The Mystery of Ötzi the Iceman Solved | Ancient History For Sleep (8 HOURS)

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Hey guys. 
Tonight, we're uncovering the 

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real story of etsy. 
The Iceman. 

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Imagine walking high in the Alps
over 5,000 years ago, snow 

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crunching, Beneath Your Feet, 
the are thin and sharp unaware 

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that your journey will one day. 
Make you one of the most famous 

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figures in archeology Discovered
Frozen in a glacier in 1991, 

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puts his body, became a time 
capsule preserving, not only his

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clothing and tools. 
But also Clues to his final 

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days, his health, and even what 
he ate for his last meal. 

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So, before we begin, take a 
minute to like the video and 

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subscribe. 
Also, please let me know in the 

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comments where you're tuning in 
from, and what time it is. 

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It's always incredible to see 
this quiet little gathering 

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stretch across centuries of 
curiosity. 

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Now, dim the lights, maybe 
Imagine The Whisper of wind over

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ice or the distant crack of snow
under shifting weight. 

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Picture yourself settling into 
your favorite chair with a warm 

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cup of tea because we're about 
to embark on one of the most 

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extraordinary. 
Detective stories nature as ever

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served up. 
This isn't your typical who done

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it. 
It's a who was it that took over

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5000 years, to solve it, All 
Began on a perfectly ordinary. 

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September Day in 1991. 
When two German hikers, decided 

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to take what they thought would 
be a pleasant stroll through the

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uttar outs between Austria and 
Italy. 

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Helmet and Erica Simon were the 
kind of people who probably 

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packed extra sandwiches and 
checked the weather forecast 

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three times before leaving home.
They certainly weren't expecting

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to stumble upon what would 
become one of the most 

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significant archaeological 
discoveries of the 20th century.

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You know how sometimes you're 
cleaning out, your attic and 

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find something unexpected behind
an old box. 

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Well, imagine that. 
But instead of finding your 

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college yearbook, you discover a
perfectly preserved, 5,300 year 

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old human being. 
That's essentially what 

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happened. 
When the Simon's noticed 

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something odd poking out of the 
melting ice. 

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At first glance, they figured 
they'd found some poor. 

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Modern hiker who've gotten lost 
in a blizzard. 

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The Alps after all of their 
share of adventurers over the 

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years. 
But the specimen wasn't just any

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Frozen traveler. 
This was utsey though, he 

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wouldn't get his catching 
nickname until much later. 

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The Simons were looking at the 
oldest naturally. 

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Mummified, human ever discovered
in Europe, A man who'd been 

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flash frozen in time. 
Like the world's most, 

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incredible historical, snapshot,
The discovery sent ripples 

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through the scientific Community
faster than gossip with a Small 

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Town Coffee Shop. 
Here was a window into the 

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copper age a time. 
When humans were just figuring 

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out that banging rocks together 
could produce more than just 

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noise. 
Let's see live during a period 

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when your biggest life decisions
involved whether to hunt 

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mammoths or gather berries and 
the most advanced technology was

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a sharp stick. 
What made this finds a 

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remarkable wasn't just his age. 
5,300 years is certainly nothing

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to sneeze at but is incredible 
state of preservation. 

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The High Altitude constant, 
freezing temperatures and dry 

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Mountain, are had turned him 
into Nature's, Own Time Capsule,

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While most people from his era, 
had long since returned to dust.

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But she looked like he could 
wake up at any moment and ask 

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for directions to the nearest 
Starbucks. 

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The initial recovery was 
something like a carefully, 

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choreographed dance between 
excitement, and Extreme Caution.

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Scientist descended on the site,
like bibliophiles at a rare book

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sale. 
Each one more thrilled than the 

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last. they knew they were 
handling something precious, not

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just scientifically but humanly 
Subject wasn't just as specimen.

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This was someone's ancestor, a 
person who had lived loved and 

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ultimately met his end on a 
Lonely, Mountain Pass. 

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As you drift off to night, and 
the moment, when researchers 

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first laid eyes on otsu's, 
belonging scattered around the 

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ice. 
His copper acts gleamed dully in

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the Alpine sun, while his 
leather quiver held arrows that 

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had been ready for action since 
before the pyramids were built. 

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It was like discovering a Bronze
Age, Swiss army knife complete 

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with everything. 
A well-prepared traveler might 

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need for a journey through the 
ancient world. 

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The mountains had kept up to 
secret for over 5 million 

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waiting patiently for the right 
moment to reveal their treasure 

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and On That September Day in 
1991, they finally decided it 

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was time to let their ancient 
Guardian. 

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Tell his story. 
Now that you're comfortable and 

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ready to learn more about our 
ice bound friend. 

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Let's dive into what scientist 
discovered when they began their

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careful examination of etsy. 
Think of it as reading the 

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world's oldest autobiography 
written not in words but in skin

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bones and belongings. 
First things first, what see 

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wasn't exactly what you'd call 
imposing standing at. 

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About five feet, three inches 
tall, and weighing roughly 110 

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pounds. 
He was built more like a 

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marathon runner than a 
linebacker. 

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Don't let his Modesto fool you. 
This was clearly a man who his 

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way around the mountains. 
His legs were muscles from years

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of climbing steep Terrain. 
That his lungs had adapted to 

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the thin air of high altitudes. 
Lucy was essentially the ancient

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world's equivalent of those 
annoyingly fit people who post 

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photos from their weekend 
Heights. the scientists 

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examining him were like 
detectives with the ultimate 

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Cold Case, literally every inch 
of Utz is body told a story and 

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these researchers were 
determined to read every chapter

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they discovered. 
He had brown eyes, and brown 

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hair though. 
The hair was more of a memory. 

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By the time he was found. 
He also sported. 

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What Might Have Been Europe's 
first man bun because apparently

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some fashion choices are truly 
timeless. 

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Here's where things, get really 
interesting and slightly 

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uncomfortable. 
If you happen to be squeamish 

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about ancient medical procedures
Let's see was covered in 

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tattoos. 
Not the kind. 

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You might get off after a few 
too many drinks in college but 

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deliberate purposeful. 
These markings served a very 

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different function. 
These were artistic expressions 

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or symbols of rebellion, they 
were therapeutic. 

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Tattoos placed precisely over 
areas where you see suffered 

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from arthritis and other 
ailments. 

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Imagine that 5,300 years ago, 
people were already practicing a

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form of acupuncture that 
involved permanent body 

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modification. 
Etsy had 61 of these therapeutic

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tattoos created by making small 
Cuts in his skin and robbing 

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charcoal into the wounds. 
It's like ancient pain 

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management with a permanent 
reminder of every campaign 

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you've ever had. modern medicine
cannot match the commitment 

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level found in Copper age 
Healthcare The contents of 

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otzi's stomach read like a 
prehistoric meal plan, that 

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would make modern nutritionists 
wheat With Envy, his last meal 

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included, Ibex meat, Red Deer 
grains and various plants. 

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Basically, he was eating organic
free range locally sourced food 

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long before it became trendy. 
No processed foods. 

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No, artificial preservatives, 
just pure Mountain to table 

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dining. 
Considering the circumstances of

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his death, one could argue that 
his final meal resembled a loss 

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supper more than a carefully 
planned. 

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Nutritional Choice. 
Scientists also discovered that 

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utsi wasn't just a random 
Wanderer who got caught in bad 

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weather. 
The man had serious gear. 

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His equipment list reads, like 
the inventory of a well prepared

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outdoor Enthusiast a copper axe 
with the uh handle Flint knife. 

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A bow made of you would quiver 
full of arrows and a fire 

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starting kit complete with 
Tinder fungus. 

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He even had a first aid kit of 
sorts, including what appears to

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be prehistoric. 
Aspirin made from Birch, fungus.

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Most remarkably. 
Etsy was wearing what can only 

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be described as the ancient 
world's most sophisticated 

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Outdoor Clothing system? 
His outfit included a leather 

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loincloth leather, leggings a 
coat made of woven grass, a 

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Bearskin cap, and waterproof 
shoes stuffed with grass for 

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insulation. 
It was essentially a 5,300 year 

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old version of high-tech 
mountaineering gear, designed by

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someone who understood that 
staying warm and dry was the 

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difference between life and 
death in the mountains. 

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As you settle deeper into your 
evening routine consider this 

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otsu's. 
Belongings represent some of 

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Humanity's earliest examples of 
specialized tools and clothing 

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designed for extreme 
environments. 

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He wasn't just surviving in the 
mountains, he was thriving, 

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there equipped with everything. 
He needed to navigate one of the

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world's most challenging 
terrains. 

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Pull that blanket a little 
closer because we're about to 

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discuss the darker side of 
otzi's story. 

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What started as a remarkable 
tale of preservation became 

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something much more Sinister 
when scientists began to examine

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exactly how our mountain man met
his end. 

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For years. 
Following his Discovery 

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researchers believed, he had 
succumb to exposure due to a 

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sudden storm. 
Seemed like a reasonable 

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explanation, the mountains are 
unpredictable, and even 

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experienced Travelers. 
Can find themselves and deadly 

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situations when the weather 
turns nasty. 

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But as technology advanced and 
scientists could examine not see

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more thoroughly, they discovered
something that changed 

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everything. 
Now Arrowhead beneath his left 

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shoulder blade. 
This wasn't death by 

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misadventure, this was murdered.
Someone had shot at Sea in the 

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back with an arrow and that 
Shooter had done. 

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So with deadly Precision, the 
arrowhead severed a major artery

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causing utsi to bleed to death 
on that Lonely Mountain Pass. 

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Suddenly the find wasn't just an
archaeological Discovery. 

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It was a 5,300 year old homicide
case. 

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Plot thickened when scientists 
examined etsy's hands and found 

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Fresh Cuts on his palms and 
fingers. 

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These weren't old scars from 
years of mountain living, they 

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were recent wounds suggesting 
that she had been in a fight 

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shortly. 
Before his death, someone had 

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attacked him. 
He had fought back and 

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ultimately he had lost. 
The evidence painted. 

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A picture of a man who had been 
running for his life through the

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mountains, only to be cornered 
and killed by his pursuer. 

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But who would want to kill her 
at Sea and why? 

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This point, the narrative 
becomes as intricate as a Mist 

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covered Mountain Trail. 
Scientists discovered that sees 

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copper acts was remarkably 
Advanced for its time. 

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The kind of tool that would have
been extremely valuable in the 

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corporation. 
Some researchers theorize that 

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Etsy might have been a Trader 
carrying precious Goods across 

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the mountain passes, that 
connected different communities,

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perhaps he was robbed and killed
for his valuable possessions. 

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Others suggest that she might 
have been fleeing from tribal 

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conflict. 
The corporate wasn't exactly 

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known for its peaceful dispute, 
resolution methods and 

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territorial battles were as 
common as modern traffic jams. 

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Maybe oats you belong to a group
that had lost a war and he was 

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trying to escape to safety when 
his enemies caught up with him. 

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There's even a theory that artsy
might have been some kind of 

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Shaman, or spiritual leader, 
targeted, because of his special

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status in society. 
Those therapeutic tattoos and 

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his knowledge of medicinal 
plants. 

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Suggest someone who understood 
Healing Arts. 

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Making him a person of 
significant importance in his 

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community. 
Political conflicts, often 

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caught spiritual leaders in the 
crossfire in ancient societies. 

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The most intriguing aspect of 
Huts is murder, is what happened

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after? 
He died, whoever killed him made

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no attempt to retrieve the 
valuable, copper, axe, or any of

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his other possessions. 
Suggest either that the killer 

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was interrupted or that the 
murder was not motivated by 

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robbery, maybe it was personal, 
maybe it was Revenge, maybe it 

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was just being in the wrong 
place at the wrong time, 5,300 

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years ago. 
What's particularly haunted is 

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how quickly was covered by snow 
and ice after his death. 

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The mounting conditions, 
essentially freeze dry hit 

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within hours or days of his 
shooting preserving him 

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perfectly for over 5 million. 
His killer probably never 

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imagined that their victim Would
One Day become famous studied by

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scientists around the world and 
featured in museums and 

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documentaries. 
The ancient crime scene also 

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revealed something else 
intriguing otsi had been 

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positioned carefully after his 
death. 

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His body was found lying on its 
stomach with his left arm 

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extended almost as if someone 
had arranged him that way. 

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Whether the arranging was done 
by his killer or by natural 

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00:11:47,100 --> 00:11:50,600
processes, as he fell remains a 
mystery that adds another layer 

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00:11:50,600 --> 00:11:54,300
to an already complex story. 
As you contemplate, this ancient

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00:11:54,300 --> 00:11:56,200
mystery from the comfort of your
modern world. 

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00:11:56,200 --> 00:11:59,100
Remember that human nature 
hasn't changed much over the 

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00:11:59,100 --> 00:12:01,800
Millennia. 
The same emotions that drive 

237
00:12:01,800 --> 00:12:04,400
conflict, today, greed jealousy,
fear. 

238
00:12:04,400 --> 00:12:08,400
And revenge were just as 
powerful 5,300 years ago. 

239
00:12:09,700 --> 00:12:12,900
Etsy story reminds us that even 
in the most remote and beautiful

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00:12:12,900 --> 00:12:16,200
places on Earth. 
Human drama has always found a 

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00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:19,100
way to unfold. 
Let's take a break from the 

242
00:12:19,100 --> 00:12:21,800
mystery and travel back in time 
to understand what life was 

243
00:12:21,800 --> 00:12:25,800
actually like during otzi's era.
Imagine waking up tomorrow 

244
00:12:25,800 --> 00:12:28,800
morning but instead of reaching 
for your phone to verify the 

245
00:12:28,800 --> 00:12:32,100
weather you step outside and 
read the sky, like an open book 

246
00:12:32,100 --> 00:12:35,300
because your life literally 
depends on getting the Four 

247
00:12:35,300 --> 00:12:37,900
cast, right? 
Let's see lived during what 

248
00:12:37,900 --> 00:12:39,600
archaeologists call the copper 
age. 

249
00:12:40,200 --> 00:12:41,600
A time. 
When humans were just beginning 

250
00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:44,900
to figure out that certain 
rocks, when heated just write 

251
00:12:44,900 --> 00:12:48,800
could produce shiny malleable 
metal, It was like the early 

252
00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:52,900
days of any new technology, 
exciting experimental and 

253
00:12:52,900 --> 00:12:56,100
occasionally explosive. 
While most people were still 

254
00:12:56,100 --> 00:12:58,900
using stone tools. 
The copper acts found with yutzy

255
00:12:58,900 --> 00:13:02,400
represented cutting-edge 
technology, he was essentially 

256
00:13:02,400 --> 00:13:04,100
carrying around the iPhone of 
his era. 

257
00:13:04,100 --> 00:13:07,100
If iPhones were made of copper 
and used primarily for chopping 

258
00:13:07,100 --> 00:13:09,900
wood and defending yourself from
both, wild animals and 

259
00:13:09,900 --> 00:13:13,400
unfriendly Neighbors. 
The world utsi inhabited was 

260
00:13:13,400 --> 00:13:16,100
simultaneously more dangerous 
and more beautiful than anything

261
00:13:16,100 --> 00:13:20,600
we can easily imagine today. 
There were no roads, no Maps, no

262
00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:24,200
GPS systems. 
Just animal Trails Word of Mouth

263
00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:27,300
directions, and an intimate. 
Knowledge of natural landmarks 

264
00:13:27,300 --> 00:13:30,700
passed down through generations.
Getting lost wasn't just 

265
00:13:30,700 --> 00:13:32,800
inconvenient. 
It could be fatal. 

266
00:13:33,800 --> 00:13:36,400
Yet, people like at Sea 
regularly, travelled hundreds of

267
00:13:36,408 --> 00:13:38,800
miles through some of the most 
challenging terrain on Earth, 

268
00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:42,300
Guided by nothing more than 
experience Instinct, and 

269
00:13:42,300 --> 00:13:43,900
probably a healthy dose of 
courage. 

270
00:13:44,800 --> 00:13:47,900
His community would have been 
small, perhaps no, more than a 

271
00:13:47,900 --> 00:13:50,800
few dozen people living together
in a settlement that might 

272
00:13:50,800 --> 00:13:53,800
relocate seasonally, depending 
on food, availability and 

273
00:13:53,800 --> 00:13:56,800
weather conditions. 
Everyone knew everyone else and 

274
00:13:56,800 --> 00:14:00,500
privacy was probably about as 
rare as a hot shower, your 

275
00:14:00,500 --> 00:14:01,500
neighbor's weren't just the 
people. 

276
00:14:01,500 --> 00:14:04,600
Next door, they were your 
survival Network, Your 

277
00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:08,000
Entertainment System, your 
medical team, and your security 

278
00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:10,800
force all rolled into one 
occasionally irritating, but 

279
00:14:10,800 --> 00:14:14,600
absolutely essential package 
food, was whatever you could 

280
00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:18,400
hunt gather grow or trade for 
and meal planning required 

281
00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:22,000
skills, that would make Modern 
Survival show, contestants weep.

282
00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:26,600
Sees people have domesticated 
some animals sheep, goats and 

283
00:14:26,600 --> 00:14:29,900
cattle, but hunting still 
provided much of their protein. 

284
00:14:29,900 --> 00:14:33,900
They cultivated grains such as 
Einhorn wheat and barley and 

285
00:14:33,900 --> 00:14:37,500
they collected wild fruits nuts 
and medicinal plants with the 

286
00:14:37,508 --> 00:14:40,000
depth of knowledge. 
That would embarrass modernists.

287
00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:43,700
Every plant had a purpose every 
season, brought different 

288
00:14:43,700 --> 00:14:46,600
opportunities and nothing edible
was ever wasted. 

289
00:14:47,500 --> 00:14:49,700
Clothing was entirely handmade 
from materials. 

290
00:14:49,700 --> 00:14:53,300
You either raised hunted or 
gathered yourself to see 

291
00:14:53,300 --> 00:14:55,900
sophisticated outfit 
represented, countless hours of 

292
00:14:55,900 --> 00:14:59,500
work by skilled craftspeople who
understood exactly what was 

293
00:14:59,500 --> 00:15:01,800
needed to survive in harsh 
Mountain conditions. 

294
00:15:02,900 --> 00:15:04,800
His grass cloak alone would have
required. 

295
00:15:04,800 --> 00:15:07,500
Specialized knowledge of which 
grasses provide the best 

296
00:15:07,500 --> 00:15:11,100
insulation and waterproofing. 
Plus the weaving skills to turn 

297
00:15:11,100 --> 00:15:13,200
raw materials into functional 
garments. 

298
00:15:13,900 --> 00:15:16,200
It was like wearing a 
custom-made technical climbing 

299
00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:20,200
suit, except it took months to 
create and couldn't be replaced 

300
00:15:20,200 --> 00:15:21,800
with a quick trip to the outdoor
gear store. 

301
00:15:22,800 --> 00:15:25,000
Medicine was a combination of 
practical, knowledge, 

302
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:28,400
plant-based remedies, and what 
we might charitably call 

303
00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:31,900
experimental procedures. 
Those therapeutic tattoos 

304
00:15:31,900 --> 00:15:34,700
covering otzi's body weren't 
just ancient acupuncture. 

305
00:15:34,700 --> 00:15:38,400
They represented a sophisticated
understanding of pain management

306
00:15:38,400 --> 00:15:41,600
and the willingness to try 
permanent body modification as 

307
00:15:41,600 --> 00:15:44,400
treatment. 
When your back ached from years 

308
00:15:44,400 --> 00:15:47,500
of carrying heavy loads over 
Mountain terrain, you didn't pop

309
00:15:47,500 --> 00:15:49,900
an ibuprofen. 
You had someone cut patterns 

310
00:15:49,900 --> 00:15:52,200
into your skin and Rob charcoal 
into the wounds. 

311
00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:56,500
Hoping it would provide relief. 
The spiritual world was as real 

312
00:15:56,500 --> 00:15:57,900
and immediate as the physical 
one. 

313
00:15:58,700 --> 00:16:01,500
Stories rituals and 
relationships with Supernatural 

314
00:16:01,500 --> 00:16:05,200
forces helped us, understand 
natural phenomena that we 

315
00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:08,900
explained with science mountains
rivers weather patterns and 

316
00:16:08,900 --> 00:16:11,800
animal behaviors all held 
meaning beyond their practical 

317
00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:14,400
implications. 
Let's see his journey through 

318
00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:16,000
the mountains. 
Wasn't just a physical 

319
00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:18,400
Expedition. 
It was a spiritual Passage 

320
00:16:18,400 --> 00:16:21,200
through a landscape alive with 
powers and presences that 

321
00:16:21,200 --> 00:16:23,100
demanded respect and careful 
navigation. 

322
00:16:24,200 --> 00:16:26,900
Perhaps most remarkably people 
like Otzi possessed a kind of 

323
00:16:26,900 --> 00:16:30,100
environmental literacy that's 
almost extinct in our modern 

324
00:16:30,100 --> 00:16:32,600
world. 
They could read animal tracks 

325
00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:35,900
like stories, predict weather 
changes from subtle shifts in 

326
00:16:35,900 --> 00:16:39,500
wind direction, identify edible,
and medicinal plants by touch 

327
00:16:39,500 --> 00:16:42,800
and complete darkness and 
navigate vast distances. 

328
00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:46,500
Using only natural landmarks 
Their minds were libraries of 

329
00:16:46,508 --> 00:16:49,900
practical knowledge accumulated 
over lifetimes of careful 

330
00:16:49,900 --> 00:16:52,800
observation and passed down 
through generations of oral 

331
00:16:52,800 --> 00:16:55,800
tradition. 
As you rest in your comfortable,

332
00:16:55,800 --> 00:16:59,300
climate controlled environment 
tonight, consider what, it must 

333
00:16:59,300 --> 00:17:01,800
have been like to live. 
So, intimately connected to the 

334
00:17:01,808 --> 00:17:04,500
natural world, that your 
survival depended on 

335
00:17:04,500 --> 00:17:06,599
understanding, its every mood 
and movement. 

336
00:17:06,599 --> 00:17:10,000
Now, let's dim the lights a bit 
more and explore how modern 

337
00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:13,800
science transformed at Sea from 
a curious Discovery in, to a 

338
00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:16,300
treasure Trove of information 
about ancient life. 

339
00:17:16,300 --> 00:17:20,400
It's like having a conversation 
with someone from 5,300 years 

340
00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:24,099
ago except instead of Words 
Their speaking through DNA 

341
00:17:24,099 --> 00:17:29,300
Isotopes, and microscopic traces
of pollen, when scientists began

342
00:17:29,300 --> 00:17:32,500
studying artsy, they had to 
invent in entirely new ways of 

343
00:17:32,500 --> 00:17:35,100
extracting information from 
ancient remains without 

344
00:17:35,100 --> 00:17:37,800
destroying them. 
Imagine trying to read a book 

345
00:17:37,800 --> 00:17:40,300
that so fragile, it might 
crumble if you look at it too 

346
00:17:40,300 --> 00:17:42,000
hard. 
But you know, it contains 

347
00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:43,700
secrets that could rewrite 
history. 

348
00:17:43,700 --> 00:17:47,800
Every test had to be planned 
meticulously every sample, 

349
00:17:47,800 --> 00:17:51,300
precious and irreplaceable. 
The first breakthrough came from

350
00:17:51,300 --> 00:17:54,900
studying the contents of its 
digestive system, essentially 

351
00:17:54,900 --> 00:17:57,800
giving him a posthumous medical 
exam that would make even the 

352
00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:00,800
most thorough doctor jealous. 
Scientists could identify 

353
00:18:00,800 --> 00:18:04,400
exactly what he had eaten. 
And when creating a timeline of 

354
00:18:04,400 --> 00:18:07,600
his final hours that read like a
prehistoric travel itinerary. 

355
00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:11,100
His last meal of Ibex meat and 
unleavened bread. 

356
00:18:11,100 --> 00:18:13,900
Told them he had stopped to eat 
in The Valleys before climbing 

357
00:18:13,900 --> 00:18:16,900
to the pass where he died even 
more remarkably. 

358
00:18:16,900 --> 00:18:19,800
They found hot hornbeam pollen 
in his stomach which only 

359
00:18:19,800 --> 00:18:23,000
flowers in Spring helping to 
pinpoint not just where he had 

360
00:18:23,008 --> 00:18:24,800
been. 
But when he had been there, 

361
00:18:25,800 --> 00:18:29,000
isotope analysis opened up 
another dimension of detective 

362
00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:31,400
work that would make Sherlock 
Holmes Green With Envy. 

363
00:18:32,100 --> 00:18:34,800
By studying the ratios of 
different chemical elements in 

364
00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:38,800
Otis teeth bones and hair. 
Scientists could map out his 

365
00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:41,900
movements over the years and 
months before his death like a 

366
00:18:41,900 --> 00:18:45,500
GPS tracking system that worked 
across millennia They 

367
00:18:45,500 --> 00:18:49,100
discovered, he had spent his 
childhood in one Valley lived as

368
00:18:49,100 --> 00:18:52,100
an adult in another and a 
traveled extensively throughout 

369
00:18:52,100 --> 00:18:54,700
the region. 
His body was essentially a 

370
00:18:54,700 --> 00:18:57,200
chemical passport. 
Stamped, with the signature of 

371
00:18:57,200 --> 00:19:00,200
every place, he'd lived and 
every source of water. 

372
00:19:00,200 --> 00:19:04,100
He had drunk DNA analysis 
revealed even more personal 

373
00:19:04,100 --> 00:19:06,000
details about our ancient 
Mountain Man. 

374
00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:10,200
Scientists determined that Otzi 
had brown eyes and type O blood,

375
00:19:10,200 --> 00:19:12,700
and that he was probably lactose
intolerant. 

376
00:19:12,700 --> 00:19:15,600
Meaning, he couldn't drink milk 
without some uncomfortable 

377
00:19:15,600 --> 00:19:18,400
consequences. 
They also discovered he carried 

378
00:19:18,400 --> 00:19:21,600
genetic markers associated with 
increased risk of heart disease,

379
00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:24,400
which might explain why his 
arteries showed signs of 

380
00:19:24,408 --> 00:19:26,800
atherosclerosis despite his 
active lifestyle. 

381
00:19:27,500 --> 00:19:31,800
Even 5,300 years ago, genetics 
was playing its role in human 

382
00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:34,100
health. 
Perhaps most fascinatingly 

383
00:19:34,100 --> 00:19:37,600
researchers were able to extract
and study bacteria from Etsy 

384
00:19:37,600 --> 00:19:40,000
stomach. 
Discovering that he carried a 

385
00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:43,100
strain of helicobacter pylori, 
that's most closely related to 

386
00:19:43,100 --> 00:19:46,400
Asian population. 
This tiny detail provided 

387
00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:49,100
evidence for ancient migration 
patterns and trade connections 

388
00:19:49,100 --> 00:19:52,500
that linked Europe to Asia, 
thousands of years before the 

389
00:19:52,500 --> 00:19:56,200
Silk Road became famous. 
At his gut bacteria were telling

390
00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:59,600
a story about human movement and
cultural exchange that spanned 

391
00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:02,400
continents. 
The analysis of etsy's clothing 

392
00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:05,500
and equipment to revealed 
sophisticated technologies that 

393
00:20:05,500 --> 00:20:07,900
challenge assumptions about 
corporate capabilities. 

394
00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:11,700
His leather was processed. 
Using complex taning methods, 

395
00:20:11,700 --> 00:20:15,600
his textiles showed Advanced 
weaving techniques and his tools

396
00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:18,600
demonstrated metalworking skills
that were more sophisticated 

397
00:20:18,600 --> 00:20:20,800
than previously thought possible
for the time period. 

398
00:20:21,600 --> 00:20:24,900
Each item represented not just 
individual craftsmanship, but 

399
00:20:24,900 --> 00:20:27,600
complex Supply chains and 
specialized knowledge networks 

400
00:20:27,600 --> 00:20:30,100
that connected communities 
across vast distances. 

401
00:20:31,100 --> 00:20:35,000
CT scans and 3D imaging allowed,
scientists to examine otsu's, 

402
00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:37,600
internal structure without 
causing any damage to his 

403
00:20:37,600 --> 00:20:40,200
remains. 
They could see healed fractures 

404
00:20:40,200 --> 00:20:43,800
from old injuries, evidence of 
arthritis, in his joints, and 

405
00:20:43,800 --> 00:20:45,600
the exact path of the arrow that
killed him. 

406
00:20:45,600 --> 00:20:48,500
It was like performing an 
autopsy with the most advanced 

407
00:20:48,500 --> 00:20:51,500
Medical Technology available, 
but on someone who had died 

408
00:20:51,500 --> 00:20:56,000
before the invention of writing.
Forensic analysis of his murder 

409
00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:58,500
became increasingly 
sophisticated as technology 

410
00:20:58,500 --> 00:21:01,200
advanced. 
Scientists could determine the 

411
00:21:01,200 --> 00:21:04,300
type of bow, used to shoot him 
the direction, from which the 

412
00:21:04,300 --> 00:21:07,300
arrow came, and even estimate, 
how long, he survived after 

413
00:21:07,300 --> 00:21:10,200
being wounded. 
They found traces of blood from 

414
00:21:10,200 --> 00:21:12,300
four different people on his 
weapons and clothing. 

415
00:21:12,300 --> 00:21:16,000
Suggesting that Etsy had been 
involved in multiple conflicts 

416
00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:19,100
shortly before his death. 
The evidence painted a picture 

417
00:21:19,100 --> 00:21:22,700
of a man who had fought several 
battles, treated his wounds and 

418
00:21:22,700 --> 00:21:25,800
then climbed into the mountains,
where he was finally ambushed 

419
00:21:25,800 --> 00:21:29,100
and killed. 
Most remarkably Advanced is an 

420
00:21:29,100 --> 00:21:31,900
ancient DNA research have 
allowed scientists to identify 

421
00:21:31,900 --> 00:21:35,400
living relatives, of etsy 
through genetic analysis of 

422
00:21:35,400 --> 00:21:38,400
modern populations in the Alps. 
They found people who share 

423
00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:42,800
genetic markers with our 5,300 
year old Iceman. it's as if it's

424
00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:45,900
a cross five Millennia to tap 
someone on the shoulder and say,

425
00:21:45,900 --> 00:21:51,000
hey, we're family, As you settle
into sleep tonight, consider how

426
00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:53,400
this intersection of 
cutting-edge Science and ancient

427
00:21:53,400 --> 00:21:56,500
mystery has allowed us to know, 
Etsy more intimately than we 

428
00:21:56,508 --> 00:21:58,500
know most people from just a few
centuries ago. 

429
00:21:58,500 --> 00:22:02,800
Modern technology has made him 
more real, more human more 

430
00:22:02,800 --> 00:22:05,700
relatable than any historical. 
Figure who left behind only 

431
00:22:05,700 --> 00:22:09,100
written records as we near the 
end of our journey with otsi. 

432
00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:11,700
Let's explore. 
How this ancient mountain man 

433
00:22:11,700 --> 00:22:14,800
has become one of the most 
famous people who never lived to

434
00:22:14,800 --> 00:22:18,800
see his celebrity status. 
From his refrigerated home in an

435
00:22:18,800 --> 00:22:21,300
Italian Museum to his 
appearances in documentary's 

436
00:22:21,300 --> 00:22:24,300
books. 
And even video games, he has 

437
00:22:24,300 --> 00:22:27,500
achieved a kind of immortality 
that would probably bewilder him

438
00:22:27,500 --> 00:22:31,300
if he could understand it, The 
South tyrol Museum of 

439
00:22:31,300 --> 00:22:35,100
archaeology in Bolzano Italy, 
has become, UT's permanent 

440
00:22:35,100 --> 00:22:37,800
address. 
Far Cry from the nomadic 

441
00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:41,500
lifestyle, he wants new. 
He rests in a specially designed

442
00:22:41,500 --> 00:22:45,100
cold chamber that maintains the 
exact temperature, and humidity 

443
00:22:45,100 --> 00:22:48,600
conditions needed to preserve 
his remains essentially living 

444
00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:51,400
in a high-tech version of the 
glacial conditions that saved 

445
00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:55,300
him for over five millennia. 
Visitors from around the world 

446
00:22:55,300 --> 00:22:58,600
line up to peer through a small 
window at this ancient celebrity

447
00:22:58,600 --> 00:23:01,600
making Otzi. 
Probably the most viewed person 

448
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:03,500
who died before the invention of
agriculture. 

449
00:23:04,500 --> 00:23:07,600
But otzi's, influence extends 
far beyond Museum walls. 

450
00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:11,000
He has revolutionized our 
understanding of Cooperage life 

451
00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:15,000
proving that our ancestors were 
far more sophisticated mobile 

452
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:19,000
and technologically, advanced 
than previously imagined Before 

453
00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:22,500
Otzi many archaeologists assumed
that people from his era. 

454
00:23:22,500 --> 00:23:25,600
Lived in small isolated 
communities with limited 

455
00:23:25,600 --> 00:23:28,100
technology, and little 
long-distance travel. 

456
00:23:28,900 --> 00:23:31,600
At Sea shattered, those 
assumptions with his Advanced 

457
00:23:31,600 --> 00:23:35,700
Equipment evidence of extensive 
travel and sophisticated Medical

458
00:23:35,700 --> 00:23:39,400
Treatments his impact on medical
research has been particularly 

459
00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:42,500
profound. 
Those therapeutic tattoos of 

460
00:23:42,500 --> 00:23:45,400
inspired modern studies of the 
relationship between acupuncture

461
00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:47,600
points and areas of chronic 
pain. 

462
00:23:48,600 --> 00:23:51,700
Some researchers, believe his 
tattoos corresponder remarkably 

463
00:23:51,700 --> 00:23:55,100
well with traditional Chinese 
acupuncture Maps suggesting that

464
00:23:55,100 --> 00:23:58,000
ancient healing Traditions might
have been more wide and 

465
00:23:58,000 --> 00:23:59,700
sophisticated than previously 
thought. 

466
00:24:00,600 --> 00:24:04,300
It's as if you see was carrying 
around a 5,300 year old medical 

467
00:24:04,300 --> 00:24:07,600
textbook written on his skin. 
The forensic techniques 

468
00:24:07,600 --> 00:24:10,700
developed to study at Sea have 
advanced archaeological methods 

469
00:24:10,700 --> 00:24:13,400
worldwide. 
The careful, non-destructive 

470
00:24:13,400 --> 00:24:15,100
analysis. 
Methods pioneered with his 

471
00:24:15,100 --> 00:24:18,200
remains are now standard 
practice for examining other 

472
00:24:18,200 --> 00:24:21,500
ancient discoveries. 
Every mummy, every preserved 

473
00:24:21,500 --> 00:24:24,300
remain and every ancient 
artifact that gets discovered 

474
00:24:24,300 --> 00:24:26,500
today benefits from the 
scientific techniques. 

475
00:24:26,500 --> 00:24:30,200
Refined through Decades of Oats 
your research, he pioneered an 

476
00:24:30,200 --> 00:24:33,400
entire field of study and his 
contributions to archaeological 

477
00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:36,300
methodology continue to yield 
benefits with each new 

478
00:24:36,300 --> 00:24:39,100
discovery. 
Environmental scientists have 

479
00:24:39,108 --> 00:24:42,200
used Otzi story to understand 
ancient climate patterns and 

480
00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:45,100
Glacier Behavior. 
His Discovery site has become a 

481
00:24:45,108 --> 00:24:49,100
natural laboratory to studying 
how climate change affect Alpine

482
00:24:49,100 --> 00:24:51,700
environments. 
The fact that emerged from the 

483
00:24:51,700 --> 00:24:54,600
ice in 1991. 
After being hidden for over 5, 

484
00:24:54,600 --> 00:24:57,400
Millennia tells us something 
significant about warming 

485
00:24:57,400 --> 00:24:59,300
temperatures and changing 
Glacier patterns. 

486
00:25:00,100 --> 00:25:03,500
Strangely sees emergence from 
the ice serves as a dramatic 

487
00:25:03,500 --> 00:25:06,800
illustration of environmental 
change making him a spokesman 

488
00:25:06,800 --> 00:25:10,200
for climate awareness. 
The legal implications of Oats 

489
00:25:10,200 --> 00:25:13,100
is Discovery created 
International precedence, the 

490
00:25:13,100 --> 00:25:15,500
handling archaeological finds 
that cross National borders 

491
00:25:16,400 --> 00:25:19,100
Found on the border between 
Austria and Italy at his 

492
00:25:19,100 --> 00:25:21,500
ownership, became a diplomatic 
issue that required careful 

493
00:25:21,500 --> 00:25:24,800
negotiation. 
The resolution that he belongs 

494
00:25:24,800 --> 00:25:26,700
to Italy. 
But with special Provisions for 

495
00:25:26,700 --> 00:25:29,700
international research, 
collaboration has become a model

496
00:25:29,700 --> 00:25:31,700
for managing similar, 
discoveries around the world. 

497
00:25:31,700 --> 00:25:36,000
Etsy has also become a cultural 
icon, inspiring everything from 

498
00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:38,600
novels and documentaries, to 
children's books, and video 

499
00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:41,200
games. 
National Geographic specials, 

500
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:44,900
BBC, documentaries and numerous 
educational programs, have 

501
00:25:44,900 --> 00:25:47,200
featured him. 
There's something about his 

502
00:25:47,200 --> 00:25:50,300
story that captures the 
imagination, perhaps, because he

503
00:25:50,300 --> 00:25:53,600
represents both our connection 
to the ancient world and our 

504
00:25:53,600 --> 00:25:56,600
fascination with Mysteries that 
can be solved through science. 

505
00:25:58,100 --> 00:26:00,500
The ethical questions 
surrounding at his display and 

506
00:26:00,500 --> 00:26:03,500
study of sparked, in important 
discussions about the treatment 

507
00:26:03,500 --> 00:26:05,700
of human remains in 
archaeological research. 

508
00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:09,200
How do we balance scientific 
inquiry with respect for the 

509
00:26:09,200 --> 00:26:11,800
Dead? 
What rights do ancient people 

510
00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:15,000
have in our modern world? 
These questions don't have easy 

511
00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:18,400
answers but he's case has helped
to establish guidelines that now

512
00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:21,000
influence how archaeologists 
approach, similar discoveries 

513
00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:23,300
worldwide. 
Perhaps most significantly. 

514
00:26:23,300 --> 00:26:26,900
Etsy has made the ancient world 
feel accessible and human in 

515
00:26:26,900 --> 00:26:30,700
ways that Pottery shards and 
stone tools never could Through 

516
00:26:30,700 --> 00:26:34,600
him, we can imagine what it felt
like to live 5,300 years ago. 

517
00:26:34,600 --> 00:26:38,400
The daily challenges the 
sophisticated knowledge required

518
00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:41,700
for survival, the dangers of 
travel and the ever-present 

519
00:26:41,700 --> 00:26:45,400
reality that life could end 
suddenly and violently, he's not

520
00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:48,200
just a specimen. 
He's a person whose story 

521
00:26:48,208 --> 00:26:51,800
resonates across the Millennia 
educational programs around the 

522
00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:53,500
world. 
Use otsu's, story to teach 

523
00:26:53,500 --> 00:26:56,700
everything from ancient history 
to Modern forensic science. 

524
00:26:57,500 --> 00:27:00,300
Students who might perceive 
archeology dry and Dusty 

525
00:27:00,300 --> 00:27:03,400
suddenly becoming engaged when 
they learn about the man who 

526
00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:07,300
emerge from the ice with a full 
complement of gear and a mystery

527
00:27:07,300 --> 00:27:08,900
that scientists are still 
solving. 

528
00:27:09,700 --> 00:27:12,200
He's become the ultimate 
teaching tool for demonstrating 

529
00:27:12,200 --> 00:27:15,900
how much we can learn from 
careful, scientific analysis. 

530
00:27:16,700 --> 00:27:18,500
As you prepare for Sleep 
consider. 

531
00:27:18,500 --> 00:27:22,000
How utsi has Bridge the vast gap
between the ancient and modern 

532
00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:26,200
worlds, making the distant past 
for immediate and personal and 

533
00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:30,300
ways that few archaeological 
discoveries ever achieve as our 

534
00:27:30,300 --> 00:27:32,500
evening Journey with us. 
He draws to a close. 

535
00:27:32,500 --> 00:27:35,600
Let's settle in for some final 
Reflections on what his 

536
00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:37,400
remarkable story means for us 
today. 

537
00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:41,200
And how this ancient Mountain 
Man continues to whisper secrets

538
00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:44,100
about human nature across the 
vast expanse of time. 

539
00:27:44,900 --> 00:27:48,700
There's something profoundly 
moving about uzi's story, that 

540
00:27:48,700 --> 00:27:51,200
goes beyond the scientific 
discoveries and forensic 

541
00:27:51,200 --> 00:27:54,500
Mysteries. 
This man lived and died in a 

542
00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:56,300
world. 
So different from ours, that it 

543
00:27:56,308 --> 00:27:58,400
might as well have been another 
planet yet. 

544
00:27:58,400 --> 00:28:01,000
His remains show that the 
fundamental experience of being 

545
00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:02,700
human. 
Haven't changed as much as we 

546
00:28:02,700 --> 00:28:05,900
think. 
He felt pain and sought relief 

547
00:28:05,900 --> 00:28:09,400
through those therapeutic 
tattoos, he prepared carefully 

548
00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:12,900
for Dangerous Journeys, carrying
everything, he might need to 

549
00:28:12,900 --> 00:28:15,800
survive, he faced violence and 
fought back. 

550
00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:19,200
He died far from home alone on a
mountain pass. 

551
00:28:19,200 --> 00:28:21,900
But his story would have 
eventually reach millions of 

552
00:28:21,900 --> 00:28:24,800
people who had come to know him 
more intimately than they know 

553
00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:28,100
most of their contemporaries. 
The mountains that preserved at 

554
00:28:28,100 --> 00:28:31,100
sea for over 5 millionaires, as 
a poignant metaphor for the 

555
00:28:31,100 --> 00:28:34,400
relationship between human and 
ambition and natural forces. 

556
00:28:34,400 --> 00:28:37,300
He was traveling through some of
the most spectacular and 

557
00:28:37,300 --> 00:28:39,900
dangerous terrain on Earth armed
with nothing more than 

558
00:28:39,900 --> 00:28:43,100
copyrighted technology and 
accumulated, wisdom about 

559
00:28:43,100 --> 00:28:47,100
survival and extreme conditions.
The same mountains that killed 

560
00:28:47,100 --> 00:28:51,000
him also saved his story for 
posterity turning him into an 

561
00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:53,800
accidental time traveler, who 
could teach us about both 

562
00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:57,900
ancient life and our own human 
nature modern visitors to the 

563
00:28:57,900 --> 00:29:00,800
art style Alps, often follow 
hiking routes that pass near 

564
00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:04,600
where up to was discovered. 
They Carried GPS devices where 

565
00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:07,500
high-tech clothing and have 
emergency Rescue Services 

566
00:29:07,500 --> 00:29:10,100
available. 
If things go wrong yet they're 

567
00:29:10,100 --> 00:29:13,500
essentially doing the same thing
otsu was doing 5,300 years ago 

568
00:29:13,500 --> 00:29:17,100
challenging themselves against 
the mountains seeking adventure 

569
00:29:17,100 --> 00:29:20,000
and perhaps seeking some deeper 
connection with the natural 

570
00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:24,200
world, the technology changes, 
but the human impulse to explore

571
00:29:24,200 --> 00:29:27,900
and test ourselves remains 
constant Scientists continue to 

572
00:29:27,900 --> 00:29:31,800
study oatsie, new discoveries 
emerge regularly, as technology 

573
00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:34,700
advances. 
Each new discovery in riches, 

574
00:29:34,700 --> 00:29:38,200
his story and contributes to the
understanding of ancient life. 

575
00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:42,000
Recent researchers revealed more
about his diet, his travels, his

576
00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:44,400
health, and even his family 
relationships. 

577
00:29:45,200 --> 00:29:48,600
It's as if we're slowly getting 
to know him better year by year 

578
00:29:48,600 --> 00:29:52,000
building, a relationship with 
someone who died 53 centuries 

579
00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:54,600
ago but whose story grows more 
complete with each passing 

580
00:29:54,600 --> 00:29:57,100
season. 
The mystery of otsu's. 

581
00:29:57,100 --> 00:29:58,700
Murder may never be completely 
sold. 

582
00:29:59,700 --> 00:30:02,600
That's fitting. 
Some questions are more powerful

583
00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:05,400
than their answers. 
The uncertainty surrounding his 

584
00:30:05,400 --> 00:30:08,800
death, allows us to project our 
understanding of human nature 

585
00:30:08,800 --> 00:30:11,600
onto his story. 
Was he a victim of random 

586
00:30:11,600 --> 00:30:15,000
violence? 
A casualty of Ancient Warfare or

587
00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:17,900
the target of a personal 
Vendetta each possibility, 

588
00:30:17,900 --> 00:30:20,700
reveals something different 
about how we understand conflict

589
00:30:20,700 --> 00:30:23,900
survival and the challenges of 
life in harsh environments. 

590
00:30:24,600 --> 00:30:27,900
What remains constant is 
Humanity, through all the 

591
00:30:27,900 --> 00:30:30,400
scientific analysis and training
investigation. 

592
00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:34,200
What emerges most clearly is the
portrait of a real person who 

593
00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:36,900
faced real challenges with 
intelligence preparation and 

594
00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:40,300
courage. his meticulous 
attention to equipment and 

595
00:30:40,300 --> 00:30:43,600
clothing demonstrate to person, 
who understands the importance 

596
00:30:43,600 --> 00:30:48,100
of details when survival hinges 
on preparation, his willingness 

597
00:30:48,100 --> 00:30:50,900
to travel through dangerous 
terrain suggests he then 

598
00:30:50,900 --> 00:30:53,800
necessity or Adventure seeking 
that would be familiar to anyone

599
00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:57,600
who's ever taken a calculated 
risk, his evidence of past 

600
00:30:57,600 --> 00:31:00,600
injuries and ongoing health 
problems, reveal someone who 

601
00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:04,500
persevered through pain and 
physical challenges The 

602
00:31:04,500 --> 00:31:07,100
therapeutic tattoos covering his
body tell, perhaps the most 

603
00:31:07,100 --> 00:31:10,000
human story of all. 
The Eternal Quest to obtain 

604
00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:11,900
relief from chronic pain and 
discomfort. 

605
00:31:13,000 --> 00:31:15,900
In our modern world of advanced 
Pharmaceuticals and medical 

606
00:31:15,900 --> 00:31:17,500
procedures. 
We sometimes. 

607
00:31:17,500 --> 00:31:20,400
Forget that humans have always 
sought ways to be suffering and 

608
00:31:20,400 --> 00:31:24,100
improve quality of life. 
That sees tattoos represent a 

609
00:31:24,100 --> 00:31:27,200
kind of ancient hope the belief 
that marking and treating the 

610
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:29,700
body could provide relief from 
the aches and pains of a 

611
00:31:29,700 --> 00:31:32,900
physically demanding life. 
As you drift off to sleep 

612
00:31:32,900 --> 00:31:36,000
tonight, imagine not see on his 
final journey through the 

613
00:31:36,000 --> 00:31:38,500
mountains. 
Carrying his carefully crafted 

614
00:31:38,500 --> 00:31:42,800
tools and wearing his precisely 
designed clothing unaware that 

615
00:31:42,800 --> 00:31:45,600
he was about to become one of 
the most famous people in human 

616
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:48,300
history. 
Picture him Paul pausing to rest

617
00:31:48,300 --> 00:31:51,300
in the high Alpine Meadows, 
perhaps sharing a meal with 

618
00:31:51,300 --> 00:31:55,000
fellow Travelers, maybe gazing 
at the same stars that shine 

619
00:31:55,000 --> 00:31:57,900
down on us today. 
Even with the most advanced 

620
00:31:57,900 --> 00:32:00,900
technology, we can't fully 
understand the Mysteries and 

621
00:32:00,900 --> 00:32:03,000
complexities of every human 
life. 

622
00:32:03,700 --> 00:32:07,200
As his story reminds us. 
We know more about etsy's, daily

623
00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:11,300
life, his health, his diet and 
his movements than we know about

624
00:32:11,300 --> 00:32:14,400
most people who live just a few 
hundred years ago. yet, the 

625
00:32:14,408 --> 00:32:19,200
essential mystery of who he was 
his thoughts, his dreams his 

626
00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:23,100
fears, his hopes Remains as 
unknowable as ever. 

627
00:32:24,300 --> 00:32:27,200
In the end but its greatest gift
to us, might not be the 

628
00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:29,600
scientific knowledge. 
He's provided or the 

629
00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:33,100
archaeological methods is study.
Has advanced, it might simply be

630
00:32:33,100 --> 00:32:36,800
the reminder that human stories 
matter that individual lives 

631
00:32:36,800 --> 00:32:38,800
have meaning that can Echoes 
Millennia. 

632
00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:41,700
And that sometimes the most 
profound discoveries come from 

633
00:32:41,708 --> 00:32:45,600
the most unexpected places. 
A chance encounter with melting 

634
00:32:45,600 --> 00:32:48,400
ice revealed, a man, whose story
would Captivate the world 

635
00:32:48,400 --> 00:32:51,700
proving that history isn't just 
about Kings and battles and 

636
00:32:51,700 --> 00:32:54,300
monuments. 
It's about real people facing 

637
00:32:54,300 --> 00:32:57,100
real challenges with whatever 
tools and wisdom they could 

638
00:32:57,100 --> 00:33:00,100
gather Sleep. 
Well, knowing that somewhere in 

639
00:33:00,100 --> 00:33:03,000
the Italian Alps, what's he 
rests in his climate control 

640
00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:06,100
chamber, still guarding secrets.
We haven't yet learned to ask 

641
00:33:06,100 --> 00:33:09,700
about still teaching us what it 
means to be human in a world. 

642
00:33:09,700 --> 00:33:12,300
That is both dangerous and 
beautiful, still wandering the 

643
00:33:12,300 --> 00:33:15,300
mountains in our imagination, as
surely as he once, wandered them

644
00:33:15,300 --> 00:33:22,000
in life, The Morning, Mist hung 
thick and cool. 

645
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:25,600
Cloaking, the sacred grove in 
ethereal silence as The Villages

646
00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:27,800
gathered quietly beneath the 
Towering Oak. 

647
00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:32,300
Its ancient branches stretched 
wide leaves Whispering softly in

648
00:33:32,300 --> 00:33:35,200
the gentle breeze. 
At the center of this Gathering.

649
00:33:35,200 --> 00:33:38,600
Stood, the Druid, his white 
robes glowing softly against the

650
00:33:38,600 --> 00:33:42,800
muted tones of the forest. 
Beside him, young aired, waited 

651
00:33:42,800 --> 00:33:46,400
nervously, his heart pounding in
anticipation of the ceremony 

652
00:33:46,400 --> 00:33:47,700
that would shape the rest of his
life. 

653
00:33:48,600 --> 00:33:51,900
A year had grown up hearing 
stories of Druids, keepers of 

654
00:33:51,900 --> 00:33:54,600
knowledge, Guides of Kings 
interpreters of Omens. 

655
00:33:55,400 --> 00:33:57,900
From the moment he was chosen as
an apprentice, his life had 

656
00:33:57,900 --> 00:34:00,900
revolved around careful, 
training memorizing, countless 

657
00:34:00,900 --> 00:34:04,700
oral Traditions, learning the 
subtle language of Nature and 

658
00:34:04,700 --> 00:34:06,600
understanding the 
interconnectedness of all 

659
00:34:06,600 --> 00:34:09,000
things. 
Yet today was different. 

660
00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:12,699
Today marked his formal 
initiation the beginning of his 

661
00:34:12,699 --> 00:34:16,800
true path as a druid His teacher
Brands stepped forward slowly, 

662
00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:20,699
his aged face Serene, but deeply
line from years of wisdom and 

663
00:34:20,699 --> 00:34:23,900
care. 
Granted a staff carved from you 

664
00:34:23,900 --> 00:34:26,100
symbolizing strength and 
rebirth. 

665
00:34:26,900 --> 00:34:28,199
He struck it, gently upon the 
Earth. 

666
00:34:28,199 --> 00:34:32,100
Three times each resonant third 
Breaking, the silence and 

667
00:34:32,100 --> 00:34:33,800
calling attention to the sacred,
right? 

668
00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:37,900
Today Grand began his voice. 
Calm yet powerful. 

669
00:34:37,900 --> 00:34:41,600
We Gather beneath the oak, the 
heart of our people, the symbol 

670
00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:45,400
of our enduring strength Aid 
stands, before us ready to 

671
00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:47,100
begin. 
His journey as keeper of our 

672
00:34:47,100 --> 00:34:49,300
knowledge and guardian of our 
traditions. 

673
00:34:50,199 --> 00:34:52,900
All Eyes turned to aired who 
felt the weight of their gazes 

674
00:34:52,900 --> 00:34:55,100
as both responsibility and 
honor. 

675
00:34:55,900 --> 00:34:58,800
Brand continued, his voice 
carrying easily through the 

676
00:34:58,800 --> 00:34:59,600
hushed. 
Clearing. 

677
00:35:00,300 --> 00:35:03,600
Yolk teaches us resilience its 
roots deep within the Earth 

678
00:35:03,600 --> 00:35:05,800
branches ever reaching toward 
the sky. 

679
00:35:06,800 --> 00:35:09,600
So must I add plant himself 
firmly in our traditions and 

680
00:35:09,608 --> 00:35:12,000
stretched toward wisdom yet 
unknown. 

681
00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:16,500
Bran handed aired a small pouch,
containing seeds of sacred 

682
00:35:16,500 --> 00:35:20,900
herbs, mistletoe, yarrow and 
Meadow Suite, symbols of, 

683
00:35:20,908 --> 00:35:23,100
healing, divination, and 
purification. 

684
00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:27,400
Plant these carefully Brown 
instructed, softly, let them 

685
00:35:27,400 --> 00:35:31,900
remind, you always of your duty 
to heal for sea and cleansers. 

686
00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:36,300
Aired accepted the pouch 
reverently bowing, his head 

687
00:35:36,300 --> 00:35:40,100
slightly and acknowledgment. 
Brandon led him to the massive 

688
00:35:40,100 --> 00:35:43,600
Oak where the ground beneath was
rich and dark warmed by sunlight

689
00:35:43,600 --> 00:35:46,400
filtering through the branches 
kneeling. 

690
00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:49,800
I had gently placed each seed 
into the Earth covering them 

691
00:35:49,800 --> 00:35:52,300
carefully Whispering quiet 
blessings. 

692
00:35:53,300 --> 00:35:56,700
As I had completed this task 
Bradley latest hands gently on 

693
00:35:56,700 --> 00:36:00,100
the young man's shoulders, his 
voice now, softer more intimate.

694
00:36:00,900 --> 00:36:03,500
From This Moment, your bound not
only to the Oak. 

695
00:36:03,500 --> 00:36:05,900
But to every life itself 
shelters every creature that 

696
00:36:05,908 --> 00:36:10,100
finds refuge in its shadow, walk
this path with humility strength

697
00:36:10,100 --> 00:36:13,600
and compassion. 
Rising to his feet Aid. 

698
00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:16,100
Felt a surge of Pride mixed with
profound humility. 

699
00:36:16,900 --> 00:36:20,600
Around him villagers nodded 
approvingly, their faces, warm 

700
00:36:20,600 --> 00:36:23,200
with trust. 
This was more than mere 

701
00:36:23,200 --> 00:36:25,400
tradition. 
It was a promise he had made to 

702
00:36:25,400 --> 00:36:29,100
himself to bran and to the 
people who depended on The 

703
00:36:29,100 --> 00:36:32,600
Druids and guidance. 
Following the ceremony, the 

704
00:36:32,600 --> 00:36:35,500
villagers gathered and 
celebration offering simple. 

705
00:36:35,500 --> 00:36:39,400
But meaningful gifts woven 
reads, carved stones and 

706
00:36:39,400 --> 00:36:42,900
handmade amulets. 
Ahead received each graciously 

707
00:36:42,900 --> 00:36:46,100
feeling deeply connected to the 
community that had nurtured him 

708
00:36:46,100 --> 00:36:49,500
from childhood. 
As evening, descended aired, and

709
00:36:49,508 --> 00:36:52,100
bran walked slowly back to the 
Village. 

710
00:36:52,100 --> 00:36:54,700
Their path illuminated by Soft 
moonlight. 

711
00:36:55,600 --> 00:36:59,100
Brand spoke quietly. 
His voice reflective. remember 

712
00:36:59,100 --> 00:37:02,900
Aid, a druid strength lies, not 
in his power to command, but in 

713
00:37:02,900 --> 00:37:06,500
his ability to listen, 
understanding guide, Aid. 

714
00:37:06,500 --> 00:37:08,900
Nodded absorbing the wisdom of 
his mentor. 

715
00:37:09,500 --> 00:37:11,900
I will remember brand he 
promised earnestly. 

716
00:37:11,900 --> 00:37:14,600
I will honor this responsibility
with every breath. 

717
00:37:15,700 --> 00:37:18,800
Brown smiled gently laying a 
comforting hand on edge 

718
00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:23,200
shoulder, then your journey has 
truly begun. returning to his 

719
00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:26,300
modest dwelling, I had sat 
quietly beneath the stars 

720
00:37:26,300 --> 00:37:30,000
contemplating the days of ends, 
The weight of his new role 

721
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:33,400
settled comfortably upon his 
shoulders bolstered by the trust

722
00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:34,800
and teachings of those around 
him. 

723
00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:39,400
He knew challenges, lay ahead. 
It he felt prepared rooted in 

724
00:37:39,400 --> 00:37:41,800
ancient wisdom and ready to 
guide his people forward. 

725
00:37:42,700 --> 00:37:45,800
As sleep claimed him the image 
of the gray Oak lingard vividly 

726
00:37:45,800 --> 00:37:48,800
in his mind, strong enduring and
full of life. 

727
00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:52,500
It was a symbol. 
Yes, but also a promise, a 

728
00:37:52,500 --> 00:37:55,400
constant reminder of who he was 
and who he was meant to become 

729
00:37:55,400 --> 00:37:59,200
the forest was silent and still 
blanketed in a hushed 

730
00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:02,000
anticipation that hung heavily 
among the gathered Villages. 

731
00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:05,600
It was the eve of the winter 
solstice the longest night of 

732
00:38:05,600 --> 00:38:08,200
the year a time. 
When the veil Between Worlds, 

733
00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:11,400
grew thin and the powers of 
nature pulse with quiet 

734
00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:13,800
intensity. 
The village is formed. 

735
00:38:13,800 --> 00:38:15,800
A respectful circle around the 
sacred Oak. 

736
00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:18,600
Their breath visible. 
In the cold are ice fixed 

737
00:38:18,600 --> 00:38:21,400
intently on Brandon and aide. 
Who stood beneath the trees 

738
00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:23,800
immense branches brand stepped 
forward. 

739
00:38:23,800 --> 00:38:27,600
His robes luminous in the 
Moonlight eyes, reflecting 

740
00:38:27,600 --> 00:38:31,200
profound wisdom earned through 
years of devotion and study. 

741
00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:35,600
He held a golden sickle, its 
curved blade guilting, gently 

742
00:38:35,600 --> 00:38:38,800
capturing the sparse Moonlight 
that filtered through the Oaks 

743
00:38:38,800 --> 00:38:42,700
sleeves. 
His item stood Ada a year older 

744
00:38:42,700 --> 00:38:46,200
since his initiation more 
confident, yet, humbled, by the 

745
00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:48,200
gravity of the ceremony. 
He was about to undertake. 

746
00:38:48,200 --> 00:38:52,000
I had raised his gaze to The 
Oaks lofty branches where 

747
00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:55,400
clusters of mistletoe, grew pale
berries, glowing softly. 

748
00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:58,100
In the dimness, the mistletoe 
was sacred. 

749
00:38:58,900 --> 00:39:02,400
Revered by The Druids for its 
Rarity, growing suspended 

750
00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:05,300
Between Heaven and Earth, 
Untouched by the ground. 

751
00:39:05,300 --> 00:39:08,600
It was a symbol of renewal 
healing and peace. 

752
00:39:08,600 --> 00:39:12,000
Its presence marking the oak, as
a specially blessed. 

753
00:39:13,800 --> 00:39:15,900
Tonight. 
Grandpa. 

754
00:39:15,900 --> 00:39:18,700
Clearly, his voice resonating 
through the attentive. 

755
00:39:18,700 --> 00:39:21,500
Silence, we honor the sacred 
missile toe. 

756
00:39:21,500 --> 00:39:25,200
The plant of healing and peace. 
it reminds us that even in the 

757
00:39:25,200 --> 00:39:30,500
harshest Winter life and hope 
endure, Turning to aired and 

758
00:39:30,500 --> 00:39:32,400
continued gently. 
Aired. 

759
00:39:32,400 --> 00:39:34,800
You have proven yourself 
dedicated to our ways. 

760
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:38,300
Tonight, you take another step 
deeper into your path. 

761
00:39:38,300 --> 00:39:41,700
You shall cut the missile toe, 
safeguarding its power, and 

762
00:39:41,700 --> 00:39:43,400
sharing its blessings with our 
people. 

763
00:39:44,700 --> 00:39:47,600
With deep respect head took the 
Golden Circle from Brad. 

764
00:39:47,600 --> 00:39:51,300
His heart beating steadily 
mindful of his mentors watchful 

765
00:39:51,300 --> 00:39:53,100
eyes and the villagers 
Collective breath. 

766
00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:56,600
Carefully you ascended. 
The sturdy ladder leaning 

767
00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:58,400
against the oak. 
It's rough bark. 

768
00:39:58,400 --> 00:40:01,900
Reassuring beneath his hands, 
reaching the mistletoe. 

769
00:40:01,900 --> 00:40:05,500
He paused offering a silent 
prayer of gratitude to the tree 

770
00:40:05,500 --> 00:40:09,700
and to Nature's generous spirit 
holding the sickle reverently 

771
00:40:09,700 --> 00:40:12,400
Aid. 
Spoke softly words known only to

772
00:40:12,400 --> 00:40:16,800
Druids invoking, the spirits of 
Earth sky and the plant itself. 

773
00:40:17,900 --> 00:40:19,300
The deliberate respectful 
motion. 

774
00:40:19,300 --> 00:40:22,300
He severed, the mistletoe from 
its host allowing it to fall 

775
00:40:22,300 --> 00:40:25,900
gently into the linen, cloth 
Brown held below the sacred 

776
00:40:25,900 --> 00:40:27,600
plant. 
Could not come into contact with

777
00:40:27,600 --> 00:40:29,800
the Earth. 
As it would lose its potency. 

778
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:34,000
Descending carefully, heed 
joined brand new. 

779
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:36,400
Gently wrap the missile toe 
nodding approvingly. 

780
00:40:37,300 --> 00:40:39,300
Bran raised, it high turning 
slowly. 

781
00:40:39,300 --> 00:40:41,000
So all might see the sacred 
Harvest. 

782
00:40:41,900 --> 00:40:45,100
This gift from nature is now 
ours, to protect and cherish, he

783
00:40:45,100 --> 00:40:47,200
proclaimed. 
It will be prepared into 

784
00:40:47,200 --> 00:40:50,600
remedies Wards and blessings to 
sustain us through the coming 

785
00:40:50,600 --> 00:40:53,700
seasons. 
The villagers mermaid reverently

786
00:40:53,700 --> 00:40:57,600
their faces, lit with quiet, ore
and gratitude the rituals. 

787
00:40:57,600 --> 00:41:00,000
Solemnity shifted gradually into
quiet celebration. 

788
00:41:00,900 --> 00:41:03,800
A communal acknowledgment of the
years, turning a life 

789
00:41:03,800 --> 00:41:06,800
persistence in darkness and of 
Hope's quiet strength. 

790
00:41:07,800 --> 00:41:11,000
As the villagers began their 
subdued festivities, brand 

791
00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:13,600
guided aired away from the 
Gathering to a quieter spot at 

792
00:41:13,608 --> 00:41:15,800
the Grove's Edge. 
You have done well. 

793
00:41:15,800 --> 00:41:18,800
Grand spoke gently. 
His voice filled with pride. 

794
00:41:19,800 --> 00:41:23,400
Remember aired. 
Our strength lies, not in power 

795
00:41:23,400 --> 00:41:26,000
over nature, but in partnership 
with it. 

796
00:41:27,500 --> 00:41:30,800
I had nodded solely. 
Reflecting deeply on the 

797
00:41:30,800 --> 00:41:34,400
evening, significance. 
I feel this partnership deeply 

798
00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:38,000
tonight, he admitted softly, 
looking up at the branches of 

799
00:41:38,008 --> 00:41:42,200
them silhouetted against the 
Stars, good Grand replied 

800
00:41:42,200 --> 00:41:44,600
warmly. 
Carry this lesson with you 

801
00:41:44,600 --> 00:41:48,900
always in moments of darkness 
when doubt make Cloud your path 

802
00:41:48,900 --> 00:41:51,000
recall the mistletoes silent 
message. 

803
00:41:51,900 --> 00:41:54,400
That light and life persist even
unseen. 

804
00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:58,700
They stood quite quietly 
together absorbing the car 

805
00:41:58,700 --> 00:42:01,300
energy surrounding them. 
Drawing strength from each 

806
00:42:01,300 --> 00:42:05,500
other's presence and the Eternal
rhythms of nature Eventually 

807
00:42:05,500 --> 00:42:08,200
Grand placed a reassuring hand 
on aired shoulder. 

808
00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:11,300
Come. 
He said, gently, let us join the

809
00:42:11,300 --> 00:42:13,800
others and share in the joy of 
the Sacred night. 

810
00:42:14,800 --> 00:42:18,000
Returning to the Gathering 
aired, felt deeply connected to 

811
00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:21,300
his mentor, his community, and 
the ancient Traditions guide in 

812
00:42:21,300 --> 00:42:23,800
the mall. 
The night was filled with quiet 

813
00:42:23,800 --> 00:42:27,800
laughter stories and shared 
hopes a testament to their unity

814
00:42:27,800 --> 00:42:32,000
and strength as the fire's 
dimmed and Villages dispersed, I

815
00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:34,600
add carried the memory of this 
nightly within his heart, 

816
00:42:34,600 --> 00:42:37,800
understanding more profoundly 
the responsibility. 

817
00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:41,800
He now bore He had taken another
important step on his druidic 

818
00:42:41,800 --> 00:42:45,500
journey, strengthened by 
tradition, Guided by wisdom, and

819
00:42:45,500 --> 00:42:48,100
inspired by the enduring power 
of Nature's gifts. 

820
00:42:48,100 --> 00:42:51,500
The Village was isolated by 
dense thickets of Hawthorne and 

821
00:42:51,500 --> 00:42:54,600
Elder when I had arrived, the 
air had a center of wet Earth 

822
00:42:54,600 --> 00:42:56,100
and wood smoke. 
He moved. 

823
00:42:56,100 --> 00:42:59,200
Quietly through narrow paths, 
passed low Stone Cottages where 

824
00:42:59,200 --> 00:43:02,500
people, paused their work to 
watch him pass their expression 

825
00:43:02,500 --> 00:43:04,400
to mix of respect and cautious, 
hope. 

826
00:43:05,300 --> 00:43:08,900
His journey had taken three days
on foot guided only by the 

827
00:43:08,900 --> 00:43:11,200
whispered directions, give him 
by a passing traveler. 

828
00:43:11,200 --> 00:43:15,700
The message had been urgent. 
A young woman ethna daughter of 

829
00:43:15,700 --> 00:43:18,900
the village Smith Lake Gravely, 
ill following childbirth. 

830
00:43:19,700 --> 00:43:23,100
No heeler within the village 
could help her and so aired had 

831
00:43:23,100 --> 00:43:26,700
come swiftly driven by a sense 
of Duty deeper than his fatigue.

832
00:43:27,800 --> 00:43:31,500
Fitness home was at The Villages
Edge near a stream that murmured

833
00:43:31,500 --> 00:43:35,200
quietly beneath Twisted. 
All these inside the dim Cottage

834
00:43:35,200 --> 00:43:38,000
was crowded with concerned, 
relatives and neighbors who 

835
00:43:38,000 --> 00:43:42,100
stepped aside silently as a 
year-ended Felt their eyes upon 

836
00:43:42,100 --> 00:43:43,200
him. 
They're quiet. 

837
00:43:43,200 --> 00:43:46,600
Desperation tangible. 
He approached the low bed where 

838
00:43:46,600 --> 00:43:50,900
ethanol a pale face glistening 
with sweat breaths shallow and 

839
00:43:50,900 --> 00:43:55,200
labored beside her the newborn 
slept peacefully unaware of The 

840
00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:58,700
Quiet fear around him. 
He had Nelson touched ethnic 

841
00:43:58,700 --> 00:44:01,400
forehead feeling the fever's 
Heat against his palm. 

842
00:44:01,400 --> 00:44:05,700
She stirred slightly murmuring 
incoherently, Bring water from 

843
00:44:05,700 --> 00:44:09,300
the stream aired instructed. 
Gently addressing the nearest 

844
00:44:09,300 --> 00:44:14,300
woman and Fresh Linen. 
As they hurried to obey Aid 

845
00:44:14,300 --> 00:44:17,700
opened his Satchel carefully 
laying out bundles of herbs, 

846
00:44:17,700 --> 00:44:22,000
roots and small vials filled 
with meticulously prepared 

847
00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:24,700
Tinkers. 
The villagers watched their 

848
00:44:24,700 --> 00:44:27,000
curiosity. 
Mixed with all as he crushed 

849
00:44:27,000 --> 00:44:28,700
dried leaves of Willow and 
Meadows. 

850
00:44:28,700 --> 00:44:32,200
Suite into a bronze Bowl, adding
hot water to make a bitter 

851
00:44:32,200 --> 00:44:35,100
aromatic infusion. 
He lifted ethnic head. 

852
00:44:35,100 --> 00:44:37,100
Gently coaxing her to drink 
slowly. 

853
00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:41,600
She Winsted but managed a few 
sips then he bathed her forehead

854
00:44:41,600 --> 00:44:44,200
and wrists with cool cloth 
soaked in the fresh stream. 

855
00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:48,400
Water murmuring, ancient healing
chants softly under his breath. 

856
00:44:48,400 --> 00:44:52,300
Each word resonated with 
intention invoking, the spirits 

857
00:44:52,300 --> 00:44:55,000
of water on Earth to restore 
balance to the woman's weakened 

858
00:44:55,000 --> 00:44:57,900
body. 
As Knight deepened, aired by 

859
00:44:57,900 --> 00:45:00,400
ethnic side. 
Tirelessly applying pulses of 

860
00:45:00,400 --> 00:45:03,300
crushed, herbs and Moss. 
He taught the village Midwife 

861
00:45:03,300 --> 00:45:06,000
how to mix remedies of chamomile
and mint for calming sleep, 

862
00:45:06,000 --> 00:45:09,400
instructing her carefully. 
So the healing wisdom could stay

863
00:45:09,400 --> 00:45:13,100
long after he'd gone. 
The villagers moved quite 

864
00:45:13,100 --> 00:45:15,000
quietly around him offering 
food. 

865
00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:18,100
He gently declined his Focus 
entirely on his patient. 

866
00:45:19,200 --> 00:45:22,800
By Dawn ethna, breathing had 
steadied her skinless feverish 

867
00:45:22,800 --> 00:45:25,300
to the touch. 
She opened her eyes slowly 

868
00:45:25,300 --> 00:45:28,300
looking at I aired with a 
mixture of confusion and 

869
00:45:28,300 --> 00:45:32,200
gratitude. 
Rest, he whispered softly the 

870
00:45:32,200 --> 00:45:36,600
danger has passed but your body 
is still weak. relief washed 

871
00:45:36,600 --> 00:45:39,700
visibly through the cottage 
quiet smiles and whispered 

872
00:45:39,700 --> 00:45:42,300
prayers of thanks, Fred above 
the gathered family and 

873
00:45:42,300 --> 00:45:45,500
Neighbors aired stepped outside 
into the cool morning. 

874
00:45:45,500 --> 00:45:49,300
Air inhaling deeply as the first
rays of sunlight filtered 

875
00:45:49,300 --> 00:45:52,300
through the trees. 
He felt drained but satisfied 

876
00:45:52,300 --> 00:45:55,300
knowing he had done. 
What he could later that day. 

877
00:45:55,300 --> 00:45:57,700
He sat beside the stream 
teaching, a group of children, 

878
00:45:57,700 --> 00:46:01,600
who gather around him eager and 
curious, he showed them plants 

879
00:46:01,600 --> 00:46:04,500
that grew wild nearby. 
How Nettles could soothe 

880
00:46:04,500 --> 00:46:06,800
inflammation? 
How elderberries could fortify 

881
00:46:06,800 --> 00:46:09,500
the body against illness and how
careful observation was the 

882
00:46:09,500 --> 00:46:14,300
healers greatest tool? 
his evening approached aired 

883
00:46:14,300 --> 00:46:18,200
prepared to depart Ethnus father
approached him pressing a small 

884
00:46:18,200 --> 00:46:21,600
carved token into his hand. 
An intricate pattern symbolizing

885
00:46:21,600 --> 00:46:25,400
gratitude and protection. 
Your kindness will never be 

886
00:46:25,400 --> 00:46:27,300
forgotten. 
The Smith said, solemnly. 

887
00:46:28,000 --> 00:46:30,900
Aired bowed, his head 
respectfully, knowing this token

888
00:46:30,900 --> 00:46:34,800
was not just gratitude, but a 
reminder of the Sacred bond 

889
00:46:34,800 --> 00:46:38,400
between healer and Community. 
He took the carving into his 

890
00:46:38,400 --> 00:46:42,800
Satchel feeling its warmth 
against his palm. walking away 

891
00:46:42,800 --> 00:46:46,400
ahead sensed profound 
interconnectedness of all, then 

892
00:46:46,400 --> 00:46:51,100
the things the delicate balance 
of Life, The Quiet Dignity of 

893
00:46:51,100 --> 00:46:54,200
suffering and the resilience in 
Herrington, every living being 

894
00:46:55,200 --> 00:46:58,000
His footsteps, were quiet, 
carrying him toward the next 

895
00:46:58,000 --> 00:47:01,300
place that might need him aware.
That healing was not just The 

896
00:47:01,300 --> 00:47:04,200
Mending of bodies that the 
weaving together of Our Lives. 

897
00:47:04,208 --> 00:47:08,600
Stories, and Futures, the Great 
Hall at Domino's, was alive with

898
00:47:08,600 --> 00:47:11,000
the firelight flickering over 
carved, wooden beams. 

899
00:47:11,000 --> 00:47:14,700
Yes, thick with tension 
Warrior's and clansmen line, the

900
00:47:14,700 --> 00:47:18,000
walls, their arms, folded, 
tightly, their expression of 

901
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:19,900
blend of Pride and weary 
anticipation. 

902
00:47:21,000 --> 00:47:23,500
Two noble families, stood apart 
of oxides of the room. 

903
00:47:23,500 --> 00:47:26,800
Each led by their respective 
Chief Dunes, their eyes locked 

904
00:47:26,800 --> 00:47:30,400
in mutual suspicion. 
Between them stood Aid to his 

905
00:47:30,408 --> 00:47:33,200
white robes glowing softly in 
the dim light he had been 

906
00:47:33,208 --> 00:47:35,700
summoned. 
Urgently a few that had simmered

907
00:47:35,700 --> 00:47:37,700
for Generations. 
Now threatened open conflict 

908
00:47:37,700 --> 00:47:39,700
spilling into violence and 
bloodshed. 

909
00:47:40,400 --> 00:47:43,400
He arrived quietly traveling 
alone with no Entourage or 

910
00:47:43,400 --> 00:47:46,200
guards, the weight of 
responsibility pressed heavily 

911
00:47:46,200 --> 00:47:49,300
upon him yet. 
He stood calm A silent pillow 

912
00:47:49,300 --> 00:47:54,100
amid the stormy emotions. 
Speak it began quietly, his 

913
00:47:54,100 --> 00:47:57,700
voice steady yet resonant. 
The hall, fell into immediate 

914
00:47:57,700 --> 00:48:00,000
silence. 
Let your grief and his be heard 

915
00:48:00,008 --> 00:48:03,000
clearly. 
The first Chieftain, a large 

916
00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:05,500
formidable man named Connell 
stepped forward. 

917
00:48:05,500 --> 00:48:07,400
His voice. 
Trembling with barely 

918
00:48:07,400 --> 00:48:08,200
suppressed. 
Anger. 

919
00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:12,000
Your accounted a tale of stolen 
livestock violated boundaries 

920
00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:14,300
and broken promises. 
Dating back to his father's 

921
00:48:14,300 --> 00:48:17,200
father's time. 
His words painted the Rival 

922
00:48:17,200 --> 00:48:19,800
families as aggressors greedy 
and untrustworthy. 

923
00:48:20,600 --> 00:48:24,100
Next book, fintan slender, but 
fears eyes blazing with pride. 

924
00:48:24,100 --> 00:48:27,700
His story was just as 
impassioned, weaving and 

925
00:48:27,700 --> 00:48:30,900
Narrative of betrayal unjust, 
accusation and stolen honor, 

926
00:48:30,900 --> 00:48:34,700
each side presented their case, 
passionately drawing, murmurs 

927
00:48:34,700 --> 00:48:37,400
and nods of agreement. 
From their supporters throughout

928
00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:40,700
listened without interruption 
his face, betraying neither 

929
00:48:40,700 --> 00:48:43,800
judgment or favoritism. 
He allowed the torrent of anger 

930
00:48:43,800 --> 00:48:47,100
and accusation to flow freely 
knowing that only by emptying 

931
00:48:47,100 --> 00:48:50,300
their bitterness fully could 
piece begin to grow when both 

932
00:48:50,300 --> 00:48:52,000
sides had finished. 
Silence. 

933
00:48:52,000 --> 00:48:56,200
Once again, settled over the 
room, heavy and expectant, I had

934
00:48:56,208 --> 00:48:59,400
stepped forward his eyes Meeting
those of each chieftain in turn 

935
00:48:59,408 --> 00:49:03,600
holding their gazes firmly yet. 
Gently, You speak of stolen 

936
00:49:03,600 --> 00:49:06,100
cattle, broken Oaths, and 
injured Pride. 

937
00:49:06,100 --> 00:49:08,600
He began softly. 
But at the heart of your words, 

938
00:49:08,600 --> 00:49:12,000
lies pain and misunderstanding 
land is shared not owned. 

939
00:49:12,000 --> 00:49:15,500
You can return cattle but you 
must rebuild trust once you've 

940
00:49:15,500 --> 00:49:18,800
broken it. 
He spoke slowly carefully, 

941
00:49:18,800 --> 00:49:21,900
invoking stories and Parables 
from ancient wisdom. 

942
00:49:21,900 --> 00:49:26,000
Tales familiar yet poignant. 
He spoke of Legendary Heroes, 

943
00:49:26,000 --> 00:49:29,300
who overcame pride and revenge 
and of wise ancestors who 

944
00:49:29,300 --> 00:49:31,300
understood the power of 
forgiveness and Reconciliation. 

945
00:49:32,700 --> 00:49:35,500
As his words filled the hall, 
IDE moved among the assembled 

946
00:49:35,500 --> 00:49:39,100
Warriors touching shoulders, 
looking into eyes and Bridging 

947
00:49:39,100 --> 00:49:41,400
the physical distance between 
the divided clams. 

948
00:49:41,400 --> 00:49:44,600
He reminded them that unity and 
peace, were not signs of 

949
00:49:44,600 --> 00:49:47,700
weakness, but the highest form 
of strength, Finally, he 

950
00:49:47,700 --> 00:49:50,200
returned to the center of the 
hall, addressing both Chiefs and

951
00:49:50,208 --> 00:49:53,300
directly. 
Let there be no talk of blame or

952
00:49:53,300 --> 00:49:58,200
Vengeance, he said fuel instead.
Let each family, give a gift. 

953
00:49:59,000 --> 00:50:01,800
One cow from each herd Exchange 
in Friendship. 

954
00:50:01,800 --> 00:50:05,400
Let your sons and daughters meet
openly at the next Festival. 

955
00:50:05,400 --> 00:50:08,700
Not as Rivals. 
But as king Bound by renewed. 

956
00:50:08,700 --> 00:50:11,100
Peace. 
Connell and fintan exchange, 

957
00:50:11,100 --> 00:50:16,200
long uncertain glances slowly. 
The tension began to add Connell

958
00:50:16,200 --> 00:50:18,100
stepped forward. 
First extending his hand. 

959
00:50:18,100 --> 00:50:21,100
Solemnly toward his rival May 
peace. 

960
00:50:21,100 --> 00:50:23,600
Restore what anger took? 
He said gruffly. 

961
00:50:24,400 --> 00:50:28,600
Fintan hesitated and classed. 
The offered hand May our 

962
00:50:28,600 --> 00:50:31,500
children walk together where we 
once stood apart, he responded 

963
00:50:31,500 --> 00:50:34,800
firmly. 
Cheers erupted hesitant at first

964
00:50:34,800 --> 00:50:38,400
then louder and more confident 
the Warriors relaxed, their 

965
00:50:38,400 --> 00:50:41,300
postures easing, smiles and 
laughter breaking through the 

966
00:50:41,300 --> 00:50:45,000
previously tense atmosphere. 
I had stepped back quietly 

967
00:50:45,000 --> 00:50:48,100
content that his counselor had 
steered the clowns away from 

968
00:50:48,100 --> 00:50:51,500
violence later that evening as 
the clown, celebrated their 

969
00:50:51,500 --> 00:50:54,000
Newfound, Accord Aid, sat 
quietly beside the half. 

970
00:50:54,700 --> 00:50:56,900
Sipping, warm Mead and 
reflecting on the evening of 

971
00:50:56,900 --> 00:50:59,500
events. 
He knew that true peace required

972
00:50:59,500 --> 00:51:01,900
vigilance and continued guidance
yet. 

973
00:51:01,900 --> 00:51:05,000
For now, the cycle of anger and 
retaliation had been broken 

974
00:51:05,000 --> 00:51:08,000
replaced by tentative 
friendship, and renewed, hope 

975
00:51:08,000 --> 00:51:12,600
the Chiefs and approached him 
again offering gratitude aired 

976
00:51:12,600 --> 00:51:16,200
smiled warmly, reminding them 
gently, Piece is not achieved in

977
00:51:16,200 --> 00:51:20,100
a single evening, nurture this 
agreement water, it with trust 

978
00:51:20,100 --> 00:51:23,000
and patience and it will bear 
fruit for Generations. 

979
00:51:24,700 --> 00:51:27,600
Under the glow of the firelight 
his words, resonated deeply 

980
00:51:27,600 --> 00:51:29,900
reinforcing the bonds freshly 
made. 

981
00:51:31,300 --> 00:51:34,800
As he left the hall, walking 
into the moonlit night Aid, felt

982
00:51:34,800 --> 00:51:36,600
the quiet satisfaction of a 
purpose. 

983
00:51:36,600 --> 00:51:39,300
Fulfilled. 
He knew his role was far from 

984
00:51:39,300 --> 00:51:41,800
over yet. 
Tonight, his voice of council 

985
00:51:41,800 --> 00:51:44,700
had brought Harmony to Discord 
turning bitter enemies into 

986
00:51:44,700 --> 00:51:48,400
cautious, friends, the sacred 
Oaks stood majestically, its 

987
00:51:48,400 --> 00:51:51,800
gnarled branches spreading wide,
casting dappled Shadows upon the

988
00:51:51,808 --> 00:51:54,900
moss covered clearing. 
This Oak was not just ancient, 

989
00:51:54,900 --> 00:51:58,600
it was revered, a Living 
testament to generation of 

990
00:51:58,600 --> 00:52:02,000
druidic wisdom. 
I had stood beneath its massive 

991
00:52:02,000 --> 00:52:05,000
limbs his white robe, 
illuminated by shafts of 

992
00:52:05,000 --> 00:52:06,700
sunlight filtering through the 
leaves. 

993
00:52:07,600 --> 00:52:10,700
Gathered around him were 
villagers and warriors each face

994
00:52:10,700 --> 00:52:12,600
etched with anxiety and 
curiosity. 

995
00:52:13,600 --> 00:52:16,200
Today the Oak Grove served as a 
court where Justice would be 

996
00:52:16,208 --> 00:52:20,100
decided not by sword or might 
but by careful consideration and

997
00:52:20,100 --> 00:52:22,900
wisdom. 
Aid had been summoned to judge a

998
00:52:22,900 --> 00:52:26,200
matter of grave importance. 
A young Warrior Kathleen was 

999
00:52:26,200 --> 00:52:28,400
accused of stealing cattle. 
A crime. 

1000
00:52:28,408 --> 00:52:30,500
Severe enough to ignite Clan 
Warfare. 

1001
00:52:31,300 --> 00:52:35,100
Castle stood defiantly at the 
Grove's Edge, arms crossed, his 

1002
00:52:35,100 --> 00:52:37,300
expression stubborn yet tinged 
with fear. 

1003
00:52:38,300 --> 00:52:39,700
Opposite him. 
Stood Fergus. 

1004
00:52:39,700 --> 00:52:43,300
An older Warrior renowned for 
bravery and honor whose cattle 

1005
00:52:43,300 --> 00:52:45,900
had been taken. 
Fergus is eyes were dark with 

1006
00:52:45,900 --> 00:52:49,500
anger, his fists. 
Clenched at his sides aired 

1007
00:52:49,500 --> 00:52:51,500
raised. 
His hand signaling silence. 

1008
00:52:51,500 --> 00:52:53,600
He began with a clear steady 
voice. 

1009
00:52:54,700 --> 00:52:59,600
Plainly that truth might emerge 
from the shadow of accusation. 

1010
00:53:00,400 --> 00:53:02,900
Fergus stepped forward, 
recounting the theft with 

1011
00:53:02,900 --> 00:53:06,000
passionate conviction, 
describing the prized cattle, 

1012
00:53:06,000 --> 00:53:08,000
and the devastating lost of his 
family. 

1013
00:53:08,000 --> 00:53:12,200
His words, resonated deeply 
among the crowd drawing, murmurs

1014
00:53:12,200 --> 00:53:15,300
of sympathy Catholic, however 
maintained his innocence 

1015
00:53:15,300 --> 00:53:18,600
fiercely insisting. 
He was wrongly, accused his 

1016
00:53:18,600 --> 00:53:21,900
voice shaking with frustration, 
his friends stood behind him 

1017
00:53:21,900 --> 00:53:24,200
murmuring. 
Support eyes darting nervously 

1018
00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:27,100
between him and aired. 
Listening carefully ahead 

1019
00:53:27,100 --> 00:53:30,800
detected, discrepancies, not 
deliberate falsehoods, but 

1020
00:53:30,800 --> 00:53:33,300
misunderstanding of anger and 
haste. 

1021
00:53:33,300 --> 00:53:36,600
He called forth Witnesses, from 
both sides, questioning them 

1022
00:53:36,600 --> 00:53:40,000
patiently, coaxing, fourth 
details with gentle, but firm 

1023
00:53:40,000 --> 00:53:44,400
probing, you watch their faces 
noting subtle shifts in posture,

1024
00:53:44,400 --> 00:53:48,200
tone and expression. 
Finally, aired step toward the 

1025
00:53:48,200 --> 00:53:50,600
oak laying his hand upon its 
rough bark. 

1026
00:53:51,500 --> 00:53:54,100
Truth. 
He declared quietly is not a 

1027
00:53:54,108 --> 00:53:58,200
sword to cut through lies, but a
root that grows slowly hidden 

1028
00:53:58,200 --> 00:54:00,400
from sight until it reveals 
itself. 

1029
00:54:01,100 --> 00:54:03,200
He turned to Castle asking 
Softly. 

1030
00:54:04,000 --> 00:54:07,300
Have you ever seen these cattle?
Cattle. 

1031
00:54:07,300 --> 00:54:11,100
Hesitated then shook his head 
earnestly know. 

1032
00:54:11,100 --> 00:54:16,500
I swear upon my ancestors. 
I had turned back to Fergus. 

1033
00:54:16,500 --> 00:54:20,100
Could another perhaps seek to 
benefit from your loss? 

1034
00:54:20,100 --> 00:54:23,500
Is there someone who's absence 
you overlooked while feeling 

1035
00:54:23,500 --> 00:54:26,900
angry? 
Fergus paused and certainly 

1036
00:54:26,900 --> 00:54:28,700
flickering across his Stern 
face. 

1037
00:54:29,500 --> 00:54:32,500
He looked back at his man doubt 
beginning to creep into his 

1038
00:54:32,500 --> 00:54:35,400
expression. 
Perhaps he admitted reluctantly,

1039
00:54:35,400 --> 00:54:38,900
add nodded. 
Search your own house. 

1040
00:54:38,900 --> 00:54:40,900
First. 
He advised calmly. 

1041
00:54:41,900 --> 00:54:44,700
The truth and lies closest to 
where trust is strongest. 

1042
00:54:45,700 --> 00:54:48,600
Reluctantly Fergus. 
Agreed ordering his Warriors to 

1043
00:54:48,600 --> 00:54:52,600
search carefully and fairly. 
Hours passed as tension, lingard

1044
00:54:52,600 --> 00:54:55,900
Village as Whispering anxiously 
while waiting Beneath The Oaks 

1045
00:54:55,900 --> 00:54:59,500
watchful presence. 
Finally a group returned 

1046
00:54:59,500 --> 00:55:03,800
bringing with them, a youth 
named Ronan Ferguson, guilt and 

1047
00:55:03,808 --> 00:55:05,800
shame etched deeply into his 
face. 

1048
00:55:06,600 --> 00:55:09,000
Ronan confessed. 
Explaining, his actions were 

1049
00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:12,700
born of envy and Foolish Pride. 
Fergus stared in shock and 

1050
00:55:12,700 --> 00:55:14,600
sorrow. 
His anger melting into 

1051
00:55:14,600 --> 00:55:18,300
disappointment. 
The crowd murmured softly eyes 

1052
00:55:18,300 --> 00:55:20,600
moving between the cousin and 
aired awaiting judgment. 

1053
00:55:20,600 --> 00:55:24,400
I had approached Ronan his gaze 
firm but compassionate, 

1054
00:55:24,400 --> 00:55:28,600
restitution must be made, but 
forgiveness can heal wounds 

1055
00:55:28,600 --> 00:55:33,100
deeper than punishment. 
He turned toward Fergus except a

1056
00:55:33,100 --> 00:55:35,800
fair Penance, then let anger 
Espeon this Oak replaced by 

1057
00:55:35,800 --> 00:55:39,100
wisdom and mercy. 
Fergus nodded his shoulders 

1058
00:55:39,100 --> 00:55:42,900
relaxing, he embraced, Ronan 
acknowledging family, bonds 

1059
00:55:42,900 --> 00:55:47,000
Stronger Than Pride Catholic, 
exonerated sighed, deeply 

1060
00:55:47,000 --> 00:55:51,600
gratitude, filling his eyes as 
he bowed to Airhead as Villages.

1061
00:55:51,600 --> 00:55:54,700
Dispersed piece forly Justice 
had been served not through 

1062
00:55:54,700 --> 00:55:57,700
Vengeance but through 
understanding and restoration 

1063
00:55:58,600 --> 00:56:02,000
Aired remained briefly beneath 
the oak, its silence strength 

1064
00:56:02,000 --> 00:56:04,300
reinforcing his resolve. 
Justice. 

1065
00:56:04,300 --> 00:56:08,900
He was more than judgment, that 
was balanced patience and mercy 

1066
00:56:08,900 --> 00:56:11,900
woven tightly together, beneath 
the shade of wisdoms. 

1067
00:56:11,900 --> 00:56:15,300
Ancient branches ahead stood at 
the top of a solitary Hill, 

1068
00:56:15,300 --> 00:56:19,100
beneath the vast expanse of 
night where the heaven stretched

1069
00:56:19,100 --> 00:56:23,900
endlessly above It was a sacred 
Place marked by a circle of 

1070
00:56:23,900 --> 00:56:26,700
ancient Stones, whose purpose 
Only The Druids remembered. 

1071
00:56:27,400 --> 00:56:29,700
He wrapped his cloak tighter 
against the biting wind. 

1072
00:56:29,700 --> 00:56:32,200
I is lifted toward the 
constellations. 

1073
00:56:33,200 --> 00:56:36,800
Star each subtle shift in the 
heavens whispered Secrets known 

1074
00:56:36,800 --> 00:56:39,500
only to those who watched with 
patients and reverence. 

1075
00:56:40,600 --> 00:56:44,300
Tonight was the Winter Solstice 
the longest night when darkness 

1076
00:56:44,300 --> 00:56:48,600
held Sway and the boundary 
between worlds, grew thin Stars,

1077
00:56:48,600 --> 00:56:52,300
gleamed brightly clear and sharp
in the Frigidaire around him 

1078
00:56:52,300 --> 00:56:54,700
villagers gathered quietly. 
Their breath visible. 

1079
00:56:54,700 --> 00:56:56,900
In the cold waiting guidance, 
for the year ahead. 

1080
00:56:57,700 --> 00:57:01,200
Aired his staff carved with 
symbols representing the cycles 

1081
00:57:01,200 --> 00:57:04,600
of the Moon and the Sun and 
began to speak softly, his 

1082
00:57:04,600 --> 00:57:06,200
voice. 
Carried through the silence 

1083
00:57:06,200 --> 00:57:09,200
gentle yet, filled with quiet 
Authority. 

1084
00:57:09,200 --> 00:57:14,700
Tonight, darkness is strongest. 
But even now the wheel, turns, 

1085
00:57:14,700 --> 00:57:19,000
the sun returns rebirth follows 
Darkness as spring follows 

1086
00:57:19,000 --> 00:57:23,000
winter, watch closely and you'll
see your lives mirrored in the 

1087
00:57:23,000 --> 00:57:27,200
stars of The villagers watched 
him, intently their eyes filled 

1088
00:57:27,200 --> 00:57:30,800
with wonder and Trust. 
It depended on his insights for 

1089
00:57:30,800 --> 00:57:33,200
planting harvesting travel and 
celebrations. 

1090
00:57:33,200 --> 00:57:36,300
He was not merely a sage but a 
vital guide for their daily 

1091
00:57:36,300 --> 00:57:39,300
lives Pointing skywards, aired 
trace. 

1092
00:57:39,300 --> 00:57:42,300
The outline of familiar patterns
the plow, the Hunter, and the 

1093
00:57:42,308 --> 00:57:45,600
serpent. he spoke of how the 
hunters path for told the coming

1094
00:57:45,600 --> 00:57:48,500
cold and how the plows position 
indicated the right time for 

1095
00:57:48,500 --> 00:57:52,100
planting he explained patiently 
how the movement of the planet 

1096
00:57:52,100 --> 00:57:56,400
subtle but unnerving guided 
decisions on marriages battles 

1097
00:57:56,400 --> 00:57:59,800
and Journeys. 
As he spoke aired words with 

1098
00:57:59,800 --> 00:58:03,200
images in the minds of listeners
linking, their Earthly lives, to

1099
00:58:03,200 --> 00:58:06,800
the vast Cosmic order. 
He reminded them that they were 

1100
00:58:06,800 --> 00:58:10,300
bound to the Earth, but also 
Children of the Stars, each life

1101
00:58:10,300 --> 00:58:12,200
reflecting the broader rhythm of
existence. 

1102
00:58:13,900 --> 00:58:16,600
He then turned the younger 
villagers explaining patiently. 

1103
00:58:17,400 --> 00:58:20,900
Each of you has a star that 
watches your path, guiding you 

1104
00:58:20,900 --> 00:58:25,200
toward your destiny, learn to 
find your star to read it subtle

1105
00:58:25,200 --> 00:58:28,500
language. 
Young girl race her hand, 

1106
00:58:28,500 --> 00:58:31,400
timidly her eyes wide with 
curiosity. 

1107
00:58:32,300 --> 00:58:36,500
How do we find our star draw? 
It ahead smiled, warmly, your 

1108
00:58:36,500 --> 00:58:39,500
staff finds. 
You first in moments of quiet 

1109
00:58:39,500 --> 00:58:44,900
and clear skies who will feel 
its gaze listen closely and it 

1110
00:58:44,908 --> 00:58:48,100
will whisper your purpose. 
Throughout the night. 

1111
00:58:48,100 --> 00:58:51,400
He taught them patiently 
describing how to read Omens 

1112
00:58:51,400 --> 00:58:54,300
from the flights of birds, the 
patterns of clouds, and the 

1113
00:58:54,308 --> 00:58:57,600
positions of the Stars. 
His voice remained calm and 

1114
00:58:57,600 --> 00:59:00,300
reassuring. 
Weaving understanding among the 

1115
00:59:00,300 --> 00:59:03,600
gathered villages. 
Has Dawn began to pale the 

1116
00:59:03,600 --> 00:59:05,900
Eastern Horizon. 
Aired lowered his staff 

1117
00:59:05,900 --> 00:59:08,500
concluding, the knights 
teachings, the villagers 

1118
00:59:08,500 --> 00:59:12,100
dispersed quietly Hearts 
uplifted their Spirits boyed by 

1119
00:59:12,100 --> 00:59:16,300
Newfound Clarity aired, remained
behind gazing thoughtfully 

1120
00:59:16,300 --> 00:59:18,400
upward was the Stars began to 
fade. 

1121
00:59:19,100 --> 00:59:21,200
Felt the quiet satisfaction of a
task. 

1122
00:59:21,200 --> 00:59:25,100
Fulfilled of knowledge, shared 
in this Sacred, Space between 

1123
00:59:25,100 --> 00:59:28,400
Earth and Sky, are reaffirmed 
his role, not only as a watcher 

1124
00:59:28,400 --> 00:59:31,700
of celestial movements, but as a
keeper of balance, ensuring that

1125
00:59:31,700 --> 00:59:34,400
his people lived harmoniously 
with the rhythms of the natural 

1126
00:59:34,400 --> 00:59:37,000
world. 
As the first light touched the 

1127
00:59:37,000 --> 00:59:40,500
ancient Stones, he felt a deep 
connection knowing that in 

1128
00:59:40,508 --> 00:59:43,400
guiding others to watch the 
skies, he helped them navigate 

1129
00:59:43,400 --> 00:59:45,200
the complexities of their lives 
below. 

1130
00:59:45,200 --> 00:59:49,300
The sky was Heavy with fog and 
the center of burning wood. 

1131
00:59:49,300 --> 00:59:52,200
Filled the air as aired stood 
Atop The Hill, overlooking his 

1132
00:59:52,200 --> 00:59:55,800
village as usual. 
The Roman had come their Legions

1133
00:59:55,800 --> 00:59:58,400
marching inexorably through 
lands that had remained 

1134
00:59:58,400 --> 01:00:01,900
untouched for Generations. 
As villagers succumb to 

1135
01:00:01,908 --> 01:00:05,300
Conquest, fires dotted, The 
Horizon signaling Devastation, 

1136
01:00:05,300 --> 01:00:08,600
and Flames consumed forests and 
sacred Grove's. 

1137
01:00:09,300 --> 01:00:11,300
Aired. 
Now, older with silver threads 

1138
01:00:11,300 --> 01:00:14,600
in his hair, watched quietly. 
A deep sorrow etched into his 

1139
01:00:14,600 --> 01:00:16,700
features. 
His life's work had been 

1140
01:00:16,708 --> 01:00:19,800
dedicated to nurturing balance 
to preserving the sacred 

1141
01:00:19,800 --> 01:00:21,900
knowledge passed down through. 
Countless Generations. 

1142
01:00:21,900 --> 01:00:25,600
Now that Legacy seemed 
threatened by the Relentless 

1143
01:00:25,600 --> 01:00:28,700
advance of Roman power. 
He gathered the remaining 

1144
01:00:28,700 --> 01:00:32,100
villagers who had fled to the 
hill for Refuge fear, filled 

1145
01:00:32,100 --> 01:00:35,900
their eyes, despair evident in 
their tents postures ads 

1146
01:00:35,900 --> 01:00:37,700
presence. 
However, remained steady and 

1147
01:00:37,700 --> 01:00:41,600
reassuring, providing a beacon 
of calm amid chaos gather 

1148
01:00:41,600 --> 01:00:44,200
around. 
He spoke his voice firm, but 

1149
01:00:44,200 --> 01:00:46,200
gentle cutting through their 
anxiety. 

1150
01:00:46,200 --> 01:00:49,900
We can't control the fires 
around us, but we can protect 

1151
01:00:49,900 --> 01:00:53,300
the flame within our knowledge, 
traditions and spirit. 

1152
01:00:54,200 --> 01:00:57,300
He knelt scooping Earth into his
hands feeling its familiar 

1153
01:00:57,300 --> 01:00:59,500
warmth and resilience the 
villagers. 

1154
01:00:59,500 --> 01:01:02,500
Watched him their breathing 
slowing their Panic easing under

1155
01:01:02,500 --> 01:01:06,100
his calm Authority. 
This lands in countless Seasons,

1156
01:01:06,100 --> 01:01:11,300
played Softly. 
Survived Wars where the storms 

1157
01:01:11,300 --> 01:01:12,800
and will endure. 
Even this. 

1158
01:01:13,800 --> 01:01:16,800
Our true strength lies, not in 
walls, or weapons, but in memory

1159
01:01:16,800 --> 01:01:19,500
and tradition. 
We carry the sacred flame within

1160
01:01:19,500 --> 01:01:21,200
us passed down through 
generations. 

1161
01:01:21,200 --> 01:01:25,600
No enemy can extinguish it. 
He stood facing each villager in

1162
01:01:25,600 --> 01:01:27,600
turn his eyes filled with quiet 
determination. 

1163
01:01:28,800 --> 01:01:32,200
Our task now is to protect this 
flame and ensure it continues to

1164
01:01:32,200 --> 01:01:34,700
burn brightly within our 
children and their children 

1165
01:01:34,700 --> 01:01:38,900
after them As he spoke a 
directed, The Villages to begin 

1166
01:01:38,900 --> 01:01:42,000
preparations, organizing them in
to groups to gather what 

1167
01:01:42,000 --> 01:01:45,700
Provisions remained, 10 to the 
wounded and find safe passage 

1168
01:01:45,700 --> 01:01:47,900
toward hidden Glen's deeper 
within the forests. 

1169
01:01:49,000 --> 01:01:50,500
Commit these urgent 
preparations. 

1170
01:01:50,500 --> 01:01:52,900
He moved quietly. 
Providing guidance and support, 

1171
01:01:52,900 --> 01:01:58,000
ensuring morale remains steady 
As night fell, I had lit a 

1172
01:01:58,000 --> 01:02:00,400
single fire at the hill its 
Flames. 

1173
01:02:00,400 --> 01:02:03,600
Casting flickering Shadows, he 
invited the villagers to sit 

1174
01:02:03,600 --> 01:02:05,700
around it. 
Sharing stories of Bravery, 

1175
01:02:05,700 --> 01:02:08,400
resilience and wisdom passed 
down through generations. 

1176
01:02:09,300 --> 01:02:12,600
Each story carried a lesson, a 
subtle reinforcement of the 

1177
01:02:12,600 --> 01:02:14,700
strength inherent within their 
traditions. 

1178
01:02:15,400 --> 01:02:17,900
In the quiet that followed aired
addressed the group again. 

1179
01:02:17,900 --> 01:02:21,500
Morrow we must move deeper into 
the forest to place his hidden 

1180
01:02:21,500 --> 01:02:24,000
from Roman eyes. 
There, we will preserve what 

1181
01:02:24,000 --> 01:02:28,400
matters most not our home's, but
our heritage remember that even 

1182
01:02:28,400 --> 01:02:32,200
in darkness, Flames endure 
within our hearts, our memories 

1183
01:02:32,200 --> 01:02:37,100
and our stories, the villagers 
nodded solemnly strengthened by 

1184
01:02:37,100 --> 01:02:39,400
his words. 
Their despair replaced by 

1185
01:02:39,400 --> 01:02:42,600
determination. 
Ahead remained awake long after 

1186
01:02:42,600 --> 01:02:46,400
they had settled staring into 
the fire reflecting on the cycle

1187
01:02:46,400 --> 01:02:50,300
of time. despite the rise and 
fall of Empires and the arrival 

1188
01:02:50,300 --> 01:02:53,200
and departure of conquerors, the
spirit of his people remained 

1189
01:02:53,200 --> 01:02:57,200
unwavering Adorn. 
He moved quietly into the deeper

1190
01:02:57,200 --> 01:03:00,100
Woods leaving behind only the 
smoldering remnants of their 

1191
01:03:00,100 --> 01:03:03,600
former lives ahead. 
Walked at the head, guiding them

1192
01:03:03,600 --> 01:03:07,000
confidently, towards safety, 
knowing that his true purpose 

1193
01:03:07,000 --> 01:03:10,200
remained clear, it was not to 
resist violently, but to 

1194
01:03:10,200 --> 01:03:11,600
safeguard the soul of his 
people. 

1195
01:03:12,400 --> 01:03:16,200
Days turned to weeks and slowly 
the immediate threat faded as 

1196
01:03:16,200 --> 01:03:18,400
they established, a hidden 
settlement deep within the 

1197
01:03:18,408 --> 01:03:21,100
forest. 
Ahead continued teaching, 

1198
01:03:21,100 --> 01:03:24,700
guiding the younger villagers 
and druidic law, rituals and 

1199
01:03:24,700 --> 01:03:28,100
knowledge of the natural world. 
Each evening around the fire. 

1200
01:03:28,100 --> 01:03:30,700
He shared stories and showing 
that the flame of their Heritage

1201
01:03:30,700 --> 01:03:34,300
continued to burn brightly. 
Years later as he lay on his 

1202
01:03:34,300 --> 01:03:38,300
deathbed piece. 
Surrounded by villagers whose 

1203
01:03:38,300 --> 01:03:39,800
lives. 
He had touched profoundly 

1204
01:03:39,800 --> 01:03:44,200
whispered, one final message. 
Remember the Flames regard are 

1205
01:03:44,200 --> 01:03:46,700
Eternal carried forward, through
memory and love. 

1206
01:03:48,100 --> 01:03:51,900
His Spirit passed gently leaving
behind a legacy that no 

1207
01:03:51,900 --> 01:03:55,900
conqueror, could extinguish the 
villages on the Stars. 

1208
01:03:55,900 --> 01:03:59,200
Sharing stories repeating 
Lessons Learned and vowing to 

1209
01:03:59,208 --> 01:04:03,000
carry forward his teachings and 
in their hearts, the flame ahead

1210
01:04:03,000 --> 01:04:05,700
of protected continued to burn 
brightly unyielding. 

1211
01:04:05,700 --> 01:04:14,300
Guiding them through Darkness 
toward enduring light, Picture 

1212
01:04:14,300 --> 01:04:16,100
yourself waking up in a narrow 
bed. 

1213
01:04:16,100 --> 01:04:17,900
That's barely wider than a 
coffin. 

1214
01:04:17,900 --> 01:04:20,600
That somehow more comfortable 
than anything you've known 

1215
01:04:20,600 --> 01:04:23,900
before coming to ashwitha. 
The room, you share with two 

1216
01:04:23,900 --> 01:04:27,300
other housemates is tucked under
the eaves where the ceiling 

1217
01:04:27,300 --> 01:04:29,100
slopes down. 
So dramatically that you've 

1218
01:04:29,100 --> 01:04:32,500
learned to duck instinctively 
when getting dressed The walls 

1219
01:04:32,500 --> 01:04:34,400
are thin enough that you can 
hear Mrs. Pemberton. 

1220
01:04:34,400 --> 01:04:37,700
The head cook already clattering
about in the kitchen three 

1221
01:04:37,700 --> 01:04:39,600
floors below her. 
Wooden Spoons. 

1222
01:04:39,600 --> 01:04:41,600
Conducting an orchestra of 
copper pots. 

1223
01:04:41,600 --> 01:04:45,000
It's 4:30 in the morning and 
your body has become a living 

1224
01:04:45,000 --> 01:04:47,700
alarm clock after 18 months in 
service. 

1225
01:04:47,700 --> 01:04:51,000
You no longer need the Bell. 
That Martha the senior House 

1226
01:04:51,000 --> 01:04:54,900
made rings to wake everyone. 
Your bones simply know when it's

1227
01:04:54,900 --> 01:04:58,000
time to begin another day and 
the wonderful machine of the 

1228
01:04:58,000 --> 01:05:00,700
manor house. 
You slide your feet into boots 

1229
01:05:00,700 --> 01:05:03,200
that have molded themselves to 
your particular brand of 

1230
01:05:03,200 --> 01:05:06,200
exhaustion comfortable, in all 
the wrong places, one Thin, 

1231
01:05:06,200 --> 01:05:09,200
where you need them? 
Most The floorboards Creak their

1232
01:05:09,200 --> 01:05:12,000
familiar greeting, as you tiptoe
around your sleeping, roommates 

1233
01:05:12,000 --> 01:05:15,600
Sarah the scholarly made talks 
in her sleep, about her sweet 

1234
01:05:15,600 --> 01:05:18,600
heart back in the village while 
Emma, who works in the laundry, 

1235
01:05:18,600 --> 01:05:21,700
snores with the dedication of 
someone who earned every moment 

1236
01:05:21,700 --> 01:05:24,700
of rest. 
The servants staircase serves as

1237
01:05:24,708 --> 01:05:27,900
your primary route, to all 
important places, it's narrow 

1238
01:05:27,900 --> 01:05:29,800
and steep designed by 
architects. 

1239
01:05:29,800 --> 01:05:32,600
Who clearly never had to carry a
coal scuttle up for flights 

1240
01:05:32,600 --> 01:05:35,900
while balancing a chamber pot 
and trying, not to wait the 

1241
01:05:35,900 --> 01:05:39,600
entire household. 
You've developed a peculiar 

1242
01:05:39,600 --> 01:05:43,900
Grace, navigating these stairs, 
part mountain goat part ballet 

1243
01:05:43,900 --> 01:05:47,100
dancer, all determination, not 
to Tumble backward into 

1244
01:05:47,100 --> 01:05:49,800
catastrophe. 
Your first stop is the 

1245
01:05:49,800 --> 01:05:52,900
Magnificent Hall where 
yesterday's ashes in the massive

1246
01:05:52,900 --> 01:05:55,000
fireplace. 
Look like the remains of a small

1247
01:05:55,000 --> 01:05:57,300
Dragon. 
The greatest heavy enough to 

1248
01:05:57,300 --> 01:05:59,900
Anchor a ship and cleaning it 
requires the kind of athletic 

1249
01:05:59,900 --> 01:06:03,000
ability that would impress 
circus performers, you've 

1250
01:06:03,000 --> 01:06:06,100
learned to approach it like a 
puzzle first the smaller pieces 

1251
01:06:06,100 --> 01:06:09,800
then the great itself always 
mindful that cold dust has a 

1252
01:06:09,800 --> 01:06:11,600
magical ability to appear on 
surfaces. 

1253
01:06:11,600 --> 01:06:14,800
You have not even touched yet 
the manor wakes up around you in

1254
01:06:14,800 --> 01:06:17,000
layers. 
First come the other servants 

1255
01:06:17,000 --> 01:06:20,100
moving through their morning 
routines with the synchronized 

1256
01:06:20,100 --> 01:06:22,800
Precision of dancers who have 
rehearsed the same performance 

1257
01:06:22,800 --> 01:06:25,500
for years. 
Then come the dogs Lord 

1258
01:06:25,500 --> 01:06:28,400
ashworth's hunting hounds. 
We've seem to insist on serving 

1259
01:06:28,400 --> 01:06:31,800
breakfast at 5 sharp regardless 
of human convenience. 

1260
01:06:31,800 --> 01:06:36,500
Finally, the house itself begins
to stir floorboards settling 

1261
01:06:36,500 --> 01:06:39,900
pipes, gurgling their morning 
complaints and somewhere in the 

1262
01:06:39,908 --> 01:06:41,900
distance. 
The grandfather clock in, the 

1263
01:06:41,908 --> 01:06:44,500
entrance hall, chiming the hours
like a Stern Headmaster. 

1264
01:06:44,500 --> 01:06:47,800
Keeping everyone on schedule. 
You've learned to love these 

1265
01:06:47,800 --> 01:06:50,400
early morning moments. 
When the Manna belongs entirely 

1266
01:06:50,400 --> 01:06:53,200
to its servants, there's 
something peaceful about moving 

1267
01:06:53,200 --> 01:06:56,300
through rooms that were later 
Buzz with the complicated social

1268
01:06:56,300 --> 01:06:59,500
Machinery of the upper classes. 
But for now exists in a state of

1269
01:06:59,508 --> 01:07:03,600
suspended animation, the drawing
room with its silk wallpaper and

1270
01:07:03,600 --> 01:07:05,400
furniture. 
That costs more than most people

1271
01:07:05,400 --> 01:07:08,300
earn in a decade feels almost 
friendly in the pre-dawn 

1272
01:07:08,300 --> 01:07:11,400
darkness, you dust them 
mahogany, tables and straighten 

1273
01:07:11,400 --> 01:07:14,000
the cushions on chairs that 
probably have their own names 

1274
01:07:14,000 --> 01:07:17,100
and pedigrees The Morning Light 
filtering through the tool 

1275
01:07:17,100 --> 01:07:20,100
Windows reveals dust modes 
dancing in the air like tiny 

1276
01:07:20,100 --> 01:07:22,900
rebellious spirits. 
You've developed a personal 

1277
01:07:22,900 --> 01:07:25,900
relationship with dust. 
It's your constant companion, 

1278
01:07:25,900 --> 01:07:29,200
your Eternal opponent and 
occasionally, when the light 

1279
01:07:29,200 --> 01:07:32,100
hits it just right. 
Your unwitting collaborator in 

1280
01:07:32,100 --> 01:07:34,900
creating something, almost 
beautiful dust. 

