:20:53,400 --> 05:20:56,300
quiet in a way that suggested 
she touched on a sensitive 

6113
05:20:56,300 --> 05:20:59,000
subject. 
Gladius polished a glass with 

6114
05:20:59,000 --> 05:21:02,500
unnecessary intensity, while 
sister Agatha developed a sudden

6115
05:21:02,500 --> 05:21:04,200
interest in the pattern of the 
tablecloth. 

6116
05:21:05,000 --> 05:21:08,100
Well, Thomas said from the 
corner table, his Colonial 

6117
05:21:08,100 --> 05:21:10,700
American accent carrying clearly
across the room. 

6118
05:21:10,700 --> 05:21:12,800
That's rather the central 
question, isn't it? 

6119
05:21:12,800 --> 05:21:15,500
Some folks spend all their time 
trying to figure out the way 

6120
05:21:15,500 --> 05:21:17,600
back. 
Others come to the conclusion 

6121
05:21:17,600 --> 05:21:19,800
that staying in. 
The present isn't necessarily A 

6122
05:21:19,800 --> 05:21:25,300
Bad Thing and some eteled off, 
some Margaret prompted, Some 

6123
05:21:25,300 --> 05:21:28,000
discover that home isn't quite 
what they remembered Veronica. 

6124
05:21:28,000 --> 05:21:31,400
Finished her London, accent 
crisp, despite the anachronistic

6125
05:21:31,400 --> 05:21:34,200
setting. 
Turns out when you've been gone 

6126
05:21:34,200 --> 05:21:37,200
for subjective years, certain 
assumptions about what you want 

6127
05:21:37,200 --> 05:21:39,100
to return to start looking 
rather questionable. 

6128
05:21:39,800 --> 05:21:42,200
Marcus, the Roman Centurion 
nodded Gravely. 

6129
05:21:42,200 --> 05:21:46,000
I was fleeing Gaul when I 
arrived here, the situation 

6130
05:21:46,000 --> 05:21:48,400
which involved a superior 
officers wife and a 

6131
05:21:48,400 --> 05:21:49,900
misunderstanding about Roman 
marriage. 

6132
05:21:49,900 --> 05:21:53,900
Customs was rather embarrassing.
Point is going back, would 

6133
05:21:53,900 --> 05:21:56,100
involve considerably more 
crucifixion than I am 

6134
05:21:56,100 --> 05:22:01,000
comfortable with. 
Margaret felt the weight of her 

6135
05:22:01,000 --> 05:22:04,800
life settling around her like in
ill-fitting coat her job at the 

6136
05:22:04,800 --> 05:22:08,500
library while stable had become 
increasingly automated and 

6137
05:22:08,500 --> 05:22:12,000
decreasingly fulfilling. 
Her marriage had ended two years

6138
05:22:12,000 --> 05:22:14,300
ago when her husband discovered 
that his midlife crisis 

6139
05:22:14,300 --> 05:22:17,600
required, a motorcycle. 
And a 25 year old named Crystal.

6140
05:22:18,400 --> 05:22:21,100
Her mortgage was for a house 
that had always felt too large 

6141
05:22:21,100 --> 05:22:23,000
for one person and two small for
the life. 

6142
05:22:23,000 --> 05:22:26,300
She'd imagined she'd have how do
you know if you want to go back?

6143
05:22:26,300 --> 05:22:30,300
She asked quietly. 
That sets this to Agatha is the 

6144
05:22:30,300 --> 05:22:33,200
question. 
Everyone asks and nobody can 

6145
05:22:33,200 --> 05:22:36,800
answer for anyone else, but I 
will say this in five years 

6146
05:22:36,800 --> 05:22:40,200
here, I've published more 
original research than I did in 

6147
05:22:40,200 --> 05:22:43,400
20 years at Cambridge. 
It turns out that primary source

6148
05:22:43,400 --> 05:22:46,200
material is much easier to 
obtain when your sources are 

6149
05:22:46,200 --> 05:22:49,700
sitting at the next table. 
Gladys sat down her glass and 

6150
05:22:49,700 --> 05:22:52,500
leaned against the bar. 
I've been thinking about that 

6151
05:22:52,500 --> 05:22:54,100
night in London, when I ended up
here. 

6152
05:22:54,800 --> 05:22:57,500
The sirens were going off, bombs
were falling and I was more 

6153
05:22:57,500 --> 05:22:59,500
terrified than I'd ever been in 
my life. 

6154
05:23:00,300 --> 05:23:02,600
But I was also More Alive than 
I'd felting years. 

6155
05:23:03,600 --> 05:23:05,600
Three years had passed since my 
husband's death. 

6156
05:23:05,600 --> 05:23:08,900
My children had grown and left 
and I was merely existing. 

6157
05:23:08,900 --> 05:23:11,500
You need me here. 
I'm building something. 

6158
05:23:12,500 --> 05:23:15,300
But don't you miss it, Margaret 
asked your real life. 

6159
05:23:16,000 --> 05:23:19,300
This is my real, life Gladys 
said, simply the other one was 

6160
05:23:19,300 --> 05:23:22,700
just what happened before. 
I started Living The Tavern door

6161
05:23:22,700 --> 05:23:26,800
abruptly opened suggesting 
either extreme urgency or poor 

6162
05:23:26,800 --> 05:23:28,900
door. 
Maintenance a young man. 

6163
05:23:28,900 --> 05:23:31,800
Stumbled in wearing clothes, 
that looked like a confused 

6164
05:23:31,800 --> 05:23:34,600
merger between medieval peasant 
wear and what Margaret was 

6165
05:23:34,600 --> 05:23:37,900
beginning to recognize as the 
standard issue temporal Refugee 

6166
05:23:37,900 --> 05:23:40,900
uniform Emergency committee 
meeting. 

6167
05:23:40,900 --> 05:23:44,300
He announced breathlessly we've 
got anachronism policing coming 

6168
05:23:44,300 --> 05:23:46,900
and they're asking about 
unauthorized timeline 

6169
05:23:46,900 --> 05:23:49,000
modifications. 
The Tavern erupted into 

6170
05:23:49,000 --> 05:23:51,600
organized and Chaos. 
Thomas immediately began 

6171
05:23:51,600 --> 05:23:54,300
drafting what he called, 
emergency protocols for 

6172
05:23:54,300 --> 05:23:58,000
Democratic crisis management. 
Veronica started organizing 

6173
05:23:58,000 --> 05:24:00,400
people into what she termed 
efficiency groups. 

6174
05:24:00,400 --> 05:24:02,900
Marcus began discussing 
defensive strategies that 

6175
05:24:02,900 --> 05:24:06,100
involved words like Phalanx and 
tactical retreat. 

6176
05:24:07,000 --> 05:24:09,100
An acronym. 
Police Margaret asked sister 

6177
05:24:09,108 --> 05:24:13,300
Agatha about the commotion time,
travels, governing, body sister,

6178
05:24:13,300 --> 05:24:16,500
Agatha explained Grimley. 
Consider them to be the 

6179
05:24:16,500 --> 05:24:19,200
universe's Hall monitors, but 
with the authority to erase 

6180
05:24:19,200 --> 05:24:21,500
entire timelines. 
If they think things have gotten

6181
05:24:21,500 --> 05:24:25,600
too messy, they don't like 
places like this too many 

6182
05:24:25,600 --> 05:24:28,400
variables, too much potential 
for paradox. 

6183
05:24:29,100 --> 05:24:31,500
What do they do best case 
scenario? 

6184
05:24:31,500 --> 05:24:35,600
They relocated us to approve 
Temple Zone's, worst case 

6185
05:24:35,600 --> 05:24:38,700
scenario. 
They decide where too much of a 

6186
05:24:38,700 --> 05:24:41,700
risk and Sister Agatha made a 
gesture that could be 

6187
05:24:41,708 --> 05:24:44,500
interpreted as either poof or 
blister Nation. 

6188
05:24:45,500 --> 05:24:48,400
Margaret felt that familiar 
librarian Instinct kicking in 

6189
05:24:48,400 --> 05:24:51,500
the one that appeared whenever 
someone threatened to reorganize

6190
05:24:51,500 --> 05:24:55,200
her carefully maintained systems
without consulting her first. it

6191
05:24:55,200 --> 05:24:57,600
was the same feeling she got 
when patrons tried to return 

6192
05:24:57,600 --> 05:25:00,600
books to the wrong shelves, or 
when her supervisor suggested 

6193
05:25:00,600 --> 05:25:04,400
improving efficiency through 
methods that would clearly make 

6194
05:25:04,400 --> 05:25:08,000
everything worse Right? 
She said surprising herself with

6195
05:25:08,000 --> 05:25:10,400
her decisiveness, what actions 
are necessary. 

6196
05:25:10,400 --> 05:25:13,800
The emergency committee meeting 
took place in what Gladys 

6197
05:25:13,800 --> 05:25:16,600
optimistically called the 
community center, which was 

6198
05:25:16,600 --> 05:25:19,000
actually the tavern with the 
tables pushed together and 

6199
05:25:19,000 --> 05:25:21,300
everyone, trying to look 
official, although half of them 

6200
05:25:21,300 --> 05:25:22,608
were drinking ale at 10 in the 
morning. 

6201
05:25:23,500 --> 05:25:26,200
Margaret found herself appointed
as Secretary of Records, 

6202
05:25:26,200 --> 05:25:28,600
primarily because she was the 
only one present who knew what 

6203
05:25:28,600 --> 05:25:31,700
carbon paper was and could also 
operate the hand cranked 

6204
05:25:31,700 --> 05:25:33,500
printing. 
Press the Victorian gentleman 

6205
05:25:33,500 --> 05:25:36,500
named Nigel, had constructed 
from memory and spare parts. 

6206
05:25:37,300 --> 05:25:40,600
Right then Thomas said calling 
the meeting to order with the 

6207
05:25:40,600 --> 05:25:43,600
sort of Gravitas that suggested 
he'd had practice at the sort of

6208
05:25:43,600 --> 05:25:47,900
thing Jeremiah report. 
Jeremiah the young man who 

6209
05:25:47,900 --> 05:25:51,000
brought the news stood up and 
consulted, what appeared to be 

6210
05:25:51,008 --> 05:25:54,400
notes written on bark. 3, 
anachronism police officers 

6211
05:25:54,400 --> 05:25:57,400
arrived this morning via what 
looked like a temporal Vortex to

6212
05:25:57,400 --> 05:25:59,500
Skies as a traveling Merchant 
wagon. 

6213
05:25:59,500 --> 05:26:01,900
There are staying at the inn and
asking questions about 

6214
05:26:01,900 --> 05:26:05,200
unauthorized timeline 
modifications and dangerous, 

6215
05:26:05,200 --> 05:26:09,600
temporal accumulations. 
Dangerous temporal accumulations

6216
05:26:09,600 --> 05:26:11,700
sister Agatha repeated 
thoughtfully. 

6217
05:26:12,500 --> 05:26:14,000
That's what they call places 
like us. 

6218
05:26:14,000 --> 05:26:17,200
We have an excessive number of 
individuals from various eras 

6219
05:26:17,200 --> 05:26:20,400
residing in one place. 
We are currently creating what 

6220
05:26:20,400 --> 05:26:22,500
they term chronological. 
Instability. 

6221
05:26:22,500 --> 05:26:26,500
Bollocks said, Veronica firmly 
were creating a chronological 

6222
05:26:26,500 --> 05:26:28,000
Community. 
There's a difference. 

6223
05:26:29,000 --> 05:26:32,700
Marcus nodded approvingly. 
In Rome, we had a saying when 

6224
05:26:32,700 --> 05:26:36,000
the bureaucrats arrive, hide the
wine and sharp and the swords. 

6225
05:26:36,800 --> 05:26:38,200
We're not hiding wine or 
sharpening. 

6226
05:26:38,200 --> 05:26:41,700
Swords Tom said quickly with 
civilized people have a 

6227
05:26:41,700 --> 05:26:44,100
civilized discussion about how 
to handle a bureaucratic 

6228
05:26:44,100 --> 05:26:46,200
situation through proper 
Democratic channels. 

6229
05:26:47,200 --> 05:26:52,500
Have you met bureaucrats GLaDOS?
Dryly in my experience, proper 

6230
05:26:52,500 --> 05:26:54,600
Democratic channels work about 
as well for people in London 

6231
05:26:54,600 --> 05:26:58,600
during the blitz as they do. 
Now, that is not at all and you 

6232
05:26:58,600 --> 05:27:00,100
mostly have to muddle through 
and hope for the best. 

6233
05:27:01,300 --> 05:27:04,400
Margaret found herself taking 
detailed notes, partly out of 

6234
05:27:04,408 --> 05:27:06,800
professional habit and partly 
because writing things down, 

6235
05:27:06,800 --> 05:27:10,000
helped her think. 
She wrote patterns begin to 

6236
05:27:10,000 --> 05:27:12,500
emerge. 
The enactment police, seemed 

6237
05:27:12,500 --> 05:27:14,800
concerned about their 
communities affect on the 

6238
05:27:14,800 --> 05:27:17,800
timeline, but from what she 
could gather, they hadn't 

6239
05:27:17,800 --> 05:27:19,300
actually done anything to affect
it. 

6240
05:27:19,300 --> 05:27:21,700
They were just living their 
lives in a place that 

6241
05:27:21,700 --> 05:27:25,200
technically shouldn't exist. 
What exactly is the timeline 

6242
05:27:25,200 --> 05:27:28,500
we're supposedly affecting she 
asked the room went quiet. 

6243
05:27:29,800 --> 05:27:32,200
Margaret was beginning to 
recognize the particular type of

6244
05:27:32,208 --> 05:27:34,300
Silence. 
It was the same one that 

6245
05:27:34,300 --> 05:27:36,100
occurred in library staff 
meetings. 

6246
05:27:36,100 --> 05:27:38,600
When someone asked obvious 
questions that revealed 

6247
05:27:38,600 --> 05:27:42,900
fundamental problems with the 
entire system, Well, sister 

6248
05:27:42,900 --> 05:27:45,900
Agatha said slowly, that's 
rather complicated. 

6249
05:27:45,900 --> 05:27:49,200
See technically, none of us 
should be here. 

6250
05:27:49,200 --> 05:27:51,900
We should all be in our original
Times. 

6251
05:27:51,900 --> 05:27:54,900
Living our original lives, 
making our original 

6252
05:27:54,900 --> 05:27:58,100
contributions to history. 
But we're not affecting our 

6253
05:27:58,100 --> 05:28:00,700
original times. 
Margaret pointed out, we're not 

6254
05:28:00,700 --> 05:28:02,900
there. 
If anything, our absence should 

6255
05:28:02,900 --> 05:28:04,500
have more impact than our 
presence here. 

6256
05:28:05,600 --> 05:28:08,000
Ah so nice of the Victorian 
engineer. 

6257
05:28:08,000 --> 05:28:11,800
Speaking up for the first time, 
that's where it gets intriguing,

6258
05:28:11,800 --> 05:28:14,100
my research. 
Which I've dedicated a 

6259
05:28:14,100 --> 05:28:17,200
significant amount of time to 
indicate that our disappearances

6260
05:28:17,200 --> 05:28:21,300
of received compensation 
compensated, how Tom's asked, 

6261
05:28:22,000 --> 05:28:25,700
Replacements Nigel said, simply 
the timeline has generated 

6262
05:28:25,700 --> 05:28:27,900
substitute version of us to fill
the gaps. 

6263
05:28:27,900 --> 05:28:30,900
We left behind my wife. 
Believes I died in a factory 

6264
05:28:30,900 --> 05:28:33,300
accident. 
Sister Agatha's University 

6265
05:28:33,300 --> 05:28:36,300
believe she took early 
retirement Margaret's Library 

6266
05:28:36,300 --> 05:28:38,400
believes. 
She moved to Florida to care for

6267
05:28:38,400 --> 05:28:41,000
an elderly relative. 
Margaret felt a chill that had 

6268
05:28:41,000 --> 05:28:42,700
nothing to do with the medieval 
heating system. 

6269
05:28:43,800 --> 05:28:46,100
So there's another version of me
living my life. 

6270
05:28:47,200 --> 05:28:50,300
A timeline generated 
approximation sister Agatha 

6271
05:28:50,300 --> 05:28:53,700
confirmed, close enough to 
maintain continuity, but not 

6272
05:28:53,700 --> 05:28:57,400
actually you think of it as 
temporal autocorrect. 

6273
05:28:58,500 --> 05:29:02,100
That's deeply unsettling 
Margaret said, welcome to time. 

6274
05:29:02,100 --> 05:29:05,300
Travel Gladys said cheerfully 
nothing about it makes sense. 

6275
05:29:05,300 --> 05:29:08,600
And the more you think about it,
the more you realize that sense 

6276
05:29:08,600 --> 05:29:12,900
was always overrated anyway, The
meeting continued for another 

6277
05:29:12,900 --> 05:29:16,000
hour with various committee 
members proposing solutions that

6278
05:29:16,000 --> 05:29:20,800
ranged from diplomatic 
negotiation, Thomas to strategic

6279
05:29:20,800 --> 05:29:24,000
misdirection Veronica to trial 
by combat. 

6280
05:29:24,000 --> 05:29:27,700
Markus, predictably Margaret 
found herself, thinking about 

6281
05:29:27,700 --> 05:29:30,100
the other version of herself 
living in her house doing her 

6282
05:29:30,100 --> 05:29:32,200
job and presumably, feeding her 
cat. 

6283
05:29:33,100 --> 05:29:34,700
Was that version of her 
fulfilled? 

6284
05:29:34,700 --> 05:29:37,500
Was she living the life? 
Margaret had been too afraid to 

6285
05:29:37,508 --> 05:29:40,500
lead? 
I proposed she said interrupting

6286
05:29:40,500 --> 05:29:43,200
a discussion about the proper 
protocol for addressing temporal

6287
05:29:43,200 --> 05:29:46,200
law enforcement that we find out
what the anachronism police 

6288
05:29:46,200 --> 05:29:48,500
actually want. 
Before we decide how to respond 

6289
05:29:48,500 --> 05:29:51,200
to them. 
Revolutionary thinking Veronica 

6290
05:29:51,200 --> 05:29:54,000
said approvingly gather 
intelligence before forming 

6291
05:29:54,000 --> 05:29:55,600
strategy. 
I like her. 

6292
05:29:56,400 --> 05:29:59,500
Is called, reconnaissance, 
Marcus added basic military 

6293
05:29:59,500 --> 05:30:01,200
procedure. 
It's called. 

6294
05:30:01,208 --> 05:30:04,700
Common Sense, Gladys said I 
suppose that's revolutionary 

6295
05:30:04,700 --> 05:30:07,200
enough. 
In most situations Thomas nodded

6296
05:30:07,200 --> 05:30:09,600
thoughtfully. 
Margaret raises an excellent 

6297
05:30:09,600 --> 05:30:11,500
point. 
We've been assuming they want to

6298
05:30:11,500 --> 05:30:14,800
shut us down or relocate us but 
perhaps their concerns are more 

6299
05:30:14,808 --> 05:30:17,100
specific. 
Jeremiah what? 

6300
05:30:17,100 --> 05:30:18,500
Exactly were they are asking 
about? 

6301
05:30:20,100 --> 05:30:21,800
Jeremiah consulted, his bark 
notes. 

6302
05:30:21,800 --> 05:30:24,900
Again, they wanted to know about
unauthorized historical 

6303
05:30:24,900 --> 05:30:29,100
documentation and acronymic 
technological development, and 

6304
05:30:29,100 --> 05:30:33,000
unsanctioned temporal education.
Programs Margaret held her 

6305
05:30:33,000 --> 05:30:36,000
librarian in. 
Those are very specific 

6306
05:30:36,000 --> 05:30:38,800
concerns. 
Not General timeline protection,

6307
05:30:38,800 --> 05:30:43,000
specific activities, sister 
Agatha's been writing papers 

6308
05:30:43,000 --> 05:30:46,300
about medieval life, based on 
Direct observation, Nigel said, 

6309
05:30:46,300 --> 05:30:48,700
slowly. 
I've been developing hybrid 

6310
05:30:48,700 --> 05:30:52,000
Technologies using Knowledge 
from multiple times and we've 

6311
05:30:52,000 --> 05:30:54,300
all been sharing knowledge 
across historical boundaries 

6312
05:30:55,400 --> 05:30:58,700
We've been learning from each 
other Margaret said, and that's 

6313
05:30:58,700 --> 05:31:02,300
what their worried about. 
The room fell silent again but 

6314
05:31:02,300 --> 05:31:04,400
this time it was the thoughtful 
Silence of people. 

6315
05:31:04,400 --> 05:31:06,900
Realizing they were in more 
trouble than they'd initially 

6316
05:31:06,900 --> 05:31:10,400
understood but also possibly 
more right than they dare to 

6317
05:31:10,408 --> 05:31:14,100
Hope. 
So Thomas said finally we're not

6318
05:31:14,108 --> 05:31:17,200
just temporal refugees were 
temporal revolutionaries. 