1281
01:07:34,900 --> 01:07:39,000
You've learned has personality. 
The dust in the library is 

1282
01:07:39,000 --> 01:07:42,600
scholarly and dignified settling
politely on leather bound books.

1283
01:07:43,500 --> 01:07:45,700
With dust in the children, 
playroom is chaotic and 

1284
01:07:45,700 --> 01:07:48,700
adventurous hiding in corners 
and emerging at the most 

1285
01:07:48,700 --> 01:07:52,500
inconvenient moments. 
By 6:00 you've already 

1286
01:07:52,500 --> 01:07:54,400
accomplished. 
What most people would consider 

1287
01:07:54,400 --> 01:07:57,800
a full day's work. 
The fires a lit, the main rooms 

1288
01:07:57,800 --> 01:08:00,700
are clean and you've managed to 
avoid waking, anyone, who might 

1289
01:08:00,700 --> 01:08:04,200
dock your wages for disturbing 
their beauty, sleep, your back 

1290
01:08:04,200 --> 01:08:05,700
aches. 
In that particular way that 

1291
01:08:05,700 --> 01:08:08,100
comes from bending over greats 
and reaching under furniture, 

1292
01:08:09,000 --> 01:08:11,900
There's also a satisfaction in 
seeing the Mana slowly come to 

1293
01:08:11,908 --> 01:08:14,200
life around your efforts. 
Kitchen. 

1294
01:08:14,200 --> 01:08:17,800
When you finally make it there 
for your breakfast, is a warm 

1295
01:08:17,800 --> 01:08:21,300
Refuge filled with the smell of 
fresh bread and the comfortable 

1296
01:08:21,300 --> 01:08:23,100
chaos of Mrs. Pemberton's 
domain. 

1297
01:08:23,100 --> 01:08:26,100
She ruled her realm with the 
authority of a general and the 

1298
01:08:26,108 --> 01:08:29,600
warmth of a favorite, aunt, 
Defense, both orders and wisdom 

1299
01:08:29,600 --> 01:08:32,200
in equal measure. 
The picking order in a Victorian

1300
01:08:32,200 --> 01:08:35,200
Mansion is more complex than the
family tree of European royalty 

1301
01:08:35,200 --> 01:08:39,200
and twice as confusing for 
newcomers, you've learned to 

1302
01:08:39,200 --> 01:08:41,800
navigate this social Labyrinth 
with the skill of a diplomat, 

1303
01:08:41,800 --> 01:08:45,800
always mindful of who out-ranks 
who and exactly how much 

1304
01:08:45,800 --> 01:08:50,000
courtesy each position demands. 
At the top of the servants 

1305
01:08:50,000 --> 01:08:52,700
hierarchy. 
Sits Mr. Whitmore, the butler 

1306
01:08:52,700 --> 01:08:55,500
who carries himself with the 
Dignity of a man who has never 

1307
01:08:55,508 --> 01:08:59,200
doubted his place in the world. 
Mr. Whitmore the butler, 

1308
01:08:59,200 --> 01:09:00,800
possesses the ability to 
elevate. 

1309
01:09:00,800 --> 01:09:04,700
The mundane tasks of polishing. 
Silver to a sacred ritual and 

1310
01:09:04,700 --> 01:09:08,300
his disapproval is unmistakable.
You've seen him reduce footman 

1311
01:09:08,300 --> 01:09:10,300
to stammering. 
Apologies with nothing more than

1312
01:09:10,300 --> 01:09:13,800
a raised eyebrow and a slight 
tightening around the eyes just 

1313
01:09:13,800 --> 01:09:16,300
below him Reigns. 
Mrs. Hartwell the housekeeper. 

1314
01:09:16,300 --> 01:09:19,899
Who manages the female star with
the organizational skills of a 

1315
01:09:19,899 --> 01:09:22,700
military commander and the 
intuition of someone whose 

1316
01:09:22,700 --> 01:09:26,300
raised 12 children Carries a 
massive ring of keys that 

1317
01:09:26,300 --> 01:09:29,399
Jangles with every step 
announcing her presence. 

1318
01:09:29,399 --> 01:09:33,000
Like a one woman Brass Band 
these Keys unlock everything 

1319
01:09:33,000 --> 01:09:35,000
from the linen closets to The 
Wine Cellar. 

1320
01:09:35,000 --> 01:09:38,200
And the sound of them has become
the soundtrack of authority in 

1321
01:09:38,207 --> 01:09:41,000
your daily life. 
Mrs. Pemberton rules. 

1322
01:09:41,000 --> 01:09:44,300
The kitchen with an iron Ladle, 
and a heart that softer than her

1323
01:09:44,300 --> 01:09:47,200
Yorkshire pudding. 
She's a cook who meticulously 

1324
01:09:47,200 --> 01:09:50,500
remembers each servant's 
preferred tea and consistently 

1325
01:09:50,500 --> 01:09:53,600
provides an extra biscuit during
a particularly challenging day. 

1326
01:09:54,500 --> 01:09:57,200
Her domain is distinct from the 
rest of the house higher key. 

1327
01:09:57,200 --> 01:10:00,900
As she reports directly to Mrs, 
Hartwell however, within her 

1328
01:10:00,900 --> 01:10:04,100
kitchen, her Authority as 
unquestioned, you found your 

1329
01:10:04,100 --> 01:10:06,500
place somewhere in the middle of
this complex social machine, or 

1330
01:10:06,500 --> 01:10:09,900
as a housemaid, you're above the
scullery maids and the kitchen 

1331
01:10:09,900 --> 01:10:12,400
help but below the lady's-maids 
in the governments. 

1332
01:10:13,500 --> 01:10:15,800
Position that requires a 
peculiar kind of social 

1333
01:10:15,800 --> 01:10:18,000
awareness. 
You need to be respectful to 

1334
01:10:18,000 --> 01:10:21,600
those of you kind to those 
below, you and cautious around 

1335
01:10:21,600 --> 01:10:24,100
those at your level. 
Because horizontal politics 

1336
01:10:24,100 --> 01:10:26,300
among servants, can be more 
treacherous than anything 

1337
01:10:26,300 --> 01:10:29,400
happening up stairs. 
The foot men occupy their own 

1338
01:10:29,400 --> 01:10:32,800
strange category in this higher 
Archie, they're technically your

1339
01:10:32,800 --> 01:10:36,000
equals that they seem to believe
their fancy uniforms and 

1340
01:10:36,000 --> 01:10:38,700
proximity to the dining room. 
Make them practically members of

1341
01:10:38,708 --> 01:10:42,000
the family. 
James, the senior footman has 

1342
01:10:42,000 --> 01:10:45,300
mastered the skill of sneering 
at people while simultaneously, 

1343
01:10:45,300 --> 01:10:49,500
serving them soup, his permitted
hair and pristine white gloves, 

1344
01:10:49,500 --> 01:10:52,400
make him look like he's 
constantly ready for a formal 

1345
01:10:52,400 --> 01:10:55,500
portrait even when he's just 
carrying cold, scuttles. 

1346
01:10:57,000 --> 01:11:00,000
The daily dance of Precedence 
plays out in 100 small ways. 

1347
01:11:00,000 --> 01:11:03,800
Who enters the servants Hall? 
First for meals, who gets the 

1348
01:11:03,800 --> 01:11:06,900
best seat near the fire, who's 
allowed to voice, opinions about

1349
01:11:06,900 --> 01:11:10,500
the family's guests and who must
simply listen and Nod. 

1350
01:11:11,500 --> 01:11:14,000
You've learned to read these 
subtle cues like a scholar, 

1351
01:11:14,000 --> 01:11:17,600
studying ancient texts because 
misunderstanding your place can 

1352
01:11:17,600 --> 01:11:20,400
result in anything from cold 
shoulders to actual dismissal. 

1353
01:11:21,300 --> 01:11:23,900
The Strangers part of this 
higher key is how it mirrors the

1354
01:11:23,908 --> 01:11:26,700
family upstairs, while remaining
completely separate from it. 

1355
01:11:27,800 --> 01:11:30,800
Lord Ashworth might be the 
master of the house but he has 

1356
01:11:30,800 --> 01:11:33,500
no idea that William. 
The second footman has been 

1357
01:11:33,500 --> 01:11:36,700
conducting a subtle campaign of 
psychological warfare against 

1358
01:11:36,700 --> 01:11:39,100
Thomas. 
The whole Boy, Over whose 

1359
01:11:39,100 --> 01:11:41,600
responsibility, it is to polish 
the brass door knobs. 

1360
01:11:42,300 --> 01:11:45,400
The servant dramas unfold 
parallel to the family's lives 

1361
01:11:45,400 --> 01:11:49,200
invisible to them, but consuming
tremendous energy below stairs, 

1362
01:11:49,200 --> 01:11:52,900
you've developed a strategy for 
navigating these social Waters 

1363
01:11:52,900 --> 01:11:56,600
that involves generous amounts 
of tea, careful, listening, and 

1364
01:11:56,600 --> 01:11:59,200
an almost Supernatural ability 
to become invisible when 

1365
01:11:59,200 --> 01:12:02,200
tensions rise. 
Key is understanding that 

1366
01:12:02,200 --> 01:12:04,500
everyone from the lowliest. 
Scullery maid to the most 

1367
01:12:04,500 --> 01:12:07,500
exalted ladies. 
Maid is desperately trying to 

1368
01:12:07,500 --> 01:12:10,100
maintain their dignity. 
In a world that offers very 

1369
01:12:10,100 --> 01:12:11,700
little of it. 
People in service. 

1370
01:12:12,500 --> 01:12:16,400
The laundry made exist in their 
own steamy Universe emerging 

1371
01:12:16,400 --> 01:12:18,400
from the basement. 
Wash house looking like they've 

1372
01:12:18,400 --> 01:12:21,800
been wrestling with clouds. 
They speak their language of 

1373
01:12:21,808 --> 01:12:24,500
starch and soap and their hands 
are permanently. 

1374
01:12:24,500 --> 01:12:26,500
Pruned from constant contact 
with water. 

1375
01:12:26,500 --> 01:12:30,700
Emma, who shares your attic room
comes to bed every night 

1376
01:12:30,700 --> 01:12:32,800
smelling like carbolic soap and 
lavender. 

1377
01:12:32,800 --> 01:12:35,700
A combination that has become as
comforting as a lullaby. 

1378
01:12:36,800 --> 01:12:39,600
Truly fascinating members of 
this certainty, ecosystem, other

1379
01:12:39,600 --> 01:12:43,500
Specialists, the lamp trimmer 
who treats each fixture like a 

1380
01:12:43,508 --> 01:12:45,300
delicate patient, requiring 
surgery. 

1381
01:12:45,300 --> 01:12:49,100
The boot boy, who knows the 
Footwear preferences of every 

1382
01:12:49,100 --> 01:12:52,500
family member and guest and the 
under Butler is being groomed 

1383
01:12:52,500 --> 01:12:55,400
for Mr. Whitmore's position and 
carries the weight of that 

1384
01:12:55,400 --> 01:12:58,500
future responsibility, like a 
crown that still being fitted. 

1385
01:12:58,500 --> 01:13:01,500
Living in a Victorian. 
Mansion means existing in Two 

1386
01:13:01,500 --> 01:13:04,600
Worlds, simultaneously like 
being an actor in a play where 

1387
01:13:04,600 --> 01:13:06,900
half the cast doesn't know the 
other half exists. 

1388
01:13:07,800 --> 01:13:10,100
You've mastered the art of 
becoming functionally invisible 

1389
01:13:10,100 --> 01:13:13,300
when family members are present.
Skill, that requires more 

1390
01:13:13,300 --> 01:13:17,100
athleticism than most people 
realize, the back staircase is 

1391
01:13:17,100 --> 01:13:20,600
your lifeline to invisibility, 
it's a narrow winding passage 

1392
01:13:20,600 --> 01:13:24,200
that connects every floor of the
house designed specifically. 

1393
01:13:24,200 --> 01:13:27,100
So servants can move through the
mansion without disturbing the 

1394
01:13:27,108 --> 01:13:29,400
family's carefully, orchestrated
daily life. 

1395
01:13:30,200 --> 01:13:33,000
You've learned to navigate these
stairs and complete, darkness, 

1396
01:13:33,000 --> 01:13:36,800
your feet knowing exactly where 
each step creaks and which 

1397
01:13:36,800 --> 01:13:39,700
handrail Wiggles, it's like 
having a secret passage to 

1398
01:13:39,700 --> 01:13:42,700
everywhere that matters. 
Except the secret is the you're 

1399
01:13:42,700 --> 01:13:44,100
not supposed to exist while 
using it. 

1400
01:13:44,900 --> 01:13:47,400
The family's daily routine 
creates a complex choreography 

1401
01:13:47,400 --> 01:13:49,100
that you've learned to dance 
around. 

1402
01:13:50,100 --> 01:13:53,400
Lady Ashworth, takes her more 
than tier precisely 8:00, which 

1403
01:13:53,400 --> 01:13:55,600
means you need to have her 
sitting room in Immaculate by 

1404
01:13:55,600 --> 01:13:58,400
7:30. 
She has a particular way of 

1405
01:13:58,400 --> 01:14:01,800
saying when things aren't range 
to her satisfaction, not quite 

1406
01:14:01,800 --> 01:14:03,700
disapproval, but definitely 
disappointment. 

1407
01:14:03,700 --> 01:14:05,700
They can ruin your entire 
morning. 

1408
01:14:05,700 --> 01:14:09,000
If you're not prepared for it, 
the children present their own 

1409
01:14:09,000 --> 01:14:12,600
unique challenges Master, 
Frederick 8 years old and 

1410
01:14:12,600 --> 01:14:15,500
convinced of his military 
greatness as transformed the 

1411
01:14:15,500 --> 01:14:17,400
third floor into his personal 
Battlefield. 

1412
01:14:17,400 --> 01:14:20,800
You've learned to clean around 
elaborate Arrangements of toy 

1413
01:14:20,800 --> 01:14:22,800
soldiers. 
Knowing that disturbing his 

1414
01:14:22,800 --> 01:14:25,100
campaigns could result in the 
kind of tantrum. 

1415
01:14:25,100 --> 01:14:27,900
That brings his mother running 
and gets servants blamed for 

1416
01:14:27,900 --> 01:14:32,000
corrupting Young Minds. 
The sister Miss Carolyn is 12 

1417
01:14:32,000 --> 01:14:35,200
and has recently discovered, the
power of treating servants like 

1418
01:14:35,200 --> 01:14:38,500
her personal confidence. 
In flattering Until you realize 

1419
01:14:38,500 --> 01:14:41,200
she's practicing her future role
as Mistress of her household, 

1420
01:14:41,200 --> 01:14:43,600
the guests are where things get 
intriguing. 

1421
01:14:43,600 --> 01:14:46,600
Every visitor brings their 
expectations, their servants, 

1422
01:14:46,600 --> 01:14:48,800
and their own way of treating 
the household staff. 

1423
01:14:49,700 --> 01:14:52,700
You've learned to read people 
quickly, some guests, treat you 

1424
01:14:52,700 --> 01:14:56,200
like Furniture, others like 
family pets, and a precious few,

1425
01:14:56,200 --> 01:14:59,600
like actual human beings. 
Those who attempt to appear 

1426
01:14:59,600 --> 01:15:02,300
friendly yet, make it evident 
that they view you as a 

1427
01:15:02,308 --> 01:15:04,700
completely different species of 
the worst. 

1428
01:15:06,200 --> 01:15:10,100
Mrs. Fitzpatrick lady Ash with 
sister visits monthly and treats

1429
01:15:10,100 --> 01:15:12,600
the servants Hall like her 
personal entertainment, venue 

1430
01:15:12,600 --> 01:15:16,800
Sheetz through asking, intrusive
questions about your personal 

1431
01:15:16,800 --> 01:15:19,500
life, while simultaneously 
rearranging everything, 

1432
01:15:19,500 --> 01:15:22,800
according to her own 
preferences, her ladies made. 

1433
01:15:22,800 --> 01:15:26,500
Miss Prentice apologizes 
constantly for her mysterious as

1434
01:15:26,500 --> 01:15:29,400
Behavior while somehow making it
clear that she considers 

1435
01:15:29,400 --> 01:15:31,500
herself. 
Superior to the permanent staff,

1436
01:15:32,400 --> 01:15:34,900
the dinner parties are where 
your invisibility skills get 

1437
01:15:34,900 --> 01:15:37,800
their greatest work out. 
You've learned to move through 

1438
01:15:37,800 --> 01:15:41,100
the dining room, like a ghost. 
Refilling water glasses, and 

1439
01:15:41,100 --> 01:15:43,000
replacing horses while eight to 
12. 

1440
01:15:43,000 --> 01:15:46,000
People conduct conversations 
that range from fascinating to 

1441
01:15:46,000 --> 01:15:48,400
horrifying within the same 
sentence. 

1442
01:15:49,200 --> 01:15:51,800
The trick is to listen without 
appearing, to listen, to 

1443
01:15:51,800 --> 01:15:54,100
anticipate needs without seeming
to pay attention. 

1444
01:15:54,100 --> 01:15:56,800
And to remember everything 
while, pretending to forget it, 

1445
01:15:56,800 --> 01:15:58,100
all the moment, you leave the 
room. 

1446
01:15:58,800 --> 01:16:02,500
Overhearing conversations about 
politics and social scandals. 

1447
01:16:02,500 --> 01:16:04,400
That would make excellent 
gossip. 

1448
01:16:04,400 --> 01:16:07,700
If you could share them, you've 
gained valuable insights, the 

1449
01:16:07,700 --> 01:16:09,800
family, discusses their 
neighbor's Affairs, their 

1450
01:16:09,800 --> 01:16:12,700
business dealings, and their 
opinions about everything from 

1451
01:16:12,700 --> 01:16:15,400
the weather to the Empire all 
while servants. 

1452
01:16:15,400 --> 01:16:18,500
Move around them like well 
trained Spirits, it has provided

1453
01:16:18,500 --> 01:16:21,200
you with an education in human 
nature that no school could 

1454
01:16:21,200 --> 01:16:24,100
match the most challenging 
aspect of this Upstairs 

1455
01:16:24,100 --> 01:16:25,900
Downstairs. 
Existence is maintaining your 

1456
01:16:25,900 --> 01:16:28,400
sense of self while pretending 
to be invisible. 

1457
01:16:29,600 --> 01:16:32,000
You've learned to find moments 
of genuine connection with the 

1458
01:16:32,000 --> 01:16:35,900
family members, a shared joke 
with Miss Carolyn, a moment of 

1459
01:16:35,900 --> 01:16:38,900
appreciation from Lady Ashworth.
When you range her flowers 

1460
01:16:38,900 --> 01:16:42,000
particularly well or not of 
approval from Lourdes, Ashworth,

1461
01:16:42,000 --> 01:16:44,400
when you've managed to clean his
study without disturbing his 

1462
01:16:44,400 --> 01:16:48,800
carefully, organized chaos, the 
house itself becomes a character

1463
01:16:48,800 --> 01:16:51,800
in this daily drama. 
Different rooms have different 

1464
01:16:51,800 --> 01:16:54,500
personalities. 
Different moods and different 

1465
01:16:54,500 --> 01:16:56,000
requirements. 
For how you're supposed to 

1466
01:16:56,000 --> 01:16:58,400
behave in them. 
The library demands quiet. 

1467
01:16:58,400 --> 01:17:01,600
Reverence the drawing room 
requires careful, attention to 

1468
01:17:01,600 --> 01:17:03,600
every surface and the nurse 
Rings. 

1469
01:17:03,600 --> 01:17:05,300
The kind of vigilance that comes
from. 

1470
01:17:05,300 --> 01:17:07,800
Knowing that children can 
destroy a perfectly clean room 

1471
01:17:07,800 --> 01:17:10,900
in the time, it takes to Blink 
cleaning of Victorian. 

1472
01:17:10,900 --> 01:17:13,400
Mansion is like being a 
detective, a chemist and an 

1473
01:17:13,400 --> 01:17:15,200
athlete. 
All rolled into one exhausting 

1474
01:17:15,200 --> 01:17:19,500
profession You've learned that 
every stain tells a story every 

1475
01:17:19,500 --> 01:17:23,000
surface has its personality and 
every cleaning solution has the 

1476
01:17:23,000 --> 01:17:26,100
potential to either save the day
or create a disaster that 

1477
01:17:26,100 --> 01:17:29,300
follows you for months. 
The cleaning supplies in Mrs, 

1478
01:17:29,300 --> 01:17:31,600
hartwell's locked, covered 
looked like ingredients for 

1479
01:17:31,600 --> 01:17:34,200
either medicine or Mayhem 
depending on your level of 

1480
01:17:34,200 --> 01:17:36,900
expertise. 
Mrs. Hartwell's locked. 

1481
01:17:36,900 --> 01:17:39,800
Cupboard contains a variety of 
cleaning supplies, including 

1482
01:17:39,800 --> 01:17:42,800
carbolic acid for the floors, 
vinegar for the windows. 

1483
01:17:42,800 --> 01:17:46,900
And a product known as monkey 
brand soap, which while 

1484
01:17:46,900 --> 01:17:49,600
purportedly effective on 
everything from brass to boots, 

1485
01:17:49,600 --> 01:17:52,000
often leaves your hands feeling 
as if you've been handling 

1486
01:17:52,000 --> 01:17:55,500
sandpaper, you've developed a 
personal relationship with 

1487
01:17:55,500 --> 01:17:58,200
different types of dirt. 
There's the honest dirt that 

1488
01:17:58,200 --> 01:18:02,100
comes from daily living dust, 
mud the occasional spilled tea 

1489
01:18:02,100 --> 01:18:04,800
which responds to 
straightforward cleaning methods

1490
01:18:04,800 --> 01:18:08,400
and doesn't hold grudges. 
Then there's the sneaky dirt 

1491
01:18:08,400 --> 01:18:11,900
that highs in corners and behind
Furniture waiting to embarrass 

1492
01:18:11,900 --> 01:18:14,000
you. 
When important guests, visit the

1493
01:18:14,000 --> 01:18:16,900
worst is the mysterious dirt 
that appears overnight on 

1494
01:18:16,900 --> 01:18:18,900
surfaces. 
You cleaned perfectly the day 

1495
01:18:18,900 --> 01:18:21,700
before which you're convinced is
either Supernatural or the 

1496
01:18:21,708 --> 01:18:24,100
result of some servant 
conspiracy you have not figured 

1497
01:18:24,100 --> 01:18:26,700
out yet. 
The weekly ritual of cleaning, 

1498
01:18:26,700 --> 01:18:29,600
the chandeliers requires the 
kind of Courage usually reserved

1499
01:18:29,600 --> 01:18:32,700
for mountain climbing, you've 
mastered the art of dismantling.

1500
01:18:32,700 --> 01:18:35,700
These Crystal monsters 
meticulously cleaning each 

1501
01:18:35,700 --> 01:18:38,600
individual Crystal with a 
solution that Mrs. Hartwell 

1502
01:18:38,600 --> 01:18:41,700
fervently Advocates. 
But withholds the recipe, the 

1503
01:18:41,700 --> 01:18:45,100
crystals have to be dried with 
specific cloths polished with 

1504
01:18:45,100 --> 01:18:48,300
particular movements and 
reassembled in exactly the right

1505
01:18:48,300 --> 01:18:50,400
order or they'll catch the Light
wrong. 

1506
01:18:50,400 --> 01:18:54,000
And everyone will notice Carpet 
cleaning is where you've truly 

1507
01:18:54,000 --> 01:18:55,800
earned your stripes as a 
domestic Warrior. 

1508
01:18:56,900 --> 01:18:59,600
The dining room carpet which 
depicts some sort of hunting 

1509
01:18:59,600 --> 01:19:02,600
scene with more dire than you'd 
see in an actual Forest requires

1510
01:19:02,600 --> 01:19:06,000
weekly attention with a carpet 
beater, thats heavier than most 

1511
01:19:06,000 --> 01:19:09,100
people's luggage, you've learned
to read the carpets mood. 

1512
01:19:09,100 --> 01:19:12,300
Some weeks, it gives up its 
dirty easily other weeks. 

1513
01:19:12,300 --> 01:19:15,100
It clings to every spec like 
it's fighting for its life. 

1514
01:19:15,100 --> 01:19:18,100
The Silver Service is your 
Nemesis and your pride 

1515
01:19:18,100 --> 01:19:20,600
simultaneously. 
There are pieces in the 

1516
01:19:20,600 --> 01:19:22,100
butler's. 
Pantry that have been in the 

1517
01:19:22,100 --> 01:19:24,900
family for Generations, each 
with its own cleaning 

1518
01:19:24,900 --> 01:19:27,800
requirements, and its own way of
making you looking competent, 

1519
01:19:27,800 --> 01:19:30,300
the tea service from Lourdes, 
Ashworth. 

1520
01:19:30,300 --> 01:19:33,600
Grandmother requires a special 
polish that has to be applied in

1521
01:19:33,600 --> 01:19:37,000
circular motions. 
Never straight lines and buffed 

1522
01:19:37,000 --> 01:19:39,600
to a shine. 
That can blind unsuspecting 

1523
01:19:39,600 --> 01:19:42,100
football. 
You've discovered that cleaning 

1524
01:19:42,100 --> 01:19:45,700
is really about understanding 
chemistry, even if nobody calls 

1525
01:19:45,700 --> 01:19:49,000
it that Different materials 
required, different approaches, 

1526
01:19:49,000 --> 01:19:51,400
different solutions, and 
different techniques. 

1527
01:19:51,400 --> 01:19:53,700
The marble in the entrance wall 
needs. 

1528
01:19:53,700 --> 01:19:55,800
Gentle treatment with specific 
soaps. 

1529
01:19:55,800 --> 01:19:59,100
While the wood paneling in the 
study requires oils that have 

1530
01:19:59,100 --> 01:20:01,000
been mixed. 
According to recipes, that are 

1531
01:20:01,000 --> 01:20:04,500
closely guarded family secrets, 
the laundry presents, its own 

1532
01:20:04,500 --> 01:20:06,800
scientific challenges. 
You've learned to identify 

1533
01:20:06,800 --> 01:20:11,000
stains by sight smell and 
sometimes by the story behind 

1534
01:20:11,000 --> 01:20:13,700
them blood requires, cold water 
and salt. 

1535
01:20:13,700 --> 01:20:16,600
Wine needs to be treated 
immediately with white wine. 

1536
01:20:16,600 --> 01:20:19,300
If you can get it a mysterious 
stains on the children's 

1537
01:20:19,300 --> 01:20:22,100
clothing, usually respond to a 
combination of prayer and 

1538
01:20:22,100 --> 01:20:24,000
whatever. 
Mrs, Pemberton recommends from 

1539
01:20:24,000 --> 01:20:28,000
her arsenal of kitchen remedies.
Your skills truly test during 

1540
01:20:28,000 --> 01:20:31,000
the seasonal cleaning rituals 
spring cleaning means taking 

1541
01:20:31,000 --> 01:20:33,800
apart every room cleaning 
services that have seen 

1542
01:20:33,800 --> 01:20:37,000
attention to the previous year 
and discovering problems that 

1543
01:20:37,000 --> 01:20:40,000
have been hiding or winter. 
You've learned to approach these

1544
01:20:40,000 --> 01:20:43,000
marathon's like a military 
campaign with careful planning, 

1545
01:20:43,000 --> 01:20:46,900
strategic Supply management and 
the kind of determination that 

1546
01:20:46,900 --> 01:20:48,700
comes from. 
Knowing that failure means 

1547
01:20:48,700 --> 01:20:49,900
starting over from the 
beginning. 

1548
01:20:51,500 --> 01:20:55,000
Tools of your trade have become 
extension of your body, you 

1549
01:20:55,000 --> 01:20:58,000
know, exactly how much pressure 
each brush can handle, which 

1550
01:20:58,000 --> 01:21:01,000
cloths work best on which 
surfaces and how to make a 

1551
01:21:01,000 --> 01:21:03,100
feather duster perform, like a 
Precision instrument. 

1552
01:21:04,000 --> 01:21:06,600
Your hands have developed. 
Calluses in places that tell the

1553
01:21:06,600 --> 01:21:09,800
story of your daily routine and 
your back has learned to bend 

1554
01:21:09,800 --> 01:21:12,400
and twist in ways that would 
impress contortionists. 

1555
01:21:13,000 --> 01:21:15,500
The kitchen is the heart of the 
manner but it's a heart that 

1556
01:21:15,500 --> 01:21:18,300
beats with the rhythm of 
organized, chaos, military, 

1557
01:21:18,300 --> 01:21:21,100
Precision, on the occasional, 
minor explosion. 

1558
01:21:21,100 --> 01:21:24,100
When someone forgets that the 
temperamental stove has a mind 

1559
01:21:24,100 --> 01:21:27,400
of its own, You've learned to 
navigate this culinary 

1560
01:21:27,400 --> 01:21:30,700
Battlefield with the skill of a 
diplomat and the reflexes of 

1561
01:21:30,700 --> 01:21:34,100
someone who's been hit by flying
pastry once too often. 

1562
01:21:35,100 --> 01:21:38,200
This is Pemberton governs, her 
domain with a wooden spoon that 

1563
01:21:38,200 --> 01:21:40,600
has endured more use than most 
medieval weapons. 

1564
01:21:40,600 --> 01:21:44,300
Mrs. Pemberton is a cook who are
deeply prepares a 7 course 

1565
01:21:44,300 --> 01:21:48,500
dinner for 12 guests managers, 
the daily meals for 23 servants,

1566
01:21:48,500 --> 01:21:52,500
monitors dietary restrictions 
that fluctuate, the weather and 

1567
01:21:52,500 --> 01:21:55,400
maintains a constant commentary 
on the moral failing of anyone 

1568
01:21:55,400 --> 01:21:57,000
who has ever questioned her 
gravy. 

1569
01:21:57,800 --> 01:21:59,900
The kitchen follows a schedule 
that would leave Railway 

1570
01:21:59,900 --> 01:22:02,100
conductors feeling envious 
breakfast. 

1571
01:22:02,100 --> 01:22:05,900
Preparation begins at 4:30 with 
the great stove being coaxed to 

1572
01:22:05,900 --> 01:22:09,100
life, like a temperamental 
dragon that requires specific 

1573
01:22:09,100 --> 01:22:11,800
rituals to avoid breathing fire 
in the wrong direction. 

1574
01:22:12,900 --> 01:22:15,400
The bread has to rise at 
precisely the right temperature,

1575
01:22:15,400 --> 01:22:18,700
the porridge must be stirred in 
a particular pattern to avoid 

1576
01:22:18,700 --> 01:22:21,700
lumps and the bacon requires the
kind of attention usually 

1577
01:22:21,700 --> 01:22:25,000
reserved for diplomatic 
negotiations you've learned to 

1578
01:22:25,000 --> 01:22:27,300
read the kitchen's. 
Moves like a weather forecaster.

1579
01:22:28,100 --> 01:22:31,000
When Mrs, Pemberton starts 
humming while she needs bread. 

1580
01:22:31,000 --> 01:22:34,900
It's going to be a good day when
she begins. 

1581
01:22:34,900 --> 01:22:37,400
Muttering about ungrateful 
families and servants. 

1582
01:22:37,400 --> 01:22:39,100
Who don't appreciate proper 
cooking. 

1583
01:22:39,100 --> 01:22:44,300
It's time to become very useful.
Very quietly and very far from 

1584
01:22:44,300 --> 01:22:47,600
her line of sight. 
When she starts banging pots. 

1585
01:22:47,600 --> 01:22:51,700
Louder the necessary, everyone 
knows to work faster and speak 

1586
01:22:51,700 --> 01:22:55,500
less. 
The scullery maid for Sarah 

1587
01:22:55,500 --> 01:22:59,300
lives in a world of endless 
dishes where every meal creates 

1588
01:22:59,300 --> 01:23:02,600
a mountain of plates glasses and
serving pieces that need to be 

1589
01:23:02,600 --> 01:23:05,600
washed, dried and put away 
before the next meal Begins the 

1590
01:23:05,600 --> 01:23:08,500
cycle again. 
She's developed arms that could 

1591
01:23:08,500 --> 01:23:11,500
probably arm wrestle, most of 
the footmen and a philosophical 

1592
01:23:11,500 --> 01:23:13,100
approach to dishwater that 
borders. 

1593
01:23:13,100 --> 01:23:17,200
On the mystical, her domain is 
the enormous sink, a porcelain 

1594
01:23:17,200 --> 01:23:20,300
monster that could probably 
bathe the small horse and she 

1595
01:23:20,308 --> 01:23:23,100
approaches each load of dishes, 
like a general, planning a 

1596
01:23:23,100 --> 01:23:25,000
campaign. 
Preparation of meals. 

1597
01:23:25,000 --> 01:23:27,600
For upstairs, is a performance. 
That requires choreography 

1598
01:23:27,600 --> 01:23:30,900
timing and the kind of attention
to detail that would impress 

1599
01:23:30,900 --> 01:23:34,500
Swiss watchmakers every plate, 
must be warm to the exact 

1600
01:23:34,500 --> 01:23:37,600
temperature, every garnish 
placed with artistic precision. 

1601
01:23:37,600 --> 01:23:40,900
And every course time to arrive 
at the dining room, exactly, 

1602
01:23:40,900 --> 01:23:44,200
when the family is ready for it.
You've learned to move through 

1603
01:23:44,200 --> 01:23:47,200
this ballet, without disrupting 
the flow, carrying messages 

1604
01:23:47,200 --> 01:23:50,300
between the kitchen and the 
dining room adjusting plans. 

1605
01:23:50,300 --> 01:23:53,300
When last minute guests arrive 
and somehow managing to be 

1606
01:23:53,300 --> 01:23:57,300
helpful without getting in the 
way, Servants meals, present 

1607
01:23:57,300 --> 01:24:00,300
their challenges. 
We need to feed 23 people 

1608
01:24:00,300 --> 01:24:04,200
substantial, satisfying food 
that is efficient to prepare and

1609
01:24:04,200 --> 01:24:06,700
doesn't require the same 
ingredients as the family's 

1610
01:24:06,700 --> 01:24:09,300
meals. 
Mrs. Pemberton has mastered. 

1611
01:24:09,300 --> 01:24:12,800
The skill of maximizing, the use
of ingredients resulting in 

1612
01:24:12,800 --> 01:24:16,400
meals, that not only economical,
but also delicious, despite her 

1613
01:24:16,400 --> 01:24:18,300
reluctance to acknowledge their 
deliciousness. 

1614
01:24:19,700 --> 01:24:22,500
The weekly delivery of Supply is
turns the kitchen into a small 

1615
01:24:22,500 --> 01:24:25,300
version of a Marketplace, 
Tradesman arrived with 

1616
01:24:25,300 --> 01:24:27,300
vegetables, meat Dairy, and Dry 
Goods. 

1617
01:24:27,300 --> 01:24:30,700
A Mrs, Pemberton inspects, 
everything with the critical eye

1618
01:24:30,700 --> 01:24:33,000
of someone who has been fooled 
by wilted lettuce. 

1619
01:24:33,000 --> 01:24:37,000
Exactly. 
Once and learned her lesson, She

1620
01:24:37,000 --> 01:24:40,500
haggles over prices. 
Rejects inferior products and 

1621
01:24:40,500 --> 01:24:43,100
somehow, manages to maintain 
relationships with suppliers 

1622
01:24:43,100 --> 01:24:46,000
that ensure the man gets the 
best of everything while staying

1623
01:24:46,000 --> 01:24:48,800
within budget. 
The kitchen Gosset network is 

1624
01:24:48,800 --> 01:24:52,300
more efficient than the Postal 
Service information travels from

1625
01:24:52,300 --> 01:24:54,200
the tradesman's entrance to the 
servants Hall. 

1626
01:24:54,200 --> 01:24:57,800
Faster than Steam from a kettle.
A Mrs. Pemberton somehow knows 

1627
01:24:57,800 --> 01:24:59,700
about neighborhood scandals 
before they happen. 

1628
01:24:59,700 --> 01:25:03,600
She dispenses wisdom about 
everything from unreliable 

1629
01:25:03,600 --> 01:25:06,800
butchers to unsuitable 
marriages, all while stirring 

1630
01:25:06,800 --> 01:25:09,500
sources and timing roasts with 
the Precision of a master 

1631
01:25:09,500 --> 01:25:12,600
conductor. 
The kitchen reveals its true 

1632
01:25:12,600 --> 01:25:14,100
character during the evening, 
clean up. 

1633
01:25:14,100 --> 01:25:17,900
After a day of constant 
activity, the great room needs 

1634
01:25:17,900 --> 01:25:20,600
to be restored to perfect order 
for the next days battles. 

1635
01:25:20,600 --> 01:25:24,500
Every surface must be scrubbed 
every pot cleaned and put away. 

1636
01:25:24,500 --> 01:25:27,700
And the stove, banked for the 
night like a faithful pet being 

1637
01:25:27,700 --> 01:25:31,300
tucked into bed. 
During These Quiet Moments that 

1638
01:25:31,300 --> 01:25:34,400
you appreciate the kitchen's 
warmth, both literal and 

1639
01:25:34,400 --> 01:25:37,900
metaphorical and understand why 
it's considered the heart of the

1640
01:25:37,900 --> 01:25:41,500
entire household living in a 
Victorian Mansion also makes you

1641
01:25:41,500 --> 01:25:44,900
an unwilling keeper of family 
secrets neighborhood, gossip and

1642
01:25:44,900 --> 01:25:47,800
blackmail material, which you 
would never do, because that 

1643
01:25:47,800 --> 01:25:49,800
would be wrong, and you need 
this job. 

1644
01:25:49,800 --> 01:25:52,500
The servants Hall. 
After dinner is where 

1645
01:25:52,500 --> 01:25:55,800
information flows like from a 
pot, sometimes bitter. 

1646
01:25:55,800 --> 01:25:59,500
Sometimes sweet always hot. 
You've learned to listen 

1647
01:25:59,500 --> 01:26:02,900
carefully and speak cautiously 
because gossip is currently in 

1648
01:26:02,900 --> 01:26:06,100
the servant world and spending 
it on wisely can leave you 

1649
01:26:06,108 --> 01:26:08,900
socially bankrupt. 
The trick is knowing which 

1650
01:26:08,900 --> 01:26:12,400
stories are safe to share, which
ones are too dangerous to repeat

1651
01:26:12,400 --> 01:26:15,500
and which ones are so delicious 
that keeping them secret. 

1652
01:26:15,500 --> 01:26:20,100
Feels like a physical sacrifice.
Martha the senior housemaid as 

1653
01:26:20,100 --> 01:26:22,800
been with the family for 15 
years and knows everything about

1654
01:26:22,800 --> 01:26:26,000
everyone. 
Possesses an extensive knowledge

1655
01:26:26,000 --> 01:26:28,600
of scandals. 
Ranging from Lourdes ashworth's,

1656
01:26:28,600 --> 01:26:32,300
youthful gambling, debts to the 
reasons behind lady ashworth's 

1657
01:26:32,300 --> 01:26:34,000
sisters exclusion from Christmas
dinner. 

1658
01:26:34,000 --> 01:26:37,100
Martha dispenses this 
information like a careful 

1659
01:26:37,100 --> 01:26:40,800
pharmacist giving you just 
enough to satisfy your curiosity

1660
01:26:40,800 --> 01:26:43,400
without providing enough to get 
you into trouble. 

1661
01:26:43,400 --> 01:26:46,900
The most fascinating discoveries
come from cleaning, the family's

1662
01:26:46,900 --> 01:26:49,700
private spaces. 
You've mastered the art of 

1663
01:26:49,708 --> 01:26:52,900
interpreting Clues such as the 
hastily hidden letters upon 

1664
01:26:52,900 --> 01:26:56,400
entering a room abrupt Holtz and
conversations when servants 

1665
01:26:56,400 --> 01:26:58,400
arrived. 
And the poignant glance is 

1666
01:26:58,400 --> 01:27:01,200
shared among family members. 
That reveal intricate details 

1667
01:27:01,200 --> 01:27:03,800
about situations, you're not 
expected to comprehend. 

1668
01:27:05,000 --> 01:27:07,300
The artist in appearing 
oblivious while actually being 

1669
01:27:07,300 --> 01:27:10,800
quite observant in remembering 
everything while pretending to 

1670
01:27:10,800 --> 01:27:13,400
forget it. 
All the guest rooms, hold a 

1671
01:27:13,400 --> 01:27:15,800
wealth of information about the 
family social connections. 

1672
01:27:15,800 --> 01:27:18,900
You've learned to deduce entire 
stories from the contents of 

1673
01:27:18,908 --> 01:27:21,600
visitors, luggage their 
correspondence and their 

1674
01:27:21,600 --> 01:27:25,700
requests for specific services. 
Colonel Weatherby who visits 

1675
01:27:25,700 --> 01:27:29,600
quarterly always bring his soap 
and request extra towels which 

1676
01:27:29,600 --> 01:27:32,400
suggests either fastidious 
hygiene or something more 

1677
01:27:32,400 --> 01:27:34,300
interesting that you're not 
supposed to think about? 

1678
01:27:35,500 --> 01:27:38,500
Mrs. Vanderbilt always travels 
with her sheets and insists on 

1679
01:27:38,500 --> 01:27:39,800
having her tea prepared with 
water. 

1680
01:27:39,800 --> 01:27:41,500
That's been boiled exactly 
twice. 

1681
01:27:42,500 --> 01:27:44,900
Which tells you something about 
either her standards or her 

1682
01:27:44,900 --> 01:27:48,100
superstitions the most dangerous
secrets are the ones that 

1683
01:27:48,100 --> 01:27:51,100
involve the family's finances. 
You've overheard enough 

1684
01:27:51,100 --> 01:27:53,400
conversations to understand that
the manners. 

1685
01:27:53,400 --> 01:27:56,800
Magnificent appearance might not
reflect the actual state of the 

1686
01:27:56,800 --> 01:27:59,700
family's resources. 
There are whispered discussions 

1687
01:27:59,700 --> 01:28:02,800
about mortgages Investments and 
the need to make certain 

1688
01:28:02,800 --> 01:28:06,000
economies that must never be a 
parent to visitors this 

1689
01:28:06,000 --> 01:28:09,600
knowledge lingers in your mind 
to significant to overlook yet 

1690
01:28:09,600 --> 01:28:13,200
to perilous to divulge. 
The Romantic entanglements of 

1691
01:28:13,200 --> 01:28:15,900
the family, provide endless 
entertainment for the servants 

1692
01:28:15,900 --> 01:28:18,100
Hall. 
Everyone is eagerly. 

1693
01:28:18,100 --> 01:28:21,100
Anticipating the moment when Ms,
Caroline's parents will notice 

1694
01:28:21,100 --> 01:28:24,400
her obvious infatuation with the
young cure, it was visiting to 

1695
01:28:24,400 --> 01:28:28,300
discuss her charitable work. 
Master Fredrick's current 

1696
01:28:28,300 --> 01:28:31,500
obsession with military history.
Seems to be connected to his 

1697
01:28:31,500 --> 01:28:35,400
desire to impress Ms. Julia the 
daughter of a visiting general, 

1698
01:28:35,400 --> 01:28:38,900
which is a adorable Until you 
realize that 8 year old romantic

1699
01:28:38,900 --> 01:28:41,600
strategies involving 
increasingly, elaborate displays

1700
01:28:41,600 --> 01:28:45,200
of toy soldier expertise, 
Observing the relationship 

1701
01:28:45,200 --> 01:28:48,000
between Lord and Lady Ashworth 
from the unique perspective of 

1702
01:28:48,000 --> 01:28:50,900
someone who maintains their 
private spaces is a fascinating 

1703
01:28:50,900 --> 01:28:53,000
study. 
In Victorian marriage, they 

1704
01:28:53,000 --> 01:28:56,400
maintain the perfect facade of 
domestic Harmony in public that 

1705
01:28:56,400 --> 01:28:59,500
you've learned to read the 
subtle signs of tension separate

1706
01:28:59,500 --> 01:29:03,000
bedrooms During certain weeks 
conversations that are too 

1707
01:29:03,000 --> 01:29:05,200
polite to be natural. 
And the way they sometimes 

1708
01:29:05,200 --> 01:29:07,800
communicate through servants 
rather than directly to each 

1709
01:29:07,800 --> 01:29:10,700
other. 
The most unexpected secrets are 

1710
01:29:10,700 --> 01:29:12,400
the ones that reveal the 
family's Humanity. 

1711
01:29:13,200 --> 01:29:16,000
You've discovered that Lord 
Ashworth writes poetry which he 

1712
01:29:16,000 --> 01:29:18,600
hides in his desk drawer like 
its evidence of criminal 

1713
01:29:18,600 --> 01:29:20,700
activity. 
Lady Ashworth. 

1714
01:29:20,700 --> 01:29:23,900
Discreetly transfers funds to 
her former governors who was 

1715
01:29:23,900 --> 01:29:27,200
struggling financially. 
Master Frederic sleeps with the 

1716
01:29:27,200 --> 01:29:29,800
stuffed elephant. 
He's had since infancy a 

1717
01:29:29,800 --> 01:29:32,300
miscarried in keeps a diary 
locked in a box, you would never

1718
01:29:32,300 --> 01:29:35,300
dream of opening, even though, 
you know, exactly where she 

1719
01:29:35,300 --> 01:29:38,300
hides the key, the neighborhood 
scandals that filter through the

1720
01:29:38,308 --> 01:29:41,100
servants, were like chapters in 
a novel That Never Ends. 

1721
01:29:41,800 --> 01:29:44,500
It's the ongoing mystery of why 
the Pemberton family down the 

1722
01:29:44,508 --> 01:29:46,100
road. 
Suddenly dismissed their entire 

1723
01:29:46,100 --> 01:29:48,800
staff last month. 
The speculation about whether 

1724
01:29:48,800 --> 01:29:51,600
Mr. Harrington's new wife is 
actually as young as she claims 

1725
01:29:51,600 --> 01:29:54,600
to be and the delicious 
controversy surrounding the 

1726
01:29:54,600 --> 01:29:57,600
Methodist ministers daughter, 
who's been seen walking on 

1727
01:29:57,600 --> 01:29:59,700
chaperoned with the young man 
whose definitely not from 

1728
01:29:59,700 --> 01:30:02,400
suitable family after 18 months 
in service. 

1729
01:30:02,400 --> 01:30:05,000
You've learned that life in a 
Victorian Mansion is built on 

1730
01:30:05,000 --> 01:30:07,400
Rhythm. 
The daily beet of routine that 

1731
01:30:07,400 --> 01:30:10,400
keeps everything functioning 
punctuated by moments of 

1732
01:30:10,400 --> 01:30:14,300
unexpected magic that make all 
the hard work worth while your 

1733
01:30:14,300 --> 01:30:17,800
days of developed, a musical 
quality each task flowing into 

1734
01:30:17,800 --> 01:30:20,300
the next with the kind of 
precision that comes from 

1735
01:30:20,300 --> 01:30:24,200
repetition and the knowledge 
that 22 other people depend on, 

1736
01:30:24,200 --> 01:30:28,100
you doing your part perfectly. 
Changing seasons, bring 

1737
01:30:28,100 --> 01:30:31,600
different rhythms to the manor. 
Spring means opening Windows 

1738
01:30:31,600 --> 01:30:33,000
that have been sealed against 
Winter's. 

1739
01:30:33,000 --> 01:30:36,600
Cold beating rugs, that have 
collected months of fireplace 

1740
01:30:36,600 --> 01:30:39,400
smoke and the general 
resurrection of a house that's 

1741
01:30:39,400 --> 01:30:43,600
been hibernating, summer brings 
Garden parties house guests and 

1742
01:30:43,600 --> 01:30:46,100
the challenge of keeping cool in
rooms that face the afternoon 

1743
01:30:46,100 --> 01:30:51,300
sun Autumn means preparing for 
winter Siege preserving food and

1744
01:30:51,300 --> 01:30:54,000
The Melancholy beauty of 
watching The Grounds transformed

1745
01:30:54,000 --> 01:30:58,200
into a landscape painting. 
Winter brings the Cozy, intimacy

1746
01:30:58,200 --> 01:31:02,500
of smaller warmer spaces, the 
constant, tending of fires and 

1747
01:31:02,500 --> 01:31:05,000
the satisfaction of keeping a 
large house comfortable. 

1748
01:31:05,000 --> 01:31:08,200
When Nature is doing its best to
freeze, everything solid. 

1749
01:31:08,200 --> 01:31:11,500
You've learned to find beauty in
the most mundane tasks. 

1750
01:31:12,300 --> 01:31:14,700
There's something almost 
meditative about polishing 

1751
01:31:14,700 --> 01:31:18,000
silver until it reflects your 
face with perfect clarity or 

1752
01:31:18,000 --> 01:31:20,200
arranging flowers. 
In a way that makes an ordinary 

1753
01:31:20,200 --> 01:31:22,200
room feel like a scene from a 
fairy tale. 

1754
01:31:22,900 --> 01:31:24,400
The repetitive nature of your 
work. 

1755
01:31:24,400 --> 01:31:27,400
Has taught you to appreciate 
small improvements, tiny 

1756
01:31:27,400 --> 01:31:30,500
victories and the satisfaction 
that comes from doing something.

1757
01:31:30,500 --> 01:31:34,800
Well, even when nobody notices, 
the family has grown from 

1758
01:31:34,800 --> 01:31:38,300
distant figures to real people 
with quirks habits and 

1759
01:31:38,300 --> 01:31:41,100
personalities that you've 
learned to accommodate and even 

1760
01:31:41,100 --> 01:31:44,500
appreciate Lord ashworth's 
absent-minded Professor 

1761
01:31:44,500 --> 01:31:48,100
tendencies mean you never move 
anything on his death even when 

1762
01:31:48,100 --> 01:31:50,000
it's been sitting in the same 
spot for months. 

1763
01:31:51,000 --> 01:31:53,300
Lady Ashworth. 
Perfectionist streak has taught 

1764
01:31:53,300 --> 01:31:55,900
you to anticipate problems 
before they occur. 

1765
01:31:55,900 --> 01:32:00,200
And to take pride in exceeding 
expectations, the children have 

1766
01:32:00,200 --> 01:32:01,900
shown you that growing up in 
privileged. 

1767
01:32:01,900 --> 01:32:05,000
Doesn't necessarily mean growing
up without challenges and that 

1768
01:32:05,000 --> 01:32:07,200
being wealthy doesn't protect 
you from the universal 

1769
01:32:07,200 --> 01:32:10,100
experience of childhood 
confusion and the need for 

1770
01:32:10,100 --> 01:32:13,000
kindness, your fellow servants, 
have become the family. 

1771
01:32:13,000 --> 01:32:16,600
You never expected to find. 
Martha's tough exterior, 

1772
01:32:16,600 --> 01:32:20,000
conceals a heart Shattered by 
numerous disappointments yet. 

1773
01:32:20,000 --> 01:32:22,300
She's the first to extend 
assistance when you're in need 

1774
01:32:22,300 --> 01:32:25,700
Mrs. Pemberton's persistent 
complaints about ungrateful. 

1775
01:32:25,700 --> 01:32:29,600
People concealer profound joy 
and providing nutritious food 

1776
01:32:29,600 --> 01:32:32,600
and maintaining their health. 
Even Mr. Whitmore with his 

1777
01:32:32,600 --> 01:32:36,400
intimidating, dignity has shown 
moments of unexpected humor and 

1778
01:32:36,400 --> 01:32:39,600
surprising kindness. 
The skills you've developed in 

1779
01:32:39,600 --> 01:32:42,000
service have changed you in 
ways, you didn't anticipate, 

1780
01:32:42,000 --> 01:32:45,400
your hands have become capable 
of delicate work. 

1781
01:32:45,400 --> 01:32:48,000
That would have been impossible,
18 months ago. 

1782
01:32:48,000 --> 01:32:51,600
Your back has grown stronger 
from all the bending and lifting

1783
01:32:51,600 --> 01:32:55,700
your mind has become more 
organized, more efficient, and 

1784
01:32:55,700 --> 01:32:57,400
better at solving problems 
quickly. 

1785
01:32:57,400 --> 01:33:02,200
You've learned to read people's 
moods to anticipate needs and to

1786
01:33:02,200 --> 01:33:04,000
provide Comfort without being 
asked. 

1787
01:33:04,900 --> 01:33:07,400
The most surprising discovery is
how much you've learned about 

1788
01:33:07,400 --> 01:33:11,200
yourself living in service has 
taught you resilience patience 

1789
01:33:11,200 --> 01:33:12,800
and the value of work. 
Well, done. 

1790
01:33:12,800 --> 01:33:15,800
You've learned that you can 
adapt to unexpected situations 

1791
01:33:15,800 --> 01:33:19,400
that you can do more than you 
thought and that dignity isn't 

1792
01:33:19,400 --> 01:33:23,700
based on social status. 
Future stretches ahead with 

1793
01:33:23,700 --> 01:33:25,800
possibilities. 
You're still learning to imagine

1794
01:33:25,800 --> 01:33:30,000
some servants, spend their 
entire careers in service Rising

1795
01:33:30,000 --> 01:33:32,500
through the ranks to positions 
of respect and responsibility 

1796
01:33:32,500 --> 01:33:36,100
others, save their wages and 
eventually establish their 

1797
01:33:36,100 --> 01:33:38,800
households. 
A few Marion leave service 

1798
01:33:38,800 --> 01:33:40,900
altogether. 
Carrying this skills into 

1799
01:33:40,900 --> 01:33:43,700
different lives. 
You haven't decided, which path 

1800
01:33:43,700 --> 01:33:45,900
you'll take that. 
You've learned that having 

1801
01:33:45,900 --> 01:33:50,500
choices is a luxury, your 
grateful for As you settle into 

1802
01:33:50,500 --> 01:33:52,700
your narrow bed, at the end of 
another long day. 

1803
01:33:52,700 --> 01:33:55,400
Listening to Sarah about her 
sweet heart. 

1804
01:33:55,400 --> 01:33:58,900
And as reliable snores, you 
realize that this life you've 

1805
01:33:58,900 --> 01:34:01,100
built in service is more than 
just a job. 

1806
01:34:02,000 --> 01:34:05,600
You community and education and 
a foundation for whatever comes 

1807
01:34:05,600 --> 01:34:08,000
next. 
The manor house sleeps around 

1808
01:34:08,000 --> 01:34:11,600
you peaceful and secure and you 
drift off, knowing that tomorrow

1809
01:34:11,600 --> 01:34:14,400
will bring the same rhythm of 
routine and the same possibility

1810
01:34:14,400 --> 01:34:17,300
of small Magic. 
The last thing you hear before 

1811
01:34:17,300 --> 01:34:19,800
sleep takes you is the 
grandfather clock in the 

1812
01:34:19,800 --> 01:34:23,700
entrance hall chiming the hours 
with the same steady reliability

1813
01:34:23,700 --> 01:34:25,800
that has marked your days since 
you arrived. 

1814
01:34:26,500 --> 01:34:30,100
It's a comforting sound, a 
reminder that some things endure

1815
01:34:30,100 --> 01:34:32,800
and that your part in keeping 
this small world, functioning 

1816
01:34:32,800 --> 01:34:34,500
matters more than you might 
have. 

1817
01:34:34,500 --> 01:34:37,400
Thought when you first climb 
those steep servant stairs with 

1818
01:34:37,400 --> 01:34:40,700
your single bag of possessions 
and a Heart full of uncertainty.

1819
01:34:41,700 --> 01:34:44,700
Your life in service has taught 
you, that home isn't always the 

1820
01:34:44,700 --> 01:34:46,500
place. 
You're born and family isn't 

1821
01:34:46,500 --> 01:34:47,800
always the people. 
You share blood with. 

1822
01:34:48,700 --> 01:34:51,900
Sometimes home is a narrow bed 
and a sloped ceilings and 

1823
01:34:51,900 --> 01:34:53,900
families. 
The people who know exactly how 

1824
01:34:53,900 --> 01:34:56,400
you like your tea and never 
forget to save you. 

1825
01:34:56,400 --> 01:35:05,200
The last slice of Mrs. 
Pemberton's apple tart. the 

1826
01:35:05,200 --> 01:35:07,800
first voice came not with 
thunderous Clarity, but as a 

1827
01:35:07,800 --> 01:35:11,900
whisper easily mistaken for Wind
Through the garden, I was 13 

1828
01:35:11,900 --> 01:35:15,300
Gathering herbs behind my 
father, Jacques House of Miami. 

1829
01:35:16,600 --> 01:35:19,000
Most people remember me? 
Describing the voice as 

1830
01:35:19,000 --> 01:35:22,500
appearing with blinding light at
noon but the truth differs it 

1831
01:35:22,500 --> 01:35:25,600
was actually dusk the hour when 
Shadows transformed into 

1832
01:35:25,600 --> 01:35:28,300
something else. 
Entirely Jehan. 

1833
01:35:29,200 --> 01:35:32,500
Said my name in the old tongue. 
It was familiar. 

1834
01:35:32,500 --> 01:35:36,200
Not commanding or frightening 
like someone who had known me 

1835
01:35:36,200 --> 01:35:38,500
before. 
I knew myself, I dropped my 

1836
01:35:38,500 --> 01:35:40,600
basket herb scattering across 
soil. 

1837
01:35:40,600 --> 01:35:44,300
Still warm from the day's son. 
No one had prepared me for this 

1838
01:35:44,300 --> 01:35:46,500
moment. 
Even though our priest father, 

1839
01:35:46,500 --> 01:35:49,900
the fronte frequently spoke 
about Saints and visions. 

1840
01:35:50,700 --> 01:35:53,600
People imagine I was overcome 
with religious Ecstasy, but my 

1841
01:35:53,600 --> 01:35:57,000
initial reaction was irritation.
I had chores to finish before 

1842
01:35:57,000 --> 01:35:59,000
dark. 
And mother would scold me for 

1843
01:35:59,000 --> 01:36:01,200
dallying only, when the voice 
came again. 

1844
01:36:01,200 --> 01:36:03,500
Three days later, while I 
attended our sheep, did I begin 

1845
01:36:03,500 --> 01:36:05,400
to understand. 
It was Michael, the Archangel 

1846
01:36:05,400 --> 01:36:09,000
though he did not announce 
himself grandly he simply began 

1847
01:36:09,000 --> 01:36:10,600
speaking. 
As if he were continuing a 

1848
01:36:10,600 --> 01:36:14,700
long-established conversation 
our village existed in Perpetual

1849
01:36:14,700 --> 01:36:18,000
anxiety, the English and began 
to raided regularly. 

1850
01:36:18,000 --> 01:36:20,400
Forcing us to flee with our 
livestock to the nearby 

1851
01:36:20,400 --> 01:36:24,200
fortified island of Volare. 
My father served as a village 

1852
01:36:24,200 --> 01:36:27,300
official Dean like called him. 
And I watched how the weight of 

1853
01:36:27,300 --> 01:36:30,600
protecting others bet his 
shoulders when he returned from 

1854
01:36:30,600 --> 01:36:32,200
bearing, neighbors killed in 
raids. 

1855
01:36:33,700 --> 01:36:38,300
He'd sit silently by our half. 
Staring at nothing. 

1856
01:36:39,900 --> 01:36:42,700
This was the inheritance of 
every child in Lorraine. 

1857
01:36:42,700 --> 01:36:45,600
The knowledge that safety was 
temporary violence. 

1858
01:36:45,600 --> 01:36:49,600
Inevitable. 
The voices Catherine and 

1859
01:36:49,600 --> 01:36:52,500
Margaret joined, Michael. 
Eventually did not immediately 

1860
01:36:52,500 --> 01:36:56,500
speak of saving France. 
He spoke of me how I must remain

1861
01:36:56,500 --> 01:36:58,400
pure, how I must listen 
carefully. 

1862
01:36:58,400 --> 01:37:03,000
People think I was a simple girl
that Simplicity was impossible 

1863
01:37:03,000 --> 01:37:06,800
in our border region where 
language loyalty and custom 

1864
01:37:06,800 --> 01:37:10,400
blurred, we spoke a dialect that
was neither purely French. 

1865
01:37:10,400 --> 01:37:14,100
Nor German we pledged allegiance
to Lords whose names changed 

1866
01:37:14,100 --> 01:37:17,200
with the seasons. 
You will recognize the dofa. 

1867
01:37:17,200 --> 01:37:19,900
They told me once though, I had 
never traveled beyond our Valley

1868
01:37:19,900 --> 01:37:22,800
and had never seen nobility safe
for occasional passing nights. 

1869
01:37:22,800 --> 01:37:27,400
How I inquired, my ignorance 
weighing heavily on my mind, you

1870
01:37:27,400 --> 01:37:30,900
will know was all they answered.
Mother taught me to sow and 

1871
01:37:30,900 --> 01:37:33,000
spin. 
Not knowing these domestic 

1872
01:37:33,000 --> 01:37:35,100
skills would later serve me well
in Army Camps. 

1873
01:37:35,900 --> 01:37:39,000
Father, taught me to manage off 
few acres and to recognize when 

1874
01:37:39,000 --> 01:37:43,100
rain threatened the hay Harvest.
These mundane lessons proved as 

1875
01:37:43,100 --> 01:37:45,000
crucial as anything the voices 
in parted. 

1876
01:37:45,800 --> 01:37:49,500
I hit the voices from everyone, 
especially my dear friend over 

1877
01:37:49,500 --> 01:37:51,600
yet. 
We gathered flowers for the 

1878
01:37:51,600 --> 01:37:54,600
church altar together. 
Gossiped about Village, boys and

1879
01:37:54,600 --> 01:37:58,700
waded in the Moose River during 
Summers heat normalcy became my 

1880
01:37:58,700 --> 01:38:00,900
disguise. 
When my mother, spoke of 

1881
01:38:00,900 --> 01:38:03,600
arranging a marriage with the 
son of a nearby farmer, I 

1882
01:38:03,600 --> 01:38:06,400
neither agreed nor objected 
though the voices had already 

1883
01:38:06,400 --> 01:38:10,400
commanded, my virginity be 
preserved I simply continued 

1884
01:38:10,400 --> 01:38:14,100
spinning wool, kneading bread 
and appearing unchanged while 

1885
01:38:14,100 --> 01:38:17,500
something profound transformed. 
Within me the summer, I turned 

1886
01:38:17,500 --> 01:38:20,400
16 English forces. 
Pushed deeper into our region. 

1887
01:38:20,400 --> 01:38:24,600
I watched refugees stream 
through Dominic women carrying 

1888
01:38:24,600 --> 01:38:27,600
whatever possessions they could 
save men with haunted eyes and 

1889
01:38:27,600 --> 01:38:30,900
children to exhausted to cry. 
They brought stories of 

1890
01:38:30,900 --> 01:38:34,300
villages, burned of harvest 
destroyed, and of casual 

1891
01:38:34,300 --> 01:38:37,500
cruelties inflicted by mercenary
soldiers, who fought for coin 

1892
01:38:37,500 --> 01:38:40,200
rather than calls. 
One night while our family 

1893
01:38:40,200 --> 01:38:41,900
sheltered in the church during a
raid. 

1894
01:38:41,900 --> 01:38:46,000
I watched a woman Rock her dead.
Infant refusing to acknowledge 

1895
01:38:46,000 --> 01:38:48,000
the child had stopped breathing 
hours before. 

1896
01:38:49,100 --> 01:38:51,800
Something hardened in me, then a
resolve that matched. 

1897
01:38:51,800 --> 01:38:54,800
The voice is growing urgency. 
It is time. 

1898
01:38:54,800 --> 01:38:57,500
Michael told me as Autumn Leaves
fell as France bleeds. 

1899
01:38:57,500 --> 01:39:00,300
The King's son hides while the 
kingdom crumbles. 

1900
01:39:01,300 --> 01:39:03,300
I'm a girl who cannot read. 
I answered. 

1901
01:39:03,300 --> 01:39:06,800
I've never held a sword. 
Yet you will lead armies. 

1902
01:39:06,800 --> 01:39:10,300
Catherine replied. 
I laughed aloud at this 

1903
01:39:10,300 --> 01:39:13,400
absurdity earning a questioning 
look from my brother Pierre as 

1904
01:39:13,400 --> 01:39:16,500
we gathered kindling in the 
forest. you were chosen before 

1905
01:39:16,500 --> 01:39:19,800
birth Margaret, added not for 
your knowledge, but for your 

1906
01:39:19,800 --> 01:39:24,400
heart, As winter approached 
burgundy and soldiers burned 

1907
01:39:24,400 --> 01:39:26,600
part of our village. 
I helped neighbors. 

1908
01:39:26,600 --> 01:39:29,600
Salvage what remained of their 
homes by digging through Ash for

1909
01:39:29,600 --> 01:39:31,300
cooking pots and for anything 
usable. 

1910
01:39:32,000 --> 01:39:35,100
The voices, grew more insistent 
speaking, not just in Quiet 

1911
01:39:35,100 --> 01:39:37,700
Moments, but during daily tasks 
during mass. 

1912
01:39:37,700 --> 01:39:41,300
And during rare moments of 
Village celebration, go to 

1913
01:39:41,300 --> 01:39:44,300
vacuums. 
They commanded speak to Herbert 

1914
01:39:44,300 --> 01:39:49,000
recore when You the Garrison 
Commander, a Gruff Soldier loyal

1915
01:39:49,000 --> 01:39:50,900
to the uncrowned fair. 
What? 

1916
01:39:50,900 --> 01:39:53,400
I didn't know was how a peasant 
girl might gain his audience, 

1917
01:39:53,400 --> 01:39:55,900
how I might convince him of the 
Divine messages. 

1918
01:39:55,900 --> 01:39:58,800
Only, I could hear, but the 
voice is left, no room for 

1919
01:39:58,808 --> 01:40:01,200
doubt. 
I would go, I would speak. 

1920
01:40:01,200 --> 01:40:03,200
I would begin this impossible 
Journey. 

1921
01:40:04,200 --> 01:40:06,200
So, I planted my hair one. 
Final time before. 

1922
01:40:06,200 --> 01:40:08,500
Cutting it away. 
Trading, A daughter's life for 

1923
01:40:08,500 --> 01:40:11,300
something without precedent. 
My cousin Johannes left. 

1924
01:40:11,300 --> 01:40:13,700
Thought I was insane. 
When I asked him to escort me to

1925
01:40:15,000 --> 01:40:18,100
A practical man with calloused 
hands in a Perpetual Furrow 

1926
01:40:18,100 --> 01:40:19,500
between his brows nonetheless, 
agreed. 

1927
01:40:19,500 --> 01:40:22,800
Perhaps out of curiosity about 
what a transformed his once 

1928
01:40:22,800 --> 01:40:26,600
quiet, cousin into someone who 
spoke with unnerving certainty. 

1929
01:40:27,400 --> 01:40:29,100
Three times. 
You will knock on the captain's 

1930
01:40:29,100 --> 01:40:31,400
door. 
Catherine had told me twice. 

1931
01:40:31,400 --> 01:40:34,600
He will refuse you the third 
time, he will listen. 

1932
01:40:36,100 --> 01:40:39,900
During the January journey to 
vulner my feet became numb from 

1933
01:40:39,900 --> 01:40:43,500
wearing worn, leather shoes, 
Frost glazed the bare trees, 

1934
01:40:43,500 --> 01:40:45,700
like, spun sugar, beautiful and 
bitter. 

1935
01:40:45,700 --> 01:40:49,800
I'd never traveled so far from 
home a mere 20 miles that 

1936
01:40:49,800 --> 01:40:53,100
stretched like a pilgrimage. 
Jerome filled silence is with 

1937
01:40:53,100 --> 01:40:55,600
nervous chatter about his 
Vineyard and about Village 

1938
01:40:55,600 --> 01:40:57,900
gossip carefully. 
Avoiding question about my 

1939
01:40:57,900 --> 01:40:59,800
purpose until we crested the 
final Hill. 

1940
01:41:00,800 --> 01:41:02,500
What exactly will you say to 
him? 

1941
01:41:02,500 --> 01:41:05,900
He finally asked as vocalists 
stonewall's, came into view. 

1942
01:41:05,900 --> 01:41:10,100
The truth seemed both too simple
and to extraordinary Voices From

1943
01:41:10,100 --> 01:41:12,700
Heaven commanded me to seek an 
audience with the Garrison 

1944
01:41:12,700 --> 01:41:15,600
Commander, so that I could 
eventually lead the dofan to his

1945
01:41:15,600 --> 01:41:19,900
coronation at Ryan's. 
Instead I said only what God 

1946
01:41:19,900 --> 01:41:23,400
wishes me to say. 
Boat records guards Nick at the 

1947
01:41:23,400 --> 01:41:25,600
sight of me a peasant, girl, in 
a home. 

1948
01:41:25,600 --> 01:41:28,100
Spun dress requesting an 
audience with their Commander. 

1949
01:41:28,800 --> 01:41:31,100
That something in my demeanor 
made them hesitate to Simply 

1950
01:41:31,100 --> 01:41:34,100
turn me away. 
Perhaps it was the way I stood 

1951
01:41:34,100 --> 01:41:36,600
as if inhabited by something 
larger than myself. 

1952
01:41:37,400 --> 01:41:40,200
They brought record to the 
Courtyard rather than admitting 

1953
01:41:40,200 --> 01:41:43,500
me to his quarters, a public 
humiliation intended to 

1954
01:41:43,500 --> 01:41:47,300
discourage further persistence. 
The Heavenly Lord has a messages

1955
01:41:47,300 --> 01:41:49,000
concerning the welfare of 
France. 

1956
01:41:49,000 --> 01:41:52,700
I announced borrowing formality.
I'd never needed in Domini. 

1957
01:41:53,400 --> 01:41:56,800
Boudreaux bearded broad 
shouldered perpetually armored 

1958
01:41:56,800 --> 01:41:59,800
even in peace time laughed, not 
cruelty. 

1959
01:41:59,800 --> 01:42:03,400
But with the weariness of a man 
bees by people claiming special 

1960
01:42:03,400 --> 01:42:07,100
knowledge in Desperate Times. 
Returned to your father child, 

1961
01:42:07,100 --> 01:42:10,400
he said, learn to improve your 
thread, spinning skills and of 

1962
01:42:10,400 --> 01:42:14,200
telling stories. 
I did not argue the voices had 

1963
01:42:14,200 --> 01:42:17,300
prepared me for rejection. 
Your own looked relieved as we 

1964
01:42:17,300 --> 01:42:20,400
left believe in the matter 
concluded, but I remained in 

1965
01:42:20,400 --> 01:42:22,500
vocalo, staying with distant 
relatives. 

1966
01:42:22,500 --> 01:42:25,600
The kindly wheel right? 
Honoree in his wife Catherine 

1967
01:42:25,600 --> 01:42:28,800
larae, who took me in despite 
their confusion about my 

1968
01:42:28,800 --> 01:42:30,500
purpose. 
Daily. 

1969
01:42:30,500 --> 01:42:34,000
I attended mass at the chapel of
Saint Marie, kneeling, on Stone 

1970
01:42:34,000 --> 01:42:35,700
floors. 
That bruised, my knees. 

1971
01:42:36,500 --> 01:42:39,000
Townspeople began noticing. 
The strange girl, who prayed 

1972
01:42:39,000 --> 01:42:42,600
with unusual intensity. 
Some mocked me some others 

1973
01:42:42,600 --> 01:42:45,500
sensing something Beyond 
ordinary Faith, began asking for

1974
01:42:45,500 --> 01:42:49,800
blessings for prayers, specific 
to their troubles, I have no 

1975
01:42:49,800 --> 01:42:52,400
power to bless. 
I told a woman who brought her 

1976
01:42:52,400 --> 01:42:55,100
feverish child. 
I am only a messenger. 

1977
01:42:56,200 --> 01:42:59,500
Yet I placed my hands on the 
child's forehead feeling heat 

1978
01:42:59,500 --> 01:43:02,400
radiating through papery skin 
and prayed anyway. 

1979
01:43:03,300 --> 01:43:04,800
When the fever broke three days 
later. 

1980
01:43:04,800 --> 01:43:08,700
Whispers about me change tenor. 
I was back at bead records door 

1981
01:43:08,700 --> 01:43:11,100
six days. 
After my initial rejection this 

1982
01:43:11,100 --> 01:43:14,200
time, he received me properly in
his Chambers, curious about 

1983
01:43:14,200 --> 01:43:15,800
rumors circulating through his 
town. 

1984
01:43:17,000 --> 01:43:20,000
He stood before his massive Oak 
death, my shadow small against 

1985
01:43:20,000 --> 01:43:23,300
the Stonewall behind me, you 
claim Heaven speaks to you. 

1986
01:43:23,300 --> 01:43:25,100
He said not bothering with a 
greeting. 

1987
01:43:25,100 --> 01:43:29,800
Not claims truth, the steadiness
in my voice surprised even me 

1988
01:43:30,600 --> 01:43:32,500
Today. 
Nearly all. 

1989
01:43:33,100 --> 01:43:36,700
Are forces of suffered defeat. 
Skirmish near a place called 

1990
01:43:36,700 --> 01:43:40,300
rovere The Ambush targeted, men 
carrying Lenten, fish and 

1991
01:43:40,300 --> 01:43:43,700
provisioned for the besieged. 
You will receive confirmation of

1992
01:43:43,700 --> 01:43:46,600
the situation in days. 
I had not known. 

1993
01:43:46,600 --> 01:43:49,700
These words would come from my 
mouth until they emerged the 

1994
01:43:49,700 --> 01:43:52,400
voices had whispered to the 
moments before, I'm just to end 

1995
01:43:52,400 --> 01:43:55,200
his chamber. 
Bogart's expression change from 

1996
01:43:55,200 --> 01:44:00,400
skepticism to guarded caution. 
If the story proves true, he 

1997
01:44:00,400 --> 01:44:03,100
began. 
When it proves true, I corrected

1998
01:44:03,100 --> 01:44:07,000
you will provide me an escort to
she know, He dismissed me 

1999
01:44:07,000 --> 01:44:10,100
without commitment Messengers, 
confirmed the battle of the 

2000
01:44:10,100 --> 01:44:13,000
herrings four days later while 
my prediction was not 

2001
01:44:13,000 --> 01:44:16,600
particularly detailed its 
verification startled, Boudreaux

2002
01:44:16,600 --> 01:44:19,400
into taking me. 
Seriously, on my third visit, he

2003
01:44:19,400 --> 01:44:22,800
listened fully I must dress as a
man explained. 

2004
01:44:22,800 --> 01:44:26,100
The journey is dangerous and I 
have been promised protection. 

2005
01:44:26,100 --> 01:44:29,900
If I maintain my virtue, what I 
didn't say is that the voice is 

2006
01:44:29,900 --> 01:44:33,100
sometimes revealed to me, 
glimpses of what awaited roads 

2007
01:44:33,100 --> 01:44:36,400
crawling with burgundy, patrols 
English archers and Forest, 

2008
01:44:36,400 --> 01:44:38,900
Clearing and rivers swollen with
winter melt. 

2009
01:44:39,600 --> 01:44:42,600
A woman traveling would face 
dangers, Beyond enemy soldiers. 

2010
01:44:43,400 --> 01:44:45,800
The voice is Promised safety but
required provenance. 

2011
01:44:45,800 --> 01:44:50,000
Boudreaux commission Male 
clothing for me a dark Woolen 

2012
01:44:50,000 --> 01:44:53,000
tunic leggings and a boots that 
he needed stuffing at the toes 

2013
01:44:53,000 --> 01:44:55,500
wardrobe core. 
Cut my hair even shorter 

2014
01:44:55,500 --> 01:44:59,000
cropping it close to my scalp 
when I dressed in these garments

2015
01:44:59,000 --> 01:45:01,500
for the first time, the Hawaii 
watched with troubled 

2016
01:45:01,500 --> 01:45:05,300
Fascination Henry crossed 
himself, Catherine white tears. 

2017
01:45:05,300 --> 01:45:09,200
You look honestly, started 
unable to find appropriate 

2018
01:45:09,200 --> 01:45:11,400
words. 
Like, God's instrument. 

2019
01:45:11,400 --> 01:45:15,200
I finished for him, though. 
I felt only like myself, simply 

2020
01:45:15,200 --> 01:45:19,500
clad differently, Jean de Mets, 
and Bert wonderful longji, two 

2021
01:45:19,500 --> 01:45:22,900
of boat records, men volunteered
to accompany me to Chinook. 

2022
01:45:23,400 --> 01:45:26,200
Both later claimed divine 
inspiration, moved them to offer

2023
01:45:26,200 --> 01:45:28,000
an escort. 
But I saw more Earthly 

2024
01:45:28,000 --> 01:45:30,900
calculation in their eyes 
curiosity about whether the 

2025
01:45:30,900 --> 01:45:34,000
strange girl might truly have 
Heavenly favor whether their 

2026
01:45:34,000 --> 01:45:35,600
fortunes might Rise by 
proximity. 

2027
01:45:36,600 --> 01:45:40,000
The night before departure Bode 
recore summoned, me once more, 

2028
01:45:40,000 --> 01:45:43,600
the chambers single candle cast,
dramatic Shadows across his 

2029
01:45:43,600 --> 01:45:45,700
face. 
Deepening already severe 

2030
01:45:45,700 --> 01:45:48,900
features. 
If you are deceiving us, if you 

2031
01:45:48,900 --> 01:45:52,700
lead my men into danger, through
false prophecy he let the threat

2032
01:45:52,700 --> 01:45:55,800
hang unfinished. 
I move only as directed, I 

2033
01:45:55,800 --> 01:45:58,500
answered your men safety as 
precious to heaven. 

2034
01:45:59,500 --> 01:46:02,500
He handed me a sword, then not 
ceremoniously, but with a 

2035
01:46:02,500 --> 01:46:04,800
practicality that acknowledged 
the dangers ahead. 

2036
01:46:05,800 --> 01:46:08,800
Can you use this? 
I had never held a sword before.

2037
01:46:08,800 --> 01:46:10,700
It's wait. 
Surprise me. 

2038
01:46:10,700 --> 01:46:15,000
The cool against my palm. 
I will not need to I said, 

2039
01:46:15,000 --> 01:46:18,200
others will fight. 
I carry the standard. 

2040
01:46:19,200 --> 01:46:23,300
This answer so specific yet, so 
odd seemed to finally convinced 

2041
01:46:23,300 --> 01:46:27,100
him, he nodded once, reclaim the
sword and uttered words that 

2042
01:46:27,100 --> 01:46:30,400
would become famous, despite 
their lack of theatrical Flair 

2043
01:46:30,400 --> 01:46:34,400
in their actual delivery. 
Go then and let come up comes. 

2044
01:46:35,200 --> 01:46:39,400
The following morning, February 
23rd, a departed vocular, with 

2045
01:46:39,400 --> 01:46:43,100
my small escort, townspeople 
gathered to watch some, touching

2046
01:46:43,100 --> 01:46:46,900
my garments as if I were already
a saint a woman pressed a rosary

2047
01:46:46,900 --> 01:46:49,400
into my hand. 
A blacksmith crossed himself. 

2048
01:46:49,400 --> 01:46:53,100
As I passed, I did not look back
at the town's gate, even though 

2049
01:46:53,100 --> 01:46:57,100
homesickness was already pulling
at me, not for Dom Remi, but for

2050
01:46:57,100 --> 01:46:59,700
a Simplicity that I had now 
irrevocably lost. 

2051
01:47:00,600 --> 01:47:03,800
The head layer 11 days of hard 
travel through enemy territory 

2052
01:47:03,800 --> 01:47:07,700
and beyond that challenges. 
I could scarcely imagine but 

2053
01:47:07,700 --> 01:47:10,600
Michael's voice accompanied me 
Steady as my heartbeat. 

2054
01:47:11,400 --> 01:47:14,100
France is Liberation begins with
each step. 

2055
01:47:14,100 --> 01:47:17,600
You take the journey to Shin on 
tested faith, more than physical

2056
01:47:17,600 --> 01:47:20,000
endurance. 
We traveled mainly at night 

2057
01:47:20,000 --> 01:47:22,900
voiding main roads, where 
English and Beyond Patrol 

2058
01:47:22,900 --> 01:47:26,300
sought, travelers to Robble, 
Ransom during daylight hours, we

2059
01:47:26,300 --> 01:47:28,600
hid in a band and Shepherd's, 
Huts, or dense Woodland. 

2060
01:47:29,600 --> 01:47:32,600
Genre Mets and who initially 
insisted? 

2061
01:47:32,600 --> 01:47:35,500
I sleep separate from them to 
protect my virtue but 

2062
01:47:35,500 --> 01:47:37,900
practicality soon, dissolved 
such curses. 

2063
01:47:37,900 --> 01:47:42,400
We huddled together for warmth 
in February biting cold, my male

2064
01:47:42,400 --> 01:47:44,900
attire and their owner providing
sufficient barriers. 

2065
01:47:45,700 --> 01:47:48,600
My companions attitudes toward 
me, evolved during our journey 

2066
01:47:48,600 --> 01:47:51,700
initial skepticism transformed 
into cautious. 

2067
01:47:51,700 --> 01:47:54,700
Reverence after we narrowly 
avoided a Burgundian Patrol that

2068
01:47:54,700 --> 01:47:58,600
should have intercepted us. 
The wind shifted pooling gear 

2069
01:47:58,600 --> 01:48:01,100
remarked, not connecting the 
sudden, weather change to my 

2070
01:48:01,108 --> 01:48:05,500
silent prayer moments before 
Later when we reached a swollen 

2071
01:48:05,500 --> 01:48:07,700
river, that Maps showed, no 
Crossing for Miles. 

2072
01:48:07,700 --> 01:48:11,600
A local boy appeared as if 
conjured guiding us to a hidden 

2073
01:48:11,600 --> 01:48:14,600
Ford. 
My escorts exchanged meaningful 

2074
01:48:14,600 --> 01:48:17,900
glances, but I knew these were 
not Miracles, merely the 

2075
01:48:17,900 --> 01:48:19,700
everyday, working of divine 
guidance. 

2076
01:48:20,800 --> 01:48:23,300
Will you truly recognize the 
doffo Jean asked? 

2077
01:48:23,300 --> 01:48:25,900
One evening as we warmed. 
Our hands over a small 

2078
01:48:25,900 --> 01:48:27,300
carefully. 
Shielded fire. 

2079
01:48:27,300 --> 01:48:30,900
They say he often hides among 
his courtiers to test visitors. 

2080
01:48:31,700 --> 01:48:33,800
God will identify his anointed 
ions. 

2081
01:48:33,800 --> 01:48:37,200
So privately, I wondered how 
this recognition would manifest.

2082
01:48:38,300 --> 01:48:39,900
Voices. 
Remained frustratingly. 

2083
01:48:39,900 --> 01:48:44,000
Vague on practical details. 
We reached Shin on March 6th, 

2084
01:48:44,000 --> 01:48:47,100
but two more days passed before 
gaining entrance to the castle. 

2085
01:48:47,100 --> 01:48:50,500
We launched in the town below 
where I endured the first of 

2086
01:48:50,500 --> 01:48:53,400
many examinations by Church 
officials balls and sent to 

2087
01:48:53,400 --> 01:48:56,700
determine where the mclane's 
were divine inspiration, demonic

2088
01:48:56,700 --> 01:49:00,700
influence, or simple Madness. 
How can we know God speaks 

2089
01:49:00,700 --> 01:49:02,100
through. 
You demanded. 

2090
01:49:02,100 --> 01:49:05,100
An elderly priest, with 
yellowed, fingers and breathes, 

2091
01:49:05,100 --> 01:49:08,500
sour from fasting. 
By the signs that follow. 

2092
01:49:08,500 --> 01:49:10,700
I replied. 
Remembering Catherine's 

2093
01:49:10,700 --> 01:49:13,100
coaching. 
God does not ask for Blind 

2094
01:49:13,100 --> 01:49:16,000
Faith, but provides confirmation
for those who truly seek. 

2095
01:49:16,800 --> 01:49:18,100
What? 
Signs have you performed? 

2096
01:49:18,100 --> 01:49:20,300
None. 
Yet signs. 

2097
01:49:20,300 --> 01:49:22,000
Are not tricks. 
Of The Conjurer performed on 

2098
01:49:22,000 --> 01:49:24,200
demand. 
They unfold as needed. 

2099
01:49:25,100 --> 01:49:28,200
He seemed satisfied with this 
answer, which surprised me. 

2100
01:49:29,100 --> 01:49:30,800
Later. 
I learned he reported favorably 

2101
01:49:30,800 --> 01:49:34,200
on my Orthodoxy noting I 
answered questions about fate 

2102
01:49:34,200 --> 01:49:37,400
with simple Clarity rather than 
elaborate theological 

2103
01:49:37,400 --> 01:49:40,500
constructions, that might 
suggest educated heretical 

2104
01:49:40,500 --> 01:49:43,400
influences. 
When I eventually gained entry 

2105
01:49:43,400 --> 01:49:46,000
to the castle, I faced a plan 
challenge. 

2106
01:49:46,900 --> 01:49:49,600
Charles not yet crowned and 
increasingly doubtful of his 

2107
01:49:49,600 --> 01:49:52,200
legitimacy. 
Had a range for another man to 

2108
01:49:52,200 --> 01:49:55,500
sit on the throne while he stood
among dozens of richly dressed 

2109
01:49:55,500 --> 01:49:57,600
courtiers. 
The Great Hall. 

2110
01:49:57,600 --> 01:50:01,300
Blazed, with hundreds of candles
they're like reflecting off 

2111
01:50:01,300 --> 01:50:04,100
jeweled fingers, and gold and 
threads woven through Noble 

2112
01:50:04,100 --> 01:50:06,500
garments. 
The assembled Court, watched 

2113
01:50:06,500 --> 01:50:10,000
expectantly many smirking at the
prospect of a peasant girls 

2114
01:50:10,000 --> 01:50:13,000
confusion. 
I had never seen such finery 

2115
01:50:13,000 --> 01:50:16,800
such concentrated wealth. 
For a moment, my confidence 

2116
01:50:16,800 --> 01:50:20,200
wavered, these were people whose
everyday garments cost more than

2117
01:50:20,208 --> 01:50:23,800
my family earned in years. 
What arrogance brought me here, 

2118
01:50:23,800 --> 01:50:27,600
then Margaret whispered not in 
my ear but directly within my 

2119
01:50:27,608 --> 01:50:30,500
mind. 
Remember your purpose, you are 

2120
01:50:30,500 --> 01:50:32,900
not sent to be dazzled by 
Earthly riches. 

2121
01:50:34,000 --> 01:50:36,600
Without hesitation, I walked 
directly through the crowd 

2122
01:50:36,600 --> 01:50:39,200
toward a plainly Dressed Man 
Standing among the courtiers 

2123
01:50:39,200 --> 01:50:42,100
kneeling before him. 
I said, what the voice is 

2124
01:50:42,100 --> 01:50:45,100
prompted. 
God gives you life and Glory 

2125
01:50:45,100 --> 01:50:48,600
gentle dofa. 
Charles's face registered shock 

2126
01:50:48,600 --> 01:50:51,100
quickly, controlled I am not the
king. 

2127
01:50:51,100 --> 01:50:53,600
He protested. 
Maintaining the charade. 

2128
01:50:54,400 --> 01:50:58,300
I did not call you King I 
answered, you are the Doha, but 

2129
01:50:58,300 --> 01:51:01,700
you will be king when properly 
consecrated at Ryan as his God's

2130
01:51:01,700 --> 01:51:06,600
will. the court mermaid, Charles
gestured for seclusion guide, me

2131
01:51:06,600 --> 01:51:09,900
to a window ledge where we could
Converse discreetly, if you 

2132
01:51:09,900 --> 01:51:13,600
truly come from God, he said, 
quietly tell me something, only 

2133
01:51:13,600 --> 01:51:17,500
Divine knowledge could reveal A 
repeated words, Michael had give

2134
01:51:17,500 --> 01:51:20,600
me during our journey. 
You made a private prayer at All

2135
01:51:20,600 --> 01:51:22,900
Saints. 
Last November asking God, for 

2136
01:51:22,900 --> 01:51:25,700
confirmation of your right to 
the throne questioning whether 

2137
01:51:25,700 --> 01:51:27,900
your mother's reputation spoke 
truth about your birth. 

2138
01:51:28,500 --> 01:51:31,300
God answers. 
Now you are the legitimate heir 

2139
01:51:31,300 --> 01:51:35,200
to France, your suffering is 
seen your doubts are understood 

2140
01:51:35,200 --> 01:51:38,100
that you must Haven has 
preserved for you. 

2141
01:51:39,500 --> 01:51:43,100
Charles paled visibly he later 
confirmed that he had prayed 

2142
01:51:43,100 --> 01:51:46,100
this prayer in solitude. 
That I knew its contents 

2143
01:51:46,100 --> 01:51:47,900
convinced him when nothing else 
might have. 

2144
01:51:48,900 --> 01:51:51,900
Yet, despite this private 
conviction, Charles remained 

2145
01:51:51,900 --> 01:51:54,800
publicly cautious. 
I was subjected to further 

2146
01:51:54,800 --> 01:51:57,700
examinations including three 
weeks of questioning by 

2147
01:51:57,700 --> 01:52:00,900
theologians at poitiers and 
probed for heretical beliefs or 

2148
01:52:00,900 --> 01:52:04,500
signs of demonic influence. 
They examined my body for 

2149
01:52:04,500 --> 01:52:08,600
witches marks, questioned by 
insistence on mayor and tested 

2150
01:52:08,600 --> 01:52:10,000
my knowledge of Christian 
doctrine. 

2151
01:52:10,000 --> 01:52:13,000
What history rarely records, is 
the humiliation of these 

2152
01:52:13,000 --> 01:52:16,300
examinations and the indignity 
of learned men debating, whether

2153
01:52:16,300 --> 01:52:20,100
my virginity indicated Divine 
protection, while simply lack of

2154
01:52:20,100 --> 01:52:23,500
opportunity, as well as whether 
my voice is Where Angels or 

2155
01:52:23,500 --> 01:52:27,000
clever demons, One elderly, 
Theologian suggested. 

2156
01:52:27,000 --> 01:52:29,900
I might simply suffer from 
female hysteria due to my 

2157
01:52:29,900 --> 01:52:33,000
unmarried state. 
Perhaps a replied evenly. 

2158
01:52:33,000 --> 01:52:37,200
The does hysteria tiplee predict
military outcomes or recognized 

2159
01:52:37,200 --> 01:52:40,000
King's? 
During these weeks of 

2160
01:52:40,000 --> 01:52:44,100
examination, I grew increasingly
frustrated by delays early on 

2161
01:52:44,100 --> 01:52:46,500
remained Under Siege its 
situation deteriorating. 

2162
01:52:46,500 --> 01:52:50,500
The voices became more urgent. 
Sometimes waking me from sleep 

2163
01:52:50,500 --> 01:52:54,100
with commands to move quickly. 
Time, Slips Away, Michael 

2164
01:52:54,100 --> 01:52:57,800
warned, France's heart weakens 
with each passing day. 

2165
01:52:57,800 --> 01:53:00,400
I petition Charles repeatedly 
for Action. 

2166
01:53:00,400 --> 01:53:02,700
Facing resistance from his 
advisor. 

2167
01:53:02,700 --> 01:53:05,400
George de La Creme wire who 
viewed me as a threat to his 

2168
01:53:05,400 --> 01:53:08,200
influence. 
The maid makes Bold claims. 

2169
01:53:08,200 --> 01:53:11,500
He told Charles within my 
hearing yet, prophecies are 

2170
01:53:11,500 --> 01:53:14,200
cheap while soldiers lives a 
dire prophecies. 

2171
01:53:14,200 --> 01:53:17,300
May be cheap, I counter it. 
But the price of ignorance is 

2172
01:53:17,300 --> 01:53:21,000
the fall of your kingdom. 
Charles wavered between my 

2173
01:53:21,000 --> 01:53:23,900
Divine mandate and fearing the 
consequences of following an 

2174
01:53:23,900 --> 01:53:26,700
unproven visionary. 
What finally can convince him 

2175
01:53:26,700 --> 01:53:30,800
was pragmatism all conventional 
military strategies had failed. 

2176
01:53:31,500 --> 01:53:34,000
His treasury emptied while 
English territory in France 

2177
01:53:34,000 --> 01:53:36,500
expanded. 
What harm could come from, 

2178
01:53:36,500 --> 01:53:38,600
allowing me to attempt, lifting 
The Siege at all. 

2179
01:53:38,600 --> 01:53:41,000
Should I fail? 
My losses would be minimal 

2180
01:53:41,000 --> 01:53:42,600
compared to the Daily losses 
already. 

2181
01:53:42,600 --> 01:53:45,700
Incurred. 
If I succeeded, the reward was 

2182
01:53:45,700 --> 01:53:49,500
in calculus. 
In late April, after nearly 7 

2183
01:53:49,500 --> 01:53:52,600
weeks of delay in examination. 
Charles, finally granted me my 

2184
01:53:52,600 --> 01:53:55,200
mission. 
I was provided armor made to my 

2185
01:53:55,200 --> 01:53:57,100
measurements, lightweight 
plates. 

2186
01:53:57,100 --> 01:53:59,200
That nonetheless felt foreign 
against my body. 

2187
01:53:59,900 --> 01:54:03,200
The sword given to me was 
serviceable but ordinary, not 

2188
01:54:03,200 --> 01:54:05,600
the special blade. 
I described seeing in my visions

2189
01:54:06,500 --> 01:54:10,300
There is a sword Meant, For Me, 
Explain to Charles buried behind

2190
01:54:10,300 --> 01:54:13,500
the altar at Saint, Catherine, 
de Fierro it Bears. 

2191
01:54:13,500 --> 01:54:15,900
Five crosses on its blade and 
has lame there since Charles 

2192
01:54:15,900 --> 01:54:19,200
martel's time. 
Charles still testing the limits

2193
01:54:19,200 --> 01:54:20,100
of My Strange. 
Knowledge. 

2194
01:54:20,100 --> 01:54:23,100
Sent men to investigate this 
oddly specific claim. 

2195
01:54:23,100 --> 01:54:26,300
They indeed found an ancient 
sword buried exactly where 

2196
01:54:26,300 --> 01:54:30,700
described its existence unknown 
to the local priests, this sword

2197
01:54:30,700 --> 01:54:32,800
became my physical token of 
divine sanction. 

2198
01:54:32,800 --> 01:54:36,300
However, I primarily carried a 
standard in stead of wielding 

2199
01:54:36,300 --> 01:54:39,600
weapons. 
The standard was my design, a 

2200
01:54:39,600 --> 01:54:42,900
White Field. 
Adorned with flood in the name's

2201
01:54:42,900 --> 01:54:45,600
Jesus Maria. 
And depicting God, holding the 

2202
01:54:45,600 --> 01:54:49,400
world with angels at his side. 
This banana would proceed me 

2203
01:54:49,400 --> 01:54:52,400
into battle a visible. 
Reminder that our cause carried 

2204
01:54:52,400 --> 01:54:55,700
Heavenly blessing. 
Before departing on. 

2205
01:54:55,700 --> 01:54:58,700
I dictated a letter to the 
English commanders surrounding 

2206
01:54:58,700 --> 01:55:00,800
Orleans. 
Warning them to depart from 

2207
01:55:00,800 --> 01:55:03,500
France or face. 
Divine judgment, The Scribe. 

2208
01:55:03,500 --> 01:55:06,100
Who recorded my words kept 
glancing up in disbelief as 

2209
01:55:06,100 --> 01:55:09,100
increasingly forceful language 
flowed from The Peasant, girl 

2210
01:55:09,100 --> 01:55:12,000
before him. 
Surrender to the maid sent by 

2211
01:55:12,000 --> 01:55:14,800
God, the king of Heaven, you 
will not hold the kingdom of 

2212
01:55:14,800 --> 01:55:18,000
France from God, the king of 
heaven, son of Saint, Mary King,

2213
01:55:18,000 --> 01:55:21,700
Charles the true heir. 
Will hold it for God wills it. 

2214
01:55:22,600 --> 01:55:26,000
When read aloud afterward, the 
word sounded strange to my ears,

2215
01:55:26,000 --> 01:55:29,200
both mine and not mine, carrying
an authority. 

2216
01:55:29,200 --> 01:55:32,500
I'd never possessed in domini, 
the courtyard has exchanged 

2217
01:55:32,500 --> 01:55:35,500
troubled, glances uncertain, 
whether they witnessed inspired 

2218
01:55:35,500 --> 01:55:39,400
prophecy or dangerous delusion. 
However, Charles had chosen to 

2219
01:55:39,400 --> 01:55:42,800
support my journey, Charles had 
gathered equipment in assembled 

2220
01:55:42,800 --> 01:55:44,700
troops. 
The Impossible campaign was 

2221
01:55:44,700 --> 01:55:47,500
about to begin. 
On the evening before our 

2222
01:55:47,500 --> 01:55:50,200
departure for all, I stood alone
on the castle. 

2223
01:55:50,200 --> 01:55:55,000
Ramparts watching spring Stars 
emerge, home sickness washed 

2224
01:55:55,000 --> 01:55:57,900
over me and expectedly not for 
my Village specifically. 

2225
01:55:57,900 --> 01:56:01,600
But for anonymity, for the piece
of 10-in, sheep on quiet 

2226
01:56:01,600 --> 01:56:05,400
hillsides Having doubts 
Catherine asked her voice gentle

2227
01:56:05,400 --> 01:56:07,300
within my mind. 
No doubts. 

2228
01:56:07,300 --> 01:56:11,200
Well answered silently, simply a
conscious understanding of what 

2229
01:56:11,200 --> 01:56:15,000
you can't take back. 
Path Narrows before using 

2230
01:56:15,000 --> 01:56:17,300
knowledge. 
Remember, why you were chosen 

2231
01:56:17,300 --> 01:56:21,400
not for skill with sword or 
strategy, but for perfect faith 

2232
01:56:21,400 --> 01:56:24,100
in God's plan. 
I nodded though. 

2233
01:56:24,100 --> 01:56:26,200
No human eyes witnessed this 
private exchange. 

2234
01:56:27,100 --> 01:56:30,600
Perfect faith. 
It was not blindness to Danger 

2235
01:56:30,600 --> 01:56:34,300
nor an absence of fear, but a 
willingness to proceed despite 

2236
01:56:34,300 --> 01:56:38,000
both With that understanding, I 
descended to prepare for 

2237
01:56:38,000 --> 01:56:40,800
departure. 
Ready to transform from examined

2238
01:56:40,800 --> 01:56:44,200
curiosity to Battlefield. 
Commander we departed tours on 

2239
01:56:44,200 --> 01:56:47,300
April 27th, with supplies and 
reinforcements for the besieged 

2240
01:56:47,300 --> 01:56:49,200
city. 
But conflict emerged immediately

2241
01:56:49,200 --> 01:56:51,000
between military commanders and 
me. 

2242
01:56:51,000 --> 01:56:53,400
A teenage girl claiming Divine 
guidance. 

2243
01:56:54,400 --> 01:56:58,600
The Army's veteran captains 
genre and Etienne de vignole. 

2244
01:56:58,600 --> 01:57:00,700
Regarded me with open 
skepticism. 

2245
01:57:00,700 --> 01:57:03,700
They had whether years of 
defeats and develop cautious 

2246
01:57:03,700 --> 01:57:08,500
strategies of confirmation 
preserve remaining forces and 

2247
01:57:08,500 --> 01:57:10,600
accept that Allie would have 
eventually fall like other 

2248
01:57:10,600 --> 01:57:13,900
strong holds before it. 
God did not send me to follow 

2249
01:57:13,900 --> 01:57:15,700
cautious men. 
Informed them. 

2250
01:57:15,700 --> 01:57:18,800
During our first counseling, 
will not fall. 

2251
01:57:18,800 --> 01:57:20,900
We will not merely deliver 
supplies. 

2252
01:57:20,900 --> 01:57:22,800
We will break The Siege 
entirely. 

2253
01:57:23,800 --> 01:57:27,300
La here. 
And notorious Soldier known for 

2254
01:57:27,300 --> 01:57:30,300
Creative profanity stared at me 
and disbelief. 

2255
01:57:31,100 --> 01:57:33,800
With what divine win to blow the
English away. 

2256
01:57:33,800 --> 01:57:37,200
They outnumber us, they have 
secured their positions. 

2257
01:57:37,200 --> 01:57:39,400
They outnumbered David against 
Goliath. 

2258
01:57:39,400 --> 01:57:42,600
I replied numbers mean nothing 
against God's will. 

2259
01:57:44,100 --> 01:57:46,700
These exchanges established our 
working relationship. 

2260
01:57:46,700 --> 01:57:49,800
They planned according to 
military experience and I 

2261
01:57:49,808 --> 01:57:52,500
insisted on more aggressive 
action than conventional. 

2262
01:57:52,500 --> 01:57:55,900
Wisdom, suggested was proven the
compromise that emerged 

2263
01:57:55,900 --> 01:57:58,100
involved, approaching all the 
air from an unexpected 

2264
01:57:58,100 --> 01:58:00,500
Direction. 
Crossing the Loire, rather than 

2265
01:58:00,500 --> 01:58:02,700
confronting the stronger English
positions directly. 

2266
01:58:03,900 --> 01:58:06,400
This decision portrayed in 
Chronicles as my strategic 

2267
01:58:06,400 --> 01:58:09,700
Brilliance actually resulted 
from practical necessity 

2268
01:58:09,700 --> 01:58:13,400
combined with fortunate timing. 
Spring rains had made the river 

2269
01:58:13,400 --> 01:58:16,300
higher than usual, limiting 
Crossing points, but also 

2270
01:58:16,300 --> 01:58:18,300
focusing English defensive 
positions. 

2271
01:58:19,000 --> 01:58:22,800
My inspiration to approach from 
the East, simply utilized 

2272
01:58:22,800 --> 01:58:26,200
terrain the English a deemed too
difficult to defend heavily. 

2273
01:58:26,900 --> 01:58:30,200
We reached the laws. 
Southern Bank on April 29th, for

2274
01:58:30,200 --> 01:58:32,500
a dictated another letter to the
English commanders. 

2275
01:58:32,500 --> 01:58:35,600
This one delivered, by Harold 
directly to their Line's. 

2276
01:58:35,600 --> 01:58:39,000
You may have England who have no
right in this Kingdom of France,

2277
01:58:39,000 --> 01:58:43,300
go away in to your country in 
God's name and if you do not do 

2278
01:58:43,300 --> 01:58:46,700
this, wait Tiding from the maid 
who will come to see you shortly

2279
01:58:46,700 --> 01:58:50,800
to your very great injury. 
The English soldiers who heard 

2280
01:58:50,800 --> 01:58:53,500
this message? 
Reportedly laughed asking if the

2281
01:58:53,508 --> 01:58:56,900
French had grown so desperate, 
they now sent girls to fight 

2282
01:58:56,900 --> 01:59:00,300
their battles, William glaas 
their Commander sent back, a 

2283
01:59:00,300 --> 01:59:02,900
message, threatening to burn me 
as a witch, and hang those who 

2284
01:59:02,900 --> 01:59:05,800
followed me as Heretics. 
If captured fear clenched, my 

2285
01:59:05,808 --> 01:59:09,400
stomach upon hearing this not of
burning specifically, but a 

2286
01:59:09,400 --> 01:59:12,100
failure of leading others to 
death, through misplaced 

2287
01:59:12,100 --> 01:59:15,300
confidence. 
That night, I prayed longer than

2288
01:59:15,300 --> 01:59:18,700
usual seeking reassurance from 
my voices, who had grown 

2289
01:59:18,708 --> 01:59:21,900
somewhat quieter, since my 
departure from shinyu the 

2290
01:59:21,900 --> 01:59:24,700
English, threatened fire. 
I whispered to the darkness of 

2291
01:59:24,708 --> 01:59:28,200
my tent All human flesh. 
Fears Flames. 

2292
01:59:28,200 --> 01:59:29,700
Margaret answered 
compassionately. 

2293
01:59:29,700 --> 01:59:34,100
But remember, the true fire is 
God's purpose burning through 

2294
01:59:34,100 --> 01:59:37,200
you it consumes gout and 
illuminates the path. 

2295
01:59:38,500 --> 01:59:42,000
On April 30th, we successfully 
transported, supplies, and Ally 

2296
01:59:42,000 --> 01:59:45,200
on Via river, barges bringing 
desperately needed Provisions to

2297
01:59:45,200 --> 01:59:48,400
the city's Defenders. 
I entered that evening during a 

2298
01:59:48,400 --> 01:59:51,700
rainstorm soaked and physically 
exhausted but filled with 

2299
01:59:51,700 --> 01:59:55,400
strange exhilaration Citizen's 
line, the narrow streets, 

2300
01:59:55,400 --> 01:59:59,300
despite the weather, reaching to
touch my armor or standard as if

2301
01:59:59,300 --> 02:00:03,200
I carry a tangible blessing. 
Jacques Boucher the city 

2302
02:00:03,200 --> 02:00:05,100
treasurer offered his home for 
my lodging. 

2303
02:00:05,100 --> 02:00:08,200
His daughter. 
Charlotte closest to my age 

2304
02:00:08,200 --> 02:00:11,100
among the household helped, 
remove my armor out that the 

2305
02:00:11,100 --> 02:00:13,900
first evening. 
She gasped seeing bruises 

2306
02:00:13,900 --> 02:00:16,600
already forming Where Metal had 
pressed against my skin during 

2307
02:00:16,600 --> 02:00:19,200
the long ride. 
Does it hurt terribly? 

2308
02:00:19,200 --> 02:00:22,400
She asked applying herbal Salve 
to the worst marks. 

2309
02:00:23,200 --> 02:00:26,600
Less than fear hurts this city. 
I answered the truth was. 

2310
02:00:26,600 --> 02:00:28,500
I barely noticed physical 
discomfort. 

2311
02:00:28,500 --> 02:00:31,200
My focus had narrowed to a 
single purpose. 

2312
02:00:31,200 --> 02:00:33,400
Fulfilling. 
What the voice is promised. 

2313
02:00:34,600 --> 02:00:36,500
Following days brought 
increasing frustration. 

2314
02:00:37,600 --> 02:00:41,900
Military commanders insisted on 
gradual approaches small gains 

2315
02:00:41,900 --> 02:00:43,500
and careful conservation of 
resources. 

2316
02:00:43,500 --> 02:00:48,200
I demanded immediate decisive 
action against key, English 

2317
02:00:48,200 --> 02:00:52,400
fortifications, each War counts,
all became a battle itself, me 

2318
02:00:52,400 --> 02:00:55,500
against experienced soldiers, 
who saw my urgency as neither, 

2319
02:00:55,500 --> 02:00:59,600
Tay On May 4th while commanders 
deliberated yet. 

2320
02:00:59,600 --> 02:01:04,100
Another cautious plan a briefly 
in the chamber within dream-like

2321
02:01:04,100 --> 02:01:06,100
moments. 
Michael appeared, with unusual 

2322
02:01:06,100 --> 02:01:09,200
Clarity. 
They attack the Eastern Gate, he

2323
02:01:09,200 --> 02:01:14,500
stated without Preamble now. 
I woke instantly calling for my 

2324
02:01:14,500 --> 02:01:17,300
Squire to help with armor. 
Charlotte who had been mending 

2325
02:01:17,300 --> 02:01:20,500
nearby looked startled. 
At my sudden urgency what 

2326
02:01:20,500 --> 02:01:23,400
happens. 
She asked Eastern Gate. 

2327
02:01:23,400 --> 02:01:26,500
Was all, I managed while 
struggling through my padded 

2328
02:01:26,500 --> 02:01:30,200
undergarment fighting has begun.
Indeed, while commanders planned

2329
02:01:30,200 --> 02:01:32,900
English forces, had launched a 
surprise assault against Saint 

2330
02:01:32,900 --> 02:01:34,700
Luke. 
One of the city's Eastern 

2331
02:01:34,700 --> 02:01:37,900
fortifications. 
By the time I reached the area 

2332
02:01:37,900 --> 02:01:40,500
French Defenders were already 
retreating and disarray. 

2333
02:01:41,400 --> 02:01:44,000
Without waiting for formal 
orders, I wrote directly toward 

2334
02:01:44,000 --> 02:01:47,200
the conflict with the 
standardized, High soldiers, 

2335
02:01:47,200 --> 02:01:50,100
later described the events, as 
miraculous noting, how 

2336
02:01:50,100 --> 02:01:53,500
retreating men turned back upon 
seeing me and how their broken 

2337
02:01:53,500 --> 02:01:55,900
courage transformed into a 
determined Advance. 

2338
02:01:55,900 --> 02:01:59,400
The reality was less mystical, 
but no, less effective. 

2339
02:02:00,600 --> 02:02:03,400
In the confusion of battle, a 
symbolic focal point. 

2340
02:02:04,400 --> 02:02:07,400
Distinctive figure on Horseback 
with an unmistakeable Banner 

2341
02:02:07,400 --> 02:02:10,300
provided a rallying point and 
renewed purpose. 

2342
02:02:11,200 --> 02:02:13,700
Who Retreats When Heaven fights 
alongside us? 

2343
02:02:13,700 --> 02:02:17,000
I called my voice caring 
surprise me, well, across the 

2344
02:02:17,000 --> 02:02:20,600
din of combat forward. 
God has delivered them into our 

2345
02:02:20,600 --> 02:02:25,200
hands. 
The battle turned by evening. 

2346
02:02:25,200 --> 02:02:28,800
Saint Louis had fallen to our 
forces this Victory while modest

2347
02:02:28,800 --> 02:02:32,900
and strategic terms, transformed
perceptions soldiers, who had 

2348
02:02:32,900 --> 02:02:36,400
doubted began viewing me with 
superstitious orth commanders 

2349
02:02:36,400 --> 02:02:38,800
who had dismissed my Council 
became more willing to listen 

2350
02:02:38,800 --> 02:02:41,600
yet challenges to Authority 
continued. 

2351
02:02:42,300 --> 02:02:45,300
On May the 5th June. 
What attempted to exclude me 

2352
02:02:45,300 --> 02:02:47,000
from councils planning 
operations. 

2353
02:02:47,000 --> 02:02:49,400
Without my knowledge. 
Upon discovering this I 

2354
02:02:49,400 --> 02:02:53,100
confronted him directly. 
Believe you can conceal God's 

2355
02:02:53,100 --> 02:02:56,100
battle from his messenger. 
I demanded interrupting their 

2356
02:02:56,100 --> 02:02:58,800
clothes meeting. 
Why do you plot in Shadows When 

2357
02:02:58,800 --> 02:03:02,200
Heaven watches were a Godless 
Genoa intelligent politically 

2358
02:03:02,200 --> 02:03:05,100
astute recognized the changing 
mood among troops? 

2359
02:03:05,100 --> 02:03:08,600
We sought only to spare you. 
The technical details offered 

2360
02:03:08,600 --> 02:03:13,300
diplomatically spare me nothing.
I counted, I was not sent to be 

2361
02:03:13,308 --> 02:03:17,400
spared, but to lead. 
The following day, The Assault 

2362
02:03:17,400 --> 02:03:19,900
on Saint, John LeBlanc and the 
Augusta Fortress took place. 

2363
02:03:19,900 --> 02:03:23,200
This incident was one of the key
events that solidified my 

2364
02:03:23,200 --> 02:03:24,900
reputation among common 
soldiers. 

2365
02:03:24,900 --> 02:03:28,100
English Defenders had positioned
archers to cover the main 

2366
02:03:28,100 --> 02:03:30,900
approach. 
As our forces hesitated under 

2367
02:03:30,900 --> 02:03:34,400
the deadly reign of arrows, a 
road forward alone, standard 

2368
02:03:34,400 --> 02:03:36,900
Held High. 
An arrow struck. 

2369
02:03:36,900 --> 02:03:38,600
Her armor Witnesses later, 
reported. 

2370
02:03:38,600 --> 02:03:41,000
Yet she continued as if 
untouched. 

2371
02:03:41,900 --> 02:03:44,800
In truth, the arrow glanced off 
my shoulder plate, bruising but 

2372
02:03:44,800 --> 02:03:48,100
not penetrating. more 
significant than this, minor 

2373
02:03:48,100 --> 02:03:52,900
miracle was the psychological 
effect of my advanced Soldiers, 

2374
02:03:52,900 --> 02:03:55,700
Shame by a girl's courage, 
surged forward, the 

2375
02:03:55,700 --> 02:03:59,600
fortification fell by evening 
May 7th brought the decisive 

2376
02:03:59,600 --> 02:04:02,300
assault against lateral. 
The main Fortress controlling 

2377
02:04:02,300 --> 02:04:05,900
Allianz River Crossing. 
Here, my Legend and reality most

2378
02:04:05,900 --> 02:04:09,200
dramatically intersect 
historical accounts described 

2379
02:04:09,200 --> 02:04:11,900
me, taking an arrow to the 
shoulder have been predicted 

2380
02:04:11,900 --> 02:04:15,600
this injury the previous day, 
the wounded was real an English 

2381
02:04:15,600 --> 02:04:17,600
Longbow Arrow. 
Penetrating between neck and 

2382
02:04:17,608 --> 02:04:21,700
shoulder armor but my prediction
had been more General Blood will

2383
02:04:21,700 --> 02:04:24,000
be drawn to Morrow but not all 
of it, French. 

2384
02:04:25,100 --> 02:04:26,800
The pain nearly caused 
unconsciousness. 

2385
02:04:26,800 --> 02:04:30,400
I was pulled from Battle briefly
while the arrow was removed, not

2386
02:04:30,400 --> 02:04:33,800
ceremoniously, as depicted in 
romantic painting's but with 

2387
02:04:33,800 --> 02:04:37,400
brutal efficiency by a field 
surgeon who feared wound fever 

2388
02:04:37,400 --> 02:04:39,400
would set in if the barbed head 
remained embedded. 

2389
02:04:40,600 --> 02:04:43,100
Poured boiling oil into the 
wound to cauterize, the bleeding

2390
02:04:43,100 --> 02:04:45,100
pain that exceeded the original 
injury. 