6319
05:31:18,200 --> 05:31:21,700
Accidental, temporal 
revolutionaries or sister Agatha

6320
05:31:21,700 --> 05:31:24,900
corrected. 
The best kind Veronica said with

6321
05:31:24,900 --> 05:31:28,600
satisfaction, nobody expects The
Accidental revolutionaries. 

6322
05:31:29,700 --> 05:31:32,800
Margaret looked around the room 
at her fellow temporal Misfits 

6323
05:31:32,800 --> 05:31:35,800
and felt something she hadn't 
experienced in years. 

6324
05:31:35,800 --> 05:31:38,800
The sense that she was precisely
where she was supposed to be 

6325
05:31:38,800 --> 05:31:41,200
doing exactly what she was 
supposed to do. 

6326
05:31:41,200 --> 05:31:43,800
She appeared to be tasked with 
challenging. 

6327
05:31:43,800 --> 05:31:46,500
The fundamental principles of 
temporal law enforcement by 

6328
05:31:46,500 --> 05:31:48,800
radically establishing a 
functional community. 

6329
05:31:49,800 --> 05:31:53,300
Right then, she said surprise in
herself again with her decisive 

6330
05:31:53,300 --> 05:31:55,200
news. 
Let's go talk to these 

6331
05:31:55,200 --> 05:31:58,400
anachronism police and find out 
exactly what kind of Revolution 

6332
05:31:58,400 --> 05:32:01,700
where accidentally leading based
on her experience with various 

6333
05:32:01,700 --> 05:32:05,000
forms of bureaucratic Authority.
Margaret expected the 

6334
05:32:05,000 --> 05:32:08,900
anachronism police to be polite,
efficient and firmly convinced 

6335
05:32:08,900 --> 05:32:11,000
that there are the only logical 
one. 

6336
05:32:11,800 --> 05:32:15,000
They are taken up residence in 
The Villages only in which was 

6337
05:32:15,000 --> 05:32:18,800
run by a cheerful woman from the
14th century who had adapted to 

6338
05:32:18,800 --> 05:32:22,000
her unusual on tell by 
developing what she called her 

6339
05:32:22,000 --> 05:32:24,900
flexible approach to customers 
service. 

6340
05:32:26,700 --> 05:32:29,300
The three officers were sitting 
in the ins common room, when 

6341
05:32:29,300 --> 05:32:31,400
Margaret's diplomatic delegation
arrived. 

6342
05:32:32,200 --> 05:32:35,900
Thomas had insisted on formal. 
Protocols Veronica, had insisted

6343
05:32:35,900 --> 05:32:38,100
on strategic positioning and 
Marcus. 

6344
05:32:38,100 --> 05:32:41,900
Had insisted on bringing weapons
ceremonial purposes only he'd 

6345
05:32:41,900 --> 05:32:43,500
assured them while checking the 
edge on. 

6346
05:32:43,500 --> 05:32:46,800
His Gladius, Margaret had 
insisted on bringing tea service

6347
05:32:46,800 --> 05:32:50,400
because in her experience any 
difficult, conversation went 

6348
05:32:50,400 --> 05:32:54,300
better with proper Refreshments,
the lead officer was a woman who

6349
05:32:54,300 --> 05:32:57,300
introduced herself as Inspector 
Chronos, which Margaret 

6350
05:32:57,300 --> 05:32:59,900
suspected was either an assumed 
name or evidence that the 

6351
05:32:59,900 --> 05:33:03,200
anacron isn't a department 
devoted entirely to ironic 

6352
05:33:03,200 --> 05:33:05,900
nomenclature. 
She was wearing what appeared to

6353
05:33:05,900 --> 05:33:08,300
be a uniformed designed by 
someone who had been told to 

6354
05:33:08,300 --> 05:33:12,000
create Timeless professional 
attire and had interpreted the 

6355
05:33:12,000 --> 05:33:15,500
term as a boring Grace suit that
could plausibly exist in any 

6356
05:33:15,500 --> 05:33:17,900
century. 
Thank you for meeting with us. 

6357
05:33:17,900 --> 05:33:20,700
Inspector Cronus. 
Said as Margaret arrange the tea

6358
05:33:20,700 --> 05:33:22,000
service on the ins largest 
table. 

6359
05:33:22,000 --> 05:33:24,700
We appreciate your cooperation 
in this matter. 

6360
05:33:25,600 --> 05:33:28,000
Our pleasure Thomas replied 
smoothly. 

6361
05:33:28,700 --> 05:33:31,400
Though I confess we're uncertain
about the nature of the matter 

6362
05:33:31,400 --> 05:33:35,700
that requires our cooperation. 
Inspector Kronos consulted, a 

6363
05:33:35,700 --> 05:33:38,700
tablet that definitely hadn't 
existed in any time period. 

6364
05:33:38,700 --> 05:33:41,800
Margaret could identify. 
You're aware that this 

6365
05:33:41,800 --> 05:33:44,900
settlement exists in violation 
of several temporal Accords. 

6366
05:33:45,800 --> 05:33:47,800
We weren't aware. 
There were temporal Accords. 

6367
05:33:47,800 --> 05:33:52,000
Sister Agatha, said, mildly. 
Perhaps, you could Enlighten us.

6368
05:33:52,800 --> 05:33:55,300
Margaret poured tea while 
listening to inspector, Kronos, 

6369
05:33:55,300 --> 05:33:57,600
explain the complex legal 
framework, that apparently 

6370
05:33:57,600 --> 05:34:00,600
governed time travel. 
According to the temporal 

6371
05:34:00,600 --> 05:34:04,500
Accords unauthorized time travel
was prohibited, temporal 

6372
05:34:04,500 --> 05:34:07,300
settlements were forbidden and 
crossed temporal knowledge. 

6373
05:34:07,300 --> 05:34:10,500
Sharing was considered a class 3
chronological offense punishable

6374
05:34:10,500 --> 05:34:13,900
by timeline rehabilitation. 
Timeline. 

6375
05:34:13,900 --> 05:34:15,900
Rehabilitation sounds ominous 
Veronica. 

6376
05:34:15,900 --> 05:34:18,300
Observed. 
It's a Humane process. 

6377
05:34:18,300 --> 05:34:22,300
Inspector Cronus, assured her. 
We simply relocated individuals 

6378
05:34:22,300 --> 05:34:24,700
to appropriate. 
Temporal Zone's, where they can 

6379
05:34:24,700 --> 05:34:27,300
live productive lives without 
disrupting historical 

6380
05:34:27,300 --> 05:34:29,800
continuity. 
Separate us. 

6381
05:34:29,800 --> 05:34:32,100
You mean Margaret said offering 
the sugar cubes? 

6382
05:34:32,100 --> 05:34:34,900
Send us back to our original 
times whether we want to go on 

6383
05:34:34,900 --> 05:34:37,100
or not. 
The personal preferences of 

6384
05:34:37,100 --> 05:34:39,800
temporarily displaced persons 
are secondary to the stability 

6385
05:34:39,800 --> 05:34:42,300
of the timeline. 
Inspector Cronus replied, 

6386
05:34:42,300 --> 05:34:45,700
accepting her tea with the sort 
of politeness that suggested. 

6387
05:34:45,700 --> 05:34:48,800
She'd been trained in diplomatic
protocols but found them. 

6388
05:34:48,800 --> 05:34:52,900
Tedious Margaret felt that 
familiar librarian angle Rising 

6389
05:34:52,900 --> 05:34:56,100
the specific Fury that came from
dealing with people who 

6390
05:34:56,100 --> 05:34:59,300
prioritize systems over people 
and called it necessary 

6391
05:34:59,300 --> 05:35:02,600
efficiently. 
And who decided that timelines 

6392
05:35:02,600 --> 05:35:05,000
stability was more important 
than personal autonomy. 

6393
05:35:06,300 --> 05:35:08,700
Inspector. 
Kronos looked genuinely puzzled 

6394
05:35:08,700 --> 05:35:11,300
by the question. 
The temporal authority, of 

6395
05:35:11,300 --> 05:35:14,500
course, timelines stability, 
maintains the proper order of 

6396
05:35:14,500 --> 05:35:18,600
historical events. 
Whose proper order Thomas asked 

6397
05:35:18,600 --> 05:35:22,100
his Colonial revolutionary 
instincts, clearly activated, 

6398
05:35:22,100 --> 05:35:24,500
who gave this temporal 
Authority, the right to 

6399
05:35:24,500 --> 05:35:26,400
determine how people should live
their lives. 

6400
05:35:27,500 --> 05:35:30,800
The Authority derives from 
temporal law, which exists to 

6401
05:35:30,808 --> 05:35:32,800
prevent paradoxes and maintain 
historical. 

6402
05:35:32,800 --> 05:35:36,600
Accuracy, inspector Cronus 
explained patiently as if 

6403
05:35:36,600 --> 05:35:39,000
speaking to children who 
couldn't understand basic 

6404
05:35:39,000 --> 05:35:43,700
concepts. historical accuracy, 
according to whom sister asked, 

6405
05:35:44,500 --> 05:35:46,900
I've spent five years here, 
conducting primary research. 

6406
05:35:46,900 --> 05:35:50,100
That revealed significant errors
in accepted historical, 

6407
05:35:50,100 --> 05:35:52,600
narratives. 
Are you more interested in 

6408
05:35:52,600 --> 05:35:55,700
preserving factual accuracy or 
in upholding your own 

6409
05:35:55,700 --> 05:35:59,500
interpretation of accuracy? 
Margaret watched inspector 

6410
05:35:59,500 --> 05:36:03,800
kronos's face carefully years of
dealing with Library patrons had

6411
05:36:03,800 --> 05:36:05,900
taught her to recognize the 
exact moment when someone 

6412
05:36:05,900 --> 05:36:08,700
realized their position might 
not be as unassailable as they 

6413
05:36:08,700 --> 05:36:12,800
assume. inspector Cronos was 
having that moment right now, 

6414
05:36:12,800 --> 05:36:15,700
your research is part of the 
problem, one of the other 

6415
05:36:15,700 --> 05:36:18,800
officers, said speaking for the 
first time, your creating 

6416
05:36:18,800 --> 05:36:21,700
unauthorized historical 
documentation, that could alter 

6417
05:36:21,700 --> 05:36:25,400
scholarly understanding of past 
events, You mean it could 

6418
05:36:25,408 --> 05:36:29,800
improve scholarly understanding 
Margaret said sweetly refilling.

6419
05:36:29,800 --> 05:36:33,300
His teacup Isn't that what 
research is supposed to do? 

6420
05:36:34,200 --> 05:36:36,900
Not when it disrupts established
historical consensus. 

6421
05:36:36,900 --> 05:36:40,400
The officer applied. 
Established historical consensus

6422
05:36:40,400 --> 05:36:42,300
has been wrong before Veronica 
pointed out. 

6423
05:36:43,200 --> 05:36:46,700
I should know. 
I lived through the 60s and the 

6424
05:36:46,700 --> 05:36:49,700
established historical consensus
about that decade is almost 

6425
05:36:49,700 --> 05:36:52,700
entirely bollocks. 
Margaret could see that this 

6426
05:36:52,700 --> 05:36:55,000
conversation was heading toward 
the sort of philosophical 

6427
05:36:55,000 --> 05:36:58,100
impasse that typically resulted 
in either violence or very long 

6428
05:36:58,100 --> 05:37:01,100
meetings. 
In her experience, violence was 

6429
05:37:01,100 --> 05:37:03,800
Messier but often more efficient
than meetings. 

6430
05:37:03,800 --> 05:37:07,000
However both typically ended 
with someone feeling aggrieved 

6431
05:37:07,000 --> 05:37:10,800
and nothing actually resolved 
inspector Cronos. 

6432
05:37:10,800 --> 05:37:13,400
She said interrupting what 
appeared to be the beginning of 

6433
05:37:13,400 --> 05:37:15,800
a lecture about the importance 
of his historical stability? 

6434
05:37:16,700 --> 05:37:18,500
May, I ask you a personal 
question? 

6435
05:37:19,600 --> 05:37:22,500
inspector Kronos looked where he
I suppose. 

6436
05:37:23,800 --> 05:37:25,200
When did you last have a 
vacation? 

6437
05:37:26,400 --> 05:37:28,800
The question clearly was not 
what inspector Kronos had 

6438
05:37:28,800 --> 05:37:32,200
expected. 
I that's not relevant to this 

6439
05:37:32,200 --> 05:37:35,300
investigation. 
Humor, me Margaret said, 

6440
05:37:35,300 --> 05:37:37,700
employing the same tone. 
She used with particularly 

6441
05:37:37,700 --> 05:37:41,400
stubborn Library, patrons, When 
did you last take time off from 

6442
05:37:41,400 --> 05:37:43,900
work? 
Temporal Authority agents. 

6443
05:37:43,900 --> 05:37:47,100
Don't take vacations. 
Inspector Kronos, said, stiffly,

6444
05:37:47,100 --> 05:37:51,700
we have important work to do. 
Everyone needs time off Margaret

6445
05:37:51,700 --> 05:37:54,600
said gently otherwise work 
becomes the only thing that 

6446
05:37:54,600 --> 05:37:57,500
Gives Life Meaning and that's 
not healthy for anyone. 

6447
05:37:57,500 --> 05:37:59,900
Trust me, I speak from 
experience. 

6448
05:38:01,500 --> 05:38:04,700
She gestured around the incoming
room where the afternoon light 

6449
05:38:04,700 --> 05:38:06,800
was streaming through windows 
that have been designed by 

6450
05:38:06,800 --> 05:38:09,800
someone from the 18th century 
built by someone from ancient 

6451
05:38:09,800 --> 05:38:13,500
Rome and decorated by someone 
from the 1960s, the result was 

6452
05:38:13,500 --> 05:38:17,300
chaotic but somehow harmonious 
Like A visual representation of 

6453
05:38:17,308 --> 05:38:20,300
their entire community. 
This place works. 

6454
05:38:20,300 --> 05:38:23,300
She said we have people from a 
dozen different times. 

6455
05:38:23,300 --> 05:38:25,500
Living together sharing 
knowledge, building something 

6456
05:38:25,500 --> 05:38:27,300
new. 
We're not disrupting the 

6457
05:38:27,300 --> 05:38:29,400
timeline. 
We're creating something the 

6458
05:38:29,400 --> 05:38:31,700
timeline never had before 
something beautiful. 

6459
05:38:32,700 --> 05:38:35,100
An authorized beauty is still 
unauthorized. 

6460
05:38:35,100 --> 05:38:38,600
Inspector Kronos said, but her 
voice lacked conviction, 

6461
05:38:39,500 --> 05:38:40,800
According to the temporal 
Accords. 

6462
05:38:40,800 --> 05:38:43,800
Yes Margaret Reid. 
But have you considered that the

6463
05:38:43,800 --> 05:38:47,500
temporal Accords might be wrong?
The silence that followed was 

6464
05:38:47,500 --> 05:38:50,000
different from the previous 
uncomfortable silence. 

6465
05:38:50,000 --> 05:38:53,300
Is this silence was the result 
of someone who had blindly 

6466
05:38:53,300 --> 05:38:56,200
followed the rules for years 
suddenly forced to question 

6467
05:38:56,200 --> 05:38:58,700
their logic. 
The Accords exist for good 

6468
05:38:58,700 --> 05:39:01,000
reason. 
Inspector Kronos said finally. 

6469
05:39:01,800 --> 05:39:05,400
I'm sure they do Thomas said 
diplomatically, but good reasons

6470
05:39:05,400 --> 05:39:08,900
can become bad reasons. 
If circumstances change in my 

6471
05:39:08,900 --> 05:39:11,300
experience, the best laws of the
ones that can adapt to new 

6472
05:39:11,300 --> 05:39:14,600
situations. 
What if Sister Agatha suggested 

6473
05:39:14,600 --> 05:39:17,700
carefully? 
Instead of shutting us down, you

6474
05:39:17,700 --> 05:39:20,900
studied us, we could be a pilot 
program for controlled 

6475
05:39:20,900 --> 05:39:22,400
cross-temporal Community 
Development. 

6476
05:39:22,400 --> 05:39:25,900
Think of the research 
opportunities, Margaret could 

6477
05:39:25,900 --> 05:39:29,600
see inspector Kronos from 
wavering years of bureaucratic 

6478
05:39:29,600 --> 05:39:31,300
training. 
Were warring with what appeared 

6479
05:39:31,300 --> 05:39:34,600
to be genuine curiosity and 
possibly the first intriguing 

6480
05:39:34,600 --> 05:39:36,300
conversation she'd had in 
decades. 

6481
05:39:37,200 --> 05:39:39,800
That would require authorization
from the temporal Authority 

6482
05:39:39,800 --> 05:39:44,000
inspector Kronos said slowly. 
Then let's get authorization. 

6483
05:39:44,000 --> 05:39:47,500
Margaret said briskly assume 
this some sort of application 

6484
05:39:47,500 --> 05:39:50,700
process. 
Inspector Kronos stared at her. 

6485
05:39:51,500 --> 05:39:54,000
You want to apply for legal 
recognition as an experimental 

6486
05:39:54,000 --> 05:39:56,100
temporal community? 
Why not? 

6487
05:39:57,300 --> 05:39:59,400
Margaret Shrugged, we're already
here. 

6488
05:39:59,400 --> 05:40:02,200
We're already functioning. 
And apparently were already 

6489
05:40:02,200 --> 05:40:04,300
breaking. 
The rules might as well break 

6490
05:40:04,300 --> 05:40:07,400
the officially applying for 
legal recognition as an 

6491
05:40:07,400 --> 05:40:10,000
experimental Community. 
Turned out to involve 

6492
05:40:10,000 --> 05:40:13,500
approximately 17 different forms
Each of, which had to be filled 

6493
05:40:13,500 --> 05:40:16,100
out in triplicate, using 
writing, implements appropriate 

6494
05:40:16,100 --> 05:40:19,300
to the time period of the person
feeling them out, Margaret. 

6495
05:40:19,300 --> 05:40:21,900
Found herself wielding a quill 
pen for the first time in her 

6496
05:40:21,900 --> 05:40:24,100
life. 
While cursing, whoever decided 

6497
05:40:24,100 --> 05:40:27,500
that bureaucracy should be 
deliberately difficult, This is 

6498
05:40:27,508 --> 05:40:31,300
ridiculous Veronica muttered 
struggling with what appeared to

6499
05:40:31,308 --> 05:40:33,500
be a form design to assess 
cross-temporal. 

6500
05:40:33,500 --> 05:40:37,600
Cultural integration, protocols.
They want to know our policy for

6501
05:40:37,600 --> 05:40:40,000
resolving conflicts between 
Roman law and Renaissance 

6502
05:40:40,000 --> 05:40:43,200
banking practices. 
We don't have conflicts between 

6503
05:40:43,200 --> 05:40:45,300
Roman law and Renaissance 
banking practices. 

6504
05:40:45,300 --> 05:40:48,700
Thomas pointed out working his 
way through a form of democratic

6505
05:40:48,700 --> 05:40:51,700
governance in multitude 
communities with the sort of 

6506
05:40:51,700 --> 05:40:54,400
methodical Precision that 
suggested he'd had experience 

6507
05:40:54,400 --> 05:40:58,200
with Colonial paperwork. 
Exactly sister Agatha said, 

6508
05:40:58,200 --> 05:41:01,800
Marcus handles military Justice,
Nigel handles infrastructure 

6509
05:41:01,800 --> 05:41:04,200
disputes. 
You handle governance issues and

6510
05:41:04,200 --> 05:41:06,700
Gladys handles everything else 
because she's the only one who's

6511
05:41:06,700 --> 05:41:07,800
actually good at managing 
people. 

6512
05:41:08,600 --> 05:41:13,100
Margaret looked up from form. 
47b justification for temporal 

6513
05:41:13,100 --> 05:41:15,400
cohabitation and realized 
something important. 

6514
05:41:16,400 --> 05:41:18,400
They hadn't just accidentally 
created a community. 

6515
05:41:18,400 --> 05:41:22,400
They had accidentally created a 
functioning government, and not 

6516
05:41:22,400 --> 05:41:24,900
just any government. 
But one that actually worked 

6517
05:41:24,900 --> 05:41:27,500
because everyone involved was 
too confused and to practical to

6518
05:41:27,500 --> 05:41:30,200
waste time on politics. 
We need to document this, she 

6519
05:41:30,200 --> 05:41:33,600
said suddenly document, what is 
spectacular chronosaurus? 

6520
05:41:34,500 --> 05:41:37,300
She had remained at the Inn to 
oversee the application process,

6521
05:41:37,300 --> 05:41:40,500
but Margaret suspected that her 
primary reason for staying was 

6522
05:41:40,500 --> 05:41:43,300
her interest in their Community,
which she found far more 

6523
05:41:43,300 --> 05:41:45,100
engaging than her usual 
assignments. 