2391
02:04:45,900 --> 02:04:49,100
Why gasped afterward? 
Just a little. 

2392
02:04:50,500 --> 02:04:54,400
Instead of wine, they gave me 
consecrated bread communion 

2393
02:04:54,400 --> 02:04:57,200
without formal ceremony 
Battlefield sacrament. 

2394
02:04:58,200 --> 02:05:01,300
The pain receded enough that I 
could stand again though using 

2395
02:05:01,300 --> 02:05:02,700
my right arm remained 
impossible. 

2396
02:05:03,500 --> 02:05:06,200
Military commanders. 
Seeing my condition, ordered a 

2397
02:05:06,200 --> 02:05:08,300
retreat for the day. 
The assault would resume 

2398
02:05:08,300 --> 02:05:10,400
tomorrow. 
They decided without consulting 

2399
02:05:10,400 --> 02:05:12,600
me. 
I heard this decision while 

2400
02:05:12,600 --> 02:05:17,000
having my wound bandaged. 
Know I can't demanded struggling

2401
02:05:17,000 --> 02:05:19,300
back into partial armor despite 
Charlotte's protests. 

2402
02:05:19,300 --> 02:05:22,700
We finished today English 
resolved dwindles with each 

2403
02:05:22,700 --> 02:05:25,200
passing hour returning to battle
with the wound. 

2404
02:05:25,200 --> 02:05:27,700
Still fresh became the defining 
moment, Witnesses, remembered, 

2405
02:05:27,700 --> 02:05:31,500
the injured made refusing 
Retreat standard transferred to 

2406
02:05:31,500 --> 02:05:33,500
my left hand. 
While my right arm useless 

2407
02:05:33,500 --> 02:05:36,800
rallying troops for the final 
push as daylight began fade in. 

2408
02:05:37,500 --> 02:05:40,500
What's rarely recorded is how 
fever already began clouding. 

2409
02:05:40,500 --> 02:05:43,800
My thoughts, how each movement 
sent waves of nausea through me 

2410
02:05:43,800 --> 02:05:46,500
and how the voices seemed to 
speak from an increasingly 

2411
02:05:46,500 --> 02:05:49,900
enormous distance yet? 
Purpose carried me forward, when

2412
02:05:49,900 --> 02:05:52,000
physical strengths should have 
failed. 

2413
02:05:52,000 --> 02:05:55,700
The English Commander glass who 
had promised to burn me as a 

2414
02:05:55,700 --> 02:05:59,400
witch died during this final 
assault, when a makeshift Bridge

2415
02:05:59,400 --> 02:06:03,300
collapsed beneath him, he 
drowned in the Loire way down by

2416
02:06:03,300 --> 02:06:06,300
the very armored meant to 
protect him soldiers, on both 

2417
02:06:06,300 --> 02:06:09,300
sides viewed, his death as 
Divine judgment, superstitious 

2418
02:06:09,300 --> 02:06:12,100
fear spreading through 
remaining, English forces by 

2419
02:06:12,100 --> 02:06:16,500
Nightfall, lateral had fallen, 
The Siege that had strangled, 

2420
02:06:16,500 --> 02:06:19,500
all the offer seven months broke
in just four days of concerted 

2421
02:06:19,500 --> 02:06:22,200
action. 
The following morning May 8th. 

2422
02:06:22,200 --> 02:06:25,000
Remaining English troops 
retreated from positions. 

2423
02:06:25,000 --> 02:06:27,900
They'd held since October, 
abandoning equipment and 

2424
02:06:27,900 --> 02:06:31,600
supplies in their haste. 
Allele erupted in Celebration 

2425
02:06:31,600 --> 02:06:35,900
Church bells, rang continuously 
citizens who had expected either

2426
02:06:35,900 --> 02:06:38,300
starvation or master in Stead 
found themselves. 

2427
02:06:38,300 --> 02:06:41,800
Liberated, they credited, the 
maid The Peasant girl from 

2428
02:06:41,800 --> 02:06:44,500
Dahmer me who had promised 
deliverance and against all 

2429
02:06:44,500 --> 02:06:46,100
rational expectation delivered 
it. 

2430
02:06:47,200 --> 02:06:49,700
That Night Fever and weak from 
blood loss. 

2431
02:06:49,700 --> 02:06:52,600
I struggled to understand what a
truly happened. 

2432
02:06:52,600 --> 02:06:56,700
Had God performed Miracles 
through me or had my presence. 

2433
02:06:56,700 --> 02:07:00,000
Simply catalyzed, human courage 
that already existed waiting 

2434
02:07:00,000 --> 02:07:02,300
only for symbol and purpose to 
crystallize action. 

2435
02:07:03,300 --> 02:07:06,800
Both Catherine whispered as I 
drifted between Consciousness 

2436
02:07:06,800 --> 02:07:09,600
and dream. 
The greatest Miracles work 

2437
02:07:09,600 --> 02:07:12,000
through natural channels, not to
pipe them. 

2438
02:07:13,600 --> 02:07:15,700
Citizens began calling the lepus
El door. 

2439
02:07:15,700 --> 02:07:19,000
Leon the maid of Orleans a title
that would follow me through 

2440
02:07:19,000 --> 02:07:22,300
history. 
Yet alone in prayer that night I

2441
02:07:22,300 --> 02:07:27,000
remained simply Jeanne aching 
feverish wondering what further 

2442
02:07:27,000 --> 02:07:30,200
price for filling Heaven's 
commands might require by 

2443
02:07:30,200 --> 02:07:33,800
Nightfall. 
Lateral had fallen The Siege 

2444
02:07:33,800 --> 02:07:36,000
that had strangled all day off 
for seven months broke. 

2445
02:07:36,000 --> 02:07:37,800
In just four days of concerted 
action. 

2446
02:07:38,700 --> 02:07:41,700
The following morning May 8th. 
Remaining English troops 

2447
02:07:41,700 --> 02:07:44,100
retreated from positions. 
They'd held since October, 

2448
02:07:44,100 --> 02:07:46,900
abandoning equipment and 
supplies in their haste. 

2449
02:07:47,800 --> 02:07:51,800
Allele erupted in Celebration 
Church bells, rang continuously 

2450
02:07:51,800 --> 02:07:55,600
citizens who had expectedly the 
starvation or Massacre instead 

2451
02:07:55,600 --> 02:07:58,200
found themselves. 
Liberated, they credited the 

2452
02:07:58,200 --> 02:08:01,000
maid The Peasant girl from 
domini who had promised 

2453
02:08:01,000 --> 02:08:03,900
deliverance and against all 
rational expectation delivered 

2454
02:08:03,900 --> 02:08:07,200
it. 
That night fevered and weak from

2455
02:08:07,200 --> 02:08:10,200
blood loss. 
I struggled to understand what a

2456
02:08:10,200 --> 02:08:12,700
truly happened. 
Had God performed Miracles 

2457
02:08:12,700 --> 02:08:16,200
through me, I've had my present 
simply catalyzed human courage 

2458
02:08:16,200 --> 02:08:19,500
that already existed waiting 
only for symbol and purpose to 

2459
02:08:19,500 --> 02:08:23,400
crystallize action. 
Both Catherine whispered as I 

2460
02:08:23,400 --> 02:08:25,300
drifted between Consciousness 
and dream. 

2461
02:08:26,200 --> 02:08:29,800
The greatest Miracles work 
through natural channels, not to

2462
02:08:29,800 --> 02:08:33,300
bite them. 
Citizens began calling the lepus

2463
02:08:33,300 --> 02:08:36,000
El door. 
Leon the maid of Orleans a title

2464
02:08:36,000 --> 02:08:37,300
that would follow me through 
history. 

2465
02:08:38,200 --> 02:08:42,500
Yet alone in prayer that night I
remained simply Jeanne aching. 

2466
02:08:42,500 --> 02:08:46,200
Feverish wondering what further 
price for filling Heaven's 

2467
02:08:46,200 --> 02:08:48,700
commands might require 
throughout this journey. 

2468
02:08:48,700 --> 02:08:52,500
I maintained my male attire and 
slept fully armored most nights 

2469
02:08:52,500 --> 02:08:56,000
surrounded by guards. 
This practice later used as 

2470
02:08:56,000 --> 02:08:58,000
evidence of impropriety during 
my trial. 

2471
02:08:58,000 --> 02:09:02,300
Served practical purposes beyond
the voices commands traveling 

2472
02:09:02,300 --> 02:09:05,300
with thousands of soldiers. 
While identify female invited 

2473
02:09:05,300 --> 02:09:08,300
dangers obvious to any woman 
Divine protection, not 

2474
02:09:08,300 --> 02:09:12,100
withstanding, The armor provided
a physical barrier against 

2475
02:09:12,100 --> 02:09:14,900
casual assault. 
Male clothing, minimized on 

2476
02:09:14,900 --> 02:09:17,100
wanted attention during 
necessary activities. 

2477
02:09:18,000 --> 02:09:21,900
We reached Wayans on July 16th, 
the city welcomed Charles, with 

2478
02:09:21,900 --> 02:09:24,700
without resistance. 
Its citizens, lining streets to 

2479
02:09:24,700 --> 02:09:27,200
witness, what many had thought 
impossible months earlier. 

2480
02:09:27,900 --> 02:09:30,700
I wrote to Philip of burgundy 
that same day urging 

2481
02:09:30,700 --> 02:09:33,800
reconciliation with Charles 
calling on him to make good 

2482
02:09:33,800 --> 02:09:35,900
piece that will last with the 
rightful King. 

2483
02:09:36,600 --> 02:09:38,700
This letter received no 
immediate response but 

2484
02:09:38,700 --> 02:09:41,900
represented my growing political
involvement Beyond Battlefield 

2485
02:09:41,900 --> 02:09:44,700
leadership. 
The coronation ceremony on July,

2486
02:09:44,700 --> 02:09:46,800
the 17th exists in popular 
imagination. 

2487
02:09:46,800 --> 02:09:50,600
As a triumphant culmination, the
maid standing proudly beside her

2488
02:09:50,600 --> 02:09:52,900
King. 
As Divine prophecy is fulfilled.

2489
02:09:54,000 --> 02:09:57,600
Reality contained more nuanced. 
I indeed stood near the altar 

2490
02:09:57,600 --> 02:10:00,100
holding my standard, but 
experience the ceremony with 

2491
02:10:00,100 --> 02:10:03,400
complicated emotions, initially 
relief. 

2492
02:10:03,400 --> 02:10:06,700
Predominated, I had accomplished
the primary Mission the voices 

2493
02:10:06,700 --> 02:10:09,300
given me. 
Charles melt before the 

2494
02:10:09,300 --> 02:10:12,200
Archbishop received sacred 
anointing from the holy ampulla 

2495
02:10:12,200 --> 02:10:15,900
and Rose as King, Charles the 
seventh, his legitimacy, no 

2496
02:10:15,900 --> 02:10:18,800
longer questionable. 
As the Archbishop placed the 

2497
02:10:18,800 --> 02:10:21,900
crown on his head, I 
spontaneously broken into tears.

2498
02:10:21,900 --> 02:10:26,300
Now God's work is accomplished. 
I told him afterward during the 

2499
02:10:26,300 --> 02:10:28,700
celebration Feast where I was 
granted a position of Honor. 

2500
02:10:29,400 --> 02:10:32,400
You are the true king of France 
by holy coronation as well as by

2501
02:10:32,400 --> 02:10:35,000
birth. 
Charles emotionally moved. 

2502
02:10:35,000 --> 02:10:38,200
Despite his typically, reserved 
nature asked, what reward I 

2503
02:10:38,208 --> 02:10:41,700
desired for my service. 
Courteous, leaned forward, and 

2504
02:10:41,700 --> 02:10:45,200
anticipating requests for titles
lands and wealth, the normal 

2505
02:10:45,200 --> 02:10:49,400
currency of Royal gratitude. 
Grant tax exemption to Don Remy.

2506
02:10:49,400 --> 02:10:52,800
I requested instead, my people 
are poor and of suffered much 

2507
02:10:52,800 --> 02:10:56,900
from the wars Passage. 
This modest request enhanced my 

2508
02:10:56,900 --> 02:11:00,200
reputation for saintly 
disinterest, in worldly gain as 

2509
02:11:00,200 --> 02:11:02,400
it costs the crown, almost 
nothing and showed my lack of 

2510
02:11:02,408 --> 02:11:06,000
personal ambition. 
The voice is never promised a 

2511
02:11:06,000 --> 02:11:08,000
personal reward for completing 
Heaven's tasks. 

2512
02:11:08,000 --> 02:11:11,400
My future remained conspicuously
absent from their pronouncements

2513
02:11:11,400 --> 02:11:14,900
that evening alone in Chambers 
provided within the archbishop's

2514
02:11:14,900 --> 02:11:18,700
palace experience. 
Something unprecedented Silence 

2515
02:11:18,700 --> 02:11:22,600
from the voices that had guided 
me since age 13 I prayed for 

2516
02:11:22,600 --> 02:11:26,100
hours, seeking their familiar 
presence but encountered only 

2517
02:11:26,100 --> 02:11:29,400
ordinary Stillness. 
Have I failed in some manner. 

2518
02:11:29,400 --> 02:11:32,500
I finally asked allowed 
desperate for a response, 

2519
02:11:32,500 --> 02:11:35,800
Catherine's voice when it 
finally came sounded distant as 

2520
02:11:35,800 --> 02:11:37,900
if speaking across enormous 
separation. 

2521
02:11:38,700 --> 02:11:41,700
The path, divides. 
Before You One Direction, leads 

2522
02:11:41,700 --> 02:11:44,600
to Earthly Glory. 
But spiritual Peril the other as

2523
02:11:44,600 --> 02:11:46,700
bodily suffering, but Heavenly 
Triumph. 

2524
02:11:47,700 --> 02:11:50,400
Which should I choose I begged, 
but received no answer. 

2525
02:11:50,400 --> 02:11:52,700
The voice is diminishing 
Clarity. 

2526
02:11:52,700 --> 02:11:57,000
Troubled, me deeply as we 
departed, Rams on July 20th for 

2527
02:11:57,000 --> 02:11:59,100
years. 
They had provided unmistakable 

2528
02:11:59,100 --> 02:12:02,100
Direction. 
Now, at the moment of greatest 

2529
02:12:02,100 --> 02:12:05,900
public, Acclaim their guide in 
grew and ambiguous precisely 

2530
02:12:05,900 --> 02:12:08,300
when political complexity 
demanded, the clearest 

2531
02:12:08,300 --> 02:12:12,300
understanding, Charles and his 
advisors favored consolidating 

2532
02:12:12,300 --> 02:12:15,700
recent gains negotiating with 
burgundy and avoiding 

2533
02:12:15,700 --> 02:12:18,000
confrontation with primary 
English forces. 

2534
02:12:18,000 --> 02:12:22,000
I advocated for an immediate 
Advance on Paris aiming to 

2535
02:12:22,008 --> 02:12:23,800
strike. 
While our momentum remained 

2536
02:12:23,800 --> 02:12:25,900
strong and English Authority 
appeared. 

2537
02:12:25,900 --> 02:12:29,500
Weakest these Divergent 
strategies reflected fundamental

2538
02:12:29,500 --> 02:12:32,900
differences in perspective. 
Charles thinking, political 

2539
02:12:32,900 --> 02:12:35,000
terms of alliances and 
sustainable power. 

2540
02:12:35,000 --> 02:12:38,700
And me still operating from a 
Divine mandate to drive foreign 

2541
02:12:38,700 --> 02:12:42,200
forces from France entirely. 
God did not deliver victory at 

2542
02:12:42,200 --> 02:12:44,100
all. 
He could stop halfway to 

2543
02:12:44,100 --> 02:12:47,400
complete Liberation. 
I argued during counsel's Paris 

2544
02:12:47,400 --> 02:12:49,700
is the Kingdom's heart to 
reclaim it and the English 

2545
02:12:49,700 --> 02:12:52,900
position collapses. 
What I could not share was my 

2546
02:12:52,900 --> 02:12:56,000
growing fear that time was 
running out, and that the fading

2547
02:12:56,000 --> 02:12:58,900
of the voices signaled, an 
impending end to Divine favor, 

2548
02:12:59,800 --> 02:13:02,600
This created urgency, I couldn't
fully explain to military 

2549
02:13:02,600 --> 02:13:04,100
commanders. 
A custom to deliberate 

2550
02:13:04,100 --> 02:13:06,800
campaigns. 
As we traveled through recently,

2551
02:13:06,800 --> 02:13:09,700
liberated territories, common 
people flocked to see me, 

2552
02:13:09,700 --> 02:13:12,800
reaching to touch my armor 
begging blessings for children 

2553
02:13:12,800 --> 02:13:14,700
and offering tokens of 
appreciation. 

2554
02:13:14,700 --> 02:13:18,800
Women wept openly seeing in me. 
Something that transcended 

2555
02:13:18,800 --> 02:13:22,700
conventional limitations placed 
on our gender men removed caps. 

2556
02:13:22,700 --> 02:13:24,800
Respectfully, as if you're in 
the presence of something 

2557
02:13:24,800 --> 02:13:28,700
wholly, this veneration 
discomforted me, increasingly, I

2558
02:13:28,700 --> 02:13:32,000
am not a saint. 
I told Charlotte Dale breath a 

2559
02:13:32,000 --> 02:13:34,400
noblewoman who had joined our 
traveling Court in attempted to 

2560
02:13:34,400 --> 02:13:36,300
collect my discarded garments, 
as relics. 

2561
02:13:36,300 --> 02:13:39,200
I'm only God's messenger nothing
in my self. 

2562
02:13:39,800 --> 02:13:43,000
Yet, God chose you. 
She countered that distinction 

2563
02:13:43,000 --> 02:13:47,200
itself, makes you extraordinary.
This growing Cult of Personality

2564
02:13:47,200 --> 02:13:50,600
served immediate political 
purposes, rallying support, for 

2565
02:13:50,600 --> 02:13:53,500
Charles, demonstrating Divine 
favor for his rule. 

2566
02:13:53,500 --> 02:13:57,500
But created complications, I was
ill equipped to navigate each 

2567
02:13:57,500 --> 02:14:01,800
miraculous attribution each 
story embellished in retelling 

2568
02:14:01,800 --> 02:14:05,000
placed me further from the 
simple girl who had left on Remy

2569
02:14:05,000 --> 02:14:07,600
leaving Heaven's instructions 
were straightforward. 

2570
02:14:08,700 --> 02:14:11,400
By Late July Charles had begun 
secret negotiations with 

2571
02:14:11,400 --> 02:14:14,500
burgundy, seeking diplomatic 
resolution, while publicly 

2572
02:14:14,500 --> 02:14:18,100
maintaining military pressure. 
This strategy made political 

2573
02:14:18,100 --> 02:14:19,800
sense. 
But contradicted, the voices 

2574
02:14:19,800 --> 02:14:22,700
increasingly sporadic. 
Instructions for complete 

2575
02:14:22,700 --> 02:14:24,200
Liberation through direct 
action. 

2576
02:14:25,300 --> 02:14:27,900
The resulting tension manifested
and Council debates. 

2577
02:14:27,900 --> 02:14:30,300
Where my previously, decisive 
guidance. 

2578
02:14:30,300 --> 02:14:33,700
Now competed with experienced 
political advisors offering 

2579
02:14:33,700 --> 02:14:37,600
conventional alternatives. you 
are not sent to negotiate 

2580
02:14:37,600 --> 02:14:41,200
half-measures, Michael told me 
during rare communication, we 

2581
02:14:41,200 --> 02:14:45,300
must fully cleanse France of 
foreign presence yet when I 

2582
02:14:45,300 --> 02:14:48,100
repeated such sentiments to 
Charles and his counselors, they

2583
02:14:48,100 --> 02:14:50,700
increase in regarded them as 
military unrealistic and 

2584
02:14:50,700 --> 02:14:53,600
politically naive. 
The maid had served her purpose 

2585
02:14:53,600 --> 02:14:56,400
in delivering coronation. 
Now practical governance, 

2586
02:14:56,400 --> 02:14:59,300
required compromises, Heaven, 
seemed unwilling to acknowledge 

2587
02:14:59,300 --> 02:15:03,500
this Divergence would soon lead 
to Paris and decisions that 

2588
02:15:03,500 --> 02:15:06,600
would alter my path. 
Irrevocably August found us 

2589
02:15:06,600 --> 02:15:08,900
advancing incrementally toward 
Paris while Charles 

2590
02:15:08,900 --> 02:15:12,400
simultaneously pursued, 
negotiation with burgundy, this 

2591
02:15:12,400 --> 02:15:15,200
contradictory approach military 
pressure paired at with 

2592
02:15:15,200 --> 02:15:19,200
diplomatic Outreach, created, 
strategic confusion, Well, we 

2593
02:15:19,200 --> 02:15:22,400
truly attempting to recapture 
Paris or merely demonstrating 

2594
02:15:22,400 --> 02:15:25,200
military capability to 
strengthen Charles's negotiating

2595
02:15:25,200 --> 02:15:28,000
position. 
The Duke of Bedford English 

2596
02:15:28,000 --> 02:15:31,500
Regent for their child, King 
Henry, the sick recognized our 

2597
02:15:31,500 --> 02:15:35,700
momentum and retreated from 
direct confrontation reinforcing

2598
02:15:35,700 --> 02:15:37,200
Paris. 
While yielding smaller 

2599
02:15:37,200 --> 02:15:40,500
surrounding territories. 
On August 14th. 

2600
02:15:40,500 --> 02:15:44,600
Child signed a 15-day truce with
burgundy, supposedly, creating 

2601
02:15:44,600 --> 02:15:48,100
space for peace negotiations, 
while actually providing English

2602
02:15:48,100 --> 02:15:49,800
forces. 
Critical time to strengthen 

2603
02:15:49,800 --> 02:15:53,000
paris's defenses. 
I opposed this truce vehemently 

2604
02:15:53,000 --> 02:15:55,000
sensing opportunities slipping 
away. 

2605
02:15:56,000 --> 02:15:58,800
While you exchange Pleasant 
messages or enemies, rebuild 

2606
02:15:58,800 --> 02:16:02,000
walls and restore courage. 
I warned Charles the moment for 

2607
02:16:02,000 --> 02:16:07,200
decisive action passes with each
day of delay, The voices though.

2608
02:16:07,200 --> 02:16:09,800
Less frequent reinforced. 
This urgency. 

2609
02:16:10,600 --> 02:16:14,300
Paris must not remain in enemy 
hands, Margaret insisted during 

2610
02:16:14,300 --> 02:16:16,500
prayer. 
The city's, Liberation will 

2611
02:16:16,500 --> 02:16:20,500
break English resolved 
completely Charles wavered 

2612
02:16:20,500 --> 02:16:23,400
between my continued insistence 
on Divine mandate and his 

2613
02:16:23,400 --> 02:16:25,400
counselors emphasis on political
reality. 

2614
02:16:26,300 --> 02:16:28,300
The compromise that emerged 
satisfied. 

2615
02:16:28,300 --> 02:16:32,299
No one our forces would advance 
to paris's outskirts but avoid 

2616
02:16:32,299 --> 02:16:33,500
full of salt. 
While the negotiations. 

2617
02:16:33,500 --> 02:16:37,700
Continued by late August, we 
established positions at Sandy 

2618
02:16:37,700 --> 02:16:40,299
within sight of paris's Northern
walls. 

2619
02:16:40,299 --> 02:16:42,700
The city's proximity affected 
me. 

2620
02:16:42,700 --> 02:16:45,600
Strangely after months of 
campaigning focused on the 

2621
02:16:45,600 --> 02:16:49,400
subjective actually seeing its 
towers and spires created an 

2622
02:16:49,400 --> 02:16:52,000
almost physical yearning to 
complete what the voice is had 

2623
02:16:52,000 --> 02:16:55,000
promised. 
Daily, I rode reconnaissance 

2624
02:16:55,000 --> 02:16:58,200
along positions facing the city 
studying defenses planning 

2625
02:16:58,200 --> 02:17:01,100
approaches and praying for Clear
instruction that came with 

2626
02:17:01,100 --> 02:17:04,900
decreasing reliability. 
The truce with burgundy expired 

2627
02:17:04,900 --> 02:17:07,500
without meaningful agreement on 
September 8th. 

2628
02:17:07,500 --> 02:17:10,100
I convinced our commanders to 
attempt an assault against 

2629
02:17:10,100 --> 02:17:13,299
paris's defenses near the Sant 
honorary gate despite Charles 

2630
02:17:13,299 --> 02:17:15,299
withholding full support for the
operation. 

2631
02:17:16,299 --> 02:17:18,799
This partial commitment meant 
attacking with insufficient 

2632
02:17:18,799 --> 02:17:21,799
forces against prepared 
positions, a military mistake 

2633
02:17:21,799 --> 02:17:24,100
Justified only by my 
increasingly desperate 

2634
02:17:24,100 --> 02:17:27,299
insistence that heaven would 
provide necessary advantage. 

2635
02:17:28,000 --> 02:17:31,299
God will blind their Gunners. 
I promised troops assembled for 

2636
02:17:31,299 --> 02:17:33,700
the assault. 
Divine protection, covers us as 

2637
02:17:33,700 --> 02:17:38,100
we reclaim the Kingdom's heart. 
The attack commenced at noon 

2638
02:17:38,100 --> 02:17:40,799
initial progress. 
Seemed to confirm and divine 

2639
02:17:40,799 --> 02:17:44,100
favor, we reached the outer moat
with minimal casualties and 

2640
02:17:44,100 --> 02:17:46,000
established positions within 
bow. 

2641
02:17:46,000 --> 02:17:49,200
Range of the walls. 
Led a contingent testing depth 

2642
02:17:49,200 --> 02:17:52,000
that the inner moat seeking 
Crossing points, while carrying 

2643
02:17:52,000 --> 02:17:54,200
my standard forward as visible 
inspiration. 

2644
02:17:55,000 --> 02:17:58,900
Then reality asserted itself. 
Brutally Paris is Defenders had 

2645
02:17:58,900 --> 02:18:01,200
prepared thoroughly during the 
negotiation delays. 

2646
02:18:01,200 --> 02:18:06,100
Canon and crossbow, fire rain 
down upon exposed positions the 

2647
02:18:06,100 --> 02:18:07,600
moat proved deeper than 
expected. 

2648
02:18:07,600 --> 02:18:10,000
Its bottom studded with sharp 
and Stakes. 

2649
02:18:10,000 --> 02:18:13,600
Invisible beneath, muddy water, 
men died, attempting Crossing's 

2650
02:18:13,600 --> 02:18:15,400
that proved impossible without 
proper equipment. 

2651
02:18:15,400 --> 02:18:18,799
We lacked Near dusk across bow. 
Bolt. 

2652
02:18:18,799 --> 02:18:21,200
Struck my thigh, penetrating 
deeply. 

2653
02:18:22,000 --> 02:18:25,299
Unlike the Orleans injury, this 
wound immediately incapacitated 

2654
02:18:25,299 --> 02:18:27,299
me. 
I continued shouting 

2655
02:18:27,299 --> 02:18:30,900
encouragement from where I fell.
Insisting the attack continued 

2656
02:18:30,900 --> 02:18:34,200
despite my condition but 
commanders ordered Retreat upon 

2657
02:18:34,200 --> 02:18:37,400
seeing the standard Bearer down.
Soldiers carried me from the 

2658
02:18:37,400 --> 02:18:40,600
battlefield as Darkness fell our
forces withdrawing. 

2659
02:18:40,600 --> 02:18:44,000
And frustration, rather than 
defeat we had never established 

2660
02:18:44,000 --> 02:18:45,799
positions from which Victory was
possible. 

2661
02:18:46,700 --> 02:18:49,100
The wound itself, while painful 
would heal cleanly. 

2662
02:18:49,799 --> 02:18:53,500
The spiritual injury proved more
significant for the first time I

2663
02:18:53,500 --> 02:18:57,600
had promised divine intervention
that fail to materialize why? 

2664
02:18:57,600 --> 02:19:00,799
I whispered that night, while 
surgeons extracted the bolt 

2665
02:19:00,799 --> 02:19:03,600
using methodical cruelty 
necessary to prevent festering. 

2666
02:19:04,500 --> 02:19:06,900
Why was Paris denied to us? 
When all he was granted. 

2667
02:19:08,100 --> 02:19:10,500
The voice is remained. 
Silent through hours of pain, 

2668
02:19:10,500 --> 02:19:14,200
there are absence felt more 
painful than physical harm had. 

2669
02:19:14,200 --> 02:19:17,200
They abandoned me due to some 
failure, had I misunderstood 

2670
02:19:17,200 --> 02:19:21,799
Heaven's intent all along. 
Charles receiving news of the 

2671
02:19:21,799 --> 02:19:24,400
failed, assault ordered 
immediate withdrawal from 

2672
02:19:24,400 --> 02:19:27,600
paris's facility. 
In my view, this sensible 

2673
02:19:27,600 --> 02:19:30,000
military decision, represented a
personal betrayal. 

2674
02:19:30,000 --> 02:19:33,200
As it abandoned Divine Purpose, 
in favor of political 

2675
02:19:33,200 --> 02:19:36,900
convenience, When I was finally 
permitted an audience, three 

2676
02:19:36,900 --> 02:19:40,400
days later, I found that he was 
already reframing recent events 

2677
02:19:40,400 --> 02:19:43,400
for the courtiers. 
There made accomplished what God

2678
02:19:43,400 --> 02:19:45,400
sent her to do. 
He explained smoothly? 

2679
02:19:46,000 --> 02:19:48,600
All Leon liberated coronation 
achieved. 

2680
02:19:48,600 --> 02:19:51,900
Perhaps Heaven, never intended, 
paris's immediate recovery. 

2681
02:19:53,000 --> 02:19:55,500
You speak for heaven. 
Now a challenge to him 

2682
02:19:55,500 --> 02:19:57,900
struggling to stand straight. 
Despite the pain. 

2683
02:19:57,900 --> 02:20:00,800
In my bandaged leg, the mission 
remains incomplete while 

2684
02:20:00,800 --> 02:20:04,300
Englishman occupy, French soil. 
Charles regarded me with the 

2685
02:20:04,300 --> 02:20:08,300
complex emotion, gratitude for 
past service tempered by growing

2686
02:20:08,300 --> 02:20:10,700
political inconvenience of my 
unyielding position. 

2687
02:20:11,800 --> 02:20:14,800
France's restoration will 
require years, not months. 

2688
02:20:14,800 --> 02:20:18,200
He said, gently Even Heaven, 
Must recognize Earthly 

2689
02:20:18,200 --> 02:20:20,300
limitations this exchange 
marked. 

2690
02:20:20,300 --> 02:20:23,300
A fundamental shift in our 
relationship where Charles had 

2691
02:20:23,300 --> 02:20:26,900
once needed my perceived Divine 
sanction to legitimize his rule 

2692
02:20:26,900 --> 02:20:30,400
successful coronation, now 
provided independent Authority. 

2693
02:20:30,400 --> 02:20:33,500
The maid remained useful 
symbolically, but increasingly 

2694
02:20:33,500 --> 02:20:36,800
problematic practically as 
military campaigns transition 

2695
02:20:36,800 --> 02:20:40,000
toward diplomatic Solutions, 
requiring compromise and voices 

2696
02:20:40,000 --> 02:20:43,200
prohibited. 
Through Autumn a company, the 

2697
02:20:43,200 --> 02:20:45,800
Royal Court as it with Drew to 
safer territories along the 

2698
02:20:45,800 --> 02:20:48,300
Loire. 
My wound healed gradually. 

2699
02:20:48,300 --> 02:20:51,300
While my position diminished 
subtly, Still honored 

2700
02:20:51,300 --> 02:20:53,800
ceremonially but increasingly 
excluded from meaningful 

2701
02:20:53,800 --> 02:20:57,000
councils. 
Charles granted me Noble status 

2702
02:20:57,000 --> 02:20:59,400
in December. 
Providing arms depicting. 

2703
02:20:59,400 --> 02:21:01,700
A sword supporting the crown 
beneath the fleur-de-lis 

2704
02:21:01,700 --> 02:21:05,300
recognition that pacified my 
supporters, while effectively 

2705
02:21:05,300 --> 02:21:07,600
sidelining me from direct 
military command. 

2706
02:21:08,600 --> 02:21:11,200
This period marked my most 
difficult spiritual challenge, 

2707
02:21:11,200 --> 02:21:13,600
the voices returned 
intermittently. 

2708
02:21:13,600 --> 02:21:17,600
But spoke with disturbing and 
consistency, Michael demanded, 

2709
02:21:17,600 --> 02:21:20,700
aggressive action. 
While Catherine Council 

2710
02:21:20,700 --> 02:21:23,900
patients, Margaret, sometimes 
suggested accepting, a 

2711
02:21:23,908 --> 02:21:27,500
ceremonial role within Charles's
court, but she also insisted 

2712
02:21:27,500 --> 02:21:29,000
that my work remained 
unfinished. 

2713
02:21:29,800 --> 02:21:32,000
These contradictions created 
profound out. 

2714
02:21:32,000 --> 02:21:34,900
I had never experienced during 
the clarity of early missions. 

2715
02:21:34,900 --> 02:21:38,900
Had some of the voices I heard 
had been false all along was. 

2716
02:21:38,900 --> 02:21:42,200
I now, miss hearing Divine 
instruction, or was Heaven 

2717
02:21:42,200 --> 02:21:44,500
itself. 
Divided on France's proper path 

2718
02:21:44,500 --> 02:21:47,700
forward. 
Christmas 1429 found me in 

2719
02:21:47,708 --> 02:21:51,500
ceremonial attendance, at court 
celebration outwardly honored, 

2720
02:21:51,500 --> 02:21:55,200
but inwardly conflicted. 
I watched a labyrinth pageantry 

2721
02:21:55,200 --> 02:21:56,800
commemorating Charles's 
coronation. 

2722
02:21:57,800 --> 02:21:59,600
Performance. 
Is that already Incorporated 

2723
02:21:59,600 --> 02:22:02,600
stylized depiction of the maid 
as a semi mythical figure. 

2724
02:22:02,600 --> 02:22:07,100
Guiding France's researchers. 
The actual jahani still bandaged

2725
02:22:07,100 --> 02:22:11,500
increasingly isolated observed, 
her transformation into a symbol

2726
02:22:11,500 --> 02:22:14,900
with growing discomfort. 
That Knight kneeling alone in 

2727
02:22:14,900 --> 02:22:17,600
the castle Chapel long after 
formal Services concluded, 

2728
02:22:17,600 --> 02:22:21,000
experienced the voices with 
unusual Clarity after months of 

2729
02:22:21,000 --> 02:22:23,600
ambiguity. 
Your time grows short. 

2730
02:22:23,600 --> 02:22:27,200
Michael stated without Preamble,
you must continue the fight, 

2731
02:22:27,200 --> 02:22:30,800
while Freedom remains yours. 
The king no longer heeds, my 

2732
02:22:30,800 --> 02:22:33,000
counsel. 
I protested commanders, follow 

2733
02:22:33,000 --> 02:22:36,500
his Direction, not mine. 
Then you must act independently.

2734
02:22:36,500 --> 02:22:39,900
You know, came the reply better 
capture by enemies than 

2735
02:22:39,900 --> 02:22:43,100
surrender to comfortable 
irrelevance will throwing this 

2736
02:22:43,100 --> 02:22:45,800
guy's offered direction that I 
had been lacking for months. 

2737
02:22:46,600 --> 02:22:50,600
As 1429 ended her resolved to 
escape the increasingly, guilded

2738
02:22:50,600 --> 02:22:53,000
constraints of Court, life and 
returned to direct action. 

2739
02:22:53,000 --> 02:22:56,900
Even without Royal sanction, 
this decision tactically 

2740
02:22:56,900 --> 02:23:00,400
questionable politically naive 
would determine my fate in ways.

2741
02:23:00,400 --> 02:23:03,700
The voices, never clearly 
revealed the New Year began with

2742
02:23:03,700 --> 02:23:05,300
me. 
Effectively sidelined at court 

2743
02:23:05,300 --> 02:23:08,000
while Charles pursued diplomatic
arrangements, with burgundy. 

2744
02:23:08,800 --> 02:23:12,700
I chafed at inactivity sensing 
precious time wasting, while the

2745
02:23:12,700 --> 02:23:15,200
voice is growing, increasingly 
urgent to about continuing 

2746
02:23:15,200 --> 02:23:18,700
France's liberation, By March 
1430. 

2747
02:23:18,700 --> 02:23:23,100
I could best ceremonial 
confinement, no longer Without 

2748
02:23:23,100 --> 02:23:26,200
Royal permission. 
Technically desertion though my 

2749
02:23:26,200 --> 02:23:29,400
status remained ambiguous, I 
departed secretly with a small 

2750
02:23:29,400 --> 02:23:33,000
company of loyal followers. 
We rode for compe Nya, 

2751
02:23:33,000 --> 02:23:35,500
strategically vital Town, 
threatened by The Burgundian 

2752
02:23:35,500 --> 02:23:38,800
forces, north of Paris. 
This decision reflected both 

2753
02:23:38,800 --> 02:23:42,100
military logic and the voices 
and assistance that action could

2754
02:23:42,100 --> 02:23:45,700
not await World convenience. 
My departure created political 

2755
02:23:45,700 --> 02:23:49,100
complications for Charles, who 
neither officially commend nor 

2756
02:23:49,100 --> 02:23:52,100
endorsed by independent 
operation, this ambiguity, 

2757
02:23:52,100 --> 02:23:55,100
proved ultimately fatal had I 
remained clearly under Royal 

2758
02:23:55,100 --> 02:23:57,400
protection. 
Subsequent events might have 

2759
02:23:57,400 --> 02:24:02,200
unfolded differently. 
We reached compean April, where 

2760
02:24:02,200 --> 02:24:05,600
the town's Governor Gilmer de la
vie, welcome to reinforcement, 

2761
02:24:05,600 --> 02:24:09,400
despite its unofficial nature. 
The gandhian forces, under 

2762
02:24:09,400 --> 02:24:11,800
Luxembourg had been methodically
isolating. 

2763
02:24:11,800 --> 02:24:16,300
The town capturing surrounding 
positions Our arrival boosted 

2764
02:24:16,300 --> 02:24:19,300
Defender, morale temporarily. 
But the Strategic situation 

2765
02:24:19,300 --> 02:24:23,900
remained precarious. 
On May the 23rd, I led a sortie 

2766
02:24:23,900 --> 02:24:27,700
against positions at Markley 
initially achieving surprise. 

2767
02:24:28,400 --> 02:24:30,600
However, enemy reinforcements 
arrived quickly. 

2768
02:24:30,600 --> 02:24:34,300
Forcing retirement toward the 
town as our forces retreated 

2769
02:24:34,300 --> 02:24:36,900
across the single Bridge into 
comprehend disaster. 

2770
02:24:36,900 --> 02:24:39,900
Struck the drawbridge raised. 
Prematurely stranding. 

2771
02:24:39,900 --> 02:24:44,400
Rear guard Defenders, including 
my sieve outside the walls. 

2772
02:24:45,500 --> 02:24:48,700
Accounts of this moment, very 
dramatically some claim 

2773
02:24:48,700 --> 02:24:52,100
deliberate betrayal by flavy who
supposedly ordered early closure

2774
02:24:52,100 --> 02:24:55,100
knowing I would be captured 
others suggested simple 

2775
02:24:55,100 --> 02:24:57,500
miscommunication during confused
withdrawal. 

2776
02:24:57,500 --> 02:25:00,200
The voices had warned of 
betrayal for months. 

2777
02:25:00,200 --> 02:25:04,500
Trust Only Heaven not 
changeable, men like a caution 

2778
02:25:04,500 --> 02:25:07,600
repeatedly, but provided no 
specific protection against this

2779
02:25:07,600 --> 02:25:10,200
development. 
The gandhian soldiers, 

2780
02:25:10,200 --> 02:25:13,600
surrounded me and after a brief 
battle, they pulled me from my 

2781
02:25:13,600 --> 02:25:17,100
horse. 
A minor nobleman Lionel of one 

2782
02:25:17,100 --> 02:25:20,500
Donnie claimed, my surrender. 
Technically capturing Me by 

2783
02:25:20,500 --> 02:25:23,100
laying hand on my leg. 
According to contemporary 

2784
02:25:23,100 --> 02:25:25,500
accounts. 
My sword raised to continue 

2785
02:25:25,500 --> 02:25:27,400
resistance lowered, upon 
recognition. 

2786
02:25:27,400 --> 02:25:30,600
That futile struggle would only 
result in unnecessary deaths 

2787
02:25:30,600 --> 02:25:32,800
among my few remaining 
companions. 

2788
02:25:33,800 --> 02:25:35,800
I am worth more alive for ransom
than dead. 

2789
02:25:35,800 --> 02:25:39,200
I told one Dawn in a practical 
manner, even though I knew that 

2790
02:25:39,200 --> 02:25:42,700
the ransom would likely never 
materialized, The voices had 

2791
02:25:42,700 --> 02:25:44,500
never specifically predicted 
capture. 

2792
02:25:44,500 --> 02:25:47,600
That had indicated, great 
suffering, lay ahead as part of 

2793
02:25:47,600 --> 02:25:51,100
Heaven's plan, Initially 
captivity seemed relatively 

2794
02:25:51,100 --> 02:25:54,800
benign, Luxembourg treated me as
a valuable prisoner rather than 

2795
02:25:54,800 --> 02:25:57,800
a criminal housing. 
Me reasonably at his castle at 

2796
02:25:57,800 --> 02:26:00,100
boulier. 
I made one escape attempt, 

2797
02:26:00,100 --> 02:26:03,400
nearly succeeding by squeezing 
between wooden bars before being

2798
02:26:03,400 --> 02:26:05,900
recaptured and transferred, to 
more secure, confinement of 

2799
02:26:05,900 --> 02:26:09,600
borova Castle. 
There Luxembourg aren't Jan and 

2800
02:26:09,600 --> 02:26:12,500
wife Jean bun. 
Treated me with unexpected 

2801
02:26:12,500 --> 02:26:15,400
kindness, providing female 
clothing, and gentling 

2802
02:26:15,400 --> 02:26:18,500
encouragement to abandon male 
attire and Military aspirations.

2803
02:26:19,800 --> 02:26:23,100
Their compassion, the first 
feminine companionship, I'd 

2804
02:26:23,100 --> 02:26:25,700
experienced. 
Since leaving domrey tempted me 

2805
02:26:25,700 --> 02:26:27,900
toward compromise, I knew the 
voices would forbid. 

2806
02:26:28,900 --> 02:26:31,600
Why must I maintain a male 
appearance now that fighting has

2807
02:26:31,600 --> 02:26:34,400
ended? 
I asked during prayer, receiving

2808
02:26:34,400 --> 02:26:37,900
Catherine's uncompromising 
response, your mission hasn't 

2809
02:26:37,900 --> 02:26:41,500
changed, with capture male 
attire remains both practical 

2810
02:26:41,500 --> 02:26:45,000
protection and a visible sign of
a Divine exception to worldly 

2811
02:26:45,000 --> 02:26:48,800
constraints. 
News reached me at borov that 

2812
02:26:48,800 --> 02:26:50,700
compean situation, worse, and 
daily. 

2813
02:26:51,500 --> 02:26:53,900
In desperation. 
I attempted a second Escape in 

2814
02:26:53,900 --> 02:26:57,400
October this time jumping from 
the tower window, approximately 

2815
02:26:57,400 --> 02:27:00,700
70 ft above ground. 
The fall should have proved 

2816
02:27:00,700 --> 02:27:03,600
fatal that I survived with only 
bruising and temporary. 

2817
02:27:03,600 --> 02:27:07,100
Unconsciousness was later 
presented as either a miracle or

2818
02:27:07,100 --> 02:27:10,800
evidence of demonic protection. 
Depending on The Interpreter. 

2819
02:27:11,800 --> 02:27:14,300
By November political 
machinations surrounding my 

2820
02:27:14,300 --> 02:27:17,100
captivity, clarified horribly 
the English. 

2821
02:27:17,100 --> 02:27:20,200
Recognizing my symbolic value 
arranged a purchase from 

2822
02:27:20,200 --> 02:27:23,700
Luxembourg for 10,000 Libras a 
substantial. 

2823
02:27:23,700 --> 02:27:26,200
Sum indicating my importance to 
their strategy. 

2824
02:27:26,200 --> 02:27:29,808
Charles made no counter offer. 
Effectively abandoning me to the

2825
02:27:29,816 --> 02:27:32,800
enemies judgment. 
The English faced a dilemma 

2826
02:27:32,800 --> 02:27:36,200
regarding my disposition. 
Simple, execution of a captured 

2827
02:27:36,200 --> 02:27:38,300
enemy combatant would risk. 
Martyred him potentially 

2828
02:27:38,300 --> 02:27:40,900
strengthening French Resistance 
rather than weakening it. 

2829
02:27:41,700 --> 02:27:45,600
A more complex strategy emerged.
Systematic, destruction of my 

2830
02:27:45,600 --> 02:27:48,600
Divine claims through 
ecclesiastical condemnation for 

2831
02:27:48,600 --> 02:27:50,900
heresy. 
This approach would not only 

2832
02:27:50,900 --> 02:27:54,900
eliminate me physically, but 
more importantly, delegitimize. 

2833
02:27:54,900 --> 02:27:58,300
Everything I represented Divine 
sank, sanctioned for Charles's 

2834
02:27:58,300 --> 02:28:01,200
Rule and Heaven, support for 
French Resurgence against 

2835
02:28:01,200 --> 02:28:04,200
English occupation. 
In December 1430. 

2836
02:28:04,200 --> 02:28:06,600
They transferred me to rule 
firmly within English, 

2837
02:28:06,600 --> 02:28:10,000
controlled territory conditions,
deteriorated immediately. 

2838
02:28:10,000 --> 02:28:13,300
I was placed in secular prison 
rather than ecclesiastical 

2839
02:28:13,300 --> 02:28:16,500
custody normally accorded, those
facing religious charges 

2840
02:28:16,500 --> 02:28:20,700
confined in Iron shackles 
guarded continuously by Common 

2841
02:28:20,700 --> 02:28:24,200
soldiers, whose Behavior range 
from verbal abuse to attempted 

2842
02:28:24,200 --> 02:28:26,700
assault. 
Why does heaven permit such 

2843
02:28:26,700 --> 02:28:28,800
treatment? 
I asked during increasingly. 

2844
02:28:28,800 --> 02:28:31,500
Desperate prayers. 
What purpose does this suffering

2845
02:28:31,500 --> 02:28:34,700
serve? 
Remember Christ, before Pilate 

2846
02:28:34,700 --> 02:28:39,000
Margaret answered. 
Truth remains truth, even when 

2847
02:28:39,000 --> 02:28:42,900
power condemns it. 
The trial officially began. 

2848
02:28:42,900 --> 02:28:48,000
February 21st 1431, under Bishop
Pierre, koshal whose appointment

2849
02:28:48,000 --> 02:28:50,600
revealed the proceedings 
predetermined nature. 

2850
02:28:50,600 --> 02:28:54,000
He was a known English 
sympathizer, with personal 

2851
02:28:54,000 --> 02:28:57,600
animosity toward me, assessors, 
and judges were carefully 

2852
02:28:57,600 --> 02:29:00,300
selected to ensure the desired 
outcome though. 

2853
02:29:00,300 --> 02:29:02,400
It was technically in 
ecclesiastical Court. 

2854
02:29:02,400 --> 02:29:04,800
The proceedings were entirely 
controlled by English 

2855
02:29:04,800 --> 02:29:08,100
authorities. 
Looking Back Now across times 

2856
02:29:08,100 --> 02:29:10,400
distance, I see legal 
complexity. 

2857
02:29:10,400 --> 02:29:13,400
I could not recognize that my 
request for balanced 

2858
02:29:13,400 --> 02:29:15,700
representation from both 
English, and French. 

2859
02:29:15,700 --> 02:29:19,600
Clerics, was denied my appealed 
to the pope technically my 

2860
02:29:19,600 --> 02:29:21,200
right. 
Under Church law was ignored 

2861
02:29:21,200 --> 02:29:23,800
most Crawley. 
Highly Educated theologians 

2862
02:29:23,800 --> 02:29:27,900
denied, me Council, twisting, 
simple statements into heretical

2863
02:29:27,900 --> 02:29:31,100
formulation. 
Do you believe yourself to be in

2864
02:29:31,100 --> 02:29:33,500
God's Grace Court on after the 
preceding? 

2865
02:29:33,500 --> 02:29:37,300
A theological trap answering? 
Yes, would imply a presumption 

2866
02:29:37,300 --> 02:29:40,700
that is condemned by church 
doctrine while answering? 

2867
02:29:40,700 --> 02:29:42,600
No, would indicate an admission 
of guilt. 

2868
02:29:43,700 --> 02:29:46,200
If I am not, may God put me 
there. 

2869
02:29:46,200 --> 02:29:48,300
I replied after a moment's 
thought. 

2870
02:29:49,100 --> 02:29:53,800
If I am, may God, keep me there.
This answer frustrated the 

2871
02:29:53,800 --> 02:29:56,500
interrogators, but I simply 
expressed my actual 

2872
02:29:56,500 --> 02:29:59,000
understanding, showing, 
unexpected, theological 

2873
02:29:59,000 --> 02:30:03,000
sophistication, Grace remained, 
God's Province, not mine to 

2874
02:30:03,000 --> 02:30:03,700
claim. 
Absolutely. 

2875
02:30:04,800 --> 02:30:08,800
For five months interrogation, 
continued, sometimes publicly 

2876
02:30:08,800 --> 02:30:11,900
before a full tribunal sometimes
in private prison questioning, 

2877
02:30:11,900 --> 02:30:15,600
my male attire became the 
central Focus providing tangible

2878
02:30:15,600 --> 02:30:17,900
evidence of defiance against 
Natural order. 

2879
02:30:18,600 --> 02:30:22,300
Voices were dissected endlessly,
where they Angels or demons. 

2880
02:30:22,300 --> 02:30:25,900
Why did they speak to an 
uneducated girl rather than 

2881
02:30:25,900 --> 02:30:27,800
through the established church 
hierarchy? 

2882
02:30:28,600 --> 02:30:32,100
I recorded an examined each of 
my answers for inconsistencies 

2883
02:30:32,100 --> 02:30:36,000
and potential heresies. 
What records don't capture the 

2884
02:30:36,000 --> 02:30:38,100
physical deterioration during 
this period. 

2885
02:30:39,000 --> 02:30:42,000
Prison conditions. 
Continuous shackling, poor 

2886
02:30:42,000 --> 02:30:45,400
nutrition, sleep interrupted by 
God's harassment, gradually 

2887
02:30:45,400 --> 02:30:48,000
weakened a body already 
compromised by previous wounds 

2888
02:30:48,000 --> 02:30:50,800
and hardship. 
By may I suffered recurring 

2889
02:30:50,800 --> 02:30:53,600
fevers dramatic weight loss and 
periods of confusion during 

2890
02:30:53,600 --> 02:30:57,300
longer integration's the voices 
remained present, but changed 

2891
02:30:57,300 --> 02:30:59,800
character less commanding more 
comforting. 

2892
02:30:59,800 --> 02:31:02,900
A smoking increasingly of 
heavenly reward rather than 

2893
02:31:02,900 --> 02:31:06,100
Earthly Victory preparing me for
an outcome that seemed 

2894
02:31:06,100 --> 02:31:08,900
increasingly inevitable. 
Will I burn? 

2895
02:31:08,900 --> 02:31:11,000
I asked directly during one 
night's prayer. 

2896
02:31:11,800 --> 02:31:13,600
The body is temporary. 
Catherine, answer. 

2897
02:31:13,600 --> 02:31:17,200
Gently, what matters is truth 
maintained until the end. 

2898
02:31:18,300 --> 02:31:21,800
On May the 24th I was taken to 
the rule on Cemetery where 

2899
02:31:21,800 --> 02:31:24,600
scaffolds had been erected one 
holding officials, who would 

2900
02:31:24,600 --> 02:31:28,000
witness my anticipated? 
Recantation, another displaying 

2901
02:31:28,000 --> 02:31:30,000
instruments of execution. 
Should I refuse? 

2902
02:31:30,900 --> 02:31:33,600
Exhausted physically and 
isolated completely. 

2903
02:31:33,600 --> 02:31:37,000
I briefly wavered when presented
with a document, I was told 

2904
02:31:37,000 --> 02:31:40,100
contained a simple app, duration
of male clothing and independent

2905
02:31:40,100 --> 02:31:43,500
interpretation of voices. 
What I was unaware of was that 

2906
02:31:43,500 --> 02:31:46,500
the actual document contained, a
comprehensive admission of fraud

2907
02:31:46,500 --> 02:31:49,500
demonic influence and heretical 
intent. 

2908
02:31:49,500 --> 02:31:52,800
Completely repudiating. 
Everything I had experienced and

2909
02:31:52,800 --> 02:31:56,800
represented Unable to read, I 
trusted partial translations 

2910
02:31:56,800 --> 02:31:59,500
provided by clerics whose 
deception serve their 

2911
02:31:59,500 --> 02:32:02,600
predetermined purpose. 
I signed with a simple cross 

2912
02:32:02,600 --> 02:32:05,500
mark unaware that I was giving 
my enemies exactly what they 

2913
02:32:05,500 --> 02:32:07,800
needed. 
And apparent admission that 

2914
02:32:07,800 --> 02:32:10,700
everything I had to about Divine
guide and was false. 

2915
02:32:11,400 --> 02:32:14,800
This temporary weakness, a 
product of extreme duress rather

2916
02:32:14,800 --> 02:32:18,200
than a genuine change of heart 
provided legal justification For

2917
02:32:18,200 --> 02:32:21,600
What followed Return to prison 
rather than transfer to 

2918
02:32:21,600 --> 02:32:23,400
ecclesiastical custody as 
promised. 

2919
02:32:23,400 --> 02:32:26,400
I found myself still surrounded 
by hostile guards. 

2920
02:32:26,400 --> 02:32:28,500
Still denied female 
companionship. 

2921
02:32:28,500 --> 02:32:30,600
That would have made feminine 
clothing, practically 

2922
02:32:30,600 --> 02:32:33,500
sustainable. 
When my clothes were taken while

2923
02:32:33,500 --> 02:32:35,700
I stepped and only male attire 
was left available. 

2924
02:32:35,700 --> 02:32:40,200
I faced an impossible Choice 
remain naked among male guards 

2925
02:32:40,200 --> 02:32:41,400
or Dawn. 
Forbidden. 

2926
02:32:41,400 --> 02:32:44,700
Garments, the voices spoke with 
unusual Clarity that morning, 

2927
02:32:44,700 --> 02:32:48,500
better modest in propriety than 
in modest vulnerability. 

2928
02:32:49,600 --> 02:32:52,600
I dressed in Male clothing. 
Knowing this relapse provided 

2929
02:32:52,600 --> 02:32:56,300
the final justification enemies 
sought. when judges returned to 

2930
02:32:56,300 --> 02:32:59,700
document this transgression, I 
formally recanted my previous 

2931
02:32:59,700 --> 02:33:03,600
abbreviation Stating clearly, 
that voices were indeed Divine, 

2932
02:33:03,600 --> 02:33:07,200
that the mission had been Heaven
Sent and that temporary weakness

2933
02:33:07,200 --> 02:33:10,700
had betrayed truth. 
I would rather do Penance once 

2934
02:33:10,700 --> 02:33:13,900
with death. 
The bear imprisonment suffering 

2935
02:33:13,900 --> 02:33:18,100
continuously, I told them with 
renewed Clarity despite knowing 

2936
02:33:18,100 --> 02:33:21,600
the consequence. 
On May the 30th 1431. 

2937
02:33:21,600 --> 02:33:25,600
The final sentence was announced
declared a relapsed heretic. 

2938
02:33:25,600 --> 02:33:29,300
I would face public execution, 
by burning the most painful 

2939
02:33:29,300 --> 02:33:32,900
death authorities could legally.
Impose, deliberately chosen to 

2940
02:33:32,900 --> 02:33:36,100
create maximum suffering, they 
hoped would produce a final 

2941
02:33:36,100 --> 02:33:39,900
public confession that morning, 
I made a final confession to a 

2942
02:33:39,900 --> 02:33:42,300
sympathetic priest and received 
communion, despite being 

2943
02:33:42,300 --> 02:33:46,200
formally excommunicated, a small
Act of compassionate Defiance by

2944
02:33:46,200 --> 02:33:50,000
a cleric who recognized 
Injustice unfolding, Wearing the

2945
02:33:50,008 --> 02:33:52,900
traditional long, white garment,
for heresy executions. 

2946
02:33:52,900 --> 02:33:56,100
The cart transported me through 
Rouen streets toward the old 

2947
02:33:56,100 --> 02:33:59,800
marketplace, where execution 
awaited, the crowds mood 

2948
02:33:59,800 --> 02:34:04,500
surprise, me, not triumphant, 
but somber, many openly weeping.

2949
02:34:05,400 --> 02:34:08,400
These were not my French 
compatriots but Norman subjects.

2950
02:34:08,400 --> 02:34:12,200
Under English rule yet something
about my situation transcended 

2951
02:34:12,200 --> 02:34:15,900
political loyalty later accounts
with English authorities. 

2952
02:34:15,900 --> 02:34:19,400
Grew concerned that sympathy 
might transform into riots and 

2953
02:34:19,400 --> 02:34:22,400
that martyrdom was being created
despite their careful, legal 

2954
02:34:22,400 --> 02:34:26,000
maneuvering, At the execution. 
Ground officials had me a final 

2955
02:34:26,000 --> 02:34:28,600
opportunity to recount before. 
Tying me to a tall. 

2956
02:34:28,600 --> 02:34:30,900
Stake erected atop a substantial
paire. 

2957
02:34:30,900 --> 02:34:34,200
The method was deliberate. 
Slow death by Suffocation and 

2958
02:34:34,200 --> 02:34:36,600
burning rather than quicker, 
execution methods available. 

2959
02:34:37,700 --> 02:34:40,100
Jesus. 
I called repeatedly as flames 

2960
02:34:40,100 --> 02:34:43,400
were lit, no longer concerned 
with appearing strong before 

2961
02:34:43,400 --> 02:34:45,800
enemies. 
Simply seeking comfort in the 

2962
02:34:45,800 --> 02:34:47,900
name that had guided my journey 
from its beginning. 

2963
02:34:49,000 --> 02:34:52,100
The voice is spoke one final 
time as smoke began Rising. 

2964
02:34:52,900 --> 02:34:56,400
Your suffering ends today your 
Vindication begins. 

2965
02:34:58,000 --> 02:35:01,100
The physical Agony that followed
transcends description. 

2966
02:35:01,800 --> 02:35:04,400
Historical accounts claim my 
heart remained intact among 

2967
02:35:04,400 --> 02:35:07,200
ashes afterward. 
A symbolic detail probably 

2968
02:35:07,200 --> 02:35:09,600
invented by later. 
Chroniclers seeking miraculous 

2969
02:35:09,600 --> 02:35:13,400
elements for potential canonized
in nization, What mattered 

2970
02:35:13,400 --> 02:35:16,700
wasn't physical preservation but
the truth maintained until the 

2971
02:35:16,700 --> 02:35:20,500
end that simple Faith could 
withstand elaborate machinations

2972
02:35:20,500 --> 02:35:23,600
of power and that Divine 
Purpose, work through unlikely 

2973
02:35:23,600 --> 02:35:28,000
instruments, 25 years later, 
Charles the seventh firmly 

2974
02:35:28,000 --> 02:35:31,200
established as France's 
legitimate, king would order an 

2975
02:35:31,200 --> 02:35:33,600
investigation that formerly. 
Nullified my conviction 

2976
02:35:33,600 --> 02:35:39,100
declaring the trial Prejudiced 
and illegitimate in 1456 a 

2977
02:35:39,100 --> 02:35:41,700
rehabilitation trial formerly 
cleared, my name of heresy 

2978
02:35:41,700 --> 02:35:44,100
charges Yet, full Vindication 
waited. 

2979
02:35:44,100 --> 02:35:47,600
Nearly 5 centuries until May the
16th 1920. 

2980
02:35:47,600 --> 02:35:51,000
When the Catholic Church 
declared me, a Saint official 

2981
02:35:51,000 --> 02:35:53,700
recognition that voices, 
condemned, as demonic had 

2982
02:35:53,700 --> 02:35:57,300
indeed, been Divine history, 
remembers outcomes, all Leon 

2983
02:35:57,300 --> 02:36:00,200
relieved. 
Charles, crowned France of 

2984
02:36:00,200 --> 02:36:03,300
eventually liberated from the 
English occupation, these 

2985
02:36:03,300 --> 02:36:06,800
visible victories obscure, the 
internal Journey that began with

2986
02:36:06,800 --> 02:36:10,000
a garden Whisperer and ended in 
Marketplace, Flames. 

2987
02:36:10,000 --> 02:36:13,200
The voice is never promised, 
Earthly, reward or personal 

2988
02:36:13,200 --> 02:36:16,900
Glory, they offered only purpose
Direction and the chance to 

2989
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:19,400
serve as an instrument for 
something larger than myself. 

2990
02:36:20,200 --> 02:36:22,300
They called me made of all 
dubbed. 

2991
02:36:22,300 --> 02:36:25,000
Me a miracle. 
Worker labeled me a witch and a 

2992
02:36:25,008 --> 02:36:27,700
heretic and eventually 
recognized me as a saint. 

2993
02:36:28,500 --> 02:36:31,200
Yet, through all the 
Transformations, I remained 

2994
02:36:31,200 --> 02:36:34,800
Johannes from donor me. a simple
girl who aren't answered when 

2995
02:36:34,800 --> 02:36:38,600
voices called who held to truth 
heard within more firmly than to

2996
02:36:38,600 --> 02:36:42,000
comfort offered without Perhaps 
that represents the most 

2997
02:36:42,000 --> 02:36:45,400
enduring Legacy that 
extraordinary purpose May 

2998
02:36:45,400 --> 02:36:48,800
inhabit ordinary lives. 
That Divine participation in 

2999
02:36:48,800 --> 02:36:52,300
human history, rarely follows 
expected channels but instead 

3000
02:36:52,300 --> 02:36:55,800
Works through unlikely vessels 
willing to say simply here, am I

3001
02:36:55,808 --> 02:37:03,200
send me? 
Let me tell you about a boy who 

3002
02:37:03,200 --> 02:37:05,300
would grow up to touch the 
ceiling of the most famous 

3003
02:37:05,300 --> 02:37:08,800
Chapel in the world? 
Imagine yourself relaxing in a 

3004
02:37:08,800 --> 02:37:09,300
cozy. 
Chair. 

3005
02:37:09,300 --> 02:37:14,200
On a calm evening. 
He was born on March, 6th 1475 

3006
02:37:14,200 --> 02:37:18,200
in the small Hillside town of 
capris where the Morning Mist 

3007
02:37:18,200 --> 02:37:20,800
clung to Old Stone houses like 
slumbering cats. 

3008
02:37:20,800 --> 02:37:25,000
His name was killer Roti, but 
his friends just called him. 

3009
02:37:25,000 --> 02:37:27,100
Michelle. 
Do you know how certain things 

3010
02:37:27,100 --> 02:37:30,200
appeal to certain kids? 
While some people chase 

3011
02:37:30,200 --> 02:37:33,100
butterflies and others? 
Adore books, young Michelle had 

3012
02:37:33,100 --> 02:37:36,100
a peculiar Obsession. 
He was gathering Pebbles and 

3013
02:37:36,100 --> 02:37:39,200
examining their shapes turning 
them over in his tiny hands. 

3014
02:37:39,200 --> 02:37:42,100
As if they were Secrets while 
other six year olds were playing

3015
02:37:42,100 --> 02:37:44,500
with wooden toys. 
His father. 

3016
02:37:44,500 --> 02:37:47,800
Lot of Eco was a local 
magistrate think of him as the 

3017
02:37:47,800 --> 02:37:51,400
towns official paper pusher and 
he had Grand plans for his son, 

3018
02:37:51,408 --> 02:37:54,100
that definitely didn't involve 
getting Dusty with the rocks. 

3019
02:37:54,900 --> 02:37:58,000
When Michelle was little the 
family relocated to Florence 

3020
02:37:58,000 --> 02:38:01,200
which would later serve as both 
his inspiration and playground. 

3021
02:38:02,100 --> 02:38:05,200
In the 1480s Florence was more 
than just a city. 

3022
02:38:05,200 --> 02:38:08,500
It was like living inside a 
jewelry box with ideas and art 

3023
02:38:08,500 --> 02:38:11,900
glistening on every surface, the
Medici family ruled there as 

3024
02:38:11,900 --> 02:38:14,200
well as wealthy patrons who 
collected artists in the same 

3025
02:38:14,208 --> 02:38:17,500
way that some people collect 
Rare Coins, but they were not 

3026
02:38:17,500 --> 02:38:21,200
Kings when Michelle was just six
years old, his mother Francesca 

3027
02:38:21,200 --> 02:38:24,200
passed away. 
Children are shaped by Los. 

3028
02:38:24,200 --> 02:38:27,400
Sometimes it pushes them towards
something bigger and other 

3029
02:38:27,400 --> 02:38:29,000
times, it makes them Retreat 
inward. 

3030
02:38:29,000 --> 02:38:31,200
It appeared to do both from 
Shell. 

3031
02:38:31,200 --> 02:38:34,500
He grew quieter and more 
perceptive spending hours, 

3032
02:38:34,500 --> 02:38:37,100
observing stone masons fixed 
structures because he was 

3033
02:38:37,108 --> 02:38:39,800
captivated by their ability to 
bend hard marble. 

3034
02:38:40,700 --> 02:38:43,200
In an attempt to guide him 
toward a respectable career in 

3035
02:38:43,200 --> 02:38:46,700
banking or government his father
enrolled him in Grammar School. 

3036
02:38:47,600 --> 02:38:49,700
Michelle, however, had different
plans. 

3037
02:38:50,500 --> 02:38:52,400
He would doodle in the margins 
of his books. 

3038
02:38:52,400 --> 02:38:56,000
Instead of focusing on Latin 
conjugations, creating intricate

3039
02:38:56,000 --> 02:38:59,100
drawings of hands faces and the 
way light fell across a 

3040
02:38:59,100 --> 02:39:02,800
windowsill Michelle couldn't 
help himself but his teachers 

3041
02:39:02,800 --> 02:39:06,200
weren't amused for him. 
Creating art was more than just 

3042
02:39:06,200 --> 02:39:07,900
a hobby. 
It was a way of life. 

3043
02:39:09,100 --> 02:39:12,900
At the age of 13, Mitchell 
joined Domenico, ghirlandaio one

3044
02:39:12,900 --> 02:39:15,800
of Florence's most prosperous 
painters as an apprentice 

3045
02:39:15,800 --> 02:39:18,800
defying. 
His father's wishes and likely 

3046
02:39:18,800 --> 02:39:20,600
amid. 
Some heated family disputes. 

3047
02:39:21,400 --> 02:39:23,100
You can appreciate lot of ecos 
horror. 

3048
02:39:23,100 --> 02:39:25,200
If you can picture your 
adolescent today, declaring 

3049
02:39:25,200 --> 02:39:27,600
their dropping out to pursue a 
career as a street artist. 

3050
02:39:27,600 --> 02:39:31,600
However, as is often the case 
with future Geniuses Michelle 

3051
02:39:31,600 --> 02:39:34,400
was obstinate The girl and I are
Workshop. 

3052
02:39:34,400 --> 02:39:37,500
Resembled, an art Factory from 
the Renaissance apprentices 

3053
02:39:37,500 --> 02:39:40,700
prepared canvases, ground 
pigments and picked up skills by

3054
02:39:40,700 --> 02:39:42,300
imitating. 
The Master's methods. 

3055
02:39:43,000 --> 02:39:46,200
For Michelle painting was a bit 
confining but most boys were 

3056
02:39:46,200 --> 02:39:49,000
excited to eventually paint a 
small portion of a larger piece.

3057
02:39:50,100 --> 02:39:52,500
Because of the three dimensional
challenge of bringing life from 

3058
02:39:52,500 --> 02:39:55,000
inanimate Stone. 
He can continue to gravitate 

3059
02:39:55,000 --> 02:39:58,000
towards sculpture. 
His story takes an intriguing 

3060
02:39:58,000 --> 02:40:00,800
turn at this point. 
In his Garden's Lorenzo. 

3061
02:40:00,800 --> 02:40:04,700
De Medici also known as Lorenzo 
the Magnificent, the established

3062
02:40:04,700 --> 02:40:08,300
to sort of art academy, Young 
Artists could study classical 

3063
02:40:08,300 --> 02:40:11,100
sculpture and receive 
instruction from the best at 

3064
02:40:11,100 --> 02:40:15,000
this experimental School. 
Michelle was invited to join 

3065
02:40:15,000 --> 02:40:16,900
after Lorenzo Scout saw his 
work. 

3066
02:40:17,700 --> 02:40:20,300
The boy who had been Gathering 
Pebbles was now touching marble 

3067
02:40:20,300 --> 02:40:23,300
that had been carved before the 
birth of Christ and strolling 

3068
02:40:23,300 --> 02:40:26,800
through Garden's, brimming with 
statues, from ancient Rome, it 

3069
02:40:26,800 --> 02:40:29,500
was like winning the Renaissance
Lottery to live in the Medici 

3070
02:40:29,500 --> 02:40:34,400
household. ideas crackled in the
air like logs on a fire poets, 

3071
02:40:34,400 --> 02:40:37,300
recited new verses and 
philosophers debated at the 

3072
02:40:37,308 --> 02:40:41,000
tables where you ate even though
Michelle was only 15 and still 

3073
02:40:41,000 --> 02:40:44,500
developing his lanky frame, he 
was taking in everything, the 

3074
02:40:44,500 --> 02:40:48,000
art, the conversations, and the 
realization that people could 

3075
02:40:48,000 --> 02:40:51,900
make beautiful things that would
last He once carved a sleeping 

3076
02:40:51,900 --> 02:40:55,300
Cupid, that was so realistic and
expertly done that someone 

3077
02:40:55,300 --> 02:40:58,900
proposed artificially aging it 
and marketing, it as an antique 

3078
02:40:58,900 --> 02:41:02,000
Roman item. 
The strategy was successful 

3079
02:41:02,000 --> 02:41:06,000
until the buyer realized the 
fraud The Collector however, was

3080
02:41:06,000 --> 02:41:09,400
impressed, rather than incense, 
who was this young person 

3081
02:41:09,400 --> 02:41:11,200
capable of deceiving 
professionals. 

3082
02:41:11,200 --> 02:41:14,900
At that moment, Michelle became 
aware of a significant aspect of

3083
02:41:14,900 --> 02:41:17,500
himself. 
He was not merely talented, but 

3084
02:41:17,500 --> 02:41:21,900
exceptionally so, This type of 
talent only occurs, perhaps once

3085
02:41:21,900 --> 02:41:25,400
every generation like learning 
you can fly but not being sure. 

3086
02:41:25,400 --> 02:41:27,900
You want to take off. 
It was both exhilarating and 

3087
02:41:27,900 --> 02:41:30,500
terrifying. 
As you go to sleep tonight, 

3088
02:41:30,500 --> 02:41:34,100
visualized that young man 
standing among marble statues. 

3089
02:41:34,100 --> 02:41:38,000
In those Medici Gardens, his 
hands already smeared with stone

3090
02:41:38,000 --> 02:41:40,800
dust. 
His mind racing with ideas, he 

3091
02:41:40,800 --> 02:41:44,600
had not yet been able to grasp 
When Michelle was 21 years old 

3092
02:41:44,600 --> 02:41:47,600
and packing his few possessions 
for Rome in 1496. 

3093
02:41:47,600 --> 02:41:51,700
He felt as though, the world was
waiting for him, his school had 

3094
02:41:51,700 --> 02:41:56,100
been Florence, but Rome, ah, 
Rome was the birthplace of 

3095
02:41:56,100 --> 02:41:58,300
Legends and the making of 
reputations. 

3096
02:41:59,100 --> 02:42:01,900
Imagine him traveling toward the
city that had ruled the world on

3097
02:42:01,900 --> 02:42:05,600
that dusty road, most likely on 
a borrowed horse with his 

3098
02:42:05,600 --> 02:42:07,900
Sketchbook securely tucked away 
in his saddlebag. 

3099
02:42:08,700 --> 02:42:12,700
In the late 1400s Rome resembled
a huge archaeological site where

3100
02:42:12,700 --> 02:42:14,300
people continued to live and 
work. 

3101
02:42:15,000 --> 02:42:17,300
There were pieces of the ancient
empire everywhere. 

3102
02:42:17,300 --> 02:42:20,700
You looked walls constructed 
from stones that had seen 

3103
02:42:20,700 --> 02:42:24,000
Caesar's Victory is marble 
statues without arms, but still 

3104
02:42:24,000 --> 02:42:27,100
exuding strength and broken 
columns, supporting Tavern 

3105
02:42:27,100 --> 02:42:29,500
roofs. 
It was like entering Paradise 

3106
02:42:29,500 --> 02:42:32,000
for an artist who was enamored 
with classical Beauty. 

3107
02:42:32,000 --> 02:42:35,400
The French Cardinal who wanted 
something unique for his tomb. 

3108
02:42:35,400 --> 02:42:39,600
Gave Michelle is first 
significant Commission The young

3109
02:42:39,600 --> 02:42:43,700
sculptor proposed, a Peter Mary,
holding the dead Christ and 

3110
02:42:43,700 --> 02:42:46,700
spent months, sketching, 
studying anatomy and preparing 

3111
02:42:46,700 --> 02:42:48,400
for what would become his 
Masterpiece. 

3112
02:42:48,400 --> 02:42:52,200
The problem with marble however,
is that it is not forgiving of 

3113
02:42:52,200 --> 02:42:57,400
Errors, a bad cut cannot be 
repaired or erased each chisel. 

3114
02:42:57,400 --> 02:43:01,000
Stroke is a tiny Act of Faith. 
He spent whole days in the 

3115
02:43:01,008 --> 02:43:04,300
workshop, working on the pieter 
like a man possessed coming out 

3116
02:43:04,300 --> 02:43:07,100
with marble dust under his 
fingernails, and in his hair. 

3117
02:43:08,000 --> 02:43:10,500
The tenderness of the sculpture 
he made was revolutionary. 

3118
02:43:10,500 --> 02:43:13,800
Michelle carved marrying Christ,
as though they were actual 

3119
02:43:13,800 --> 02:43:16,900
people caught in a moment of 
great sorrow and Grace. 

3120
02:43:16,900 --> 02:43:20,400
In contrast, to the conventional
medieval style, that made 

3121
02:43:20,400 --> 02:43:22,300
figures appear rigid and 
symbolic. 

3122
02:43:23,100 --> 02:43:25,800
However, something annoying 
occurred when the piece was 

3123
02:43:25,800 --> 02:43:29,500
revealed after admiring it to 
visitors would inquire who 

3124
02:43:29,500 --> 02:43:32,700
carved this and shake their 
heads incredulously when 

3125
02:43:32,700 --> 02:43:34,700
informed that it was a young man
from Florence. 

3126
02:43:35,500 --> 02:43:38,200
One night, Michelle did 
something he would never do 

3127
02:43:38,200 --> 02:43:41,100
again in his career. 
He sneaked back and carved his 

3128
02:43:41,100 --> 02:43:45,400
name directly on Mary sash 
saying Colangelo Bono Roti, 

3129
02:43:45,400 --> 02:43:49,000
Florentine made this Like a 
Renaissance graffiti artist 

3130
02:43:49,000 --> 02:43:51,500
claiming credit. 
It's funny to imagine this 

3131
02:43:51,500 --> 02:43:54,300
future Universe Master sneaking 
around, Saint Peter's Basilica 

3132
02:43:54,300 --> 02:43:57,700
in the dark with his chisel. 
However, it was successful. 

3133
02:43:57,700 --> 02:44:00,800
Everyone in Rome was suddenly 
aware of Michael Angelo's 

3134
02:44:00,800 --> 02:44:03,100
identity after the Pierre 
established his reputation. 

3135
02:44:04,400 --> 02:44:07,100
He also produced his well-known 
sculpture of the Roman wine. 

3136
02:44:07,100 --> 02:44:11,900
God, Bacchus around this period.
Now, the majority of artists 

3137
02:44:11,900 --> 02:44:14,600
depicted Bacchus as a Godlike 
and dignified figure. 

3138
02:44:15,200 --> 02:44:16,500
But Michelle had a different 
Vision. 

3139
02:44:16,500 --> 02:44:20,100
His Backus has the soft body of 
someone who has had too much 

3140
02:44:20,108 --> 02:44:23,500
good living and he appears to be
a little inebriated swaying. 

3141
02:44:23,500 --> 02:44:27,000
A little, it was witty and 
clever demonstrating that 

3142
02:44:27,000 --> 02:44:29,800
Michelle was aware of human 
nature even when he was 

3143
02:44:29,800 --> 02:44:34,400
portraying gods, The achievement
presented new difficulties Rich 

3144
02:44:34,400 --> 02:44:37,400
customers started vying for his 
attention by paying 

3145
02:44:37,400 --> 02:44:39,600
progressively higher prices for 
his sculptures. 

3146
02:44:40,500 --> 02:44:42,400
Michelle. 
However was picky about his 

3147
02:44:42,400 --> 02:44:44,800
commission's. 
He desired projects that would 

3148
02:44:44,800 --> 02:44:47,800
challenge his abilities and 
allow him to test the limits of 

3149
02:44:47,800 --> 02:44:50,900
what marble could accomplish. 
Not just financial gain. 

3150
02:44:51,700 --> 02:44:54,500
Representatives from Florence, 
showed up one day with an 

3151
02:44:54,500 --> 02:44:57,500
interesting proposal. 
Huge block of marble that had 

3152
02:44:57,500 --> 02:45:00,900
been there for decades, was in 
the city after a few attempts 

3153
02:45:00,900 --> 02:45:02,600
earlier. 
Sculptors at abandoned, it 

3154
02:45:02,600 --> 02:45:04,700
claiming it was defective and 
useless. 

3155
02:45:05,800 --> 02:45:08,100
The florentines pondered where 
the Michelle would want to look 

3156
02:45:08,100 --> 02:45:11,100
the block would have to be moved
back to Florence because it was 

3157
02:45:11,100 --> 02:45:14,900
so big 17 ft High. 
Like a physician examining a 

3158
02:45:14,900 --> 02:45:16,600
patient, Michelle studded the 
marble. 

3159
02:45:16,600 --> 02:45:20,000
He walked around it, felt its 
surface with his hands and 

3160
02:45:20,000 --> 02:45:23,300
examined, the cuts and grain he 
saw potential where other 

3161
02:45:23,300 --> 02:45:26,100
sculptors saw problems, he could
already picture the figure 

3162
02:45:26,100 --> 02:45:28,900
imprisoned in a waiting release 
in his imagination. 

3163
02:45:30,300 --> 02:45:33,800
This commission would become 
David, it wasn't just any 

3164
02:45:33,800 --> 02:45:36,400
Commission. 
Months passed during the 

3165
02:45:36,408 --> 02:45:39,200
negotiations. 
Michelle desired a suitable 

3166
02:45:39,200 --> 02:45:41,900
workspace. 
Sufficient compensation and 

3167
02:45:41,900 --> 02:45:45,800
total creative control. 
The city officials agreed to 

3168
02:45:45,800 --> 02:45:49,000
everything, possibly believing 
that someone would solve their 

3169
02:45:49,000 --> 02:45:51,700
marble problem. 
They were unaware that they were

3170
02:45:51,700 --> 02:45:55,000
commissioning the world's most 
well known sculpture Mitchell 

3171
02:45:55,000 --> 02:45:57,500
took a final stroll through this
historic streets of Rome, as he 

3172
02:45:57,500 --> 02:46:00,600
got ready to head back to 
Florence, he was departing as a 

3173
02:46:00,600 --> 02:46:04,000
master having arrived as a 
budding, young artists He had 

3174
02:46:04,008 --> 02:46:06,400
learned from the Eternal City 
that beauty could endure 

3175
02:46:06,400 --> 02:46:09,100
centuries of conflict and 
turmoil, that art could 

3176
02:46:09,100 --> 02:46:12,400
transcend Empires and that a 
talented hand could transform 

3177
02:46:12,400 --> 02:46:14,600
Stone into a language that would
endure forever. 

3178
02:46:15,400 --> 02:46:18,100
As you drift off to sleep 
tonight, picture, Michelle 

3179
02:46:18,100 --> 02:46:20,800
already seeing David's face in 
his dreams. 

3180
02:46:20,800 --> 02:46:23,600
Loading that massive block of 
marble onto a cart. 

3181
02:46:24,400 --> 02:46:27,500
Those times when everything in 
your life falls into place, when

3182
02:46:27,500 --> 02:46:29,900
all of your knowledge and 
abilities come together to work 

3183
02:46:29,900 --> 02:46:33,200
on the ideal project at the 
ideal moment have a certain 

3184
02:46:33,200 --> 02:46:36,000
Allure. 
That moment for Michelle who was

3185
02:46:36,008 --> 02:46:38,800
Now 26. 
And back in Florence was when he

3186
02:46:38,800 --> 02:46:42,000
first saw the enormous block of 
marble that would eventually 

3187
02:46:42,000 --> 02:46:44,800
become David. 
The marble had a fascinating 

3188
02:46:44,800 --> 02:46:49,500
backstory decades before it had 
been taken from Carrara and used

3189
02:46:49,500 --> 02:46:53,000
to make a sculpture of David for
Florence cathedral. two, 

3190
02:46:53,000 --> 02:46:56,700
previous sculptors had attempted
it Agostino di duccio had 

3191
02:46:56,700 --> 02:47:00,100
started carving, but abandoned 
it and Antonio rossellino had 

3192
02:47:00,100 --> 02:47:04,200
been commissioned to continue 
but also gave up By 1501 the 

3193
02:47:04,200 --> 02:47:07,500
block, which the locals called, 
the giant had devolved into a 

3194
02:47:07,500 --> 02:47:10,600
Public Disgrace, akin to a 
costly piece of exercise, 

3195
02:47:10,600 --> 02:47:12,400
equipment collecting dust in a 
corner. 

3196
02:47:13,500 --> 02:47:16,400
In order to safeguard his work 
and his privacy Michelle 

3197
02:47:16,400 --> 02:47:18,900
constructed a wooden shelter 
around the marble in the 

3198
02:47:18,900 --> 02:47:21,600
cathedral Courtyard where he set
up his Workshop. 

3199
02:47:22,500 --> 02:47:24,500
This was his world for the next 
three years. 

3200
02:47:24,500 --> 02:47:27,800
He would get there before the 
sun came up and work until it 

3201
02:47:27,800 --> 02:47:29,800
went out frequently. 
Skipping meals. 

3202
02:47:30,700 --> 02:47:33,500
City officials defended their 
investment, despite complaints 

3203
02:47:33,500 --> 02:47:36,600
from The Neighbors about the 
continuous tapping of a chisel 

3204
02:47:36,600 --> 02:47:39,100
on Stone. 
They had a sneaking suspicion 

3205
02:47:39,100 --> 02:47:42,000
that something extraordinary was
taking place behind those wooden

3206
02:47:42,000 --> 02:47:44,700
walls. 
Reimagining a well known tale 

3207
02:47:44,700 --> 02:47:47,200
was more important to David's 
creation than technical 

3208
02:47:47,200 --> 02:47:50,400
proficiency earlier. 
Artists had depicted David 

3209
02:47:50,400 --> 02:47:53,000
standing over Goliath severed 
head, following his victory. 

3210
02:47:53,900 --> 02:47:57,300
Michelle, however, saw things 
differently, his David has shown

3211
02:47:57,308 --> 02:48:01,000
just before the fight, his 
muscles, tensed his gaze. 

3212
02:48:01,000 --> 02:48:04,800
Fixed on the approaching giant. 
The young man mustering the will

3213
02:48:04,800 --> 02:48:08,700
to fight an impossible battle 
David represented, everyone who 

3214
02:48:08,700 --> 02:48:12,400
had ever had to overcome 
insurmountable odds which in 

3215
02:48:12,400 --> 02:48:15,000
plague stricken warn 
Renaissance, Italy, mental, most

3216
02:48:15,000 --> 02:48:19,400
everyone, The physical 
difficulties were tremendous the

3217
02:48:19,400 --> 02:48:23,200
marble weighed more than six 
tons and stood 17 feet tall. 

3218
02:48:24,000 --> 02:48:26,700
Michelle had to climb ladders 
and Scaffolding constantly 

3219
02:48:26,700 --> 02:48:29,200
changing his perspective. 
In order to check his 

3220
02:48:29,200 --> 02:48:33,200
proportions, he devised a method
for creating tiny wax models and

3221
02:48:33,200 --> 02:48:36,600
then in enlarging them applying 
mathematical ratios to translate

3222
02:48:36,600 --> 02:48:38,500
his Concepts onto the enormous 
Stone. 

3223
02:48:39,200 --> 02:48:42,900
There were disadvantages to 
working alone on some days when 

3224
02:48:42,900 --> 02:48:44,300
a certain muscle wouldn't look 
right? 

3225
02:48:44,300 --> 02:48:46,800
Or the marble showed an 
unexpected floor. 

3226
02:48:46,800 --> 02:48:49,200
Doubt would creep in like 
morning fog. 

3227
02:48:50,000 --> 02:48:53,300
A time Michelle would dedicate 
whole days to carving and 

3228
02:48:53,300 --> 02:48:56,100
recovering a single finger until
it reached the level of 

3229
02:48:56,100 --> 02:48:57,400
perfection. 
He had imagined. 

3230
02:48:58,300 --> 02:49:01,400
His hands were permanently, 
discolored his back hurt from 

3231
02:49:01,400 --> 02:49:04,000
looking up all the time. 
And he became known for being 

3232
02:49:04,000 --> 02:49:06,700
anti-social though. 
This was partially due to the 

3233
02:49:06,700 --> 02:49:08,900
fact that he simply had no time 
for socializing. 

3234
02:49:10,100 --> 02:49:14,100
It was a slow breakthrough 
months went by and David shaped 

3235
02:49:14,100 --> 02:49:16,400
on the stone, like, a sunrise 
cresting Hills. 

3236
02:49:16,400 --> 02:49:20,700
The fundamental form came first 
followed by the definition of 

3237
02:49:20,700 --> 02:49:23,900
the muscles and features. 
And lastly, the amazing detail 

3238
02:49:23,900 --> 02:49:27,400
that gave the appearance of 
living flesh to Marble Mitchell 

3239
02:49:27,400 --> 02:49:30,500
focused, particularly on David's
eyes, which still appear to 

3240
02:49:30,500 --> 02:49:33,900
track movement and His Hands, 
which were large to highlight 

3241
02:49:33,900 --> 02:49:38,200
his humanity and resolved by 
1504 word had gotten out that. 

3242
02:49:38,208 --> 02:49:40,700
Something extraordinary was 
taking place in that Workshop. 

3243
02:49:40,700 --> 02:49:43,100
In Florence. 
The response was Swift and 

3244
02:49:43,100 --> 02:49:46,100
overwhelming when David was 
finally unveiled by officials 

3245
02:49:46,100 --> 02:49:50,100
crowds of citizens gathered. 
Merely to gaze to learn the 

3246
02:49:50,100 --> 02:49:54,400
technique artists traveled from 
all over Italy, even people who 

3247
02:49:54,400 --> 02:49:56,700
knew nothing about art could 
sense, they were seeing 

3248
02:49:56,700 --> 02:49:58,500
something that would outlive 
them all. 

3249
02:49:59,600 --> 02:50:03,400
But then came a delightful 
problem where to put a 17 foot 

3250
02:50:03,400 --> 02:50:06,100
naked, man. 
David was supposed to be 

3251
02:50:06,100 --> 02:50:09,100
positioned high on the Cathedral
of the sculpture was too 

3252
02:50:09,100 --> 02:50:11,100
magnificent to be concealed on a
roof top. 

3253
02:50:11,900 --> 02:50:14,200
Placement was discussed by a 
commission of citizens and 

3254
02:50:14,200 --> 02:50:17,600
artists including Leonardo da 
Vinci who had his own views. 

3255
02:50:18,700 --> 02:50:21,900
As a representation of the power
of the Republic, someone wanted 

3256
02:50:21,900 --> 02:50:24,100
David to stand in front of the 
plaza Vecchio. 

3257
02:50:24,100 --> 02:50:26,300
Others favored a more secure 
area. 

3258
02:50:27,000 --> 02:50:30,600
The topic of politics came up 
like David and Goliath Florence 

3259
02:50:30,600 --> 02:50:33,300
was a republican circled by 
hostile territories. 

3260
02:50:33,300 --> 02:50:37,100
The sculpture came to represent 
Democratic principles opposing 

3261
02:50:37,100 --> 02:50:40,700
oppression when David was 
eventually erected in front of 

3262
02:50:40,700 --> 02:50:43,800
the Palazzo Vecchio, it was both
an artistic and a political 

3263
02:50:43,800 --> 02:50:46,700
statement. 
The installation was a feat of 

3264
02:50:46,700 --> 02:50:49,800
engineering using an intricate 
system of ropes and wooden 

3265
02:50:49,800 --> 02:50:53,300
rollers. 40 men, moved David the
half mile from the workshop to 

3266
02:50:53,300 --> 02:50:55,600
The Piazza over the course of 
four days. 

3267
02:50:55,600 --> 02:50:59,100
The procession turned into an 
unplanned celebration of civic 

3268
02:50:59,100 --> 02:51:01,300
pride as people gathered in the 
streets to watch. 

3269
02:51:02,200 --> 02:51:05,700
Michelle who was now 29 had 
given Florence and icon. 

3270
02:51:05,700 --> 02:51:08,900
In addition to a sculpture in 
addition to his artistic 

3271
02:51:08,900 --> 02:51:12,000
accomplishments David embodied 
the Renaissance belief that 

3272
02:51:12,000 --> 02:51:14,900
anyone could achieve anything 
with Talent bravery and 

3273
02:51:14,900 --> 02:51:18,200
willpower as you fall asleep. 
Imagine the moment when the 

3274
02:51:18,208 --> 02:51:21,800
scaffolding was finally taking 
down and David was standing 

3275
02:51:21,800 --> 02:51:25,200
there in all his Splendor 
prepared to take on any Giants, 

3276
02:51:25,200 --> 02:51:27,700
the world might send something 
happens. 

3277
02:51:27,700 --> 02:51:29,200
That completely upend 
everything. 

3278
02:51:29,200 --> 02:51:30,700
You believe to be true about 
yourself. 

3279
02:51:30,700 --> 02:51:33,800
Just when you think life is 
settled into a comfortable 

3280
02:51:33,800 --> 02:51:37,600
pattern, Pope, Julius the second
who combined the artistic 

3281
02:51:37,600 --> 02:51:41,200
aspirations of Lorenzo de Medici
the temperament of a Renaissance

3282
02:51:41,200 --> 02:51:43,500
wall Lord. 
The Spiritual Authority of the 

3283
02:51:43,500 --> 02:51:47,700
papacy was the source of the 
disruption for Michelle. in 

3284
02:51:47,700 --> 02:51:50,600
order to design and sculpt a 
massive tomb, that would rival, 

3285
02:51:50,600 --> 02:51:53,400
The Monuments of the ancient 
Emperors Julius had called 

3286
02:51:53,400 --> 02:51:56,900
Michelle to Rome With dozens of 
figures, adorning the 

3287
02:51:56,900 --> 02:51:59,500
three-story marble. 
Masterpiece Michelle spent 

3288
02:51:59,500 --> 02:52:02,500
months making models and 
drawings his sculpture Legacy 

3289
02:52:02,500 --> 02:52:06,700
would be the work of a lifetime.
Then Julius had second thoughts.

3290
02:52:06,700 --> 02:52:10,400
Imagine Michelle's annoyance, 
your guests decide. 

3291
02:52:10,400 --> 02:52:12,200
They would rather have pizza 
after you've prepared the 

3292
02:52:12,200 --> 02:52:16,100
perfect dinner party purchased 
all the necessary supplies and 

3293
02:52:16,100 --> 02:52:18,900
began cooking. 
The pope was the guest in this 

3294
02:52:18,900 --> 02:52:21,800
instance, though, and you 
couldn't exactly dispute, papal,

3295
02:52:21,800 --> 02:52:24,300
Authority. 
Julius came up with a novel 

3296
02:52:24,300 --> 02:52:26,800
idea. 
He wanted Michelle to paint the 

3297
02:52:26,800 --> 02:52:30,900
Sistine Chapel ceiling. 
Michelle objected, but I'm a 

3298
02:52:30,900 --> 02:52:32,800
Sculptor. 
And he was correct. 

3299
02:52:32,800 --> 02:52:36,000
He had little experience 
painting and he'd never tried 

3300
02:52:36,000 --> 02:52:40,100
anything as large as Julius had 
in mind. 68 feet above the 

3301
02:52:40,100 --> 02:52:43,600
ground, the Sistine Chapel 
ceiling, covered more than 5,000

3302
02:52:43,600 --> 02:52:46,400
square feet of curved surface 
lying on your back. 

3303
02:52:46,400 --> 02:52:50,300
Would be like painting the 
interior of a cathedral Michaels

3304
02:52:50,300 --> 02:52:53,700
worries, didn't interest Julius.
Discussions were short and 

3305
02:52:53,700 --> 02:52:56,100
obedience was expected when the 
pope made a request. 

3306
02:52:57,100 --> 02:53:00,800
According to some historians 
romantic the Pope's architect 

3307
02:53:00,800 --> 02:53:02,800
suggested, Michelle for the 
project to spike. 

3308
02:53:02,800 --> 02:53:05,700
The fact that it was all but 
impossible, possibly in the hope

3309
02:53:05,700 --> 02:53:08,500
that the sculptor would falter 
and withdraw from the race for 

3310
02:53:08,500 --> 02:53:11,800
julius's favor. 
If that's the case, they 

3311
02:53:11,800 --> 02:53:17,200
misjudged Michelle stubbornness.
In 1508 Michelle was 33 years 

3312
02:53:17,200 --> 02:53:20,400
old and looking up at a ceiling 
that seemed to go on forever. 

3313
02:53:20,400 --> 02:53:23,800
Trying to figure out how to turn
plain plaster into the most 

3314
02:53:23,800 --> 02:53:26,400
amazing painted surface in 
Christian art. 

3315
02:53:27,200 --> 02:53:29,400
He would have to come up with 
ways to paint above without 

3316
02:53:29,400 --> 02:53:32,900
getting blinded by paint 
dripping in his eyes designed 

3317
02:53:32,900 --> 02:53:35,500
scaffolding, that wouldn't 
collapse and somehow come up 

3318
02:53:35,500 --> 02:53:38,600
with a cohesive composition, 
that made sense from 68 feet 

3319
02:53:38,600 --> 02:53:40,800
below. 
The topic was just as 

3320
02:53:40,800 --> 02:53:44,300
intimidating. 
Julius wanted prophets sibyls 

3321
02:53:44,300 --> 02:53:47,800
and hundreds of other characters
to surround scenes from Genesis 

3322
02:53:47,800 --> 02:53:51,400
such as the creation of the 
world, Adam and Eve and Noah's 

3323
02:53:51,400 --> 02:53:53,400
flood. 
It was more than just a 

3324
02:53:53,400 --> 02:53:55,100
painting. 
It was a comprehensive 

3325
02:53:55,100 --> 02:53:58,200
theological program that had to 
function as both separate scenes

3326
02:53:58,200 --> 02:54:01,700
and a cohesive whole reasoning 
that he would begin the story, 

3327
02:54:01,700 --> 02:54:04,500
chronologically Michelle started
with the flood scene. 

3328
02:54:04,500 --> 02:54:07,900
However, it was extremely 
challenging to work overhead 

3329
02:54:07,900 --> 02:54:11,400
while laying on scaffolding. 
His neck ached from the awkward 

3330
02:54:11,400 --> 02:54:14,600
position, paint, dripped 
continuously and the figures he 

3331
02:54:14,600 --> 02:54:17,500
thought were Flawless up. 
Clothes, looked down from floor 

3332
02:54:17,500 --> 02:54:19,700
level. 
He struggled for weeks before 

3333
02:54:19,700 --> 02:54:21,400
scraping everything off and 
starting over. 

3334
02:54:22,200 --> 02:54:25,500
This time working backwards 
through Genesis, he started with

3335
02:54:25,500 --> 02:54:27,900
God, distinguishing between 
light and darkness. 

3336
02:54:28,800 --> 02:54:32,400
Created clever methods such as 
thickening his paint, mixtures 

3337
02:54:32,400 --> 02:54:35,800
to minimize dripping making 
cartoon templates to project 

3338
02:54:35,800 --> 02:54:39,200
designs onto the ceiling, and 
modifying proportions to take 

3339
02:54:39,200 --> 02:54:40,800
the viewing angle into 
consideration. 

3340
02:54:41,700 --> 02:54:44,500
Most significantly, he 
discovered that the ceiling was 

3341
02:54:44,500 --> 02:54:46,900
an architectural space, that 
could give the impression of 

3342
02:54:46,908 --> 02:54:49,400
depth and movement. 
Rather than a flat surface. 

3343
02:54:49,400 --> 02:54:53,400
The work took up all of his time
during his four years. 

3344
02:54:53,400 --> 02:54:56,200
As a painter, he frequently 
worked by himself in the chapel 

3345
02:54:56,200 --> 02:54:59,000
after dark using only candles 
for illumination. 

3346
02:55:00,100 --> 02:55:03,100
Every brush stroke of those 
magnificent figures was created 

3347
02:55:03,100 --> 02:55:06,200
by his hand, but his assistant 
prepared, the paints and 

3348
02:55:06,208 --> 02:55:10,100
cartoons his own lamentable, 
poem about becoming a hunchback 

3349
02:55:10,100 --> 02:55:13,300
from looking up all the time, 
describes the chronic neck, and 

3350
02:55:13,300 --> 02:55:16,100
back pain, he developed that, 
would follow him for the rest of

3351
02:55:16,100 --> 02:55:18,500
his life. 
Psychological pressure. 

3352
02:55:18,500 --> 02:55:21,800
Matched the physical toll. 
Julius would show up out of the 

3353
02:55:21,808 --> 02:55:25,100
blue scaling, the scaffolding to
check on progress and give 

3354
02:55:25,100 --> 02:55:28,200
unsolicited advice. 
The pope was impatient. 

3355
02:55:29,000 --> 02:55:30,800
Constantly asking when the work 
would be finished. 

3356
02:55:31,800 --> 02:55:34,500
Michelle almost got hit with 
julius's walking stick for as 

3357
02:55:34,500 --> 02:55:36,200
well known reply when it's 
finished. 

3358
02:55:37,000 --> 02:55:40,800
But over time magic occurred 
figures of amazing Beauty and 

3359
02:55:40,800 --> 02:55:42,900
strength started to emerge from 
the ceiling. 

3360
02:55:42,900 --> 02:55:46,700
His God wasn't the distant. 
Symbolic, deity of medieval art,

3361
02:55:46,700 --> 02:55:50,000
but a dynamic Creator sweeping 
through space with cosmic 

3362
02:55:50,000 --> 02:55:52,900
energy. 
The most well known gesture in 

3363
02:55:52,908 --> 02:55:54,100
art. 
History is Adams. 

3364
02:55:54,100 --> 02:55:57,200
Awakening touch. 
Flat ceiling became a vision of 

3365
02:55:57,208 --> 02:56:00,800
Heaven as the prophets and 
civils appeared to occupy actual

3366
02:56:00,800 --> 02:56:04,200
architectural spaces. 
The way, all of these components

3367
02:56:04,200 --> 02:56:08,000
came together was the most 
amazing accomplishment visitors 

3368
02:56:08,000 --> 02:56:10,800
could follow the creation story.
While being ordered by the 

3369
02:56:10,800 --> 02:56:13,600
individual figures. 
Exquisite beauty as they read, 

3370
02:56:13,600 --> 02:56:16,400
the ceiling from the chapel 
floor, which resembled a huge 

3371
02:56:16,400 --> 02:56:20,300
illuminated manuscript, Tonight,
as you close your eyes, picture,

3372
02:56:20,300 --> 02:56:23,300
Michelle standing, atop that 
scaffolding exhausted and 

3373
02:56:23,300 --> 02:56:26,400
covered in paint producing 
pictures, that will all future 

3374
02:56:26,400 --> 02:56:28,900
Generations. 
Every great Endeavor, has a 

3375
02:56:28,900 --> 02:56:32,200
turning point when you take 
stock and discover that you've 

3376
02:56:32,200 --> 02:56:35,800
produced something, that even 
you were surprised by when the 

3377
02:56:35,808 --> 02:56:38,900
scaffolding was eventually, 
taken down in October 1512, 

3378
02:56:38,900 --> 02:56:42,500
Michelangelo was able to see the
finished, Sistine Chapel ceiling

3379
02:56:42,500 --> 02:56:44,500
for the first time from the 
ground floor. 

3380
02:56:44,500 --> 02:56:47,800
Just like any other visitor who 
might happen to wander in from 

3381
02:56:47,800 --> 02:56:51,300
the Roman streets. 
The unveiling was a combination 

3382
02:56:51,300 --> 02:56:55,100
of religious ceremony, political
theater and art exhibition as 

3383
02:56:55,100 --> 02:56:57,800
one might anticipate from a 
paper of event in Renaissance 

3384
02:56:57,800 --> 02:57:01,400
Rome in their finest robes, 
Cardinals and diplomats 

3385
02:57:01,400 --> 02:57:04,700
assembled artists traveled from 
all over Italy, to observe what 

3386
02:57:04,700 --> 02:57:07,700
everyone knew would be 
unprecedented and inquisitive 

3387
02:57:07,700 --> 02:57:10,900
Romans flocked outside to catch 
a glimpse of what their cities 

3388
02:57:10,900 --> 02:57:13,500
Master had achieved. 
There was an instantaneous and 

3389
02:57:13,500 --> 02:57:16,400
profound silence as those heavy 
wooden doors opened and the 

3390
02:57:16,408 --> 02:57:19,700
crowd filed in. 
When something is so Exquisite 

3391
02:57:19,700 --> 02:57:21,700
that it leaves people 
speechless, you know what I 

3392
02:57:21,708 --> 02:57:23,800
mean? 
That's precisely what took 

3393
02:57:23,800 --> 02:57:26,600
place. 
Standing with their next craned 

3394
02:57:26,600 --> 02:57:29,600
back and their mouths, open 
grown men who had lived their 

3395
02:57:29,600 --> 02:57:32,700
entire lives surrounded by Art 
tempted to take in what they 

3396
02:57:32,700 --> 02:57:35,900
were witnessing. 
The ceiling had been turned into

3397
02:57:35,900 --> 02:57:38,100
a window to Heaven, not just 
painted. 

3398
02:57:38,900 --> 02:57:41,200
Michele had created an 
architectural illusion. 

3399
02:57:41,200 --> 02:57:44,300
So convincing that visitors felt
they were looking up through 

3400
02:57:44,300 --> 02:57:48,200
actual stone Frameworks at real 
figures inhabiting, Celestial 

3401
02:57:48,200 --> 02:57:53,900
space each scene, God sweeping 
the cosmos atom waking up even 

3402
02:57:53,900 --> 02:57:56,400
merging. 
From Adam's side was Flawless on

3403
02:57:56,400 --> 02:57:59,300
its own but they all came 
together like the movements of a

3404
02:57:59,300 --> 02:58:02,200
symphony. 
Of course, Pope Julius was 

3405
02:58:02,200 --> 02:58:04,600
Victorious. 
He'd commissioned the piece for 

3406
02:58:04,600 --> 02:58:07,600
political, as well as artistic 
reasons demonstrating to the 

3407
02:58:07,600 --> 02:58:10,400
world that people Rome was 
capable of creating Wonders on 

3408
02:58:10,400 --> 02:58:12,300
par with those of classical 
Antiquity. 

3409
02:58:12,300 --> 02:58:15,000
However, Julius appeared 
astonished by the 

3410
02:58:15,000 --> 02:58:18,500
accomplishments of his erratic. 
Sculptor undoubtedly, the 

3411
02:58:18,500 --> 02:58:22,500
ceiling was propaganda, but it 
was propaganda of such Sublime 

3412
02:58:22,500 --> 02:58:24,400
Beauty. 
That it took on a much higher 

3413
02:58:24,400 --> 02:58:27,300
significance. 
As usual, Michelle was already 

3414
02:58:27,300 --> 02:58:29,400
planning. 
His next Endeavor, he was still 

3415
02:58:29,400 --> 02:58:32,000
essentially a sculptor even 
though the four years of 

3416
02:58:32,000 --> 02:58:35,600
painting had been an unusual 
diversion. he desired to go back

3417
02:58:35,600 --> 02:58:38,100
to the marble statues that had 
been patiently, waiting in 

3418
02:58:38,100 --> 02:58:42,200
julius's Workshop to his two but
like Pope's Julius had other 

3419
02:58:42,200 --> 02:58:44,400
ideas. 
The relationship between 

3420
02:58:44,400 --> 02:58:47,700
Michelle and Julius was 
fascinating to observe, both of 

3421
02:58:47,700 --> 02:58:51,500
them had strong Wills Ardent art
lovers and were completely 

3422
02:58:51,500 --> 02:58:52,900
confident in their own 
abilities. 

3423
02:58:52,900 --> 02:58:56,500
There are arguments, were 
legendary and one point Michelle

3424
02:58:56,500 --> 02:58:59,100
actually left Rome and had to be
brought back by people of 

3425
02:58:59,100 --> 02:59:01,400
apologies. 
However, they were able to 

3426
02:59:01,400 --> 02:59:03,700
understand one another in the 
way that challenging people 

3427
02:59:03,700 --> 02:59:08,200
occasionally do, Despite his 
complaints Michelle flourished, 

3428
02:59:08,200 --> 02:59:11,500
under the pressure of impossible
commission's in Julius saw 

3429
02:59:11,500 --> 02:59:14,800
genius, where he saw it. 
Michelle likely believed that he

3430
02:59:14,800 --> 02:59:17,900
would finally be able to work on
his own projects after julius's 

3431
02:59:17,900 --> 02:59:21,100
death in 1513. 
Michelle had been raised in the 

3432
02:59:21,100 --> 02:59:23,900
Medici family, so it should have
been good news that he was. 

3433
02:59:23,908 --> 02:59:25,500
Now. 
Dealing with the new Pope Leo, 

3434
02:59:25,500 --> 02:59:30,300
the 10th who was a Medici But 
Leo, had his own artistic vision

3435
02:59:30,300 --> 02:59:34,300
and his own favorite artists, 
including Raphael, who was 

3436
02:59:34,308 --> 02:59:36,700
painting the papal Apartments, 
while Michelle was working 

3437
02:59:36,700 --> 02:59:40,400
overhead in the Sistine Chapel 
the Rivalry with Rafael gives 

3438
02:59:40,400 --> 02:59:44,400
Michelle's story a humorous 
side, plot Charming, tactful at 

3439
02:59:44,400 --> 02:59:47,000
ease around customers, incapable
of running sizable. 

3440
02:59:47,000 --> 02:59:49,200
Workshops Raphael was 
everything. 

3441
02:59:49,200 --> 02:59:52,200
Michelle wasnt. 
Raphael was hosting, elegant 

3442
02:59:52,200 --> 02:59:54,900
dinner parties, and graciously 
accepting commission after 

3443
02:59:54,900 --> 02:59:58,200
commission while Michelle was up
on scaffolding covered in paint 

3444
02:59:58,200 --> 03:00:01,900
complaining, about people. 
Meddling nonetheless, the two 

3445
03:00:01,900 --> 03:00:04,900
artists and one another's 
creation's all though. 

3446
03:00:04,900 --> 03:00:07,400
He would never publicly 
acknowledged, it Michelle 

3447
03:00:07,400 --> 03:00:10,000
valued, Rafael's, compositional 
abilities, and Technical 

3448
03:00:10,000 --> 03:00:12,400
Innovations, and Raphael used 
elements. 

3449
03:00:12,400 --> 03:00:14,500
He had learned from studying, 
Michelle ceiling in his own 

3450
03:00:14,500 --> 03:00:17,100
paintings. 
It was the kind of high-level 

3451
03:00:17,100 --> 03:00:20,000
professional rivalry that 
motivates both sides to achieve 

3452
03:00:20,000 --> 03:00:22,900
more Leo. 
The 10th wanted Michelangelo to 

3453
03:00:22,900 --> 03:00:26,200
be involved in the facade. 
Design of Saint Peters, Peter's 

3454
03:00:26,200 --> 03:00:28,200
Basilica because he had big 
plans for it. 

3455
03:00:29,200 --> 03:00:31,700
One of the most frustrating 
periods in Michelle's career 

3456
03:00:31,700 --> 03:00:34,900
resulted from this years of 
building architectural models 

3457
03:00:34,900 --> 03:00:38,100
and drawings visiting marble 
quarries and setting up. 

3458
03:00:38,100 --> 03:00:40,900
Workshops only to have the 
project shelved when people 

3459
03:00:40,900 --> 03:00:45,600
funds ran out, Michelle had made
promises signed contracts, and 

3460
03:00:45,600 --> 03:00:47,800
hired staff. 
And all of that vanished 

3461
03:00:47,800 --> 03:00:49,700
overnight due to politics at the
Vatican. 

3462
03:00:50,400 --> 03:00:53,000
Michelle learned a valuable 
lesson about the risky nature of

3463
03:00:53,000 --> 03:00:56,200
our artistic patronage from 
these people, let Downs money, 

3464
03:00:56,200 --> 03:00:59,400
vanished, priorities, shifted 
and Pope's passed away. 

3465
03:00:59,400 --> 03:01:02,900
He needed to choose projects 
more carefully and guard against

3466
03:01:02,900 --> 03:01:04,600
the whims of influential 
patrons. 

3467
03:01:04,600 --> 03:01:07,800
If he hoped to produce work, 
that would last But his 

3468
03:01:07,800 --> 03:01:10,300
reputation was set in stone by 
the Sistine ceiling. 

3469
03:01:10,300 --> 03:01:13,500
People traveled from all over 
Europe to witness it. 

3470
03:01:13,500 --> 03:01:16,600
It was the subject of intense 
study by other artists who 

3471
03:01:16,600 --> 03:01:18,100
sought to comprehend his 
methods. 

3472
03:01:18,700 --> 03:01:21,900
Poet started writing about it, 
Michelle had accomplished, 

3473
03:01:21,900 --> 03:01:24,500
something that goes beyond 
typical artistic achievement. 

3474
03:01:24,500 --> 03:01:28,600
He had produced art that people 
would travel great distances to 

3475
03:01:28,600 --> 03:01:30,800
view the Sleep draws near to 
night. 

3476
03:01:30,800 --> 03:01:35,100
Imagine those first viewers in 
the Sistine Chapel, their faces 

3477
03:01:35,100 --> 03:01:39,000
lit by candlelight looking up in
or at pictures that seem to make

3478
03:01:39,000 --> 03:01:42,600
Genesis come to life. 
Mastery in one area frequently 

3479
03:01:42,600 --> 03:01:44,400
leads to unexpected 
opportunities. 

3480
03:01:44,400 --> 03:01:47,700
In other areas a lesson that 
life has a way of imparting to 

3481
03:01:47,700 --> 03:01:50,300
us. 
Michelle experience, this lesson

3482
03:01:50,300 --> 03:01:53,500
dramatically and his later 
years, new challenges, that 

3483
03:01:53,500 --> 03:01:56,300
would push him well beyond his 
comfort zone and uncover 

3484
03:01:56,300 --> 03:01:58,000
talents. 
He was unaware, he possessed 

3485
03:01:58,000 --> 03:02:02,000
came as he approached his 
fifties old age by Renaissance 

3486
03:02:02,000 --> 03:02:04,500
standards. 
When Pope Clement, the seventh 

3487
03:02:04,500 --> 03:02:08,100
asked him to design a library. 
It was the first surprise, the 

3488
03:02:08,100 --> 03:02:11,500
Laurentian library in Florence. 
The groundbreaking facility that

3489
03:02:11,500 --> 03:02:13,500
would house. 
The Medici family's Priceless 

3490
03:02:13,500 --> 03:02:16,100
manuscript collection was not 
just any Library. 

3491
03:02:16,900 --> 03:02:19,600
Similar to his approach to 
sculpture, Michelle viewed 

3492
03:02:19,600 --> 03:02:22,400
architecture as an expression of
the fundamental character of a 

3493
03:02:22,400 --> 03:02:24,900
building. 
Rather than, as ornamentation, 

3494
03:02:24,900 --> 03:02:29,600
his design was audacious. 
With its rows of wooden reading 

3495
03:02:29,600 --> 03:02:31,500
desks and well-proportioned 
windows. 

3496
03:02:31,500 --> 03:02:34,400
That, let in soft light, the 
reading room, resembled the 

3497
03:02:34,400 --> 03:02:38,200
Serene Hull of a ship. 
However, his true genius was 

3498
03:02:38,200 --> 03:02:41,400
displayed in the vestibular at 
the entrance with steps that 

3499
03:02:41,400 --> 03:02:44,300
curved and divided in ways, that
gave the impression that stone 

3500
03:02:44,300 --> 03:02:47,000
was Liquid. 
He constructed a staircase that 

3501
03:02:47,000 --> 03:02:49,700
appeared to flow like frozen 
lava even. 

3502
03:02:49,700 --> 03:02:53,000
Now visitors still stop on those
stairs feeling, as though they 

3503
03:02:53,000 --> 03:02:56,400
are viewing architectural, 
sculpture, it was both happy and

3504
03:02:56,400 --> 03:02:58,100
sad to work in Florence once 
more. 

3505
03:02:58,900 --> 03:03:02,300
The city of his youth had 
changed, political upheavals, 

3506
03:03:02,300 --> 03:03:05,800
had scattered old friends, and 
the optimistic, humanism of his 

3507
03:03:05,800 --> 03:03:08,900
early years, had been tempered 
by War, plague and religious 

3508
03:03:08,900 --> 03:03:13,100
Reformation Michael's interest 
in poetry grew and he began 

3509
03:03:13,100 --> 03:03:14,900
pinning. 
Verses that showed a more 

3510
03:03:14,900 --> 03:03:18,200
reflective side of himself. 
His poems weren't masterpieces 

3511
03:03:18,200 --> 03:03:22,500
that they were deeply personal, 
exploring themes of Aging, faith

3512
03:03:22,500 --> 03:03:24,600
and the meaning of artistic 
creation. 

3513
03:03:25,800 --> 03:03:29,400
Victoria kelana were remarkable 
woman, who was a poet religious 

3514
03:03:29,400 --> 03:03:31,900
reformer, and intellectual force
in her own, right? 

3515
03:03:32,700 --> 03:03:34,800
Became one of his most 
significant friends, during this

3516
03:03:34,800 --> 03:03:38,600
time, their deep, spiritual 
bond, founded on a mutual 

3517
03:03:38,600 --> 03:03:42,100
interest in poetry, art and 
religious issues was unique for 

3518
03:03:42,100 --> 03:03:44,400
its time. 
Few people ever faced the 

3519
03:03:44,400 --> 03:03:47,700
intellectual challenges that 
Michelle face from Vittoria and 

3520
03:03:47,700 --> 03:03:50,700
their correspondent shows, a 
gentle thoughtful side of the 

3521
03:03:50,700 --> 03:03:54,000
great artists. 
When Vittoria died in 1547 

3522
03:03:54,000 --> 03:03:58,800
Michelle was devastated. 702, 
when most men of his age, had 

3523
03:03:58,800 --> 03:04:02,100
long since passed away, he was 
grieving the loss of a person 

3524
03:04:02,100 --> 03:04:04,600
who had recognized his art and 
his inner turmoil. 

3525
03:04:04,600 --> 03:04:08,500
He was questioning everything at
the time of her death, including

3526
03:04:08,500 --> 03:04:12,100
his face, his artistic Legacy, 
and the significance of his 

3527
03:04:12,100 --> 03:04:15,300
worldly success, which had 
brought him Fame, but not 

3528
03:04:15,300 --> 03:04:18,100
necessarily piece. 
Pope Paul. 

3529
03:04:18,108 --> 03:04:20,300
The third asked him to paint a 
scene of the last judgment on 

3530
03:04:20,300 --> 03:04:22,700
the Sistine, Chapel's all to 
wall during these depressing 

3531
03:04:22,700 --> 03:04:25,100
time. 
Michelle was hesitant because 

3532
03:04:25,100 --> 03:04:27,100
the chapel already held his best
painting. 

3533
03:04:27,100 --> 03:04:30,600
He was a sculptor first and 
foremost, and the subject matter

3534
03:04:30,600 --> 03:04:34,100
required him to confront 
uncomfortable, personal themes 

3535
03:04:34,100 --> 03:04:38,300
of death and divine Justice. 
However, his most emotionally 

3536
03:04:38,300 --> 03:04:40,700
impactful painting turned out to
be The Last Judgement. 

3537
03:04:41,500 --> 03:04:44,400
The hopeful humanism of the 
ceiling had vanished to be 

3538
03:04:44,400 --> 03:04:47,000
replaced by a more somber 
picture of humanity being held 

3539
03:04:47,000 --> 03:04:49,900
ultimately responsible. 
His Christ figure is a strong 

3540
03:04:49,900 --> 03:04:52,900
judge whose gesture separates 
the saved from the Damned. 

3541
03:04:52,900 --> 03:04:55,200
Not the Kindred Redeemer of 
traditional art. 

3542
03:04:56,100 --> 03:04:59,100
With figures Rising towards 
salvation or Falling Towards 

3543
03:04:59,100 --> 03:05:01,700
damnation. 
In a cosmic drama, that filled 

3544
03:05:01,700 --> 03:05:04,900
the entire wall, the composition
worlds with movement and emotion

3545
03:05:04,900 --> 03:05:09,000
the painting immediately sparked
controversy his figures 

3546
03:05:09,000 --> 03:05:13,000
According to some critics were 
too intense to muscular and two 

3547
03:05:13,000 --> 03:05:16,300
new nude for a place of worship.
Michelle's strong. 

3548
03:05:16,300 --> 03:05:18,900
Humanistic Vision was becoming 
outdated as the 

3549
03:05:18,900 --> 03:05:20,500
counter-reformation got 
underway. 

3550
03:05:20,500 --> 03:05:23,000
A new restrictions were placed 
on religious art. 

3551
03:05:23,000 --> 03:05:26,900
He became known as the underwear
painter because later artists 

3552
03:05:26,900 --> 03:05:29,200
would actually paint draperies 
over some of his figures. 

3553
03:05:29,200 --> 03:05:31,600
The criticism didn't matter to 
Michelle. 

3554
03:05:31,600 --> 03:05:34,800
He painted not for the Acclaim 
of the day but for God and 

3555
03:05:34,800 --> 03:05:38,400
future Generations. 
His mature view of human nature,

3556
03:05:38,400 --> 03:05:40,000
was embodied in the last 
judgment. 

3557
03:05:40,000 --> 03:05:43,600
He was profoundly aware of both 
human potential and human 

3558
03:05:43,600 --> 03:05:46,800
Frailty without being cynically 
pessimistic or naively. 

3559
03:05:46,800 --> 03:05:50,900
Optimistic having been named. 
Chief Architect in 1547. 

3560
03:05:50,900 --> 03:05:54,100
He was also supervising the 
building of the new Saint 

3561
03:05:54,100 --> 03:05:57,800
Peter's Basilica. 
Creating a structure that would 

3562
03:05:57,800 --> 03:06:00,800
represent Christianity while 
resolving massive engineering 

3563
03:06:00,800 --> 03:06:03,600
and design issues was possibly 
his biggest architectural, 

3564
03:06:03,600 --> 03:06:07,500
challenge his solution, the huge
Dome that would dominate the 

3565
03:06:07,500 --> 03:06:10,400
Roman Skyline and serve as an 
inspiration for Cathedral. 

3566
03:06:10,400 --> 03:06:13,400
Builders for centuries was 
characteristically audacious. 

3567
03:06:14,200 --> 03:06:17,100
His last years were spent 
working on Saint Peters, he 

3568
03:06:17,100 --> 03:06:19,800
approached the project with the 
commitment of someone who it 

3569
03:06:19,800 --> 03:06:23,700
would be his last Masterpiece 
and refused payment, believing 

3570
03:06:23,700 --> 03:06:27,500
it to be a service to God by 
fusing traditional proportions 

3571
03:06:27,500 --> 03:06:30,500
with Cutting Edge engineering. 
The domes design produced a 

3572
03:06:30,500 --> 03:06:33,100
building that was both 
technically outstanding and 

3573
03:06:33,100 --> 03:06:34,200
spiritually. 
Uplifting. 

3574
03:06:35,100 --> 03:06:38,400
As you drift off to sleep 
picture, Michelle in his 70s. 

3575
03:06:38,400 --> 03:06:42,200
Still scaling scaffolding 
pushing the envelope and finding

3576
03:06:42,200 --> 03:06:45,600
new ways to use paint and stone 
to further his endless Creative 

3577
03:06:45,600 --> 03:06:49,200
Vision. 
Seeing a great artist faced 

3578
03:06:49,200 --> 03:06:51,500
their own mortality. 
While continuing to create with 

3579
03:06:51,500 --> 03:06:54,200
unwavering passion is incredibly
moving. 

3580
03:06:55,100 --> 03:06:59,200
This is precisely the story that
Michelle's last decades tell a 

3581
03:06:59,200 --> 03:07:02,700
man in his 70s and 80s who never
slowed down who continued to 

3582
03:07:02,708 --> 03:07:05,900
push boundaries despite his body
reminding him every day that he 

3583
03:07:05,900 --> 03:07:10,100
was after all. 
Human Michelle was 75 years old 

3584
03:07:10,100 --> 03:07:13,500
by 1550, which is nearly 
Unthinkable for a person. 

3585
03:07:13,500 --> 03:07:17,300
Born in the 15th century, his 
peers were mostly long dead. 

3586
03:07:18,000 --> 03:07:22,300
Rafael had passed away in 1520 
and Leonardo in 1519. 

3587
03:07:22,300 --> 03:07:26,000
In addition to his artistic 
competitors, Michelle had out 

3588
03:07:26,000 --> 03:07:30,000
lived entire generations of 
admirers critics and patrons. 

3589
03:07:30,900 --> 03:07:34,000
Nevertheless, he kept up his 
work on Saint Peter's, Basilica 

3590
03:07:34,000 --> 03:07:38,300
with the Vigor of a man, half 
his age, his last Obsession and 

3591
03:07:38,300 --> 03:07:41,900
what an obsession it was was the
Dome of Saint Peters Not only 

3592
03:07:41,900 --> 03:07:44,400
was he designing a roof. 
He was also building. 

3593
03:07:44,400 --> 03:07:47,600
What would become Rome's? 
Most iconic silhouette A 

3594
03:07:47,600 --> 03:07:49,500
building. 
So precisely proportioned that 

3595
03:07:49,500 --> 03:07:52,200
it appears to hover over the 
Vatican like a visible prayer. 

3596
03:07:53,100 --> 03:07:56,000
How to support that much weight 
at that height while designing, 

3597
03:07:56,000 --> 03:08:00,000
an interior space, that inspires
rather than intimidates was a 

3598
03:08:00,000 --> 03:08:04,400
huge engineering challenge, as 
usual, came up with a creative 

3599
03:08:04,400 --> 03:08:07,900
solution, he created a 
double-shell dome with an outer 

3600
03:08:07,900 --> 03:08:10,900
Dome, that would form the 
external profile and an inner 

3601
03:08:10,900 --> 03:08:13,900
Dome that guests would see from 
inside the Basilica, this 

3602
03:08:13,900 --> 03:08:16,600
enabled him to maximize the 
architectural impact on the 

3603
03:08:16,600 --> 03:08:19,300
outside, as well as the 
spiritual experience Within 

3604
03:08:20,300 --> 03:08:24,800
Despite the domes 452 foot 
elevation, it feels cozy and 

3605
03:08:24,800 --> 03:08:27,200
protective from within, rather 
than intimidating. 

3606
03:08:27,200 --> 03:08:30,300
Delegating more than Michelle 
had ever felt comfortable with 

3607
03:08:30,300 --> 03:08:32,400
was necessary to work on. 
Such a large project. 

3608
03:08:32,400 --> 03:08:36,300
In his last years, he had to 
entrust assistance with details 

3609
03:08:36,300 --> 03:08:38,900
that he would have insisted on 
carving himself earlier in his 

3610
03:08:38,900 --> 03:08:41,200
career. 
As someone who had always felt 

3611
03:08:41,200 --> 03:08:43,800
that only his own hand could 
accomplish the Perfection he 

3612
03:08:43,800 --> 03:08:46,700
desired. 
This was both challenging and 

3613
03:08:46,700 --> 03:08:49,100
freeing. 
While others took care of the 

3614
03:08:49,100 --> 03:08:53,200
execution, he could concentrate 
on the big picture during these 

3615
03:08:53,200 --> 03:08:56,900
years, his poetry increased in 
frequency and intimacy for him 

3616
03:08:56,900 --> 03:08:59,000
writing vs was similar to 
sketching. 

3617
03:08:59,000 --> 03:09:02,500
It allowed him to process 
thoughts and feelings without 

3618
03:09:02,500 --> 03:09:06,000
the physical strain of painting,
or carving his poem show. 

3619
03:09:06,000 --> 03:09:08,600
A man struggling with issues 
that success was unable to 

3620
03:09:08,608 --> 03:09:12,600
resolve such as what happens to 
people when they die, give an 

3621
03:09:12,600 --> 03:09:15,100
eternity. 
What purpose do accomplishments 

3622
03:09:15,100 --> 03:09:17,300
on Earth. 
Serve, how does an artist get 

3623
03:09:17,300 --> 03:09:19,300
ready to abandon incomplete 
pieces. 

3624
03:09:19,300 --> 03:09:22,700
One of his most poignant final 
poems questioned, his art 

3625
03:09:22,700 --> 03:09:25,600
directly asking whether all of 
his painted scenes. 

3626
03:09:25,600 --> 03:09:28,500
And marble Figures were merely a
diversion from deeper spiritual 

3627
03:09:28,500 --> 03:09:30,300
issues. 
Or if they were actually 

3628
03:09:30,300 --> 03:09:34,600
prayers, this was no pretense. 
Michelle truly questioned 

3629
03:09:34,600 --> 03:09:37,100
whether his life's work had made
him more or less like God, 

3630
03:09:37,100 --> 03:09:40,100
ironically, some were 
acknowledging his work as 

3631
03:09:40,100 --> 03:09:43,300
possibly the greatest artistic 
accomplishment in human history,

3632
03:09:43,300 --> 03:09:46,000
while Michelle was doubting its 
spiritual worth. 

3633
03:09:46,800 --> 03:09:49,300
People traveled from all over 
Europe to view his artwork. 

3634
03:09:49,300 --> 03:09:53,100
His methods were assiduously 
studied by Young Artists while 

3635
03:09:53,100 --> 03:09:55,800
he was still alive or the 
started writing biographies, 

3636
03:09:55,800 --> 03:09:59,300
treating him as a living legend.
This attention was both 

3637
03:09:59,300 --> 03:10:01,000
rewarding and taxing from 
Michelle. 

3638
03:10:01,000 --> 03:10:04,100
Always a recluse who felt more 
at ease with marble, than with 

3639
03:10:04,100 --> 03:10:06,400
people. 
He was suddenly expected to play

3640
03:10:06,400 --> 03:10:09,400
the part of a Renaissance, 
Master for a never-ending parade

3641
03:10:09,400 --> 03:10:13,000
of admirers, he became known for
being rough with guests. 

3642
03:10:13,600 --> 03:10:16,400
But those who knew him, well, 
saw this as shyness rather than 

3643
03:10:16,400 --> 03:10:19,900
conceit. 
Three weeks before his 89th 

3644
03:10:19,900 --> 03:10:24,600
birthday on February 18th, 1564.
Michelle passed away quietly at 

3645
03:10:24,600 --> 03:10:27,800
home in Rome, even though he'd 
been feeling ill for a few days,

3646
03:10:27,800 --> 03:10:30,600
it nearly finished the 
architectural drawings for Saint

3647
03:10:30,600 --> 03:10:33,600
Peters Witnesses. 
Claimed that his final remarks 

3648
03:10:33,600 --> 03:10:36,600
to discussed, finishing the 
Dome, even as he was dying, he 

3649
03:10:36,600 --> 03:10:38,200
was contemplating unfinished 
business. 

3650
03:10:38,200 --> 03:10:41,800
He completely changed 
Renaissance culture as evidence 

3651
03:10:41,800 --> 03:10:43,600
by the immediate reaction to his
death. 

3652
03:10:44,400 --> 03:10:47,800
As a church Prince Pope Pius, 
the fourth wanted him to be 

3653
03:10:47,800 --> 03:10:51,300
buried in Saint Peters, his body
was ordered to be returned to 

3654
03:10:51,300 --> 03:10:55,200
his birthplace by the City of 
Florence in Rome artists started

3655
03:10:55,200 --> 03:10:57,300
organizing or Nate funeral 
rituals. 

3656
03:10:58,000 --> 03:11:00,000
An error came to an end with 
Michels passing. 

3657
03:11:00,000 --> 03:11:03,000
He was no longer just an artist,
but a cultural Force. 

3658
03:11:03,000 --> 03:11:05,600
His impact goes well beyond our 
history. 

3659
03:11:05,600 --> 03:11:09,000
You can see Michelle's Legacy 
every time you see a government 

3660
03:11:09,000 --> 03:11:12,100
building with a classical Dome, 
he helped create the concepts 

3661
03:11:12,100 --> 03:11:14,400
that are echoed. 
Whenever someone discusses the 

3662
03:11:14,400 --> 03:11:18,300
Divine spark of creativity 
artists, are always imitating 

3663
03:11:18,300 --> 03:11:20,800
him when they refuse to 
sacrifice their vision for 

3664
03:11:20,800 --> 03:11:24,100
financial gain. 
As you fall asleep, visualize 

3665
03:11:24,100 --> 03:11:26,100
missions, Dome rising over Rome 
in the evening. 

3666
03:11:26,100 --> 03:11:29,600
Light, a monument to one man's 
conviction that people are 

3667
03:11:29,600 --> 03:11:32,100
capable of producing art that 
endures for centuries. 

3668
03:11:32,100 --> 03:11:35,200
Monuments that bridge, the gap 
between Earthly craft and 

3669
03:11:35,200 --> 03:11:38,700
eternal aspiration and beauty 
that surpasses Empires. 

3670
03:11:40,300 --> 03:11:41,800
Dream. 
Sweet dreams. 

3671
03:11:47,000 --> 03:11:50,800
Oh yes, we're taking a gentle 
Journey Through Time back to a 

3672
03:11:50,800 --> 03:11:52,200
place. 
Where Empires were built not by 

3673
03:11:52,200 --> 03:11:55,600
committees or corporations by 
dreamers, who started with 

3674
03:11:55,600 --> 03:11:58,500
nothing more than a vision and a
lot of stubborn determination 

3675
03:12:00,100 --> 03:12:03,000
Our Story begins in the hills of
Anatolia in. 

3676
03:12:03,000 --> 03:12:06,500
What's now? 
Turkey around 1299 You know how 

3677
03:12:06,500 --> 03:12:09,100
sometimes the most extraordinary
things start in the most 

3678
03:12:09,100 --> 03:12:11,900
ordinary places? 
Well, this is one of those 

3679
03:12:11,900 --> 03:12:16,200
stories there was a man named 
Osman and yes, that's where 

3680
03:12:16,200 --> 03:12:19,300
ultimately comes from though. 
It got a bit Lost in Translation

3681
03:12:19,300 --> 03:12:21,700
over the centuries like a game 
of telephone played across 

3682
03:12:21,700 --> 03:12:25,100
continents. 
Osman was essentially a tribal 

3683
03:12:25,100 --> 03:12:27,200
leader. 
Which in those days, was a bit 

3684
03:12:27,208 --> 03:12:29,700
like being the mayor of a tiny, 
very mobile Town. 

3685
03:12:29,700 --> 03:12:33,400
His people were Nomads, moving 
their sheep and goats across the

3686
03:12:33,400 --> 03:12:36,500
Rolling Hills living in tents, 
that could be packed up faster 

3687
03:12:36,500 --> 03:12:38,000
than you could fold a fitted 
sheet. 

3688
03:12:38,000 --> 03:12:40,700
They're probably with 
considerably less swearing 

3689
03:12:40,700 --> 03:12:43,900
involved. 
In those days, the Byzantine 

3690
03:12:43,900 --> 03:12:47,100
Empire continued to plot along 
akin to an ancient car that 

3691
03:12:47,100 --> 03:12:50,400
starts most mornings, but emits 
unsettling noises. 

3692
03:12:50,400 --> 03:12:53,800
When it turns a Bend, It had 
been the mighty Eastern Roman 

3693
03:12:53,800 --> 03:12:57,000
Empire once but by Osmond's 
time, it was more like a 

3694
03:12:57,000 --> 03:12:59,200
neighborhood watch committee 
trying to patrol a city. 

3695
03:13:00,600 --> 03:13:02,900
The byzantines. 
Controlled Constantinople and 

3696
03:13:02,900 --> 03:13:04,300
patches of territory here and 
there. 

3697
03:13:04,300 --> 03:13:08,000
But there were gaps and Osman 
being a practical man. 

3698
03:13:08,000 --> 03:13:11,200
Noticed these gaps what made 
Osmond different from other 

3699
03:13:11,200 --> 03:13:14,000
tribal leaders wasn't that he 
was particularly fears or 

3700
03:13:14,008 --> 03:13:15,700
clever, though. 
He was both. 

3701
03:13:15,700 --> 03:13:19,300
It was that he had this knack 
for making people want to follow

3702
03:13:19,300 --> 03:13:22,200
him, you know, those people who 
just have that quality. 

3703
03:13:22,200 --> 03:13:25,400
They're not necessarily the 
loudest in the room, but when 

3704
03:13:25,408 --> 03:13:28,600
they speak, others, listen, 
Osman was one of those. 

3705
03:13:28,600 --> 03:13:32,500
He started small as most great 
things do Osman. 

3706
03:13:32,500 --> 03:13:35,900
Consistently treated, captured 
enemies with respect a rare and 

3707
03:13:35,900 --> 03:13:38,900
noteworthy practice while other 
leaders were busy, making 

3708
03:13:38,900 --> 03:13:41,000
enemies. 
Osman was making allies. 

3709
03:13:41,900 --> 03:13:44,900
Capture a Byzantine Fort and 
then hire the Byzantine soldiers

3710
03:13:44,900 --> 03:13:47,400
to help him run it. 
It was like getting a promotion 

3711
03:13:47,400 --> 03:13:50,500
during a hostile takeover. 
His son orhan. 

3712
03:13:50,500 --> 03:13:53,900
Continued, this approach 
expanding, their territory bite 

3713
03:13:53,900 --> 03:13:56,600
by bite, like someone 
methodically working their way 

3714
03:13:56,600 --> 03:13:59,900
through a box of chocolates or 
hand figured out something 

3715
03:13:59,900 --> 03:14:02,100
important. 
If you want to build an Empire, 

3716
03:14:02,100 --> 03:14:03,500
you need more than just 
Warriors. 

3717
03:14:03,500 --> 03:14:07,700
You need administrators 
Engineers teachers and people 

3718
03:14:07,700 --> 03:14:10,200
who know how to keep things 
running when the exciting part 

3719
03:14:10,200 --> 03:14:12,700
is over. 
So the Ottomans began their 

3720
03:14:12,700 --> 03:14:15,600
peculiar habit of adopting. 
The best ideas from everyone. 

3721
03:14:15,600 --> 03:14:18,600
They encountered, they borrowed 
military techniques from the 

3722
03:14:18,600 --> 03:14:22,500
bazan teams administrative 
systems from the Persians and 

3723
03:14:22,500 --> 03:14:24,300
architectural style from the 
Arabs. 

3724
03:14:24,300 --> 03:14:26,800
It was like being at a potluck 
dinner where everyone brings 

3725
03:14:26,800 --> 03:14:29,800
their best dish. 
Except instead of casserole's 

3726
03:14:29,800 --> 03:14:32,100
people brought entire 
civilizations. 

3727
03:14:32,100 --> 03:14:35,100
By the time osman's grandson 
Murad was came along. 

3728
03:14:35,100 --> 03:14:38,600
The Ottomans had crossed into 
Europe and the Balkans, like a 

3729
03:14:38,600 --> 03:14:40,400
cat eyeing, a particularly plump
bird? 

3730
03:14:41,300 --> 03:14:43,100
Murad established the Janice 
Aries. 

3731
03:14:43,100 --> 03:14:45,900
Elite soldiers who were 
recruited as children and 

3732
03:14:45,900 --> 03:14:47,800
trained in the finest military 
traditions. 

3733
03:14:48,800 --> 03:14:52,000
Sounds harsh by today's 
standards, but these boys often 

3734
03:14:52,000 --> 03:14:55,000
ended up with better education 
and more opportunities than they

3735
03:14:55,000 --> 03:14:58,800
would have had otherwise, Many 
became poets Scholars and 

3736
03:14:58,800 --> 03:15:00,900
administrators not just 
soldiers. 

3737
03:15:02,400 --> 03:15:05,100
The Ottomans were building 
something unprecedented and 

3738
03:15:05,100 --> 03:15:07,200
multi-ethnic multi-religious, 
Empire. 

3739
03:15:07,200 --> 03:15:10,700
That actually worked. 
Christians, Muslims and Jews 

3740
03:15:10,700 --> 03:15:13,700
lived side by side each 
contributing their skills and 

3741
03:15:13,700 --> 03:15:16,600
knowledge. 
The Ottomans operated akin to a 

3742
03:15:16,600 --> 03:15:19,700
medieval version of the United 
Nations but with a focus on 

3743
03:15:19,700 --> 03:15:24,000
effective governance by 1400 
what had started as a small 

3744
03:15:24,000 --> 03:15:27,300
tribal Confederation and become 
a regional power that made the 

3745
03:15:27,300 --> 03:15:30,400
remaining Byzantine territories 
look like a few Islands in an 

3746
03:15:30,400 --> 03:15:32,600
ottoman sea. 
The shepherd's dream was 

3747
03:15:32,600 --> 03:15:35,500
becoming reality one careful 
step at a time. 

3748
03:15:35,500 --> 03:15:38,100
You know how some people are 
just natural at everything. 

3749
03:15:38,100 --> 03:15:41,000
They try. 
Well, if the early Ottomans were

3750
03:15:41,000 --> 03:15:44,200
good at Empire building, their 
descendants were absolutely 

3751
03:15:44,200 --> 03:15:48,400
brilliant at it as our narrative
unfolds, we encounter one of 

3752
03:15:48,408 --> 03:15:52,100
history's most captivating 
figures mehmed the second who 

3753
03:15:52,100 --> 03:15:54,300
earned the moniker the conqueror
through challenging 

3754
03:15:54,300 --> 03:15:58,300
circumstances. 
Ned became salted in 1451 at the

3755
03:15:58,308 --> 03:16:01,800
age of 19, which might seem 
young until you consider that 

3756
03:16:01,800 --> 03:16:04,500
most 19 year olds today, can 
barely conquer their laundry. 

3757
03:16:05,400 --> 03:16:08,600
This young man looked at 
Constantinople the city that had

3758
03:16:08,600 --> 03:16:13,100
stood unconquered for over 1,000
years and essentially said, hold

3759
03:16:13,100 --> 03:16:16,300
my coffee. 
Constantinople was like the 

3760
03:16:16,300 --> 03:16:19,900
ultimate medieval Fortress, it 
sat on a peninsula, surrounded 

3761
03:16:19,900 --> 03:16:23,500
by water, on three, sides, with 
massive walls that had turned 

3762
03:16:23,500 --> 03:16:25,700
back. 
Countless armies, the city 

3763
03:16:25,700 --> 03:16:28,800
controlled the Bosphorus the 
narrow straight, connecting 

3764
03:16:28,800 --> 03:16:31,800
Europe and Asia, making it one 
of the most strategically 

3765
03:16:31,800 --> 03:16:33,100
important locations in the 
world. 

3766
03:16:34,100 --> 03:16:36,600
Taking it would be like winning 
the lottery while simultaneously

3767
03:16:36,600 --> 03:16:41,000
solving world hunger. 
The siege of Constantinople in 

3768
03:16:41,000 --> 03:16:45,000
1453 was a military operation 
that would Inspire Envy in 

3769
03:16:45,000 --> 03:16:48,400
modern generals mehmed didn't 
just attack the city he 

3770
03:16:48,400 --> 03:16:51,300
reimagined. 
How seizures could work When his

3771
03:16:51,300 --> 03:16:53,300
ship's couldn't get into the 
Golden Horn because the 

3772
03:16:53,300 --> 03:16:55,500
byzantines had stretched a 
massive chain of cross, the 

3773
03:16:55,500 --> 03:16:58,500
entrance mehmed did something. 
So audacious, it sounds like 

3774
03:16:58,500 --> 03:17:02,800
fiction, he had his men dragged,
70 ships overloaded across a 

3775
03:17:02,800 --> 03:17:06,900
hill and launched them in to the
harbor, the chain. imagine being

3776
03:17:06,900 --> 03:17:10,400
a Byzantine Defender looking out
from your supposedly impregnable

3777
03:17:10,400 --> 03:17:13,500
position and seeing enemy ships 
sailing where ships had no 

3778
03:17:13,500 --> 03:17:16,700
business being It was like 
finding your neighbor's car 

3779
03:17:16,700 --> 03:17:19,700
parked in your backyard. 
The Ottomans also brought the 

3780
03:17:19,700 --> 03:17:23,300
biggest cannons. 
Anyone had ever seen These 

3781
03:17:23,300 --> 03:17:24,900
weren't your typical medieval 
Siege engines. 

3782
03:17:24,900 --> 03:17:28,100
These were massive bronze 
monsters that could hurl Stone 

3783
03:17:28,100 --> 03:17:30,600
balls. 
The size of small cars, the 

3784
03:17:30,600 --> 03:17:34,100
largest Cannon required 60, oxen
for its transportation and 

3785
03:17:34,100 --> 03:17:36,900
on-site assembly. 
When it fired, the sound could 

3786
03:17:36,900 --> 03:17:39,300
be heard from miles and the 
ground shook like a minor 

3787
03:17:39,300 --> 03:17:43,700
earthquake after 57 days of 
Siege, Constantinople fell. 

3788
03:17:44,400 --> 03:17:48,000
The last Byzantine emperor, 
Constantine, the 11th died 

3789
03:17:48,000 --> 03:17:50,800
fighting on the walls. 
Ending an Empire that had lasted

3790
03:17:50,800 --> 03:17:55,000
for over 1,000 years. 
Hermd immediately declared the 

3791
03:17:55,000 --> 03:17:58,100
city safe for all inhabitants 
and began rebuilding it as his 

3792
03:17:58,100 --> 03:18:01,400
new capital demonstrating. 
The kind of class that made him 

3793
03:18:01,400 --> 03:18:04,300
a great leader. 
Mehmed and his successors, 

3794
03:18:04,300 --> 03:18:06,600
transformed Istanbul in to a 
Global treasure. 

3795
03:18:06,600 --> 03:18:10,700
The Ottomans built stunning, 
mosque's established schools and

3796
03:18:10,700 --> 03:18:13,900
hospitals and created a 
Cosmopolitan atmosphere that 

3797
03:18:13,900 --> 03:18:17,200
attracted Scholars artists and 
Merchants from across the known 

3798
03:18:17,200 --> 03:18:19,100
world. 
It was like, Renaissance 

3799
03:18:19,100 --> 03:18:21,800
Florence, but with better coffee
and more impressive 

3800
03:18:21,800 --> 03:18:24,500
architecture. 
The Empire continued expanding 

3801
03:18:24,500 --> 03:18:27,900
under base the second, and then 
selling the first who conquered,

3802
03:18:27,900 --> 03:18:30,300
Egypt and Syria. 
Bringing the holy cities of 

3803
03:18:30,300 --> 03:18:32,300
Mecca, and Medina, and ottoman 
control. 

3804
03:18:33,200 --> 03:18:36,400
These events made the ottoman 
Sultan the protector of Islam's 

3805
03:18:36,400 --> 03:18:39,300
holiest sites, adding religious 
authority to their growing 

3806
03:18:39,300 --> 03:18:42,200
temporal power. 
But the real showstopper was 

3807
03:18:42,200 --> 03:18:45,700
Suleiman the Magnificent who 
took the throne in 1520. 

3808
03:18:45,700 --> 03:18:50,100
If mehmed was the Conqueror 
Suleiman was the Perfecter He 

3809
03:18:50,108 --> 03:18:53,600
combined military genius with 
administrative Brilliance and a 

3810
03:18:53,600 --> 03:18:55,000
genuine love of arts and 
culture. 

3811
03:18:55,900 --> 03:18:59,100
Under his rule, the Ottoman 
Empire reached, its golden age 

3812
03:18:59,100 --> 03:19:01,900
stretching from the gates of 
Vienna to the shores of the 

3813
03:19:01,900 --> 03:19:04,800
Persian Gulf. 
Suleiman's armies operated 

3814
03:19:04,800 --> 03:19:08,700
smoothly and efficiently. 
They moved with Precision fought

3815
03:19:08,700 --> 03:19:10,800
with discipline and conquered 
with style. 

3816
03:19:11,900 --> 03:19:14,400
The Janice areas had evolved 
into one of the most formidable 

3817
03:19:14,400 --> 03:19:17,700
military forces in the world and
ottoman engineering had reached 

3818
03:19:17,700 --> 03:19:20,500
New Heights. 
They built roads that connected 

3819
03:19:20,500 --> 03:19:23,600
distant province's aqueducts 
that brought fresh water to 

3820
03:19:23,600 --> 03:19:27,700
cities in bridges that stood for
centuries. the Empire wasn't 

3821
03:19:27,700 --> 03:19:30,400
just about Conquest in any more,
it was about creating a 

3822
03:19:30,400 --> 03:19:34,000
civilization that could last The
Ottomans developed a 

3823
03:19:34,000 --> 03:19:37,200
sophisticated legal system 
established trade networks, that

3824
03:19:37,200 --> 03:19:40,300
connected Europe with Asia. 
And fostered and that my spirit 

3825
03:19:40,308 --> 03:19:42,800
of learning that attracted the 
best minds of the age. 

3826
03:19:43,600 --> 03:19:47,400
By 1520, the Ottoman Empire had 
emerged as the dominant force of

3827
03:19:47,408 --> 03:19:51,300
its era, causing European Kings 
to lose their sleep and 

3828
03:19:51,300 --> 03:19:55,200
Merchants to dream of profit. 
The Thunder of Conquest had 

3829
03:19:55,200 --> 03:19:57,400
built something magnificent 
settled back. 

3830
03:19:57,408 --> 03:20:00,300
A bit deeper into your chair 
because we were entering what 

3831
03:20:00,300 --> 03:20:03,000
might be the most remarkable 
period in our story. 

3832
03:20:03,600 --> 03:20:07,100
The era when the Ottoman Empire 
wasn't just powerful the 

3833
03:20:07,100 --> 03:20:11,900
genuinely magnificent. picture 
the late afternoon, sun casting 

3834
03:20:11,900 --> 03:20:15,600
long, Golden Shadows, across 
Palace Courtyards Illuminating 

3835
03:20:15,600 --> 03:20:19,900
an Empire at its absolute Peak 
Suleiman the Magnificent ruled 

3836
03:20:19,900 --> 03:20:26,000
for 46 years, from 1520 to 1566.
And during this time the Ottoman

3837
03:20:26,000 --> 03:20:28,300
Empire became something 
unprecedented in world history. 

3838
03:20:28,300 --> 03:20:30,800
There wasn't just the largest 
Empire of its time. 

3839
03:20:30,800 --> 03:20:32,800
It was arguably the most 
efficiently. 

3840
03:20:32,800 --> 03:20:36,200
Run, most culturally diverse. 
And most economically 

3841
03:20:36,200 --> 03:20:38,300
sophisticated political entity 
on Earth. 

3842
03:20:39,900 --> 03:20:42,100
Let's talk about what daily life
was like for you. 

3843
03:20:42,100 --> 03:20:44,400
An ordinary person living in 
this Empire. 

3844
03:20:44,400 --> 03:20:47,800
If you were a merchant in 
Istanbul, you might start your 

3845
03:20:47,800 --> 03:20:50,400
morning in the Grand Bazaar. 
One of the world's first 

3846
03:20:50,400 --> 03:20:53,400
shopping malls, the Grand Bazaar
wasn't just a market. 

3847
03:20:53,400 --> 03:20:57,400
It was a city within a city with
4000 shops, its own police 

3848
03:20:57,400 --> 03:20:59,600
force, and even its own banking 
system. 

3849
03:21:00,500 --> 03:21:04,200
You could purchase silk from 
China spices, from India, first 

3850
03:21:04,200 --> 03:21:06,700
from Russia, and Amber from the 
Baltic. 

3851
03:21:06,700 --> 03:21:10,300
All within the same premises, it
was like Amazon, but with more 

3852
03:21:10,300 --> 03:21:11,600
carpet dealers and better 
coffee. 

3853
03:21:12,300 --> 03:21:15,500
The coffee, by the way, was a 
recent Innovation coffee houses.

3854
03:21:15,500 --> 03:21:18,700
Had started appearing in 
Istanbul in the 1540s, and they 

3855
03:21:18,700 --> 03:21:20,600
quickly became centers of social
life. 

3856
03:21:21,300 --> 03:21:24,500
Men would gather to drink this 
new beverage play chess 

3857
03:21:24,500 --> 03:21:27,800
discussed politics and share 
news from across the Empire. 

3858
03:21:27,800 --> 03:21:30,600
The government was initially 
suspicious of these 

3859
03:21:30,600 --> 03:21:32,600
establishments. 
They worried that people 

3860
03:21:32,600 --> 03:21:35,200
Gathering to drink stimulants 
and talk politics might lead to 

3861
03:21:35,200 --> 03:21:37,300
trouble. 
They were not entirely wrong 

3862
03:21:37,300 --> 03:21:39,400
coffee. 
Had already conquered the Empire

3863
03:21:39,400 --> 03:21:41,200
more thoroughly than any army 
ever could. 

3864
03:21:42,500 --> 03:21:45,300
If you were a student, you might
attend one of the many schools, 

3865
03:21:45,300 --> 03:21:48,700
the ottomans are established 
throughout the empire. the 

3866
03:21:48,700 --> 03:21:51,700
ottoman educational system was 
remarkably Advanced for its time

3867
03:21:51,700 --> 03:21:55,600
students could study 
mathematics, astronomy medicine 

3868
03:21:55,600 --> 03:22:01,200
law, Theology and literature The
best students regardless of 

3869
03:22:01,200 --> 03:22:03,400
their background could rise to 
the highest positions in 

3870
03:22:03,408 --> 03:22:06,100
government. 
It was a meritocracy wrapped in 

3871
03:22:06,108 --> 03:22:09,100
an Empire which was unusual 
enough to be revolutionary 

3872
03:22:09,100 --> 03:22:11,000
women. 
In the Ottoman Empire had 

3873
03:22:11,000 --> 03:22:12,200
rights. 
That would have shocked their 

3874
03:22:12,200 --> 03:22:15,500
European contemporaries. 
They could own property engage 

3875
03:22:15,500 --> 03:22:18,700
in business and even appear in 
court to defend their interests.

3876
03:22:20,300 --> 03:22:22,800
The ottoman legal system, 
recognized different laws for 

3877
03:22:22,800 --> 03:22:24,700
different communities 
Christians. 

3878
03:22:24,700 --> 03:22:27,800
Followed Christian law in civil 
matters, Jews followed Jewish 

3879
03:22:27,800 --> 03:22:30,000
law and Muslims, followed 
Islamic law. 

3880
03:22:30,700 --> 03:22:33,200
It was like having a legal 
system with multiple operating 

3881
03:22:33,200 --> 03:22:36,000
systems, all running smoothly on
the same computer. 

3882
03:22:36,900 --> 03:22:39,900
The Empire's military was 
equally impressive, the 

3883
03:22:39,900 --> 03:22:43,000
janissaries had evolved into a 
professional Army that was 

3884
03:22:43,008 --> 03:22:45,400
feared and respected throughout 
Europe and Asia. 

3885
03:22:46,100 --> 03:22:48,500
They weren't just soldiers. 
They were engineers 

3886
03:22:48,500 --> 03:22:51,000
administrators and often 
Scholars. 

3887
03:22:51,800 --> 03:22:54,800
They received training in 
everything from Siege Warfare to

3888
03:22:54,800 --> 03:22:57,700
diplomatic protocol and many 
were proficient in. 

3889
03:22:57,700 --> 03:23:01,300
Multiple languages Suleiman 
himself was a fascinating 

3890
03:23:01,300 --> 03:23:04,300
character. 
He was called the magnificent in

3891
03:23:04,300 --> 03:23:07,600
Europe, but his people called 
him the lawgiver because of his 

3892
03:23:07,600 --> 03:23:09,500
contribution to the Empire's 
legal system. 

3893
03:23:09,500 --> 03:23:14,100
He was also a poet who wrote 
Under the pen name muhibbi which

3894
03:23:14,100 --> 03:23:17,300
means lover. 
Imagine a world leader today. 

3895
03:23:17,300 --> 03:23:20,200
Publishing poetry about love and
philosophy alongside military 

3896
03:23:20,200 --> 03:23:22,300
campaigns and diplomatic 
negotiations. 

3897
03:23:22,300 --> 03:23:27,200
The Empire's tolerance was 
remarkable for its time in 1492.

3898
03:23:27,200 --> 03:23:31,200
When Spain expelled, its Jewish 
population the Ottomans welcomed

3899
03:23:31,200 --> 03:23:35,100
them with unwavering hospitality
Suleiman reportedly said that 

3900
03:23:35,100 --> 03:23:37,500
the Spanish King had 
impoverished his country to 

3901
03:23:37,500 --> 03:23:40,000
enrich. 
The Ottoman Empire, these Jewish

3902
03:23:40,000 --> 03:23:43,000
refugees brought with them 
skills, in medicine, finance and

3903
03:23:43,000 --> 03:23:45,600
craftsmanship that greatly 
benefited, their new home. 

3904
03:23:45,600 --> 03:23:48,000
Ottoman architecture. 
During this period was 

3905
03:23:48,000 --> 03:23:50,700
breathtaking. 
The great architect mimar. 

3906
03:23:50,700 --> 03:23:54,200
Sinan designed buildings, that 
seemed to defy gravity with 

3907
03:23:54,200 --> 03:23:57,000
domes that appear to float and 
minarets that reached toward 

3908
03:23:57,000 --> 03:24:00,200
heaven. 
The sulaimani Amos mosque in 

3909
03:24:00,200 --> 03:24:02,900
Istanbul. 
Completed in 1557, was his 

3910
03:24:02,900 --> 03:24:06,500
Masterpiece, a building, so 
perfectly proportioned that it 

3911
03:24:06,500 --> 03:24:08,900
seems to have grown from the 
earth, rather than being built 

3912
03:24:08,900 --> 03:24:13,200
by human hands, trade flourished
under ottoman rule, the Empire 

3913
03:24:13,200 --> 03:24:15,300
controlled the routes between 
Europe and Asia. 

3914
03:24:15,300 --> 03:24:18,200
And ottoman Merchants became 
wealthy facilitating. 

3915
03:24:18,200 --> 03:24:21,200
This exchange the empires 
currency was stable. 

3916
03:24:21,200 --> 03:24:24,600
Its roads were safe and its 
legal system was predictable. 

3917
03:24:24,600 --> 03:24:27,900
It was like having a medieval 
version of the European Union 

3918
03:24:27,900 --> 03:24:33,600
but one that actually worked 
efficiently By 1600 the Ottoman 

3919
03:24:33,600 --> 03:24:35,300
Empire. 
Controlled three continents and 

3920
03:24:35,300 --> 03:24:37,400
influenced the lives of millions
of people. 

3921
03:24:37,400 --> 03:24:40,000
It was an empire built on 
practical tolerance, 

3922
03:24:40,000 --> 03:24:43,500
administrative, efficiency, and 
Military excellence. 

3923
03:24:44,400 --> 03:24:48,000
The golden afternoon, Sean 
brightly, casting Long Shadows 

3924
03:24:48,000 --> 03:24:51,300
that extended far into the 
evening of History you know how 

3925
03:24:51,300 --> 03:24:53,100
some evenings. 
Just seemed to go on forever 

3926
03:24:53,100 --> 03:24:55,600
with the light fading. 
So gradually that you don't 

3927
03:24:55,600 --> 03:24:57,700
notice. 
It's getting dark until you're 

3928
03:24:57,700 --> 03:25:00,300
already reaching for the lamp. 
That's what happened to the 

3929
03:25:00,300 --> 03:25:02,000
Ottoman Empire in the 17th 
century. 

3930
03:25:02,000 --> 03:25:05,500
The sun was still shining, but 
the Shadows were definitely 

3931
03:25:05,500 --> 03:25:08,100
getting longer. 
The problem started, oddly 

3932
03:25:08,100 --> 03:25:11,600
enough with success the Empire 
had grown so large that it was 

3933
03:25:11,600 --> 03:25:15,100
becoming difficult to manage. 
Imagine trying to run a family 

3934
03:25:15,100 --> 03:25:17,700
business that had expanded from 
a corner store to a 

3935
03:25:17,700 --> 03:25:20,600
multinational corporation, but 
you are still using the same 

3936
03:25:20,608 --> 03:25:23,800
filing system. 
You'd started with the ottoman 

3937
03:25:23,800 --> 03:25:26,600
administrative system, which had
worked brilliantly for a 

3938
03:25:26,600 --> 03:25:28,900
smaller. 
Empire was starting to creep 

3939
03:25:28,900 --> 03:25:31,500
under the weight of governing 
territories from Hungary to 

3940
03:25:31,500 --> 03:25:34,000
Yemen. 
Sultan's were changing too. 

3941
03:25:34,000 --> 03:25:37,200
The early ottoman rulers had 
been Warriors who led from the 

3942
03:25:37,200 --> 03:25:39,900
front learning statecraft 
through experience. 

3943
03:25:41,200 --> 03:25:44,600
But by the 1600 Sultans were 
increasingly isolated in their 

3944
03:25:44,600 --> 03:25:48,000
palaces surrounded by advisors 
who told them what they wanted 

3945
03:25:48,000 --> 03:25:50,200
to hear? 
It was like getting all your 

3946
03:25:50,200 --> 03:25:53,500
news from social media you end 
up in a bubble that doesn't 

3947
03:25:53,500 --> 03:25:57,200
reflect reality. 
Sultan Ahmed, the first who 

3948
03:25:57,200 --> 03:26:01,300
ruled from 1603 to 1617 was a 
decent man who built the 

3949
03:26:01,300 --> 03:26:03,000
beautiful blue mosque in 
Istanbul. 

3950
03:26:04,100 --> 03:26:07,100
But he was also the first in 
ottoman history to come to power

3951
03:26:07,100 --> 03:26:09,000
without having served as a 
provincial Governor. 

3952
03:26:09,000 --> 03:26:12,500
He learned to be an emperor by 
being an emperor which is a bit 

3953
03:26:12,508 --> 03:26:14,900
like learning to drive by 
entering the Indianapolis 500. 

3954
03:26:14,900 --> 03:26:18,700
The Empire's military was facing
new challenges too. 

3955
03:26:18,700 --> 03:26:22,700
The Janice is once the Empire's 
greatest strength will become a 

3956
03:26:22,700 --> 03:26:26,100
problem They had evolved from an
elite fighting force in to 

3957
03:26:26,100 --> 03:26:29,800
something more like a privileged
Guild, they married had children

3958
03:26:29,800 --> 03:26:33,000
and began to think of their 
positions as hereditary rights 

3959
03:26:33,000 --> 03:26:35,500
rather than earned privileges 
worse. 

3960
03:26:35,500 --> 03:26:37,400
They were becoming politically 
active. 

3961
03:26:37,400 --> 03:26:41,600
Sometimes deposing salt and they
didn't like it was like having 

3962
03:26:41,600 --> 03:26:44,200
your army, double as a very 
well-armed Union with strong 

3963
03:26:44,200 --> 03:26:48,100
opinions about management. 
Meanwhile European military 

3964
03:26:48,100 --> 03:26:49,700
technology was advancing 
rapidly. 

3965
03:26:49,700 --> 03:26:53,000
The Ottomans had once been the 
innovators in military 

3966
03:26:53,000 --> 03:26:55,300
engineering, but now they were 
falling behind. 

3967
03:26:56,300 --> 03:26:58,700
European armies were becoming 
more professional more 

3968
03:26:58,700 --> 03:27:02,000
disciplined, and better equipped
Lighter more mobile. 

3969
03:27:02,000 --> 03:27:04,800
Artillery was surpassing the 
empires once world, renowned 

3970
03:27:04,800 --> 03:27:05,900
great. 
Siege cannons. 

3971
03:27:05,900 --> 03:27:10,000
The economy was struggling to 
the discovery of the Americas 

3972
03:27:10,000 --> 03:27:13,200
had shifted global trade routes,
reducing the ottoman Empire's 

3973
03:27:13,200 --> 03:27:16,500
role as the middleman between 
Europe and Asia, it was like 

3974
03:27:16,500 --> 03:27:18,500
being a travel agent in the age 
of the internet. 

3975
03:27:18,500 --> 03:27:21,900
Your old business model was 
becoming obsolete, but you 

3976
03:27:21,900 --> 03:27:23,700
hadn't figured out what to 
replace it with yet. 

3977
03:27:24,800 --> 03:27:27,600
The Empire suffered a major 
defeat at the Battle of Vienna 

3978
03:27:27,600 --> 03:27:30,400
in 1683. 
When a coalition of European 

3979
03:27:30,400 --> 03:27:33,300
powers turned back, the ottoman 
Siege of the Austrian Capital. 

3980
03:27:33,300 --> 03:27:37,100
This wasn't just a military 
defeat, it was a psychological 

3981
03:27:37,100 --> 03:27:39,200
one. 
The Ottoman Empire found itself.

3982
03:27:39,200 --> 03:27:42,800
Clearly on the defensive for the
first time, in centuries, the 

3983
03:27:42,800 --> 03:27:45,400
Empire that had once seemed 
Unstoppable, was now being 

3984
03:27:45,400 --> 03:27:47,900
stopped regularly. 
But here's the thing about the 

3985
03:27:47,900 --> 03:27:51,200
Ottomans, they were remarkably 
adaptable when they needed to be

3986
03:27:52,100 --> 03:27:55,100
Cooked prolonged his ears. 
A family of Administrators who 

3987
03:27:55,100 --> 03:27:58,600
effectively ran the empire for 
several decades implemented 

3988
03:27:58,600 --> 03:28:01,700
serious reforms. 
They reorganized the military 

3989
03:28:01,700 --> 03:28:04,900
reformed the tax system and 
tried to root out corruption. 

3990
03:28:04,900 --> 03:28:08,200
There was like having a 
phenomenal management consulting

3991
03:28:08,200 --> 03:28:10,900
firm coming in and restructure 
your entire organization. 

3992
03:28:12,100 --> 03:28:14,600
The Empire Auto began to 
modernize its military along 

3993
03:28:14,600 --> 03:28:17,600
European lines. 
They hired European advisors, 

3994
03:28:17,600 --> 03:28:20,900
imported new weapons and 
established new training 

3995
03:28:20,900 --> 03:28:23,900
programs. 
The janissaries resisted these 

3996
03:28:23,900 --> 03:28:26,900
changes naturally, but 
gradually, the Empire began to 

3997
03:28:26,900 --> 03:28:30,000
adopt more modern military 
practices, cultural life 

3998
03:28:30,000 --> 03:28:31,600
remained vibrant throughout this
period. 

3999
03:28:31,600 --> 03:28:34,300
The Ottomans continued to build 
beautiful. 

4000
03:28:34,300 --> 03:28:37,800
Mosques, write, poetry and 
maintain their reputation for 

4001
03:28:37,800 --> 03:28:40,500
religious tolerance. 
The Istanbul was still one of 

4002
03:28:40,508 --> 03:28:43,900
the most Cosmopolitan cities in 
the world and ottoman Scholars. 

4003
03:28:43,900 --> 03:28:47,800
Continue to make contributions 
to mathematics astronomy and 

4004
03:28:47,800 --> 03:28:50,100
Medicine. 
The Empire's Diplomatic Corps 

4005
03:28:50,100 --> 03:28:53,400
became more sophisticated too, 
ottoman ambassadors, were sent 

4006
03:28:53,400 --> 03:28:56,200
to European capitals and the 
Empire began to engage more 

4007
03:28:56,200 --> 03:28:58,100
actively in the European balance
of power. 

4008
03:28:59,000 --> 03:29:00,600
They learned to play The 
Diplomatic game. 

4009
03:29:00,600 --> 03:29:04,000
According to European Norms, 
forming alliances, and forging 

4010
03:29:04,000 --> 03:29:08,400
trees with former enemies. by 
1700 the Ottoman Empire was 

4011
03:29:08,400 --> 03:29:11,600
still a major power but it was 
no longer the superpower it had 

4012
03:29:11,600 --> 03:29:15,200
once been The long Twilight was 
beginning, but it would. 

4013
03:29:15,200 --> 03:29:17,800
Last for more than two 
centuries, the empire was 

4014
03:29:17,800 --> 03:29:20,600
changing adapting and learning 
to survive in a world that was 

4015
03:29:20,608 --> 03:29:23,100
already rapidly. 
Changing as we enter a new 

4016
03:29:23,108 --> 03:29:25,200
century. 
It's as if we're witnessing a 

4017
03:29:25,200 --> 03:29:27,700
person attempting to renovate to
house during a thunderstorm. 

4018
03:29:27,700 --> 03:29:31,700
The Ottoman Empire in the 1700s 
was simultaneously trying to 

4019
03:29:31,708 --> 03:29:35,000
modernize fight Wars and 
maintain its identity. 

4020
03:29:35,000 --> 03:29:38,400
All, while the world around it 
was changing faster than a 

4021
03:29:38,400 --> 03:29:41,500
teenagers mood. 
Europe was experiencing its 

4022
03:29:41,500 --> 03:29:43,900
Enlightenment and the Ottomans 
were falling behind. 

4023
03:29:45,400 --> 03:29:47,700
It wasn't that ottoman Scholars 
weren't brilliant. 

4024
03:29:47,700 --> 03:29:51,500
They were, it was more like 
being excellent at chess while 

4025
03:29:51,500 --> 03:29:53,700
everyone else was learning to 
play a completely different 

4026
03:29:53,700 --> 03:29:57,400
game. 
The Scientific Revolution new 

4027
03:29:57,400 --> 03:30:00,500
military Technologies and 
changing economic systems were 

4028
03:30:00,500 --> 03:30:03,100
transforming the world and the 
Ottomans found themselves 

4029
03:30:03,100 --> 03:30:07,200
playing catch-up Sultan Ahmed 
the third who ruled from 1703 to

4030
03:30:07,200 --> 03:30:10,900
1730 tried to bridge this Gap by
embracing what historians. 

4031
03:30:10,900 --> 03:30:14,800
Call the Tulip period. 
Period wasn't just about flowers

4032
03:30:14,800 --> 03:30:16,700
though. 
The Ottomans did develop a 

4033
03:30:16,700 --> 03:30:19,400
serious obsession with tulips. 
That would have made Dutch 

4034
03:30:19,400 --> 03:30:23,100
investors, blush Ahmed, the 
third encouraged European style 

4035
03:30:23,100 --> 03:30:27,200
art architecture and literature.
He invited European experts to 

4036
03:30:27,200 --> 03:30:30,200
Istanbul and sent ottoman 
students to study in European 

4037
03:30:30,200 --> 03:30:32,900
universities. 
The result was fascinating but 

4038
03:30:32,900 --> 03:30:35,600
also a bit awkward. 
Imagine trying to blend 

4039
03:30:35,600 --> 03:30:38,300
traditional ottoman culture, 
with European Enlightenment 

4040
03:30:38,300 --> 03:30:41,800
ideas, you'd get beautiful, 
palaces, that looked like, they 

4041
03:30:41,800 --> 03:30:44,400
couldn't decide whether they 
were Turkish or French, and 

4042
03:30:44,400 --> 03:30:47,300
poetry, that makes classical 
ottoman themes with European 

4043
03:30:47,300 --> 03:30:50,900
romantic sensibilities. 
It was cultural Fusion before 

4044
03:30:50,900 --> 03:30:54,100
anyone to call it. 
The military reforms were more 

4045
03:30:54,100 --> 03:30:57,100
urgent and more controversial. 
The janissaries were now 

4046
03:30:57,100 --> 03:31:00,300
thoroughly entrenched as a 
hereditary caste more interested

4047
03:31:00,300 --> 03:31:02,000
in their privileges than in 
fighting. 

4048
03:31:02,000 --> 03:31:04,900
They were like a medieval 
laborer Union that had somehow 

4049
03:31:04,900 --> 03:31:07,600
acquired Canon's and a really 
strong opinion about management 

4050
03:31:07,600 --> 03:31:10,500
decisions. 
Any attempt to reform the met 

4051
03:31:10,500 --> 03:31:14,100
with resistance that could turn 
violent Sultan selim the third 

4052
03:31:14,100 --> 03:31:18,700
who ruled from 1789 to 1807 made
a serious attempt at 

4053
03:31:18,700 --> 03:31:22,000
comprehensive reform. 
He created a new military force.

4054
03:31:22,000 --> 03:31:25,200
Called the nizami Shaded New 
Order trained by European 

4055
03:31:25,200 --> 03:31:27,400
officers and equipped with 
modern weapons. 

4056
03:31:27,400 --> 03:31:31,800
He also tried to reform the tax 
system, modernized the Navy and 

4057
03:31:31,800 --> 03:31:34,800
established permanent diplomatic
mission in European capitals. 

4058
03:31:34,800 --> 03:31:38,000
The timing was particularly 
challenging because Europe was 

4059
03:31:38,000 --> 03:31:39,800
convulsing with revolutionary 
changes. 

4060
03:31:40,800 --> 03:31:43,200
The French Revolution had begun 
in 1789. 

4061
03:31:43,200 --> 03:31:47,200
The same year selim, the third 
came to power, the Ottomans 

4062
03:31:47,200 --> 03:31:50,100
watched nervously as European 
monarchs were overthrown and 

4063
03:31:50,100 --> 03:31:51,900
traditional Authority was 
challenged. 

4064
03:31:51,900 --> 03:31:55,000
It was like trying to renovate 
your house while your neighbor's

4065
03:31:55,000 --> 03:31:57,300
were having a very loud, very 
violent block party. 

4066
03:31:58,000 --> 03:32:01,300
Selling the third's reforms were
ultimately undone by a janissary

4067
03:32:01,300 --> 03:32:04,900
Revolt in 1807. 
The janissaries supported by 

4068
03:32:04,900 --> 03:32:08,300
conservative religious leaders 
deposed him and installed his 

4069
03:32:08,300 --> 03:32:09,800
cousin. 
Mustafa for the fourth as 

4070
03:32:09,800 --> 03:32:12,800
Sultan, it was a clear. 
Message that changed would not 

4071
03:32:12,800 --> 03:32:14,300
come easily to the Ottoman 
Empire. 

4072
03:32:14,300 --> 03:32:17,600
The Empire's territorial losses 
continued throughout the 

4073
03:32:17,600 --> 03:32:20,100
century. 
The austrians and Russians made 

4074
03:32:20,100 --> 03:32:23,600
steady gains in the Balkans and 
around the Black Sea, the Empire

4075
03:32:23,600 --> 03:32:26,600
lost control of Hungary, much of
Ukraine, and the Crimea. 

4076
03:32:27,500 --> 03:32:30,000
Each loss felt like losing a 
portion of the family business 

4077
03:32:30,000 --> 03:32:33,900
to more efficient competitors. 
Economic challenges were equally

4078
03:32:33,900 --> 03:32:37,400
pressing Compares traditional 
role as a middleman and global 

4079
03:32:37,400 --> 03:32:40,600
trade was diminishing as 
European Merchants found new 

4080
03:32:40,600 --> 03:32:43,600
routes and established direct 
relationships with Asian 

4081
03:32:43,600 --> 03:32:47,200
suppliers. 
Ottoman artists found themselves

4082
03:32:47,200 --> 03:32:49,300
competing with mass produced 
European Goods. 

4083
03:32:50,100 --> 03:32:53,100
It was like being a skilled 
crafts person, in the early days

4084
03:32:53,100 --> 03:32:56,800
of industrialization, your 
products were often superior but

4085
03:32:56,800 --> 03:32:58,600
they cost more and took longer 
to make. 

4086
03:32:58,600 --> 03:33:03,000
Yet the Empire showed remarkable
resilience provincial Governors,

4087
03:33:03,000 --> 03:33:06,600
often acting independently 
implemented, their reforms and 

4088
03:33:06,600 --> 03:33:10,100
maintained stability in their 
regions, the Empire's, cultural 

4089
03:33:10,100 --> 03:33:12,400
and religious diversity, 
remained a source of strength. 

4090
03:33:12,400 --> 03:33:15,300
There's different communities, 
contributed their skills and 

4091
03:33:15,300 --> 03:33:19,000
knowledge to the common cause 
The Ottomans also proved Adept 

4092
03:33:19,000 --> 03:33:20,700
at playing European powers 
against each other. 

4093
03:33:20,700 --> 03:33:23,800
They formed alliances with 
France against Austria. 

4094
03:33:23,800 --> 03:33:26,800
Then with Britain against 
Russia, it was like being 

4095
03:33:26,800 --> 03:33:30,000
Switzerland, but with more 
territory and stronger opinions 

4096
03:33:30,000 --> 03:33:31,700
about who could use your 
mountain passes. 

4097
03:33:33,300 --> 03:33:35,800
By 1800 the Ottoman Empire was 
clearly. 

4098
03:33:35,800 --> 03:33:39,500
No longer the superpower it had 
once been but it was still a 

4099
03:33:39,500 --> 03:33:41,500
major regional power with global
influence. 

4100
03:33:42,400 --> 03:33:46,000
Struggle to modernize and reform
while maintaining identity and 

4101
03:33:46,000 --> 03:33:49,100
preserving stability would 
continue into the next century. 

4102
03:33:50,400 --> 03:33:52,800
The empire was learning that 
survival in the modern world 

4103
03:33:52,800 --> 03:33:56,500
required constant adaptation, 
but also, the adaptation didn't 

4104
03:33:56,500 --> 03:33:59,300
necessarily mean abandoning 
everything that made you who you

4105
03:33:59,300 --> 03:34:03,000
were lean back and take a deep 
breath, because we're about to 

4106
03:34:03,000 --> 03:34:05,400
witness one of History. 
Most dramatic attempts at 

4107
03:34:05,400 --> 03:34:08,900
Reinventing an Empire. 
The 19th century for the 

4108
03:34:08,908 --> 03:34:11,600
Ottomans was like watching 
someone try to rebuild a ship 

4109
03:34:11,600 --> 03:34:14,700
while sailing through a 
hurricane technically possible. 

4110
03:34:14,700 --> 03:34:18,800
But, requiring, extraordinary, 
skill, luck, and determination. 

4111
03:34:20,200 --> 03:34:22,800
The century began with another 
attempt at military reform, 

4112
03:34:22,800 --> 03:34:25,900
Sultan Mahmud. 
The second and came to power in 

4113
03:34:25,900 --> 03:34:29,400
1808 was determined to succeed 
where his predecessors. 

4114
03:34:29,400 --> 03:34:34,700
But first he had to deal with 
the Janice Aries who were like a

4115
03:34:34,700 --> 03:34:37,100
cancerous growth that had to be 
removed, even though the 

4116
03:34:37,100 --> 03:34:38,500
operation might kill the 
patient. 

4117
03:34:39,900 --> 03:34:42,000
Mahmood. 
The second spent years carefully

4118
03:34:42,000 --> 03:34:45,000
preparing for what he would be a
decisive confrontation. 

4119
03:34:46,200 --> 03:34:49,000
He built support among other 
military units gained the 

4120
03:34:49,008 --> 03:34:52,500
backing of religious leaders and
created alternative institutions

4121
03:34:52,500 --> 03:34:55,100
that could function. 
If the Janus series were 

4122
03:34:55,100 --> 03:35:01,200
eliminated then in 1826. 
He struck when the Janice is 

4123
03:35:01,200 --> 03:35:04,600
revolted against his latest 
reform efforts Mahmood, the 

4124
03:35:04,600 --> 03:35:07,600
second used artillery to bombard
their barracks in Istanbul. 

4125
03:35:08,400 --> 03:35:11,000
The janissary corps which had 
existed for nearly five. 

4126
03:35:11,000 --> 03:35:14,400
Centuries was destroyed in the 
single day. the event was 

4127
03:35:14,400 --> 03:35:17,600
called, the auspicious incident,
which sounds like the kind of 

4128
03:35:17,600 --> 03:35:20,400
euphemism, you'd use to describe
a particularly successful 

4129
03:35:20,400 --> 03:35:25,200
corporate restructuring, but it 
worked With the janitor is gone.

4130
03:35:25,200 --> 03:35:27,100
The mood. 
The second could finally 

4131
03:35:27,100 --> 03:35:29,100
Implement serious military 
reforms. 

4132
03:35:29,700 --> 03:35:33,500
He created a new Army trained by
European officers, established a

4133
03:35:33,500 --> 03:35:36,500
military academy, and began the 
process of modernizing, the 

4134
03:35:36,500 --> 03:35:38,500
Ottoman military along European 
lines. 

4135
03:35:39,300 --> 03:35:42,200
The reform period that followed 
known as the tanzimat 

4136
03:35:42,200 --> 03:35:45,800
reorganization was like a 
comprehensive makeover of the 

4137
03:35:45,800 --> 03:35:48,800
entire Empire. 
The Ottomans tried to modernize 

4138
03:35:48,800 --> 03:35:53,200
Everything at Once legal system.
The administrative structure the

4139
03:35:53,200 --> 03:35:56,300
educational system, the economy,
and even the Empire's 

4140
03:35:56,300 --> 03:36:00,500
relationship with its diverse 
population, The hunter Sheriff 

4141
03:36:00,500 --> 03:36:04,800
of gulhane issued in 1839 was 
essentially the ottoman Empire's

4142
03:36:04,800 --> 03:36:08,500
Declaration of modernization. 
It guaranteed the security of 

4143
03:36:08,500 --> 03:36:12,500
life on Earth and property for 
all subjects regardless of their

4144
03:36:12,500 --> 03:36:16,300
religion, it promised to Quality
before the law and an end to 

4145
03:36:16,308 --> 03:36:19,300
arbitrary taxation. 
It was like a constitutional 

4146
03:36:19,300 --> 03:36:22,500
monarchies greatest hits album 
performed in ottoman, Turkish. 

4147
03:36:23,400 --> 03:36:26,800
The results were mixed but 
fascinating the empire built 

4148
03:36:26,800 --> 03:36:30,700
Railways Telegraph lines and 
modern schools, the established 

4149
03:36:30,700 --> 03:36:33,400
a modern legal system based on 
European models while 

4150
03:36:33,400 --> 03:36:35,600
maintaining religious Courts for
personal matters. 

4151
03:36:36,700 --> 03:36:39,600
Ottoman students studied in 
European universities and 

4152
03:36:39,600 --> 03:36:43,000
returned with new ideas about 
science, technology and 

4153
03:36:43,000 --> 03:36:45,300
government. 
The Empire also became 

4154
03:36:45,300 --> 03:36:47,400
increasingly connected to the 
global economy. 

4155
03:36:47,400 --> 03:36:51,100
Ottoman Merchants traded with 
Partners around the world in 

4156
03:36:51,100 --> 03:36:54,300
European investors began to take
interest in ottoman projects. 

4157
03:36:55,200 --> 03:36:58,300
Unfortunately these developments
also meant that the Empire 

4158
03:36:58,300 --> 03:37:01,300
became dependent on European 
loans to finance its 

4159
03:37:01,300 --> 03:37:04,000
modernization efforts. 
It was like renovating your 

4160
03:37:04,000 --> 03:37:07,900
house with credit cards, you get
a beautiful result that your 

4161
03:37:07,900 --> 03:37:13,100
also deeply in debt. 
The Crimean War of 1853 to 1856 

4162
03:37:13,100 --> 03:37:16,300
marked a pivotal moment. 
The Ottomans found themselves 

4163
03:37:16,300 --> 03:37:19,600
allied with Britain and France 
against Russia and for the first

4164
03:37:19,600 --> 03:37:22,600
time in centuries they were on 
the winning side of a major 

4165
03:37:22,600 --> 03:37:25,600
European conflict. 
The victory demonstrated that 

4166
03:37:25,600 --> 03:37:28,700
the ottoman military reforms 
were working but it also showed 

4167
03:37:28,700 --> 03:37:31,900
how dependent the Empire had 
become on European support the 

4168
03:37:31,900 --> 03:37:33,400
later. 
Part of the century saw the 

4169
03:37:33,400 --> 03:37:36,500
Empire grappling with 
nationalism, the Greek war of 

4170
03:37:36,500 --> 03:37:39,200
independence in the 1820s had 
been just the beginning 

4171
03:37:40,000 --> 03:37:43,300
throughout the 1800s, various 
ethnic groups within the Empire 

4172
03:37:43,300 --> 03:37:48,100
began demanding Independence or 
autonomy Bulgaria's serbs 

4173
03:37:48,100 --> 03:37:52,000
Romanians and others all sort to
create their own nation states. 

4174
03:37:52,000 --> 03:37:55,300
It was like managing a large 
family where all the teenagers 

4175
03:37:55,300 --> 03:37:58,100
had suddenly decided they wanted
to move out and start their 

4176
03:37:58,100 --> 03:38:00,600
households. 
The Empire's response was 

4177
03:38:00,600 --> 03:38:03,400
complex. 
Sometimes it fought to maintain 

4178
03:38:03,400 --> 03:38:05,100
control. 
Sometimes it. 

4179
03:38:05,100 --> 03:38:06,900
Negotiated autonomy, 
arrangements. 

4180
03:38:06,900 --> 03:38:09,900
And sometimes it simply 
acknowledged the inevitable and 

4181
03:38:09,900 --> 03:38:12,800
granted Independence. 
The Ottomans were learning to be

4182
03:38:12,808 --> 03:38:16,100
flexible but each loss of 
territory was painful and 

4183
03:38:16,100 --> 03:38:18,600
expensive. 
Sultan Abdul Hamid, the second 

4184
03:38:18,600 --> 03:38:23,000
who ruled from 1876 to 1909, 
tried a different approach. 

4185
03:38:23,000 --> 03:38:26,700
The emphasized, the Empire's 
Islamic identity and appealed to

4186
03:38:26,708 --> 03:38:29,000
Muslim solidarity to hold the 
empire together. 

4187
03:38:29,000 --> 03:38:32,400
He also invested heavily in 
infrastructure, building 

4188
03:38:32,400 --> 03:38:35,200
schools, hospitals, and Railways
throughout the empire. 

4189
03:38:36,100 --> 03:38:38,900
His Reign was marked by economic
growth and cultural flowering, 

4190
03:38:38,900 --> 03:38:42,200
but also by increasing 
authoritarianism as he tried to 

4191
03:38:42,200 --> 03:38:45,700
control the forces of change. 
The empires cultural life 

4192
03:38:45,700 --> 03:38:47,500
remained vibrant throughout this
period. 

4193
03:38:47,500 --> 03:38:52,300
Ottoman writers poets and 
artists engaged with European 

4194
03:38:52,300 --> 03:38:55,900
ideas while maintaining their 
own distinctive Traditions, the 

4195
03:38:55,900 --> 03:38:58,600
ottoman press flourished, at 
least when it wasn't being 

4196
03:38:58,600 --> 03:39:01,500
sentenced, an ottoman into 
electoral debated questions of 

4197
03:39:01,500 --> 03:39:04,200
identity modernization and 
reform. 

4198
03:39:05,200 --> 03:39:07,700
By 1900, the Ottoman Empire had 
been transformed. 

4199
03:39:07,700 --> 03:39:09,800
It was no longer than medieval 
Empire. 

4200
03:39:09,800 --> 03:39:12,700
It had been in 1800, but it 
wasn't quite a modern European 

4201
03:39:12,700 --> 03:39:15,500
State either. 
It was something new and unique 

4202
03:39:15,500 --> 03:39:19,600
a multi-ethnic multi-religious 
Empire trying to find its place 

4203
03:39:19,600 --> 03:39:22,700
in the modern world. 
The desperate dance of Reform 

4204
03:39:22,700 --> 03:39:25,900
had changed the Empire 
fundamentally, but it also left 

4205
03:39:25,900 --> 03:39:29,200
it exhausted, and vulnerable 
settle in for the final chapter 

4206
03:39:29,200 --> 03:39:31,700
of our long journey. 
Dear listener, sometimes the 

4207
03:39:31,700 --> 03:39:35,200
most poignant stories are about 
ending and the story of how the 

4208
03:39:35,200 --> 03:39:38,300
Ottoman Empire, finally laid 
down, its burden is both 

4209
03:39:38,300 --> 03:39:40,500
heartbreaking and Strangely 
Beautiful. 

4210
03:39:40,500 --> 03:39:43,800
Like watching the sun, set over 
a city, you've loved for a 

4211
03:39:43,800 --> 03:39:48,000
lifetime. 20th century began 
with what seemed like promise. 

4212
03:39:48,600 --> 03:39:51,100
The Young Turk revolution of 
1908 restored. 

4213
03:39:51,100 --> 03:39:54,100
The ottoman Constitution and 
seemed to offer a path toward 

4214
03:39:54,100 --> 03:39:56,600
genuine modernization and 
Democratic governance. 

4215
03:39:56,600 --> 03:39:59,700
The empires remaining 
territories, were buzzing with 

4216
03:39:59,700 --> 03:40:03,000
new ideas about citizenship, 
nationalism and progressed. 

4217
03:40:03,000 --> 03:40:06,100
It was like watching someone 
finally get their life together 

4218
03:40:06,100 --> 03:40:09,300
after years of struggle. 
However, the empire was about to

4219
03:40:09,300 --> 03:40:13,300
face a formidable challenge, the
Balkan Wars of 1912 to 1913 

4220
03:40:13,300 --> 03:40:15,300
Stripped Away. 
Most of the Empire's, remaining 

4221
03:40:15,300 --> 03:40:19,400
European territories. 
Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and

4222
03:40:19,400 --> 03:40:22,600
Greece, formed an alliance and 
attacked the Ottomans he found 

4223
03:40:22,600 --> 03:40:24,200
themselves. 
Fighting on multiple fronts 

4224
03:40:24,200 --> 03:40:26,900
simultaneously. 
It was like being mugged by a 

4225
03:40:26,900 --> 03:40:29,200
gang while you were already 
dealing with family problems. 

4226
03:40:29,200 --> 03:40:33,100
The Young Turks led by figures 
like under pressure and tala 

4227
03:40:33,100 --> 03:40:35,300
Pasha. 
Try to sell the situation 

4228
03:40:35,300 --> 03:40:38,700
through a combination of 
modernization and nationalism. 

4229
03:40:39,600 --> 03:40:43,100
They promoted the idea of 
ottomanism the notion that all 

4230
03:40:43,100 --> 03:40:46,200
citizens of the Empire would 
regardless of ethnicity or 

4231
03:40:46,200 --> 03:40:48,200
religion. 
Could be ottoman Patriots. 

4232
03:40:48,200 --> 03:40:51,000
It was a noble idea. 
But it came too late. 

4233
03:40:51,000 --> 03:40:53,300
And in two difficult 
circumstances to really take 

4234
03:40:53,300 --> 03:40:56,400
hold, then came the Great War 
and with it. 

4235
03:40:56,400 --> 03:41:00,200
The decision that would 
ultimately Doom the Empire, the 

4236
03:41:00,200 --> 03:41:03,500
ottoman leadership convinced 
that Germany would win entered 

4237
03:41:03,500 --> 03:41:06,400
World War 1 on the side of the 
Central Powers in 1914. 

4238
03:41:07,200 --> 03:41:10,200
It was akin to placing a bet on 
the Family Farm in a horse race,

4239
03:41:10,200 --> 03:41:13,500
where winning could 
theoretically be achieved but 

4240
03:41:13,500 --> 03:41:15,600
losing could be catastrophically
costly. 

4241
03:41:15,600 --> 03:41:18,100
The war was devastating for the 
Empire. 

4242
03:41:18,100 --> 03:41:22,600
Ottoman forces fought bravely on
multiple fronts against the 

4243
03:41:22,600 --> 03:41:25,800
British in Mesopotamia, and 
Palestine against the Russians 

4244
03:41:25,800 --> 03:41:28,500
in the caucuses and against the 
Allies at Gallipoli. 

4245
03:41:29,900 --> 03:41:32,100
The Gallipoli campaign in 
particular showed that the 

4246
03:41:32,100 --> 03:41:34,900
ottoman military could still 
fight with distinction when 

4247
03:41:34,900 --> 03:41:38,600
properly LED and equipped. 
Under the command of Mustafa 

4248
03:41:38,600 --> 03:41:42,800
Kemal, later known as Ataturk. 
Ottoman forces, turned back a 

4249
03:41:42,800 --> 03:41:46,000
major Allied invasion. 
However, the Empire's resources,

4250
03:41:46,000 --> 03:41:50,500
face, extreme economy collapsed 
under the strain of Total War 

4251
03:41:51,300 --> 03:41:54,200
Famine spread through many 
provinces, the Empire's 

4252
03:41:54,200 --> 03:41:56,600
infrastructure which had been 
steadily improving throughout 

4253
03:41:56,600 --> 03:41:59,700
the 19th century, began to 
crumble, under the demands of 

4254
03:41:59,708 --> 03:42:03,200
military logistics, the war also
witnessed some of the darkest 

4255
03:42:03,200 --> 03:42:06,900
chapters in ottoman history. 
The deportation and Massacre of 

4256
03:42:06,908 --> 03:42:11,100
Armenians in 1915 was a tragedy 
that stained the Empire's 

4257
03:42:11,100 --> 03:42:13,900
Legacy. 
The Young Turks under pressure 

4258
03:42:13,900 --> 03:42:17,300
from multiple rebellions and 
invasions made decisions that 

4259
03:42:17,300 --> 03:42:19,700
violated the Empire's 
Traditional Values of Tolerance 

4260
03:42:19,700 --> 03:42:22,400
and diversity. 
There was like watching someone 

4261
03:42:22,400 --> 03:42:25,400
you admired for years, make 
choices that were completely out

4262
03:42:25,400 --> 03:42:28,100
of character. 
When Germany and its allies. 

4263
03:42:28,100 --> 03:42:32,000
Finally surrendered in 1918 the 
Ottoman Empire was effectively 

4264
03:42:32,000 --> 03:42:34,400
finished. 
The Empire had lost, not just 

4265
03:42:34,400 --> 03:42:37,900
the war, but most of its 
territory, its economic base and

4266
03:42:37,900 --> 03:42:42,600
its political legitimacy, Allied
Forces occupied Istanbul, and 

4267
03:42:42,600 --> 03:42:45,500
the Treaty of saves in 1920, 
would have reduced the Empire to

4268
03:42:45,500 --> 03:42:47,400
a small rump state in central 
Anatolia. 

4269
03:42:47,400 --> 03:42:50,500
But here's where the story takes
an unexpected turn. 

4270
03:42:51,500 --> 03:42:54,100
From the Ashes of the Ottoman 
Empire or something new and 

4271
03:42:54,100 --> 03:42:58,500
different Mustafa Kemal, the 
hero of Gallipoli organized a 

4272
03:42:58,500 --> 03:43:01,600
nationalist resistance movement,
that rejected both The Sultans 

4273
03:43:01,600 --> 03:43:03,100
Authority and the Allied 
occupation. 

4274
03:43:03,100 --> 03:43:06,800
The Turkish war of independence 
that followed was Like a Phoenix

4275
03:43:06,800 --> 03:43:10,400
Rising From the Ashes. 
Something new and vital emerging

4276
03:43:10,400 --> 03:43:12,700
from what everyone thought was a
complete destruction. 

4277
03:43:12,700 --> 03:43:17,100
The last ottoman Sultan mehmed 
the sixth was deposed in 1922 

4278
03:43:17,100 --> 03:43:20,200
and the Empire that had lasted 
for over six centuries. 

4279
03:43:20,200 --> 03:43:23,400
Finally came to an end. 
The new Turkish Republic 

4280
03:43:23,400 --> 03:43:26,500
proclaimed in 1923 was 
explicitly. 

4281
03:43:26,500 --> 03:43:28,400
Not an Empire, but a nation 
state. 

4282
03:43:29,600 --> 03:43:32,000
It was like watching a family 
business that had been passed 

4283
03:43:32,000 --> 03:43:35,400
down through generations. 
Finally closes doors but with 

4284
03:43:35,400 --> 03:43:38,100
the family members going on to 
start successful new Ventures, 

4285
03:43:39,100 --> 03:43:41,400
The ottoman Empire's. 
End wasn't, just the conclusion 

4286
03:43:41,400 --> 03:43:44,000
of the political entity. 
It was the end of a way of 

4287
03:43:44,000 --> 03:43:48,100
organizing Human Society. 
The Ottomans had shown that it 

4288
03:43:48,100 --> 03:43:51,100
was possible to govern a diverse
multi-ethnic multi-religious 

4289
03:43:51,100 --> 03:43:54,100
population with relative Justice
and stability. 

4290
03:43:55,000 --> 03:43:58,100
Their empire been a bridge 
between Europe and Asia between 

4291
03:43:58,100 --> 03:44:01,300
Christianity and Islam and 
between the medieval and modern 

4292
03:44:01,300 --> 03:44:04,800
worlds. 
As we close our story, it's 

4293
03:44:04,800 --> 03:44:07,500
worth remembering that the 
ottoman Empire's Legacy lived on

4294
03:44:07,500 --> 03:44:10,900
in the institutions customs and 
cultures of the dozens of 

4295
03:44:10,900 --> 03:44:13,300
countries that emerged from its 
former territories. 

4296
03:44:13,300 --> 03:44:16,800
From the coffee houses of 
Istanbul to the architecture of 

4297
03:44:16,800 --> 03:44:19,800
Budapest from the legal systems 
of the Balkans. 

4298
03:44:19,800 --> 03:44:21,700
To The Culinary. 
Traditions of the Middle East, 

4299
03:44:21,700 --> 03:44:24,800
the ottoman influence permeated 
the fabric of entire 

4300
03:44:24,800 --> 03:44:27,500
civilizations. 
The Empire that began with a 

4301
03:44:27,500 --> 03:44:30,900
shepherd's dream in the hills of
Anatolia had grown to Encompass.

4302
03:44:30,900 --> 03:44:34,300
Three, continents and influence 
the lives of millions had been 

4303
03:44:34,308 --> 03:44:39,200
magnificent flawed adaptable and
ultimately mortal much like the 

4304
03:44:39,200 --> 03:44:42,700
human beings who build it. 
Sustained it and finally let it 

4305
03:44:42,708 --> 03:44:45,400
go. 
And now as we finish our journey

4306
03:44:45,400 --> 03:44:48,500
together, perhaps it's time to 
turn off the lamp and let the 

4307
03:44:48,500 --> 03:44:51,800
gentle darkness of a well-told 
story carrier toward our dreams.

4308
03:45:07,000 --> 03:45:09,400
Picture. 
This your living in ancient Rome

4309
03:45:09,400 --> 03:45:12,400
around 58. 
You've got your Toga pressed, 

4310
03:45:12,400 --> 03:45:14,700
your sandals polished and you 
think life is pretty good. 

4311
03:45:14,700 --> 03:45:17,500
Then you discover your spouse 
has been spending their 

4312
03:45:17,500 --> 03:45:20,500
afternoon's with someone else 
and suddenly your carefully 

4313
03:45:20,500 --> 03:45:23,500
ordered World feels about a 
stable as a house of cards in a 

4314
03:45:23,500 --> 03:45:26,500
windstorm. 
Now, if you are just any regular

4315
03:45:26,500 --> 03:45:29,400
Roman citizen, you might have 
done what most people did back 

4316
03:45:29,400 --> 03:45:31,500
then. 
Maybe thrown some pottery 

4317
03:45:31,500 --> 03:45:34,900
started, a public shouting match
or plotted, some elaborate 

4318
03:45:34,900 --> 03:45:37,900
Revenge involving questionable 
Seafood left in strategic 

4319
03:45:37,900 --> 03:45:41,600
locations, but you're different.
You've been studying this new 

4320
03:45:41,600 --> 03:45:44,800
philosophy called stoicism and 
you're about to find out whether

4321
03:45:44,800 --> 03:45:47,200
all those hours spent reading 
Epictetus were worth it. 

4322
03:45:49,500 --> 03:45:52,300
Pose the radical notion that you
could master your reaction to 

4323
03:45:52,300 --> 03:45:55,800
betrayal, the Betrayal itself 
had already occurred likely, 

4324
03:45:55,800 --> 03:45:58,200
while you were occupied with 
rearranging your collection of 

4325
03:45:58,200 --> 03:46:01,500
Scrolls, but your reaction that 
was entirely up to you. 

4326
03:46:01,500 --> 03:46:04,300
And the issue wasn't just 
theoretical philosophy, class 

4327
03:46:04,300 --> 03:46:06,400
nonsense. 
These were practical people. 

4328
03:46:06,400 --> 03:46:09,200
Dealing, with real problems, 
just like you are right now, 

4329
03:46:09,200 --> 03:46:13,500
thousands of years later Marcus 
Aurelius, who spent his days, 

4330
03:46:13,500 --> 03:46:15,500
running an Empire. 
And his Knights writing, what 

4331
03:46:15,500 --> 03:46:18,600
essentially amounted to diary 
entries about not losing his 

4332
03:46:18,600 --> 03:46:21,800
mind, he understood the 
circumstances better than most 

4333
03:46:21,800 --> 03:46:24,100
in that people would do what 
they wanted. 

4334
03:46:24,100 --> 03:46:28,000
No matter what you wanted or 
expected your spouse choosing to

4335
03:46:28,000 --> 03:46:29,600
be. 
Unfaithful wasn't really about 

4336
03:46:29,600 --> 03:46:32,200
you controlling them. 
It was about you controlling, 

4337
03:46:32,200 --> 03:46:36,100
you Taking a deep breath and 
asking yourself a simple 

4338
03:46:36,108 --> 03:46:38,900
question. 
What exactly can you control in 

4339
03:46:38,900 --> 03:46:40,800
this situation? 
Is the first thing? 

4340
03:46:40,800 --> 03:46:43,700
A stoic would advise. 
You can't control what your 

4341
03:46:43,700 --> 03:46:46,400
partner did yesterday. 
You can't control whether 

4342
03:46:46,400 --> 03:46:49,300
they'll do it again. 
You cannot influence the actions

4343
03:46:49,300 --> 03:46:52,200
of your partner from yesterday. 
Nor can you determine if they 

4344
03:46:52,200 --> 03:46:55,200
will repeat those actions? 
Additionally, you have no 

4345
03:46:55,200 --> 03:46:57,600
control over whether the 
individual with whom they were 

4346
03:46:57,600 --> 03:47:00,000
Unfaithful. 
Possesses more appealing hair 

4347
03:47:00,000 --> 03:47:03,200
than you. 
However, you do have the power 

4348
03:47:03,200 --> 03:47:06,200
to decide how you will think 
about the situation, how you 

4349
03:47:06,200 --> 03:47:09,400
will respond and what actions 
you will take moving forward. 

4350
03:47:10,300 --> 03:47:13,600
this may seem almost overly 
simplistic, but The stoics held 

4351
03:47:13,600 --> 03:47:15,500
a strong belief. 
In the value of straightforward 

4352
03:47:15,500 --> 03:47:18,800
truths, you can control your 
thoughts reactions. 

4353
03:47:18,800 --> 03:47:23,500
And next steps, these principles
might sound almost ridiculously 

4354
03:47:23,500 --> 03:47:26,700
simple, but the stoics were big 
Believers and simple truths. 

4355
03:47:26,700 --> 03:47:29,600
They figure that most of human 
suffering came from trying to 

4356
03:47:29,608 --> 03:47:31,800
control things that were 
completely outside our 

4357
03:47:31,800 --> 03:47:34,000
influence. 
I'll ignoring the things that 

4358
03:47:34,000 --> 03:47:36,500
were actually within our power. 
It's like spending all your 

4359
03:47:36,500 --> 03:47:38,600
energy, trying to change the 
weather while for getting to 

4360
03:47:38,600 --> 03:47:42,300
grab an umbrella, Seneca. 
Another famous stoic who had 

4361
03:47:42,300 --> 03:47:44,600
plenty of experience with life's
unexpected curveballs. 

4362
03:47:44,600 --> 03:47:48,300
The probably remind you that 
betrayal hurts, precisely 

4363
03:47:48,300 --> 03:47:50,700
because we had expectations 
about how other people should 

4364
03:47:50,700 --> 03:47:53,300
behave. 
We create these elaborate mental

4365
03:47:53,300 --> 03:47:56,700
contracts with the people in our
lives unspoken agreements about 

4366
03:47:56,700 --> 03:47:59,800
loyalty honesty, and not 
sneaking around behind our 

4367
03:47:59,800 --> 03:48:02,000
backs. 
When someone breaks that 

4368
03:48:02,000 --> 03:48:05,800
contract, we feel violated not 
just by their actions but also 

4369
03:48:05,800 --> 03:48:08,300
by the shattering of our 
assumptions about how the world 

4370
03:48:08,300 --> 03:48:10,700
should work. 
But here's where it gets 

4371
03:48:10,700 --> 03:48:13,800
interesting. 
The stoics would suggest that 

4372
03:48:13,800 --> 03:48:16,300
those expectations were the real
problem all along. 

4373
03:48:17,000 --> 03:48:19,500
It's not that your desire for 
faithfulness and honesty was 

4374
03:48:19,500 --> 03:48:21,700
incorrect. 
Those are entirely valid 

4375
03:48:21,700 --> 03:48:25,800
desires, rather, it's because 
you mistakenly believe that 

4376
03:48:25,800 --> 03:48:28,100
you're strong, desire for 
faithfulness and honesty could 

4377
03:48:28,100 --> 03:48:31,800
ensure their fulfillment. 
So there you are standing in 

4378
03:48:31,800 --> 03:48:35,000
your Roman villa or your modern 
apartment holding the piece of 

4379
03:48:35,000 --> 03:48:38,400
what you thought was your life. 
And some ancient philosopher is 

4380
03:48:38,400 --> 03:48:41,700
essentially telling you that 
this moment is exact moment of 

4381
03:48:41,700 --> 03:48:43,900
discovering betrayal is actually
an opportunity. 

4382
03:48:43,900 --> 03:48:48,200
An opportunity to practice the 
most important skill, any human 

4383
03:48:48,200 --> 03:48:51,600
can develop the ability to 
respond rather than simply 

4384
03:48:51,600 --> 03:48:54,000
react. 
You know what some about finding

4385
03:48:54,000 --> 03:48:57,200
out you've been cheated on your 
brain, immediately starts 

4386
03:48:57,200 --> 03:49:00,300
working overtime like a 
detective who's had way too much

4387
03:49:00,300 --> 03:49:03,000
coffee and as convinced their 
about to crack the case of the 

4388
03:49:03,000 --> 03:49:06,900
century you start remembering 
every little detail how they 

4389
03:49:06,900 --> 03:49:10,500
seem distracted last Tuesday. 
Why they suddenly needed to work

4390
03:49:10,500 --> 03:49:13,700
late on Fridays and what that 
weird smile meant when they 

4391
03:49:13,700 --> 03:49:16,800
looked at their phone, your mind
becomes this Relentless 

4392
03:49:16,800 --> 03:49:20,000
investigation machine. 
And honestly, it's exhausting 

4393
03:49:20,000 --> 03:49:23,200
the ancient stoics would have 
recognized this mental spiral 

4394
03:49:23,200 --> 03:49:26,100
immediately. 
The ancient stoics referred to 

4395
03:49:26,108 --> 03:49:29,000
this mental spiral as getting 
carried away by your initial 

4396
03:49:29,000 --> 03:49:31,800
Impressions and they offered 
some surprisingly practical, 

4397
03:49:31,800 --> 03:49:35,600
advice for addressing it. 
Epic Titus, who understood a 

4398
03:49:35,600 --> 03:49:36,800
thing or two about life? 
Not going. 

4399
03:49:36,800 --> 03:49:40,600
According to plan would suggest 
starting by separating facts. 

4400
03:49:40,600 --> 03:49:43,000
From the stories, you tell 
yourself about those facts. 

4401
03:49:43,000 --> 03:49:46,800
Here's what he meant. 
Fact, is that your partner was 

4402
03:49:46,800 --> 03:49:48,500
unfaithful? 
That's it. 

4403
03:49:48,500 --> 03:49:51,300
That's the actual event that 
happened in the world. 

4404
03:49:52,200 --> 03:49:54,600
But then your mind starts adding
layers to this fact. 

4405
03:49:55,400 --> 03:49:57,000
Stories about what it means 
about. 

4406
03:49:57,000 --> 03:50:01,200
You about your worth about your 
future about whether you're 

4407
03:50:01,200 --> 03:50:04,000
attractive enough or interesting
enough or whether you should 

4408
03:50:04,000 --> 03:50:06,900
have seen it coming. 
What do all those additions 

4409
03:50:06,900 --> 03:50:08,900
mean? 
Those aren't facts. 

4410
03:50:08,900 --> 03:50:12,500
These are interpretations and 
interpretations are something 

4411
03:50:12,500 --> 03:50:14,800
you can effectively work with 
this. 

4412
03:50:14,800 --> 03:50:17,000
Does not imply. 
That one should disregard the 

4413
03:50:17,000 --> 03:50:19,700
pain or minimize the 
significance of the trail. 

4414
03:50:19,700 --> 03:50:23,500
The stowitts weren't advocating 
for becoming emotionally numb. 

4415
03:50:23,500 --> 03:50:25,200
They will wait to smart for 
that. 

4416
03:50:26,000 --> 03:50:29,000
They understood that pain is a 
natural human response to loss 

4417
03:50:29,000 --> 03:50:31,800
and disappointment, but they 
also understood the difference 

4418
03:50:31,800 --> 03:50:35,400
between pain and suffering pain 
is what happens when something 

4419
03:50:35,400 --> 03:50:38,200
undesirable occurs. 
Suffering occurs. 

4420
03:50:38,200 --> 03:50:41,400
When you take that pain and 
amplify it with narratives about

4421
03:50:41,400 --> 03:50:44,900
how terrible everything is, how 
things will never improve and 

4422
03:50:44,900 --> 03:50:47,700
how this validates all your 
deepest fears about yourself. 

4423
03:50:48,600 --> 03:50:51,300
Marcus, Aurelius used to write 
himself little reminders about 

4424
03:50:51,300 --> 03:50:54,100
this distinction. 
He note that when something 

4425
03:50:54,100 --> 03:50:55,700
unpleasant happened, he had a 
choice. 

4426
03:50:55,700 --> 03:51:00,100
He could experience it as just, 
that one unpleasant thing, or he

4427
03:51:00,108 --> 03:51:02,400
could let it contaminate 
everything else in his life. 

4428
03:51:03,100 --> 03:51:05,100
Getting cheated on could be one 
of the worst things that 

4429
03:51:05,100 --> 03:51:08,400
happened or it could prove that 
love is impossible that you're 

4430
03:51:08,400 --> 03:51:11,600
unlovable that you can't trust 
anyone and that you should just 

4431
03:51:11,600 --> 03:51:14,100
get 17 cats and give up on human
relationships. 

4432
03:51:15,200 --> 03:51:17,600
The stoics were also 
surprisingly practical about the

4433
03:51:17,600 --> 03:51:20,400
whole others are going to do 
what other people do thing. 

4434
03:51:20,400 --> 03:51:22,600
They weren't naive about human 
nature. 

4435
03:51:22,600 --> 03:51:25,900
Seneca, who lived through some 
pretty dramatic, political 

4436
03:51:25,900 --> 03:51:29,000
times, and saw plenty of 
betrayal up, close, wrote 

4437
03:51:29,000 --> 03:51:31,700
extensively about how people 
often act out of their pain, 

4438
03:51:31,700 --> 03:51:35,900
confusion or weakness rather 
than out of some calculated 

4439
03:51:35,900 --> 03:51:39,100
desire to hurt you. 
Specifically this view doesn't 

4440
03:51:39,100 --> 03:51:42,500
lessen the pain or Justify the 
Betrayal but it does take you 

4441
03:51:42,500 --> 03:51:44,800
out of the center of someone 
else's bad choices. 

4442
03:51:44,800 --> 03:51:47,600
Maybe your partner cheated, 
because they're going through 

4443
03:51:47,600 --> 03:51:50,800
something, you don't understand,
maybe they cheated, because they

4444
03:51:50,800 --> 03:51:52,700
never learned healthy ways to 
resolve problems in 

4445
03:51:52,700 --> 03:51:55,000
relationships. 
Maybe they cheated because 

4446
03:51:55,000 --> 03:51:58,400
they're fundamentally selfish or
scared or they just make really 

4447
03:51:58,400 --> 03:51:59,900
poor choices when they're 
feeling overwhelmed. 

4448
03:52:01,000 --> 03:52:04,500
These reasons don't justify the 
Betrayal but they do lessen its 

4449
03:52:04,500 --> 03:52:08,500
impact on your humanity and that
is vital, as infidelity can make

4450
03:52:08,500 --> 03:52:10,300
you doubt everything about 
yourself. 

4451
03:52:11,400 --> 03:52:13,600
The stoics would remind you that
someone else's. 

4452
03:52:13,600 --> 03:52:15,500
Poor choices are informational 
about them. 

4453
03:52:15,500 --> 03:52:19,100
Not about you. 
The really revolutionary part of

4454
03:52:19,100 --> 03:52:22,800
stoic thinking is how they 
approached the whole question of

4455
03:52:22,800 --> 03:52:24,700
what you deserve from other 
people. 

4456
03:52:24,700 --> 03:52:28,500
Most of us operate with the 
underlying assumption that if 

4457
03:52:28,508 --> 03:52:32,500
we're good partners loyal loving
and supportive, then we've 

4458
03:52:32,500 --> 03:52:35,200
somehow earned the right to be 
treated the same way in return. 

4459
03:52:35,200 --> 03:52:37,900
The universe owes us 
faithfulness because we've been 

4460
03:52:37,900 --> 03:52:42,100
faithful Stoics would gently 
suggest that this entire 

4461
03:52:42,100 --> 03:52:44,500
framework is based on a 
misunderstanding of how the 

4462
03:52:44,500 --> 03:52:47,700
world actually works. 
Even the best partner can be 

4463
03:52:47,708 --> 03:52:49,600
portrayed. 
This isn't due to your 

4464
03:52:49,608 --> 03:52:52,900
deservingness or inadequacy, but
rather because individuals 

4465
03:52:52,900 --> 03:52:56,500
possess their own free will 
intricate inner lives and the 

4466
03:52:56,500 --> 03:52:58,200
ability to make Dreadful 
choices. 

4467
03:52:58,200 --> 03:53:01,100
Let's clarify. 
That acceptance does not equate 

4468
03:53:01,100 --> 03:53:04,000
to being a doormat. 
This principle is probably one 

4469
03:53:04,000 --> 03:53:07,000
of the most misunderstood 
aspects of stoic philosophy and 

4470
03:53:07,000 --> 03:53:09,500
it's particularly important when
you're dealing with betrayal. 

4471
03:53:10,300 --> 03:53:12,800
When epic Titus talked about 
accepting, what you cannot 

4472
03:53:12,800 --> 03:53:14,900
control. 
It wasn't suggesting that you 

4473
03:53:14,900 --> 03:53:17,200
should just smile and Nod when 
someone treats you badly. 

4474
03:53:17,200 --> 03:53:19,800
He was emphasizing a more 
practical Point. 

4475
03:53:19,800 --> 03:53:23,400
Resisting reality is a futile 
struggle that depletes your 

4476
03:53:23,408 --> 03:53:25,500
energy and leaves you feeling 
helpless. 

4477
03:53:25,500 --> 03:53:29,900
But how do you accept reality? 
That's actually the first step 

4478
03:53:29,900 --> 03:53:32,200
toward figuring out what you can
do about your situation. 

4479
03:53:32,200 --> 03:53:35,600
Think about it this way? 
As long as you're spending all 

4480
03:53:35,600 --> 03:53:37,800
your mental energy being 
outraged that this thing 

4481
03:53:37,800 --> 03:53:39,900
happened. 
Trying to figure out how to make

4482
03:53:39,900 --> 03:53:43,200
it not happen or spinning. 
Elaborate fantasies about what 

4483
03:53:43,200 --> 03:53:44,900
you should have done differently
to prevent it. 

4484
03:53:44,900 --> 03:53:48,000
You'll not available to deal 
with what's actually in front of

4485
03:53:48,000 --> 03:53:50,700
you right now. 
He resemble an individual 

4486
03:53:50,700 --> 03:53:54,300
standing in the rain, shaking 
your fist at the clouds and 

4487
03:53:54,300 --> 03:53:58,000
insisting that they cease being 
wet rather than seeking shelter,

4488
03:53:58,000 --> 03:54:01,400
or obtaining an umbrella. 
The stoics understood that 

4489
03:54:01,400 --> 03:54:03,200
acceptance is actually a form of
power. 

4490
03:54:03,200 --> 03:54:06,500
When you accept that your 
partner cheated, not that it was

4491
03:54:06,500 --> 03:54:09,400
okay, not that. 
You have to like it, but simply 

4492
03:54:09,400 --> 03:54:10,700
that it happened. 
And you can't change. 

4493
03:54:10,700 --> 03:54:14,600
The fact that it happened. 
Suddenly you free up, all, that 

4494
03:54:14,600 --> 03:54:16,300
energy you were using to fight 
reality. 

4495
03:54:16,300 --> 03:54:19,700
And now you can use that energy 
for something useful, like, 

4496
03:54:19,700 --> 03:54:21,200
figuring out what you want to do
next. 

4497
03:54:22,500 --> 03:54:25,400
This is where the stoic approach
gets intriguing because they 

4498
03:54:25,400 --> 03:54:28,100
were big Believers and focusing 
on the future rather than the 

4499
03:54:28,100 --> 03:54:29,800
past. 
Marcus. 

4500
03:54:29,800 --> 03:54:32,300
Aurelius used to remind himself 
that he couldn't change what 

4501
03:54:32,300 --> 03:54:35,500
happened yesterday, but he had 
complete control over what he 

4502
03:54:35,508 --> 03:54:38,300
chose to do today. 
And when you're dealing within 

4503
03:54:38,300 --> 03:54:40,500
Fidelity, this perspective can 
be liberating. 

4504
03:54:40,500 --> 03:54:44,600
You can't make your partner, not
have cheated, but you can decide

4505
03:54:44,600 --> 03:54:46,500
whether you want to try to work 
things out. 

4506
03:54:46,500 --> 03:54:49,600
Or in the relationship, you 
can't control whether they'll be

4507
03:54:49,600 --> 03:54:52,600
faithful in the future. 
That you can decide what your 

4508
03:54:52,600 --> 03:54:55,300
boundaries are and what you're 
willing to accept going forward.

4509
03:54:55,300 --> 03:54:58,400
You can't erase the hurt and 
betrayal your feeling. 

4510
03:54:59,500 --> 03:55:02,100
Can choose how to process your 
feelings, and what to learn 

4511
03:55:02,100 --> 03:55:03,900
about yourself and your 
relationships. 

4512
03:55:04,900 --> 03:55:07,600
Stoics were also remarkably 
practical about the whole 

4513
03:55:07,600 --> 03:55:10,300
forgiveness question. 
They didn't think you owed. 

4514
03:55:10,300 --> 03:55:12,900
Anyone, forgiveness, the 
specially not on someone else's 

4515
03:55:12,900 --> 03:55:15,900
timeline, but they did 
understand that carrying around 

4516
03:55:15,900 --> 03:55:18,900
anger and resentment is 
exhausting and ultimately 

4517
03:55:18,900 --> 03:55:22,400
self-destructive. 
Seneca wrote about how anger is 

4518
03:55:22,400 --> 03:55:24,500
like, picking up a hot cold to 
throw at someone else. 

4519
03:55:24,500 --> 03:55:27,000
You're the one who receives 
burned. 

4520
03:55:27,000 --> 03:55:30,200
This doesn't mean, you have to 
forgive and forget and pretend 

4521
03:55:30,200 --> 03:55:32,900
nothing happened. 
It means that at some point, for

4522
03:55:32,900 --> 03:55:35,800
your own well-being, you might 
choose to let go of the anger, 

4523
03:55:35,800 --> 03:55:39,200
not because the person who hurt,
you deserves it but because you 

4524
03:55:39,200 --> 03:55:41,400
deserve to not carry around that
burden anymore. 

4525
03:55:42,200 --> 03:55:44,900
It's less about them and more 
about you reclaiming, your peace

4526
03:55:44,900 --> 03:55:47,700
of mind. 
The ancient stoics also had some

4527
03:55:47,700 --> 03:55:49,300
Modern insights about 
self-worth. 

4528
03:55:49,300 --> 03:55:52,400
They understood that bassing. 
Your sense of value on how other

4529
03:55:52,400 --> 03:55:55,400
people treat you is essentially 
giving other people control over

4530
03:55:55,400 --> 03:55:58,600
your emotional well-being. 
If you're worth depends on your 

4531
03:55:58,600 --> 03:56:01,700
partner being faithful, then 
their infidelity doesn't just 

4532
03:56:01,700 --> 03:56:04,600
betray the relationship. 
It attacks, your fundamental 

4533
03:56:04,600 --> 03:56:07,500
sense of self. 
But what if you were worth, was 

4534
03:56:07,500 --> 03:56:10,500
based on something more stable? 
What if it was based on your 

4535
03:56:10,500 --> 03:56:14,600
character, your values, your 
choices, and your growth as a 

4536
03:56:14,608 --> 03:56:17,100
person. 
What if it was based on how you 

4537
03:56:17,100 --> 03:56:20,300
treat others, how you handle 
difficulties, and how you show 

4538
03:56:20,300 --> 03:56:23,500
up in the world? 
These are all things that belong

4539
03:56:23,500 --> 03:56:26,600
to you, regardless of what 
anyone else does or doesn't do. 

4540
03:56:28,000 --> 03:56:30,900
Titus who had lived as a slave 
before, becoming a philosopher, 

4541
03:56:30,900 --> 03:56:34,200
understood better than most that
other people might control your 

4542
03:56:34,200 --> 03:56:37,100
circumstances, but they couldn't
control your character unless 

4543
03:56:37,100 --> 03:56:39,900
you let them your partner's 
betrayal, might change your 

4544
03:56:39,900 --> 03:56:42,800
relationship status but it 
doesn't have to change who you 

4545
03:56:42,800 --> 03:56:45,500
are or what you're capable of or
what you deserve in life. 

4546
03:56:45,500 --> 03:56:48,000
Here's something the stoics 
understood that we're still 

4547
03:56:48,000 --> 03:56:50,700
figuring out today. 
Emotions are a lot more like, 

4548
03:56:50,700 --> 03:56:54,000
weather than we usually admit 
emotions, fluctuate in 

4549
03:56:54,000 --> 03:56:56,700
frequency, and intensity, and 
attempting. 

4550
03:56:56,700 --> 03:56:59,400
Direct Control is akin to 
attempting to Halt, the rain. 

4551
03:56:59,400 --> 03:57:02,700
Just as you can learn to read 
weather patterns and prepare for

4552
03:57:02,700 --> 03:57:04,900
storms. 
You can also learn to work with 

4553
03:57:04,900 --> 03:57:07,700
your emotions and state of being
completely at their Mercy. 

4554
03:57:09,100 --> 03:57:12,300
When you first discover in 
Fidelity, the emotional storms, 

4555
03:57:12,300 --> 03:57:15,300
usually pretty intense. 
You might feel angry one minute 

4556
03:57:15,300 --> 03:57:17,300
devastated. 
The next, then maybe numb and 

4557
03:57:17,308 --> 03:57:19,700
Furious again. 
If you are anything like most 

4558
03:57:19,700 --> 03:57:22,500
people, you probably also feel 
guilty about feeling so many 

4559
03:57:22,500 --> 03:57:25,600
different things. 
Shouldn't you just be angry or 

4560
03:57:25,600 --> 03:57:28,200
just be sad? 
While you cycling through 

4561
03:57:28,200 --> 03:57:32,000
emotions like you're trying on 
different outfits, the stoics 

4562
03:57:32,000 --> 03:57:34,000
would tell you that. 
This emotional chaos is 

4563
03:57:34,000 --> 03:57:37,900
completely normal and actually 
kind of useful information epic 

4564
03:57:37,900 --> 03:57:40,000
Titus taught that emotions are 
signals. 

4565
03:57:40,000 --> 03:57:43,000
They tell you something about 
how your interpreting what's 

4566
03:57:43,000 --> 03:57:45,500
happening to you. 
Your anger might be telling you 

4567
03:57:45,500 --> 03:57:48,700
that an important boundary was 
crossed your sadness. 

4568
03:57:48,700 --> 03:57:51,100
Might be telling you that you've
lost something that mattered to 

4569
03:57:51,108 --> 03:57:53,100
you. 
Your fear might be telling you 

4570
03:57:53,100 --> 03:57:54,700
that you're worried about, what 
comes next? 

4571
03:57:55,600 --> 03:57:57,800
None of these emotions are wrong
or bad. 

4572
03:57:57,800 --> 03:58:00,900
They're just information, the 
issue arises. 

4573
03:58:00,900 --> 03:58:03,600
When you either, let them make 
all your decisions or try to 

4574
03:58:03,600 --> 03:58:06,600
shut them down. 
Stoic approach is more like 

4575
03:58:06,600 --> 03:58:08,800
being a weather forecaster for 
your own inner climate. 

4576
03:58:08,800 --> 03:58:12,400
You observe what's happening, 
you acknowledge it and then you 

4577
03:58:12,400 --> 03:58:15,900
make conscious choices about how
you want to respond Marcus. 

4578
03:58:15,900 --> 03:58:18,600
Aurelius used to practice, this 
kind of emotional observation, 

4579
03:58:18,600 --> 03:58:21,900
he'd notice when he was feeling 
frustrated or disappointed or 

4580
03:58:21,900 --> 03:58:25,600
hurt and instead of immediately 
reacting you'd pause and ask 

4581
03:58:25,600 --> 03:58:27,900
himself what story he was 
telling about the situation. 

4582
03:58:27,900 --> 03:58:31,000
Was he making it worse by adding
layers of interpretation? 

4583
03:58:31,000 --> 03:58:33,700
Was he catastrophizing about the
future? 

4584
03:58:33,700 --> 03:58:37,300
Was he taking someone else's 
Behavior more personally than he

4585
03:58:37,300 --> 03:58:40,300
needed to such Behavior, doesn't
mean you should talk yourself 

4586
03:58:40,300 --> 03:58:43,100
out of legitimate feelings and 
someone betrays you. 

4587
03:58:43,100 --> 03:58:45,400
It's understandable to feel hurt
and angry. 

4588
03:58:45,400 --> 03:58:48,900
But there's a difference between
feeling hurt and angry and 

4589
03:58:48,900 --> 03:58:51,900
deciding that being hurt and 
angry means your life is ruined,

4590
03:58:51,900 --> 03:58:55,200
and you'll never be happy again.
And you should probably start 

4591
03:58:55,200 --> 03:58:58,900
collecting ceramic cats and 
become suspicious of everyone 

4592
03:58:58,900 --> 03:59:00,300
you meet for the rest of your 
life. 

4593
03:59:01,200 --> 03:59:04,300
The stoics were particularly 
Adept at distinguishing between 

4594
03:59:04,300 --> 03:59:07,800
what they called First 
Impressions and judgments. 

4595
03:59:08,500 --> 03:59:11,000
Your first impression when you 
discover in Fidelity, might be 

4596
03:59:11,000 --> 03:59:13,400
something like this is terrible 
and painful. 

4597
03:59:13,400 --> 03:59:17,200
That's a pretty accurate first 
impression, but then your mind 

4598
03:59:17,200 --> 03:59:20,200
might have judgments. 
Like this means I'm not lovable 

4599
03:59:20,200 --> 03:59:24,500
or this proves that all the 
relationships are doomed or I 

4600
03:59:24,500 --> 03:59:27,200
should have known better. 
Those judgments are where you 

4601
03:59:27,208 --> 03:59:30,700
have some choice. 
You can examine them question 

4602
03:59:30,700 --> 03:59:33,800
them and decide whether they're 
actually beneficial or true. 

4603
03:59:34,500 --> 03:59:37,000
Maybe the Betrayal does indicate
some problems with this 

4604
03:59:37,000 --> 03:59:40,000
particular relationship. 
But does it really proved that 

4605
03:59:40,000 --> 03:59:43,300
all relationships are doomed? 
You may wish you had seen some 

4606
03:59:43,300 --> 03:59:46,900
red flags, but does that mean 
you should have known better or 

4607
03:59:46,900 --> 03:59:49,000
just that your partner got good 
at hiding things. 

4608
03:59:50,400 --> 03:59:53,100
Seneca wrote about this process 
as being like a judge in your 

4609
03:59:53,108 --> 03:59:55,600
own mental Court. 
You can listen to all the 

4610
03:59:55,600 --> 03:59:58,600
different arguments your mind. 
Presents a prosecutor who 

4611
03:59:58,600 --> 04:00:01,900
insists that this proves your 
fundamentally flawed, the 

4612
04:00:01,900 --> 04:00:03,300
defense attorney who argues 
that. 

4613
04:00:03,300 --> 04:00:06,600
None of these is your fault and 
the witness who just wants to go

4614
04:00:06,600 --> 04:00:10,300
over every detail again and 
again but ultimately you get to 

4615
04:00:10,300 --> 04:00:13,000
decide which arguments are 
convincing and which ones are 

4616
04:00:13,000 --> 04:00:16,300
just your pain and fear talks. 
This stoic approach. 

4617
04:00:16,300 --> 04:00:19,100
Truly liberates, You by 
restoring your control, over 

4618
04:00:19,100 --> 04:00:21,900
your emotional life. 
You're not just a victim of 

4619
04:00:21,900 --> 04:00:23,600
whatever feeling's happened to 
wash over. 

4620
04:00:23,600 --> 04:00:26,700
You, you're an active 
participant in deciding what 

4621
04:00:26,700 --> 04:00:30,300
these feelings mean and how much
power you want to exercise them,

4622
04:00:30,300 --> 04:00:32,400
over your choices. 
You know, what's weird? 