6524
05:41:46,000 --> 05:41:49,300
This is how we govern ourselves 
Margaret explained reaching for 

6525
05:41:49,300 --> 05:41:52,100
a fresh sheet of paper. 
If we're applying to be an 

6526
05:41:52,100 --> 05:41:54,900
experimental Community, we need 
to show that our experiment 

6527
05:41:54,900 --> 05:41:58,800
actually produces results. 
Over the next several hours, 

6528
05:41:58,800 --> 05:42:00,600
Margaret found herself doing 
what she did. 

6529
05:42:00,600 --> 05:42:04,700
Best organizing information, 
With input from the others, she 

6530
05:42:04,700 --> 05:42:07,700
documented their decision-making
processes, their conflict 

6531
05:42:07,700 --> 05:42:11,000
resolution methods, their 
resource allocation systems, and

6532
05:42:11,000 --> 05:42:14,600
their integration, protocols. 
What emerged was a picture of a 

6533
05:42:14,600 --> 05:42:17,700
community that had organically 
developed solutions to problems.

6534
05:42:17,700 --> 05:42:21,200
That political scientists spent 
decades debating This is 

6535
05:42:21,200 --> 05:42:24,400
extraordinary. 
Inspector Cronos said reading 

6536
05:42:24,400 --> 05:42:27,800
over Margaret's documentation, 
you've created a functional 

6537
05:42:27,800 --> 05:42:31,600
multi-temporal, democracy within
cultural sensitivity, protocols,

6538
05:42:31,600 --> 05:42:33,200
and adaptive governance 
structures. 

6539
05:42:34,100 --> 05:42:37,100
We've muddled through Gladys 
corrected, bringing them all and

6540
05:42:37,100 --> 05:42:40,600
other round of tea. 
We've made the best of it, just 

6541
05:42:40,600 --> 05:42:43,000
like anyone else who finds 
themselves in an unexpected 

6542
05:42:43,000 --> 05:42:46,200
situation. 
But that's precisely the point. 

6543
05:42:46,200 --> 05:42:50,300
Inspector Corona said, 
excitement creeping into her 

6544
05:42:50,300 --> 05:42:52,500
voice for the first time since 
Margaret had met her. 

6545
05:42:53,300 --> 05:42:56,000
Most temporal displacement, 
results in psychological, 

6546
05:42:56,000 --> 05:42:59,600
trauma, cultural, isolation and 
eventual breakdown. 

6547
05:42:59,600 --> 05:43:03,500
You've created something that 
not only works but actually 

6548
05:43:03,500 --> 05:43:05,600
enhances the lives of everyone 
involved. 

6549
05:43:05,600 --> 05:43:08,400
Margaret looked around the ends 
common room where their 

6550
05:43:08,400 --> 05:43:11,900
impromptu government session had
attracted an audience of curious

6551
05:43:11,900 --> 05:43:15,100
community members. 
Marcus was explaining Roman 

6552
05:43:15,100 --> 05:43:18,300
military organization to a group
that included a Viking Warrior 

6553
05:43:18,300 --> 05:43:21,400
Two medieval merchants what 
appeared to be a flapper who had

6554
05:43:21,400 --> 05:43:24,500
arrived just that morning. 
Nigel was sketching, engineering

6555
05:43:24,500 --> 05:43:27,800
diagrams, on a napkin, while a 
Renaissance artist offered 

6556
05:43:27,800 --> 05:43:29,700
suggestions about aesthetic 
improvements. 

6557
05:43:30,400 --> 05:43:33,400
Thomas and Veronica were deep in
discussion about the Practical 

6558
05:43:33,400 --> 05:43:36,300
applications of democratic 
theory with a gentleman, who 

6559
05:43:36,300 --> 05:43:38,500
claimed to be from the court of 
Louis the 14th. 

6560
05:43:39,200 --> 05:43:41,000
It works because we need it to 
work. 

6561
05:43:41,000 --> 05:43:43,200
In Margaret said we can't go 
home. 

6562
05:43:43,200 --> 05:43:46,400
So we have to make this place 
home and that means figuring out

6563
05:43:46,400 --> 05:43:49,000
how to live together even when 
we come from entirely different 

6564
05:43:49,000 --> 05:43:53,200
worlds, the temporal Authority 
should see this inspector Cronus

6565
05:43:53,200 --> 05:43:56,000
said, they've been trying to 
solve the problem of the 

6566
05:43:56,000 --> 05:43:58,900
temporal displacement for 
centuries and you've 

6567
05:43:58,900 --> 05:44:00,000
accidentally discovered the 
solution. 

6568
05:44:01,500 --> 05:44:03,100
What's the problem with temporal
displacement? 

6569
05:44:03,100 --> 05:44:07,200
Sister of the Year asked 
Displaced persons typically 

6570
05:44:07,200 --> 05:44:10,900
suffer from severe, temporal 
culture, shock inspector, Cronus

6571
05:44:10,900 --> 05:44:13,400
explained. 
They can't adapt to their new 

6572
05:44:13,400 --> 05:44:16,000
time, they can't return to their
original time. 

6573
05:44:16,000 --> 05:44:18,700
Either most end up in 
Specialized Care for facilities 

6574
05:44:18,700 --> 05:44:22,300
or isolated temporal, 
reservations, Margaret felt a 

6575
05:44:22,308 --> 05:44:24,500
chill. 
Temporal reservations. 

6576
05:44:25,400 --> 05:44:28,500
Quarantine zones where displaced
persons can live out their lives

6577
05:44:28,500 --> 05:44:31,400
without affecting the timeline. 
Inspector Kronos said, 

6578
05:44:31,400 --> 05:44:35,000
apparently not noticing the 
horror on everyone's faces, it's

6579
05:44:35,000 --> 05:44:37,100
considered the most Humane 
solution. 

6580
05:44:38,300 --> 05:44:42,600
Humane Thomas, repeated flatly, 
you isolate people from society 

6581
05:44:42,600 --> 05:44:45,500
and call it Humane. 
It's better than the alternative

6582
05:44:45,500 --> 05:44:47,500
inspector. 
Kronos said defensively 

6583
05:44:47,500 --> 05:44:50,500
uncontrolled. 
Temporal displacement can cause 

6584
05:44:50,500 --> 05:44:55,900
paradoxes timeline disruptions 
and even reality Cascades Has 

6585
05:44:55,908 --> 05:44:58,600
that actually happened? 
Margaret asked, or is it 

6586
05:44:58,600 --> 05:45:03,100
theoretical inspector Kronos, 
paused well theoretical. 

6587
05:45:03,100 --> 05:45:06,400
But the risk is theoretical 
Margaret finish. 

6588
05:45:06,400 --> 05:45:10,300
Meanwhile, the reality, is that 
your condemning people to 

6589
05:45:10,300 --> 05:45:14,000
isolation based on theoretical 
risks, she stood up feeling the 

6590
05:45:14,000 --> 05:45:15,800
same sense of righteous 
indignation. 

6591
05:45:15,800 --> 05:45:19,200
That has sustained her through 
years of fighting budget cuts 

6592
05:45:19,200 --> 05:45:20,900
and bureaucratic interference at
the library. 

6593
05:45:22,000 --> 05:45:25,100
Inspector Kronos. 
I think it's time the temporal 

6594
05:45:25,100 --> 05:45:28,000
Authority met with some people 
who have actually made temporal 

6595
05:45:28,000 --> 05:45:31,900
displacement work. you want to 
petition, the temporal Authority

6596
05:45:31,900 --> 05:45:35,800
directly inspector, Kronos asked
looking alarmed, I want to 

6597
05:45:35,800 --> 05:45:37,900
invite them to visit Margaret 
corrected. 

6598
05:45:37,900 --> 05:45:40,000
Let them see what we've built 
here. 

6599
05:45:40,000 --> 05:45:43,000
Let them meet our community. 
Let them understand that 

6600
05:45:43,000 --> 05:45:45,300
temporal displacement. 
Doesn't have to be a problem to 

6601
05:45:45,300 --> 05:45:47,800
be managed. 
It can be an opportunity to be 

6602
05:45:47,800 --> 05:45:51,400
embraced. 
The room went quiet again, but 

6603
05:45:51,400 --> 05:45:54,300
this time it was the excited 
Silence of people who had just 

6604
05:45:54,300 --> 05:45:55,900
realized. 
They were about to do something.

6605
05:45:55,900 --> 05:45:59,400
Either very brave or very stupid
and weren't entirely sure. 

6606
05:45:59,400 --> 05:46:03,400
Which That said, Veronica slowly
is either brilliant or 

6607
05:46:03,400 --> 05:46:07,300
completely insane. in my 
experience Gladys said, 

6608
05:46:07,308 --> 05:46:12,200
cheerfully the best ideas are 
usually both inspector Kronos 

6609
05:46:12,200 --> 05:46:14,400
looked around the room at the 
faces of people who had 

6610
05:46:14,400 --> 05:46:18,000
accidentally revolutionized 
temporal Community planning and 

6611
05:46:18,000 --> 05:46:20,600
we're now proposing to take 
their Revolution directly to the

6612
05:46:20,600 --> 05:46:22,300
highest levels of temporal 
Authority. 

6613
05:46:23,400 --> 05:46:26,100
Margaret could see her trying to
calculate the potential 

6614
05:46:26,100 --> 05:46:29,600
consequences, weigh the risks 
against the benefits, and figure

6615
05:46:29,600 --> 05:46:32,000
out whether supporting this plan
would Advance or destroy her 

6616
05:46:32,008 --> 05:46:34,600
career. 
I'll need to send a preliminary 

6617
05:46:34,600 --> 05:46:37,600
report. 
First she said, finally, Prepare

6618
05:46:37,600 --> 05:46:40,200
them for the possibility of an 
unconventional solution to the 

6619
05:46:40,200 --> 05:46:43,700
displacement problem. 
Unconventional Solutions are the

6620
05:46:43,700 --> 05:46:45,800
best kind Marcus said 
approvingly. 

6621
05:46:45,800 --> 05:46:49,600
In Rome we had a saying and 
conventional tactics fail. 

6622
05:46:49,600 --> 05:46:52,200
Try something. 
So unexpected that your enemies 

6623
05:46:52,200 --> 05:46:55,900
defeat themselves through 
confusion Did Romans actually 

6624
05:46:55,900 --> 05:46:59,700
say that? 
Thomas asked, no Marcus admitted

6625
05:46:59,700 --> 05:47:03,000
chiefly, but they should have. 
Its excellent advice. 