4623
04:00:32,400 --> 04:00:35,600
About major life crisis, they 
have this uncomfortable way of 

4624
04:00:35,600 --> 04:00:38,100
showing you who you actually are
underneath all the roles you 

4625
04:00:38,108 --> 04:00:39,800
play. 
And the image, you try to 

4626
04:00:39,808 --> 04:00:43,400
maintain when your world becomes
turned upside down by betrayal, 

4627
04:00:43,400 --> 04:00:46,800
all your usual coping, 
mechanisms and social masks tend

4628
04:00:46,800 --> 04:00:50,000
to fall away and your left face 
to face with your raw unfiltered

4629
04:00:50,000 --> 04:00:53,100
self. 
The stoics actually thought that

4630
04:00:53,100 --> 04:00:55,800
such vulnerability was one of 
the most valuable things about 

4631
04:00:55,800 --> 04:00:59,400
difficult experiences. 
Epic Titus used to tell his 

4632
04:00:59,400 --> 04:01:02,100
students that every challenge 
was an opportunity to practice 

4633
04:01:02,100 --> 04:01:04,600
virtue. 
He did this not in a preach, 

4634
04:01:04,608 --> 04:01:07,700
your sanctimonious manner, but 
rather in a practical sense, 

4635
04:01:07,700 --> 04:01:11,400
when everything is going well, 
it's easy to think your patient 

4636
04:01:11,400 --> 04:01:15,100
for giving resilient and wise. 
But when someone you love 

4637
04:01:15,100 --> 04:01:18,100
betrays you, that's when you 
find out what you're actually 

4638
04:01:18,100 --> 04:01:21,800
made of and more importantly, 
that's when you begin to decide 

4639
04:01:21,800 --> 04:01:25,300
who you want to become the 
stoics identified, four main 

4640
04:01:25,300 --> 04:01:29,900
virtues, wisdom, Justice, 
courage and Temperance. 

4641
04:01:29,900 --> 04:01:33,400
These weren't abstract ideals 
floating around in some 

4642
04:01:33,400 --> 04:01:36,300
philosophical Cloud. 
They were practical skills. 

4643
04:01:36,300 --> 04:01:38,700
You could develop through 
practice, especially during 

4644
04:01:38,700 --> 04:01:41,100
difficult times dealing with 
infidelity. 

4645
04:01:41,100 --> 04:01:43,700
It turns out provides your 
opportunities to practice all 

4646
04:01:43,700 --> 04:01:46,000
four. 
Wisdom involves seeing 

4647
04:01:46,000 --> 04:01:49,500
situations clearly without the 
Distortion of wishful thinking 

4648
04:01:49,500 --> 04:01:52,700
or catastrophic fear. 
When you've experienced 

4649
04:01:52,700 --> 04:01:56,400
infidelity wisdom requires you 
to be truthful about the events 

4650
04:01:56,400 --> 04:01:59,600
without exaggerating or 
downplaying them, it means 

4651
04:01:59,600 --> 04:02:02,100
recognizing the difference 
between what, you know, for 

4652
04:02:02,100 --> 04:02:04,700
sure. 
And what you're assuming, it 

4653
04:02:04,700 --> 04:02:06,700
means acknowledging your 
feelings without letting them 

4654
04:02:06,700 --> 04:02:11,000
completely Cloud your judgment. 
Justice in the stoic sense. 

4655
04:02:11,000 --> 04:02:13,300
Wasn't about revenge or 
punishment. 

4656
04:02:13,300 --> 04:02:16,800
It was about treating people 
fairly, including yourself. 

4657
04:02:17,500 --> 04:02:19,900
Justice Means holding your 
partner accountable for their 

4658
04:02:19,900 --> 04:02:22,400
choices without turning them 
into a cartoon villain. 

4659
04:02:23,000 --> 04:02:25,800
It means protecting yourself 
from further harm, without 

4660
04:02:25,800 --> 04:02:27,800
unnecessarily, inflicting it on 
others. 

4661
04:02:27,800 --> 04:02:31,200
It means being fair to yourself 
about what you deserve and what 

4662
04:02:31,200 --> 04:02:34,300
you're willing to accept. 
Courage, doesn't just mean being

4663
04:02:34,300 --> 04:02:36,200
brave in the face of physical 
danger. 

4664
04:02:36,200 --> 04:02:39,900
It means being willing to face 
difficult truths to have hard 

4665
04:02:39,900 --> 04:02:43,900
conversations and to make 
changes that scare you When you 

4666
04:02:43,900 --> 04:02:47,000
discover infidelity courage, 
might mean confronting your 

4667
04:02:47,000 --> 04:02:49,800
partner, even though you're 
afraid of what you might learn. 

4668
04:02:49,800 --> 04:02:53,600
It might mean ending a 
relationship, even though you're

4669
04:02:53,600 --> 04:02:56,400
terrified of being alone, it may
involve remaining in the 

4670
04:02:56,400 --> 04:02:59,200
relationship and striving to 
resolve issues, despite 

4671
04:02:59,200 --> 04:03:01,500
uncertainties regarding your 
ability to trust. 

4672
04:03:01,500 --> 04:03:05,000
Once more Temperance is about 
moderation and self-control. 

4673
04:03:05,000 --> 04:03:08,900
It's probably the most relevant 
virtue when you're dealing with 

4674
04:03:08,900 --> 04:03:12,400
the intense emotions that come 
with betrayal Temperance, means 

4675
04:03:12,400 --> 04:03:14,000
feeling your anger without 
letting it. 

4676
04:03:14,000 --> 04:03:17,000
Consume you, it means 
acknowledging your hurt without 

4677
04:03:17,000 --> 04:03:20,600
drowning in self-pity, it 
involves taking care of yourself

4678
04:03:20,600 --> 04:03:23,200
without completely shutting 
down, or going completely out of

4679
04:03:23,208 --> 04:03:26,000
control. 
Marcus, Aurelius used to write 

4680
04:03:26,000 --> 04:03:28,600
about how every difficult 
situation was like a training 

4681
04:03:28,600 --> 04:03:31,700
ground for these virtues. 
He'd remind himself that he 

4682
04:03:31,700 --> 04:03:34,400
couldn't control what other 
people did, but he could control

4683
04:03:34,400 --> 04:03:38,000
whether he responded with 
wisdom, Justice, courage, and 

4684
04:03:38,000 --> 04:03:40,500
Temperance. 
And the more he practiced these 

4685
04:03:40,500 --> 04:03:43,600
responses the stronger. 
His qualities became This 

4686
04:03:43,608 --> 04:03:46,400
perspective can be incredibly 
empowering when you're dealing 

4687
04:03:46,400 --> 04:03:49,100
with infidelity rather than 
viewing yourself. 

4688
04:03:49,100 --> 04:03:52,200
As merely a victim of someone 
else's poor decisions, you can 

4689
04:03:52,200 --> 04:03:54,500
perceive yourself as an 
individual undergoing, a 

4690
04:03:54,500 --> 04:03:57,700
comprehensive education in 
essential life skills. 

4691
04:03:57,700 --> 04:04:00,900
Your learning, how to maintain 
your integrity under pressure. 

4692
04:04:00,900 --> 04:04:03,400
Your learning how to make 
difficult decisions with 

4693
04:04:03,400 --> 04:04:06,100
incomplete information. 
Your learning how to take care 

4694
04:04:06,100 --> 04:04:09,400
of yourself while still treating
others with basic human decency.

4695
04:04:11,000 --> 04:04:14,000
Stoics also recognized that 
character development involves 

4696
04:04:14,000 --> 04:04:16,400
more than just persevering 
through challenging times. 

4697
04:04:16,400 --> 04:04:19,800
It's about consciously choosing 
to use those challenging times 

4698
04:04:19,800 --> 04:04:22,700
as opportunities to become the 
kind of person you want to be 

4699
04:04:22,700 --> 04:04:25,200
every time you choose to respond
thoughtfully. 

4700
04:04:25,200 --> 04:04:28,100
Instead of just reacting 
emotionally, your strengthening,

4701
04:04:28,100 --> 04:04:30,100
your capacity for thoughtful 
responses. 

4702
04:04:31,000 --> 04:04:34,800
Every time you choose self-care 
over self-destruction, you're 

4703
04:04:34,800 --> 04:04:36,600
building your ability to take 
care of yourself. 

4704
04:04:36,600 --> 04:04:39,800
This doesn't mean you have to be
perfect or that you won't make 

4705
04:04:39,800 --> 04:04:42,000
mistakes. 
The stoics were compassionate 

4706
04:04:42,000 --> 04:04:45,200
about human imperfection, they 
understood that developing 

4707
04:04:45,200 --> 04:04:47,000
wisdom. 
And virtue is a lifelong process

4708
04:04:47,000 --> 04:04:50,100
and that set backs and failures 
are part of that process. 

4709
04:04:50,900 --> 04:04:54,200
What matters isn't being 
Flawless, it's been committed to

4710
04:04:54,200 --> 04:04:56,600
learning and growing from what 
ever life throws at you. 

4711
04:04:56,600 --> 04:05:00,800
There's something almost magical
about perspective how the same 

4712
04:05:00,800 --> 04:05:04,000
situation can look completely 
different, depending on how far 

4713
04:05:04,000 --> 04:05:07,300
back you step and how much of 
the bigger picture you can see. 

4714
04:05:08,300 --> 04:05:11,400
the ancient stoics were masters 
of this kind of mental zooming 

4715
04:05:11,400 --> 04:05:14,500
out and they applied it to 
everything, including heartbreak

4716
04:05:14,500 --> 04:05:18,200
and betrayal, Marcus Aurelius, 
that plenty of experience with 

4717
04:05:18,200 --> 04:05:21,200
both personal loss and the 
broader challenges of human 

4718
04:05:21,200 --> 04:05:24,400
existence used to practice, what
we might call, the view from 

4719
04:05:24,400 --> 04:05:27,600
above He'd imagined looking at 
his problems from a great 

4720
04:05:27,600 --> 04:05:30,800
height. 
First from across the city, then

4721
04:05:30,800 --> 04:05:34,100
from high above the Earth and 
finally, from the perspective of

4722
04:05:34,100 --> 04:05:39,700
years decades or even centuries.
He aimed to contextualize his 

4723
04:05:39,700 --> 04:05:42,700
problems, not to downplay his 
pain, or deny their 

4724
04:05:42,700 --> 04:05:45,200
significance. 
When you're in the immediate 

4725
04:05:45,200 --> 04:05:48,500
aftermath of discovering and 
Fidelity, Everything feels 

4726
04:05:48,500 --> 04:05:53,000
enormous and permanent the hurt 
feels like it will never end the

4727
04:05:53,000 --> 04:05:54,800
anger feels Justified and 
necessary. 

4728
04:05:55,800 --> 04:05:58,100
The whole situation. 
Feels like it defines everything

4729
04:05:58,100 --> 04:06:02,000
about your life and your future.
But the stoics would gently 

4730
04:06:02,000 --> 04:06:04,600
encourage you to experiment with
different time perspectives. 

4731
04:06:04,600 --> 04:06:08,500
What if you imagine looking back
at this situation from five 

4732
04:06:08,500 --> 04:06:11,200
years in the future? 
What would matter most to you 

4733
04:06:11,200 --> 04:06:14,800
then the fact that this painful 
thing happened or how you chose 

4734
04:06:14,800 --> 04:06:17,100
to handle it. 
What would you want to tell your

4735
04:06:17,100 --> 04:06:19,200
current self about getting 
through this period? 

4736
04:06:20,000 --> 04:06:22,200
What would you be proud of 
yourself for doing or not? 

4737
04:06:22,200 --> 04:06:25,900
Doing what if you zoomed out 
even further in the view from 

4738
04:06:25,900 --> 04:06:28,400
the end of your life? 
When you're old and looking 

4739
04:06:28,400 --> 04:06:31,000
back, how much of your life 
story will this betrayal, take 

4740
04:06:31,000 --> 04:06:33,200
up what other chapters will 
there be? 

4741
04:06:33,200 --> 04:06:36,200
What will you have learned? 
How will this difficult 

4742
04:06:36,200 --> 04:06:38,600
experience of contributed to 
your growth as a person? 

4743
04:06:39,400 --> 04:06:42,000
This isn't about minimizing the 
Real Pain you're experiencing 

4744
04:06:42,000 --> 04:06:44,700
right now. 
It's about remembering that this

4745
04:06:44,700 --> 04:06:46,900
moment. 
However, intense and 

4746
04:06:46,900 --> 04:06:50,400
overwhelming, it feels is just 
one in a much larger life. 

4747
04:06:51,700 --> 04:06:53,700
The stoics understood that we 
suffer more. 

4748
04:06:53,700 --> 04:06:57,000
When we lose perspective, when 
we let one painful experience 

4749
04:06:57,000 --> 04:06:58,900
Eclipse, everything else about 
our existence. 

4750
04:06:59,900 --> 04:07:02,700
Seneca, wrote extensively about 
the temporary nature of all 

4751
04:07:02,700 --> 04:07:05,100
human experiences, both good and
bad. 

4752
04:07:05,100 --> 04:07:08,100
He'd reminded himself that 
periods of Happiness, don't last

4753
04:07:08,100 --> 04:07:11,600
forever but neither do periods 
of pain, everything passes, 

4754
04:07:11,600 --> 04:07:15,400
Everything Changes. 
The acute Agony. 

4755
04:07:15,400 --> 04:07:18,200
You feel right after discovering
betrayal, will not feel the same

4756
04:07:18,200 --> 04:07:21,300
six months from now, even if the
situation hasn't resolved 

4757
04:07:21,300 --> 04:07:25,000
completely Stoics also had a 
sophisticated understanding of 

4758
04:07:25,000 --> 04:07:26,600
how relationships work over 
time. 

4759
04:07:26,600 --> 04:07:29,900
They understood that people 
change that love itself, 

4760
04:07:29,900 --> 04:07:32,000
changes. 
And that expecting any 

4761
04:07:32,000 --> 04:07:35,600
relationship to remain exactly 
the same forever is unrealistic.

4762
04:07:36,600 --> 04:07:39,600
This understanding doesn't 
excuse, betrayal or suggest that

4763
04:07:39,600 --> 04:07:42,400
you should accept portrait 
treatment but it does suggest 

4764
04:07:42,400 --> 04:07:44,100
that maybe some of our suffering
around. 

4765
04:07:44,100 --> 04:07:48,000
Relationship problems comes from
unrealistic expectations about 

4766
04:07:48,000 --> 04:07:52,200
permanence and control consider 
this You are likely not the same

4767
04:07:52,200 --> 04:07:53,900
individual. 
You were at the onset of your 

4768
04:07:53,900 --> 04:07:57,600
relationship. 
You've grown changed learned new

4769
04:07:57,600 --> 04:08:01,500
things developed, new interests 
and maybe even discovered parts 

4770
04:08:01,500 --> 04:08:04,200
of yourself. 
You didn't know existed, your 

4771
04:08:04,200 --> 04:08:05,600
partner has probably changed 
too. 

4772
04:08:05,600 --> 04:08:09,300
Sometimes people change 
incompatible ways and sometimes 

4773
04:08:09,300 --> 04:08:12,400
they don't Sometimes people 
change in ways that make them 

4774
04:08:12,400 --> 04:08:15,500
better partners and sometimes 
they change in ways that make 

4775
04:08:15,500 --> 04:08:19,300
them worse Partners, the stoic 
approach would be to acknowledge

4776
04:08:19,300 --> 04:08:21,400
these changes without 
necessarily taking them 

4777
04:08:21,400 --> 04:08:23,700
personally. 
It is possible that your 

4778
04:08:23,700 --> 04:08:25,700
partner's infidelity reflects 
changes. 

4779
04:08:25,700 --> 04:08:28,000
They have undergone or 
challenges, they are facing 

4780
04:08:28,900 --> 04:08:31,200
Maybe it says something about 
problems in your relationship 

4781
04:08:31,200 --> 04:08:33,500
that neither of you knew how to 
address directly. 

4782
04:08:33,500 --> 04:08:37,000
Maybe it doesn't say anything 
particularly meaningful about 

4783
04:08:37,000 --> 04:08:39,600
your tool. 
This perspective can be oddly 

4784
04:08:39,600 --> 04:08:42,100
freeing. 
Review, the Betrayal is 

4785
04:08:42,100 --> 04:08:45,100
information about where things 
stand right now, rather than as 

4786
04:08:45,100 --> 04:08:48,500
proof of some fundamental flaw 
in your self your relationship 

4787
04:08:48,500 --> 04:08:52,300
or love in general. 
And right now is just one point,

4788
04:08:52,300 --> 04:08:55,300
not a permanent verdict on your 
worth, or your future. 

4789
04:08:56,500 --> 04:08:59,200
The stoics were also realistic 
about the fact that some 

4790
04:08:59,200 --> 04:09:01,100
relationships simply run their 
course. 

4791
04:09:01,100 --> 04:09:04,600
It's not because someone 
committed a heinous act or love 

4792
04:09:04,600 --> 04:09:07,300
faltered, but rather, because 
individuals and situations 

4793
04:09:07,300 --> 04:09:10,700
undergo Transformations that 
render the continuation of a 

4794
04:09:10,700 --> 04:09:13,600
relationship more detrimental 
than beneficial sometimes 

4795
04:09:13,600 --> 04:09:16,200
betrayal, is a symptom of a 
relationship that has already 

4796
04:09:16,200 --> 04:09:19,500
ended emotionally, even if 
nobody has been willing to admit

4797
04:09:19,500 --> 04:09:22,200
it yet, you may think the 
ancient stoics had useful 

4798
04:09:22,200 --> 04:09:25,000
insights on betrayal. 
But you may also wonder how to 

4799
04:09:25,000 --> 04:09:28,200
apply this to your own 
situation. the beautiful thing 

4800
04:09:28,200 --> 04:09:30,900
about stoic philosophy is that 
it was always meant to be 

4801
04:09:30,908 --> 04:09:35,000
practical, not just intellectual
ideas to contemplate but actual 

4802
04:09:35,000 --> 04:09:38,900
technique you could use in daily
life the stoics developed what 

4803
04:09:38,900 --> 04:09:42,100
they called, spiritual 
exercises, regular practices 

4804
04:09:42,100 --> 04:09:44,800
designed to train your mind the 
same way, you might train your 

4805
04:09:44,800 --> 04:09:48,900
body, These work religious, or 
mystical practices but practical

4806
04:09:48,900 --> 04:09:51,300
mental habits that could help 
you respond to difficult 

4807
04:09:51,300 --> 04:09:54,700
situations with more wisdom, 
courage, and peace of mind. 

4808
04:09:55,800 --> 04:09:58,500
One of the most fundamental 
practices is what epic Titus 

4809
04:09:58,500 --> 04:10:01,400
called the dichotomy of control 
every morning. 

4810
04:10:01,400 --> 04:10:04,400
Or whenever you're feeling 
overwhelmed, you can take a few 

4811
04:10:04,408 --> 04:10:06,700
minutes to sort your concerns 
into two categories. 

4812
04:10:06,700 --> 04:10:10,200
Things you can control and 
things, you can't control. 

4813
04:10:11,100 --> 04:10:13,900
When you're dealing with 
infidelity, your approach might 

4814
04:10:13,900 --> 04:10:16,600
look like acknowledging that you
can't control what your partner 

4815
04:10:16,600 --> 04:10:19,900
did, what they're feeling now, 
or what, they'll choose to do in

4816
04:10:19,900 --> 04:10:23,100
the future, but you can choose 
how to care for yourself set, 

4817
04:10:23,100 --> 04:10:25,300
boundaries Converse and 
interpret events. 

4818
04:10:26,100 --> 04:10:28,900
Another useful practice is what 
Marcus Aurelius called, 

4819
04:10:28,900 --> 04:10:32,900
objective representation, trying
to see situations as clearly as 

4820
04:10:32,900 --> 04:10:34,900
possible. 
Without the emotional coloring 

4821
04:10:34,900 --> 04:10:37,500
that can make everything seem 
worse than it actually is. 

4822
04:10:37,500 --> 04:10:41,100
Instead of thinking my life is 
ruined, you might practice 

4823
04:10:41,100 --> 04:10:44,000
thinking, my partner was 
unfaithful and I'm feeling hurt 

4824
04:10:44,000 --> 04:10:47,400
and angry about it. 
Instead of saying I'll never be 

4825
04:10:47,400 --> 04:10:50,500
able to trust anyone. 
Again, you might think right 

4826
04:10:50,500 --> 04:10:52,900
now, I'm having trouble trusting
and that makes sense. 

4827
04:10:52,900 --> 04:10:56,400
Given what I've just learned the
stoics also practice something. 

4828
04:10:56,400 --> 04:10:59,400
We might call negative 
visualization, not to make 

4829
04:10:59,400 --> 04:11:02,500
themselves miserable, but to 
build resilience and gratitude, 

4830
04:11:03,400 --> 04:11:05,800
Imagine what it would be like if
the relationship ended 

4831
04:11:05,800 --> 04:11:09,200
completely instead of persuading
yourself that the relationship 

4832
04:11:09,200 --> 04:11:12,500
should end, you should reassure 
yourself that you could endure 

4833
04:11:12,500 --> 04:11:14,600
it, if it did. 
Offer him. 

4834
04:11:14,600 --> 04:11:17,400
When we're terrified of a 
particular outcome, half of our 

4835
04:11:17,400 --> 04:11:20,200
suffering comes from the fear 
itself rather than the actual 

4836
04:11:20,200 --> 04:11:23,200
situation. 
Seneca recommended keeping what 

4837
04:11:23,200 --> 04:11:26,800
he called a philosophical 
Journal, a regular practice of 

4838
04:11:26,800 --> 04:11:29,400
writing about your experiences 
and examining your thoughts and 

4839
04:11:29,400 --> 04:11:31,700
reactions. 
When you're dealing with 

4840
04:11:31,700 --> 04:11:35,100
betrayal writing, can help you 
sort through the complicated mix

4841
04:11:35,100 --> 04:11:38,000
of feelings and thoughts that 
tend to swirl around in your 

4842
04:11:38,008 --> 04:11:39,900
head. 
You might write about what 

4843
04:11:39,900 --> 04:11:43,500
happened, how you're feeling, 
what you're afraid of what 

4844
04:11:43,500 --> 04:11:45,800
you're learning, and what you 
want to do next? 

4845
04:11:47,000 --> 04:11:49,800
Key to all of these practices is
consistency, rather than 

4846
04:11:49,800 --> 04:11:53,400
Perfection you don't have to 
become a perfectly wise, calm 

4847
04:11:53,400 --> 04:11:56,300
rational person overnight, you 
just have to be willing to 

4848
04:11:56,300 --> 04:11:59,500
practice responding thoughtfully
rather than just reacting 

4849
04:11:59,500 --> 04:12:01,900
emotionally. 
And every time you choose to 

4850
04:12:01,900 --> 04:12:05,300
pause and think before you act, 
every time you focus on what you

4851
04:12:05,300 --> 04:12:08,500
can control rather than what you
can't and every time you treat 

4852
04:12:08,500 --> 04:12:11,300
yourself and others with basic 
decent, see despite being hurt 

4853
04:12:11,300 --> 04:12:15,100
your strength, thinning, those 
mental muscles, the ancient 

4854
04:12:15,100 --> 04:12:17,800
stoics, understood something 
that we sometimes forget in our 

4855
04:12:17,808 --> 04:12:20,700
modern world wisdom, isn't 
something you either have or 

4856
04:12:20,700 --> 04:12:23,200
don't have, it's something you 
develop through practice. 

4857
04:12:24,200 --> 04:12:27,100
Essentially through practicing 
during difficult times, your 

4858
04:12:27,100 --> 04:12:30,700
current situation painful as it 
is is actually an opportunity to

4859
04:12:30,700 --> 04:12:32,700
develop some of the most 
valuable life skills. 

4860
04:12:32,700 --> 04:12:36,500
There are The ability to stay 
grounded during a crisis, to 

4861
04:12:36,500 --> 04:12:38,900
make good decisions Under 
Pressure to maintain your 

4862
04:12:38,900 --> 04:12:41,300
integrity. 
When you've been wronged and to 

4863
04:12:41,300 --> 04:12:43,000
take care of yourself while 
still treating others. 

4864
04:12:43,000 --> 04:12:46,300
With compassion these skills 
will serve you well beyond your 

4865
04:12:46,300 --> 04:12:49,600
current relationship drama, 
they'll help you navigate future

4866
04:12:49,600 --> 04:12:51,800
challenges with more confidence 
and less suffering. 

4867
04:12:51,800 --> 04:12:54,700
They'll help you build better 
relationships because you'll 

4868
04:12:54,700 --> 04:12:57,200
know better what you need and 
what you're willing to give. 

4869
04:12:57,200 --> 04:13:00,800
They will assist you in 
cultivating self-trust as you 

4870
04:13:00,800 --> 04:13:03,600
will recognize your ability to 
manage whatever challenges life 

4871
04:13:03,600 --> 04:13:06,200
presents. 
The stoics believed that the 

4872
04:13:06,200 --> 04:13:08,900
goal of philosophy wasn't to 
eliminate all problems from 

4873
04:13:08,900 --> 04:13:11,200
life. 
That would be impossible and 

4874
04:13:11,200 --> 04:13:14,500
probably boring anyway. 
The goal was to develop the 

4875
04:13:14,500 --> 04:13:17,100
inner resources to meet whatever
problems arise with wisdom, 

4876
04:13:17,100 --> 04:13:20,300
courage, and Grace. 
In that sense, dealing with 

4877
04:13:20,300 --> 04:13:22,500
betrayal isn't just about 
getting through a difficult 

4878
04:13:22,500 --> 04:13:24,500
time. 
It's about becoming the kind of 

4879
04:13:24,500 --> 04:13:27,700
person who can get through 
difficult times and maybe even 

4880
04:13:27,700 --> 04:13:38,500
grow stronger in the process. 
Oda Nobunaga arrived in 1534 in 

4881
04:13:38,500 --> 04:13:41,900
the unmetal province of owari, 
amid a period in Japan. 

4882
04:13:41,900 --> 04:13:44,800
Now remembered for Endless 
conflicts and rapidly shifting 

4883
04:13:44,800 --> 04:13:48,100
feudal. 
Allegiances his father Odin. 

4884
04:13:48,100 --> 04:13:51,200
No behida was a minor warlord 
grappling with clan in fighting 

4885
04:13:51,200 --> 04:13:55,000
local skirmishes and the 
Perpetual risk of larger armies 

4886
04:13:55,000 --> 04:13:57,700
from neighboring. 
Provinces there was no guarantee

4887
04:13:57,700 --> 04:14:01,000
that the infant Nobunaga would 
transform, the realm families, 

4888
04:14:01,000 --> 04:14:04,800
fought alliances crumbled, a new
leaders emerged overnight. 

4889
04:14:05,600 --> 04:14:09,300
Yet from the Vantage of time, 
it's clear he planted seeds, 

4890
04:14:09,300 --> 04:14:12,600
that would remake Japan. 
Early records to describe a 

4891
04:14:12,600 --> 04:14:15,500
young Nobunaga as unruly. 
Spurned. 

4892
04:14:15,500 --> 04:14:18,900
Formalities wearing. 
Outlandish, cloths arriving late

4893
04:14:18,900 --> 04:14:22,100
to Solomon ceremonies and 
generally annoying Clan Elders. 

4894
04:14:22,100 --> 04:14:25,200
They labeled him full Hardy, or 
even an embarrassment to the 

4895
04:14:25,208 --> 04:14:28,300
odor name. 
But behind that facade of 

4896
04:14:28,300 --> 04:14:31,200
flamboyance looked to creative 
mind hungry for novelty. 

4897
04:14:31,200 --> 04:14:34,900
He tinkered with foreign 
trinkets asked probing questions

4898
04:14:34,900 --> 04:14:38,100
about strategy and displayed a 
knack for analyzing rival 

4899
04:14:38,100 --> 04:14:42,800
movements Teachers who try to 
tame him, rarely succeeded yet, 

4900
04:14:42,800 --> 04:14:45,600
they noticed flashes of 
Brilliance like the time, he 

4901
04:14:45,600 --> 04:14:48,400
walked the perimeter of his 
father's Castle pointing out 

4902
04:14:48,400 --> 04:14:52,500
weaknesses and gait design that 
grown Samurai overlooked, his 

4903
04:14:52,500 --> 04:14:54,800
father's death in the 1551 
thrust. 

4904
04:14:54,800 --> 04:14:59,200
This untested youth into sudden,
prominence instantly, the odor, 

4905
04:14:59,200 --> 04:15:01,800
Clan fractured uncle's, 
half-brothers and distant 

4906
04:15:01,800 --> 04:15:03,500
cousins jostled for the top 
seat. 

4907
04:15:03,500 --> 04:15:07,400
Conventional wisdom suggested 
that the audacious fool of owari

4908
04:15:07,400 --> 04:15:10,600
had little chance. 
But in the swirl of that crisis,

4909
04:15:10,600 --> 04:15:14,700
Nobunaga made decisive moves, he
broke her heard short-term 

4910
04:15:14,700 --> 04:15:18,200
packed with key, retainers 
promised them new lands in 

4911
04:15:18,200 --> 04:15:20,900
swiftly, dismantled the claims 
of older relatives, who 

4912
04:15:20,900 --> 04:15:24,200
underestimated him. 
Some he exiled and some, he 

4913
04:15:24,200 --> 04:15:26,500
subdued military within two 
years. 

4914
04:15:26,500 --> 04:15:30,800
He asserted control over most of
a woori observe as realized, he 

4915
04:15:30,800 --> 04:15:33,700
was no clown. 
He simply despised the old 

4916
04:15:33,700 --> 04:15:35,700
ceremonial style and did things 
his own way. 

4917
04:15:36,500 --> 04:15:39,500
Rumor has it that around this 
time, a traveling Merchant 

4918
04:15:39,500 --> 04:15:42,800
introduced him to keep buses 
matchlock guns from the West. 

4919
04:15:42,800 --> 04:15:46,400
Most Samurai saw these Firearms 
as crude and unworthy 

4920
04:15:46,400 --> 04:15:49,300
overshadowed by the Elegance of 
swords and Spears. 

4921
04:15:49,300 --> 04:15:53,200
No good though. 
Recognized their potential, 

4922
04:15:54,100 --> 04:15:58,000
Quietly stockpiled them ordering
gunsmiths to replicate or adapt 

4923
04:15:58,000 --> 04:15:59,800
them. 
He tested them in private 

4924
04:15:59,800 --> 04:16:03,100
drills, training foot soldiers 
to Fire and disciplined volleys.

4925
04:16:03,100 --> 04:16:06,900
The practice was a departure 
from the sengoku norm which 

4926
04:16:06,900 --> 04:16:10,800
romanticized heroic duels. 
Hem to harness the Synergy of 

4927
04:16:10,808 --> 04:16:13,600
the ranks prioritizing 
technology over individual 

4928
04:16:13,600 --> 04:16:16,200
bravado. 
Such a notion, didn't spread 

4929
04:16:16,200 --> 04:16:19,300
widely yet. 
But the seeds were planted for a

4930
04:16:19,300 --> 04:16:22,100
new kind of warfare. 
The first major test of his 

4931
04:16:22,100 --> 04:16:26,300
cunning came in 1560. 
When in magawa yoshimoto, one of

4932
04:16:26,308 --> 04:16:29,500
the era's, most formidable 
Warlords, led a giant army 

4933
04:16:29,500 --> 04:16:31,600
through a warri in route to the 
Capitol. 

4934
04:16:31,600 --> 04:16:34,900
The conventional approach would 
have been for smaller clowns to 

4935
04:16:34,900 --> 04:16:38,600
hide in fortified castles or 
attempt half-hearted skirmishes,

4936
04:16:38,600 --> 04:16:42,600
but Nobunaga went bold, famously
prayed at a local Shrine 

4937
04:16:42,600 --> 04:16:46,200
offered, saketa to his men and 
then launched a surprise attack 

4938
04:16:46,200 --> 04:16:49,500
at azama. 
The result was astonishing, 

4939
04:16:49,500 --> 04:16:55,000
Yoshi Moto's, vast Force lulled 
into overconfidence collapsed 

4940
04:16:55,000 --> 04:16:57,900
onto nobunaga's. 
Ambush yoshimoto, himself was 

4941
04:16:57,900 --> 04:17:00,400
killed in the confusion. 
This Victory stun. 

4942
04:17:00,400 --> 04:17:04,400
The Japanese archipelago a 
lesser Clan from owari under a 

4943
04:17:04,400 --> 04:17:06,600
Brash. 
Young Lord had toppled one of 

4944
04:17:06,600 --> 04:17:08,100
the biggest threats in a single 
day. 

4945
04:17:09,100 --> 04:17:12,200
After okehazama smaller, local, 
Warlords. 

4946
04:17:12,200 --> 04:17:15,400
Rushed to align with the odor 
Clan or at least sign neutrality

4947
04:17:15,400 --> 04:17:18,100
packs. 
Nobunaga's Prestige sword. 

4948
04:17:18,100 --> 04:17:21,600
Yet he did not rest. 
He began forging deeper 

4949
04:17:21,600 --> 04:17:25,100
connections with merchants in 
nearby free cities establishing 

4950
04:17:25,100 --> 04:17:28,500
an economic backbone. 
He sought alliances with key 

4951
04:17:28,500 --> 04:17:32,200
figures in meno and only 
provinces using marriages and 

4952
04:17:32,200 --> 04:17:35,600
mutual defense packs. 
At the same time, he displayed 

4953
04:17:35,600 --> 04:17:39,300
unpredictability punishing 
uncooperative, Lords harshly, 

4954
04:17:39,300 --> 04:17:42,500
sacking their castles and 
installing loyal. 

4955
04:17:42,500 --> 04:17:47,300
Retainer families in the void. 
These expansions he showed an 

4956
04:17:47,300 --> 04:17:50,900
unusual attitude towards status 
traditional samurai lineage 

4957
04:17:50,900 --> 04:17:52,500
mattered less to him than 
competence. 

4958
04:17:53,300 --> 04:17:57,000
If a farmer's son, displayed 
skill nobunny might Elevate him 

4959
04:17:57,000 --> 04:18:00,600
to command, squads or handle 
taxes, the situation unsettled 

4960
04:18:00,600 --> 04:18:03,300
old Aristocrats, who viewed 
inheritance as the Bedrock of 

4961
04:18:03,300 --> 04:18:07,300
power Nobunaga cared little for 
their complaints arguing that 

4962
04:18:07,300 --> 04:18:09,800
Victory and stability were more 
important than outmoded 

4963
04:18:09,800 --> 04:18:12,700
hierarchies. 
This approach gained him Fierce 

4964
04:18:12,700 --> 04:18:16,400
loyalty from those who recognize
that Talent was rewarded but it 

4965
04:18:16,400 --> 04:18:21,000
went among the Old Guard who saw
him as an iconic classed. 

4966
04:18:21,700 --> 04:18:26,400
By the late 1560s Odeon had 
outgrown the label full. 

4967
04:18:26,400 --> 04:18:29,700
He was forging a reputation as a
radical risk taker. 

4968
04:18:29,700 --> 04:18:34,100
Combining intimidation strategic
alliances and unconventional 

4969
04:18:34,100 --> 04:18:37,000
warfare in Council. 
He might appeared dressed, 

4970
04:18:37,000 --> 04:18:41,700
simply focusing on substance 
instead of pomp observers were 

4971
04:18:41,700 --> 04:18:45,700
called that in private, he 
studied Maps meticulously 

4972
04:18:45,700 --> 04:18:49,200
pondering, how to break the web 
of petty Wars that kept Japan. 

4973
04:18:49,200 --> 04:18:53,200
Fractured, no one yet, imagined 
the scale of his ambition, that 

4974
04:18:53,200 --> 04:18:56,800
he'd attempt to unify the entire
land, but the signs were there 

4975
04:18:56,800 --> 04:19:01,400
in every bold decision, every 
new alliance and every shattered

4976
04:19:01,400 --> 04:19:04,400
old tradition, he was on the 
brink of a far more sweeping 

4977
04:19:04,400 --> 04:19:07,500
campaign. 
As his influence grew in Ori, 

4978
04:19:07,500 --> 04:19:10,500
Oda Nobunaga, distracted, his 
attention, towards the 

4979
04:19:10,500 --> 04:19:13,200
neighboring Mino. 
This domain was under the 

4980
04:19:13,208 --> 04:19:16,900
cytoplan known for cunning 
leadership and strong hostile 

4981
04:19:16,900 --> 04:19:19,700
defenses, especially the 
imposing in abiama, Castle, 

4982
04:19:19,700 --> 04:19:23,100
perched on a steep hill, local, 
Warlords, murmured. 

4983
04:19:23,100 --> 04:19:26,700
That Mino was a fortress Laden 
region, not easily subjugated, 

4984
04:19:26,700 --> 04:19:30,300
but Nobunaga believed that if he
could see his Mino he would 

4985
04:19:30,300 --> 04:19:32,800
secure a critical foothold on 
the route to Kyoto 

4986
04:19:32,800 --> 04:19:36,100
diplomatically. 
He first tried forging a 

4987
04:19:36,100 --> 04:19:38,800
connection he arranged for his 
foster daughter to marry. 

4988
04:19:38,800 --> 04:19:42,900
The Saito are the Hope was to 
pave a smoother path yet. 

4989
04:19:42,900 --> 04:19:47,100
The Sato patriarch Saito dosan 
died in a familial conflict 

4990
04:19:47,100 --> 04:19:49,400
leaving the clan leadership in 
flux. 

4991
04:19:49,400 --> 04:19:51,700
The new site. 
Oh head refused to yield 

4992
04:19:51,700 --> 04:19:55,600
Nobunaga changed his strategy. 
He recruited refugees from 

4993
04:19:55,600 --> 04:19:58,000
maiano who hated the new site. 
Only leadership. 

4994
04:19:58,000 --> 04:20:01,300
He cleaned Intel about secret 
Mountain paths and alternative 

4995
04:20:01,300 --> 04:20:04,300
supply routes. 
He also hammered away at saito's

4996
04:20:04,300 --> 04:20:06,900
border fortifications with 
Relentless minor assaults, 

4997
04:20:06,900 --> 04:20:09,200
wearing them down around this 
period. 

4998
04:20:09,200 --> 04:20:12,900
Toyotomi hideyoshi and 
unassuming Foot soldier with a 

4999
04:20:12,900 --> 04:20:15,500
knack for persuasion captured, 
nobunaga's attention. 

5000
04:20:16,300 --> 04:20:19,100
Hideyoshi broke at local, 
alliance's and bribed to 

5001
04:20:19,100 --> 04:20:22,800
underlings to sabotage defenses 
from within the infiltration was

5002
04:20:22,800 --> 04:20:27,400
so effective that by 1567 
saito's lines crumbled under a 

5003
04:20:27,400 --> 04:20:31,500
well-coordinated strike in Abbey
armor, Castle fell and no, 

5004
04:20:31,500 --> 04:20:34,800
Bernardo promptly renamed the 
Fortress gifu symbolizing, a 

5005
04:20:34,800 --> 04:20:37,100
fresh chapter. 
Gifu Castle. 

5006
04:20:37,100 --> 04:20:40,200
Thus, became his new base 
overshadowing, a worries older 

5007
04:20:40,200 --> 04:20:42,800
seat. 
Local Legend says he pinned a 

5008
04:20:42,800 --> 04:20:45,900
banner reading tenka, FUBU 
roughly, meaning all the realm 

5009
04:20:45,900 --> 04:20:49,100
under one sword, and audacious 
motto that showcased his 

5010
04:20:49,100 --> 04:20:53,300
aspiration to unified Japan, 
having secured Mino, he cast his

5011
04:20:53,300 --> 04:20:55,900
Gaze on Kyoto. 
The imperial capital had lost 

5012
04:20:55,908 --> 04:20:59,700
much of its luster battered by 
Decades of feuding Warlords. 

5013
04:20:59,700 --> 04:21:04,700
The ashikaga shogunate nominally
ruling Japan was overshadowed by

5014
04:21:04,700 --> 04:21:07,900
local powers. 
A figure named ashikaga yoshiaki

5015
04:21:07,900 --> 04:21:11,500
approached Nobunaga pleading for
rescue from rival Warlords. 

5016
04:21:11,500 --> 04:21:18,100
Sensing opportunity, Nobunaga 
marched on Kyoto in 1568 The 

5017
04:21:18,100 --> 04:21:21,200
city's confusion allowed him to 
install yoshiya Shogun. 

5018
04:21:21,900 --> 04:21:24,000
Though it was an arrangement 
reminiscent of the puppet 

5019
04:21:24,000 --> 04:21:26,800
regime. 
Nobunaga intended to influence 

5020
04:21:26,800 --> 04:21:30,500
National politics, covertly 
utilizing your sharky as a 

5021
04:21:30,500 --> 04:21:33,600
symbolic leader. 
Kyoto's populace, reacted, with 

5022
04:21:33,600 --> 04:21:36,400
mixed emotions. 
Some welcome to enter chaos 

5023
04:21:36,400 --> 04:21:38,000
others. 
Feared a new Tyrant. 

5024
04:21:38,000 --> 04:21:42,100
Nobunaga tried to reassure them 
by rebuilding foods and temples 

5025
04:21:42,100 --> 04:21:45,800
wrecked by early conflicts. 
He minted, coinage, Finance, 

5026
04:21:45,800 --> 04:21:49,600
local markets, and even politely
introduced fresh laws to curb 

5027
04:21:49,600 --> 04:21:51,800
violence in the capitals 
districts. 

5028
04:21:52,600 --> 04:21:55,100
Yet, these gestures of 
benevolence coexisted with his 

5029
04:21:55,100 --> 04:21:59,400
iron fisted approach to dissent,
for instance, lingering warlord 

5030
04:21:59,400 --> 04:22:01,000
forces. 
Who refused to submit found 

5031
04:22:01,000 --> 04:22:04,500
themselves crushed among them, 
was the rebellious miyoshi Clan 

5032
04:22:04,500 --> 04:22:07,800
the city subdued, its rebellious
Corners over a matter of months?

5033
04:22:07,800 --> 04:22:11,100
Nevertheless friction arose with
the Shogun ashikaga. 

5034
04:22:11,100 --> 04:22:15,700
Yoshiaki who bristled at being 
overshadowed yoshiaki quietly. 

5035
04:22:15,700 --> 04:22:18,100
Tried building alliances among 
traditional Clans. 

5036
04:22:18,100 --> 04:22:22,000
Fueling, an anti-odor Coalition 
that included powerful Barons 

5037
04:22:22,000 --> 04:22:25,200
like a Sakura and his eye. 
The standoff that followed 

5038
04:22:25,200 --> 04:22:27,800
tested nobunaga's skill at multi
front campaigns. 

5039
04:22:27,800 --> 04:22:30,600
Ironically his brother in law as
I nagamasa. 

5040
04:22:30,600 --> 04:22:35,500
Husband nobunaga's sister oichi 
led the as iCloud The personal 

5041
04:22:35,500 --> 04:22:38,100
heartbreak of Waging War against
his kin weighed heavily. 

5042
04:22:38,100 --> 04:22:42,100
Yet Nobunaga pressed on. 
He arranged for alliances with 

5043
04:22:42,100 --> 04:22:46,500
Tokugawa ayesu who secured the 
East, allowing the odor main 

5044
04:22:46,500 --> 04:22:48,900
Force to handle the azai asakura
threat. 

5045
04:22:49,800 --> 04:22:53,900
The battles near Anna gar in. 
1570 proved intense with odor 

5046
04:22:53,900 --> 04:22:56,100
and Tokugawa, armies. 
Eventually prevailing after 

5047
04:22:56,100 --> 04:23:00,000
vicious hand-to-hand fighting 
this victory overshadowed in 

5048
04:23:00,000 --> 04:23:03,200
popular, lore by larger events 
signaled that Family Ties would 

5049
04:23:03,200 --> 04:23:05,100
not turn of voodoo from his 
great omission. 

5050
04:23:06,100 --> 04:23:09,200
Around this juncture, Nobunaga 
displayed his approach to 

5051
04:23:09,200 --> 04:23:13,100
religious factions, more starkly
the warrior monks of Mount ye 

5052
04:23:13,100 --> 04:23:17,800
near Kyoto, allied with the azai
asakura Coalition Nobunaga 

5053
04:23:17,800 --> 04:23:22,500
demanded their submission, they 
refused in 1571, he Unleashed a 

5054
04:23:22,500 --> 04:23:25,900
brutal assault, the entire 
complex at Enrique G was put to 

5055
04:23:25,900 --> 04:23:29,900
Flame and thousands of monks 
novices and civilians perished, 

5056
04:23:29,900 --> 04:23:32,500
it was an act. 
So Grim at even shocked some of 

5057
04:23:32,508 --> 04:23:36,700
nobunaga's staunch allies. 
But he justified it claiming 

5058
04:23:36,700 --> 04:23:39,100
that the militant monks had 
threatened, the capitals order 

5059
04:23:39,100 --> 04:23:42,600
for two long for him. 
No sacred label, could Shield an

5060
04:23:42,600 --> 04:23:45,100
armed group from the Unstoppable
cause of unification. 

5061
04:23:46,300 --> 04:23:49,300
If an institution medaled 
military, it had to be crushed 

5062
04:23:49,300 --> 04:23:51,100
no matter. 
Its spiritual veneer. 

5063
04:23:51,900 --> 04:23:54,300
Though these actions 
Consolidated his grip, they 

5064
04:23:54,300 --> 04:23:57,700
fueled a reputation for 
ruthlessness people whispered 

5065
04:23:57,700 --> 04:23:59,900
that he had become a Demon Lord 
yet. 

5066
04:23:59,900 --> 04:24:03,400
Ironically, he also cultivated 
appreciation for the Arts. 

5067
04:24:03,400 --> 04:24:07,400
He introduced modern style of 
Castle architecture, invited 

5068
04:24:07,400 --> 04:24:09,800
Portuguese artists to 
demonstrate new building 

5069
04:24:09,800 --> 04:24:13,100
techniques and toyed with the 
newly-introduced trend of tea 

5070
04:24:13,100 --> 04:24:15,500
ceremony. 
This contradictory mix. 

5071
04:24:16,400 --> 04:24:18,700
Stream brutality on the 
battlefield paired with the 

5072
04:24:18,700 --> 04:24:22,800
refined cultural, Pursuits, 
confused many, but it formed the

5073
04:24:22,800 --> 04:24:26,100
heart of bruna's method. 
Forging a new Japan by blending 

5074
04:24:26,100 --> 04:24:29,000
modern Innovation with 
unstoppable Force. 

5075
04:24:29,700 --> 04:24:33,200
By 1573 the puppet Shogun 
yoshiaki. 

5076
04:24:33,200 --> 04:24:36,400
Now thoroughly at odds, with 
Nobunaga was exiled. 

5077
04:24:36,400 --> 04:24:39,100
The ashikaga, shogunate 
officially collapsed. 

5078
04:24:39,900 --> 04:24:42,600
From that point forward. 
The question wasn't whether the 

5079
04:24:42,600 --> 04:24:45,200
old order was gone? 
It was whether Nobunaga could 

5080
04:24:45,200 --> 04:24:47,300
fill the vacuum before other 
Warlords struck. 

5081
04:24:48,300 --> 04:24:51,100
The next move he made would 
Define the entire future of the 

5082
04:24:51,100 --> 04:24:54,500
archipelago. 
The year 1573 Unleashed a new 

5083
04:24:54,500 --> 04:24:58,000
dynamic in central, Japan. 
The centuries old ashika, 

5084
04:24:58,000 --> 04:25:01,100
shogunate stood dissolved 
leaving a power vacuum that 

5085
04:25:01,108 --> 04:25:05,200
odinaka sought to fill although 
he did not assume the Shogun 

5086
04:25:05,200 --> 04:25:07,400
title. 
Some suspect, he viewed as two 

5087
04:25:07,400 --> 04:25:10,800
entangled with our cake baggage.
He effectively governed from 

5088
04:25:10,800 --> 04:25:15,600
Kyoto as the central Warlord. 
Nobunaga subordinates, notably 

5089
04:25:15,600 --> 04:25:20,700
hashiba hideyoshi later toyotomi
hideyoshi and Tokugawa yasu took

5090
04:25:20,700 --> 04:25:24,300
on crucial roles in expanding 
the odor domain and stabilizing 

5091
04:25:24,300 --> 04:25:28,100
conquer territories nonetheless 
pockets of fierce resistance 

5092
04:25:28,100 --> 04:25:31,400
remained including the might of 
the Takeda clan in eastern. 

5093
04:25:31,400 --> 04:25:35,300
Provinces one would not expect 
that a man ascending, so rapidly

5094
04:25:35,300 --> 04:25:38,400
would find time for culture yet 
nobunaga's, passion for 

5095
04:25:38,400 --> 04:25:41,900
spectacle, grew reports, 
mentioned Grand, Banquets, and 

5096
04:25:41,900 --> 04:25:45,500
Kyoto with exotic dishes, 
Portuguese, wine and comedic 

5097
04:25:45,500 --> 04:25:47,400
theater performed at Night by 
Torchlight. 

5098
04:25:47,400 --> 04:25:52,000
He sponsored the no drama though
in a personal style that adapted

5099
04:25:52,000 --> 04:25:56,000
script to Lord new Heroes. 
Some older Aristocrats, frowned 

5100
04:25:56,000 --> 04:26:00,100
know they believed was the 
Hallmark of an older refined 

5101
04:26:00,100 --> 04:26:05,300
tradition. but to know, Bernardo
Tradition was a tool, not a 

5102
04:26:05,300 --> 04:26:08,200
chain. 
He saw an artistic displays an 

5103
04:26:08,200 --> 04:26:11,700
opportunity to unify the 
fractious Elites by enticing 

5104
04:26:11,700 --> 04:26:13,900
them with entertainment and 
proving that his rule 

5105
04:26:13,900 --> 04:26:15,700
overshadowed, any prior 
pageantry. 

5106
04:26:16,600 --> 04:26:19,200
Still wore overshadowed these 
amusements. 

5107
04:26:19,200 --> 04:26:25,600
The formidable to catering died 
in 1573 leaving in charge 

5108
04:26:25,600 --> 04:26:29,300
though, less accomplished than 
his father, katsurei was no 

5109
04:26:29,300 --> 04:26:33,800
pushover in 1575, he led a 
formidable, Cavalry Force into 

5110
04:26:33,800 --> 04:26:37,900
macawa clashing with Noble 
nuggets, Allied armies, the 

5111
04:26:37,900 --> 04:26:40,400
event, set the stage for the 
pivotal battle of nagashino. 

5112
04:26:41,500 --> 04:26:45,100
Typically a Cavalry swarm 
overcame infantry but nobunaga's

5113
04:26:45,100 --> 04:26:48,100
novel approach extensive 
Palisades rotating lines of 

5114
04:26:48,108 --> 04:26:51,400
aquabus years shattered. 
The myth of Unstoppable, horse 

5115
04:26:51,400 --> 04:26:54,900
charges the musket, volleys 
decimated the Takeda ranks. 

5116
04:26:54,900 --> 04:26:57,700
Eyewitnesses described how for 
the first time. 

5117
04:26:57,700 --> 04:27:01,400
Mast Firearms, overcame famed, 
Cavalry Charges in open terrain,

5118
04:27:01,400 --> 04:27:05,300
this watershed moment reaffirmed
had been her as reputation as a 

5119
04:27:05,300 --> 04:27:08,300
modernizing general who embraced
Firearms, wholeheartedly 

5120
04:27:09,300 --> 04:27:11,700
Following nagashino the Takeda 
Clans. 

5121
04:27:11,700 --> 04:27:15,600
Prestige plummeted enabling 
Nobunaga to extend deeper into 

5122
04:27:15,600 --> 04:27:19,600
Eastern domains Meanwhile in the
capital, he grew more direct and

5123
04:27:19,600 --> 04:27:21,700
quelling. 
Any recalcitrant Aristocrats, or

5124
04:27:21,700 --> 04:27:24,100
religious sects. 
He was rumored to have 

5125
04:27:24,100 --> 04:27:26,600
humiliated, certain courtiers, 
who showed insufficient 

5126
04:27:26,600 --> 04:27:30,600
obedience. indeed, a swirl of 
new rumors, painted him as 

5127
04:27:30,600 --> 04:27:34,700
borderline sacrilegious, 
Ignoring the established Kami 

5128
04:27:34,700 --> 04:27:36,700
Worship in shrines or publicly 
mocking. 

5129
04:27:36,700 --> 04:27:40,200
Certain Shrine rituals as 
superstitious this spurred the 

5130
04:27:40,208 --> 04:27:43,300
room of him being the demon 
warlord culminating in some 

5131
04:27:43,300 --> 04:27:46,600
devout Warriors forming tiny 
conspiracies to rid the land of 

5132
04:27:46,600 --> 04:27:48,700
this Empire's figure. 
One. 

5133
04:27:48,700 --> 04:27:51,000
Overlooked Dimension was his 
approach to Comer's. 

5134
04:27:52,000 --> 04:27:55,200
Beyond the free markets and 
Castle towns, Nobunaga 

5135
04:27:55,200 --> 04:27:57,700
established weigh stations. 
And lodging posts along, major 

5136
04:27:57,700 --> 04:28:00,500
highways he suppressed local 
toll collectors. 

5137
04:28:00,500 --> 04:28:03,300
Who bled Travelers? 
This policy triggered an 

5138
04:28:03,300 --> 04:28:06,400
economic upswing. 
Caravans from the Seto Inland 

5139
04:28:06,400 --> 04:28:10,900
Sea carried salt, textiles and 
foreign Goods with fewer bribes 

5140
04:28:10,900 --> 04:28:14,000
to pay. 
The odor domain thus built a 

5141
04:28:14,000 --> 04:28:17,100
stable fiscal backbone. 
Fueling further expansions and 

5142
04:28:17,100 --> 04:28:19,800
enabling him to Grant rewards to
Loyal vassals without 

5143
04:28:19,800 --> 04:28:23,300
bankrupting the treasury. 
Such a commercial Savvy. 

5144
04:28:23,300 --> 04:28:26,200
Warlord was a novelty in a 
period when martial Glory 

5145
04:28:26,200 --> 04:28:28,800
overshadowed The Humble of 
business of Econo economics, 

5146
04:28:29,600 --> 04:28:32,800
Nobunaga also interacted with a 
figure rarely acknowledged in 

5147
04:28:32,808 --> 04:28:36,400
mainstream accounts. 
Yasuke often regarded as the 

5148
04:28:36,400 --> 04:28:40,400
first African Samurai a tall man
from Portuguese or Italian 

5149
04:28:40,400 --> 04:28:43,700
mission's yasuke arrived in 
Japan under uncertain 

5150
04:28:43,700 --> 04:28:47,500
circumstances impressed by his 
physique and exotic background. 

5151
04:28:47,500 --> 04:28:51,700
No, Bernard took an interest, 
eventually welcoming him into 

5152
04:28:51,700 --> 04:28:55,600
service letters from Jesuit 
sources hint that nobody found 

5153
04:28:55,600 --> 04:28:58,900
Jessica's presence refreshing. 
The symbol of how broad the 

5154
04:28:58,900 --> 04:29:02,000
world truly was some accounts 
mention that yesterday was 

5155
04:29:02,000 --> 04:29:03,900
entrusted with certain guard 
duties. 

5156
04:29:03,900 --> 04:29:07,000
While the authenticity of that 
Arrangement has faced debate. 

5157
04:29:07,000 --> 04:29:10,600
It underscores how nobunaga's 
curiosity extended, even to 

5158
04:29:10,600 --> 04:29:14,800
foreigners of unusual origin. 
Bridging cultural gaps at a time

5159
04:29:14,808 --> 04:29:18,500
when xenophobia was rampant by 
the end of the 1570s 

5160
04:29:18,500 --> 04:29:21,000
Unstoppable. 
Momentum seemed to Define 

5161
04:29:21,000 --> 04:29:24,600
obnoxious progress. 
The Hallmark Fortress of azuchi 

5162
04:29:24,600 --> 04:29:28,100
built near Lake biwa. 
Exemplified his vision Parts 

5163
04:29:28,100 --> 04:29:31,600
stronghold partial residents 
with decorative murals and 

5164
04:29:31,600 --> 04:29:33,300
advanced architectural 
engineering. 

5165
04:29:34,000 --> 04:29:37,000
Visitors wrote that climbing 
each floor, revealed new painted

5166
04:29:37,000 --> 04:29:38,800
Illusions and hidden defensive 
features. 

5167
04:29:38,800 --> 04:29:43,500
An embodiment of both aesthetic 
Flair and martial cunning, he 

5168
04:29:43,500 --> 04:29:46,400
invited traveling missionaries, 
Artisans, and, even some rival 

5169
04:29:46,400 --> 04:29:49,900
Lords to see his majesty. 
Proclaiming that his building 

5170
04:29:49,900 --> 04:29:53,700
was the model of the future. 
In truth, the structure was also

5171
04:29:53,700 --> 04:29:56,400
a statement. 
Odor, ruled soared above the old

5172
04:29:56,400 --> 04:29:59,800
Petty prevention a new day, 
demanded, new monuments. 

5173
04:30:00,700 --> 04:30:02,600
Yet, Ambitions, stirs. 
Resentments. 

5174
04:30:03,500 --> 04:30:07,000
Many older Clans forced into 
submission, quite at least 

5175
04:30:07,008 --> 04:30:10,800
sought to chance to break free. 
The extent of nobunaga's. 

5176
04:30:10,800 --> 04:30:12,900
Reforms threatened, the old 
feudal, compacts. 

5177
04:30:13,500 --> 04:30:16,500
Even within his retinue. 
Some felt overshadowed by 

5178
04:30:16,500 --> 04:30:20,100
hideyoshi ascendancy or 
frustrated by Nobu nachas 

5179
04:30:20,100 --> 04:30:23,700
ruthless single-mindedness 
betrayal though rarely signaled 

5180
04:30:23,700 --> 04:30:25,800
openly bubbled beneath the 
surface. 

5181
04:30:25,800 --> 04:30:29,400
The old adage that a fortress 
can withstand for an assault but

5182
04:30:29,400 --> 04:30:31,600
not always internal treachery 
would soon. 

5183
04:30:31,600 --> 04:30:34,900
Prove hauntingly apt, although 
the warlord pressed, onward 

5184
04:30:34,900 --> 04:30:39,000
planning fresh campaigns events 
at the cusp of the 1580s. 

5185
04:30:39,000 --> 04:30:42,200
Would reveal the Fatal cost of 
ignoring that silent discontent 

5186
04:30:42,200 --> 04:30:50,000
in Spring. 1580 strongholds were
mostly crushed. 

5187
04:30:50,000 --> 04:30:54,500
The Klan was in shambles and the
capital recognized him, as the 

5188
04:30:54,500 --> 04:30:57,500
de facto power. 
Yet a cluster of uneasy 

5189
04:30:57,500 --> 04:31:00,600
alliances still dotted the map, 
including some Warlords, who 

5190
04:31:00,600 --> 04:31:02,700
pretended loyalty while 
resenting odor. 

5191
04:31:02,700 --> 04:31:06,000
Dominance Nobunaga, though, 
rarely timid seemed almost 

5192
04:31:06,000 --> 04:31:10,400
relaxed that year, hosting 
lavish celebration at azuchi and

5193
04:31:10,400 --> 04:31:13,500
paying only mild heed to rumors 
of minor revolts and Distant, 

5194
04:31:13,508 --> 04:31:17,300
provinces, the Unstoppable, wave
of Conquest had lulled into 

5195
04:31:17,300 --> 04:31:20,000
believing only a formidable. 
Outside could challenge him. 

5196
04:31:21,000 --> 04:31:24,700
Among his retainers a catchy 
mitsuhide quietly navigated the 

5197
04:31:24,700 --> 04:31:28,900
New Order mitsuhide had served 
Nobunaga loyally yet their 

5198
04:31:28,900 --> 04:31:31,500
relationship was never warm 
nobunaga's. 

5199
04:31:31,500 --> 04:31:33,900
Leadership style often involved 
public dressing Downs of 

5200
04:31:33,900 --> 04:31:35,800
subordinates who fail or 
displeased him. 

5201
04:31:36,500 --> 04:31:39,300
Some claimed mitsu hide who 
endured multiple humiliations 

5202
04:31:39,300 --> 04:31:43,000
once when an odor supply line 
Fiasco cosmit to hides mother 

5203
04:31:43,000 --> 04:31:46,100
her life at the hands of 
brighams Nobunaga supposedly 

5204
04:31:46,100 --> 04:31:50,000
dismissed at callously. 
Another time a minor mishap had 

5205
04:31:50,000 --> 04:31:54,000
a feast LED Nobunaga to fling a 
teacup in Anger, scolding him to

5206
04:31:54,000 --> 04:31:57,900
hide whether these spats fested 
into hatred remains uncertain. 

5207
04:31:57,900 --> 04:32:01,900
But it's clear mitsuhide felt 
over shadowed in the swirl of 

5208
04:32:01,900 --> 04:32:05,600
odors triumphant expansion's 
many believed mitsuhide was too 

5209
04:32:05,600 --> 04:32:08,100
measured or timid to lash out 
they were mistaken. 

5210
04:32:09,100 --> 04:32:12,300
Parallel to these tensions, 
Nobunaga decided to press for 

5211
04:32:12,300 --> 04:32:15,300
the West sending hideyoshi to 
sue the Mori Clan. 

5212
04:32:16,100 --> 04:32:19,600
That campaign demanded 
reinforcement Nobunaga prepared 

5213
04:32:19,600 --> 04:32:23,200
to dispatch extra troops. 
He halted in Kyoto at honor ji 

5214
04:32:23,200 --> 04:32:25,700
Temple intending. 
A brief rest on route to greet, 

5215
04:32:25,700 --> 04:32:28,300
hideyoshi forces. 
The temple though. 

5216
04:32:28,300 --> 04:32:30,900
Not heavily fortified was 
considered safe enough. 

5217
04:32:30,900 --> 04:32:34,300
Given the capitals calm. 
No Binaca was traveling lightly 

5218
04:32:34,300 --> 04:32:37,400
with only a small guard. 
Most of his main Army had been 

5219
04:32:37,400 --> 04:32:40,700
deployed to support different 
operations, some close advisers 

5220
04:32:40,700 --> 04:32:43,900
questioned this vulnerability, 
but no banaga brushed aside 

5221
04:32:43,900 --> 04:32:46,400
their concerns certain no 
serious threat. 

5222
04:32:46,400 --> 04:32:52,400
Lurked then came that fateful 
dawn of June 21st 1582 a catchy 

5223
04:32:52,400 --> 04:32:55,600
mitsu hide commanding a 
Detachment under the pretext of 

5224
04:32:55,600 --> 04:32:58,200
reinforcing. 
Hideyoshi turned his Force 

5225
04:32:58,200 --> 04:33:01,900
abruptly toward Hano G. 
Storming in, they caught the 

5226
04:33:01,900 --> 04:33:05,000
odegaards on a Wares. 
The temples interior lit with 

5227
04:33:05,000 --> 04:33:07,800
flames as mitsu hides. 
Men, torched wooden Halls, 

5228
04:33:07,800 --> 04:33:10,400
Nobunaga fought back with sword 
in hand. 

5229
04:33:10,400 --> 04:33:14,000
But the odds were overwhelming 
realizing Escape was impossible.

5230
04:33:14,000 --> 04:33:18,200
He retreated deeper into the 
complex sources differ on the 

5231
04:33:18,200 --> 04:33:21,099
details but they Converge on the
notion of the took his life 

5232
04:33:21,099 --> 04:33:25,700
either by sepaku or ensuring no 
capture rather than falling into

5233
04:33:25,700 --> 04:33:28,700
high tabs, the Blazing Temple 
sealed. 

5234
04:33:28,700 --> 04:33:32,900
The scene forging an indelible 
final image, Japan's, mightiest 

5235
04:33:32,900 --> 04:33:36,900
unifier consumed by betrayal and
fire undone not by an external 

5236
04:33:36,900 --> 04:33:40,800
rival, but by a subordinate, he 
underestimated Mitsuhide 

5237
04:33:40,800 --> 04:33:43,700
proclaiming the realm is ours. 
Tried to consolidate. 

5238
04:33:44,800 --> 04:33:47,700
But public shock overshadowed 
any acceptance of his coup, 

5239
04:33:47,700 --> 04:33:49,900
hedaya Yoshi, on hearing the 
news. 

5240
04:33:49,900 --> 04:33:53,300
Swiftly made peace with the 
Maury to rush back in a short 

5241
04:33:53,308 --> 04:33:55,599
campaign culminating in the 
Battle of yamazaki. 

5242
04:33:55,599 --> 04:33:59,599
Hideyoshi Avenged, Nobunaga 
defeating mitsu Hyde, less than 

5243
04:33:59,608 --> 04:34:01,599
two weeks. 
After honor G, mitsuhide 

5244
04:34:01,599 --> 04:34:05,700
attempting to flee was slain by 
Bandits or vengeful peasants. 

5245
04:34:05,700 --> 04:34:08,800
And ironic end that left. 
No stable regime in his wake. 

5246
04:34:09,800 --> 04:34:13,900
The Echoes of that betrayal 
lingard for centuries, mitsuhide

5247
04:34:13,900 --> 04:34:16,900
days treachery became a byword 
for disloyalty and sudden 

5248
04:34:16,900 --> 04:34:20,400
reversal of Fortune. 
Nobunaga's demise fractured, the

5249
04:34:20,400 --> 04:34:24,599
odor Clan, but the impetus for 
unification, persisted hideyoshi

5250
04:34:24,599 --> 04:34:26,300
emerged. 
As the next major figure, 

5251
04:34:26,300 --> 04:34:30,599
eventually subjugating much of 
Japan and styling himself as the

5252
04:34:30,599 --> 04:34:33,099
unifier Tokugawa. 
Yay, asui. 

5253
04:34:33,099 --> 04:34:36,800
More patient would Outlast. 
The mall and set up the Goa 

5254
04:34:36,800 --> 04:34:39,900
shogunate. 
In each subsequent stage, the 

5255
04:34:39,900 --> 04:34:41,599
ghost of nobunaga's ambition, 
hoverboard. 

5256
04:34:42,300 --> 04:34:44,400
Hideyoshi and yay. 
So, both ignored that their 

5257
04:34:44,400 --> 04:34:47,800
expansions leaned on the 
foundation, Nobunaga laid the 

5258
04:34:47,800 --> 04:34:50,700
harnessing of firearms, the 
impetus for centralized domain 

5259
04:34:50,700 --> 04:34:54,400
and the notion that old feudal 
autonomy should yield to a 

5260
04:34:54,400 --> 04:34:56,800
singular Authority. 
In many ways. 

5261
04:34:57,599 --> 04:35:01,099
The abrupt end at honor G shaped
nobunaga's Legacy as a fiery 

5262
04:35:01,099 --> 04:35:03,599
Comet unpredictable 
transformative. 

5263
04:35:03,599 --> 04:35:08,300
But short-lived A little over, 
what might have been had he 

5264
04:35:08,300 --> 04:35:10,400
survived? 
Would he have forged a stable 

5265
04:35:10,400 --> 04:35:13,400
monarchy or introduced a new 
bureaucratic structure? 

5266
04:35:13,400 --> 04:35:17,000
Might as tolerance of foreign 
presence have expanded Japan's 

5267
04:35:17,000 --> 04:35:20,700
Global Connections early, could 
he have become a dreaded or to 

5268
04:35:20,700 --> 04:35:24,099
crack stifling dissent so 
thoroughly as to hamper future 

5269
04:35:24,099 --> 04:35:26,900
evolution? 
The abruptness of his death 

5270
04:35:26,900 --> 04:35:30,800
leaves, a swirl of speculation. 
The site of Honor G itself 

5271
04:35:30,800 --> 04:35:34,200
stands in Kyoto who much rebuilt
off after the conflagration. 

5272
04:35:35,099 --> 04:35:38,700
tourists passed by a modest 
Memorial Often overshadowed, by 

5273
04:35:38,700 --> 04:35:43,000
more famous temples yet, for 
students of Japan sengoku era 

5274
04:35:43,000 --> 04:35:46,700
that place resonates as a 
symbolic Crossroads, the 

5275
04:35:46,700 --> 04:35:50,300
Unstoppable warlord ended by his
retainer Pivoting. 

5276
04:35:50,300 --> 04:35:52,300
The entire Arc of national 
unification. 

5277
04:35:53,400 --> 04:35:56,599
The charge remains from that day
along gone but glimpses 

5278
04:35:56,599 --> 04:36:00,800
remaining curated relics Diaries
and a handful of Swords believed

5279
04:36:00,800 --> 04:36:02,400
to have belonged to nobunaga's 
retinue. 

5280
04:36:03,200 --> 04:36:07,599
Each artifact, underscores the 
transients of power one moment. 

5281
04:36:07,599 --> 04:36:11,200
A near omnipotent, figure 
rewriting the lands' destiny, 

5282
04:36:11,200 --> 04:36:14,500
the next of victim of fate and 
betrayal. 

5283
04:36:15,400 --> 04:36:18,200
Thus the final chapter of 
nobunaga's life. 

5284
04:36:18,200 --> 04:36:22,099
Stands not as a diminishment but
as a crescendo in Falling, 

5285
04:36:22,099 --> 04:36:25,099
hemant the impetus that others 
carried forth. 

5286
04:36:25,800 --> 04:36:30,700
Hideyoshi yasu and the entire 
notion of an eventually unified 

5287
04:36:30,700 --> 04:36:34,200
Japan under a single rule. 
Trace back to nobunaga's, 

5288
04:36:34,200 --> 04:36:37,599
Unstoppable wave. 
He forced the country to see the

5289
04:36:37,599 --> 04:36:40,500
old code, where our cake 
chivalry overshadowed 

5290
04:36:40,500 --> 04:36:44,700
modernization was no longer 
viable in that sense, though, he

5291
04:36:44,707 --> 04:36:47,099
vanished in Flames the brand of 
Revolution. 

5292
04:36:47,099 --> 04:36:50,000
He championed burned, onward, 
fueling the next. 

5293
04:36:50,000 --> 04:36:52,800
Generation's quest to reorder 
the Nation Under a single 

5294
04:36:52,800 --> 04:36:56,000
banana. 
Post honor G the manner in which

5295
04:36:56,008 --> 04:37:00,000
Oda nobunaga's memory of evolved
offers a profound insight into 

5296
04:37:00,000 --> 04:37:02,000
how Japan processes. 
His historical figures. 

5297
04:37:03,000 --> 04:37:06,200
In the immediate aftermath many 
Warlords excised him from 

5298
04:37:06,200 --> 04:37:09,599
official genealogies. 
He had after all the dismantle 

5299
04:37:09,599 --> 04:37:13,200
centuries of tradition, however,
within a decade references, 

5300
04:37:13,200 --> 04:37:16,500
re-emerged describing him as the
initial impetus that any 

5301
04:37:16,500 --> 04:37:18,700
Warlords seeking unification 
must emulate. 

5302
04:37:19,700 --> 04:37:22,400
Some local chroniclers wrote 
tributes praising the Demon's 

5303
04:37:22,400 --> 04:37:26,400
Clarity a phrase that captured 
the Paradox demon and cruelty 

5304
04:37:26,400 --> 04:37:30,800
Clarity in vision. 
Tokugawa eyasu after 

5305
04:37:30,800 --> 04:37:35,000
establishing the Tokugawa, 
shogunate in 1603, quietly 

5306
04:37:35,000 --> 04:37:38,400
ensured That official, records 
didn't overshadow, the Tokugawa 

5307
04:37:38,400 --> 04:37:41,500
Ascension narrative with too 
much odor, idolization. 

5308
04:37:42,500 --> 04:37:46,000
Yet IAS who personally revered 
nobunaga's decisive approach. 

5309
04:37:46,800 --> 04:37:49,400
private Diaries mention how the 
new Shogun studied old 

5310
04:37:49,400 --> 04:37:53,900
Battlefield notes from okehazama
and nagashino cleaning insights 

5311
04:37:53,900 --> 04:37:56,900
with the potential crises, 
ironically the official 

5312
04:37:56,900 --> 04:37:59,900
narrative downplayed, odors 
significance to bolster Tokugawa

5313
04:37:59,900 --> 04:38:03,900
legitimacy but in private, the 
recollection of odors daring 

5314
04:38:03,900 --> 04:38:06,599
strategies can continue to 
provide valuable insights 

5315
04:38:07,300 --> 04:38:11,300
meanwhile, rural Legends cropped
up casting nebula's wrestler 

5316
04:38:11,300 --> 04:38:15,099
spirit Farmers told Tales of 
hearing Phantom hoofbeats on the

5317
04:38:15,099 --> 04:38:18,400
stormy nights said to be his 
ghost re-enacting night raids 

5318
04:38:18,400 --> 04:38:22,700
and some folk songs nobunaga's 
Thunder, refer to unexpected 

5319
04:38:22,700 --> 04:38:24,900
storms damaging unharvested 
Fields. 

5320
04:38:24,900 --> 04:38:29,300
Nominus sign of Unstoppable, 
Force such Tales embedded him 

5321
04:38:29,300 --> 04:38:30,800
into the realm of folks 
Superstition. 

5322
04:38:30,800 --> 04:38:34,099
People across province's 
specially in regions. 

5323
04:38:34,099 --> 04:38:37,700
Want scorched by his campaigns. 
Found Echoes of both or and 

5324
04:38:37,700 --> 04:38:40,400
Dread in the stories by the Edo 
period. 

5325
04:38:40,400 --> 04:38:44,700
Woodblock prints portrayed him 
with stylized armor scowling or 

5326
04:38:44,700 --> 04:38:48,800
triumphant in mid battle. 
A few dramatizations in Kabuki 

5327
04:38:48,800 --> 04:38:51,300
theater though. 
Typically focusing on hideyoshi.

5328
04:38:52,000 --> 04:38:55,599
Occasionally included Cameo 
references to Nobunaga as an 

5329
04:38:55,599 --> 04:38:58,300
unyielding presence, 
overshadowing, the stage, the 

5330
04:38:58,300 --> 04:39:01,300
sensors of the tughra regime. 
Usually avoided depicting him, 

5331
04:39:01,308 --> 04:39:04,900
two favorably fear of stirring, 
rebellious sentiments that might

5332
04:39:04,900 --> 04:39:07,500
Champion a Nobunaga style 
revolt. 

5333
04:39:08,599 --> 04:39:11,300
Despite these constraints 
underground manuscripts 

5334
04:39:11,300 --> 04:39:13,099
circulated. 
That teased out, his modern 

5335
04:39:13,099 --> 04:39:16,400
aspects, like his willingness to
incorporate foreigners or push 

5336
04:39:16,400 --> 04:39:19,500
Advanced weapons. 
Samurai, who read them in 

5337
04:39:19,500 --> 04:39:22,599
private might feel emboldened by
the notion of discarding stale 

5338
04:39:22,599 --> 04:39:26,700
tradition, in favor of 
pragmatic, modernity, The major 

5339
04:39:26,700 --> 04:39:30,500
Restoration in the late, 19th 
century revived interest as 

5340
04:39:30,500 --> 04:39:33,400
Japan opened to the world. 
Some intellectuals lorded. 

5341
04:39:33,400 --> 04:39:36,000
Nobunaga's Progressive stance on
trade and Technology. 

5342
04:39:36,000 --> 04:39:38,700
Claiming he was the first modern
Japanese. 

5343
04:39:39,900 --> 04:39:42,700
Western Scholars who visited 
found in Nobunaga figure 

5344
04:39:42,700 --> 04:39:44,700
reminiscent of Europe's, 
absolute monarchs. 

5345
04:39:44,700 --> 04:39:47,500
A man who overcame medieval 
fragmentation. 

5346
04:39:48,400 --> 04:39:51,600
They wrote comparative essays 
labeling him, a Japanese Caesar 

5347
04:39:51,600 --> 04:39:56,200
or Napoleon in Samurai Forum. 
Although these analogies were 

5348
04:39:56,200 --> 04:39:58,900
simplistic, they further 
cemented his Global mistake, 

5349
04:39:59,700 --> 04:40:03,000
Museum started collecting items 
rumored to be from his domain 

5350
04:40:03,000 --> 04:40:07,600
archibus and partial suits of 
lacquered armor, each artifact. 

5351
04:40:07,600 --> 04:40:10,400
Conveyed, a fragment of his 
endeavours to propel Japan 

5352
04:40:10,400 --> 04:40:14,300
forward centuries in a single 
generation in the 20th century 

5353
04:40:14,300 --> 04:40:17,900
as War raged globally. 
Some Japanese, militarists 

5354
04:40:17,900 --> 04:40:20,200
admired nobunaga's Unstoppable 
aggression. 

5355
04:40:20,200 --> 04:40:23,300
They saw him as a model for 
unyielding expansion. 

5356
04:40:23,300 --> 04:40:27,900
Post-war that sentiment cooled 
replaced by a more nuanced 

5357
04:40:27,900 --> 04:40:31,100
academic approach. 
The emphasis shifted toward 

5358
04:40:31,100 --> 04:40:34,700
analyzing his socio-economic 
policies, like standardizing 

5359
04:40:34,700 --> 04:40:38,300
measure systems or encouraging 
open trade in Castle towns. 

5360
04:40:39,200 --> 04:40:41,700
Contemporary historians 
highlight how those policies 

5361
04:40:41,700 --> 04:40:45,400
laid seeds from eventual stable 
economy under the Tucker. 

5362
04:40:45,400 --> 04:40:48,700
Even if that regime ironically 
closed off certain foreign 

5363
04:40:48,700 --> 04:40:52,300
influences, another way of 
scholarship focuses on the 

5364
04:40:52,300 --> 04:40:55,700
cultural interplay, the Synergy 
of Christian missionaries in the

5365
04:40:55,700 --> 04:40:58,700
partial acceptance of their 
ideas that might have blossomed 

5366
04:40:58,700 --> 04:41:01,700
further. 
Had no Bernardo endured In 

5367
04:41:01,700 --> 04:41:04,000
popular culture of the late 20th
and early 21st. 

5368
04:41:04,000 --> 04:41:07,000
Centuries. 
A deluge of creative retellings,

5369
04:41:07,000 --> 04:41:10,800
reimagined him. 
Video games, featuring sengoku 

5370
04:41:10,800 --> 04:41:14,100
battles depict him as a fearsome
Overlord, with unstoppable 

5371
04:41:14,100 --> 04:41:17,900
power-ups, and specialized gun, 
squads Manga and Anime often 

5372
04:41:17,900 --> 04:41:21,800
play with the Demon King label, 
recasting him in Time, Slips 

5373
04:41:21,800 --> 04:41:25,700
scenarios or comedic subplots. 
Dramas vary from an honorable 

5374
04:41:25,700 --> 04:41:28,600
anti-hero forging. 
Unity to a borderline sadistic 

5375
04:41:28,600 --> 04:41:32,500
tyrant. this breadth of 
interpretations, testifies to 

5376
04:41:32,500 --> 04:41:36,300
his complexity, even in a 
comedic Cameo, the essence of 

5377
04:41:36,300 --> 04:41:40,600
Unstoppable, change remains He's
recognized as the impetus behind

5378
04:41:40,600 --> 04:41:43,700
Japan's, transition from 
fractious, medieval to the cusp 

5379
04:41:43,700 --> 04:41:48,200
of early modern hence the modern
lens sifts through centuries of 

5380
04:41:48,200 --> 04:41:51,900
contradiction. 
Was he monstrous and cruelty or 

5381
04:41:51,900 --> 04:41:53,800
heroic in forging? 
A stable path? 

5382
04:41:54,600 --> 04:41:57,900
Did he Embrace foreign ideas out
of genuine openness or purely 

5383
04:41:57,900 --> 04:42:00,900
for Advantage? 
Did he Harbours future blueprint

5384
04:42:00,900 --> 04:42:04,000
for a stable monarchy? 
Or was he improvising day by 

5385
04:42:04,000 --> 04:42:06,300
day? 
Exploiting each short-term 

5386
04:42:06,300 --> 04:42:08,100
opportunity, the record 
suggests. 

5387
04:42:08,100 --> 04:42:09,700
All these angles might hold 
truth. 

5388
04:42:09,700 --> 04:42:14,300
He was multifaceted a man on 
Shackled by tradition ready to 

5389
04:42:14,300 --> 04:42:17,400
harness any advantage, 
Unstoppable, until undone by 

5390
04:42:17,400 --> 04:42:21,100
betrayal. 
In that sense, Odin's name 

5391
04:42:21,100 --> 04:42:23,100
remains a prism. 
Turn it one way. 

5392
04:42:23,100 --> 04:42:25,000
You see? 
A progressive champion of 

5393
04:42:25,000 --> 04:42:29,000
modernization tilted, another a 
fearsome Reaper of old shrines 

5394
04:42:29,000 --> 04:42:32,200
and foes Japan's memory. 
And the world's Fascination 

5395
04:42:32,200 --> 04:42:34,400
revolve around these shifting 
lights. 

5396
04:42:35,100 --> 04:42:37,400
Among lesser known facets of 
nobunaga's. 

5397
04:42:37,400 --> 04:42:40,800
Story is his personal retinue of
varied, advisors, some from 

5398
04:42:40,800 --> 04:42:43,400
backgrounds, not typically 
admitted to Samurai Council. 

5399
04:42:43,400 --> 04:42:47,300
He believed that rank was earned
by Merit an unusual stance. 

5400
04:42:47,300 --> 04:42:50,400
For the time for instance, he 
wants a pointed, a skilled 

5401
04:42:50,400 --> 04:42:54,000
blacksmith to direct certain 
Siege engine Creations, that was

5402
04:42:54,000 --> 04:42:56,600
heresy, in the eyes of 
traditional samurai, a 

5403
04:42:56,600 --> 04:43:00,200
blacksmith leading Warriors. 
Nobunaga brushed off the critics

5404
04:43:00,200 --> 04:43:02,900
pointing to results the 
blacksmith's. 

5405
04:43:02,900 --> 04:43:05,700
Technical cunning helped Forge, 
Innovative catapults that 

5406
04:43:05,700 --> 04:43:07,700
battered a walled Fortress into 
submission. 

5407
04:43:08,600 --> 04:43:11,200
This anecdote though, 
overshadowed in mainstream 

5408
04:43:11,200 --> 04:43:15,400
accounts, exemplifies his break 
from hierarchical Norms another,

5409
04:43:15,400 --> 04:43:18,400
overlooked detail lies in the 
realm of intelligence gathering 

5410
04:43:18,400 --> 04:43:21,300
Nobunaga. 
According to scattered Diaries, 

5411
04:43:21,300 --> 04:43:24,900
established a masonic Espionage 
networking, Kyoto, and Merchants

5412
04:43:24,900 --> 04:43:27,700
towns. 
He recognized that raw miter 

5413
04:43:27,700 --> 04:43:30,700
alone wouldn't keep him ahead. 
Through discreet, Watchers, some

5414
04:43:30,700 --> 04:43:32,200
disguised as traveling 
entertainers. 

5415
04:43:32,200 --> 04:43:36,600
Some as pilgrims cleaned updates
on Rival, Lords, alliance's, or 

5416
04:43:36,600 --> 04:43:39,500
fractures Buddhist sects, 
plotting and Secret. this 

5417
04:43:39,500 --> 04:43:42,600
network of information helped 
prevent revolts and enabled him 

5418
04:43:42,600 --> 04:43:46,700
to intercept Clan collusion 
Well, Espionage existed in Prior

5419
04:43:46,700 --> 04:43:51,000
eras, Nobunaga systematized, it 
more thoroughly reflecting, a 

5420
04:43:51,000 --> 04:43:52,800
willingness to adopt, whatever, 
gave him an edge. 

5421
04:43:53,600 --> 04:43:56,600
One, puzzling Dimension was his 
attitude to the Imperial Court. 

5422
04:43:57,400 --> 04:44:00,100
Typically Warlords are the 
revered, the Emperor as a 

5423
04:44:00,108 --> 04:44:03,900
symbolic pivot or ignored him. 
Nobunaga courted, the courts 

5424
04:44:03,900 --> 04:44:07,600
favor in a measured way offering
them economic assistance with 

5425
04:44:07,600 --> 04:44:10,500
furbishing certain neglected 
Palace halls and ensuring the 

5426
04:44:10,500 --> 04:44:13,200
emperor's dignity. 
This was not out of pure 

5427
04:44:13,200 --> 04:44:15,700
devotion. 
It was a strategic move by 

5428
04:44:15,700 --> 04:44:18,300
championing the emperor's 
Prestige, he legitimized his 

5429
04:44:18,300 --> 04:44:23,000
expansion at some ceremonies he 
arrived in flamboyant attire. 

5430
04:44:23,000 --> 04:44:27,000
Overshadowing lesser Lords then 
humbly bowed before the emperor 

5431
04:44:27,000 --> 04:44:30,200
and odd mix of vanity and a 
basement that left Watchers 

5432
04:44:30,200 --> 04:44:34,400
uncertain, how to interpret him.
The emperor, the powerless in 

5433
04:44:34,400 --> 04:44:38,400
martial terms, recognized that 
nobody's guardianship provided a

5434
04:44:38,400 --> 04:44:41,800
stable environment for the 
courts of rival, the thus a 

5435
04:44:41,800 --> 04:44:44,300
polite. 
If uneasy Synergy arose, 

5436
04:44:45,800 --> 04:44:49,200
Nobunaga's personal life, beyond
the political realm remains 

5437
04:44:49,200 --> 04:44:52,000
partially veiled. 
He married multiple times 

5438
04:44:52,000 --> 04:44:54,400
forging alliances with 
significant families. 

5439
04:44:54,400 --> 04:44:58,100
Notably little is said about 
deep personal attachments. 

5440
04:44:58,100 --> 04:45:01,400
Some historians wonder if he 
maintained an emotional remove 

5441
04:45:01,400 --> 04:45:03,800
seeing marriage as a strategic 
game. 

5442
04:45:04,600 --> 04:45:07,600
A personal diary, snippet, 
suggests a fleeting mention of a

5443
04:45:07,600 --> 04:45:12,000
beloved consort but her name 
remains uncertain lost in burned

5444
04:45:12,000 --> 04:45:14,200
records or overshadowed by 
former marriages. 

5445
04:45:14,200 --> 04:45:18,400
The Narrative is incomplete 
overshadowed, by Warfare logs 

5446
04:45:18,400 --> 04:45:21,100
and alliances it. 
Underscores how the official 

5447
04:45:21,100 --> 04:45:23,100
story seldom captures, intimate 
sentiments? 

5448
04:45:23,900 --> 04:45:25,800
Specially for a man, so public 
in ambition. 

5449
04:45:26,700 --> 04:45:30,400
One rumored anecdote from Castle
staff claims that Nobunaga had a

5450
04:45:30,408 --> 04:45:34,000
private reading habit, poetry, 
anthologies, from the hay M, 

5451
04:45:34,000 --> 04:45:35,500
period and Chinese military 
treaters. 

5452
04:45:35,500 --> 04:45:39,100
He found parallels between 
ancient poems praising ephemeral

5453
04:45:39,100 --> 04:45:42,900
blossoms and the transients of 
alliances He told a close 

5454
04:45:42,908 --> 04:45:45,400
retainer that the ephemeral 
nature of cherry blossoms 

5455
04:45:45,400 --> 04:45:47,100
matched. 
The ephemeral nature of men's 

5456
04:45:47,100 --> 04:45:50,300
loyalty some guests, this 
reflection spurred him to adopt 

5457
04:45:50,300 --> 04:45:53,000
Savage efficiency in the 
stamping out, potential threats,

5458
04:45:53,000 --> 04:45:56,700
believing that if a blossom 
would fall, anyway, best to do 

5459
04:45:56,708 --> 04:45:59,700
so on his terms. 
Whether or not that anecdote is 

5460
04:45:59,700 --> 04:46:02,400
fully accurate. 
It captures the sense that a 

5461
04:46:02,400 --> 04:46:05,700
philosophical thread ran under 
his pragmatic exterior. 

5462
04:46:06,600 --> 04:46:09,100
As for the everyday peasant or 
merchants in his expanding 

5463
04:46:09,100 --> 04:46:11,600
territory, the experience was 
double-edged. 

5464
04:46:11,600 --> 04:46:14,600
They might face forced 
relocations or heavy Corvette 

5465
04:46:14,600 --> 04:46:16,700
labor to build new 
fortifications, but once 

5466
04:46:16,700 --> 04:46:20,200
integrated, they also benefited 
from relative Security in New 

5467
04:46:20,200 --> 04:46:23,600
Roads that spurred Commerce. 
Contemporary letters from 

5468
04:46:23,600 --> 04:46:25,600
Village. 
Headmen describe a mix of relief

5469
04:46:25,600 --> 04:46:28,300
at decreased local Warfare. 
And disquiet about the 

5470
04:46:28,300 --> 04:46:30,300
unwavering demands of the odor 
Administration. 

5471
04:46:30,300 --> 04:46:34,300
Taxes might be consistent. 
But if the local official was 

5472
04:46:34,300 --> 04:46:37,200
incompetent, they feared 
nobunaga's retribution. 

5473
04:46:37,200 --> 04:46:40,700
Entire hamlets might be sacked 
if accused of harbouring, 

5474
04:46:40,700 --> 04:46:43,700
rebels. 
So, daily life was balanced 

5475
04:46:43,700 --> 04:46:47,200
between a Karma environment and 
the dread that a single misstep.

5476
04:46:47,200 --> 04:46:50,500
Could provoke a brutal. 
Crackdown As he neared the Final

5477
04:46:50,500 --> 04:46:54,900
Chapter, some retelling, he grew
more flamboyant, he staged 

5478
04:46:54,900 --> 04:46:58,100
Banquets with the Kabuki or 
comedic plays wearing elaborate 

5479
04:46:58,100 --> 04:47:02,500
kimonos, others emphasize and 
increasing paranoia pushing him 

5480
04:47:02,500 --> 04:47:06,000
to punish even minor a fronts. 
Possibly both narrow who is 

5481
04:47:06,000 --> 04:47:08,600
contain truth. 
The Synergy of a man who 

5482
04:47:08,600 --> 04:47:11,200
recognized he was on the cusp of
forging a new Epoch. 

5483
04:47:11,200 --> 04:47:14,400
Yet felt the Press of Potential 
betrayals from every corner, 

5484
04:47:14,400 --> 04:47:17,900
could produce a contradictory 
starts lavish celebration. 

5485
04:47:17,900 --> 04:47:22,200
One day Savage clamped down the 
next ultimately that tension 

5486
04:47:22,200 --> 04:47:25,400
stopped at homogene leaving him 
consumed by betrayal. 

5487
04:47:26,300 --> 04:47:29,400
In the end, he's lesser known 
details, his Espionage. 

5488
04:47:29,400 --> 04:47:33,300
Unorthodox appointments subtle 
alliances with the Imperial 

5489
04:47:33,300 --> 04:47:37,600
Court and personal reading 
habits, magnify how complex Oda 

5490
04:47:37,600 --> 04:47:41,200
Nobunaga was not purely The 
Demon King not purely, the 

5491
04:47:41,200 --> 04:47:44,300
modernizing champion, you 
Traverse spaces Beyond 

5492
04:47:44,300 --> 04:47:47,700
simplistic labels. 
His story though, overshadowed 

5493
04:47:47,700 --> 04:47:51,100
by dramatic battles resonates in
the subtle underpinnings of how 

5494
04:47:51,100 --> 04:47:54,200
he managed Realms resources and 
relationships. 

5495
04:47:55,400 --> 04:47:58,500
It hints that while overshadowed
by an era of swirling conflict. 

5496
04:47:58,500 --> 04:48:02,300
His efforts carved out A New 
Path from medieval fragmentation

5497
04:48:02,300 --> 04:48:06,100
to emergent Central Authority. 
Paving the way for hideo, Yoshi 

5498
04:48:06,100 --> 04:48:10,800
yeisy and the eventual of a 
stable will be at closed Japan 

5499
04:48:10,800 --> 04:48:14,000
under the takagawa. 
Standing at the Confluence of 

5500
04:48:14,000 --> 04:48:18,100
myth and fact Oda Nobunaga 
remains a singular figure in 

5501
04:48:18,100 --> 04:48:19,600
Japan's, historical 
consciousness. 

5502
04:48:20,700 --> 04:48:24,800
Centuries of paths since that 
fateful day in 1582 yet, the 

5503
04:48:24,800 --> 04:48:29,200
shadow of Honor gingers 
observers even in modern times 

5504
04:48:29,200 --> 04:48:33,300
seen him attention between 
brutality in lightning tradition

5505
04:48:33,300 --> 04:48:37,100
and radical innovation. 
His presence Looms in Talk of 

5506
04:48:37,100 --> 04:48:40,200
the sengoku era, overshadowing 
many of his contemporaries 

5507
04:48:40,200 --> 04:48:42,600
because he alone dared to step 
outside. 

5508
04:48:42,600 --> 04:48:45,700
The old rules. 
So dramatically One wonders. 

5509
04:48:45,700 --> 04:48:48,200
How if not for me to Japan's 
path? 

5510
04:48:48,200 --> 04:48:50,400
Might differ. 
Maybe Nobunaga would have 

5511
04:48:50,400 --> 04:48:54,200
extended even friendlier ties 
with the West fostering deeper 

5512
04:48:54,200 --> 04:48:57,408
trade or adopting new Sciences. 
Some speculate he might have 

5513
04:48:57,416 --> 04:48:59,400
orchestrated a national 
bureaucracy. 

5514
04:48:59,400 --> 04:49:01,300
Well before Tokugawa 
consolidation. 

5515
04:49:01,300 --> 04:49:03,900
Speeding modernization by 
centuries. 

5516
04:49:04,900 --> 04:49:07,400
Others argue, the pace of 
Western contact was still too 

5517
04:49:07,400 --> 04:49:10,900
slow and that his stance on 
Christianity was too ambiguous 

5518
04:49:10,900 --> 04:49:14,400
to create a real opening or 
perhaps his severity would have 

5519
04:49:14,400 --> 04:49:18,200
ignited, a larger civil Revolt, 
cutting his story short anyway, 

5520
04:49:18,200 --> 04:49:22,700
such conjectures swirl Because 
the actual drama ended abruptly 

5521
04:49:22,700 --> 04:49:26,700
leaving a vacuum for hid a Yoshi
and the aasu to fill. 

5522
04:49:27,600 --> 04:49:31,300
In modern Japan historians group
him among the three great 

5523
04:49:31,300 --> 04:49:35,200
unifiers will be at the earliest
and the most audacious hideyoshi

5524
04:49:35,200 --> 04:49:39,900
refined yesu in Trent, but 
Nobunaga was the Unstoppable. 

5525
04:49:39,900 --> 04:49:43,000
Spark. 
Various local festivals in gifu 

5526
04:49:43,000 --> 04:49:45,300
or Nagoya, celebrate him as an 
iconic. 

5527
04:49:45,300 --> 04:49:48,800
Local Hero, perhaps ignoring the
cruelty that charred, the walls 

5528
04:49:48,800 --> 04:49:53,500
of temples The Duality remains 
parades costumed in flamboyant 

5529
04:49:53,500 --> 04:49:57,800
odor regalia, hosting cheerful 
crowds ironically commemorating 

5530
04:49:57,800 --> 04:50:00,100
a man who showed little Mercy to
foes. 

5531
04:50:00,100 --> 04:50:03,200
Yet, that contradiction is not 
lost on participants, who 

5532
04:50:03,200 --> 04:50:05,400
acknowledged that? 
Forging a new order seldom 

5533
04:50:05,400 --> 04:50:08,000
occurs gently. 
Schools in Japan, mentioned him 

5534
04:50:08,000 --> 04:50:11,400
in textbooks, albeit briefly 
formidable Lord, who championed 

5535
04:50:11,400 --> 04:50:18,800
guns overcame the emigalo G. 
This truncated version rarely 

5536
04:50:18,800 --> 04:50:20,600
delves into his approach to 
governance or the 

5537
04:50:20,608 --> 04:50:24,000
transformations in Commerce. 
He championed meanwhile academic

5538
04:50:24,000 --> 04:50:27,100
circles delve deeper 
re-evaluating newly found 

5539
04:50:27,100 --> 04:50:30,500
Diaries or cross referencing 
Portuguese Mission letters each 

5540
04:50:30,500 --> 04:50:33,900
reexamination can shift. 
The Nuance was he truly a patron

5541
04:50:33,900 --> 04:50:36,600
of broad-minded exchange or just
pragmatic about receiving 

5542
04:50:36,600 --> 04:50:40,400
Advanced Weaponry did his free 
market instincts come from moral

5543
04:50:40,400 --> 04:50:43,800
convictions or from a desire to 
centralize wealth under his 

5544
04:50:43,800 --> 04:50:46,400
control The records are 
incomplete. 

5545
04:50:46,400 --> 04:50:51,200
Assuring debates continue. 
Outside Japan, popular culture 

5546
04:50:51,200 --> 04:50:54,508
globalized his name. 
Strategy games depict him as a 

5547
04:50:54,516 --> 04:50:58,200
charismatic conqueror with 
cutting-edge muskets anime 

5548
04:50:58,200 --> 04:50:59,900
series swirl him into fantasy 
battles. 

5549
04:51:00,800 --> 04:51:02,500
Occasionally. 
They highlight the Heartbreak of

5550
04:51:02,508 --> 04:51:04,900
betrayal. 
Other times, the Unstoppable 

5551
04:51:04,900 --> 04:51:08,600
conquests In global narratives 
about heroic tyrants. 

5552
04:51:08,600 --> 04:51:13,700
Oda Nobunaga stands, comfortably
among Genghis, Khan Napoleon and

5553
04:51:13,700 --> 04:51:16,000
other icons of Unstoppable 
expansion. 

5554
04:51:16,900 --> 04:51:20,300
The Mythic Dimension grows with 
each retelling overshadowing 

5555
04:51:20,300 --> 04:51:23,200
smaller truths, like how he 
dealt daily with Petty, Clan 

5556
04:51:23,200 --> 04:51:26,400
disputes or Municipal tax 
controverses, yet, those small 

5557
04:51:26,400 --> 04:51:28,400
truths made the difference in 
his success. 

5558
04:51:28,400 --> 04:51:32,200
The capacity to handle detail 
from forging muskets to forging 

5559
04:51:32,200 --> 04:51:34,000
packs with blacksmiths and 
foreign Traders. 

5560
04:51:34,900 --> 04:51:37,600
Perhaps the ultimate takeaway is
that leadership in a time of 

5561
04:51:37,600 --> 04:51:40,700
flux is rarely. 
Pure nobunaga's story under 

5562
04:51:40,700 --> 04:51:42,000
scores. 
How seasoning, the moment 

5563
04:51:42,000 --> 04:51:45,500
demands leaps of imagination, a 
willingness to adopt unfamiliar 

5564
04:51:45,500 --> 04:51:49,400
tools and Readiness for pushback
from entrenched interests, but 

5565
04:51:49,400 --> 04:51:52,400
such leaps can breed enemies 
from unexpected places. 

5566
04:51:52,400 --> 04:51:56,900
He overcame vast hurdles only to
be undone by the retainer whose 

5567
04:51:56,900 --> 04:52:00,100
loyalty he took for granted. 
The caution is timeless. 

5568
04:52:00,800 --> 04:52:03,900
I'm stoppable impetus might 
yield breathtaking victories. 

5569
04:52:03,900 --> 04:52:08,100
But ignoring the intricacies of 
trust, can prove fatal for all 

5570
04:52:08,100 --> 04:52:10,800
the rancor. 
The story of Oda Nobunaga is 

5571
04:52:10,800 --> 04:52:14,100
also one of bridging, a medieval
fractiousness to a future marked

5572
04:52:14,100 --> 04:52:17,100
by Central governance, the 
Unstoppable impetus. 

5573
04:52:17,100 --> 04:52:20,700
He began was not fully realized 
in his lifetime, but the impetus

5574
04:52:20,700 --> 04:52:24,400
did not die at honor G it 
continued through his successes 

5575
04:52:24,400 --> 04:52:30,300
culminating in a unified though 
autocratic, Tokugawa regime, So 

5576
04:52:30,300 --> 04:52:33,700
in a sense he was the father of 
modern Japan in everything but 

5577
04:52:33,700 --> 04:52:37,200
his official name that's the 
irony, the one who set the stage

5578
04:52:37,200 --> 04:52:39,100
for stability. 
Never personally enjoyed it. 

5579
04:52:39,100 --> 04:52:42,600
His life ended in a 
conflagration leaving fans of 

5580
04:52:42,600 --> 04:52:45,600
heroic epic to mourn that the 
Unstoppable path ended. 

5581
04:52:45,600 --> 04:52:49,800
Just short of the final victory.
Perhaps that ending paradoxical 

5582
04:52:49,800 --> 04:52:53,300
amplifies, his Legend in a land 
that often under schools, the 

5583
04:52:53,300 --> 04:52:55,000
ephemeral beauty of cherry 
blossoms. 

5584
04:52:55,000 --> 04:52:59,100
Fleeting in their Prime knoben's
abrupt demise at the Apex of his

5585
04:52:59,108 --> 04:53:02,000
might resonate as an epic. 
Tragic, flourish. 

5586
04:53:02,800 --> 04:53:05,500
Even as a new Japan, eventually 
dawned under different hands. 

5587
04:53:05,500 --> 04:53:09,200
The memory of the one who dared 
to break every mold to score on 

5588
04:53:09,200 --> 04:53:12,600
our kick codes and to forcibly 
shape, the realm remains an 

5589
04:53:12,600 --> 04:53:16,200
endless source of contemplation 
debate and creative inspiration.

5590
04:53:17,100 --> 04:53:21,400
Odeon that centuries later 
remains intertwined with the 

5591
04:53:21,400 --> 04:53:24,900
Unstoppable drive to unify a 
Land once splintered by War 

5592
04:53:24,900 --> 04:53:29,300
overshadowed, only by the final 
violent, twist of fate, that 

5593
04:53:29,300 --> 04:53:32,600
gave rise to a legend beyond the
measure of success or failure. 

5594
04:53:38,800 --> 04:53:41,100
You know how sometimes the most 
important things happen, in 

5595
04:53:41,100 --> 04:53:43,600
plain sight yet, nobody really 
talks about them. 

5596
04:53:43,600 --> 04:53:46,800
That's exactly what the 
Underground Railroad was like, 

5597
04:53:46,800 --> 04:53:51,100
picture yourself living in 1850 
and everywhere you look, there 

5598
04:53:51,100 --> 04:53:53,700
are these little signs that 
something big is happening, but 

5599
04:53:53,700 --> 04:53:56,500
it's all happening in Whispers 
And winks and very careful 

5600
04:53:56,500 --> 04:53:59,500
conversations. 
The thing is calling it to 

5601
04:53:59,508 --> 04:54:01,700
Railroad was actually pretty 
clever. 

5602
04:54:01,700 --> 04:54:05,700
Even if it confused the heck out
of people later on there were no

5603
04:54:05,708 --> 04:54:08,700
actual trains involved. 
No steel tracks, cutting through

5604
04:54:08,700 --> 04:54:11,600
the countryside and no 
conductors in funny hats. 

5605
04:54:11,600 --> 04:54:14,200
Checking tickets. 
But the people who ran this 

5606
04:54:14,200 --> 04:54:17,300
network was smart Cookie's who 
knew that if you're going to 

5607
04:54:17,300 --> 04:54:20,500
move people secretly, you better
have a system that makes sense 

5608
04:54:20,500 --> 04:54:23,300
to insiders, but sounds totally 
boring to Outsiders. 

5609
04:54:23,300 --> 04:54:27,200
So they borrowed railroad 
language because frankly it was 

5610
04:54:27,200 --> 04:54:30,200
perfect. 
The stations were safe, houses 

5611
04:54:30,200 --> 04:54:34,100
were escaped slaves, could rest,
eat and hide, the conductors 

5612
04:54:34,100 --> 04:54:37,100
were the brave souls who guided 
people from One safe spot to the

5613
04:54:37,100 --> 04:54:39,500
next. 
The passengers were the men, 

5614
04:54:39,500 --> 04:54:42,500
women and children seeking 
freedom and the tracks. 

5615
04:54:43,400 --> 04:54:45,300
That the crip roots that 
crisscross the country like 

5616
04:54:45,300 --> 04:54:47,600
invisible. 
Highways, you have to understand

5617
04:54:47,600 --> 04:54:51,700
this wasn't some small-time 
operation run by a handful of do

5618
04:54:51,700 --> 04:54:53,800
gooders. 
We're talking about thousands of

5619
04:54:53,800 --> 04:54:56,600
people across multiple States 
who somehow managed to 

5620
04:54:56,600 --> 04:54:58,200
coordinate. 
One of the most successful 

5621
04:54:58,200 --> 04:55:02,100
rescue operations in American 
history without email cell 

5622
04:55:02,100 --> 04:55:05,700
phones or even decent Maps. 
They pulled this off using 

5623
04:55:05,700 --> 04:55:09,600
nothing but Word of Mouth coded 
messages and an impressive 

5624
04:55:09,600 --> 04:55:12,700
amount of sheer guts. 
The network stretched from the 

5625
04:55:12,708 --> 04:55:15,800
Deep South all the way up to 
Canada, with branches spreading 

5626
04:55:15,800 --> 04:55:18,500
out like tree roots. 
Some Roots went through 

5627
04:55:18,500 --> 04:55:22,100
Philadelphia and New York. 
Others wound through a higher in

5628
04:55:22,100 --> 04:55:24,800
Indiana. 
Few brave souls, even tried 

5629
04:55:24,800 --> 04:55:27,300
going through the western 
territories though, that was 

5630
04:55:27,300 --> 04:55:29,900
like, choosing the expert level,
when you were still figuring out

5631
04:55:29,900 --> 04:55:33,200
the basic controls. 
What made it work was that it 

5632
04:55:33,208 --> 04:55:36,200
operated on the same Principle 
as any good gossip Network. 

5633
04:55:37,000 --> 04:55:40,700
Information traveled to person 
but only to people you 

5634
04:55:40,700 --> 04:55:44,700
absolutely trusted your neighbor
might be helping runaway slaves 

5635
04:55:44,700 --> 04:55:48,000
but unless you were directly 
involved, you might never know. 

5636
04:55:48,000 --> 04:55:50,600
And that neighbor certainly 
wasn't going to tell you about 

5637
04:55:50,600 --> 04:55:51,900
it. 
Over The Back Fence while 

5638
04:55:51,900 --> 04:55:55,000
hanging laundry. 
The whole thing started, small, 

5639
04:55:55,000 --> 04:55:58,000
really individual families, 
helping individual people 

5640
04:55:58,000 --> 04:56:01,200
usually on impulse. 
Rather than as part of any grand

5641
04:56:01,200 --> 04:56:04,500
plan, maybe someone would show 
up at your door hungry and 

5642
04:56:04,508 --> 04:56:07,600
desperate and you'd think well I
can't just turn them away. 

5643
04:56:08,600 --> 04:56:11,200
Before you knew it, you'd be 
part of something bigger than 

5644
04:56:11,200 --> 04:56:14,700
you ever imagined. 
But here's what's really wild 

5645
04:56:14,700 --> 04:56:17,600
about the whole operation. 
The Underground Railroad wasn't 

5646
04:56:17,600 --> 04:56:21,100
run by politicians or wealthy 
philanthropists or any of The 

5647
04:56:21,100 --> 04:56:23,100
Usual Suspects who end up in 
history books. 

5648
04:56:23,100 --> 04:56:27,100
It was run by ordinary people 
who decided that some things 

5649
04:56:27,100 --> 04:56:28,700
were more important than 
personal safety. 

5650
04:56:29,700 --> 04:56:34,400
Farmers shopkeepers Minister's 
seamstresses, free black 

5651
04:56:34,400 --> 04:56:37,900
Americans who made it North 
White families who couldn't 

5652
04:56:37,900 --> 04:56:41,700
stand in Justice and Quakers, 
whose Faith demanded action. 

5653
04:56:42,600 --> 04:56:45,400
These were professional 
revolutionaries most of them 

5654
04:56:45,400 --> 04:56:47,900
were just regular folks who 
happen to believe that helping 

5655
04:56:47,900 --> 04:56:50,900
people escape slavery was the 
right thing to do, even if it 

5656
04:56:50,900 --> 04:56:52,200
meant risking everything they 
had. 

5657
04:56:52,200 --> 04:56:56,600
And trust me, they were risking 
everything getting caught meant 

5658
04:56:56,600 --> 04:56:59,800
huge fines, prison time and 
complete social disgrace. 

5659
04:57:00,800 --> 04:57:03,500
For black Americans, helping 
with the network, the 

5660
04:57:03,500 --> 04:57:07,500
consequences were often much 
worse yet, somehow year after 

5661
04:57:07,500 --> 04:57:11,500
year, the network kept growing 
more route, more safe, houses 

5662
04:57:11,500 --> 04:57:14,400
and more people willing to risk 
their necks with strangers. 

5663
04:57:15,300 --> 04:57:17,400
It's enough to make you wonder 
what ordinary people might 

5664
04:57:17,400 --> 04:57:20,300
accomplish when they decide 
something needs to change. 

5665
04:57:20,300 --> 04:57:23,700
Imagine trying to coordinate a 
massive rescue operation using 

5666
04:57:23,700 --> 04:57:27,400
nothing but subtle hints. 
Shared glances and the 

5667
04:57:27,400 --> 04:57:29,700
occasional cryptic note passed 
hand to hand. 

5668
04:57:30,500 --> 04:57:32,800
That's exactly what Underground 
Railroad operators. 

5669
04:57:32,800 --> 04:57:35,900
Have to master and honestly they
got better at secret 

5670
04:57:35,900 --> 04:57:37,700
communication than most by 
novels. 

5671
04:57:37,700 --> 04:57:40,600
Would have you believe? 
The coded language was just the 

5672
04:57:40,600 --> 04:57:43,000
beginning. 
Sure, everyone knows about 

5673
04:57:43,000 --> 04:57:45,900
calling safe houses stations and
guides conductors. 

5674
04:57:45,900 --> 04:57:49,400
The real communication happened 
in ways that would make a modern

5675
04:57:49,400 --> 04:57:52,800
intelligence agency jealous. 
Church services became 

5676
04:57:52,800 --> 04:57:56,200
information exchanges, quilts 
hanging on clotheslines carried 

5677
04:57:56,200 --> 04:57:59,700
messages, even hymn sung in a 
certain way could signal danger 

5678
04:57:59,700 --> 04:58:02,200
or safety? 
You'd walk into a town as a 

5679
04:58:02,200 --> 04:58:04,300
stranger and not knowing who to 
trust, or where to go. 

5680
04:58:04,300 --> 04:58:08,000
But if you knew the right words,
doors would open, A casual 

5681
04:58:08,000 --> 04:58:10,600
mention of following. 
The Drinking Gourd might get you

5682
04:58:10,600 --> 04:58:12,500
a knowing nod. 
From someone who understood you 

5683
04:58:12,500 --> 04:58:14,800
were talking about the Big 
Dipper constellation pointing 

5684
04:58:14,800 --> 04:58:19,000
North ask about friends in the 
right way and you'd find 

5685
04:58:19,000 --> 04:58:22,100
yourself being directed to a 
basement or attic where other 

5686
04:58:22,100 --> 04:58:25,600
Travelers will waiting. 
Quakers blessed them turned 

5687
04:58:25,600 --> 04:58:29,100
being cryptic into an art form. 
they developed their own way of 

5688
04:58:29,108 --> 04:58:32,500
talking that sounded perfectly 
innocent to Outsiders, but was 

5689
04:58:32,500 --> 04:58:36,100
loaded with meaning for people 
in the know, A Quaker might 

5690
04:58:36,100 --> 04:58:39,000
mention that their Barn needs 
cleaning, when they mean, they 

5691
04:58:39,000 --> 04:58:42,000
have space for passengers or 
they talk about expecting 

5692
04:58:42,000 --> 04:58:44,800
packages from the south when 
they were planning to receive 

5693
04:58:44,800 --> 04:58:49,000
escaped slaves. but the Real 
Genius was in the everyday stuff

5694
04:58:49,000 --> 04:58:54,100
lanterns in Windows position, 
just so Certain hymns are sung 

5695
04:58:54,100 --> 04:58:57,300
during church services, even the
way someone hung, their laundry 

5696
04:58:57,300 --> 04:58:59,700
could carry a message, a white 
sheet hanging. 

5697
04:58:59,700 --> 04:59:02,500
A certain way might mean all 
clear, while a colored cloth 

5698
04:59:02,500 --> 04:59:04,000
could signal dangerous stay 
away. 

5699
04:59:04,900 --> 04:59:07,200
The whole system relied on 
people being incredibly 

5700
04:59:07,200 --> 04:59:09,100
observant and remembering 
details. 

5701
04:59:09,100 --> 04:59:12,400
That seem trivial you had to 
notice which houses had yellow 

5702
04:59:12,400 --> 04:59:15,800
candles and of white ones which 
Barnes had doors left. 

5703
04:59:15,800 --> 04:59:19,300
Slightly a jar and which family 
seemed to be cooking larger 

5704
04:59:19,300 --> 04:59:22,000
meals than usual. 
All of these tiny details were 

5705
04:59:22,000 --> 04:59:25,500
pieces of a massive puzzle. 
That only made sense if you knew

5706
04:59:25,500 --> 04:59:29,100
how to read the signs, Letters 
were particularly tricky to 

5707
04:59:29,100 --> 04:59:31,300
write because you never knew who
might intercept them. 

5708
04:59:31,300 --> 04:59:34,200
So people developed elaborate 
codes that made their 

5709
04:59:34,200 --> 04:59:37,200
correspondence sound like 
perfectly normal family updates 

5710
04:59:37,200 --> 04:59:41,000
or business discussions. 
The letter about shipping Goods 

5711
04:59:41,000 --> 04:59:44,900
might actually be about moving 
people news that the weather has

5712
04:59:44,900 --> 04:59:48,000
been stormy, but is clearing 
could mean that it is dangerous 

5713
04:59:48,000 --> 04:59:50,900
to travel right now, but 
conditions will improve soon. 

5714
04:59:52,000 --> 04:59:55,400
Some conductors got so good at 
this coded communication that 

5715
04:59:55,400 --> 04:59:57,600
they could have entire 
conversations about Underground 

5716
04:59:57,600 --> 04:59:59,800
Railroad business. 
While seeming to discuss, 

5717
04:59:59,800 --> 05:00:03,200
completely mundane topics like 
crop prices or family news. 

5718
05:00:04,000 --> 05:00:06,500
They developed an almost 
telepathic ability to understand

5719
05:00:06,500 --> 05:00:10,200
what wasn't being said directly.
The fascinating thing was how 

5720
05:00:10,200 --> 05:00:12,500
quickly word could spread 
through the network when it 

5721
05:00:12,508 --> 05:00:16,800
needed to If slave catchers were
spotted in an area, somehow, 

5722
05:00:16,800 --> 05:00:19,900
everyone involved would know 
about it within hours, even 

5723
05:00:19,900 --> 05:00:22,100
though they couldn't exactly 
send out a group text. 

5724
05:00:23,400 --> 05:00:26,600
Information flowed through the 
network faster than you'd expect

5725
05:00:26,600 --> 05:00:30,400
carried by Peddlers. 
Ministers, traveling salesman 

5726
05:00:30,400 --> 05:00:33,300
and anyone else who had 
legitimate reasons to move from 

5727
05:00:33,300 --> 05:00:36,200
town to town. 
Of course, all this secrecy 

5728
05:00:36,200 --> 05:00:39,500
meant that mistakes happen and 
people misunderstood signals 

5729
05:00:39,500 --> 05:00:42,400
went to the wrong House's or 
showed up at Safe House houses. 

5730
05:00:42,400 --> 05:00:46,000
When the owners work prepared, 
sometimes coded messages got 

5731
05:00:46,000 --> 05:00:48,400
garbled. 
Leaving everyone confused about 

5732
05:00:48,400 --> 05:00:52,000
what was actually supposed to 
happen but somehow the network 

5733
05:00:52,000 --> 05:00:55,100
was flexible enough to handle 
these Mix-Ups without falling 

5734
05:00:55,100 --> 05:00:59,100
apart completely Most impressive
part was how ordinary people 

5735
05:00:59,100 --> 05:01:01,000
became experts at Living double 
lives. 

5736
05:01:01,800 --> 05:01:04,700
During the day, they'd go about 
their normal business, chatting 

5737
05:01:04,700 --> 05:01:08,100
with neighbors, running errands 
and acting like nothing unusual 

5738
05:01:08,100 --> 05:01:10,600
was happening. 
Then at night, they transform 

5739
05:01:10,600 --> 05:01:13,800
into efficient operators. 
In a clandestine Network moving 

5740
05:01:13,800 --> 05:01:17,200
people, passing messages and 
making life or death decisions 

5741
05:01:17,200 --> 05:01:20,100
with remarkable, calm. 
This is something that doesn't 

5742
05:01:20,100 --> 05:01:23,100
show up in most history, books 
running the Underground. 

5743
05:01:23,100 --> 05:01:25,700
Railroad was basically like 
managing the world's most 

5744
05:01:25,700 --> 05:01:29,600
complicated travel agency Accept
your clients, couldn't make 

5745
05:01:29,600 --> 05:01:33,300
reservations, you couldn't 
advertise your services and if 

5746
05:01:33,300 --> 05:01:36,300
you messed up, people could die.
Think about what was actually 

5747
05:01:36,300 --> 05:01:39,300
involved in moving one person's 
safely from say George to 

5748
05:01:39,300 --> 05:01:41,800
Canada. 
You needed to know safe route 

5749
05:01:41,800 --> 05:01:45,100
through multiple States, 
identified trustworthy contexts 

5750
05:01:45,100 --> 05:01:47,400
and dozens of towns coordinate 
timing. 

5751
05:01:47,400 --> 05:01:49,200
So that safe houses weren't 
overwhelmed. 

5752
05:01:49,200 --> 05:01:51,900
Do it all while keeping 
everything secret from 

5753
05:01:51,900 --> 05:01:54,300
authorities who actively trying 
to shut you down. 

5754
05:01:55,800 --> 05:01:57,900
The food situation alone was 
mind-boggling. 

5755
05:01:57,900 --> 05:02:00,900
Imagine suddenly, having three 
extra people show up at your 

5756
05:02:00,900 --> 05:02:02,900
house. 
At midnight people who have an 

5757
05:02:02,900 --> 05:02:05,600
eagle properly in days and need 
enough energy to keep traveling.

5758
05:02:06,400 --> 05:02:08,800
You couldn't exactly run to the 
corner store for supplies. 

5759
05:02:08,800 --> 05:02:11,800
Especially not without raising 
questions about why you suddenly

5760
05:02:11,800 --> 05:02:13,600
needed. 
So much bread and cheese at Old 

5761
05:02:13,600 --> 05:02:16,400
hours. 
Smart operators, learn to keep 

5762
05:02:16,400 --> 05:02:19,800
extra food on hand at all times,
but it had to be stuff that 

5763
05:02:19,800 --> 05:02:22,700
wouldn't spoil and wouldn't seem
suspicious if neighbors. 

5764
05:02:22,700 --> 05:02:26,600
Noticed root, vegetables, stored
in Cellars preserved, meat, 

5765
05:02:26,600 --> 05:02:29,500
dried, beans and cornmeal that 
could be quickly turned into 

5766
05:02:29,500 --> 05:02:32,500
filling meals. 
Some families got creative and 

5767
05:02:32,500 --> 05:02:34,900
started keeping larger Gardens 
than they actually needed. 

5768
05:02:34,900 --> 05:02:38,200
Just so they'd have legitimate 
reasons for storing extra food. 

5769
05:02:38,200 --> 05:02:42,100
Clothing was another constant 
headache, people escaping 

5770
05:02:42,100 --> 05:02:44,600
slavery, often arrived, wearing 
whatever they had on when they 

5771
05:02:44,600 --> 05:02:46,700
fled which was usually work 
clothes. 

5772
05:02:46,700 --> 05:02:49,500
That screamed I don't belong in 
polite Society. 

5773
05:02:50,600 --> 05:02:52,500
Getting people dressed 
appropriately for their Journey.

5774
05:02:52,500 --> 05:02:56,000
North meant maintaining a secret
stash of clothing, in various 

5775
05:02:56,000 --> 05:02:59,600
sizes plus shoes, which were 
particularly hard to come by and

5776
05:02:59,600 --> 05:03:02,900
expensive to replace some 
Underground Railroad, operators,

5777
05:03:02,900 --> 05:03:05,500
became surprisingly proficient 
at emergency tailoring. 

5778
05:03:05,500 --> 05:03:08,900
They take ill-fitting donated 
clothes and quickly alter them 

5779
05:03:08,900 --> 05:03:10,700
so Travelers. 
Would blend in better. 

5780
05:03:11,600 --> 05:03:14,300
Others established networks of 
empathetic seamstresses. 

5781
05:03:14,300 --> 05:03:17,100
Providing reliable assistance 
for last minute clothing. 

5782
05:03:17,100 --> 05:03:19,100
Emergencies, without excessive 
inquiries. 

5783
05:03:20,300 --> 05:03:23,600
Then there was Transportation, 
which was way more complicated 

5784
05:03:23,600 --> 05:03:26,000
than just pointing people North 
and wishing them luck. 

5785
05:03:26,000 --> 05:03:28,100
Different routes required 
different. 

5786
05:03:28,100 --> 05:03:31,900
Approaches some areas were safe 
for daytime travel While others 

5787
05:03:31,900 --> 05:03:33,700
would Death traps unless you 
moved at night. 

5788
05:03:34,800 --> 05:03:37,200
Some regions had enough 
Underground Railroad activity 

5789
05:03:37,200 --> 05:03:39,900
that you could pass people from 
Station to Station every few 

5790
05:03:39,908 --> 05:03:42,800
miles. 
Other areas had huge gaps. 

5791
05:03:42,800 --> 05:03:45,300
That required careful planning 
and lots of supplies. 

5792
05:03:45,300 --> 05:03:49,400
The timing had to be perfect 
show up at a safe house too 

5793
05:03:49,400 --> 05:03:51,100
early in your host, might not be
ready. 

5794
05:03:51,900 --> 05:03:55,100
Show up too late, and you might 
find the place watch by slave 

5795
05:03:55,100 --> 05:03:59,300
catchers or local authorities. 
Who'd gotten suspicious Arrived 

5796
05:03:59,300 --> 05:04:02,200
on a night when your contact was
out of town or dealing with a 

5797
05:04:02,200 --> 05:04:05,400
family emergency and you could 
be stuck hiding in a barn for 

5798
05:04:05,400 --> 05:04:08,200
days. 
Whether added another layer of 

5799
05:04:08,200 --> 05:04:11,700
complexity that nobody could 
control, rain could make travel 

5800
05:04:11,700 --> 05:04:14,700
miserable but also covered 
tracks and kept people indoors 

5801
05:04:14,700 --> 05:04:16,700
where they couldn't spot 
suspicious activity. 

5802
05:04:17,400 --> 05:04:20,200
Snow May tracking easier for 
pursuers but also made travel 

5803
05:04:20,200 --> 05:04:23,600
dangerous heat waves meant you 
could move more comfortably at 

5804
05:04:23,600 --> 05:04:25,600
night but needed extra water 
during the day. 

5805
05:04:25,600 --> 05:04:28,700
Some Underground Railroad 
operators developed elaborate 

5806
05:04:28,700 --> 05:04:31,900
backup plans for when things 
went wrong, they'd identify 

5807
05:04:31,900 --> 05:04:36,100
alternate routes secondary safe,
houses and emergency contacts 

5808
05:04:36,100 --> 05:04:37,600
who could be trusted in the 
crisis. 

5809
05:04:38,800 --> 05:04:41,600
The really organized once 
maintained details, mental maps 

5810
05:04:41,600 --> 05:04:44,900
of their regions, complete with 
information about which roads 

5811
05:04:44,900 --> 05:04:48,900
were safest Which towns to avoid
and which local officials might 

5812
05:04:48,900 --> 05:04:51,700
be sympathetic versus those who 
were definitely hostile. 

5813
05:04:52,800 --> 05:04:55,500
Money was always tight because 
everything had to be paid for 

5814
05:04:55,500 --> 05:05:00,400
out of pocket food, clothing, 
Transportation bribes when 

5815
05:05:00,400 --> 05:05:03,900
necessary and emergency funds 
for situations, nobody could 

5816
05:05:03,900 --> 05:05:07,300
predict. 
Some operators went into debt 

5817
05:05:07,300 --> 05:05:08,600
helping strangers, reach, 
freedom. 

5818
05:05:09,600 --> 05:05:12,200
Others organized, quiet 
fundraising among sympathetic 

5819
05:05:12,200 --> 05:05:14,900
friends and family members. 
Though, they had to be careful 

5820
05:05:14,900 --> 05:05:17,800
not to reveal too much about 
what the money was actually for.

5821
05:05:18,700 --> 05:05:22,300
Most challenging part might have
been the unpredictability you 

5822
05:05:22,300 --> 05:05:24,400
never knew when someone might 
show up needing help. 

5823
05:05:24,400 --> 05:05:27,300
How many people would arrive 
together, what condition? 

5824
05:05:27,300 --> 05:05:30,500
They'd be in what special 
circumstances might complicate 

5825
05:05:30,500 --> 05:05:33,500
their Journey. 
Pregnant women needed different 

5826
05:05:33,500 --> 05:05:36,500
care than children who needed 
different care than elderly 

5827
05:05:36,500 --> 05:05:39,200
Travelers, who needed different 
care than injured people. 

5828
05:05:39,200 --> 05:05:41,900
Despite all these logistical 
nightmares. 

5829
05:05:41,900 --> 05:05:45,200
The network somehow kept 
functioning year after year, 

5830
05:05:45,200 --> 05:05:48,200
helping thousands of people 
reach, Freedom through sheer 

5831
05:05:48,200 --> 05:05:51,200
determination, and remarkably 
good organization. 

5832
05:05:51,200 --> 05:05:54,000
You'd think a network. 
This big and the successful 

5833
05:05:54,000 --> 05:05:57,500
would be run by some kind of 
Central Committee or famous 

5834
05:05:57,500 --> 05:05:59,000
leaders giving orders from 
headquarters. 

5835
05:06:00,400 --> 05:06:02,700
But the Underground Railroad 
worked precisely because it 

5836
05:06:02,700 --> 05:06:04,000
wasn't organized that way at 
all. 

5837
05:06:04,000 --> 05:06:07,500
Instead it was powered by an 
amazing collection of 

5838
05:06:07,500 --> 05:06:10,700
individuals who decided to act 
on their own and then somehow 

5839
05:06:10,700 --> 05:06:13,300
found ways to work together 
without anyone officially being 

5840
05:06:13,300 --> 05:06:16,900
in charge. 
Take William still who became 

5841
05:06:16,900 --> 05:06:18,900
known as the father of the 
Underground Railroad. 

5842
05:06:18,900 --> 05:06:22,500
Not because he founded it, but 
because he was obsessively 

5843
05:06:22,500 --> 05:06:26,400
organized about keeping records.
This guy worked in Philadelphia 

5844
05:06:26,400 --> 05:06:29,400
and helped coordinate The Escape
of hundreds of people. 

5845
05:06:29,400 --> 05:06:32,800
But what made him special was 
that he wrote everything down 

5846
05:06:32,800 --> 05:06:37,200
names, dates routes family 
connections and stories about 

5847
05:06:37,200 --> 05:06:40,100
how people had escaped and where
they were hoping to go. 

5848
05:06:40,100 --> 05:06:43,100
You have to understand how 
dangerous this record, keeping 

5849
05:06:43,100 --> 05:06:46,300
was if authorities had ever 
found Stills files. 

5850
05:06:46,300 --> 05:06:48,800
They would have had enough 
information to destroy the 

5851
05:06:48,800 --> 05:06:51,000
entire Philadelphia branch of 
the network. 

5852
05:06:52,200 --> 05:06:55,200
Still kept writing because he 
understood that someday when 

5853
05:06:55,200 --> 05:06:58,400
slavery was over, families would
want to find each other again. 

5854
05:06:58,400 --> 05:07:01,400
His records became the 
foundation for thousands of 

5855
05:07:01,400 --> 05:07:03,200
reunions stories after the Civil
War. 

5856
05:07:04,100 --> 05:07:07,600
Then there was Harriet Tubman 
whose famous for good reason but

5857
05:07:07,600 --> 05:07:11,100
probably not for the reasons. 
Most people think yes she made 

5858
05:07:11,100 --> 05:07:13,600
multiple trips back in to the 
South to guide people North. 

5859
05:07:13,600 --> 05:07:16,400
But what made her extraordinary 
wasn't just her courage. 

5860
05:07:16,400 --> 05:07:19,900
It was her strategic thinking 
and her ability to keep people 

5861
05:07:19,900 --> 05:07:23,300
calm Under Pressure Tubman 
possessed a remarkable ability 

5862
05:07:23,300 --> 05:07:26,800
to detect impending danger and 
swiftly to their plans. 

5863
05:07:28,000 --> 05:07:31,700
Carried a gun not primarily to 
fight off slave catchers but to 

5864
05:07:31,700 --> 05:07:35,100
convince exhausted, terrified 
travelers to keep moving when 

5865
05:07:35,100 --> 05:07:37,900
they wanted to give up. 
She understood that one person's

5866
05:07:37,900 --> 05:07:39,900
Panic. 
Could get everyone captured so 

5867
05:07:39,900 --> 05:07:42,400
she do whatever it took to 
maintain discipline and keep 

5868
05:07:42,400 --> 05:07:45,800
groups together. 
But the network was full of less

5869
05:07:45,800 --> 05:07:48,600
famous people whose 
contributions were just as 

5870
05:07:48,600 --> 05:07:51,900
crucial. 
Levi Coffin and his wife, 

5871
05:07:51,900 --> 05:07:55,000
Catherine turned, their house in
Indiana into one of the busiest 

5872
05:07:55,000 --> 05:07:56,400
stations on the Underground 
Railroad. 

5873
05:07:57,400 --> 05:08:00,900
They helped over 3,000 people 
reach Freedom, earning leave 

5874
05:08:00,900 --> 05:08:04,200
either, nickname president of 
the Underground Railroad though,

5875
05:08:04,200 --> 05:08:07,000
he never held any official title
and certainly didn't have any 

5876
05:08:07,000 --> 05:08:08,600
actual authority over anyone 
else. 

5877
05:08:08,600 --> 05:08:12,200
What made the coffins affective 
was their systematic approach? 

5878
05:08:12,200 --> 05:08:15,000
They approached Underground. 
Railroad operations as a 

5879
05:08:15,000 --> 05:08:17,500
business at hearing to 
meticulous schedules. 

5880
05:08:17,500 --> 05:08:20,700
Collaborating with other 
operators and consistently 

5881
05:08:20,700 --> 05:08:24,600
anticipating future needs. 
Catherine became an expert at 

5882
05:08:24,600 --> 05:08:27,300
quickly feeding large numbers of
unexpected guests. 

5883
05:08:27,300 --> 05:08:30,400
While Levi, developed an 
extensive network of contacts 

5884
05:08:30,400 --> 05:08:33,700
throughout the Midwest. 
The network also depended on 

5885
05:08:33,700 --> 05:08:36,700
people who contributed in ways 
that weren't dramatic but were 

5886
05:08:36,700 --> 05:08:39,900
absolutely essential John 
Rankin, and Ohio Minister. 

5887
05:08:39,900 --> 05:08:43,000
Consistently placed a lantern in
his window each night for years 

5888
05:08:43,000 --> 05:08:46,200
indicating that his home served 
as a secure Refuge. 

5889
05:08:46,200 --> 05:08:49,900
That one simple consistent 
action, guided hundreds of 

5890
05:08:49,908 --> 05:08:52,900
people to safety but Rankin. 
Never got the kind of attention 

5891
05:08:52,900 --> 05:08:55,600
that more flamboyant. 
Operators, received free black 

5892
05:08:55,600 --> 05:08:57,900
Americans played. 
Crucial roles that often don't 

5893
05:08:57,900 --> 05:08:59,700
receive enough recognition in 
history books. 

5894
05:09:00,500 --> 05:09:03,000
They faced enormous personal 
risks because they could be 

5895
05:09:03,000 --> 05:09:06,600
enslaved themselves if caught 
helping runaways, but many of 

5896
05:09:06,600 --> 05:09:09,300
them felt a special obligation 
to help others escape bondage. 

5897
05:09:09,300 --> 05:09:12,700
They also had advantages that 
white operators, didn't have 

5898
05:09:12,700 --> 05:09:15,700
like the ability to travel in 
slave states without 

5899
05:09:15,700 --> 05:09:17,500
automatically arousing 
suspicion. 

5900
05:09:18,400 --> 05:09:21,300
Robert Purvis in Philadelphia 
used his wealth and social 

5901
05:09:21,300 --> 05:09:24,000
connections to support 
Underground Railroad activities 

5902
05:09:24,000 --> 05:09:26,200
on a scale that few others could
match. 

5903
05:09:27,300 --> 05:09:30,800
David Ruggles in New York helped
over 600 people, reach, freedom,

5904
05:09:30,800 --> 05:09:32,900
and published. 
One of the first abolitionist 

5905
05:09:32,900 --> 05:09:36,200
magazines, these individuals 
conceal, their underground, 

5906
05:09:36,200 --> 05:09:39,100
railroad activities behind their
legitimate businesses and social

5907
05:09:39,100 --> 05:09:41,900
positions. 
The Quakers deserve special 

5908
05:09:41,900 --> 05:09:45,500
mention because their religious 
beliefs made them natural allies

5909
05:09:45,500 --> 05:09:48,300
for the Underground Railroad, 
but they all brought 

5910
05:09:48,300 --> 05:09:50,800
organizational skills that other
groups lacked. 

5911
05:09:51,500 --> 05:09:53,900
Quaker communities had 
experience making group 

5912
05:09:53,900 --> 05:09:57,400
decisions without formal, 
hierarchies communicating across

5913
05:09:57,400 --> 05:10:00,800
long distances and maintaining 
secrecy when necessary. 

5914
05:10:01,700 --> 05:10:04,600
Many Quaker, settlements became,
reliable stops on underground. 

5915
05:10:04,600 --> 05:10:07,700
Railroad routes. 
What's remarkable is how these 

5916
05:10:07,700 --> 05:10:11,100
diverse people manage to work 
together, effectively, despite 

5917
05:10:11,100 --> 05:10:14,100
having different backgrounds 
motivations and ideas about the 

5918
05:10:14,100 --> 05:10:15,900
best ways to help escaping 
slaves. 

5919
05:10:15,900 --> 05:10:19,200
They developed informal systems 
for sharing information, 

5920
05:10:19,200 --> 05:10:22,700
coordinating activities and 
resolving conflicts. 

5921
05:10:22,700 --> 05:10:25,200
Without any Central Authority, 
telling them what to do. 

5922
05:10:26,100 --> 05:10:28,800
Some operators specialized in 
particular aspects of the work 

5923
05:10:28,800 --> 05:10:32,400
others would generally who did 
whatever needed doing some 

5924
05:10:32,400 --> 05:10:35,100
focused on their local areas. 
While others traveled 

5925
05:10:35,100 --> 05:10:37,700
extensively to maintain 
connections, across state lines,

5926
05:10:37,700 --> 05:10:40,900
that somehow they all manage to 
function as part of a coherent 

5927
05:10:40,900 --> 05:10:43,700
Network that accomplished 
something extraordinary, if you 

5928
05:10:43,708 --> 05:10:46,400
imagine the Underground Railroad
as a straightforward Journey 

5929
05:10:46,400 --> 05:10:49,000
from south to North, you're in 
for some surprises. 

5930
05:10:49,000 --> 05:10:53,300
The reality was far, more 
complicated Securitas and 

5931
05:10:53,300 --> 05:10:57,600
frankly, weird than most people 
realize Escaping slavery wasn't 

5932
05:10:57,600 --> 05:10:59,800
like following a map from point 
A to point B. 

5933
05:10:59,800 --> 05:11:03,300
It was more like navigating a 
constantly changing maze where 

5934
05:11:03,300 --> 05:11:06,600
the walls moved every few days 
and some paths led to dead ends 

5935
05:11:06,600 --> 05:11:10,300
or worse. 
First off, North was relative. 

5936
05:11:11,600 --> 05:11:12,900
For someone escaping from 
Georgia. 

5937
05:11:12,900 --> 05:11:16,200
North might mean getting to 
South Carolina first, then 

5938
05:11:16,200 --> 05:11:18,400
working their way up through the
Carolinas to Virginia. 

5939
05:11:19,400 --> 05:11:22,200
From that point they might 
venture into Maryland followed 

5940
05:11:22,200 --> 05:11:26,000
by Pennsylvania. 
Each state had its laws to level

5941
05:11:26,000 --> 05:11:29,300
of hostility toward escaped 
slaves and its network of people

5942
05:11:29,300 --> 05:11:31,100
who might help him do your 
progress. 

5943
05:11:32,400 --> 05:11:34,200
But here's the thing, nobody 
talks about. 

5944
05:11:34,200 --> 05:11:38,400
Sometimes the best route, North 
actually went South first or 

5945
05:11:38,400 --> 05:11:42,200
east or west because taking the 
obvious path was exactly what 

5946
05:11:42,200 --> 05:11:44,800
slave catchers expected. 
Smart conductors. 

5947
05:11:44,800 --> 05:11:47,600
Learn to think like, chess 
players, considering not just 

5948
05:11:47,600 --> 05:11:49,400
the next move, but several moves
ahead. 

5949
05:11:50,400 --> 05:11:53,600
Sometimes the safest way to get 
from Alabama to Ohio was to go 

5950
05:11:53,608 --> 05:11:55,400
through Mississippi and 
Louisiana first. 

5951
05:11:55,400 --> 05:11:58,800
Then up the Mississippi River 
and Overland through Illinois. 

5952
05:12:00,200 --> 05:12:02,800
The Underground Railroad had to 
adjust to the terrain in ways 

5953
05:12:02,800 --> 05:12:05,100
that would challenge the 
capabilities of modern GPS. 

5954
05:12:05,100 --> 05:12:06,400
Systems. 
River. 

5955
05:12:06,400 --> 05:12:08,000
Crossing's were natural choke 
points. 

5956
05:12:08,000 --> 05:12:09,900
Were authorities. 
Knew to watch that. 

5957
05:12:09,900 --> 05:12:10,900
You could not avoid them 
entirely. 

5958
05:12:11,900 --> 05:12:15,000
Some operators became experts at
finding unusual Crossing points,

5959
05:12:15,000 --> 05:12:18,100
like areas where Rivers were 
shallow enough to forward or 

5960
05:12:18,100 --> 05:12:20,700
where friendly boat owners could
provide transportation without 

5961
05:12:20,700 --> 05:12:24,000
asking questions. 
Mountain areas offered excellent

5962
05:12:24,000 --> 05:12:27,400
hiding places but terrible 
traveling conditions, especially

5963
05:12:27,400 --> 05:12:30,100
for people who are already 
exhausted and malnourished. 

5964
05:12:30,800 --> 05:12:33,800
Desert regions in the southwest 
were nearly impossible to cross 

5965
05:12:33,800 --> 05:12:36,000
without extensive preparation 
and supplies. 

5966
05:12:36,000 --> 05:12:39,000
Even seemingly, safe, Farmland 
could be dangerous. 

5967
05:12:39,000 --> 05:12:41,900
If you didn't know which farmers
were sympathetic and which ones 

5968
05:12:41,900 --> 05:12:43,400
would turn you in for the reward
money. 

5969
05:12:44,700 --> 05:12:47,100
The seasonal timing of escapes 
wasn't random either. 

5970
05:12:47,100 --> 05:12:51,100
Winter travel was miserable that
had advantages because fewer 

5971
05:12:51,100 --> 05:12:53,700
people were out and about to 
spot suspicious activity. 

5972
05:12:54,500 --> 05:12:57,200
Spring planting and full Harvest
times with busy periods. 

5973
05:12:57,200 --> 05:12:59,600
When extra people on farms, 
might not attract attention, 

5974
05:12:59,600 --> 05:13:03,600
some offered the best weather. 
But also the most active, slave,

5975
05:13:03,600 --> 05:13:07,300
patrols and bounty hunters. 
Most Escape started on weekends 

5976
05:13:07,300 --> 05:13:10,500
particularly Saturday nights 
because it gave people the 

5977
05:13:10,500 --> 05:13:13,400
maximum time before their 
absence would be noticed and 

5978
05:13:13,400 --> 05:13:17,000
search parties organized. 
These circumstances meant that 

5979
05:13:17,000 --> 05:13:19,600
Underground Railroad. 
Operators, had to be prepared 

5980
05:13:19,600 --> 05:13:23,300
for weekend, surges in activity.
Then quieter periods during the 

5981
05:13:23,300 --> 05:13:24,800
week when Travelers were laying 
low. 

5982
05:13:24,800 --> 05:13:28,000
At safehouse houses, the pace of
travel was much slower than you 

5983
05:13:28,000 --> 05:13:30,200
might expect. 
The journey that could 

5984
05:13:30,200 --> 05:13:33,200
theoretically be completed in a 
few weeks, might take months, or

5985
05:13:33,200 --> 05:13:36,900
even years with extended stays 
at safe houses when conditions 

5986
05:13:36,900 --> 05:13:40,200
become too dangerous for travel.
Some people made it North 

5987
05:13:40,200 --> 05:13:41,700
quickly during favourable 
periods. 

5988
05:13:41,700 --> 05:13:44,700
While others had to take long 
detours or wait for better 

5989
05:13:44,700 --> 05:13:48,400
opportunities, family groups, 
face special challenges because 

5990
05:13:48,400 --> 05:13:51,300
traveling with children or 
elderly relatives meant slower 

5991
05:13:51,300 --> 05:13:54,600
movement and greater visibility.
Some families made the 

5992
05:13:54,600 --> 05:13:57,700
heartbreaking decision to split 
up temporarily with stronger. 

5993
05:13:57,700 --> 05:14:00,900
Members going first to establish
themselves in the north then 

5994
05:14:00,900 --> 05:14:04,600
sending help for those left 
behind Are the families refused 

5995
05:14:04,600 --> 05:14:07,200
to separate and accepted the 
additional risks of traveling 

5996
05:14:07,200 --> 05:14:09,700
together. 
The Underground Railroad had to 

5997
05:14:09,700 --> 05:14:12,400
account for physical limitations
that seem obvious now. 

5998
05:14:12,400 --> 05:14:14,500
But required constant 
adaptation. 

5999
05:14:15,900 --> 05:14:19,600
Pregnant, women could not travel
as far or as fast injured or 

6000
05:14:19,600 --> 05:14:21,100
sick people needed medical 
attention. 

6001
05:14:21,100 --> 05:14:24,400
That wasn't easy to locate 
children, needed different kinds

6002
05:14:24,400 --> 05:14:27,900
of food, and care and adults. 
Elderly Travelers might have 

6003
05:14:27,900 --> 05:14:31,200
mobility issues, that require 
special Arrangements, where the 

6004
05:14:31,208 --> 05:14:33,800
Consulting transform a 
manageable journey into a 

6005
05:14:33,800 --> 05:14:36,400
nightmare sudden. 
Storms could force people to 

6006
05:14:36,400 --> 05:14:38,600
seek shelter at places that work
prepared for them. 

6007
05:14:38,600 --> 05:14:41,400
Flooding could make planned 
River Crossings impossible. 

6008
05:14:41,400 --> 05:14:43,700
Ice storms could make any travel
treacherous. 

6009
05:14:43,700 --> 05:14:45,900
Drought could make water 
sources. 

6010
05:14:45,900 --> 05:14:49,500
Unreliable operators, learn to 
read whether signs and adjust 

6011
05:14:49,500 --> 05:14:52,800
plans accordingly. 
The psychological aspects of the

6012
05:14:52,800 --> 05:14:55,000
journey were as challenging as 
the physical ones. 

6013
05:14:55,700 --> 05:14:58,200
People who'd never been more 
than a few miles from where they

6014
05:14:58,200 --> 05:14:59,700
were. 
Born suddenly found themselves. 

6015
05:14:59,700 --> 05:15:03,000
Traveling hundreds of miles 
through unfamiliar territory 

6016
05:15:03,000 --> 05:15:05,400
dependent on Strangers for 
survival. 

6017
05:15:05,400 --> 05:15:08,000
Never sure. 
Whether the next person they met

6018
05:15:08,000 --> 05:15:11,700
would help them or turn them in.
While some Travelers thrived on 

6019
05:15:11,700 --> 05:15:14,800
the adventure and excitement. 
Others succumb, to fear and 

6020
05:15:14,800 --> 05:15:18,200
uncertainty conductors, learn to
manage group dynamics. 

6021
05:15:18,200 --> 05:15:22,000
Keeping people motivated when 
Spirits, flagged maintaining 

6022
05:15:22,000 --> 05:15:24,900
discipline, when fear led to 
poor decision-making and 

6023
05:15:24,900 --> 05:15:27,700
providing emotional support when
the stress became overwhelming. 

6024
05:15:28,900 --> 05:15:31,200
The journey didn't end when 
people reach the north either 

6025
05:15:31,200 --> 05:15:34,400
many found that the northern 
states did not live up to their 

6026
05:15:34,400 --> 05:15:38,000
expectations as they face 
significant discrimination and 

6027
05:15:38,000 --> 05:15:39,900
limited opportunities for people
of color. 

6028
05:15:39,900 --> 05:15:43,800
Some continued all the way to 
Canada, While others settled in 

6029
05:15:43,800 --> 05:15:46,300
Northern cities where they tried
to build new lives. 

6030
05:15:46,300 --> 05:15:49,100
While always looking over their 
shoulders, every Underground 

6031
05:15:49,100 --> 05:15:52,200
Railroad, operator has 
captivating Tales to share and 

6032
05:15:52,200 --> 05:15:55,400
it's remarkable how numerous 
near disaster's, fueled, by 

6033
05:15:55,400 --> 05:15:58,500
quick thinking, extraordinary 
luck, and sometimes divine 

6034
05:15:58,500 --> 05:16:01,200
intervention resulted in 
successful rescues. 

6035
05:16:02,200 --> 05:16:05,500
The network survived not because
everything went smoothly but 

6036
05:16:05,500 --> 05:16:07,800
because people got really good 
at improvising when things went 

6037
05:16:07,800 --> 05:16:12,500
terribly wrong, take the time. 
William still was coordinating. 

6038
05:16:12,500 --> 05:16:14,400
The Escape of a large group 
through Philadelphia. 

6039
05:16:14,400 --> 05:16:18,000
When someone tipped off the 
authorities, instead of 

6040
05:16:18,000 --> 05:16:20,800
panicking still quickly, spread 
the word through his Network, to

6041
05:16:20,800 --> 05:16:23,400
scatter everyone to different 
safe houses throughout the city.

6042
05:16:24,500 --> 05:16:27,400
When the slave catches showed up
at the primary location, they 

6043
05:16:27,400 --> 05:16:30,200
found nothing but a very 
confused elderly woman who 

6044
05:16:30,200 --> 05:16:33,000
claimed she had no idea what 
they were talking about and 

6045
05:16:33,000 --> 05:16:35,400
offered them tea while they 
searched her completely empty 

6046
05:16:35,400 --> 05:16:37,900
house. 
Consider what transpired when 

6047
05:16:37,900 --> 05:16:41,500
Harriet Tubman leading a group. 
North found their plan, Safe 

6048
05:16:41,500 --> 05:16:44,400
House, compromised. 
Stead of turning back, she 

6049
05:16:44,400 --> 05:16:47,000
marched to charge his straight 
to a hotel, in the middle of 

6050
05:16:47,000 --> 05:16:50,400
town and brazenly, registered 
them as a servants traveling. 

6051
05:16:50,400 --> 05:16:53,700
With her to visit relatives, the
hotel Clarke never questioned 

6052
05:16:53,700 --> 05:16:56,300
the story of a respectable woman
traveling with her household 

6053
05:16:56,300 --> 05:16:58,300
staff. 
Even though he might have been 

6054
05:16:58,300 --> 05:17:01,000
suspicious of a group of obvious
runaways hiding in the woods, 

6055
05:17:01,000 --> 05:17:04,300
some of the closest calls came 
from misunderstanding, and 

6056
05:17:04,300 --> 05:17:08,000
communication failures that. 
Nobody could have predicted a 

6057
05:17:08,000 --> 05:17:10,100
group of the skating slaves. 
Once showed up at what they 

6058
05:17:10,100 --> 05:17:13,400
thought was a safe house, only 
to discover they'd gotten the 

6059
05:17:13,400 --> 05:17:15,200
address wrong and were knocking 
on the door of the local 

6060
05:17:15,200 --> 05:17:18,300
sheriff. fortunately, the 
sheriff's wife was sympathetic 

6061
05:17:18,300 --> 05:17:22,200
to their cause though, her 
husband definitely wasn't she 

6062
05:17:22,200 --> 05:17:24,600
managed to get them fed and 
redirected to the correct 

6063
05:17:24,600 --> 05:17:27,700
address before her husband came 
home, but the whole thing could 

6064
05:17:27,700 --> 05:17:31,000
have ended, the Network's 
operations in that town Whether 

6065
05:17:31,000 --> 05:17:34,400
emergence is created some of the
most dramatic near disasters. 

6066
05:17:34,400 --> 05:17:37,800
A blizzard once trapped a group 
of Travellers in a barn for 

6067
05:17:37,800 --> 05:17:40,800
nearly a week during which time 
their supplies ran out and 

6068
05:17:40,800 --> 05:17:42,700
several people became seriously 
ill. 

6069
05:17:44,000 --> 05:17:46,700
The local Underground Railroad. 
Operator had to figure out how 

6070
05:17:46,700 --> 05:17:49,300
to get medical attention and 
food to people. 

6071
05:17:49,300 --> 05:17:51,300
He couldn't acknowledge were 
there while maintaining 

6072
05:17:51,300 --> 05:17:54,200
plausible explanations for his 
unusual behavior to increase in 

6073
05:17:54,200 --> 05:17:57,600
the suspicious neighbors. 
Timing failures were constant 

6074
05:17:57,600 --> 05:18:01,000
sources of anxiety, Travelers 
would arrive at safehouse to 

6075
05:18:01,000 --> 05:18:02,900
find their host unexpectedly 
away. 

6076
05:18:02,900 --> 05:18:06,600
Forcing them to hide in Barns or
route sellers for days longer 

6077
05:18:06,600 --> 05:18:09,300
than planned. 
Or conductors would show up to 

6078
05:18:09,300 --> 05:18:12,400
collect passengers only to 
discover that previous delays of

6079
05:18:12,400 --> 05:18:15,500
thrown off the entire schedule. 
Leaving everyone scrambling to 

6080
05:18:15,500 --> 05:18:19,200
improvise new Arrangements, Some
operators, devised, intricate 

6081
05:18:19,200 --> 05:18:22,000
contingency plans, that were 
almost observed in their 

6082
05:18:22,000 --> 05:18:25,400
complexity. 
One station master in Ohio kept 

6083
05:18:25,400 --> 05:18:28,300
a coffin in his barn and 
instructed, arriving passengers 

6084
05:18:28,300 --> 05:18:30,100
to climb inside and pretend to 
be dead. 

6085
05:18:30,100 --> 05:18:33,000
The Authority showed up for 
unexpected searches. 

6086
05:18:34,200 --> 05:18:36,400
The plan worked perfectly until 
the day. 

6087
05:18:36,400 --> 05:18:40,200
A genuine funeral procession got
confused about directions and 

6088
05:18:40,200 --> 05:18:43,300
ended up at his house, looking 
for the cemetery leading to an 

6089
05:18:43,300 --> 05:18:45,600
extremely awkward conversation 
about. 

6090
05:18:45,600 --> 05:18:47,300
Why? 
He had an apparently occupied 

6091
05:18:47,300 --> 05:18:50,500
coffin in his barn, instead of 
at the church, betrayals were 

6092
05:18:50,500 --> 05:18:54,200
fortunately rare, but when they 
happened, they created chaos. 

6093
05:18:54,200 --> 05:18:57,600
That rippled through entire 
regions once arrested and 

6094
05:18:57,600 --> 05:19:00,700
threatened with lengthy prison 
time, the trusted conductor in 

6095
05:19:00,708 --> 05:19:04,500
Maryland, turned informant his 
treachery jeopardized, numerous 

6096
05:19:04,500 --> 05:19:07,600
safehouses and necessitated a 
comprehensive restructuring of 

6097
05:19:07,600 --> 05:19:11,400
routes across the region. 
The network survived, but only 

6098
05:19:11,400 --> 05:19:14,300
because other operators, noticed
unusual, Authority, activity, 

6099
05:19:14,300 --> 05:19:17,200
and managed to warn people 
before the betrayer could do 

6100
05:19:17,200 --> 05:19:20,100
maximum damage. 
Medical emergencies were 

6101
05:19:20,100 --> 05:19:23,300
particularly challenging because
you couldn exactly take of the 

6102
05:19:23,300 --> 05:19:26,100
escaped slaves, to local 
doctor's without raising 

6103
05:19:26,100 --> 05:19:28,800
questions. 
Network, operators had to become

6104
05:19:28,800 --> 05:19:32,600
amateur, Medics learning to 
treat injuries to deliver babies

6105
05:19:32,600 --> 05:19:35,200
and handle illnesses, with 
whatever supplies. 

6106
05:19:35,200 --> 05:19:37,100
They could obtain with our 
routing suspicion. 

6107
05:19:38,400 --> 05:19:42,300
Through necessity some developed
impressive medical skills, While

6108
05:19:42,300 --> 05:19:45,000
others maintained quiet 
relationships with sympathetic 

6109
05:19:45,000 --> 05:19:48,600
doctors, they could trust and 
emergencies children created 

6110
05:19:48,600 --> 05:19:51,600
special challenges, because they
couldn't always be expected to 

6111
05:19:51,600 --> 05:19:54,800
understand the need for absolute
silence and could inadvertently 

6112
05:19:54,800 --> 05:19:58,300
concealed away hiding places or 
reveal information to the wrong 

6113
05:19:58,300 --> 05:20:01,000
people. 
Smart operators, learn to engage

6114
05:20:01,000 --> 05:20:04,900
children's imaginations, turning
the journey into a game of hide 

6115
05:20:04,900 --> 05:20:07,800
and seek or an adventure story 
where staying quiet and 

6116
05:20:07,800 --> 05:20:10,800
following instructions, was part
of the fun rather than a matter 

6117
05:20:10,808 --> 05:20:13,700
of life and death. 
Perhaps the most nerve-racking 

6118
05:20:13,700 --> 05:20:17,100
situations involved split-second
decisions about whether to trust

6119
05:20:17,100 --> 05:20:19,400
strangers who claim to be 
sympathetic. 

6120
05:20:20,400 --> 05:20:23,200
Sometimes people claiming to 
offer help or actually bounty 

6121
05:20:23,200 --> 05:20:25,100
hunters trying to trap escaping 
slaves. 

6122
05:20:25,100 --> 05:20:29,400
Other times, genuine offers of 
assistance, came from unexpected

6123
05:20:29,400 --> 05:20:32,400
sources who didn't fit the usual
profile of Underground. 

6124
05:20:32,400 --> 05:20:35,500
Railroad supporters operators 
had to develop almost 

6125
05:20:35,500 --> 05:20:38,100
Supernatural, instincts for 
reading people and situations 

6126
05:20:38,100 --> 05:20:41,200
quickly and accurately. 
The remarkable thing is, how 

6127
05:20:41,200 --> 05:20:43,900
often pure chance worked in 
favor of the Underground. 

6128
05:20:43,900 --> 05:20:47,200
Railroad slave catchers would 
search houses thoroughly but 

6129
05:20:47,200 --> 05:20:50,800
somehow Miss hidden rooms or 
concealed passages authority 

6130
05:20:50,800 --> 05:20:53,600
figures would ask pointed 
questions but except implausible

6131
05:20:53,600 --> 05:20:56,200
explanations. 
Suspicious neighbors would 

6132
05:20:56,200 --> 05:20:58,600
notice unusual activity but 
decided it wasn't worth 

6133
05:20:58,600 --> 05:21:02,100
investigating. 
The network succeeded partly 

6134
05:21:02,100 --> 05:21:05,400
through careful planning but 
also through a remarkable series

6135
05:21:05,400 --> 05:21:09,000
of Fortune attacks and lucky 
breaks when you step back and 

6136
05:21:09,000 --> 05:21:10,700
look at the Underground Railroad
as a whole. 

6137
05:21:10,700 --> 05:21:14,200
What's most striking isn't the 
famous stories or dramatic 

6138
05:21:14,200 --> 05:21:16,000
rescues that ended up in history
books. 

6139
05:21:17,000 --> 05:21:20,000
It's the quiet everyday, 
decision made by thousands of 

6140
05:21:20,008 --> 05:21:22,700
ordinary people to risk. 
Everything they had for 

6141
05:21:22,700 --> 05:21:25,100
strangers they'd never met 
before and might never see 

6142
05:21:25,100 --> 05:21:28,400
again. 
That decision multiplied, across

6143
05:21:28,400 --> 05:21:31,300
decades and States changed 
American history. 

6144
05:21:31,300 --> 05:21:35,000
In ways were still discovering. 
The numbers alone are staggering

6145
05:21:35,000 --> 05:21:38,200
when you really think about them
historians estimate that, the 

6146
05:21:38,200 --> 05:21:41,200
Underground Railroad helped 
somewhere between 40,000 and 

6147
05:21:41,200 --> 05:21:45,600
100,000 people. 
Escape slavery though. 

6148
05:21:45,600 --> 05:21:48,200
The real number will never be 
known because record keeping was

6149
05:21:48,200 --> 05:21:51,000
necessarily limited and much of 
what was written down. 

6150
05:21:51,000 --> 05:21:55,100
Was later, destroyed for 
security reasons. but even the 

6151
05:21:55,100 --> 05:21:58,800
conservative estimate is more 
than most cities had their What 

6152
05:21:58,800 --> 05:22:00,500
makes those numbers even more 
impressive? 

6153
05:22:00,500 --> 05:22:04,000
Is that each successful Escape 
required, the coordinated effort

6154
05:22:04,000 --> 05:22:07,300
of dozens of people If you 
figure an average of 20, people 

6155
05:22:07,300 --> 05:22:09,800
were directly involved in 
getting each person to safety. 

6156
05:22:09,800 --> 05:22:12,800
You're looking at a network that
included somewhere between 

6157
05:22:12,800 --> 05:22:17,200
800,000 and 2 million Americans,
who actively participated in 

6158
05:22:17,200 --> 05:22:20,500
Underground, Railroad 
activities. that's a significant

6159
05:22:20,500 --> 05:22:23,600
percentage of the northern 
population, making a conscious 

6160
05:22:23,600 --> 05:22:26,200
choice to break federal law in 
service of what they believed 

6161
05:22:26,200 --> 05:22:30,100
was a higher moral or The Ripple
effects extended far beyond, the

6162
05:22:30,108 --> 05:22:33,700
people who were directly 
rescued, every successful Escape

6163
05:22:33,700 --> 05:22:37,200
demonstrated that the system of 
slavery wasn't as secure as its 

6164
05:22:37,200 --> 05:22:40,300
Defenders, claimed, every safe 
house that operated openly 

6165
05:22:40,300 --> 05:22:42,100
challenged. 
The idea that helping escaped 

6166
05:22:42,100 --> 05:22:45,600
slaves was too dangerous or too 
difficult for ordinary people to

6167
05:22:45,600 --> 05:22:48,200
attempt. 
Every conductor who made 

6168
05:22:48,200 --> 05:22:51,300
multiple trips prove that 
individual action could make a 

6169
05:22:51,300 --> 05:22:53,700
meaningful difference in 
seemingly impossible situations.

6170
05:22:53,700 --> 05:22:57,500
The Underground Railroad also 
served as a training ground for 

6171
05:22:57,500 --> 05:23:00,500
the abolition movement and later
civil rights activism 

6172
05:23:00,500 --> 05:23:03,500
individuals who acquired the 
skills to secretly. 

6173
05:23:03,500 --> 05:23:07,200
Organized communicating code, 
coordinate intricate operations 

6174
05:23:07,200 --> 05:23:09,600
across state line and sustained 
morale. 

6175
05:23:09,600 --> 05:23:12,600
Amidst, seemingly insurmountable
challenges were laying the 

6176
05:23:12,608 --> 05:23:15,900
groundwork for later. 
Social justice movements, Many 

6177
05:23:15,900 --> 05:23:18,500
Underground, Railroad veterans 
became leaders in the fight for 

6178
05:23:18,500 --> 05:23:21,600
women's suffrage, labor rights, 
and other reformed calls. 

6179
05:23:21,600 --> 05:23:24,900
Most importantly, the 
Underground Railroad proved that

6180
05:23:24,908 --> 05:23:27,800
ordinary Americans could 
organize effective resistance to

6181
05:23:27,800 --> 05:23:31,100
unjust laws without waiting for 
political leaders to show them 

6182
05:23:31,100 --> 05:23:33,500
the way. 
The network developed 

6183
05:23:33,500 --> 05:23:36,400
organically from Individual acts
of conscience, grew through 

6184
05:23:36,400 --> 05:23:40,100
informal networks of trust and 
communication and succeeded 

6185
05:23:40,100 --> 05:23:42,400
through decentralized 
decision-making that didn't 

6186
05:23:42,400 --> 05:23:46,000
depend on any Central Authority 
or charismatic leadership. 

6187
05:23:46,000 --> 05:23:49,600
This model of Grassroots 
organizing became a template for

6188
05:23:49,600 --> 05:23:52,500
later, social movements from the
Civil Rights Movement of the 

6189
05:23:52,500 --> 05:23:56,500
1950s and 1960s to Modern 
immigrant rights activism. 

6190
05:23:57,800 --> 05:24:01,500
The basic principles remain the 
same identify people who share 

6191
05:24:01,500 --> 05:24:05,700
your values, build networks of 
mutual support, develop secure, 

6192
05:24:05,700 --> 05:24:09,400
communication, methods, creates 
safe spaces for people in danger

6193
05:24:09,400 --> 05:24:12,000
and maintain hope. 
Even when progress seems 

6194
05:24:12,000 --> 05:24:15,100
impossible, the Underground 
Railroad also demonstrated the 

6195
05:24:15,100 --> 05:24:17,300
power of what we might. 
Now call intersectional 

6196
05:24:17,300 --> 05:24:20,900
cooperation, the network brought
together, people who disagreed 

6197
05:24:20,900 --> 05:24:23,600
about many things but found 
common ground in their 

6198
05:24:23,600 --> 05:24:26,600
opposition to slavery. 
Religious groups that normally 

6199
05:24:26,600 --> 05:24:30,000
didn't associate work together 
People from different social 

6200
05:24:30,000 --> 05:24:33,900
classes, collaborated, as equals
racial barriers that seemed 

6201
05:24:33,900 --> 05:24:36,800
insurmountable in other 
contexts, became irrelevant when

6202
05:24:36,800 --> 05:24:38,600
the goal was helping people 
escape bondage. 

6203
05:24:39,700 --> 05:24:42,700
The Underground Railroad had its
limitations and contradictions, 

6204
05:24:42,700 --> 05:24:45,600
most operators, were 
concentrated in border states 

6205
05:24:45,600 --> 05:24:48,400
rather than the Deep South where
help was most desperately 

6206
05:24:48,400 --> 05:24:50,700
needed. 
The network could only help a 

6207
05:24:50,700 --> 05:24:53,300
small percentage of enslaved. 
People leaving Millions still in

6208
05:24:53,300 --> 05:24:55,600
bondage. 
Some operators held 

6209
05:24:55,600 --> 05:24:59,100
paternalistic attitudes toward 
the people, they helped viewing 

6210
05:24:59,100 --> 05:25:02,400
them as victims to be rescued 
rather than Partners in a shared

6211
05:25:02,400 --> 05:25:05,600
struggle for justice. 
Despite these limitations the 

6212
05:25:05,600 --> 05:25:08,300
accomplishments remain 
significant the Underground 

6213
05:25:08,300 --> 05:25:11,400
Railroad, proved that seemingly 
powerless individuals could band

6214
05:25:11,400 --> 05:25:13,300
together to challenge powerful 
institutions. 

6215
05:25:13,300 --> 05:25:16,800
When they were motivated by 
moral conviction and willing to 

6216
05:25:16,808 --> 05:25:20,000
accept personal risk. 
It showed that changed didn't 

6217
05:25:20,000 --> 05:25:22,400
have to wait for perfect 
conditions or ideal leadership, 

6218
05:25:22,400 --> 05:25:25,700
but could begin with whatever 
resources and opportunities were

6219
05:25:25,700 --> 05:25:28,100
available. 
Today when people feel 

6220
05:25:28,100 --> 05:25:30,700
overwhelmed by large-scale 
problems that seem Beyond 

6221
05:25:30,700 --> 05:25:33,900
individual influence, the 
Underground Railroad offers a 

6222
05:25:33,908 --> 05:25:36,300
different model for 
contemplating social change. 

6223
05:25:36,300 --> 05:25:39,600
It suggests that meaningful 
action often begins not with 

6224
05:25:39,600 --> 05:25:42,900
grand strategies or political 
campaigns but with simple 

6225
05:25:42,900 --> 05:25:46,000
decisions to help specific 
people in immediate need then 

6226
05:25:46,000 --> 05:25:48,700
finding ways to connect those 
individual acts of assistance 

6227
05:25:48,700 --> 05:25:52,200
and to larger networks of 
support and Collective action. 

6228
05:25:52,200 --> 05:25:55,300
The Underground Railroad reminds
us that history is most 

6229
05:25:55,300 --> 05:25:58,300
important changes often happen 
through the accumulated actions 

6230
05:25:58,300 --> 05:25:59,700
of people whose names will never
know. 

6231
05:26:00,500 --> 05:26:03,300
Who made choices that seem small
at the time but added up to 

6232
05:26:03,300 --> 05:26:06,300
something transformational. 
In a world that often feels 

6233
05:26:06,300 --> 05:26:09,400
chaotic and hopeless, that's a 
lesson worth remembering as you 

6234
05:26:09,400 --> 05:26:12,300
drift off to sleep. 
Contemplating what Ordinary 

6235
05:26:12,300 --> 05:26:14,800
People can accomplish. 
When they decide that some 

6236
05:26:14,800 --> 05:26:17,600
things are more important than 
personal safety and comfort. 

6237
05:26:22,900 --> 05:26:24,900
You know, that feeling when 
you're making dinner and you 

6238
05:26:24,900 --> 05:26:26,700
realize you forgotten to defrost
the chicken. 

6239
05:26:26,700 --> 05:26:31,800
Well, imagine if I told you that
back in 1851, someone invented a

6240
05:26:31,800 --> 05:26:34,400
machine that could have solved 
that problem and about 50 

6241
05:26:34,400 --> 05:26:35,700
others. 
You didn't even know you had 

6242
05:26:35,700 --> 05:26:38,800
pull up your favorite chair. 
Let me tell you about some 

6243
05:26:38,800 --> 05:26:40,800
inventions that were so close to
changing everything. 

6244
05:26:40,800 --> 05:26:43,600
They practically have their bags
packed for fame. 

6245
05:26:44,300 --> 05:26:46,800
Doctor, John Gorey was sweating 
bullets and Florida. 

6246
05:26:46,800 --> 05:26:50,000
Literally. 
Not because he was nervous but 

6247
05:26:50,000 --> 05:26:52,800
because it was 1842 and air 
conditioning was still a pipe 

6248
05:26:52,800 --> 05:26:55,500
dream. 
This person was watching, 

6249
05:26:55,500 --> 05:26:57,700
yellow, fever. 
Patients suffer in the humid 

6250
05:26:57,700 --> 05:27:00,700
Heat and He thought there's got 
to be a better way. 

6251
05:27:00,700 --> 05:27:03,300
So he built the first ice making
machine. 

6252
05:27:03,300 --> 05:27:06,500
This was not the type of 
machine, that simply drops ice 

6253
05:27:06,500 --> 05:27:08,700
cubes into your glass with the 
satisfying plunk. 

6254
05:27:08,700 --> 05:27:12,400
Instead, it was an actual Ice 
Factory capable of cooling. 

6255
05:27:12,400 --> 05:27:16,200
Entire buildings, picture. 
This gory is contraction looked 

6256
05:27:16,200 --> 05:27:18,700
like someone had crossed a steam
engine with a grandfather clock 

6257
05:27:18,700 --> 05:27:22,200
and fed it too much coffee. 
He compressed air that had 

6258
05:27:22,200 --> 05:27:25,100
expand and Wallah is appeared 
like magic. 

6259
05:27:25,100 --> 05:27:29,000
He was basically performing 
Miracles with thermodynamics yet

6260
05:27:29,000 --> 05:27:31,800
somehow nobody cared. 
The timing was all wrong. 

6261
05:27:32,600 --> 05:27:35,100
People thought I was supposed to
come from Frozen ponds in 

6262
05:27:35,100 --> 05:27:38,100
Winter, not from some mechanical
beasts that made suspicious 

6263
05:27:38,100 --> 05:27:42,300
noises, but really, 
heartbreaking part Gauri died, 

6264
05:27:42,300 --> 05:27:46,200
broken forgotten In 1855, just 
as the world was starting to 

6265
05:27:46,200 --> 05:27:50,400
figure out that maybe just 
maybe, controlling temperature 

6266
05:27:50,400 --> 05:27:54,100
might be useful. 
If he'd invented his machine 50 

6267
05:27:54,100 --> 05:27:56,800
years later, he'd have been 
richer than a chocolate fountain

6268
05:27:56,800 --> 05:28:00,200
at a weight loss convention. 
Instead we had to wait until 

6269
05:28:00,200 --> 05:28:03,500
1902 for Willis carrier to 
essentially reinvent. 

6270
05:28:03,500 --> 05:28:06,400
The same thing and become the 
father of modern air 

6271
05:28:06,400 --> 05:28:08,000
conditioning. 
But here's where it gets 

6272
05:28:08,000 --> 05:28:10,500
interesting. 
Gory's ice machine could have 

6273
05:28:10,500 --> 05:28:13,500
changed everything about where 
people lived how cities 

6274
05:28:13,500 --> 05:28:16,700
developed. 
And even what we ate, Imagine 

6275
05:28:16,700 --> 05:28:19,800
the American South becoming a 
population Center decades, early

6276
05:28:19,800 --> 05:28:24,500
or fresh food being available, 
year-round everywhere, instead 

6277
05:28:24,500 --> 05:28:27,500
of the Great Migration North 
maybe we'd have seen the Great 

6278
05:28:27,500 --> 05:28:30,200
Migration to Florida and not 
just for retirement. 

6279
05:28:31,200 --> 05:28:34,600
Patent office didn't help 
matters back then getting a 

6280
05:28:34,600 --> 05:28:37,100
patent was like trying to 
convince your teenager to clean 

6281
05:28:37,100 --> 05:28:39,700
their room. 
Technically possible but 

6282
05:28:39,700 --> 05:28:45,200
requires supernatural patience. 
Gory got his patent in 1851 but 

6283
05:28:45,200 --> 05:28:48,300
by then he was too exhausted and
too poor to manufacture his 

6284
05:28:48,300 --> 05:28:51,000
machines. 
It is akin to finally obtaining 

6285
05:28:51,000 --> 05:28:54,100
the recipe for the ideal 
chocolate chip cookie only to 

6286
05:28:54,100 --> 05:28:56,500
discover that you lack, the 
means to purchase the necessary 

6287
05:28:56,500 --> 05:28:59,300
ingredients. 
What makes this scenario 

6288
05:28:59,300 --> 05:29:01,500
scenario? 
Even more frustrating is that 

6289
05:29:01,500 --> 05:29:04,600
ice was already a big business. 
Frederic Tudor. 

6290
05:29:04,600 --> 05:29:07,400
The Ice King was shipping ice 
from Massachusetts to the 

6291
05:29:07,400 --> 05:29:11,200
Caribbean and making a fortune. 
People knew ice was valuable, 

6292
05:29:11,200 --> 05:29:13,300
they just couldn't imagine 
making it themselves. 

6293
05:29:13,300 --> 05:29:16,800
It was like having a money tree 
in your backyard but insisting 

6294
05:29:16,800 --> 05:29:20,400
on walking to the bank instead, 
the Ripple effects of gory's 

6295
05:29:20,400 --> 05:29:22,600
failure, touched everything 
around us today. 

6296
05:29:22,600 --> 05:29:27,800
Hospital design food storage, 
urban planning, all of it had to

6297
05:29:27,800 --> 05:29:31,200
wait, another half century to 
evolve, Did the scorching 

6298
05:29:31,200 --> 05:29:33,600
Southerners force people to 
migrate North? 

6299
05:29:34,500 --> 05:29:36,300
They could have been sold before
the Civil War. 

6300
05:29:36,300 --> 05:29:40,100
Did the seasonal food, shortages
that plagued Humanity, for 

6301
05:29:40,100 --> 05:29:43,700
Millennia ever get resolved gory
have the key, but the world 

6302
05:29:43,708 --> 05:29:47,300
wasn't ready to turn the lock. 
Sometimes the best inventions 

6303
05:29:47,300 --> 05:29:50,600
arrived like party guests. 
Either too early, when you're 

6304
05:29:50,600 --> 05:29:53,300
still in your pajamas or too 
late when you've already eaten. 

6305
05:29:53,300 --> 05:29:57,100
All the delicious snacks gory's 
ice machine was definitely the 

6306
05:29:57,100 --> 05:30:00,800
pajamas scenario. 
It was brilliant practical and 

6307
05:30:00,800 --> 05:30:04,200
absolutely ahead of its time 
which in the world of inventions

6308
05:30:04,200 --> 05:30:05,900
is sometimes the coolest fate of
all. 

6309
05:30:05,908 --> 05:30:10,600
Speaking of timing, let's drift 
over to 1838 when Samuel Morse 

6310
05:30:10,600 --> 05:30:12,600
was tapping out. 
His famous water, God, wrought 

6311
05:30:12,600 --> 05:30:14,700
message. 
But here's something that will 

6312
05:30:14,700 --> 05:30:17,800
keep you up at night and other 
Telegraph system was already 

6313
05:30:17,800 --> 05:30:20,600
working perfectly and it might 
have prevented some of the 

6314
05:30:20,600 --> 05:30:22,300
bloodiest conflicts in human 
history. 

6315
05:30:23,700 --> 05:30:25,800
Claude chappe had built 
something called the optical 

6316
05:30:25,800 --> 05:30:28,600
Telegraph across France in the 
1790s. 

6317
05:30:29,500 --> 05:30:31,800
Pitcher a network of towers 
stretching across the 

6318
05:30:31,800 --> 05:30:34,300
countryside. 
Each one topped with mechanical 

6319
05:30:34,300 --> 05:30:36,700
arms that moved like a person 
doing semaphore. 

6320
05:30:37,700 --> 05:30:39,700
These work just quaint windmill 
decorations. 

6321
05:30:39,700 --> 05:30:42,600
They could send a message from 
Paris to the Mediterranean 

6322
05:30:42,600 --> 05:30:45,100
faster than a horse could Gallop
to the next Village. 

6323
05:30:45,900 --> 05:30:48,400
The entire system, functioned 
akin to a highly Advanced 

6324
05:30:48,400 --> 05:30:50,100
version of the childhood 
telephone game. 

6325
05:30:50,100 --> 05:30:53,800
But instead of mutilating 
whispered words these Tower 

6326
05:30:53,800 --> 05:30:57,000
operators utilize telescopes to 
interpret arm positions and 

6327
05:30:57,000 --> 05:31:00,300
transmit coded messages, a 
communication that would take 

6328
05:31:00,308 --> 05:31:02,300
weeks on Horseback. 
Could travel the length of 

6329
05:31:02,300 --> 05:31:04,900
France in hours. 
It was like having the internet,

6330
05:31:04,900 --> 05:31:08,400
except it ran on human eyeballs 
and mechanical precision. 

6331
05:31:09,400 --> 05:31:12,400
Now here's where your heart 
might break a little, the 

6332
05:31:12,400 --> 05:31:15,200
chappie telegraph was so 
effective that Napoleon used it 

6333
05:31:15,200 --> 05:31:17,000
to coordinate his military 
campaigns. 

6334
05:31:17,000 --> 05:31:20,500
However the French government 
kept the telegraph technology 

6335
05:31:20,500 --> 05:31:22,700
secret from other countries 
because they believed it 

6336
05:31:22,708 --> 05:31:25,000
provided them with two 
significant and advantage 

6337
05:31:25,700 --> 05:31:29,100
Imagine if they share the 
technology, instead, the Crimean

6338
05:31:29,100 --> 05:31:31,500
War might have been settled over
a couple of tea rather than 

6339
05:31:31,500 --> 05:31:34,200
Fortune trenches. 
The American Civil War could 

6340
05:31:34,200 --> 05:31:36,700
have been a series of strongly 
worded telegrams and of a 

6341
05:31:36,700 --> 05:31:40,900
four-year Bloodbath The optical 
telegraphed a minor issue that 

6342
05:31:40,900 --> 05:31:44,300
ultimately led to its demise. 
It required, favorable weather 

6343
05:31:44,300 --> 05:31:48,200
conditions and daylight hours to
function, Fog, rain or 

6344
05:31:48,200 --> 05:31:50,000
nighttime. 
Turn the most sophisticated 

6345
05:31:50,000 --> 05:31:53,500
communication Network in the 
world into an expensive 

6346
05:31:53,500 --> 05:31:56,900
collection of wooden Towers. 
It was like having a sports car 

6347
05:31:56,900 --> 05:31:58,900
that only worked on Tuesdays 
when it wasn't cloudy. 

6348
05:31:58,900 --> 05:32:03,100
When morses electrical Telegraph
came along, it worked in any 

6349
05:32:03,100 --> 05:32:06,300
weather day or night. 
The optical system became as 

6350
05:32:06,300 --> 05:32:08,800
obsolete as a sundial in a 
smartphone world. 

6351
05:32:09,900 --> 05:32:11,100
But here's the thing that should
make. 

6352
05:32:11,100 --> 05:32:14,000
You sit up in bed. 
If someone had figured out how 

6353
05:32:14,000 --> 05:32:16,800
to make the optical system work 
in the dark, we might have had 

6354
05:32:16,800 --> 05:32:19,200
instant Global Communication 
decades earlier. 

6355
05:32:20,300 --> 05:32:23,100
The French had over 5,000 
kilometers of optical Telegraph 

6356
05:32:23,100 --> 05:32:25,400
Lines. 
By the 1840s they could have 

6357
05:32:25,400 --> 05:32:27,300
connected every major city in 
Europe. 

6358
05:32:27,300 --> 05:32:30,300
If other countries had adopted 
the system, instead of treating 

6359
05:32:30,300 --> 05:32:33,800
it like a military secret. 
Imagine the Congress of Vienna 

6360
05:32:33,800 --> 05:32:37,400
in 1815 with delegates actually 
able to communicate with their 

6361
05:32:37,400 --> 05:32:41,200
home countries in real time. 
Diplomatic crisis that escalated

6362
05:32:41,200 --> 05:32:44,200
due to slow instructions. 
For ambassadors might have been 

6363
05:32:44,200 --> 05:32:48,000
resolved over lunch. 
But the real tragedy is what 

6364
05:32:48,000 --> 05:32:49,400
happened to Claude? 
Chappe himself. 

6365
05:32:50,200 --> 05:32:53,200
He watched his life's work at 
overtaken by electrical systems 

6366
05:32:53,200 --> 05:32:56,700
and fell into such despair that 
he took his life in 1805. 

6367
05:32:56,700 --> 05:33:00,200
He never got to see how his 
optical Network inspired the 

6368
05:33:00,200 --> 05:33:02,200
development of modern 
Telecommunications. 

6369
05:33:03,300 --> 05:33:06,400
Towers were the direct ancestors
of every cell phone tower. 

6370
05:33:06,400 --> 05:33:10,400
Every fiber optic cable, and 
every satellite dish that keeps 

6371
05:33:10,400 --> 05:33:14,600
our world connected to today. 
The optical telegraph was like a

6372
05:33:14,600 --> 05:33:17,900
bridge between the ancient world
of signal fires and smoke 

6373
05:33:17,900 --> 05:33:21,100
signals and our modern world of 
instant Global Communication. 

6374
05:33:22,400 --> 05:33:24,900
It proved that with enough 
clever engineering and human 

6375
05:33:24,900 --> 05:33:28,500
cooperation, you could shrink 
the world down to a manageable 

6376
05:33:28,500 --> 05:33:32,600
size, it took a century for that
lesson to sink in and by then 

6377
05:33:32,600 --> 05:33:35,200
we'd fought Wars that better 
communication might have 

6378
05:33:35,200 --> 05:33:38,700
prevented now reclining into 
your pillows as the upcoming 

6379
05:33:38,700 --> 05:33:40,900
story May inspire you to rewrite
history, books. 

6380
05:33:40,900 --> 05:33:43,800
Everyone knows the Wright 
brothers flew first at Kitty 

6381
05:33:43,800 --> 05:33:47,300
Hawk in 1903, right? 
Well, grab your favorite warm 

6382
05:33:47,300 --> 05:33:50,700
drink because I'm about to tell 
you about Gustav Whitehead, a 

6383
05:33:50,700 --> 05:33:53,500
guy who might have been soaring 
through the Connecticut, Sky two

6384
05:33:53,500 --> 05:33:56,400
years before Alan will, but even
got their Famous 12 seconds off 

6385
05:33:56,400 --> 05:33:58,800
the ground. 
Whitehead was one of those 

6386
05:33:58,800 --> 05:34:01,600
inventors who looked like he 
escaped from a steampunk novel. 

6387
05:34:02,500 --> 05:34:06,000
Born in Bavaria the immigrated 
To America with nothing but Big 

6388
05:34:06,000 --> 05:34:08,900
Dreams and an obsession with 
anything that could fly. 

6389
05:34:09,900 --> 05:34:12,400
While the Wright brothers were 
methodically, testing gliders, 

6390
05:34:12,400 --> 05:34:15,400
and keeping details notes 
Whitehead was building flying 

6391
05:34:15,400 --> 05:34:18,200
machines in his backyard, like 
he was assembling furniture from

6392
05:34:18,200 --> 05:34:23,500
a very complicated catalog on 
August 14th, 1901 Witnesses 

6393
05:34:23,500 --> 05:34:24,100
claim. 
They saw. 

6394
05:34:24,100 --> 05:34:27,700
Whiteheads number 21, aircraft 
fly for about half a mile at 50 

6395
05:34:27,700 --> 05:34:29,200
feet of the ground near 
Bridgeport. 

6396
05:34:30,200 --> 05:34:32,900
The local newspaper, reported it
the next day with the kind of 

6397
05:34:32,900 --> 05:34:35,900
casual enthusiasm, you might use
to describe a particularly 

6398
05:34:35,900 --> 05:34:39,900
excellent barbecue. 
Gustav Whitehead flew. 

6399
05:34:39,900 --> 05:34:43,000
Yesterday essentially said, as 
if people took to the air every 

6400
05:34:43,000 --> 05:34:45,900
Tuesday, here's where it gets 
frustrating enough to make you 

6401
05:34:45,900 --> 05:34:49,300
kick your blankets. 
Unlike the Wright brothers, who 

6402
05:34:49,300 --> 05:34:51,500
documented everything? 
Like, they were preparing for a 

6403
05:34:51,508 --> 05:34:54,400
patent lawsuit. 
Whitehead was more of a, let's 

6404
05:34:54,400 --> 05:34:57,600
see what happens if I attach 
this engine to These Wings kind 

6405
05:34:57,600 --> 05:35:02,000
of guy, no, photographs, no 
official records just eyewitness

6406
05:35:02,000 --> 05:35:05,200
accounts and one very 
enthusiastic newspaper article. 

6407
05:35:05,200 --> 05:35:08,900
The aircraft itself was a Marvel
of early 20th century, 

6408
05:35:08,900 --> 05:35:12,100
engineering optimism. 
It had a lightweight motor that 

6409
05:35:12,100 --> 05:35:16,200
Whitehead, built himself silk 
Wing's and a control system that

6410
05:35:16,200 --> 05:35:18,700
required the pilot to basically 
become one with the machine 

6411
05:35:18,700 --> 05:35:21,200
flying. 
It was less like driving a car 

6412
05:35:21,200 --> 05:35:23,400
and more like riding a very 
Cooperative dragon. 

6413
05:35:24,300 --> 05:35:27,800
The whole Contraption weighed 
about 800 pounds and looked 

6414
05:35:27,800 --> 05:35:30,500
like, it had been designed by 
someone who'd seen birds flying,

6415
05:35:30,500 --> 05:35:32,400
but had never actually met one 
personally. 

6416
05:35:33,800 --> 05:35:35,900
What makes this story even more 
intriguing? 

6417
05:35:35,900 --> 05:35:38,800
Is that several Aviation 
Pioneers visited Whitehead? 

6418
05:35:39,600 --> 05:35:41,800
And came away. 
Convinced he'd achieved powered 

6419
05:35:41,800 --> 05:35:45,000
flight. 
These individuals were Not Mere 

6420
05:35:45,000 --> 05:35:48,000
passes by, but rather serious 
engineers, and Aviation 

6421
05:35:48,000 --> 05:35:51,300
enthusiasts will understood the 
distinction between mere flight 

6422
05:35:51,300 --> 05:35:54,100
and True Flight. 
However, the Wright brothers, 

6423
05:35:54,100 --> 05:35:57,300
publicity overshadowed, their 
testimonies, the problem was 

6424
05:35:57,300 --> 05:35:58,900
that Whitehead couldn't repeat, 
his success. 

6425
05:35:58,900 --> 05:36:02,500
Consistently whiteheads, 
engines, exhibited temperamental

6426
05:36:02,500 --> 05:36:05,000
Behavior. 
His aircraft designs, underwent 

6427
05:36:05,000 --> 05:36:08,300
constant changes, and his 
business Acumen was akin to that

6428
05:36:08,300 --> 05:36:11,400
of a golden retriever. 
While the Wright brothers were 

6429
05:36:11,400 --> 05:36:13,300
building? 
A sustainable flying program. 

6430
05:36:13,300 --> 05:36:15,800
Whitehead was having what you 
might charitably? 

6431
05:36:15,800 --> 05:36:18,600
Call Adventure flights 
impressive. 

6432
05:36:18,600 --> 05:36:21,100
When they worked spectacular 
when they didn't. 

6433
05:36:21,800 --> 05:36:24,800
Imagine if Whitehead had been a 
better record keeper, or if 

6434
05:36:24,800 --> 05:36:27,700
someone with a camera had been 
there, that August morning, we 

6435
05:36:27,700 --> 05:36:29,200
might be talking about Whitehead
field. 

6436
05:36:29,200 --> 05:36:32,500
Instead of Wright Patterson Air 
Force Base, the whole mythology 

6437
05:36:32,500 --> 05:36:35,300
of American Aviation might have 
started in Connecticut rather 

6438
05:36:35,300 --> 05:36:37,800
than North Carolina. 
Beach tourism might have 

6439
05:36:37,808 --> 05:36:41,600
developed very differently. 
Thing that might keep you 

6440
05:36:41,600 --> 05:36:44,900
staring at the ceiling. 
Even if Whitehead did fly first,

6441
05:36:44,900 --> 05:36:47,300
the Wright brothers, Still 
deserved their Fame. 

6442
05:36:47,300 --> 05:36:50,800
They didn't just achieve flight.
They made it reproducible 

6443
05:36:50,800 --> 05:36:55,000
improvable and eventually 
practical Whitehead was like the

6444
05:36:55,000 --> 05:36:57,700
person who accidentally 
discovers a great recipe but 

6445
05:36:57,700 --> 05:37:00,500
forgets to write it down. 
The Wright brothers were the 

6446
05:37:00,500 --> 05:37:03,200
ones who turned flying into 
something more than a 

6447
05:37:03,200 --> 05:37:06,200
spectacular accident. 
The aviation World probably 

6448
05:37:06,200 --> 05:37:09,300
needed both approaches 
whiteheads, Fearless 

6449
05:37:09,300 --> 05:37:12,300
experimentation and the Wright 
brothers methodical development.

6450
05:37:13,200 --> 05:37:14,800
One, pushed the limits of what 
was possible. 

6451
05:37:14,800 --> 05:37:18,700
The other made sure those 
boundaries stayed pushed It's 

6452
05:37:18,700 --> 05:37:21,300
just a shame that history tends 
to remember the finishes better 

6453
05:37:21,300 --> 05:37:23,000
than the Pioneers, who cleared 
the path. 

6454
05:37:23,000 --> 05:37:25,700
Let's pull the covers up a bit 
higher and discuss something 

6455
05:37:25,700 --> 05:37:28,400
that might change how you think 
about World War Two entirely. 

6456
05:37:29,400 --> 05:37:32,500
While everyone was focused on 
radar and Rockets a brilliant. 

6457
05:37:32,500 --> 05:37:36,000
German engineer named Konrad 
zuse was quietly building the 

6458
05:37:36,000 --> 05:37:38,800
world's first programmable 
computer in his parents living 

6459
05:37:38,800 --> 05:37:41,100
room. 
Indeed, he was building the 

6460
05:37:41,100 --> 05:37:43,700
world's first programmable 
computer in his parents living 

6461
05:37:43,700 --> 05:37:46,000
room. 
Imagine trying to explain that 

6462
05:37:46,000 --> 05:37:51,400
to your homeowners insurance. 
The Z3 completed in 1941 was 

6463
05:37:51,400 --> 05:37:54,500
like someone had taken a pocket 
calculator and fed its steroids 

6464
05:37:54,500 --> 05:37:57,100
for two years. 
It could perform floating Point 

6465
05:37:57,100 --> 05:38:00,700
arithmetic, handle, conditional 
operations, and even run 

6466
05:38:00,700 --> 05:38:04,300
programs stored on punched film.
This wasn't some glorified 

6467
05:38:04,300 --> 05:38:06,900
adding machine. 
This was a genuine computer 

6468
05:38:06,900 --> 05:38:10,500
complete with memory processing 
power and the ability to solve 

6469
05:38:10,500 --> 05:38:13,500
complex, mathematical problems, 
that would have taken human 

6470
05:38:13,500 --> 05:38:17,300
calculators weeks to figure out 
Zeus built this Marvel using 

6471
05:38:17,300 --> 05:38:19,600
telephone. 
Relays the kind of switches that

6472
05:38:19,600 --> 05:38:21,500
connected your long-distance 
calls back. 

6473
05:38:21,500 --> 05:38:27,600
When operators asked number 
please, Z3 had about 2,600, 

6474
05:38:27,600 --> 05:38:30,900
relays clicking away like a 
mechanical Orchestra each one 

6475
05:38:30,900 --> 05:38:34,000
making tiny decisions that added
up to genuine computational 

6476
05:38:34,000 --> 05:38:37,100
power. 
The sound it made while working 

6477
05:38:37,100 --> 05:38:40,400
was probably like being inside a
huge, very busy typewriter. 

6478
05:38:40,400 --> 05:38:42,600
Here's where your mind might 
start racing. 

6479
05:38:43,300 --> 05:38:45,900
If the German military had 
recognized, what zucchi had 

6480
05:38:45,900 --> 05:38:48,300
created and funded it properly. 
They could have had 

6481
05:38:48,300 --> 05:38:51,000
computational advantages that 
might have changed the entire 

6482
05:38:51,000 --> 05:38:54,200
War code. 
Breaking ballistic, calculations

6483
05:38:54,200 --> 05:38:58,000
Logistics, optimization all the 
number crunching nightmares that

6484
05:38:58,000 --> 05:39:00,600
bogged down military operations.
Could have been sold by 

6485
05:39:00,600 --> 05:39:04,200
machine's in stead of rooms full
of mathematicians with slide 

6486
05:39:04,200 --> 05:39:06,400
rules. 
But the German authorities 

6487
05:39:06,400 --> 05:39:09,900
looked at Zeus's computer and 
essentially Shrugged, they were 

6488
05:39:09,900 --> 05:39:11,900
more interested in bigger tanks 
and faster. 

6489
05:39:11,900 --> 05:39:15,000
Planes than in some clicking 
Contraption, solved math 

6490
05:39:15,000 --> 05:39:17,400
problems. 
It was like being offered a 

6491
05:39:17,400 --> 05:39:20,700
magic wand and asking if it came
in a different color, the 

6492
05:39:20,700 --> 05:39:23,100
military applications were so 
obvious, they were invisible. 

6493
05:39:23,100 --> 05:39:26,400
Meanwhile, on the other side of 
the Atlantic similar 

6494
05:39:26,400 --> 05:39:29,200
computational needs were driving
the development of machines like

6495
05:39:29,200 --> 05:39:32,600
any actor and Colossus The 
difference was that the Allies 

6496
05:39:32,600 --> 05:39:35,200
understood, they were fighting a
war that would be won by whoever

6497
05:39:35,200 --> 05:39:38,700
could process information, 
faster and more accurately. 

6498
05:39:39,600 --> 05:39:42,800
The Germans had the technology 
first, we couldn't see past 

6499
05:39:42,800 --> 05:39:44,200
their traditional military 
thinking. 

6500
05:39:45,000 --> 05:39:48,000
Zeus's Workshop was eventually 
destroyed in an Allied bombing 

6501
05:39:48,000 --> 05:39:51,400
raid in 1943 taking the Z3 with 
it. 

6502
05:39:51,400 --> 05:39:55,300
By then he'd already started 
work on the Z4, which was even 

6503
05:39:55,300 --> 05:39:58,200
more advanced. 
But imagine if that bombing raid

6504
05:39:58,200 --> 05:40:01,200
had never happened or if Zeus 
had been working in a properly 

6505
05:40:01,200 --> 05:40:04,200
funded well protected government
facility instead of his parents 

6506
05:40:04,200 --> 05:40:06,800
living room. 
The computational revolution 

6507
05:40:06,800 --> 05:40:11,000
might have started in the 1940s 
Germany in stead of the 1950s 

6508
05:40:11,000 --> 05:40:13,800
America. 
The real tragedy is that Zeus 

6509
05:40:13,800 --> 05:40:16,300
understood exactly what he'd 
wrote. 

6510
05:40:16,300 --> 05:40:19,000
The first algorithmic, 
programming language developed 

6511
05:40:19,000 --> 05:40:22,400
floating Point arithmetic and 
even theorized about artificial 

6512
05:40:22,400 --> 05:40:24,900
intelligence decades before 
anyone else was thinking 

6513
05:40:24,900 --> 05:40:28,400
seriously about machine 
thinking, He was like a time 

6514
05:40:28,400 --> 05:40:31,000
traveler who brought back 
blueprints from the future 

6515
05:40:31,000 --> 05:40:33,900
except nobody believed. 
The future was worth visiting. 

6516
05:40:35,000 --> 05:40:38,200
After the war, when the world 
finally caught up to what Lucid 

6517
05:40:38,200 --> 05:40:40,700
been doing. 
The computer Revolution exploded

6518
05:40:41,900 --> 05:40:47,100
But those crucial years, from 
1941 to 1945 represented, a lost

6519
05:40:47,100 --> 05:40:49,900
opportunity that might have 
reshaped everything, not just 

6520
05:40:49,900 --> 05:40:52,300
the war, but the entire 
development of computational 

6521
05:40:52,300 --> 05:40:55,700
Technology could have been 
accelerated by a decade or more.

6522
05:40:56,600 --> 05:40:59,300
This is one of those historical 
scenarios that can keep you 

6523
05:40:59,300 --> 05:41:02,300
awake at night. 
What if the side with the moral 

6524
05:41:02,300 --> 05:41:04,100
High Ground also had the best 
tech. 

6525
05:41:04,100 --> 05:41:07,300
What if the computational 
revolution had started earlier 

6526
05:41:07,300 --> 05:41:10,200
and developed differently? 
The most important battles in 

6527
05:41:10,208 --> 05:41:12,800
history are sometimes fought 
with ideas that don't get the 

6528
05:41:12,800 --> 05:41:15,300
attention they deserve. 
Now, let's talk about something 

6529
05:41:15,300 --> 05:41:18,000
that might make you grateful for
modern medicine, in a whole new 

6530
05:41:18,000 --> 05:41:22,400
way picture. 
This it's 1847, and women are 

6531
05:41:22,400 --> 05:41:25,200
dying in childbirth at 
horrifying rates, not from 

6532
05:41:25,200 --> 05:41:27,800
complications during delivery, 
but from something called 

6533
05:41:27,800 --> 05:41:31,400
childbed fever that strikes 
afterward in Vienna's General 

6534
05:41:31,400 --> 05:41:33,300
Hospital. 
One maternity ward has a death 

6535
05:41:33,300 --> 05:41:36,200
rate of 18%. 
While another Ward right down 

6536
05:41:36,200 --> 05:41:40,000
the hall, has a death rate of 
only 2%, same Hospital, same 

6537
05:41:40,000 --> 05:41:43,900
city same year but somehow one 
hallway is a death trap while 

6538
05:41:43,900 --> 05:41:48,600
the other is relatively safe. 
Entered, Vice a Hungarian 

6539
05:41:48,600 --> 05:41:51,600
Doctor, Who looked at the 
situation and thought something 

6540
05:41:51,600 --> 05:41:54,700
is very wrong here. 
He was like a medical detective 

6541
05:41:54,700 --> 05:41:56,400
in an era. 
When most doctors thought to 

6542
05:41:56,400 --> 05:41:58,600
disease was caused by bad air or
moral failing. 

6543
05:41:59,500 --> 05:42:01,900
Symbolize notice something that 
should have been obvious, but 

6544
05:42:01,900 --> 05:42:05,500
somehow wasn't the deadly. 
Ward was staffed by doctors and 

6545
05:42:05,500 --> 05:42:08,100
medical students. 
While the safe Ward was run by 

6546
05:42:08,108 --> 05:42:10,800
midwives. 
Here's where it gets intriguing 

6547
05:42:10,800 --> 05:42:12,200
enough to make you sit up in 
bed. 

6548
05:42:13,300 --> 05:42:15,600
The doctors and medical 
students, spent their mornings 

6549
05:42:15,600 --> 05:42:18,900
performing autopsies on women 
who had died from childbed fever

6550
05:42:18,900 --> 05:42:22,500
then walked directly to the 
Maternity Ward to deliver babies

6551
05:42:22,500 --> 05:42:26,000
without washing their hands. 
The Midwives, on the other hand 

6552
05:42:26,000 --> 05:42:31,200
didn't do autopsies semis, put 
two and two together and got an 

6553
05:42:31,200 --> 05:42:32,700
answer that nobody wanted to 
hear. 

6554
05:42:33,800 --> 05:42:37,400
He instituted a simple policy. 
Everyone had to wash their hands

6555
05:42:37,400 --> 05:42:42,000
with chlorinated lime solution, 
before examining patients the 

6556
05:42:42,000 --> 05:42:44,300
death rate in the doctors. 
Ward immediately dropped from 

6557
05:42:44,300 --> 05:42:48,200
18% to less than 2%. 
You'd think the change would 

6558
05:42:48,200 --> 05:42:50,300
have made several Vice. 
The hero of Vienna General 

6559
05:42:50,300 --> 05:42:52,700
Hospital. 
Maybe even gotten him a statue 

6560
05:42:52,700 --> 05:42:55,600
in the courtyard. 
Instead it made him the most 

6561
05:42:55,600 --> 05:42:57,600
hated man in the medical 
establishment. 

6562
05:42:57,600 --> 05:43:01,900
The other doctors were Furious. 
The idea that gentleman's hands 

6563
05:43:01,900 --> 05:43:04,400
could be unclean was insulting 
to their social status. 

6564
05:43:04,400 --> 05:43:08,200
Doctors were supposed to be 
learning men of science, not 

6565
05:43:08,200 --> 05:43:10,900
common workers, who needed to 
scrub up like servants. 

6566
05:43:10,900 --> 05:43:13,900
The concept that invisible 
particles on their hands could 

6567
05:43:13,900 --> 05:43:17,500
cause disease was so absurd. 
It was practically offensive. 

6568
05:43:17,500 --> 05:43:20,700
They essentially told semmel 
vase that his germ theory was 

6569
05:43:20,700 --> 05:43:23,400
crazy talk. 
What makes this even more 

6570
05:43:23,400 --> 05:43:25,900
heartbreaking is that simulates?
Could prove his point with 

6571
05:43:25,900 --> 05:43:28,500
numbers. 
Every month that hand washing 

6572
05:43:28,500 --> 05:43:32,000
was enforced, fewer women died. 
Every time the policy was 

6573
05:43:32,000 --> 05:43:33,800
relaxed, the death rate shot 
back up. 

6574
05:43:33,800 --> 05:43:36,900
It was an effect. 
So clear you could teach it to a

6575
05:43:36,900 --> 05:43:39,400
child yet the medical 
establishment treated it like 

6576
05:43:39,400 --> 05:43:43,000
dangerous nonsense. 
Pushback against samurais was so

6577
05:43:43,000 --> 05:43:44,800
intense that he eventually 
suffered what? 

6578
05:43:44,800 --> 05:43:46,900
We'd now probably call a nervous
breakdown. 

6579
05:43:47,800 --> 05:43:50,600
He became increasingly 
frustrated and confrontational 

6580
05:43:50,600 --> 05:43:53,700
righting bitter letters to 
prominent doctors, calling them 

6581
05:43:53,700 --> 05:43:56,300
murderers. 
Technically, he was correct. 

6582
05:43:56,300 --> 05:43:58,600
They were killing patients due 
to ignorance. 

6583
05:43:59,600 --> 05:44:04,300
But he never excelled intact. 
In 1865, he was committed to an 

6584
05:44:04,300 --> 05:44:07,300
asylum where he died. 
Just two weeks later, possibly 

6585
05:44:07,300 --> 05:44:09,900
from the same kind of infection.
He'd spent his career fighting. 

6586
05:44:11,100 --> 05:44:13,600
Here's the part that might keep 
you staring at the ceiling. 

6587
05:44:14,500 --> 05:44:16,800
If the medical world had 
accepted semmelweiss 

6588
05:44:16,800 --> 05:44:20,500
hand-washing protocol in 1847, 
millions of lives, could have 

6589
05:44:20,500 --> 05:44:23,400
been saved. 
The concept of antiseptic 

6590
05:44:23,400 --> 05:44:25,700
surgery wouldn't have had to 
wait for Joseph, Lister in the 

6591
05:44:25,708 --> 05:44:29,500
1860s, germ Theory wouldn't have
needed Louis Pasteur to make it 

6592
05:44:29,500 --> 05:44:32,400
respectable the entire 
development of modern medicine 

6593
05:44:32,400 --> 05:44:34,300
could have accelerated by 
decades. 

6594
05:44:35,100 --> 05:44:37,900
Imagine Civil War Field 
hospitals where doctors wash 

6595
05:44:37,900 --> 05:44:41,900
their hands between patients. 
Imagine surgery becoming safer 

6596
05:44:41,900 --> 05:44:44,100
20 years earlier than it 
actually did. 

6597
05:44:44,100 --> 05:44:47,500
Imagine all the mothers and 
babies who could have lived if 

6598
05:44:47,500 --> 05:44:49,800
the medical establishment had 
been willing to consider that 

6599
05:44:49,800 --> 05:44:54,000
maybe Just maybe a Hungarian 
doctored figured out something 

6600
05:44:54,000 --> 05:44:55,900
important about invisible 
killers. 

6601
05:44:56,700 --> 05:45:01,400
Instead Samurai became a tragic 
footnote Vindicated only after 

6602
05:45:01,400 --> 05:45:04,600
his death when pastor and Lister
made Theory fashionable. 

6603
05:45:05,400 --> 05:45:07,600
Occasionally, the most important
discoveries aren't rejected 

6604
05:45:07,600 --> 05:45:10,500
because they're wrong. 
But because they're so right, 

6605
05:45:10,500 --> 05:45:13,400
they threatened everything 
people think they know about how

6606
05:45:13,400 --> 05:45:16,200
the world Works. 
Let's shift gears again and talk

6607
05:45:16,200 --> 05:45:18,300
about something that could have 
made your daily commute. 

6608
05:45:18,300 --> 05:45:21,700
Look very different While 
everyone was getting excited 

6609
05:45:21,700 --> 05:45:24,900
about cars and airplanes. 
In the early 1900s, there was 

6610
05:45:24,900 --> 05:45:27,500
another Transportation 
Revolution Brewing that most 

6611
05:45:27,500 --> 05:45:30,900
people have never heard of It 
involved pneumatic tubes. 

6612
05:45:30,900 --> 05:45:34,200
Basically shooting capsules 
through pressurized air systems.

6613
05:45:34,200 --> 05:45:36,100
Like you are emailing yourself 
across the city. 

6614
05:45:37,400 --> 05:45:39,900
The beach pneumatic transit 
system in New York was like 

6615
05:45:39,900 --> 05:45:43,200
something out of a Jules, Verne 
novel, except it actually 

6616
05:45:43,200 --> 05:45:47,400
worked. 
In 1870 Alfred Ely Beach built a

6617
05:45:47,400 --> 05:45:51,500
300 to 12 foot demonstration 
tunnel under Broadway and shot a

6618
05:45:51,500 --> 05:45:53,700
cylindrical car carrying 
passengers through it using 

6619
05:45:53,700 --> 05:45:57,200
nothing but air pressure. 
The car was plushie appointed 

6620
05:45:57,200 --> 05:46:00,700
with upholstered seats and 
Elegant Lighting, making it feel

6621
05:46:00,700 --> 05:46:03,700
more like riding in a Victorian 
parlor than being shot through 

6622
05:46:03,700 --> 05:46:07,300
an underground tube. 
Passengers described the 

6623
05:46:07,300 --> 05:46:09,500
experience as surprisingly 
smooth and quiet. 

6624
05:46:10,400 --> 05:46:13,400
The car would whoosh through the
tunnel carried Along by a giant 

6625
05:46:13,400 --> 05:46:16,900
fan, that created air pressure 
behind it and suction in front. 

6626
05:46:18,100 --> 05:46:20,800
At the end of the line, the 
process reversed and the car 

6627
05:46:20,808 --> 05:46:22,800
would slide gently back to the 
starting point. 

6628
05:46:22,800 --> 05:46:25,800
It was like being inside a huge,
very comfortable. 

6629
05:46:25,800 --> 05:46:29,300
New Matic message system Beach 
envisioned a network of these 

6630
05:46:29,300 --> 05:46:31,400
pneumatic Railways, 
crisscrossing Manhattan, 

6631
05:46:31,400 --> 05:46:33,600
transporting passengers at 
speeds. 

6632
05:46:33,600 --> 05:46:36,000
That would rival. 
Those of modern Subway systems. 

6633
05:46:36,000 --> 05:46:40,400
No noise, no smoke, no horses, 
dropping inconvenient packages 

6634
05:46:40,400 --> 05:46:42,600
on the street. 
Just clean quiet. 

6635
05:46:42,600 --> 05:46:46,500
Efficient Transportation powered
by compressed air, the whole 

6636
05:46:46,500 --> 05:46:48,900
system could have been running 
on renewable energy, if they 

6637
05:46:48,908 --> 05:46:50,900
connected the fans to win Mills 
or water wheels. 

6638
05:46:52,100 --> 05:46:54,400
Here's where the story takes a 
turn that might make you want to

6639
05:46:54,400 --> 05:46:55,800
throw your pillow across the 
room. 

6640
05:46:56,800 --> 05:47:00,100
Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall New 
York's notoriously corrupt 

6641
05:47:00,100 --> 05:47:02,900
political machine were heavily 
invested in street-level 

6642
05:47:02,900 --> 05:47:06,700
transportation systems, 
horse-drawn omnibuses elevated 

6643
05:47:06,700 --> 05:47:10,800
Railways and eventually 
streetcars a pneumatic system 

6644
05:47:10,800 --> 05:47:13,500
that bypass street level 
corruption and kick back 

6645
05:47:13,500 --> 05:47:16,200
opportunities was about, as well
as a tax audit. 

6646
05:47:17,000 --> 05:47:19,900
The political opposition to 
beaches system was so intense 

6647
05:47:19,900 --> 05:47:22,600
that he had to build his 
demonstration tunnel in secret 

6648
05:47:22,600 --> 05:47:26,200
working at night and disposing 
of excavated dirt through a 

6649
05:47:26,208 --> 05:47:29,700
basement in the nearby building.
He was literally conducting an 

6650
05:47:29,700 --> 05:47:32,900
underground Transportation 
Revolution underground in both 

6651
05:47:32,900 --> 05:47:34,600
the physical and political 
scents. 

6652
05:47:35,900 --> 05:47:39,100
When Beach Finally Revealed his 
system to the public, it was an 

6653
05:47:39,100 --> 05:47:43,400
instant sensation over. 400,000 
people paid to ride the 

6654
05:47:43,400 --> 05:47:45,700
demonstration line in its first 
year of operation. 

6655
05:47:46,500 --> 05:47:50,100
A public, loved it, a pressed it
and Engineering experts 

6656
05:47:50,100 --> 05:47:51,900
confirmed, it was completely 
feasible. 

6657
05:47:51,900 --> 05:47:55,200
Everything was perfect, except 
for the small matter of 

6658
05:47:55,200 --> 05:47:56,800
political approval for 
expansion. 

6659
05:47:57,900 --> 05:48:00,800
Tweed and his cronies made sure 
that beaches request for permits

6660
05:48:00,800 --> 05:48:03,400
and funding got buried deeper 
than his tunnel. 

6661
05:48:04,000 --> 05:48:05,600
They want to Transportation 
Systems. 

6662
05:48:05,600 --> 05:48:09,300
They could control profit from 
and use a sources of political 

6663
05:48:09,300 --> 05:48:12,300
patronage. 
The pneumatic system that could 

6664
05:48:12,300 --> 05:48:14,700
be built quickly and operated 
efficiently. 

6665
05:48:14,700 --> 05:48:17,700
Offered too few opportunities 
for the kind of Creative 

6666
05:48:17,700 --> 05:48:19,700
Accounting that kept political 
machines running. 

6667
05:48:20,600 --> 05:48:23,400
The beach tunnel of eventually 
closed, not because the 

6668
05:48:23,400 --> 05:48:25,900
technology didn't work, but 
because the politics didn't 

6669
05:48:25,900 --> 05:48:29,100
work, the demonstration tunnel 
was sealed up and forgotten 

6670
05:48:29,100 --> 05:48:31,600
until it was accidentally 
rediscovered during Subway 

6671
05:48:31,600 --> 05:48:35,400
Construction in 1912. 
By then the window for pneumatic

6672
05:48:35,400 --> 05:48:37,300
Transit. 
Had closed a New York was 

6673
05:48:37,300 --> 05:48:39,000
committed to the electric subway
system. 

6674
05:48:39,000 --> 05:48:43,000
We know today, imagine if 
beached succeeded Manhattan, 

6675
05:48:43,000 --> 05:48:45,600
might have had a transportation 
Network that was fast faster, 

6676
05:48:45,600 --> 05:48:48,600
quieter and cleaner than what we
ended up with. 

6677
05:48:49,600 --> 05:48:52,200
The whole development of urban 
Transportation could have taken 

6678
05:48:52,200 --> 05:48:56,400
in an entirely different path. 
Instead of noisy elevated trains

6679
05:48:56,400 --> 05:48:59,900
and crowded Subways cities, 
might of Silent smooth, 

6680
05:48:59,900 --> 05:49:02,900
pneumatic networks, that shot 
people around like packages and 

6681
05:49:02,900 --> 05:49:05,600
a delivery system. 
The technology wasn't the 

6682
05:49:05,600 --> 05:49:07,500
problem. 
Pneumatic tube systems were 

6683
05:49:07,500 --> 05:49:10,100
already being used successfully 
for male delivery in major 

6684
05:49:10,100 --> 05:49:12,700
cities. 
The problem was that beneficial 

6685
05:49:12,700 --> 05:49:16,200
technology isn't enough if the 
political and economic systems 

6686
05:49:16,200 --> 05:49:19,400
aren't ready to support it 
sometimes the best invention, 

6687
05:49:19,400 --> 05:49:21,700
fail. 
Not because they don't work, but

6688
05:49:21,700 --> 05:49:23,700
because they work too well for 
the wrong people. 

6689
05:49:23,700 --> 05:49:26,900
Now as we settle in for the 
final part of our journey 

6690
05:49:26,900 --> 05:49:29,900
through forgotten inventions, 
let's talk about something that 

6691
05:49:29,900 --> 05:49:32,500
could have changed the entire 
course of the 20th century. 

6692
05:49:33,800 --> 05:49:36,400
While Thomas Edison and Nikola 
Tesla were having their famous 

6693
05:49:36,400 --> 05:49:39,100
war of currents. 
Another inventor was quietly 

6694
05:49:39,100 --> 05:49:41,200
working on something that could 
have made both of their 

6695
05:49:41,200 --> 05:49:43,300
electrical systems look like 
child's toys. 

6696
05:49:44,300 --> 05:49:47,000
Nikola Tesla. 
Yes, the same Tesla who won the 

6697
05:49:47,008 --> 05:49:50,500
ACDC battle hadn't. 
Even bigger idea brewing in His 

6698
05:49:50,500 --> 05:49:52,700
Brilliant. 
Slightly obsessive mind. 

6699
05:49:53,500 --> 05:49:56,200
He believed he could transmit 
electrical power, wirelessly 

6700
05:49:56,200 --> 05:50:00,000
through the Earth itself. 
Making power lines as obsolete 

6701
05:50:00,000 --> 05:50:03,000
as carrier pigeons, his Warden 
Cliff tower. 

6702
05:50:03,000 --> 05:50:05,800
On Long Island, wasn't just an 
experimental radio station. 

6703
05:50:05,800 --> 05:50:09,100
It was supposed to be the 
prototype for a Global Wireless 

6704
05:50:09,100 --> 05:50:13,600
power system picture this 
instead of cities crisscrossed 

6705
05:50:13,600 --> 05:50:16,400
with power lines. 
You'd have Elegant Towers space 

6706
05:50:16,400 --> 05:50:19,600
to cross the landscape beaming 
electricity, through the ground 

6707
05:50:19,600 --> 05:50:21,100
to receive his anywhere in the 
world. 

6708
05:50:22,200 --> 05:50:25,800
No more power, outages from 
Fallen Lines, no more unsightly,

6709
05:50:25,800 --> 05:50:29,000
electrical infrastructure, and 
no more limitations on where you

6710
05:50:29,008 --> 05:50:31,200
could build things. 
Based on how close they were to 

6711
05:50:31,200 --> 05:50:33,700
power sources. 
The whole planet would become 

6712
05:50:33,700 --> 05:50:37,200
one giant electrical grid test 
Tesla system worked on the 

6713
05:50:37,208 --> 05:50:40,400
principle that the Earth itself 
could act as a conductor. 

6714
05:50:41,200 --> 05:50:43,900
By pumping electrical energy 
into the ground at specific 

6715
05:50:43,900 --> 05:50:46,200
frequencies. 
He believed he could create 

6716
05:50:46,200 --> 05:50:48,300
standing waves. 
That would allow power to be 

6717
05:50:48,300 --> 05:50:49,900
extracted anywhere on the 
planet. 

6718
05:50:50,900 --> 05:50:53,800
Sounds like science fiction. 
The Tesla had already 

6719
05:50:53,800 --> 05:50:56,900
demonstrated Wireless power 
transmission on a smaller scale,

6720
05:50:56,900 --> 05:51:00,300
lighting, bulbs from miles away 
without any connecting wires. 

6721
05:51:01,300 --> 05:51:05,300
The financial backing for Warden
Cliff came from JP Morgan who 

6722
05:51:05,300 --> 05:51:07,300
initially thought he was funding
and improved Wireless 

6723
05:51:07,300 --> 05:51:10,700
communication system. 
When Tesla revealed his true 

6724
05:51:10,700 --> 05:51:15,000
intention free wireless power 
for everyone Morgan's enthusiasm

6725
05:51:15,000 --> 05:51:17,300
called faster than coffee left 
on a porch. 

6726
05:51:17,300 --> 05:51:20,000
In January. 
Free Power meant no needed 

6727
05:51:20,000 --> 05:51:23,500
usage, which meant no way to 
charge customers, which meant no

6728
05:51:23,500 --> 05:51:25,900
profit. 
Morgan pulled his funding in 

6729
05:51:25,900 --> 05:51:29,300
1906 and Tesla's Wireless power 
dreams died with it. 

6730
05:51:30,300 --> 05:51:32,400
Here's where you might want to 
pull the blankets over your head

6731
05:51:32,400 --> 05:51:34,500
and contemplate, alternative 
timeline. 

6732
05:51:36,000 --> 05:51:38,400
Test Tesla's, Wireless power 
system had worked as intended, 

6733
05:51:38,400 --> 05:51:41,400
the entire 20th century could 
have unfolded differently. 

6734
05:51:41,400 --> 05:51:44,800
There would have been known 
assess for large-scale power 

6735
05:51:44,800 --> 05:51:47,300
plants in each region. 
The system would have been 

6736
05:51:47,300 --> 05:51:49,900
immune to attacks on 
infrastructure during wartime. 

6737
05:51:49,900 --> 05:51:53,400
There would be no environmental 
issues associated with power 

6738
05:51:53,400 --> 05:51:55,800
transmission lines passing 
through Wilderness areas. 

6739
05:51:56,800 --> 05:52:00,100
Rural electrification, which 
didn't reach many parts of 

6740
05:52:00,100 --> 05:52:03,400
America until the 1930s and 
1940s could have happened in 

6741
05:52:03,400 --> 05:52:06,100
immediately. 
Developing countries wouldn't 

6742
05:52:06,100 --> 05:52:08,600
have needed to build expensive 
power infrastructure to 

6743
05:52:08,608 --> 05:52:11,700
modernize electric vehicles. 
Might have become practical 

6744
05:52:11,700 --> 05:52:14,900
decades earlier since you could 
power them anywhere without 

6745
05:52:14,900 --> 05:52:18,300
needing charging stations. 
But Tesla's Wireless power 

6746
05:52:18,300 --> 05:52:21,600
system, had one crucial flaw, 
that probably doomed it from the

6747
05:52:21,600 --> 05:52:23,500
start. 
It would have been almost 

6748
05:52:23,500 --> 05:52:27,000
impossible to control who used 
the power and like electrical 

6749
05:52:27,000 --> 05:52:30,400
lines that could be meted and 
disconnected Wireless power beam

6750
05:52:30,400 --> 05:52:32,500
through the Earth would have 
been available to anyone with 

6751
05:52:32,500 --> 05:52:36,000
the right receiving equipment. 
It was socialism through physics

6752
05:52:36,000 --> 05:52:38,700
which was never going to fly 
with the business Community. 

6753
05:52:38,700 --> 05:52:41,900
The irony is the testers 
Wireless power transmission 

6754
05:52:41,900 --> 05:52:44,800
actually worked on a small 
scale. 

6755
05:52:44,800 --> 05:52:49,100
His Colorado Springs laboratory 
successfully transmitted power 

6756
05:52:49,100 --> 05:52:51,200
while wirelessly across 
significant distances. 

6757
05:52:51,200 --> 05:52:54,700
The problem wasn't the 
technology, it was the economics

6758
05:52:54,700 --> 05:52:57,100
and politics of giving away 
something that people were used 

6759
05:52:57,100 --> 05:53:01,400
to paying for after Warden. 
Cliff failed, Tesla spent the 

6760
05:53:01,400 --> 05:53:04,100
rest of his life as a brilliant,
but increasingly eccentric, 

6761
05:53:04,100 --> 05:53:07,100
figure living in hotel rooms and
feeding pigeons. 

6762
05:53:07,100 --> 05:53:10,400
While the world moved on to more
conventional electrical systems.

6763
05:53:10,400 --> 05:53:15,100
He died in 1943 just as the 
world was discovering that many 

6764
05:53:15,100 --> 05:53:18,200
of his seemingly. 
Impossible ideas like radar and 

6765
05:53:18,200 --> 05:53:22,800
Robotics were not only possible 
but a central As you drift off 

6766
05:53:22,800 --> 05:53:26,100
to sleep tonight, think about 
all these inventors who are so 

6767
05:53:26,108 --> 05:53:29,300
close to changing everything. 
They remind us that history 

6768
05:53:29,300 --> 05:53:31,900
isn't just about what happened 
but about all the fascinating 

6769
05:53:31,900 --> 05:53:35,100
things that almost happened. 
Sometimes the most important 

6770
05:53:35,100 --> 05:53:38,500
stories are the ones about the 
roads not taken the inventions 

6771
05:53:38,500 --> 05:53:41,500
that were too early, too radical
or too threatening. 

6772
05:53:41,500 --> 05:53:44,800
To the way things were, these 
forgotten Pioneers, prove that 

6773
05:53:44,800 --> 05:53:46,700
the future is always closer than
we think. 

6774
05:53:47,600 --> 05:53:50,900
It's just waiting for the right 
combination of Technology timing

6775
05:53:50,900 --> 05:53:54,400
and the courage to believe that 
impossible things might not be 

6776
05:53:54,400 --> 05:53:57,700
impossible after all. 
Sweet dreams and remember, 

6777
05:53:57,700 --> 05:54:01,200
tomorrow's impossibility. 
Might just be tonight's bedtime 

6778
05:54:01,200 --> 05:54:10,800
story waiting to come true. 
Linda's fan, northumbria 793, 

6779
05:54:10,800 --> 05:54:13,200
uni in the chapel of 
lindisfarne. 

6780
05:54:13,200 --> 05:54:17,400
Priory at dawn, we spring your 
usual Latin prayers. 

6781
05:54:18,500 --> 05:54:20,900
So suddenly a distant 
Thunderclap roles across the 

6782
05:54:20,900 --> 05:54:21,500
clear. 
Sky. 

6783
05:54:21,500 --> 05:54:26,300
You paused lips, still, the 
sound comes again, louder this 

6784
05:54:26,300 --> 05:54:28,100
time. 
And now you hear Panic. 

6785
05:54:28,100 --> 05:54:30,200
Shouts outside shattering the 
morning. 

6786
05:54:30,200 --> 05:54:33,200
Peace Brother. 
Alfred bursts through the oak 

6787
05:54:33,200 --> 05:54:34,200
door. 
Eyes wild. 

6788
05:54:34,200 --> 05:54:39,300
Raiders on the shore with gasps 
in an instant your world 

6789
05:54:39,300 --> 05:54:42,400
overturns you leap up heart 
hammering and follow him out of 

6790
05:54:42,408 --> 05:54:45,800
the chapel into chaos. 
The top of the grassy Dune 

6791
05:54:45,800 --> 05:54:48,100
overlooking, the Priory is 
Beach, you stumbled to a halt 

6792
05:54:48,100 --> 05:54:50,400
the sand where there was nothing
moments ago. 

6793
05:54:50,400 --> 05:54:54,700
Draws up Long Dragon proud 
ships, dozens of armed. 

6794
05:54:54,700 --> 05:54:58,000
Northmen are swarming ashore 
sunlight glimpse of iron swords 

6795
05:54:58,000 --> 05:55:00,700
and axes in their fists. 
They move with a terrifying 

6796
05:55:00,700 --> 05:55:03,600
purpose spreading across, holy 
Island, akin to a plague. 

6797
05:55:04,400 --> 05:55:08,000
The chill of unreality washes. 
Over you, the Pagan Vikings of 

6798
05:55:08,000 --> 05:55:11,300
rumor are here in the flesh as 
real as the salt wind on your 

6799
05:55:11,308 --> 05:55:13,700
face. 
Screams Echo from the fields 

6800
05:55:13,700 --> 05:55:16,000
below, a few of the lay 
Brothers, working with the 

6801
05:55:16,000 --> 05:55:19,000
vegetable gardens try to run but
the strangers are upon them in 

6802
05:55:19,008 --> 05:55:22,800
moments, you watch paralyzed as 
a furred Raider swings. 

6803
05:55:22,800 --> 05:55:25,700
His axe and Cleaves brother 
Ozarks shoulder to the Bone 

6804
05:55:25,700 --> 05:55:27,800
osri. 
Collapses with a scream cut 

6805
05:55:27,800 --> 05:55:31,600
short and another Monk Is caught
by two Vikings, a pinion his 

6806
05:55:31,600 --> 05:55:34,500
arms and dragged him toward the 
shore, ignoring his pleas. 

6807
05:55:34,500 --> 05:55:37,900
You think God help us, this 
can't be real, not on this 

6808
05:55:37,900 --> 05:55:41,700
sacred Island. 
They're coming inside Abbott Ed 

6809
05:55:41,700 --> 05:55:45,000
Burt Bellows from the courtyard.
That last your legs. 

6810
05:55:45,000 --> 05:55:49,400
Unlock you tear down the slope, 
toward the Stone Church sand 

6811
05:55:49,400 --> 05:55:53,000
slipping under your feet monks. 
In Woolen habits scatter in 

6812
05:55:53,000 --> 05:55:56,900
every direction, some toward the
hills others, like you toward 

6813
05:55:56,900 --> 05:56:00,800
the only Refuge you have the 
stature of Saint Cuthbert, you 

6814
05:56:00,800 --> 05:56:03,500
dash through the arch, doorway 
and several Brothers. 

6815
05:56:03,500 --> 05:56:07,400
Shove the heavy doors closed 
behind you, dozens of you huddle

6816
05:56:07,400 --> 05:56:10,800
in the dim Sanctuary chests 
heaving Candlelight flickers 

6817
05:56:10,800 --> 05:56:14,900
over pale terrified, faces 
outside, the guttural, shouts of

6818
05:56:14,908 --> 05:56:19,300
the Vikings grow closer, the 
wooden doors shutter as the axe 

6819
05:56:19,300 --> 05:56:20,600
blades, begin to chop through 
them. 

6820
05:56:20,600 --> 05:56:25,500
A moment later a portal 
Splinter's apart Viking's flood 

6821
05:56:25,500 --> 05:56:29,200
into God's house and pandemonium
erupts, your shoved back against

6822
05:56:29,200 --> 05:56:31,400
a cold stone column as panic and
Slaughter. 

6823
05:56:31,400 --> 05:56:35,100
The Nave one Invader, lunges at 
a monk near the entrance and 

6824
05:56:35,100 --> 05:56:37,200
splits his skull with an iron 
sword. 

6825
05:56:37,200 --> 05:56:40,300
Another snackers, a golden 
chalice, from the altar 

6826
05:56:40,300 --> 05:56:44,900
spilling, holy wine across the 
flagstone, a third Flips, open 

6827
05:56:44,900 --> 05:56:47,500
the enormous Bible and casually 
rips out. 

6828
05:56:47,500 --> 05:56:52,000
Its illuminated Pages laughing. 
You cry out in wordless anguish 

6829
05:56:52,000 --> 05:56:55,300
at this desecration but your 
voice is lost in the cacophony. 

6830
05:56:56,100 --> 05:57:00,100
Sacred Sanctuary is transformed 
into a Battleground a wiry 

6831
05:57:00,100 --> 05:57:03,700
northmen with a braided beard. 
Grabs You by The Robe you reeks 

6832
05:57:03,700 --> 05:57:07,900
of sweat and seawater, you raise
your hands in a feeble plea, but

6833
05:57:07,900 --> 05:57:10,600
he just bares his teeth and 
throws you to the floor, your 

6834
05:57:10,600 --> 05:57:13,600
head strikes, the stone tiles 
and stars exploded in your 

6835
05:57:13,608 --> 05:57:16,100
vision. 
Before you can recover, he 

6836
05:57:16,100 --> 05:57:19,700
pounces on your chest pinning, 
you cold iron, presses against 

6837
05:57:19,700 --> 05:57:23,100
your throat as he draws a knife 
along your neck in that Frozen 

6838
05:57:23,100 --> 05:57:25,200
moment. 
You Glimpse at the earbud Lying 

6839
05:57:25,200 --> 05:57:28,600
by the older, in a pool of blood
his throat, cut his eyes staring

6840
05:57:28,600 --> 05:57:32,000
lifelessly at the ceiling. 
The House of Prayer is filled 

6841
05:57:32,000 --> 05:57:34,200
with cries of the dying and 
wails of pain. 