6626
05:47:04,100 --> 05:47:06,000
Margaret looked at inspector 
Cronus. 

6627
05:47:06,000 --> 05:47:08,400
He was staring at their 
Community with the expression of

6628
05:47:08,400 --> 05:47:11,500
someone who had come to enforce 
the rules and instead discovered

6629
05:47:11,500 --> 05:47:14,400
that they might need changing 
inspector. 

6630
05:47:14,400 --> 05:47:18,100
She said gently, when did you 
last do something that made you 

6631
05:47:18,100 --> 05:47:22,100
excited about your work? 
Inspector, Kronos was quiet for 

6632
05:47:22,100 --> 05:47:24,200
a long moment. 
I can't remember. 

6633
05:47:24,200 --> 05:47:27,300
She said, finally. 
Then maybe it's time to try 

6634
05:47:27,300 --> 05:47:30,400
something new Margaret 
suggested, maybe it's time to 

6635
05:47:30,400 --> 05:47:33,300
help us show the temporal 
Authority that some problems are

6636
05:47:33,300 --> 05:47:35,000
actually opportunities in 
Disguise. 

6637
05:47:35,000 --> 05:47:38,200
The temporal authorities 
response to inspect a Cronus is 

6638
05:47:38,200 --> 05:47:41,200
preliminary report arrived. 
Three days later in the form of 

6639
05:47:41,200 --> 05:47:44,400
what appeared to be a medieval 
messenger, who rode a horse that

6640
05:47:44,400 --> 05:47:46,700
moves slightly to smoothly and 
cast, no shadow. 

6641
05:47:47,800 --> 05:47:50,300
The message itself was written 
on parchment that looked 

6642
05:47:50,300 --> 05:47:53,500
authentic, but felt like 
high-quality printer paper and 

6643
05:47:53,500 --> 05:47:56,000
the ink had the peculiar 
property of remaining wet until 

6644
05:47:56,000 --> 05:47:59,700
someone read it at which point 
it dried instantly Margaret had 

6645
05:47:59,700 --> 05:48:01,900
become fascinated by these 
temporal and consistencies. 

6646
05:48:01,900 --> 05:48:04,900
Everything about the temporal 
Authority seemed designed to 

6647
05:48:04,900 --> 05:48:07,400
look period appropriate while 
functioning with modern 

6648
05:48:07,400 --> 05:48:10,700
efficiency as if they couldn't 
decide whether they wanted to 

6649
05:48:10,700 --> 05:48:13,100
blend in with history or 
transcended entirely. 

6650
05:48:13,900 --> 05:48:17,100
They're sending a delegation 
inspector, Kronos announced 

6651
05:48:17,100 --> 05:48:20,400
reading the message allowed to 
the assembled Community, senior 

6652
05:48:20,400 --> 05:48:23,900
inspector Paradox, inspector 
causality and directed. 

6653
05:48:23,900 --> 05:48:27,300
Temporal will arrive tomorrow to
assess the viability of Kronos 

6654
05:48:27,300 --> 05:48:29,500
Commons as an experimental 
temporal community. 

6655
05:48:30,300 --> 05:48:33,900
Director, temporal sister Agatha
asked, that's either a critical 

6656
05:48:33,900 --> 05:48:36,300
person or someone with a deeply 
unfortunate name. 

6657
05:48:37,300 --> 05:48:41,100
Both, probably Veronica said, in
my experience the most 

6658
05:48:41,100 --> 05:48:44,700
important, bureaucrats always 
have the most ridiculous titles.

6659
05:48:46,100 --> 05:48:48,300
Margaret felt the familiar 
flutter of anxiety that 

6660
05:48:48,300 --> 05:48:50,000
preceded. 
Any important inspection. 

6661
05:48:50,800 --> 05:48:54,200
Where it was Library Auditors 
Health Department, officials or 

6662
05:48:54,200 --> 05:48:56,100
apparently temporal law 
enforcement. 

6663
05:48:57,000 --> 05:49:00,200
But underneath the anxiety was 
something else, it excitement. 

6664
05:49:01,400 --> 05:49:04,400
first time in years, she was 
part of something that mattered 

6665
05:49:04,400 --> 05:49:09,500
something worth far fighting for
Right then, she said Stan 

6666
05:49:09,500 --> 05:49:12,200
standing up with the sort of 
decisiveness that surprised 

6667
05:49:12,200 --> 05:49:16,500
everyone including herself. 
We have one day to prepare for 

6668
05:49:16,500 --> 05:49:18,800
the most important visitors, 
this community has ever 

6669
05:49:18,800 --> 05:49:21,400
received. 
I suggest we show them exactly 

6670
05:49:21,400 --> 05:49:25,500
what we've accomplished here. 
The next 24 hours passed in a 

6671
05:49:25,500 --> 05:49:28,300
blur of organized chaos. 
That would have made any event 

6672
05:49:28,300 --> 05:49:30,400
planner weep with other 
admiration or despair. 

6673
05:49:31,400 --> 05:49:34,300
Gladys organized a feast that 
showcase culinary techniques 

6674
05:49:34,300 --> 05:49:38,400
from 12 different times, Nigel 
provided the entire village with

6675
05:49:38,400 --> 05:49:40,500
a comprehensive overview of 
infrastructure. 

6676
05:49:40,500 --> 05:49:43,500
Improvements highlighting the 
innovations that emerged from 

6677
05:49:43,500 --> 05:49:47,200
the fusion of Roman engineering.
Victorian precision and modern 

6678
05:49:47,200 --> 05:49:50,400
Material Science. 
Thomas prepared, a presentation 

6679
05:49:50,400 --> 05:49:53,000
on their governance, structure 
that managed to be both 

6680
05:49:53,000 --> 05:49:55,200
academically rigorous and 
practically applicable. 

6681
05:49:56,800 --> 05:49:58,500
Margaret found herself 
coordinating. 

6682
05:49:58,500 --> 05:50:01,800
The entire effort which felt 
remarkably similar to organizing

6683
05:50:01,800 --> 05:50:03,500
the library's annual fundraising
Gala. 

6684
05:50:04,300 --> 05:50:07,700
Except with more times involved 
and significantly higher Stakes.

6685
05:50:08,600 --> 05:50:11,300
She discovered that her years of
managing library of events had 

6686
05:50:11,300 --> 05:50:14,200
prepared her surprisingly, well,
for managing temporal diplomacy.

6687
05:50:15,000 --> 05:50:18,700
The delegation arrived precisely
at noon stepping out of what 

6688
05:50:18,700 --> 05:50:21,300
appeared to be a traveling 
Merchant Swagger that definitely

6689
05:50:21,300 --> 05:50:24,000
hadn't been their moments before
director. 

6690
05:50:24,000 --> 05:50:26,300
Temporal turned out to be a 
woman who looked like she could 

6691
05:50:26,300 --> 05:50:30,200
have been anywhere between 30 
and 300 years old wearing robes 

6692
05:50:30,200 --> 05:50:32,800
that managed to suggest both 
medieval Authority and modern 

6693
05:50:32,800 --> 05:50:35,900
professionalism. 
Senior inspector Paradox was a 

6694
05:50:35,900 --> 05:50:38,500
tall man with the sort of 
precisely groomed appearance 

6695
05:50:38,500 --> 05:50:40,600
that suggested. 
He took temporal regulations, 

6696
05:50:40,600 --> 05:50:44,600
very seriously indeed. 
Inspector, causality was younger

6697
05:50:44,600 --> 05:50:47,300
with the eager expression of 
someone who had recently been 

6698
05:50:47,300 --> 05:50:50,200
promoted and was determined to 
prove worthy of the position. 

6699
05:50:51,300 --> 05:50:54,000
Welcome to Cronos. 
Commons Margaret said, stepping 

6700
05:50:54,000 --> 05:50:57,000
forward with the sort of 
confidence, usually reserved for

6701
05:50:57,000 --> 05:50:59,300
dealing with particularly 
difficult Library board members.

6702
05:50:59,300 --> 05:51:03,000
We are honored by your visit 
director, temporal looked around

6703
05:51:03,000 --> 05:51:05,900
the Village Square where the 
community had assembled to greet

6704
05:51:05,900 --> 05:51:08,300
their visitors. 
Her expression was carefully 

6705
05:51:08,300 --> 05:51:11,200
neutral, but Margaret caught her
pausing to study the 

6706
05:51:11,200 --> 05:51:13,500
architectural. 
Innovations, the way people from

6707
05:51:13,500 --> 05:51:16,600
different times were naturally 
interacting and the general 

6708
05:51:16,600 --> 05:51:18,600
atmosphere of purposeful 
activity. 

6709
05:51:19,400 --> 05:51:22,600
Inspector Chronos has submitted 
a preliminary reports suggesting

6710
05:51:22,600 --> 05:51:25,300
that this community represents a
viable alternative to 

6711
05:51:25,300 --> 05:51:29,000
traditional displacement. 
Protocols directed temporal said

6712
05:51:29,000 --> 05:51:31,800
we're here to assess the 
accuracy of that assessment. 

6713
05:51:32,800 --> 05:51:34,500
We'd be delighted to show you 
around. 

6714
05:51:34,500 --> 05:51:38,200
Thomas said stepping forward 
with Colonial diplomatic charm 

6715
05:51:38,200 --> 05:51:41,500
perhaps we could begin with our 
governance Center. 

6716
05:51:42,800 --> 05:51:45,600
What followed was the most 
unusual term Margaret ever 

6717
05:51:45,600 --> 05:51:48,300
participated in? 
They showed the delegation, 

6718
05:51:48,300 --> 05:51:51,400
their Democratic decision making
processes, their conflict 

6719
05:51:51,400 --> 05:51:54,700
resolution methods, their 
resource allocation system, and 

6720
05:51:54,700 --> 05:51:56,200
the integration. 
Protocols. 

6721
05:51:57,000 --> 05:52:00,700
At each stop community members. 
Demonstrated not just how their 

6722
05:52:00,700 --> 05:52:02,600
systems worked, but why they 
worked? 

6723
05:52:03,300 --> 05:52:06,300
The key Insight sister Agatha 
explained as they stood in what 

6724
05:52:06,300 --> 05:52:08,400
had become their informal 
receipt urgent center. 

6725
05:52:08,400 --> 05:52:11,700
Is that temporal displacement, 
doesn't have to mean, cultural 

6726
05:52:11,700 --> 05:52:14,600
isolation, when you put people 
from different times together, 

6727
05:52:14,600 --> 05:52:16,200
they don't just adapt to each 
other. 

6728
05:52:16,200 --> 05:52:20,100
They enhance each other. 
She gestured to a wall covered 

6729
05:52:20,100 --> 05:52:23,400
with research notes, engineering
diagrams, artistic 

6730
05:52:23,400 --> 05:52:26,700
collaborations and what appeared
to be a detailed analysis of 

6731
05:52:26,700 --> 05:52:29,900
democratic theory written in 
four different languages by 

6732
05:52:29,900 --> 05:52:31,500
authors from four different 
centuries. 

6733
05:52:32,400 --> 05:52:34,100
We're not just preserving 
historical knowledge. 

6734
05:52:34,100 --> 05:52:38,000
She continued we're creating new
knowledge, by combining 

6735
05:52:38,000 --> 05:52:41,000
historical perspectives in ways 
that have never been possible 

6736
05:52:41,000 --> 05:52:43,800
before. 
Inspector call. 

6737
05:52:43,800 --> 05:52:46,800
Solati was taking in Malden 
notes while senior inspector, 

6738
05:52:46,800 --> 05:52:49,100
Paradox, maintained an 
expression of professional. 

6739
05:52:49,100 --> 05:52:52,500
Skepticism directed temporal, 
however, was studying the 

6740
05:52:52,500 --> 05:52:55,700
research wall with the sort of 
intense Focus that suggested she

6741
05:52:55,700 --> 05:52:57,200
was seeing something she hadn't 
expected. 

6742
05:52:58,200 --> 05:53:01,400
This is unprecedented. 
She said finally crossed 

6743
05:53:01,400 --> 05:53:03,400
temporal knowledge synthesis on 
this scale. 

6744
05:53:04,300 --> 05:53:05,900
The implications are 
extraordinary. 

6745
05:53:06,800 --> 05:53:09,400
The implications are what we 
live with every day Gladys said 

6746
05:53:09,400 --> 05:53:12,300
chiefly appearing with a tray of
Refreshments that somehow 

6747
05:53:12,300 --> 05:53:14,800
managed to appear to taste 
preferences from across the 

6748
05:53:14,800 --> 05:53:17,100
centuries. 
It turns out when you stop 

6749
05:53:17,100 --> 05:53:19,300
worrying about the implications 
and start focusing on the 

6750
05:53:19,300 --> 05:53:22,900
practicalities, most problems 
solve themselves. the tour 

6751
05:53:22,900 --> 05:53:25,900
continued through the afternoon,
with the delegation, observing 

6752
05:53:25,900 --> 05:53:28,600
everything, from Marcus's 
conflict, resolution sessions, 

6753
05:53:28,600 --> 05:53:31,800
which involve more shouting, the
Margaret's comfortable with that

6754
05:53:31,800 --> 05:53:35,500
seem to work, To Nigel's 
engineering workshops which had 

6755
05:53:35,500 --> 05:53:37,500
produced innovations, that 
probably shouldn't have been 

6756
05:53:37,500 --> 05:53:39,000
possible with available 
materials. 

6757
05:53:39,800 --> 05:53:42,100
However, Margaret was aware that
the evening Feast would 

6758
05:53:42,100 --> 05:53:44,400
determine the success or failure
of their argument. 

6759
05:53:45,500 --> 05:53:48,000
As the community gathered around
tables that have been built by 

6760
05:53:48,000 --> 05:53:51,400
combining Roman construction 
techniques with Victoria and 

6761
05:53:51,400 --> 05:53:53,800
craftsmanship and a modern 
ergonomic principles. 

6762
05:53:53,800 --> 05:53:57,200
She watched the delegation of 
observe, something that could be

6763
05:53:57,200 --> 05:54:00,200
documented or measured. 
The simple fact that their 

6764
05:54:00,200 --> 05:54:04,200
Community was genuinely happy, I
have a question directed 

6765
05:54:04,200 --> 05:54:05,700
temporal said as the meal wound 
down. 

6766
05:54:05,700 --> 05:54:07,700
What happens when someone wants 
to leave? 

6767
05:54:08,800 --> 05:54:10,200
The question lingered in the 
air. 

6768
05:54:10,900 --> 05:54:14,400
Akin to an uncomfortable truth. 
That everyone had been evading. 

6769
05:54:15,200 --> 05:54:17,600
Margaret felt her stomach 
clenched because this was the 

6770
05:54:17,600 --> 05:54:20,100
one aspect of their Community, 
they haven't fully addressed 

6771
05:54:21,000 --> 05:54:24,200
Well, Thomas said slowly that's 
rather complicated. 

6772
05:54:24,200 --> 05:54:28,100
We haven't actually figured out 
how to leave even if someone 

6773
05:54:28,100 --> 05:54:31,200
wanted to. 
But would you Inspector Calls a 

6774
05:54:31,200 --> 05:54:33,100
Letty? 
Ask Want to leave. 

6775
05:54:33,100 --> 05:54:37,100
I mean, if you could Margaret 
looked around the table at 

6776
05:54:37,100 --> 05:54:39,700
faces, that had become more 
familiar to her than her family.

6777
05:54:39,700 --> 05:54:43,100
These people had become her 
colleagues, her friends, her 

6778
05:54:43,100 --> 05:54:46,400
chosen community, in a way that 
her old life had never provided.

6779
05:54:47,200 --> 05:54:50,300
I think she said carefully. 
That's the wrong question. 

6780
05:54:50,300 --> 05:54:53,800
The right question is, would we 
want to go back to the lives? 

6781
05:54:53,800 --> 05:54:55,300
We were living before. 
We came here. 

6782
05:54:56,300 --> 05:54:58,800
And the answer to that question 
director, temporal asked 

6783
05:54:58,800 --> 05:55:00,900
Margaret smiled asked me 
tomorrow. 

6784
05:55:00,900 --> 05:55:04,100
The temporal authorities 
decision came in the form of an 

6785
05:55:04,100 --> 05:55:06,300
official Proclamation. 
That somehow managed to be both 

6786
05:55:06,300 --> 05:55:09,000
bureaucratically, precise and 
genuinely revolutionary. 

6787
05:55:10,600 --> 05:55:13,700
Chronos Commons was granted 
experimental status as the first

6788
05:55:13,700 --> 05:55:16,400
authorized cross Temple 
Community Development project 

6789
05:55:16,400 --> 05:55:20,900
with funding legal recognition 
and most importantly official 

6790
05:55:20,900 --> 05:55:25,200
permission to continue existing.
Congratulations directed, 

6791
05:55:25,200 --> 05:55:27,900
temporal said, presenting 
Margaret with a document that 

6792
05:55:27,900 --> 05:55:31,100
looked like a medieval Charter 
but contained Clauses about 

6793
05:55:31,100 --> 05:55:34,600
Innovative temporal integration 
methodologies and sustainable 

6794
05:55:34,600 --> 05:55:36,300
and that chronic Community 
Players. 

6795
05:55:37,400 --> 05:55:38,900
You've accidentally sold a 
problem. 

6796
05:55:38,900 --> 05:55:40,400
We've been working on for 
centuries. 

6797
05:55:41,100 --> 05:55:44,300
You've accidentally sold several
problems for on a corrected. 

6798
05:55:44,300 --> 05:55:47,300
Temporal displacement, 
cross-cultural integration, 

6799
05:55:47,300 --> 05:55:50,000
sustainable Community 
Development and Margaret's 

6800
05:55:50,000 --> 05:55:52,800
midlife crisis. 
Margaret laughed because it was 

6801
05:55:52,800 --> 05:55:56,200
true somewhere between 
organizing emergency committee 

6802
05:55:56,200 --> 05:55:58,700
meetings and negotiating with 
temporal bureaucrats. 

6803
05:55:58,700 --> 05:56:01,800
She had discovered that her 
midlife crisis hadn't been about

6804
05:56:01,800 --> 05:56:04,600
her age, or her circumstances. 
It had been about the fact that 

6805
05:56:04,600 --> 05:56:06,800
she hadn't been living a life 
that felt like her own. 

6806
05:56:07,600 --> 05:56:12,200
So what happens now she asked? 
Now, director Temple said, you 

6807
05:56:12,200 --> 05:56:14,000
become a model for other 
temporal displacement 

6808
05:56:14,000 --> 05:56:16,100
situations. 
We'll be sending observers 

6809
05:56:16,100 --> 05:56:19,400
researchers and probably a few 
more accidental Time, Travelers 

6810
05:56:19,400 --> 05:56:21,200
your way you're going to be 
busy. 

6811
05:56:22,100 --> 05:56:25,400
We're already busy Gladys 
pointed out the good at busy. 

6812
05:56:25,400 --> 05:56:29,800
Busy is what happens when you're
doing something that matters. as

6813
05:56:29,800 --> 05:56:32,200
the temporal Authority 
delegation prepared to leave 

6814
05:56:32,200 --> 05:56:36,100
inspector Kronos, approached 
Margaret privately, I've 

6815
05:56:36,100 --> 05:56:37,600
submitted a request for 
reassignment. 

6816
05:56:37,600 --> 05:56:40,800
She said, I'd like to stay here 
as a permanently Azan between 

6817
05:56:40,800 --> 05:56:44,000
the community and the authority.
Why do you want to be 

6818
05:56:44,000 --> 05:56:45,600
reassigned? 
Margaret asked. 

6819
05:56:45,600 --> 05:56:48,900
If she suspected, she knew the 
answer because For the First 

6820
05:56:48,900 --> 05:56:51,600
Time in decades, I'm engaged in 
work that feels significant 

6821
05:56:51,600 --> 05:56:55,700
inspector Cronos stated plainly 
and because someone needs to 

6822
05:56:55,700 --> 05:56:57,300
document what your accomplishing
here. 

6823
05:56:58,100 --> 05:57:01,100
Future temporal communities are 
going to need guidance and 

6824
05:57:01,100 --> 05:57:02,700
you've already figured out most 
of the answers. 

6825
05:57:03,600 --> 05:57:05,800
Margaret nodded. 
We'll need help with the 

6826
05:57:05,808 --> 05:57:06,600
paperwork. 
Anyway. 

6827
05:57:06,600 --> 05:57:10,300
Temporal bureaucracy is even 
more complicated than regular 

6828
05:57:10,300 --> 05:57:13,800
bureaucracy. 
That evening as the community 

6829
05:57:13,800 --> 05:57:16,700
gathered for what had become 
their traditional end of day 

6830
05:57:16,700 --> 05:57:18,600
meeting. 
Margaret reflected on the 

6831
05:57:18,608 --> 05:57:20,400
strange Journey that had brought
her here. 