6842
05:57:34,200 --> 05:57:38,000
The Northman snails something in
his harsh tongue and raises his 

6843
05:57:38,000 --> 05:57:40,500
blade. 
Squeeze your eyes shut and 

6844
05:57:40,500 --> 05:57:44,500
baffle a final prayer. 
Steel flashes your prayer dies 

6845
05:57:44,500 --> 05:57:47,100
on your lips as the blade 
plunges down and everything goes

6846
05:57:47,100 --> 05:57:49,400
dark. 
The scene unfolds on the sin 

6847
05:57:49,400 --> 05:57:51,900
River on the Frankish Coast in 
845. 

6848
05:57:53,000 --> 05:57:55,100
You are pulling weeds in your 
beanfield when The Village 

6849
05:57:55,100 --> 05:57:59,400
Church Bell, begins clanging 
furiously, It is a misty Easter 

6850
05:57:59,400 --> 05:58:03,000
morning and that Bell should be 
calling the faithful to mass not

6851
05:58:03,000 --> 05:58:06,600
ringing in alarm. 
Straighten up dirt on your hands

6852
05:58:06,600 --> 05:58:09,400
and see Neighbors. 
Halting in their fields, heads 

6853
05:58:09,400 --> 05:58:12,600
turned toward the sound. 
Through the river fog, a new 

6854
05:58:12,600 --> 05:58:16,900
sound, Rises a deep warhorn 
Blast from Downstream your blood

6855
05:58:16,900 --> 05:58:20,500
runs cold, northmen a shout from
the hill by Bern Usher's. 

6856
05:58:20,500 --> 05:58:24,200
Goat pasture confirms it ships 
on the river instantly, the 

6857
05:58:24,200 --> 05:58:28,100
quiet Frankish Hamlet, erupts 
into Panic, you drop your basket

6858
05:58:28,100 --> 05:58:30,500
and Sprint for your cottage 
heart thudding. 

6859
05:58:30,500 --> 05:58:33,400
You're Farm lies Exposed on the 
open flood plain. 

6860
05:58:33,400 --> 05:58:35,900
There are no walls or soldiers 
to protect it. 

6861
05:58:36,600 --> 05:58:39,300
Rumors of whispered of Viking 
raids along the coast recently 

6862
05:58:39,300 --> 05:58:42,100
but you never imagined their 
dragon-headed boats on your 

6863
05:58:42,100 --> 05:58:45,800
stretch of the sand yet now 
through the trees you Glimpse 

6864
05:58:45,800 --> 05:58:49,200
them long Sleek ships with 
striped sails gliding up River 

6865
05:58:49,200 --> 05:58:53,300
carved beasts adorning their 
prows by the time you reach your

6866
05:58:53,300 --> 05:58:56,800
yard chaos as overtaking. 
The Village Family scream and 

6867
05:58:56,800 --> 05:58:59,600
Scattered snatching up children 
and whatever belongings. 

6868
05:58:59,600 --> 05:59:02,700
They can, carry nearly collide 
with your wife, as she rushes 

6869
05:59:02,700 --> 05:59:05,500
out of your cottage with your 
two young daughters, clinging to

6870
05:59:05,500 --> 05:59:08,000
her skirts. 
Into the woods. 

6871
05:59:08,000 --> 05:59:11,300
You pounding, the girls hands. 
The only hope is to hide in the 

6872
05:59:11,300 --> 05:59:12,500
Oak. 
Forest be on the fields. 

6873
05:59:13,300 --> 05:59:16,100
Together, you Sprinter cross the
furrows towards the tree line, 

6874
05:59:16,100 --> 05:59:20,000
your littlest daughter, whales 
and confusion, you scooped her 

6875
05:59:20,000 --> 05:59:24,500
into your arms and push onward. 
Behind you Rises a cacophony of 

6876
05:59:24,500 --> 05:59:26,600
Terror. 
The warhorn Blairs again. 

6877
05:59:26,600 --> 05:59:28,908
And now you hear the 
blood-chilling howl of the 

6878
05:59:28,916 --> 05:59:31,100
Viking Battle Cry? 
Echoing down the scene. 

6879
05:59:31,800 --> 05:59:34,700
As you reach the first trees, a 
handful of your braver 

6880
05:59:34,700 --> 05:59:36,400
neighbors. 
Rushing the opposite direction 

6881
05:59:36,400 --> 05:59:38,900
clutching Rusty swords and wood 
axes. 

6882
05:59:38,900 --> 05:59:41,800
They are determined to protect 
their homes at all costs. 

6883
05:59:41,800 --> 05:59:45,400
Every instinct tells you to 
protect your farm, but one look 

6884
05:59:45,400 --> 05:59:47,800
at your wife's terrified face. 
Propels, you deeper into the 

6885
05:59:47,800 --> 05:59:49,600
underbrush, you cannot leave 
them. 

6886
05:59:49,600 --> 05:59:53,800
Not now. 
Suddenly a Burly shape crashes 

6887
05:59:53,800 --> 05:59:58,000
through the brush head, a viking
Scout steps into your path, gray

6888
05:59:58,000 --> 06:00:01,300
eyes locking on you. 
He have to spear and you shove 

6889
06:00:01,300 --> 06:00:04,000
your family behind, you raising 
your own way weapon, a simple 

6890
06:00:04,000 --> 06:00:07,200
sickle, with Trembling Hands, 
the northman's lips. 

6891
06:00:07,200 --> 06:00:11,300
Curl in a wolf fish grin. 
He hurls his spear he twists 

6892
06:00:11,300 --> 06:00:14,800
aside but the Ironhead slashes a
fiery gash across your upper 

6893
06:00:14,800 --> 06:00:16,200
arm. 
You cry out. 

6894
06:00:17,300 --> 06:00:18,800
Before the Viking can draw his 
sword. 

6895
06:00:18,800 --> 06:00:21,000
You charge at him with a 
desperate yells swinging your 

6896
06:00:21,000 --> 06:00:23,400
sickle. 
He bats aside your feeble strike

6897
06:00:23,400 --> 06:00:26,700
and backhands you with his free 
arm, the blow crashes in to your

6898
06:00:26,708 --> 06:00:29,200
jaw like a mallet. 
The forest tilts. 

6899
06:00:29,200 --> 06:00:33,000
You hit the ground hard tasting,
blood dazed, you lift your head.

6900
06:00:33,000 --> 06:00:36,900
Your wife is trying to escape 
with the kids but more northmen 

6901
06:00:36,900 --> 06:00:38,800
are coming from the trees. 
No. 

6902
06:00:39,600 --> 06:00:43,900
Please you croak reaching out as
two Viking Caesar by the hair 

6903
06:00:43,900 --> 06:00:45,700
and drag your daughters from her
arms. 

6904
06:00:45,700 --> 06:00:49,600
You rinse yourself up on one 
elbow but a booted foot slams 

6905
06:00:49,600 --> 06:00:51,800
between your shoulder blades. 
Crushing you to the dirt. 

6906
06:00:52,600 --> 06:00:54,800
A Norse Warrior, growls, 
something above you. 

6907
06:00:54,800 --> 06:00:59,300
You catch only the word for 
slave, rough hands, yank, your 

6908
06:00:59,300 --> 06:01:02,900
arms behind you and find your 
wrists with coarse rope, your 

6909
06:01:02,900 --> 06:01:05,200
village is tearing itself, apart
all around you. 

6910
06:01:05,200 --> 06:01:10,200
Smoke Rises, be Your wife is 
trying to escape with the kids, 

6911
06:01:10,200 --> 06:01:13,200
but more North men are coming 
from the trees down. 

6912
06:01:14,400 --> 06:01:16,200
A few moments later. 
A viking. 

6913
06:01:16,200 --> 06:01:19,400
Herds you and a doesn't other 
captives toward the river, a 

6914
06:01:19,400 --> 06:01:21,400
viking Yanks. 
You along by a rope around your 

6915
06:01:21,400 --> 06:01:25,300
neck, your wife and children and
nowhere in sight take and dead, 

6916
06:01:25,300 --> 06:01:30,400
who knows, hot tears of pain, 
and rage blur your vision, but a

6917
06:01:30,400 --> 06:01:32,500
powerful Yang on the tether 
forces you onward. 

6918
06:01:33,200 --> 06:01:35,700
On the bank, the North Monroe 
already loading prisoners and 

6919
06:01:35,708 --> 06:01:39,200
plunder onto their boats. 
Three other shopping, villagers 

6920
06:01:39,200 --> 06:01:42,500
shove your board and chain you, 
by the ankle, as the ores begin 

6921
06:01:42,500 --> 06:01:45,700
to pull and the Frankish or a 
seeds, you collapse against the 

6922
06:01:45,700 --> 06:01:48,000
whole. 
Everything you ever loved is 

6923
06:01:48,000 --> 06:01:50,300
gone. 
The Vikings did not just raid 

6924
06:01:50,300 --> 06:01:52,000
your farm. 
They have destroyed your life. 

6925
06:01:52,900 --> 06:01:56,200
You close your eyes. 
Trembling with silent grief. 

6926
06:01:57,100 --> 06:01:59,900
Easter morning, sunlight 
Glitters, on the river, but for,

6927
06:01:59,900 --> 06:02:03,200
you know, Resurrection will come
only, the, endless darkness of 

6928
06:02:03,200 --> 06:02:05,300
slavery. 
This story takes place in 

6929
06:02:05,300 --> 06:02:08,400
Ireland during the 9th century. 
You stand Atop The Wooden 

6930
06:02:08,400 --> 06:02:12,400
Rampart of your husband's Dune 
fought and watching dread as 

6931
06:02:12,400 --> 06:02:16,500
dark sails dot the morning 
Horizon, the mid morning sun 

6932
06:02:16,500 --> 06:02:20,000
glints off the waves revealing 
three Viking long ships heading 

6933
06:02:20,000 --> 06:02:23,900
up the coast towards your lands.
A messenger had arrived at dawn 

6934
06:02:23,900 --> 06:02:26,900
with dire news. 
The Northman sacked, a monastery

6935
06:02:26,900 --> 06:02:29,900
Downer of confirm and their 
ships were spotted in your 

6936
06:02:29,900 --> 06:02:32,000
Kingdom's. 
Waters the war horns, are now 

6937
06:02:32,008 --> 06:02:35,700
echoing along the cliffs. 
The Vikings are coming Below in 

6938
06:02:35,700 --> 06:02:38,600
the courtyard your household 
Warrior's, rushed to arm 

6939
06:02:38,600 --> 06:02:41,300
themselves. 
Men snatch, Spears, and shields 

6940
06:02:41,300 --> 06:02:44,600
from racks shouting to each 
other and offering quick prayers

6941
06:02:44,600 --> 06:02:46,900
to God. 
You clutch, the wooden railing 

6942
06:02:46,900 --> 06:02:50,700
Knuckles, white, your husband 
Lord Ayo is in the yard pulling 

6943
06:02:50,700 --> 06:02:54,100
on his helmet He catches your 
eye for a brief moment and tries

6944
06:02:54,100 --> 06:02:57,000
to muster a reassuring smile, 
but you both know what these 

6945
06:02:57,000 --> 06:02:59,500
Invaders do. 
You have heard Tales of their 

6946
06:02:59,500 --> 06:03:03,100
cruelty last winter refugees 
from the north told of nuns 

6947
06:03:03,100 --> 06:03:06,500
violated amongst slaughtered. 
When the northmen attacked, our 

6948
06:03:06,500 --> 06:03:11,100
marks sacred sites, Lord, it old
box order's, and two dozen 

6949
06:03:11,100 --> 06:03:13,600
mounted Warriors, Gallop out 
through the gate to confront the

6950
06:03:13,600 --> 06:03:16,700
enemy on the beach. 
The remaining Defenders State, a

6951
06:03:16,700 --> 06:03:19,700
man the forts Palisade. 
You send up a silent prayer for 

6952
06:03:19,700 --> 06:03:22,600
your husband and Kinsman as 
their war, cries fade toward the

6953
06:03:22,608 --> 06:03:26,600
surf, Minutes later, distant 
screams and The Clash of metal 

6954
06:03:26,600 --> 06:03:30,300
carry on the sea breeze. 
You Pace along the rampart heart

6955
06:03:30,300 --> 06:03:32,700
in your throat. 
The sounds of battle die out. 

6956
06:03:32,700 --> 06:03:35,200
And for a moment there is Eerie 
silence. 

6957
06:03:35,200 --> 06:03:39,800
Suddenly a lone figure, one of 
your warriors comes sprinting 

6958
06:03:39,800 --> 06:03:43,400
over the Sandy Ridge, toward the
fort, his tunic is soaked in 

6959
06:03:43,400 --> 06:03:45,500
blood. 
Closed the gate. 

6960
06:03:45,500 --> 06:03:48,800
He shrieks eyes bulging with 
panic behind him. 

6961
06:03:48,800 --> 06:03:51,700
A mob of Vikings appears 
pursuing like wolves on the 

6962
06:03:51,700 --> 06:03:54,500
hunt. 
The forts Captain curses in 

6963
06:03:54,500 --> 06:03:57,300
order the gates barred. 
But even as your men shove, the 

6964
06:03:57,300 --> 06:04:00,500
oak portal, the first northmen 
Rams in to it from outside. 

6965
06:04:01,500 --> 06:04:05,200
A desperate struggle ensues at 
the sally port Spears thrust 

6966
06:04:05,200 --> 06:04:08,800
through the Gap acts as hacking.
The Defenders courage falters 

6967
06:04:08,800 --> 06:04:12,200
when a massive Viking forces, 
the gator jar and cuts down a 

6968
06:04:12,200 --> 06:04:15,900
guard in a single stroke. 
Within seconds, the enemy swarm 

6969
06:04:15,900 --> 06:04:20,200
inside screams, fill the yard. 
You stumbled back from the 

6970
06:04:20,208 --> 06:04:23,900
rampart as chaos. 
The fort The surviving guards 

6971
06:04:23,900 --> 06:04:26,900
and servants horribly 
outnumbered, throw down their 

6972
06:04:26,900 --> 06:04:30,400
weapons, or try to flee. 
A hulking Viking with an iron 

6973
06:04:30,400 --> 06:04:33,700
helmet and braided blonde beard 
strides past the bodies toward 

6974
06:04:33,700 --> 06:04:36,600
the keep He kicks open the doors
of your hall. 

6975
06:04:36,600 --> 06:04:40,300
You're still on the steps when 
he spots you his heart eyes 

6976
06:04:40,300 --> 06:04:43,600
flick over your silk dress and 
the gold brooch at your shoulder

6977
06:04:43,600 --> 06:04:46,900
marking you as a noble woman. 
Take her. 

6978
06:04:46,900 --> 06:04:50,600
He grunts to two of his men. 
You step backward, trembling 

6979
06:04:50,600 --> 06:04:54,300
with rage and fear. 
I am lady wearing of that we 

6980
06:04:54,300 --> 06:04:56,900
nail. 
We can pay Ransom, you cry, try 

6981
06:04:56,900 --> 06:05:01,000
to sound commanding, One of the 
Vikings are Answers by swinging,

6982
06:05:01,000 --> 06:05:05,000
the back of his axe into your 
guards, if swatting a fly. 

6983
06:05:06,100 --> 06:05:09,200
Blood splashes your gown, you 
scream. 

6984
06:05:10,000 --> 06:05:13,100
An instant later, the blonde 
giant closes the distance and 

6985
06:05:13,100 --> 06:05:17,700
Strikes you across the face with
a male hand, the world flashes 

6986
06:05:17,700 --> 06:05:20,300
White. 
You find yourself sprawled on 

6987
06:05:20,300 --> 06:05:24,800
the ground is ringing before you
can move to Viking's haul up by 

6988
06:05:24,800 --> 06:05:27,600
your arms. 
One roughly Yanks off your old 

6989
06:05:27,600 --> 06:05:30,400
brooch and belt. 
The other bind your wrists with 

6990
06:05:30,400 --> 06:05:34,700
Rawhide around you the courtyard
is a Nightmare made real, your 

6991
06:05:34,700 --> 06:05:38,200
husband's corpse lies in the 
Gateway nearly beheaded Flames 

6992
06:05:38,200 --> 06:05:40,000
consumed. 
The thatched roof of the chapel 

6993
06:05:40,000 --> 06:05:42,800
all around the fort like the 
bodies of those who try to 

6994
06:05:42,808 --> 06:05:44,800
defend it, the stable, boy, the 
cook. 

6995
06:05:44,800 --> 06:05:49,000
And even the old Bard who are 
cut down with out Mercy, Hot 

6996
06:05:49,000 --> 06:05:52,400
tears of anger, fill your eyes 
with a surge of defiance you 

6997
06:05:52,400 --> 06:05:55,700
spit at the Viking. 
Chief's face, as he approaches a

6998
06:05:55,700 --> 06:05:58,700
hush Falls over the Raiders. 
The blond giant wipes your 

6999
06:05:58,700 --> 06:06:00,800
spittle from his cheek, then 
grabs you by the throat 

7000
06:06:00,800 --> 06:06:03,600
effortlessly. 
He lifts you until only your 

7001
06:06:03,600 --> 06:06:06,200
toes. 
Scrape the bloody mud, you gag 

7002
06:06:06,200 --> 06:06:09,100
the edges of your vision. 
Dimming, he holds you there 

7003
06:06:09,100 --> 06:06:12,100
face-to-face, until you're 
Defiance crumbles into choking 

7004
06:06:12,100 --> 06:06:14,900
desperation. 
Finally, he releases his grip 

7005
06:06:14,900 --> 06:06:16,900
and you drop to your knees 
coughing. 

7006
06:06:17,800 --> 06:06:21,000
The onlookers chuckle ropes, a 
leashed around your neck and the

7007
06:06:21,000 --> 06:06:23,600
next of a handful of other 
captives, mostly young women who

7008
06:06:23,600 --> 06:06:28,000
survived the slaughter. 
Your downhill, like cattle your 

7009
06:06:28,000 --> 06:06:31,300
beloved Dune? 
Once a proud of Gaelic power is 

7010
06:06:31,300 --> 06:06:34,500
now a smoldering ruined with the
dead as the Vikings. 

7011
06:06:34,500 --> 06:06:37,800
March you to their boats bobbing
in the bay, you stumble and 

7012
06:06:37,800 --> 06:06:39,900
shock barely feeling the Pebbles
under your bare feet. 

7013
06:06:40,600 --> 06:06:43,900
They shove your upper plank onto
a ship's deck all around you 

7014
06:06:43,900 --> 06:06:46,400
Northman cheer at their Hall 
coins. 

7015
06:06:46,400 --> 06:06:50,600
Chalices find clothes horses and
half a dozen shopping Prisoners 

7016
06:06:50,600 --> 06:06:54,500
the ship pushes off under the 
afternoon sun as alls beat the 

7017
06:06:54,500 --> 06:06:56,600
water. 
You watch your Homeland received

7018
06:06:56,600 --> 06:06:59,000
black. 
Smoke clings to the sky from 

7019
06:06:59,000 --> 06:07:01,900
your burning Hall. 
You resist the urge to scream as

7020
06:07:01,900 --> 06:07:03,700
you bite down. 
On the gag, they force between 

7021
06:07:03,700 --> 06:07:05,700
your teeth. 
They have taken everything and 

7022
06:07:05,700 --> 06:07:07,400
everyone you love and enslaved 
them. 

7023
06:07:07,408 --> 06:07:09,800
You try to pray but no Comfort 
comes. 

7024
06:07:09,800 --> 06:07:12,900
Only the Creak of the oars on 
the cheers of your captors 

7025
06:07:12,900 --> 06:07:16,800
answer your silent, please. 
The gentle Hills of are fade 

7026
06:07:16,800 --> 06:07:19,800
from View and you realize with 
crushing despair, that you will 

7027
06:07:19,800 --> 06:07:21,700
never set foot on your native 
soil again. 

7028
06:07:22,400 --> 06:07:24,900
You are bound for an unknown 
fate across the sea. 

7029
06:07:24,900 --> 06:07:28,700
Just another piece of plunder. 
In the Vikings hall, furthermore

7030
06:07:28,700 --> 06:07:31,100
can call on the Baltic Coast in 
854. 

7031
06:07:31,100 --> 06:07:33,100
Sound, the Horn the sphere are 
coming. 

7032
06:07:34,500 --> 06:07:37,300
The shout carries across your 
Baltic seaside village as Dawn 

7033
06:07:37,300 --> 06:07:39,800
lichens, the sky. 
You snatch up your Spear and 

7034
06:07:39,800 --> 06:07:41,800
race from your Hut heart 
pounding. 

7035
06:07:42,900 --> 06:07:44,300
From the cliff top. 
You see them? 

7036
06:07:44,300 --> 06:07:47,100
A fleet of longships with 
stripes sails crowding. 

7037
06:07:47,100 --> 06:07:51,300
The bay Olaf the Swedish King 
has returned a year after your 

7038
06:07:51,300 --> 06:07:54,300
people drove off his Danish 
allies in a previous raid this 

7039
06:07:54,300 --> 06:07:58,000
time, he's brought a much larger
Force dozens of ships, hundreds 

7040
06:07:58,000 --> 06:08:00,700
of warriors. 
A chill not a fear forms in your

7041
06:08:00,700 --> 06:08:04,700
gut despite being Fierce Pirates
themselves, the quran's vastly 

7042
06:08:04,700 --> 06:08:08,500
outnumbered today around you 
villagers scream and scramble 

7043
06:08:08,500 --> 06:08:11,900
men, grabbed weapons mothers 
hastily Usher children toward 

7044
06:08:11,900 --> 06:08:15,200
the woods in land you spot. 
Your younger brother throwing a 

7045
06:08:15,200 --> 06:08:17,400
sack of grain onto an ox cart, 
where your mother and little 

7046
06:08:17,400 --> 06:08:22,000
nieces Hudl, his preparing to 
evacuate the family. you class 

7047
06:08:22,000 --> 06:08:25,900
his arm and thrust your hunting 
knife into his hand, go get them

7048
06:08:25,900 --> 06:08:30,700
to the marshes, go you are He 
hesitates as in his eyes. 

7049
06:08:30,700 --> 06:08:34,600
Neither of you wants to part 
distant blast of the enemies 

7050
06:08:34,600 --> 06:08:37,200
horn jolts him into action with 
a crack of the reins. 

7051
06:08:37,200 --> 06:08:40,400
He drives the cart toward the 
forest as fast as the ox can 

7052
06:08:40,400 --> 06:08:42,600
pull it. 
You send a brief prayer to pecun

7053
06:08:42,600 --> 06:08:45,800
of Thunder to guard them and to 
give you strength now. 

7054
06:08:46,700 --> 06:08:48,700
Inside the timber Fort, that 
crowns the hill. 

7055
06:08:48,700 --> 06:08:52,700
The remaining men form up. 
You join a knot of stout farmers

7056
06:08:52,700 --> 06:08:55,900
and fishermen on the Palisade 
Spear and bow in hand. 

7057
06:08:56,700 --> 06:08:59,500
Your father, the militia Chief 
limp's past we wounded in last 

7058
06:08:59,500 --> 06:09:01,800
year's battle shouting final 
orders. 

7059
06:09:02,700 --> 06:09:05,400
Down the slope of the first wave
of sphere Vikings lands on the 

7060
06:09:05,400 --> 06:09:07,700
beach. 
Tall figures in male and helmets

7061
06:09:07,700 --> 06:09:10,600
advance in disciplined lines 
behind her wall of shields, 

7062
06:09:10,600 --> 06:09:14,600
their War leader like King Olaf 
himself March as at the front in

7063
06:09:14,600 --> 06:09:18,600
a blue cloak, his sword rays. 
The Ragged handful of Corona 

7064
06:09:18,600 --> 06:09:20,800
Defenders around you, exchange 
nervous glances. 

7065
06:09:20,800 --> 06:09:23,500
This will undoubtedly be a 
battle to the end. 

7066
06:09:24,700 --> 06:09:28,000
With a thunder of boots, the 
Viking host charges up the 

7067
06:09:28,000 --> 06:09:31,000
hillside toward your walls. 
Loose arrows. 

7068
06:09:31,000 --> 06:09:35,900
Someone cries you raise your bow
and let fly the sky darkens with

7069
06:09:35,900 --> 06:09:40,400
a brief volley from your side. 
A few of the enemy fall pierced 

7070
06:09:40,400 --> 06:09:44,000
by Lucky shots, but an answering
storm of arrows, whistles back 

7071
06:09:44,000 --> 06:09:46,400
at once. 
Barbed shaft thuds into the 

7072
06:09:46,408 --> 06:09:48,700
throat of the man beside you 
gurgles. 

7073
06:09:48,700 --> 06:09:52,100
And collapses from the rampart a
sling Stone, smashes into your 

7074
06:09:52,108 --> 06:09:55,400
wooden shield with a heavy, the 
sound of a crack nearly knocks. 

7075
06:09:55,400 --> 06:09:58,600
The object from your grip before
you can blink sphere or at the 

7076
06:09:58,608 --> 06:10:02,200
ditch hurling grappling hooks 
and axes, the Palisades shudders

7077
06:10:02,200 --> 06:10:05,000
as dozens of blades chop. 
And prior at the logs, they've 

7078
06:10:05,000 --> 06:10:07,700
breached the gate fall back. 
Comes a screen from your right. 

7079
06:10:07,700 --> 06:10:11,000
You spin to see the main gate 
hanging in splinters and 

7080
06:10:11,000 --> 06:10:12,600
Viking's pouring through the 
Gap. 

7081
06:10:12,600 --> 06:10:16,300
Your father, hurls a spear into 
an onrushing Raider, but a 

7082
06:10:16,300 --> 06:10:19,200
Nordic acts hacks into his side 
and he goes down with a cry, 

7083
06:10:19,200 --> 06:10:21,800
rage and panic. 
Search through you, you've lost 

7084
06:10:21,800 --> 06:10:24,300
control of the walls, back to 
the cape. 

7085
06:10:24,300 --> 06:10:27,800
You Bello, helping your wounded,
father, to his feet, a handful 

7086
06:10:27,800 --> 06:10:29,900
of you Retreat from the rampart 
Sprint. 

7087
06:10:30,100 --> 06:10:33,000
Toward the Old Stone Storehouse 
of the fort Center the closest 

7088
06:10:33,000 --> 06:10:36,400
thing to shelter remaining. 
The swedes flood into the 

7089
06:10:36,408 --> 06:10:37,600
courtyard. 
Unopposed. 

7090
06:10:37,600 --> 06:10:40,300
You half drag half carry your 
father. 

7091
06:10:40,300 --> 06:10:43,400
Toward the storehouse, doorway a
glance over your shoulder. 

7092
06:10:43,400 --> 06:10:47,000
Reveals utter Carnage, our 
curonian Warriors are being 

7093
06:10:47,008 --> 06:10:50,400
butchered where they stand the 
blacksmith, Irma swings, his 

7094
06:10:50,400 --> 06:10:53,500
acts desperately, but three 
Vikings set upon him at once 

7095
06:10:53,500 --> 06:10:56,700
swords flashing, he falls in a 
spray of blood, others drop 

7096
06:10:56,700 --> 06:10:59,100
their weapons, and beg for 
quarter, only to be cut. 

7097
06:10:59,100 --> 06:11:02,900
Down, without Mercy, we have 
completed the fort Just steps 

7098
06:11:02,900 --> 06:11:05,300
from the storehouse, a powerful 
Blow from behind knocks. 

7099
06:11:05,300 --> 06:11:08,500
You sprawling a red bearded. 
Viking looms overview. 

7100
06:11:08,500 --> 06:11:12,100
He had sprinted silently behind 
and struck you with a club, your

7101
06:11:12,100 --> 06:11:15,700
spear Falls from your hands. 
You roll onto your back, gasping

7102
06:11:15,700 --> 06:11:19,100
in pain, the Red Beard snarls, 
something you don't understand 

7103
06:11:19,100 --> 06:11:23,300
and raise his sword to end, you 
behind him through the haze of 

7104
06:11:23,308 --> 06:11:26,300
smoke and dust. 
You see a lot of Viking Warrior 

7105
06:11:26,300 --> 06:11:28,900
as forcing. 
The last few captives, including

7106
06:11:28,900 --> 06:11:33,000
a wounded sopping boy to these 
at swordpoint, you know, it's 

7107
06:11:33,000 --> 06:11:36,500
over for your village. 
The Vikings blade pauses in the 

7108
06:11:36,500 --> 06:11:39,300
air, as he notices your fears 
and yielding glare. 

7109
06:11:40,100 --> 06:11:42,200
For an instant, you see 
uncertainty in his eyes. 

7110
06:11:42,200 --> 06:11:45,200
Perhaps he expected pleading 
summoning. 

7111
06:11:45,200 --> 06:11:47,100
Your last strength. 
You spit a cursive in your 

7112
06:11:47,108 --> 06:11:51,200
native tongue. 
The red beards face hardens with

7113
06:11:51,200 --> 06:11:54,900
a swift brutal stroke. 
His sword Falls searing pain, 

7114
06:11:54,900 --> 06:11:58,200
Cleaves your skull, the world 
bursts into blinding, light and 

7115
06:11:58,200 --> 06:12:01,400
Agony, and then immediately 
Fades to black as your life. 

7116
06:12:01,408 --> 06:12:03,300
Blood seeps, into the soil of 
your Homeland. 

7117
06:12:03,300 --> 06:12:06,700
The last feeling you experience 
is a grim sense of satisfaction.

7118
06:12:06,700 --> 06:12:11,000
You did not beg the northmen may
have raised your village and 

7119
06:12:11,000 --> 06:12:14,000
enslaved your kin, but you would
sooner die than live under their

7120
06:12:14,000 --> 06:12:16,200
Boot. 
And so you have you crouched 

7121
06:12:16,200 --> 06:12:18,700
behind a stack of Furs in the 
Riverside Market, stall, near 

7122
06:12:18,700 --> 06:12:22,000
Novgorod Eastern Europe, in 860,
heart hammering, against your 

7123
06:12:22,000 --> 06:12:24,400
ribs. 
Outside by the war from the 

7124
06:12:24,400 --> 06:12:28,600
volkhov river frustrated voices,
erupt into screams the varangian

7125
06:12:28,600 --> 06:12:32,000
ruse of come to novr trade post 
again and this time they aren't 

7126
06:12:32,000 --> 06:12:34,600
leaving peacefully. 
Your people have been paying 

7127
06:12:34,600 --> 06:12:37,400
tribute in the form of goods and
silver to these Bruce Vikings 

7128
06:12:37,400 --> 06:12:39,000
for years in. 
It was never enough. 

7129
06:12:39,900 --> 06:12:42,800
Today, their Chief turned with 
dozens of Warriors and demanded 

7130
06:12:42,800 --> 06:12:46,100
double the usual tribute. 
You watched from a distance as 

7131
06:12:46,100 --> 06:12:49,600
the elders, humbly offered Furs,
honey, and a chest of silver 

7132
06:12:49,600 --> 06:12:51,900
coins. 
Hoping to appease the Northman, 

7133
06:12:51,900 --> 06:12:55,900
the varangian leader. 
Only sneered even demanded 50, 

7134
06:12:55,900 --> 06:12:59,200
young men as slaves at that the 
pretense of negotiation 

7135
06:12:59,200 --> 06:13:03,100
shattered and acts lodged in the
skull of one Brash Merchants who

7136
06:13:03,100 --> 06:13:06,300
immediately shouted in protest 
and uproar ensued. 

7137
06:13:06,300 --> 06:13:10,300
Now, the air is filled with 
panicked, shouts on The Clash of

7138
06:13:10,300 --> 06:13:15,700
Steel from your hiding spot. 
You peek out Flaxen head Viking 

7139
06:13:15,700 --> 06:13:18,300
smashes, a pottery stall with 
his shield, sending shards 

7140
06:13:18,300 --> 06:13:21,200
flying and the Potter scurrying 
across the way. 

7141
06:13:21,200 --> 06:13:24,900
Another Norsemen overturns a 
wagon of grain laughing as it. 

7142
06:13:24,900 --> 06:13:29,100
Spills your precious Wares, 
fine, winter Furs, and carved 

7143
06:13:29,100 --> 06:13:32,700
wall, recvery a likely lost a 
pillage, but that is the least 

7144
06:13:32,700 --> 06:13:35,200
of your worries. 
You grip, a long skinning knife 

7145
06:13:35,900 --> 06:13:39,000
The only weapon at hand. 
It's almost useless against 

7146
06:13:39,000 --> 06:13:41,500
fully armed, Raiders. 
But you refuse to surrender 

7147
06:13:41,500 --> 06:13:45,000
without a fight, a spear 
suddenly flies overhead and 

7148
06:13:45,000 --> 06:13:47,200
impales. 
A fleeing neighbor, just beyond 

7149
06:13:47,200 --> 06:13:49,400
your stall. 
The man collapses with a 

7150
06:13:49,408 --> 06:13:53,500
gurgling scream, you bite your 
fist to stifle a whimper round 

7151
06:13:53,500 --> 06:13:56,600
up the rest of varangian. 
Warrior, Barks, in his tongue. 

7152
06:13:56,600 --> 06:14:00,300
You understand a little of it. 
Too much and Sprint past your 

7153
06:14:00,300 --> 06:14:03,000
shelter, making a break for the 
tree line but they don't get 

7154
06:14:03,000 --> 06:14:05,400
far. 
One is skewered by a throne 

7155
06:14:05,400 --> 06:14:07,400
spear. 
The other is run down by a red 

7156
06:14:07,408 --> 06:14:10,500
bearded rust, who slams into the
ground and clubs him senseless 

7157
06:14:10,500 --> 06:14:14,500
with the butt of an axe. 
Your mind race or perhaps, you 

7158
06:14:14,500 --> 06:14:16,900
can slip away Along the 
riverbank amid the chaos. 

7159
06:14:16,900 --> 06:14:20,900
If only you can reach your boat,
Gathering your courage, you 

7160
06:14:20,900 --> 06:14:25,100
clutch your knife and prepare to
bolt you rise and a pair of iron

7161
06:14:25,100 --> 06:14:29,800
hands sees you from behind. 
Ha hiding like a rat. 

7162
06:14:30,800 --> 06:14:32,800
A hulking varangian in a 
wolfskin. 

7163
06:14:32,800 --> 06:14:35,300
Cloak holes. 
You out into the open by your 

7164
06:14:35,300 --> 06:14:38,000
tunic. 
You slash desperately with your 

7165
06:14:38,000 --> 06:14:42,000
knife, but he catches your wrist
with contemptuous ease and 

7166
06:14:42,000 --> 06:14:45,200
twists, until the blade drops 
from your numb fingers. 

7167
06:14:45,200 --> 06:14:50,900
Let go of me you snarl in 
slavonic, kicking at his shin in

7168
06:14:50,900 --> 06:14:52,800
response. 
The Viking drives his knee into 

7169
06:14:52,800 --> 06:14:56,000
your stomach. 
All Air rushes from your lungs. 

7170
06:14:56,000 --> 06:15:00,100
You double over gagging. 
Ruffle, after rings out. 

7171
06:15:00,900 --> 06:15:03,500
The wolf cloaked Warrior forces 
you to your knees. 

7172
06:15:03,500 --> 06:15:07,400
Another Northman strides over 
with a length of rope working 

7173
06:15:07,400 --> 06:15:09,600
efficiently. 
They bind your wrist behind you,

7174
06:15:09,600 --> 06:15:11,100
and Lupe another quarter around 
your neck. 

7175
06:15:11,100 --> 06:15:13,200
You dimly realize that they are 
all. 

7176
06:15:13,200 --> 06:15:16,300
So, tying up other survivors, 
including a few young women and 

7177
06:15:16,300 --> 06:15:18,200
two, wounded Elders elsewhere in
the market. 

7178
06:15:19,600 --> 06:15:22,000
They will soon heard you and 
align of captives toward the 

7179
06:15:22,000 --> 06:15:25,800
longships that are waiting. 
A rope around your neck, links 

7180
06:15:25,800 --> 06:15:30,000
you to the prisoner ahead. your 
cheeks burn with humiliation and

7181
06:15:30,000 --> 06:15:34,300
fury, but when a varangian jerks
hard on the tether, you stumble 

7182
06:15:34,300 --> 06:15:37,100
forward with without resistance,
Your town Hedman. 

7183
06:15:37,100 --> 06:15:40,400
An old friend of your father's 
sobs pitifully as he is dragged 

7184
06:15:40,400 --> 06:15:43,500
along beside you. 
He begs the Vikings in broken 

7185
06:15:43,500 --> 06:15:46,600
Norse to spare his family. 
The chieftain ignores him, 

7186
06:15:46,608 --> 06:15:48,600
casually wiping blood from his 
sword. 

7187
06:15:49,400 --> 06:15:51,800
At the riverbank the northmen 
shove you in the others onto 

7188
06:15:51,800 --> 06:15:53,500
their boats, amid piles of 
plunder. 

7189
06:15:53,500 --> 06:15:57,800
The northmen force you to sit on
the deck, tying your wrists neck

7190
06:15:57,800 --> 06:16:01,400
to a ring by the mast. 
Within minutes, the oarsman push

7191
06:16:01,400 --> 06:16:04,400
off and the current carries your
way from the smoking ruins of 

7192
06:16:04,408 --> 06:16:07,500
your Marketplace. 
As the ship turns down river, 

7193
06:16:07,500 --> 06:16:10,000
you catch a final glimpse of 
Novgorod. 

7194
06:16:10,000 --> 06:16:12,800
Wooden ramparts receding into 
the Morning Mist. 

7195
06:16:13,700 --> 06:16:15,000
Hot tears. 
Blur your eyes. 

7196
06:16:15,000 --> 06:16:18,600
You've heard what comes next? 
The varangians will take you 

7197
06:16:18,600 --> 06:16:21,500
East to sell in the slave 
markets of the Greeks or Arabs. 

7198
06:16:21,500 --> 06:16:26,000
Perhaps that will be your fate 
sold far from home never to 

7199
06:16:26,000 --> 06:16:29,000
return. 
A blonde Viking guarding, the 

7200
06:16:29,000 --> 06:16:33,100
captives notices your tears, he 
smirks and mockingly, Patch your

7201
06:16:33,108 --> 06:16:36,100
cheek as one would a child you 
stare at him with hate. 

7202
06:16:36,100 --> 06:16:39,900
So intense it scares even you 
but your Defiance only amuses 

7203
06:16:39,900 --> 06:16:43,300
him with a shrug, he turns away 
to count the silver coins piled 

7204
06:16:43,300 --> 06:16:46,600
at his feet. 
You sit in stunned silence as 

7205
06:16:46,600 --> 06:16:48,500
the boat carries you into the 
unknown. 

7206
06:16:49,200 --> 06:16:52,200
In your mind, you see an image 
of your wife and young son as 

7207
06:16:52,200 --> 06:16:54,200
they were this morning, waving 
goodbye. 

7208
06:16:54,200 --> 06:16:56,400
When you left for Market. 
Are they alive? 

7209
06:16:56,400 --> 06:16:58,200
Will you ever see the game 
again? 

7210
06:16:58,200 --> 06:17:00,600
A sob escapes before you can 
choke it back. 

7211
06:17:01,500 --> 06:17:04,300
The northman's laughter Echoes 
across the water and you 

7212
06:17:04,300 --> 06:17:07,000
silently cursed, the gods for 
abandoning you to these wolves. 

7213
06:17:07,800 --> 06:17:09,700
You realize that your life is a 
free man. 

7214
06:17:09,700 --> 06:17:13,100
In Russia's land is over. 
You are now just human cargo. 

7215
06:17:13,100 --> 06:17:15,700
Another Soul. 
Enslaved beneath an endless 

7216
06:17:15,700 --> 06:17:19,500
foreign Sky Anglo-Saxon England.
871. 

7217
06:17:21,100 --> 06:17:23,500
The ground shakes under the 
onrush of the enemy horde. 

7218
06:17:24,100 --> 06:17:27,200
From your position at the timber
Palisade, you see them coming 

7219
06:17:27,200 --> 06:17:30,600
across the fields, hundreds of 
Danish Warriors advancing in a 

7220
06:17:30,600 --> 06:17:34,000
solid Shield wall, you swallow 
against the terrorizing. 

7221
06:17:34,000 --> 06:17:37,700
In your throat wessex's mustard,
every able man to defend this 

7222
06:17:37,700 --> 06:17:40,800
town and still the north men, 
outnumber you, their battle, 

7223
06:17:40,800 --> 06:17:42,300
cries carry over the morning 
Breeze. 

7224
06:17:42,300 --> 06:17:45,300
As they close in you tighten, 
your sweaty grip on your spear 

7225
06:17:45,300 --> 06:17:47,000
Lord. 
Ethel Reds Banner. 

7226
06:17:47,000 --> 06:17:51,000
A golden dragon on red, flutters
of the gate, a hopeful token. 

7227
06:17:51,000 --> 06:17:54,100
But today you will have to make 
a stand against the powerful 

7228
06:17:54,100 --> 06:17:57,700
Viking Army. 
All night, we labored and still 

7229
06:17:57,700 --> 06:17:59,800
they come mutters ozric beside 
you. 

7230
06:17:59,800 --> 06:18:02,100
Hefting his axe. 
It's true. 

7231
06:18:02,100 --> 06:18:05,200
You in the townsfolk spent the 
Dark Hours reinforcing these 

7232
06:18:05,200 --> 06:18:07,000
crude walls with wagons and 
debris. 

7233
06:18:08,300 --> 06:18:11,300
The women children and elderly 
have been packed into the Stout 

7234
06:18:11,300 --> 06:18:14,400
Stone Church at the Town Center.
The only building likely to 

7235
06:18:14,400 --> 06:18:18,100
withstand and assault You send a
quick prayer heavenward for your

7236
06:18:18,100 --> 06:18:21,200
wife, among them, if the Danes 
breakthrough that church will be

7237
06:18:21,200 --> 06:18:23,600
their last refuge and perhaps a 
tomb. 

7238
06:18:24,100 --> 06:18:26,400
You force the thought away, and 
refocus on the enemy. 

7239
06:18:27,200 --> 06:18:30,900
There was a sudden blast of a 
horn arrows suddenly whistle out

7240
06:18:30,908 --> 06:18:33,400
from the Viking line. 
Shields up. 

7241
06:18:33,400 --> 06:18:35,200
You shout. 
Raising your wooden Shield 

7242
06:18:35,200 --> 06:18:39,300
overhead a black feathered Arrow
slams into it with a jarring 

7243
06:18:39,300 --> 06:18:42,400
thud a heartbeat later. 
A javelin Impalas, the comrade 

7244
06:18:42,400 --> 06:18:45,800
to your left, he slumps with a 
strangled groan. 

7245
06:18:46,400 --> 06:18:48,800
On your right? 
And another Saxon Shield is 

7246
06:18:48,800 --> 06:18:51,500
Shattered by a slung Stone. 
Staggering him. 

7247
06:18:52,300 --> 06:18:55,200
As you brace your self the Dane 
suddenly appear at the ditch, 

7248
06:18:55,200 --> 06:18:57,500
their Roars, akin, to those of 
beasts. 

7249
06:18:58,200 --> 06:19:01,200
Axes biting to the Palisade 
Timbers with furious Force. 

7250
06:19:01,200 --> 06:19:05,000
The whole wall Quivers under the
onslaught you jab, your spear 

7251
06:19:05,000 --> 06:19:08,200
downward through a gap below. 
A wild bearded. 

7252
06:19:08,200 --> 06:19:10,900
Raider is chopping madly at the 
logs before. 

7253
06:19:10,900 --> 06:19:12,900
You can strike him, the Palisade
buckles. 

7254
06:19:12,900 --> 06:19:15,900
They're through fall back. 
Someone screams behind you. 

7255
06:19:15,900 --> 06:19:19,600
You were the main gate has been 
smashed open the Vikings 

7256
06:19:19,600 --> 06:19:23,300
inundate the town with a torrent
of Steel and rage Retreat to the

7257
06:19:23,300 --> 06:19:27,400
church comes to the order. 
You fly down the ladder along 

7258
06:19:27,400 --> 06:19:30,300
with the few still living 
Defenders and Sprint toward the 

7259
06:19:30,300 --> 06:19:32,800
Stone Church at the center of 
town around. 

7260
06:19:32,800 --> 06:19:36,400
You all is bedlam, panicked 
villagers clogged the Muddy 

7261
06:19:36,400 --> 06:19:39,900
Street fleeing for their lives. 
A woman carrying a baby runs 

7262
06:19:39,900 --> 06:19:43,100
right into a Danish axeman 
emerging from an ally, his blade

7263
06:19:43,100 --> 06:19:45,400
flashes and she drops in a spray
of blood. 

7264
06:19:45,400 --> 06:19:47,300
The infant wailing beside her 
corpse. 

7265
06:19:48,200 --> 06:19:50,608
Flames crackle. 
One of the thatched roofs is a 

7266
06:19:50,616 --> 06:19:53,200
blaze pouring spoke into the 
morning sky. 

7267
06:19:54,100 --> 06:19:57,200
Gasping you reach the churchyard
just as the last survivors 

7268
06:19:57,200 --> 06:20:01,600
shoved their way inside in, in 
you shout practically throwing a

7269
06:20:01,600 --> 06:20:02,900
wounded old Bowman through the 
door. 

7270
06:20:04,000 --> 06:20:05,500
The heavy oak doors, boom. 
Shut. 

7271
06:20:05,500 --> 06:20:08,800
A second later dim. 
Dusty Candlelight illuminates. 

7272
06:20:08,800 --> 06:20:11,900
The packed sanctuary. 
Terrified faces of women and 

7273
06:20:11,900 --> 06:20:14,400
children. 
A few bloodied men from the wall

7274
06:20:14,400 --> 06:20:17,700
all huddled together. 
Stout doors, shutter and blows 

7275
06:20:17,700 --> 06:20:20,400
from outside. 
You plant your feet among a half

7276
06:20:20,408 --> 06:20:23,000
dozen, others forming a ragged 
line at the entrance. 

7277
06:20:23,000 --> 06:20:24,900
You grip. 
Your spear with both hands. 

7278
06:20:24,900 --> 06:20:28,200
There is nowhere else to run 
with a splintering crack. 

7279
06:20:28,200 --> 06:20:31,500
The church doors exploded 
inward, a massive fur. 

7280
06:20:31,500 --> 06:20:35,800
Cloaked Dane, barges through 
shield first, you and two others

7281
06:20:35,800 --> 06:20:40,400
thrust, your Spears one pierces,
his thigh, the Viking Roars in 

7282
06:20:40,408 --> 06:20:43,100
pain as he falls, but more push 
into the breach. 

7283
06:20:43,100 --> 06:20:46,400
Dark shapes flooding. 
The Sacred Space Northman lunges

7284
06:20:46,400 --> 06:20:50,300
at you swinging a sword, you 
parry with your Spears haft for 

7285
06:20:50,300 --> 06:20:51,500
the fourth shears. 
It in two. 

7286
06:20:51,500 --> 06:20:53,600
You raise his weapon for a 
killing blow? 

7287
06:20:53,600 --> 06:20:56,600
When was Rick your neighbor? 
Tackles him from the side. 

7288
06:20:56,600 --> 06:20:58,700
They crashed to the floor. 
Grappling. 

7289
06:20:58,700 --> 06:21:02,300
You see the jacket broken end of
your Spear and stab it into 

7290
06:21:02,300 --> 06:21:04,400
another Vikings belly as he 
rushes passed. 

7291
06:21:04,400 --> 06:21:07,800
The Invader collapses. 
Shrinking all around the church.

7292
06:21:07,800 --> 06:21:11,600
Brutal Close, Quarters, combat 
ranges, Pub benches, overturned 

7293
06:21:11,600 --> 06:21:15,300
screams and The Clash of Steel. 
Echo against stonewall's, a 

7294
06:21:15,300 --> 06:21:18,600
viking acts in to old father 
Wilfred who was clutching a 

7295
06:21:18,600 --> 06:21:21,500
processional? 
He drops without a sound near 

7296
06:21:21,500 --> 06:21:24,300
the altar, two Danes Corner, a 
cluster of caring children. 

7297
06:21:24,300 --> 06:21:27,900
You see, one raised his sword 
and a small boy crumples blood 

7298
06:21:27,900 --> 06:21:32,100
spreading across the flagstones.
The scene is hellish a wild 

7299
06:21:32,100 --> 06:21:34,000
slash catches you across the 
side. 

7300
06:21:34,000 --> 06:21:38,300
White hot pain, Sears your ribs,
you cry out and fall against the

7301
06:21:38,300 --> 06:21:42,800
altar, blood soaking your torn 
tunic, the big Dane with the fur

7302
06:21:42,800 --> 06:21:45,200
cloak looms over you. 
Now recovered from the earlier, 

7303
06:21:45,200 --> 06:21:48,600
spear wound and bent on Revenge.
He lifts his two-handed sword. 

7304
06:21:48,600 --> 06:21:52,000
Eyes are light with Triumph. 
You know, you're about to die. 

7305
06:21:53,000 --> 06:21:56,000
Summoning one, last surge of 
strength, you lock eyes with him

7306
06:21:56,000 --> 06:21:59,700
and snarl and godly, he them as 
defiantly as your trembling 

7307
06:21:59,700 --> 06:22:03,200
voice allows. 
The Dane hesitates momentarily 

7308
06:22:03,200 --> 06:22:06,400
surprised by your boldness, 
that's when a throne acts 

7309
06:22:06,400 --> 06:22:09,900
world's out of the Smoky air and
buries itself in his back, the 

7310
06:22:09,900 --> 06:22:12,900
Vikings eyes bulge, he topples 
forward and crashes at your 

7311
06:22:12,908 --> 06:22:16,600
feet. through swimming Vision 
you perceive Lord Alfred's red 

7312
06:22:16,600 --> 06:22:21,000
dragon Banner suddenly emits the
melee Saxon Warrior's poor into 

7313
06:22:21,000 --> 06:22:23,700
the church through the 
shattered, doorway yelling war 

7314
06:22:23,700 --> 06:22:27,500
cries of Wessex reinforcements 
by some miracle. 

7315
06:22:27,500 --> 06:22:31,400
They are to time The remaining 
Vikings caught by surprise 

7316
06:22:31,400 --> 06:22:34,000
falter and then break under the 
fresh assault. 

7317
06:22:34,800 --> 06:22:38,000
Drive them out, a familiar voice
your cousin cuthbert's Bellows 

7318
06:22:38,000 --> 06:22:40,600
over the din within moments. 
The northmen are fleeing back 

7319
06:22:40,600 --> 06:22:43,300
the way they came cut down as 
they scrambled through the 

7320
06:22:43,300 --> 06:22:44,400
doors. 
It's over. 

7321
06:22:44,400 --> 06:22:47,500
We have defeated them. 
You slump against the altar 

7322
06:22:47,500 --> 06:22:51,300
Vision, blurred with tears of 
relief and pain, despite all the

7323
06:22:51,300 --> 06:22:54,300
odds, you have managed to 
survive this terrifying, Dawn 

7324
06:22:54,300 --> 06:22:58,300
alive, you slide down to sit on 
the blood, slick floor all 

7325
06:22:58,300 --> 06:23:02,100
around a mingled, sobs of joy 
and mourning victory at Dreadful

7326
06:23:02,100 --> 06:23:04,700
cost. 
But rushes to your side and 

7327
06:23:04,700 --> 06:23:06,300
presses a cloth to your bleeding
wound. 

7328
06:23:07,200 --> 06:23:10,000
Hold on. 
Cousin he urges you manage a 

7329
06:23:10,000 --> 06:23:13,900
faint summer mile. 
Outside, the Viking war horn. 

7330
06:23:13,900 --> 06:23:17,600
Sounds a retreat Alfred's. 
Men, shout in Triumph for top. 

7331
06:23:17,600 --> 06:23:21,300
The Battered walls, your town 
still stands despite being 

7332
06:23:21,300 --> 06:23:25,500
battered burned and littered 
with the dead, your town remains

7333
06:23:25,500 --> 06:23:28,400
unconquered, as Cuthbert helps 
you to your feet. 

7334
06:23:28,400 --> 06:23:31,400
You gaze over the Carnage inside
the church and feel both grief 

7335
06:23:31,400 --> 06:23:35,200
and gratitude the Danes will 
return you know they will and 

7336
06:23:35,200 --> 06:23:37,700
more blood will be shed but not 
today. 

7337
06:23:37,700 --> 06:23:40,700
Today by the grace of God, you 
have witnessed The Impossible. 

7338
06:23:40,700 --> 06:23:42,800
The enormous Viking Army in 
Flight. 

7339
06:23:42,800 --> 06:23:47,300
You have survived a viking raid 
scarred exhausted half in shock 

7340
06:23:47,300 --> 06:23:50,900
but alive. 
Final scenario in the aftermath 

7341
06:23:50,900 --> 06:23:53,200
in slaved takes place in the 9th
century. 

7342
06:23:53,200 --> 06:23:56,900
Awakened Before Dawn to the tug 
of the iron collar around your 

7343
06:23:56,900 --> 06:24:01,000
neck, you begin yet. 
Another day in servitude slowly,

7344
06:24:01,000 --> 06:24:03,600
you push yourself up from the 
straw on the firm clay floor of 

7345
06:24:03,600 --> 06:24:08,200
the barn every muscle aches. 
Years of backbreaking toil under

7346
06:24:08,200 --> 06:24:11,200
the Norsemen of left your body, 
noted with pain, you move 

7347
06:24:11,200 --> 06:24:13,000
carefully. 
So as not to Rattle, the short 

7348
06:24:13,000 --> 06:24:16,200
chain attached to your collar, 
the household still sleeps. 

7349
06:24:16,200 --> 06:24:18,000
And you dare not wake your 
masters. 

7350
06:24:19,100 --> 06:24:21,500
Gray. 
Pre-dawn light seeps in through 

7351
06:24:21,500 --> 06:24:23,500
the wooden slats. 
You are a thrall. 

7352
06:24:23,500 --> 06:24:26,900
A slave in this Viking farming 
Village, far from your Homeland 

7353
06:24:27,900 --> 06:24:30,500
The cold iron ring riveted 
around your throat is the 

7354
06:24:30,500 --> 06:24:34,000
permanent Mark of your bondage, 
reaching up, you touch the metal

7355
06:24:34,000 --> 06:24:36,400
collar and remember the day it 
was forged in place by your 

7356
06:24:36,400 --> 06:24:40,000
captors. 
Your hair is rapidly shorn, cut 

7357
06:24:40,000 --> 06:24:41,800
short as another sign of your 
servitude. 

7358
06:24:42,500 --> 06:24:46,300
Once you are a proud free person
with a family land and hope for 

7359
06:24:46,300 --> 06:24:49,500
the future. 
Now, you are property outside 

7360
06:24:49,500 --> 06:24:52,000
roosters. 
Begin to Crow your heart jumps. 

7361
06:24:52,000 --> 06:24:54,300
You must be at your chores 
before the Norse, household 

7362
06:24:54,300 --> 06:24:58,500
awakens or risk, a beating you 
Shuffle out of the barn on bare 

7363
06:24:58,500 --> 06:25:00,300
feet. 
The morning air is damp and 

7364
06:25:00,300 --> 06:25:03,800
chill as you hurry across the 
yard toward the well, two dark 

7365
06:25:03,800 --> 06:25:06,300
shape suddenly Sprint toward you
the guard dogs. 

7366
06:25:06,300 --> 06:25:11,000
You freeze eyes down and extend 
your empty hands the dog sniff 

7367
06:25:11,000 --> 06:25:14,600
and circle then Trot away. 
They recognize your scent by 

7368
06:25:14,600 --> 06:25:18,200
now, still your pulse races, 
you've seen those hounds tear 

7369
06:25:18,200 --> 06:25:22,400
into runaway slaves before I 
first like your hauling water 

7370
06:25:22,400 --> 06:25:26,100
from the well to the long house.
The routine of Labor gives you a

7371
06:25:26,108 --> 06:25:29,000
fragile sense of order. 
You fill the trough for the 

7372
06:25:29,008 --> 06:25:32,200
livestock one bucket at a time. 
Next you like arm Falls of 

7373
06:25:32,200 --> 06:25:35,700
firewood inside to rekindle, the
half your hands are a landscape 

7374
06:25:35,700 --> 06:25:39,800
of scars and calluses. 
Hard work has become your own 

7375
06:25:39,800 --> 06:25:43,200
constant at times. 
Your most forget there was ever 

7376
06:25:43,200 --> 06:25:46,500
a life before it almost while 
Gathering kindling. 

7377
06:25:46,500 --> 06:25:48,700
You catch sight of your 
reflection in a puddle outside, 

7378
06:25:48,700 --> 06:25:52,100
the kitchen shed a gaunt 
hallowed face stares back. 

7379
06:25:52,100 --> 06:25:56,300
Barely recognizable. 
As you unbidden memories flood 

7380
06:25:56,300 --> 06:26:00,100
in, you see the day of your 
villagers fall flaming roofs. 

7381
06:26:00,100 --> 06:26:03,000
Screaming loved ones and 
sword-wielding figures storming 

7382
06:26:03,000 --> 06:26:06,100
through the chaos, your knees 
buckle, and you grip the shed 

7383
06:26:06,100 --> 06:26:09,400
wall to steady yourself. 
Last night was the same as every

7384
06:26:09,400 --> 06:26:13,600
night haunted by Nightmares of 
the raid you live, the moment 

7385
06:26:13,600 --> 06:26:15,700
you were spared. 
If this existence can be called 

7386
06:26:15,700 --> 06:26:18,900
being spared, the moment of 
Viking shoved, you into a chain 

7387
06:26:18,900 --> 06:26:22,200
incident of cutting, you down 
awake, you can push these 

7388
06:26:22,200 --> 06:26:25,000
thoughts aside while you labor, 
but in sleep, you see your 

7389
06:26:25,000 --> 06:26:28,300
family's faces again. 
You hear your little son's cry 

7390
06:26:28,300 --> 06:26:30,100
as the northmen dragon from your
arms. 

7391
06:26:30,100 --> 06:26:33,800
You smell the blood and smoke a 
sharp voice jolts you from your 

7392
06:26:33,800 --> 06:26:36,400
reverie. 
Get moving through all snaps 

7393
06:26:36,400 --> 06:26:39,800
Astrid, The Farmers Wife, a 
major from the long house, with 

7394
06:26:39,800 --> 06:26:42,600
a clay pitcher. 
You cringe and lower your gaze. 

7395
06:26:42,600 --> 06:26:46,100
Yes, mistress. 
Your respond in Norse scurrying 

7396
06:26:46,100 --> 06:26:48,800
to hold the door open for her. 
She shoves the picture into your

7397
06:26:48,808 --> 06:26:51,000
hands, fetch freshwater and be 
quick. 

7398
06:26:51,008 --> 06:26:54,000
She growls, she bow your head 
and rush back to the well, 

7399
06:26:54,000 --> 06:26:56,600
clutching the picture tightly to
hide the Tremor in your fingers.

7400
06:26:56,600 --> 06:27:00,300
Even after five years of 
slavery, that tone of contempt 

7401
06:27:00,300 --> 06:27:03,600
still Burns as hot as ever 
tears, prick, your eyes as you 

7402
06:27:03,600 --> 06:27:06,700
wind the well rope you. 
Blink them away fearlessly. 

7403
06:27:07,400 --> 06:27:09,300
Thralls life. 
Depends on his master's 

7404
06:27:09,300 --> 06:27:11,300
Goodwill. 
You've learned to show, no, hint

7405
06:27:11,300 --> 06:27:14,400
of anger, or grief. 
But inside your soul, Royals 

7406
06:27:14,400 --> 06:27:17,900
drawing up the heavy bucket, you
mail, the silent prayer in your 

7407
06:27:17,900 --> 06:27:21,200
native tongue to God. 
Are you praying to the old gods?

7408
06:27:21,200 --> 06:27:24,600
You'll no longer sure. 
You pray for strength to endure,

7409
06:27:24,600 --> 06:27:26,900
this living death or the mercy 
of a quicker. 

7410
06:27:26,900 --> 06:27:31,300
End the Sun, Crest The Horizon, 
Golden Light, spilling over the 

7411
06:27:31,300 --> 06:27:34,300
farm, you pause a moment 
squinting toward the East and 

7412
06:27:34,300 --> 06:27:37,600
glow in your old life Sunrise 
meant warmth, and promise. 

7413
06:27:37,600 --> 06:27:41,300
Now, it just marks another day 
of chains, still feeling the 

7414
06:27:41,300 --> 06:27:44,900
sun's Rays on your face, revive 
something in you, a distant 

7415
06:27:44,900 --> 06:27:47,200
memory of freedom for a 
heartbeat. 

7416
06:27:47,200 --> 06:27:50,000
You recall walking your Fields 
Dawn your little boy on your 

7417
06:27:50,000 --> 06:27:54,100
shoulders, the of lost, nearly 
doubles you over a bitter truth.

7418
06:27:54,100 --> 06:27:56,800
Sees your mind. 
The person you were died on the 

7419
06:27:56,800 --> 06:27:59,900
day of the Viking raid, a 
distant laugh from the long 

7420
06:27:59,900 --> 06:28:03,400
house Shakes You Back to Reality
your Master's are awake 

7421
06:28:03,400 --> 06:28:06,900
shoulders hunched, you Hoist the
pitcher and hurry to serve them.

7422
06:28:07,600 --> 06:28:10,200
As you Shuffle inside to pour 
Astrid's morning ale, she 

7423
06:28:10,200 --> 06:28:12,800
wrinkles her nose. 
He stink of sweat. 

7424
06:28:12,800 --> 06:28:15,600
She says waving you off when 
you're done here. 

7425
06:28:15,600 --> 06:28:18,200
Wash yourself. 
I won't have guests smelling a 

7426
06:28:18,200 --> 06:28:21,700
filthy thrall. 
You not obediently and retreat. 

7427
06:28:22,300 --> 06:28:25,000
Shame creeps over you but also a
spark of something else. 

7428
06:28:25,000 --> 06:28:29,300
Indignation. 
Filthy, you spend hours each day

7429
06:28:29,300 --> 06:28:31,600
scrubbing, their floors and 
laundering, their clothes. 

7430
06:28:31,600 --> 06:28:33,500
When would you even wash 
yourself? 

7431
06:28:33,500 --> 06:28:37,100
But you swallow, the retort a 
thrall with pride is a thrall 

7432
06:28:37,100 --> 06:28:40,600
with a Death Wish outside you 
dutifully Ladle water over your 

7433
06:28:40,600 --> 06:28:42,800
body. 
At the trough, the icy Splash 

7434
06:28:42,800 --> 06:28:46,000
makes you shiver you stare down 
at the muddy ground and realize 

7435
06:28:46,000 --> 06:28:48,200
you feel nothing. 
None of the fire. 

7436
06:28:48,200 --> 06:28:51,600
That once filled your heart, the
Vikings took everything from 

7437
06:28:51,600 --> 06:28:53,600
you. 
They even took the person you 

7438
06:28:53,600 --> 06:28:57,000
used to be. 
In his place, stands this empty 

7439
06:28:57,000 --> 06:29:00,500
shell performing tasks on 
command, perhaps it would have 

7440
06:29:00,500 --> 06:29:03,200
been better to have died 
fighting like so many others. 

7441
06:29:04,000 --> 06:29:05,700
Perhaps you are The Unlucky One 
for surviving. 

7442
06:29:06,400 --> 06:29:08,400
Hot tears well up and fall into 
the dirt. 

7443
06:29:08,400 --> 06:29:11,700
You allow yourself a few ragged 
breaths of Sorrow under the 

7444
06:29:11,708 --> 06:29:15,200
morning sun, which by now hangs,
bright in the sky, then you 

7445
06:29:15,200 --> 06:29:18,400
inhale, wipe your eyes and 
gather the buckets for the next 

7446
06:29:18,400 --> 06:29:22,000
chore, as you Hoist the yolk, 
onto your shoulders, you catch a

7447
06:29:22,000 --> 06:29:24,100
glimpse of the distance, sea 
glittering Beyond The Cliffs. 

7448
06:29:24,900 --> 06:29:27,900
For one moment, a flicker of 
resolve cuts through your 

7449
06:29:27,900 --> 06:29:31,400
despair one day. 
Think, one day, I'll be free 

7450
06:29:31,400 --> 06:29:33,400
again. 
The thought is gone almost 

7451
06:29:33,400 --> 06:29:37,100
before it Formed chased Away by 
years of brutal reality, but it 

7452
06:29:37,108 --> 06:29:41,300
lingers in your chest like an 
ember under Ash A harsh shout 

7453
06:29:41,300 --> 06:29:43,200
from The Smokehouse jolts, you 
back to duty. 

7454
06:29:43,200 --> 06:29:45,800
You lower your head and carry on
with your burdens. 

7455
06:29:45,800 --> 06:29:49,900
In the yard, this is your world 
now, fear toil and memories that

7456
06:29:49,900 --> 06:29:53,700
hurt more than any whip. 
In a way, your captors did not 

7457
06:29:53,708 --> 06:29:56,200
spare your life at all. 
They simply claimed it. 

7458
06:29:57,000 --> 06:30:01,700
And so, you labor on a survivor 
in the Vikings wake living 

7459
06:30:01,700 --> 06:30:04,100
day-to-day in a fate worse than 
death. 

7460
06:30:09,200 --> 06:30:14,000
On in 69 BCE Cleopatra, the 
seventh Philippa came from a 

7461
06:30:14,000 --> 06:30:16,800
family that had controlled Egypt
for over three centuries. 

7462
06:30:16,800 --> 06:30:20,200
These were the ptolemies who 
were descended from a general 

7463
06:30:20,200 --> 06:30:23,500
under Alexander the Great. 
The ptolemaic empire was a 

7464
06:30:23,500 --> 06:30:27,100
peculiar hybrid, by the time 
Cleopatra was born a 

7465
06:30:27,100 --> 06:30:28,800
greek-speaking monarchy 
situated. 

7466
06:30:28,800 --> 06:30:32,900
Atop A deeply Egyptian Terrain. 
The dynasty itself was plagued 

7467
06:30:32,900 --> 06:30:37,300
by Family feuds political 
assassinations, intense truces 

7468
06:30:37,300 --> 06:30:41,800
with growing Roman Authority, 
despite the capital Alexandria 

7469
06:30:41,800 --> 06:30:44,300
being a global Center of 
scholarship. 

7470
06:30:45,300 --> 06:30:48,900
Tradition frequently, portrays 
Cleopatra's a captivating, Queen

7471
06:30:48,900 --> 06:30:52,900
who captivated influential men. 
However, that portrayal 

7472
06:30:52,900 --> 06:30:55,700
disregards, her extensive 
education, linguistic, 

7473
06:30:55,700 --> 06:30:58,000
proficiency, and strategic 
savvy. 

7474
06:30:58,800 --> 06:31:02,400
She pursued studies in 
philosophy, astronomy medicine 

7475
06:31:02,400 --> 06:31:05,700
and Mathematics in the renowned 
Library of Alexandria. 

7476
06:31:06,400 --> 06:31:09,900
Cleopatra was raised in society 
that demanded Royals demonstrate

7477
06:31:09,900 --> 06:31:14,300
their abilities, as each 
prospective are faced the risk 

7478
06:31:14,300 --> 06:31:18,700
of being outwitted by cunning 
family members in a quart. 

7479
06:31:18,700 --> 06:31:22,200
Notorious for backstabbing 
mental acuity was just as 

7480
06:31:22,200 --> 06:31:25,300
important to survival as 
Birthright for a large portion 

7481
06:31:25,300 --> 06:31:28,000
of his rule her father Ptolemy 
the 12th. 

7482
06:31:28,000 --> 06:31:31,400
All these had to balance local 
unrest with Roman favor. 

7483
06:31:32,200 --> 06:31:36,200
Despite the ptolemies claims to 
Divine Heritage, Roman power 

7484
06:31:36,200 --> 06:31:39,200
actually Loom big to gain Roman 
political support. 

7485
06:31:40,100 --> 06:31:44,100
Athletes paid Hefty prices which
put Egypt's Finance is in 

7486
06:31:44,100 --> 06:31:46,700
jeopardy. 
As she observe, these 

7487
06:31:46,700 --> 06:31:49,500
discussions Cleopatra learned 
early on that money could 

7488
06:31:49,500 --> 06:31:52,000
purchase allies but could never 
ensure true respect. 

7489
06:31:52,900 --> 06:31:55,300
She also saw how quickly a 
monarch may lose their position 

7490
06:31:55,300 --> 06:31:58,800
of authority if they made a 
mistake that alienated those in 

7491
06:31:58,800 --> 06:32:01,600
charge. 
When Cleopatra was a little 

7492
06:32:01,600 --> 06:32:04,800
girl, she traveled to Rome with 
all late is on diplomatic 

7493
06:32:04,800 --> 06:32:08,000
missions, and saw civilization 
on the verge of enormous growth.

7494
06:32:08,900 --> 06:32:11,200
She watched the Senate's 
operations there as well as the 

7495
06:32:11,200 --> 06:32:13,900
moves of powerful people like 
Julius, Caesar and Pompey. 

7496
06:32:14,600 --> 06:32:17,600
She had a first-hand Insight 
from these experiences that few 

7497
06:32:17,600 --> 06:32:19,100
Egyptian Royals had ever 
experienced. 

7498
06:32:20,000 --> 06:32:21,500
Cleopatra's route to the 
Egyptian. 

7499
06:32:21,500 --> 06:32:24,900
Throne was uncertain to maintain
the unity of the bloodline. 

7500
06:32:24,900 --> 06:32:28,200
Ptolemaic lore, encouraged 
sibling, marriage Partnerships 

7501
06:32:28,200 --> 06:32:30,000
and her father had other 
children. 

7502
06:32:31,100 --> 06:32:34,000
An ancient Macedonian custom 
that the ptolemies had taken to 

7503
06:32:34,008 --> 06:32:36,900
extremes. 
This Behavior was startling to 

7504
06:32:36,900 --> 06:32:40,400
Modern ears. 
As a result Cleopatra's Destiny 

7505
06:32:40,400 --> 06:32:43,800
was intertwined with her. 
Brother's one of whom would at 

7506
06:32:43,800 --> 06:32:45,800
least in theory, share power 
with her. 

7507
06:32:46,700 --> 06:32:49,200
Everyone knew that a puppet 
sibling could be used to 

7508
06:32:49,200 --> 06:32:52,200
overthrow a more ambitious 
relative and the tension in the 

7509
06:32:52,208 --> 06:32:55,900
royal family was evident. 
History frequently reduces clear

7510
06:32:55,900 --> 06:32:59,700
Patrick to an exotic character. 
Who courted, Roman rulers that 

7511
06:32:59,700 --> 06:33:01,800
she was developing her 
diplomatic abilities from an 

7512
06:33:01,800 --> 06:33:04,000
early age. 
She acquired multi-lingual 

7513
06:33:04,000 --> 06:33:06,600
skills. 
In addition to Greek, she 

7514
06:33:06,600 --> 06:33:09,900
reportedly knew Aramaic 
Ethiopian and probably Hebrew 

7515
06:33:09,900 --> 06:33:13,500
well, as well as an Egyptian, 
which most of her ptolemaic 

7516
06:33:13,500 --> 06:33:15,100
predecessors never tried to 
master. 

7517
06:33:15,100 --> 06:33:18,200
She was able to avoid having her
comments misinterpreted by 

7518
06:33:18,208 --> 06:33:21,700
interpreters by speaking to 
courtiers Merchants and foreign 

7519
06:33:21,700 --> 06:33:25,100
envoys in their own tongues. 
Her ability to communicate 

7520
06:33:25,100 --> 06:33:28,700
directly became one of her, most
powerful assets enabling her to 

7521
06:33:28,708 --> 06:33:31,800
bridge cultural gaps. 
The domestic politics of Egypt 

7522
06:33:31,800 --> 06:33:35,300
were very complicated as they 
had done for thousands of years.

7523
06:33:35,300 --> 06:33:37,700
Priesthoods held, considerable 
power. 

7524
06:33:37,700 --> 06:33:42,200
Careful supervision was required
of the surrogation system grain 

7525
06:33:42,200 --> 06:33:44,500
shipments, fueled the Kingdom's 
economy, by feeding both 

7526
06:33:44,500 --> 06:33:46,100
Egyptians and international 
markets. 

7527
06:33:47,000 --> 06:33:49,200
Cleopatra was aware of the 
fragility, underlying, the 

7528
06:33:49,200 --> 06:33:52,300
opulence of the Court, 
spectacles in ancient times, 

7529
06:33:52,300 --> 06:33:55,000
grain was valuable and managing 
the Niles. 

7530
06:33:55,000 --> 06:33:58,600
Resources, meant managing the 
money needed to survive to keep 

7531
06:33:58,600 --> 06:34:01,900
the Roman Bankers, happy the 
priest placated and the crops 

7532
06:34:01,900 --> 06:34:04,100
steady a wise ruler was 
required. 

7533
06:34:04,100 --> 06:34:09,100
However, when her father passed 
away in 51, BC Cleopatra was 

7534
06:34:09,100 --> 06:34:12,000
still a young woman, she and her
younger brother, Tommy. 

7535
06:34:12,000 --> 06:34:16,000
The 13th were designated as 
joint rulers in the will This 

7536
06:34:16,000 --> 06:34:18,500
Arrangement was less about true 
balance and more about 

7537
06:34:18,500 --> 06:34:21,100
ceremonial tradition. 
Groups in the court. 

7538
06:34:21,100 --> 06:34:23,600
Tried to influence the young 
boy, King against his sister. 

7539
06:34:23,600 --> 06:34:27,000
Very immediately Cleopatra had 
to decide whether to submit 

7540
06:34:27,000 --> 06:34:30,500
these power struggles or to 
stand up for herself at the risk

7541
06:34:30,500 --> 06:34:34,300
of starting a civil war. 
Cleopatra's early life prepared,

7542
06:34:34,300 --> 06:34:37,700
her for her eventual, decisive 
actions, even though most people

7543
06:34:37,700 --> 06:34:40,300
only recall her later 
involvements with Mark Antony in

7544
06:34:40,300 --> 06:34:43,100
Julius Caesar. 
Her background learning at the 

7545
06:34:43,100 --> 06:34:46,400
library, observing Roman 
politics and negotiating, a 

7546
06:34:46,400 --> 06:34:49,600
contentious Court formed the 
foundation of her strategic 

7547
06:34:49,600 --> 06:34:52,200
perspective. 
She was adamant that ambitious. 

7548
06:34:52,200 --> 06:34:55,000
Romans should not use Egypt as a
prize or a province. 

7549
06:34:55,900 --> 06:34:58,800
Though, the road ahead was 
dangerous Cleopatra. 

7550
06:34:58,800 --> 06:35:00,400
Had been well, prepared by her 
upbringing. 

7551
06:35:00,400 --> 06:35:04,200
She wasn't a passive character. 
She was already planning ahead 

7552
06:35:04,200 --> 06:35:06,800
and prepared to play a political
chess game, that would decide 

7553
06:35:06,800 --> 06:35:10,900
her Kingdom's destiny. 
Cleopatra who was 18 at the time

7554
06:35:10,908 --> 06:35:13,400
of Ptolemy, the 12th death found
herself. 

7555
06:35:13,400 --> 06:35:16,900
Sharing the kingdom with her 
brother Ptolemy, the 13th who 

7556
06:35:16,900 --> 06:35:18,700
was only 10 or 11 years old at 
the time. 

7557
06:35:19,600 --> 06:35:21,800
Although there were classified 
as equals in their official 

7558
06:35:21,800 --> 06:35:25,400
titles Cleopatra was aware of 
the covert path structures, and 

7559
06:35:25,400 --> 06:35:28,500
the Royal Court. 
The young King's advisors saw an

7560
06:35:28,500 --> 06:35:31,100
opportunity to marginalize her 
by portraying her, as an 

7561
06:35:31,108 --> 06:35:34,200
intrusive sister, who posed a 
danger to the boys legitimate 

7562
06:35:34,200 --> 06:35:37,500
Authority. 
Political scheming by a far of 

7563
06:35:37,500 --> 06:35:41,300
courtiers, including the 
powerful, Regent, athenas and a 

7564
06:35:41,300 --> 06:35:43,700
general, by the name of a 
Killer's soon, compelled 

7565
06:35:43,700 --> 06:35:47,800
Cleopatra, to leave Alexandria. 
Cleopatra was sent into Exile 

7566
06:35:47,800 --> 06:35:49,600
because she would not concede 
defeat. 

7567
06:35:50,300 --> 06:35:53,900
Of Disappearing Into Obscurity. 
She gathered a small tree and 

7568
06:35:53,900 --> 06:35:55,800
set up camp east of the Nile 
Delta to wait. 

7569
06:35:56,800 --> 06:35:59,500
She made appeals to border 
troops who were devoted to her 

7570
06:35:59,500 --> 06:36:02,600
father's Legacy Merchants, who 
were upset over the Mayhem in 

7571
06:36:02,600 --> 06:36:06,500
Alexandria and local allies. 
Cleopatra closely monitored 

7572
06:36:06,500 --> 06:36:08,300
Rome's. 
Internal conflicts during this 

7573
06:36:08,300 --> 06:36:10,600
period. 
Caesar's previous, Ally, the 

7574
06:36:10,608 --> 06:36:13,500
Roman general. 
Ganias Pompey was now losing a 

7575
06:36:13,500 --> 06:36:17,100
civil war against his urged, 
while comrade the alexandrian 

7576
06:36:17,100 --> 06:36:20,200
court made the tragic choice to 
have Pompey killed when he 

7577
06:36:20,208 --> 06:36:22,800
landed in Egypt in search of 
resources and safety. 

7578
06:36:23,700 --> 06:36:26,500
The Killing was likely done to 
appease Julius Caesar who was 

7579
06:36:26,500 --> 06:36:29,200
pursuing Pompeii. 
However the results of this 

7580
06:36:29,200 --> 06:36:31,300
heinous deed were not what they 
had hoped for. 

7581
06:36:32,200 --> 06:36:35,400
Caesar personally landed in 
Alexandria in the fall of 48 

7582
06:36:35,400 --> 06:36:38,800
BCE. 
Stable monarchy or at least a 

7583
06:36:38,800 --> 06:36:41,300
compliant Administration that 
would pay for his war-time. 

7584
06:36:41,300 --> 06:36:43,500
Expenses was what he hoped to 
discover? 

7585
06:36:44,400 --> 06:36:47,100
Instead, he found himself in a 
country that was embroiled in a 

7586
06:36:47,100 --> 06:36:50,200
fraternal war with Ptolemy. 
The 13th Camp fighting for 

7587
06:36:50,200 --> 06:36:54,000
control of the city in Cleopatra
in Exile Caesar was apparently 

7588
06:36:54,000 --> 06:36:56,800
horrified to learn of his 
assassination since he had to 

7589
06:36:56,800 --> 06:36:59,800
capture Pompey, rather than have
him killed by outside. 

7590
06:36:59,800 --> 06:37:03,400
As seeing her chance Cleopatra, 
came up with a bold scheme to 

7591
06:37:03,400 --> 06:37:05,200
meet Cesar and private and make 
her case. 

7592
06:37:06,000 --> 06:37:10,100
According to Legend to get past 
Tony's guards, Cleopatra plan to

7593
06:37:10,100 --> 06:37:12,700
be smuggled into the palace 
rolled up in a carpet or bag. 

7594
06:37:13,500 --> 06:37:15,500
Although some historians 
disagree with the precise 

7595
06:37:15,500 --> 06:37:18,700
approach, everyone agrees that 
Cleopatra's first-hand meeting 

7596
06:37:18,700 --> 06:37:21,100
with Caesar was a persuasive 
Master stroke. 

7597
06:37:21,100 --> 06:37:23,800
She portrayed herself as a 
legitimate Queen whose brothers 

7598
06:37:23,800 --> 06:37:27,000
caught had turned treacherous 
rather than as a defenseless 

7599
06:37:27,000 --> 06:37:28,900
Exile. 
She knew Latin well enough to 

7600
06:37:28,900 --> 06:37:31,800
communicate directly with Cesar.
He was said to be as fascinated 

7601
06:37:31,800 --> 06:37:35,100
by her intelligence and humor as
he was by her royal demeanor. 

7602
06:37:35,700 --> 06:37:38,508
Caesar a master strategist. 
Believed that Cleopatra was a 

7603
06:37:38,516 --> 06:37:41,400
better Ally than her younger 
brother, in ensuring Egypt's 

7604
06:37:41,400 --> 06:37:43,500
stability. 
The siblings must get back 

7605
06:37:43,500 --> 06:37:46,400
together and ruled together 
again, he said the counselors to

7606
06:37:46,408 --> 06:37:49,300
Ptolemy the 13th refused to obey
because they felt their 

7607
06:37:49,300 --> 06:37:52,900
Authority was in jeopardy. 
As tensions increased the 

7608
06:37:52,900 --> 06:37:56,800
alexandrian war broke out. 
Alexandria's streets and docks 

7609
06:37:56,800 --> 06:37:59,800
became battlefields when 
seizures Army engaged in combat 

7610
06:37:59,800 --> 06:38:01,600
with Ptolemy, the 13th 
supporters. 

7611
06:38:02,500 --> 06:38:04,900
Although reports differ on the 
extent and timing of the 

7612
06:38:04,900 --> 06:38:07,400
destruction, the renowned 
Library itself, may have 

7613
06:38:07,400 --> 06:38:09,100
sustained some damage during 
this fight. 

7614
06:38:09,900 --> 06:38:12,000
Cleopatra. 
Remain calm in the face of 

7615
06:38:12,000 --> 06:38:14,400
chaos. 
She collaborated closely with 

7616
06:38:14,400 --> 06:38:17,200
Caesar providing local 
intelligence and resources. 

7617
06:38:17,200 --> 06:38:20,200
She understood that while she 
required Caesar's help. 

7618
06:38:20,200 --> 06:38:23,600
She also possess power because 
Caesar wanted a stable monarchy 

7619
06:38:23,600 --> 06:38:28,300
and control over Egypt's grain. 
Supply was vital, to Rome, He 

7620
06:38:28,300 --> 06:38:30,100
eventually routed Ptolemy, the 
13th Army. 

7621
06:38:30,900 --> 06:38:34,600
While attempting to escape, he 
himself perished in the Nile to 

7622
06:38:34,600 --> 06:38:37,700
maintain the illusion of a 
dynastic tradition, Cleopatra's 

7623
06:38:37,700 --> 06:38:41,000
younger brother, Ptolemy the 
14th was appointed as a nominal 

7624
06:38:41,000 --> 06:38:43,600
co-ruler. 
However, Cleopatra held the real

7625
06:38:43,608 --> 06:38:47,100
power, after the Civil War was 
done Cleopatra sided with 

7626
06:38:47,100 --> 06:38:49,500
Caesar. 
And according to many fell in 

7627
06:38:49,500 --> 06:38:52,400
love with him caesarion. 
The child, they would eventually

7628
06:38:52,400 --> 06:38:55,900
have symbolized the marriage of 
Egyptian ancestry with Roman 

7629
06:38:55,900 --> 06:38:59,000
ambition. 
Nevertheless clear Patron never 

7630
06:38:59,000 --> 06:39:02,400
saw herself as a simple consort.
Her goal was to bring her 

7631
06:39:02,400 --> 06:39:04,900
kingdom back to life. 
While juggling Roman interests 

7632
06:39:04,900 --> 06:39:06,700
and preserving some degree of 
autonomy. 

7633
06:39:07,600 --> 06:39:10,100
She lavished sees her with 
hospitality throwing lavish 

7634
06:39:10,100 --> 06:39:12,800
Feast that could only be 
supported by the Niles wealth. 

7635
06:39:13,400 --> 06:39:15,200
Beneath these extravagant 
outbursts. 

7636
06:39:15,200 --> 06:39:18,400
However she engaged in 
painstaking negotiations to 

7637
06:39:18,400 --> 06:39:21,300
secure her rules continuation 
after Seasons inevitable 

7638
06:39:21,300 --> 06:39:24,200
departure. 
Alexandria had been returned to 

7639
06:39:24,200 --> 06:39:27,400
Cleopatra at the end of this 
turbulent time, she was no 

7640
06:39:27,400 --> 06:39:30,800
longer the helpless fugitive. 
Instead, she had become Egypt's 

7641
06:39:30,800 --> 06:39:34,100
Undisputed Monarch albeit one 
who was closely associated with 

7642
06:39:34,100 --> 06:39:36,800
Roman Authority. 
She had forged a complicated 

7643
06:39:36,800 --> 06:39:39,500
alliance with the most powerful 
man in the Mediterranean, by 

7644
06:39:39,500 --> 06:39:43,100
navigating war and conspiracies.
There were new obstacles in the 

7645
06:39:43,100 --> 06:39:46,700
way primarily how to balance 
Egypt sovereignty with Rome's 

7646
06:39:46,700 --> 06:39:49,000
demands. 
However, Cleopatra had 

7647
06:39:49,000 --> 06:39:51,700
demonstrated that she was more 
than capable of skillfully 

7648
06:39:51,700 --> 06:39:54,200
navigating through situations 
that would shatter a less 

7649
06:39:54,208 --> 06:39:57,200
powerful ruler. 
Following the Alexandria, in war

7650
06:39:57,200 --> 06:40:00,300
Cleopatra, oversaw a court that 
combined Roman and Hellenistic 

7651
06:40:00,300 --> 06:40:04,300
elements with older Egyptian 
customs, she reclaimed trade 

7652
06:40:04,300 --> 06:40:07,000
routes, vital to Egypt's growth 
and dispatched, envoys to 

7653
06:40:07,008 --> 06:40:10,100
negotiate border Accords to 
regain control over areas, lost 

7654
06:40:10,100 --> 06:40:14,200
during previous crises. 
Beyond politics Cleopatra, 

7655
06:40:14,200 --> 06:40:18,100
prioritized cultural patronage. 
She provided financial support 

7656
06:40:18,100 --> 06:40:21,800
for academic, Pursuits sponsored
building projects and made sure 

7657
06:40:21,800 --> 06:40:25,200
that Egypt temples, particularly
those honoring the Goddess Isis,

7658
06:40:25,200 --> 06:40:28,200
who she came to identifying, 
increasingly with received Royal

7659
06:40:28,200 --> 06:40:31,000
backing. 
She and Julius Caesar's 

7660
06:40:31,000 --> 06:40:34,800
relationship kept changing. 
Caesar attracted by Cleopatra's 

7661
06:40:34,800 --> 06:40:37,600
companionship as well as 
political motives stayed in 

7662
06:40:37,600 --> 06:40:39,300
Egypt. 
Longer than many Roman Senators 

7663
06:40:39,300 --> 06:40:41,900
thought was wise. 
They're well known Nile Crews 

7664
06:40:41,900 --> 06:40:45,300
which was later romanticized. 
Served two strategic purposes. 

7665
06:40:46,200 --> 06:40:48,800
Caesar learned about the areas 
resources and fortifications 

7666
06:40:48,800 --> 06:40:51,800
firsthand while Cleopatra, 
demonstrated the size of her 

7667
06:40:51,800 --> 06:40:54,400
Dominion. 
Though some alexandrians 

7668
06:40:54,400 --> 06:40:57,300
questioned, the expenditure 
Cleopatra, recognized, the 

7669
06:40:57,308 --> 06:41:01,200
importance of spectacle, and her
Tales of sumptuous feasts on 

7670
06:41:01,200 --> 06:41:03,800
Royal boats. 
She wanted the Egyptians, and 

7671
06:41:03,800 --> 06:41:06,500
Romans to understand that the 
ptolemaic throne had not lost. 

7672
06:41:06,500 --> 06:41:10,000
Its Majesty in a time when the 
ability to Dazzle was frequently

7673
06:41:10,000 --> 06:41:14,200
used to gauge one's level of 
authority, Caesar and Cleopatra.

7674
06:41:14,200 --> 06:41:16,500
However, were unable to deny 
Rome's restlessness. 

7675
06:41:17,500 --> 06:41:20,000
After defeating pompies allies 
sees a solidified. 

7676
06:41:20,000 --> 06:41:23,500
His hold on Power and his status
as dictator was both admirable 

7677
06:41:23,500 --> 06:41:26,500
and vulnerable. 
He brought Cleopatra back to 

7678
06:41:26,508 --> 06:41:29,400
Roman 46, BC but not as a simple
concubine. 

7679
06:41:30,200 --> 06:41:32,900
She successfully positioned 
herself on the Roman stage by 

7680
06:41:32,900 --> 06:41:35,600
arriving, with her retinue, 
which included the baby 

7681
06:41:35,600 --> 06:41:38,800
cesarean. 
Conservative Romans, who 

7682
06:41:38,800 --> 06:41:42,700
disapproved of her alien status 
and her alleged aspirations were

7683
06:41:42,700 --> 06:41:46,100
scandalized by this. 
Caesar gave Cleopatra privileged

7684
06:41:46,100 --> 06:41:47,900
position that no other foreign 
ruler had. 

7685
06:41:47,900 --> 06:41:51,400
However, by letting her remain 
at a villa across the Tiber 

7686
06:41:52,000 --> 06:41:55,200
Within the city's political 
circles rumors circulated that 

7687
06:41:55,200 --> 06:41:57,900
Caesar May declare himself King 
and Cleopatra, his Queen. 

7688
06:41:57,900 --> 06:42:01,500
A notion that was unappealing to
Romans who had Vivid memories of

7689
06:42:01,508 --> 06:42:03,200
overthrowing Monarch centuries 
before. 

7690
06:42:04,000 --> 06:42:07,200
Both xenophobic animosity and 
curiosity was stoked by 

7691
06:42:07,200 --> 06:42:10,900
Cleopatra's appearance, her 
attire and her Entourage of 

7692
06:42:10,900 --> 06:42:14,200
Egyptian, courtiers. 
In the meantime, she researched 

7693
06:42:14,200 --> 06:42:17,500
the tribunes the Senate and the 
network of patronage that 

7694
06:42:17,500 --> 06:42:19,400
connected aristocratic families 
in Rome. 

7695
06:42:19,400 --> 06:42:22,900
She realized how shaky roams 
acceptance of her was 

7696
06:42:23,600 --> 06:42:25,900
Nevertheless, she engaged in 
diplomatic Outreach, 

7697
06:42:25,900 --> 06:42:28,800
establishing connections with 
powerful senators and their 

7698
06:42:28,800 --> 06:42:31,300
spouse's giving presents and 
organising. 

7699
06:42:31,300 --> 06:42:34,900
Cultural events that showcase 
Alexandria's refinement But 

7700
06:42:34,900 --> 06:42:38,100
Cleopatra's primary goal was to 
ensure the future of her dinny. 

7701
06:42:38,800 --> 06:42:41,500
From the Egyptian perspective, 
she desired cesareans 

7702
06:42:41,500 --> 06:42:44,600
recognition as his Heir. 
Even if it wasn't official. 

7703
06:42:45,300 --> 06:42:47,700
Caesar gave cesarean 
preferential treatment, even 

7704
06:42:47,700 --> 06:42:50,500
though he never legally declared
him, his son under Roman law, 

7705
06:42:51,400 --> 06:42:53,400
Seasons. 
Continuous success appeared to 

7706
06:42:53,400 --> 06:42:56,600
be the key to the Future. 
However, the tide of Roman 

7707
06:42:56,600 --> 06:42:59,800
politics was shifting and many 
were disturbed by Caesar's 

7708
06:42:59,800 --> 06:43:02,000
acquisition of awards and 
display of monarchical. 

7709
06:43:02,000 --> 06:43:04,800
Accoutrements Caesar was 
assassinated on the Ides of 

7710
06:43:04,808 --> 06:43:07,300
March in 44, BCE as a result of 
a conspiracy. 

7711
06:43:08,400 --> 06:43:11,000
Cleopatra. 
Shocked and exposed was in a 

7712
06:43:11,000 --> 06:43:13,800
dangerous situation. 
In Rome, she swiftly retreated 

7713
06:43:13,800 --> 06:43:17,300
amid, the confusion returning to
Alexandria with cesarean and her

7714
06:43:17,300 --> 06:43:20,700
Entourage. 
According to some accounts, she 

7715
06:43:20,700 --> 06:43:23,400
thought about siding with Mark 
Antony or other groups in the 

7716
06:43:23,400 --> 06:43:26,100
ensuing power War. 
Cleopatra, however, was 

7717
06:43:26,100 --> 06:43:28,500
realistic. 
She understood that Romans would

7718
06:43:28,500 --> 06:43:32,000
fight for the Republic once more
and before making any dangerous 

7719
06:43:32,000 --> 06:43:34,000
agreements, she needed to know 
who would win. 

7720
06:43:34,900 --> 06:43:37,900
Securely established in Egypt, 
she concentrated on bolstering 

7721
06:43:37,900 --> 06:43:41,300
the economy and defenses of her 
realm while she waited the next 

7722
06:43:41,300 --> 06:43:44,900
Roman ruler to initiate contact.
She made a deliberate decision 

7723
06:43:44,900 --> 06:43:48,700
to stay out of Rome during this 
rough time, if she had stayed, 

7724
06:43:48,700 --> 06:43:54,400
see your mad one side or the 
other might have exploited her 

7725
06:43:54,400 --> 06:43:57,400
as a pawn, rather, she withdrew 
to a world in which she was 

7726
06:43:57,400 --> 06:44:01,000
truly in charge. she developed 
an image of herself at home as 

7727
06:44:01,000 --> 06:44:03,500
conventional Pharaoh, in 
addition to being a Hellenistic,

7728
06:44:03,500 --> 06:44:07,100
Queen Her picture with a diadem 
occasionally with subtle 

7729
06:44:07,100 --> 06:44:09,900
references to Egyptian 
iconography was featured on 

7730
06:44:09,900 --> 06:44:12,400
coins. 
Bearing her name to guarantee 

7731
06:44:12,400 --> 06:44:13,900
that the priesthood 
acknowledged. 

7732
06:44:13,900 --> 06:44:16,100
Her son cesarean as a prince to 
send from God. 

7733
06:44:16,100 --> 06:44:20,600
She funded religious ceremonies 
Cleopatra cemented, her position

7734
06:44:20,600 --> 06:44:23,600
among her subjects by fusing 
traditional Egyptian devotion 

7735
06:44:23,600 --> 06:44:26,800
with classical Greek Elegance. 
Though, she was aware that 

7736
06:44:26,800 --> 06:44:29,500
Egypt's, Destiny would 
unavoidably be shaped by the 

7737
06:44:29,500 --> 06:44:33,000
next wave of Rome Civil War. 
She never cut off, contact with 

7738
06:44:33,000 --> 06:44:36,500
Roman politicians. 
Cleopatra's top objective amid, 

7739
06:44:36,500 --> 06:44:39,200
the chaos that followed Caesar's
murder, was to maintain her 

7740
06:44:39,200 --> 06:44:41,300
independence to the greatest 
extent feasible. 

7741
06:44:42,200 --> 06:44:45,300
Although she had already 
navigated the maze, the Roman 

7742
06:44:45,300 --> 06:44:47,900
stage was about to change. 
Again, bringing new performers 

7743
06:44:47,900 --> 06:44:51,200
who would test her wits She 
would have to carefully consider

7744
06:44:51,200 --> 06:44:53,800
her options now that she could 
no longer rely on season's 

7745
06:44:53,800 --> 06:44:57,400
favor, forming alliances and 
battling for time in a game 

7746
06:44:57,400 --> 06:45:00,700
where the outcome could affect 
the mediterranean's future after

7747
06:45:00,700 --> 06:45:03,400
Seasons death. 
Rome fell into Civil War, 

7748
06:45:03,400 --> 06:45:07,700
creating a power vacuum on one 
side with the Assassin's led by 

7749
06:45:07,708 --> 06:45:11,100
Brutus and Cassius advocating 
for a return to a republican 

7750
06:45:11,100 --> 06:45:13,600
ideals. 
The second triumvirat brought 

7751
06:45:13,600 --> 06:45:17,900
together three important figures
Octavian, Caesars adopted, son 

7752
06:45:17,900 --> 06:45:22,200
and Heir, Mark Antony a seasoned
General and close all of Caesar 

7753
06:45:22,200 --> 06:45:25,500
and lepidus whose influence 
quickly diminished. 

7754
06:45:26,200 --> 06:45:28,600
In the following two years. 
These factions fought for 

7755
06:45:28,600 --> 06:45:30,800
dominance from Alexandria 
Cleopatra. 

7756
06:45:30,800 --> 06:45:33,600
Observed knowing Egypt's. 
Wealth could become a bargaining

7757
06:45:33,600 --> 06:45:36,500
chip again. 
Marc Anthony had previously been

7758
06:45:36,500 --> 06:45:39,500
kind to Cleopatra. 
You visited Alexandria during 

7759
06:45:39,500 --> 06:45:41,800
Caesar's time and enjoyed the 
courts hospitality. 

7760
06:45:42,600 --> 06:45:46,000
As the triumvirate faced Brutus 
and Cassius Anthony required 

7761
06:45:46,000 --> 06:45:49,600
resources grain ships and money 
to strengthen his position. 

7762
06:45:50,800 --> 06:45:54,900
He called Cleopatra to Tarsus 
Asia Minor to negotiate terms. 

7763
06:45:54,900 --> 06:45:57,400
The summons was not just a 
polite request. 

7764
06:45:57,400 --> 06:46:02,300
Ignoring it could provoke Roman 
anger, Cleopatra recognized an 

7765
06:46:02,300 --> 06:46:05,300
opportunity negotiating from a 
strong position, could help her 

7766
06:46:05,300 --> 06:46:08,200
gain recognition for cesarean 
and assert her autonomy. 

7767
06:46:08,900 --> 06:46:12,500
Her arrival in Tarsus turned 
into a legendary tale rather 

7768
06:46:12,500 --> 06:46:15,600
than seeming like a beggar. 
She glided up the river Sydney 

7769
06:46:15,600 --> 06:46:19,000
on an ornate barge the dawned 
with luxurious fabrics and 

7770
06:46:19,000 --> 06:46:21,900
fragrance sales, musicians 
played as clear. 

7771
06:46:21,900 --> 06:46:25,600
Patra adorned as the goddess, 
Aphrodite or Isis based on the 

7772
06:46:25,600 --> 06:46:29,800
source invited and to witness a 
display of opulence, akin to a 

7773
06:46:29,800 --> 06:46:32,400
royal Festival. 
Cleopatra recognized the 

7774
06:46:32,408 --> 06:46:36,200
significance of spectacle. 
A dramatic entrance overshadowed

7775
06:46:36,200 --> 06:46:40,000
rumors of Egyptian subserviently
realized he was not in charge of

7776
06:46:40,008 --> 06:46:42,600
a subordinate, but was instead 
welcoming a king in full 

7777
06:46:42,600 --> 06:46:45,300
splendor. 
He was impressed and accepted 

7778
06:46:45,300 --> 06:46:48,000
her invitation to dine on her 
vessel where her wit and 

7779
06:46:48,000 --> 06:46:50,600
cultural sophistication 
captivated him as much as the 

7780
06:46:50,600 --> 06:46:54,000
luxury is. 
An alliance began political and 

7781
06:46:54,000 --> 06:46:57,000
romantic that would shape the 
Eastern mediterranean's fate. 

7782
06:46:57,900 --> 06:47:01,800
Their relationship was complex, 
Antony aimed to gain Cleopatra's

7783
06:47:01,800 --> 06:47:04,500
loyalty, and resources, to 
tackle the ongoing challenges to

7784
06:47:04,500 --> 06:47:07,500
the triumvirate. 
Cleopatra, demanded, the return 

7785
06:47:07,500 --> 06:47:10,100
of Egyptian, territories lost 
under previous ptolemaic, 

7786
06:47:10,100 --> 06:47:12,600
rulers. 
She urged for formal, Roman 

7787
06:47:12,600 --> 06:47:16,000
recognition of cesarean 
significance, at least in Egypt.

7788
06:47:17,300 --> 06:47:20,200
What started as a tactical 
partnership, evolved into a 

7789
06:47:20,200 --> 06:47:22,700
personal Bond. 
Anthony spent the winter in 

7790
06:47:22,700 --> 06:47:25,400
Alexandria enjoying the city's 
Lively culture. 

7791
06:47:25,400 --> 06:47:29,400
He took part in festivals in 
joyed, hunts along the Nile and 

7792
06:47:29,400 --> 06:47:32,900
even created a drinking Society 
with Cleopatra, humorously 

7793
06:47:32,900 --> 06:47:36,900
called the inimitable livers 
Cleopatra remained focused on 

7794
06:47:36,900 --> 06:47:39,500
her political goals despite the 
distractions of revelry. 

7795
06:47:40,300 --> 06:47:42,100
She maneuvered through Court 
intrigues. 

7796
06:47:42,100 --> 06:47:45,600
Handled the Egyptian bureaucracy
and protected her throne. 

7797
06:47:45,600 --> 06:47:48,600
Despite rumors that Anthony was 
suing to her spell. 

7798
06:47:49,400 --> 06:47:51,600
These rumors extended Beyond 
mere gossip. 

7799
06:47:51,600 --> 06:47:56,200
In Rome, Octavian, identities, 
actions, wearily, Octavian ruled

7800
06:47:56,200 --> 06:47:58,500
the West while Anthony managed 
the east. 

7801
06:47:58,500 --> 06:48:02,600
As co-rulers of the Roman World,
Antony is extravagant gestures 

7802
06:48:02,600 --> 06:48:05,700
toward Cleopatra, reinforced, 
the idea that he was abandoning 

7803
06:48:05,700 --> 06:48:08,700
Roman values for Eastern excess.
Cleopatra. 

7804
06:48:08,700 --> 06:48:11,900
Understood the gravity of 
octavian's propaganda, she had 

7805
06:48:11,900 --> 06:48:13,900
encountered Roman disdain 
previously. 

7806
06:48:13,900 --> 06:48:17,500
Now, the risks were greater loss
of Anthony's favor. 

7807
06:48:17,500 --> 06:48:19,500
In Rome could jeopardize 
Cleopatra's position. 

7808
06:48:20,500 --> 06:48:24,000
Anthony's Early campaigns in the
East, had some success, he 

7809
06:48:24,000 --> 06:48:26,800
reaffirmed Roman Authority and 
rebellious areas and granted 

7810
06:48:26,800 --> 06:48:30,900
Cleopatra land in for Benicia 
Cyprus and parts of Crete and 

7811
06:48:30,900 --> 06:48:33,700
Syria these grants in Hearts 
Egypt's power and filled 

7812
06:48:33,700 --> 06:48:37,200
Cleopatra's Treasury. 
At the same time, the triumvirat

7813
06:48:37,200 --> 06:48:41,200
unraveled lepidus was sidelined,
intensifying the Rivalry between

7814
06:48:41,200 --> 06:48:44,300
Antony and Octavian. 
Cleopatra and Antony had 

7815
06:48:44,300 --> 06:48:47,400
children starting with twins. 
And then another son who Anthony

7816
06:48:47,400 --> 06:48:50,400
acknowledged publicly children 
were given territories 

7817
06:48:50,400 --> 06:48:54,300
culminating in the notable 
donations of Alexandria ceremony

7818
06:48:54,300 --> 06:48:58,400
where Cleopatra and her children
dondre representing their rule 

7819
06:48:58,400 --> 06:49:00,000
over vast regions of the near 
East. 

7820
06:49:00,800 --> 06:49:03,600
Roman observers were shocked, 
the event, resembled the 

7821
06:49:03,600 --> 06:49:07,100
establishment of a new 
Hellenistic Empire at the cost 

7822
06:49:07,100 --> 06:49:09,800
of Rome. 
Cleopatra understood that her 

7823
06:49:09,800 --> 06:49:12,200
fate depended on Anthonys 
military achievements. 

7824
06:49:13,100 --> 06:49:15,600
Anthony found himself 
increasingly conflicted between 

7825
06:49:15,600 --> 06:49:19,500
the East where Cleopatra, held 
Sway and the Roman Heartland 

7826
06:49:19,500 --> 06:49:22,500
were Octavian was turning public
sentiment against him. 

7827
06:49:23,500 --> 06:49:25,600
Cleopatra. 
Employed her diplomatic skills 

7828
06:49:25,600 --> 06:49:29,500
to secure, local alliances 
ensuring that if War arose, she 

7829
06:49:29,500 --> 06:49:32,900
could gather sufficient Egyptian
Manpower and Naval power to be 

7830
06:49:32,900 --> 06:49:36,100
taken seriously. 
She noticed the cracks appearing

7831
06:49:36,100 --> 06:49:39,700
as Antony embraced his Eastern 
identity by adopting, Greek, 

7832
06:49:39,700 --> 06:49:43,400
customs, and granting Grand 
titles to clear Patra hostility 

7833
06:49:43,400 --> 06:49:45,900
and Roman intensified. 
Octavian. 

7834
06:49:45,900 --> 06:49:49,300
Waited, patiently Gathering 
proof to label Antonia traitor 

7835
06:49:49,300 --> 06:49:53,300
influenced by an oriental Queen.
This delicate balance endured 

7836
06:49:53,300 --> 06:49:56,600
for years, lending Cleopatra's 
Reign, a sense of renewed 

7837
06:49:56,600 --> 06:49:58,800
Grandeur alongside looming storm
clouds. 

7838
06:49:59,700 --> 06:50:02,200
She had journeyed from uncertain
exile to commanding Queen. 

7839
06:50:03,300 --> 06:50:05,900
But the Horizon suggested a 
final confrontation that could 

7840
06:50:05,900 --> 06:50:09,800
overshadow all her previous 
struggles, by the mid-30s BCE 

7841
06:50:09,800 --> 06:50:12,900
tensions between Antony and 
Octavian, nearly insured. 

7842
06:50:12,900 --> 06:50:16,000
Another Roman Civil War to mend,
the Divide Anthony wed. 

7843
06:50:16,000 --> 06:50:20,000
Octavian's sister Octavia, while
still maintaining his affair 

7844
06:50:20,000 --> 06:50:22,600
with Cleopatra. 
He attempted to balance these 

7845
06:50:22,600 --> 06:50:26,300
conflicting responsibilities. 
However, the political Alliance 

7846
06:50:26,300 --> 06:50:30,600
is proved too weak and Octavian 
exploited, Antony's ongoing stay

7847
06:50:30,600 --> 06:50:35,200
in Egypt as proof of treachery 
in 32 BCE after Anthony 

7848
06:50:35,200 --> 06:50:38,700
divorced, Octavia, Octavian 
claimed that Anthony had turned 

7849
06:50:38,700 --> 06:50:43,000
into Cleopatra's puppet labeling
her as the master manipulator. 

7850
06:50:44,000 --> 06:50:47,700
Cleopatra, sensing rooms growing
animosity prepared for battle. 

7851
06:50:47,700 --> 06:50:52,000
She strengthened the Egyptian 
Coast gathered grain and grew 

7852
06:50:52,000 --> 06:50:54,900
her Navy. 
Despite the strength of Egyptian

7853
06:50:54,900 --> 06:50:58,400
forces facing Rome's legionary 
machine, was intimidating 

7854
06:50:58,400 --> 06:51:01,100
Cleopatra. 
Thought that Victory relied on 

7855
06:51:01,108 --> 06:51:04,200
Anthony skill in maintaining the
Loyalty of his Legions and 

7856
06:51:04,200 --> 06:51:06,700
uniting Eastern client states 
under his leadership. 

7857
06:51:07,500 --> 06:51:10,300
As War approached, his support 
started to weaken. 

7858
06:51:10,900 --> 06:51:14,200
Several Allied Kings. 
Hesitated, Roman Senators, who 

7859
06:51:14,200 --> 06:51:17,200
once supported Anthony switched 
their allegiance to Octavian 

7860
06:51:17,200 --> 06:51:19,900
driven by fear or political 
strategy. 

7861
06:51:20,600 --> 06:51:24,500
The propaganda, War intensified 
Octavian, depicted Cleopatra, as

7862
06:51:24,500 --> 06:51:29,100
a foreign seductress aiming to 
enslave roam, stoking xenophobia

7863
06:51:29,100 --> 06:51:33,800
among the Roman people. 
In 31 BCE, the decisive 

7864
06:51:33,800 --> 06:51:37,100
confrontation occurred of 
Greece's western coast near. 

7865
06:51:38,300 --> 06:51:42,000
Hampton Inn Cleopatra gather the
significant Fleet but a gripper 

7866
06:51:42,800 --> 06:51:48,100
octavians Admiral. 
Outsmarted them historians may 

7867
06:51:48,108 --> 06:51:52,300
argue over specifics but the 
result is evident Anthony's Navy

7868
06:51:52,300 --> 06:51:55,200
became desperate, lacking 
supplies, and troubled by 

7869
06:51:55,208 --> 06:51:58,600
grippers better, Naval 
strategies, the climactic battle

7870
06:51:58,600 --> 06:52:01,800
Cleopatra leading. 
Her Squadron suddenly broke away

7871
06:52:01,800 --> 06:52:04,300
and fled to Egypt, Anthony 
realizing. 

7872
06:52:04,300 --> 06:52:06,700
She was leaving, gave up the 
fight to pursue her. 

7873
06:52:06,700 --> 06:52:10,500
The Fleets fate was sealed 
lacking unified leadership. 

7874
06:52:10,500 --> 06:52:14,800
Anthonys Naval forces fell apart
allowing Octavian to achieve a 

7875
06:52:14,800 --> 06:52:18,600
decisive Victory rumors about 
Cleopatra's escaped circulated. 

7876
06:52:18,600 --> 06:52:22,200
Was it Panic strategy or 
pre-arranged plan? 

7877
06:52:22,200 --> 06:52:26,400
If the situation worsened summer
accuser of betrayal While others

7878
06:52:26,400 --> 06:52:29,200
believe she realized the battle 
was lost and tried to salvage 

7879
06:52:29,200 --> 06:52:32,600
what she could actium. 
Delta severe blow to Antony's 

7880
06:52:32,600 --> 06:52:35,700
Kors, afterward Cleopatra 
hurried to strengthen. 

7881
06:52:35,700 --> 06:52:39,100
Egypt hoping to rebuild defenses
and negotiated diplomatic deal. 

7882
06:52:39,800 --> 06:52:43,200
Octavian had the momentum on his
side, he waited patiently 

7883
06:52:43,200 --> 06:52:46,600
systematically restructuring, 
his forces, rejecting 

7884
06:52:46,600 --> 06:52:49,400
Cleopatra's negotiation 
proposals, unless they met his 

7885
06:52:49,400 --> 06:52:52,000
conditions and Tiny and clear 
patra's relationship. 

7886
06:52:52,000 --> 06:52:55,300
Once adorned with Splendor 
faltered under the burden of the

7887
06:52:55,300 --> 06:52:58,600
Lost Antony experience. 
Shame in front of his troops, 

7888
06:52:58,600 --> 06:53:02,100
many of whom abandoned him 
Cleopatra, confronted the truth 

7889
06:53:02,100 --> 06:53:05,200
that her meticulously built 
Eastern Empire was falling apart

7890
06:53:06,200 --> 06:53:09,600
she attempted to negotiate once 
more wood Octavian, allow 

7891
06:53:09,600 --> 06:53:12,700
cesarean to rule as co-regent, 
if she surrendered Antony 

7892
06:53:13,400 --> 06:53:16,800
Historical records indicate 
Cleopatra considered various 

7893
06:53:16,800 --> 06:53:19,800
Escape options yet. 
Octavian remained ruthless. 

7894
06:53:19,800 --> 06:53:23,400
He viewed Cleopatra as a danger 
named to remove her from Power. 

7895
06:53:24,100 --> 06:53:28,400
Cesarean being Caesar's, 
biological son complicated, his 

7896
06:53:28,400 --> 06:53:32,300
claim to Rome's Legacy. 
Removing both mother and child 

7897
06:53:32,300 --> 06:53:35,200
would pave the way for octavians
unchallenged dominance. 

7898
06:53:36,200 --> 06:53:40,500
In the summer of 30 BCE Octavian
launched, an invasion of Egypt. 

7899
06:53:41,300 --> 06:53:44,000
And his efforts to organize a 
defense crumbled, due to 

7900
06:53:44,000 --> 06:53:46,200
desertion and a superior Roman 
Force. 

7901
06:53:47,000 --> 06:53:50,000
According to Legend upon hearing
a false report of Cleopatra's 

7902
06:53:50,000 --> 06:53:54,500
death, Antony took his own life 
by stabbing himself mortally 

7903
06:53:54,500 --> 06:53:56,500
wounded. 
He discovered the queen was 

7904
06:53:56,500 --> 06:53:58,000
still alive and was brought to 
her. 

7905
06:53:59,000 --> 06:54:01,700
Their last meeting, marked a sad
end to a once glamorous 

7906
06:54:01,700 --> 06:54:04,300
partnership. 
Anthony passed away in her 

7907
06:54:04,300 --> 06:54:07,600
Embrace forcing Cleopatra to 
face Octavian by herself. 

7908
06:54:08,300 --> 06:54:12,500
octavian's victory was certain 
Cleopatra's final Hope was to 

7909
06:54:12,500 --> 06:54:15,600
maintain a trace of her Dynasty 
or Escape The Shame of being 

7910
06:54:15,600 --> 06:54:18,700
displayed in Rome. 
She locked herself inside a 

7911
06:54:18,700 --> 06:54:21,800
mausoleum, she had constructed 
filled with her treasures and 

7912
06:54:21,800 --> 06:54:25,700
said to hold, concealed toxins 
Octavian aimed to capture her 

7913
06:54:25,700 --> 06:54:29,300
alive, likely planning to 
Showcase her in his triumphs as 

7914
06:54:29,300 --> 06:54:31,400
a trophy representing Rome's 
victory, over the East, 

7915
06:54:31,400 --> 06:54:35,200
understanding the futility of 
resistance Cleopatra. 