6832
05:57:21,000 --> 05:57:23,600
Six months ago, she had been 
living a life that felt too 

6833
05:57:23,600 --> 05:57:27,100
small too predictable and too 
much like settling for less than

6834
05:57:27,100 --> 05:57:29,700
she deserved. 
Now, she was helping to Pioneer 

6835
05:57:29,700 --> 05:57:33,000
a new form of human community 
that existed outside normal time

6836
05:57:33,000 --> 05:57:36,800
and space. 
Any regrets sister Agatha asked 

6837
05:57:36,800 --> 05:57:38,700
settling into the chair beside 
her? 

6838
05:57:39,600 --> 05:57:41,400
Margaret considered the question
seriously? 

6839
05:57:41,400 --> 05:57:46,000
Did she miss her old life? 
Did she miss her house her job 

6840
05:57:46,000 --> 05:57:48,500
her routine? 
Or did she miss the person? 

6841
05:57:48,500 --> 05:57:50,600
She had been when those things 
had felt like enough. 

6842
05:57:51,300 --> 05:57:54,300
I missed my cat. 
She said finally cats are 

6843
05:57:54,300 --> 05:57:56,400
adaptable if he could see me 
now. 

6844
05:57:56,400 --> 05:57:59,000
He'd probably approve. 
He always thought I was capable 

6845
05:57:59,000 --> 05:58:02,400
of more than I believed. 
Cats are excellent judges of 

6846
05:58:02,400 --> 05:58:03,600
character. 
Tom's agreed. 

6847
05:58:03,600 --> 05:58:08,200
They see potential that humans 
often miss Speaking of potential

6848
05:58:08,200 --> 05:58:10,900
Veronica said what do we want to
be when we grow up? 

6849
05:58:10,900 --> 05:58:14,000
Now that we're officially 
experimental we get to decide 

6850
05:58:14,000 --> 05:58:16,700
what we're experimenting. 
With the questions, spark the 

6851
05:58:16,700 --> 05:58:19,300
sort of enthusiastic discussion 
that Margaret had learned to 

6852
05:58:19,300 --> 05:58:22,100
associate with her new community
ideas. 

6853
05:58:22,100 --> 05:58:25,500
Flew around the room like 
butterflies establishing a 

6854
05:58:25,500 --> 05:58:28,700
university for cross-temporal 
studies, developing sustainable 

6855
05:58:28,700 --> 05:58:31,300
technologies that combined 
Knowledge from multiple time 

6856
05:58:31,300 --> 05:58:34,200
periods, creating artistic 
collaborations that have never 

6857
05:58:34,208 --> 05:58:38,000
been possible before and writing
the definitive guide to temporal

6858
05:58:38,000 --> 05:58:41,300
Community planning We could 
change how people think about 

6859
05:58:41,300 --> 05:58:45,600
time itself, Nigel suggested. 
Demonstrate that passed present 

6860
05:58:45,600 --> 05:58:49,400
and future Arts separate things.
Their different perspectives on 

6861
05:58:49,400 --> 05:58:53,200
the same Human Experience. we 
could revolutionize historical 

6862
05:58:53,200 --> 05:58:57,100
research, sister Agatha added, 
Imagine what we could learn. 

6863
05:58:57,100 --> 05:58:59,800
If historians could actually 
talk to the people, they study. 

6864
05:59:00,900 --> 05:59:04,700
We could perfect democracy or 
Thomas said with the enthusiasm 

6865
05:59:04,700 --> 05:59:07,000
of someone who had spent 
centuries thinking about 

6866
05:59:07,000 --> 05:59:10,700
political Theory. 
Test different approaches with 

6867
05:59:10,700 --> 05:59:12,700
people who have lived under 
different systems. 

6868
05:59:12,700 --> 05:59:15,600
We could just keep being 
ourselves and see what happens 

6869
05:59:15,600 --> 05:59:19,400
Gladys said pragmatically in my 
experience the best, 

6870
05:59:19,400 --> 05:59:22,400
revolution's of the ones that 
happen naturally because people 

6871
05:59:22,400 --> 05:59:24,400
are living the lives. 
They want to live. 

6872
05:59:26,000 --> 05:59:28,600
Margaret listened to the 
conversation swirl around her 

6873
05:59:28,600 --> 05:59:30,800
and felt something she had never
experienced before. 

6874
05:59:30,800 --> 05:59:34,700
Complete certainty that she was 
precisely where she belonged 

6875
05:59:34,700 --> 05:59:38,500
doing exactly what she was meant
to do with exactly the people. 

6876
05:59:38,500 --> 05:59:42,800
She was meant to do it with I 
have a proposal she said the 

6877
05:59:42,800 --> 05:59:45,800
room quieted to listen. 
What if we stopped defining 

6878
05:59:45,800 --> 05:59:48,000
ourselves and just become who we
want to be? 

6879
05:59:48,900 --> 05:59:51,600
We're not just a temporal 
Community or an experimental 

6880
05:59:51,600 --> 05:59:54,800
project or an accidental 
Revolution where people who 

6881
05:59:54,800 --> 05:59:57,300
found each other across time and
space and decided to build 

6882
05:59:57,300 --> 06:00:02,200
something beautiful together. 
Said, Marcus are proving is the 

6883
06:00:02,200 --> 06:00:07,300
sort of proposal that wins Wars.
Are we at War Inspector Calls? 

6884
06:00:07,300 --> 06:00:10,700
Ali asked looking alarmed. 
We're at war with the idea that 

6885
06:00:10,700 --> 06:00:13,500
people have to accept the lives.
They give an instead of creating

6886
06:00:13,500 --> 06:00:16,400
the lives. 
They want Margaret said, we're 

6887
06:00:16,400 --> 06:00:19,200
at war with the notion that 
different is dangerous and stead

6888
06:00:19,200 --> 06:00:21,600
of wonderful. 
The belief that the future must 

6889
06:00:21,600 --> 06:00:25,000
mirror the past simply because 
it's the norm is what we're 

6890
06:00:25,000 --> 06:00:28,600
fighting against. 
Revolutionary Wars are the best 

6891
06:00:28,600 --> 06:00:32,300
kind of Veronica said with 
satisfaction the specially, when

6892
06:00:32,300 --> 06:00:36,200
you win the bike accident. 
Because the meeting wound down 

6893
06:00:36,200 --> 06:00:38,800
and people began drifting back 
to their homes homes. 

6894
06:00:38,800 --> 06:00:41,400
That had been built by combining
architectural Knowledge from 

6895
06:00:41,400 --> 06:00:44,900
across the centuries decorated 
with art created through 

6896
06:00:44,900 --> 06:00:47,900
cross-temporal collaboration and
filled with the sort of 

6897
06:00:47,908 --> 06:00:50,300
contentment that came from 
living in a community where 

6898
06:00:50,300 --> 06:00:53,700
everyone belonged Margaret 
stepped outside to look up at 

6899
06:00:53,700 --> 06:00:55,800
stars that had witnessed all of 
human history. 

6900
06:00:56,500 --> 06:00:59,800
Tomorrow would bring new 
challenges, new visitors and new

6901
06:00:59,800 --> 06:01:02,300
opportunities to prove that 
their accidental experiment in 

6902
06:01:02,300 --> 06:01:04,900
temporal Community. 
Building could work on a larger 

6903
06:01:04,900 --> 06:01:08,800
scale, there would be more 
paperwork, more bureaucracy and 

6904
06:01:08,800 --> 06:01:11,400
more negotiations with 
authorities who still weren't 

6905
06:01:11,400 --> 06:01:13,600
entirely convinced that rules 
were meant to be broken. 

6906
06:01:14,800 --> 06:01:18,000
But tonight Margaret was simply 
a woman who had accidentally 

6907
06:01:18,000 --> 06:01:19,800
time traveled into the best 
life. 

6908
06:01:19,800 --> 06:01:22,700
She'd never imagined living 
surrounded by friends, she had 

6909
06:01:22,708 --> 06:01:26,000
never expected to make working 
on projects that mattered in 

6910
06:01:26,000 --> 06:01:29,200
ways she was still discovering. 
She thought about the other 

6911
06:01:29,200 --> 06:01:32,600
version of herself living in her
old house working at her old 

6912
06:01:32,600 --> 06:01:35,700
job, probably wondering why life
felt so unsatisfying. 

6913
06:01:36,500 --> 06:01:39,100
Margaret had been awaiting 
approval to pursue her desired 

6914
06:01:39,100 --> 06:01:41,500
life. 
This Margaret had learned that 

6915
06:01:41,500 --> 06:01:43,400
sometimes. 
The best thing you can do is 

6916
06:01:43,400 --> 06:01:46,400
stop waiting for permission and 
start creating the life you 

6917
06:01:46,400 --> 06:01:49,700
deserve. 
The Stars looked exactly the 

6918
06:01:49,700 --> 06:01:52,800
same as they had in her time, 
which somehow made everything 

6919
06:01:52,800 --> 06:01:55,800
else feel possible. 
Time was more flexible than 

6920
06:01:55,800 --> 06:01:58,400
anyone had. 
Imagined Community was more 

6921
06:01:58,400 --> 06:02:01,400
important than anyone had 
realized and revolution could 

6922
06:02:01,400 --> 06:02:03,500
happen. 
Accidentally, when people simply

6923
06:02:03,500 --> 06:02:06,600
decided to treat each other with
kindness and respect across the 

6924
06:02:06,600 --> 06:02:08,400
barriers that were supposed to 
divide them. 

6925
06:02:09,100 --> 06:02:11,600
Margaret smiled and went inside 
to help Gladys, plant, 

6926
06:02:11,600 --> 06:02:14,500
tomorrow's menu because even 
accidental, revolutionaries had 

6927
06:02:14,500 --> 06:02:17,500
to eat, and someone needed to 
coordinate the logistics of 

6928
06:02:17,500 --> 06:02:19,600
changing the world on shared 
meal as time. 

6929
06:02:20,400 --> 06:02:22,600
After all, she was still a 
librarian at heart. 

6930
06:02:23,500 --> 06:02:26,200
And Librarians understood that 
the most important revolution's 

6931
06:02:26,200 --> 06:02:29,200
were the ones that happen. 
Quietly, one person has a time 

6932
06:02:29,208 --> 06:02:32,000
through the simple Act of 
helping people find exactly what

6933
06:02:32,000 --> 06:02:34,300
they were looking for even when 
they hadn't known they were 

6934
06:02:34,300 --> 06:02:34,900
looking for it.