7916
06:54:35,200 --> 06:54:37,800
Readied herself for a final act 
that would echo through history,

7917
06:54:37,800 --> 06:54:41,500
various accounts of her death 
exists, but the most well known 

7918
06:54:41,500 --> 06:54:43,900
as the tale of an asp. 
Sneaked into her Hideout. 

7919
06:54:43,900 --> 06:54:46,900
By biting her arm and bringing a
quick though. 

7920
06:54:46,900 --> 06:54:49,700
Painful demise some say she took
poison. 

7921
06:54:49,700 --> 06:54:52,900
She made the decision to face 
death on her own terms, rather 

7922
06:54:52,900 --> 06:54:54,900
than accepting it as the living 
Conquest. 

7923
06:54:55,600 --> 06:54:58,200
Cleopatra's death marked, the 
end of the ptolemaic dynasty, 

7924
06:54:58,200 --> 06:55:02,500
leading to Egypt become a Roman 
province, cesarean was captured 

7925
06:55:02,500 --> 06:55:04,500
and executed on octavian's 
orders. 

7926
06:55:04,500 --> 06:55:07,800
Removing any threat to his rise 
as Rome's first emperor. 

7927
06:55:07,800 --> 06:55:11,900
Augustus. 
Cleopatra's Reign ended, but her

7928
06:55:11,900 --> 06:55:15,600
Legend was just beginning. 
Destined to be recounted in ways

7929
06:55:15,600 --> 06:55:17,800
that often masked the woman 
behind the myth. 

7930
06:55:19,000 --> 06:55:22,500
After Cleopatra's death, Roman 
accounts, depicted her, as a 

7931
06:55:22,508 --> 06:55:25,500
cunning temptress, whose 
Ambitions LED Anthony astray 

7932
06:55:25,500 --> 06:55:28,600
from Roman virtue. 
Poets and historians aligned 

7933
06:55:28,600 --> 06:55:32,100
with Octavian who would become 
Augustus reflected the official 

7934
06:55:32,100 --> 06:55:34,900
narrative that Cleopatra 
represented the corrupt East. 

7935
06:55:35,700 --> 06:55:39,300
Her final stand, the Gilded 
Mausoleum and the tale of the 

7936
06:55:39,300 --> 06:55:42,500
ASP became material for 
moralizing treatises and 

7937
06:55:42,500 --> 06:55:45,900
Sensational storytelling. 
Despite the Romans vilification,

7938
06:55:45,900 --> 06:55:48,000
they could not deny her 
importance. 

7939
06:55:48,000 --> 06:55:52,400
She was the final monarch of a 
once Mighty Dynasty and her fall

7940
06:55:52,400 --> 06:55:54,300
signified Rome's. 
Clear, dominance in the 

7941
06:55:54,300 --> 06:55:58,800
Mediterranean, Egypt transformed
under Roman control, Cleopatra's

7942
06:55:58,800 --> 06:56:02,300
administrative Frameworks, such 
as tax systems, Land Management,

7943
06:56:02,300 --> 06:56:05,400
and Temple, support remained, 
intact with Roman officials. 

7944
06:56:05,400 --> 06:56:08,700
Now at the helm Alexandria 
remained, a significant cultural

7945
06:56:08,700 --> 06:56:11,400
Hub, despite no longer being a 
royal capital. 

7946
06:56:12,500 --> 06:56:15,100
Cleopatra's memory in Egypt, 
became intertwined with the 

7947
06:56:15,100 --> 06:56:18,400
local folklore over time. 
Some viewed her as a tragic 

7948
06:56:18,400 --> 06:56:21,300
figure aiming to safeguard the 
land from foreign control some 

7949
06:56:21,300 --> 06:56:24,800
sued by Roman propaganda held 
her responsible for leading the 

7950
06:56:24,800 --> 06:56:27,700
nation into war. 
The temples showcased images of 

7951
06:56:27,700 --> 06:56:30,800
ptolemaic rulers and fairy on a 
guitar reflecting. 

7952
06:56:30,800 --> 06:56:34,400
The hybrid World Cleopatra once 
ruled Rome gained a vast 

7953
06:56:34,408 --> 06:56:37,200
Province and a compelling 
narrative, the victory over 

7954
06:56:37,200 --> 06:56:40,400
Cleopatra, symbolized the 
Triumph of Roman discipline over

7955
06:56:40,400 --> 06:56:43,400
Eastern luxury. 
Augustus leverage, this 

7956
06:56:43,400 --> 06:56:45,300
narrative to consolidate his 
power. 

7957
06:56:45,300 --> 06:56:48,100
He erected monuments to 
commemorate his conquest of 

7958
06:56:48,100 --> 06:56:52,100
Egypt minted coins. 
Declaring peace restored an 

7959
06:56:52,100 --> 06:56:55,100
influence the Roman mindset to 
see clear patra's downfall as 

7960
06:56:55,100 --> 06:56:58,600
unavoidable Behind the 
propaganda was an acknowledgment

7961
06:56:58,600 --> 06:57:00,900
that Cleopatra was an 
extraordinary opponent. 

7962
06:57:01,600 --> 06:57:05,100
She matched Roman Statesman in 
diplomacy commanded resources 

7963
06:57:05,100 --> 06:57:07,500
and nearly forged a new 
political reality. 

7964
06:57:08,700 --> 06:57:11,100
If actium had unfolded 
differently, The Narrative of 

7965
06:57:11,100 --> 06:57:14,500
Rome could have changed 
significantly over the centuries

7966
06:57:14,500 --> 06:57:18,300
Cleopatra's reputation changed, 
numerous times, Roman 

7967
06:57:18,300 --> 06:57:21,500
playwrights depicted her, as a 
witch captivating Antony with 

7968
06:57:21,508 --> 06:57:25,800
potions and spells early 
Christian writers used her as a 

7969
06:57:25,800 --> 06:57:28,700
cautionary, tale about the 
dangers of lust and power 

7970
06:57:28,700 --> 06:57:33,700
emphasizing moral lessons. 
However, there were all so more,

7971
06:57:33,700 --> 06:57:37,300
understanding perspectives, 
chroniclers, particularly of 

7972
06:57:37,300 --> 06:57:39,800
Greek descent lauded her 
intelligence. 

7973
06:57:39,800 --> 06:57:43,100
Multilingual, abilities and 
cultural refinement. 

7974
06:57:44,000 --> 06:57:47,200
Alternative accounts reveal her 
negotiations with local Elites 

7975
06:57:47,200 --> 06:57:51,300
philanthropic gestures to the 
alexandrian poor and efforts to 

7976
06:57:51,300 --> 06:57:55,200
maintain Egyptian autonomy. 
These insights provided an 

7977
06:57:55,200 --> 06:57:57,300
alternative to the prevailing, 
Roman story. 

7978
06:57:58,100 --> 06:58:01,100
In the medieval period. 
Much classical literature 

7979
06:58:01,100 --> 06:58:05,100
remained in monasteries. 
Cleopatra appeared occasionally 

7980
06:58:05,100 --> 06:58:08,800
in moral Tales or collections of
notable women frequently 

7981
06:58:08,800 --> 06:58:10,900
overshadowed by biblical 
figures. 

7982
06:58:12,300 --> 06:58:14,100
The Renaissance Revival of 
classical. 

7983
06:58:14,100 --> 06:58:18,200
Learning sparked new curiosity. 
Scholars found Greek. 

7984
06:58:18,200 --> 06:58:21,800
And Roman texts revealing 
Cleopatra as a multi-faceted 

7985
06:58:21,800 --> 06:58:24,300
figure. 
Artists Drew inspiration from 

7986
06:58:24,300 --> 06:58:28,400
her, dramatic life, creating 
paintings plays and Poets. 

7987
06:58:29,100 --> 06:58:31,900
Shakespeare's, Antony, and 
Cleopatra portrays her with a 

7988
06:58:31,900 --> 06:58:34,700
tragic grandeur. 
Shakespeare partly, followed 

7989
06:58:34,700 --> 06:58:38,500
Roman biases, portraying her as 
theatrical and manipulative yet.

7990
06:58:38,500 --> 06:58:41,800
He also revealed her death, 
showcasing the fiery 

7991
06:58:41,800 --> 06:58:45,300
intelligence that fueled her 
earlier, subsequent centuries 

7992
06:58:45,300 --> 06:58:49,500
witness to additional 
re-interment, thinkers debated, 

7993
06:58:49,500 --> 06:58:53,500
if Cleopatra was an enlightened 
ruler or a reckless Tyrant, the 

7994
06:58:53,500 --> 06:58:56,400
Romantic saw her as a symbol of 
passionate Defiance against a 

7995
06:58:56,400 --> 06:59:00,500
cold practical Empire, In the 
19th and early 20th. 

7996
06:59:00,500 --> 06:59:04,900
Centuries, European orientalist 
views transformed Cleopatra into

7997
06:59:04,900 --> 06:59:08,900
the symbol of the Exotic alert. 
Painter's depicted her in 

7998
06:59:08,900 --> 06:59:12,600
extravagant setting, focusing on
her beauty and wealth while 

7999
06:59:12,600 --> 06:59:15,400
overlooking her administrative 
skills and political acumen. 

8000
06:59:16,300 --> 06:59:19,800
Hollywood Embrace this image 
creating epic films that 

8001
06:59:19,800 --> 06:59:24,600
highlighted spectacle Grand 
sets, intricate costumes and a 

8002
06:59:24,600 --> 06:59:27,300
clear, Patra, who captivated 
famous Romans with alluring 

8003
06:59:27,300 --> 06:59:29,800
glances? 
However, beneath these 

8004
06:59:29,800 --> 06:59:34,700
depictions, historical research,
dismantled the stereotypes in 

8005
06:59:34,700 --> 06:59:37,400
the 20th and 21st, centuries 
Scholars. 

8006
06:59:37,400 --> 06:59:40,900
Refocused on Cleopatra's 
intelligence Linguistics for 

8007
06:59:40,900 --> 06:59:44,100
skills her role as a living 
goddess in Egyptian tradition 

8008
06:59:44,100 --> 06:59:48,100
and her Adept rule during 
challenging times recent 

8009
06:59:48,100 --> 06:59:51,300
archaeological discoveries and 
fresh interpretations of primary

8010
06:59:51,300 --> 06:59:53,900
sources. 
Portray her not just as a femme 

8011
06:59:53,900 --> 06:59:57,200
fatale but as a state's woman 
facing the mightiest Empire of 

8012
06:59:57,200 --> 07:00:00,600
her time this change in 
Viewpoint, highlighted, the 

8013
07:00:00,600 --> 07:00:04,200
conflict between Cleopatra's 
real governance, managing taxes,

8014
07:00:04,200 --> 07:00:07,400
suppressing Uprising directing 
foreign policy, and the 

8015
07:00:07,400 --> 07:00:10,200
narrative crafted by those, who 
aim to rationalize her defeat 

8016
07:00:10,900 --> 07:00:14,100
Cleopatra's reputation changed 
with Russia as a gender's 

8017
07:00:14,100 --> 07:00:18,300
reflecting, cultural fantasies 
and fears a True Legacy. 

8018
07:00:18,300 --> 07:00:21,000
Her efforts to preserve a 
sovereign Egypt against Rome's 

8019
07:00:21,000 --> 07:00:24,400
expansion, endures as a 
testament to her strategic 

8020
07:00:24,400 --> 07:00:26,800
prowess. 
Even if overshadowed, by the 

8021
07:00:26,800 --> 07:00:30,400
highlights of her personals 
Cleopatra, is a figure that 

8022
07:00:30,400 --> 07:00:34,100
urges us to see on stereotypes 
highlighting that the true 

8023
07:00:34,100 --> 07:00:36,700
complexity of history is often 
lost in the propaganda and 

8024
07:00:36,700 --> 07:00:39,900
entertainment of the era. 
Cleopatra's story still 

8025
07:00:39,900 --> 07:00:43,200
captivates in our Modern Age, 
she has become an icon that 

8026
07:00:43,200 --> 07:00:45,800
transcends. 
Her time, symbolizing, female, 

8027
07:00:45,800 --> 07:00:51,000
power, political skill, cultural
Fusion, and the tragedy of lost 

8028
07:00:51,000 --> 07:00:55,100
sovereignty. 
To truly appreciate Cleopatra. 

8029
07:00:55,100 --> 07:00:58,300
One must view her not as an 
exotic siren or a mere footnote 

8030
07:00:58,300 --> 07:01:01,700
in Rome story, but as the 
Pinnacle of a unique Dynasty, 

8031
07:01:01,700 --> 07:01:03,800
navigating a rapidly changing 
world. 

8032
07:01:04,700 --> 07:01:06,900
Her important stems from the 
careful balance. 

8033
07:01:06,900 --> 07:01:09,400
She maintained from the moment 
she assumed power. 

8034
07:01:10,100 --> 07:01:13,400
Cleopatra forged alliances with 
Caesar and negotiated with Mark 

8035
07:01:13,400 --> 07:01:15,800
Antony. 
Expanded her Kingdom's, 

8036
07:01:15,800 --> 07:01:18,300
territories. 
And maintained the reverence of 

8037
07:01:18,300 --> 07:01:21,500
Egypt's priest. 
Hoods orchestrating a precarious

8038
07:01:21,500 --> 07:01:24,300
dance. 
She encountered a Rome shifting 

8039
07:01:24,300 --> 07:01:27,500
from Republic tortoise, a 
superpower, in transition, 

8040
07:01:27,500 --> 07:01:31,500
uncertain of its future 
Cleopatra, understood that to 

8041
07:01:31,500 --> 07:01:34,000
protect Egypt. 
She needed to navigate Roman 

8042
07:01:34,000 --> 07:01:37,200
politics while embodying. 
The role of pharaoh, merging 

8043
07:01:37,200 --> 07:01:39,700
Greek and Egyptian Traditions, 
more effectively than her 

8044
07:01:39,700 --> 07:01:42,400
predecessors. 
Cleopatra's intellectual 

8045
07:01:42,400 --> 07:01:46,000
interests as a greater Focus 
growing up in Alexandria's 

8046
07:01:46,000 --> 07:01:47,500
vibrant. 
Intellectual atmosphere. 

8047
07:01:48,300 --> 07:01:51,900
She gained both scholarly and 
practical knowledge. she 

8048
07:01:51,900 --> 07:01:54,600
authored works on medicine 
cosmetics and possibly 

8049
07:01:54,600 --> 07:01:58,900
Linguistics, but these writings 
have now vanished, He 

8050
07:01:58,900 --> 07:02:01,400
communicated with the subject 
people's in their languages and 

8051
07:02:01,400 --> 07:02:04,300
ability that granted real 
legitimacy in the eyes of those 

8052
07:02:04,300 --> 07:02:06,700
unfamiliar with greek-speaking, 
ptolemaic rulers. 

8053
07:02:07,500 --> 07:02:10,800
Cleopatra, engages with Roman 
Elites and Greek or Latin and 

8054
07:02:10,800 --> 07:02:14,400
leads Egyptian ceremonies in the
local language, showcasing, her 

8055
07:02:14,400 --> 07:02:18,400
cultural fluency as a political 
asset Her story highlights how 

8056
07:02:18,400 --> 07:02:22,400
quickly propaganda can distort a
legacy Roman accounts, depicted 

8057
07:02:22,400 --> 07:02:26,200
Cleopatra's, a seductive foreign
Queen overshadowing her 

8058
07:02:26,200 --> 07:02:27,700
contributions as a state's 
woman. 

8059
07:02:28,600 --> 07:02:32,200
The character persisted over the
centuries influencing art and 

8060
07:02:32,200 --> 07:02:34,100
theater while reducing her 
complexity. 

8061
07:02:35,000 --> 07:02:38,100
By piecing together scattered 
evidence from coins with her 

8062
07:02:38,100 --> 07:02:40,500
profile to Greek historians 
descriptions. 

8063
07:02:40,500 --> 07:02:44,700
We Glimpse the real Cleopatra, a
determined Monarch making 

8064
07:02:44,700 --> 07:02:47,000
Monumental decisions. 
In a time of colliding. 

8065
07:02:47,000 --> 07:02:50,000
Global Powers, there are 
ultimate demise highlights. 

8066
07:02:50,000 --> 07:02:52,500
The weaknesses of a smaller 
State trapped among Roman. 

8067
07:02:52,500 --> 07:02:55,500
Factions Cleopatra's 
relationship with Anthony was 

8068
07:02:55,500 --> 07:02:58,300
both personal and practical yet 
in the competitive realm of 

8069
07:02:58,300 --> 07:03:00,600
Roman politics. 
It served as a tool for 

8070
07:03:00,600 --> 07:03:04,700
octavians Ambitions, the Empire 
needed new conquest to solidify 

8071
07:03:04,700 --> 07:03:07,900
its political Transformations 
and the idea of Cleopatra's 

8072
07:03:07,900 --> 07:03:10,100
conspiracy with Antony gave 
Octavian. 

8073
07:03:10,100 --> 07:03:14,300
The moral pretext to march on 
Egypt, However, Cleopatra 

8074
07:03:14,300 --> 07:03:18,000
managed to outsmart him, 
engaging in covert negotiations,

8075
07:03:18,000 --> 07:03:19,900
until actium, irreversibly 
shifted. 

8076
07:03:19,900 --> 07:03:23,900
The balance even Cleopatra's 
death often recounted, with 

8077
07:03:23,900 --> 07:03:28,200
melodramatic Flair, reflects her
refusal to be paraded as a 

8078
07:03:28,208 --> 07:03:31,500
captive in Rome. 
By choosing to die on her terms.

8079
07:03:31,500 --> 07:03:34,100
She denied Octavian a triumphant
display. 

8080
07:03:34,100 --> 07:03:38,200
Ensure her final image was one 
of defiance and of submission. 

8081
07:03:39,000 --> 07:03:42,700
This act dramatized in art and 
theater embodies a political 

8082
07:03:42,700 --> 07:03:47,000
strategy Cleopatra ensured, she 
was remembered as a queen, not a

8083
07:03:47,000 --> 07:03:49,800
captive. 
After that final Act Egypt 

8084
07:03:49,800 --> 07:03:52,400
turned into Rome's. 
Bread Basket supporting an 

8085
07:03:52,400 --> 07:03:55,900
Empire that would rule Europe, 
North Africa, and the near East 

8086
07:03:55,900 --> 07:03:59,300
for centuries Alexandria 
continued to be a center of 

8087
07:03:59,300 --> 07:04:02,600
scholarship and trade 
maintaining Greek and Egyptian 

8088
07:04:02,600 --> 07:04:04,700
cultural influences. 
Even during Roman rule, 

8089
07:04:04,700 --> 07:04:08,300
Cleopatra's children with 
Anthony were taken to Rome and 

8090
07:04:08,300 --> 07:04:09,700
largely disappeared from 
history. 

8091
07:04:09,700 --> 07:04:12,800
Except for one daughter 
Cleopatra. 

8092
07:04:12,800 --> 07:04:16,100
Selene, who married into another
African Kingdom and preserved a 

8093
07:04:16,108 --> 07:04:19,600
fragment of her mother's Legacy?
Cesarean the son of Julius 

8094
07:04:19,600 --> 07:04:23,200
Caesar was executed to eradicate
any rival to Rome. 

8095
07:04:23,900 --> 07:04:27,200
Thus the direct line of 
Cleopatra, ended brutally The 

8096
07:04:27,200 --> 07:04:29,800
Testament to how Roman real 
politic disdained potential 

8097
07:04:29,800 --> 07:04:32,000
threats. 
However young or innocent. 

8098
07:04:32,800 --> 07:04:35,700
Interesting Cleopatra continues 
over 2000 years later. 

8099
07:04:36,500 --> 07:04:39,700
Historians discuss her 
strategies archaeologists 

8100
07:04:39,700 --> 07:04:43,000
searched the Egyptian Coast for 
her burial site and filmmakers 

8101
07:04:43,000 --> 07:04:45,100
recreate her life in Grand 
Productions. 

8102
07:04:45,900 --> 07:04:49,400
Every retelling reveals as much 
about the Storyteller as it does

8103
07:04:49,400 --> 07:04:52,200
about Cleopatra. 
A character reveals the 

8104
07:04:52,200 --> 07:04:55,600
complexities of power, the 
Dynamics of gender, and 

8105
07:04:55,600 --> 07:04:59,200
politics, and the resilience of 
a dynasty facing extinction. 

8106
07:05:00,200 --> 07:05:04,100
She Bridges worlds, Greek and 
Egyptian, a female leader and 

8107
07:05:04,100 --> 07:05:08,300
Roman Ally, a scholar and 
politician Cleopatra emerged. 

8108
07:05:08,300 --> 07:05:11,400
As a leader who would not allow 
her kingdom to be a mere Pawn in

8109
07:05:11,400 --> 07:05:15,700
Rome strategy, she engaged in 
high stakes gameplay, experience

8110
07:05:15,700 --> 07:05:18,500
in both spectacular, victories, 
and devastating losses. 

8111
07:05:19,400 --> 07:05:22,500
She transcended the character's 
that defined her post-human 

8112
07:05:22,500 --> 07:05:25,400
image. 
The final Queen of the Nile 

8113
07:05:25,400 --> 07:05:28,400
remains an enigma who challenges
us to look deeper than the 

8114
07:05:28,400 --> 07:05:30,800
simple myths. 
Reminding us that history is 

8115
07:05:30,808 --> 07:05:34,100
often shaped by those who wield 
the pain and the life as 

8116
07:05:34,100 --> 07:05:36,800
momentous as hers deserves 
constant re-examination. 

8117
07:05:43,000 --> 07:05:44,700
How much whitmore's lungs had 
forgotten? 

8118
07:05:44,700 --> 07:05:47,100
What clean air tasted like each 
morning. 

8119
07:05:47,100 --> 07:05:49,900
Brought the same ritual of 
violent coughing, fit that 

8120
07:05:49,900 --> 07:05:53,100
painted Crimson droplets across,
his wash basin, followed by The 

8121
07:05:53,100 --> 07:05:55,900
Bitter knowledge that another 
day of breathing fire. 

8122
07:05:55,900 --> 07:06:00,700
Awaited him the year was 1852 
and Manchester Sky wore. 

8123
07:06:00,700 --> 07:06:04,600
A permanent shroud of industrial
smoke that transformed Dawn into

8124
07:06:04,600 --> 07:06:06,100
a sickly Amber. 
Twilight. 

8125
07:06:06,100 --> 07:06:09,900
He dressed by candlelight in the
cramped quarters of Morrison's 

8126
07:06:09,900 --> 07:06:13,000
fire brigade stationed pulling 
on wool stockings that never 

8127
07:06:13,000 --> 07:06:16,100
quite dried and Boots whose 
leather had been scorched. 

8128
07:06:16,100 --> 07:06:19,800
So many times they resembled 
charcoal more than High The 

8129
07:06:19,808 --> 07:06:23,000
Primitive Fire Station House, 
12, Manning conditions. 

8130
07:06:23,000 --> 07:06:24,300
That would shame a prison 
Warden. 

8131
07:06:24,300 --> 07:06:26,600
But Thomas had learned not to 
complain. 

8132
07:06:26,600 --> 07:06:30,600
Complaints were about luxury 
items and luxury to the mill 

8133
07:06:30,600 --> 07:06:33,900
owners, whose factories they 
risk their lives to protect The 

8134
07:06:33,900 --> 07:06:37,400
bells harsh clang shattered. 
The pre-dawn silence sending ice

8135
07:06:37,400 --> 07:06:39,300
through Thomas's vane's despite 
the cold. 

8136
07:06:39,300 --> 07:06:43,100
Warmed are another MILF fire 
erupted there was always another

8137
07:06:43,100 --> 07:06:45,500
MILF fire. 
The textile Factory of 

8138
07:06:45,500 --> 07:06:49,300
industrial England burned with 
the regularity of Sunrise, their

8139
07:06:49,300 --> 07:06:52,100
wooden frames and cotton stuffed
Interiors, creating funeral 

8140
07:06:52,100 --> 07:06:54,500
pyres that could be seen from 
neighboring counties. 

8141
07:06:55,400 --> 07:06:58,000
Thomas grabbed, his leather 
helmet cracked, along the crown 

8142
07:06:58,000 --> 07:07:01,000
from falling Timber and joined 
the thunderous Stampede down, 

8143
07:07:01,008 --> 07:07:05,000
the station's narrow stairs, 
Outside the grimy Glory of 

8144
07:07:05,008 --> 07:07:08,700
Manchester was revealed the 
streets gleamed with a Perpetual

8145
07:07:08,700 --> 07:07:13,100
slick of Industrial, Waste 
horse, manure and human filth 

8146
07:07:13,100 --> 07:07:14,800
that made every step 
treacherous. 

8147
07:07:15,600 --> 07:07:18,500
Gas lamps, flickered, weakly 
through the Perpetual Haze 

8148
07:07:18,500 --> 07:07:21,300
casting ghostly Circles of 
yellow light, that barely 

8149
07:07:21,300 --> 07:07:24,600
penetrated. 
The smoke thick are The city had

8150
07:07:24,600 --> 07:07:27,600
grown too fast, this medieval 
Street plan, completely 

8151
07:07:27,600 --> 07:07:30,700
inadequate for the massive horse
drawn fire engines that now 

8152
07:07:30,700 --> 07:07:32,400
careened through its narrow 
arteries. 

8153
07:07:33,200 --> 07:07:35,400
Thomas, hold himself onto the 
side of the engine, as it 

8154
07:07:35,400 --> 07:07:38,800
lurched into motion, the horses,
who've striking Sparks from 

8155
07:07:38,800 --> 07:07:42,600
cobblestone's, one Smooth by 
endless industrial traffic, The 

8156
07:07:42,600 --> 07:07:44,600
leather fire hose. 
Coiled beside him like a 

8157
07:07:44,600 --> 07:07:47,400
sleeping serpent. 
His canvas skin stiff with 

8158
07:07:47,400 --> 07:07:49,500
accumulated soot and chemical 
residue. 

8159
07:07:50,200 --> 07:07:53,800
These hoses leaked profusely 
often burst under pressure, and 

8160
07:07:53,800 --> 07:07:56,300
delivered water with all the 
force of a garden sprinkler. 

8161
07:07:56,300 --> 07:07:59,800
But they represented The Cutting
Edge of firefighting technology 

8162
07:07:59,800 --> 07:08:02,300
in an age. 
When most blazes were fought 

8163
07:08:02,300 --> 07:08:03,700
with bucket, brigades and 
prayer. 

8164
07:08:04,700 --> 07:08:07,700
The mill District loomed ahead 
landscape from Dante's 

8165
07:08:07,700 --> 07:08:11,200
imagination, where towering 
brick chimneys pierced the sky, 

8166
07:08:11,200 --> 07:08:14,600
like accused a tree fingers. 
Steam engines coughed and 

8167
07:08:14,608 --> 07:08:17,200
wheezed behind the rhythmic 
pounding, vibrated, through the 

8168
07:08:17,200 --> 07:08:20,500
grimy Windows, creating a 
constant, industrial heartbeat. 

8169
07:08:21,200 --> 07:08:24,200
Between the factories 
ramshackle, tenements housed the

8170
07:08:24,200 --> 07:08:26,700
workers and conditions that 
would make medieval peasants 

8171
07:08:26,700 --> 07:08:29,300
weep. 
Entire families crowded into 

8172
07:08:29,300 --> 07:08:33,500
single rooms sharing their space
with rats disease and the 

8173
07:08:33,500 --> 07:08:36,800
ever-present threat of fire as 
they rounded the corner onto 

8174
07:08:36,800 --> 07:08:38,300
Bridgewater. 
Street Thomas saw their 

8175
07:08:38,300 --> 07:08:40,700
destination pemberton's cotton 
mill. 

8176
07:08:40,700 --> 07:08:44,200
Its upper floors already crowned
with flames that danced against 

8177
07:08:44,200 --> 07:08:46,600
the smoke, dark sky, like a 
demonic ballet. 

8178
07:08:47,300 --> 07:08:50,100
The fire had started in the 
picking room, they always 

8179
07:08:50,100 --> 07:08:53,300
started in the picking room. 
A cotton fibers floating through

8180
07:08:53,300 --> 07:08:56,600
the air like combustible snow 
waiting for a single Spark from 

8181
07:08:56,600 --> 07:09:00,100
the gaslighting or an overheated
steam pipe to transform the 

8182
07:09:00,100 --> 07:09:03,600
workspace, into an inferno 
workers streamed from the 

8183
07:09:03,600 --> 07:09:07,500
building and panic their faces 
blackened with soot many 

8184
07:09:07,500 --> 07:09:11,200
clutching burned hands or 
nursing singed Hare among them. 

8185
07:09:11,200 --> 07:09:14,100
Stumbled children. 
Some barely ten years old, who 

8186
07:09:14,100 --> 07:09:16,700
had been operating the spinning 
Machinery when the fire erupted.

8187
07:09:17,800 --> 07:09:20,800
The sight of these young faces 
aged beyond their years by 

8188
07:09:20,800 --> 07:09:24,700
industrial labor and now marked 
by Terror reminded Thomas. 

8189
07:09:24,700 --> 07:09:26,000
Why he had chosen this 
profession? 

8190
07:09:26,000 --> 07:09:31,100
Despite its countless Horrors. 
The melona Mr. Pemberton 

8191
07:09:31,100 --> 07:09:35,000
Pemberton himself stood across 
the street in his fine wool coat

8192
07:09:35,000 --> 07:09:38,000
and Polished boots calculating. 
His losses with the same 

8193
07:09:38,000 --> 07:09:40,700
dispassionate Precision, he used
to calculate his profits. 

8194
07:09:41,600 --> 07:09:43,900
Insurance would cover the 
building but not the disruption 

8195
07:09:43,900 --> 07:09:47,100
to production tomorrow. 
He would simply relocate his 

8196
07:09:47,100 --> 07:09:50,600
operations to another Mill. 
And resume, grinding human lives

8197
07:09:50,600 --> 07:09:53,700
into cotton thread and 
shareholder dividends Thomas 

8198
07:09:53,700 --> 07:09:57,000
checked his equipment. 
One final time accrued leather 

8199
07:09:57,000 --> 07:09:59,200
speaking trumpet for 
coordinating with his fellow. 

8200
07:09:59,200 --> 07:10:02,300
Firefighters a handbags for 
breaking down doors and clearing

8201
07:10:02,300 --> 07:10:05,700
debris and a length of rope that
served as both lifeline and Last

8202
07:10:05,700 --> 07:10:10,000
Resort No breathing, apparatus 
existed, firefighters simply 

8203
07:10:10,000 --> 07:10:12,600
held their breath or breathe 
through wet cloth When the Smoke

8204
07:10:12,600 --> 07:10:15,400
became unbearable. 
The firefighters were no 

8205
07:10:15,400 --> 07:10:17,900
protective clothing apart from 
their thick wool coats and 

8206
07:10:17,900 --> 07:10:20,700
leather helmets. 
They lacked radio communication 

8207
07:10:20,700 --> 07:10:23,100
hydraulic, ladders and foam 
suppressants. 

8208
07:10:23,100 --> 07:10:27,000
There were only 12 men equipped 
with hand pumped engines who 

8209
07:10:27,000 --> 07:10:29,700
were determined to stop the fire
from engulfing, the entire 

8210
07:10:29,700 --> 07:10:32,600
District. 
Heat hit Thomas like a physical 

8211
07:10:32,600 --> 07:10:34,300
blow. 
As they approached the burning 

8212
07:10:34,300 --> 07:10:38,200
Mill, the Flames, creating their
own weather system of updrafts 

8213
07:10:38,200 --> 07:10:41,200
and downdrafts that sent burning
debris, spiraling through the 

8214
07:10:41,200 --> 07:10:44,200
air like deadly confetti. 
The temperature difference 

8215
07:10:44,200 --> 07:10:47,200
between the fire and The Frigid 
Manchester are created sudden 

8216
07:10:47,200 --> 07:10:48,900
wind shears. 
That could knock a man off his 

8217
07:10:48,908 --> 07:10:52,000
feet or redirect flames in 
unexpected directions. 

8218
07:10:52,000 --> 07:10:55,500
The Pemberton mill, fire 
revealed its true character as 

8219
07:10:55,500 --> 07:10:57,100
Thomas in his crew established 
their position. 

8220
07:10:58,300 --> 07:11:00,200
What appeared from a distance to
be a manageable. 

8221
07:11:00,200 --> 07:11:03,300
Blaze transformed into a 
multi-headed monster that defied

8222
07:11:03,300 --> 07:11:07,500
every principle of 19th century.
Firefighting The Flames had 

8223
07:11:07,500 --> 07:11:10,800
found the Mills ventilation 
system, utilizing the carefully 

8224
07:11:10,800 --> 07:11:12,700
designed airflow. 
That prevented workers from 

8225
07:11:12,700 --> 07:11:15,900
suffocating on Cotton dust and 
allowed the fire to spread 

8226
07:11:15,900 --> 07:11:18,000
throughout the building with 
terrifying efficiency. 

8227
07:11:18,900 --> 07:11:21,800
Thomas's crew, chief Captain 
Morrison shouted orders through 

8228
07:11:21,800 --> 07:11:25,600
the chaos, his voice barely 
audible of the Roar of flame and

8229
07:11:25,600 --> 07:11:29,400
the screaming of steam engines 
with 20 years of firefighting 

8230
07:11:29,400 --> 07:11:32,400
experience under his belt, the 
captain's face was marked with 

8231
07:11:32,400 --> 07:11:36,000
scars from flying Sparks, and 
his left hand was missing two 

8232
07:11:36,000 --> 07:11:38,100
fingers due to a rope burn that 
had gone septic. 

8233
07:11:39,200 --> 07:11:41,600
In an era before workers 
compensation or medical 

8234
07:11:41,600 --> 07:11:44,100
benefits. 
Morrison's wound served as both 

8235
07:11:44,100 --> 07:11:47,100
a badge of honor and a painful 
reminder of the profession's 

8236
07:11:47,100 --> 07:11:50,100
costs, the hand pumped engines 
position themselves along the 

8237
07:11:50,100 --> 07:11:52,900
street, their Cruise settling 
into a brutal Rhythm. 

8238
07:11:52,900 --> 07:11:55,300
That would persist until the 
fire was extinguished, all the 

8239
07:11:55,300 --> 07:11:59,100
men come to exhaustion. 
Two men operated each pump 

8240
07:11:59,100 --> 07:12:02,200
handle working in shifts of 30 
seconds before switching off. 

8241
07:12:02,200 --> 07:12:04,800
While a third man named the 
leather hose and prayed, it 

8242
07:12:04,800 --> 07:12:06,600
wouldn't burst from the modest 
pressure that they could 

8243
07:12:06,600 --> 07:12:09,700
generate. 
The pumps delivered, perhaps, 50

8244
07:12:09,700 --> 07:12:12,300
gallons per minute at their 
Peak, a pathetic trickle, 

8245
07:12:12,300 --> 07:12:15,500
compared to Modern standards, 
but revolutionary technology in 

8246
07:12:15,500 --> 07:12:19,300
1852. 
Thomas found himself assigned to

8247
07:12:19,300 --> 07:12:22,000
search and rescue the deadliest 
job in a professional where 

8248
07:12:22,000 --> 07:12:25,500
death was a frequent visitor. 
MILFs were particularly 

8249
07:12:25,500 --> 07:12:27,700
treacherous because the 
buildings wooden floors and 

8250
07:12:27,700 --> 07:12:29,400
supports could collapse without 
warning. 

8251
07:12:29,400 --> 07:12:33,500
Transformed by heat into 
elaborate death traps The 

8252
07:12:33,508 --> 07:12:35,400
textile. 
Machinery itself became another 

8253
07:12:35,400 --> 07:12:39,200
Hazard, massive spinning wheels 
and looms turned into Twisted 

8254
07:12:39,200 --> 07:12:41,400
Metal sculptures that could 
impale or Crush. 

8255
07:12:41,400 --> 07:12:43,600
Anyone unfortunate enough to 
encounter them in the 

8256
07:12:43,600 --> 07:12:47,500
smoke-filled Darkness, He raped 
a wet cloth around his face and 

8257
07:12:47,500 --> 07:12:50,500
plunged into the Mills ground 
floor where the air hunk thick 

8258
07:12:50,500 --> 07:12:53,600
enough to cut with a knife, the 
temperature climbed steadily as 

8259
07:12:53,600 --> 07:12:56,600
the ascended, the buildings were
Kitty stairs, each step, taking 

8260
07:12:56,600 --> 07:12:59,300
him deeper into an environment 
hostile to human life. 

8261
07:12:59,300 --> 07:13:02,500
Gas lamps had exploded 
throughout the building, their 

8262
07:13:02,500 --> 07:13:04,900
broken fixtures, creating 
additional fire sauces. 

8263
07:13:04,900 --> 07:13:08,200
While leaving the interior in 
near total darkness, the Mills 

8264
07:13:08,200 --> 07:13:10,700
layout followed, the industrial 
efficiency principals, that 

8265
07:13:10,700 --> 07:13:13,900
maximize production, while 
minimizing worker Comfort or 

8266
07:13:13,900 --> 07:13:16,600
safety. 
Narrow aisles between massive 

8267
07:13:16,600 --> 07:13:19,500
machines, left, little room for 
evacuation while the buildings 

8268
07:13:19,500 --> 07:13:22,200
few exits, concentrated workers 
into bottlenecks during 

8269
07:13:22,200 --> 07:13:25,700
emergencies windows were small 
and high designed to prevent 

8270
07:13:25,700 --> 07:13:29,200
workers from being distracted by
the outside world rather than to

8271
07:13:29,200 --> 07:13:33,000
facilitate Escape. 
Thomas navigated by feel an 

8272
07:13:33,000 --> 07:13:34,900
instinct calling out for 
survivors while trying to 

8273
07:13:34,900 --> 07:13:37,600
maintain his sense of direction 
in the Maze, like interior. 

8274
07:13:38,300 --> 07:13:42,200
On the second floor, he found 
her Mary O'Brien, a spinner 

8275
07:13:42,200 --> 07:13:45,000
whose skirts had caught fire 
from a fallen gas fixture. 

8276
07:13:45,000 --> 07:13:48,400
She lay unconscious beneath an 
overturned Loom her breathing, 

8277
07:13:48,400 --> 07:13:51,500
shallow and labored. 
The flame said to her hair 

8278
07:13:51,500 --> 07:13:54,400
before, she managed to smother 
them leaving patches of scalp 

8279
07:13:54,400 --> 07:13:56,000
visible through the burn 
strands. 

8280
07:13:56,800 --> 07:13:59,800
Thomas lifted her carefully, 
knowing that burns covered much 

8281
07:13:59,800 --> 07:14:02,100
of her body Beneath The Shard 
fabric of her work dress. 

8282
07:14:03,100 --> 07:14:05,200
The Journey Back to the stairs, 
became a nightmare of 

8283
07:14:05,200 --> 07:14:06,700
disorientation and mounting 
heat. 

8284
07:14:06,700 --> 07:14:09,400
The fire had spread across the 
ceiling above them. 

8285
07:14:09,400 --> 07:14:12,500
Creating a canopy of flame that 
dropped burning debris, like 

8286
07:14:12,500 --> 07:14:16,700
rain Thomas's wool coat, began 
to solder the heavy fabric 

8287
07:14:16,700 --> 07:14:19,200
protecting his skin. 
While slowly cooking him from 

8288
07:14:19,200 --> 07:14:22,600
the outside in His leather 
helmet grew hot enough to Brand 

8289
07:14:22,600 --> 07:14:25,500
flesh, but removing it would 
expose his head to the falling 

8290
07:14:25,500 --> 07:14:27,500
Embers. 
That filled the air, halfway 

8291
07:14:27,500 --> 07:14:31,100
down the stairs, the building 
shuddered, Thomas felt the floor

8292
07:14:31,100 --> 07:14:34,300
beneath his feet sag ominously 
as the fire consumed, the 

8293
07:14:34,300 --> 07:14:37,600
structural supports somewhere 
above them, a steam engines, 

8294
07:14:37,600 --> 07:14:41,100
boiler exploded. 
Creating a Tremor throughout the

8295
07:14:41,100 --> 07:14:43,500
building that cracked walls and 
shattered. 

8296
07:14:43,500 --> 07:14:46,300
The few remaining windows, The 
Mill was dying. 

8297
07:14:46,300 --> 07:14:49,500
Its industrial skeleton. 
Collapsing, under the assault of

8298
07:14:49,500 --> 07:14:52,700
flames and superheated Air. 
Thomas emerge from the building 

8299
07:14:52,700 --> 07:14:56,200
just as the roof began its final
collapse, Mario Brian and 

8300
07:14:56,200 --> 07:14:59,900
conscious form draped across his
shoulders, his fellow 

8301
07:14:59,900 --> 07:15:02,800
firefighters rushed to help but 
their faces told him what he 

8302
07:15:02,800 --> 07:15:05,800
already knew, she would like to 
die from her injuries Burns 

8303
07:15:05,800 --> 07:15:07,700
covering more than 30% of the 
body. 

8304
07:15:07,700 --> 07:15:11,700
Were almost invariably fatal in 
an era before antibiotics IV 

8305
07:15:11,700 --> 07:15:15,100
fluids or skin grafts. 
The best they could offer was 

8306
07:15:15,100 --> 07:15:18,900
Lord for the pain and perhaps a 
priest for the end behind them, 

8307
07:15:18,900 --> 07:15:21,800
the Pemberton Mill continued, 
its spectacular destruction. 

8308
07:15:21,800 --> 07:15:25,300
The fire had found the 
building's main steam engine a 

8309
07:15:25,300 --> 07:15:28,100
massive Beast that powered the 
entire facilities, machinery. 

8310
07:15:29,000 --> 07:15:31,900
Has the Flames heated, its 
boiler beyond safe limits, the 

8311
07:15:31,900 --> 07:15:34,700
engine began to scream, 
literally scream as Steam, 

8312
07:15:34,700 --> 07:15:37,400
Escape through safety, valves 
that had never been designed for

8313
07:15:37,400 --> 07:15:41,500
such extreme conditions, the 
sound pierced, the air, like the

8314
07:15:41,500 --> 07:15:45,500
death of some industrial dragons
Audible for miles across 

8315
07:15:45,500 --> 07:15:47,600
Manchester smoke shrouded 
landscape. 

8316
07:15:48,400 --> 07:15:51,300
Thomas, set, Mary O'Brien. 
Gently on a stretcher, improvise

8317
07:15:51,300 --> 07:15:53,900
from millworkers coats. 
Then turn back toward the 

8318
07:15:53,900 --> 07:15:57,300
building Captain Morrison. 
Grabbed his arm shaking his head

8319
07:15:57,300 --> 07:16:01,000
Grimley, She's gone lad the 
whole upper floors coming down. 

8320
07:16:02,200 --> 07:16:06,000
Thomas had heard something else.
Child's cry from the buildings. 

8321
07:16:06,000 --> 07:16:09,000
Far end with a Mills, newest 
workers operated. 

8322
07:16:09,000 --> 07:16:12,900
The smallest spinning machines. 
10 year old fingers were perfect

8323
07:16:12,900 --> 07:16:16,000
for threading, the delicate, 
machinery and Millers had 

8324
07:16:16,000 --> 07:16:18,200
learned to exploit this 
anatomical Advantage with 

8325
07:16:18,200 --> 07:16:22,000
ruthless efficiency. 
Now, those same small hands were

8326
07:16:22,000 --> 07:16:23,700
trapped somewhere in the 
collapsing structure. 

8327
07:16:23,700 --> 07:16:27,000
And every second of delay meant,
another young life would be 

8328
07:16:27,000 --> 07:16:30,700
consumed by industrial progress,
the mills East Wing housed what 

8329
07:16:30,700 --> 07:16:32,700
the workers grimly called the 
children's floor. 

8330
07:16:33,600 --> 07:16:36,900
Cramped poorly ventilated space 
where boys and girls as young as

8331
07:16:36,900 --> 07:16:40,200
eight operated, the pacing 
machines that connected broken 

8332
07:16:40,200 --> 07:16:43,100
cotton threads. 
Their small stature allowed them

8333
07:16:43,100 --> 07:16:44,900
to crawl. 
Beneath the spinning machine to 

8334
07:16:44,900 --> 07:16:47,600
collect waste cotton. 
While their Nimble fingers could

8335
07:16:47,600 --> 07:16:50,600
perform repairs that were to 
take adult workers twice, as 

8336
07:16:50,600 --> 07:16:54,200
long as Justified. 
This exploitation as industrial 

8337
07:16:54,200 --> 07:16:57,200
training, preparing the Next 
Generation for lives of 

8338
07:16:57,200 --> 07:17:00,000
productive labor. 
While conveniently ignoring the 

8339
07:17:00,000 --> 07:17:03,200
stunted growth, respiratory 
diseases, and frequent 

8340
07:17:03,200 --> 07:17:04,900
accidents. 
That Mark, these young workers 

8341
07:17:04,900 --> 07:17:09,500
like Browns, Thomas could hear 
them before he saw them, high 

8342
07:17:09,500 --> 07:17:11,900
pitched cries of Terror, echoing
from the building south east 

8343
07:17:11,900 --> 07:17:14,700
corner with the children. 
Workstation occupied a space. 

8344
07:17:14,700 --> 07:17:16,700
Barely larger than a residential
parlor. 

8345
07:17:17,500 --> 07:17:20,200
The fire not yet. 
Reached this section that smoke 

8346
07:17:20,200 --> 07:17:21,700
was pouring through the 
floorboards from the 

8347
07:17:21,700 --> 07:17:24,000
conflagration below creating a 
toxic fog. 

8348
07:17:24,000 --> 07:17:25,800
That would kill as efficiently 
as flames. 

8349
07:17:25,800 --> 07:17:29,600
These children had nowhere to 
run the Mills design trapped 

8350
07:17:29,600 --> 07:17:32,800
them behind rows of Machinery. 
Accessible only through narrow 

8351
07:17:32,800 --> 07:17:35,000
passages. 
That adult Rescuers could barely

8352
07:17:35,000 --> 07:17:38,700
navigate he dropped to his hands
and knees crawling beneath the 

8353
07:17:38,700 --> 07:17:40,700
spinning frames toward the sound
of crying. 

8354
07:17:40,700 --> 07:17:43,200
The air near. 
The floor was slightly cleaner 

8355
07:17:43,200 --> 07:17:45,800
but it was still thick enough to
burn his throat with every 

8356
07:17:45,800 --> 07:17:48,200
breath. 
His leather helmet scraped 

8357
07:17:48,200 --> 07:17:51,400
against the Machinery of him, 
dislodging years of accumulated,

8358
07:17:51,400 --> 07:17:53,300
cotton dust that fell like 
industrial. 

8359
07:17:53,300 --> 07:17:56,300
Snow. 
This Dusty knew would ignite at 

8360
07:17:56,300 --> 07:17:59,000
the slightest, spark 
transforming the confined space 

8361
07:17:59,000 --> 07:18:02,200
into a powder keg. 
The first child, he found was 

8362
07:18:02,200 --> 07:18:05,300
Billy Henderson, 11 years old 
and barely four feet. 

8363
07:18:05,308 --> 07:18:09,000
Tall is growth stunted by years 
of malnutrition and Industrial 

8364
07:18:09,000 --> 07:18:11,700
labor. 
Billy operated a Scavenging 

8365
07:18:11,700 --> 07:18:14,200
machine that collected waste 
cotton from beneath the spinning

8366
07:18:14,200 --> 07:18:17,800
frames a job that required him 
to spend 10 hours daily in a 

8367
07:18:17,800 --> 07:18:19,800
space designed for someone half 
his size. 

8368
07:18:20,700 --> 07:18:24,100
Now, he crouched Frozen with 
Terror his work clothes soaked 

8369
07:18:24,100 --> 07:18:26,500
with the machine oil that could 
ignite at any moment. 

8370
07:18:27,700 --> 07:18:30,800
Come on lad, Thomas whispered. 
Extending his hand through the 

8371
07:18:30,800 --> 07:18:34,700
Maze of mechanical components. 
We're going out together you and

8372
07:18:34,700 --> 07:18:36,900
me. 
Billy's eyes were wide with 

8373
07:18:36,900 --> 07:18:39,500
shock but he managed to grasp 
Thomas his outstretched fingers,

8374
07:18:39,500 --> 07:18:41,900
the boy weighed perhaps 60 
pounds. 

8375
07:18:41,900 --> 07:18:44,700
His body Wasted by the 
combination of factory work and 

8376
07:18:44,708 --> 07:18:47,600
poverty that characterized as 
working class childhood in 

8377
07:18:47,600 --> 07:18:51,000
industrial England. 
Behind Billy, Thomas could see 

8378
07:18:51,000 --> 07:18:52,900
other small forms huddled in the
Smoke. 

8379
07:18:52,900 --> 07:18:57,000
Perhaps half a dozen children 
trapped by the collapsing Mills,

8380
07:18:57,000 --> 07:19:00,100
deadly geometry. 
The Machinery that had employed 

8381
07:19:00,100 --> 07:19:03,300
them now imprisoned them, its 
iron arms, and wooden frames, 

8382
07:19:03,300 --> 07:19:06,400
creating a lattice of obstacles 
between the children and any 

8383
07:19:06,400 --> 07:19:09,700
possible Escape Route moving 
them one by one would take too 

8384
07:19:09,700 --> 07:19:13,000
long, the floor beneath them was
already beginning to Sag as the 

8385
07:19:13,000 --> 07:19:15,100
fire consumed. 
The building's got structural 

8386
07:19:15,100 --> 07:19:18,800
supports Thomas made a decision 
that violated every principle of

8387
07:19:18,800 --> 07:19:21,500
safe rescue work instead of 
retreating with Billy. 

8388
07:19:21,500 --> 07:19:23,200
He pushed deeper into the 
Machinery. 

8389
07:19:23,200 --> 07:19:26,200
Maze Gathering children Like a 
Shepherd collecting his flock. 

8390
07:19:27,300 --> 07:19:30,800
Sarah Mitchell, nine years old, 
her hands permanently stained 

8391
07:19:30,800 --> 07:19:34,200
with machine dies, Peter Short, 
10 who had lost the tip of his 

8392
07:19:34,200 --> 07:19:36,200
index finger to a spinning wheel
the previous month. 

8393
07:19:36,900 --> 07:19:40,000
Jenny, Coleman barely ate, who 
earned 6 pints a day threading 

8394
07:19:40,000 --> 07:19:42,700
bobbins for her family survival.
The heat was becoming 

8395
07:19:42,700 --> 07:19:45,700
unbearable, the smoke so thick 
that Thomas could barely see his

8396
07:19:45,700 --> 07:19:47,700
hands. 
His wool coat had begun to 

8397
07:19:47,708 --> 07:19:50,300
smolder in Earnest filling the 
air with the acrid smell of 

8398
07:19:50,308 --> 07:19:52,600
burning wool. 
The children clung to him with 

8399
07:19:52,600 --> 07:19:56,100
desperate strength, that small 
faces blackened with soot and 

8400
07:19:56,100 --> 07:19:58,800
streaked with tears, he could 
feel their Terror through their 

8401
07:19:58,800 --> 07:20:02,200
trembling bodies, these young 
victims of industrial progress 

8402
07:20:02,200 --> 07:20:05,100
who had never known childhood as
anything but labor. 

8403
07:20:06,500 --> 07:20:10,000
Hold on to each other, commanded
his voice, hoarse from smoke, 

8404
07:20:10,000 --> 07:20:13,000
inhalation, we're going out 
together, all of us. 

8405
07:20:14,600 --> 07:20:16,100
He formed them into a human 
chain. 

8406
07:20:16,100 --> 07:20:19,500
The older children supporting 
the youngest while he led them 

8407
07:20:19,500 --> 07:20:22,300
through the Maze of Machinery, 
toward what he hoped was still a

8408
07:20:22,300 --> 07:20:24,800
navigable. 
Exit, the building grown around 

8409
07:20:24,800 --> 07:20:27,200
them, it's death. 
Throws accompanied by the sound 

8410
07:20:27,200 --> 07:20:30,500
of splintering wood and 
collapsing Masonry, The stairs 

8411
07:20:30,500 --> 07:20:33,300
had become a furnace Thomas 
could see Flames. 

8412
07:20:33,300 --> 07:20:35,600
Licking up through the gaps 
between steps. 

8413
07:20:35,600 --> 07:20:38,500
While the bannister glowed red 
hot from the heat below the 

8414
07:20:38,500 --> 07:20:41,300
children behind him began to 
whimper as the temperature 

8415
07:20:41,300 --> 07:20:44,700
climbed Beyond endurance but 
retreat was no longer possible. 

8416
07:20:44,700 --> 07:20:48,000
The Mills up a floors were 
collapsing section by section. 

8417
07:20:48,000 --> 07:20:51,000
Creating a domino effect that 
would soon reach their position.

8418
07:20:52,200 --> 07:20:54,800
Thomas wrapped his coat around 
as many children as possible 

8419
07:20:54,800 --> 07:20:57,700
using his body as a shield 
against the radiant heat that 

8420
07:20:57,700 --> 07:21:00,500
filled the stairwell. 
His Exposed Skin began to 

8421
07:21:00,500 --> 07:21:02,500
blister the leather of his 
helmet. 

8422
07:21:02,500 --> 07:21:04,800
So hot, it burned his scalp 
through his hair. 

8423
07:21:05,900 --> 07:21:07,700
Step by step. 
They descended through an 

8424
07:21:07,700 --> 07:21:10,500
environment that seemed more 
like biblical hell than an 

8425
07:21:10,500 --> 07:21:14,100
English textile mill. 
Jenny Coleman, stumbled her 

8426
07:21:14,100 --> 07:21:17,000
small legs, finally, giving away
to exhaustion and Terror. 

8427
07:21:17,000 --> 07:21:19,600
Thomas swept her up without 
breaking stride. 

8428
07:21:19,600 --> 07:21:23,400
Her tiny body, weighing almost 
nothing against his smoke-filled

8429
07:21:23,400 --> 07:21:26,400
chest behind them. 
The children work room erupted 

8430
07:21:26,400 --> 07:21:29,300
in Flames as the fire. 
Finally found the accumulated 

8431
07:21:29,300 --> 07:21:32,600
cotton dust and machine oil. 
The explosion center pillar of 

8432
07:21:32,600 --> 07:21:34,900
flame shooting up through the 
building's core. 

8433
07:21:34,900 --> 07:21:39,300
Illuminating their Escape Route 
with hellish brilliant's They 

8434
07:21:39,300 --> 07:21:41,500
emerge from the building. 
Just as the Mills, Maine chimney

8435
07:21:41,500 --> 07:21:44,600
began to crack. 
The massive brick structure 

8436
07:21:44,600 --> 07:21:48,300
weakened by the intense heat and
thermal expansion developed. 

8437
07:21:48,300 --> 07:21:51,000
A visible Fisher that ran from 
its base to its crown. 

8438
07:21:52,000 --> 07:21:54,700
Thomas hurried the children away
from the building as chunks of 

8439
07:21:54,700 --> 07:21:58,600
masonry began to rain down 
around them each impact sending 

8440
07:21:58,600 --> 07:22:01,100
Tremors through the already 
unstable Street. 

8441
07:22:02,700 --> 07:22:04,500
Captain Morrison. 
Met them with a mixture of 

8442
07:22:04,500 --> 07:22:07,000
relief and amazement Six of 
them. 

8443
07:22:07,000 --> 07:22:09,000
He said Counting the 
soot-covered children, who 

8444
07:22:09,000 --> 07:22:11,300
clustered around Thomas? 
Like, chicks around a hen. 

8445
07:22:11,300 --> 07:22:14,300
How in God's name? 
Did you get six of them out? 

8446
07:22:15,400 --> 07:22:18,000
Thomas didn't answer 
immediately, he was too busy, 

8447
07:22:18,000 --> 07:22:19,500
checking each child for 
injuries. 

8448
07:22:19,500 --> 07:22:23,700
His trained eye cataloging burns
cuts, and the signs of smoke 

8449
07:22:23,700 --> 07:22:27,800
inhalation that could prove 
fatal in the hours to come as 

8450
07:22:27,800 --> 07:22:30,000
they watched from a cross the 
street, the mill began to 

8451
07:22:30,000 --> 07:22:33,000
collapse in earnest. 
Five stories of industrial, 

8452
07:22:33,000 --> 07:22:36,400
architecture pancaked into 
Rubble, sending up a cloud of 

8453
07:22:36,400 --> 07:22:38,600
dust and debris. 
That obscured the surrounding 

8454
07:22:38,600 --> 07:22:42,200
buildings. 
The sound was Indescribable, not

8455
07:22:42,200 --> 07:22:45,300
just the crash of falling 
masonry, but the death scream of

8456
07:22:45,300 --> 07:22:48,300
an entire industrial. 
Ecosystem, steam engines, 

8457
07:22:48,300 --> 07:22:51,800
textile, Machinery, raw cotton 
and human dreams were all 

8458
07:22:51,800 --> 07:22:53,900
compressed into a smoking pile 
of debris. 

8459
07:22:53,900 --> 07:22:56,300
That would continue to burn for 
three more days. 

8460
07:22:56,300 --> 07:22:59,900
Manchester's atmosphere had been
transformed by industrial 

8461
07:22:59,900 --> 07:23:01,900
progress into something barely 
recognizable. 

8462
07:23:01,900 --> 07:23:05,700
As are The cities hundreds of 
Milton chimneys released, a 

8463
07:23:05,700 --> 07:23:09,300
constant stream of cold, smoke 
chemical Vapors, and cotton dust

8464
07:23:09,300 --> 07:23:11,700
that created a permanent 
atmospheric soup, thick enough 

8465
07:23:11,700 --> 07:23:14,700
to taste. 
For firefighters this toxic 

8466
07:23:14,700 --> 07:23:16,700
environment posed. 
A daily challenge to their 

8467
07:23:16,708 --> 07:23:19,500
respiratory systems. 
Threatening their lives decades 

8468
07:23:19,500 --> 07:23:22,700
before the onset of old age. 
Thomas stood outside the 

8469
07:23:22,700 --> 07:23:25,800
collapse Pemberton Mill. 
Drawing what perhaps passed for 

8470
07:23:25,800 --> 07:23:28,400
fresh air into lungs. 
That felt lined with sandpaper. 

8471
07:23:28,400 --> 07:23:32,400
Each breath brought a cocktail 
of sulfur dioxide from coal 

8472
07:23:32,400 --> 07:23:35,700
combustion, chlorine gas from 
textile, bleaching operations 

8473
07:23:35,700 --> 07:23:39,400
and microscopic particles of 
cotton wool and cold dust that 

8474
07:23:39,400 --> 07:23:41,800
would embed themselves 
permanently in his lung tissue. 

8475
07:23:42,500 --> 07:23:44,600
The children. 
He had rescued coughed beside 

8476
07:23:44,600 --> 07:23:46,400
him. 
Their small lungs struggling to 

8477
07:23:46,400 --> 07:23:47,900
process. 
Are that contained more 

8478
07:23:47,900 --> 07:23:51,400
Industrial Waste than oxygen. 
The fire brigades primitive 

8479
07:23:51,400 --> 07:23:53,700
medical knowledge offered. 
No protection against these 

8480
07:23:53,700 --> 07:23:57,200
Airborne toxins firefighters 
occasionally held wet cloths 

8481
07:23:57,200 --> 07:24:00,200
over their faces during 
particularly Smoky fires but 

8482
07:24:00,200 --> 07:24:03,100
their methods provided minimal 
filtration against the complex 

8483
07:24:03,100 --> 07:24:06,400
chemical mixer that constituted 
Manchester's atmosphere. 

8484
07:24:06,400 --> 07:24:09,700
No one understood the long-term 
Health consequences of chronic 

8485
07:24:09,700 --> 07:24:12,100
exposure to Industrial 
pollutants though. 

8486
07:24:12,100 --> 07:24:15,300
The city's mortality, statistics
told a grim story that Civic 

8487
07:24:15,300 --> 07:24:18,500
leaders preferred to ignore Dot 
on Henry Ashworth. 

8488
07:24:18,500 --> 07:24:21,100
One of Manchester's. 
Few Physicians willing to treat 

8489
07:24:21,100 --> 07:24:23,700
working class, patients arrived 
at the fire scene. 

8490
07:24:23,700 --> 07:24:25,400
To examine the rescued 
millworkers. 

8491
07:24:25,400 --> 07:24:29,900
His presence was unusual, most 
doctors refuse to venture into 

8492
07:24:29,900 --> 07:24:32,500
the industrial districts 
claiming their practices, 

8493
07:24:32,500 --> 07:24:35,000
required them to focus on 
patients, who could afford their

8494
07:24:35,000 --> 07:24:38,600
fees. 
Ashworth was different, a Quaker

8495
07:24:38,600 --> 07:24:40,500
whose religious beliefs 
compelled him to treat all 

8496
07:24:40,500 --> 07:24:43,000
patients regardless of their 
ability to pay. 

8497
07:24:44,000 --> 07:24:46,200
Bring the children here, 
Ashworth called to Thomas 

8498
07:24:46,200 --> 07:24:49,000
setting up a makeshift 
examination area using crates 

8499
07:24:49,000 --> 07:24:52,800
from a nearby Warehouse, his 
medical bag contained The era's 

8500
07:24:52,800 --> 07:24:56,300
Limited Arsenal against Burns 
and smoke inhalation Lord and 

8501
07:24:56,300 --> 07:25:00,200
for pain Sal volatile for 
fainting and clean bandages. 

8502
07:25:00,200 --> 07:25:03,800
That would be as precious as 
gold in the days to come. he 

8503
07:25:03,800 --> 07:25:06,400
began with Jenny Coleman, the 
youngest victim, whose small 

8504
07:25:06,400 --> 07:25:10,500
body showed the telltale signs 
of severe smoke, inhalation, A 

8505
07:25:10,500 --> 07:25:13,600
breathing is compromised, the 
doctor told Thomas quietly using

8506
07:25:13,600 --> 07:25:16,300
medical terminology to spare the
child additional fear. 

8507
07:25:17,400 --> 07:25:20,900
The superheated air has damaged 
to throw in lungs without proper

8508
07:25:20,900 --> 07:25:23,500
treatment. 
He left the sentence unfinished.

8509
07:25:23,500 --> 07:25:27,000
But Thomas, understood, Jenny 
would like to die within days. 

8510
07:25:27,000 --> 07:25:29,500
A small body unable to recover 
from injuries. 

8511
07:25:29,500 --> 07:25:32,800
That would challenge a healthy 
adult The other children fed 

8512
07:25:32,800 --> 07:25:35,600
slightly better, but all 
exhibited signs of respiratory 

8513
07:25:35,600 --> 07:25:38,200
damage, that would affect them 
for the rest of their lives. 

8514
07:25:39,000 --> 07:25:41,900
Peter's hands were severely 
burned from grabbing hot 

8515
07:25:41,900 --> 07:25:45,000
Machinery during his Escape. 
While Sarah Mitchell, had 

8516
07:25:45,000 --> 07:25:47,800
inhaled enough, toxic smoke to 
leave her with a chronic cough. 

8517
07:25:47,800 --> 07:25:51,500
That would never fully heal. 
These children if they survived 

8518
07:25:51,500 --> 07:25:54,500
would join Manchester's growing 
population of industrial 

8519
07:25:54,500 --> 07:25:57,800
invalids, workers whose bodies 
had been broken by the Machinery

8520
07:25:57,800 --> 07:26:01,200
of progress, Dr. Ashworth moved 
among the adult millworkers with

8521
07:26:01,200 --> 07:26:03,400
growing alarm. 
The fire had released chemicals 

8522
07:26:03,400 --> 07:26:05,300
from the textile manufacturing 
process. 

8523
07:26:05,300 --> 07:26:08,700
That created a toxic atmosphere 
even more dangerous than usual. 

8524
07:26:08,700 --> 07:26:12,200
Bleaching agents had mixed with 
cotton dust and cold smoke to 

8525
07:26:12,200 --> 07:26:14,500
produce compounds that attack 
the respiratory system with 

8526
07:26:14,500 --> 07:26:17,800
particular viciousness. 
Several workers showed signs of 

8527
07:26:17,800 --> 07:26:21,300
chemical, pneumonia their lungs 
filling with fluid as their 

8528
07:26:21,300 --> 07:26:22,700
bodies, tried to protect 
themselves. 

8529
07:26:22,700 --> 07:26:25,500
From the poisonous are this is 
worse than anything. 

8530
07:26:25,500 --> 07:26:28,900
I've seen Ashworth confided to 
Thomas as they watch The Mills 

8531
07:26:28,900 --> 07:26:32,700
ruins continue to smaller. 
The fire has created chemical 

8532
07:26:32,700 --> 07:26:35,900
compounds that don't exist in 
nature where watching the birth 

8533
07:26:35,900 --> 07:26:39,500
of industrial disease and we 
have no idea how to treat it. 

8534
07:26:40,600 --> 07:26:44,100
His words proved prophetic 
within a generation Manchester 

8535
07:26:44,100 --> 07:26:46,400
would become synonymous with 
respiratory illness. 

8536
07:26:46,400 --> 07:26:49,500
Its residents suffering from 
conditions that doctors 

8537
07:26:49,500 --> 07:26:51,500
struggled to understand much 
less cure. 

8538
07:26:52,500 --> 07:26:54,900
Thomas felt the tops in working 
on his body as he helped 

8539
07:26:54,900 --> 07:26:57,200
organize. 
The rescue efforts his throat 

8540
07:26:57,200 --> 07:26:59,900
burned with each breath while 
his eyes streamed continuously 

8541
07:26:59,900 --> 07:27:03,400
from the chemical irritation. 
His chest felt tight as though 

8542
07:27:03,400 --> 07:27:06,000
invisible bands were 
constricting his lungs. 

8543
07:27:06,000 --> 07:27:10,500
Making each inhalation, a 
conscious effort around him, his

8544
07:27:10,500 --> 07:27:13,300
fellow firefighters showed 
similar symptoms, their face is 

8545
07:27:13,300 --> 07:27:15,900
flushed and their breathing 
labored despite their years of 

8546
07:27:15,900 --> 07:27:17,700
experience with Smoke Filled 
environments. 

8547
07:27:18,600 --> 07:27:21,300
The city's response to the toxic
air crisis revealed. 

8548
07:27:21,300 --> 07:27:23,700
The industrial ages priorities 
with brutal clarity. 

8549
07:27:24,500 --> 07:27:26,700
Milonas demanded that their 
workers returned to the 

8550
07:27:26,700 --> 07:27:29,100
neighboring factories 
immediately, claiming that 

8551
07:27:29,100 --> 07:27:31,400
production, delays would harm 
Manchester's, economic, 

8552
07:27:31,400 --> 07:27:34,100
competitiveness, local 
authorities focused. 

8553
07:27:34,100 --> 07:27:35,800
On clearing the rubble to 
restore traffic. 

8554
07:27:35,800 --> 07:27:38,900
Flow showing little concern for 
the health consequences of 

8555
07:27:38,900 --> 07:27:40,700
disturbing the contaminated 
debris. 

8556
07:27:41,500 --> 07:27:44,800
Only Dr. Ashworth and a handful 
of religious leaders seemed to 

8557
07:27:44,808 --> 07:27:48,000
recognize the human catastrophe 
unfolding in the Smoke Filled 

8558
07:27:48,000 --> 07:27:50,500
streets. 
Captain Morrison gathered his 

8559
07:27:50,500 --> 07:27:52,200
men for the journey back to the 
fire station. 

8560
07:27:52,200 --> 07:27:55,700
His face Grim with the knowledge
that their work was far from 

8561
07:27:55,700 --> 07:27:59,100
Over the industrial district of 
Manchester house, dozens of 

8562
07:27:59,100 --> 07:28:01,600
Mills, similar to pemberton's 
each posing of her potential 

8563
07:28:01,600 --> 07:28:04,700
Hazard due to their combustible 
materials, and insufficient 

8564
07:28:04,700 --> 07:28:06,900
safety precautions. 
Fire. 

8565
07:28:06,900 --> 07:28:09,700
They just fought would be 
followed by others and endless 

8566
07:28:09,700 --> 07:28:11,800
cycle of Destruction and rescue 
that consumed. 

8567
07:28:11,800 --> 07:28:14,100
Firefighters lives as 
efficiently as it consumed 

8568
07:28:14,100 --> 07:28:16,600
building's. 
As they loaded their equipment 

8569
07:28:16,600 --> 07:28:19,900
onto the horse drawn engine's, 
Thomas noticed that several of 

8570
07:28:19,900 --> 07:28:21,200
his colleagues were coughing up 
blood. 

8571
07:28:22,000 --> 07:28:24,600
A sure sign that the toxic 
smoker damaged their lungs 

8572
07:28:24,600 --> 07:28:27,600
beyond the body's ability to 
repair these men would continue 

8573
07:28:27,600 --> 07:28:30,700
working because they had no 
choice firefighters who couldn't

8574
07:28:30,700 --> 07:28:33,800
perform their duties simply 
starved as no disability 

8575
07:28:33,800 --> 07:28:36,600
benefits or medical pensions 
existed for public servants 

8576
07:28:36,600 --> 07:28:39,800
injured in the line of duty. 
The journey back through 

8577
07:28:39,800 --> 07:28:42,700
Manchester streets revealed the 
industrial Apocalypse in its 

8578
07:28:42,708 --> 07:28:45,800
full horror. 
Permanent Haze that hung over 

8579
07:28:45,808 --> 07:28:49,400
the city had thickened from the 
mill fire, reducing visibility 

8580
07:28:49,400 --> 07:28:52,300
to a few yards and turning the 
afternoon into Perpetual 

8581
07:28:52,300 --> 07:28:56,500
Twilight gas lamps burned 
continuously their Flames 

8582
07:28:56,500 --> 07:28:59,000
struggling to penetrate the 
toxic fog that enveloped the 

8583
07:28:59,008 --> 07:29:02,600
city like a burial shroud, the 
Morrison fire brigade, stationed

8584
07:29:02,600 --> 07:29:05,100
stood, as a monument to 
society's half-hearted 

8585
07:29:05,100 --> 07:29:08,200
commitment to Public Safety. 
Its cramped quarters and 

8586
07:29:08,200 --> 07:29:11,300
primitive equipment reflecting, 
the industrial era's priorities 

8587
07:29:11,300 --> 07:29:15,400
with depressing accuracy. 
Built in 1845 as Manchester's. 

8588
07:29:15,400 --> 07:29:19,000
Textile wealth reached, its peak
the Station House, State of the 

8589
07:29:19,000 --> 07:29:21,700
art firefighting technology that
would have been considered 

8590
07:29:21,700 --> 07:29:25,900
inadequate, 50 years earlier the
building's designer had clearly 

8591
07:29:25,900 --> 07:29:29,100
never witnessed an actual fire. 
Creating a facility that 

8592
07:29:29,100 --> 07:29:31,400
prioritized architectural 
appearance over practical 

8593
07:29:31,400 --> 07:29:34,300
function. 
Thomas climbed Weil from the 

8594
07:29:34,300 --> 07:29:36,600
fire engine. 
His body aching from the 

8595
07:29:36,600 --> 07:29:39,300
physical demands of rescue work 
and the toxic assault of 

8596
07:29:39,300 --> 07:29:42,600
Manchester's poisoned air. 
The stations equipment, Bay 

8597
07:29:42,600 --> 07:29:45,500
revealed the pathetic Arsenal 
available to firefighters in the

8598
07:29:45,500 --> 07:29:49,000
Industrial Age leather hoses 
that leaked more water than they

8599
07:29:49,000 --> 07:29:51,900
delivered hand pumped. 
Dungeons, that required eight 

8600
07:29:51,900 --> 07:29:54,500
men to operate, effectively, and
wooden ladders. 

8601
07:29:54,500 --> 07:29:58,200
Whose runs had been charred and 
weakened by repeated exposure to

8602
07:29:58,200 --> 07:30:01,200
flames. 
Fire engine itself represented, 

8603
07:30:01,200 --> 07:30:06,100
the Pinnacle of 1852 technology.
A steam, powered pump mounted on

8604
07:30:06,100 --> 07:30:10,000
a horse-drawn chassis that could
under ideal conditions deliver 

8605
07:30:10,000 --> 07:30:12,900
water, at pressures approaching,
those of a modern garden hose. 

8606
07:30:13,700 --> 07:30:16,400
The boiler required, 20 minutes 
to build Steam from a cold. 

8607
07:30:16,400 --> 07:30:19,300
Start assuming someone had 
remembered to keep it supplied 

8608
07:30:19,300 --> 07:30:22,700
with coal and water. 
During fires this delay, often 

8609
07:30:22,700 --> 07:30:24,900
meant the difference between 
saving a building and watching 

8610
07:30:24,900 --> 07:30:28,200
it collapse into Rubble. 
Captain Morrison, initiated the 

8611
07:30:28,208 --> 07:30:31,500
post-fire equipment, inspection 
with a weary resignation, 

8612
07:30:31,500 --> 07:30:34,000
reminiscent of a man who had 
carried out this ritual 

8613
07:30:34,000 --> 07:30:36,700
countless times. 
The leather hoses showed new 

8614
07:30:36,700 --> 07:30:39,700
splits and tears from the 
superheated environment, their 

8615
07:30:39,700 --> 07:30:43,200
canvas reinforcement, charred 
Beyond reliable, use the brass 

8616
07:30:43,200 --> 07:30:45,500
nozzles, had warped from 
exposure to extreme 

8617
07:30:45,500 --> 07:30:47,700
temperatures. 
Creating a regular spray 

8618
07:30:47,700 --> 07:30:50,200
patterns that reduced their 
effectiveness even further. 

8619
07:30:50,200 --> 07:30:54,500
Most of the hand tools, axes, 
private and rope showed signs of

8620
07:30:54,500 --> 07:30:57,600
heat damage that would make them
unreliable in future emergencies

8621
07:30:58,500 --> 07:31:02,000
Henderson Morrison called to the
station, senior firefighter, a 

8622
07:31:02,000 --> 07:31:05,100
grizzled veteran whose left arm 
useless from an injury sustained

8623
07:31:05,100 --> 07:31:07,500
during the Great warehouse fire 
of 1849. 

8624
07:31:08,400 --> 07:31:11,600
Take inventory of the hose 
sections, please identify the 

8625
07:31:11,600 --> 07:31:14,200
sections that require patching, 
and those that need complete 

8626
07:31:14,200 --> 07:31:18,200
replacement Henderson, nodded 
grimly knowing that replacing 

8627
07:31:18,200 --> 07:31:20,800
entirely meant submitting 
requests to the city council. 

8628
07:31:20,800 --> 07:31:24,300
That would be debated for months
while fires continue to consume 

8629
07:31:24,300 --> 07:31:27,000
Manchester's, industrial 
districts, the stations 

8630
07:31:27,000 --> 07:31:30,600
primitive Communication System, 
consisted of a single Bell, that

8631
07:31:30,600 --> 07:31:32,200
could be heard. 
Perhaps six blocks away. 

8632
07:31:32,200 --> 07:31:35,200
On a quiet day, it was often 
lost in the industrial 

8633
07:31:35,200 --> 07:31:37,200
cacophony. 
That filled Manchester's 

8634
07:31:37,200 --> 07:31:39,700
streets. 
Fire reporting relied on runners

8635
07:31:39,700 --> 07:31:42,300
or mounted Messengers. 
Who often arrived at the station

8636
07:31:42,300 --> 07:31:45,000
long after Flames, had 
established themselves Beyond 

8637
07:31:45,000 --> 07:31:48,600
any hope of control. 
Thomas had responded to fires 

8638
07:31:48,600 --> 07:31:51,300
that had been burning for hours 
before anyone thought to summon 

8639
07:31:51,300 --> 07:31:53,600
professional. 
Firefighters arriving to find 

8640
07:31:53,600 --> 07:31:57,400
only smoldering ruins and 
charred Corpses. a corner of the

8641
07:31:57,400 --> 07:32:01,100
equipment Bay, held medical 
supplies, a testament to society

8642
07:32:01,100 --> 07:32:04,900
is high expectations for 
firefighter survival A few rolls

8643
07:32:04,900 --> 07:32:08,400
of bandages, a bottle of Lord of
them and some Sal volatile 

8644
07:32:08,400 --> 07:32:11,000
represented, the brigades and 
entire medical Arsenal. 

8645
07:32:11,600 --> 07:32:14,600
No Provisions existed for 
treating Burns smoking in 

8646
07:32:14,608 --> 07:32:16,600
alation. 
Or the countless injuries that 

8647
07:32:16,600 --> 07:32:18,800
firefighters sustained during 
rescue operations. 

8648
07:32:19,900 --> 07:32:22,100
Fire. 
Simply claimed the lives of men,

8649
07:32:22,100 --> 07:32:25,600
seriously, injured, adding their
bodies to the growing casualty 

8650
07:32:25,600 --> 07:32:26,900
list of the Industrial 
Revolution. 

8651
07:32:28,700 --> 07:32:32,300
The sleeping quarters of the 
equipment Bay House, 12 men in 

8652
07:32:32,300 --> 07:32:34,300
conditions that would shame a 
medieval Monastery. 

8653
07:32:34,300 --> 07:32:37,500
Narrow cots, arranged in 
military formation left, barely 

8654
07:32:37,500 --> 07:32:40,600
enough room to walk between them
while a single window provided 

8655
07:32:40,600 --> 07:32:43,800
the only ventilation for the 
entire space during summer 

8656
07:32:43,800 --> 07:32:46,100
months, the combination of body 
heat and smoke. 

8657
07:32:46,100 --> 07:32:49,600
Saturated clothing, created an 
atmosphere that rivaled the 

8658
07:32:49,600 --> 07:32:53,700
fires they fought for sheer 
unpleasantness Thomas 

8659
07:32:53,700 --> 07:32:56,700
meticulously inspected, his 
personal equipment, as if his 

8660
07:32:56,700 --> 07:32:59,400
life, relied on his 
dependability, his leather 

8661
07:32:59,400 --> 07:33:02,700
helmet or new Scorch marks from 
the mill, fire, the protective 

8662
07:33:02,700 --> 07:33:05,500
coating, blistered and peeling 
from exposure to extreme heat. 

8663
07:33:06,300 --> 07:33:09,100
The speaking trumpet, he used to
coordinate rescue efforts had 

8664
07:33:09,100 --> 07:33:10,500
developed a crack along its 
length. 

8665
07:33:10,500 --> 07:33:12,900
That would reduce its 
Effectiveness in noisy 

8666
07:33:12,900 --> 07:33:15,800
environments. 
His rope showed signs of heat 

8667
07:33:15,800 --> 07:33:18,200
damage that could cause it to 
fail under stress. 

8668
07:33:18,200 --> 07:33:20,500
Leave him stranded in a burning 
building. 

8669
07:33:21,400 --> 07:33:24,000
The Brigade horses occupied 
stalls, adjacent to the main 

8670
07:33:24,000 --> 07:33:26,000
building. 
Their care consuming a 

8671
07:33:26,000 --> 07:33:28,100
significant portion of the 
Department's modest budget. 

8672
07:33:29,000 --> 07:33:32,100
These animals were essential to 
firefighting operations, but 

8673
07:33:32,100 --> 07:33:34,300
they were required constant 
maintenance and were vulnerable 

8674
07:33:34,300 --> 07:33:37,100
to the same toxic atmosphere, 
that played human residents. 

8675
07:33:37,900 --> 07:33:40,800
Several horses had died from 
respiratory ailments caused by, 

8676
07:33:40,800 --> 07:33:42,700
chronic exposure to Industrial 
smoke. 

8677
07:33:42,700 --> 07:33:45,900
Their replacement representing, 
a financial burden that 

8678
07:33:45,900 --> 07:33:48,000
stretched, the brigades 
resources, beyond their limits 

8679
07:33:49,200 --> 07:33:52,200
Water supply presented, another 
insurmountable challenge in 

8680
07:33:52,200 --> 07:33:53,600
Manchester's, industrial 
environment. 

8681
07:33:54,500 --> 07:33:57,900
The city's water mains designed 
for domestic use rather than 

8682
07:33:57,900 --> 07:34:01,100
firefighting could not provide 
adequate pressure or volume for 

8683
07:34:01,100 --> 07:34:04,200
serious Blazers. 
Firefighters often found 

8684
07:34:04,200 --> 07:34:06,800
themselves competing with 
industrial users for access to 

8685
07:34:06,800 --> 07:34:10,300
water while Mill owners who can 
control private water sources, 

8686
07:34:10,300 --> 07:34:13,000
frequently refused to make them 
available during emergencies. 

8687
07:34:13,000 --> 07:34:16,100
The economic reality is of 
firefighting and Industrial 

8688
07:34:16,100 --> 07:34:19,600
England created a system where 
Property Owners ability to pay 

8689
07:34:19,600 --> 07:34:22,900
to determine the level of 
protection they received Wealthy

8690
07:34:22,900 --> 07:34:25,900
Miller owners, could purchase 
private fire insurance, that 

8691
07:34:25,900 --> 07:34:29,400
included dedicated firefighting 
Services while working class 

8692
07:34:29,400 --> 07:34:31,800
neighborhoods, relied on 
Municipal brigades that were 

8693
07:34:31,800 --> 07:34:33,900
chronically, underfunded and 
understaffed. 

8694
07:34:34,900 --> 07:34:37,100
Thomas had witnessed the 
destruction of buildings as 

8695
07:34:37,100 --> 07:34:39,700
firefighters. 
Lacking the necessary equipment 

8696
07:34:39,700 --> 07:34:42,500
or authority to intervene in 
fires affecting uninsured, 

8697
07:34:42,500 --> 07:34:44,800
properties stood helplessly 
nearby. 

8698
07:34:45,800 --> 07:34:48,100
Captain Morrison called the 
Brigade together for their 

8699
07:34:48,100 --> 07:34:50,100
daily. 
Briefing, his weather face 

8700
07:34:50,100 --> 07:34:53,500
showing the cumulative effects 
of decades spent breathing smoke

8701
07:34:53,500 --> 07:34:56,400
and toxic fumes. 
The Pemberton mill. 

8702
07:34:56,400 --> 07:35:00,200
Fire consumed, six lives. 
He announced his voice heavy 

8703
07:35:00,200 --> 07:35:01,800
with the weight of repeated 
tragedy. 

8704
07:35:02,600 --> 07:35:05,100
Three children and three. 
Adults died from smoke. 

8705
07:35:05,100 --> 07:35:08,100
Inhalation. 
While 14 others remain in the 

8706
07:35:08,100 --> 07:35:09,600
hospital with injuries. 
That may prove. 

8707
07:35:09,600 --> 07:35:14,600
Fatal the mill itself is a total
loss representing 40,000 pounds 

8708
07:35:14,600 --> 07:35:16,300
in damage to the building and 
machinery. 

8709
07:35:17,300 --> 07:35:20,500
The human cost of the fire would
extend far beyond the immediate 

8710
07:35:20,500 --> 07:35:22,800
casualties. 
Families who had lost their 

8711
07:35:22,800 --> 07:35:25,000
primary wage. 
Earners would face destitution 

8712
07:35:25,000 --> 07:35:27,700
in an era before. 
So social safety nets or workers

8713
07:35:27,700 --> 07:35:30,200
compensation. 
Children, orphaned, by 

8714
07:35:30,200 --> 07:35:33,000
industrial accidents became 
burdens on an overwhelmed 

8715
07:35:33,000 --> 07:35:35,500
charity system. 
That could provide only the most

8716
07:35:35,500 --> 07:35:38,900
basic subsistence. 
The millworkers, who survived 

8717
07:35:38,900 --> 07:35:41,300
would face unemployment until 
New facilities could be 

8718
07:35:41,308 --> 07:35:43,600
constructed. 
Assuming they could find 

8719
07:35:43,600 --> 07:35:46,800
employers willing to hire work. 
As with visible burn scars or a 

8720
07:35:46,800 --> 07:35:49,100
spirituality damage 
Manchester's, industrial 

8721
07:35:49,100 --> 07:35:51,700
districts, never truly, slept 
their Machinery. 

8722
07:35:51,700 --> 07:35:53,200
Clattering through the night 
hours. 

8723
07:35:53,200 --> 07:35:55,900
While skeleton Crews, maintained
production schedules, that 

8724
07:35:55,900 --> 07:35:58,200
recognize no distinction between
day and darkness. 

8725
07:35:59,300 --> 07:36:02,400
For firefighters this meant that
emergencies could strike at any 

8726
07:36:02,400 --> 07:36:06,600
hour, pulling exhausted men from
their Mega rest to face Blazers 

8727
07:36:06,600 --> 07:36:09,900
that seemed even more terrifying
when illuminated only by their 

8728
07:36:09,900 --> 07:36:12,600
flames and the feeble glow of 
gas Street lamps. 

8729
07:36:13,900 --> 07:36:16,700
Thomas had been asleep for 
perhaps two hours when the alarm

8730
07:36:16,700 --> 07:36:18,900
Bell shattered, the station's 
relative quiet. 

8731
07:36:18,900 --> 07:36:21,100
It's urgent, clanging echoing 
off. 

8732
07:36:21,100 --> 07:36:24,700
The brick walls of the sleeping 
quarters around him, 11 other 

8733
07:36:24,700 --> 07:36:27,600
men rolled from their cots with 
the practice deficiency of 

8734
07:36:27,600 --> 07:36:30,600
soldiers, responding to 
Battlestations pulling on boots 

8735
07:36:30,600 --> 07:36:34,100
and coats that never had time to
fully dry between calls the 

8736
07:36:34,100 --> 07:36:36,200
station. 
Single oil lamp, cast Dancing 

8737
07:36:36,200 --> 07:36:38,500
Shadows, that transformed 
familiar equipment, into 

8738
07:36:38,500 --> 07:36:41,800
menacing shapes while outside 
the building Manchester's, 

8739
07:36:41,800 --> 07:36:44,500
Perpetual industrial fog, 
muffled all sound except the 

8740
07:36:44,500 --> 07:36:48,000
insistent demand of the alarm. 
Captain Morrison appeared in the

8741
07:36:48,000 --> 07:36:50,400
doorway his face in the 
Lamplight. 

8742
07:36:51,100 --> 07:36:53,700
Whitworth mill, on Dean's, gate.
He announced tersely. 

8743
07:36:53,700 --> 07:36:57,000
Multiple floors are involved. 
And there are reports of workers

8744
07:36:57,000 --> 07:37:00,500
trapped inside. 
The men needed no further 

8745
07:37:00,500 --> 07:37:03,800
explanation, Whitworth Mill 
represented one of Manchester's,

8746
07:37:03,800 --> 07:37:07,500
largest textile operations, a 
six-story monument to Industrial

8747
07:37:07,500 --> 07:37:10,900
efficiency that employed nearly 
300 workers across its various 

8748
07:37:10,900 --> 07:37:14,500
departments a fire in such a 
facility could easily become a 

8749
07:37:14,500 --> 07:37:17,500
catastrophe that would dwarf the
previous days Pemberton Mill 

8750
07:37:17,500 --> 07:37:19,500
disaster. 
The night journey through 

8751
07:37:19,500 --> 07:37:22,300
Manchester's streets revealed 
the industrial cities in 

8752
07:37:22,300 --> 07:37:25,900
nocturnal character, a landscape
of glowing furnaces and smoking 

8753
07:37:25,900 --> 07:37:27,600
chimneys. 
That painted the fog with 

8754
07:37:27,600 --> 07:37:30,700
hellish colors. 
Gas lamps, flickered, weekly 

8755
07:37:30,700 --> 07:37:33,500
through the permanent Haze. 
Their light barely penetrating 

8756
07:37:33,500 --> 07:37:35,800
the toxic atmosphere that filled
the narrow streets. 

8757
07:37:35,800 --> 07:37:39,700
The horse drawn fire engine, 
clattered over Cobblestone slick

8758
07:37:39,700 --> 07:37:41,300
with Industrial Waste and 
condensed. 

8759
07:37:41,300 --> 07:37:45,200
Chemical Vapors, its iron Wheels
striking Sparks that briefly. 

8760
07:37:45,200 --> 07:37:48,600
Illuminated, the Grim faces of 
night shift workers heading home

8761
07:37:48,600 --> 07:37:52,300
from 12-hour shifts in the Mills
Whitworth Mill, announced itself

8762
07:37:52,300 --> 07:37:54,600
from several blocks away, its 
upper floors. 

8763
07:37:54,600 --> 07:37:57,100
Crowned, with flames that Rose 
higher than the surrounding 

8764
07:37:57,100 --> 07:38:00,100
buildings and cast. 
An orange glow that penetrated 

8765
07:38:00,100 --> 07:38:02,000
even Manchester's, industrial 
fog. 

8766
07:38:03,200 --> 07:38:05,900
Before anyone thought to summon 
the Brigade, the fire had been 

8767
07:38:05,908 --> 07:38:09,100
burning for some time spreading 
throughout the buildings up a 

8768
07:38:09,100 --> 07:38:11,800
levels, while workers on the 
lower floors continued, their 

8769
07:38:11,800 --> 07:38:14,900
tasks, blissfully unaware of the
disaster unfolding above them. 

8770
07:38:14,900 --> 07:38:18,100
Thomas immediately realized that
this fire would challenge the 

8771
07:38:18,100 --> 07:38:21,100
limits of their outdated 
equipment and methods, these 

8772
07:38:21,100 --> 07:38:23,300
buildings height, made it 
impossible to reach the upper 

8773
07:38:23,300 --> 07:38:26,600
floors with their ladders or the
intensity of the flame suggested

8774
07:38:26,600 --> 07:38:29,200
that the fire had found. 
The Mills stored cotton was 

8775
07:38:29,200 --> 07:38:33,200
feeding on thousands of pounds 
of combustible material Workers 

8776
07:38:33,200 --> 07:38:35,700
streamed from the buildings 
ground floor, exits many 

8777
07:38:35,700 --> 07:38:38,500
carrying their few possessions 
While others supported injured. 

8778
07:38:38,500 --> 07:38:39,800
Colleague, whose Burns would 
likely. 

8779
07:38:39,800 --> 07:38:43,600
Prove fatal, The Mills night, 
supervisor, a thin man whose 

8780
07:38:43,600 --> 07:38:46,400
permanently stained clothing 
testified to years, spent among 

8781
07:38:46,400 --> 07:38:50,100
the textile Machinery approached
Captain Morrison with visible 

8782
07:38:50,100 --> 07:38:52,500
panic. 
There are a dozen workers on the

8783
07:38:52,500 --> 07:38:54,900
5th floor. 
He reported his voice cracking 

8784
07:38:54,900 --> 07:38:58,400
with stress the main staircase 
collapsed, 20 minutes ago, and 

8785
07:38:58,400 --> 07:38:59,700
we can't reach them through the 
smoke. 

8786
07:39:01,200 --> 07:39:04,500
Morrison nodded grimly knowing 
that a dozen workers trapped on 

8787
07:39:04,500 --> 07:39:07,000
the 5th floor of a burning 
building represented a death 

8788
07:39:07,000 --> 07:39:09,900
sentence that 1852 technology 
could not commute. 

8789
07:39:10,800 --> 07:39:14,000
Thomas, found himself assigned 
to Interior reconnaissance a 

8790
07:39:14,000 --> 07:39:16,300
polite term for entering a 
burning building to determine 

8791
07:39:16,300 --> 07:39:18,400
how many people would die before
the night ended. 

8792
07:39:19,500 --> 07:39:22,200
He wrapped a wet cloth around 
his face and plunged into the 

8793
07:39:22,200 --> 07:39:25,700
Mills ground floor where the air
hung thick with smoke and the 

8794
07:39:25,700 --> 07:39:27,700
temperature climbs steadily as 
he moved deeper into the 

8795
07:39:27,700 --> 07:39:31,000
building. 
The textile Machinery, created a

8796
07:39:31,000 --> 07:39:32,900
maze of obstacles. 
That seemed designed to trap 

8797
07:39:32,900 --> 07:39:35,300
anyone attempting to navigate to
near 0 visibility. 

8798
07:39:36,500 --> 07:39:39,200
The layout of the building 
designed to maximize productive 

8799
07:39:39,200 --> 07:39:41,900
space while minimizing, 
everything else resulted in 

8800
07:39:41,900 --> 07:39:45,500
narrow aisles, low ceilings and 
bottleneck exits, that became 

8801
07:39:45,500 --> 07:39:48,900
deadly traps during emergencies 
gaslighting fixtures had 

8802
07:39:48,900 --> 07:39:51,500
exploded throughout the 
facility, their shattered 

8803
07:39:51,500 --> 07:39:54,500
remains creating additional fire
sources, while leaving the 

8804
07:39:54,500 --> 07:39:57,800
interior in dangerous Darkness. 
Thomas navigated the 

8805
07:39:57,800 --> 07:40:00,700
smoke-filled maze by feeling and
Instinct calling out for 

8806
07:40:00,700 --> 07:40:03,200
survivors. 
On the second floor, he 

8807
07:40:03,200 --> 07:40:06,300
encountered, the Mills steam 
engine a massive mechanical 

8808
07:40:06,300 --> 07:40:09,500
heart that continued to pound 
rhythmically, even as flames 

8809
07:40:09,500 --> 07:40:12,400
consumed the building around it.
The engines. 

8810
07:40:12,400 --> 07:40:15,600
Automatic stocking system fed 
coal into its Fireballs without 

8811
07:40:15,600 --> 07:40:18,600
regard for the surrounding 
emergencies, maintaining steam 

8812
07:40:18,600 --> 07:40:21,100
pressure that powered Machinery 
on Floors, were no workers 

8813
07:40:21,100 --> 07:40:24,300
remained to operate it. 
The combination of superheated 

8814
07:40:24,300 --> 07:40:26,500
steam and surrounding Flames, 
created an environment. 

8815
07:40:26,500 --> 07:40:30,100
So hostile to human life, that 
Thomas could barely approach 

8816
07:40:30,100 --> 07:40:31,700
within 20 feet of the engine 
room. 

8817
07:40:32,500 --> 07:40:36,000
Staircase to the upper floors 
had indeed collapsed its wooden 

8818
07:40:36,000 --> 07:40:37,700
construction. 
No match for the intense heat 

8819
07:40:37,700 --> 07:40:39,500
generated by tons of burning 
cotton. 

8820
07:40:40,200 --> 07:40:43,000
Through the Gap where the stairs
once stood Thomas could hear the

8821
07:40:43,008 --> 07:40:45,200
voices of the trapped workers on
the 5th floor. 

8822
07:40:45,200 --> 07:40:48,300
Their cries becoming weaker due 
to the effects of smoke, 

8823
07:40:48,300 --> 07:40:51,300
inhalation, He attempted to 
throw them a rope but the 

8824
07:40:51,300 --> 07:40:54,200
distance was too great in the 
angle to steep for any practical

8825
07:40:54,200 --> 07:40:57,300
rescue attempt. 
Outside the building, the fire 

8826
07:40:57,300 --> 07:40:59,700
spectacular. 
Growth had attracted a crowd of 

8827
07:40:59,708 --> 07:41:02,500
Spectators who gathered at what 
they considered a safe distance 

8828
07:41:02,500 --> 07:41:05,100
to watch the industrial 
catastrophe unfold. 

8829
07:41:05,100 --> 07:41:08,600
MILFs provided free 
entertainment for Manchester's, 

8830
07:41:08,600 --> 07:41:11,900
working class, a dramatic break 
from the monotonous routine of 

8831
07:41:11,900 --> 07:41:14,600
factory labor. 
These observers showed little 

8832
07:41:14,600 --> 07:41:17,600
concern for the human tragedy 
playing out inside the burning, 

8833
07:41:17,600 --> 07:41:19,700
building their attention, 
focused in Stead on the 

8834
07:41:19,700 --> 07:41:22,700
impressive display of flames and
the buildings eventual, 

8835
07:41:22,700 --> 07:41:25,600
collapse. 
Here Dr. Ashworth arrived at the

8836
07:41:25,608 --> 07:41:29,000
scene, despite the late hour, 
his medical bag and portable 

8837
07:41:29,000 --> 07:41:31,800
surgical kit, marking him as one
of the few professionals willing

8838
07:41:31,800 --> 07:41:35,500
to treat industrial accident 
victims. he began triaging the 

8839
07:41:35,500 --> 07:41:38,200
workers who had escaped the 
building quickly, identifying, 

8840
07:41:38,200 --> 07:41:41,200
those whose injuries required 
immediate attention, and those 

8841
07:41:41,200 --> 07:41:44,908
who are Beyond Medical Health, 
The night are filled with the 

8842
07:41:44,916 --> 07:41:47,400
moons of burn victims and the 
sobbing of workers who had 

8843
07:41:47,400 --> 07:41:49,500
watched colleagues disappear 
into the flames. 

8844
07:41:50,300 --> 07:41:53,200
Thomas emerged from the building
as its internal structure, began

8845
07:41:53,200 --> 07:41:55,100
to fail. 
The massive Timbers that 

8846
07:41:55,100 --> 07:41:57,700
supported its six floors. 
Finally succumbing to the 

8847
07:41:57,700 --> 07:41:59,500
intense Heat and the weight of 
collapsing. 

8848
07:41:59,500 --> 07:42:01,900
Masonry, the trapped workers on 
the 5th. 

8849
07:42:01,900 --> 07:42:05,200
Floor, fell silent their voices 
lost in the thunderous crash of 

8850
07:42:05,200 --> 07:42:07,600
falling machinery. 
And structural beams. 

8851
07:42:08,400 --> 07:42:11,500
He'd fail to save them. 
Another dozen names to the 

8852
07:42:11,500 --> 07:42:13,800
growing list of industrial 
casualties that haunted. 

8853
07:42:13,800 --> 07:42:16,900
His dreams Dawn broke over 
Manchester like a revelation of 

8854
07:42:16,900 --> 07:42:20,000
Hell, the Rising Sun, filtered 
through layers of industrial 

8855
07:42:20,000 --> 07:42:23,900
smoke and chemical fog and it 
resembled a sickly orange eye, 

8856
07:42:23,900 --> 07:42:27,500
surveying the destruction below.
The Whitworth Mill had burned 

8857
07:42:27,500 --> 07:42:30,200
through the night. 
Its six stories collapsing 

8858
07:42:30,200 --> 07:42:33,900
section by section until nothing
remained but a smoking pile of 

8859
07:42:33,908 --> 07:42:36,500
rubble that would continue to 
smolder for days. 

8860
07:42:37,300 --> 07:42:40,600
Thomas, stood among the debris. 
His face blackened with soot and

8861
07:42:40,600 --> 07:42:43,600
his lungs raw from breathing the
toxic air that passed for 

8862
07:42:43,600 --> 07:42:47,500
atmosphere in England's 
industrial Heartland. 12 workers

8863
07:42:47,500 --> 07:42:50,300
are died in the Whitworth. 
Fire, their body's crushed 

8864
07:42:50,300 --> 07:42:53,800
beneath falling Machinery. 
Or consumed by Flames that reach

8865
07:42:53,800 --> 07:42:55,700
temperatures exceeding, anything
natural. 

8866
07:42:56,500 --> 07:42:59,400
Their names would be recorded in
the city's, death registers as 

8867
07:42:59,400 --> 07:43:01,800
industrial accidents 
statistical. 

8868
07:43:01,800 --> 07:43:04,300
Abstractions, that fail to 
capture the human cost of 

8869
07:43:04,308 --> 07:43:05,900
Manchester's. 
Textile prosperity. 

8870
07:43:06,900 --> 07:43:10,400
Behind each name, stood a family
thrust into destitution children

8871
07:43:10,400 --> 07:43:12,700
left. 
Orphaned in a society that 

8872
07:43:12,700 --> 07:43:15,200
viewed their survival As A 
Private Matter rather than a 

8873
07:43:15,208 --> 07:43:18,900
public responsibility. 
The mill owner Mr. Whitworth 

8874
07:43:18,900 --> 07:43:22,600
himself surveyed the ruins. 
From his Carriage calculating 

8875
07:43:22,600 --> 07:43:25,300
insurance settlements and 
replacement costs with the same 

8876
07:43:25,300 --> 07:43:28,200
methodical Precision. 
He applied to production quotas,

8877
07:43:28,200 --> 07:43:30,900
the building had been insured 
for its full value. 

8878
07:43:30,900 --> 07:43:33,300
While the Machinery could be 
replaced within months. 

8879
07:43:33,300 --> 07:43:35,600
If orders were placed 
immediately with the foundries 

8880
07:43:35,600 --> 07:43:38,400
of Sheffield and Birmingham, The
human losses. 

8881
07:43:38,400 --> 07:43:41,700
Barely registered in his 
accounting workers were abundant

8882
07:43:41,700 --> 07:43:45,100
and easily replaced their 
families suffering invisible to 

8883
07:43:45,100 --> 07:43:47,600
Men Who measured success in 
Pounds, Sterling and production,

8884
07:43:47,600 --> 07:43:51,400
efficiency Thomas walked among 
the survivors offering what 

8885
07:43:51,400 --> 07:43:54,500
Comfort he could to people whose
worlds had been destroyed in a 

8886
07:43:54,500 --> 07:43:57,100
single night. 
Mrs. Hartwell clutched, the 

8887
07:43:57,100 --> 07:43:59,000
burned remains of her husband's.
Work clothes. 

8888
07:43:59,000 --> 07:44:02,100
The fabric, still warm from the 
Flames that acclaimed his life. 

8889
07:44:02,100 --> 07:44:05,600
Her three children huddled 
around her skirts, their faces 

8890
07:44:05,600 --> 07:44:08,100
already showing the Halo 
expression of poverty that would

8891
07:44:08,100 --> 07:44:10,200
mark them for the remainder of 
their shortened lives. 

8892
07:44:11,000 --> 07:44:13,900
Industrial England provided no 
compensation for workplace 

8893
07:44:13,900 --> 07:44:16,900
deaths. 
No pensions for widows and no 

8894
07:44:16,900 --> 07:44:20,000
support for orphaned children. 
Whose crimes being born into the

8895
07:44:20,000 --> 07:44:23,400
working class? 
Dr. Ashworth, moved among the 

8896
07:44:23,400 --> 07:44:26,500
injured with growing despair. 
His medical knowledge 

8897
07:44:26,500 --> 07:44:29,500
inadequate, against the scale of
suffering that surrounded him. 

8898
07:44:30,600 --> 07:44:34,100
Burns covering more than 20% of 
the body, were invariably fatal 

8899
07:44:34,100 --> 07:44:37,300
in an era before fluid 
replacement therapy or 

8900
07:44:37,300 --> 07:44:41,100
antibiotic treatment. 
He could offer Lord for pain and

8901
07:44:41,100 --> 07:44:43,100
perhaps preserve life for a few 
additional days. 

8902
07:44:43,100 --> 07:44:46,900
But the fundamental reality 
remained unchanged in industrial

8903
07:44:46,900 --> 07:44:49,400
progress consumed. 
Human lives as fuel for its 

8904
07:44:49,408 --> 07:44:52,900
advancement and Society accepted
this sacrifice as the natural 

8905
07:44:52,900 --> 07:44:55,900
Order of Things. 
The city's response to the fire 

8906
07:44:55,900 --> 07:44:58,900
of the true priority of 
industrial civilization with 

8907
07:44:58,900 --> 07:45:02,100
brutal clarity. 
Within hours of the building's 

8908
07:45:02,100 --> 07:45:04,900
collapse municipal authorities 
had dispatched Crews to clear 

8909
07:45:04,900 --> 07:45:07,000
the rubble and restore traffic 
flow through the district. 

8910
07:45:07,000 --> 07:45:10,500
The dead would be buried 
quickly, and quietly, their 

8911
07:45:10,500 --> 07:45:12,100
families. 
Grief subordinated to the 

8912
07:45:12,100 --> 07:45:14,700
economic imperative of 
maintaining industrial 

8913
07:45:14,700 --> 07:45:17,500
production. 
New workers would be recruited 

8914
07:45:17,500 --> 07:45:20,500
from the countryside, drawn, by 
Promises of steady wages that 

8915
07:45:20,500 --> 07:45:23,700
fail to mention the probability 
of industrial accident or early 

8916
07:45:23,700 --> 07:45:27,300
death from respiratory disease. 
Captain Morrison gathered, his 

8917
07:45:27,300 --> 07:45:30,100
exhausted firefighters for the 
journey back to their station. 

8918
07:45:30,100 --> 07:45:32,500
His weathered face showing the 
cumulative. 

8919
07:45:32,500 --> 07:45:35,900
Toll of decades spent fighting 
fires within adequate equipment 

8920
07:45:35,900 --> 07:45:39,400
and insufficient support. 
Three of his men showed signs of

8921
07:45:39,400 --> 07:45:41,200
serious injury from the night's 
work. 

8922
07:45:41,200 --> 07:45:44,500
Henderson had suffered severe 
burns on his hands and arms 

8923
07:45:44,500 --> 07:45:48,200
while Collins coughed blood that
indicated potentially fatal lung

8924
07:45:48,200 --> 07:45:50,700
damage. 
These men would continue working

8925
07:45:50,700 --> 07:45:53,500
because they had no alternative.
Firefighters. 

8926
07:45:53,500 --> 07:45:56,100
Who could not perform their 
duties, simply disappeared into 

8927
07:45:56,100 --> 07:45:58,900
Manchester's growing population 
of industrial invalids. 

8928
07:45:58,900 --> 07:46:02,100
The economic mathematics of 
firefighting in 1852. 

8929
07:46:02,100 --> 07:46:04,100
Manchester demonstrated 
societies. 

8930
07:46:04,100 --> 07:46:06,600
Perverted priorities with 
mathematical precision. 

8931
07:46:07,700 --> 07:46:10,700
The city allocated more money to
street cleaning than to fire 

8932
07:46:10,700 --> 07:46:14,000
prevention and more resources to
maintaining Public Gardens than 

8933
07:46:14,000 --> 07:46:16,500
to protecting working class 
neighborhoods from industrial 

8934
07:46:16,500 --> 07:46:19,000
Blazers. 
Fire insurance companies. 

8935
07:46:19,000 --> 07:46:21,800
Employed private brigades to 
protect wealthy districts while 

8936
07:46:21,800 --> 07:46:24,400
public firefighters struggled 
with primitive equipment and 

8937
07:46:24,400 --> 07:46:28,400
skeleton Crews. 
The message was clear property 

8938
07:46:28,400 --> 07:46:31,100
mattered More Than People profit
more than human life. 

8939
07:46:31,800 --> 07:46:35,000
Thomas reflected on his chosen 
profession as the fire engine 

8940
07:46:35,000 --> 07:46:37,500
clattered through Manchester's, 
smoke-filled streets. 

8941
07:46:38,200 --> 07:46:41,200
He had become a firefighter 
believing he could save lives 

8942
07:46:41,200 --> 07:46:43,700
and protect his community from 
the ravages of industrial 

8943
07:46:43,700 --> 07:46:45,900
progress. 
In Stead he found himself 

8944
07:46:45,900 --> 07:46:48,700
serving as witness to a 
systematic destruction of human 

8945
07:46:48,700 --> 07:46:51,600
life that masqueraded as 
economic advancement. 

8946
07:46:52,500 --> 07:46:56,000
Every fire revealed the same 
pattern, preventable accidents 

8947
07:46:56,000 --> 07:46:59,000
caused by cost-cutting, measures
inadequate, safety equipment, 

8948
07:46:59,000 --> 07:47:02,200
and building designs that 
prioritize production efficiency

8949
07:47:02,200 --> 07:47:05,700
over workers survival. 
The industrial revolution had 

8950
07:47:05,700 --> 07:47:09,500
transformed firefighting from a 
community responsibility into a 

8951
07:47:09,500 --> 07:47:12,500
professional necessity. 
But Society had failed to 

8952
07:47:12,500 --> 07:47:14,600
provide the resources necessary 
for success. 

8953
07:47:15,400 --> 07:47:18,000
Firefighters operated with 
equipment that belonged in the 

8954
07:47:18,000 --> 07:47:21,600
previous Century, received 
training that consisted mainly 

8955
07:47:21,600 --> 07:47:24,900
of learning from the mistakes of
dead Collies and worked for 

8956
07:47:24,900 --> 07:47:26,800
wages. 
That barely sustained life in 

8957
07:47:26,800 --> 07:47:30,600
the expensive industrial cities.
Men, who viewed workers safety, 

8958
07:47:30,600 --> 07:47:33,600
as an unnecessary, expense that 
reduced shareholder profits 

8959
07:47:33,600 --> 07:47:37,000
expected, firefighters to risk 
their lives to protect their 

8960
07:47:37,000 --> 07:47:39,700
Investments. 
As they approached the fire 

8961
07:47:39,700 --> 07:47:43,000
station Thomas could see the 
next generation of Manchester's.

8962
07:47:43,000 --> 07:47:46,300
Industrial Workforce streaming 
toward the mills for the morning

8963
07:47:46,300 --> 07:47:48,600
shift. 
Children as young as eight 

8964
07:47:48,600 --> 07:47:51,400
walked alongside their parents 
heading for jobs, that would 

8965
07:47:51,400 --> 07:47:54,200
consume their childhoods and 
probably end their lives before 

8966
07:47:54,200 --> 07:47:57,300
they reached 40. 
These young faces reminded him. 

8967
07:47:57,300 --> 07:47:59,800
Why he can continue fighting 
fires, despite the professions 

8968
07:47:59,800 --> 07:48:02,400
countless Horrors. 
Someone had to stand between 

8969
07:48:02,400 --> 07:48:05,200
Manchester's, working population
and the industrial forces that 

8970
07:48:05,200 --> 07:48:08,300
treated human beings as 
disposable components in a vast 

8971
07:48:08,300 --> 07:48:11,400
economic machine. 
Before they had finished, 

8972
07:48:11,400 --> 07:48:15,000
unloading their equipment, the 
station bell rang again its 

8973
07:48:15,000 --> 07:48:18,600
urgent clanging announcing. 
Another fire in another Mill. 

8974
07:48:18,600 --> 07:48:21,300
Another group of workers whose 
lives were in the balance, 

8975
07:48:22,400 --> 07:48:24,000
Thomas checked, his scorched 
equipment. 

8976
07:48:24,000 --> 07:48:27,000
One more time, pulled on his 
battered leather helmet and 

8977
07:48:27,000 --> 07:48:29,400
prepared to Enter. 
Hell once again, this was the 

8978
07:48:29,400 --> 07:48:32,900
reality of being an industrial 
revolution, firefighter and 

8979
07:48:32,900 --> 07:48:37,000
endless cycle of tragedy and 
loss fort with primitive weapons

8980
07:48:37,000 --> 07:48:39,700
against an enemy, that grew 
stronger with each passing day. 

8981
07:48:40,600 --> 07:48:42,900
Manchester smoke stained Sky. 
Offered, no. 

8982
07:48:42,900 --> 07:48:46,200
Promise of better days ahead, 
only the certainly that more 

8983
07:48:46,200 --> 07:48:49,200
fires would follow. 
More lives would be lost and 

8984
07:48:49,200 --> 07:48:52,200
more families would be thrust 
into poverty by the next Rebel. 

8985
07:48:52,200 --> 07:48:56,000
Demands of industrial progress. 
Thomas climbed aboard, the fire 

8986
07:48:56,000 --> 07:48:58,800
engine as it lurched into 
motion, carrying him toward 

8987
07:48:58,800 --> 07:49:01,200
another confrontation with the 
forces that were reshaping 

8988
07:49:01,200 --> 07:49:03,800
England into something barely 
recognizable as human 

8989
07:49:03,800 --> 07:49:06,700
civilization. 
The Towering chimneys of the 

8990
07:49:06,708 --> 07:49:08,500
mill. 
Districts stretching, endlessly 

8991
07:49:08,500 --> 07:49:11,800
in all directions, released 
clouds of toxic smoke turning, 

8992
07:49:11,800 --> 07:49:14,600
the very air into poison. 
This was the world that 

8993
07:49:14,600 --> 07:49:18,100
Industrial Revolution. 
Firefighters inhabited a 

8994
07:49:18,100 --> 07:49:20,600
landscape where human life was 
measured in production units 

8995
07:49:20,600 --> 07:49:23,600
where worker safety was 
subordinated to profit margins 

8996
07:49:23,600 --> 07:49:26,400
and where the brave men, who 
risked everything to save others

8997
07:49:26,400 --> 07:49:29,000
were themselves considered 
Expendable components in the 

8998
07:49:29,008 --> 07:49:32,400
great industrial machine. 
As the fire engine vanished, 

8999
07:49:32,400 --> 07:49:35,600
into the ever-present, haze of 
Manchester Thomas, grasped the 

9000
07:49:35,600 --> 07:49:38,000
profound frustration of being an
industrial revolution. 

9001
07:49:38,000 --> 07:49:41,800
Firefighter, they were fighting 
a war they could never win using

9002
07:49:41,800 --> 07:49:43,100
weapons. 
That guaranteed their 

9003
07:49:43,100 --> 07:49:45,900
destruction in service of a 
society that viewed their 

9004
07:49:45,900 --> 07:49:48,500
sacrifice as both necessary and 
invisible. 

9005
07:49:49,300 --> 07:49:52,300
The Flames they battled were 
merely Simpsons of a larger 

9006
07:49:52,300 --> 07:49:53,700
conflagration. 
That was consuming. 

9007
07:49:53,700 --> 07:49:57,100
The soul of industrial England 
leaving behind a wasteland where

9008
07:49:57,100 --> 07:50:00,600
human dignity had been traded 
for economic efficiency and 

9009
07:50:00,600 --> 07:50:03,100
where the price of progress was 
measured in unmarked Graves.